cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Inflation in supergravity from field redefinitions
Creators: name: Artymowski, Michal
name: Ben-Dayan, Ido
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Supergravity (SUGRA) theories are specified by a few functions, most notably the real Kähler function denoted by $G(T_i, \bar {T}_i) = K + \log |W|^2$, where K is a real Kähler potential, and W is a holomorphic superpotential. A field redefinition $T_i \rightarrow f_1(T_i)$ does not change neither the theory, nor the Kähler geometry. Similarly, the Kähler transformation, $K \rightarrow K + f_2 + \bar f_2, W \rightarrow e^{-f_2} W$ where $f_2$ is holomorphic also leaves G and hence the theory and the geometry invariant. However, if we perform a field redefinition only in $K(T_i,\bar{T}_i) \rightarrow K(f(T_i),f(\bar{T}_i))$, while keeping the same superpotential $W(T_i)$, we get a different theory, as G is not invariant under such a transformation while maintaining the same Kähler geometry. This freedom of choosing $f(T_i)$ allows constructing an infinite number of new theories given a fixed Kähler geometry and a predetermined superpotential W. Our construction generalizes previous ones that were limited by the holomorphic property of $W$. In particular it allows for novel inflationary SUGRA models and particle phenomenology model building, where the different models correspond to different choices of field redefinitions. We demonstrate this possibility by constructing several prototypes of inflationary models (hilltop, Starobinsky-like, plateau, log-squared and bell-curve) all in flat Kähler geometry and an originally renormalizable superpotential $W$. The models are in accord with current observations and predict $r\in[10^{-6},0.06]$ spanning several decades that can be easily obtained. In the bell-curve model, there also exists a built-in gravitational reheating mechanism with $T_R\sim \mathcal{O}( 10^7 GeV)$.
description: 24 pages, 11 figures, published version
Chandra X-Ray Point Sources, including Supernova 1979C, in the Spiral Galaxy M100
Creators: name: Kaaret, Philip
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Six x-ray point sources, with luminosities of $4 \times 10^{38} - 2 \times 10^{39} \rm ergs s^{-1}$ in the 0.4--7 keV band, were detected in Chandra observations of the spiral galaxy M100. One source is identified with supernova SN 1979C and appears to have roughly constant x-ray flux for the period 16--20 years after the outburst. The x-ray spectrum is soft, as would be expected if the x-ray emission is due to the interaction of supernova ejecta with circumstellar matter. Most of the other sources are variable either within the Chandra observation or when compared to archival data. None are coincident with the peak of the radio emission at the nucleus. These sources have harder spectra than the supernova and are likely x-ray binaries. M100 has more bright x-ray sources than typical for spiral galaxies of its size. This is likely related to active star formation occurring in the galaxy.
description: accepted by the Astrophysical Journal, 7 pages
Stress-Energy in Liouville Conformal Field Theory
Creators: name: Kupiainen, Antti
name: Oikarinen, Joona
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We construct the stress-energy tensor correlation functions in probabilistic Liouville Conformal Field Theory (LCFT) on the two-dimensional sphere by studying the variation of the LCFT correlation functions with respect to a smooth Riemannian metric. In particular, we derive conformal Ward identities for these correlation functions. This forms the basis for the construction of a representation of the Virasoro algebra on the canonical Hilbert space of the LCFT. In \cite{ward} the conformal Ward identities were derived for one and two stress-energy tensor insertions using a different definition of the stress-energy tensor and Gaussian integration by parts. By defining the stress-energy correlation functions as functional derivatives of the LCFT correlation functions and using the smoothness of the LCFT correlation functions proven in \cite{Oik} allows us to control an arbitrary number of stress-energy tensor insertions needed for representation theory.
description: Revised version, details added and minor corrections, 36 pages
Exact and fast inversion of the approximate discrete Radon transform from partial data
Creators: name: Rim, Donsub
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: Computational Complexity (cs.CC)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 44A12, 65R10, 65F05, 65Q30

description: We give an exact inversion formula for the approximate discrete Radon transform introduced in [Brady, SIAM J. Comput., 27(1), 107--119] that is of cost $O(N \log N)$ for a square 2D image with $N$ pixels and requires only partial data.
description: 4 pages, 1 figure
The Physics Potential of Future Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiments
Creators: name: Lindner, Manfred
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss in detail different future long baseline neutrino oscillation setups and we show the remarkable potential for very precise measurements of mass splittings and mixing angles. Furthermore it will be possible to make precise tests of coherent forward scattering and MSW effects, which allow to determine the sign of $Δm^2$. Finally strong limits or measurements of leptonic CP violation will be possible, which is very interesting since it is most likely connected to the baryon asymmetry of the universe.
description: 32 pages, 15 figures, to appear in ``Neutrino Mass'', Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, ed. by G. Altarelli and K. Winter, references added
The power-law behaviours of angular spectra of polarized Galactic synchrotron
Creators: name: Bruscoli, M.
name: Tucci, M.
name: Natale, V.
name: Carretti, E.
name: Fabbri, R.
name: Sbarra, C.
name: Cortiglioni, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the angular power spectra of polarized Galactic synchrotron in the range 10~0.05.
description: 20 pages, 9 figures, accepted to New Astronomy
MOESM1 of Outcomes and outcomes measurements used in intervention studies of pelvic girdle pain and lumbopelvic pain: a systematic review
Creators: name: Wuytack, Francesca
name: OâDonovan, Maggie
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1. Search strategy. A detailed outline of the search strategy of this systematic review including the databases searched and exact search terms used.
High Pressure Quantum Oscillation Study of BiTeI and Bi2Te3
Creators: name: Tan, Hong'En
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2019
Subjects: Quantum oscillations
High pressure
BiTeI
Bi2Te3
Topological

description: The work presented in this thesis investigates the behaviour of the Rashba semi-conductor BiTeI and of the topological insulator $\text{Bi}_2\text{Te}_3\,$ under pressure. Using Shubnikov-de Haas quantum oscillation measurements, the evolution of the Fermi surface of both materials was tracked as a function of pressure. At ambient pressure, two distinct quantum oscillation frequencies in BiTeI, corresponding to inner and outer Fermi surface orbits as a result of spin-splitting caused by the Rashba effect, were observed. Using a model Hamiltonian with a Rashba interaction term to model this system, experimental results were fitted to determine model parameters. Based on this model, carrier densities for the samples were calculated and there was good agreement with Hall effect measurements. The phase of the oscillations showed that both Fermi surfaces have a Berry phase of $\pi$ associated with them, consistent with theoretical predictions for a Rashba system. As pressure is applied, it was observed that the inner Fermi surface expands while the outer Fermi surface shrinks. Phase analysis of the oscillations showed deviations from the ambient pressure value, hinting at a topological transition. For $\text{Bi}_2\text{Te}_3\,$, we report the observation of two oscillation frequencies ($\sim 40$ T and $\sim 340$ T) at ambient pressures. Based on the angular dependence of the oscillation frequencies, phase analysis, and comparison against band structure from published ARPES results, it is deduced that the higher frequency oscillation corresponds to the surface state of $\text{Bi}_2\text{Te}_3$. Non-linear behaviour in the Hall measurement also suggests the presence of multiple bands, and a two-band model with parameters derived from quantum oscillation measurements is used to fit the experimental data. Under pressure, a slight decrease in the low field Hall coefficient and a new frequency appearing at $\sim 20$ kbar was observed. These may be signatures of a change in the Fermi surface of $\text{Bi}_2\text{Te}_3\,$ caused by an electronic topological transition.
description: Funding has been provided by Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
Structural Alternation Correlated to the Conductivity Enhancement of PEDOT:PSS Films by Secondary Doping
Creators: name: Itoh, K.
name: Kato, Y.
name: Honma, Y.
name: Masunaga, H.
name: Fujiwara, A.
name: Iguchi, S.
name: Sasaki, T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: "Secondary doping" in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy-thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is quite effective and a frequently used method for the conductivity enhancement. This simple approach, the addition of co-solvents to the PEDOT:PSS solution before film fabrication, is an essential way to derive the high electrical performance of PEDOT:PSS, but the mechanism still remains unclear. In this study, nanoscale structural changes synchronized with the conductivity enhancement via secondary doping in PEDOT:PSS films were investigated. During secondary doping with ethylene glycol near the critical dopant concentration, non-crystalized PEDOT molecules uncoupled from PSS chains and then underwent nano-crystallization. These structural changes might be the key driving force for conductivity enhancement via secondary doping.
description: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in J. Phys. Chem. C
SIFMA Municipal Swap Index Curve Introduction
Creators: name: Lee, David
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: SIFMA rate, SIFMA municipal swap index, SIFMA basis spread, SIFMA curve

description: SIFMA (Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association) is a trading organization in US. The SIFMA Municipal Swap Index, formerly the Bond Market Association Index, is a market index composed of tax-exempt variable rate demand obligations (VRDOs). VRDOs are municipal bonds with floating interest rates. The SIFMA index is issued weekly.
description: https://ia601400.us.archive.org/16/items/fi-sifma-curve-13/FiSifmaCurve-13.pdf
Biochemical sensing using Siloxane polymer waveguides
Creators: name: Racz, Gergely Zsigmond
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2019
Subjects: optical waveguide
optical sensing
polymer integrated optics
porphyrin
traumatic brain injury
lab-on-chip

description: The objective of this work presented here is to extend the capabilities of siloxane waveguide technology in the field of biochemical sensing. Recent advances in the integration of polymeric optical waveguides with electronics onto standard printed circuit boards (PCBs) allow the formation of cost-effective lab-on-achip modules suitable for mass production. This technology has been primarily designed for on-board data communication. The focus of this research is to investigate the possibility of realising a Siloxane polymer based lab-on-chip sensor. Different siloxane-polymer-based optical waveguide sensor structures have been designed and analysed from the aspect of biochemical sensing. An evanescent-wave absorption sensor based on mode-selective asymmetric waveguide junctions is proposed for the first time. The device mitigates the common optical effect of spurious response in absorption sensors due to the analyte transport fluid. Head injury is the leading cause of death in the population of people under 40 years. Currently, 3 out of 5 deaths in emergency rooms are due to severe brain injuries in the developed world. Researchers at the Neurosciences Critical Care Unit (NCCU) at Addenbrooke’s Hospital have managed to correlate biochemical changes with the severeness of the injury and the likelihood of patient recovery. Considerable progress has been made to develop a lab-on-chip sensor capable of continuously monitoring glucose, lactate and pyruvate concentrations in the brain fluid, hence the contribution to the current trend in the advancement of portable lab-on-chip technologies for the deployment of point-of-care diagnostic tools. A novel recognition layer has been developed based on porphyrin in combination with glucose, lactate and pyruvate oxidase for measuring all the analytes, enabling fast and reversible chemical reactions to be monitored by optical interrogation. The operational wavelength of the developed recognition layer is 425 nm, which required the formation of polymer features that were beyond the fabrication capabilities at the time. Through considerable process development and the adoption of nanoimprinting lithography, siloxane polymer based optical waveguides were fabricated allowing the realisation of highly sensitive optical sensors. Based on the results that are presented here, it can be concluded the functionalization of siloxane polymer waveguide have a potential for realising biochemical sensors in the future. The new fabrication technique will allow the formation of more robust and complex lab-on-chip sensors based on this material.
description: ESPRC
Additional file 3: of Evidence for adaptive introgression of exons across a hybrid swarm in deer
Creators: name: Haines, Margaret
name: Luikart, Gordon
name: Amish, Stephen
name: Smith, Seth
name: Latch, Emily
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: Table S1. Sample information for all samples used in this study. Data include the group to which each sample was assigned, using mtDNA, microsatelite, or SNP data. (PDF 55 kb)
Tracing the Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium at Low Redshift: X-ray Forest Observations Towards H1821+643
Creators: name: Mathur, Smita
name: Weinberg, David
name: Chen, Xuelei
name: .
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a high resolution (R~500) X-ray spectrum of the bright quasar H1821+643 (z=0.297), obtained in a 470 ksec Chandra observation. We search for X-ray absorption by highly ionized metal species, OVII and OVIII in particular, at the redshifts of the six intervening OVI absorption systems known from UV studies. We detect features with >~2-sigma significance at the predicted OVII and OVIII wavelengths of one OVI system, at the OVII wavelength of a second, and at the NeIX wavelength of a third. We find two additional features of comparable strength (one OVII and one OVIII) within 1000 km/s of OVI redshifts. The 1-sigma constraints in the two detected OVI systems imply gas overdensities lower than the values delta>100 expected in virialized systems, suggesting that the absorption arises in lower density, filamentary structures. At the 2-sigma level, however, the physical constraints are weak. If we treat our 2-sigma detections of known OVI systems as real, but assume minimal OVII and OVIII in the other systems, we estimate [f(OVI)+f(OVII)+f(OVIII)]/f(OVI) = 32 +/- 9 for the average ratio of all highly ionized oxygen species to OVI. Combined with estimates of the total column density of OVI absorption per unit redshift, this ratio implies a total baryon fraction associated with detected OVI absorbers Omega_b(OVI)~0.03/h_70, a substantial fraction of the baryon density predicted by BBN, and larger than that in known low redshift components. Because of the limited S/N of the detections, these results must be treated with caution. Nonetheless, the combination of the OVI data with these X-ray forest measurements provides the most direct evidence to date for the pervasive, moderate density, shock-heated intergalactic medium predicted by leading cosmological scenarios. (Abridged.)
description: 29 pages, 6 figures, submitted to ApJ
Cross Currency Basis Curve Description
Creators: name: Lee, David
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: cross currency basis, cross currency swap, cross currency derivatives, liquidity premium

description: Cross currency swap differs from single currency swaps in that the interest rate payments on the two legs are in different currencies. At inception of the trade, the notional principal amounts in the two currencies are usually set to be fair given the spot exchange rate. Contrary to single currency swap, there is an exchange of principals at inception and maturity, or even in ach period of the swap.
description: https://ia801403.us.archive.org/11/items/ir-xccy-basis-curve-14/IrXccyBasisCurve-14.pdf
Ground state of the Bethe-lattice spin glass and running time of an exact optimization algorithm
Creators: name: Liers, Frauke
name: Palassini, Matteo
name: Hartmann, Alexander K.
name: Juenger, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the Ising spin glass on random graphs with fixed connectivity z and with a Gaussian distribution of the couplings, with mean μand unit variance. We compute exact ground states by using a sophisticated branch-and-cut method for z=4,6 and system sizes up to N=1280 for different values of μ. We locate the spin-glass/ferromagnet phase transition at μ= 0.77 +/- 0.02 (z=4) and μ= 0.56 +/- 0.02 (z=6). We also compute the energy and magnetization in the Bethe-Peierls approximation with a stochastic method, and estimate the magnitude of replica symmetry breaking corrections. Near the phase transition, we observe a sharp change of the median running time of our implementation of the algorithm, consistent with a change from a polynomial dependence on the system size, deep in the ferromagnetic phase, to slower than polynomial in the spin-glass phase.
description: 10 pages, RevTex, 10 eps figures. Some changes in the text
Causation in the Law of the World Trade Organization
Creators: name: Gascoigne, Catherine Elizabeth
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2018
Subjects: causation
law of the World Trade Organization
non-attribution
causal theory
trade remedies
serious prejudice
general exceptions
retaliatory measures

description: The law of the World Trade Organization (WTO) both explicitly and implicitly requires that a determination of causation be made at a number of points. In several of the WTO covered agreements, an important part of making a determination about causation involves separating those factors that are causative from those that are immaterial to the outcome in question (this process of separation is known as a ‘non-attribution analysis’). This thesis argues that there are six parts of the law of the WTO that require, either explicitly or implicitly, that a causation and non-attribution analysis be undertaken. These are: (1) Safeguard Measures (Articles 2.1 and 4.2(a) and (b) of the Agreement on Safeguards ); (2) Anti-Dumping measures (Articles 3.1 and 3.5 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement ); (3) Countervailing Duties (Article 15.5 of the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement (SCM Agreement)); (4) Serious prejudice (Articles 5(c) and 6.3 of the SCM Agreement); (5) the relationship between a measure and its policy objective (Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and Article XIV of the General Agreement on Trade in Services ); and (6) the relationship between a responding Member’s failure to comply with a DSB ruling and the complainant Member’s level of nullification and impairment (Articles 22.6 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes and 4.10 of the SCM Agreement). This thesis will first examine the current approach in the jurisprudence to analysing causation and non-attribution in these parts of the law of the WTO. To that end, it will suggest that there is a trend in the current jurisprudence to attempt to make an a priori inference about the effects of a cause from the nature of the cause itself. This thesis will suggest that this approach reflects a misconception of causation, and it will propose an alternative, three-part methodology for interrogating causation based on the use of econometric analysis, which has been developed from guidance given by the Appellate Body in US—Wheat Gluten.
description: Gates Cambridge Scholarship W M Tapp Studentship Gowrie Scholarship Australian Bicentennial Scholarship Award
Volume of the set of LOCC-convertible quantum states
Creators: name: Cunden, Fabio Deelan
name: Facchi, Paolo
name: Florio, Giuseppe
name: Gramegna, Giovanni
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: The class of quantum operations known as Local Operations and Classical Communication (LOCC) induces a partial ordering on quantum states. We present the results of systematic numerical computations related to the volume (with respect to the unitarily invariant measure) of the set of LOCC-convertible bipartite pure states, where the ordering is characterised by an algebraic relation known as majorization. The numerical results, which exploit a tridiagonal model of random matrices, provide quantitative evidence that the proportion of LOCC-convertible pairs vanishes in the limit of large dimension, and therefore support a previous conjecture by Nielsen. In particular, we show that the problem is equivalent to the persistence of a non-Markovian stochastic process and the proportion of LOCC-convertible pairs decays algebraically with a nontrivial persistence exponent. We extend this analysis by investigating the distribution of the maximal success probability of LOCC-conversions. We show a dichotomy in behaviour between balanced and unbalanced bipartitions. In the latter case the asymptotics is somehow surprising: in the limit of large dimensions, for the overwhelming majority of pairs of states a perfect LOCC-conversion is not possible; nevertheless, for most states there exist local strategies that succeed in achieving the conversion with a probability arbitrarily close to one. We present strong evidences of a universal scaling limit for the maximal probability of successful LOCC-conversions and we suggest a connection with the typical fluctuations of the smallest eigenvalue of Wishart random matrices.
description: 29 pages, 8 figures
Baryon acoustic oscillations from Integrated Neutral Gas Observations: Broadband corrugated horn construction and testing
Creators: name: Wuensche, C. A.
name: Reitano, L.
name: Peel, M. W.
name: Browne, I. W. A.
name: Maffei, B.
name: Abdalla, E.
name: Radcliffe, C.
name: Abdalla, F.
name: Barosi, L.
name: Liccardo, V.
name: Mericia, E.
name: Pisano, G.
name: Strauss, C.
name: Vieira, F.
name: Villela, T.
name: Wang, B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Baryon acoustic oscillations from Integrated Neutral Gas Observations (BINGO) telescope is a 40-m~class radio telescope under construction that has been designed to measure the large-angular-scale intensity of HI emission at 980--1260 MHz and hence to constrain dark energy parameters. A large focal plane array comprising of 1.7-metre diameter, 4.3-metre length corrugated feed horns is required in order to optimally illuminate the telescope. Additionally, very clean beams with low sidelobes across a broad frequency range are required, in order to facilitate the separation of the faint HI emission from bright Galactic foreground emission. Using novel construction methods, a full-sized prototype horn has been assembled. It has an average insertion loss of around 0.15 dB across the band, with a return loss around -25 dB. The main beam is Gaussian with the first sidelobe at around $-25 dB. A septum polariser to separate the signal into the two hands of circular polarization has also been designed, built and tested.
description: This is a pre-print of an article published in Experimental Astronomy. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-020-09666-9
Additional file 2: of Evidence for adaptive introgression of exons across a hybrid swarm in deer
Creators: name: Haines, Margaret
name: Luikart, Gordon
name: Amish, Stephen
name: Smith, Seth
name: Latch, Emily
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Ecology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Figure S2. Collection localities for all Odocoileus individuals. Individuals are classified as black-tailed deer (blue circles), hybrids (purple squares), or mule deer (red triangles) based on A) mitochondrial clades and B) microsatellite STRUCTURE analysis. The Cascades ridgeline is indicated by the bold black line. Map source: Esri. (PDF 326 kb)
Wax Anti-Settling Additives
Creators: name: Starkie, Joanna Rachel
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2019
Subjects: Wax anti-settling additives
Diesel
Colloid science
Rheology
Small angle neutron scattering
Electrophoresis
Wax settling
Gelation
Crystallisation

description: Wax anti-settling additives (WASA) are used to mitigate against the problems caused by the settling of n-alkane wax crystals, which crystallise from petroleum diesel. This can result in the blocking of fuel filters and hence vehicle failure. However, the mode of action for such additives is not currently known and two mechanisms have been proposed: they reduce the wax crystal size to such an extent that they settle very slowly; or they induce gelation in the wax suspension. This project aims to elucidate the mechanism of WASA within the diesel system. A room temperature crystallising model diesel (10 wt% n-alkanes in dodecane) has been developed. This model system has given a good response to the additives, with the wax crystals reduced in size, and is hence suitable for mechanistic studies. Differential scanning calorimetry and infra-red spectroscopy both suggest that the WASA is incorporated in or onto the wax crystal. DSC shows that small amounts of WASA suppress the wax crystallisation temperature and change the shape of the heat flow curve. FT-IR shows the WASA amide stretch present within filtered and dried wax crystals. Intriguingly, electrophoresis experiments show that the WASA imparts a positive charge to the wax crystals, suggesting an electrostatic role in the WASA action. Rheological experiments show the presence of a weak gel in the WASA doped model diesel. However, the gel strength is not altered by the presence of an organic salt and thus cannot be purely electrostatic in origin. Small angle neutron scattering has been conducted to help locate the WASA in the system. It has shown that in solution WASA shows a collapsed polymer coil structure with a single molecule occupying a 28 Å diameter sphere and multiple WASA molecules forming a 2400 Å diameter sphere. In the presence of the wax the WASA scatter does not significantly change suggesting that the WASA is on the surface of the wax crystal. By combining these results, a mechanism of WASA action is proposed as WASA cations interactions bridging between the wax crystals causing a weak bridging flocculation gel with electrostatic and steric effects contributing to stabilisation. The WASA charges are partially dissociated thus giving the electrophoretic effect and the long chains on the cations can contribute to stability via steric stabilisation.
description: Work was funded by Infineum Ltd and CHESS.
Precious Metal Implied Volatility
Creators: name: Lee, David
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: precious metal, implied volatility

description: Precious metals are trading commodities. But a precious metal quote is very similar to a Forex quote. The quote is represented in the same way as a quote for a currency pair. For instance, the spot gold traded against the US dollar is XAU/USD. An implied volatility is the volatility implied by the market price of an option based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model. A volatility surface is derived from quoted volatilities that provides a way to interpolate an implied volatility at any strike and maturity. Unlike in other markets that quote volatility versus strike directly, the precious metal or FX smile is given implicitly as a set of restrictions implied by market instruments and as such a calibration procedure to construct a volatility- delta or volatility-strike smile is used.
description: https://ia801406.us.archive.org/27/items/cmc-precious-metal-vol-15/CmcPreciousMetalVol-15.pdf
A comparative study of numerical methods for the overlap Dirac operator--a status report
Creators: name: Eshof, J. van den
name: Frommer, A.
name: Lippert, Th.
name: Schilling, K.
name: van der Vorst, H. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Improvements of various methods to compute the sign function of the hermitian Wilson-Dirac matrix within the overlap operator are presented. An optimal partial fraction expansion (PFE) based on a theorem of Zolotarev is given. Benchmarks show that this PFE together with removal of converged systems within a multi-shift CG appears to approximate the sign function times a vector most efficiently. A posteriori error bounds are given.
description: 3 pages, poster contribution to Lattice2001(algorithms)
A genomics-led approach to deciphering heterocyclic natural product biosynthesis
Creators: name: Chan, Karen Hoi-Lam
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2019
Subjects: phthoxazolin
inthomycin
AJI9561
benzoxazole biosynthesis
oxazole biosynthesis
polyketide synthase
non-ribosomal peptide synthetase
heterocyclic natural product biosynthesis

description: Heterocycles play an important role in many biological processes and are widespread among natural products. Oxazole-containing natural products possess a broad range of bioactivities and are of great interest in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Herein, the biosynthetic routes to the oxazole-containing phthoxazolins and the bis(benzoxaozle) AJI9561, were investigated. Phthoxazolins A-D are a group of oxazole trienes produced by a polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS) pathway in Streptomyces sp. KO-7888 and Streptomyces sp. OM-5714. The phthoxazolin pathway was used as a model to study 5-oxazole and primary amide formation in PKS-NRPS pathways. An unusually large gene cluster for phthoxazolin biosynthesis was identified from the complete genome sequence of the producer strains and various gene deletions were performed to define the minimal gene cluster. PhoxP was proposed to encode an ATP-dependent cyclodehydratase for 5-oxazole formation on an enzyme-bound N-formylglycylacyl-intermediate, and its deletion abolished phthoxazolin production. In vitro reconstitution of the early steps of phthoxazolin biosynthesis was attempted to validate the role of PhoxP, but was unsuccessful. Furthermore, Orf3515, a putative flavin-dependent monooxygenase coded by a remote gene, was proposed to hydroxylate glycine-extended polyketide-peptide chain(s) at the α-position to yield phthoxazolins with the primary amide moiety. On the other hand, an in vitro approach was employed to establish the enzymatic logic of the biosynthesis of AJI9561, a bis(benzoxazole) antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces sp. AJ9561. The AJI9561 pathway was reconstituted using the precursors 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and 6-methylsalicylic acid and five purified enzymes previously identified from the pathway as key enzymes for benzoxazole formation, including two adenylation enzymes for precursor activation, an acyl carrier protein (ACP), a 3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase and an amidohydrolase-like cyclase. Intermediates and shunt products isolated from enzymatic reactions containing different enzyme and precursor combinations were assessed for their competence for various steps of AJI9561 biosynthesis. Further bioinformatic analysis and in silico modelling of the amidohydrolase-like cyclase shed light on the oxazole cyclisation that represents a novel catalytic function of the amidohydrolase superfamily.
description: Henry Lester Trust, Herchel Smith Foundation
Credit Spread Curve
Creators: name: Lee, David
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: credit spread, credit risk, risk management, reduced form model

description: There is only one base interest rate per currency, corresponding to the bank’s unsecured lending/borrowing rate (such as LIBOR). The interest rate used to discount cashflows may include a credit spread above or below the base rate.
description: https://ia801500.us.archive.org/15/items/cr-credit-spread-16/CrCreditSpread-16.pdf
Additional file 1: of Evidence for adaptive introgression of exons across a hybrid swarm in deer
Creators: name: Haines, Margaret
name: Luikart, Gordon
name: Amish, Stephen
name: Smith, Seth
name: Latch, Emily
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Ecology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Marine Biology
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Figure S1. Maximum likelihood tree based on mitochondrial DNA control region haplotypes. Bootstrap values > 0.70 are provided next to internal nodes. The bar chart indicates the assignment of each individual as a black-tailed deer (blue), hybrid (purple), or mule deer (red) based on data from microsatellites (column 1) and SNPs (column 2). Outgroups and mule deer samples collected outside the hybrid zone are designated by GenBank numbers. MD = Odocoileus hemionus hemionus; WTD = Odocoileus virginianus. (PDF 469 kb)
Xray Generation by Field Emission
Creators: name: Parmee, Richard
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2018
Subjects: Field emission
carbon nanotubes
x-ray
encoded aperture
electron source
cnt pillar arrays
x-ray generation

description: Since the discovery of X-rays over a century ago the techniques applied to the engineering of X-ray sources have remained relatively unchanged. From the inception of thermionic electron sources, which, due to simplicity of fabrication, remain central to almost all X-ray applications at this time, there have been few fundamental technological advances. The emergence of new materials and manufacturing techniques has created an opportunity to replace the traditional thermionic devices with those that incorporate Field Emission electron sources. One of the most important attributes of Field Emission X-ray sources is their controllability, and in particular the fast response time, which opens the door to applying techniques which have formerly been the preserve of optical systems. The work in this thesis attempts to bridge the gap between the fabrication and optimisation of the vacuum electronic devices and image processing aspects of a new approach to high speed radiographic imaging, particularly with a view to addressing practical real-world problems. Off the back of a specific targeted application, the project has involved the design of a viable field emission X-ray source, together with the development of an understanding of the failure modes in such devices, both by analysis and by simulation. This thesis reviews the capabilities and the requirements of X-ray sources, the methods by which nano-materials may be applied to the design of those devices and the improvements and attributes that can be foreseen. I study the image processing methods that can exploit these attributes, and investigate the performance of X-ray sources based upon electron emitters using carbon nanotubes. Modelling of the field emission and electron trajectories of the cathode assemblies has led me to the design of equipment to evaluate and optimise the parameters of an X-ray tube, which I have used to understand the performance that is achievable. Finally, I draw conclusions from this work and outline the next steps to provide the basis for a commercial solution.
MODIFYING CHONDROITIN SULFATION ENHANCES RETINAL GANGLION CELL AXON REGENERATION
Creators: name: Pearson, Craig Steven
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2018
Subjects: glaucoma
regeneration
retinal ganglion cell
extracellular matrix
nerve repair
nerve regeneration

description: The failure of mammalian CNS neurons to regenerate their axons derives from a combination of intrinsic deficits and extrinsic obstacles. Following injury, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) accumulate within the glial scar that forms at the lesion site in response to the insult. CSPGs inhibit axonal growth and regeneration, an action mediated by their sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, especially those with 4-sulfated (4S) sugars. Arylsulfatase B (ARSB) selectively cleaves 4S groups from the non-reducing ends of GAG chains without disrupting other, potentially growth-permissive motifs. In this thesis, “Modifying Chondroitin Sulfation Enhances Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Regeneration,” I, Craig Pearson, seek to determine the time course and spatial distribution of CSPG accumulation in the glial scar following acute injury, and then to demonstrate that ARSB is effective in reducing the inhibitory actions of CSPGs. I examine the effects of ARSB in an in vitro model of the glial scar and in vivo, using optic nerve crush (ONC) in adult mice. ARSB is clinically approved for replacement therapy in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis VI and therefore represents an attractive candidate for translation to the human CNS. My findings illustrate the importance of CSPGs as a barrier to axon extension following injury, and show compelling evidence that selective modification of the sulfation pattern on GAG chains results in significant enhancement of RGC axonal regeneration. Finally, I combine ARSB treatment with a host of intrinsic pro-regenerative stimuli and show robust, long-distance regeneration of RGC axons through the optic chiasm and into the optic tract. Taken together, the results of this thesis argue for the therapeutic potential of modifying the extracellular matrix to promote regeneration of axons in the CNS.
description: Marshall Scholarship NIH Cambridge Scholarship
Dactylotula kinkerella
Creators: name: Junnilainen, Jari
name: Karsholt, Ole
name: Nupponen, Kari
name: Kaitila, Jari-Pekka
name: Nupponen, Timo
name: Olschwang, Vladimir
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Gelechiidae
Dactylotula
Dactylotula kinkerella

description: Dactylotula kinkerella (Snellen, 1876)
Kuvandyk 19.VII.1998 (1♀); Verbljushka 14.VII.1998 (1♀).
 Distribution. Very locally in C Europe, S Scandinavia, Latvia, Ukraine and Russia (S Ural).
 Remarks. In NW Europe the species lives on Ammophila arenaria (L.), which grows in coastal dune areas. However, Ammophila does not occur in the eastern localities of A. kinkerella (E Latvia, S Ural). The species prefers sandy areas. It is new to Russia. For the generic combination see Junnilainen & K. Nupponen (2010).
description: Published as part of Junnilainen, Jari, Karsholt, Ole, Nupponen, Kari, Kaitila, Jari-Pekka, Nupponen, Timo & Olschwang, Vladimir, 2010, The gelechiid fauna of the southern Ural Mountains, part II: list of recorded species with taxonomic notes (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) 2367, pp. 1-68 in Zootaxa 2367 (1) on page 8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2367.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10093655
A comparison of stellar populations in galaxy populations across a wide range of Hubble types
Creators: name: Proctor, R. N.
name: Sansom, A. E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present line-strengths and kinematics from the central regions of 32 galaxies with Hubble types ranging from E to Sbc. Spectral indices, based on the Lick system, are measured in the optical and near infra-red (NIR). The 24 indices measured, in conjunction with models of the effects of varying abundance ratios, permit the breaking of age/metallicity degeneracy and allow estimation of enhancements in specific light elements (particularly C and Mg). The large range of Hubble types observed allows direct comparison of line-strengths in the centres of early-type galaxies (E and S0) with those in spiral bulges, free from systematic differences that have plagued comparisons of results from different studies. Our sample includes field and Virgo cluster galaxies. For early-type galaxies our data are consistent with previously reported trends of Mg2 and Mgb with velocity dispersion. In spiral bulges we find trends in all indices with velocity dispersion. We estimate luminosity-weighted ages, metallicities and heavy element abundance ratios(enhancements) from optical indices. These show that bulges are less enhanced in light (alpha-capture) elements and have lower average age than early-type galaxies. Trends involving age and metallicity also differ sharply between early and late types. An anti-correlation exists between age and metallicity in early types, while, in bulges, metallicity is correlated with velocity dispersion. We consider the implications of these findings for models of the formation of these galaxies. We find that primordial collapse models of galaxy formation are ruled out by our observations, while several predictions of hierarchical clustering (merger) models are confirmed.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 30 pages. Additional data available: http:/www.star.uclan.ac.uk/~rnp/research.htm
Embedding and Approximation Theorems for Echo State Networks
Creators: name: Hart, Allen G
name: Hook, James L
name: Dawes, Jonathan H P
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD)
subject: Dynamical Systems (math.DS)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Echo State Networks (ESNs) are a class of single layer recurrent neural networks that have enjoyed recent attention. In this paper we prove that a suitable ESN, trained on a series of measurements of an invertible dynamical system, induces a C1 map from the dynamical system's phase space to the ESN's reservoir space. We call this the Echo State Map. We then prove that the Echo State Map is generically an embedding with positive probability. Under additional mild assumptions, we further conjecture that the Echo State Map is almost surely an embedding. For sufficiently large, and specially structured, but still randomly generated ESNs, we prove that there exists a linear readout layer that allows the ESN to predict the next observation of a dynamical system arbitrarily well. Consequently, if the dynamical system under observation is structurally stable then the trained ESN will exhibit dynamics that are topologically conjugate to the future behaviour of the observed dynamical system. Our theoretical results connect the theory of ESNs to the delay-embedding literature for dynamical systems, and are supported by numerical evidence from simulations of the traditional Lorenz equations. The simulations confirm that, from a one dimensional observation function, an ESN can accurately infer a range of geometric and topological features of the dynamics such as the eigenvalues of equilibrium points, Lyapunov exponents and homology groups.
description: 24 pages, 9 figures
Labour Markets in Professional Sports
Creators: name: Farnell, Alex
Publisher: name: Lancaster University
Year: 2022

description: Measuring performance and quantifying outcomes can prove a difficult task in empirical economics research. Because of this, economists have often turned to the setting of professional sports to overcome these data limitations. Sports and sports data presents a unique opportunity to study the behaviour of workers, firms and supervisors, since performance can be accurately measured and compared across agents. This thesis offers three chapters in the broad fields of labour and personnel economics, using data from professional sports to illustrate. In Chapter One, we consider the role of Head Coaches at football clubs, and whether teams can benefit from Head Coach turnover. This extends on previous work on this topic along several lines. Most notably, Head Coach turnover can either be voluntary or involuntary. In a principal-agent framework, these are theoretically two quite different events, with each producing different predictions about changes to team performance. We also use data from multiple leagues and can distinguish between a short run “bump” effect, and a longer run learning effect. Results show that teams can benefit from Head Coach turnover, particularly following a dismissal, though the result is sensitive to how we define our follow up period. In Chapter 2, we examine the ability of baseball pitchers to switch between different tasks, by considering how their pitching performance is affected by the additional demands of having to bat and run bases. Despite the prevalence of task switching in modern day work, there is a surprising lack of empirical evidence on its effects on productivity. Baseball is an ideal setting to consider this question empirically, making use of the two-league structure of Major League Baseball. In one league, pitchers are faced with a forced task switching rule of having to both pitch and bat, while in the other, pitchers can focus on their primary job; pitching. The structure of the game of baseball, consisting of innings and a batting order, also means we can cleanly identify cases of workers switching back and forth between tasks. Our results indicate that pitchers can actually benefit from batting, but at all costs should avoid excessive fatigue after running bases. Finally, in Chapter 3, we return to Coaches, this time in the National Football League. We examine the determinants of coaching changes at the levels of Head Coach and Coordinator. In particular, we pay close attention to the role of the league’s affirmative action policy, the Rooney Rule, on the likelihood of minority coaches being appointed to a Head Coaching role. Results suggest that the rule has been somewhat successful, since teams now appear to be hiring equally skilled black and white coaches, despite evidence that there had always been a supply of equally skilled black coaches.