cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Schrödinger’s Currency: How Virtual Currencies Complicate the RIC and REIT Qualification Requirements
Creators: name: Pond, Laura Davidson
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Bitcoin
Real estate investment trusts
Investments
Taxation--Law and legislation
Investment Company Act of 1940 (United States)

description: Bitcoin and other virtual currencies have created new opportunities for individuals to invest in a rapidly appreciating new asset class, but the Internal Revenue Code has been unable to keep pace with this new technology. Because the Code does not suitably define what a virtual currency is in the contexts of Regulated Investment Companies (RICs) or Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), the concepts of “good” income and “good” assets in I.R.C. §§ 851 (RICs) and 856 (REITs) are inapplicable to virtual currency. Under the current regime, a RIC or a REIT may not be able to invest directly in virtual currency without compromising the investment entity’s qualification as a tax-favorable pass-through entity.

The legislative purposes behind Sections 851 and 856 suggest that digital currency possesses the characteristics of “good” income and “good” assets. Accordingly, RICs and REITs should be able to invest in this potentially lucrative new technology without risking disqualification as a tax-favored entity because virtual currency could constitute a “security” for the purposes of Sections 851 and 856. Yet the Code’s RIC and REIT rules require that any qualifying security be registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940. Virtual currency is not yet regulated under the 1940 Act, and thus cannot qualify as a security for the purposes of the RIC and REIT “good” income and “good” asset tests.

The inability of the Code and the ’40 Act to adapt to new technology makes virtual currency a nonviable investment for RICs and REITs, but even more so, renders the unyielding nexus between the ‘40 Act and Code Sections 851 and 856 nonsensical. The I.R.C. must somehow provide for the possibility of RIC or REIT investment in a non1940 Act security, while avoiding the significant non-tax consequences attendant with a sweeping classification of all virtual currency as securities. The Investment Company Act of 1940 should supplement—not comprise—the tax rules that define the kinds of income and assets that allow an entity to qualify as a RIC or a REIT.
The Glashow resonance at IceCube: signatures, event rates and $pp$ vs. $pγ$ interactions
Creators: name: Bhattacharya, Atri
name: Gandhi, Raj
name: Rodejohann, Werner
name: Watanabe, Atsushi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We revisit the signatures of the Glashow resonance process $\barν_e e \to W$ in the high-energy astrophysical neutrino observatory IceCube. We note that in addition to the standard hadronic and electromagnetic showers produced by an incoming neutrino at the resonance energy of $E_ν\approx 6.3$ PeV, there are two clear signals of the process: the "pure muon" from $\barν_e e \to \barν_μμ$ and the "contained lollipop" from $\barν_e e \to \barν_ττ$. The event rate and the signal-to-background ratio (the ratio of the resonant to concurrent non-resonant processes) are calculated for each type of interaction, based on current flux limits on the diffuse neutrino flux. Because of the low background in the neighborhood of the resonance, the observation of only one pure muon or contained lollipop event essentially signals discovery of the resonance, even if the expected event numbers are small. We also evaluate the total event rates of the Glashow resonance from the extra-galactic diffuse neutrino flux and emphasize its utility as a discovery tool to enable first observations of such a flux. We find that one can expect 3.6 (0.65) events per year for a pure $pp$ ($pγ$) source, along with an added contribution of 0.51 (0.21) from non-resonant events. We also give results as a function of the ratio of $pp$ vs $pγ$ sources.
description: 18 pages, 9 figures; the references are updated
On the phase structure of five-dimensional SU(2) gauge theories with anisotropic couplings
Creators: name: Knechtli, Francesco
name: Luz, Magdalena
name: Rago, Antonio
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The phase diagram of five-dimensional SU(2) gauge theories is explored using Monte Carlo simulations of the theory discretized on a Euclidean lattice using the Wilson plaquette action and periodic boundary conditions. We simulate anisotropic gauge couplings which correspond to different lattice spacings a_4 in the four dimensions and a_5 along the extra dimension. In particular we study the case where a_5>a_4. We identify a line of first order phase transitions which separate the confined from the deconfined phase. We perform simulations in large volume at the bulk phase transition staying in the confined vacuum. The static potential measured in the hyperplanes orthogonal to the extra dimension hint at dimensional reduction. We also locate and analyze second order phase transitions related to breaking of the center along one direction.
description: 28 pages, 22 figures, 4 tables; few explanations and references added; version accepted for publication in Nucl. Phys. B
Model study on steady heat capacity in driven stochastic systems
Creators: name: Pesek, Jiri
name: Boksenbojm, Eliran
name: Netocny, Karel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 82C05, 82C23

description: We explore two- and three-state Markov models driven out of thermal equilibrium by non-potential forces to demonstrate basic properties of the steady heat capacity based on the concept of quasistatic excess heat. It is shown that large enough driving forces can make the steady heat capacity negative. For both the low- and high-temperature regimes we propose an approximative thermodynamic scheme in terms of "dynamically renormalized" effective energy levels.
description: 10 pages, 7 figures, 1 table
Escape of mass on Hilbert modular varieties
Creators: name: Zaman, Asif Ali
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2012

description: Let F be a number field, G = PGL(2,F_∞), and K be a maximal compact subgroup of G. We eliminate the possibility of escape of mass for measures associated to Hecke-Maaß cusp forms on Hilbert modular varieties, and more generally on congruence locally symmetric spaces covered by G/K, hence enabling its application to the non-compact case of the Arithmetic Quantum Unique Ergodicity Conjecture. This thesis generalizes work by Soundararajan in 2010 eliminating escape of mass for congruence surfaces, including the classical modular surface SL(2,Z)\H², and follows his approach closely. First, we define M, a congruence locally symmetric space covered by G/K, and articulate the details of its structure. Then we define Hecke-Maass cusp forms and provide their Whittaker expansion along with identities regarding the Whittaker coefficients. Utilizing these identities, we introduce mock P-Hecke multiplicative functions and bound a key related growth measure following Soundararajan’s paper. Finally, amassing our results, we eliminate the possibility of escape of mass for Hecke-Maass cusp forms on M.
On the Threshold: Smallness and the Value-Added Tax
Creators: name: Satterthwaite, Emily Ann
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Taxation--Law and legislation
Economics
Value-added tax
Fairness

description: Three-quarters of the world’s population live in a country in which a valueadded tax (VAT) is collected on sales of goods and services. The registration threshold determines which businesses—typically as measured by their annual revenues—remain exempt from the obligation to register for and collect VAT on their sales. Among VAT economists, there is broad consensus that setting thresholds higher rather than lower (such that more rather than fewer businesses are exempt) increases the economic efficiency of a VAT. Despite these high stakes and the longstanding expert consensus in favor of high thresholds, real-world thresholds vary widely and skew low, even within OECD and European countries. This article leverages the insights of the economic model to address an issue that lies outside of it but is central to lawyers and policymakers: fairness. Numerous studies show that smaller businesses’ costs of complying with the VAT are disproportionately higher than those of larger businesses. To the extent that lower-income entrepreneurs internalize those costs or pass them on to lower-income consumers, there is a vertical equity rationale for raising thresholds. Moreover, in the (typical) context in which small firms are more common than large firms, setting thresholds higher rather than lower—while also offering small suppliers an election to voluntarily register—can reduce the competitive unfairness of drawing an arbitrary line among similarly-situated firms. Under such conditions, higher registration thresholds can improve both the fairness and the efficiency of a VAT.
Renormalization of the QED of second order spin 1/2 fermions
Creators: name: Angeles-Martinez, Rene
name: Napsuciale, Mauro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this work we study the renormalization of the electrodynamics of spin 1/2 fermions in the Poincaré projector formalism which is second order in the derivatives of the fields. We analyze the superficial degree of divergence of the vertex functions of this theory, calculate at one-loop level the vacuum polarization, fermion self-energy and γ-fermion-fermion vertex function and the divergent piece of the one-loop contributions to the γ-γ-fermion-fermion vertex function. It is shown that these functions are renormalizable independently of the value of the gyromagnetic factor g which is a free parameter of the theory. We find a photon propagator and a running coupling constant α(q^2) that depend on the value of g. The magnetic moment form factor contains a divergence associated to g which disappears for g=2 but in general requires the coupling g to be renormalized. A suitable choice of the renormalization condition for the magnetic form factor yields the one loop finite correction Δ{g}=gα/2π. For a particle with g=2 we recover results of Dirac theory for the photon propagator, the running of α(q^2) and the one-loop corrections to the gyromagnetic factor.
description: 20 pages including 6 figures. Rewritten paper, results unchanged, version accepted in PRD. Results written in terms of Passarino-Veltman scalar integrals
CPV measurements in B2VV decays at LHCb
Creators: name: Diaz, Maria Vieites
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019

description: Recent results of CP violation measurements in charmless B meson decays to two vector mesons at LHCb are highlighted. The measurement of the effective weak phase phi_s^{dd} using the first flavour-tagged, time-dependent, amplitude analysis of Bs->(Kpi)(Kpi) events is discussed, along with the polarisation fractions and strong phase differences obtained for the Bs->K*(892)anti-K*(892) vector-vector final state. An update of the previous LHCb result on phi_s^{ss} using Bs->PhiPhi decays is also discussed. In addition, this analysis includes the measurement of triple product asymmetries, probing for T violation. All results shown are compatible with the Standard Model expectations.
Briefing: Governing Land Investments: Do Governments Have Legal Support Gaps?
Creators: name: Szoke-Burke, Sam
name: Cordes, Kaitlin Y.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Investments--Law and legislation
Investments, Foreign--Government policy
Land use
Negotiation
Investments, Foreign

description: The terms governing land investments can shape whether host countries and local communities benefit from investment projects. Yet host governments in low- and middle-income countries often lack sufficient legal and technical capacity to prepare for, negotiate, implement, and monitor investments, and can confront barriers in accessing necessary expertise. This report focuses on the “legal support gaps” encountered by low- and middle-income countries in the context of investments for agricultural and forestry projects that are regulated by investor-state contracts. It offers good practices—for host governments, donors, legal support providers, and investors—that can increase government access to, and use of, legal support and improve the capacity of lawyers to help governments achieve responsible land investments.
Review: Travaux du Groupe de Recherches et d'Études sur la Céramique dans le Nord-Pas-De-Calais. Actes du Colloque d'Outreau (10-12 Avril 1992)
Creators: name: Redknap, Mark
Publisher: name: Archaeology Data Service
Year: 2023

description: Medieval Ceramics: Journal of the Medieval Ceramics Research Group, 17, 97-99
description: Publication review
Infrared phonons and specific heat in Ba3Cr2O8
Creators: name: Wang, Zhe
name: Schmidt, M.
name: Günther, A.
name: Mayr, F.
name: Wan, Yuan
name: Lee, S. -H.
name: Ueda, H.
name: Ueda, Y.
name: Loidl, A.
name: Deisenhofer, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report on the phonon spectrum of Ba3Cr2O8 determined by infrared spectroscopy, and on specific heat measurements across the Jahn-Teller transition in magnetic fields up to 9 T. Phonon modes split below the Jahn-Teller transition, which occurs at T_{JT} = 70 K as detected by specific heat measurements. The field-dependent specific heat data is analyzed in terms of the contributions from lattice, magnetic and orbital degrees of freedom. In contrast to the isostructural compound Sr3Cr2O8 our analysis does not indicate the existence of orbital fluctuations below the Jahn-Teller transition in Ba3Cr2O8.
description: 5 pages, 4 figures
Enhancement of aqueous solubility and extraction of lauric acid using hydrotropes and its interaction studies by COSMO-RS model
Creators: name: Balachandran, S.
name: Prakash, D. Gnana
name: Anantharaj, R.
name: Paul, M. R. Danish John
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Inorganic Chemistry

description: In this study, COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents was used to analyze the ability of hydrogen bond donor, hydrogen bond acceptor and electron affinity of all the studied species such as water, lauric acid (LA), sodium benzoate (SB), sodium salicylate (SS), nicotinamide (NI), and urea (UA). Further, the different hydrotropes solutions were prepared with different concentrations (0–3.0 mol/L) in order to analyze the solubility of lauric acid at different temperatures (303–313 K). Subsequently, hydrotropes based extraction of lauric acid from cold press coconut oil (CPCO) and commercial-grade edible coconut oil (CGECO) was conducted at 313 K and 0.1 MPa. GC–MS analysis has been carried out on cold press coconut oil, commercial grade edible coconut oil and hydrotropically extracted samples to characterize the different fatty acid compounds present in it. It was observed that the sodium benzoate hydrotrope solution extracted samples has lauric acid as a significant component in the GC-MS spectra when compared to the extracted samples of sodium salicylate hydrotrope solution.
Aggregation and adsorption properties of benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium tetrachloromanganate(II) metallosurfactant in water–ethylene glycol medium
Creators: name: Wagay, Tariq Ahmad
name: Charingia, Anushmita
name: Suting, Smarling
name: Askari, Hassan
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: 29999 Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Pharmacology
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: The aggregation and adsorption properties of metallosurfactant, benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium tetrachloromanganate(II) (BDHA2[MnCl4], where BDHA represents benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium group) in binary aqueous mixtures of ethylene glycol (EG) were investigated by tensiometric, conductometric, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods at 298.15 K. The percentage of EG (by weight) was varied between 0 and 100%. The physicochemical properties determined and discussed include critical micelle concentration (cmc), counterion binding constant (β), Gibbs free energy of micellization (ΔGm0), surface excess at cmc (Γcmc), minimum area per surfactant molecule (Amin), surface pressure (πcmc), minimum free energies (Gmin) and size of aggregates. This study revealed that with increase in percentage of EG the cmc of BDHA2[MnCl4] metallosurfactant increases and the cmc of BDHA2[MnCl4] in EG is about 158 times higher than that in water. The counterion binding constant values increase with increase in percentage of EG from 10% to 70% and thereafter decrease. The adsorption of metallosurfactant at the air–solution interface decreases as the EG content in the bulk increases. The ΔGm0 values were found to be negative and the negative value decreases with increase in percentage of EG. Gordon parameter and ratio of surface tension of medium to that of the metallosurfactant solution at cmc are used to represent solvophobicity of the medium. DLS measurements revealed that the hydrodynamic diameters (dH) of the micelles increase with increase in percentage of EG (in pure EG, dH = 28.3 nm). TEM measurements showed the presence of spherical micelles. Formation of spherical micelles in EG.
Iberian Unglazed Pottery from Antwerp (Belgium)
Creators: name: Veeckman, Johan
Publisher: name: Archaeology Data Service
Year: 2023

description: Medieval Ceramics: Journal of the Medieval Ceramics Research Group, 18, 9-18
description: The present paper discusses 16 finds of post-medieval Iberian red unglazed earthenwares excavated on six different sites in Antwerp, Belgium. The finds display a variety of forms, fabrics, surface treatment and decoration techniques, which suggest they should be ascribed to different production centres in Portugal and Spain. Although it remains difficult to provide a close date for the finds, the Iberian unglazed earthenwares appear in the Antwerp archaeological contexts towards the end of the 16th century. The evidence suggests that these luxury or quality wares can be related to a well-off or even rich environment. In the Low Countries comparative material is known only from Amsterdam and Mechelen. It is not clear by what means these wares reached our regions. Was it through well-organised trade or 'side-line'-trade or should these objects be regarded as 'souvenirs'?
Encountering the embodied mouth of hell : the play of oppositions in religious vernacular theater
Creators: name: Rossmeisl, Robyn
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2012

description: The cavernous mouth of hell was an iconographic convention representing the threshold of eternal damnation in medieval England and Europe. The gaping mouth of a fierce beast captured the essence of everlasting isolation from God, making it a dramatic way to represent hell’s perpetual threat for devout Christians. Created in tenth-century Anglo-Saxon England, the mouth of hell spread throughout continental Europe, and detailed Lucifer’s Fall, the Harrowing of Hell, or the Last Judgment. This horrible visage was represented in sculpted tympana, paintings, mosaics, and stained glass, and by the fourteenth century, the mouth of hell appeared in lay religious vernacular theater as a constructed stage scene and prop. Theatrical effects contributed characteristics to the visual experience of the mouth of hell that could not be portrayed in static representations. Actors playing demons issued from the great mouth, condemned characters were dragged to its jaws, smoke wafted from its recesses. In his 1995 survey of the image, Gary D. Schmidt utilizes Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of grotesque realism to propose that the mouth of hell became a ludic site of laughter in medieval theater, eroding its theological meaning and accelerating its decline. By examining the mouth of hell’s performativity within a ritualized production undertaken by communities, this thesis intervenes in debates about the fearsome, comic, efficacious, and entertaining qualities of religious vernacular theater. Extant primary sources reveal that theater did not void the iconography of its threatening countenance, but facilitated an intimacy between the laity and the mouth of hell that had not been possible before. Through its purposeful nature, communal obligations and audience involvement, religious vernacular theater provided a context in which the mouth of hell could become a multivocal and complex image within medieval culture.
Momentum dependent mean-field dynamics of compressed nuclear matter and neutron stars
Creators: name: Gaitanos, Theodoros
name: Kaskulov, Murat M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Nuclear matter and compact neutron stars are studied in the framework of the non-linear derivative (NLD) model which accounts for the momentum dependence of relativistic mean-fields. The generalized form of the energy-momentum tensor is derived which allows to consider different forms of the regulator functions in the NLD Lagrangian. The thermodynamic consistency of the NLD model is demonstrated for arbitrary choice of the regulator functions. The NLD approach describes the bulk properties of the nuclear matter and compares well with microscopic calculations and Dirac phenomenology. We further study the high density domain of the nuclear equation of state (EoS) relevant for the matter in $β$-equilibrium inside neutron stars. It is shown that the low density constraints imposed on the nuclear EoS and by the momentum dependence of the Schrödinger-equivalent optical potential lead to a maximum mass of the neutron stars around $M \simeq 2 M_{\odot}$ which accommodates the observed mass of the J1614-2230 millisecond radio pulsar.
description: 25 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in Nuclear Physics A
Spontaneous decay of resonant energy levels for molecules with moving nuclei
Creators: name: Teufel, Stefan
name: Wachsmuth, Jakob
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 81Q05, 81Q15, 81V10, 81V55

description: We consider the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian with dynamical nuclei and investigate the transitions between the resonant electronic energy levels under the assumption that there are no free photons in the beginning. Coupling the limits of small fine structure constant and of heavy nuclei allows us to prove the validity of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation at leading order and to provide a simple formula for the rate of spontaneous decay.
description: To appear in Commun. Math. Phys
MOESM1 of Redesign of a novel d-allulose 3-epimerase from Staphylococcus aureus for thermostability and efficient biocatalytic production of d-allulose
Creators: name: Zhu, Zhangliang
name: Gao, Dengke
name: Li, Chao
name: Chen, Ying
name: Zhu, Menglu
name: Liu, Xin
name: Tanokura, Masaru
name: Qin, Hui-Min
name: Lu, Fuping
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 1: Table S1. Primers used for the construction of recombinant SaDAE. Figure S1. Multiple sequence alignment of amino acid sequence for the SaDAE with D-allulose 3-epimerase, L-ribulose 3-epimerase, and D-tagatose 3-epimerase from various strains. Figure S2. Purification of SaDAE by anion-exchange (a) and size-exclusion chromatography (b). Protein markers of conalbumin (75.0Â kDa) and aldolase (158.0Â kDa) were used. (c) MALDI-TOF spectra of SaDAE. Figure S3. (a) CD spectrum of SaDAE and (b) secondary structure assignments. Figure S4. Products confirmation of the enzymatic conversion using HPLC. (a) D-allulose (b) d-fructose (c) D-sorbose (d) D-tagatose. Figure S5. Structure comparison of SaDAE (yellow) with ketose 3-epimerases from different family. Figure S6. Multiple sequence alignment of amino acid D-allulose 3-epimerase, L-ribulose 3-epimerase, and D-tagatose 3-epimerase from different strains.
Competitively Coupled Maps and Spatial Pattern Formation
Creators: name: Killingback, Timothy
name: Loftus, Gregory
name: Sundaram, Bala
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Spatial pattern formation is a key feature of many natural systems in physics, chemistry and biology. The essential theoretical issue in understanding pattern formation is to explain how a spatially homogeneous initial state can undergo spontaneous symmetry breaking leading to a stable spatial pattern. This problem is most commonly studied using partial differential equations to model a reaction-diffusion system of the type introduced by Turing. We report here on a much simpler and more robust model of spatial pattern formation, which is formulated as a novel type of coupled map lattice. In our model, the local site dynamics are coupled through a competitive, rather than diffusive, interaction. Depending only on the strength of the interaction, this competitive coupling results in spontaneous symmetry breaking of a homogeneous initial configuration and the formation of stable spatial patterns. This mechanism is very robust and produces stable pattern formation for a wide variety of spatial geometries, even when the local site dynamics is trivial.
description: 8 pages, 7 figures
Stochastic Energetics for Non-Gaussian Processes
Creators: name: Kanazawa, Kiyoshi
name: Sagawa, Takahiro
name: Hayakawa, Hisao
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: By introducing a new stochastic integral, we investigate the energetics of classical stochastic systems driven by non-Gaussian white noises. In particular, we introduce a decomposition of the total-energy difference into the work and the heat for each trajectory, and derive a formula to calculate the heat from experimental data on the dynamics. We apply our formulation and results to a Langevin system driven by a Poisson noise.
Inclusive b to u l nu at Belle/Belle II
Creators: name: Tonder, Raynette Van
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019

description: The importance of measuring inclusive V_{ub} by studying charmless semi-leptonic decays at Belle and Belle II in order to address the inclusive vs. exclusive puzzle is discussed. Various difficulties involved in the measurements such as separating signal from the dominant B to c l nu background and the effect of using different theory predictions for signal and background modelling are introduced. Lastly, projections for global model-independent data-driven fits, which will be carried for the first time at Belle II, are shown.
They Can’t Take that Away from Me: An Indemnification Solution to Unmerited VARA Claims
Creators: name: Marber, Sinclaire D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Arts--Law and legislation
Law and art
Art--Handling
Authorship

description: This Note argues that market participants should be indemnified against legally baseless revocations of attribution by living artists. Noland justifies her disavowals under the Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 (“VARA”), the American answer to the French concept of droit moral or moral rights.8 Moral rights provide artists with control over the integrity and attribution of their art even after it has been sold. In a narrow set of circumstances, VARA permits a living artist to disavow her works if they have been modified so extensively as to be prejudicial to the artist’s reputation (excepting changes caused by aging or conservation).9 But there is a dearth of case law defining terms like modification, prejudice, and reputation. Even among Noland’s disavowals there is variation: she revoked authorship of the aluminum print Cowboys Milking because she perceived wear on its corners, and of the wooden building façade Log Cabin because conservators allegedly rebuilt the entire piece without permission.10 Noland is one of relatively few artists to bring lawsuits under VARA, and research for this Note has uncovered no cases of an owner or other stakeholder suing an artist for improperly invoking VARA. Even if a party were to sue Noland for abusing VARA and successfully obtain an injunction forcing her to legally affirm authorship of a work, this would likely not remedy the market damage caused by her public disavowal. No matter the conclusion of a court, collectors are unlikely to invest millions of dollars in art unsupported by its creator. Unfortunately, moral rights law in the United States has not yet addressed this situation. This Note proposes that the indemnification solutions contained in the droit moral provide a possible solution to the problems that result when an artist disavows her art without legal cause.
QED with external field: Hamiltonian treatment for anisotropic medium formed by the Lorentz-non-invariant vacuum
Creators: name: Villalba-Chavez, Selym
name: Shabad, Anatoly E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Nonlinear electrodynamics, QED included, is considered against the Lorentz-noninvariant external field background, treated as an anisotropic medium. Hamiltonian formalism is applied to electromagnetic excitations over the background, and entities of electrodynamics of media, such as field inductions and intensities, are made sense of in terms of canonical variables. Both conserved and nonconserved generators of space-time translations and rotations are defined on the phase space, and their Hamiltonian equations of motion and Dirac bracket relations, different from the Poincaré algebra, are established. Nonsymmetric, but--in return--gauge-invariant, energy-momentum tensor suggests a canonical momentum density other than the Poynting vector. A photon magnetic moment is found to govern the evolution of the photon angular momentum. It is determined by the antisymmetric part of the energy-momentum tensor.
description: 28 pages
Control and Manipulation of Cold Atoms in Optical Tweezers
Creators: name: Muldoon, Cecilia
name: Brandt, Lukas
name: Dong, Jian
name: Stuart, Dustin
name: Brainis, Edouard
name: Himsworth, Matthew
name: Kuhn, Axel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Neutral atoms trapped by laser light are amongst the most promising candidates for storing and processing information in a quantum computer or simulator. The application certainly calls for a scalable and flexible scheme for addressing and manipulating the atoms. We have now made this a reality by implementing a fast and versatile method to dynamically control the position of neutral atoms trapped in optical tweezers. The tweezers result from a spatial light modulator (SLM) controlling and shaping a large number of optical dipole-force traps. Trapped atoms adapt to any change in the potential landscape, such that one can re-arrange and randomly access individual sites within atom-trap arrays.
description: 6 pages, 4 figures
A quantum delayed choice experiment
Creators: name: Peruzzo, Alberto
name: Shadbolt, Peter J.
name: Brunner, Nicolas
name: Popescu, Sandu
name: O'Brien, Jeremy L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Quantum systems exhibit particle-like or wave-like behaviour depending on the experimental apparatus they are confronted by. This wave-particle duality is at the heart of quantum mechanics, and is fully captured in Wheeler's famous delayed choice gedanken experiment. In this variant of the double slit experiment, the observer chooses to test either the particle or wave nature of a photon after it has passed through the slits. Here we report on a quantum delayed choice experiment, based on a quantum controlled beam-splitter, in which both particle and wave behaviours can be investigated simultaneously. The genuinely quantum nature of the photon's behaviour is tested via a Bell inequality, which here replaces the delayed choice of the observer. We observe strong Bell inequality violations, thus showing that no model in which the photon knows in advance what type of experiment it will be confronted by, hence behaving either as a particle or as wave, can account for the experimental data.
Can Stephen Colbert Bring Back Stephen Colbert? Alternate, Fictional Personas in Copyright
Creators: name: Shaffy, Kourosh Connor
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Copyright
Television talk show hosts
Characters and characteristics on television
Copyright--Fictitious characters

description: This Note argues that Stephen Colbert should have the right to use his former Comedy Central persona on his new CBS show. Creator-performers of characters that are fictionalized versions of their own, real personas should not lose their rights to these characters because of copyright law. Traditional concerns associated with a need for copyright (for example, the danger of unapproved copying) are not present where the author’s presence is essential to performance of the character, as is certainly the case here. Nobody can play the fictional Stephen Colbert character but the real Colbert. An artist like Colbert must be free to use his character. Part I examines current case law. Part II argues that this is not the ordinary case of a performer’s use of intellectual property where he or she is but an actor playing a typical fictional character; instead, this is a case of an actor whose fictional persona is so intertwined with his own persona that many audiences have not even been able to discern that the actor was playing a character at all. Part III concludes that because the Comedy Central persona is Colbert’s own creation—a fictionalized alternate persona of his own, bearing the actor’s real name and likeness, which he used and fleshed out not only on his Comedy Central series but also created prior to that series’ debut and then used in many other public arenas—it should be copyrightable by Colbert independent of Comedy Central’s copyright in “The Colbert Report.” In order for Colbert and similar creator-performers of such detailed alternate personas to be able to use their characters freely, these very specific types of characterpersonas should be protected by a specific, enumerated category of copyrightable works of their own under the Copyright Act.
Ag nanofluids synthesis in presence of citrate at different stirring rotation and their post reaction stability
Creators: name: Parwin, Shama
name: Parui, Jayanta
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Ag nanofluids have been synthesized by the single pot synthesis method reducing silver nitrate (AgNO3) applying sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent in the presence of trisodium citrate (TSC) in water base fluid. Stirring effect on the synthesis has been studied in terms of rotation per minute (RPM) using a digitally displayed electronically controlled mechanical stirrer and a decreasing tendency of mean particle sizes has been observed on increasing RPM from 250 to 950 at the interval of 100. Time dependent Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Spectra have been recorded by UV-Visible spectrometer from 1 h to 36 h at the interval of almost 12 h and the particle size distribution have been estimated by the deconvolution of the spectra. The size distribution has been quantified correlating deconvoluted peaks and their area under the curves proportionated to that of the entire spectrum. The mean particle sizes have been observed to vary from 20 nm to 100 nm and the variations depend on both RPM and time. The RPM and time dependent area under the curve of each spectrum have been analyzed to find the nanofluid stabilization and 450 has been recorded as most stabilizing RPM accounting by 0.35% change in it. The histograms of particle size distribution have been analyzed by mathematical modeling, arithmetic progression and geometric progression. Histogram that fits arithmetic progression indicates Ag+ seeding by its reduction on Ag nanoparticles to grow bigger particles and histogram that fits geometric progression indicates agglomeration of Ag nanoparticles for sedimentation.
Fluorescence and polarization spectroscopy of single silicon vacancy centers in heteroepitaxial nanodiamonds on iridium
Creators: name: Neu, Elke
name: Fischer, Martin
name: Gsell, Stefan
name: Schreck, Matthias
name: Becher, Christoph
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We introduce an advanced material system for the production and spectroscopy of single silicon vacancy (SiV) color centers in diamond. We use microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition to synthesize heteroepitaxial nanodiamonds of approx. 160 nm in lateral size with a thickness of approx. 75 nm. These oriented 'nanoislands' combine the enhanced fluorescence extraction from subwavelength sized nanodiamonds with defined crystal orientation. The investigated SiV centers display narrow zero-phonon-lines down to 0.7 nm in the wavelength range 730-750 nm. We investigate in detail the phonon-coupling and vibronic sidebands of single SiV centers, revealing significant inhomogeneous effects. Polarization measurements reveal polarized luminescence and preferential absorption of linearly polarized light.
description: 9 pages, 9 figures, v3 slightly revised, accepted by Phys. Rev. B
Additional file 1 of Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains circulating in China from 2020 to 2021
Creators: name: Zhuang, Hong
name: Sun, Leilei
name: Wang, Xiaobo
name: Xiao, Min
name: Zeng, Long
name: Wang, Haoran
name: Yang, Hongfu
name: Lin, Feng
name: Wang, Chuang
name: Qin, Liting
name: Wang, Chengbao
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1: Table S1. Information of PEDV strains obtained in this study. The information including strain name, collection date, collection region, S gene length, virus isolation and accession number.
Data acquisition electronics and reconstruction software for real time 3D track reconstruction within the MIMAC project
Creators: name: Bourrion, O.
name: Bosson, G.
name: Grignon, C.
name: Bouly, J. L.
name: Richer, J. P.
name: Guillaudin, O.
name: Mayet, F.
name: Billard, J.
name: Santos, D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Directional detection of non-baryonic Dark Matter requires 3D reconstruction of low energy nuclear recoils tracks. A gaseous micro-TPC matrix, filled with either 3He, CF4 or C4H10 has been developed within the MIMAC project. A dedicated acquisition electronics and a real time track reconstruction software have been developed to monitor a 512 channel prototype. This autotriggered electronic uses embedded processing to reduce the data transfer to its useful part only, i.e. decoded coordinates of hit tracks and corresponding energy measurements. An acquisition software with on-line monitoring and 3D track reconstruction is also presented.
description: Proceedings of TWEPP-11, Vienna, Austria, 26-30 September 2011
Probing strongly interacting W's at the ILC with polarized beams
Creators: name: Ananthanarayan, B.
name: Patra, Monalisa
name: Poulose, P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the possibility of fingerprinting a strongly interacting $W$ boson sector which is consistent with present day LHC searches at the ILC with longitudinal as well as transversely polarized electron and positron beams. We account for the final state interaction using a suitable Omnès formalism in terms of a plausible resonance description, and carry out thorough analyses of cross sections, asymmetries and angular distributions of the $W's$. We carry out a comparison with other extensions of the Standard Model, where heavy additional $Z'$ bosons arise naturally. We also consider the effect of the strong final state interaction on a correlation that depends on $(ϕ_--ϕ_+)$, where the $ϕ_\mp$ are the azimuthal angles of decay leptons, and find that it is a useful discriminant.
description: 25 pages latex using JHEP style files, 14 figures; v2 is a slightly expanded version of v1, reference added, discussions improved, some figures have been changed; corresponds to version accepted for publication in JHEP
MOESM1 of Modelling seasonal dynamics, population stability, and pest control in Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Creators: name: Wieser, Andreas
name: Reuss, Friederike
name: Niamir, Aidin
name: Müller, Ruth
name: O’Hara, Robert
name: Pfenninger, Markus
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Ecology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1: Text S1. R-Scripts used for simulations. Text S1.1. Script for calling and parallelising stagePop function. Text S1.2. Script for R-package stagePop. Text S1.3. Script for visualization. Text S2. Detailed parameter elicitation. Text S2.1. A linear model utilizing a sine-cosine curve is fitted to temperature data. Figure S1. Example for daily mean temperature and fitted curve. Text S2.2. Development during egg stage. Figure S2. Through-stage mortality in eggs. Text S2.3. Parameters for larval stages. Figure S3. Parameters for larval stage. Text S2.4. Parameters for pupal stage. Figure S4. Parameters for pupal stage. Text S2.5. Daily mortality rate in premature and adult stage. Figure S5. Daily mortality rate in premature and adult stage. Text S2.6. Approximation of birth rate through wing length. Text S2.7. Parameter Summary. Table S1. Mean wing lengths in 14 temperatures and estimated female fecundity. Figure S6. Number of offspring per female. Table S2. List of parameters used in population dynamics model. Text S3. Population Density and Continuity. Figure S7. Population Dynamics if no larval competition is applied. Figure S8. Cumulative larval density without any control measure. Figure S9.: Our model compared with published occurrence data [17–19, 48, 62–65, 67, 68]. Text S4. Control Measures.  Table S3. Different scenarios in pest control measures. Figure S10. Density of larvae if control measure targets oviposition. Figure S11. Density of larvae if control measure targets egg mortality. Figure S12. Density of larvae if control measure targets larval mortality. Figure S13. Density of larvae if control measure targets adult mortality. Figure S14. Combination of constant larval control (50%) and summer adult control (50%). Table S4. Results of control measures. Text S5. Discussion of winter mortality. Figure S15. Annual population density dynamics of larvae in scenarios with different winter mortality. Figure S16. Density of larvae in scenarios with different winter mortality.
Dr. Strange Geo-Blocking Love Or: How The E.U. Learned To Stop Worrying About Cultural Integration And Love The TV Trade Barrier
Creators: name: Zareh, Batia M.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Law and art
Television--Law and legislation
Antitrust law
Motion pictures--Law and legislation

description: The E.U. Antitrust Case that opened on July 23, 2015 against Sky U.K. and six American studios—Disney, Fox, NBCUniversal, Paramount Pictures, Sony and Warner Brothers—has its structural roots in the Television Without Frontiers Directive, which was vigorously debated as a last-minute standoff that threatened to derail the conclusion of the GATT Uruguay Round of trade negotiations and is still considered to be the cornerstone of the European Union’s audiovisual policy. This Article examines the unique history of a Cultural Exception with respect to audiovisual works as applied in trade negotiations to Hollywood film and television productions, and argues that, rather than violating E.U. regulations, the decades-old practice of regional contractual restrictions and geo-blocking is both consistent with and a direct result of the E.U.’s protectionist and paternalistic efforts to shield its individual member states’ local production entities from competition and its populations from a perceived and decidedly unwelcomed Svengali-like juggernaut of American cultural influence. The E.U. antitrust action is therefore in direct contravention to the spirit of the trade laws over which Hollywood studios were so stridently subjected to debating and is inconsistent with stated E.U. audiovisual norms. Abolishing regional access limitations will put the future of the E.U.’s various local distributors at risk, for the existing patchwork of distribution related rules impacting foreign property directly impacts American producers’ decisions regarding whether and how to continue to do business in the region. Thus, any attempt to implement the E.C.’s aspirational Digital Single Market 2020 target terms must be reconciled in light of the current political climate in Europe and global technological capabilities if the E.U. is to remain a relevant market at the forefront of the modern entertainment industry and continue to benefit from the uniquely privileged relationship it has enjoyed for nearly a century with its many Hollywood studio production partners.