cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Towards a fair approach to scholarly publishing: The KU Leuven Fund for Fair Open Access
Creators: name: Mesotten, Laura
name: Verbeke, Demmy
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: open access
non-profit open access
fair open access
open science
scholarly communication

description: For many years now, opposition against a commercial approach to scholarly publishing has been growing stronger and stronger. The for-profit model leads to publications which are prohibitively expensive, either for the reader or for the researcher, and typically puts commercial partners in control of the dissemination of scholarly work since researchers have to transfer critical aspects of their author’s rights in order to get published. Alternatives such as Green Open Access (whereby researchers make an archival copy of their publication freely available to all), in most fields, do not challenge the traditional commercial publication model enough. Therefore, another alternative is on the rise, namely Fair Open Access. Publications in Fair OA are immediately freely available to all, are produced according to cost-effective (rather than commercial) principles and guarantee full control of researchers over the entire publication process. KU Leuven has been supporting Green OA through its institutional repository Lirias for many years already. As it is clear, however, that Green OA provides some but certainly not all of the solutions, the university was looking to intensify its efforts to maximize scholarly exchange, collaboration and innovation. This resulted in the establishment of the KU Leuven Fund for Fair Open Access in March 2018. The fund provides financial support for the production costs of OA monographs published by Leuven University Press as well as articles in selected OA journals, on the condition that these journals are published according to the Fair OA model and maintain the highest academic standards. Moreover, as of 2019, the fund has broadened its support to various non-profit OA initiatives and, this way, contributes to the development of sustainable OA infrastructure and advocacy activities. This paper analyses current business models for OA, explains the reasoning behind the establishment of the KU Leuven Fund for Fair Open Access, discusses its day-to-day operation and presents its results after one year of operation.
Development of A Traffic Simulator for Analyzing Mutual Interference between Personal Mobility Vehicles and Traffic Flow in consideration of Vehicle Dynamics
Creators: name: Kaneko, Tetsuya
name: Kageyama, Ichiro
name: Kuriyagawa, Yukio
name: Tetsunori Haraguchi
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Mechanical Engineering
subject: FOS: Mechanical engineering
subject: 91106 Special Vehicles
subject: FOS: Environmental engineering

description: A proceedings paper from BMD 2016.

The Personal Mobility Vehicle (PMV) described in this paper has typical biomimetic features that govern the vehicle body inside a curve. Because the behavior of this proposed vehicle is similar to that of a two-wheeled one, it is necessary to examine the PMV and its potential for interference with other vehicles in the midst of ordinary road traffic. Therefore, we developed a microscale traffic simulator, including a driver model and a road transportation system, taking into account vehicle dynamics. We also analyzed simulation results in order to ensure that the PMV is compatible with the microscale traffic flow.
ALP Search Using Precessing Light in a Magnetized Fabry Perot Cavity
Creators: name: Creswick, Richard
name: Avignone, Frank T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper we outline an experiment to detect the conversion of photons to axion-like particles (ALPs) in a strong magnetic field. We show that by modulating the polarization of the light passing through a Fabry-Perot cavity so that it effectively precesses at the modulation frequency, a signal is produced that is proportional to the square as opposed to the fourth power of the ALP-photon coupling constant. Assuming shot noise to be the dominant source of noise, we estimate that this approach is sensitive ALP masses less than $10^{-4} eV$ and couplings on the order to $g_{aγ}\sim 1.6\times 10^{-11} \text{GeV}^{-1}$ with a 10m, 10 T magnet, and $g_{aγ}\sim 1.6\times 10^{-12} \text{GeV}^{-1}$ with a 100 m magnet as envisaged by ALPs-IIc. ALPs with these properties have been invoked to explain the apparent transparency of the extragalactic background light (EBL) to ultra high-energy gamma rays emitted by BLAZARs.
Practical data-centric optimization of C/C++ applications
Creators: name: Lepori, Andrea
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: High Performance Computing
Compiler

description: C is a programming language used everywhere and in a big part of
scientific codes. With the increase of highly parallel computing machines
the code needs to be adapted to be able to use the full power available.
In my thesis I will expand a compiler frontend to be able to transform C
code into a data centric representation that will intern be able to identify
data dependencies automatically and hence produce highly parallel
code. There were a lot of challenges because pointers and structs are
hard to adapt to a data centric paradigm. In the end I was able to
find ways to work around the imposed limitations and expand the
compiler front end to support a bigger - and more general - C language
subset. On the tested benchmarks the performance of the automatic
parallelization was on par with the handmade one.
Dark charge versus electric charge
Creators: name: Van Loi, Duong
name: Nam, Cao H.
name: Tan, Ngo Hai
name: Van Dong, Phung
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We revisit a theory that proposes a dark charge, $D$, as a dequantization of the electric charge, $Q$. We find that the general arguments of anomaly cancelation and fermion mass generation yield both $D$ and $Q$, nontrivially unified with the weak isospin $T_i$ $(i={1,2,3})$ in a novel gauge symmetry, $SU(3)_C\otimes SU(2)_L\otimes U(1)_Y\otimes U(1)_N$, where $Y$ and $N$ determine $Q$ and $D$ through the $T_3$ operator, i.e. $Q=T_3+Y$ and $D=T_3+N$, respectively. A new observation is that fundamental particles possess a dynamical dark charge which governs both neutrino mass and dark matter, where the neutrino mass is determined via a canonical seesaw, while the dark matter stability is ensured by electric and color charge conservations. We examine the mass spectra of fermions, scalars, and gauge bosons, as well as their interactions, taking into account the kinetic mixing effect of $U(1)_{Y,N}$ gauge fields. The new physics phenomena at colliders are examined. The dark matter relic density and detection are discussed.
description: 54 pages, 7 figures; substantially improved version; published in PRD
Impact of the collision model on the multi-messenger emission from Gamma-Ray Burst internal shocks
Creators: name: Rudolph, Annika
name: Heinze, Jonas
name: Fedynitch, Anatoli
name: Winter, Walter
Publisher: name: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Year: 2019

description: We discuss the production of multiple astrophysical messengers (neutrinos, cosmic rays, gamma-rays) in the Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) internal shock scenario, focusing on the impact of the collision dynamics between two shells on the fireball evolution. In addition to the inelastic case, in which plasma shells merge when they collide, we study the Ultra Efficient Shock scenario, in which a fraction of the internal energy is re-converted into kinetic energy and, consequently, the two shells survive and remain in the system. We find that in all cases a quasi-diffuse neutrino flux from GRBs at the level of $10^{-11}$ to $10^{-10} \, \mathrm{GeV \, cm^{-2} \, s^{-1} \, sr^{-1}}$ (per flavor) is expected for protons and a baryonic loading of ten, which is potentially within the reach of IceCube-Gen2. The highest impact of the collision model for multi-messenger production is observed for the Ultra Efficient Shock scenario, that promises high conversion efficiencies from kinetic to radiated energy. However, the assumption that the plasma shells separate after a collision and survive as separate shells within the fireball is found to be justified too rarely in a multi-collision model that uses hydrodynamical simulations with the PLUTO code for individual shell collisions.
Development of a Negative Ion Micro TPC Detector with SF$_{6}$ Gas for the Directional Dark Matter Search
Creators: name: Ikeda, T.
name: Shimada, T.
name: Ishiura, H.
name: Nakamura, K. D.
name: Nakamura, T.
name: Miuchi, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A negative ion micro time projection chamber (NI$μ$TPC) was developed and its performance studied. An NI$μ$TPC is a novel technology that enables the measurement of absolute $z$ coordinates for self-triggering TPCs. This technology provides full-fiducialization analysis, which is not possible with conventional gaseous TPCs, and is useful for directional dark matter searches in terms of background rejection and the improvement of the angular resolution. The developed NI$μ$TPC prototype had a detection volume of 12.8 $\times$ 25.6 $\times$ 144 mm$^{3}$. The absolute $z$ coordinate was determined with a location accuracy of 16 mm using minority carrieres of SF$_{5}^{-}$. Simultaneously, there was a successful reconstruction of the three-dimensional (3D) tracks with a spatial resolution of 130 $μ\rm{m}$. This is the first demonstration of 3D tracking with the detection of absolute $z$ coordinates, and it is an important step in improving the sensitivity of directional dark matter searches.
Orlicz space regularization of continuous optimal transport problems
Creators: name: Lorenz, Dirk
name: Mahler, Hinrich
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 49Q20, 49J45, 90C25

description: In this work we analyze regularized optimal transport problems in the so-called Kantorovich form, i.e. given two Radon measures on two compact sets, the aim is to find a transport plan, which is another Radon measure on the product of the sets, that has these two measures as marginals and minimizes the sum of a certain linear cost function and a regularization term. We focus on regularization terms where a Young's function applied to the (density of the) transport plan is integrated against a product measure. This forces the transport plan to belong to a certain Orlicz space. The predual problem is derived and proofs for strong duality and existence of primal solutions of the regularized problem are presented. Existence of (pre-)dual solutions is shown for the special case of $L^p$ regularization for $p\geq 2$. Moreover, two results regarding $Γ$-convergence are stated: The first is concerned with marginals that do not lie in the appropriate Orlicz space and guarantees $Γ$-convergence to the original Kantorovich problem, when smoothing the marginals. The second results gives convergence of a regularized and discretized problem to the unregularized, continuous problem.
description: Update paper in response to reviewers' comments
Supp_Figure_1 from Temporal patterns of local adaptation in soil Pseudomonads
Creators: name: Kraemer, Susanne A.
name: Rees Kassen
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Ecology

description: Strong divergent selection leading to local adaptation is often invoked to explain the staggering diversity of bacteria in microbial ecosystems. However, examples of specialization by bacterial clones to alternative niches in nature are rare. Here, we investigate the extent of local adaptation in natural isolates of Pseudomonads and their relatives to their soil environments across both space and time. Though most isolates grew well in most environments, patchily distributed low-quality environments were found to drive specialization. In contrast with experimental evolution work on microbial adaptation, temporal adaptation was stronger than spatial adaptation among the isolates and environments we sampled. Time-shift analysis of fitness across two seasons of growth revealed an unexpectedly strong effect of preadaptation. This pattern of apparent future adaptation may be caused by unknown abiotic properties of these environments, phages, bacterial competitors or general mechanisms of ecological niche release, and warrants future study.
Performance limits of decay clocks: Fundamental accuracy and resolution limits of quantum clocks with exponential ticking mechanism
Creators: name: Meier, Florian
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Quantum thermodynamics
Quantum clocks
Open quantum systems
Quantum information theory
Thermodynamic uncertainty relations
info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/530
Physics

description: Clocks are among the most precise measurement devices ever built, but like anything else, they are bound by the laws of thermodynamics. As a consequence, all clocks are inherently subject to noise and thus cannot be infinitely precise. We examine these limitations and the thermodynamic cost of running a clock. From minimal assumptions, we derive that processes driving a clock must be irreversible. In the simplest memory-less thermodynamic setting, this leads to exponential decay. Under the assumption of a fixed decay rate $\Gamma$, we explore what types of quantum clocks can be built using an exponentially decaying process to generate the ticks of the clock, but with a clockwork that is otherwise unconstrained. Using the average number of ticks $N$ until a clock is off by one tick as the measure for its accuracy, and the inverse average tick time as the measure for its resolution $R$, we show that any increase in accuracy ultimately comes at the cost of resolution, subject to the bound $N\leq \Gamma^2/R^2$. With a periodic process in the clockwork to concentrate the decay event probability to specific times, we can build clocks that approach this optimal accuracy-resolution trade-off. Based on a quantum clock from Schwarzhans et al. [1], that uses as its only resource out of equilibrium heat baths, we design a clock that we conjecture to reach the scaling $N\sim \text{const.}/R^2$ asymptotically. In this example, the entropy production grows linearly with the accuracy, confirming the thermodynamic limitation of the clock performance.

[1] Emanuel Schwarzhans, Maximilian P. E. Lock, Paul Erker, Nicolai Friis, and Marcus Huber. Autonomous Temporal Probability Concentration: Clockworks and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. PRX, 11(1):011046, 2021. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevX.11.011046. URL https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevX.11.011046.
IRB Templates
Creators: name: Bouchard, Mara
name: Said, Ines Ben
name: Beaucage, Sofia
name: Lim, Travis
name: Debionne, Anouchka
name: Campfield, Ella
name: Audrée Bujold
name: Hehman, Eric
Publisher: name: OSF Registries
Year: 2020

description: IRB Templates
Sforza Pallavicino: A Jesuit Life in Baroque Rome
Creators: name: Delbeke, Maarten
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Early Modern History
Intellectual History
Church History

description: As a key figure in baroque Rome, Sforza Pallavicino embodies many of the apparent tensions and contradictions of his era: a man of the church deeply involved in the new science, a nobleman and courtier drawn to ascetism and theology, a controversial polemicist involved in poetry and the arts. This volume collects essays by specialists in the fields and disciplines that cover Pallavicino’s activities as a scholar, author and Jesuit, and situate him within the Roman cultural, political and social elite of his times. Through the figure of Pallavicino, an image of baroque Rome emerges that challenges historical periodisations and disciplinary boundaries.
description: Intersections, 83
description: ISSN:1568-1181
description: ISBN:978-90-04-51724-0
description: ISBN:978-90-04-46202-1
The Hypervolume Indicator: Problems and Algorithms
Creators: name: Guerreiro, Andreia P.
name: Fonseca, Carlos M.
name: Paquete, Luís
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Data Structures and Algorithms (cs.DS)
subject: Computational Geometry (cs.CG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The hypervolume indicator is one of the most used set-quality indicators for the assessment of stochastic multiobjective optimizers, as well as for selection in evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithms. Its theoretical properties justify its wide acceptance, particularly the strict monotonicity with respect to set dominance which is still unique of hypervolume-based indicators. This paper discusses the computation of hypervolume-related problems, highlighting the relations between them, providing an overview of the paradigms and techniques used, a description of the main algorithms for each problem, and a rundown of the fastest algorithms regarding asymptotic complexity and runtime. By providing a complete overview of the computational problems associated to the hypervolume indicator, this paper serves as the starting point for the development of new algorithms, and supports users in the identification of the most appropriate implementations available for each problem.
The Origins of Seljuk Ornamental Art  in Anatolia
Creators: name: Erbudak, Mehmet
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Ornaments
subject: Symmetry
subject: Wallpaper Group
subject: Rum Seljuks
subject: Islamic Art
subject: info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/510
subject: info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/760
subject: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Graphic arts, printmaking & prints

description: The Seljuks, who came from the Central Asian prairies, invaded Asia Minor towards the end of the 11th century. The land had been settled by then mainly by the Christian Eastern Romans and Armenian peoples. Seljuks were Moslems; they built monumental structures, some of which have survived the natural disasters of several centuries to the present day. Most of these architectural marvels contain extraordinary decorations in the form of ornaments, friezes and rosettes. I have studied periodic ornaments and classified them into 17 mathematical wallpaper groups according to their symmetry properties that reveal their global structure. On the other hand, the local details of the ornaments, the motifs, show a clear variation from simple geometric patterns to complicated and refined forms. Seljuk art was originally influenced by Persian styles, later influenced by the Christian population in Asia Minor, and finally represents the impact of Islamic culture.
Supp_Figure_4 from Temporal patterns of local adaptation in soil Pseudomonads
Creators: name: Kraemer, Susanne A.
name: Rees Kassen
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Ecology

description: Strong divergent selection leading to local adaptation is often invoked to explain the staggering diversity of bacteria in microbial ecosystems. However, examples of specialization by bacterial clones to alternative niches in nature are rare. Here, we investigate the extent of local adaptation in natural isolates of Pseudomonads and their relatives to their soil environments across both space and time. Though most isolates grew well in most environments, patchily distributed low-quality environments were found to drive specialization. In contrast with experimental evolution work on microbial adaptation, temporal adaptation was stronger than spatial adaptation among the isolates and environments we sampled. Time-shift analysis of fitness across two seasons of growth revealed an unexpectedly strong effect of preadaptation. This pattern of apparent future adaptation may be caused by unknown abiotic properties of these environments, phages, bacterial competitors or general mechanisms of ecological niche release, and warrants future study.
Epistemología y metodología de la investigación sociológica: reflexiones críticas de nuestras prácticas de investigación
Creators: name: Nicole Campaña Moreira, Gabriela
Publisher: name: unknown
Year: 2023

description: El documento aborda la necesidad de reflexionar sobre los fundamentos epistemológicos y metodológicos de la sociología, cuestionando la preeminencia de ciertas prácticas de investigación. Se critican los supuestos subyacentes en las investigaciones sociológicas actuales, como el uso de estrategias multimétodo, el predominio de lo cualitativo y las herencias positivista/neopositivista. Se destaca la importancia de una apertura reflexiva que considere la diversidad de procedimientos analíticos disponibles más allá de las lógicas de investigación dominantes.
The Role of the Greco-Roman Practice as a Progenitor of the Armenian and Eastern Roman Ornamental Art
Creators: name: Erbudak, Mehmet
name: Onat, Selim
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Ornaments
subject: mosaics
subject: wallpaper group
subject: Byzantine
subject: Armenian
subject: Hellenistic
subject: Roman
subject: Greco-Roman
subject: Arab
subject: multi-dimensional scaling
subject: hierarchical cluster analysis
subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/510
subject: info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/720
subject: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Architecture
subject: FOS: Civil engineering

description: We investigate two-dimensional, periodic ornaments of the Late Hellenistic (some centuries before the Common Era, the Classical Period) and Early Roman (Common Era) classical periods found at different locations in Asia Minor in Turkey and classify them into mathematical wallpaper groups based on their symmetry properties. The source material comes from Terrace Houses in Ephesus, Izmir, from Zeugma, now in the Zeugma Museum, Gaziantep, and from the recently released bathing pool in Antiochia ad Cragum near Gazipaşa, Antalya. Using the artifacts we first determine the occurrence of each symmetry group. Then we compare this distribution with those of the medieval cultures of the Middle East, namely the Armenian, Byzantine, Arab and Seljuk Turks, calculating in pairs the Euclidean distances of the wallpaper distributions. The subsequent multi-dimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis of the results confirm that the Armenian and Byzantine artworks are strongly inspired by the classical masterpieces, as is the Seljuk creation by the Arabs.
description: arXiv
Climbing down Charney's ladder: Machine Learning and the post-Dennard era of computational climate science
Creators: name: Balaji, V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The advent of digital computing in the 1950s sparked a revolution in the science of weather and climate. Meteorology, long based on extrapolating patterns in space and time, gave way to computational methods in a decade of advances in numerical weather forecasting. Those same methods also gave rise to computational climate science, studying the behaviour of those same numerical equations over intervals much longer than weather events, and changes in external boundary conditions. Several subsequent decades of exponential growth in computational power have brought us to the present day, where models ever grow in resolution and complexity, capable of mastery of many small-scale phenomena with global repercussions, and ever more intricate feedbacks in the Earth system. The current juncture in computing, seven decades later, heralds an end to what is called Dennard scaling, the physics behind ever smaller computational units and ever faster arithmetic. This is prompting a fundamental change in our approach to the simulation of weather and climate, potentially as revolutionary as that wrought by John von Neumann in the 1950s. One approach could return us to an earlier era of pattern recognition and extrapolation, this time aided by computational power. Another approach could lead us to insights that continue to be expressed in mathematical equations. In either approach, or any synthesis of those, it is clearly no longer the steady march of the last few decades, continuing to add detail to ever more elaborate models. In this prospectus, we attempt to show the outlines of how this may unfold in the coming decades, a new harnessing of physical knowledge, computation, and data.
description: Accepted for publication in Phil Trans Roy Soc A
Epistemología y metodología de la investigación sociológica: reflexiones críticas de nuestras prácticas de investigación
Creators: name: Nicole Campaña Moreira, Gabriela
Publisher: name: Humanities Commons
Year: 2023

description: El documento aborda la necesidad de reflexionar sobre los fundamentos epistemológicos y metodológicos de la sociología, cuestionando la preeminencia de ciertas prácticas de investigación. Se critican los supuestos subyacentes en las investigaciones sociológicas actuales, como el uso de estrategias multimétodo, el predominio de lo cualitativo y las herencias positivista/neopositivista. Se destaca la importancia de una apertura reflexiva que considere la diversidad de procedimientos analíticos disponibles más allá de las lógicas de investigación dominantes.
Similarity in Symmetry Groups of Ornaments as a Measure for Cultural Interactions in Medieval Times
Creators: name: Erbudak, Mehmet
name: Onat, Selim
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: wallpaper groups; planar ornaments; correlation; multi-dimensional scaling; Arabs; Armenian; Byzantium; Islam; Seljuks; cultural interaction
subject: Wallpaper groups
subject: planar ornaments
subject: correlation
subject: multi-dimensional scaling
subject: Arabs
subject: Armenian
subject: Byzantium
subject: Islam
subject: Seljuks
subject: cultural interaction
subject: info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/510
subject: info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/720
subject: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Architecture
subject: FOS: Civil engineering

description: The symmetry properties of an ornament contain information about its civilisation and its interactions with other cultural sources. Two-dimensional periodic ornaments can be strictly classified into a limited set of 17 mathematical symmetry groups, also known as wallpaper groups. The collection of ornaments thus classified for a civilisation is characteristic of the cultural group and serves as a fingerprint to identify that group. If the distribution of wallpaper groups is available for several societies, mathematical methods can be applied to determine similarities and differences between the art practices of these communities. This method allows a systematic approach to the general ornamental practices within a culture and their interactions in the form of similarity of fingerprints. We test the feasibility of the method on examples of medieval Armenians, Byzantium, Seljuks first in Persia and then in Anatolia and among Arabs in the Middle East. For this purpose we present the distribution of the planar ornaments and calculate the Euclidean distances in pairs. We tested to what extend geographical and religious factors could account for the observed similarity of ornamental groups between cultures. The results suggest an intensive interaction between the Seljuk Turks and Arab craftsmen who produced the ornaments. Therefore the cultural interactions are religiously motivated.
Line Positions and Intensities of the ν$_4$ Band of Methyl Iodide Using Mid-Infrared Optical Frequency Comb Fourier Transform Spectroscopy
Creators: name: Sadiek, Ibrahim
name: Hjältén, Adrian
name: Vieira, Francisco Senna
name: Lu, Chuang
name: Stuhr, Michael
name: Foltynowicz, Aleksandra
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We use optical frequency comb Fourier transform spectroscopy to measure high-resolution spectra of iodomethane, CH$_3$I in the C-H stretch region from 2800 to 3160 cm$^{-1}$. The fast-scanning Fourier transform spectrometer with auto-balanced detection is based on a difference frequency generation comb with repetition rate, f$_{rep}$, of 125 MHz. A series of spectra with sample point spacing equal to f$_{rep}$ are measured at different f$_{rep}$ settings and interleaved to yield sampling point spacing of 11 MHz. Iodomethane is introduced into a 76 m long multipass absorption cell by its vapor pressure at room temperature. The measured spectrum contains three main ro-vibrational features: the parallel vibrational overtone and combination bands centered around 2850 cm$^{-1}$, the symmetric stretch $ν_1$ band centered at 2971 cm$^{-1}$, and the asymmetric stretch $ν_4$ band centered at 3060 cm$^{-1}$. The spectra of the $ν_4$ band and the nearby $ν_3$+$ν_4$-$ν_3$ hot band are simulated using PGOPHER and a new assignment of these bands is presented. The resolved ro-vibrational structures are used in a least square fit together with the microwave data to provide the upper state parameters. We assign 2603 transitions to the $ν_4$ band with standard deviation (observed - calculated) of 0.00034 cm$^{-1}$, and 831 transitions to the $ν_3$+$ν_4$-$ν_3$ hot band with standard deviation of 0.00084 cm$^{-1}$. The hyperfine splittings due to the ${^{127}}$I nuclear quadrupole moment are observed for transitions with J$\leq$2xK. Finally, intensities of 157 isolated transitions in the $ν_4$ band are reported for the first time using the Voigt line shape as a model in multispectral fitting.
Supp_Figure_7 from Temporal patterns of local adaptation in soil Pseudomonads
Creators: name: Kraemer, Susanne A.
name: Rees Kassen
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Ecology

description: Strong divergent selection leading to local adaptation is often invoked to explain the staggering diversity of bacteria in microbial ecosystems. However, examples of specialization by bacterial clones to alternative niches in nature are rare. Here, we investigate the extent of local adaptation in natural isolates of Pseudomonads and their relatives to their soil environments across both space and time. Though most isolates grew well in most environments, patchily distributed low-quality environments were found to drive specialization. In contrast with experimental evolution work on microbial adaptation, temporal adaptation was stronger than spatial adaptation among the isolates and environments we sampled. Time-shift analysis of fitness across two seasons of growth revealed an unexpectedly strong effect of preadaptation. This pattern of apparent future adaptation may be caused by unknown abiotic properties of these environments, phages, bacterial competitors or general mechanisms of ecological niche release, and warrants future study.
Supp_Figure_3 from Temporal patterns of local adaptation in soil Pseudomonads
Creators: name: Kraemer, Susanne A.
name: Rees Kassen
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Ecology

description: Strong divergent selection leading to local adaptation is often invoked to explain the staggering diversity of bacteria in microbial ecosystems. However, examples of specialization by bacterial clones to alternative niches in nature are rare. Here, we investigate the extent of local adaptation in natural isolates of Pseudomonads and their relatives to their soil environments across both space and time. Though most isolates grew well in most environments, patchily distributed low-quality environments were found to drive specialization. In contrast with experimental evolution work on microbial adaptation, temporal adaptation was stronger than spatial adaptation among the isolates and environments we sampled. Time-shift analysis of fitness across two seasons of growth revealed an unexpectedly strong effect of preadaptation. This pattern of apparent future adaptation may be caused by unknown abiotic properties of these environments, phages, bacterial competitors or general mechanisms of ecological niche release, and warrants future study.
supplemental_statistics from Temporal patterns of local adaptation in soil Pseudomonads
Creators: name: Kraemer, Susanne A.
name: Rees Kassen
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Ecology

description: Strong divergent selection leading to local adaptation is often invoked to explain the staggering diversity of bacteria in microbial ecosystems. However, examples of specialization by bacterial clones to alternative niches in nature are rare. Here, we investigate the extent of local adaptation in natural isolates of Pseudomonads and their relatives to their soil environments across both space and time. Though most isolates grew well in most environments, patchily distributed low-quality environments were found to drive specialization. In contrast with experimental evolution work on microbial adaptation, temporal adaptation was stronger than spatial adaptation among the isolates and environments we sampled. Time-shift analysis of fitness across two seasons of growth revealed an unexpectedly strong effect of preadaptation. This pattern of apparent future adaptation may be caused by unknown abiotic properties of these environments, phages, bacterial competitors or general mechanisms of ecological niche release, and warrants future study.
Automated Chest CT Image Segmentation of COVID-19 Lung Infection based on 3D U-Net
Creators: name: Müller, Dominik
name: Rey, Iñaki Soto
name: Kramer, Frank
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects billions of lives around the world and has a significant impact on public healthcare. Due to rising skepticism towards the sensitivity of RT-PCR as screening method, medical imaging like computed tomography offers great potential as alternative. For this reason, automated image segmentation is highly desired as clinical decision support for quantitative assessment and disease monitoring. However, publicly available COVID-19 imaging data is limited which leads to overfitting of traditional approaches. To address this problem, we propose an innovative automated segmentation pipeline for COVID-19 infected regions, which is able to handle small datasets by utilization as variant databases. Our method focuses on on-the-fly generation of unique and random image patches for training by performing several preprocessing methods and exploiting extensive data augmentation. For further reduction of the overfitting risk, we implemented a standard 3D U-Net architecture instead of new or computational complex neural network architectures. Through a 5-fold cross-validation on 20 CT scans of COVID-19 patients, we were able to develop a highly accurate as well as robust segmentation model for lungs and COVID-19 infected regions without overfitting on the limited data. Our method achieved Dice similarity coefficients of 0.956 for lungs and 0.761 for infection. We demonstrated that the proposed method outperforms related approaches, advances the state-of-the-art for COVID-19 segmentation and improves medical image analysis with limited data. The code and model are available under the following link: https://github.com/frankkramer-lab/covid19.MIScnn
description: Code repository: https://github.com/frankkramer-lab/covid19.MIScnn
Immobilisation of metal(loid)s in building materials made with mine waste
Creators: name: Cappuyns, Valérie
name: Adrianto, Lugas Raka
name: Helser, Jillian
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022

description: In the framework of the H2020 ETN SULTAN (European Training Network for the Remediation and Reprocessing of Sulfidic Mining Waste Sites) project, the release of metal(loid)s from different building materials, in which mining waste (including mine tailings and waste rock) was used as a raw material, was investigated. The waste rock and mine tailings originated from an active Cu-Zn mine and were characterized by a high content of Cu, Zn, Pb, and As. Part of the waste rock was cleaned by flotation before use, while the mine tailings were used without pre-cleaning. 

Bricks, clinkers, cements, and inorganic polymers in which from 14 wt% up to 100 wt% of primary raw materials had been replaced by mine tailings or (cleaned) waste rock, were subjected to various leaching tests: (i) a single batch leaching test (EN 12457-2), (ii) the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and (iii) a cascade leaching test (NEN 7349). The influence of the processing of the mine waste, the pH of the leachates, and the mineralogical composition of the building materials on the immobilisation of metal(loid)s were assessed.

Clinkers and cements were the most efficient building materials to immobilise all metal(loid)s, even when uncleaned waste materials were used as a raw material. For the inorganic polymer produced from uncleaned mine waste rock, the leaching of Zn, Pb, Cu, and As was a point of concern, promoted by the alkaline pH of this material. The bricks had a lower release of metal(loid)s  compared to the inorganic polymers, which also showed the importance of an efficient cleaning procedure before using the mine waste as a raw material.
description: EGUsphere
Erratum: Primordial black hole origin for thermal gamma-ray bursts
Creators: name: del Barco, Oscar
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This Erratum modifies the original article entitled "Primordial black hole origin for thermal gamma ray bursts", which was published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 506, 806 (2021).
Electricity Planning for Sustainable Development in the MENA Region: Criteria and indicators for conducting a sustainable assessment of different electricity generation technologies in Morocco, Jordan and Tunisia
Creators: name: Schinke, Boris
name: Klawitter, Jens
name: Döring, Maurice
name: Komendantova, Nadejda
name: Linnerooth-Bayer, Joanne
name: Irshaid, Jenan
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2017

description: MENA-SELECT Working Paper, 686
Measurement of irreversibility and entropy production via the tubular ensemble
Creators: name: Kappler, Julian
name: Adhikari, Ronojoy
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The appealing theoretical measure of irreversibility in a stochastic process, as the ratio of the probabilities of a trajectory and its time reversal, cannot be accessed directly in experiment since the probability of a single trajectory is zero. We regularize this definition by considering, instead, the limiting ratio of probabilities for trajectories to remain in the tubular neighborhood of a smooth path and its time reversal. The resulting pathwise medium entropy production agrees with the formal expression from stochastic thermodynamics, and can be obtained from measurable tube probabilities. Estimating the latter from numerically sampled trajectories for Langevin dynamics yields excellent agreement with theory. By combining our measurement of pathwise entropy production with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm, we infer the entropy-production distribution for a transition path ensemble directly from short recorded trajectories. Our work enables the measurement of irreversibility along individual paths, and path ensembles, in a model-free manner.
description: 12 pages, 5 figures
Supplementary Figure 1-5 from Strong influence of palaeoclimate on the structure of modern African mammal communities
Creators: name: Rowan, John
name: Kamilar, Jason M.
name: Beaudrot, Lydia
name: Reed, Kaye E.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Environmental Science
subject: Ecology

description: Ecological research often assumes that species are adapted to their current climatic environments. However, climate fluctuations over geologic time scales have influenced species dispersal and extinction, which in turn may affect community structure. Modern community structure is likely to be the product of both palaeoclimate and modern climate, with the relative degrees of influence of past and present climates unknown. Here, we assessed the influence of climate at different time periods on the phylogenetic and functional trait structure of 203 African mammal communities. We found that the climate of the mid-Holocene (approx. 6,000 years ago) and Last Glacial Maximum (approx. 22 000 years ago) were frequently better predictors of community structure than modern climate for mammals overall, carnivorans and ungulates. Primate communities were more strongly influenced by modern climate than palaeoclimate. Overall, community structure of African mammals appears to be related to the ecological flexibility of the groups considered here and the regions of continental Africa that they occupy. Our results indicate that the future redistribution, expansion and contraction of particular biomes due to human activity, such as climate and land-use change, will differentially affect mammal groups that vary in their sensitivity to environmental change.
Supplemental information from Temporal patterns of local adaptation in soil Pseudomonads
Creators: name: Kraemer, Susanne A.
name: Rees Kassen
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Ecology

description: Strong divergent selection leading to local adaptation is often invoked to explain the staggering diversity of bacteria in microbial ecosystems. However, examples of specialization by bacterial clones to alternative niches in nature are rare. Here, we investigate the extent of local adaptation in natural isolates of Pseudomonads and their relatives to their soil environments across both space and time. Though most isolates grew well in most environments, patchily distributed low-quality environments were found to drive specialization. In contrast with experimental evolution work on microbial adaptation, temporal adaptation was stronger than spatial adaptation among the isolates and environments we sampled. Time-shift analysis of fitness across two seasons of growth revealed an unexpectedly strong effect of preadaptation. This pattern of apparent future adaptation may be caused by unknown abiotic properties of these environments, phages, bacterial competitors or general mechanisms of ecological niche release, and warrants future study.
Scattering theory for Dirac fields inside a Reissner-Nordström-type black hole
Creators: name: Häfner, Dietrich
name: Mokdad, Mokdad
name: Nicolas, Jean-Philippe
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 35Q41, 35Q75, 83C57

description: We show asymptotic completeness for the massive charged Dirac equation between the black hole and Cauchy horizons of a sub-extremal ((Anti-) De Sitter) Reissner-Nordström black hole.
description: 18 pages, 1 figure
A remark on Kashin's discrepancy argument and partial coloring in the Komlós conjecture
Creators: name: Bandeira, Afonso S.
name: Maillard, Antoine
name: Zhivotovskiy, Nikita
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Combinatorics (math.CO)
Discrete Mathematics (cs.DM)
Data Structures and Algorithms (cs.DS)
Metric Geometry (math.MG)
FOS: Mathematics
FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In this expository note, we discuss an early partial coloring result of B. Kashin [C. R. Acad. Bulgare Sci., 1985]. Although this result only implies Spencer's six standard deviations [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 1985] up to a $\log\log n$ factor, Kashin's argument gives a simple proof of the existence of a constant discrepancy partial coloring in the setup of Komlós conjecture.
description: arXiv
Incentives, lockdown, and testing: from Thucydides's analysis to the COVID-19 pandemic
Creators: name: Hubert, Emma
name: Mastrolia, Thibaut
name: Possamaï, Dylan
name: Warin, Xavier
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: Theoretical Economics (econ.TH)
subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 92D30, 91B41, 60H30, 93E20

description: In this work, we provide a general mathematical formalism to study the optimal control of an epidemic, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, via incentives to lockdown and testing. In particular, we model the interplay between the government and the population as a principal-agent problem with moral hazard, à la Cvitanić, Possamaï, and Touzi [27], while an epidemic is spreading according to dynamics given by compartmental stochastic SIS or SIR models, as proposed respectively by Gray, Greenhalgh, Hu, Mao, and Pan [45] and Tornatore, Buccellato, and Vetro [88]. More precisely, to limit the spread of a virus, the population can decrease the transmission rate of the disease by reducing interactions between individuals. However, this effort, which cannot be perfectly monitored by the government, comes at social and monetary cost for the population. To mitigate this cost, and thus encourage the lockdown of the population, the government can put in place an incentive policy, in the form of a tax or subsidy. In addition, the government may also implement a testing policy in order to know more precisely the spread of the epidemic within the country, and to isolate infected individuals. In terms of technical results, we demonstrate the optimal form of the tax, indexed on the proportion of infected individuals, as well as the optimal effort of the population, namely the transmission rate chosen in response to this tax. The government's optimisation problem then boils down to solving an Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. Numerical results confirm that if a tax policy is implemented, the population is encouraged to significantly reduce its interactions. If the government also adjusts its testing policy, less effort is required on the population side, individuals can interact almost as usual, and the epidemic is largely contained by the targeted isolation of positively-tested individuals.