cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Assessing informative drop-out in models for repeated binary data
Creators: name: Er, Lee Shean
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Drop-outs are a common problem in longitudinal studies. In terms of statistical models for the data, there are three types of drop-out mechanisms: drop-out occurring completely at random (CRD), drop-out occurring at random (RD) and informative drop-out (ID). The drop-out mechanism is classified as CRD if the drop-out mechanism is independent of the measurements; as RD if the drop-out mechanism depends only on the observed but not the unobserved measurements, and as ID if the drop-out mechanism depends on both the observed and unobserved measurements. CRD and RD are referred to as ignorable because the drop-out mechanism can be ignored for the purpose of making inferences about the observed measurements, while ID is non-ignorable. Analyses based on an assumption of ignorable drop-out, when in reality the drop-out mechanism is non-ignorable, can lead to misleading or biased results. Likelihood-based models for continuous and categorical longitudinal data subject to non-ignorable drop-out have been developed. In this thesis, we focus on exploring likelihood-based models for binary longitudinal data subject to informative drop-out. The two modelling approaches considered are a selection model proposed by Baker (1995) and a transition model proposed by Liu et al. (1999). We apply these models to a data set from a multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical trial. The aims of the analyses are to investigate whether there is an indication of informative drop-out in this data, and to assess the sentivity of inferences concerning the treatment effects to the underlying drop-out mechanisms. We do not attempt to provide a definitive analyses of the data set, but rather to explore a variety of models which incorporate informative drop-out.
U.S. Food and Nutrient Demand and the Effects of Agricultural Policies
Creators: name: LaFrance, Jeffrey T.
name: LaFrance, Jeffrey T.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy
Demand and Price Analysis

description: An econometric model of annual per capita U.S. food and nutrition demand is developed. The model is a flexible, full rank two Gorman polar form. It is strictly aggregable across income, demographic variables, and variations in micro preference parameters. Parametric conditions for global quasi-concavity of the (quasi-)utility function are derived. The model is implemented with annual time series data on U.S. per capita food consumption for the sample period 1918-1994. A battery of new test statistics are developed for and applied to the following hypotheses: (1) strict exogeneity of income or total expenditures; (2) global symmetry and negative semidefiniteness of the Slutsky substitution matrix; (3) parameter stability in a multivariate, nonlinear regression model based on within sample residuals; and (4) weak separability of food items from all other goods in the representative consumer's preference function. The empirical results are very encouraging with respect to the strictures of economic theory, heretofore a virtually unheard of outcome. The model is used to analyze the food and nutrient consumption and consumer welfare impacts of the U.S. dairy program.
Housing and Development in Pittsburgh: Lessons from Minneapolis' Corridor Housing Initiative
Creators: name: Wille, Sara
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 140218 Urban and Regional Economics
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Minneapolis' Corridor Housing Initiative (CHI) has been able to address housing problems similar to those in Pittsburgh by orchestrating a collaborative effort among community members, designers, technical teams and financial experts. The participants work together to design mixed-use buildings that will provide housing for individuals and families with a range of incomes, in locations close to retail and office space for businesses, all centered on public transit options. Pittsburgh should look to the CHI program for guidance, especially as the city makes plans to redevelop parts of the downtown area. With the help of community members invested in Pittsburgh's future, a program modeled after CHI will help adjust Pittsburgh's "economic trajectory" by designing afforddable housing units, engaging in transit oriented development, and emphasizing the importance of green design in new buildings. Compared to other redevelopment planning methods currently employed in Pittsburgh, a program similar to CHI will be more effective in achieving a consensus amount stakeholders, using resources efficiently, and making progress happen faster.
The Valuation of Alternative Energy Proposals in Stochastic Markets
Creators: name: Combes-Knoke, Jerome
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 140207 Financial Economics
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: 140303 Economic Models and Forecasting

description: This paper seeks to provide a general methodology for the valuation of alternative energy proposals in stochastic markets. Assuming that the markets for energy, fuel, and related financial derivatives are efficient and that prices between various fuels and energies are well understood, I will explain the existing theory of how these prices can be modeled as stochastic processes in relation to one another. I then postulate how these stochastic models can be incorporated into a mathematical framework to determine the value of an alternative energy proposal from the standpoint of consumers, investors, and society as a whole. While the mathematics supporting this argument have well been established, their application to proposal valuations as well as policy analysis has not been widely developed leaving most decision makers to rely on oversimplified discrete time models.
Milky Way Gas Dynamics
Creators: name: Englmaier, P.
name: Gerhard, O.
name: ;
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Milky Way is made up of a central bar, a disk with embedded spiral arms, and a dark matter halo. Observational and theoretical constraints for the characteristic parameters of these components will be presented, with emphasis on the constraints from the dynamics of the Milky Way gas. In particular, the fraction of dark matter inside the solar radius, the location of the main resonances, and the evidence for multiple pattern speeds will be discussed.
description: 19 pages, 6 figures, invited review talk, AAS-DDA 36th annual meeting, April 2005, Santa Barbara, to appear in: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
New dynamical observer for a batch crystallization process based on solute concentration
Creators: name: Andrieu, Vincent
name: Gagnière, Emilie
name: Chabanon, Elodie
name: Brivadis, Lucas
name: Gagniere, Emilie
name: Lebaz, Noureddine
name: Serres, Ulysse
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this paper a new observer is introduced to estimate the Crystal Size Distribution (CSD) only from the measurements of the solute concentration, temperature and a model of the growth rate. No model of the nucleation rate is needed. This approach is based on the use of a Kazantzis-Kravaris/Luenberger observer which exponentially estimates functionals of the CSD. Then, the full state is estimated by means of a Tikhonov regularization procedure. Numerical simulations are provided. Our approach relies on an infinite-dimensional observer, contrarily to the usual moment based observers.
Making Conditional Cash Transfer Programs More Efficient
Creators: name: Sadoulet, Elisabeth
name: De Janvry, Alain
name: Sadoulet, Elisabeth
name: De Janvry, Alain
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: Labor and Human Capital

description: Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs have become extensively used to induce poor parents to increase their investments in the human capital of their children. The condition on school attendance and use of health facilities transforms the transfer into a price effect on the condition. Justification for the condition is to reduce market failures due to positive externalities from investments in human capital, while transferring money to the poor. To be efficient, CCT programs thus need to successfully implement three rules. The first is a rule to select the poor. The other two are rules of eligibility among the poor and of calibration of transfers, particularly if budgets are insufficient to offer large universal transfers to all the poor. Using the case of Progresa in Mexico, we show that efficiency gains can be achieved by taking into account the probability of enrollment of a child, and how it is expected to respond to a cash transfer. Calibration relies on heterogeneity in responses due to child, household, and community characteristics. Rules can be made easily implementable by selecting indicators that are simple, easily observable and verifiable, and that cannot be manipulated by beneficiaries. We show that, when programs operate under strong budgets constraints, major efficiency gains can indeed be achieved by careful design of eligibility and transfer rules. In the case under study, these efficiency gains can be achieved without equity costs on the poor.
Network growth models and genetic regulatory networks
Creators: name: Foster, D. V.
name: Kauffman, S. A.
name: Socolar, J. E. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Molecular Networks (q-bio.MN)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: We study a class of growth algorithms for directed graphs that are candidate models for the evolution of genetic regulatory networks. The algorithms involve partial duplication of nodes and their links, together with innovation of new links, allowing for the possibility that input and output links from a newly created node may have different probabilities of survival. We find some counterintuitive trends as parameters are varied, including the broadening of indegree distribution when the probability for retaining input links is decreased. We also find that both the scaling of transcription factors with genome size and the measured degree distributions for genes in yeast can be reproduced by the growth algorithm if and only if a special seed is used to initiate the process.
description: 8 pages with 7 eps figures; uses revtex4. Added references, cleaner figures
Ökumenischer Rat der Kirchen 1948-1958
Creators: name: Visser 'T Hooft, Willem Adolph
Publisher: name: Ökumenische Rundschau
Year: 2025

description: Ökumenische Rundschau, Bd. 7 Nr. 4 (1958): Ökumenische Rundschau, Band 7, Heft 4
Complex Dynamics in Simple Neural Networks: Understanding Gradient Flow in Phase Retrieval
Creators: name: Mannelli, Stefano Sarao
name: Biroli, Giulio
name: Cammarota, Chiara
name: Krzakala, Florent
name: Urbani, Pierfrancesco
name: Zdeborová, Lenka
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Despite the widespread use of gradient-based algorithms for optimizing high-dimensional non-convex functions, understanding their ability of finding good minima instead of being trapped in spurious ones remains to a large extent an open problem. Here we focus on gradient flow dynamics for phase retrieval from random measurements. When the ratio of the number of measurements over the input dimension is small the dynamics remains trapped in spurious minima with large basins of attraction. We find analytically that above a critical ratio those critical points become unstable developing a negative direction toward the signal. By numerical experiments we show that in this regime the gradient flow algorithm is not trapped; it drifts away from the spurious critical points along the unstable direction and succeeds in finding the global minimum. Using tools from statistical physics we characterize this phenomenon, which is related to a BBP-type transition in the Hessian of the spurious minima.
description: 9 pages, 5 figures + appendix
Estimating the Effects of School Closings on Student Retention
Creators: name: Akshaya Jha
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 140206 Experimental Economics
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: 140302 Econometric and Statistical Methods

description: This paper assesses the 2006 "Right-sizing" closures of 22 public elementary and middle schools in the Pittsburgh Public School district.
Taxes Versus Quotas for a Stock Pollutant
Creators: name: Hoel, Michael
name: Karp, Larry S.
name: Hoel, Michael
name: Karp, Larry S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: pollution control
subject: asymmetric information
subject: taxes and quotas
subject: stochastic control

description: We compare the effects of taxes and quotas for an environmental problem in which the regulator and polluter have asymmetric information about abatement costs, and the environmental damage depends on the stock of pollution. We thus extend, to a dynamic framework, previous studies in which environmental damages depend on the flow of pollution. As with the static analysis, an increase in the slope of the marginal abatement cost curve, or a decrease in the slope of the marginal damage curve, favors taxes. In addition, in the dynamic model, an increase in the discount rate or the stock decay rate favor the use of taxes. Taxes certainly dominate quotas if the length of a period during which decisions are constant is sufficiently small. An empirical illustration suggests that taxes dominate quotas for the control of greenhouse gasses.
Importance of interactions for the band structure of the topological Dirac semimetal Na3Bi
Creators: name: Di Bernardo, I.
name: Collins, J.
name: Wu, W.
name: Zhou, J.
name: Yang, S. A.
name: Ju, S.
name: Edmonds, M. T.
name: Fuhrer, M. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We experimentally measure the band dispersions of topological Dirac semimetal Na3Bi using Fourier-transform scanning tunneling spectroscopy to image quasiparticle interference on the (001) surface of molecular-beam epitaxy-grown Na3Bi thin films. We find that the velocities for the lowest-lying conduction and valencebands are 1.6x10^6 m/s and 4.2x10^5 m/s respectively, significantly higher than previous theoreticalpredictions. We compare the experimental band dispersions to the theoretical band structures calculated usingan increasing hierarchy of approximations of self-energy corrections due to interactions: generalized gradientapproximation (GGA), meta-GGA, Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof exchange-correlation functional (HSE06), and GW methods. We find that density functional theory methods generally underestimate the electron velocities. However, we find significantly improved agreement with an increasingly sophisticated description of the exchange and interaction potential, culminating in reasonable agreement with experiments obtained by the GW method. The results indicate that exchange-correlation effects are important in determining the electronicstructure of this Na3Bi, and are likely the origin of the high velocity. The electron velocity is consistent withrecent experiments on ultrathin Na3Bi and also may explain the ultrahigh carrier mobility observed in heavilyelectron-doped Na3Bi.
White Dwarfs in NGC 6791: Avoiding the Helium Flash
Creators: name: Hansen, Brad
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose that the anomalously bright white dwarf luminosity function observed in NGC 6791 (Bedin et al 2005) is the consequence of the formation of 0.5 Msun white dwarfs with Helium cores instead of Carbon cores. This may happen if mass loss during the ascent of the Red Giant Branch is strong enough to prevent a star from reaching the Helium flash. Such a model can explain the slower white dwarf cooling (relative to standard models) and fits naturally with scenarios advanced to explain Extreme Horizontal Branch stars, a population of which are also found in this cluster.
description: 4 pages, 4 postscript figures, submitted to ApJ
Stable one-dimensional periodic waves in Kerr-type saturable and quadratic nonlinear media
Creators: name: Kartashov, Yaroslav V.
name: Egorov, Alexey A.
name: Vysloukh, Victor A.
name: Torner, Lluis
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We review the latest progress and properties of the families of bright and dark one-dimensional periodic waves propagating in saturable Kerr-type and quadratic nonlinear media. We show how saturation of the nonlinear response results in appearance of stability (instability) bands in focusing (defocusing) medium, which is in sharp contrast with the properties of periodic waves in Kerr media. One of the key results discovered is the stabilization of multicolor periodic waves in quadratic media. In particular, dark-type waves are shown to be metastable, while bright-type waves are completely stable in a broad range of energy flows and material parameters. This yields the first known example of completely stable periodic wave patterns propagating in conservative uniform media supporting bright solitons. Such results open the way to the experimental observation of the corresponding self-sustained periodic wave patterns.
description: 29 pages, 10 figures
Error tolerance in an NMR Implementation of Grover's Fixed-Point Quantum Search Algorithm
Creators: name: Xiao, Li
name: Jones, Jonathan A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe an implementation of Grover's fixed-point quantum search algorithm on a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quantum computer, searching for either one or two matching items in an unsorted database of four items. In this new algorithm the target state (an equally weighted superposition of the matching states) is a fixed point of the recursive search operator, and so the algorithm always moves towards the desired state. The effects of systematic errors in the implementation are briefly explored.
description: 5 Pages RevTex4 including three figures. Changes made at request of referees; now in press at Phys Rev A
An Econometric Analysis on Factors that Affect Teenage Pregnancy Based on 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
Creators: name: Athip Tantivorawong
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 140302 Econometric and Statistical Methods
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Teenage pregnancy in the United States presents complex problems that affect the lives of the teenage parents themselves, their children, as well as the government. The problem such as low education attainment rate for adolescent parents is an important example. Without gaining sufficient education, the adolescent parents end up working in less prestigious jobs and earning lower salary then their peers.1 Moreover, this problem incurs cost to the government and society as well since these adolescent teens usually turn to the government for support through social welfare benefits.2 This is an important issue as well since the government has to spend billions of dollars per year on these adolescents instead of using that amount of money to spend on goals such as improving the education or health care system. In order for the policymakers to effectively solve the problem of teenage pregnancy, the factors that affect this problem must be determined first. Once they are identified, the policymakers can come up with appropriate policies that would specifically influence these factors in a way that reduces the rate of teenage pregnancy.
The post-maximum behaviour of the changing-look Seyfert galaxy NGC 1566
Creators: name: Oknyansky, V. L.
name: Winkler, H.
name: Tsygankov, S. S.
name: Lipunov, V. M.
name: Gorbovskoy, E. S.
name: van Wyk, F.
name: Buckley, D. A. H.
name: Jiang, B. W.
name: Tyurina, N. V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present results of the long-term multi-wavelength study of optical, UV and X-ray variability of the nearby changing-look (CL) Seyfert NGC 1566 observed with the Swift Observatory and the MASTER Global Robotic Network from 2007 to 2019. We started spectral observations with South African Astronomical Observatory 1.9-m telescope soon after the brightening was discovered in July 2018 and present here the data for the interval between Aug. 2018 to Sep. 2019. This paper concentrates on the remarkable post-maximum behaviour after July 2018 when all bands decreased with some fluctuations. We observed three significant re-brightenings in the post-maximum period during 17 Nov. 2018 - 10 Jan. 2019, 29 Apr. - 19 Jun. 2019 and 27 Jul.- 6 Aug. 2019. An X-ray flux minimum occurred in Mar. 2019. The UV minimum occurred about 3 months later. It was accompanied by a decrease of the Luv/Lx ratio. New post-maximum spectra covering (31 Nov. 2018 - 23 Sep. 2019) show dramatic changes compared to 2 Aug. 2018, with fading of the broad lines and [Fe X]6374 until Mar. 2019. These lines became somewhat brighter in Aug.-Sep. 2019. Effectively, two CL states were observed for this object: changing to type 1.2 and then returning to the low state as a type 1.8 Sy. We suggest that the changes are due mostly to fluctuations in the energy generation. The estimated Eddington ratios are about 0.055% for minimum in 2014 and 2.8% for maximum in 2018.
description: 11 pages, 9 figured, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Corrections to scaling in multicomponent polymer solutions
Creators: name: Pelissetto, Andrea
name: Vicari, Ettore
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We calculate the correction-to-scaling exponent $ω_T$ that characterizes the approach to the scaling limit in multicomponent polymer solutions. A direct Monte Carlo determination of $ω_T$ in a system of interacting self-avoiding walks gives $ω_T = 0.415(20)$. A field-theory analysis based on five- and six-loop perturbative series leads to $ω_T = 0.41(4)$. We also verify the renormalization-group predictions for the scaling behavior close to the ideal-mixing point.
description: 21 pages
Review of COVID-19 and Gender research in LMICs.
Creators: name: Lotus McDougal
name: Nabamallika Dehingia
name: Anvita Dixit
name: Raj, Anita
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 111799 Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 169901 Gender Specific Studies
subject: FOS: Sociology

description: Review empirical, quantitative research on gender and COVID-19, with a focus on the social, economic and health impacts of the pandemic and spread containment responses in LMIC contexts (emphasis on East Africa and South Asia). Search criteria will focus across the following five areas: Women and Girls' Health and Health Providers, Gender Norms and Gendered Social Outcomes, Economic Impacts, Women's Leadership, and Women's Collectives.
Low thermal conductivity of iron-silicon alloys at Earth core conditions with implications for the geodynamo
Creators: name: Hsieh, Wen-Pin
name: Goncharov, Alexander F.
name: Labrosse, Stéphane
name: Holtgrewe, Nicholas
name: Lobanov, Sergey S.
name: Chuvashova, Irina
name: Deschamps, Frédéric
name: Lin, Jung-Fu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Earth core is composed of iron (Fe) alloyed with light elements, e.g., silicon (Si). Its thermal conductivity critically affects Earth thermal structure, evolution, and dynamics, as it controls the magnitude of thermal and compositional sources required to sustain a geodynamo over Earth history. Here we directly measured thermal conductivities of solid Fe and Fe-Si alloys up to 144 GPa and 3300 K. 15 at% Si alloyed in Fe substantially reduces its conductivity by about 2 folds at 132 GPa and 3000 K. An outer core with 15 at% Si would have a conductivity of about 20 W m-1 K-1, lower than pure Fe at similar pressure-temperature conditions. This suggests a lower minimum heat flow, around 3 TW, across the core-mantle boundary than previously expected, and thus less thermal energy needed to operate the geodynamo. Our results provide key constraints on inner core age that could be older than two billion-years.
3-point functions from twisted mass lattice QCD at small quark masses
Creators: name: Capitani, S.
name: Jansen, K.
name: Papinutto, M.
name: Shindler, A.
name: Wetzorke, I.
name: Urbach, C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show at the example of the matrix element between pion states of a twist-2, non-singlet operator that Wilson twisted mass fermions allow to compute this phenomenologically relevant quantitiy at small pseudo scalar masses of O(270 MeV). In the quenched approximation, we investigate the scaling behaviour of this observable that is derived from a 3-point function by applying two definitions of the critical mass and find a scaling compatible with the expected O(a^2) behaviour in both cases. A combined continuum extrapolations allows to obtain reliable results at small pion masses, which previously could not be explored by lattice QCD simulations.
description: 6 pages, 2 figures, talk presented at Lattice 2005
Collinearity in Linear Structural Models of Market Power
Creators: name: Perloff, Jeffrey M.
name: Shen, Edward Z.
name: Perloff, Jeffrey M.
name: Shen, Edward Z.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Industrial Organization
subject: market power
subject: estimation

description: The well-known structural model used to estimate market structure suffers from a severe collinearity problem if the marginal cost and demand equations are linear.
Considerations for an NFL Rookie Pay Scale
Creators: name: Mirsky, David
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Economics
subject: 140302 Econometric and Statistical Methods
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: "Many believe current high first-round, NFL draft picks receive unjustifiably high compensation. The teams in possession of high draft picks are meant to use them to build towards future competitiveness. However, as contended, the cost of choosing a player within the first 5 selections is so astronomical, if a team makes a subpar pick, they can negatively affect their salary cap for years to come. Further, the tightened salary cap makes it harder to sign talented players, which, in turn, hurt team competitiveness. The fewer competitive teams in the leauge, the less entertaining the games become. Lagging entertainment value leads to decreased demand, which leads to decreased revenue.Through the use of several areas of Economics, the current compensation model and its underlying assumptions were examined. It was determined the model itself is correct, however many underlying assumptions are inaccurate, or worse -- invalid. Through exposing the inefficiences underlying the model, and devising methods with which to correct for these imperfections, the risk associated with high first-round selections is mitigated, and balance can be restored to the system.This is a very pressing issue because the current Collective Bargaining Agreement between Players and Owners is set to expire after the 2009 season, setting up an uncapped year in 2010, and a potential work-stoppage in 2011 -- a detrimental situation to both players and owners. This analysis does much to address a significant problem with the current CBA, and bring both parties one step closer to successfully negotiating a new CBA so a work-stoppage can be avoided."
PRODUCTIVITY AND LAND ENHANCING TECHNOLOGIES IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA: HEALTH, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, AND SEQUENTIAL ADOPTION
Creators: name: Ersado, Lire
name: Amacher, Gregory S.
name: Alwang, Jeffrey Roger
name: Ersado, Lire
name: Amacher, Gregory S.
name: Alwang, Jeffrey Roger
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies

description: The adoption of more efficient farming practices and technologies that enhance agricultural productivity and improve environmental sustainability is instrumental for achieving economic growth, food security and poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa. Our research examines the interaction between public investments, community health, and adoption of productivity and land enhancing technologies by households in the northern Ethiopian state of Tigray. Agricultural technology adoption decisions are modeled as a sequential process where the timing of choices can matter. We find that time spent sick and opportunity costs of caring for sick family members are significant factors in adoption. Sickness, through its impact on household income and labor allocation decisions for healthcare and other activities, significantly reduces the likelihood of technology adoption. Our findings suggest that agencies working to improve agricultural productivity and land resource conservation should consider not only the financial status of potential adopters, but also their related health situation.
MARGINAL ABATEMENT COSTS FOR REDUCING LEACHING OF NITRATES IN CROATIAN FARMING SYSTEMS
Creators: name: Sumelius, John
name: Grgic, Zoran
name: Mesic, Milan
name: Franic, Ramona
name: Sumelius, John
name: Grgic, Zoran
name: Mesic, Milan
name: Franic, Ramona
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Marginal abatement cost
subject: N-response
subject: Nitrate Directive
subject: Taxes
subject: Effluent production function
subject: Croatia.

description: The aim of this paper is to identify optional ways of preventing NO3-levels from rising within Croatian farming systems, and the implications from the viewpoint of the manager. More specifically, the purpose is to 1) Determine whether Croatian farmers exceed profit maximising levels of N-fertilizer use in maize cultivation, and its possible influence on NO3 - N-levels. 2) To estimate the marginal abatement cost (MAC), at the farm level, of reducing NO3-N leaching through the following instruments: a tax on optimal N-doses, a product tax and an N-fertiliser quota and a requirement for all instruments to correspond to the same abatement level. Based on. N-response experiment from feld trial for maize N-response curves were estimated. A sample of 20 family farms was used for calculating intensity, nutrient content in manure, and the prices paid for N and obtained for maize. Profit maximising doses from the field trials were compared with the use of nutrients on farms. An effluent production function was estimated based on experiments with NO3-N contents in lysimeter water for the same treatment levels as those in the N-response experiments. The results indicate that farmers use higher than optimal levels of N-fertilisers, if the manure is fully accounted for. In this case the estimated NO3-N/1 level in groundwater is 162-192% higher than the critical level stipulated by the Nitrate Directive. Neglecting the N-content in manure shows close to profit maximising nutrient levels. At this fertilising level the estimated NO3/1 is approximately 62 mg NO3/1 or clearly higher that the critical level stipulated by the nitrate directive (50 mg NO3/1). Through any of the three instruments a 76% NO3-leaching reduction could be obtained. It was concluded, however, that the quota has the lowest MAC (0.92 euro/mg NO3/1) followed by the N-fertiliser tax (3.65 euro/mg NO3/1), and the product tax comes in third place (9.32 euro/mg NO3/1). Management practices that may increase yield levels, and correspondingly NO3-leaching in the short and long run, were also identified. One way to achieve a quick improvement might be a system of cross compliance, stipulating a code of good agricultural practices.
Habitability Models for Planetary Sciences
Creators: name: Méndez, Abel
name: Rivera-Valentín, Edgard G.
name: Schulze-Makuch, Dirk
name: Filiberto, Justin
name: Ramírez, Ramses
name: Wood, Tana E.
name: Dávila, Alfonso
name: McKay, Chris
name: Ceballos, Kevin Ortiz
name: Jusino-Maldonado, Marcos
name: Nery, Guillermo
name: Heller, René
name: Byrne, Paul
name: Malaska, Michael J.
name: Nathan, Erica
name: Simões, Marta Filipa
name: Antunes, André
name: Martínez-Frías, Jesús
name: Carone, Ludmila
name: Izenberg, Noam R.
name: Atri, Dimitra
name: Chitty, Humberto Itic Carvajal
name: Nowajewski-Barra, Priscilla
name: Rivera-Hernández, Frances
name: Brown, Corine
name: Lynch, Kennda
name: Catling, David
name: Zuluaga, Jorge I.
name: Salazar, Juan F.
name: Chen, Howard
name: González, Grizelle
name: Jagadeesh, Madhu Kashyap
name: Barnes, Rory
name: Cockell, Charles S.
name: Haqq-Misra, Jacob
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Habitability has been generally defined as the capability of an environment to support life. Ecologists have been using Habitat Suitability Models (HSMs) for more than four decades to study the habitability of Earth from local to global scales. Astrobiologists have been proposing different habitability models for some time, with little integration and consistency between them and different in function to those used by ecologists. In this white paper, we suggest a mass-energy habitability model as an example of how to adapt and expand the models used by ecologists to the astrobiology field. We propose to implement these models into a NASA Habitability Standard (NHS) to standardize the habitability objectives of planetary missions. These standards will help to compare and characterize potentially habitable environments, prioritize target selections, and study correlations between habitability and biosignatures. Habitability models are the foundation of planetary habitability science. The synergy between the methods used by ecologists and astrobiologists will help to integrate and expand our understanding of the habitability of Earth, the Solar System, and exoplanets.
description: White Paper for the Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032
Hydrodynamization in systems with detailed transverse profiles
Creators: name: Kurkela, Aleksi
name: Taghavi, Seyed Farid
name: Wiedemann, Urs Achim
name: Wu, Bin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The observation of fluid-like behavior in nucleus-nucleus, proton-nucleus and high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions motivates systematic studies of how different measurements approach their fluid-dynamic limit. We have developed numerical methods to solve the ultra-relativistic Boltzmann equation for systems of arbitrary size and transverse geometry. Here, we apply these techniques for the first time to the study of azimuthal flow coefficients $v_n$ including non-linear mode-mode coupling and to an initial condition with realistic event-by-event fluctuations. We show how both linear and non-linear response coefficients extracted from $v_n$ develop as a function of opacity from free streaming to perfect fluidity. We note in particular that away from the fluid-dynamic limit, the signal strength of linear and non-linear response coefficients does not reduce uniformly, but that their hierarchy and relative size shows characteristic differences.
Yardstick Based Procurement Design In Natural Resource Management
Creators: name: Bogetoft, Peter
name: Nielsen, Kurt
name: Bogetoft, Peter
name: Nielsen, Kurt
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: This paper discuss the design of multidimensional yardstick based procurement auction. The suggested design combines Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based yardstick schemes with the multidimensional score auction. The principal select a single winner to perform a project, characterized by a multidimensional vector. The design is especially useful when there are uncertainty about the underlying common cost structure as well as the principal's valuation function. Potential applications in natural resource management is provided.
Stable multicolor periodic-wave arrays
Creators: name: Kartashov, Yaroslav V.
name: Egorov, Alexey A.
name: Zelenina, Anna S.
name: Vysloukh, Victor A.
name: Torner, Lluis
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the existence and stability of cnoidal periodic wave arrays propagating in uniform quadratic nonlinear media and discover that they become completely stable above a threshold light intensity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example in physics of completely stable periodic wave patterns propagating in conservative uniform media supporting bright solitons.
description: 12 pages, 3 figures
CONSUMER WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTES OF ORGANIC RICE: A CASE STUDY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Creators: name: Ara, Shihomi
name: Ara, Shihomi
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: organic agriculture
subject: food safety
subject: risk perception
subject: conjoint analysis
subject: willingness to pay

description: Organic rice production in the Philippines has been growing rapidly since 1986. We conducted a conjoint analysis to determine consumers' preferences of multiple attributes of organic rice in Manila and Naga city. Attributes included were price, reduced health risk level, environmental quality, eating quality, type of organic certification and a fair trade factor. In both cities, health risk was the primary concern. Consumers in Manila revealed organic certification to be the second most important factor while improvement of the farm environment was the second highest factor in Naga city. We found that consumers who live further from the production site have a higher demand for certification. On the other hand, consumers who live close to farms care more about the farm environment and have a lower demand for certification.
Critical incidents in the recovery from intimate abuse with a gay male partner
Creators: name: Gnauck, Craig Richard
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: As an exploratory research project, using Flanagan's (1954) Critical Incident methodology, seven gay male survivors of intimate abuse were interviewed in order to identify factors that facilitated and/or hindered recovery. Critical incidents were collected on a timeline in order to examine inter-incident relationships, which provided the basis for a proposed theory of recovery characteristic of a non-clinical population. Seventy facilitating incidents were subsequently sorted into 13 categories. Sixtyone hindering events were similarly sorted into 12 categories. Procedures to establish category soundness and comprehensiveness suggest that the current category system can be reliably used, and the categories congruently reflect survivor recovery experiences. Facilitating categories are primarily organized around the following themes: Personal resiliency, boundary management, and determination to break negative relationship patterns. Traumatic re-enactment, perpetrator intrusiveness, and social stigma are central themes identified in the hindering categories. Implications for theory, research, and professional practice are also addressed.
Do Special and Charter Schools Help Attainment in Public Schools?
Creators: name: Tartar, Andre
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 130199 Education systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Educational sciences
subject: 140302 Econometric and Statistical Methods
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: How do we close the achievement and attainment gaps? The current school choice debate aims to determine the benefits, if any, of greater availability of various specialized school types in combatting these root education problems. The opposing philosophies in this debate are whether we want to keep all students together in the same schools--regular public schools--or to separate them according to some rubric, such as socioeconomic background or needs.
MITIGATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS: THE IMPACTS ON A DEVELOPED COUNTRY HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON AGRICULTURE
Creators: name: Saunders, Caroline M.
name: Wreford, Anita
name: Saunders, Caroline M.
name: Wreford, Anita
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Agricultural production system
subject: greenhouse gas emissions
subject: partial equilibrium trade model

description: This paper focuses on the impact of mitigating greenhouse gases (GHG) on agricultural trade. In particular, the paper assesses the impact on New Zealand (NZ), which is highly reliant on agricultural trade, with a high percentage of its total GHG emissions are originating in the agricultural sector. The paper also analyses the impact of mitigation strategies in the European Union (EU), which has a low proportion of GHG coming from agriculture, a highly protected agriculture sector, and is a major market and competitor for NZ. Results from a partial equilibrium trade model, the LTEM, show clearly that while these mitigation strategies achieve the goal of GHG reduction, producer returns are also negatively affected. The value of these changes in emissions are then calculated, based on US$15/tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2), and producer returns adjusted for this. Although this value of CO2 goes some way towards offsetting the reduction in producer returns, it would need to be considerably greater in order to provide any significant compensation.
Efficient determination of HPGe γ-ray efficiencies at high energies with ready-to-use simulation software
Creators: name: Mayer, Jan
name: Hoemann, Elena
name: Müllenmeister, Markus
name: Scholz, Philipp
name: Zilges, Andreas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The full-energy-peak efficiency of HPGe detectors at $γ$-ray energies around 10 MeV is not easily accessible with experimental methods. Monte-Carlo simulations with Geant4 can provide these efficiencies. G4Horus is a ready-to-use Geant4 application for the HORUS HPGe-detector array. Users can configure the modular parts to match their experiment with minimal knowledge of the simulation software and limited time commitment. In our case, knowing and implementing the geometry with high precision is the biggest challenge. To implement the different target chambers, we transform the existing CAD models to Geant4 geometry with CADMesh. We also found a large discrepancy between experimental and simulated efficiency for some older HPGe detectors, which could be remedied by introducing a large dead region around the inner core. This project is open source and available from https://github.com/janmayer/G4Horus We invite everyone to adapt the project or adopt parts of the code for other projects.
Criterion for traffic phases in single vehicle data and empirical test of a microscopic three-phase traffic theory
Creators: name: Kerner, Boris S.
name: Klenov, Sergey L.
name: Hiller, Andreas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A microscopic criterion for distinguishing synchronized flow and wide moving jam phases in single vehicle data measured at a single freeway location is presented. Empirical local congested traffic states in single vehicle data measured on different days are classified into synchronized flow states and states consisting of synchronized flow and wide moving jam(s). Then empirical microscopic characteristics for these different local congested traffic states are studied. Using these characteristics and empirical spatiotemporal macroscopic traffic phenomena, an empirical test of a microscopic three-phase traffic flow theory is performed. Simulations show that the microscopic criterion and macroscopic spatiotemporal objective criteria lead to the same identification of the synchronized flow and wide moving jam phases in congested traffic. It is found that microscopic three-phase traffic models can explain both microscopic and macroscopic empirical congested pattern features. It is obtained that microscopic distributions for vehicle speed difference as well as fundamental diagrams and speed correlation functions can depend on the spatial co-ordinate considerably. It turns out that microscopic optimal velocity (OV) functions and time headway distributions are not necessarily qualitatively different, even if local congested traffic states are qualitatively different. The reason for this is that important spatiotemporal features of congested traffic patterns are it lost in these as well as in many other macroscopic and microscopic traffic characteristics, which are widely used as the empirical basis for a test of traffic flow models, specifically, cellular automata traffic flow models.
description: 27 pages, 16 figures
WORLD CEREALS MARKETS UNDER ALTERNATIVE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY REFORMS
Creators: name: Benjamin, Catherine
name: Gueguen, Chantal
name: Houee, Magalie
name: Benjamin, Catherine
name: Gueguen, Chantal
name: Houee, Magalie
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy

description: Previous quantitative assessments of likely impacts of recent reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy (in particular the Agenda 2000) differ across empirical studies. Differences are mainly due to the ways the policy instruments are taken into account (explicit modeling or implicit modeling i.e. using ad-valorem equivalents). The aim of this paper is to assess empirically the impacts of recent reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy and the consequences of the Mid-Term proposals on world cereals markets. We develop an econometric, dynamic, multi-product, partial equilibrium commodity model that focuses on arable crops. Major exporters and major importers are modeled separately, other countries being included in a "rest of the world" category. For the countries or regions explicitly integrated the model estimates supply, demand and trade. The model we develop has two important features: i) the parameters estimated in the behavioral equations (supply and demand) satisfy regularity conditions and ii) the agricultural policy instruments (in particular CAP instruments) are modeled in an explicit way. In the empirical section, attention focuses on the world cereals market. We provide a market outlook through the year 2009 for three different scenarios: baseline projections and two scenarios based on different assumptions regarding the evolution of the Common Agricultural Policy (the Mid-Term Review scenario and the decoupling scenario). Estimated effects of the mid-term scenario on EU crop prices depend on the relationship between EU and world market prices.