Model variables and measures
Creators: name: Rueda, Luisa Fernanda Ramírez
Publisher: name: OSF Registries
Year: 2021

description: Predictor Variables: Current and expected overall social support. This section measure based on Bosma, H. &amp; Marmot, M. G. (1997) and was translated to Spanish and validated by Ramírez and Palacios (2016). Treatment by family members and healthcare providers during the pandemic. This measure was built for the purpose of this study. It has been previously piloted and shows good internal reliability. Treatment by healthcare system. This measure was built for the purpose of this study. It has been previously piloted and shows good internal reliability. Stereotyping measure. Based on Levy, Kasl, and Gill, (2004), we created a measure of stereotyping that has been previously used and validated in Ramírez and Palacios (2016). In light of the current situation we added two more traits resulting in an 9 positive (loving, enjoys life moments, experienced, wise, patient, calm, family oriented, generous, that contributes to society) and 9 negative traits (sick, stubborn, lonely, grumpy, forgetful, sad, tired, dying, a burden to society). In the past, both scales have shown good internal reliability. Attitudes toward aging. 5-item measure from Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., &amp; Kasl S. V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(2): 261-270. Outcome variables. Aging anxiety. This measure was created and validated by Bousfield and Hutchison (2010). It was used and validated in our previous 2016 and 2019 studies and has shown good internal reliability. Neglect during the pandemic.This measure was built for the purpose of this study. It has been previously piloted and shows good internal reliability. Perceived discrimination. This measure was adapted from similar measures (see Minnotte, K.L., 2012). It was used and validated to assess perceived discrimination in our previous 2016 and 2019 studies. Physical and mental health Status. This 2-item measure has been used and validated in prior studies including our own. (see Ware, &amp; Sherbourne, 1992). Depression. 9-item measure taken from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) developed by Spitzer, Williams and Kroenke. It is a questionnaire for cross-cultural use, translated into various languages. We use the Spanish version. It has been piloted and shown good internal reliability. Each item is scored 0 (not at all), 1(several days), 2 (more than half the days) or 3 (nearly every day) and providing a severity score (0-27). Cut points are: 5 (mild), 10 (moderate), 15 (moderately severe) and 20 (severe). It’s a scale with sensibility to change. (see Kroenke et al., 2001; Kroenke et al., 2010). Anxiety. 9 item measure (GAD-7) developed by Spitzer, Williams and Kroenke, . It has been piloted and shown good internal reliability. It is a measure in worldwide use, translated into several languages. We use the Spanish version. Each item is scored 0 (not at all), 1(several days), 2 (more than half the days) or 3 (nearly every day) and providing a severity score (0-21). Cut points are: 5 (mild), 10 (moderate), 15 (moderately severe) and 20 (severe) (see Kroenke et al., 2007; Kroenke et al., 2010; Spitzer et al., 2006). Intervening variables Religiosity. This 5-item Likert measure was built for the purpose of this study. Items include: “My religion has helped me face the difficulties posed by the Pandemic” “Believing in God has protected me during the Pandemic” “God has protected me during the Pandemic” My spiritual life has strenghtened during the Pandemic”. It has been previously piloted and shows good internal reliability. Self-efficacy or technology concerns will be tested. This 8-item measure was built for the purpose of this study. Items ask participants to self-evaluate whether their technological skill on 8 fronts (social networks, video-conference, information-search, deliveries, gaming and leisure, banking, staying informed and participating in communities have improved). It has been previously piloted and shows good internal reliability. Sociodemographic variables Age, marital status, SES, gender, and employment status (working full-time, part-time, retired, partially retired) will be controlled for.