Rhinolophus acuminatus Peters 1871
Creators: name: Burgin, Connor
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus acuminatus

description: 62. Acuminate Horseshoe <i>Bat</i> <i>Rhinolophus acuminatus</i> <b>French:</b> Rhinolophe acuminò / <b>German:</b> Spitzsattel-Hufeisennase / <b>Spanish:</b> Herradura acuminado Taxonomy. <i>Rhinolophus acuminatus</i> Peters, 1871, “ Gadok.” Java, Indonesia. <i>Tentatively</i> included in the <i>megaphyllus</i> species group but its placement there is uncertain; further genetic work is needed. The most recent genetic study placed the species as sister to <i>R. malayanus,</i> forming a clade sister to much <i>of</i> the <i>megaphyllus,</i> <i>pusillus, philippinensis,</i> and <i>macrotis</i> groups. Five subspecies recognized. <b>Subspecies and Distribution.</b> <i>R</i>. <i>a. acuminatus</i> Peters, 1871 - Krakatau I <i>andJava</i>. <i>R.a. audax</i> K. Andersen, 1905 — Bali and Lombok Is. . <i>a. calypso</i> K. Andersen, 1905 — Enggano I. <i>R. a. circe</i> K. Andersen, 1906 — Nias I. <i>R. a. sumatranus</i> K Andersen, 1905 - W Sumatra and N Borneo. Subspecific <i>identity</i> of mainland populations in SE Asia, as well as the Philippines (Negros, Busuanga, Palawan, and Balabac Is) is uncertain, although mainland populations resemble individuals fromJava or Lombok. Descriptive <b>notes.</b> <i>Head—body</i> 48—52 mm, tail 18- 9—31 mm, ear 16-7—21- 4 mm, hindfoot 9-10- 9 mm, forearm 44—53 mm; weight 9- 6-16 g. There are two color morphs: either grayish brown <i>dorsally</i> with hairs tipped light gray or silver, and grayish brown ventrally; or grayish brown tinged with russet dorsally, and pale reddish brown ventrally. Ears are small to medium-sized. Noseleaf has concave-sided lancet that becomes almost parallel-sided toward tip; connecting process is broad and triangular, with bluntly to sharply pointed tip; sella is variable between subspecies, being nearly parallel-sided to <i>distinctly</i> narrowed centrally, but with rounded tip <i>consistently</i>; horseshoe does not <i>completely</i> cover muzzle (7-8—10- 2 mm <i>wide</i>), has visible lateral leaflets, and has wide median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum (based on specimens of subspecies <i>calypso)</i> has dorso-ventrally higher-than-wide basal cone; ventral notch on proximal margin of base is extremely deep, narrow, and divergent distally; shaft is <i>slightly</i> bent <i>dorsally</i> (although its ventral profile looks nearly straight in lateral view); there is slight constriction medially in dorsal view and also at <i>very</i> tip of bone. Skull is broad, with short rostrum (zygomatic width is significantly broader than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are considerably inflated while posterior swellings are less developed and shorter; sagittal crest is comparatively strong; frontal depression is shallow and very short; supraorbital crests are low with sharp ridges, combining at point in front of center of orbital <i>cavity</i>. P2 is moderately to well developed and generally within tooth row or <i>slightly</i> displaced, which separates C1 from P4; P3 is of medium size and displaced from tooth row, allowing P2 and P4 usually to touch, although not <i>always</i>. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FN = 60 (Thailand). <b>Habitat.</b> Lowland dipterocarp forests, primary and <i>secondary</i> tropical forests, bamboo thickets, and some urban areas. Recorded at elevations of 60—250 m in the Philippines and at c. 1000—1700 m in Borneo. <b>Food and</b> Feeding. Acuminate Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous. They are typically slow and maneuverable fliers that appear to forage in the subcanopy, several meters from the ground. Breeding. <i>A</i> pregnant and a lactating female were captured in June on Palawan. Males with strong musky odor were collected in October in Vietnam, suggesting this was the mating seas <i>©</i> ®- <b>Activity patterns.</b> The Acuminate Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal and roosts during the day, primarily in caves and hollow trees, but it has also been reported roosting in buildings and drainage manifolds- Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F reported <i>at</i> 86-90 kHz (males) and 93—95 kHz (females) in Laos, 90 kHz in Vietnam, 80 kHz in Thailand, and 88—90 kHz in Sabah, Malaysia. <b>Movements, Home range and Social organization.</b> The Acuminate Horseshoe Bat has been reported roosting in small to moderate-sized colonies. A roost in a monastery in Myanmar contained <i>c</i>.100 individuals. <b>Status and Conservation.</b> Classified as Least Concern on <i>T</i> / <i>ie</i> IUCN <i>Red List.</i> The Acuminate Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> is apparently common throughout much of its wide range, and does not <i>currently</i> seem to be facing <i>any</i> major threats. <b>Bibliography.</b> Bates, Thi Mar-Mar et al. (2004), Csorba et al. (2003), <i>Esselstyn</i>, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Francis (2008a), Harada, <i>Minezawa et al.</i> (1982), Heaney et al. (1998), Hood et al. (1988), <i>Kruskop</i> (2013a), Matveev (2005), Rosell-Ambal, <i>McKinnon</i> &amp; Esselstyn (2008), Schedvin <i>et al.</i> (1994), Stoffberg et <i>al.</i> (2010), Zhang Lin <i>et al.</i> (2018).
description: Published as part of <i>Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, pp. 280-332 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on page 310, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525