Erythrococca kaokoensis Swanepoel 2019, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Swanepoel, Wessel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malpighiales
Euphorbiaceae
Erythrococca
Erythrococca kaokoensis

description: Erythrococca kaokoensis Swanepoel, sp. nov. (Figs. 2 & 3)   
 Diagnosis:— A woody shrub to small tree 1.5–2.5 m tall, related to E. trichogyne, from which it differs in having the leaf lamina subcordate, lanceolate to ovate or rarely elliptic (vs. ovate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic to elliptic-ovate), drying dark green, yellow-green, blue-green or violet to black (vs. not drying markedly different); inflorescences racemose or subpaniculate with flowers in clusters along axis (vs. inflorescences racemose), female peduncle not accrescent in fruit (vs. accrescent); male flower ovoid in bud (vs. subglobose), number of stamens 20–33 (vs. 9–25); glands compressed reniform-crescentic or boomerang-shaped (vs. compressed ovoid or broadly ovate), glabrous (vs. evenly to densely adpressed sericious-pubescent), stigmas papillose, papillose-lobulate or proximally smooth, distally papillose or papillose-lobulate (vs. fimbriate to fimbriate-lobulate); glabrous (vs. subglabrous or sparingly to evenly adpressed-pubescent), not pendulous (vs. pendulous); seed reticulate (vs. foveolate- or scrobiculate-reticulate), aril dull orange to bright orange-red at first, drying dull orange, lemon or ashen (vs. bright orange-red), testa dark brown (vs. black).   
 Type: — NAMIBIA. Kunene Region: Zebra Mountains, hill south of Okau, between boulders, 1713BC, 980 m, 13 December 2014, Swanepoel 337 (holotype WIND!; isotype PRE!).   
Dioecious multi-stemmed, much-branched, woody shrub to small tree, commonly 1.5–2.5 m tall. Bark on stems rough, fissured, grey-brown; on branches cream with many longitudinal lenticels, older branches grey and fissured revealing cream underbark, young growth green, glabrous. Perulae persistent, green at first, later stramineous. Leaves simple, petiolate, stipulate, alternate, fascicled on older branches, glabrous or sparingly pilose (hairs sometimes tortuous) on margin and midrib, rugose or scabridulous-rugose in herbarium material, immature leaves pilose; lamina lanceolate to ovate, subcordate, rarely elliptic, often somewhat conduplicate and or undulate, (10–)25–62(–100) × (5–)15–45(–72) mm, membranaceous (not translucent) to coriaceous, discolorous, green adaxially, paler abaxially, drying dark green, yellow-green, blue-green or violet to black, apex acute or attenuate, often asymmetric, usually apiculate, base subcordate, rounded or truncate, sometimes oblique and/or asymmetric, often with 1 or 2 globose, stalked glands at base, margin entire or glandular finely to coarsely serrate or crenate-serrate, often undulate towards apex; midrib and lateral veins conspicuous abaxially, prominent, especially abaxially, lateral veins in 3–6 pairs or alternate, ascending, looped or not; petiole pulvinate at point of stem attachment, shallow to deeply grooved adaxially, abscission joint clearly visible, 2–18 mm long, glabrous or sparingly pilose, pulvinus persistent, green at first, later stramineous; stipules conical-cylindric, 0.4–1.0 mm long, persistent. Inflorescences axillary, solitary. Male inflorescences 5- to 16- flowered, 6–20 mm long, peduncles 1–6 mm long, interruptedly racemose or subpaniculate, flowers in 3–7 clusters along axis, glabrous or sparingly pilose, bracts narrowly triangular, up to 1.5 mm long, glabrous, persistent. Male flowers: pedicels 1.0– 3.4 mm long at anthesis, slender, glabrous, jointed near the base; buds ovoid, apiculate, base truncate, 2.0– 2.2 mm diam., glabrous; calyx closed in bud, slightly grooved between sepals, lobes (2–)3(–4), valvate, elliptic to broadly elliptic, ovate or suborbicular, acute or obtuse, glabrous, green, 1.5–2.5 × 2.4–2.6 mm; extrastaminal disk glands absent, interstaminal disk glands numerous, clavate, erect, much shorter than stamens, ca. 0.3 mm long, glabrous or tipped with 1–3 hairs; stamens 20–33, filaments 0.9–1.3 mm long, 0.15 mm diam., anthers ellipsoid, ovoid, obovoid or subglobose. Female inflorescences 2- to 8-flowered in 1–4 clusters, 6–18 mm long, peduncles 3–6 mm long, not accrescent; otherwise as in male. Female flowers: pedicels 0.3–1.3 mm long, extending to 3 mm in fruit, jointed near the base, glabrous; calyx lobes 2 or 3(–4), ovate, obovate or triangular, conduplicate, apiculate, glabrous, green, persistent, accrescent, ca. 2.2 × 1.2 mm; disk glands 2(–3), compressed reniform-crescentic or boomerang-shaped, apex rounded or obtuse, glabrous, green, 0.8 mm × 0.4 mm; ovary ± 1.4 mm across, 2(–3)-lobed, glabrous, green; styles 2(–3), united at base, spreading, 0.8–1.0 mm long, persistent, extending to 2 mm in fruit, stigmas papillose, papillose-lobulate or proximally smooth, distally papillose or papillose-lobulate, white. Fruit dicoccous or by abortion monococcous, occasionally tricoccous, glabrous, green at first, drying chestnut, dark brown, dark purple-brown or black, spreading to suberect, 8–10 × 4–5 mm. Seeds globose 3–4 mm diam., reticulate, aril not sticky, dull orange to bright orange-red at first, drying dull orange, lemon or ashen, testa dark brown.  
 Phenology:— Flowers were recorded from November to January.   
 Distribution and habitat:— At present E. kaokoensis is only known from the Otjihipa, Okakora and Zebra Mountains (Fig. 3) where it is localized and rare. Erythrococca kaokoensis grows on soil derived from weathered gneiss of the Epupa Complex (Otjihipa Mountains), limestone of the Otavi Group (Okakora Mountains) and anorthosite of the Kunene Complex (Zebra Mountains) (Miller & Schalk 1980, Mendelsohn et al. 2002). It occurs on hillsides and at the base of rocky outcrops amongst boulders in Colophospermum-Commiphora woodland at elevations of 800–1640 m, 82–226 km from the Atlantic Ocean. Average annual rainfall in the area is 150–300 mm (Mendelsohn et al. 2002).   
 Conservation status:— Erythrococca kaokoensis is rare and localised with only a few plants at each locality. It was unknown to a local Ovahimba herdsman who was raised in the area and who accompanied the author on one of his visits to the type locality. Erythrococca kaokoensis is not in danger since it occurs at several localities and does not seem to be utilised by humans or animals. It should be considered as Vulnerable (VU D) due to the small population size (IUCN 2012).   
 Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the Kaokoveld in northwestern Namibia, a region forming part of the Kaokoveld Centre of Endemism (Van Wyk & Smith 2001). This biogeographically well-defined region extends into southwestern Angola.   
 Notes:— The nearest relative of E. kaokoensis appears to be E. trichogyne, a species from which it differs in leaf, flower, and fruit characters. Distribution of the two species does not overlap; E. trichogyne occurs from Ethiopia south to Angola, Botswana and northeastern South Africa. Some of the morphological features to distinguish between these two species are provided in Table 1. Diagnostic features for E. kaokoensis were determined through examination of fresh material and for E. trichogyne from herbarium material and the literature (Radcliffe-Smith 1987, 1996).   
 Erythrococca kaokoensis can be distinguished from E. menyharthii, which occurs in northeastern Namibia, by the young growth that is glabrous (vs. softly puberulous or pilose), the leaves being glabrous or sparingly pilose on the margin and midrib (vs. sparingly pubescent adaxially, more evenly so abaxially), the prescence of subcordate leaves, the ovoid (vs. ovoid-conic), larger buds in male flowers, 2.0– 2.2 mm diam. (vs. 1.0 mm diam.), the absence of extrastaminal glands (vs. 8 or 9) and the much higher number of stamens, 20–33 (vs. 2–5, rarely more) (Radcliffe-Smith 1987, 1996). Erythrococca kaokoensis can also be confused with E. pauciflora (Müller Argoviensis 1864: 333) Prain (1911b: 618) due to similarities in the leaves and flowers. However, the latter lacks subcordate leaves, the petiole is usually shorter, 4–5 mm long (vs. 2–18 mm long) and the young leaves are purple (green in the new species). Inflorescences in E. pauciflora are 2- to 5-flowered and seeds are smooth, whereas in E. kaokoensis inflorescences are 5- to 16-flowered in male and 2- to 8-flowered in female plants and seeds are reticulate (Pax in Pax & Hoffman 1914: 95).   
 Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— ANGOLA, Cunene Province:—1613: Zebra Mountains (Angola), 35 km north of Chitado, (– DD), 917 m, 25 April 2016, Swanepoel 353 (PRU!). NAMIBIA, Kunene Region:—1712: Ezorotuuo Peak, Otjihipa Mountains, 15 km southeast of Otjinhungwa, (– BC), 1640 m, 19 April 2018, Swanepoel 357 (WIND!); Okakora Mountains, 4.5 km west of Otjipemba, (–BD), 1510 m, 16 May 2018, Swanepoel 356 (WIND!); 13 km south-southeast of Otjitanda along track to Etanga on rocky outcrop east of track, (–DB), 1400 m, 30 April 2017, Swanepoel 354 (WIND!); Ongutu, rocky outcrop on river bank, (–DC), 800 m, 29 May 2014, Swanepoel 352 (WIND!); Otjihipa Mountain, 2.5 km south of Ongutu,(–DC), 1180 m, 1 May 2017, Swanepoel 355 (WIND!).—1713: Zebra Mountains, hill south of Okau, between boulders, (– BC), 980 m, 13 December 2014, Swanepoel 3 3 8 (WIND!, PRU!).
description: Published as part of Swanepoel, Wessel, 2019, Erythrococca kaokoensis (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from Namibia and Angola, pp. 54-60 in Phytotaxa 392 (1) on pages 54-59, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.392.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/13717284