Xyphinus Simon 1893
Creators: name: Kranz-Baltensperger, Yvonne
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Oonopidae
Xyphinus

description: Xyphinus Simon 1893
Xyphinus Simon, 1893: 76 (type species by monotypy Xyphinus hystrix Simon).
Pseudotriaeris Brignoli, 1974: 77 (type Gamasomorpha karschi Bösenberg & Strand, 1906). Syn. nov.
Diagnosis. Members of this genus resemble those of Gamasomorpha, Brignolia and other genera of the subfamily Oonopinae in having heavily sclerotized dorsal and ventral abdominal scuta (e.g. figs 1C, 3C), spineless legs and relatively large eyes (e.g. Figs 1D, 3D). They can easily be distinguished from all other genera by the long and ribbed pedicel tube (e.g. figs 1C, 3C) and by the male palps with several long or plate-like, strongly sclerotized apophyses (e.g. figs 14A–E, 46A–G). The female epigastric region usually shows a tongue-like structure, not present in similar genera (e.g. fig. 7F–H).
Description. Total length of males 1.4–2.3 mm, of females 1.7–2.4 mm; cephalothorax, legs, and abdominal scuta orange to orange-brown. CEPHALOTHORAX: Carapace without any pattern, without radiating rows of pits; lateral margin straight, rebordered, with blunt denticles or spikes (e.g. figs 1A,C; 5A,C; 26A,C), with needle-like setae, with pits (e.g. fig. 24A, arrow) or without pits (e.g. figs 33A; 37A) on posterolateral edge. Eyes six, well developed. Sternum coloration uniform, sickle-shaped structures present (e.g. figs 1B; 5B, arrow). Chelicerae without tooth-like projections, shape normal, without prominent basal process, tip unmodified; setae evenly scattered. In males anteromedian part of endites with backwards folded ridge (e.g. figs 9B; 17B, arrow), posteromedian part sclerotized. Female palp without claw or spines but spine-like setae present on femora (e.g. fig. 7E), patella and tibia sometimes with more or less pronounced microsculpture (e.g. fig. 41H, arrow). ABDOMEN: Ovoid, without long posterior extensions, without color pattern. Book-lung covers large (e.g. figs 1C,E; 7F; 11F; 29F). Pedicel tube long, ribbed (e.g. figs 1C, 3C; 39B). Scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel. Dorsal scutum covering whole length of abdomen, strongly sclerotized. Epigastric and postepigastric scutum strongly sclerotized, sometimes with posteriorly directed apodemes (e.g. figs 37B; 49B). Spinneret scutum present, incomplete ring, with fringe of needle-like setae; supra-anal scutum absent; dense patch of setae anterior to spinnerets absent. LEGS: without color pattern. GENITALIA: Male epigastric region with sperm pore large (e.g. figs 1B; 22B). Male palp of normal size, distal parts strongly sclerotized, right and left palps symmetrical, tibia with three trichobothria, bulb pale, stout. Prolateral surface of patella and tibia sometimes with more or less pronounced microsculpture (e.g. figs 6A,B,D; 14A,C; 19D,G,H,I, arrow). Dark apophyses in various shapes and sizes present, elongated or plate-like (e.g. figs 14A–E; 30A–H; 62A–E), embolus not discernible. The female epigastric area is more or less protruding, the ventral plate is divided into an anterior and a posterior scutum, the latter consisting of a massive oval sclerite, with strongly sclerotized elements, sometimes extremely elongated posteriorly (e.g. figs 7G,H; 11G; 35E).
Distribution. Asia and Australia
Key to species
Females unknown for X. montanus, X. sabal sp. nov. and X. infaustus sp. nov.
1. Pits on carapace present (Fig. 24A, arrow).................................................................. 2
- Pits on carapace absent (Fig. 26A)........................................................................ 4
2. Carapace with very long spikes (Figs. 1A; 3A)....................................................... X. hystrix
- Carapace sides with blunt denticles (Figs 22A; 24A)..................................................... X. xelo
- Carapace sides without denticles (Figs 39A; 41A)...................................................... X. krabi
- Carapace with sharply pointed denticles (Figs 45D; 49D)...................................................... 3
3. Male palpal apophysis racket-like; female epigastric area with bubble-like structure (Figs 46A–G; 48A–H).. X. rogerfedereri
- Male palpal apophysis scissor-like; female epigastric area with folded scape (Figs 50A–F; 52B–F)............. X. pachara
- Male palpal apophysis twisted; female epigastric area appearing as ring in lateral view (Figs 62A–E; 63C)....... X. distortus
4. Carapace surface elevated portion and sides smooth (Figs 5A; 9A)............................................... 5
- Carapace surface elevated portion and sides reticulate (Fig. 55D).............................................. 12
5. Male bulb with very long, sclerotized apophysis and microsculpture on the prolateral side of patella and tibia; female epigastric area triangle-shaped with median stripe (Figs 14A–E; 16A–D)....................................... X. lemniscatus
- Male bulb and female epigastric area different............................................................... 6
6. Anterior part of abdomen provided with sharply pointed denticles (Figs 5A,E; 7A,F).................... X. abanghamidi
- Anterior part of abdomen unmodified (Figs 11A,C)........................................................... 7
7. Tip of abdomen bulging, overlapping carapace, almost reaching highest point of carapace (Fig. 9C).................... 8
- Tip of abdomen not bulging (Fig. 20C).................................................................... 11
8. Male palp without microsculpture (Fig. 10A)................................................................ 9
- Male palp with microsculpture (Fig. 27A)................................................................. 10
9. Male palpal bulb heavily sclerotized, with broad, dark apophysis and pointed outgrowth dorsally (Figs 9G–I; 10A–C); female epigastric area circle-shaped with broad median stripe (Figs 11B; 12A–B).................................. X. gibber
- Male palpal bulb slightly sclerotized, with bifid apophysis (Fig. 17I); female unknown...................... X. montanus
- Male palpal bulb slightly sclerotized, with short apophyses; endites bulging distally (Fig. 43B); female unknown...................................................................................................... X. infaustus
10. Male palp with microsculpture and thin, elongated apophysis ventrally (Fig. 30A–D); female epigastric area with small triangle-shaped protrusion (Fig. 32A–D)............................................................ X. deelemanae
11. Male palp with microsculpture and broad, elongated apophysis (Fig. 34A–F); female epigastric area with elongated pointed scape (Fig. 35B,E; 36A–D)....................................................................... X. acutus
12. Male palpal patella and tibia with microsculpture, bulb with broad, beak-shaped apophysis (Fig. 19A–H); female epigastric area with narrow triangle-shaped protrusion (Fig. 21A,B).............................................. X. xanthus
13. Small species; male palpal patella and tibia with fine microsculpture, bulb with short apophyses (Fig. 27A–F); female epigastric area with small, roundish structure (Fig. 28D–G).................................................. X. holgeri
14. Male palp with three strong setae on the prolateral surface of the cymbium (Fig. 38A–C); female unknown........ X. sabal
15. Male palp without strong setae (Fig. 54B–F)............................................................... 13
16. Male palpal cymbium laterally protruding (Figs 53B; 53E; 54D–E); female epigastric area with sclerotized arch and fine median stripe (Fig. 56B)......................................................................... X. karschi
17. Male palpal patella with microsculpture (Fig. 58C); female epigastric area with sclerotized arch and thick transverse ridge (Fig. 59H)................................................................................... X. baehrae
description: Published as part of Kranz-Baltensperger, Yvonne, 2014, The goblin spider genus Xyphinus (Araneae; Oonopidae), pp. 1-79 in Zootaxa 3870 (1) on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3870.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4947426