cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Iva: crisi europea ed esperienza sammarinese
VAT: the European crisis and San Marino experience
Creators: name: Mazza, Marilisa <1986>
Publisher: name: Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna
Year: 2015
Subjects: IUS/12 Diritto tributario

description: «I felt that the time had come to have a fresh look at the European VAT system. There were indeed a number of reasons which in my view justified taking this step»: da queste parole del Commissario Europeo Algirdas Šemeta trae ispirazione tale ricerca che ha l’obiettivo di ripercorrere, in primo luogo, le ragioni che hanno portato alla creazione di una imposta comunitaria plurifase sui consumi, ed in secondo luogo, i motivi per cui oggi è necessario un ripensamento sul tema. Le spinte ammodernatrici provengono anche dagli stessi organismi europei, che sono impegnati da anni in discussioni con gli Stati membri per arrivare alla definizione di una normativa che riesca a disegnare un sistema snello ed efficiente. Il primo importante passo in tale direzione è stato effettuato dalla stessa Commissione europea nel 2010 con l’elaborazione del Libro Verde sul futuro dell’IVA, in cui vengono evidenziati i profili critici del sistema e le possibili proposte di riforma. L’obiettivo di dare origine ad un EU VAT SYSTEM in grado di rendere la tassazione più semplice, efficace, neutrale ed anti frode. In questo lavoro si intendono sottolineare i principali elementi critici della normativa IVA comunitaria, ideando anche le modifiche che potrebbero migliorarli, al fine di creare un’ipotesi normativa capace di essere un modello ispiratore per la modifica del sistema di imposizione indiretta esistente nella Repubblica di San Marino che ad oggi si trova a doversi confrontare con una imposta monofase alle importazioni anch’essa, come l’IVA, oramai in crisi.
description: «I felt that the time had come to have a fresh look at the European VAT system. There were indeed a number of reasons which in my view justified taking this step»: these words of the EU Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union Algirdas Šemeta inspired this research that aims to examine, first, the reasons that led to the creation of a common multi-phase tax on consumption, and secondly, why today we need to rethink this issue. Pressures to modernize come even by European organizations, who are engaged for years in discussions to reach the definition of a legislation that is able to draw an efficient tax system. The first important step in this direction was made by the European Commission itself in 2010 with the drafting of the Green Paper on the future of VAT, which highlights the critical profiles of the system and possible reform proposals. The objective is to adopt an EU VAT SYSTEM able to make taxation more simple, effective, neutral and anti-fraud. In this research the aim is to highlight the main critical aspects  of the Community VAT rules, highlighting also changes that could improve them in order to create a legislation capable of being a model for changing the existing system of indirect taxation in the Republic of San Marino that today is faced with a single-phase tax on imports that is, like VAT, now in crisis.
Atmospheric measurements aboard C-130 during the Pacific Atmospheric Sulfur Experiment
Creators: name: Yanchilina, Anastasia
name: Mauldin, Lee
Publisher: name: University Corporation For Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Year: 2007
Subjects: Marine atmosphere
Aerosols
Cloud condensation
Cloud free convective boundary layer
Marine cumulus

The Pacific Atmospheric Sulfur Experiment (PASE) is a study with a primary goal aimed at understanding the sulfur cycle in a remote marine atmosphere. The study will be conducted in August and September months of 2007 at Christmas Island on board the NSF/NCAR C-130 aircraft. It will foremost focus on measurements of DMS (dimethyl sulfide) and its contribution to formation of H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) and MSA (methane-sulfonic acid) by reaction with OH (hydroxyl). PASE will also concentrate on subsequent production of aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei from H₂SO₄, MSA, and NH₃ concentrations in a cloud free convective boundary layer (CBL) and in outflow of marine cumulus. This paper explains the measurement technique for OH, H₂SO₄, MSA, HO₂, HO₂+RO₂ (peroxy radicals), and NH₃ (ammonia) using the SICIMS (Selected ion chemical ionization mass spectrometer). It also presents sample measurements from test flights of OH, H₂SO4, MSA, HO₂, and HO₂+RO₂. In addition, this paper discusses the measurement technique utilized aboard the C-130 in testing SO₂, DMS, DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), DMSO₂ (dimethyl sulfone), O₃ (ozone), aerosols, and cloud condensation nuclei. It includes several adaptations to technique and instrumentation from previous studies conducted: the First Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-1) in 1998, the Pacific Exploratory Missions A and B (PEM-Tropics) in 1996, and the Intercontinental Transport Experiment (INTEX-B) in 2006.
From the Black Hole Conundrum to the Structure of Quantum Gravity
Creators: name: Nomura, Yasunori
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We portray the structure of quantum gravity emerging from recent progress in understanding the quantum mechanics of an evaporating black hole. Quantum gravity admits two different descriptions, based on Euclidean gravitational path integral and a unitarily evolving holographic quantum system, which appear to present vastly different pictures under the existence of a black hole. Nevertheless, these two descriptions are physically equivalent. Various issues of black hole physics---including the existence of the interior, unitarity of the evolution, the puzzle of too large interior volume, and the ensemble nature seen in certain calculations---are addressed very differently in the two descriptions, still leading to the same physical conclusions. The perspective of quantum gravity developed here is expected to have broader implications beyond black hole physics, especially for the cosmology of the eternally inflating multiverse.
description: 27 pages, 13 figures; invited "brief review" article. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2010.15827
Geometric Electrostatic Particle-In-Cell Algorithm on Unstructured Meshes
Creators: name: Wang, Zhenyu
name: Qin, Hong
name: Sturdevant, Benjamin
name: Chang, C. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a geometric Particle-in-Cell (PIC) algorithm on two-dimensional (2D) unstructured meshes for studying electrostatic perturbations in magnetized plasmas. In this method, ions are treated as fully kinetic particles, and electrons are described by the adiabatic response. The PIC method is derived from a discrete variational principle on unstructured meshes. To preserve the geometric structure of the system, the discrete variational principle requires that the electric field is interpolated using Whitney 1-forms, the charge is deposited using Whitney 0-forms, and the electric field is computed by discrete exterior calculus. The algorithm has been applied to study the Ion Bernstein Wave (IBW) in 2D magnetized plasmas. The simulated dispersion relations of the IBW in a rectangular region agree well with theoretical results. In a 2D circular region with the fixed boundary condition, the spectrum and eigenmode structures of the IBW are determined from simulation. We compare the energy conservation property of the geometric PIC algorithm derived from the discrete variational principle with that of previous PIC methods on unstructured meshes. The comparison shows that the new PIC algorithm significantly improves the energy conservation property.
Radar and surface measurements of boundary layer convergence zones
Creators: name: Aguilar, Theresa
name: Weckwerth, Tammy
name: Henson, Robert
name: LaGrave, Marina
name: Rodriguez, Luna
Publisher: name: University Corporation For Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Year: 2006
Subjects: Low-level convergence
Daily weather
IHOP
Doppler velocity
Radar reflectivity
Refractivity

While boundary layer convergence zones (BLCZs), which are areas of low-level convergence of air (at the surface), influence daily weather, their specific effects on wind, temperature, moisture, and thunderstorm formation are not well known. In order to address this problem, BLCZs that occurred in the 2002 IHOP (International HâO Project) field campaign were documented and analyzed using a variety of data sets which consisted of temperature, wind direction and speed, and moisture values from nearby surface stations as well as measurements of Doppler velocity, radar reflectivity, and a new radar-derived field called refractivity, which provided the horizontal distribution of moisture at the surface. The velocity, reflectivity, and refractivity fields came from the S-band Dual Polarization Doppler Radar (S-Pol) and the moisture, temperature, wind direction, and wind speed came from the surface stations: Verles (VERL), Rustytank (RUST), Lincolns (LINC), and Playhouse (PLAY). The objective of this study was to acquire a better characterization of BLCZs by analyzing data from various sources. The preliminary results indicated similarities in the data between radar fields and surface stations, similarities between the four surface stations, and both similarities and difference between cases documented. With a better characterization of BLCZs, environmental events such as changes in temperature, wind, and moisture as well as thunderstorm development may be better forecasted in the future.
Ozone dependency of the background current in ozonesondes
Creators: name: Diaz, Karen
name: VÃ¶mel, Holger
name: Marsh, Daniel
Publisher: name: University Corporation For Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Year: 2006
Subjects: Ozone profiles
CEPEX
Upper tropical troposphere
Ozone concentration
Electrochemical cell
Ozonesonde
Undiluted transport

Ozone profiles obtained from the Central Equatorial Pacific Experiment (CEPEX) campaign in 1993 show near-zero ozone levels in the upper tropical troposphere. Ozone chemical destruction and undiluted vertical transport into the upper troposphere were thought to be the cause for the low ozone values found. Questions surfaced as to whether the correct value for the background current measurement was used in the ozone concentration calculations. In this study, three different sensing solutions, including the solution used during that campaign, were tested in the electrochemical cell of the ozonesonde in order to determine the background current generated by the cell as a function of ozone concentration. Two sets of laboratory experiments were performed: In the first set, ozonesondes were tested with purified air, and in the second set, ozonesondes were exposed to a defined amount of ozone using an ozone calibrator. Different ozone amounts were used to determine the background current as a function of ozone concentration. Linear regression of the background current measurements was used to determine a new background correction for the CEPEX raw data. These reprocessed data no longer show near-zero ozone levels in the upper troposphere and no longer require significant chemical ozone loss in the upper troposphere or undiluted transport from the surface for their explanation.
Formation of collisional ring galaxies in Milgromian dynamics
Creators: name: Ma, Li
name: Wu, Xufen
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Ring galaxies are rare in the Universe. A head-on or off-centre collision between an intruder galaxy and a disc galaxy leads to a collisional ring galaxy (CRG) when the intruder-to-target mass ratio (ITMR) is over 0.1 in Newtonian dynamics. Within the framework of Milgromian dynamics, the strong equivalence principle is violated due to the presence of an external field. When two galaxies collide towards each other, the dynamical mass of the phantom dark halo in a galaxy is suppressed by the external field induced by the other galaxy. As a consequence of such suppression, the gravitational perturbation for the target galaxy introduced by a collision is weakened. In this case, a minor collision may not be capable of generating a CRG. In this work, we address this issue and perform a series of numerical simulations of collisions by tuning the values of ITMR. We find that the critical ITMR is 0.5 in MOND, which is much larger than that in Newtonian dynamics. The observed massive ring galaxies, such as Arp 147, can be effectively interpreted by CRGs in MOND. This interpretation does not necessitate the presence of dark matter halos for either the target or intruder galaxies. Moreover, for a larger inclination angle or a larger impact parameter, the off-centred ring structure is fainter. The larger critical ITMR indicates that it is harder to form a CRG in Milgrom's Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). To account for the observed ring structures of the NGC 922-like galaxies in MOND, it is necessary to invoke other scenarios than a dry minor collision.
description: 15 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Trusted Data Notifications from Private Blockchains
Creators: name: Behl, Dushyant
name: Kodeswaran, Palanivel
name: Ramakrishna, Venkatraman
name: Sen, Sayandeep
name: Vinayagamurthy, Dhinakaran
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Private blockchain networks are used by enterprises to manage decentralized processes without trusted mediators and without exposing their assets publicly on an open network like Ethereum. Yet external parties that cannot join such networks may have a compelling need to be informed about certain data items on their shared ledgers along with certifications of data authenticity; e.g., a mortgage bank may need to know about the sale of a mortgaged property from a network managing property deeds. These parties are willing to compensate the networks in exchange for privately sharing information with proof of authenticity and authorization for external use. We have devised a novel and cryptographically secure protocol to effect a fair exchange between rational network members and information recipients using a public blockchain and atomic swap techniques. Using our protocol, any member of a private blockchain can atomically reveal private blockchain data with proofs in exchange for a monetary reward to an external party if and only if the external party is a valid recipient. The protocol preserves confidentiality of data for the recipient, and in addition, allows it to mount a challenge if the data turns out to be inauthentic. We also formally analyze the security and privacy of this protocol, which can be used in a wide array of practical scenarios
description: 9 pages
Letter from J. Corbet at The Canadian Bank of Commerce to "Sir" [James Goldie], July 11, 1914
Creators: name: Canadian Bank Of Commerce
Publisher: name: The University of British Columbia
Year: 2017

description: Letter to "Sir" [James Goldie] from J. Corbet at The Canadian Bank of Commerce, dated July 11, 1914, advising him that the account is still overdrawn and the amount has increased.
My Data Body
Creators: Oliver, Marilène
Carpenter, J.R.
Smallwood, Scott
Moore, Stephan
Publisher: name: University of Alberta Library
Year: 2022

Introduction (from author, in quotation marks):

"My Data Body is a virtual reality (VR) artwork created at the University of Alberta as part of the interdisciplinary research creation project Know Thyself as a Virtual Reality. The project which developed from a previous artwork Deep Connection (Oliver 2021) brings together different forms of personal data such as medical scans, social media, biometric, banking and health data in an attempt to make visible and manipulable our many intersecting data corpuses so that in VR they can be held, inspected and dissected. In My Data Body, the medically scanned, passive, obedient, semi-transparent body (Cartwright 1995) becomes a data processing site that can be pulled apart, de- and re-composed or as Yuval Harari warns ‘surveilled under the skin’."
A comparison of large-scale influences on tropical cyclogenesis in the Eastern Pacific
Creators: name: Didlake, Anthony
name: Davis, Christopher
name: Wesley, Douglas
Publisher: name: University Corporation For Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Year: 2006
Subjects: Hurricane season
Tropical disturbances
Tropical cyclones
Forcasters
Spatial averaging
Upper troposphere

In a given hurricane season, several tropical disturbances propagate across environments favorable for development; however, only a few disturbances actually strengthen into tropical cyclones. The lack of a consolidated theory on tropical cyclogenesis makes it difficult for forecasters to predict a stormâs development. Previous studies have approached this problem by comparing large-scale influences on storms that developed into tropical cyclones and on those that did not. This study used a similar approach to characterize the environmental influences on cyclogenesis in the 2005 Eastern Pacific Hurricane season. Data for each storm were taken from the NCEP/NCAR Final Analysis model and analyzed over a 48-hour period during the development stage. The non-developing storms were selected based on certain atmospheric parameters to resemble the developing storms prior to cyclogenesis. Composites and spatial averaging were used to compare 12 developing storms and 11 non-developing storms during this season. The results showed that the environments of the developing storms had large regions of increased moisture above the boundary layer and greater temperatures in the upper troposphere. Regions of increased potential vorticity penetrated deeper into the troposphere for the developing storms. Lastly, the storms that developed were in environments with relatively strong wind shear to the south of the vortex. The results suggest that the moisture, temperature, and wind shear fields preceded development, while the vorticity fields were more of an indicator of development. Identifying these large-scale characteristics as possible determining influences can lead to a better understanding of tropical cyclogenesis.
Parameter estimation of quantum channels
Creators: name: Ji, Zhengfeng
name: Wang, Guoming
name: Duan, Runyao
name: Feng, Yuan
name: Ying, Mingsheng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The efficiency of parameter estimation of quantum channels is studied in this paper. We introduce the concept of programmable parameters to the theory of estimation. It is found that programmable parameters obey the standard quantum limit strictly; hence no speedup is possible in its estimation. We also construct a class of non-unitary quantum channels whose parameter can be estimated in a way that the standard quantum limit is broken. The study of estimation of general quantum channels also enables an investigation of the effect of noises on quantum estimation.
description: Final Version
Ni-MH battery modelling for ambient intelligence applications
Creators: name: Szente-Varga, D.
name: Horvath, D.
name: Rencz, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Other Computer Science (cs.OH)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Mobile devices, like sensor networks and MEMS actuators use mobile power supplies to ensure energy for their operation. These are mostly batteries. The lifetime of the devices depends on the power consumption and on the quality and capacitance of the battery. Though the integrated circuits and their power consumption improve continually, their clock frequency also increases with the time, and the resultant power consumption seems not to vary, or slightly increase. On the other hand, the properties of batteries are developing much slower, necessitating the optimization of their usage on system level.
description: Submitted on behalf of EDA Publishing Association (http://irevues.inist.fr/EDA-Publishing)
Volatility and dividend risk in perpetual American options
Creators: name: Montero, Miquel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: Pricing of Securities (q-fin.PR)
subject: Risk Management (q-fin.RM)
subject: Statistical Finance (q-fin.ST)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: American options are financial instruments that can be exercised at any time before expiration. In this paper we study the problem of pricing this kind of derivatives within a framework in which some of the properties --volatility and dividend policy-- of the underlaying stock can change at a random instant of time, but in such a way that we can forecast their final values. Under this assumption we can model actual market conditions because some of the most relevant facts that may potentially affect a firm will entail sharp predictable effects. We will analyse the consequences of this potential risk on perpetual American derivatives, a topic connected with a wide class of recurrent problems in physics: holders of American options must look for the fair price and the optimal exercise strategy at once, a typical question of free absorbing boundaries. We present explicit solutions to the most common contract specifications and derive analytical expressions concerning the mean and higher moments of the exercise time.
description: 21 pages, 5 figures, iopart, submitted for publication; deep revision, two new appendices
GIS-based radar rainfall verification
Creators: name: Edwards, Braxton
name: Wilhelmi, Olga
name: Yates, David
name: Worster, Cindy
Publisher: name: University Corporation For Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Year: 2006
Subjects: Hydrological models
Flash flood warning systems
Precipitation
Varying intensity
Rain gage measurements
Interpolated gage values
Convective event

Hydrological models and flash flood warning systems are largely dependent on accurate precipitation inputs. In the Colorado Front Range estimation of rainfall has been problematic due to the varying intensity and spatial distribution of the precipitation fields. The goal of this project was to conduct a Geographic Information Systems-based spatial analysis and verification of the radar-derived precipitation. Rain gage measurements were used for correcting radar rainfall estimates over a 24-hour period for convective and stratiform precipitation events over the Denver Urban Drainage and Flood Control District. Two methods were tested for correcting radar-derived precipitation: 1) mean difference between recorded gage values and the radar measurements and 2) mean difference of the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolated gage values and the radar measurements. An overall comparison of radar and gage measurements for the two rain events showed that the radar produced more spatially accurate precipitation estimates during a convective event. The IDW interpolated precipitation method was found more appropriate for regional scale verification. The methodology developed in this study provides a framework for spatial rainfall verification, which can aid in automated correction of radar rainfall estimates. This can assist flood control and emergency managers in mitigating and responding to flash flood events.
MPEC 2024-T196 : 2024 TY5
Creators: name: Minor Planet Center Staff
Publisher: name: The Minor Planet Center
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Small Solar System bodies
valueUri: http://astrothesaurus.org/uat/1469
subject: 2024 TY5

description: The Minor Planet Electronic Circulars contain information on unusual minor planets, routine data on comets and natural satellites, and occasional editorial announcements.  They are published on behalf of Division F of the International Astronomical Union by the Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.
Strain release at the graphene-Ni(100) interface investigated by in-situ and operando scanning tunnelling microscopy
Creators: name: Zou, Zhiyu
name: Patera, Laerte L.
name: Comelli, Giovanni
name: Africh, Cristina
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Interface strain can significantly influence the mechanical, electronic and magnetic properties of low-dimensional materials. Here we investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy how the stress introduced by a mismatched interface affects the structure of a growing graphene (Gr) layer on a Ni(100) surface in real time during the process. Strain release appears to be the main factor governing morphology, with the interplay of two simultaneous driving forces: on the one side the need to obtain two-dimensional best registry with the substrate, via formation of moiré patterns, on the other side the requirement of optimal one-dimensional in-plane matching with the transforming nickel carbide layer, achieved by local rotation of the growing Gr flake. Our work suggests the possibility of tuning the local properties of two-dimensional films at the nanoscale through exploitation of strain at a one-dimensional interface.
description: 17 pages, 3 figures
Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) effect on the diurnal tide in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM)
Creators: name: Fernandez, Alisha
name: Hagan, Maura
name: Liu, Hanli
name: Matthes, Katja
name: Maute, Astrid
name: Foster, Benjamin
name: Bevirt, Brian
Publisher: name: University Corporation For Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Year: 2006
Subjects: Solar tides
Perturbations
Tidal variability
Stratospheric zonal winds
Harmonic decomposition
Meridional winds

Solar tides are thermally driven perturbations excited throughout the atmosphere that vary with local time and season; however not all sources of tidal variability are known. The Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO) is an oscillation in the stratospheric zonal winds near the equator with a 27.7-month cycle that solar tides propagate through. This research examined the QBO effects on diurnal solar tides using a comprehensive model of the entire atmosphere called the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). Representative observational data of the QBO were inserted into WACCM to see if the QBO is a source of diurnal solar tidal variability. Hourly fields from three simulations for April were used to assess solar tidal variability with distinct stratospheric winds over the equator: control (no QBO), QBO winds from the east, and QBO winds from the west. These results were sorted and binned according to local time at each latitude and altitude. This produced monthly averaged meridional winds as a function of local time for April. A harmonic decomposition was performed on the meridional winds to determine the diurnal means, amplitudes, and phases of the three simulations. A comparison of the diurnal mean and amplitude revealed that the diurnal mean is not measurably affected by the QBO, but the QBO produces a 20 (m/s) difference in the diurnal amplitude. The latter result was highly significant, indicating that the QBO is a source of solar tidal variation in WACCM. In addition, this research further evaluates the performance of WACCM and provides insight into the underlying physical processes that govern tidal variability in the upper atmosphere.
Developing a C++ interface for netCDF-4
Creators: name: Forbes, Shanna-Shaye
name: Rew, Russell
name: Shea, Catherine
Publisher: name: University Corporation For Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Year: 2006
Subjects: Unidata
Data complexity
User demands
User defined data types
Interface

The network common data form (netCDF) was created by Unidata at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research to simplify data access and sharing in the atmospheric science community. Even though the current full release of netCDF known as netCDF-3 has proven to be successful, increasing data complexity and user demands have necessitated a new release of netCDF with improved functionality and the ability to store user defined data types. With this in mind Unidata created netCDF-4 which features all the functionality of netCDF-3 as well as more flexible ways to add data and better support for custom data structures. This implementation adopts simplified aspects of another more complex data model know as HDF5. At present netCDF-4 interfaces exist for C, and Fortran, however none exists for C++. This projectâs aim was to design and partially implement a C++ interface for netCDF-4. The netCDF-4 C++ interface was implemented as a thin layer on top of the netCDF-4 C interface; its design however allows all the functionality of a full C++ implementation of the interface. When fully implemented the netCDF-4 C++ interface will allow data providers and developers with a preference for C++ to take advantage of the new features netCDF-4 offers for creating portable, self-describing datasets.
Critical bending and magnetic shape memory effect in magnetoactive elastomers
Creators: name: Kalita, V. M.
name: Dzhezherya, Yu. I.
name: Cherepov, S. V.
name: Skirta, Yu. B.
name: Bodnaruk, A. V.
name: Levchenko, G. G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The results of a study of magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs) consisting of an elastomer matrix with embedded ferromagnetic particles are presented. A continuous critical bending induced by the magnetic field, characterized by a critical exponent for the bending magnitude, and the derivative of which has a singularity in the critical region is reported for the first time. The mechanical stability loss and the symmetry reduction of the magnetic state, which are interrelated with each other, take place at the critical point. The magnetization in the high-symmetric state (below the critical point) is directed along the magnetic field and the torque is absent. Above the critical point, the magnetization and the magnetic field are noncollinear and there arises a torque, which is self-consistent with the bending. The magnetic field dependence of the MAE bending was found to have a hysteresis, which is associated with the magneto-rheological effect. The shape memory effect was also obtained for the MAE bending in a cycle consisting of magnetization, cooling (at H=/0), and heating (at H=0). The influence of the critical glass transition temperature of the matrix, as well as its melting/solidification temperature, on the magnetic shape memory effect was studied.
description: 12 pages, 7 figures, now the paper is under review to Smart Materials and Structures (SMS-111130.R1), Awaiting Referee Reports. We want to protect our data and results
Analysis of polysilicon micro beams buckling with temperature-dependent properties
Creators: name: Shamshirsaz, M.
name: Bahrami, M.
name: Asgari, M. B.
name: Tayefeh, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Other Computer Science (cs.OH)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The suspended electrothermal polysilicon micro beams generate displacements and forces by thermal buckling effects. In the previous electro-thermal and thermo-elastic models of suspended polysilicon micro beams, the thermo-mechanical properties of polysilicon have been considered constant over a wide rang of temperature (20- 900 degrees C). In reality, the thermo-mechanical properties of polysilicon depend on temperature and change significantly at high temperatures. This paper describes the development and validation of theoretical and Finite Element Model (FEM) including the temperature dependencies of polysilicon properties such as thermal expansion coefficient and Young's modulus. In the theoretical models, two parts of elastic deflection model and thermal elastic model of micro beams buckling have been established and simulated. Also, temperature dependent buckling of polysilicon micro beam under high temperature has been modeled by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Analytical results and numerical results using FEA are compared with experimental data available in literature. Their reasonable agreement validates analytical model and FEM. This validation indicates the importance of including temperature dependencies of polysilicon thermo-mechanical properties such as Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) in the previous models.
description: Submitted on behalf of EDA Publishing Association (http://irevues.inist.fr/EDA-Publishing)
Characteristics of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) between 23°C and 24°C west of the Galápagos Islands
Creators: name: Gavin, Douglas
name: Hartten, Leslie
name: Gordon, Nicole
Publisher: name: University Corporation For Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Year: 2006
Subjects: Low-level flow
Decoupled
El Niño
La Niña
Cold seasons
Warm seasons

Previous research showed that low-level flow over the Galápagos Islands was decoupled from that above during some time periods studied. When decoupling occurred, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) were cooler than 23ºC; during the coupled cases, SSTs were warmer than 24°C. Here six TAO buoys provided SSTs collected from 1994 to 2003 were used to look at characteristics of SSTs west of the Galápagos in the range of 23°C to 24°C. The occurrence of SSTs in this range depended on cold and warm seasons; whether it was during El Niño, La Niña, or normal periods; and on the locations of the TAO buoys. SSTs between 23°C and 24°C were less frequent at the 2ºN buoys, during strong El Niño periods, and in the middle of cold and warm seasons.
Observations and assessment of outer rainband tornadoes spawned by hurricane Katrina
Creators: name: Goodman, Keith
name: Lee, Wen-Chau
name: Powers, Jordan
Publisher: name: University Corporation For Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Year: 2006
Subjects: Tropical cyclone
Hurricane-spawned tornadoes
Supercells
Radar reflectivity
Velocity
Rotational velocity
Mesocyclonic

While it is common for tornadoes to occur in conjunction with land falling tropical cyclones (TCs), characteristics of the hurricane-spawned tornadoes themselves remain poorly documented. This study (i) documents and describes supercells embedded within the outer rainbands of Hurricane Katrina (2005) and (ii) compares Katrina’s supercell storms to past studies containing documented hurricane-spawned tornadoes. Radar reflectivity and velocity data collected on 29 August 2005 by WSR-88D (NEXRAD) radars in Slidell, Louisiana and Mobile, Alabama were used to track the supercells. Atmospheric soundings from 29 August 2005 showed that environmental conditions were comparable to those in previous hurricane-spawned tornado studies. Twenty-three storms from 0300 UTC - 0900 UTC were tracked, and single-Doppler radar analyses examined characteristics such as shear and rotational velocity. Storms were initially classified as mesocyclonic or non-mesocyclonic, and were then classified as tornadic if they reached 18 m/sec (F0 intensity) at any time during their duration. Because tornadoes are not resolvable several kilometers from the radar, the intensity of the mesocyclone was used to infer the occurrence of a tornado. Eighteen of Katrina’s supercells were classified as tornadic, three reached mesocyclone strength but never reached F0 intensity, and two storms never reached mesocyclone criteria. Remarkably, the majority of the supercells formed over the Gulf of Mexico and not over land, which contrasts with previous studies. Furthermore, the ground-relative speeds of these tornadic mesocyclones in the outer rainbands can reach strong Category 4 intensities despite sustained winds in Katrina’s only reaching Category 3 at landfall.
Gamma Ray Bursts as standard candles to constrain the cosmological parameters
Creators: name: Ghirlanda, G.
name: Ghisellini, G.
name: Firmani, C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Gamma Ray Bursts (GRBs) are among the most powerful sources in the Universe: they emit up to 10^54 erg in the hard X-ray band in few tens of seconds. The cosmological origin of GRBs has been confirmed by several spectroscopic measurements of their redshifts, distributed in the range 0.1-6.3. These two properties make GRBs very appealing to investigate the far Universe. The energetics implied by the observed fluences and redshifts span at least four orders of magnitudes. Therefore, at first sight, GRBs are all but standard candles. But there are correlations among some observed quantities which allow us to know the total energy or the peak luminosity emitted by a specific burst with a great accuracy. Through these correlations, GRBs become "known" candles to constrain the cosmological parameters. One of these correlation is between the rest frame peak spectral energy E_peak and the total energy emitted in gamma--rays E_gamma, properly corrected for the collimation factor. Another correlation, discovered very recently, relates the total GRB luminosity L_iso, its peak spectral energy E_peak and a characteristic timescale T_0.45, related to the variability of the prompt emission. It is based only on prompt emission properties, it is completely phenomenological, model independent and assumption--free. The constraints found through these correlations on the Omega_M and Omega_Lambda parameters are consistent with the concordance model. The present limited sample of bursts and the lack of low redshift events, necessary to calibrate these correlations, makes the cosmological constraints obtained with GRBs still large compared to those obtained with other cosmological probes (e.g. SNIa or CMB). However, the newly born field of GRB--cosmology is very promising for the future.
description: 39 pages, 23 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in the New Journal of Physics focus issue, "Focus on Gamma--Ray bursts in the Swift Era" (Eds. D. H. Hartmann, C. D. Dermer, J. Greiner)
Statistical methods for quantifying uncertainty in ENSO on wind power in the northern Great Plains
Creators: name: Harper, Bret
name: Katz, Richard
name: Strand, Gary
Publisher: name: University Corporation For Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Year: 2006
Subjects: Climate variability
Precipitation
Temperature
Wind energy
Teleconnection
Wind speed

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a well-known source of inter-annual climate variability for both precipitation and temperature in the northern Great Plains. The northern Great Plains also have the largest wind resource in the United States. With the continued growth of wind energy, ENSO’s effect on wind speed needs to be examined because of our current lack of understanding about how wind speeds are affected by inter-annual variability. After having previously established that a teleconnection to ENSO exists, we set out to quantify the uncertainty in this relationship with this study. Our method uses the sign test and resampling of hourly airport wind speed measurements for the past half-century at 4 airports in both North Dakota and South Dakota. Airport data are useful in this case because they have very long and continuous measurement of hourly wind speed. With this data, we were able to show that ENSO did have an effect on wind speeds as well as on wind power. The warm phase of El Niño, in particular, was correlated with the largest reductions in wind speed in South Dakota. In North Dakota, it was the cold phase that produced the largest reduction in wind power. The largest differences occurred in April, while the smallest differences occurred in July. It is our hope that this method will also be a useful tool for wind farm developers across the country to more accurately assess the value of their site based on limited in-situ data.
Parameter Identification of Pressure Sensors by Static and Dynamic Measurements
Creators: name: Michael, S.
name: Kurth, S.
name: Klattenhoff, J.
name: Geissler, H.
name: Hering, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Other Computer Science (cs.OH)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Fast identification methods of pressure sensors are investigated. With regard to a complete accurate sensor parameter identification two different measurement methods are combined. The approach consists on one hand in performing static measurements - an applied pressure results in a membrane deformation measured interferometrically and the corresponding output voltage. On the other hand optical measurements of the modal responses of the sensor membranes are performed. This information is used in an inverse identification algorithm to identify geometrical and material parameters based on a FE model. The number of parameters to be identified is thereby generally limited only by the number of measurable modal frequencies. A quantitative evaluation of the identification results permits furthermore the classification of processing errors like etching errors. Algorithms and identification results for membrane thickness, intrinsic stress and output voltage will be discussed in this contribution on the basis of the parameter identification of relative pressure sensors.
description: Submitted on behalf of EDA Publishing Association (http://irevues.inist.fr/EDA-Publishing)
A Pseudo-BCS Wavefunction from Density Matrix Decomposition:Application in Auxiliary-Field Quantum Monte Carlo
Creators: name: Xiao, Zhiyu
name: Shi, Hao
name: Zhang, Shiwei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a method to construct pseudo-BCS wave functions from the one-body density matrix. The resulting many-body wave function, which can be produced for any fermion systems, including those with purely repulsive interactions, has the form of a number-projected BCS form, or antisymmetrized germinal power (AGP). Such wave functions provide a better ansatz for correlated fermion systems than a single Slater determinant, and often better than a linear combination of Slater determinants (for example from a truncated active space calculation). We describe a procedure to build such a wave function conveniently from a given reduced density matrix of the system, rather than from a mean-field solution (which gives a Slater determinant for repulsive interactions). The pseudo-BCS wave function thus obtained reproduces the density matrix or minimizes the difference between the input and resulting density matrices. One application of the pseudo-BCS wave function is in auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFQMC) calculations as the trial wave function to control the sign/phase problem. AFQMC is often among the most accurate general methods for correlated fermion systems. We show that the pseudo-BCS form further reduces the constraint bias and leads to improved accuracy compared to the usual Slater determinant trial wave functions, using the two-dimensional Hubbard model as an example. Furthermore, the pseudo-BCS trial wave function allows a new systematically improvable self-consistent approach, with pseudo-BCS trial wave function iteratively generated by AFQMC via the one-body density matrix.
Instability of synchronized motion in nonlocally coupled neural oscillators
Creators: name: Sakaguchi, Hidetsugu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC)
subject: Quantitative Methods (q-bio.QM)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: We study nonlocally coupled Hodgkin-Huxley equations with excitatory and inhibitory synaptic coupling. We investigate the linear stability of the synchronized solution, and find numerically various nonuniform oscillatory states such as chimera states, wavy states, clustering states, and spatiotemporal chaos as a result of the instability.
description: 8 pages, 9 figures
Comparison of CHAMP Radio Occultations with Global Model Forecasts: 2005 hurricane season
Creators: name: Hernandez, Michael
name: Kuo, Ying-Hwa
name: Hunt, Douglas
name: Abshire, Wendy
Publisher: name: University Corporation For Atmospheric Research (UCAR)
Year: 2006
Subjects: Radio signals
Atmosphere
Refractivity
Global coverage
Hurricane forcasts
Tropical cyclones
Intensity

GPS RO technique measures the bending of radio signals as they pass through the Earthâs atmosphere. From the vertical profile of bending angles, one can derive vertical soundings of refractivity. GPS RO soundings are of very high accuracy and very high vertical resolution, and of uniform global coverage. The availability of GPS RO soundings over the ocean provides a unique opportunity to verify model hurricane forecasts. This investigation primarily focused on the Global Forecasting System (GFS) model. To verify the GFS forecasts, the GFS outputs of temperature, pressure, and water vapor pressure were converted into refractivity. A mean absolute value of the fractional differences between the RO measured refractivity and the GFS refractivity was calculated as a measure of the error of GFS analysis and forecast. The mean absolute error of GFS forecasts was calculated for the cases with and without tropical cyclones. This study further analyzed cases with tropical cyclones and correlated the GFS output error to the errors in the predicted track and intensity. Results for all the storms for 2005, the 2005 Atlantic and East Pacific hurricane season showed consistent error in the GFS output. The analysis reveals that the GFS error was larger closer to the core of the storm when a tropical cyclone was in the vicinity. These results suggest that including RO data in the initial conditions of GFS models may improve the GFS forecast of hurricanes.
The effects of crystalloid resuscitation on oxygen extration in whole body and gut during endotoxemia
Creators: name: Gow, Kenneth William
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Many investigators advocate aggressive fluid therapy in sepsis, yet changes in the microcirculation may make fluid counterproductive. Sepsis is characterized by a generalized "leak" in capillaries which may promote interstitial edema which in turn, may decrease diffusion of oxygen, increase the distance from capillaries to cells, and alter capillary density. Further, fluid administration' may result in capillary hemodilution. Therefore, the author's hypothesis was that crystalloid resuscitation will impair the ability of tissue to extract oxygen. Four groups (n=8) of anesthetized pigs received either normal saline infusion (48 ml-kg-l-hr-1) or no saline, and E coli endotoxin (50 mg/kg i.v.) or no endotoxin. Whole body and gut oxygen delivery and consumption were measured during progressive hemorrhage. Dual line regression analysis was used to determine the onset of ischemia (DO2C) and oxygen extraction ratio (ERc). At onset of ischemia, gut was removed to determine degree of interstitial volume and the capillary hematocrit. With use of radiolabelled microspheres as a marker of blood flow, the gut blood flow transit time was determined. Endotoxin significantly decreased ERc for the whole body (0.82+0.06 to 0.55±0.08, p < 0.05) and gut (0.77 ± 0.07 to 0.52 ± 0.06, p < 0.05). Saline resuscitation also significantly decreased ERc in the control pigs for the whole body (0.82 ± 0.06 to 0.62 ± 0.08, p < 0.05) and gut (0.77 ± 0.07 to 0.67 ± 0.06, p < 0.05) but did not significantly change the already decreased ERc in the endotoxin treated pigs. Morphometric techniques revealed that saline resuscitation increased gut interstitial volume (p < 0.05), and lead to arterial hemodilution (p < 0.05) but not capillary hemodilution (p > 0.05). Using radiolabeled microspheres, saline was shown to increase the relative dispersion of blood flow transit times from 0.33 ± 0.08 to 0.72 ± 0.53 (p < 0.05). Thus, saline resuscitation impairs tissue oxygen extraction possibly due to interstitial edema or increased heterogeneity of microvascular blood flow. After endotoxin infusion, where ERc is already decreased, saline resuscitation has a lesser effect. Therefore, the author questions the use of aggressive crystalloid resuscitation for treatment of sepsis in humans.