Slaterocoris robustus
Creators: name: Schwartz, Michael D.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Miridae
Slaterocoris
Slaterocoris robustus

description: <i>Slaterocoris robustus</i> (Uhler) Figures 12, 71–73; plates 3, 4M; map 13 <i>Stiphrosoma robusta</i> Uhler, 1895: 45 (orig. desc.). <i>Strongylocoris robustus</i>: Van Duzee: 1921: 136 (disc., in part). <i>Strongylocoris uniformis</i> Van Duzee, 1925: 396 (orig. desc.); Kelton, 1968: 1132 (n. syn.). <i>Slaterocoris robustus</i>: Kelton, 1968: 1132, fig. 19 (disc.); Knight, 1970: 238, fig. 1 (disc.); Henry and Wheeler, 1988: 451 (catalog); Schuh, 1995: 199 (catalog). <i>Slaterocoris nevadensis</i> Knight, 1970: 239, fig. 20 (disc.); Henry and Wheeler, 1988: 450 (catalog); Schuh, 1995: 198 (catalog). NEW SYNONYMY. DIAGNOSIS: Recognized by the uniform black coloration (pl. 3), except rarely for the pale apices of the femora (fig. 12); the sparse, or moderately sparse, long, erect, somewhat thickened, black vestiture (pl. 4M, fig. 71B); the relatively wide vertex (fig. 71A); and the male genitalia with the dorsal lobe of the endosomal spicule bifurcate and smooth marginally, the ventral lobe of the endosomal spicule smooth marginally (fig. 73A), and the relatively long, strongly (fig. 72B) or faintly bifurcate (fig. 72A) apex of the right paramere (fig. 72). The relatively stiff black vestiture (pl. 4M, fig. 71B) and smooth frons (fig. 73A) will easily distinguish <i>S. robustus</i> from all other congeners with completely black legs. REDESCRIPTION: <i>Male:</i> Moderately small, obovate, length 3.35–5.13, width 1.65–2.18 (pl. 3). COLORATION: Shining black, including antenna and legs, except apex of femur rarely pale (fig. 12). VESTITURE: Sparse to moderately sparse, moderately long, erect, black bristlelike simple setae (pl. 4M, fig. 71B); antennal segments II to IV with erect, black setae. STRUCTURE: Body conformation in both sexes roughly similar; frons smooth (fig. 71A); labium reaching base of middle coxa; calli slightly produced, smooth, pronotal disc sparsely and shallowly punctate (fig. 71B); costal slightly arcuate. GENITALIA: <b>Pygophore</b>: Tergal process short with right side point, entire, directed toward midline. <b>Phallotheca</b>: Left lateral surface slightly compressed (fig. 73B). <b>Endosomal spicule</b>: Apical region of ventral lobe with uniform thickness throughout, distal to recurved angle smooth, long; dorsal lobe bifid with narrow lobes (fig. 73A). <b>Right paramere</b>: Small, apical region narrowed, medial region with prominent solitary spine (fig. 72A, arrow), basal lobe rounded with single (fig. 72A) or bifurcate (fig. 72B) spine, distal to basal lobe (fig. 72). <b>Left paramere</b> distal portion shorter than basal portion; ventral surface of equal diameter throughout (fig. 73C). <i>Female:</i> Moderately small, ovate; length 3.40–4.35, width 1.70–2.40 (pl. 3). STRUCTURE: Costal margin strongly curved. GENITALIA: <b>First gonapophyses</b>: Left overlapping right, in ventral view, left greater than right at overlap; right lateral surface small. <b>Left first gonapophyses</b>: Dorsal surface concave, apex wide. <b>Vestibulum, anteroventral margin of anterior wall</b>: Sclerotized medially and sclerotized to lateral margins of bursa copulatrix. <b>Ventral labiate plate</b>: Strongly produced moderately, base wide, triangular. <b>Second gonapophyses</b>: Anterior medial surface slightly convex. <b>Interramal sclerite</b>: Dorsomedial region flat, not produced anteriorly, posteromedial portion with tumid process abutting ovipositor bulb, lateral ventromedial regions overlapping ventromedial plate. <b>Interramal lobe</b>: Dorsal or basal insertion with membranous attachment; dorsomedial margin not produced as lobe; ventral projection long with concave anterior surface. HOSTS: The breeding host for <i>S. robustus</i> is <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> (Asteraceae), including <i>A. tridentata</i> ssp. <i>parishii</i>, in California, and the widely distributed nominal subspecies. Many specimens were also collected from unidentified species of <i>Artemisia</i> throughout the distributional range of <i>S. robustus</i>. Fewer specimens were taken on five other Asteraceae: <i>Achillea millefolium</i>, <i>Artemisia cana</i>, <i>A. frigida</i>, <i>Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus</i>, and unknown species of <i>Chrysothamnus</i>. The limited number of non-Asteraceae records are considered sitting records and not indicative of breeding hosts. In central Oregon, <i>S. robustus</i> (identified as <i>S. nevadensis</i>) was collected along with three phyline plant bugs from <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> as part of a study of the effects of secondary plant chemistry and bird predation on the sagebrush arthropods (Wiens et al., 1991). DISTRIBUTION: Western North America from the Okanagan Valley of southern British Columbia southeast to the central Rocky Mountains of Colorado and southwest to southern California (map 13). Although widely cited (e.g., Kelton, 1968; Knight, 1970; Henry and Wheeler, 1988), I have not located specimens of <i>S. robustus</i> from Texas. COLLECTION SUMMARY: 985 from 226 collection events. Earliest collections in May are from California and the Columbia Basin of Washington. Most collection events are from June and July with August dates predominating at higher latitude and elevation. DISCUSSION: Kelton (1968) designated a specimen with the labels ‘‘ <i>Stiphrosoma robusta</i> Uhl., Colo. 191; P.R. Uhler Collection; No. 69538’’ as the lectotype of <i>Stiphrosoma robusta</i> (USNM). This specimen could not be found in the holdings of the CNC or the running and type collections of the USNM. Uhler (1895) described <i>Stiphrosoma robusta</i> based on two females from Colorado. There are several specimens in the USNM with a least these two labels: ‘‘Colo [printed] <i>###</i> (<i>#</i>) [handwritten]’’ and ‘‘PR Uhler Collection’’ (<i>#</i> 191 [&amp;female;], <i>#</i> 1329 [8], <i>#</i> 1332 [8], <i>#</i> 1412 [2&amp;female;], <i>#</i> 1581 [98, 13&amp;female;], <i>#</i> 1686 [8, &amp;female;], <i>#</i> 2010 [&amp;female;], <i>#</i> 2012 [8, 4&amp;female;], <i>#</i> 2158 [48, 3&amp;female;], <i>#</i> 2193 [28, 3&amp;female;]). The <i>#</i> 191 female has three additional labels: ‘‘ <i>Stiphrosoma robusta</i> Uhler’’ in Uhler’s handwriting; ‘‘ <i>Stiphrosoma robusta</i> Uhler’’ [handwritten] and ‘‘Det UHLER’’ [printed]; and a red label. This is probably the specimen designated by Kelton (1968), although in the note book of Gillette and Baker collection codes held in the USNM, <i>#</i> 191 references a specimen from ‘‘M.A.C.’’ [Michigan Agriculture College?], ‘‘breeding cage,’’ ‘‘5–20–90, ‘‘C.F. B[aker].’’ None of the specimens numbers listed above exactly matches the original description of ‘‘Steamboat Springs, July 26th (Gillette).’’ As <i>#</i> 191 agrees with the original description and concept of <i>robusta</i>, I have applied two labels to it in order to stabilize the intent of Uhler and clarify the ambiguous lectotype designation of Kelton: AMNH_PBI 00134033 and LECTOTYPE &amp;female; <i>Stiphrosoma robusta</i> Uhler, 1895, desig. by M.D. Schwartz, 2010 [red label]. Knight (1970) described the nominal species <i>S. nevadensis</i> from two males collected near Las Vegas, Nevada. In his key <i>S. nevadensis</i> and <i>S. robustus</i> are separated by a comparison of antennal segment II length to vertex and eye width and male body length. The segment is subequal to the width of the vertex and an eye and the body is 4.20 in <i>S. robustus</i>; in <i>S. nevadensis</i> the segment is not equal to the combined width and the length is 3.20. The form of the right paramere was also presumed to be diagnostic for the two nominal species. Having examined large numbers of specimens, including the types and associated material, from a variety of localities and hosts, I cannot find constant differences in body length, ratio of antennal segment II to head, or genitalic structure to support the distinction. My observations show that <i>S. robustus</i> has great size variation. The male body length ranges from 3.35 to 5.13 and the ratio of the head width to length of antennal segment II is from 1.12 to 1.63. Even though Knight (1970) illustrated the right paramere of the two nominal species, my comparisons suggest that these renderings do not document the variation that actually exists (cf. fig. 72A–F). There are no discrete differences in body size, head, vertex, and pronotal width, antennal segment II length, and structure of the right paramere that are correlated or tied to a particular geographical region. Short body length is found in specimens from southern Nevada as well as central Oregon (Silver and Summer lakes). Generally smaller specimens occur at lower elevations (approx. 1300 m) in and around the Great Basin whereas larger specimens are found at higher elevation (approx. 2700 m) and higher latitude (approx. 446 N). The long, moderately sparse, black vestiture of the dorsum, black body and appendages, relatively short antennal segment II, and the structure of the endosomal spicule as in figure 73A are unique and sufficient to diagnose this species. I therefore treat <i>S.</i> <i>nevadensis</i> as a junior synonym of <i>S. robustus</i>. There is variation in the shape of the right paramere, especially in the number of apical spines and apical structure of the spine adjacent to the basal lobe. The apical region can be entire (fig. 72E) or with bifurcate spines of variable size and separation (fig. 72A–D, E). Neither Kelton (1968) or Knight (1970) documented the two small apical spines as shown in figure 72A, E, from Gould and Steamboat Springs, Colorado, respectively. Two large apical spines, as seen in figure 72B for a Nevada specimen, were also found in some specimens from British Columbia. The basal spine can also be entire (fig. 72A, D–F) or bifurcate (fig. 72B, C). Nonetheless, the structure of the endosomal spicule is consistent in all specimens examined from across the range of <i>robustus</i>; all are nearly identical to figure 73A. I do note that the curvature of the long ventral lobe can change depending on the storage medium. Based on the cladistic analysis, <i>S. robustus</i> was not placed in a species group, but either as the sister to the <i>flavipes</i> group (fig. 1B, D) or as the sister to a large number of species (fig. 2), sometimes including <i>S. ambrosiae</i> (fig. 1A). Different sets of character pairs unambiguously support each of these arrangements of species. Black legs (5-2, homoplasious; 6-1, nonhomoplasious) partially define the node containing <i>S. robustus</i> and the <i>argenteus</i>, <i>hirtus</i>, and <i>punctatus</i> groups (fig. 2). Ambiguous support for this arrangement is provided by vestiture coloration (9-0) and the structure of the anterior portion of the right paramere (40-1). The smooth distal portion of the ventral lobe of endosomal spicule (34-1) and the left first gonapophysis overlapping the right (51- 0) gives nonhomoplasious support to the sister relationship of <i>S. robustus</i> and the <i>flavipes</i> group (fig. 1B). Additionally, vestiture coloration (9-0) and the structure of the anterior portion of the right paramere (40-2) provide ambiguous support to this arrangement. An arrangement (fig. 1A) where <i>S. robustus</i> is the sister to <i>S. ambrosiae</i> and the <i>apache</i>, <i>argenteus</i>, <i>hirtus</i>, and <i>punctatus</i> groups receives homoplasious support from the structure of the dorsal lobe of the endosomal spicule (36-3) and the ventral labiate plate (59-1). Depending on the optimization, ambiguous support for this arrangement is provided by two to five additional characters. LECTOTYPE: <b> USA: Colorado: <i>Unknown co.:</i></b> ‘‘ Colo 191,’’ unknown, 1&amp;female; (AMNH _ PBI 00134033) (USNM). HOLOTYPES: <b> Nevada: <i>Clark Co.:</i></b> Moapa [36.675556 N 114.620556 W], 25 May 1963, R.C. Bechtel, 18 (AMNH _ PBI 00122256) (USNM) (<i>S. nevadensis</i>: junior synonym); <b> Utah: <i>Wasatch Co.:</i></b> Heber [City] [40.506946 N 111.41256 W], 05 Jul 1922, E.P. Van Duzee 18, not examined (CAS) (<i>S. uniformis</i>: junior synonym). OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: <b>CANADA: British Columbia:</b> 4 mi E of Cawston, 49.191756 N 119.72376 W, 09 Jul 1959, L.A. Kelton, 18 (00111004) (CNC). Mount Kobau, 11 km NW of Osoyoos, 15 km SE of Summit, 49.101976 N 119.614096 W, 964 m, 30 Aug 1993, M.D. Schwartz, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i>, 48 (00110982, 00111005–00111006, 00115512) 3&amp;female; (00111007–00111009) (CNC). Osoyoos [on Rt 3], 49.008456 N 119.409876 W, 560 m, 08 Jul 1991 – 3 Jul 1991, unknown, 18 (RBCM). <b> USA: Arizona: <i>Coconino Co.:</i></b> Jacob Lake, 34.321116 N 110.846 W, 05 Jun 1969, W.F. Chamberlain, 1&amp;female; (00118262) (TAMU). <b> California: <i>Alpine Co.:</i></b> Ebbetts Pass, Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail, Toiyabe National Forest on Rt 4, 38.544446 N 119.810836 W, 2661 m, 05 Jul 1994, M.D. Schwartz, <i>Artemisia</i> sp., 2&amp;female; (00111012, 00111013) (CNC). Monitor Pass, 38.675566 N 119.619446 W, 06 Aug 1962, D.R. Smith, 18 (00118068) (ORSU). Monitor Pass, just W of, on Rt 89, 38.665336 N 119.641166 W, 2550 m, 27 Jul 1999, M.D. Schwartz, <i>Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus</i>, 28 (00111010–00111011) (CNC). <i>Kern Co.:</i> E of Caliente on Walker Basin Road, 35.387746 N 118.4256 W, 1220 m, 22 May 2004, Schuh, Cassis, Schwartz, Weirauch, Wyniger, Forero, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> ssp. <i>parishii</i>, det. A. Sanders UCR 140648, 48 (00108002–00108005) (AM), <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> ssp. <i>parishii</i>, det. A. Sanders UCR 140648, 28 (00107999–00108000), 1&amp;female; (00108001) (AMNH). S of Tehachapi on Water Canyon Rd, 35.095636 N 118.49096 W, 1445 m, 21 May 2004, Schuh, Cassis, Schwartz, Weirauch, Wyniger, Forero, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> ssp. <i>parishii</i>, det. A. Sanders UCR 140648 [PBI CAL04-H5], 18 (00137233) (AMNH). nr Walker Pass, 35.66256 N 118.025836 W, 1524 m, 30 May 1981, J.T. Polhemus, 1&amp;female; (00116754) (JTP). <i>Lassen Co.:</i> Blue Lake, 41.148896 N 120.289726 W, 19 Jun 1947 – 20 Jun 1947, R.L. Usinger, 18 (00119265) (UCB). Martin Springs, T31N R9E Sec 14, 40.551816 N 120.926316 W, 1830 m, 23 Jul 1922, J.O. Martin, 1&amp;female; (00242622) (CAS). <i>Modoc Co.:</i> 2.5 mi S of Rt 139 toward Lookout, 41.171916 N 121.154176 W, 1440 m, 06 Jul 1979, R.T. and Joe Schuh, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i>, 28 (00107862, 00108014), 7&amp;female; (00108015–00108021), <i>Lupinus</i> sp. (Fabaceae), 18 (00108013) (AMNH). 24.7 mi NW of Canby, 41.696386 N 121.207326 W, 1375 m, 01 Jul 1979, R.T. Schuh and B.M. Massie, 1&amp;female; (00108032) (AMNH). W of Cedarville, Cedar Pass, 41.56256 N 120.267786 W, 1850 m, 01 Jul 1979, R.T. Schuh and B.M. Massie, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i>, 38 (00108008– 00108010), 2&amp;female; (00108011–00108012) (AMNH). <i>Mono Co.:</i> Bridgeport, 38.255836 N 119.230286 W, 28 Jul 1963, W.F. Chamberlain, 1&amp;female; (00118231) (TAMU). Coleville, 38.566396 N 119.506116 W, 1585 m, 10 Jun 1966, W. Gagne, 38 (00119230–00119232), 2&amp;female; (00119233–00119234) (UCB); 06 Jul 1966, C.W. O’Brien, 1&amp;female; (00119267) (UCB). Conway Pass, 38.088066 N 119.180836 W, 18 Jun 1959, Frank M. Beer, 1&amp;female; (00118072) (ORSU). Devils Gate Summit, 38.414176 N 119.169726 W, 2292 m, 06 Jul 1966, L. and C.W. O’Brien, 38 (00119225, 00119235–00119236), 3&amp;female; (00119237–00119239) (UCB). Mono Lake, N edge at Rt 395, 38.073156 N 119.167456 W, 2187 m, 11 Jul 1980, R.T. Schuh and G.M. Stonedahl, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i>, 3&amp;female; (00108027– 00108029) (AMNH). Toms Place, 37.561396 N 118.680286 W, 09 May 1966, unknown, 28 (00119240–00119241), 5&amp;female; (00119242–00119246) (UCB). Virginia Lakes, 38.050126 N 119.256546 W, 2972 m, 15 Aug 1962, H.B. Leech, 18 (00242620) (CAS). <i>Nevada Co.:</i> 7 mi N of Truckee, Sagehen Creek, 39.438546 N 120.193376 W, 29 Jul 1962, J.T. Doyen, 18 (00119264) (UCB). 17 mi N of Truckee, 39.574486 N 120.182226 W, 21 Jul 1970, H.D. Hertert, 18 (00122330) (UID). Donner Lake, 39.32256 N 120.265286 W, 28 Jul 1932, R.L. Usinger, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i>, 18 (00119247), 10&amp;female; (00119248–00119257) (UCB). Truckee, Tahoe National Forest, 39.328066 N 120.182226 W, 29 Aug 1967, L.A. Kelton, <i>Artemisia</i> sp., 9&amp;female; (00111014–00111022) (CNC). <i>Riverside Co.:</i> Hemet Reservoir, San Jacinto Mountains, 33.74756 N 116.971116 W, 22 May 1940, C.D. Michener, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i>, 28 (00119224, 00119260), 1&amp;female; (00119261) (UCB). Herkey Creek, San Jacinto Mountains, 33.669176 N 116.680286 W, 04 Jun 1940, unknown, <i>Adenostoma</i> sp. (Rosaceae), 1&amp;female; (00242621) (CAS); 04 Jun 1940, C.D. Michener, 1&amp;female; (00119262) (UCB); 04 Jun 1940, R.L. Usinger, <i>Arctostaphylos</i> sp. (Ericaceae), 1&amp;female; (00119263) (UCB). <i>San Bernardino Co.:</i> Cajon Pass, 34.326456 N 117.428696 W, 1177 m, 06 Jun 1935, P.W. Oman, 1&amp;female; (00134528) (USNM). E of Wrightwood on Rt 2, 2 km W of Rt 138, Los Angeles National Forest, 34.378246 N 117.61176 W, 1556 m, 18 May 2004, Schuh, Cassis, Schwartz, Weirauch, Wyniger, Forero, 18 (00091705) (AM). Mojave River Forks, 10 km SE of Hesperia, 34.349276 N 117.240646 W, 901 m, 14 May 1985, M. Clement, 18 (00119803) (UCR); 06 May 1986, Anja Lachmann (for Ent. 109), 18 (00119796) (UCR). Oro Grande Wash, 11 mi S of Adelanto, 34.421336 N 117.403916 W, 26 May 1941, Timberlake, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i>, 28 (00119801–00119802) (UCR). Just E of Wrightwood on Rt 2, 34.357746 N 117.61056 W, 1700 m, 18 May 2004, Schuh, Cassis, Schwartz, Weirauch, Wyniger, Forero, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> ssp. <i>parishii</i>, det. A. Sanders UCR 140648, 18 (00108006), 1&amp;female; (00108007) (AM), <i>Artemisia tridentata</i> ssp. <i>parishii</i>, det. Field ID, 198 (00322776, 00322777, 00322780– 00322796), 5&amp;female; (00322773–00322775, 00322778, 00322779) (AMNH). <i>San Diego Co.:</i> Buckmans Springs, 32.771526 N 116.4926 W, 1021 m, 06 Jun 1928, C.C. Searl, <i>Arctostaphylos</i> sp. (Ericaceae), 1&amp;female; (00244260) (SDNH); 19 Jun 1951, C.F. Harbison, 1&amp;female; (00244259) (SDNH). Morena Dam, 32.780836 N 117.206946 W, 26 May 1929, C.C. Searl, 38 (00244245–00244247), 4&amp;female; (00244248–00244251) (SDNH). Pine Valley, 32.835836 N 116.533616 W, 1190 m, 13 Jun 1927, C.C. Searl, 28 (00244252–00244253), 4&amp;female; (00244254–00244257) (SDNH); 04 Jun 1928, C.C. Searl, 1&amp;female; (00244261) (SDNH); 11 Jun 1953, C.F. Harbison, 1&amp;female; (00244258) (SDNH). Warner Springs, 33.049696 N 117.042336 W, 29 May 1978, Brown and Faulkner, 78 (00244238–00244244) (SDNH). <i>Sierra Co.:</i> 5 mi S of Sierraville, 39.517246 N 120.366396 W, 18 Jun 1966, C.W. O’Brien, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i>, 18 (00119258), 1&amp;female; (00119259) (UCB). <i>Siskiyou Co.:</i> 2 mi N of Tule Lake Refuge Headquarters, 41.938356 N 121.531946 W, 1219 m, 26 Jun 1979, G.M. Stonedahl, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i>, 1&amp;female; (00108031) (AMNH). Grass Lake, 41.6356 N 122.190286 W, 1524 m, 04 Jul 1952, M.A. Cazier, W. Gertsch, and R. Schrammel, 18 (00108033) (AMNH). Lava Beds National Monument near Headquarters, 41.753336 N 121.505566 W, 1560 m, 26 Jun 1979, R.T. and Joe Schuh, <i>Artemisia tridentata</i>, 1&amp;female; (00108030) (AMNH). Macdoel, 41.826946 N 122.004176 W, 01 Jul 1935, P.W. Oman, 18 (00134539) (USNM). Shovel Creek Meadow, Willow Creek Mountain, 41.971116 N 122.201416 W, 10 Aug 1962, W. Peters and J. Schuh, 18 (00118069), 2&amp;female; (00118070–0011807
description: Published as part of <i>Schwartz, Michael D., 2011, Revision And Phylogenetic Analysis Of The North American Genus Slaterocoris Wagner With New Synonymy, The Description Of Five New Species And A New Genus From Mexico, And A Review Of The Genus Scalponotatus Kelton (Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae), pp. 1-290 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2011 (354)</i> on pages 268-273, DOI: 10.1206/354.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5407316
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