Paurocephala Crawford 1913
Creators: name: Aléné Geonho Cho, Daniel Burckhardt Liliya Š. Serbina Igor Malenovský Dalva L. Queiroz Désirée C.
name: Percy, Diana M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Liviidae
Paurocephala

description: Paurocephala Crawford, 1913
Paurocephala Crawford 1913: 293.
Type species: Paurocephala psylloptera Crawford, 1913, by original designation.
= Paurocephala subgenus Thoracocorna Klimaszewski 1970: 427.
Type species: Paurocephala chonchaiensis Boselli, 1929, by original designation. Synonymized with Paurocephala by Loginova 1972: 842.
= Marpsylla Navasero and Calilung 2001: 126.
Type species: Marpsylla baltazarae Navasero and Calilung, 2001, by original designation. Synonymized with Paurocephala by Burckhardt and Ouvrard 2012: 16.
= Pauroterga Navasero 2010: 20.
Type species: Pauroterga zamboangensis Navasero, 2010, by original designation. Synonymized with Paurocephala by Burckhardt and Ouvrard 2012: 16.
Diagnosis: Adult. Head, in lateral view, deflexed 45–80° from longitudinal axis of body (Fig. 1K); in dorsal view, about as wide as or slightly narrower than thorax, moderately to strongly transverse. Vertex rhomboidal; covered in imbricate microsculpture; passing smoothly into genae anteriorly; coronal suture fully developed; genae weakly produced ventrally but not enlarged into processes; frons elliptical (Fig. 3H); median ocellus visible or hidden in perpendicular view to vertex; compound eyes, in dorsal view, hemispherical, adpressed to head. Clypeus pear-shaped, medium-sized to large, rounded ventrally, visible in lateral view. Antenna 8–10 segments, shorter to much longer than head width; flagellum usually with simple setae, rarely with a bifid seta associated the rhinaria; in 10-segmented antenna, segment 3 longest, longer than segments 4–5 together and shorter than segments 4–7 together, and segments 4, 6, 8, and 9 bearing each a subapical rhinarium lacking a wreath of spines. Thorax moderately slender to relatively robust; dorsal outline, in lateral view, weakly curved. Pronotum, in dorsal view, weakly curved posteriad laterally; propleurites subrectangular, divided by perpendicular suture into larger epimeron and smaller episternum. Metapostnotum (Fig. 4D) with conical horn. Mesosternum (Fig. 5E) narrower than head, forming transverse band more than three times as wide as long laterally; anterior margin weakly concave; pleurosternal suture not visible; basisternum large, oval to rhomboida; katepisternum large antero-laterally, bent dorsad laterally; angle between arms of precoxale obtuse. Pro- and mesotibiae cylindrical. Metacoxa with slender, tubular, apically blunt meracanthus (Fig. 6D). Metafemur with the three ventral sense organs in submedial position (Fig. 6N); apex with a group of stout long setae. Metatibia shorter or longer than metafemur, hardly widened apically, with weakly sclerotized spur-like setae along length of metatibia similar to those that are at apex; bearing seven or eight evenly spaced, apical, weakly sclerotized spurs, without posterior peg-like or thorn-like setae (Fig. 7L). Basal metatarsal segments as long as or longer than apical segment. Forewing oblong-oval, widest in the middle or in apical third; 2.1–2.5 times as long as wide, membranous; vein C + Sc weakly convex, slender, distinctly delimited from cell; costal break developed, close to apex of vein R 1; pterostigma narrow or wide, entirely membranous; nodal line developed; vein R usually as long as but rarely shorter than M + Cu; vein Rs weakly or strongly convex relative to costal margin or sinuous; vein M longer than M 1 + 2; vein Cu 1a curved towards anal margin; veins M 1 + 2 and M 3 + 4 perpendicular or oblique to wing margin apically; anal break adjacent to apex of vein Cu 1b; surface spinules fine or coarse, spaced or dense, present in all cells, or sometimes partially lacking. Hindwing slightly shorter than forewing; with one to three costal setae proximal to costal break and two distinct groups distal to costal break, with one or two setae proximally and two to five setae distally; vein R + M + Cu indistinctly trifurcating, base of vein Cu indistinct. Abdominal base with a sclerotized area on either side covered in spines, sometimes forming finger-like process (Fig. 8O, P). Aedeagus with proximal portion strongly subdivided subapically; apex of distal portion differentiated from stem. Female subgenital plate bearing apical process.
Last instar immature. Antenna three to nine segments; segmentation of flagellum sometimes incomplete; bearing sectasetae or lanceolate setae on antennal flagellum. Mid- and hindlegs without massive peg-like setae. Dorsal body surface usually lacking clavate setae. Precaudal abdominal tergites lacking densely spaced simple setae or sectasetae. Anus in ventral position; lacking additional pore fields.
Comments: The monophyly of Paurocephala is strongly supported in all molecular analyses (Fig. 10; Supporting Information, File S4) and by four synapomorphies in the morphological analysis (Fig. 11). Included species, distribution, and host plants are summarized in Table 3 and Supporting Information, File S3.
description: Published as part of Aléné Geonho Cho, Daniel Burckhardt Liliya Š. Serbina Igor Malenovský Dalva L. Queiroz Désirée C. & Percy, Diana M., 2024, Phylogeny and classification of jumping plant lice of the subfamily Liviinae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) based on molecular and morphological data, pp. 387-421 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 201 (2) on page 412, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad128, http://zenodo.org/record/13219879