cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Yukawa bosons in two-dimensional Harmonic confinement
Creators: name: Rajagopal, K. K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The ground state property of Yukawa Bose fluid confined in a radial harmonic trap is studied. The calculation was carried out using the density functional theory formalism within the Kohn-Sham scheme. The excess-correlation energy for this inhomogeneous fluid is approximated via the local density approximation. A comparison is also made with the Gross-Piteavskii model. We found that the system of bosons interacting in terms of Yukawa potential in a harmonic trap is energetically favorable compared to the ones interacting via contact delta potential.
description: 12pages, 3 figures
U.S. State-Level Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Spatial-Temporal Econometric Approach of the Environmental Kuznets Curve
Creators: name: Burnett, J. Wesley
name: Bergstrom, John C.
name: Burnett, J. Wesley
name: Bergstrom, John C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Environmental Kuznets Curve
subject: Carbon Dioxide
subject: Spatial Econometrics
subject: Panel Data Econometrics
subject: Time Series Analysis
subject: Environmental Economics
subject: Pollution Economics

description: One of the major criticisms of past environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) studies is that the spatiotemporal aspects within the data have largely been ignored. By ignoring the spatial aspect of pollution emissions past estimates of the EKC implicitly assume that a region’s emissions are unaffected by events in neighboring regions (i.e., assume there are no transboundary pollution emissions between neighbors). By ignoring the spatial aspects within the data several past estimates of the EKC could have generated biased or inconsistent regression results. By ignoring the temporal aspect within the data several past estimates of the EKC could have generated spurious regression results or misspecified t and F statistics. To address this potential misspecification we estimate the relationship between state-level carbon dioxide emissions and income (GDP) accounting for both the spatiotemporal components within the data. Specifically, we estimate a dynamic spatiotemporal panel model using a newly proposed robust, spatial fixed effects model. This new estimation scheme is appropriate for panels with large N and T. Consistent with the EKC hypothesis we find the inverted-U shaped relationship between CO2 emissions and income. Further, we find adequate evidence that carbon dioxide emissions and state-level GDP are temporally and spatially dependent. These findings offer policy implications for both interstate energy trade and pollution emission regulations. These implications are particularly important for the formulation of national policies related to the 2009 Copenhagen Treaty in which the U.S. has committed to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions over the next twenty years.
Quantile-Quantile Embedding for Distribution Transformation and Manifold Embedding with Ability to Choose the Embedding Distribution
Creators: name: Ghojogh, Benyamin
name: Karray, Fakhri
name: Crowley, Mark
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Computation (stat.CO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We propose a new embedding method, named Quantile-Quantile Embedding (QQE), for distribution transformation and manifold embedding with the ability to choose the embedding distribution. QQE, which uses the concept of quantile-quantile plot from visual statistical tests, can transform the distribution of data to any theoretical desired distribution or empirical reference sample. Moreover, QQE gives the user a choice of embedding distribution in embedding the manifold of data into the low dimensional embedding space. It can also be used for modifying the embedding distribution of other dimensionality reduction methods, such as PCA, t-SNE, and deep metric learning, for better representation or visualization of data. We propose QQE in both unsupervised and supervised forms. QQE can also transform a distribution to either an exact reference distribution or its shape. We show that QQE allows for better discrimination of classes in some cases. Our experiments on different synthetic and image datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed embedding method.
description: Published in Machine Learning with Applications, Elsevier, Volume 6, Pages 100088, 2021
Relativistic Parker winds with variable effective polytropic index
Creators: name: Meliani, Z.
name: Sauty, C.
name: Tsinganos, K.
name: Vlahakis, N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Spherically symmetric hydrodynamical outflows accelerated thermally in the vicinity of a compact object are studied by generalizing an equation of state with a variable effective polytropic index, appropriate to describe relativistic temperatures close to the central object and nonrelativistic ones further away. Relativistic effects introduced by the Schwarzschild metric and the presence of relativistic temperatures in the corona are compared with previous results for a constant effective polytropic index and also with results of the classical wind theory. By a parametric study of the polytropic index and the location of the sonic transition it is found that space time curvature and relativistic temperatures tend to increase the efficiency of thermal driving in accelerating the outflow. Thus conversely to the classical Parker wind, the outflow is accelerated even for polytropic indices higher than 3/2. The results of this simple but fully relativistic extension of the polytropic equation of state may be useful in simulations of outflows from hot coronae in black hole magnetospheres.
description: Accepted for publication in A&A, 10 page, 11 figures
Dynamic Optimization of Nitrogen Use in Agriculture
Creators: name: Burnett, J. Wesley
name: Ferrer, Myra Clarisse R.
name: Burnett, J. Wesley
name: Ferrer, Myra Clarisse R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Environmental Economics
subject: Nitrogen/Nitrate Contamination
subject: Dynamic Optimization
subject: Agriculture

description: Agricultural production is highly dependent on inorganic substances including fertilizers. High-yielding crop varieties, such as corn, require large amounts of primary nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Farmers often add a surplus of nutrients to crops to maximize yields. Utilization of primary nutrients has increased by more than 300% while that of nitrogen alone has increased by more than 600% between 1960 and 2007 (USDA, 2009). From 1964 to 2007, the use of nitrogen in the corn sector alone increased from 1,623,000 to 5,714,000 nutrient tons (USDA, 2009). While increasing production, increased fertilizer use can potentially create negative externalities in the form of nitrate-nitrogen contamination in groundwater. Groundwater is the source of drinking water for about half the total U.S. population and nearly all of the rural population, and it provides over 50 billion gallons per day for agricultural needs (USGS, 2009). In the U.S. the main source of nitrate pollution in the groundwater results from the actions of farmers through the use of fertilizers and other chemicals (Haller, et al. 2009). Nitrogen-nitrate contamination can have adverse human affects including methemoglobinemia or ―blue-baby‖ syndrome (Majumdar, 2003). The potential for nitrate contamination in corn production is especially problematic as corn alone accounts for over 90% of feed grains produced in the U.S. (USDA, 2009). The USDA estimates that approximately 80 million acres of land is planted to corn, with the majority in the Heartland region (the Midwest) of the U.S. (2009). The Heartland region is primarily rural and much of the population there derives its drinking water from groundwater. Therefore, the potential for groundwater contamination is greatly increased in this region.
Experimental Evidence for the Pentaquark
Creators: name: Carman, D. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The present experimental evidence for the existence of light pentaquarks is reviewed, including both positive and null results. I also discuss the CLAS experiments at Jefferson Laboratory that are forthcoming in the near future to address questions regarding existence, mass, width, and other quantum numbers of these five-quark baryon states.
description: 6 pages, 5 figures, Electron-Nucleus Scattering VIII conference
How Culture Drives Economic Behavior in Cooperatives
Creators: name: Hogeland, Julie A.
name: Hogeland, Julie A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: Institutional and Behavioral Economics

description: The core cognitive foundation of cooperative values, norms and beliefs can need updating and refurbishing just like the hard economic assets of plant and equipment that maintain their visible, outward structure. Import competition, agricultural industrialization, and market failure have led cooperatives to question beliefs which put the survival of the farm above the cooperative. Jeffersonian agrarian values contributed to a culture where cooperatives were run for the needs of farmers, not consumers. This led cooperatives to over-expand into commodity areas that were not economically sustainable. Or, cooperatives compensated growers for poor production decisions at a cost to other members. These values were based on a cultural model that "cooperatives were like a family." Trying to provide a small town personal ambiance and the efficiencies of large scale production within the same organization is a cultural model that cooperatives used to "be all things to all people". Farmer attrition has forced cooperatives into adopting a core business focus where co-ops shed all businesses except those they can do very well. This cultural transition has been aided by agricultural industrialization's focus on the farmer as individual "farm manager", in contrast to the idealized Jeffersonian farm family. Cooperatives are now seen as separate and independent of the farmer, not as an extension of the farm, giving co-ops greater latitude to be more market driven.
Blind Direction-of-Arrival Estimation in Acoustic Vector-Sensor Arrays via Tensor Decomposition and Kullback-Leibler Divergence Covariance Fitting
Creators: name: Weiss, Amir
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: Applications (stat.AP)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: A blind Direction-of-Arrivals (DOAs) estimate of narrowband signals for Acoustic Vector-Sensor (AVS) arrays is proposed. Building upon the special structure of the signal measured by an AVS, we show that the covariance matrix of all the received signals from the array admits a natural low-rank 4-way tensor representation. Thus, rather than estimating the DOAs directly from the raw data, our estimate arises from the unique parametric Canonical Polyadic Decomposition (CPD) of the observations' Second-Order Statistics (SOSs) tensor. By exploiting results from fundamental statistics and the recently re-emerging tensor theory, we derive a consistent blind CPD-based DOAs estimate without prior assumptions on the array configuration. We show that this estimate is a solution to an equivalent approximate joint diagonalization problem, and propose an ad-hoc iterative solution. Additionally, we derive the Cramér-Rao lower bound for Gaussian signals, and use it to derive the iterative Fisher scoring algorithm for the computation of the Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) in this particular signal model. We then show that the MLE for the Gaussian model can in fact be used to obtain improved DOAs estimates for non-Gaussian signals as well (under mild conditions), which are optimal under the Kullback-Leibler divergence covariance fitting criterion, harnessing additional information encapsulated in the SOSs. Our analytical results are corroborated by simulation experiments in various scenarios, which also demonstrate the considerable improved accuracy w.r.t. a competing state-of-the-art blind estimate for AVS arrays, reducing the resulting root mean squared error by up to more than an order of magnitude.
description: Page 5, eq. (19) corrected + some minor text corrections
Four Dimensional Supergravity from String Theory
Creators: name: Deo, B. B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A derivation of N=1 supergravity action from string theory is presented. Starting from a Nambu-Goto bosonic string, matter field is introduced to obtain a superstring in four dimension. The excitation quanta of this string contain graviton and the gravitino. Using the principle of equivalence, the action in curved space time are found and the sum of them is the Deser-Zumino N=1 supergravity action. The energy tensor is Lorentz invariant due to supersymmetry.
description: 9 pages
Nonconservation of the Quantum Number K and Phase Transitions in Rapidly Rotating Nuclei
Creators: name: Kamchatnov, A. M.
name: Nosov, V. G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Three different effects observed in experiments with rotating nuclei--backbending, noncollective quadrupole transitions between different levels of the same band, and transitions that occur, in rapidly rotating nuclei, from large-$K$ isomeric states immediately to the levels of a rotational band despite their strong forbiddenness in $K$--are explained in terms of nonconservation of the quantum number $K$ in such nuclei.
description: 4 pages, 2 figures
Zoo of quantum phases and excitations of cold bosonic atoms in optical lattices
Creators: name: Alon, Ofir E.
name: Streltsov, Alexej I.
name: Cederbaum, Lorenz S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Quantum phases and phase transitions of weakly- to strongly-interacting bosonic atoms in deep to shallow optical lattices are described by a {\it single multi-orbital mean-field approach in real space}. For weakly-interacting bosons in 1D, the critical value of the superfluid to Mott insulator (MI) transition found is in excellent agreement with {\it many-body} treatments of the Bose-Hubbard model. For strongly-interacting bosons, (i) additional MI phases appear, for which two (or more) atoms residing in {\it each site} undergo a Tonks-Girardeau-like transition and localize and (ii) on-site excitation becomes the excitation lowest in energy. Experimental implications are discussed.
description: 12 pages, 3 figures
Spatial Analysis of the Evolvement of Urban and Rural Economic Disparity in Yunnan Province, China
Creators: name: Sun, Li-Ping
name: Sun, Li-Ping
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Urban and rural economic disparity
subject: Theil index
subject: Yunnan Province
subject: China

description: The per capita disposable income of urban households and the per capita net income of rural households in Yunnan Province are selected as the variable indices. Data are from the Yunnan Statistical Yearbook and the Yunnan Statistical Yearbook[7-8]. Theil index and RHL value are used to carry out quantitative research on the occurrence, development and change of urban and rural economic disparity in Yunnan Province, China. Regression analysis on the evolvement trend of urban and rural economic disparity and spatial analysis on the convergence and divergence of urban and rural disparity caused by economic growth in Yunnan Province are carried out. Result shows that cities in Yunnan Province show a downward convergence; while rural areas show a downward divergence in the years 1978-2007, causing the economic disparity between urban and rural areas. Therefore, urban and rural disparity increases in Yunnan Province and the development of rural areas lags far behind the development of urban areas. Urban and rural economic disparity in Yunnan Province shows an inverted “U” shape of Kuznets Curve. In order to promote the coordinated development of urban and rural economy, suggestions are put forward, such as adopting the unbalanced development strategy, accelerating the overall economic development, promoting the development of small and medium-sized cities, enhancing the integration of urban and rural economics, appropriately supporting rural areas under poverty, and fully exerting the comparative advantage.
The Origin and Evolution of Lyman-alpha Blobs in Cosmological Galaxy Formation Simulations
Creators: name: Kimock, Benjamin
name: Narayanan, Desika
name: Smith, Aaron
name: Ma, Xiangcheng
name: Feldmann, Robert
name: Anglés-Alcázar, Daniel
name: Bromm, Volker
name: Dave, Romeel
name: Geach, James E.
name: Hopkins, Philip
name: Kereš, Dušan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: High-redshift Lyman-alpha blobs (LABs) are an enigmatic class of objects that have been the subject of numerous observational and theoretical investigations. It is of particular interest to determine the dominant power sources for the copious luminosity, as direct emission from HII regions, cooling gas, and fluorescence due to the presence of active galactic nuclei (AGN) can all contribute significantly. In this paper, we present the first theoretical model to consider all of these physical processes in an attempt to develop an evolutionary model for the origin of high-z LABs. This is achieved by combining a series of high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations with ionization and Lyman-alpha (Lya) radiative transfer models. We find that massive galaxies display a range of Lya luminosities and spatial extents (which strongly depend on the limiting surface brightness used) over the course of their lives, though regularly exhibit luminosities and sizes consistent with observed LABs. The model LABs are typically powered from a combination of recombination in star-forming galaxies, as well as cooling emission from gas associated with accretion. When AGN are included in the model, the fluorescence caused by AGN-driven ionization can be a significant contributor to the total Lya luminosity as well. We propose that the presence of an AGN may be predicted from the Gini coefficient of the blob's surface brightness. Within our modeled mass range, there are no obvious threshold physical properties that predict appearance of LABs, and only weak correlations of the luminosity with the physical properties of the host galaxy. This is because the emergent Lya luminosity from a system is a complex function of the gas temperature, ionization state, and Lya escape fraction.
description: Submitted to ApJ; comments welcome. 23 pages, 21 figures
The irruption theory: How mind and matter meet along the route to consciousness
Creators: name: Froese, Tom
name: Koroma, Matthieu
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: irruption theory
agency
free-will
volition
consciousness
psychedelics

description: In this interview, Tom Froese and Matthieu Koroma address the irruption theory, an account of how mental actions manifest themselves as unexplained variability in brain and bodily activity. We discuss how this approach can be applied to trace back consciousness in (neuro)physiological signatures such as scale free activity and informational complexity. We highlight the study of altered states of consciousness as an opportunity to disentangle the physiological correlates of consciousness from agency. We conclude by addressing how irruption theory provides insights into the therapeutic effects of psychedelics and the importance of crafting an appropriate context to consciously shape agency and behavior.
Financial Support for Farmers’ Cooperative Organizations --A Case of Yunan Province, China
Creators: name: Chen, Ying
name: Chen, Ying
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Famers’ cooperative organizations
subject: Financial support
subject: Yunnan Province
subject: China

description: In the paper, the status quo of the development of farmers’ cooperative organizations in Yunnan Province is introduced. And then a series of problems exist in the financial support of farmers’ cooperatives in Yunnan is analyzed, covering the unitary mainstay of credit and loan supply; inadequate credit and loan supply caused by famers’ lack of security and mortgage; farmers’ difficulties in loaning from banks or other financial institutions; single financial service, which can not satisfy the demands of farmers; the private loans are active while lacks right direction and guide; the outflow of capital in rural areas has limited the development of rural economy. In view of the above mentioned problems, countermeasures and relevant suggestions are put forward, namely increasing the subjects of the loan and credit supply and expanding the financing channels. Therefore, the spheres of business of the Agricultural Development Bank of China should be expanded. Besides, the support from Agricultural Bank of China for rural construction should be strengthened and the major role played by rural credit cooperatives in rural finance should be enforced. In addition, the innovation of financial products should be highlighted; the appearance of private financing should be allowed; financial support from the government should be increased and the preferential policies for taxes and fees should be implemented.
Evolution of vertebrate brain size is associated with sexual traits
Creators: name: Zhong, Mao Jun
name: Jin, Long
name: Yu, Jian Ping
name: Liao, Wen Bo
Publisher: name: Brill Online
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 60299 Ecology not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: The expensive tissue hypothesis predicts a trade-off between investments in the brain and other energetically costly organs due to the costs associated with their growth and maintenance within the finite energy resources available. However, few studies address the strength of relationships between brain size and investments in precopulatory (ornaments and armaments) and postcopulatory (testes and ejaculates) sexual traits. Here, in a broad comparative study, we tested the prediction that the relationship between brain size and investment in sexual traits differs among taxa relative to the importance of sperm competition within them. We found that brain size was negatively correlated with sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in anurans and primates, and it tended to decrease with SSD in ungulates and cetaceans. However, brain size did not covary significantly with armaments (e.g., canine length, horn, antler, and muscle mass). Brain size was not correlated with postcopulatory sexual traits (testes and ejaculates). The intensity of covariance between brain size and precopulatory sexual traits decreased with increasing relative testis size.
Rural Financial Development and Rural Economic Efficiency Improvement Based on Granger Causality Test
Creators: name: Zeng, Guo-Ping
name: Xu, Xin-Fang
name: Zeng, Guo-Ping
name: Xu, Xin-Fang
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Rural finance
subject: Economic efficiency
subject: Granger Causality Test
subject: China

description: Based on the co-integration test theory, Financial Interrelation Ratio (FIR), level of financial efficiency (LFE), level of financial development (LFD) and other indices evaluating the rural financial development are selected by Granger Causality Test. The rural loan balance (RLB), rural deposit balance (RDB), total rural output (TRO), fixed assets investment(FAI), Financial Interrelation Ratio (FIR), economic efficiency (EE), level of financial efficiency (LFE), and level of financial development (LFD) in the years 1979-2007 are collected. Graphical method intuitively reflects the development trend and historical track of relevant indices; and Granger Causality Test verifies the relationship between rural financial development level and rural economic efficiency in the years 1979-2007. Result shows that rural financial development level has significant impact on rural economic growth, but rural economic growth has no significant impact on rural financial development; and rural financial development also has insignificant promotion impact on rural economic efficiency. Thus, conclusions are obtained. Although rural financial development has made certain contribution to the development of rural economy, this kind of contribution is only reflected in total quantity, but not efficiency. Therefore, government should further strengthen the promotion function of financial development for economic efficiency, and gradually establish a virtuous circle system for rural finance and economic development.
Empirical Analysis on the Rural Urbanization Development in Luoyang City, China
Creators: name: Guo, You-Rong
name: Guo, You-Rong
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Luoyang City
subject: Rural urbanization
subject: Cluster analysis
subject: China

description: Firstly, development status of rural urbanization in Luoyang City is introduced. A total of 6 indices are selected, such as total households in townships, total population in townships, total grain output, financial budget income, balance of savings deposits at the end of the year, and per capita net income of farmers. According to the data in 2009 Luoyang Statistical Yearbook, cluster analysis of 53 designated towns is carried out. Result shows that 53 designated towns are divided into 4 types according to the economic strength. Problems in the development of rural urbanization in Luoyang City are analyzed, such as imperfect management system, lack of effective economic measures, irrational town layout, unbalanced regional development, inadequate urban infrastructure, limited population absorption, lack of main industry small towns, insufficient development capital, serious environmental pollution, and great pressure on environmental protection of towns. Countermeasures for the development of rural urbanization in Luoyang City are put forward. For instance, judging from the dynamic mechanism, Luoyang City should gradually change its dynamic mechanism of urbanization into socialist market system. Judging from the scale of town, Luoyang City should actively develop the central city and cultivate strong counties and key towns. Judging from the function of town, Luoyang should select a special urban development mode with its own characteristics for its development of rural urbanization.
Simulation of progressive damage development in braided composite tubes under axial compression
Creators: name: McGregor, Carla Jane
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Composite materials have recently been investigated as an attractive alternative to traditional materials used as energy absorbers in the automotive industry. One of the factors inhibiting the implementation of these lightweight energy absorbers is the lack of accurate, robust, and physically meaningful material models capable of simulating damage growth in composite materials under a variety of applied loads. A plane-stress continuum damage mechanics based model for composite materials, CODAM (COmposite DAMage), recently developed at the University of British Columbia (Williams, 1998; Williams et al., 2003; Floyd, 2004) has proved to be capable of predicting the complete tensile behaviour of composites from initiation of damage to complete failure. The current study focuses on extending the model to capture the complete compressive response of composite materials as well as their behaviour under load reversals. Refinements to the model are based on the experimentally observed compressive failure mechanisms presented in the literature. In particular, the mechanical consequences of kinking and kink band broadening, in conjunction with matrix cracking and delamination, are represented in the model. The model parameters defining the compressive response are related to experimentally observed behaviour, thus maintaining the physical basis of CODAM. These improvements contribute to the development of CODAM as a predictive tool in the analysis of gross damage growth in composite materials. To demonstrate the capability of the model, the predicted response of braided composite panels under tensile loads, compressive loads and load reversals are compared to experimentally observed behaviours. The model is also evaluated on its ability to predict the damage propagation and energy absorption in axial crushing of braided composite tubes. Model predictions for both panel and tube specimens correlate well with the experimental results. The successful tube crushing predictions suggests that CODAM could offer an attractive design aid for the future incorporation of lightweight composite energy absorbers into crashworthiness structures.
The origin of switching noise in GaAs/AlGaAs lateral gated devices
Creators: name: Pioro-Ladrière, M.
name: Davies, J. H.
name: Long, A. R.
name: Sachrajda, A. S.
name: Gaudreau, L.
name: Zawadzki, P.
name: Lapointe, J.
name: Gupta, J.
name: Wasilewski, Z.
name: Studenikin, S. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have studied the origin of switching (telegraph) noise at low temperature in lateral quantum structures defined electrostatically in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures by surface gates. The noise was measured by monitoring the conductance fluctuations around $e^2/h$ on the first step of a quantum point contact at around 1.2 K. Cooling with a positive bias on the gates dramatically reduces this noise, while an asymmetric bias exacerbates it. We propose a model in which the noise originates from a leakage current of electrons that tunnel through the Schottky barrier under the gate into the doped layer. The key to reducing noise is to keep this barrier opaque under experimental conditions. Bias cooling reduces the density of ionized donors, which builds in an effective negative gate voltage. A smaller negative bias is therefore needed to reach the desired operating point. This suppresses tunnelling from the gate and hence the noise. The reduction in the density of ionized donors also strengthens the barrier to tunneling at a given applied voltage. Support for the model comes from our direct observation of the leakage current into a closed quantum dot, around $10^{-20} \mathrm{A}$ for this device. The current was detected by a neighboring quantum point contact, which showed monotonic steps in time associated with the tunneling of single electrons into the dot. If asymmetric gate voltages are applied, our model suggests that the noise will increase as a consequence of the more negative gate voltage applied to one of the gates to maintain the same device conductance. We observe exactly this behaviour in our experiments.
description: 8 pages, 7 figures
Description of measures and results from Church attendance and alloparenting: an analysis of fertility, social support and child development among English mothers
Creators: name: Shaver, John H.
name: Power, Eleanor A.
name: Purzycki, Benjamin G.
name: Watts, Joseph
name: Sear, Rebecca
name: Shenk, Mary K.
name: Sosis, Richard
name: Bulbulia, Joseph A.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 60801 Animal Behaviour

description: Many aspects of religious rituals suggest they provide adaptive benefits. Studies across societies consistently find that investments in ritual behaviour return high levels of cooperation. Another line of research finds that alloparental support to mothers increases maternal fertility and improves child outcomes. Although plausible, whether religious cooperation extends to alloparenting and/or affects child development remains unclear. Using 10 years of data collected from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we test the predictions that church attendance is positively associated with social support and fertility (N = 8,207 to N = 8,209), and that social support is positively associated with fertility and child development (N = 1,766 to N = 6,561). Results show that: (i) relative to not attending, church attendance is positively related to a woman's social network support and aid from co-religionists, (ii) aid from co-religionists is associated with increased family size, while (iii) fertility declines with extra-religious social network support. Moreover, while extra-religious social network support decreased over time, co-religionist aid remained constant. These findings suggest that religious and secular networks differ in their longevity and have divergent influences on a woman's fertility. We find some suggestive evidence that support to mothers and aid from co-religionists is positively associated with a child's cognitive ability at later stages of development. Findings provide mixed support for the premise that ritual, such as church attendance, is part of a strategy that returns the high levels of support, fertility and improved child outcomes. Identifying the diversity and scope of cooperative breeding strategies across global religions presents an intriguing new horizon in the evolutionary study of religious systems.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours'.
Income Growth of Peasants Based on Grey Theory
Creators: name: Tao, Ai-Xiang
name: Tao, Ai-Xiang
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Peasant’s income
subject: Grey correlation
subject: Problems concerning agriculture
subject: rural area and rural people
subject: Per capita net income
subject: China

description: Taking Jiangsu Province for example and using the relevant data in Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook and Statistical Communique of Jiangsu Province on National Economic and Social Development during 2002-2009, the thesis selects eight indexes including per capita net income of farmers, the fixed asset investment level in rural areas, average educational level, agricultural scientific and technological level, urbanization level, industrialization level, average consumption level per rural residents and per capita GDP and adopts the theory of grey correlation to analyze the factors influencing the peasants’ net income. As shown in the result, the effect on the peasants’ net income gives the following subsequence from great to little: average consumption level per capita of rural residents, urbanization level, average educational level, industrialization level, per capita GDP, number of scientific and technical personnel and fixed asset investment level in rural areas, that is, ＞ ＞ ＞ ＞ ＞ ＞ . Then combining with the practical conditions, the thesis makes a detailed analysis of each factor influencing the peasant’s income growth and proposes corresponding measures in order to improve the peasants’ income.
Temporal and Spectral Variability of OJ 287 before the April--June 2020 Outburst
Creators: name: Kalita, Nibedita
name: Gupta, Alok C.
name: Gu, Minfeng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the results of a temporal and spectral study of the BL Lacertae object OJ 287 in optical, UV, and X-ray bands with observations performed by Swift satellite during September 2019--March 2020. In this period, the source showed moderate variability characterized by variability amplitude of $\sim$22--31% in all the wavelengths on a short timescale, except the hard X-ray band which was variable by only $\sim$8%. We observed that the X-ray flux of the source was significantly dominated by the soft photons below $2$ keV. Soft lags of $\sim$45 days were detected between the optical/UV and soft X-ray emissions, while there is no correlation between the hard X-rays and the lower energy bands indicating the presence of two emission components or electron populations. Although two components contribute to the X-ray emission, most of the 0.3--10 keV spectra were well fitted with an absorbed power-law model which outlines the dominance of synchrotron over inverse Compton (IC) mechanism. The X-ray spectra follow a weak "softer when brighter" trend.
description: 11 pages, 4 figures, published in the special issue "X-Ray Flux and Spectral Variability of Blazars" of Galaxies journal
Influence of pump-field scattering to nonclassical-light generation in a photonic band-gap nonlinear planar waveguide
Creators: name: Perina, Jan
name: Sibilia, Concita
name: Tricca, Daniela
name: Bertolotti, Mario
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Optical parametric process occurring in a nonlinear planar waveguide can serve as a source of light with nonclassical properties. Properties of the generated fields are substantially modified by scattering of the nonlinearly interacting fields in a photonic band-gap structure inside the waveguide. A quantum model of linear operator amplitude corrections to amplitude mean-values provides conditions for an efficient squeezed-light generation as well as generation of light with sub-Poissonian photon-number statistics. Destructive influence of phase mismatch of the nonlinear interaction can fully be compensated using a suitable photonic-band gap structure inside the waveguide. Also an increase of signal-to-noise ratio of an incident optical field can be reached in the waveguide.
description: 10 pages, 12 figures
Sovereign Wealth Funds: Form and Function in the 21st Century
Creators: name: Clark, Gordon L.
name: Monk, Ashby H.B.
name: Clark, Gordon L.
name: Monk, Ashby H.B.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Financial Economics
subject: Sovereign Wealth Funds
subject: Crisis
subject: Market Performance
subject: Long-term Investment

description: As representatives of nation-states in global financial markets, sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) share a common form and many functions. Arguably their form and functions owe as much to a shared (global) moment of institutional formation as they owe their form and functions to the hegemony of Anglo-American finance over the late 20th and early 21st centuries. We distinguish between the immediate future for SWFs in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, and two possible long-term scenarios; one of which sees SWFs becoming financial goliaths dominating global markets, while the other sees SWFs morphing into nation-state development institutions that intermediate between financial markets and the long-term commitments of the nation-state sponsors. If the former scenario dominates, global financial integration will accelerate with attendant costs and benefits. If the latter scenario dominates, SWFs are likely to differentiate and evolve, returning, perhaps, to their national traditions and their respective places in a world of contested power and influence. Here, we clarify the assumptions underpinning the conception and formation of sovereign wealth funds over the past twenty years or so in the face of the ‘new’ realities of global finance.
Convergence theory for IETI-DP solvers for discontinuous Galerkin Isogeometric Analysis that is explicit in h and p
Creators: name: Schneckenleitner, Rainer
name: Takacs, Stefan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this paper, we develop a convergence theory for Dual-Primal Isogeometric Tearing and Interconnecting (IETI-DP) solvers for isogeometric multi-patch discretizations of the Poisson problem, where the patches are coupled using discontinuous Galerkin. The presented theory provides condition number bounds that are explicit in the grid sizes h and in the spline degrees p. We give an analysis that holds for various choices for the primal degrees of freedom: vertex values, edge averages, and a combination of both. If only the vertex values or both vertex values and edge averages are taken as primal degrees of freedom, the condition number bound is the same as for the conforming case. If only the edge averages are taken, both the convergence theory and the experiments show that the condition number of the preconditioned system grows with the ratio of the grid sizes on neighboring patches.
Sexual dimorphism and variability in the skull of Martes foina
Creators: name: Özen, Ahmet Selçuk
Publisher: name: Brill Online
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 60399 Evolutionary Biology not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Morphometry can help to understand morphology and clarify taxonomy of species. The morphometric variability of the skull and sexual dimorphism of stone martens (Martes foina), obtained from various geographical regions of Turkey, were investigated. Measurements were made regarding 14 characters on skulls of the samples. Adults have significantly bigger skulls compared to juveniles. Regarding their sexual dimorphism, descriptive statistics revealed variability in the size of the skull between sexes, with mean values of males being higher than those of females. The most significant sexual dimorphisms (the highest variabilities) were observed in palatal width and especially frontal width. The strongest positive correlations were found between the basilar length and condylobasal length in males and between the mandibular length and total skull length in females. Furthermore, principal component analysis confirmed strong correlations between some characters of the skull in both sexes. By comparing characters with those of European populations this study contributes to a general model of the skull of Martes foina.
Active Microrheology of Networks Composed of Semiflexible Polymers. II. Theory and comparison with simulations
Creators: name: Ter-Oganessian, N.
name: Pink, D. A.
name: Boulbitch, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Building on the results of our computer simulation (ArXiv cond-mat/0503573)we develop a theoretical description of the motion of a bead, embedded in a network of semiflexible polymers, and responding to an applied force. The theory reveals the existence of an osmotic restoring force, generated by the piling up of filaments in front of the moving bead and first deduced through computer simulations. The theory predicts that the bead displacement scales like x ~ t^alfa with time, with alfa=0.5 in an intermediate- and alfa=1 in a long-time regime. It also predicts that the compliance varies with concentration like c^(-4/3) in agreement with experiment.
description: 18 pages and 2 figures
The European Emission Trading Scheme and Renewable Energy Policies: Credible Targets for Incredible Results?
Creators: name: Borghesi, Simone
name: Borghesi, Simone
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Pollution
subject: Sustainable Development
subject: Climate Change
subject: Fossil Fuels
subject: Energy Policy
subject: European Union
subject: European Trading System (ETS)
subject: Cap-And-Trade
subject: Renewable Energy Sources
subject: Credibility

description: This paper discusses the merits and limits of the recent European energy policy aimed at reducing carbon emissions, devoting particular attention to the European Trading System of carbon permits and to the measures that the European Union has adopted to promote renewable energy sources. From the comparison of past goals and present results, it is argued that more credible targets for carbon emission reductions and renewable shares would probably help the transition towards an alternative energy system and the necessary reduction of greenhouse gases.
Simulations of stellar winds from X-ray bursts. Characterization of solutions and observable variables
Creators: name: Herrera, Yago
name: Sala, Gloria
name: José, Jordi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Photospheric radius expansion during X-ray bursts can be used to measure neutron star radii and help constrain the equation of state of neutron star matter. Understanding the stellar wind dynamics is important for interpreting observations. Stellar wind models, though studied in past decades, have thus regained interest and need to be revisited with updated data and methods. In this work we study the radiative wind model in the context of XRBs, with modern techniques and physics input. We focus on characterization of the solutions and study of observable magnitudes as a function of free model parameters. We implement a spherically-symmetric non-relativistic wind model in a stationary regime, with updated opacity tables and modern numerical techniques. Total mass and energy outflows $(\dot M,\dot E)$ are treated as free parameters. A high resolution parameter space exploration was performed to allow better characterization of observable magnitudes. High correlation was found between different photospheric magnitudes and free parameters. For instance, the photospheric ratio of gravitational energy outflow to radiative luminosity is in direct proportion to the photospheric wind velocity. The correlations found could help determine the physical conditions of the inner layers, where nuclear reactions take place, by means of observable photospheric values. Further studies are needed to determine the range of physical conditions in which the correlations are valid.
description: Accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysics. New version with corrected typo in eq. (36) and some minor changes after language edition
Majorana zero modes
Creators: name: Jeannerot, Rachel
name: Postma, Marieke
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We derive the zero mode solutions for a Majorana fermion in the background of a cosmic string and contrast it with the zero mode solution for a (neutral) Dirac fermion. A Majorana zero mode carries no vector or axial charge, and it cannot be bosonised. We study the implications for vorton formation and stability. In the massless limit stability of the zero mode is guaranteed by energy-momentum conservation. However, zero modes obtain an effective mass on string loops. It is found that the conditions under which current formation can be effective are exactly those for which zero mode decay is most likely to occur.
description: 37 pages, no figures