Parasmittina alanbanneri Soule and Soule 1973
Creators: name: Dick, Matthew H.
name: Grischenko, Andrei V.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Bryozoa
Gymnolaemata
Cheilostomatida
Smittinidae
Parasmittina
Parasmittina alanbanneri

description: Parasmittina alanbanneri Soule and Soule, 1973
(Figure 17)
Parasmittina alanbanneri Soule and Soule, 1973, p. 385, fig. 3(a – c).
Material examined
NSMT-Te 1103 (MIN- 12), bleached, on SEM stub (with Bryopesanser latesco); NSMT-Te 1104 (MIN- 17), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1105 (REEF-7), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1106, dried specimen, MIN site; NSMT-Te 1107, dried specimen, REEF site.
Measurements
AzL, 0.33 – 0.46 (0.397 ± 0.038); AzW, 0.21 – 0.35 (0.279 ± 0.038) (n = 15, 2). SecOrL (including sinus), 0.09 – 0.12 (0.102 ± 0.008); SecOrW, 0.09 – 0.11 (0.099 ± 0.005) (n = 15, 2). OvL, 0.17 – 0.20 (0.183 ± 0.010); OvW, 0.17 – 0.22 (0.191 ± 0.014) (n = 11, 2). Longest AvRosL per zooid, 0.06 – 0.11 (0.081 ± 0.014) (n = 16, 2). Largest colony observed 9 mm across.
Description
Colony forming an irregular, unilaminar, encrusting sheet; light tan in colour. Zooids (Figure 17 (a, c, d)) distinct, boundaries indicated by opposing columns of areolae and suture line. Frontal wall convex, tuberculate, rugose; five to seven small areolae along each lateral margin. Primary orifice with very broad, low, alate lyrula (Figure 17 (b)). Condyles blunt, with minute denticles at tip; angled proximomedially, nearly meeting lyrula and forming a small, oval notch on each side. Main part of secondary orifice subtrapezoidal in shape, lateral margins tapering towards secondary peristomial sinus; sinus deep, U-shaped, conspicuous; peristomial rim often with a projection on each side lateral to sinus; distal margin of secondary orifice gently curved, with 13 to 16 minute, sharp, evenly spaced denticles. Three oral spines (Figure 17 (a, b, d)) close to distal margin of secondary orifice. Zooids have one (39%), two (61%) or three (2%) frontal avicularia (n = 38, 1). If paired, the avicularia are proximolateral or lateral to orifice, directed proximolaterally or laterally, occasionally slightly distolaterally, but often differing from one another in the angle from the midline; if single, avicularium is proximolateral to orifice and directed proximolaterally, or close to midline, pointing proximally or slightly proximolaterally. Rostrum slightly raised from frontal plane, not tilted laterally; rostral plane slightly decurved; rostral edges smooth; crossbar typically complete; mandible long-triangular, acute. In one colony, some zooids have a hypertrophied avicularium proximolateral to orifice (Figure 17 (d)), up to twice the length of the smaller avicularia. A small pseudopore is occasionally present to one side or other of an avicularium. Ovicell (Figure 17 (c)) hyperstomial; peristome extends across proximal quarter to third of ooecium, forming a raised, thick semicircular band, often with a heavy tubercle on each side. Ectooecium smooth, with about 20 conspicuous pseudopores over entire area distal to peristome. Proximal edge of ooecium visible within peristome, usually serrate. Ancestrula not observed.
Remarks
Our specimens show the following characters indicated in the original description of P. alanbanneri from Hawaii (Soule and Soule 1973): small zooid size (average zooid size 0.40 × 0.28 mm, compared to 0.41 × 0.31 mm in Hawaiian material); rugose frontal wall; small marginal pores; a low, very broad, alate lyrula; small, single or paired frontal avicularia close to the orifice, with an acute, long-triangular mandible; the avicularian rostrum scarcely elevated from the frontal surface, not tilted and with smooth edges; and scattered pseudopores over the entire surface of the ooecium. Differences are as follows. In Hawaiian P. alanbanneri, the avicularia are typically situated lateral to the orifice, with the rostrum directed laterally or nearly so. In our specimens, while some paired avicularia are situated and oriented in this manner, most are proximolateral to the orifice and directed proximolaterally; when they are single, avicularia are often positioned near the midline proximal to the orifice and point proximally or nearly so. Zooids in Hawaiian P. alanbanneri have three to six spines, whereas those in our specimens have invariably three; however, many of the zooids in SEM images in Soule and Soule (1973) have three spines, which may be the modal number in Hawaii. Finally, there was no indication that the distal orificial margin is denticulate in Hawaiian P. alanbanneri, although this character might easily have been overlooked in the low-quality SEM images accompanying the original description.
Occurrence
We found a total of five colonies, at the REEF and MIN sites. Parasmittina alanbanneri was previously known only from the Hawaiian archipelago (Oahu, Molokai, and Hawaii islands) (Soule and Soule 1973).
Genus Pleurocodonellina Soule and Soule, 1973
Pleurocodonellina microperforata Tilbrook, 2006
(Figure 18)
Pleurocodonellina microperforata Tilbrook, 2006, p. 173, pl. 37C, D.
Pleurocodonellina signata: Tilbrook et al. 2001, p. 78. Liu et al. 2001, p. 632, pl. 59, figs 1 – 3.
Material examined
NSMT-Te 1108 (MIN- 8), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1109 (MIN- 40), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1110 (MIN- 41), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1111 (MIN- 42), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1112 (SES- 12), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1113 (SES- 55), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1114 (SES- 56), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT- Te 1115 (SES- 57), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1116 (SES- 58), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1117, two dried specimens, SES site; NSMT-Te 1118, six dried specimens, MIN site; NHMUK 2016.5.13.40-42, three dried specimens, SES site.
Measurements
AzL, 0.47 – 0.76 (0.585 ± 0.081); AzW, 0.25 – 0.39 (0.325 ± 0.043) (n = 15, 1). OrL (including sinus), 0.11 – 0.15 (0.128 ± 0.010); OrW, 0.11 – 0.15 (0.125 ± 0.009) (n = 15, 1). OvL, 0.18 – 0.20 (0.186 ± 0.008); OvW, 0.19 – 0.22 (0.206 ± 0.009) (n = 15, 1). AvRosL, 0.07 – 0.09 (0.083 ± 0.006) (n = 15, 1). Largest colony observed 15 mm across.
Description
Colony irregular or roughly circular, forming a unilaminar, encrusting sheet; dried specimens light tan or tinged with light reddish brown; embryos orange. Zooids (Figure 18 (a – c)) delineated by flanking areolae and suture line. Frontal wall dimpled, with 8 – 15 conspicuous areolae along each lateral margin, fewer along proximal margin. Primary orifice (Figure 18 (d)) has anter broader than long; sinus broadly U-shaped, with nearly straight sides, or slightly drop shaped; flanked by bracket-like condyles, each having a long zone of minute denticles (Figure 18 (e)). Marginal zooids with 0 – 2 tiny distal oral spines (evident as spine scars in Figure 18 (a)), soon covered. Peristomial rim sharp, low, continuous around orifice in both ovicelled and non-ovicelled zooids. Single avicularium proximolateral to orifice, directed proximally or less commonly proximolaterally or proximomedially; pivot bar complete; mandible short- or long-triangular, acute (Figure 18 (b)) or rounded (Figure 18 (c)) at end. Ovicell prominent, but with increased secondary calcification can become subimmersed or even endozooidal, flush with colony surface. Ooecium is bounded proximally by raised peristomial lip; dimpled secondary calcification leaves crescentic smooth central area with many tiny, irregular pseudopores in ectooecium. Zooids interconnect by numerous uniporous septula in the distolateral and distal walls (Figure 18 (f)). Ancestrula (not shown) like autozooids, but smaller, surrounded by a distal, paired distolateral and paired proximolateral daughter zooids.
Remarks
A similar species, Pleurocodonellina signata (Waters, 1889), was once regarded as nearly circumtropical on shallow reefs. Tilbrook (2006) distinguished two new morphospecies similar to P. signata in the Solomon Islands, describing them as P. microperforata and P. macroperforata. We identified our material as M. microperforata on the basis of the often nearly square orificial sinus (not markedly drop shaped); the small suboral avicularium proximolateral to the orifice, usually with a triangular mandible; and small pseudopores in the ooecium. In Pleurocodonellina microporforata from the Solomon Islands (Tilbrook 2006), zooids can have single or paired avicularia (we observed only single avicularia), and the avicularia are usually directed proximolaterally (in our specimens, they are quite often directed proximally). Both P. signata and P. macroperforata differ from P. microporforata in tending to have longer avicularia and a drop-shaped rather than a parallelsided orificial sinus, and P. macroporforata has larger pseudopores in the ooecium. In P. signata, the proximolateral-oral avicularia are enlarged in some zooids, reaching up to two-thirds the zooid length; in P. macroperforatea, the proximolateral-oral avicularia are single, invariably directed proximomedially, and sometimes replaced by a large, spatulate avicularium reaching up to two-thirds the zooid length.
One specimen from the SES site (Figure 18 (c)) is atypical; compared to other specimens, the avicularia are more rounded distally, the pseudopores in the ooecium appear larger and the oral sinus tends to be drop-shaped. While this specimen could represent another species, it is not clear that this is the case: the avicularia are similar in size range and position to those in other colonies, and the condylar denticulation is the same. Furthermore, there is intracolony variation in other colonies in the shape of the oral sinus (sometimes it is drop shaped) and shape of the mandible (sometimes rounded).
Occurrence
This species was common at the SES and MIN sites (Table 1). Pleurocodonellina microperforata is broadly distributed in the subtropical to tropical western Pacific, previously
known from the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and the East and South China Seas (Tilbrook 2006).
Genus Smittina Norman, 1903b
Smittina nitidissima (Hincks, 1880)
(Figure 19 (a, b))
Porella nitidissima Hincks, 1880, p. 78, pl. 10, fig. 2.
Smittina nitidissima: Harmelin et al. 2009, p. 180, fig. 8(a – f) (see this reference for additional synonyms).
Material examined
NSMT-Te 1119 (MIN- 2), bleached, on SEM stub.
Measurements
AzL, 0.42 – 0.63 (0.55 ± 0.059); AzW, 0.26 – 0.41 (0.32 ± 0.044) (n = 15, 1). SecOrL, 0.11 – 0.15 (0.12 ± 0.011); SecOrW, 0.11 – 0.14 (0.12 ± 0.009) (n = 15, 1). OvL, 0.18 – 0.22 (0.20 ± 0.015); OvW, 0.22 – 0.28 (0.25 ± 0.014) (n = 15, 1). Single colony, 6 mm in diameter.
Description
Colony forming a unilaminar, encrusting sheet. Zooids (Figure 19 (a)) delineated by groove and suture line. Frontal wall convex, weakly rugose, covered with small pseudopores; with a few small areolae along lateral and proximal margins. In older zooids, pseudopores can form a trabecular network in the thickened secondary calcification. Primary orifice immersed; D-shaped, with very broad, alate lyrula; condyles blunt, weakly developed, proximolateral to lyrular alae. Ovicelled zooids have a median suboral avicularium inside peristome; rostrum perpendicular or angled to frontal surface; spatulate, with serrate edge distally. Most zooids have one or two additional avicularia on peristomial rim lateral to orifice, similar in size and shape to median avicularium, rostrum angled to frontal plane and directed proximolaterally. Ovicell (Figure 19 (b)) hyperstomial in young zooids, becoming subimmersed or sometimes endozooidal with age, when secondary calcification covers ooecium (except for pseudopores); ooecium is uniformly covered with around 12 circular to irregular pseudopores; secondary calcification forms thin, raised lip along proximal ooecial margin. Ancestrula not observed.
Remarks
Harmelin et al. (2009) provided a good description of this species based on Lebanese material and reviewed various previous records worldwide. Zooids in our specimen have a broader lyrula than in the Lebanese material, but other characters match well.
Occurrence
We found a single colony at the MIN site. This species was originally described from Madeira (Hincks 1880). Harmelin et al. (2009) considered there to be valid records from Brazil, the Mediterranean, West Africa and the Red Sea, and suggested that the small colony size and typically abundant ovicells might facilitate dispersal on ships. These authors also noted, however, the alternative possibility that scattered, geographically disjunct populations might constitute a species complex distributed globally in warm waters.
Genus Smittoidea Osburn, 1952
Smittoidea pacifica Soule and Soule, 1973
(Figure 19 (c, d))
Smittoidea pacifica Soule and Soule, 1973, p. 380, fig. 1(e – h).
Smittoidea pacifica: Ryland and Hayward 1992, p. 268, fig. 24(e, f). Tilbrook et al. 2001, p. 78, fig. 18(e). Tilbrook 2006, p. 177, fig. 38(a, b).
Not Smittoidea pacifica: Rho and Kim 1981, p. 65, pl. 5, figs 4 and 5. Seo 2005, p. 416, pl 142(b) and 143.
Material examined
NSMT-Te 1120 (SES- 4), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1121, dried specimen, SES site; NSMT-TE 1122 (SES- 53), bleached, on SEM stub.
Measurements
AzL, 0.48 – 0.67 (0.549 ± 0.057); AzW, 0.28 – 0.45 (0.344 ± 0.046) (n = 15, 1). SecOrL (including sinus), 0.14 – 0.19 (0.152 ± 0.013); SecOrW, 0.12 – 0.15 (0.130 ± 0.008) (n = 15, 1). AvRosL, 0.09 – 0.16 (0.136 ± 0.024); AvRosW, 0.04 – 0.06 (0.052 ± 0.006) (n = 15, 1). OvL,
0.13 – 0.17 (0.152 ± 0.012); OvW, 0.20 – 0.25 (0.225 ± 0.020) (n = 8, 1). Largest colony observed 10 mm across.
Description
Colony irregularly circular, forming an encrusting, unilaminar sheet; off- white, with glistening ectocyst. Zooids (Figure 19 (c)) delineated by line of calcification flanked by columns of areolae. Frontal wall convex, tuberculate; each lateral margin with up to 12 small, circular areolar openings. Primary orifice deeply immersed, broader than long, with broad, moderately high, alate lyrula occupying most of proximal margin. Condyles small, rounded on each side at level of top of lyrula; close to alae, delineating a roughly circular sinus on each side. Peristome raised, complete; secondary orifice with deep proximal pseudosinus. Pair of tiny pseudopores proximolateral to peristomial sinus, probably associated with avicularian chamber. Single median avicularium proximal to orifice; rostrum slightly raised from frontal surface, directed proximally; mandible longtriangular, acute; crossbar complete. Ovicell (Figure 19 (c, d)) endozooidal. Ooecium broader than long; transverse central area of ectooecium free of secondary calcification and covered with minute pseudopores. Peristome extends continuously across proximal part of ooecium. Oral spines lacking. Ancestrula not observed.
Remarks
Our material matches well the original description of this species from Oahu, Hawaiian archipelago (Soule and Soule 1973), and except for having slightly larger zooid size, is virtually indistinguishable from material from the Great Barrier Reef (Ryland and Hayward 1992). Material from the Solomon Islands (Tilbrook et al. 2001) is similar in most characters, except that zooids have much larger areolar openings relative to zooid size. Korean material reported as S. pacifica (Rho and Kim 1981; Seo 2005) appears to be another species; compared to S. pacifica, zooids have a much larger median avicularium with a wider, non-acute mandible; the areolae are proportionally much larger; and the pseudopores in the ooecium are much larger.
Occurrence
We found five colonies at the SES site. Soule and Soule (1973) noted that at least some of the material they examined from the Galapagos Islands appeared identical to Hawaiian material, but observed six oral spines on a zooid in one specimen, indicating a species other than Smittoidea pacifica. Ryland and Hayward (1992) expressed doubt whether S. pacifica occurs at all in the Galapagos or, by extension, in the eastern Pacific. We consider S. pacifica to be distributed in the subtropical to tropical, central to western Pacific, with records from Hawaii, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands and Okinawa.
Family LANCEOPORIDAE Harmer, 1957
Genus Calyptotheca Harmer, 1957
Calyptotheca reniformis Tilbrook, 2006
(Figure 20 (a))
Calyptotheca reniformis Tilbrook, 2006, p. 228, pl. 50A – C.
Material examined
NSMT-Te 1125 (SES- 5), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1126, two dried specimens, SES site; NSMT-Te 1127 (REEF-2), bleached, on SEM stub; NSMT-Te 1101, dried specimen, SES site (with Parasmittina serrula); NHMUK 2016.5.13.72, dried specimen, SES site (with Torquatella duolamellata).
Measurements
AzL, 0.39 – 0.58 (0.473 ± 0.042); AzW, 0.27 – 0.39 (0.330 ± 0.029) (n = 20, 1). AzOrL, 0.089 – 0.110 (0.099 ± 0.007); AzOrW, 0.083 – 0.114 (0.106 ± 0.009) (n = 12, 1). OvZOrL (secondary), 0.096 – 0.114 (0.103 ± 0.006); OvZOrW, 0.12 – 0.13 (0.123 ± 0.005) (n = 7, 1). OvL, 0.24 – 0.35 (0.303 ± 0.037); OvW, 0.26 – 0.35 (0.309 ± 0.033) (n = 7, 1). Largest colony observed 11 × 5 mm.
Description
Colony forming a unilaminar, encrusting sheet; off- white, slightly tinged with orange. Zooids (Figure 20 (a)) distinct, separated by raised suture line. Frontal wall flat to weakly convex, completely covered with low tubercles, among which are tiny pseudopores having narrow, reniform opening; five to nine slit-like areolar openings along each lateral margin. Orifice of non-ovicelled zooids pear-shaped, with U-shaped sinus separated from anter by conspicuous condyles; condyles denticulate at end. Secondary orifice of ovicelled zooids wider than primary orifice of non-ovicelled zooids, with shallower, broader sinus. Single small adventitious avicularium in midline proximal to orifice; rostrum oval, raised, mandible directed proximally, crossbar complete; rostrum separate from orifice by about one rostral length. Ovicell (Figure 20 (a)) large; subimmersed or endozooidal; ooecium covered with tubercles and tiny reniform pseudopores. Spines lacking. Ancestrula not observed.
Remarks
This species is easily recognisable by its distinctive reniform pores. Our material well matches Tilbrook ’ s (2006) original description and illustrations; differences from the holotype specimen include a more conspicuously tuberculate, rugose frontal wall and ooecium; a somewhat deeper oral sinus on ovicelled zooids; and ovicells that are not as deeply embedded.
Occurrence
We found seven colonies, at the SES and REEF sites. This species was previously known only from the Solomon Islands (Tilbrook 2006).
description: Published as part of Dick, Matthew H. & Grischenko, Andrei V., 2016, Rocky-intertidal cheilostome bryozoans from the vicinity of the Sesoko Biological Station, west-central Okinawa, Japan, pp. 141-266 in Journal of Natural History 51 on pages 194-203, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1253797, http://zenodo.org/record/3994811