Limonia parvipennis Alexander 1940
Creators: name: Podenas, Sigitas
name: Podeniene, Virginija
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Limoniidae
Limonia
Limonia parvipennis

description: Limonia parvipennis Alexander, 1940
(Figs. 55–71)
Limonia parvipennis Alexander, 1940: 39 –41.
Examined material: Holotype, male (wing slide-mounted), N. Korea, Seren Mts., [alt.] 4000 ft., VII–10, ‘38 [1938], A. Yankovsky (USNM); 1 specimen (sex unclear, pinned), N. Corea, Chonsani Paiktusan, 3700’, VII-26, 37 [1937], Yankovsky (USNM); 2 females (pinned), North Korea, Seren Mts., altitudes 2000 and 3500 ft., June 26 and July 3, 1938, Yankovsky (USNM); 1 female (pinned), North Korea, Kankyo Nando, Puksu Pyaksan, alt. 6500 ft., VI.8.1939, A. Yankovsky (USNM); 17 males, 27 females (pinned), Korea #17, #18, #21, #23, Central Nat’l. Forest, 18 mi NE Seoul, 350–500’, from 20 June to 27 July, 1954, George W. Byers (SMEK); 1 female (pinned), Korea #20, 2 mi. S. Pup’yong-ni, 16 mi. NE. Seoul, 300–450’, 11 July 1954, George W. Byers (SMEK); 4 males (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Daegwallyeong-myeon, Yongsan-ri, Mt. Balwangsan, N 37.4513889, E 128.868333, 2008.07.19, J.D. Yeo, M.J. Jeon & K. G. Kim, malaise trap (NIBR); 1 female (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Jinbu-myeon, Jangjeon-ri, Mt. Gariwangsan, N 37.4877778, E 128.545278, 2009.06.17-07.04, W. Y. Choi, malaise trap (NIBR); 1 male, 4 females (in ethanol), S. Korea, Jinbumyeon, Dongsan-ri, Odaesan NP, N 37.73920, E 128.59398, alt. 794 m, 2012.06.22 (1), S. Podenas, net (NIBR); 1 male (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeongchang-gun, Odaesan NP, N 37.74913, E 128.57723, alt. 726 m, 2012.06.22 (2), S. Podenas, net (NIBR); 101 males, 86 females (pinned and in ethanol), S. Korea, Jeollanam-do, Gurye-gun, Toji-myeon, Naeseo-ri, Piagol valley, N 35.27177, E 127.57146 / N 35.27448, E 127.56378 / N 35.26586, E 127.58090 / N 35.27177, E 127.57146 / N35.27333, E127.56924 / N35.27123, E127.57133 and N 35.26590, E 127.58096, altitudes from 446 to 593 m, from June 28 to July 2, 2015, and July 3 and 4, 2016, S. Podenas, V. Podeniene, net (NIBR); 3 males, 4 females (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Pyeonchang-gun, Jinbu-myeon, Dongsan-ri, Odaesan NP, N 37.73767, E 128.59166 and N 37.72425, E 128.59814, altitudes 648 and 730 m, 2015.07.0 6, S. Kim, S. Podenas, net (NIBR); 2 females (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Goseong-gun, Ganseong-eup, Jinbu-ri, N 38.26678, E 128.35706, alt. 497 m, 2015.07.0 8 (1), S. Kim, S. Podenas, net (NIBR); 1 male, 1 female (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Hongcheon-gun, Duchon-myeon, Cheonhyeon-ri, near Mt. Garisan, N 37.84840, E 127.98879, alt. 304 m, 2015.07.0 8 (3) coll. S. Kim, S. Podenas (NIBR); 1 male, 3 females (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Hongcheon-gun, Hwachon-myeon, Yasidae-ri, N 37.82514, E 127.95530, alt.
279 m, 2015.07.0 8 (4) coll. S. Kim, S. Podenas (NIBR); 4 males, 6 females (in ethanol), 2 females (pinned), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, Dongsan-myeon, Bongmyeong-ri, KNU Experimental Forest, N 37.78194, E 127.81973, alt. 197 m, 2015.07.0 9, S. Kim, S. Podenas, net (NIBR); 1 male (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gangwon-do, Gapyeong-gun, Buk-myeon, Jeokmok-ri, N 37.97627, E 127.441601, 2015.VIII.?– IX.27, malaise trap (KU); 36 males, 48 females, 1 larva, 1 pupa (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongju, Jinhyeon-dong, N35.78755, E129.34274 / N35.78756, E129.33734, altitudes 276 and 320 m, 2016.05.27, H. Baek, S. Podenas, V. Podeniene (NIBR); 2 males, 1 female (in ethanol), S. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongju, Yangbuk-myeon, Janghang-ri, N35.76236, E129.36407, alt. 333 m, 2016.05.28, H. Baek, S. Podenas (NIBR).
Adult (Fig. 55). General body coloration yellow. Male body length 6.9–9.8 mm, that of female 8.6–12.1 mm, wing length of male 4.9–5.6 mm, that of female 6.2–8.1 mm. Wing reduced, far not reaches tip of abdomen in both sexes.
Head. Obscure yellow, vertex with large dark spot at middle. Male antenna 1.4–2.5 mm long, that of female 1.6–2.1 mm long, 14-segmented. Scape long, nearly cylindrical, obscure yellow. Pedicel short, light yellow. Antennal flagellum light yellow in studied specimens, but original description mentions dark brown to black flagellum. Rostrum and palpus black.
Thorax. Yellow. Cervical sclerite obscure yellow, blackened dorsally. Pronotum black dorsally, obscure yellow laterally. Original description mentions, that mesonotum uniformly polished yellow, unmarked, but our specimens have longitudinal darkening on frontal margin of mesonotal prescutum. Scutal lobe, scutellum and mediotergite uniformly pale yellow. Pleuron entirely pale yellow. Wing (Fig. 56) with brownish tinge, costal area yellowish. Stigma distinct, dark brown, darkening extends posteriorly along R2. Dark brown spots at base of Rs and around Sc1 / Sc2. Less distinct darkening surrounds cord and distal margin of discal cell. Distal wing margin slightly infuscated. In general, patterning of holotype wing less distinct than in freshly collected specimens. Venation: Sc1 long, reaching approximately to the middle of Rs, Sc2 extends beyond Sc1 tip. Rs arcuate at base. Basal deflection of CuA1 at branching point of M in holotype, but in specimens from South Korea distinctly before that point. Halter 0.8–1.9 mm long in male, 0.8–1.2 mm in female. Original descriptions says, that halter uniformly pale yellow, but our specimens have slightly darkened knob. Coxa, trochanter and femur yellow. Distal end of femur narrowly blackened. Tibia and first tarsomere obscure yellow with narrowly blackened distal ends. Remaining tarsomeres uniformly dark brown to black. Male femur I: 5.1–5.8 mm long, II: 5.1–6.3 mm, III: 5.7–6.7 mm; tibia I: 6.6–7.4 mm, II: 6.1–7.2 mm, III: 6.1–7.3 mm; tarsus I: 5.7–7.7 mm, II: 5.3–7.2 mm, III: 4.4–6.3 mm long. Female femur I: 4.6–6.4 mm long, II: 5.3–7.3 mm, III: 5.6–7.3 mm; tibiae I: 4.1–8.1 mm, II: 5.2–7.3 mm, III: 5.7–7.8 mm; tarsus I: 5.6–7.5 mm, II: 4.5–6.5 mm, III: 4.6–6.2 mm long.
Abdomen. Distinctly elongate, extends beyond tip of wing. Tergites obscure yellow with widely and distinctly blackened posterior margins. Sternites light yellow, with narrower blackening along posterior margins. Male genitalia (Fig. 57) with ninth tergum deeply emarginate at posterior margin. Gonocoxite elongate, narrower at apex than at base, ventromesal lobe very low, nearly missing. Gonostylus elongate with swollen base and narrowed at midlength, apex densely setose. Paramere wide at base and getting distinctly narrower distally, frontal margin sclerotized and thicker than posterior setose margin. It looks long and spine like in dorsal view, like it was mentioned in original description and illustration (Alexander, 1940, fig. 25), but is much wider, when viewed from the side (Fig. 58). Penis comparatively long, bifid at apex, tip sharply curved downwards. Ovipositor (Fig. 59): ninth and tenth tergites and eight sternite blackened; cercus and tip of hypovalva brownish. Cercus very long and straight, needle-shaped.
Larva. Length 9.1 mm, width 1.0 mm. It was found in silken tube, covered with soil particles. Body white. This specimen is turning into pupa, its thoracical segments brown and shows some pupal characters (sheats of legs and wings are visible). Abdominal segments II–VII with dorsal and ventral creeping welts, first abdominal segment with ventral creeping welt only (Fig. 60). Creeping welts with brown spines, arranged into longitudinal rows. First thoracic and abdominal segments II–VIII wider than longer. Second and third thoracic and first abdominal segments very short.
Head capsule. Length 1.2 mm, width 0.7 mm. Oval in shape, depressed dorsoventrally and slightly reduced, dorsal suture reaches only one third of head capsule lenght (Figs. 61, 62). Labrum elongate-oval with numerous sensory structures: small papilla in the middle of anterior part, small papilla and long seta next to it; sensory circle area with three sensory papilae inside it and two separate sensory pits located nearby posterio-lateral side of labrum (Fig. 63). Clypeus distinctly divided from labrum, consisting of sclerotised narrow postclypeus and membranous wide preclypeus. A long seta located nearby anterio-lateral side of clypeus. Frons separated from clypeus and fused with internolateralia, wide, T-shaped. Three sensory pits and long seta near the base of antenna. Five sensory pits below the base of antenna. Caudal end of frons without prominent spines (Fig. 61). Basal segment of antenna cylindrical, more than three times as long as wide, with few very short sensory structures apically. Apical segment short, button-shaped. Sensory pit located at one third of basal segment‘s length. Mandible conus-shaped, with three large similar in shape and size apical teeth (Fig. 64), three smaller triangular teeth on ventral side and small blunt tooth on dorsal side. Maxilla well developed (Fig. 65); stipes and galea large and similar in size. Stipes: apical part with short setae; button shaped apical papilla with sensory structures on the apex. Galea: basal part sclerotised; sensory papilla on inner margin of ventral sclerite; apical part covered with short setae, large sensory papilla (with small sensory structures inside) on apical part. Cardo large, wedge shaped; large pore located near inner margin and two setae (one short and one long) near outer margin of sclerite. Hypopharynx and prementum dentated (most of teeth are broken) (Fig. 66). Hypostoma bears 11 teeth (the middle tooth is broken). All (except the middle tooth) are similar in shape and size (Fig. 67).
Anal division. Spiracular lobes reduced. Spiracular field rectangularly shaped and fringed with short firm setae. Marginal setae are interrupted by short bare area on lateral margin of spiracular field. Spiracular field bears two pairs (dorsal and ventral) of sclerites. Dorsal sclerite triangularly shaped, weakly sclerotised, inner part reaches spiracle (Fig. 68). Two setae (one very short, one long) located on dorsal sclerite near the outer margin. A long seta located below spiracle, near the margin of spiracular field. Ventral sclerite small, triangularly shaped, weakly sclerotised. It bears long apical seta. Spiracle oblong and placed obliquely. Anal field consists of two pairs of white, fleshy anal papillae. Both pairs are skittle shaped, anterior pair almost twice as long as posterior pair.
Pupa. Male pupa unknown. Female pupa was found in silken tube, covered with soil particles. Female pupa length 8.5 mm, width— 1.3 mm. Abdomen yellowish brown (Fig. 71). Head, thorax, wings, legs and terminal segment darker than the rest of the body. Head: cephalic crest absent. Surface smooth. Antennal sheaths short, only slightly extending beyond base of wing (Figs. 69). Labrum trapezoidal with bluntly rounded apex. Labial lobe diamond-shaped. Maxillary palp broad, transversal. Thorax: pronotal horns flattened, earlike with outgrowth posteriorly. Horn twice as long as wide. Dorsum of thorax smooth. Apex of wing reaching the end of second abdominal segment (Figs. 71). Legs reaching almost two thirds length of fourth abdominal segment. Abdomen: segments III–VII with dorsal anf ventral creeping welts. Surface of abdominal segments smooth. Spiracles hardly visible. Terminal segment elongate (Fig. 70). Sheaths of cerci longer than valves. Additional spines absent.
Elevation range in Korea. Adults were collected at altitudes from about 100 m to nearly 2000 m high.
Period of activity. Adults are active and on the wing from the beginning of June through August.
Habitat. Mixed forests, especially close to mountainous rivers. Larvae and pupae develop in wet soil covered with scarce vegetation.
General distribution. Currently known from Japan, continental part of the Far East of Russia, North Korea and is here recorded from South Korea for the first time.
description: Published as part of Podenas, Sigitas & Podeniene, Virginija, 2017, Limonia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) of Korea, pp. 1-37 in Zootaxa 4231 (1) on pages 26-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/293646