cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Er det mulig at flertallet av førere er sikrere enn gjennomsnittsføreren?
Creators: name: Elvik, Rune
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2013

description: Bakgrunn: Det er utført flere studier der et flertall av bilførere uttaler at de er sikrere enn gjennomsnittsføreren. Det har vært hevdet at dette umulig kan være tilfellet og viser at mange førere overvurderer sin sikkerhet. Formål: Formålet med denne artikkelen er å vise at det matematisk er fullt mulig at et flertall av førere er sikrere enn gjennomsnittsføreren. Metode: Flere datasett som oppgir hvordan ulykker er fordelt i en gruppe av bilførere i to perioder er benyttet. Denne typen data gjør det mulig å bruke opplysninger om hvordan ulykkene fordelte seg mellom førere i den første perioden til å beregne et langsiktig, forventet ulykkestall per fører i den andre perioden. Empirisk Bayes metode er benyttet til disse beregningene. Resultater: Beregning av langsiktig, forventet ulykkestall med empirisk Bayes metode gir i det store og hele meget presise resultater. Dette gjør det mulig å si hvordan førere fordeler seg etter langsiktig, forventet ulykkestall. I alle datasett som er undersøkt har flertallet av førere et lavere forventet ulykkestall per fører enn gjennomsnittet for alle førere. Andelen førere som er sikrere enn gjennomsnittet varierer fra noe over 60 prosent til etter oppunder 90 prosent. Diskusjon: Blant vanlige bilførere vil det normalt være slik at flertallet av førere er sikrere enn gjennomsnittsføreren. Dette innebærer ikke at alle førere som sier at de er sikrere enn gjennomsnittsføreren har rett et slikt utsagn, men det betyr at mange av dem kan ha rett i det. Det er bemerkelsesverdig at ingen av de studier som har spurt førere om hvor sikre de tror de er, har innhentet ulykkesdata for de samme førere for å bedømme hvor korrekte førernes oppfatning av egen sikkerhet er. Annen artikkel: Denne artikkelen overlapper i betydelig grad med en artikkel publisert i Accident Analysis and Prevention (Rune Elvik: Can it be true that most drivers are safer than the average driver? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 59, 301-308, 2013).
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 8 Nr. 1 (2013): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Hvordan Opfatter Togpassagerer Information om Rettidighed – Et Empirisk Studie.
Creators: name: Foldager, Malene
name: Harms, Lisbeth
name: Kampman, Trine
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2012

description: DSB’s passagerservice omfatter information til passagerer om rettidighed. Det aktuelle informationsformat angiver rettidighed sammen med en procentsats, f.eks.: ”I går var rettidigheden 90 %”. Selvom udsagnet virker enkelt, er det usikkert om det bliver opfattet korrekt af DSB’s kunder. Forståelse og formidling af numerisk information er et særligt problemfelt der har haft bevågenhed i økonomi, sundhedsvidenskab og psykologi. Efter model af et tidligere studie af et tilsvarende informationsformat (Gigerenzer et al.,2005) undersøgte vi hvordan togpassagerer tolker DSB’s informationsformat om rettidighed. I alt 381 rejsende på 3 forskellige danske jernbanestrækninger besvarede et skema med blot 4 spørgsmål om rettidighed. Det store flertal mente at begrebet rettidighed omfatter både afgangs- og ankomsttidspunkt, kun ca. 10 % mente, i overensstemmelse med DSB, at rettidighed alene refererer til et togs ankomsttidspunkt. De adspurgte angav vidt forskellige kriterier for rettidighed fra 0 min. til 1 time. Procentsatsen reference blev opfattet forskelligt; referencen blev opfattet som andelen af rettidigt ankomne tog (34,4 %) eller som andelen af strækninger hvor togene kørte rettidigt (41,4 %). Selvom få forstod udsagnet helt korrekt, angav flertallet at de foretrak rettidighedsinformation med reference til tog, enten som en procentandel eller som gennemsnitlig forsinkelse. Undersøgelsen viste, i fuld overensstemmelse med dens forlæg , at angivelse af procentsats uden referenceklasse åbner for forskellige tolkninger af budskabet i modtagergruppen. Resultaterne peger på at referenceproblemet bør tages alvorligt, når det er vigtigt at information bliver forstået korrekt af en modtagergruppe.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 7 Nr. 1 (2012): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Towards urban mobility designs1: en route in the functional city
Creators: name: Lanng, Ditte Bendix
name: Harder, Henrik
name: Jensen, Ole B.
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2012

description: Functionalist traffic design aims at a rational organisation of movement from A to B in a segregated and uniform physical environment. Such urban areas have been criticized for being exclusively functional and lacking sensuous and social qualities. Recent research on mobilities challenges the more instrumental understanding of movement that underlies such traffic design. This research indicates that instrumental movement is only one aspect of ordinary journeys laden with meaning and experience to the wayfarers. In the paper we explore how we could think of the design of transit sites, if we operate insights on functional urban planning, on embodied practices and experiences of wayfaring, and on concrete small scale design concerns. We emphasise an integrated design agenda for those ordinary transit sites which is concerned with functional issues as well as the quality of life on the ground for the wayfarers who use the site. The data for our work concerns a transit site in the 1970s urban district of Aalborg Øst, Denmark. • We set out by introducing our approach to the site. • Second, we examine the functional layout of the transit site in Aalborg Øst and outline the design challenge which we are concerned with. • Third, we introduce an embodied mobile perspective through insights from the mobilities turn. • Fourth, through our own journey experience en route we present a mapping of the transit site. • We conclude by outlining a few propositions on the design challenge and design potentials, in relation to re-conceptualisation of the transit site, to mapping, and to design intervention. These propositions form part of our on-going work with urban mobility designs.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 7 Nr. 1 (2012): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Assessing ecosystem services based on indigenous knowledge in south-eastern Burkina Faso (West Africa)
Creators: name: Issaka Ouédraogo
name: Nacoulma, Blandine Marie Ivette
name: Hahn, Karen
name: Adjima Thiombiano
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Biological Sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Earth and Environmental Sciences

description: Ecosystems are sources of services such as food, water, timber, firewood, health, and spiritual benefits. The unsustainable human use of ecosystems has led to significant declines in the capability of these ecosystems to provide services. In contribution to the preservation of ecosystems, this study aims to assess the potential ecosystem services delivered by plant communities of the Pama partial fauna reserve using indigenous knowledge. Therefore, ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in the surrounding villages of the reserve. Fifty open-ended interviews were used to record the services provided by woody species. Each service quoted during the interviews was classified into one of the four categories of ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services) as the interview progressed. Formulas were developed to assess the potential services provided by the plant communities of the reserve. The results indicate that seventy-seven woody species provide twenty services, which are divided into the four categories of ecosystem services. The Terminalia avicennioides and Schizachyrium rupestre community contributes the most to the delivery of potential ecosystem services. This importance underlines the community’s potential vulnerability due to its likely intense use by the local people. This study highlights the most important factors for successful habitat preservation in the context of the ecosystem service approach by determining the plant communities that contribute the most to social welfare.
Effectiveness of Electronic Stability Control on Single-Vehicle Accidents
Creators: name: Lyckegaard, Allan
name: Hels, Tove
name: Bernhoft, Inger Marie
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Science Policy
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Objective: This study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of electronic stability control (ESC) on single-vehicle injury accidents while controlling for a number of confounders influencing the accident risk.Methods: Using police-registered injury accidents from 2004 to 2011 in Denmark with cars manufactured in the period 1998 to 2011 and the principle of induced exposure, 2 measures of the effectiveness of ESC were calculated: The crude odds ratio and the adjusted odds ratio, the latter by means of logistic regression. The logistic regression controlled for a number of confounding factors, of which the following were significant. For the driver: Age, gender, driving experience, valid driving license, and seat belt use. For the vehicle: Year of registration, weight, and ESC. For the accident surroundings: Visibility, light, and location. Finally, for the road: Speed limit, surface, and section characteristics.Results: The present study calculated the crude odds ratio for ESC-equipped cars of getting in a single-vehicle injury accident as 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34–0.47) and the adjusted odds ratio as 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54–0.88). No difference was found in the effectiveness of ESC across the injury severity categories (slight, severe, and fatal).Conclusions: In line with previous results, this study concludes that ESC reduces the risk for single-vehicle injury accidents by 31% when controlling for various confounding factors related to the driver, the car, and the accident surroundings. Furthermore, it is concluded that it is important to control for human factors (at a minimum age and gender) in analyses where evaluations of this type are performed.
Effectiveness of electronic stability control on single-vehicle accidents
Creators: name: Lyckegaard, Allan
name: Hels, Tove
name: Bernhoft, Inger Marie
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Science Policy
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: ABSTRACTObjective. This study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of Electronic Stability Control (ESC) on single vehicle injury accidents while controlling for a number of confounders influencing the accident risk.Methods. Using Police registered injury accidents from 2004 to 2011 in Denmark with cars manufactured in the period 1998 to 2011 and the principle of induced exposure, two measures of the effectiveness of ESC were calculated: The crude odds ratio and the adjusted odds ratio; the latter by means of logistic regression. The logistic regression controlled for a number of confounding factors, of which the following were significant. For the driver: Age, gender, driving experience, valid driving license and seat belt use. For the vehicle: 1. year of registration, weight and ESC. For the accident surroundings: Visibility, light and location. Finally for the road: Speed limit, surface and section characteristics.Results. The present study calculated the crude odds ratio for ESC-equipped cars of getting in a single vehicle injury accident to be 0.40 (95% C.I. 0.34-0.47) and the adjusted odds ratio to be 0.69 (0.54-0.88). No difference was found in the effectiveness of ESC across the injury severity categories (slight, severe and fatal).Conclusions. In line with previous results, this study concludes that ESC reduces the risk for single vehicle injury accidents by 31% when controlling for various confounding factors related to the driver, the car and the accident surroundings. Furthermore, it is concluded that it is important to control for human factors (at a minimum age and gender) in analyses where evaluations of this type are performed.
Strategic port development: Identifying a development approach for small and medium-sized ports
Creators: name: Olesen, Peter Bjerg
name: Dukovska-Popovska, Iskra
name: Hvolby, Hans-Henrik
name: Jensen, Kenn Steger
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2012

description: While large global ports are recognised as playing a central role in many supply chains as logistic gateways, smaller regional ports have been more stagnant and have not reached the same level of development as the larger ports. The research literature in relation to port development is also heavily focussed on larger ports. The smaller ports do not have the same resources and knowledge to implement the techniques that have been developed for the larger ports, as these methods often are very complex in nature. Smaller ports do not have the economics of scale to support more complex developments. This paper examines a series of models from the port development literature and then proposes an approach for conceptualizing the strategic development of a port’s collaboration with local operators and the local hinterland based on connected development steps. The paper is based on a literature review relevant to international port development and a case study done in a Danish port as part of the main authors PhD project. The proposed model provides a strategic approach to control and improve the development of a port system and the connected hinterland. While the model is generic in its approach, the authors apply it to a Danish case study that illustrates its potential usage in determining port development.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 7 Nr. 1 (2012): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Framework for Railway Phase-based Planning
Creators: name: Li, Rui
name: Nielsen, Otto Anker
name: Landex, Alex
name: Madsen, Steen Nørbæk
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2013

description: In the railway field, planning the maintenance and renewal strategy from Life Cycle Cost (LCC) perspective gets more and more attentions recent years. The new approach looks at all the costs through the infrastructure life span and use the annuity (continuing payment with a fixed total annual spending) to evaluate the project alternatives. The comparison result can identify the most cost-efficient solution in a long run and therefore reduce the overall costs. This article defines a phase-based framework to guide the railway maintenance and renewal project planning at strategic level. The framework evaluates the project options from a larger LCC scope: The costs from Train Operation Companies (TOCs) and passengers, together with the maintenance and renewal costs from Infrastructure Managers are included in the calculation. The framework simplifies the planning processes and the LCC calculation into 7 phases. By going through the phases, the project’s key evaluation indicators such as track quality and life time, the LCC annuity, Cash flow and Cumulated NPV curve over years, can be visualized into charts, so that the alternative proposals can be easily illustrated and compared. A case study is introduced in the article to demonstrate how the framework works to compare timber sleepers and concrete sleepers from strategic planning level. Two Life Cycle Cost oriented policies are discussed to illustrate: high quality track is necessity to improve the cost efficiency of railway maintenance and renewals.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 8 Nr. 1 (2013): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Opgradering af jernbanen mellem Odense og Aarhus
Creators: name: Jensen, Lars Wittrup
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2013

description: Denne artikel præsenterer fire løsninger til hvordan Timemodellens tredje etape mellem Odense og Aarhus kan udføres således at én times rejsetid opnås mellem de to byer. I artiklen analyseres opgraderingsmulig- hederne på strækningen, og det findes at en opgradering ikke alene kan opfylde rejsetidsmålet. Derfor op- stilles en række nybygningsalternativer, som efter en indledende sortering, sammensættes med de mest kosteffektive opgraderinger til fire samlede løsninger. I tre af disse løsninger benyttes elektriske togsæt der kan køre 200 km/t, mens der i den sidste løsning benyttes elektriske togsæt der kan køre 250 km/t, hvormed der kan spares på anlægsomkostninger. Af de fire løsninger anses den næst billigste med en ny bane over Vestfyn, en ny bane udenom Fredericia og over Vejle Fjord, samt en ny bane mellem Hovedgård og Hassel- ager, som den bedste. Derudover anbefaler artiklen, at der undersøges alternative løsningsforslag, fx benyt- telse af kurvestyrede tog og en omformulering af Timemodellen, for at opnå en lavere anlægspris.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 8 Nr. 1 (2013): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Adding to complexity: How a revived use of psychological theory can benefit attempts to stimulate change in patterns of personal travel
Creators: name: Ellingsgaard, Hannah Villadsen
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2013

description: This paper seeks to broaden the view of psychological theory in research in behavioral change in transport as a way of responding to climate change. In recent years the use of psychological theory has been increasingly criticized for supporting individualizing, atomized and simplistic perspectives on change (Watson, 2012; Geels, 2012; Chatterton & Wilson, 2014; Schwanen, Banister & Anable, 2011). While welcoming this important and justified critique this article seeks to capture and defend the fundamental insights that these models have contributed to. The aim is to separate the baby from the bathwater and point to how theories of individual behavior and aggregate perspectives such as theories of practice can inform each other and result in enhanced methods. First the use of psychological theory in journal articles on behavioral change in transport is reviewed. A comprehensive theoretical review is used to point to strengths and weaknesses in current approaches. Lastly an informed eclectic approach is advocated by proposing an operational framework that draws on established theories of attitude and behavioral choice as well as cultivating a better understanding of practices involved in personal travel.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 8 Nr. 1 (2013): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Uheld og trafikantadfærd i kryds med dobbeltrettede cykelstier
Creators: name: Buch, Thomas Skallebæk
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2011

description: Denne artikel omhandler vigepligtsregulerede kryds med dobbeltrettede cykelstier langs primærvejen. En gennemgang af 339 uheld mellem en cyklist/knallertkører og en krydsende person- eller varebil i perioden 2006-2010 viste, at stitrafikanter i den modsatte retning af trafikken i nærmeste kørespor på primærvejen var signifikant hyppigere involveret i uheld. Denne undersøgelse blev suppleret af et observationsstudie i tre kryds. Det blev observeret, hvorvidt person- og varebilister orienterede sig til højre under fremkørsel fra sidevejen. Ligeledes blev cyklisters og knallertkøreres hoveddrejning observeret. I to af krydsene orienterede henholdsvis 17 % og 21 % af de højresvingende bilister sig ikke til højre før stien, hvis der ikke var trafik fra deres venstre side at vige for. Dette kunne forklare, hvorfor den hyppigste uheldssituation var mellem højresvingende bilister fra sidevejen og stitrafikanter fra deres højre side (uheldssituation 620). I det tredje kryds kunne stiens placering på et vejbump og store trafikmængder på stien forklare en bedre orientering. Øvrige uheldssituationer med bilister fra sidevejen kan nærmere forklares med looked-but- failed-to-see fejl. Under halvdelen af cyklisterne havde en observeret hoveddrejning i forbindelse med passage af krydset, og dette afhang ikke af cyklisternes køreretning. For begge trafikantgrupper var der en øget orientering ved lav hastighed. Der var få observationer af knallertkørere, men de viste ikke tegn på øget opmærksomhed sammenlignet med cyklisterne.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 6 Nr. 1 (2011): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Forbedringer af rettidighed for godstog – et fælles ansvar.
Creators: name: Richter, Troels
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2012

description: Banedanmarks jernbanenet er domineret af passagertog, og flere steder er nettet udnyttet til kapacitetsgrænsen. Hovedparten af de godstog, der kører i Danmark, er transitgodstog mellem Sverige og kontinentet. En stor del af disse tog ankommer til Banedanmarks net udenfor deres køreplanskanal. Dette gør, at disse tog ofte skal overhales af hurtigerekørende passagertog med yderligere forsinkelser til følge. Banedanmark har indledt et samarbejde med godsoperatøren DB Schenker for at forbedre trafikafviklingen af deres transitgodstog. Et af virkemidlerne er disponeringsplaner for godstog, hvor forsinkede godstog omlægges til en ny rettidig kanal. Et andet virkemiddel er en mødestruktur, hvor udfordringer for trafikafviklingen klarlægges i fællesskab, og der udarbejdes tiltag til at håndtere disse. En kvantitativ evaluering af omlægningerne af forsinkede godstog til nye kanaler viser, at dette har en tydelig positiv effekt på forudsigeligheden for, hvornår disse godstog forlader Banedanmarks net. Målemetoderne til at foretage denne evaluering er udviklet specifikt til dette formål, idet de klassiske metoder til at vurdere kvaliteten af trafikafviklingen af passagertog ikke tager højde for de specielle forhold, der gælder for transitgodstog.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 7 Nr. 1 (2012): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Implementation of Bus Rapid Transit in Copenhagen: A Mesoscopic Model Approach
Creators: name: Ingvardson, Jesper Bláfoss
name: Jensen, Jonas Kornerup
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2012

description: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has shown to be an efficient and cost-effective mode of public transport, and has gained popularity in many cities around the world. To optimise the operations and infrastructure it is advantageous to deploy transport models. However, microscopic models are very inefficient for large scale corridors due to the vast amount of data and resources required. Hence, it is relevant to investigate how to model and evaluate BRT efficiently. In this paper the effects of implementing BRT in Copenhagen is discussed including how to evaluate and model bus operations. For this purpose, a mesoscopic simulation model is developed. In the model bus operations are modelled on a microscopic level whereas the interactions with other traffic are modelled macroscopically. This makes it possible to model high-frequency bus services such as BRT lines in more details without the time consumption of micro-simulation models. The developed model is capable of modelling bus operations in terms of travel time and reliability including important mode-specific issues such as bus bunching. The model is applied to a BRT project proposal with different combinations of BRT elements. The model results show that infrastructure upgrades (busways and enhanced stations) ensure a reduction to travel time whereas no improvements to reliability occur. Upgrades to technology and service planning (pre-paid fare collection, boarding and alighting from all doors, special BRT vehicles, ITS, and active bus control) ensure an increase in service reliability whereas only small reductions to travel time are observed. By combining all BRT elements it is possible to obtain synergies where the improved reliability due to planning and technology elements makes it possible to utilise the infrastructure optimally. Hence, it is possible to increase commercial speed from 14.8 to 19.9 km/h and service reliability in terms of headway time regularity from 46% to 84% aggregated on both directions for the morning peak period making the implementation of BRT feasible from a pure financial point of view.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 7 Nr. 1 (2012): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Alkohol, medicin og narkotikaforekomst hos alvorligt tilskadekomne bilister
Creators: name: Bernhoft, Inger Marie
name: Hels, Tove
name: Janstrup, Kira
name: Simonsen, Kirsten Wiese
name: Steentoft, Anni
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2011

description: Denne artikel omhandler forekomsten af alkohol, narkotika og medicin hos danske bilister, som er blevet alvorligt skadet i færdselsuheld. Undersøgelsen er baseret på anonyme blodprøver fra 840 førere af person- og varebiler, der blev indbragt til hospitalerne i Odense, Kolding, Vejle, Viborg og Aalborg i perioden oktober 2007 - marts 2010. Blodprøverne blev taget som led i de blodprøver, der rutinemæssigt tages i forbindelse med behandlingen og de blev analyseret for alkohol og 21 misbrugs- og lægemiddelstoffer samt enkelte omdannelsesprodukter (metabolitter). Til brug for undersøgelsen blev der desuden indhentet oplysning om patientens alder og køn, typen af køretøj, uheldsstedet, typen af færdselsuheld, tidspunkt for færdselsuheldet og prøvetagningen samt eventuel medicin, der var blevet givet før udtagning af blodprøven. Alkohol alene eller alkohol sammen med andre stoffer var til stede hos knap 20 % af bilisterne. I alt var 30,5 % af bilisterne positive for én eller flere stofgrupper. Blandt medicinske stoffer alene var forekomsten højest for medicinske opioider (2,5 %) efterfulgt af benzodiazepiner (1,6 %). For de narkotiske stoffer alene var forekomsten højest for cannabis (2,3 %) efterfulgt af amfetamin (1,1 %). I alt var 41,6 % af de tilskadekomne i eneuheld positive for stoffer, heraf 30 % for alkohol alene eller alkohol sammen med andre stoffer. For bilister i flerpartsuheld var i alt 19 % positive, heraf knap 9 % for alkohol alene eller alkohol sammen med andre stoffer. Forekomsten af alkohol og andre stoffer var mere end dobbelt så stor hos de tilskadekomne mænd som hos de tilskadekomne kvinder. For begge køn var forekomsten størst hos aldersgruppen 25-34 år. Forekomsten af alkohol var størst i weekenden, mens den for alle andre stoffer var størst på hverdage. Resultaterne viste, at alkohol var væsentlig hyppigere til stede hos alvorligt skadede bilister i forhold til medicin og narkotika.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 6 Nr. 1 (2011): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Hva bør gjøres når en evaluering ikke kan anvende beste metode?
Creators: name: Elvik, Rune
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2011

description: Utgangspunktet for dette paperet er at det ikke alltid er mulig å gjennomføre en før-og-etterundersøkelse av et trafikksikkerhetstiltak med den beste metode. Spørsmålet er hva man i så fall skal gjøre. Man kan enten velge å gjøre en evaluering av tiltaket med en ”nest-beste” metode, eller man kan avstå fra å gjøre en undersøkelse i det hele tatt. For å kunne velge mellom å gjøre en nest-beste studie, eller ingen studie i det hele tatt, bør det tas utgangspunkt i de krav som stilles til gode evalueringer av trafikksikkerhetstiltak og man bør kritisk vurdere hvor mange av disse krav en evalueringsstudie kan forventes å oppfylle. Dersom en studie kan forventes å oppfylle de fleste av kravene til en god undersøkelse, bør man gjennomføre studien. En nest-beste studie kan ofte styrkes ved at man innhenter en del lett tilgjengelige supplerende opplysninger om forhold som erfaringsmessig påvirker trafikksikkerheten, slik som folketall og økonomiske konjunkturer. I dette paperet illustreres denne fremgangsmåten ved å studere virkninger av kampanjer mot promillekjøring blant unge førere i Nordjylland i perioden 1988-1993, 1995 og etter 1996. Ved å innhente opplysninger om folketall i amtene og om utviklingen av realinntekter, er det mulig å evaluere kampanjenes virkninger ved hjelp av en multivariat negativ binomial regresjonsmodell. Selv om denne studien ikke oppfyller alle krav til en god studie, oppfyller den disse kravene tilstrekkelig godt til at man kan gi sterkere grunner for å tro på resultatene av undersøkelsen enn for ikke å tro på disse resultatene.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 6 Nr. 1 (2011): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Sikkerhedsmæssig effekt af strækningshastighedskontrol i Storbritannien
Creators: name: Brassoe, Bo
name: Johansen, Jonas Wilbert
name: Madsen, Jens Christian Overgaard
name: Lahrmann, Harry
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2010

description: Der knytter sig væsentlige sikkerhedsmæssige potentialer til at sikre, at bilisterne i højere grad overholder hastighedsgrænserne. Høje hastigheder giver flere og mere alvorlige uheld. Den teknologiske udvikling har bevirket, at der gennem de seneste 20 år er udviklet systemer, der muliggør automatiske hastighedskontroller. For nylig er der gennemført en dansk evaluering af de sikkerhedsmæssige effekter af punktbaseret hastighedskontrol ved anvendelse af såkaldt punkt-ATK. Et muligt og potentielt mere effektivt alternativ er strækningsbaseret hastighedskontrol, hvor den automatiske hastighedskontrol gennemføres på baggrund af registreringer af bilisternes gennemsnitlige rejsehastighed over sammenhængende vejstrækninger. Artiklen omhandler en evaluering af de sikkerhedsmæssige effekter af strækningsbaseret hastighedskontrol belyst via ændringer i hastighedsniveauer og uheldsforekomster før og efter etableringen af strækningshastighedskontrol på udvalgte lokaliteter i Storbritannien. Studiet dokumenterer, at indførelsen af strækningsbaseret hastighedskontrol medfører signifikante og betydelige reduktioner i hastigheder og uheldsforekomster. Evalueringens resultater taler for, at strækningsbaserede hastighedskontroller i højere grad end punkt-ATK vil kunne forbedre trafiksikkerheden.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 6 Nr. 1 (2011): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Automatisk hastighedskontrol – vurdering af trafiksikkerhed og samfundsøkonomi
Creators: name: Hels, Tove
name: Kristensen, Niels Buus
name: Carstensen, Gitte
name: Bernhoft, Inger Marie
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2010

description: I januar 2009 blev et ét-årigt forsøg med kameraer på ubemandede standere (automatisk hastighedskontrol, ATK) iværksat af Justitsministeriet, idet man opsatte ti ATK-standere (punkt-ATK) på forskellige vejtyper på Sjælland. I forbindelse hermed har Rigspolitiet evalueret den praktiske gennemførelse af forsøget, og Vejdirektoratet har evalueret standernes effekt på hastigheden de pågældende steder. Denne artikel indeholder en vurdering af den mulige trafiksikkerhedsmæssige effekt af en eventuel permanent indførelse af ATK i større skala på de statslige landeveje eller hovedlandeveje. Det danske forsøg viste, at opstilling af ATK-standere havde en tydelig reducerende virkning på trafikkens hastighed ved passage af ATK-standeren. Middelhastigheden faldt på landeveje med gennemsnitligt 9,1 km/t i kontrolretningen på hverdage (12 %) og 12,1 km/t i weekender (14 %). Andelen af person- og varebiler, som kørte hurtigere end den tilladte hastighed faldt markant ved opsætning af ATK-standere: ved standere i landzone var denne andel før opsætning af ATK-standere 80 %, efter opsætning 15 %. Artiklen opstiller to scenarier for mulig generel indførsel af ATK i Danmark (hhv. 100 og 500 standere). I begge scenarier er indsatsen koncentreret omkring de statslige landeveje eller hovedlandeveje. Disse har kombinationen af den største trafikvolumen og flest alvorlige uheld pr. strækningskilometer, hvorfor effekten generelt vil være størst på disse veje. Standerne anbefales sat op som punkt-ATK-standere i serier efter svensk forbillede samt anbefales at blive udformet, så de er forberedt til stræknings-ATK. Det anbefales endvidere at forsætte med hyppig brug af mobil ATK. Ud fra statistiske sammenhænge mellem hastighedsnedsættelser og sparede personskadeuheld vurderes det, at der i de to opstillede scenarier kan spares hhv. ca. 10 og ca. 50 personskadeuheld årligt svarende til hhv. 2.5 % og 12 % af de personskadeuheld der sker på statslige hovedlandeveje årligt. Implementeringen er beregnet til at give et benefit-costforhold på 1,4 med en række grundantagelser. Opsætning af ATK har derfor formentlig en rimelig samfundsøkonomisk lønsomhed, men den afhænger i betydeligt omfang af usikkerheden på beregningerne.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 6 Nr. 1 (2011): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Employability challenges for Cambodian tertiary graduates
Creators: name: Hak, Novuthny
Publisher: name: Charles Darwin University
Year: 2016

description: Graduate standards and employability have been a significant issue in Cambodia over the past decades. An extensive review of the literature indicated that Cambodia has enjoyed high levels of enrolment in HE; however, there is also an accompanied high level of graduate unemployment. Though the exact official unemployment rate among new graduates is hard to track, at least 30 percent were unemployed in 2010. The purpose of the study is to investigate the challenges faced by university graduates when preparing for their employment after graduation in Cambodia to better understand the context of the problem and ways to address it. To this end, the study looked for an international model and examined perspectives of university executives at an Australian university with regards to the issue of graduate employability and its solutions. A qualitative research methodology was employed. The study used interviews as the means of data collection. The interviews were based on issues identified in the literature review as key areas around which universities structure implementation of graduate employability policies. The findings of the study showed that the challenges and issues of graduate employability in Australia are the consequence of imbalanced perspectives between relevant stakeholders on the issues concerning integrating work experience, identifying and teaching relevant skills and graduate attributes, course currency, and teaching workload.
Matching observed public route choice data to a GIS network
Creators: name: Anderson, Marie K.
name: Rasmussen, Thomas K.
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2010

description: This paper is motivated by a growing interest in providing insight into route choices of public transport users. Observations on route choices are collected in the Danish National Travel Survey (Transportvaneundersøgelsen, TU) where respondents describe their chosen route (e.g., modes, times, origins, destinations). In this paper methods are developed to match these data to a GIS network in order to be able to compare the observed routes with routes generated by means of a GIS application. The GIS network is a schedule-based public transport network containing addresses, train stations, bus stops, transfers, train lines, bus lines and a road network. The method developed is able to identify the train stations used, identify the bus stops used, map observations onto relevant links with knowledge of line used and points travelled through (origin, bus stops, train stations, and destination).
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 5 Nr. 1 (2010): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
The Demand Model of the Danish National Model
Creators: name: Rich, Jeppe
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2010

description: In the present paper the structure of the demand model framework for the new Danish national model is outlined. It involves a discussion at two levels. At the framework level, we discuss how demand is modelled in a number of parallel sub-models and how these are linked. An issues is to represent all transport but on the other hand avoid double counting. At the sub-model level, special attention is given to the week-day model. As the model for week-day traffic are the most important components with respect to overall mileage and congestion it is particular important from a policy point of view. We discuss in more details the design of tours (trip chains) and how these will be organised into primary and secondary tours with intermediate stop activities. Finally, we discuss how activity chains can be represented in a matrix form prior to the assignment procedure.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 5 Nr. 1 (2010): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Development and assessment of a data collection method for route choice in public transport
Creators: name: Anderson, Marie K. A.
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2010

description: Knowledge about actual route choices for public transport passengers is important when assessing generated choice sets for route choice modelling. An objective measure of relevant routes in actual networks does not exist and assessment of the choice sets is often based on the experience and knowledge of the analyst. Route choices for car traffic have attracted a lot of attention in the research literature, but limited knowledge exists on the route choices of public transport passengers and the need for insight into these choices motivates the work described in the paper. This paper describes a method to collect data for public transport passengers by using internet and telephone interviews. The route choice questions are formulated and added to the existing Danish Travel Survey (Transportvaneundersøgelsen, TU) and tested in a pilot study at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). Afterwards, the questions are implemented in the national TU survey and, since February 2009, more than 4,000 route choices in public transportation have been collected. The method of collecting public route choices proves to be successful since it collects actual route choice data for a large number of travellers and it allows reproducing observed choices in a GIS network for choice set assessment purposes.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 5 Nr. 1 (2010): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Characteristics of Trips and Travellers in Private and Public Transportation in the Danish Travel Survey data
Creators: name: Anderson, Marie K. A.
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2010

description: This paper is motivated by a growing interest in providing greater insight into the travel habits of Danish travellers. The analysis is conducted on the data collected in the Danish Travel Survey (in Danish: Transportvaneundersøgelsen, TU) from 2006 to 2009. The investigation of these data enables pointing out which travellers’ and trips’ characteristics to pay special attention to when examining the choice between private and public transportation. This is important for the future estimation of mode choice and public route choice models, but also for the general knowledge about which issues should be taken into account when trying to improve the conditions for public transport users and which initiatives could convince more people to travel by public transport. The analyses show that income is very important for the choice between public and private transportation since income also reflects gender, place of resident, etc.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 5 Nr. 1 (2010): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
In vitro synergistic efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid, oleic acid, safflower oil and taxol cytotoxicity on PC3 cells
Creators: name: Kızılşahin, Sadi
name: Ayşe Nalbantsoy
name: N. Ülkü Karabay Yavaşoğlu
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: 60506 Virology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Hematology
subject: Cancer
subject: Biological Sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Ecology
subject: Chemistry
subject: Earth and Environmental Sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Microbiology
subject: Biochemistry

description: The aim of this study was to determine in vitro synergistic efficacy of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), oleic acid (OLA), safflower oil and taxol (Tax) cytotoxicity on human prostate cancer (PC3) cell line. To determine synergistic efficacy of oil combinations, PC3 treated with different doses of compounds alone and combined with 10 μg/mL Tax. The MTT results indicated that OLA–Tax combinations exhibited cytotoxicity against PC3 at doses of 30 nM+10 μg-Tax, 15 nM+5 μg-Tax and 7.5 nM+2.5 μg-Tax. The treatment of OLA or Tax did not show significant inhibition on PC3, while OLA–Tax combinations showed effective cytotoxicity at treated doses. CLA–Tax combinations demonstrated the same effect on PC3 as combined form with 45.72% versus the alone form as 74.51% viability. Cytotoxic synergy between Tax, OLA and CLA shows enhanced cytotoxicity on PC3 which might be used in the therapy of prostate cancer.
Estimering af bilers brændstofforbrug ved brug af eksisterende GPS data
Creators: name: Andersen, Ove
name: Lahrmann, Harry
name: Torp, Kristian
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2010

description: GPS data opsamles i mange sammenhænge f.eks. for at finde køretider i vejnettet. I denne artikel vises, hvorledes eksisterende GPS data kan bruges til at estimere brændstofforbruget for en tur. En metode til at estimere brændstofforbruget for en enkelt tur generaliseres til at kunne estimere brændstofforbruget for alle ture i vejnettet. Tre typiske ture med både by- og landkørsel bruges til at afprøve den generaliserede metode. Hovedkonklusionerne er for det første at optimering for brændstofforbrug giver andre ruter end, hvis der optimeres for hurtigste eller kortest rute. For det andet, at der er betydelige forskelle i det estime- rede brændstofforbrug for forskellige ruter mellem de samme to punkter. For det tredje, at det estimerede brændstofforbrug ikke er en perfekt indikator, men det bedste der kan opnås uden, at der skal installeres nyt specialiseret udstyr i køretøjer.
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 5 Nr. 1 (2010): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
The usability of passenger delay models in socio-economic analysis
Creators: name: Thorhauge, Mikkel
Publisher: name: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University
Year: 2010

description: The following paper discusses how a passenger delay model can be used in socio-economic calculations. At present passenger delays are often omitted in the modeling phase and therefore not included in the socio economic analysis. By using a passenger delay model passenger delays can be included in a cost- benefit analysis. Including passenger delays in the cost-benefit analysis will increase the level of details and thereby improve the accuracy of socio-economic analysis. In this paper the third generation passenger delay model is used. This model is the newest and most detailed passenger delay model created so far. When using a passenger delay model, the main problem is how to properly include the delays in a socio- economic analysis. This is due to the fact that passenger delays are not necessarily unambiguously. In general, delays can occur on different parts of a journey; while the passengers are waiting for the train (waiting time, first waiting time or even hidden waiting time) or while the passenger are sitting in the train (or bus). Furthermore a delay can also be negative, meaning that a passenger will arrive before planned (a so-called negative delay). This article proposes that a delay is defined solely by the difference between the scheduled and realized arrival time. The recommendations are listed as follows: • The value of time for a delay is defined as done by the Danish Ministry of Transport (Trafikministeriet, 2003) no matter how or when the delay has occurred. The size of the delay is calculated solely by the difference between the planned and realized arrival time. • A negative delay is defined as the value of time of hidden waiting time. A negative delay is calculated as the difference between the planned and realized arrival time and is considered a surplus in the cost benefit analysis. • A delay will not be included if the passenger arrives at his or her final destination on time even though the passenger may have experienced a delay (or travelled along a different route than planned) during the journey. Note that this paper is regarded as a prequel to the article “Optimization of timetable supplement from a passenger based socio-economic point of view” (Thorhauge, 2010). This article is based on the results of (Thorhauge & Piester, 2010).
description: Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University, Årg. 5 Nr. 1 (2010): Selected Proceedings from the Annual Transport Conference at Aalborg University