cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
HI in circumstellar environments
Creators: name: Gerard
name: Bertre, Le
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present new results of a spectroscopic survey of circumstellar HI in the direction of evolved stars made with the Nancay Radiotelescope. The HI line at 21 cm has been detected in the circumstellar shells of a variety of evolved stars: AGB stars, oxygen-rich and carbon-rich, Semi-Regular and Miras, and Planetary Nebulae. The emissions are generally spatially resolved, i.e. larger than 4', indicating shell sizes of the order of 1 pc which opens the possibility to trace the history of mass loss over the past ~ 10^4-10^5 years. The line-profiles are sometimes composite. The individual components have generally a quasi-Gaussian shape; in particular they seldom show the double-horn profile that would be expected from the spatially resolved optically thin emission of a uniformly expanding shell. This probably implies that the expansion velocity decreases outwards in the external shells (0.1-1 pc) of these evolved stars. The HI line-profiles do not necessarily match those of the CO rotational lines. Furthermore, the centroid velocities do not always agree with those measured in the CO lines and/or the stellar radial velocities. The HI emissions may also be shifted in position with respect to the central stars. Without excluding the possibility of asymmetric mass ejection, we suggest that these two effects could also be related to a non-isotropic interaction with the local interstellar medium. HI was detected in emission towards several sources (rho Per, alpha Her, delta^2 Lyr, U CMi) that otherwise have not been detected in any radio lines. Conversely it was not detected in the two oxygen-rich stars with substantial mass-loss rate, NML Tau and WX Psc, possibly because these sources are young with hydrogen in molecular form, and/or because the temperature of the circumstellar HI gas is very low (< 5 K).
description: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal
The Doob-McKean identity for stable Lévy processes
Creators: name: Kyprianou, Andreas E.
name: O'Connell, Neil
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 60J80, 60E10

description: We re-examine the celebrated Doob--McKean identity that identifies a conditioned one-dimensional Brownian motion as the radial part of a 3-dimensional Brownian motion or, equivalently, a Bessel-3 process, albeit now in the analogous setting of isotropic $α$-stable processes. We find a natural analogue that matches the Brownian setting, with the role of the Brownian motion replaced by that of the isotropic $α$-stable process, providing one interprets the components of the original identity in the right way.
description: 1 figure
TU intern: die Hochschulzeitung der Technischen Universität Berlin
Creators: name: (:Unkn) Unknown
Publisher: name: Technische Universität Berlin
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: 000 Informatik, Informationswissenschaft, allgemeine Werke
subject: Hochschulzeitung
subject: Technische Universität
subject: TU Berlin

description: Die Hochschulzeitung "TU intern" berichtet sowohl über Aktuelles aus der Universität als auch über landes- und bundesweite Themen. Sie wendet sich an Mitglieder und Alumni der Universität sowie an Politik, Wirtschaft und Medien. Mit der Eröffnung ihres neuen Coworking Space EINS manifestiert die TU Berlin ihren Status als führende Gründerhochschule und etabliert den prominenten Ernst-Reuter-Platz als Innovations-Hot-Spot im Herzen der Start-up-Hauptstadt. Der Impact der Universität endet aber nicht an den Grenzen Charlottenburgs. Neue Visionen gibt es auch für den Wedding. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Charité ist der Forschungsneubau „Der Simulierte Mensch“ auf dem Virchow-Campus an der Seestraße geplant, in dem medizinisch und biotechnologisch zu Krebs und Immunologie geforscht werden soll. Soeben hat eine Jury den Architektur-Wettbewerb dazu entschieden. Für die Initiierung von Tauwetter in zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen hat sich die Wissenschaft schon oft bewährt. So gab es einen ersten Austausch auf dem Gebiet der Umweltplanung mit Nordkorea. Weitere Themen: Wie eine Mikrobiologin Schimmelpilze und Kunst zusammenbringt, die Geschichte des TU-Studentenhauses, wie das TU-SAP-Team mit Beginn des Jahres einen großen Meilenstein erreicht hat, Neuigkeiten zum Open Access-DEAL, zum 50. Jubiläum des studentischen Personalrats und vieles mehr. Besonderes Highlight: Die 16-seitige Beilage „TU intern +plus“ zum Thema Ernährung: „Richtig satt werden“.
Old globular clusters in magellanic-type dwarf irregular galaxies
Creators: name: Georgiev, Iskren Y.
name: Goudfrooij, Paul
name: Puzia, Thomas H.
name: Hilker, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a study of the old globular clusters (GC) using archival F606W and F814W HST/ACS images of 19 Magellanic-type dwarf Irregular (dIrr) galaxies found in nearby (2 - 8 Mpc) associations of only dwarf galaxies. All dIrrs have absolute magnitudes fainter than or equal to the SMC (Mv = -16.2 mag). We detect 50 GC candidates in 13 dIrrs, of which 37 have (V-I) colors consistent with "blue" (old, metal-poor) GCs (bGC). The luminosity function (LF) of the bGCs in our sample peaks at Mv = -7.41 +/- 0.22 mag, consistent with other galaxy types. The width of the LF is sigma = 1.79 +/- 0.31 which is typical for dIrrs, but broader than the typical width in massive galaxies. The half-light radii and ellipticities of the GCs in our sample (rh ~ 3.3 pc, e ~ 0.1) are similar to those of old GCs in the Magellanic Clouds and to those of "Old Halo" (OH) GCs in our Galaxy, but not as extended and spherical as the Galactic "Young Halo" (YH) GCs (rh ~ 7.7 pc, e ~ 0.06). The e distribution shows a turnover rather than a power law as observed for the Galactic GCs. This might suggest that GCs in dIrrs are kinematically young and not fully relaxed yet. The present-day specific frequencies (SN) span a broad range: 0.3 < SN < 11. Assuming a dissipationless age fading of the galaxy light, the SN values would increase by a factor of ~ 2.5 to 16, comparable with values for early-type dwarfs (dE/dSphs). A bright central GC candidate, similar to nuclear clusters of dEs, is observed in one of our dIrrs: NGC 1959. This nuclear GC has luminosity, color, and structural parameters similar to that of wCen and M54, suggesting that the latter might have their origin in the central regions of similar Galactic building blocks. A comparison between properties of bGCs and Galactic YH GCs, suspected to have originated from similar dIrrs, is performed.
description: 20 pages, 18 figures, 4 Tables, accepted for publication in Astronomical Journal; Changes at proof: typos, updated Fig. 9; text in Sects.3.2 and 3.3.2; Table 4
Geometric Theory of Columnar Phases on Curved Substrates
Creators: name: Santangelo, Christian D.
name: Vitelli, Vincenzo
name: Kamien, Randall D.
name: Nelson, David R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study thin self-assembled columns constrained to lie on a curved, rigid substrate. The curvature presents no local obstruction to equally spaced columns in contrast to curved crystals for which the crystalline bonds are frustrated. Instead, the vanishing compressional strain of the columns implies that their normals lie on geodesics which converge (diverge) in regions of positive (negative) Gaussian curvature, in analogy to the focussing of light rays by a lens. We show that the out of plane bending of the cylinders acts as an effective ordering field.
description: 4 pages, RevTeX, 2 included figures
The PARTHENOS Training Suite: Empowering eHumanities and eHeritage Research(ers) with essential Knowledge and Skills: The PARTHENOS Webinar Series
Creators: name: Wuttke, Ulrike
name: Neuroth, Heike
name: Rothfritz, Laura
name: Edmond, Jennifer
name: Garnett, Vicky
name: Uiterwaal, Frank
name: Annisius, Marie
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: digital humanities
research infrastructures
training
professional development
webinars

description: Slides from Long Paper at DH2019, 09.-12.07.2019, Utrecht given on 10.07.2019 about PARTHENOS Training and the PARTHENOS eHumanities and eHeritage Webinar Series. Link to PARTHENOS Main Site: http://www.parthenos-project.eu/ Link to PARTHENOS Training Suite: http://training.parthenos-project.eu/ Link to PARTHENOS Webinar Series Site: http://training.parthenos-project.eu/sample-page/ehumanities-eheritage-webinar-series/
description: PARTHENOS is a Horizon 2020 project funded by the European Commission.
Noncoding RNAs as a potential biomarker for the prognosis of bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Creators: name: Jiang, Lan
name: Sun, Ge
name: Zou, Lina
name: Guan, Yue
name: Hang, Yongzheng
name: Liu, Yanan
name: Zhou, Zhiren
name: Zhang, Xueqing
name: Huang, Xiaojing
name: Pan, Hongzhi
name: Rong, Shengzhong
name: Ma, Hongkun
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Astronomical and Space Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer

description: The relationship between noncoding RNAs and the prognosis of bladder cancer (BC) is still controversial. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between noncoding RNAs and prognosis by meta-analysis. Comprehensive retrieval of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the Web of Science, CNKI, and WanFang databases is related to the correlation between noncoding RNAs and the prognosis of BC. Data were extracted, and the literature quality was evaluated. STATA16.0 served for the meta-analysis. 1. CircRNAs: High circ-ZFR expression led to poor overall survival (OS) of BC. 2. LncRNAs: Low lnc-GAS5 expression predicted poor OS of BC, high lnc-TUG1 expression predicted poor OS of BC. 3. MiRNAs: High miR-21 expression predicted poor OS of BC, high miR-222 expression led to poor OS of BC, high miR-155 expression predicted poor progression-free survival (PFS) of BC, high miR-143 expression caused poor PFS of BC, low miR-214 expression could result in poor recurrence-free survival (RFS) of BC. High circ-ZFR, lnc-TUG1, miR-222, and miR-21 expressions were correlated with poor OS of BC; high miR-155 and miR-143 expression predicted poor PFS of BC; low lnc-GAS5 expression predicted poor OS of BC; low miR-214 expression predicted poor RFS of BC.
The Complex Gaseous and Stellar environments of the nearby dual AGN Mrk 739
Creators: name: Tubín, Dusán
name: Treister, Ezequiel
name: D'ago, Giuseppe
name: Venturi, Giacomo
name: Bauer, Franz E.
name: Privon, George C.
name: Koss, Michael J.
name: Ricci, Federica
name: Comerford, Julia M.
name: Müller-Sánchez, Francisco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present Integral Field Spectroscopic (IFS) observations of the nearby ($z\sim0.03$) dual Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) Mrk 739, whose projected nuclear separation is $\sim$3.4~kpc, obtained with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). We find that the galaxy has an extended AGN-ionized emission-line region extending up to $\sim 20$ kpc away from the nuclei, while star-forming regions are more centrally concentrated within 2 - 3 kpc. We model the kinematics of the ionized gas surrounding the East nucleus using a circular disk profile, resulting in a peak velocity of $237^{+26}_{-28}$ km s$^{-1}$ at a distance of $\sim 1.2$ kpc. The enclosed dynamical mass within 1.2 kpc is $\log M(M_{\odot})=10.20\pm0.06$, $\sim$1,000 times larger than the estimated supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass of Mrk 739E. The morphology and dynamics of the system are consistent with an early stage of the collision, where the foreground galaxy (Mrk 739W) is a young star-forming galaxy in an ongoing first passage with its background companion (Mrk 739E). Since the SMBH in Mrk 739W does not show evidence of being rapidly accreting, we claim that the northern spiral arms of Mrk 739W are ionized by the nuclear activity of Mrk 739E.
description: 26 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ
TU intern: die Hochschulzeitung der Technischen Universität Berlin
Creators: name: (:Unkn) Unknown
Publisher: name: Technische Universität Berlin
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: 000 Informatik, Informationswissenschaft, allgemeine Werke
subject: Hochschulzeitung
subject: Technische Universität
subject: TU Berlin

description: Die Hochschulzeitung "TU intern" berichtet sowohl über Aktuelles aus der Universität als auch über landes- und bundesweite Themen. Sie wendet sich an Mitglieder und Alumni der Universität sowie an Politik, Wirtschaft und Medien. Um Abenteuer im All bei der Kinder-Uni, beim Aufbau von IT-Infrastruktur in Afghanistan und beim Rundflug über Brandenburg mit dem neuen TU-Flugzeug LASER geht es unter anderem in der neuen Ausgabe der „TU intern“. Die Präsidiums-Mitglieder berichten von der wichtigen Begehung der Labore und Institute der Verbund-Partnerinnen in der Exzellenzstrategie durch die Gutachter*innen. Die Leser*innen erfahren, wie die TU Berlin plant, Bürger*innen ihre Sammlungen und Schätze auf touristischen Pfaden und in einem geplanten Ausstellungspavillon besser zu präsentieren. Über seine wertvolle Sammlung antisemitischer Bilder und Plakate und warum er sie der TU Berlin schenkt, spricht der belgische Sammler Arthur Langerman. Forscher*innen erklären, wie sie die 40 000 deutschen Stahlbetonbrücken durch den innovativen Verbund von Carbon und Beton retten wollen, warum antike Schiffe genauso sicher waren wie moderne und wie Berlin mit mobilen Ladestationen für die neu geplanten E-Metro-Busse ausgestattet werden kann. Mit der Entwicklung preiswürdiger veganer Lebensmittel der Zukunft haben sich Studierende beschäftigt oder eine Fahrschule für Lastenfahrräder eingerichtet. Außerdem gibt es eine Übersicht über die 24 neu berufenen TU-Professor*innen sowie über die neuen Mitglieder des Akademischen Senats. Der Blick in die Labore geht dieses Mal in einen Operationssaal, in dem die Gebäude- und Energietechniker*innen Strömungsversuche durchführen, um die Luft über offenen Wunden keimfrei zu halten.
High-z radio starbursts host obscured X-ray AGN
Creators: name: Richards, A. M. S.
name: Beswick, R. J.
name: Garrington, S. T.
name: Muxlow, T. W. B.
name: Thrall, H.
name: Garrett, M. A.
name: Kettenis, M.
name: van Langevelde, H. J.
name: Gonzalez-Solarez, E.
name: Walton, N. A.
name: Allen, M. G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We use Virtual Observatory methods to investigate the association between radio and X-ray emission at high redshifts. Fifty-five of the 92 HDF(N) sources resolved by combining MERLIN+VLA data were detected by Chandra, of which 18 are hard enough and bright enough to be obscured AGN. The high-z population of microJy radio sources is dominated by starbursts an order of magnitude more active and more extended than any found at z<1 and at least a quarter of these simultaneously host highly X-ray-luminous obscured AGN.
description: 4 pages, 2 figures, To appear in the proceedings of 'At the Edge of the Universe' (9-13 October 2006, Sintra, Portugal)
Supplementary Information Text from A Carboniferous synapsid with caniniform teeth and a reappraisal of mandibular size-shape heterodonty in the origin of mammals
Creators: name: Huttenlocker, Adam K.
name: Singh, Suresh A.
name: Henrici, Amy C.
name: Sumida, Stuart S.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: 40308 Palaeontology (incl. Palynology)
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences

description: Heterodonty is a hallmark of early mammal evolution that originated among the nonmammalian therapsids by the Middle Permian. Nonetheless, the early evolution of heterodonty in basal synapsids is poorly understood, especially in the mandibular dentition. Here, we describe a new synapsid, Shashajaia bermani gen. et sp. nov., based on a well-preserved dentary and jaw fragments from the Carboniferous–Permian Halgaito Formation of southern Utah. Shashajaia shares with some sphenacodontids enlarged (canine-like) anterior dentary teeth, a dorsoventrally deep symphysis and low-crowned, subthecodont postcanines having festooned plicidentine. A phylogenetic analysis of 20 taxa and 154 characters places Shashajaia near the evolutionary divergence of Sphenacodontidae and Therapsida (Sphenacodontoidea). To investigate the ecomorphological context of Paleozoic sphenacodontoid dentitions, we performed a principal component analysis based on two-dimensional geometric morphometrics of the mandibular dentition in 65 synapsids. Results emphasize the increasing terrestrialization of predator–prey interactions as a driver of synapsid heterodonty; enhanced raptorial biting (puncture/gripping) aided prey capture, but this behaviour was likely an evolutionary antecedent to more complex processing (shearing/tearing) of larger herbivore prey by the late Early to Middle Permian. The record of Shashajaia supports the notion that the predatory feeding ecology of sphenacodontoids emerged in paleotropical western Pangea by late Carboniferous times.
ANALYSIS OF FAMILY RELATIONS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH LITERATURE BASED ON THE WORKS OF JANE AUSTEN "PRIDE AND PREJUDICE" AND THE ASKAD OF MUKHTOR "CHINAR"
Creators: name: Ashurova, Khurshida
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: The article analyzes family relations in English and Uzbek literature based on the novels “Pride and Prejudice” by Jane Austen and “Chinor” Askad Mukhtor. Both works reflect the cultural and social norms of their time, focusing on the role of the family in shaping the personality of the characters. It examines how social expectations and traditional values affect the relationship between characters, especially in the context of the position of women in the family. The conflict between traditional family responsibilities and personal aspirations of the characters is explored, emphasizing the importance of the family as an institution and personal space.
Inclusive electron scattering off 4He
Creators: name: Bacca, Sonia
name: Arenhoevel, Hartmuth
name: Barnea, Nir
name: Leidemann, Winfried
name: Orlandini, Giuseppina
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Inclusive electron scattering off 4He is investigated for low and medium energy and momentum transfers. The final state interaction, given by the simple semirealistic Malfliet-Tjon potential, is treated rigorously applying the Lorentz Integral Transform (LIT) method. Besides the nonrelativistic one-body current a consistent meson exchange current is constructed and implemented. Results are presented for both longitudinal and transverse response functions at various momentum transfers. Good agreement with experimental data is found for the longitudinal response function, while some strength is missing in the transverse response function on the low-energy side of the quasi-elastic peak.
description: 18 pages, 10 figures
Programming Bare-Metal Accelerators with Heterogeneous Threading Models: A Case Study of Matrix-3000
Creators: name: Fang, Jianbin
name: Zhang, Peng
name: Huang, Chun
name: Tang, Tao
name: Lu, Kai
name: Wang, Ruibo
name: Wang, Zheng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Programming Languages (cs.PL)
subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: Performance (cs.PF)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: As the hardware industry moves towards using specialized heterogeneous many-cores to avoid the effects of the power wall, software developers are finding it hard to deal with the complexity of these systems. This article shares our experience when developing a programming model and its supporting compiler and libraries for Matrix-3000, which is designed for next-generation exascale supercomputers but has a complex memory hierarchy and processor organization. To assist its software development, we developed a software stack from scratch that includes a low-level programming interface and a high-level OpenCL compiler. Our low-level programming model offers native programming support for using the bare-metal accelerators of Matrix-3000, while the high-level model allows programmers to use the OpenCL programming standard. We detail our design choices and highlight the lessons learned from developing systems software to enable the programming of bare-metal accelerators. Our programming models have been deployed to the production environment of an exascale prototype system.
Probing the doubly-charged Higgs with Muonium to Antimuonium Conversion Experiment
Creators: name: Han, Chengcheng
name: Huang, Da
name: Tang, Jian
name: Zhang, Yu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The spontaneous muonium-to-antimuonium conversion is one of the interesting charged lepton flavor violation processes. MACE is the next generation experiment to probe such a phenomenon. In models with a triplet Higgs to generate neutrino masses, such as Type-II seesaw and its variant, this process can be induced by the doubly-charged Higgs contained in it. In this article, we study the prospect of MACE to probe these models via the muonium-to-antimuonium transitions. After considering the limits from $μ^+ \rightarrow e^+ γ$ and $μ^+ \rightarrow e^+ e^- e^+$, we find that MACE could probe a parameter space for the doubly-charged Higgs which is beyond the reach of LHC and other flavor experiments.
description: 12 pages, 2 figures
TU intern: die Hochschulzeitung der Technischen Universität Berlin
Creators: name: (:Unkn) Unknown
Publisher: name: Technische Universität Berlin
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: 000 Informatik, Informationswissenschaft, allgemeine Werke
subject: Hochschulzeitung
subject: Technische Universität
subject: TU Berlin

description: Die Hochschulzeitung "TU intern" berichtet sowohl über Aktuelles aus der Universität als auch über landes- und bundesweite Themen. Sie wendet sich an Mitglieder und Alumni der Universität sowie an Politik, Wirtschaft und Medien. „We will, we will rock you!“ – Wie die „vier Schwestern“, inklusive Regierendem Bürgermeister und Staatssekretär ihren Erfolg in der Exzellenzstrategie ausgelassen gefeiert haben und wie sie jetzt die Ärmel hochkrempeln wollen, um ihre für gut befundenen Ideen auch umzusetzen, davon berichtet die neue „TU Intern“-Ausgabe. Außerdem: Wie froh die Forschenden sind, dass sie in puncto Klimakrise endlich mehr Gehör finden und gemeinsam mit den Studierenden und der Stadtgesellschaft das Thema bereits über die Demos hinaus angepackt haben, indem sie ein disziplinübergreifendes Klimazentrum planen. In Forschung und Lehre geht es um nachwachsende Zähne, um Möglichkeiten und Risiken der Künstlichen Intelligenz, um Finanztransaktionen im Internet, um Wildbienen und Artenvielfalt, um nachhaltiges Bauen, Grüne Chemie und Vieles mehr. Auch der eigene Campus ist im Fokus, wie er energieeffizient umgewandelt werden kann, wie er durch die (Wieder-)Eröffnung neuer Gebäude das Gesicht Charlottenburgs verändert, zum Beispiel durch den Baubeginn auf dem inzwischen freigeräumten Campus Ost – übrigens einem Gelände mit interessanter Berlin-Historie. Eine Beilage erzählt von der über 200-jährigen Geschichte des Areals, das sich vom Jagd- und Reitrevier der „Schönen und Reichen“ zum Experimentierfeld der Königlichen Technischen Hochschule, der Vorgängerin der TU Berlin entwickelte.
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and collapse of a twisted magnetic null point with anisotropic viscosity
Creators: name: Quinn, James
name: MacTaggart, David
name: Simitev, Radostin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 85-10 (primary), 76W05 (secondary)

description: Context: Magnetic null points are associated with high-energy coronal phenomena such as solar flares and are often sites of reconnection and particle acceleration. Dynamic twisting of a magnetic null point can generate a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) within its fan plane and, under continued twisting, can instigate spine-fan reconnection and an associated collapse of the null point. Aim: This article aims to compare the effects of isotropic and anisotropic viscosity in simulations of the KHI and collapse in a dynamically twisted magnetic null point. Methods: Simulations were performed using the 3D magnetohydrodynamics code Lare3d with a custom anisotropic viscosity module. A pair of high resolution simulations was performed, one using isotropic viscosity and another using anisotropic viscosity, keeping all other factors identical, and the results analysed in detail. A further parameter study was performed over a range of values for viscosity and resistivity. Results: Both viscosity models permit the growth of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and the eventual collapse of the null point. Over all studied parameters, anisotropic viscosity allows a faster growing instability, while isotropic viscosity damps the instability to the extent of stabilisation in some cases. Although the viscous heating associated with anisotropic viscosity is generally smaller, the ohmic heating dominates and is enhanced by the current sheets generated by the instability, leading to a greater overall heating rate when using anisotropic viscosity. The collapse of the null point occurs significantly sooner when anisotropic viscosity is employed.
description: 12 pages, 11 figures, submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics
An examination of age-related changes in achromatic and chromatic retinal increment thresholds at photopic levels
Creators: name: Hancock, Sherri Rosemary McDonald
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2010

description: This research investigated the influence of the normal aging process on truly photopic achromatic and chromatic retinal increment threshold over an extensive range of colored targets. It was found that for both achromatic and chromatic retinal thresholds there is a significant correlation between advancing age and the stimulus luminance intensity at threshold across the visible spectrum. This correlation is greater for the short wavelength range than for both the middle and the long wavelength ranges (r² (achromatic)= 0.43; r²(chromatic) = 0.49. In addition, a small exploratory study was completed which examined the role of prereceptoral changes in these age-related differences in color vision function. Results from this preliminary study (Experiment II) support the supposition that prereceptoral factors cannot account for all of the age-related losses that are seen in visual function, particularly in the middle and long wavelength ranges of the visible spectrum.
Static and Dynamic Modeling of a Solar Active Region. I: Soft X-Ray Emission
Creators: name: Warren, Harry P.
name: Winebarger, Amy R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent simulations of solar active regions have shown that it is possible to reproduce both the total intensity and the general morphology of the high temperature emission observed at soft X-ray wavelengths using static heating models. There is ample observational evidence, however, that the solar corona is highly variable, indicating a significant role for dynamical processes in coronal heating. Because they are computationally demanding, full hydrodynamic simulations of solar active regions have not been considered previously. In this paper we make first application of an impulsive heating model to the simulation of an entire active region, AR8156 observed on 1998 February 16. We model this region by coupling potential field extrapolations to full solutions of the time-dependent hydrodynamic loop equations. To make the problem more tractable we begin with a static heating model that reproduces the emission observed in 4 different \textit{Yohkoh} Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT) filters and consider dynamical heating scenarios that yield time-averaged SXT intensities that are consistent with the static case. We find that it is possible to reproduce the total observed soft X-ray emission in all of the SXT filters with a dynamical heating model, indicating that nanoflare heating is consistent with the observational properties of the high temperature solar corona.
description: Submitted to ApJ
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Publisher: name: ÐÐÐÐÐ¢ÐÐ¥-ÐÐ ÐÐ¡Ð¡
Year: 2024
Subjects: ÐÐ°ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ

description: Ð¡Ð¾Ð´ÐµÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ ÑÐµÐ·ÑÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ, Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ²ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð´Ð°Ð¼ Ð¸ ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð°ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð²Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑÐ½ÐºÐ° Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð² Ñ ÑÐ¾ÐºÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð½Ð° ÑÐµÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ½ÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½ÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»Ð°Ñ Ð² 2023 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ. Ð Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¸ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ¸Ðµ ÑÐ°ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐµÑÐ¸ÑÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ Ð¸Ð·ÑÑÐ°ÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑÐ½ÐºÐ°, Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÐµ Ð¸Ð³ÑÐ¾ÐºÐ¸ Ð¸ Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÐµ ÐºÑÑÐ¿Ð½ÑÐµ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑÑ, Ð° ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¶Ðµ ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐµÐ²ÑÐµ ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸, Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÐµÐ¼ÑÐµ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²ÑÐ¼Ð¸ Ð»Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¸, Ð¸ Ð½Ð°Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð¸ ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ðº. ÐÑÐ¾Ð¼Ðµ ÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾, Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð· Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¼Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐµÐ³ÑÐ»Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð²Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑÐ½ÐºÐ° Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð², Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑÐµÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ Ð¼Ð°ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»Ñ, ÑÐ¾Ð¾ÑÐ²ÐµÑÑÑÐ²ÑÑÑÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð½Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¸ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´ÑÐ½Ð°ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¼Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾-ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð´ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ°. ÐÐ¾Ð´Ð³Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð° ÐÐ½ÑÑÐ°ÑÑÑÑÐºÑÑÑÐ½ÑÐ¼ ÑÐµÐ½ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼ Â«Ð¢ÐµÑÐ½ÐµÑÂ» (Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²ÑÐµ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´ÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸) Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐ° ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾.
description: This monograph provides analysis and insight on advanced materials markets in 2023, with a particular focus on thermoplastic composite materials (TPCM). It gives a general market description and features key market players, their products and services, as well as their business models and M&A transactions. A separate section explores TPCM R&D, highlighting key technologies employed by leading global companies. The authors also examine the relevant legislative and regulatory framework together with national and international standards. This monograph has been prepared by the National Technology Initiative's Technet Infrastructure Center at Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.
Shape, spin and baryon fraction of clusters in the MareNostrum Universe
Creators: name: Gottloeber, Stefan
name: Yepes, Gustavo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The MareNostrum Universe is one of the largest cosmological SPH simulation done so far. It consists of $1024^3$ dark and $1024^3$ gas particles in a box of 500 $h^{-1}$ Mpc on a side. Here we study the shapes and spins of the dark matter and gas components of the 10,000 most massive objects extracted from the simulation as well as the gas fraction in those objects. We find that the shapes of objects tend to be prolate both in the dark matter and gas. There is a clear dependence of shape on halo mass, the more massive ones being less spherical than the less massive objects. The gas distribution is nevertheless much more spherical than the dark matter, although the triaxiality parameters of gas and dark matter differ only by a few percent and it increases with cluster mass. The spin parameters of gas and dark matter can be well fitted by a lognormal distribution function. On average, the spin of gas is 1.4 larger than the spin of dark matter. We find a similar behavior for the spins at higher redshifts, with a slightly decrease of the spin ratios to 1.16 at $z=1.$ The cosmic normalized baryon fraction in the entire cluster sample ranges from $Y_b = 0.94$, at $z=1$ to $Y_b = 0.92$ at $z=0$. At both redshifts we find a slightly, but statistically significant decrease of $Y_b$ with cluster mass.
description: 7 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal
Numerical study of the coupling layer between transducer and chip in acoustofluidic devices
Creators: name: Bodé, William Naundrup
name: Bruus, Henrik
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study by numerical simulation in two and three dimensions the coupling layer between the transducer and the microfluidic chip in ultrasound acoustofluidic devices. The model includes the transducer with electrodes, the microfluidic chip with a liquid-filled microchannel, and the coupling layer between the transducer and the chip. We consider two commonly used coupling materials, solid epoxy glue and viscous glycerol, as well as two commonly used device types, glass capillary tubes and silicon-glass chips. We study how acoustic resonances in ideal devices without a coupling layer is either sustained or attenuated as a coupling layer of increasing thickness is inserted. We establish a simple criterion based on the phase of the acoustic wave for whether a given zero-layer resonance is sustained or attenuated by the addition of a coupling layer. Finally, we show that by controlling the thickness and the material, the coupling layer can be used as a design component for optimal and robust acoustofluidic resonances.
description: 10 pages, 9 pdf figures, compiled using JASAnew.cls
Absence of long-term potentiation in the retinotectal synaptic region of the adult rat superior colliculus
Creators: name: Romeril, Tony Owen
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2010

description: To answer whether the mammalian retinotectal pathway is modifiable in the adult, an attempt was made to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) in retinal synapes in the superior colliculus (SC) of the adult rat, in vivo. Extracellular field potentials were recorded in the primary retinotectal afferent zone of the rat superior colliculus while electrically stimulating the optic chiasm. Induction of LTP in this primary visual pathway was attempted using a wide range of stimulus parameters. However, LTP was not observed. Iontophoretic application of bicuculline methiodide, before and during trains of stimuli, did not facilitate LTP in the rat SC. The broad spectrum glutamatergic antagonist, kynurenic acid, greatly reduced the size of the field potentials. This supports suggestions that retinotectal neurotransmission may be mediated by excitatory amino acids. An N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor mediated contribution to synaptic transmission in the evoked field potential was not evident. Iontophoretic application of the NMDA receptor selective antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) had no effect on the field potentials. Even in the presence of bicuculline, there was no evidence for an NMDA component in the field potential response. The non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxa-line-2,3-dione (CNQX), did not affect the evoked potentials. These data suggest that LTP was not observed in the retinotectal pathway due to several factors that may include: a loss of visual plasticity in the adult rat following the critical period, absence of necessary modulation factors and insufficient NMDA receptor mediated synaptic transmission.
Measuring the Photon Fragmentation Function at HERA
Creators: name: Ridder, A. Gehrmann-De
name: Gehrmann, T.
name: Poulsen, E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The production of final state photons in deep inelastic scattering originates from photon radiation off leptons or quarks involved in the scattering process. Photon radiation off quarks involves a contribution from the quark-to-photon fragmentation function, corresponding to the non-perturbative transition of a hadronic jet into a single, highly energetic photon accompanied by some limited hadronic activity. Up to now, this fragmentation function was measured only in electron-positron annihilation at LEP. We demonstrate by a dedicated parton-level calculation that a competitive measurement of the quark-to-photon fragmentation function can be obtained in deep inelastic scattering at HERA. Such a measurement can be obtained by studying the photon energy spectra in $γ+ (0+1)$-jet events, where $γ$ denotes a hadronic jet containing a highly energetic photon (the photon jet). Isolated photons are then defined from the photon jet by imposing a minimal photon energy fraction. For this so-called democratic clustering approach, we study the cross sections for isolated $γ+ (0+1)$-jet and $γ+ (1+1)$-jet production as well as for the inclusive isolated photon production in deep inelastic scattering.
description: 23 pages, LaTeX
The Compressible Ising Spin Glass: Simulation Results
Creators: name: Marshall, Adam H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This paper reports numerical studies of a compressible version of the Ising spin glass in two dimensions. Compressibility is introduced by adding a term that couples the spin-spin interactions and local lattice deformations to the standard Edwards-Anderson model. The relative strength of this coupling is controlled by a single dimensionless parameter, mu. The timescale associated with the dynamics of the system grows exponentially as mu is increased, and the energy of the compressible system is shifted downward by an amount proportional to mu times the square of the uncoupled energy. This result leads to the formulation of a simplified model that depends solely on spin variables; analysis and numerical simulations of the simplified model predict a critical value of the coupling strength above which the spin-glass transition cannot exist at any temperature.
description: 11 pages, 11 figures; submitted to Phys. Rev. B
Transverse transport in graphite
Creators: name: Lopez-Sancho, M. P.
name: Vozmediano, M. A. H.
name: Guinea, F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Graphite is a layered material showing a strong anisotropy. Among the unconventional properties reported by experiments, the electronic transport along the c-axis, which has direct implications in order to build graphitic devices, remains a controversial topic. We study the influence of inelastic scattering on the electron tunnelling between layers. In the presence of electron electron interactions, tunnelling processes are modified by inelastic scattering events.
description: 9 pages, no figures Proceedings of the Graphene Conference, MPI PKS Dresden, September 2006
All-electron theory of the coupling between laser-induced coherent phonons in bismuth
Creators: name: Zijlstra, Eeuwe S.
name: Tatarinova, Larisa L.
name: Garcia, Martin E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using first principles, all-electron calculations and dynamical simulations we study the behavior of the A_1g and E_g coherent phonons induced in Bi by intense laser pulses. We determine the potential landscapes in the laser heated material and show that they exhibit phonon-softening, phonon-phonon coupling, and anharmonicities. As a consequence the E_g mode modulates the A_1g oscillations and higher harmonics of both modes appear, which explains recent isotropic reflectivity measurements. Our results offer a unified description of the different experimental observations performed so far on bismuth.
description: 3 figures
A Graphene Field-Effect Device
Creators: name: Lemme, M. C.
name: Echtermeyer, T. J.
name: Baus, M.
name: Kurz, H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this letter, a top-gated field effect device (FED) manufactured from monolayer graphene is investigated. Except for graphene deposition, a conventional top-down CMOS-compatible process flow is applied. Carrier mobilities in graphene pseudo-MOS structures are compared to those obtained from top-gated Graphene-FEDs. The extracted values exceed the universal mobility of silicon and silicon-on-insulator MOSFETs.
description: 12 pages, 3 figures
Gravitational breathing memory and dual symmetries
Creators: name: Seraj, Ali
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Brans-Dicke theory contains an additional propagating mode which causes homogeneous expansion and contraction of test bodies in transverse directions. This "breathing" mode is associated with novel memory effects in addition to those of general relativity. Standard tensor mode memories are related to a symmetry principle: they are determined by the balance equations corresponding to the BMS symmetries. In this paper, we show that the leading and subleading breathing memory effects are determined by the balance equations associated with the leading and "overleading" asymptotic symmetries of a dual formulation of the scalar field in terms of a two-form gauge field. The memory effect causes a transition in the vacuum of the dual gauge theory. These results highlight the significance of dual charges and the physical role of overleading asymptotic symmetries.
description: 23 pages, 1 figure
Solitons in the Yakushevich model of DNA beyond the contact approximation
Creators: name: Gaeta, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Biomolecules (q-bio.BM)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: The Yakushevich model of DNA torsion dynamics supports soliton solutions, which are supposed to be of special interest for DNA transcription. In the discussion of the model, one usually adopts the approximation $\ell_0 \to 0$, where $\ell_0$ is a parameter related to the equilibrium distance between bases in a Watson-Crick pair. Here we analyze the Yakushevich model without $\ell_0 \to 0$. The model still supports soliton solutions indexed by two winding numbers $(n,m)$; we discuss in detail the fundamental solitons, corresponding to winding numbers (1,0) and (0,1) respectively.
S1_Table.csv
Creators: name: Okechukwu Okafor
name: Ndubueze Ezemba
name: Nnaemeka Onyishi
name: Ezike, Kevin
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: 110316 Pathology (excl. Oral Pathology)
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Pathology
subject: 80301 Bioinformatics Software
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 60102 Bioinformatics
subject: 110323 Surgery

description: R script for the analysis of the histopathological features of thoracic endometriosis (TE) using ggplot2, DT, pROC and vcd packages in R statistical software. The aim is to review the histopathological findings in TE, summarise the diagnostic features, identify any major histo-morphological indicator(s) hitherto unrecognised as such, suggest diagnostic algorithms; all with the aim of improving the diagnostic capacity and reducing observer error even where the clinical suspicion is low. Statistical methods applied include chi-squared test of independence, Cramér’s V test of strength of association and the area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC) curve. The final conclusion is summarised with a Venn plot identifying endometrioid glands, ceroid macrophages, siderophages and lymphoid clusters as the major markers of TE.
Local semicircle law and complete delocalization for Wigner random matrices
Creators: name: Erdos, Laszlo
name: Schlein, Benjamin
name: Yau, Horng-Tzer
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 15A52, 82B44

description: We consider $N\times N$ Hermitian random matrices with independent identical distributed entries. The matrix is normalized so that the average spacing between consecutive eigenvalues is of order 1/N. Under suitable assumptions on the distribution of the single matrix element, we prove that, away from the spectral edges, the density of eigenvalues concentrates around the Wigner semicircle law on energy scales $η\gg N^{-1} (\log N)^8$. Up to the logarithmic factor, this is the smallest energy scale for which the semicircle law may be valid. We also prove that for all eigenvalues away from the spectral edges, the $\ell^\infty$-norm of the corresponding eigenvectors is of order $O(N^{-1/2})$, modulo logarithmic corrections. The upper bound $O(N^{-1/2})$ implies that every eigenvector is completely delocalized, i.e., the maximum size of the components of the eigenvector is of the same order as their average size. In the Appendix, we include a lemma by J. Bourgain which removes one of our assumptions on the distribution of the matrix elements.
description: 14 pages, LateX file. An appendix by J. Bourgain was added. Final version, to appear in Comm. Math. Phys
Sintering BFO targets for sputtering
Creators: name: Orr, Gilad
name: Goryachev, Andrey
name: Golan, Gady
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Ceramic $BiFeO_{3}$ samples were prepared by rapid sintering at $880^OC$. Two compositions were examined. A $56/44\ Bi_{2}O_{3}/Fe_{2}O_{3}\ mole\%$ composition and a $56Bi_{2}O_{3}\cdot44Fe_{2}O_{3}+6.5wt\%\,NaCl$ composition. The samples were heat treated at different times up to $8$ minutes and the phase content was examined as a function of the time using XRD measurements and analysis. It was demonstrated that using both compositions, maximum $BiFeO_{3}$ phase content is obtained after $3.5$ minutes. In the former approximately $50\%$ of the material transformed to $BiFeO_{3}$ while in the latter $98.5\%$.