Craugastor Cope 1862
Creators: name: Jameson, Tom J. M.
name: Streicher, Jeffrey W.
name: Manuelli, Luigi
name: Head, Jason J.
name: Smith, Eric N.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Amphibia
Anura
Craugastoridae
Craugastor

description: DICHOTOMOUS KEY TO THE <i>CRAUGASTOR MEXICANUS</i> SERIES 1a. Large or medium-sized adults (females&gt; 20 mm SVL, males&gt; 16 mm SVL); axillary gland present or absent; supratympanic fold usually developed (except for moderately to poorly developed in <i>C. montanus</i>); both vomerine odontophores and posterolateral projection of frontoparietal present (except for some <i>C. montanus</i> with no odontophores [but with frontoparietal projection], and some <i>C. mexicanus</i> with no frontoparietal projection [but with vomerine odontophores])........... 2 1b. Small sized adults (females &lt;20 mm SVL, males &lt;16 mm SVL); axillary gland always absent; supratympanic fold absent or poorly developed; with no vomerine odontophores (except in <i>C. candelariensis</i>)................ 5 2a. Heelnotreachingnostrilwhen legadpressedtobody; two or three metacarpal tubercles (including thenar; outer smallest, middle largest); outer/inner metatarsaltubercle ratio 0.40–0.55; testis usually unpigmented (sometimes lightly pigmented); ovaries unpigmented; fromthe highlands of Guerrero and central Oaxaca (1900–2600 m elevation)............. <i>Craugastor omiltemanus</i> (Günther) 2b. Heel reaching tip of snout or beyond when leg adpressed to body; always three metacarpal tubercles (including thenar); outer/inner metatarsaltubercle ratio variable (0.36–0.75); testis strongly pigmented; ovaries always pigmented (strongly or lightly)............ 3 Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Herpetological-Monographs on 04 May 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by American Museum of Natural History 3a. Medium-sized adult females (&lt;16 mm SVL); crus 53– 59% SVL; with or without vomerine odontophores; supratympanic fold moderately to poorly developed; labium always barred; middle metacarpal tubercle largest and outer very small; outer tarsal heel tubercles <i>&amp;Lacute;</i> 2 (close to heel); ovaries pigmented; highlands east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (from the Sierra Madre del Sur of eastern Chiapas and western Guatemala)................................... <i>Craugastor montanus</i> (Taylor) 3b. Large-sized adult females (&gt; 16 mm SVL); crus 53– 73% SVL; always with vomerine odontophores; supratympanic fold well-developed; labium variable in pattern; middle metacarpal tubercle about same size as thenar, outer smaller; outer tarsal heel tubercles 0– 5; ovaries pigmented or not; highlands west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (from Oaxaca and Guerrero to Puebla and Hidalgo, including the central highlands of Veracruz)......................................................... 4 4a. Crus&gt;62% SVL (62–73%); heel always beyond tip of snout when leg adpressed to body; outer/inner metatarsal tubercle ratio (0.36[0]–0.58); ovaries unpigmented or only slightly pigmented; from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero west of Chilpancingo (1900–2850 m elevation).................... <i>Craugastor saltator</i> (Taylor) 4b. Crus &lt;69% SVL (53–69%); heel at snout tip or sometimes beyond when leg adpressed to body; outer/inner metatarsaltubercle ratio (0.50–0.75); ovaries pigmented or not; from Guerrero east of Chilpancingo to Oaxaca and to the north in Puebla, Hidalgo and the adjacent Veracruz highlands (1500– 3015 m elevation)...... <i>Craugastormexicanus</i> (Brocchi) 5a. Vomerine odontophores present; outer two fingers and toes lanceolate to mucronate; body flank unicolor pale; no raised eyelid tubercles; gular region not pigmented or only lightly and uniformly peppered; face never barred; postrictal tubercles 2; metacarpal tubercles about equal in size; outer tarsal ridge with 3–8 tiny and pointed tubercles on slightly raised fringe; posterolateral projection of frontoparietal absent; from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca, mountains above Puerto Escondido and Puerto Angel (668–1350 m elevation)............... <i>Craugastor candelariensis</i> Jameson et al. 5b. Vomerine odontophores absent; fingers and toes usually round or at most, slightly lanceolate; body flank darker anteriorly (toward axilla, except uniformly pale in some <i>C. cueyatl</i>); usually with raised eyelid tubercles; gular region blotched or heavily peppered (rarely lightly peppered in <i>C. pygmaeus</i>); face barred or not; postrictal tubercles 1 or 2; outer metacarpal tubercle usually longer and/or wider than inner (except about equal in size in <i>C. cueyatl</i> and <i>C. pygmaeus</i>); outer tarsal ridge with no raised fringe and variable number of tubercles (0–7), flat and round (sometimes slightly pointed); posterolateral projection of frontoparietal present or absent................................................. 6 6a. Face barred, one or two prominent bars below eye; no distinctive canthal stripe; one distinctive dark and rectangular blotch under lower jaw and at level of canthus (prominent in ventral view); gular region with pale spotting; finger tips not expanded; outer tarsal ridge with 0–4 extremely small, flat and round tubercles; posterolateral projection of frontoparietal present; from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca in the mountains above Puerto Escondido (1245–1585 m elevation)............ <i>Craugastor polaclavus</i> Jameson et al. 6b. Face barred or not, bars below eye variable; canthal stripe present or absent; no distinctive rectangular blotches under lower jaw and at level of canthus (not prominent in ventral view); gular region variable but, usually spotted or peppered; finger tips expanded or not; outer tarsal ridge with 0–7 extremely small, flat, and round to slightly pointed tubercles; posterolateral projection of frontoparietal present or absent;........... 7 7a. Finger and toe tips round and conspicuously expanded; face barred, never with a canthal stripe; postrictal tubercles 1 (sometimes look like two fused); dorsal pattern two-toned or striped, and with a pale middorsal stripe; metacarpal tubercles about equal in size; outer tarsal ridge smooth and lacking tubercles; posterolateral projection of frontoparietal absent; from the lowlands of southern Mexico, from Puebla and Veracruz on the Gulf versant and southern Guerrero on the Pacific versant to Escuintla, Chiapas and possibly adjacent Guatemala (0–1580 m elevation)................................ <i>Craugastor pygmaeus</i> (Taylor) 7b. Finger tips round or lanceolate, not expanded or only slightly; toe tips slightly expanded to expanded, sometimes slightly lanceolated; face barred or with a pale supralabial stripe, canthal stripe present or absent (some <i>C. bitonium</i> and <i>C. hobartsmithi</i>); postrictal tubercles 1 or 2; dorsal pattern variable; outer tarsal ridge smooth or tuberculated (<i>C. portilloensis</i> and <i>C. rubinus</i>) or always tuberculated; posterolateral projection of frontoparietal present or absent....................... 8 8a. Always with a canthal stripe and softly barred lips; dorsum uniformly dark; postrictal tubercles always 1, on each side; body flank uniformly pale or slightly darker anteriorly; gular region with evenly distributed fine melanocytes (evenly peppered); metacarpal tubercles about equal in size; finger tips round and not expanded; outer tarsal ridge with 3–7 rounded tubercles; posterolateral projection of frontoparietal present; from the slopes facing the Balsas River depression in the states of Mexico and Morelos (1670–2311 m elevation)................. <i>Craugastor cueyatl</i> Jameson et al. 8b. Canthal stripe present or absent, and with soft or prominent bars on lips or with a supralabial pale stripe; dorsum uniformly pale, two-toned, or striped, never uniformly colored and darker than flanks; postrictal tubercles 1 or 2; body flank always darker anteriorly; gular region variable but usually melanocyte distribution forming light spotting (particularly under lower jaws and mid-gular area); outer metacarpal tubercle slightly larger than inner; finger tips not or just barely expanded, round or slightly lanceolated; outer tarsal ridge with 0–7 tubercles; posterolateral projection of frontoparietal present or absent................................... 9 9a. Canthal stripe present or absent, and with bars on lips or a supralabial pale stripe; dorsum usually two-toned or striped; gular region with small melanocyte distribution forming a few small light spots under lower jaws and mid-gular area; finger tips slightly expanded, round or slightly lanceolated (<i>C. bitonium</i>); outer tarsal ridge with 1–6 tubercles, round to slightly pointed; posterolateral projection of frontoparietal absent................. 10 Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Herpetological-Monographs on 04 May 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by American Museum of Natural History 9b. Canthal stripe always present, and with bar(s) on lips; dorsum uniformly pale (as compared with flanks, one specimen of <i>C. rubinus</i> with traces of ill-defined and light blotching); gular region with melanocyte distribution forming prominent light spots under lower jaws and mid-gular area; finger tips usually not expanded (somewhat expanded in one specimen of <i>C. rubinus</i>), round, never lanceolated; outer tarsal ridge with 0–4 tubercles, extremely small, flat, and round; posterolateral projection of frontoparietal present.................... 11 10a. Postrictal tubercles 1, on each side; finger and toe tips slightly lanceolated; finger lengths III&gt; IV <i>±</i> II&gt; I; toe lengths always IV&gt; III&gt; V&gt; II&gt; I; outer/inner metatarsal tubercle ratio 0.40–0.75; not less than four outer tarsal tubercles, 4–6; from the Sierra Madre del Sur de Guerrero, south of Yextla (2071 m elevation)....................... <i>Craugastor bitonium</i> Jameson et al. 10b. Postrictal tubercles 1–2, on each side; finger and toe tips rounded, not lanceolated; finger lengths always III&gt; IV&gt; II&gt; I; toelengths IV&gt; III <i>±</i> V&gt; II&gt; I; outer/inner metatarsal tubercle ratio 0.62–0.67; outer tarsal tubercles 1–6; from near Uruapan, Michoacán (1450–1700 m elevation)................... <i>Craugastor hobartsmithi</i> (Taylor) 11a. Eyelid raised tubercles present or absent; postrictal tubercles 1–2, on each side; toe tips round and slightly expanded; finger lengths III&gt; IV&gt; II&gt; I; toe lengths IV&gt; III <i>±</i> V&gt; II&gt; I; outer/inner metatarsaltubercle ratio 0.67–1.25; from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca at Portillo del Rayo (1550–1585 m elevation).................. <i>Craugastor portilloensis</i> Jameson et al. 11b. Eyelid raised tubercles present; postrictal tubercles 1, on each side; toe tips slightly lanceolated and barely expanded; finger lengths III&gt; IV <i>¼</i> II&gt; I; toe lengths always IV&gt; III&gt; V&gt; II&gt; I; outer/innermetatarsal tubercle ratio 0.50–0.55; from the Pacific slopes of Jalisco west of Talpa de Allende (1771 m elevation)......................... <i>Craugastor rubinus</i> Jameson et al.
description: Published as part of <i>Jameson, Tom J. M., Streicher, Jeffrey W., Manuelli, Luigi, Head, Jason J. &amp; Smith, Eric N., 2022, Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species, pp. 1-48 in Herpetological Monographs 36 (1)</i> on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.1655/0733-1347-36.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6518587