cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Phase-space structures II: Hierarchical Structure Finder
Creators: name: Maciejewski, M.
name: Colombi, S.
name: Springel, V.
name: Alard, C.
name: Bouchet, F. R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A new multi-dimensional Hierarchical Structure Finder (HSF) to study the phase-space structure of dark matter in N-body cosmological simulations is presented. The algorithm depends mainly on two parameters, which control the level of connectivity of the detected structures and their significance compared to Poisson noise. By working in 6D phase-space, where contrasts are much more pronounced than in 3D position space, our HSF algorithm is capable of detecting subhaloes including their tidal tails, and can recognise other phase-space structures such as pure streams and candidate caustics. If an additional unbinding criterion is added, the algorithm can be used as a self-consistent halo and subhalo finder. As a test, we apply it to a large halo of the Millennium Simulation, where 19 % of the halo mass are found to belong to bound substructures, which is more than what is detected with conventional 3D substructure finders, and an additional 23-36 % of the total mass belongs to unbound HSF structures. The distribution of identified phase-space density peaks is clearly bimodal: high peaks are dominated by the bound structures and low peaks belong mostly to tidal streams. In order to better understand what HSF provides, we examine the time evolution of structures, based on the merger tree history. Bound structures typically make only up to 6 orbits inside the main halo. Still, HSF can identify at the present time at least 80 % of the original content of structures with a redshift of infall as high as z <= 0.3, which illustrates the significant power of this tool to perform dynamical analyses in phase-space.
description: Submitted to MNRAS, 24 pages, 18 figures
Noise Adopters in Corporate Governance
Creators: name: Barzuza, Michal
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2014

description: This Article argues that “noise adopters,” namely firms whose corporate governance is determined by non-substantive factors such as attorneys’ boilerplates, network externalities, and mere inertia, provide camouflage to insiders with a strong preference for entrenchment. Normally, a deliberate choice of entrenching governance terms could signal weak market discipline and high extraction of private benefits. Yet, since some firms stagger their boards or incorporate in their home state almost randomly, these choices send only a noisy signal, and in turn result in only a partial market discount of firm value. Entrenchment-seeking managers can achieve their desired level of entrenchment without paying a full price. This analysis highlights informational limits on markets’ ability to perfectly price corporate governance terms. The value of governance terms varies across firms due to unobservable variations in market forces, and potential signaling is obscured by practices of random adoption. Noise adopters influence patterns of adoptions and help explain puzzling evidence regarding pricing and adoption of governance terms.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2013 No. 3
Strong Haagerup inequality with operator coefficients
Creators: name: de la Salle, Mikael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Operator Algebras (math.OA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 46L54, 46L07

description: We prove a Strong Haagerup inequality with operator coefficients. If for an integer d, H_d denotes the subspace of the von Neumann algebra of a free group F_I spanned by the words of length d in the generators (but not their inverses), then we provide in this paper an explicit upper bound on the norm on M_n(H_d), which improves and generalizes previous results by Kemp-Speicher (in the scalar case) and Buchholz and Parcet-Pisier (in the non-holomorphic setting). Namely the norm of an element of the form $\sum_{i=(i_1,..., i_d)} a_i \otimes λ(g_{i_1} ... g_{i_d})$ is less than $4^5 \sqrt e (\|M_0\|^2+...+\|M_d\|^2)^{1/2}$, where M_0,...,M_d are d+1 different block-matrices naturally constructed from the family (a_i)_{i \in I^d} for each decomposition of I^d = I^l \times I^{d-l} with l=0,...,d. It is also proved that the same inequality holds for the norms in the associated non-commutative L_p spaces when p is an even integer, p>d and when the generators of the free group are more generally replaced by *-free R-diagonal operators. In particular it applies to the case of free circular operators. We also get inequalities for the non-holomorphic case, with a rate of growth of order d+1 as for the classical Haagerup inequality. The proof is of combinatorial nature and is based on the definition and study of a symmetrization process for partitions.
description: 34 pages, 6 figures; changes according to the advices of the reviewer: typos corrected, introduction and proof of Corollary 2.4 rewritten. To appear in Journal of Functional Analysis
The Constrained State of Minimum Energy and the Effective Equation of Motion
Creators: name: Akhavan, Amin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We define the state of minimum energy while the expectation values of the field operators and their time derivatives in a determined moment in such a state are constrained. As an axiom, we consider such a state as the background of the quantum field theory. As an example, we consider the scalar field with λ/4!Φ4 interaction. To the third order of perturbation, we obtain the equation of motion of the dynamic expectation value of the scalar field in the defined state.
Panel: The SEC’s Perspective
Creators: name: Law Review, Columbia Business
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2013

description: Excerpts taken from panel discussion at the Columbia Law School Symposium: The Past, Present, and Future of Insider Trading: A 50th Anniversary Re-Examination of Cady, Roberts and the Revolution It Began (Nov. 16, 2012). The editors of the Columbia Business Law Review have added explanatory footnotes where deemed appropriate.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2013 No. 2
Grayia silurophaga Gu.
Creators: name: Müller, F
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1885
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Squamata
Ophidia
Colubridae
Grayia
Grayia silurophaga

description: * Grayia silurophaga Gü.
Liberia v. F M. [1]
Ein erwachsenes Stück von 118 cm. Totallänge, wovon Schwanz 40,5. — 150 + 1/₁ + 103 getheilte subc. — Der Beschreibung von Günther (Cat. col. s. n.) gänzlich entsprechend, was Habitus und Pholidose betrifft. Die Zeichnung und Färbung sind beim erwachsenen und beim jungen Thier in folgenden Punkten verschieden: Die Grundfarbe der Oberseite beim erwachsenen braun, alle Kopfschilder und viele Rückenschuppen dunkel gesäumt, undeutliche und unregelmässige dunkle Querstreifen über dem Rücken; vom Nacken bis zur Leibesmitte stehen an den Flanken braune, schwarzgesäumte Dreiecke mit den Spitzen auf den ventralen. Die Oberhälfte der Labialen und die Unterhälfte der Temporalen gelb; der untere Lippenrand und die Oberhälfte der Temporalen schwarz. — Unterseite des Leibes gelb mit bräunlicher Marmorirung, der Schwanz rauchig mit schwarzer Linie längs den Näthen der Subcaudalen. — Bei einem in der Zürcher Sammlung stehenden jungen Thier ist die Oberseite schwarz, ebenso die seitlichen Dreiecke, der Bauch hellgelb ohne Marmorirung, der Schwanz ebenso, die schwarze Subcaudal-Linie sehr vorstechend. — Characteristisch für diese Schlange sind die undeutliche Theilung des Nasenschildes, die seitlichen Dreiecke und die schwarze Subcaudal-Linie.
description: Published as part of Müller, F, 1885, Vierter Nachtrag zum Katalogder herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums, pp. 668-717 in Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. 7 (3) on page 683, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.2388, http://zenodo.org/record/15183591
The Long Secondary Period (LSP) Variables: Overview and Some Analysis
Creators: name: Percy, John R.
name: Shenoy, Mayank H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We briefly review the phenomenon of long secondary periods (LSPs) in red giants, and the LSP variable stars classification introduced in the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) variable star catalog; they are red giant Long Period Variables (LPVs) in which their LSP variability is significantly greater than their pulsational variability. We then describe and discuss the results of a period and amplitude analysis of a random sample of 35 LSP variables in the ASAS-SN catalog, using ASAS-SN data and the AAVSO VStar time-series analysis software. The pulsation period and amplitude, and LSP, all increase with increasing luminosity or size of the star, as expected. The behavior of the LSP amplitude is more complicated; it appears to be larger in moderate-luminosity stars, and smaller in low- and high-luminosity stars. In particular, it is relatively small in a sample of 27 Mira stars, analyzed separately using AAVSO visual data. These results are discussed in the context of the current model for the LSP phenomenon, namely that it is caused by eclipses of the red giant star by a dust-enshrouded companion.
description: 6 pages, 7 figures. Accepted and published in the Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (JAAVSO)
The value of text for waiting time prediction using deep learning : a repair shop case study
Creators: name: Mosaffa, Mohammad
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: One of the most formidable tasks for service companies is to inform customers about the approximate waiting time. Overestimated waiting time may force customers not to proceed with a company, and underestimated waiting time may lead to an impossible responsibility for the company to accomplish. In both cases, customer dissatisfaction would occur. To tackle this challenge, we propose a two-phase predictive model using textual combined with structured data to predict waiting time in service systems. In the first phase, the Bag of Words as a text mining approach is utilized to transform texts into numbers. In the second phase, based on nearly 31,000 case study data, our work exploits a Multi-Layer Perceptron architecture from deep learning as the best predictive model for a regression task. Our numerical results show that deep learning by having 87.6% accuracy has the best performance compared to conventional machine learning algorithms for predicting a continuous output based on textual data. Our numerical results demonstrate that deep learning outperforms traditional machine learning algorithms in predicting continuous outputs from textual data, achieving an accuracy of 87.6%. Additionally, our study highlights the importance of textual data in predicting wait times. We found that using only textual data enhances prediction accuracy by 3.6%. Moreover, the most accurate results, showing a 5.3% improvement, were obtained when combining structured and textual data. Finally, we demonstrate that our predictive model can assist experts' decisions in underestimated waiting time cases by improving 50.1% accuracy from 31.75% to 81.87%. Also, from the managerial perspective, we illustrate how textual data are vital in terms of descriptive analysis to find deficiencies in a service system.
Panel: A Second View from the Front Lines
Creators: name: Law Review, Columbia Business
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2013

description: Excerpts taken from panel discussion at the Columbia Law School Symposium: The Past, Present, and Future of Insider Trading: A 50th Anniversary Re-Examination of Cady, Roberts and the Revolution It Began (Nov. 16, 2012). The editors of the Columbia Business Law Review have added explanatory footnotes where deemed appropriate
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2013 No. 2
Measurement noise floor for a long-distance optical carrier transmission via fiber
Creators: name: Grosche, G.
name: Terra, O.
name: Predehl, K.
name: Haensch, T.
name: Holzwarth, R.
name: Lipphardt, B.
name: Vogt, F.
name: Sterr, U.
name: Schnatz, H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigated the measurement floor and link stability for the transfer of an ultra-stable optical frequency via an optical fiber link. We achieved a near-delay-limited instability of 3x10^(-15)/(tau x Hz) for 147 km deployed fiber, and 10^(-20) (integrations time tau = 4000 s) for the noise floor.
description: 5 pages, 3 figures, 7th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology (Pacific Grove,USA, Oct 2008)
Twelve years of X-ray and optical variability in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4051
Creators: name: Breedt, E.
name: McHardy, I. M.
name: Arevalo, P.
name: Uttley, P.
name: Sergeev, S. G.
name: Minezaki, T.
name: Yoshii, Y.
name: Sakata, Y.
name: Lira, P.
name: Chesnok, N. G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the origin of the optical variations in the Narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4051 and present the results of a cross-correlation study using X-ray and optical light curves spanning more than 12 years. The emission is highly variable in all wavebands, and the amplitude of the optical variations is found to be smaller than that of the X-rays, even after correcting for the contaminating host galaxy flux falling inside the photometric aperture. The optical power spectrum is best described by an unbroken power law model with slope $α=1.4^{+0.6}_{-0.2}$ and displays lower variability power than the 2-10 keV X-rays on all time-scales probed. We find the light curves to be significantly correlated at an optical delay of $1.2^{+1.0}_{-0.3}$ days behind the X-rays. This time-scale is consistent with the light travel time to the optical emitting region of the accretion disc, suggesting that the optical variations are driven by X-ray reprocessing. We show, however, that a model whereby the optical variations arise from reprocessing by a flat accretion disc cannot account for all the optical variability. There is also a second significant peak in the cross-correlation function, at an optical delay of $39^{+2.7}_{-8.4}$ days. The lag is consistent with the dust sublimation radius in this source, suggesting that there is a measurable amount of optical flux coming from the dust torus. We discuss the origin of the additional optical flux in terms of reprocessing of X-rays and reflection of optical light by the dust.
description: 17 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Large nonlinear Hall effect and Berry curvature in KTaO3 based two-dimensional electron gas
Creators: name: Zhai, Jinfeng
name: Trama, Mattia
name: Liu, Hao
name: Zhu, Zhifei
name: Zhu, Yinyan
name: Perroni, Carmine Antonio
name: Citro, Roberta
name: He, Pan
name: Shen, Jian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at oxide interfaces exhibits various exotic properties stemming from interfacial inversion symmetry breaking. In this work, we report the emergence of large nonlinear Hall effects (NHE) in the LaAlO3/KTaO3(111) interface 2DEG under zero magnetic field. Skew scattering was identified as the dominant origin based on the cubic scaling of nonlinear Hall conductivity with longitudinal conductivity and the threefold symmetry. Moreover, a gate-tunable NHE with pronounced peak and dip was observed and reproduced by our theoretical calculation. These results indicate the presence of Berry curvature hotspots and thus a large Berry curvature triple at the oxide interface. Our theoretical calculations confirm the existence of large Berry curvatures from the avoided crossing of multiple 5d-orbit bands, orders of magnitude larger than that in transition-metal dichalcogenides. NHE offers a new pathway to probe the Berry curvature at oxide interfaces, and facilitates new applications in oxide nonlinear electronics.
Necessary Evils: How to Stop Worrying and Love Qui Tam
Creators: name: Qian, Ni
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2013

description: In a world of rising government spending, the False Claims Act is becoming an increasingly important enforcement statute for deterring and punishing companies that defraud the government. The False Claims Act’s power lies in the qui tam provision, which allows private citizens to sue on behalf of the government in exchange for a portion of the reward. This provision gives the government expensive information at low cost. However, the qui tam provision and the private citizens who utilize it have been viewed suspiciously by various actors in the regulatory scheme. This Note examines the economic value provided by the qui tam provision, the role that Congress envisioned it would play, its implementation by the Department of Justice, and its perception in the eyes of the courts. It uses the current circuit split between the Sixth and D.C. Circuits as a case study to illustrate the conflict between economic principles, congressional intent, utilization by the Department of Justice, and judicial treatment. The qui tam provision is at its best when used not as a way for the government to gather information but as a way for the government to outsource prosecutorial and investigative duties. The courts and the Department of Justice, however, have not adhered to this principle and have thus limited the qui tam provision’s potential. At a time when government spending seems bound to increase, all players need to learn to embrace qui tam. The author would like to thank Professor Avery Katz for his advice on this Note, and the editorial staff of the Columbia Business Law Review for catching her mistakes.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2013 No. 2
Haldane's Instanton in 2D Heisenberg model revisited: along the Avenue of Topology
Creators: name: Jiang, Ying
name: Yang, Guo-Hong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Deconfined quantum phase transition from Néel phase to Valence bond crystal state in 2D Heisenberg model is under debate nowadays. One crucial issue is the suppression of Haldane's instanton on quantum critical point which drives the spinon deconfined. In this paper, by making use of the $ϕ$-mapping topological current theory, we reexamine the Haldane's instanton in an alternative way along the direction of topology. We find that the the monopole events are space-time singularities of Néel field $\vec{n}$, the corresponding topological charges are the wrapping number of $\vec{n}$ around the singularities which can be expressed in terms of the Hopf indices and Brouwer degrees of $ϕ$-mapping. The suppression of the monopole events can only be guaranteed when the $ϕ$-field possesses no zero points. Moreover, the quadrapolarity of monopole events in the Heisenberg model due to the Berry phase is also reproduced in this topological argument.
Degree 5 invariant of E8
Creators: name: Garibaldi, Skip
name: Semenov, Nikita
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Representation Theory (math.RT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 20G15

description: We investigate a degree 5 invariant of groups of type E8 and give its applications to the structure of finite subgroups in algebraic groups.
description: 12 pages
Parallel or Paralyzed? Sklena, Rule 804(b)(1), and the Costly Implications for Interagency Law Enforcement Efforts
Creators: name: Mhatre, Miheer
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2013

description: Many observers have called upon civil and criminal law enforcement agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and the Department of Justice to conduct increased parallel proceedings to investigate alleged violations of the federal securities laws. While courts have generally blessed a wide-ranging investigatory and prosecutorial license, a recent Seventh Circuit case, United States v. Sklena, injected renewed uncertainty into the scope of these joint ventures. After the CFTC filed a civil complaint against two traders, the Commission’s civil enforcement action was temporarily stayed pending criminal proceedings initiated by the DOJ. Before the criminal trial began, however, one of the traders died. The remaining defendant, David Sklena, sought to introduce the trader’s testimony at trial under Federal Rule of Evidence 804(b)(1) under the theory that the CFTC and the DOJ were the “same party” and shared a “similar motive” under the rule. Although the district court dismissed Sklena’s argument, the Seventh Circuit rejected the lower court’s Rule 804(b)(1) analysis and reversed Sklena’s conviction. This Note explores the Sklena decision by tracing the district court’s and Seventh Circuit’s application of 804(b)(1), and examining the salient arguments in favor of and against the Sklenaapproach. It then considers the consequences for law enforcement agencies that will necessarily flow from the Sklena decision. This Note concludes that focusing on the transfer of human capital represents a superior way of aligning criminal and civil law enforcement agencies without disturbing existing legal and evidentiary standards. Though Sklena’s rationale may similarly stem from a desire to foster close federal collaboration, this Note contends that incentivizing the interagency infusion of human capital can achieve this same outcome without the steep costs of judicial uncertainty and material federal resources. The author would like to thank Professor Daniel Richman for his invaluable insight and guidance throughout the writing process. The author would also like to thank the editorial staff of the Columbia Business Law Review for their assistance in preparing this Note for publication.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2013 No. 2
E-Learning & decision making system for automate students assessment using remote laboratory and machine learning
Creators: name: Ouatik, Fahd
name: Raoufi, Mustapha
name: Ouatik, Farouk
name: Skouri, Mohammed
Publisher: name: Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society
Year: 2021

description: This paper describes an implementation of a remote laboratory system for the practical works (PW) of electronics, this system make available to target and analysis the gaps, weaknesses and lack of scientific knowledge of students in the context of electric engineering through data mining algorithms and students’ study behavior. Experimental work has traditionally been developed in laboratories. However, the increase in the number of higher education students in the last decades has put pressure on the physical structures and resources of laboratories. To overcome this, computational simulations and remote laboratories have been developed enabling the expansion of educational boundaries. this paper provides new opportunities to enhance the student’s learning process. The results are presented and discussed according to two levels. The first is development a complete system of remote laboratory E@Slab and compare it with the related work. second level, we present an algorithms of Intelligence Artificial that automate evaluation and classify students in different groups attending to an assessment rubric. After this classification we compare the obtained results from algorithms of Intelligence Artificial with the levels obtained from interviews with the students and from the practical work review for to be a validation of sorts. Finally we compare the two results and we remark that algorithm classifies correctly the students with an accuracy of more than 90%.
description: Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, Vol 17 No 1 (2021): Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society - Regular Issue N. 1/2021
“Fine Distinctions” in the Contemporary Law of Insider Trading
Creators: name: Langevoort, Donald C.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2013

description: The law of insider trading is evolving in a way that reflects a fundamental conflict between a vision of the prohibition as a moralistic response to greed on the part of the privileged––especially when they occupy roles as fiduciaries––and a vision of the prohibition as akin to more conventional securities fraud. This Article traces this conflict back to Cady, Roberts, and then examines some contemporary issues that reflect this tension, especially the emergence of a theory of “reckless tipping.”
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2013 No. 2
Green's functions for far-side seismic images: a polar expansion approach
Creators: name: Hernandez, F. Perez
name: Hernandez, I. Gonzalez
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have computed seismic images of magnetic activity on the far surface of the Sun by using a seismic-holography technique. As in previous works, the method is based on the comparison of waves going in and out of a particular point in the Sun but we have computed here the Green's functions from a spherical polar expansion of the adiabatic wave equations in the Cowling approximation instead of using the ray-path approximation previously used in the far-side holography. A comparison between the results obtained using the ray theory and the spherical polar expansion is shown. We use the gravito-acoustic wave equation in the local plane-parallel limit in both cases and for the latter we take the asymptotic approximation for the radial dependencies of the Green's function. As a result, improved images of the far-side can be obtained from the polar-expansion approximation, especially when combining the Green's functions corresponding to two and three skips. We also show that the phase corrections in the Green's functions due to the incorrect modeling of the uppermost layers of the Sun can be estimated from the eigenfrequencies of the normal modes of oscillation.
description: 8 pages, 5 figures, Astrophysical Journal, accepted (2010)
Distance learning and teaching as a consequence of the Covid-19 pandemic: A survey of teachers and students of an Italian high school taking into account technological issues, attitudes and beliefs toward distance learning, metacognitive skills
Creators: name: Cadamuro, Alessia
name: Bisagno, Elisa
name: Rubichi, Sandro
name: Rossi, Lino
name: Cottafavi, Daniele
name: Crapolicchio, Eleonora
name: Vezzali, Loris
Publisher: name: Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society
Year: 2021

description: The Covid-19 pandemic has forced the education system to a rapid and unprepared transition to distance learning, inducing many teachers to organize lessons via information and communication technologies (ICTs), albeit often without sufficient technological and organizational support. Our study aims to evaluate teachers’ and students’ experience with ICTs during the first lockdown, considering three categories of relevant factors: technical issues, attitudes and beliefs towards online learning, and metacognitive skills. Participants were 486 students and 83 teachers of a Northern Italy high school, who were administered a self-reported online questionnaire. Video-lessons and audio-lessons emerged as overlooked teaching modalities. The desktop was the less used device, teachers preferred the tablet, while students preferred the smartphone. In general, students displayed appreciation of distance learning, even if they wished for more interactive activities. Teachers’ level of metacognitive competence and self-efficacy were rather high. For students, the perception of the e-learning environment predicted positively the perception of distance education and negatively the experienced anxiety, with anxiety also being higher among females. For teachers, the evaluation of distance learning was positively predicted by their beliefs about ICTs. This demonstrates the importance of promoting positive ICTs beliefs to motivate teachers in engaging in distance learning. Moreover, higher perceived self-efficacy was associated with lower levels of anxiety, thus showing the need to engage in training activities enabling teachers to feel confident when using ICTs.
description: Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, Vol 17 No 1 (2021): Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society - Regular Issue N. 1/2021
Duty-Free Insider Trading?
Creators: name: Greene, Edward
name: Schmid, Olivia
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2013

description: Until recently, the enforcement of insider trading violations was generally less robust outside the United States because of the limited sanctions, resources, and powers available to regulators abroad. This situation is slowly changing, especially in the United Kingdom, where the Financial Services Authority has begun to police the offense vigorously. However, the approaches to regulating insider trading and market abuse differ fundamentally across the Atlantic. In the United States, the offense is not statutorily defined. It is based on judicial and administrative interpretations of a broad securities antifraud statute and accompanying U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission rules, which is reminiscent of a common law approach. The offense can be either criminal or civil, and because it is derived from an antifraud statute, it has been interpreted by courts as requiring a showing of intent. In the European Union, the offense of insider dealing was defined in a detailed statutory directive known as the Market Abuse Directive, which has been implemented through legislation by the EU Member States. In addition to defining the offense statutorily, the U.K. and EU regimes differ from the U.S. antifraud framework in that the offense is premised on the concept of parity of information; there is no requirement that there be deceptive or misleading conduct, or breach of a fiduciary duty or similar relationship of trust and confidence. The parity-of-information approach was urged by the Securities and Exchange Commission but explicitly rejected by the U.S. Supreme Court in Chiarella v. United States as too broad in scope, given that Rule 10b-5, the rule allegedly violated, is grounded in fraud. Under the parity-of-information approach, the focus is on the information the person trading has, not how he or she obtained it from his or her source, or whether or not he or she intended to violate the law. Recent cases in the United Kingdom and in the United States highlight how punishable behavior in one regime may not constitute a violation in the other. Given the inefficiency of overlapping and conflicting regulations, the growing globalization of markets, and the tendency to apply antifraud prohibitions extraterritorially, the strengths and weaknesses of the U.S. and U.K. regimes should be evaluated with an eye to adopting a common approach in an area critical to market integrity. We conclude that the United States should enact a statutory rule of law based on the parity-of-information approach in the European Union, being sensitive, however, to protecting trading activity based on information obtained through legitimate and socially valuable independent research, a goal addressed by the U.K. framework.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2013 No. 2
Electrothermal feedback in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors
Creators: name: Kerman, Andrew J.
name: Yang, Joel K. W.
name: Molnar, Richard J.
name: Dauler, Eric A.
name: Berggren, Karl K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the role of electrothermal feedback in the operation of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs). It is found that the desired mode of operation for SNSPDs is only achieved if this feedback is unstable, which happens naturally through the slow electrical response associated with their relatively large kinetic inductance. If this response is sped up in an effort to increase the device count rate, the electrothermal feedback becomes stable and results in an effect known as latching, where the device is locked in a resistive state and can no longer detect photons. We present a set of experiments which elucidate this effect, and a simple model which quantitatively explains the results.
Memories of Bill Cary
Creators: name: Seligman, Joel
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2013

description: More than thirty years have passed since I completed the interviews for the first edition of The Transformation of Wall Street. My interview with Bill Cary on October 28th and 29th, 1980 was particularly memorable. I met with Bill in Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, where he was being treated. Bill had already written a memoir of his years as chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission, Politics and the Regulatory Agencies. Bill met with me to be helpful to my effort to draft a comprehensive history of the SEC.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2013 No. 2
title: Electrochemical Li Storage Properties of Carbon-Rich B–C–N Ceramics
Creators: name: Bhat, Shrikant
name: Sasikumar, Pradeep
name: Molina-Luna, Leopoldo
name: Graczyk-Zajac, Magdalena
name: Kleebe, Hans‐Joachim
name: Riedel, Ralf
Publisher: name: MDPI
Year: 2022

description: Amorphous BCN ceramics were synthesized via a thermal conversion procedure of piperazine–borane and pyridine–borane. The synthesized BC₂N and BC₄N ceramics contained, in their final amorphous structure, 45 and 65 wt % of carbon, respectively. Elemental analysis revealed 45 and 65 wt % of carbon for BC₂N and BC₄N, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the amorphous nature of studied compounds. Lateral cluster size of carbon crystallites of 7.43 and 10.3 nm for BC₂N and BC₄N, respectively, was calculated from Raman spectroscopy data. This signified a higher order of the carbon phase present in BC₄N. The electrochemical investigation of the low carbon BC₂N composition as anodes for Li-ion batteries revealed initial capacities of 667 and 235 mAh·g⁻¹ for lithium insertion/extraction, respectively. The material with higher carbon content, BC₄N, disclosed better reversible lithium storage properties. Initial capacities of 1030 and 737 mAh·g⁻¹ for lithium insertion and extraction were recovered for carbon-rich BC₄N composition. Extended cycling with high currents up to 2 C/2 D revealed the cycling stability of BC4N electrodes. Cycling for more than 75 cycles at constant current rates showed a stable electrochemical behavior of BC₄N anodes with capacities as high as 500 mAh·g⁻¹.
Activity-based Profiling for Energy Harvesting Estimation
Creators: name: Li, Jiajie
name: Abusafia, Amani
name: Lakhdari, Abdallah
name: Bouguettaya, Athman
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We propose a novel activity-based profiling framework to estimate IoT users' harvested energy based on their daily activities. Energy is harvested from natural sources such as the kinetic movement of IoT users. The profiling framework captures the users' physical activity data to define activity-based profiles. These profiles are utilized to estimate the harvested energy by IoT users. We train and evaluate our framework based on a real Fitbit dataset.
description: 2 pages, 2 Figures,This is an accepted posterpaper at the ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN) 2023
Introduction: Mapping the Future of Insider Trading Law: Of Boundaries, Gaps, and Strategies
Creators: name: Coffee, John C.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2013

description: The current law on insider trading is remarkably unrationalized because it contains gaps and loopholes the size of the Washington Square Arch. For example, if a thief breaks into your office, opens your files, learns material nonpublic information, and trades on that information, he has not breached a fiduciary duty and is presumably exempt from insider trading liability. But drawing a line that can convict only the fiduciary and not the thief seems morally incoherent. Nor is it doctrinally necessary. The basic methodology handed down by the Supreme Court in SEC v. Dirks and United States v. O’Hagan dictates (i) that a violation of the insider trading prohibition requires conduct that is “deceptive” (the term used in Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), and (ii) that trading that amounts to an undisclosed breach of a fiduciary duty is “deceptive.” This formula illustrates, but does not exhaust, the types of duties whose undisclosed breach might also be deemed deceptive and in violation of Rule 10b-5. Many forms of theft or misappropriation of confidential business information could easily be deemed sufficiently deceptive to violate Rule 10b-5. More generally (and more controversially), the common law on finders of lost property (which generally treats a finder as a bailee for the true owner) might be used to justify a duty barring recipients from trading on information that has been inadvertently released or released to them without lawful authorization. Nonetheless, current law has stopped short of generally prohibiting the computer hacker and other misappropriators who make no false representation and do not compensate the tipper. This article surveys possible means by which to fashion a more coherent and consistent prohibition on insider trading. It assumes that legislation is unlikely (and might even aggravate the problem), but that the SEC has broad discretion to adopt rules (just as it did in 2000 in adopting Rule 10b5-1 and 10b5-2). Specific rules are proposed. At the same time, this article acknowledges that the goal of reform should not be to achieve parity of information, and that there are potentially high costs in attempting to extend the boundaries of insider trading to reach all instances of inadvertent release. Deception, it argues, should be the key, both for doctrinal and policy reasons.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2013 No. 2
Prediction of engineering students’ virtual lab understanding and implementation rates using SVM classification
Creators: name: Hristova, Teodora
name: Gabrovska-Evstatieva, Katerina
name: Evstatiev, Boris
Publisher: name: Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society
Year: 2021

description: In 2020 many universities were forced to switch to a distant form of education because of the COVID-19 lockdown. This was especially challenging for the engineering specialties, where laboratory and practical exercises are a fundamental part of the educational process. This study presents results from the electrical engineering education in two Bulgarian universities, where the Engine for Virtual Electrical Engineering Equipment was used as a tool for providing virtual labs. At the end of the semester the students were asked to fill in a survey, accounting for their learning program, years of studying, experience with virtual and real labs and the instructions delivery methods used. Data mining algorithms were utilized with the aim to predict students’ rate of understanding and rate of implementation when dealing with virtual labs. Initially, a regression analysis model was created which achieved R-squared above 95%. However, the verification of the model showed an unsatisfactory prediction success rate of 37%. Next, SVM classification was utilized. The verification showed its success rates for predicting the rate of understanding and rate of implementation were 83% and 86%, respectively. This approach could be used to optimize the educational experience of students, using virtual labs, as well as for identification of students that might need additional support and instructions.
description: Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, Vol 17 No 1 (2021): Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society - Regular Issue N. 1/2021
A New Treatment of 2N and 3N Bound States in Three Dimensions
Creators: name: Glockle, W.
name: Elster, Ch.
name: Golak, J.
name: Skibinski, R.
name: Witala, H.
name: Kamada, H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The direct treatment of the Faddeev equation for the three-boson system in 3 dimensions is generalized to nucleons. The one Faddeev equation for identical bosons is replaced by a strictly finite set of coupled equations for scalar functions which depend only on 3 variables. The spin-momentum dependence occurring as scalar products in 2N and 3N forces accompanied by scalar functions is supplemented by a corresponding expansion of the Faddeev amplitudes. After removing the spin degrees of freedom by suitable operations only scalar expressions depending on momenta remain. The corresponding steps are performed for the deuteron leading to two coupled equations.
description: 19 pages
Insider Trading: Where is the Line?
Creators: name: Crimmins, Stephen J.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2013

description: Following the contours of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s seminal Cady, Roberts opinion in 1961, the federal courts developed the law of insider trading in two reasonably clear and predictable molds. Corporate insiders will incur liability for trading on material nonpublic information in breach of the duty they owe their corporations and shareholders, and corporate outsiders will be liable if they misappropriate and trade on such information in breach of a duty they owe to the source of their information. Recent cases have blurred the lines of liability for insider trading. Courts now may impose liability on defendants in situations where it is unclear whether they assumed any duty to the corporation or other source of their information, where the information in question is vague or speculative in nature, and where it is unclear that they acted with the requisite mental state. Compounding this uncertainty, the SEC and the Justice Department have made insider trading a high prosecutorial priority and are expending substantial resources and using new tools to bring insider trading cases that would not have been pursued in earlier times. Faced with uncertain liability parameters and intense enforcement efforts, prudent traders may conclude that any trade based on significant nonpublic information is just too risky. A wrong guess on any duty, materiality, or scienter element­­––finally resolved years later on appeal––can lead to imprisonment, or at least heavy civil fines, and a ruined career. Yet such a determination not to trade on significant nonpublic information effectively pushes these prudent traders into a so-called “parity-of-information” regime, in which all significant information must be publicly disclosed before it can be used for trading. While Congress, the SEC, and the courts have consistently rejected parity of information as an explicit legal requirement, the European Union’s enforcement model specifically embraces parity. The SEC and DOJ commitment to insider trading enforcement is to be commended for promoting fair markets for both ordinary and sophisticated investors, and thus for encouraging capital formation and economic growth. But it is an enforcement program that can be enhanced­­––and a parity regime avoided––through clear definition of the elements of the offense, through good case selection, and through alternative disposition paths to fairly and efficiently resolve smaller and less clear cases.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2013 No. 2
Classification models in the digital competence of higher education teachers based on the DigCompEdu Framework: logistic regression and segment tree
Creators: name: Cabero-Almenara, Julio
name: Guillen-Gamez, Francisco D.
name: Ruiz-Palmero, Julio
name: Palacios-Rodríguez, Antonio
Publisher: name: Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society
Year: 2021

description: To promote and develop the digital competence of higher education teachers is a key aim in the 21st century. Teachers must have a leader or expert digital competence in order to prepare future school-leavers for a competent professional qualification. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the predictor variables encouraging high digital competence, using two statistical classification techniques: multiple logistic regression and classification trees. The analysis of teachers’ digital competence was carried out in each of the areas of knowledge in which the teachers are assigned, as well as overall. For data collection, a non-experimental ex post facto design was used. A total of 1,104 higher education teachers from Andalusia (Spain) completed the DigCompEdu Check-In instrument prepared by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. In terms of general classification, the results found that the logistic regression technique ranked teachers’ digital competence with greater probability of success (83.7%) in comparison to the segment tree (81.7%). The results found that the level of digital competence of teachers in the creation and use of digital resources varies according to the area of knowledge to which the teachers are assigned. At a general level, the development of digital competence at the leader, expert or pioneer level is related to various factors, such as the time spent on creating web spaces and digital content, and the use of virtual reality, robotics, and gamification. Further research is recommended to validate these preliminary findings in each of the areas of knowledge.
description: Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, Vol 17 No 1 (2021): Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society - Regular Issue N. 1/2021
The Detectability of AGN Cavities in Cooling-Flow Clusters
Creators: name: Birzan, L.
name: Rafferty, D. A.
name: McNamara, B. R.
name: Nulsen, P. E. J.
name: Wise, M. W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Chandra X-ray Observatory has revealed X-ray cavities in many nearby cooling flow clusters. The cavities trace feedback from the central active galactic nulceus (AGN) on the intracluster medium (ICM), an important ingredient in stabilizing cooling flows and in the process of galaxy formation and evolution. But, the prevalence and duty cycle of such AGN outbursts is not well understood. To this end, we study how the cooling is balanced by the cavity heating for a complete sample of clusters (the Brightest 55 clusters of galaxies, hereafter B55). In the B55, we found 33 cooling flow clusters, 20 of which have detected X-ray bubbles in their ICM. Among the remaining 13, all except Ophiuchus could have significant cavity power yet remain undetected in existing images. This implies that the duty cycle of AGN outbursts with significant heating potential in cooling flow clusters is at least 60 % and could approach 100 %, but deeper data is required to constrain this further.
description: 4 pages, 2 figures; to appear in the proceedings of "The Monsters' Fiery Breath", Madison, Wisconsin 1-5 June 2009, Eds. Sebastian Heinz & Eric Wilcots; added annotation to the figure