Paravelia bipunctata Rodrigues, Moreira, Nieser, Chen & Melo, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Rodrigues, Higor D. D.
name: Moreira, Felipe F. F.
name: Nieser, Nico
name: Chen, Ping Ping
name: Melo, Alan L.
name: Dias-Silva, Karina
name: Giehl, Nubia F. S.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Veliidae
Paravelia
Paravelia bipunctata

description: Paravelia bipunctata Rodrigues, Moreira, Nieser, Chen & Melo, sp. nov.
(Figs 5, 6 G–I, 21)
Micropterous male. BL 4.75–4.95; HL 0.62–0.63; HW 0.87–0.89; ANT I 0.79–0.80, ANT II 0.80–0.82, ANT III 0.87–0.88, ANT IV 0.69–0.70; EYE 0.25–0.27; PL 1.25; PW 1.45–1.48; FORELEG: FEM 1.31–1.39, TIB 1.15– 1.26, TAR I 0.08–0.09, TAR II 0.10–0.11, TAR III 0.34–0.35; MIDLEG: FEM 1.70–1.76, TIB 1.82–1.84, TAR I 0.14, TAR II 0.63–0.66, TAR III 0.40–0.44; HINDLEG: FEM 1.75–1.76, TIB 1.89–1.90, TAR I 0.14–0.15, TAR II 0.28–0.31, TAR III 0.41–0.42.
Head dark brown to black. Antenniferous tubercles dark brown; antennomere I with base and distal half dark yellow, brown on central portion, lighter ventrally; remaining antennomeres brown, darker on apex of II. Eyes shining red. Rostrum with base of article I, entire article II, and apex of III brown; remaining of these articles yellow; article IV shining dark brown. Pronotum dark brown, with longitudinal median carina brown; anterior lobe with a pair of large white marks on sides of median line (Fig. 5 A); posterior lobe becoming lighter towards apex, light brown to yellowish on posterior angle. Micropterous wing white in margins, brown in middle (Fig. 5 A). Sides and vertex of thorax dark brown. Fore and hind coxae, and all trochanters pale yellow. Mid coxa brown, lighter on apex. Fore and hind femora with proximal half pale yellow and distal half brown with a yellow ring near apex. Mid femur of similar color, except for brown mark on proximal 1/6. Tibiae brown, with a proximal and a distal yellow ring; the distal brown portion of hind tibia lighter. Anterior tarsus with articles I–II brown and III yellow with brown to dark brown apex. Mid and hind tarsi with article I brown and II–III yellow with brown apices. Abdominal tergites I–II dark brown; III–VI brown with darker margins; VII brown with lateral margins dark brown and posterior margin black. Silvery pubescence present on posterior margin of tergite V, majority of tergite VI, and anteriorly on sides of midline of tergite VII. Abdominal connexives dark brown, with silvery pubescence on outer portions between segments I–II, II–III, and III–IV; silvery pubescence wider between segments IV–V and V–VI (Fig. 5 A). Abdominal sternites dark brown, with orange areas between segments, except for last segment blackish. Genital segment I shining black; remaining genital segments brown, darker apically.
Head velvety, with long thick dark setae on frons and adjacent to inner eye margin, and a pair of rounded impressions near base, without black denticles. Ocular setae absent. Antenniferous tubercles wide and swollen. Antenna densely covered by long brown setae. Antennomere I distinctly thicker than others, wider on middle, curved outward; II–III cylindrical; II slightly thicker than III–IV; III–IV subequal in width; IV fusiform. Bucculae swollen, covered by long light setae, with a rounded punctation near middle, without black denticles. Rostrum almost reaching base of metasternum. Head and pronotum laterally separated by a stripe of white swollen cuticle, which extends ventrally over propleura and proepisternum, almost meeting centrally (Fig. 5 B).
Pronotum covered by recumbent white setae, more numerous on posterior portion, and short brown setae on lateral margins, with longitudinal median carina weakly developed and humeri not elevated, without black denticles. Anterior lobe of pronotum slightly depressed on white marks; rounded punctations on posterior lobe wider and deeper towards apex. Micropterous wings slightly passing posterior margin of abdominal tergite I (Fig. 5 A). Sides of thorax with white swollen cuticle on intersegmental areas and between metathorax and abdomen; the white areas extending ventrally under coxae (Fig. 5 B). Two rows of small rounded punctations on posterior portion of propleura and one on anterior portion of mesopleura. Sides and venter of thorax covered by long thin white setae; these setae longer on metasternum and abdominal sternites I–II. Intersegmental area between meso- and metasternum without tubercles. Mesoacetabulum with a large deep punctation, not extended centrally. Legs densely covered by long light setae, without distinctly swollen segments; fore femur also densely covered by shorter conical black setae on posterior margin. Fore and hind tibiae posteriorly flattened, with several short black denticles throughout their length; distal half of hind femur also with short black denticles. Middle tibia on inner margin of posterior portion with a row of long darker setae. Grasping comb on fore tibia not well-developed.
Abdominal connexives and tergites covered by short golden brown setae. Abdominal tergites I–II slightly swollen centrally. Posterior margin of last abdominal tergite sharply concave. Abdominal connexives very weakly elevated, without black denticles. Abdominal sternites I–II, and sides of remaining sternites covered by long thin white setae. Anterior margin of abdominal sternites III–VII with transversal areas without setae (Fig. 5 B). Last abdominal sternite slightly compressed laterally, weakly swollen adjacent to anterior margin, with posterior margin widely concave, without distinct projections or denticles (Fig. 5 B). Genital segment I (Figs 6 G–H) with lateral margins of dorsum slightly divergent on posterior half, and posterior margin centrally straight (Fig. 6 G); venter slightly compressed laterally, with anterior margin concave centrally. Proctiger without expansions or black denticles (Fig. 6 I), with weak longitudinal carina and small lateral projections. Parameres symmetrical, long, thin and slightly curved on apical 1/3, without setae (Fig. 6 I).
Macropterous male. BL 5.20–5.40; HL 0.62–0.65; HW 0.90–0.95; ANT I 0.85–0.90, ANT II 0.84–0.87, ANT III 0.82–0.87, ANT IV 0.68–0.70; EYE 0.32–0.35; PL 1.85–1.90; PW 1.95–2.10; FORELEG: FEM 1.25– 1.30, TIB 1.15–1.20, TAR I 0.07, TAR II 0.12, TAR III 0.37; MIDLEG: FEM 1.65–1.70, TIB 1.75, TAR I 0.07– 0.10, TAR II 0.67, TAR III 0.37–0.42; HINDLEG: FEM 1.70–1.75, TIB 1.82–1.85, TAR I 0.09–0.12, TAR II 0.30– 0.35, TAR III 0.45.
Color and general body structure as in micropterous male. Pronotum longer than in brachypterous form, with weaker median carina and elevated humeri. Forewing brown, almost reaching apex of genital segments, with lighter veins and densely covered by golden setae, mainly in anterior half; when dried and closed, with three elongated whitish maculae, the basal being more white, four to seven irregular whitish maculae near middle, an apical white macula centrally extended anteriorly.
Micropterous female. BL 5.00–5.10; HL 0.66–0.75; HW 0.92–0.95; ANT I 0.83–0.90, ANT II 0.77–0.85, ANT III 0.87–0.90, ANT IV 0.65–0.67; EYE 0.26–0.30; PL 1.30–1.35; PW 1.50; FORELEG: FEM 1.30–1.32, TIB 1.20, TAR I 0.09–0.10, TAR II 0.10–0.12, TAR III 0.35–0.37; MIDLEG: FEM 1.71–1.85, TIB 1.83–1.92, TAR I 0.12–0.13, TAR II 0.57–0.62, TAR III 0.40–0.42; HINDLEG: FEM 1.69–1.80, TIB 1.80–1.88, TAR I 0.11– 0.13, TAR II 0.27–0.32, TAR III 0.37–0.43.
Color and general body structure as in micropterous male (Fig. 5 C), but fore tibia without grasping comb; abdominal connexives elevated, almost vertical; tergite VII covered almost entirely by silvery pubescence, and tergite VIII with few of the same pubescence; last abdominal sternite not slightly compressed laterally.
Macropterous female. BL 5.25–5.56; HL 0.63–0.65; HW 0.95; ANT I 0.78–0.83, ANT II 0.80, ANT III 0.84–0.85, ANT IV 0.68–0.70; EYE 0.28–0.30; PL 1.80–2.01; PW 2.00–2.08; FORELEG: FEM 1.30–1.31, TIB 1.15–1.26, TAR I 0.08–0.10, TAR II 0.10–0.13, TAR III 0.37–0.39; MIDLEG: FEM 1.65–1.90, TIB 1.75–1.99, TAR I 0.12–0.13, TAR II 0.62–0.64, TAR III 0.42–0.45; HINDLEG: FEM 1.75–1.91, TIB 1.85–1.99, TAR I 0.10– 0.13, TAR II 0.28–0.30, TAR III 0.42–0.48.
Color and general body structure (Fig. 5 D) as in micropterous female; pronotum and forewings as in macropterous male; generally lighter, especially on venter, which reveals the presence of several rounded punctations on acetabulae.
Type-material. Holotype: Brazil, Minas Gerais: micropterous male (DPIC), Brumadinho, Retiro das Pedras, 20°04’S / 44°00’W, house condominium located 15 Km south from Belo Horizonte city, first semester.1999, (G.J.C. Vianna). Paratypes: 4 micropterous males, 1 micropterous female (DPIC), same data as holotype; 1 micropterous female (DPIC), same data, except 07. II.1999; 1 micropterous male (DPIC), Januária, São Joaquim, Rio Jaboticaba, bridge, 15°29’39”S / 45°08’59”W, 29.IV.2008, (G.J.C. Vianna); 1 micropterous male (DPIC), same data, except ALM 1205, 07.VIII.2012, (A.L. Melo); 1 micropterous male, 1 micropterous female (DPIC), Rio Doce, Baraúnas Farm, 20°14’31”S / 42°54’60”W, 28.XI.1999, (A.L. Melo); 1 micropterous male (INPA), Luz, Ribeirão Jorge Grande, 19°40’13”S / 45°36’37”W, 06.I.2010, (H.D.D. Rodrigues); 1 micropterous female (DPIC), Pains, Monalisa Farm, Córrego Caeté dos Veados, 21.I.2002, (S.N. Alves); 1 micropterous female (MZUSP), Serra do Cipó, Cardeal Mota, MG-010, Km-117, 26.VII.1972, (C.G. Froehlich); 2 micropterous females, (DPIC), same data, except Km-120, temporary pool, 02.IV.1994, (A.L. Melo); 1 micropterous male (DPIC), same data, except Km- 117, 27.XII.1998; 1 micropterous male (DPIC), Santana do Riacho, Lapinha da Serra, pool before Lajeado Waterfall, 19°09’13”S / 43°38’54”W, 02.IV.2010, (H.D.D. Rodrigues). Mato Grosso: 1 macropterous female (CZNX), Nova Xavantina, Mario Viana Municipal Reserve (Bacaba Municipal Park), Córrego Bacaba, ponto 1, 14°43'3.5"S / 52°21'48.3"W, 09.VIII.2011, [5198], (N.F.S. Giehl & P.V.B. Fonseca); 1 macropterous female (MZUSP), same data, except 01.VI.2011, [5906]; 1 macropterous female (CZNX), same data, except ponto 2, 14°43'10.5"S / 52°21'35.07"W, 04.VII.2011 [6077]; 1 macropterous male (MZUSP), same data, except ponto 3, 14°43’14.80”S / 52°21’35.63”W, 29.VI.2012, [6728]; 1 macropterous male (CZNX), same data, except [6729]; 1 micropterous male (DZRJ), same data, except 10.V.2003, (S.O. Pagioro); 1 macropterous female (DZRJ), Nova Xavantina, ML4 Farm, Córrego Cachoeirinha, third order, 14°50’33”S / 52°21’34”W, 13.IX.2007, (H.S.R. Cabette). Mato Grosso do Sul: 1 micropterous male (INPA), Bodoquena, California Farm, stream tributary to Córrego Ouro Fino, 20°43’37.0”S / 56°51’39.1”W, 18.III.2012, (N. Hamada, P.V. Cruz & N. Zampiva).
Distribution. So far known from three Brazilian states (Fig. 21), from the Central-West and Southeast regions of the country.
Etymology. bi - (Latin), two; punct - (Latin), punctation; and suffix - ata (Latin), characterized by having; referring to the pair of white marks on anterior lobe of pronotum.
Discussion. The new species can be distinguished from all other species of the genus by the pronotum dark brown with a pair of large white maculae on anterior lobe; presence of white swollen areas of cuticle on thorax (Fig. 5 B); number and distribution of white maculae on forewings (Fig. 5 D); presence of short black denticles on male and female femora and tibiae; and shape of last abdominal sternite (Fig. 5 B), proctiger, and parameres of male (Fig. 6 I).
Paravelia bipunctata sp. nov. superficially resembles P. capixaba Moreira, Nessimian & Rúdio, 2010 and P. conata (Hungerford, 1929). In relation to P. capixaba (Figs 14 C–D), the two species share abundant long setae on antennae and legs, absence of small tubercles between meso- and metasternum, the presence of a large and deep punctation on inner portion of mesoacetabulum, and short conical setae on venter of fore femur. The new species is, however, much darker than P. capixaba, very long dorsal setae are present only on the body of the latter, and the structure of mesoacetabulum is centrally extended only in P. capixaba. The fore tibial grasping comb is very evident in P. capixaba, but not distinct in P. bipunctata sp. nov., and male parameres are much thinner and longer on the latter species. In the case of P. c o n a t a (Fig. 15 A), both species have the following characters in common: a pair of white maculae on anterior lobe of pronotum; color pattern of legs; short conical black setae and short black denticles on fore and hind tibiae; areas between abdominal connexives covered by silvery pubescence; and anterior margin of sternites III–VII with transversal areas without setae. However, P. conata has a large conical projection on dorsum of pronotum (Fig. 15 A), absent in the new species.
Paravelia lacrymosa Rodrigues, Moreira, Nieser, Chen & Melo, sp. nov. (Figs 7, 9 A, 21)
Macropterous female. BL 5.52; HL 0.80; HW 1.02; ANT I 0.70, ANT II 0.60, ANT III 0.68, ANT IV 0.80; EYE 0.28; PL 2.20; PW 2.05; FORELEG: FEM 1.25, TIB 1.27, TAR I 0.10, TAR II 0.20, TAR III 0.42; MIDLEG: FEM 1.52, TIB 1.62, TAR I 0.10, TAR II 0.37, TAR III 0.42; HINDLEG: FEM 1.87, TIB 2.25, TAR I 0.15, TAR II lost, TAR III lost.
Head dark brown to black; lighter below antenniferous tubercles. First antennal segment yellowish brown to brown, remaining segments dark brown. Eyes dark red. Rostrum brown, except apex of article III and IV, shining black. Pronotum dark brown to black, anterior lobe lighter. Pro-, meso- and metapleura dark brown; acetabula brown. Prosternum brown, meso- and metasternum darker. Coxae, trochanters, and base of femora light brown, remaining of legs darker. Forewing dark brown, veins lighter, with black areas between cells; tear-shaped white macula at base, starting from humeral angle and surpassing the posterior margin of pronotum; a small elongated white macula on apex (Fig. 7 A). Abdominal segments light brown, with a dark brown band in the region of spiracles; genitalia yellowish brown (Figs 7 B–C).
Head covered by golden pubescence, and long dark setae more concentrated medially in front of eyes, with a pair of rounded punctations near posterior margin. Antenniferous tubercles shiny and swollen. Antennae finely pubescent; antennomere I stoutest, curved outward; segment II shorter; segment IV longer than III (Fig. 7 A). Ocular setae present. Jugum with minute black denticles. Rostrum reaching base of mesocoxae.
Pronotum covered by black setae, more concentrated on anterior lobe and apex of posterior lobe; median carina present, more evident between humeral angles, which are slightly elevated. Posterior lobe with lateral margins near apex slightly elevated. Costal margins and radial veins of forewings with thick black setae. Propleura with a pruinose silvery area just behind eyes. Pro- and mesopleura each with a row of 4 – 5 rounded punctations, and metapleura with about 10 punctations, not arranged in rows. Pronotal collar with 5 rounded punctations. Intersegmental region between meso- and metasternum with two pairs of small tubercles. Mesoacetabula with a rounded punctation near mesosternum. Legs covered by fine, short, golden setae, sparsely intermixed with long setae; without spines (Fig. 7 B). Foreleg with small grasping comb.
Connexiva and lateral margin of abdominal segments covered by golden pubescence and long dark setae. Abdominal connexives slightly elevated. Posterior angle of last connexival segment slightly developed (Fig. 9 A). Superior portion of gonocoxae, and lateral area of posterior margin of abdominal tergite VII with small black denticles.
Type-material. Holotype: Brazil, Minas Gerais: macropterous female (MZUSP), Serra do Caraça, 1.380 m a.s.l., XI.1961, (Kloss, Lenko, Martins & Silva).
Distribution. Only the holotype collected at high altitude on Serra do Caraça, a mountain range which includes areas of the municipalities of Santa Bárbara and Catas Altas (Fig. 21), Southeastern Brazil, is known up to the present.
Etymology. lacrimosus- (Latin), tear; referring to the tear-shaped maculae on the forewings.
Discussion. The new species can be distinguished from all other species of the genus mainly by the length of body (5.52 mm); dorsal coloration dark brown, constrasting with the light brown of the abdominal segments; anterior lobe of pronotum without distinct maculae or pruinose areas; white tear-shaped basal maculae on forewings (Fig. 7 A); absence of rounded punctations on abdominal sternites; and gonocoxae and posterior margin of abdominal tergite VII with black denticles.
Other species recorded from mountain ranges of Minas Gerais State are P. bipunctata sp. nov. (Fig. 5), P. lanemeloi Moreira & Barbosa, 2012 (Fig. 17 B) and P. nieseri Moreira & Barbosa, 2012 (Fig. 17 D). These can be distinguished from P. lacrymosa sp. nov. by the basal macula of the forewing not starting from humeral angles, contrarily to P. lacrymosa sp. nov. Also, in P. lacrymosa sp. nov. the basal maculae of forewings surpass the posterior margin of pronotum (which does not occur in P. bipunctata sp. nov.); exposed areas of connexives are dark brown (light brown in P. lanemeloi), and head and posterior margin of pronotum are dark brown to black (orange in P. nieseri).
description: Published as part of Rodrigues, Higor D. D., Moreira, Felipe F. F., Nieser, Nico, Chen, Ping Ping, Melo, Alan L., Dias-Silva, Karina & Giehl, Nubia F. S., 2014, The genus Paravelia Breddin, 1898 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Veliidae) in Brazil, with descriptions of eight new species, pp. 1-47 in Zootaxa 3784 (1) on pages 10-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3784.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/285781