cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
In re Visa Check/Mastermoney Antitrust Litigation: A Study of Market Failure in a Two-Sided Market
Creators: name: Constantine, Lloyd
name: Shinder, Jeffrey I.
name: Coughlin, Kerin E.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2005

description: In the wake of landmark antitrust litigation in the high technology and payment systems industries, antitrust commentators and economists have increasingly focused on the unique issues raised by two-sided markets. This attention intensified following the merchant class action against Visa and MasterCard, In re Visa Check/MasterMoney Antitrust Litigation (“In re Visa Check”), in which the defendants unsuccessfully contended that the merchants could not prove antitrust injury because their damage theory supposedly did not account for the two-sided nature of the payment card market. Visa and MasterCard argued that to assert a damage claim in a two-sided market, buyers must show an overcharge impacting both sides of the market, regardless of which side they are on. According to Visa and MasterCard, the merchants had not done so and, therefore, their claims should have been dismissed on summary judgment. This paper explains why, contrary to Visa’s and MasterCard’s spin, In re Visa Check provides an example of a strong antitrust damages claim in a two-sided market. In fact, the case demonstrates that subverting competition on one side of the market can facilitate and exacerbate the cartelization of the other. Consequently, buyers on either side of the market have suffered antitrust injury and need not prove an overcharge affecting both sides to prevail. Before examining In re Visa Check in more detail, this article will explain the characteristics of two-sided markets and outline why these markets sometimes raise unique issues.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2005 No. 3: Conference on Two Sided Markets
How the extinction of extragalactic background light affects surface photometry of galaxies, groups and clusters
Creators: name: Zackrisson, E.
name: Micheva, G.
name: Ostlin, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The faint regions of galaxies, groups and clusters hold important clues about how these objects formed, and surface photometry at optical and near-infrared wavelengths represents a powerful tool for studying such structures. Here, we identify a hitherto unrecognized problem with this technique, related to how the night sky flux is typically measured and subtracted from astronomical images. While most of the sky flux comes from regions between the observer and the target object, a small fraction - the extragalactic background light (EBL) - comes from behind. We argue that since this part of the sky flux can be subject to extinction by dust present in the galaxy/group/cluster studied, standard reduction procedures may lead to a systematic oversubtraction of the EBL. Even very small amounts of extinction can lead to spurious features in radial surface surface brightness profiles and colour maps of extended objects. We assess the likely impact of this effect on a number of topics in extragalactic astronomy where very deep surface photometry is currently attempted, including studies of stellar halos, starburst host galaxies, disc truncations and diffuse intragroup/intracluster light. We argue that EBL extinction may provide at least a partial explanation for the anomalously red colours reported for the halos of disc galaxies and the hosts of local starburst galaxies. EBL extinction effects also mimic truncations in discs with unusually high dust opacities, but are unlikely to be the cause of such features in general. Failure to account for EBL extinction can also give rise to a non-negligible underestimate of intragroup and intracluster light at the faintest surface brightness levels currently probed. (Abridged)
description: 15 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Additional file 1 of Comparison of the pulling technique versus the standard technique in microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy: a randomized controlled trial
Creators: name: Kotb, Sameh
name: Abdel-Rassoul, Mohammed A.
name: Elkousy, Mohamed Magdy
name: El-Shorbagy, Galal
name: Elsayed, Ahmed S.
name: Abdel-Rahman, Sherif
name: Sayed, Amr Moustafa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Mental Health

description: Additional file 1. Figure S1: Internal spermatic vein under operating microscope. Figure S2: Testicular artery under operating microscope.
A giant radio halo in the massive and merging cluster Abell 1351
Creators: name: Giacintucci, S.
name: Venturi, T.
name: Cassano, R.
name: Dallacasa, D.
name: Brunetti, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report on the detection of diffuse radio emission in the X-ray luminous and massive galaxy cluster A1351 (z=0.322) using archival Very Large Array data at 1.4 GHz. Given its central location, morphology, and Mpc-scale extent, we classify the diffuse source as a giant radio halo. X-ray and weak lensing studies show A1351 to be a system undergoing a major merger. The halo is associated with the most massive substructure. The presence of this source is explained assuming that merger-driven turbulence may re-accelerate high-energy particles in the intracluster medium and generate diffuse radio emission on the cluster scale. The position of A1351 in the logP$_{1.4 GHz}$ - logL$_{X}$ plane is consistent with that of all other radio-halo clusters known to date, supporting a causal connection between the unrelaxed dynamical state of massive ($>10^{15} M_{\odot}$) clusters and the presence of giant radio halos.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures, proof corrections included
title: Kontroler Państwa Izrael
Creators: name: Kwella, Małgorzata
name: Marcia, Michalina
Publisher: name: E-Wydawnictwo. Prawnicza i Ekonomiczna Biblioteka Cyfrowa. Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego
Year: 2019

description: Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie pozycji ustrojowej Kontrolera Państwa, do którego zakresu działania należy, w świetle ustawodawstwa Państwa Izrael, kontrola administracji publicznej, finansów publicznych oraz ochrona podstawowych praw i wolności obywateli. Tekst ma na celu zaprezentowanie dwojakiej roli, która umożliwia wskazanemu organowi pełnienie funkcji zbliżonej do znanych polskiemu systemowi ustrojowemu Najwyższej Izby Kontroli oraz Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich oraz opisania szerokich kompetencji, jakie przyznano wskazanemu organowi na mocy ustawy zasadniczej o Kontrolerze Państwa.
The Regulation of Interchange Fees: Australian Fine-Tuning Gone Awry
Creators: name: Epstein, Richard A.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2005

description: Two-sided markets are generally defined as markets in which the value attributed to the goods and services received by parties on one side of an exchange depends not only on the intrinsic properties of those items, but also on the number of parties located on the other side. In the credit card context, which I shall address here, the story plays out as follows: merchants accept credit cards only if customers are willing to use them to make purchases. Customers use credit cards only if merchants will accept them. Today, there also exists extensive literature describing the theoretical features of these markets, which, as this Article will explain, do not operate with the matchless efficiency of ordinary competitive markets. Given this starting point, the question of industrial organization faced in two-sided markets is that of selecting the second best option. Because the ideal solution cannot be achieved, we must locate the closest approximation to that ideal that can be attained under practical circumstances. Stated more generally, this inquiry can be reduced to the question of whether state regulation can improve the operation of two-sided markets. Fortunately, we do not have to examine two-sided markets solely from a theoretical perspective. We have available at least one real world example, namely the interchange fee restrictions that the Reserve Bank of Australia (“RBA”) imposed on the credit card industry in July of 2003. In a report entitled Reform of Credit Card Schemes in Australia, the RBA implemented a series of recommendations that had been announced in its comprehensive 2001 regulatory initiative. The RBA’s key initiatives focused on two essential features of the open credit card systems used by Bankcard, Visa, and MasterCard. The first of these was the regulation of interchange fees. The second was a contract provision that prevents merchants in these systems from offering lower prices to their cash customers. Ultimately, these regulatory interventions are intended to address what the RBA claims are efficiency and distributional concerns, thereby reducing the implicit subsidies that cash, check, and debit card users pay for credit card users. The RBA’s program is explicitly designed to improve the position of merchants (and their broad customer base) and acquiring banks relative to that of issuing banks and their cardholders (which are only a subset of all customers). This Article shall examine whether implementing these reforms has allowed the RBA to make good on its objectives.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2005 No. 3: Conference on Two Sided Markets
title: Leveraging Human Computation for Quality Assurance in Open Source Communities
Creators: name: Sprinz, Johannah
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2022

description: Software developed under the open source development model (OSSD) has risen to significant importance over the recent decades. With more and more critical components being developed under the OSSD, the need for extensive quality assurance (QA) increases. This thesis investigates any potential for conducting formalized user testing through inexperienced volunteer community members under the OSSD. A human computation platform to aggregate such test results was designed and named open crowdsourced user-testing suite (OPEN-CUTS). A usability study of a prototype of OPEN-CUTS confirms the viability of this approach and points to potential future research questions.
description: Software, die unter dem quelloffenen Entwicklungsmodell (Open Source Development Model, OSSD) entwickelt wird, hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten massiv an Bedeutung gewonnen. Immer mehr kritische Komponenten werden im Rahmen des OSSD entwickelt und der Bedarf für tiefgehende Qualitätssicherung (Quality Assurance, QA) steigt. Diese Arbeit untersucht, ob das OSSD Potenzial für formalisierte Nutzertests durch unerfahrene freiwillige Community-Mitglieder bietet. Eine Human Computation Plattform zur Sammlung solcher Testergebnisse wurde entworfen und trägt den Namen open crowdsourced user-testing suite (OPEN-CUTS). Eine mit einem Prototyp von OPEN-CUTS durchgeführte Benutzbarkeitsstudie bestätigt diesen Ansatz und zeigt mögliche zukünftige Forschungsfragen auf.
Payment Card Regulation and the (Mis)Application of the Economics of Two-Sided Markets
Creators: name: Muris, Thomothy J.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2005

description: Plastic payment cards are one of the great innovations of the twentieth century. Like the microchip, the personal computer, and the cellular telephone, payment cards have become ubiquitous after only a few decades of use, transforming the way business is conducted. The simplicity of pulling a card from one’s wallet belies the extraordinarily complex technological infrastructure that supports payment card transactions, connecting merchants, consumers, and financial institutions seamlessly, efficiently, and securely. This system benefits consumers and merchants alike–consumers enjoy convenience, speed, security, and accurate recordkeeping for their cards, while merchants benefit from the reliability of guaranteed payments, faster throughput at the point of sale, and access to tens of millions of customers who prefer to pay with plastic. Billions of dollars have been invested to produce the innovations necessary to make today’s system function. Crucially, the enormous benefits of payment cards have developed through market competition, largely free from micromanagement by government regulators. Yet payment card companies are increasingly under attack. In the United States, the industry has become an attractive target for the plaintiffs’ bar. Merchants throughout the world recognize the benefits of plastic, but have turned to lawsuits and regulators to reduce the associated costs. Australia and other governments have actually imposed controls on the price that some card issuers can charge merchants. This article considers actions against payment card companies in light of the economics of two-sided markets. One side of the payment card market consists of the consumer and the card issuer, and the other consists of the acquirer (or an intermediary) and the merchant. For the system to function, consumers must carry cards and merchants must accept them. Neither side can be considered in isolation; rather, understanding the interrelation between the two is crucial. This two-sided feature dramatically expands the challenge for those attempting to formulate sensible regulations. Because participants on each side of the card transaction simultaneously generate costs and benefits for one another, pricing according to marginal costs and other traditional measures of market efficiency has little relevance. Unfortunately, most legal interventions in the payment card industry to date have ignored the dynamics of this two-sided market.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2005 No. 3: Conference on Two Sided Markets
Sensing technologies for high-throughput plant phenotyping : a comprehensive review with a case study
Creators: name: Ma, Zhenyu
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: Agriculture has been instrumental in shaping human civilization and the social-economic conditions of society. However, the food supply chain has been severely disrupted by the rapid growth of the world's population, increased urbanization, and the unforeseen impact of the pandemic. A recent report suggests that the global population could reach 9.3 billion by 2060. This impending crisis highlights the urgent need for innovative techniques and efforts to increase food production and ensure adequate food supply for the world's population. Crop monitoring is an important part of the solution for the global issue of food scarcity by providing farmers with real-time crop information to support agricultural decision-making. Besides, crop monitoring is also considered a tool to support phenomics research. High-throughput plant phenotyping is considered a vital aspect of crop monitoring, as it enables the acquisition of large-scale crop characteristics data. This thesis reviews state-of-the-art, high-throughput plant phenotyping development, including corresponding image sensors and platforms. It also analyzes the current state of crop monitoring and identifies upcoming challenges and potential future trends for researchers in this field. Based on the review result, a case study proposes an innovative automated biomass estimation system using depth image sensors. Various point cloud data analysis methods are validated using conventional volume method and machine learning approaches. Notably, the case study pioneer applied a deep learning-based 3D point cloud analysis model with RGB-D data for biomass estimation. The system employs a 3D reconstruction algorithm to convert color and depth information into a 3D point cloud. Then, a biomass estimation model named Bio-DGCNN is developed based on Dynamic Graph CNN (DGCNN). Additionally, transfer learning is incorporated into the proposed system to improve the accuracy of biomass estimation further and make the system adaptable to tasks with small datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system improved biomass estimation accuracy, outperforming other competitive approaches with small datasets. As a result, the proposed system provides a viable solution for biomass predictions even with limited datasets.
Introductory Remarks: Some Reflections on Two-Sided Markets and Pricing
Creators: name: Goldberg, Victor P.
name: Epstein, Richard A.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2005

description: Introductory Remarks: Some Reflections on Two-Sided Markets and Pricing
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2005 No. 3: Conference on Two Sided Markets
Additional file 1 of Caring for persons with Dementia: a qualitative study of the needs of carers following care recipient discharge from hospital
Creators: name: Janice, Du Preez
name: Antonio, Celenza
name: Christopher, Etherton-Beer
name: Paula, Moffat
name: Elissa, Campbell
name: Glenn, Arendts
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy

description: Supplementary Material 1
Data analysis of gravitational-wave signals from spinning neutron stars. V. A narrow-band all-sky search
Creators: name: Astone, Pia
name: Borkowski, Kazimierz M.
name: Jaranowski, Piotr
name: Królak, Andrzej
name: Pietka, Maciej
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present theory and algorithms to perform an all-sky coherent search for periodic signals of gravitational waves in narrow-band data of a detector. Our search is based on a statistic, commonly called the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic, derived from the maximum-likelihood principle in Paper I of this series. We briefly review the response of a ground-based detector to the gravitational-wave signal from a rotating neuron star and the derivation of the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic. We present several algorithms to calculate efficiently this statistic. In particular our algorithms are such that one can take advantage of the speed of fast Fourier transform (FFT) in calculation of the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic. We construct a grid in the parameter space such that the nodes of the grid coincide with the Fourier frequencies. We present interpolation methods that approximately convert the two integrals in the $\mathcal{F}$-statistic into Fourier transforms so that the FFT algorithm can be applied in their evaluation. We have implemented our methods and algorithms into computer codes and we present results of the Monte Carlo simulations performed to test these codes.
description: REVTeX, 20 pages, 8 figures
Responding to Threats of Bankruptcy Abuse in a Post-Enron World: Trusting the Bankruptcy Judge as the Guardian of Debtor Estates
Creators: name: Jackson, Rachel M.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2005

description: The recent bankruptcy boom reached its crescendo with a string of the largest Chapter 11 filings in history. As a result, bankruptcy law has become the subject of increased scrutiny. Practitioners and academics alike have focused on a number of empirical trends as evidence of the abuse and potential demise of the bankruptcy process. These include the use of Chapter 11 to sell rather than reorganize companies; the solicitation of filers among debtor-oriented jurisdictions producing a potential race-to-the-bottom; the premature emergence of failing companies from bankruptcy at the insistence of vulture funds; and the “double-dipping” problem in the Chapter 22 context. Moreover, commentators censure bankruptcy judges for contributing to this flagrant bankruptcy abuse through their inconsistent rulings on the use of particular sales devices. These critics argue that bankruptcy judges should create bright-line rules to protect both the integrity of bankruptcy sales and party expectations. Despite this recent criticism, imposing such formalism and rigidity onto bankruptcy sales would tie the hands of bankruptcy judges. The powers of bankruptcy courts must remain adaptable to the needs of each debtor, and for this reason, crafting a one-size-fits-all approach is not amenable to the bankruptcy process. As a reflection of this reality, the current bankruptcy landscape reveals one clear focus: an effort to preserve the breadth and integrity of bankruptcy judges’ equitable powers of discretion. In this way, bankruptcy judges can retain the flexibility to respond to the new challenges of conducting sales in bankruptcy by adhering to the fundamental principle of maximizing the value of the bankruptcy estate. To illustrate the need to preserve judicial discretion in bankruptcy proceedings, this Note will first provide an overview of the different methods and devices for conducting sales in bankruptcy, as well as the relative advantages and detriments of such structures. Second, it will delineate the various sources of power of the bankruptcy courts and the principles of the United States Bankruptcy Code (the “Code”) that guide their performance in conducting bankruptcy sales. Third, this Note will survey recent bankruptcy decisions that reject bright-line rules that would jeopardize the ability of bankruptcy courts to effectuate the goals of the Code.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2005 No. 2
Splitting Monoidal Stable Model Categories
Creators: name: Barnes, David
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Algebraic Topology (math.AT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 55N91; 55P42

description: If C is a stable model category with a monoidal product then the set of homotopy classes of self-maps of the unit S forms a commutative ring. An idempotent e of this ring will split the homotopy category. We prove that provided the localised model structures exist, this splitting of the homotopy category comes from a splitting of the model category, that is, C is Quillen equivalent to the product of C localised at the object eS and C localised at the object (1-e)S. This Quillen equivalence is strong monoidal and is symmetric when the monoidal product of C is.
description: 19 pages. To appear in the Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra
Sequential Clustering based Facial Feature Extraction Method for Automatic Creation of Facial Models from Orthogonal Views
Creators: name: Ghahari, Alireza
name: Zoroofi, Reza Aghaeizadeh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Multiview 3D face modeling has attracted increasing attention recently and has become one of the potential avenues in future video systems. We aim to make more reliable and robust automatic feature extraction and natural 3D feature construction from 2D features detected on a pair of frontal and profile view face images. We propose several heuristic algorithms to minimize possible errors introduced by prevalent nonperfect orthogonal condition and noncoherent luminance. In our approach, we first extract the 2D features that are visible to both cameras in both views. Then, we estimate the coordinates of the features in the hidden profile view based on the visible features extracted in the two orthogonal views. Finally, based on the coordinates of the extracted features, we deform a 3D generic model to perform the desired 3D clone modeling. Present study proves the scope of resulted facial models for practical applications like face recognition and facial animation.
description: 6 pages IEEE format, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS November 2009, ISSN 1947 5500, http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
Reactions to experts in deliberative democracy: the 2016–2018 Irish Citizens’ Assembly
Creators: name: Müller, Stefan
name: Kennedy, Garrett
name: Maher, Tomás
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Science Policy
subject: Mental Health
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Many citizens support the involvement of experts in political decision-making, yet we know little about how citizens react to expert opinions. Bridging recent evidence on technocratic attitudes and deliberative democracy, we study citizen responses to experts during influential deliberative mini-publics. Combining automated speech transcription of over 380,000 spoken words and quantitative text analysis, we estimate the topic prevalence in all expert testimonials, Q&A sessions, and other agenda items in the Irish Citizens’ Assembly (2016–2018), one of the prime examples of impactful deliberative forums. We find that inputs of experts structure subsequent discussions but do not dominate them. This correlation persists with various measures of topic prevalence and is robust to several modelling approaches. We also find that participants tended to react less strongly to testimonials by female experts. These conditional effects should encourage organisers to invite experts with diverse backgrounds in order to enhance inclusive decision-making.
“One notable exception” : how concerns over international and intra-imperial norms shaped Amherst internment camp operations during the First World War
Creators: name: Warrington, Lucy
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: This thesis examines Canadian internment authorities’ actions surrounding operations at Amherst camp, Nova Scotia, during the First World War. Early in the conflict, as part of a broader imperial internment order, British colonial officials arrested and interned over 800 German sailors and merchant seamen in Atlantic waters and subsequently transported them to Amherst for the remainder of the war. While the order affected approximately 7,500 German and Austro-Hungarian immigrants already in Canada by 1914, it also brought these transferred men into the same story. Authorities’ actions regarding Amherst camp operations illustrate the transnational nature of Canadian internment processes. By analysing Amherst camp operations using Canadian, British, and German archival sources, this thesis argues that Canadian internment authorities’ concerns surrounding international and intra-imperial norms shaped Amherst camp operations. In particular, British imperial requests and internment authorities’ concerns over Canadian POWs’ welfare in Germany influenced Amherst camp practices. First, this thesis examines how Canada’s close relationship with Britain during the war guided Amherst camp operations. Next, it explores how internment authorities tried to persuade neutral camp inspectors of Amherst prisoners’ good treatment to prevent reprisals being enacted upon Canadian POWs in Germany. Then, it examines how Amherst POWs’ complaint correspondence negatively affected German perceptions of the internment site which prompted reprisal threats against Canadian POWs in Germany. In response, Canadian internment authorities took measures to improve the image of Amherst camp operations, including the welfare of POWs held within the site.
Valuation Uncertainty in Chapter 11 Reorganizations
Creators: name: O'Rourke, Kerry
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2005

description: The value of even a healthy business enterprise is inherently uncertain, and a company’s pursuit of the bankruptcy reorganization process further amplifies this uncertainty. As a result, when the valuation of a distressed entity becomes necessary, opportunities for error and unintended financial consequences arise. The history of Exide Technologies’ Chapter 11 litigation and reorganization process, coupled with its subsequent performance, illustrates the problematic nature of valuing a bankrupt enterprise. While the Exide account invokes valuation only in the context of plan confirmation and cramdown, the Bankruptcy Code and related jurisprudence may require valuation assessments at multiple points in a bankruptcy proceeding. For example, the determination of a claimant’s secured status requires valuation of the underlying collateral, and the merit of an avoidance action depends upon whether a debtor was solvent at the time of the contested transaction. The resolution of such issues will clearly impact the ultimate recovery that any claimant receives. However, the focus of this Note is on valuation issues arising in the context of plan confirmation and cramdown, where neither the debtor nor the bulk of its assets are sold without contest to a third party for an ascertainable sum pursuant to the plan. In particular, this Note explores the factors that may have contributed to the observed outcome in Exide and the possibility of avoiding similar outcomes in future bankruptcy cases involving debtors of comparable size with comparable investor profiles. Finally, it presents potential methods for resolving the problems posed by valuation uncertainty.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2005 No. 2
Webs of five-branes and N=2 superconformal field theories
Creators: name: Benini, Francesco
name: Benvenuti, Sergio
name: Tachikawa, Yuji
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe configurations of 5-branes and 7-branes which realize, when compactified on a circle, new isolated four-dimensional N=2 superconformal field theories recently constructed by Gaiotto. Our diagrammatic method allows to easily count the dimensions of Coulomb and Higgs branches, with the help of a generalized s-rule. We furthermore show that superconformal field theories with E6, E7, E8 flavor symmetry can be analyzed in a uniform manner in this framework; in particular we realize these theories at infinitely strongly-coupled limits of quiver theories with SU gauge groups.
description: 35 pages, 20 figures; references added, typos corrected; minor changes and typos corrected
Coding Forces and Their Reflections in the Design of Interior Spaces
Creators: name: Dr. Hosham Zamel Hammdan
name: Montaha Sabah Hatem
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Encoding Processes, Reflection, Design, Interior, Space.

description: Abstract
Symbolic interactionism derives its strength from incorporating elements of advanced sociological theories, such as the conditional theory that requires relational connections between components, the associational theory that obliges multiple elements in the communication process, the communication theory that generates specific loops achieving cognitive depth, in addition to the Gestalt theory, closely related to perceptual processes. There are also approaches that effectively contribute to dealing with the material and configurations of interior design, encompassing functional and aesthetic aspects, which are reflected in human behavior for acceptance and approval. This necessitates components and factors through which all elements interact in building a close relationship between the interior space as an environment with specific characteristics and defined features and the creative vision embodied in the design elements.
Cracking the Code: The Legal Authority Behind Extrastatutory Debtor-in-Possession Financing Mechanisms and Their Prospects for Surival
Creators: name: Bucki, Craig R.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2005

description: In surveying the landscape of bankruptcy law twenty-five years after its dramatic renovation in 1978, Professor Douglas Baird has observed the gradual development of numerous practices in debtor-in-possession (“DIP”) financing that do not accord with the plain meaning of the text of the Bankruptcy Code (the “Code”), yet “have become deeply engrained and will remain a part of bankruptcy practice as long as no one objects.” However, when someone does object, appellate judges, expressing “little sympathy for interpretations of the Bankruptcy Code that are out of step with what seems the plain language of the statute,” have sometimes stricken such procedures, despite their common acceptance among bankruptcy specialists. By examining three practices that lack explicit statutory approval—cross-collateralization, critical vendor orders, and restrictive loan covenants—this survey piece seeks to evaluate not only their legal and normative validity, but also the ability of strict constructionist judges to curtail them in opposition to the will of most practitioners and DIP lenders.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2005 No. 2
The Role of the Economist/Economics in “Proving” Coordinated Effects
Creators: name: Guerin-Calvert, Margaret
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2005

description: Particularly since the issuance of the 1992 Horizontal Merger Guidelines, economists have frequently been called upon in merger reviews to assess “whether the merger is likely to create or enhance market power or to facilitate its exercise.” The Guidelines expressly set out two theories by which mergers may create adverse competitive effects–by increasing a firm’s ability to engage in either unilateral or coordinated interaction –and present in some detail the analytical principles relevant for reviewing potential anti-competitive effects. Economists are also called upon at times to assess whether particular business practices “facilitate” or enhance coordination when used by industry/market participants. A third, but somewhat less frequent role of the economist in assessing coordinated effects arises in litigation over both tacit and explicit collusion, and there has been considerable debate concerning the specific contribution that economists can make in litigation alleging explicit collusion. In each of the above roles, the economist is called upon to set out a credible theory of the competitive dynamics and conditions in the industry and to examine and apply those theories on a principled basis–whether in testimony or in an agency setting–to the pertinent facts. This article addresses these roles and highlights the substantial influence of the 1992 Merger Guidelines in the evolution of the roles of the economist and the economics of “proving” coordinated effects. The application and extension of the coordinated effects analysis set out in the Merger Guidelines to a wide variety of contexts are used here to evaluate the contributions made by economists and economics in the assessment and “proof” of the likelihood of coordinated effects.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2005 No. 2
Proving Anticompetitive Impact: Moving Past Merger Guidelines Presumptions
Creators: name: Harkrider, John
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2005

description: Because antitrust challenges to mergers almost always occur prior to consummation, there is rarely direct evidence of whether a merger is likely to have a substantial competitive impact. As a result, litigants frequently utilize a dizzying array of indirect evidence including statistical presumptions, customer affidavits, econometric models, quotes from strategic documents, sales call reports, and e-mails. In short, everything but the kitchen sink, and sometimes even that. Despite, or perhaps because of, the volume of evidence, courts have struggled to move beyond market definition and barriers to entry towards a coherent analysis of likely competitive impact. Indeed, two recent cases, Federal Trade Commission v. Arch Coal Inc. and United States v. Oracle Corp., are notable because they represent the most detailed judicial examination of the conditions under which coordinated and unilateral effects are likely. And, at least in one of them, Oracle, the Court openly struggled for guidance on the appropriate requirements of theory, going so far as to request counsel to brief the court on whether unilateral effects were even viable. These two cases, and United States v. SunGard Data Systems, Inc. before them, suggest that the Government has had great difficulty in identifying transactions that courts will conclude are likely to cause competitive harm. The purpose of this paper is to discuss why the FTC and DOJ struggle to identify transactions that are likely to cause competitive harm, and to discuss specific proposals to remedy the situation.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2005 No. 2
A Reliable and Fault Tolerant Routing for Optical WDM Networks
Creators: name: Ramesh, G.
name: SundaraVadivelu, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Networking and Internet Architecture (cs.NI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In optical WDM networks, since each lightpath can carry a huge mount of traffic, failures may seriously damage the end user applications. Hence fault tolerance becomes an important issue on these networks. The light path which carries traffic during normal operation is called as primary path. The traffic is rerouted on a backup path in case of a failure. In this paper we propose to design a reliable and fault tolerant routing algorithm for establishing primary and backup paths. In order to establish the primary path, this algorithm uses load balancing in which link cost metrics are estimated based on the current load of the links. In backup path setup, the source calculates the blocking probability through the received feedback from the destination by sending a small fraction of probe packets along the existing paths. It then selects the optimal light path with the lowest blocking probability. Based on the simulation results, we show that the reliable and fault tolerant routing algorithm reduces the blocking probability and latency while increasing the throughput and channel utilization.
description: 7 pages IEEE format, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS November 2009, ISSN 1947 5500, http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
Substantial Lessening of Competition–The Section 7 Standard
Creators: name: Barnett, Thomas O.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2005

description: This article addresses anticompetitive effects in the context of the “substantial lessening of competition” standard found in Section 7 of the Clayton Act. Two recent judicial merger decisions–the decision in the Arch Coal case and the decision in the Oracle were brought by federal enforcers–the FTC in the Arch Coal case and the DOJ’s Antitrust Division in the Oracle case. Each was a high-profile battle, and in both cases the defendants won and the government lost. The Arch Coal and Oracle decisions have sparked musings by antitrust commentators regarding everything from the continuing viability of the government’s theories of anticompetitive effects (e.g., can unilateral effects arguments succeed?) to the government’s litigation strategy (e.g., does customer testimony matter, and if so, how?), to the evidence that plaintiffs may have to present in order to prevail (e.g., is econometric analysis essential?). This article addresses a larger policy question posed by a few commentators–specifically, whether the Arch Coal and Oracle decisions suggest that something might be wrong with the government’s Section 7 enforcement efforts, and, if so, whether a major shift in enforcement policy or practice may be needed. Although the government did lose two recent merger cases in district court– three if one includes 2001’s SunGard case –those losses should be kept in perspective. When one considers how very rarely merger cases are brought before judges, the government’s overall win/loss record including consent decrees and abandoned transactions is actually quite strong. Importantly, defendants tend to litigate only those merger cases that they think they are most likely to win. Given this “adverse selection bias,” and the uncertainty inherent in any court proceeding, it should not come as a surprise if on occasion the government loses a case. This article respectfully suggests that the Division’s case against Oracle’s acquisition of PeopleSoft falls squarely within this framework. The Division continues to believe that it presented evidence sufficient to prove that the transaction is anti-competitive and that another district court judge faced with the same record of the case could well have decided to enjoin the transaction.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2005 No. 2
Temporal and Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network for Financial Time Series Prediction
Creators: name: Xiang, Sheng
name: Cheng, Dawei
name: Shang, Chencheng
name: Zhang, Ying
name: Liang, Yuqi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Statistical Finance (q-fin.ST)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Portfolio Management (q-fin.PM)
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The price movement prediction of stock market has been a classical yet challenging problem, with the attention of both economists and computer scientists. In recent years, graph neural network has significantly improved the prediction performance by employing deep learning on company relations. However, existing relation graphs are usually constructed by handcraft human labeling or nature language processing, which are suffering from heavy resource requirement and low accuracy. Besides, they cannot effectively response to the dynamic changes in relation graphs. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a temporal and heterogeneous graph neural network-based (THGNN) approach to learn the dynamic relations among price movements in financial time series. In particular, we first generate the company relation graph for each trading day according to their historic price. Then we leverage a transformer encoder to encode the price movement information into temporal representations. Afterward, we propose a heterogeneous graph attention network to jointly optimize the embeddings of the financial time series data by transformer encoder and infer the probability of target movements. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments on the stock market in the United States and China. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and superior performance of our proposed methods compared with state-of-the-art baselines. Moreover, we also deploy the proposed THGNN in a real-world quantitative algorithm trading system, the accumulated portfolio return obtained by our method significantly outperforms other baselines.
description: 10 pages, 6 figures, ACM CIKM'22, Code: https://github.com/CharlieSCC/alpha/tree/main/alpha/model/THGNN
Additional file 1 of HMGB1 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage autophagy and pyroptosis
Creators: name: Shang, Jiawei
name: Zhao, Feng
name: Cao, Yongmei
name: Ping, Feng
name: Wang, Wei
name: Li, Yingchuan
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Science Policy
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer

description: Additional file 1.
Monte Carlo simulations of the solid-liquid transition in hard spheres and colloid-polymer mixtures
Creators: name: Zykova-Timan, T.
name: Horbach, J.
name: Binder, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Monte Carlo simulations at constant pressure are performed to study coexistence and interfacial properties of the liquid-solid transition in hard spheres and in colloid-polymer mixtures. The latter system is described as a one-component Asakura-Oosawa (AO) model where the polymer's degrees of freedom are incorporated via an attractive part in the effective potential for the colloid-colloid interactions. For the considered AO model, the polymer reservoir packing fraction is eta_p^r=0.1 and the colloid-polymer size ratio is q=sigma_p/σ=0.15 (with sigma_p and sigma the diameter of polymers and colloids, respectively). Inhomogeneous solid-liquid systems are prepared by placing the solid fcc phase in the middle of a rectangular simulation box creating two interfaces with the adjoined bulk liquid. By analyzing the growth of the crystalline region at various pressures and for different system sizes, the coexistence pressure p_co is obtained, yielding p_co=11.576 k_BT/sigma^3 for the hard sphere system and p_co=8.0 k_BT/sigma^3 for the AO model (with k_B the Boltzmann constant and T the temperature). Several order parameters are introduced to distinguish between solid and liquid phases and to describe the interfacial properties. From the capillary-wave broadening of the solid-liquid interface, the interfacial stiffness is obtained for the (100) crystalline plane, giving the values gamma=0.49 k_BT/sigma^2 for the hard-sphere system and gamma=0.95 k_BT/sigma^2 for the AO model.
description: 11 pages, 13 figures
Integrating Uncertainty into Neural Network-based Speech Enhancement
Creators: name: Fang, Huajian
name: Becker, Dennis
name: Wermter, Stefan
name: Gerkmann, Timo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Audio and Speech Processing (eess.AS)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Sound (cs.SD)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Supervised masking approaches in the time-frequency domain aim to employ deep neural networks to estimate a multiplicative mask to extract clean speech. This leads to a single estimate for each input without any guarantees or measures of reliability. In this paper, we study the benefits of modeling uncertainty in clean speech estimation. Prediction uncertainty is typically categorized into aleatoric uncertainty and epistemic uncertainty. The former refers to inherent randomness in data, while the latter describes uncertainty in the model parameters. In this work, we propose a framework to jointly model aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties in neural network-based speech enhancement. The proposed approach captures aleatoric uncertainty by estimating the statistical moments of the speech posterior distribution and explicitly incorporates the uncertainty estimate to further improve clean speech estimation. For epistemic uncertainty, we investigate two Bayesian deep learning approaches: Monte Carlo dropout and Deep ensembles to quantify the uncertainty of the neural network parameters. Our analyses show that the proposed framework promotes capturing practical and reliable uncertainty, while combining different sources of uncertainties yields more reliable predictive uncertainty estimates. Furthermore, we demonstrate the benefits of modeling uncertainty on speech enhancement performance by evaluating the framework on different datasets, exhibiting notable improvement over comparable models that fail to account for uncertainty.
description: Accepted version