Scotoleon stangei Miller 2016, new species
Creators: name: Miller, Robert B.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Neuroptera
Myrmeleontidae
Scotoleon
Scotoleon stangei

description: Scotoleon stangei Miller, new species
Fig. 1–10.
Holotype male. “ MEXICO: Baja California, / 22 miles south Mulege, VI.21.1983, / cave, R. Miller and L. Stange (FSCA)”. Specimen undissected, with #2 gelatin capsule on pin containing cocoon, myconium pellet, pupal skin, and third instar skin.
Measurements. Length to apex of tergite IX about 28 mm; wingspan of forewing 45 mm; wingspan of hind wing 42 mm; forewing length 22 mm.; forewing width 6.5 mm; hindwing length 21 mm; hindwing width 5.5 mm; general coloration pale brown, abdomen banded.
Description. Holotype male. Coloration. General coloration pale brown (Fig. 5); abdomen banded; wing markings brown; scapes pale posteriorly, inner anterior lateral areas of basal one half of scapes median extension toward clypeus; vertex with anterior row a lateral dash and a median spot which is extended to middle where it flares out and connects to posterior lateral marks (Fig. 4); posteriorly, a triangular dark median mark; pronotum (Fig. 4) with sublateral and submedian stripes connected anteriorly, posteriorly, and at furrow; lateral stripes present; mesoscutellum with a pair of dark spots anteriorly, and a pair of laterally pointing bands beginning submedially and terminating in dark spots in the posterior corners; abdomen banded dorsally (Fig. 5); forecoxae and midcoxae with inner faces pale and outer faces light brown; hindcoxae entirely dark; forefemur with light dorsal stripe, light ventral stripe, and brown apical band; midfemur with ventral stripes and apical band; hindfemur with lateral stripe and apical band; foretibia and midtibia with basal bands, subapical spot, and tiny apical spot; hindtibia banded basally with dorsal subbasal spot and small apical spot; tarsomeres one, two, and five pale, and tarsomeres three and four dark brown on all legs; forewing (Fig. 3) longitudinal veins alternately dark and pale; presectoral crossveins alternately dark and pale; all other crossveins irregularly dark and pale; forewing marked with cloudy brown areas in mediocubital area at rhegma, intersection of hindwing margin and CuP+1A, half way between, and a fourth clouded area at stigma; hindwing with longitudinal and crossveins irregularly dark and pale. Chaetotaxy. Pronotum with black or white short stout setae in combination anteriorly, posteriorly, laterally, and along furrow; remainder of body with very small setae; femora with black setae on posterior faces; tibia with black setae longer than width of tibia; forecoxa with fine short black setae; midcoxa and hindcoxa with tiny white setae; forefemoral sense hair a little longer than femoral diameter at origin of sense hair; midfemoral sense hair absent. Structure. Ocular width 2/3 interocular distance; antenna with about 50 flagellomeres; third flagellomere longer than wide, all others much wider than long; labial palpus short, combined palpomere lengths no longer than greatest head width, distal palpomere moderately swollen, about equal in length to second palpomere (Fig. 2); posterior vein of hindwing not swollen near base, about equal to or smaller than corresponding area of forewing; male without pilula axillaris; posterior area of hindwing twice as wide before medial fork as corresponding area of forewing; presectoral area of forewing with seven cross veins; pretarsal claws not capable of folding against distal tarsomere; basitarsus of all legs twice as long as wide and equal in length to tibial spurs (Fig.1); abdomen barely extends beyond wings in repose; eighth abdominal segment as long as high; postventral lobe of ectoproct about as long as greatest width, less than one-half length of eighth abdominal segment. Male genitalia. Gonarcus with evident medioapical lip; gonarcus not twisted apically; mediuncus high and broad; parameres as in (Fig. 6); setae between parameres very small.
Larva. (Fig. 7–10). Coloration. Background color dorsally pale with pale brown markings on abdomen and thorax, darker brown markings on dorsal head; ventral head unmarked: pale indistinct brown color pattern on ventral abdomen (Fig. 10); all setae black; all ocelli clear and not pigmented in living specimens. Structure. Mandible, measured from tip to where it passes beneath dorsal head capsule, a little shorter than ventral head capsule measured at midline; larva without obvious abdominal or mesothoracic spiracles; eighth sternite without odontoid processes. Chaetotaxy. All setae on larva simple; two or three setae present between basal and middle mandibular tooth; seven to nine stout setae on inner mandible between first tooth and mandibular base shorter than one half width of mandible; dorsal surface of mandible without setae; setae on outer lateral edge of mandible present all the way to third tooth; 4 digging setae on rastrum of medium length, very thick, and similar in length; rastrum heavily sclerotized and black (Fig. 9).
Biology. The larvae were found in a dark recess, at the back of a small volcanic cave (26° 39’ 54” N, 111° 53’ 40” W), in coarse decomposed volcanic rock soil in close proximity to deposits of decomposed bat guano. Many larvae of Dermestidae were present and provided a possible food source. The larval Scotoleon occupied a separate larval substrate from that of the Eremoleon pallens larvae also inhabiting the totally dark zone of the cave, but which were in the loose organic matter, and were therefore coexisting in the cave apparently without competing with the Eremoleon species for living space or food.
Scotoleon stangei larvae have heavy, highly sclerotized, digging setae (Fig. 9) similar to Scotoleon species specialized to live only in coarse, dense, water deposited sands. They are fast diggers, and drag their prey underground to disable them. Larvae were collected as third instars and emerged, after about 30 days, as adults in early August 1983.
Paratype. 1 male. “ MEXICO: Baja California, / 22 miles south Mulege, VI.21.1983, / cave, R. Miller and L. Stange (FSCA)”. Pin has #2 gelatin capsule containing cocoon, myconium pellet, pupal skin, and third instar skin above a genitalia microvial containing genitalia and glycerine.
Diagnosis. The broad hindwing area before the medial fork and lack of odontoid processes ventrally on the larval eighth sternite clearly place this species in the genus Scotoleon Banks. This species requires altering somewhat the generic keys to the Brachynemurini by Stange (1970, 1994, 2004), due to the presence of a postventral lobe as wide as long, but this is a minor divergence. Superficially, it resembles Scotoleon eiseni Banks due to the banded abdomen, but lacks the enlargement of the hindwing posterior vein found in S. eiseni, lacks a midfemoral sense hair, possesses the shortest known postventral lobe in the genus, and the banding on the abdomen is of a different pattern. This is the only species of Scotoleon where the larva is known to live within the dark zone of caves and has all clear ocelli. The genitalia are similar to that of S. eiseni in having a high mediuncus and medioapical lip on the gonarcus, but different in having an untwisted gonarcus, broader mediuncus, and much smaller setae between the parameres. Larvae of the two species differ in color pattern, but are structurally similar, equipping them for life in coarse dense material. Larvae of Scotoleon eiseni (Banks) are restricted to well exposed water deposited sands. Hopefully, further collecting will produce females of S. stangei for study. This species has only been found as larvae at one locality on one occasion.
Etymology. This species is named for Lionel Alvin Stange in recognition of his contributions to the study of Myrmeleontidae.
description: Published as part of Miller, Robert B., 2016, A new species of cave inhabiting Scotoleon Banks from Baja California (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Brachynemurini), pp. 1-5 in Insecta Mundi 2016 (513) on pages 1-5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5170908