Additional file 1 of Astrocyte remodeling in the beneficial effects of long-term voluntary exercise in Alzheimer’s disease
Creators: name: Belaya, Irina
name: Mariia Ivanova
name: Sorvari, Annika
name: Ilicic, Marina
name: Loppi, Sanna
name: Hennariikka Koivisto
name: Varricchio, Alessandra
name: Tikkanen, Heikki
name: Walker, Frederick R.
name: Atalay, Mustafa
name: Malm, Tarja
name: Grubman, Alexandra
name: Tanila, Heikki
name: Kanninen, Katja M.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. Body mass and running activity evolution of WT and 5xFAD mice as measured on a weekly basis. (A) 5xFAD mice have significantly lower body weight than WT mice, whereas exercise slightly reduces body weight in all mice (**p &lt;0.01, #p = 0.054). (B) Mice had free access to a running wheel from 1.5 to 7 months of age. The running distance was monitored for each mouse by using running counters. No significant differences were observed in the running distance between WT and 5xFAD mice (p = 0.166). Data is presented as mean ± SEM, one-way and two-way ANOVA for repeated measures, n = 20-22/group. « * » genotype effect, **p&lt;0.01, « # » exercise effect. Supplementary Figure 2. Effect of voluntary physical exercise on S100β-positive astrocytes in hippocampi. Representative images of S100β-positive astrocytes (A, green) and DAPI (blue) in the hippocampal area of WT-SED, WT-EXE, 5xFAD-SED, 5xFAD-EXE mice. Solid and dotted lines represent quantified hippocampi and subiculum areas, respectively. Scale bars: 200 μm. S100β (B) levels were quantified by measuring the percentage of positive immunoreactive area in hippocampi and subiculum. Number of S100β -positive astrocytes per squared mm in hippocampi (C). All data are presented as mean (±SEM). 2-way ANOVA used to measure genotype and exercise effect between WT and 5xFAD mice. n=8/group, « * » genotype effect: ***p&lt;0.001. Supplementary Table 1. List of antibodies and TaqMan primers used in this study. Supplementary Table 2. Effect of AD and voluntary physical exercise on cytokine levels in the hippocampus. Data are presented as mean (±SEM). 2-way ANOVA was used to measure genotype and exercise effect between WT and 5xFAD mice followed by unpaired t test comparison in case of significant interaction between two factors (genotype*exercise). « * » genotype effect, « # » exercise effect, « § » interaction: *p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.01, #p&lt;0.05, §p&lt;0.05. Supplementary Table 3. Effect of AD and voluntary physical exercise on mRNA expression of glial markers and BDNF in the hippocampus. Data are normalized by GAPDH CT values and presented as mean (±SEM). 2-way ANOVA was used to measure genotype and exercise effect between WT and 5xFAD mice followed by unpaired t test comparison in case of significant interaction between two factors (genotype*exercise). « * » genotype effect, « # » exercise effect, « § » interaction: *p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001, #p&lt;0.05, §p&lt;0.05. Supplementary Table 4. Morphological analysis of plaque-associated and non-plaque-associated GFAP-positive astrocytes in hippocampus of 5xFAD mice. Data are presented as mean (±SEM). 2-way ANOVA was used to measure plaque-association and exercise effect between sedentary (SED) and exercised (EXE) mice followed by unpaired t test comparison in case of significant interaction between two factors (plaque*exercise). « * » plaque effect, « # » exercise effect, « § » interaction: **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.01, #p&lt;0.05, §p&lt;0.05.