Sphenarium totonacum Sanabria-Urban, Song & Cueva
Creators: name: Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón
name: Song, Hojun
name: Oyama, Ken
name: González-Rodríguez, Antonio
name: Castillo, Raúl Cueva Del
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Orthoptera
Pyrgomorphidae
Sphenarium
Sphenarium totonacum

description: Sphenarium totonacum Sanabria-Urbán, Song & Cueva del Castillo sp.n.
(http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:495099)
Description. External morphology (Fig. 20 O, P): total body length ranging from 32.77 to 40.47 mm in females and from 30.04 to 38.75 mm in males; antennae weakly ensiform, slightly shorter in females or longer than head and pronotum together in males; head conical notably longer than wide with oval eyes in both sexes; fastigium notably elongated, nearly as long as the interocular space in both sexes; tegmina strap-like in both sexes; subgenital plate of males somewhat tapered in the apex; dorsal ovipositor valves lanceolate, elongated towards the apex. Male genitalia: bridge of epiphallus slightly longer than the length of lateral plates (Fig. 22 A-I). Ectophallus in dorsal view (Fig. 22 A-II) small with lateral borders of ramus convergent, somewhat straight; basal emargination of cingulum notably developed; interspace between the apodemal plates notably closed. Ectophallus in posterior (Fig. 22 K) view with a conspicuous sclerotized hollow in the sheath closed; valves of cingulum drop-like (Fig. 22 B, arrow); inflections of supraramus notably developed whit distal borders ventrolateral directed. Ectophallus in lateral view (Fig. 22 C) with valves of cingulum not developed posteriorly. Endophallus in lateral view (Fig. 22 A- III) with a short pseudoarch tightly joined to the valves of cingulum; aedeagal valves small, sharply pointed apically, without apical spine; aedeagal valves and sclerites about half the length of dorsal inflections of endophallic apodemes.
Colouration. Ground colours vary from green or brown. Body uniformly coloured or with the following colour traits (Fig. 20 O, P): antennae black, gray or dark brown; lateral postocular bands frequently present, narrow and yellowish; dorsomedial line frequently absent, if present very narrow, yellowish or whitish; dorsal shades absent; lateral shades often present and black; lateral bands of blotches frequently present and reddish; ventral bands of pronotum often present, wide and whitish; pronotum with white small stripes and dots in the posterior margin; dorsal portion of pronotum, metanotum and 1st abdominal segment with darker green colouration; mesonotum red; lateral blotches of 1st abdominal segment if present whitish; generally hind femora uniformly coloured with knees laterally black, dorsally brownish; hind tibia reddish.
Distribution. This species is apparently restricted to the outer slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental in elevations ranging from 440 to 1145 m a.s.l. in Veracruz and Puebla, Mexico (Fig. 7 A).
Diagnosis. Externally this species closely resembles S. mexicanum, whereas it is more similar to S. histrio in their male genitalia. Nevertheless, S. totonacum sp.n. differs from other Sphenarium species by the following male genitalia characters: sheath of ectophallus with a conspicuous sclerotized and closed hollow, inflexion of supraramus notably developed and ventrolateral directed, and valves of cingulum with distinct drop-like form.
Material examined. Holotype m (Fig. 20 O) from Mexico: Veracruz, Plan de Hayas, 19.74138°N, - 96.64531°W, 1145 m a.s.l., XI-3-2012 (Sanabria-Urbán S. & Jímenez-Arcos V. H. # P72 [L19 MS1]); measurements: BS = 34.63 mm, FL = 1.38 mm, PL = 7.27 mm, HF = 15,22 mm. Paratypes from Mexico: Veracruz: 5 M, 5 F same data as holotype; 3 m, 3 f, Km 21 Carr. 131, ca. 7km SO de Tlapacoyan, 19.90252398°N, - 97.22993698°W, 751 m a.s.l., IX-19-2015 (Sanabria-Urbán S. # M010-L52); 1 f, Tlapacoyan Eytepequez, 11-9- 1995 (Delgadillo J.). The holotype was deposited at IBUNAM and the paratypes were deposited at the IBUNAM and TAMUIC. Additional material: 13 m, 16 f, from seven localities (Appendix Table 5).
Taxonomic discussion. This species is also closely related morphologically to S. histrio. Indeed, specimens of this new species were identified as an isolated population of S. m. histrio in the cost of the Golf of Mexico (Boyle 1974; Kevan 1977). Previously we identified specimens of this new species as Sphenarium sp.n. 4 (Sanabria-Urbán et al. 2015). For other studies in the genus this species was unknown. In this study we found that S. totonacum sp.n. shows a unique combination and notably different male genitalia structures. Moreover, this new species has a wellsupported monophyly, shows relatively high levels of interspecific genetic differentiation (Table 3), and it is considerably separated geographically from S. histrio. All these lines of evidence support the recognition of S. totonacum sp.n. as a valid species.
Etymology. Named in honour of the Totonacos, an ancient Native American people still living in the area where this species was found.
description: Published as part of Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Song, Hojun, Oyama, Ken, González-Rodríguez, Antonio & Castillo, Raúl Cueva Del, 2017, Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae), pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4274 (1) on pages 54-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.804182