First Searches for Optical Counterparts to Gravitational-wave Candidate Events
Creators: name: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration
name: The Virgo Collaboration
name: Aasi, J.
name: Abadie, J.
name: Abbott, B. P.
name: Abbott, R.
name: Abbott, T.
name: Abernathy, M. R.
name: Accadia, T.
name: Acernese, F.
name: Adams, C.
name: Adams, T.
name: Adhikari, R. X.
name: Affeldt, C.
name: Agathos, M.
name: Aggarwal, N.
name: Aguiar, O. D.
name: Ajith, P.
name: Allen, B.
name: Allocca, A.
name: Ceron, E. Amador
name: Amariutei, D.
name: Anderson, R. A.
name: Anderson, S. B.
name: Anderson, W. G.
name: Arai, K.
name: Araya, M. C.
name: Arceneaux, C.
name: Areeda, J.
name: Ast, S.
name: Aston, S. M.
name: Astone, P.
name: Aufmuth, P.
name: Aulbert, C.
name: Austin, L.
name: Aylott, B. E.
name: Babak, S.
name: Baker, P. T.
name: Ballardin, G.
name: Ballmer, S. W.
name: Barayoga, J. C.
name: Barker, D.
name: Barnum, S. H.
name: Barone, F.
name: Barr, B.
name: Barsotti, L.
name: Barsuglia, M.
name: Barton, M. A.
name: Bartos, I.
name: Bassiri, R.
name: Basti, A.
name: Batch, J.
name: Bauchrowitz, J.
name: Bauer, Th. S.
name: Bebronne, M.
name: Behnke, B.
name: Bejger, M.
name: Beker, M. G.
name: Bell, A. S.
name: Bell, C.
name: Belopolski, I.
name: Bergmann, G.
name: Berliner, J. M.
name: Bertolini, A.
name: Bessis, D.
name: Betzwieser, J.
name: Beyersdorf, P. T.
name: Bhadbhade, T.
name: Bilenko, I. A.
name: Billingsley, G.
name: Birch, J.
name: Bitossi, M.
name: Bizouard, M. A.
name: Black, E.
name: Blackburn, J. K.
name: Blackburn, L.
name: Blair, D.
name: Blom, M.
name: Bock, O.
name: Bodiya, T. P.
name: Boer, M.
name: Bogan, C.
name: Bond, C.
name: Bondu, F.
name: Bonelli, L.
name: Bonnand, R.
name: Bork, R.
name: Born, M.
name: Bose, S.
name: Bosi, L.
name: Bowers, J.
name: Bradaschia, C.
name: Brady, P. R.
name: Braginsky, V. B.
name: Branchesi, M.
name: Brannen, C. A.
name: Brau, J. E.
name: Breyer, J.
name: Briant, T.
name: Bridges, D. O.
name: Brillet, A.
name: Brinkmann, M.
name: Brisson, V.
name: Britzger, M.
name: Brooks, A. F.
name: Brown, D. A.
name: Brown, D. D.
name: Brückner, F.
name: Bulik, T.
name: Bulten, H. J.
name: Buonanno, A.
name: Buskulic, D.
name: Buy, C.
name: Byer, R. L.
name: Cadonati, L.
name: Cagnoli, G.
name: Bustillo, J. Calderón
name: Calloni, E.
name: Camp, J. B.
name: Campsie, P.
name: Cannon, K. C.
name: Canuel, B.
name: Cao, J.
name: Capano, C. D.
name: Carbognani, F.
name: Carbone, L.
name: Caride, S.
name: Castiglia, A.
name: Caudill, S.
name: Cavaglià, M.
name: Cavalier, F.
name: Cavalieri, R.
name: Cella, G.
name: Cepeda, C.
name: Cesarini, E.
name: Chakraborty, R.
name: Chalermsongsak, T.
name: Chao, S.
name: Charlton, P.
name: Chassande-Mottin, E.
name: Chen, X.
name: Chen, Y.
name: Chincarini, A.
name: Chiummo, A.
name: Cho, H. S.
name: Chow, J.
name: Christensen, N.
name: Chu, Q.
name: Chua, S. S. Y.
name: Chung, S.
name: Ciani, G.
name: Clara, F.
name: Clark, D. E.
name: Clark, J. A.
name: Cleva, F.
name: Coccia, E.
name: Cohadon, P. -F.
name: Colla, A.
name: Colombini, M.
name: Constancio, M.
name: Conte, A.
name: Conte, R.
name: Cook, D.
name: Corbitt, T. R.
name: Cordier, M.
name: Cornish, N.
name: Corsi, A.
name: Costa, C. A.
name: Coughlin, M. W.
name: Coulon, J. -P.
name: Countryman, S.
name: Couvares, P.
name: Coward, D. M.
name: Cowart, M.
name: Coyne, D. C.
name: Craig, K.
name: Creighton, J. D. E.
name: Creighton, T. D.
name: Crowder, S. G.
name: Cumming, A.
name: Cunningham, L.
name: Cuoco, E.
name: Dahl, K.
name: Canton, T. Dal
name: Damjanic, M.
name: Danilishin, S. L.
name: D'Antonio, S.
name: Danzmann, K.
name: Dattilo, V.
name: Daudert, B.
name: Daveloza, H.
name: Davier, M.
name: Davies, G. S.
name: Daw, E. J.
name: Day, R.
name: Dayanga, T.
name: De Rosa, R.
name: Debreczeni, G.
name: Degallaix, J.
name: Del Pozzo, W.
name: Deleeuw, E.
name: Deléglise, S.
name: Denker, T.
name: Dereli, H.
name: Dergachev, V.
name: DeRosa, R.
name: DeSalvo, R.
name: Dhurandhar, S.
name: Di Fiore, L.
name: Di Lieto, A.
name: Di Palma, I.
name: Di Virgilio, A.
name: Díaz, M.
name: Dietz, A.
name: Dmitry, K.
name: Donovan, F.
name: Dooley, K. L.
name: Doravari, S.
name: Drago, M.
name: Drever, R. W. P.
name: Driggers, J. C.
name: Du, Z.
name: Dumas, J. -C.
name: Dwyer, S.
name: Eberle, T.
name: Edwards, M.
name: Effler, A.
name: Ehrens, P.
name: Eichholz, J.
name: Eikenberry, S. S.
name: Endrőczi, G.
name: Essick, R.
name: Etzel, T.
name: Evans, K.
name: Evans, M.
name: Evans, T.
name: Factourovich, M.
name: Fafone, V.
name: Fairhurst, S.
name: Fang, Q.
name: Farr, B.
name: Farr, W.
name: Favata, M.
name: Fazi, D.
name: Fehrmann, H.
name: Feldbaum, D.
name: Ferrante, I.
name: Ferrini, F.
name: Fidecaro, F.
name: Finn, L. S.
name: Fiori, I.
name: Fisher, R.
name: Flaminio, R.
name: Foley, E.
name: Foley, S.
name: Forsi, E.
name: Forte, L. A.
name: Fotopoulos, N.
name: Fournier, J. -D.
name: Franco, S.
name: Frasca, S.
name: Frasconi, F.
name: Frede, M.
name: Frei, M.
name: Frei, Z.
name: Freise, A.
name: Frey, R.
name: Fricke, T. T.
name: Fritschel, P.
name: Frolov, V. V.
name: Fujimoto, M. -K.
name: Fulda, P.
name: Fyffe, M.
name: Gair, J.
name: Gammaitoni, L.
name: Garcia, J.
name: Garufi, F.
name: Gehrels, N.
name: Gemme, G.
name: Genin, E.
name: Gennai, A.
name: Gergely, L.
name: Ghosh, S.
name: Giaime, J. A.
name: Giampanis, S.
name: Giardina, K. D.
name: Giazotto, A.
name: Gil-Casanova, S.
name: Gill, C.
name: Gleason, J.
name: Goetz, E.
name: Goetz, R.
name: Gondan, L.
name: González, G.
name: Gordon, N.
name: Gorodetsky, M. L.
name: Gossan, S.
name: Goßler, S.
name: Gouaty, R.
name: Graef, C.
name: Graff, P. B.
name: Granata, M.
name: Grant, A.
name: Gras, S.
name: Gray, C.
name: Greenhalgh, R. J. S.
name: Gretarsson, A. M.
name: Griffo, C.
name: Grote, H.
name: Grover, K.
name: Grunewald, S.
name: Guidi, G. M.
name: Guido, C.
name: Gushwa, K. E.
name: Gustafson, E. K.
name: Gustafson, R.
name: Hall, B.
name: Hall, E.
name: Hammer, D.
name: Hammond, G.
name: Hanke, M.
name: Hanks, J.
name: Hanna, C.
name: Hanson, J.
name: Harms, J.
name: Harry, G. M.
name: Harry, I. W.
name: Harstad, E. D.
name: Hartman, M. T.
name: Haughian, K.
name: Hayama, K.
name: Heefner, J.
name: Heidmann, A.
name: Heintze, M.
name: Heitmann, H.
name: Hello, P.
name: Hemming, G.
name: Hendry, M.
name: Heng, I. S.
name: Heptonstall, A. W.
name: Heurs, M.
name: Hild, S.
name: Hoak, D.
name: Hodge, K. A.
name: Holt, K.
name: Holtrop, M.
name: Hong, T.
name: Hooper, S.
name: Horrom, T.
name: Hosken, D. J.
name: Hough, J.
name: Howell, E. J.
name: Hu, Y.
name: Hua, Z.
name: Huang, V.
name: Huerta, E. A.
name: Hughey, B.
name: Husa, S.
name: Huttner, S. H.
name: Huynh, M.
name: Huynh-Dinh, T.
name: Iafrate, J.
name: Ingram, D. R.
name: Inta, R.
name: Isogai, T.
name: Ivanov, A.
name: Iyer, B. R.
name: Izumi, K.
name: Jacobson, M.
name: James, E.
name: Jang, H.
name: Jang, Y. J.
name: Jaranowski, P.
name: Jiménez-Forteza, F.
name: Johnson, W. W.
name: Jones, D.
name: Jones, D. I.
name: Jones, R.
name: Jonker, R. J. G.
name: Ju, L.
name: K, Haris
name: Kalmus, P.
name: Kalogera, V.
name: Kandhasamy, S.
name: Kang, G.
name: Kanner, J. B.
name: Kasprzack, M.
name: Kasturi, R.
name: Katsavounidis, E.
name: Katzman, W.
name: Kaufer, H.
name: Kaufman, K.
name: Kawabe, K.
name: Kawamura, S.
name: Kawazoe, F.
name: Kéfélian, F.
name: Keitel, D.
name: Kelley, D. B.
name: Kells, W.
name: Keppel, D. G.
name: Khalaidovski, A.
name: Khalili, F. Y.
name: Khazanov, E. A.
name: Kim, B. K.
name: Kim, C.
name: Kim, K.
name: Kim, N.
name: Kim, W.
name: Kim, Y. -M.
name: King, E. J.
name: King, P. J.
name: Kinzel, D. L.
name: Kissel, J. S.
name: Klimenko, S.
name: Kline, J.
name: Koehlenbeck, S.
name: Kokeyama, K.
name: Kondrashov, V.
name: Koranda, S.
name: Korth, W. Z.
name: Kowalska, I.
name: Kozak, D.
name: Kremin, A.
name: Kringel, V.
name: Krishnan, B.
name: Królak, A.
name: Kucharczyk, C.
name: Kudla, S.
name: Kuehn, G.
name: Kumar, A.
name: Kumar, P.
name: Kumar, R.
name: Kurdyumov, R.
name: Kwee, P.
name: Landry, M.
name: Lantz, B.
name: Larson, S.
name: Lasky, P. D.
name: Lawrie, C.
name: Lazzarini, A.
name: Roux, A. Le
name: Leaci, P.
name: Lebigot, E. O.
name: Lee, C. -H.
name: Lee, H. K.
name: Lee, H. M.
name: Lee, J.
name: Lee, J.
name: Leonardi, M.
name: Leong, J. R.
name: Leroy, N.
name: Letendre, N.
name: Levine, B.
name: Lewis, J. B.
name: Lhuillier, V.
name: Li, T. G. F.
name: Lin, A. C.
name: Littenberg, T. B.
name: Litvine, V.
name: Liu, F.
name: Liu, H.
name: Liu, Y.
name: Liu, Z.
name: Lloyd, D.
name: Lockerbie, N. A.
name: Lockett, V.
name: Lodhia, D.
name: Loew, K.
name: Logue, J.
name: Lombardi, A. L.
name: Lorenzini, M.
name: Loriette, V.
name: Lormand, M.
name: Losurdo, G.
name: Lough, J.
name: Luan, J.
name: Lubinski, M. J.
name: Lück, H.
name: Lundgren, A. P.
name: Macarthur, J.
name: Macdonald, E.
name: Machenschalk, B.
name: MacInnis, M.
name: Macleod, D. M.
name: Magana-Sandoval, F.
name: Mageswaran, M.
name: Mailand, K.
name: Majorana, E.
name: Maksimovic, I.
name: Malvezzi, V.
name: Man, N.
name: Manca, G. M.
name: Mandel, I.
name: Mandic, V.
name: Mangano, V.
name: Mantovani, M.
name: Marchesoni, F.
name: Marion, F.
name: Márka, S.
name: Márka, Z.
name: Markosyan, A.
name: Maros, E.
name: Marque, J.
name: Martelli, F.
name: Martin, I. W.
name: Martin, R. M.
name: Martinelli, L.
name: Martynov, D.
name: Marx, J. N.
name: Mason, K.
name: Masserot, A.
name: Massinger, T. J.
name: Matichard, F.
name: Matone, L.
name: Matzner, R. A.
name: Mavalvala, N.
name: May, G.
name: Mazumder, N.
name: Mazzolo, G.
name: McCarthy, R.
name: McClelland, D. E.
name: McGuire, S. C.
name: McIntyre, G.
name: McIver, J.
name: Meacher, D.
name: Meadors, G. D.
name: Mehmet, M.
name: Meidam, J.
name: Meier, T.
name: Melatos, A.
name: Mendell, G.
name: Mercer, R. A.
name: Meshkov, S.
name: Messenger, C.
name: Meyer, M. S.
name: Miao, H.
name: Michel, C.
name: Mikhailov, E. E.
name: Milano, L.
name: Miller, J.
name: Minenkov, Y.
name: Mingarelli, C. M. F.
name: Mitra, S.
name: Mitrofanov, V. P.
name: Mitselmakher, G.
name: Mittleman, R.
name: Moe, B.
name: Mohan, M.
name: Mohapatra, S. R. P.
name: Mokler, F.
name: Moraru, D.
name: Moreno, G.
name: Morgado, N.
name: Mori, T.
name: Morriss, S. R.
name: Mossavi, K.
name: Mours, B.
name: Mow-Lowry, C. M.
name: Mueller, C. L.
name: Mueller, G.
name: Mukherjee, S.
name: Mullavey, A.
name: Munch, J.
name: Murphy, D.
name: Murray, P. G.
name: Mytidis, A.
name: Nagy, M. F.
name: Kumar, D. Nanda
name: Nardecchia, I.
name: Nash, T.
name: Naticchioni, L.
name: Nayak, R.
name: Necula, V.
name: Neri, I.
name: Newton, G.
name: Nguyen, T.
name: Nishida, E.
name: Nishizawa, A.
name: Nitz, A.
name: Nocera, F.
name: Nolting, D.
name: Normandin, M. E.
name: Nuttall, L. K.
name: Ochsner, E.
name: O'Dell, J.
name: Oelker, E.
name: Ogin, G. H.
name: Oh, J. J.
name: Oh, S. H.
name: Ohme, F.
name: Oppermann, P.
name: O'Reilly, B.
name: Larcher, W. Ortega
name: O'Shaughnessy, R.
name: Osthelder, C.
name: Ottaway, D. J.
name: Ottens, R. S.
name: Ou, J.
name: Overmier, H.
name: Owen, B. J.
name: Padilla, C.
name: Pai, A.
name: Palomba, C.
name: Pan, Y.
name: Pankow, C.
name: Paoletti, F.
name: Paoletti, R.
name: Papa, M. A.
name: Paris, H.
name: Pasqualetti, A.
name: Passaquieti, R.
name: Passuello, D.
name: Pedraza, M.
name: Peiris, P.
name: Penn, S.
name: Perreca, A.
name: Phelps, M.
name: Pichot, M.
name: Pickenpack, M.
name: Piergiovanni, F.
name: Pierro, V.
name: Pinard, L.
name: Pindor, B.
name: Pinto, I. M.
name: Pitkin, M.
name: Poeld, J.
name: Poggiani, R.
name: Poole, V.
name: Poux, C.
name: Predoi, V.
name: Prestegard, T.
name: Price, L. R.
name: Prijatelj, M.
name: Principe, M.
name: Privitera, S.
name: Prix, R.
name: Prodi, G. A.
name: Prokhorov, L.
name: Puncken, O.
name: Punturo, M.
name: Puppo, P.
name: Quetschke, V.
name: Quintero, E.
name: Quitzow-James, R.
name: Raab, F. J.
name: Rabeling, D. S.
name: Rácz, I.
name: Radkins, H.
name: Raffai, P.
name: Raja, S.
name: Rajalakshmi, G.
name: Rakhmanov, M.
name: Ramet, C.
name: Rapagnani, P.
name: Raymond, V.
name: Re, V.
name: Reed, C. M.
name: Reed, T.
name: Regimbau, T.
name: Reid, S.
name: Reitze, D. H.
name: Ricci, F.
name: Riesen, R.
name: Riles, K.
name: Robertson, N. A.
name: Robinet, F.
name: Rocchi, A.
name: Roddy, S.
name: Rodriguez, C.
name: Rodruck, M.
name: Roever, C.
name: Rolland, L.
name: Rollins, J. G.
name: Romano, J. D.
name: Romano, R.
name: Romanov, G.
name: Romie, J. H.
name: Rosińska, D.
name: Rowan, S.
name: Rüdiger, A.
name: Ruggi, P.
name: Ryan, K.
name: Salemi, F.
name: Sammut, L.
name: Sandberg, V.
name: Sanders, J.
name: Sannibale, V.
name: Santiago-Prieto, I.
name: Saracco, E.
name: Sassolas, B.
name: Sathyaprakash, B. S.
name: Saulson, P. R.
name: Savage, R.
name: Schilling, R.
name: Schnabel, R.
name: Schofield, R. M. S.
name: Schreiber, E.
name: Schuette, D.
name: Schulz, B.
name: Schutz, B. F.
name: Schwinberg, P.
name: Scott, J.
name: Scott, S. M.
name: Seifert, F.
name: Sellers, D.
name: Sengupta, A. S.
name: Sentenac, D.
name: Sergeev, A.
name: Shaddock, D.
name: Shah, S.
name: Shahriar, M. S.
name: Shaltev, M.
name: Shapiro, B.
name: Shawhan, P.
name: Shoemaker, D. H.
name: Sidery, T. L.
name: Siellez, K.
name: Siemens, X.
name: Sigg, D.
name: Simakov, D.
name: Singer, A.
name: Singer, L.
name: Sintes, A. M.
name: Skelton, G. R.
name: Slagmolen, B. J. J.
name: Slutsky, J.
name: Smith, J. R.
name: Smith, M. R.
name: Smith, R. J. E.
name: Smith-Lefebvre, N. D.
name: Soden, K.
name: Son, E. J.
name: Sorazu, B.
name: Souradeep, T.
name: Sperandio, L.
name: Staley, A.
name: Steinert, E.
name: Steinlechner, J.
name: Steinlechner, S.
name: Steplewski, S.
name: Stevens, D.
name: Stochino, A.
name: Stone, R.
name: Strain, K. A.
name: Strigin, S.
name: Stroeer, A. S.
name: Sturani, R.
name: Stuver, A. L.
name: Summerscales, T. Z.
name: Susmithan, S.
name: Sutton, P. J.
name: Swinkels, B.
name: Szeifert, G.
name: Tacca, M.
name: Talukder, D.
name: Tang, L.
name: Tanner, D. B.
name: Tarabrin, S. P.
name: Taylor, R.
name: ter Braack, A. P. M.
name: Thirugnanasambandam, M. P.
name: Thomas, M.
name: Thomas, P.
name: Thorne, K. A.
name: Thorne, K. S.
name: Thrane, E.
name: Tiwari, V.
name: Tokmakov, K. V.
name: Tomlinson, C.
name: Toncelli, A.
name: Tonelli, M.
name: Torre, O.
name: Torres, C. V.
name: Torrie, C. I.
name: Travasso, F.
name: Traylor, G.
name: Tse, M.
name: Ugolini, D.
name: Unnikrishnan, C. S.
name: Vahlbruch, H.
name: Vajente, G.
name: Vallisneri, M.
name: Brand, J. F. J. van den
name: Broeck, C. Van Den
name: van der Putten, S.
name: van der Sluys, M. V.
name: van Heijningen, J.
name: van Veggel, A. A.
name: Vass, S.
name: Vasúth, M.
name: Vaulin, R.
name: Vecchio, A.
name: Vedovato, G.
name: Veitch, J.
name: Veitch, P. J.
name: Venkateswara, K.
name: Verkindt, D.
name: Verma, S.
name: Vetrano, F.
name: Viceré, A.
name: Vincent-Finley, R.
name: Vinet, J. -Y.
name: Vitale, S.
name: Vlcek, B.
name: Vo, T.
name: Vocca, H.
name: Vorvick, C.
name: Vousden, W. D.
name: Vrinceanu, D.
name: Vyachanin, S. P.
name: Wade, A.
name: Wade, L.
name: Wade, M.
name: Waldman, S. J.
name: Walker, M.
name: Wallace, L.
name: Wan, Y.
name: Wang, J.
name: Wang, M.
name: Wang, X.
name: Wanner, A.
name: Ward, R. L.
name: Was, M.
name: Weaver, B.
name: Wei, L. -W.
name: Weinert, M.
name: Weinstein, A. J.
name: Weiss, R.
name: Welborn, T.
name: Wen, L.
name: Wessels, P.
name: West, M.
name: Westphal, T.
name: Wette, K.
name: Whelan, J. T.
name: Whitcomb, S. E.
name: White, D. J.
name: Whiting, B. F.
name: Wibowo, S.
name: Wiesner, K.
name: Wilkinson, C.
name: Williams, L.
name: Williams, R.
name: Williams, T.
name: Willis, J. L.
name: Willke, B.
name: Wimmer, M.
name: Winkelmann, L.
name: Winkler, W.
name: Wipf, C. C.
name: Wittel, H.
name: Woan, G.
name: Worden, J.
name: Yablon, J.
name: Yakushin, I.
name: Yamamoto, H.
name: Yancey, C. C.
name: Yang, H.
name: Yeaton-Massey, D.
name: Yoshida, S.
name: Yum, H.
name: Yvert, M.
name: Zadrożny, A.
name: Zanolin, M.
name: Zendri, J. -P.
name: Zhang, F.
name: Zhang, L.
name: Zhao, C.
name: Zhu, H.
name: Zhu, X. J.
name: Zotov, N.
name: Zucker, M. E.
name: Zweizig, J.
name: Akerlof, C.
name: Baltay, C.
name: Bloom, J. S.
name: Cao, Y.
name: Cenko, S. B.
name: Ćwiek, A.
name: Ćwiok, M.
name: Dhillon, V.
name: Fox, D. B.
name: Gal-Yam, A.
name: Kasliwal, M. M.
name: Klotz, A.
name: Laas-Bourez, M.
name: Laher, R. R.
name: Law, N. M.
name: Majcher, A.
name: Małek, K.
name: Mankiewicz, L.
name: Nawrocki, K.
name: Nissanke, S.
name: Nugent, P. E.
name: Ofek, E. O.
name: Opiela, R.
name: Piotrowski, L.
name: Poznanski, D.
name: Rabinowitz, D.
name: Rapoport, S.
name: Richards, J. W.
name: Schmidt, B.
name: Siudek, M.
name: Sokołowski, M.
name: Steele, I. A.
name: Sullivan, M.
name: Żarnecki, A. F.
name: Zheng, W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: During the LIGO and Virgo joint science runs in 2009-2010, gravitational wave (GW) data from three interferometer detectors were analyzed within minutes to select GW candidate events and infer their apparent sky positions. Target coordinates were transmitted to several telescopes for follow-up observations aimed at the detection of an associated optical transient. Images were obtained for eight such GW candidates. We present the methods used to analyze the image data as well as the transient search results. No optical transient was identified with a convincing association with any of these candidates, and none of the GW triggers showed strong evidence for being astrophysical in nature. We compare the sensitivities of these observations to several model light curves from possible sources of interest, and discuss prospects for future joint GW-optical observations of this type.
description: 24 pages