Rhinolophus cornutus Temminck 1834
Creators: name: Burgin, Connor
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus cornutus

description: 63. Little Japanese Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> <i>Rhinolophus cornutus</i> French: Rhinolophe cornu <i>I</i> <b>German:</b> Kleine <i>Japan-Hufeisennase</i> / <b>Spanish:</b> Herradura pequeno de <i>Japon</i> <b>Other common names:</b> Japanese <i>Lesser</i> Horseshoe Bat, Japanese Little Horseshoe Bat Taxonomy. <i>Rhinolophus</i> cornutus Temminck, 1834, Japan. <i>Rhinolophus</i> cornutus is included in the <i>pusillus</i> species group along with <i> R <i>pumilus, R.perditus, R. monticolus, R. shortridgei,</i> <i>R. monoceros, R. pusillus, R. subbadius,</i> <i>R. convexus, R. cognatus, R. refulgens,</i> and <i>R. lepidus.</i> The species group is sister to a clade including the <i> megaphyllus, <i>philippinensis,</i> and <i>macrotis</i> groups. Genetic distance between. <i>cornutus</i>, <i>R.pumilus, R.perditus,</i> <i>R. monoceros,</i> and <i>R.pusillus</i> is small and most species overlap in echolocation frequency, which has led <i>several</i> authors to include all these species within <i>R.</i> pusillus. However, there is morphological evidence supporting the species status of these taxa, and also suggesting that <i>R.pusillus</i> as here constituted may actually be a species complex. <i>Rhinolophus perditus</i> is sometimes alone treated as a subspecies of <i>R.</i> comutus, but it is here recognized as a distinct species, based on morphological and genetic data. Two subspecies are recognized.</i></i> <b>Subspecies and Distribution.</b> <i>R c. cornutus</i> Temminck, 1834 — Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, <i>Kyushu</i>, Okushirito, Sado, Tsushima, Fukuejima, <i>Kuchinoerabujima</i>, Nakano, <b>Iki</b>, Izu, Niijima, Miyakejima, Mikurajima, and Hachijöjima Is). <i>R c. orii</i> Kuroda, 1924 - SJapan on Amami Is (Amami-Oshima, Kakeromajima, Tokunoshima, and Okinoerabujima). There is one record from Guangxi, S China, <i>but</i> this is considered dubious and is probably based on misidentification. Descriptive <b>notes.</b> Head-body 36-56- 2 mm, tail 15-5-29- 5 mm, ear 14-19- 3 mm, hindfoot 7-10- 5 mm, forearm 37- 6-42 mm. Females have larger forearms and cranial measurements than males, and there is a decreasing cline in forearm length from north to south. Pelage is <i>woolly</i> and glossy, dorsally grayish brown (base of hairs light beige), <i>ventrally</i> similar but paler. Ears are moderate-sized. Noseleaf has concave-sided lancet; connecting process is subtriangular and curved; sella is pandurate, being constricted above middle, with a <i>broadly</i> rounded tip; horseshoe is not very broad (6-2-6- 7 mm), has no lateral leaflets, and short, narrow median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is 4-2-4- 8 mm long and has <i>very</i> deep dorsal notch on basal cone, with small ventral notch; shaft is <i>nearly</i> cylindrical and is bent on distal one-half. Skull is long and narrow, and zygomatic width is subequal to mastoid width; anterior median swellings are small and subcircular; posterior compartments are moderate in size; rostral profile slopes gendy posteriorly or is rarely almost straight; sagittal crest is <i>weakly</i> to moderately developed; frontal depression varies from moderately to <i>fairly</i> deep; supraorbital crests are conspicuous but not generally sharp. P2 is comparatively large (although still minute) and within tooth row, P3 is medium-sized to small and lies nearly in tooth row. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60. Habitat. Temperate woodland habitats. <b>Food and</b> Feeding. Litde Japanese Horseshoe Bats feed on a variety of insects, including Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Orthoptera, and Araneae. Their diet shifts through the year, and during hibernation they often feed on camel crickets (Rhaphidophoridae) within caves and on Diptera (Mycetophilidae, Tipulidae, and Trichoceridae) that emerge in winter and <i>early</i> spring outside the caves. Breeding. LitdeJapanese Horseshoe Bats exhibit restricted seasonal monoestry. Males and females roost together for a small portion of the year to breed, before females form <i>maternity</i> colonies in summer. Females give birth to a single young. Young begin to feed themselves by c.22 days and are weaned by <i>c</i>.45 days. Females usually become sexually mature at 28 months but do not generally reproduce until their third year. The oldest recorded individual was a 21-year-old male. <b>Activity patterns.</b> The LittleJapanese Horseshoe Bat roosts during the day in caves, abandoned mines, unused tunnels, bomb shelters, and underground channels; it forages through the night. On <i>Kyushu</i>, in late autumn individuals increase their weight by 28-2— 33-8% compared to summer; <i>they</i> hibernate through winter throughout their distribution. Hibernating bats prefer to roost in caves with <i>relatively</i> high ambient temperatures (9-15°C) and humidity (85-100%). Hibernating bats are <i>relatively</i> light sleepers and are aroused easily compared to <i>GreaterJapanese</i> Horseshoe Bats (<i>A m</i> /&gt; <i>jbon</i>). Hibernating bats regularly arouse themselves to forage outside the cave. Search call shape is FM/ CF/CF with a peak F of 103-120 kHz that increases gradually from north to south; peak frequencies were recorded at 103-104 kHz in Aomori Prefecture, 106-108 kHz on northern Honshu, 108-109 kHz on Yakushima, and 109—111 kHz on Amami-Oshima. <b>Movements, Home range and Social</b> organization. Littlejapanese Horseshoe Bats roost in sex-segregated and maternity colonies consisting of tens to hundreds of individuals. <b>Status and Conservation.</b> Not assessed as a separate species on <i>The</i> IUCN <i>ed List,</i> where it is included under the Least Horseshoe Bat (A <i>pusillus}</i> as Least Concern. The Littlejapanese Horseshoe Bat does not seem to be facing any major threats at present, and is rather common throughout much of its range. <b>Bibliography.</b> Ando eta/. (1983), Chen Shiangfan eta/. (2006), Csorba eta/. (2003), Funakoshi &amp;Takeda (1998), Funakoshi &amp; Uchida (1980), Funakoshi et a/. (2010), Hutson, Kingston &amp; Walston (2008), Kurohmaru <i>et al.</i> (2002), Li Gang eta/. (2006), Maeda (1988), Morigaki eta/. (2001), Ohdachi <i>eta</i> /. (2015), <i>WuYi</i>, Motokawa <i>et al.</i> (2012), Xu <i>Lijie</i> et al. (2008), Yamamoto (1986), Yokoyama &amp; Uchida (1979), Yoshiyuki (1989), Zhang Lin et <i>al.</i> (2018), Zhang Weidao (1985).
description: Published as part of <i>Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, pp. 280-332 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on pages 310-311, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525