cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
‘Mae llyfr yn ddelwedd o fywyd’: Fìorachd is ficsean ann an An Dosan Norma NicLeòid is Melog Mihangel Morgan
Creators: name: Harrington, Nathaniel
Publisher: name: Humanities Commons
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Scottish Gaelic literature
subject: Welsh literature
subject: Ontology in literature
subject: Fiction
subject: Celtic literature
subject: Comparative literature

description: Anns an aiste seo bheirear sùil air dà nobhail, An Dosan (2015), le Norma NicLeòid, agus Melog (1997), le Mihangel Morgan, a’ sgrùdadh mar a tha iad a’ riochdachadh agus a’ ceasnachadh na dàimhe eadar ‘fìorachd’ is ‘ficsean’. Le bhith a’ sgrùdadh an dà theacsa seo ri taobh a chèile, feuchar ri sealltainn gur urrainn do theacsaichean litreachasail a bhith feumail mar thùsan ‘teòiridheil’, agus le bhith a’ cur nobhail Ghàidhlig an còmhradh ri nobhail Chuimris, thathar a’ feuchainn ri ‘litreachas coimeasach Ceilteach’ a thaisbeanadh. Tha na nobhailean seo a’ togail cheistean cudromach mun sgaradh fharsaing a nithear eadar ‘fìorachd’ is ‘ficsean’, ceistean a tha co-cheangailte ri dùbhlain phoileataigeach cho-aimsireil: buaidh na colonachd-tuineachaidh ann an Amaireaga a Tuath, an dàimh eadar sòisealtas is ‘tinneas-inntinn’, agus cunnartan is cumhachdan an nàiseantais san latha an-diugh.  //  Yn y traethawd hwn archwilir dwy nofel, An Dosan (2015), gan Norma NicLeòid, a Melog (1997), gan Mihangel Morgan, gan ddadansoddi sut y maent yn darlunio ac yn holi’r berthynas rhwng ‘realiti’ a ‘ffuglen’. Trwy ddadansoddi’r ddau destun hwn wrth ei gilydd, ceisir dangos bod testunau llenyddol yn gallu bod yn ddefnyddiol fel deunydd ‘theoretaidd’, a gan roi nofel Aeleg mewn ymddiddan â nofel Gymraeg ceisir arddangos ‘llenyddiaeth gymharol Geltaidd’. Mae’r ddwy nofel hon yn codi cwestiynau pwysig am y rhaniad llydan a wneir rhwng ‘realiti’ a ‘ffuglen’, cwestiynau sy’n gysylltedig â heriau gwleidyddol cyfoes: dylanwad yr wladychiaeth ymsefydlwr yng Ngogledd America, y berthynas rhwng cymdeithas ac ‘afiechyd meddwl’, a pheryglon a grymoedd y cenedlaetholdeb heddiw.
Supplemental Material, sj-docx-1-afs-10.1177_0095327X20973373 - The Benefits and Liabilities of Risk-Taking Propensity and Confidence at the U.S. Military Academy
Creators: name: Schaefer, Hillary S.
name: Farina, Andrew G.
name: Cotting, Dave I.
name: Proctor, Eliot S.
name: Cheveso L. Cook
name: Lerner, Richard M.
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 160607 International Relations
subject: FOS: Political science
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology

description: Supplemental Material, sj-docx-1-afs-10.1177_0095327X20973373 for The Benefits and Liabilities of Risk-Taking Propensity and Confidence at the U.S. Military Academy by Hillary S. Schaefer, Andrew G. Farina, Dave I. Cotting, Eliot S. Proctor, Cheveso L. Cook and Richard M. Lerner in Armed Forces & Society
E00147: The Epic Histories, traditionally attributed to P'awstos, written in Armenian in the second half of the 5th c., recount the miraculous disappearance in a river, of the Syrian anchorite *Šałitay (Syrian anchorite and disciple of Daniel, S00067), who wished to avoid the veneration of his relics. Written in Armenia in the second half of the fifth century.
Creators: name: Dlambert
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2014
Subjects: History

description: The Epic Histories, Book V, Chapter 25-26:

Šałitay was a saintly man who dwelt in the great mountain known as the Throne of Anahit. Together with another anchorite, Epip'an, he had witnessed the spirit of Patriarch Nersēs being lifted to Heaven. Šałitay's fame was widely spread and he was known for performing miracles and healing wild beasts who suffered injuries, he was known for crossing rivers with his shoes remaining completely dry. He would normally wander about alone but sometimes he would come down to an inhabited locality and would heal many of the sick.

Բայց ամենայն մարդ սպասէր եւ ակն ունէր մահու նորա, վասն ըմբռնելոյ զմարմին նորա: Իսկ սուրբն Շաղիտա իմացեալ զայս` թէ սպասեն առնուլ զմարմին նորա բազում մարդիկ, ապա խնդրեաց Շաղիտա յԱստուծոյ, զի մի' ոք ըմբռնեսցէ զմարմին նորա: Եւ եղեւ օր մի յաւուրց, որպէս սովորութիւն էր իւր, գնալ ի վերայ ջուրցն գետոյն: Եւ մինչ դեռ անցանէր նա ընդ գետն Կորդուաց, ըստ խնդրուածոցն իւրոց` որպէս եւ խնդրեաց նա, յանկարծակի` իբրեւ կայր ի մէջ գետոյն` յանկարծօրէն ընդ ջրովն մտեալ սուրբն Շաղիտայն ծածկեցաւ: Եւ մեծ գոյժ եղեւ գաւառին. եւ ժողովեցան անչափ բազմութիւնք մարդկանն ի մի վայր եկեալք կուտեցան, մինչեւ հատին դարձուցին ընդ այլ շրջեցին զգետն: Եւ խնդրէին զմարմինն սրբոյն Շաղիտայի, եւ ոչ կարացին ուրեք գտանել. զի իւր խնդրուածքն առ Աստուած այսպէս էին լեալ յառաջագոյն, սոյնպէս եւ կատարեցաւ:

'He was very old, and everyone awaited and watched for his death in order to seize his body. But Šałitay perceived this: that many men waited to seize his body, and so he implored God that no one should take his body. And it so happened, one day, that he was walking as was his custom over the water of the river. And while he was crossing the river of Korduk', unexpectedly as he was standing in the middle of the river, Šałitay suddenly entered into the water and was hidden from sight, as he had implored in his supplication. And there was much lamentation in the district. A countless multitude of men assembled, cut off and moved the river to another bed, and searched for the body of St Šałitay, but they were unable to find it anywhere. For his earlier request to God that it should be so, had thus been fulfilled.'

Text: Garsoïan 1984, 31-37; Translation: Garsoïan 1989, 205.
Localisation method of strawberry nursery greenhouse robots based on visual infrared beacons
Creators: name: Wang, Yuke
name: Zhen, Junquan
name: Lv, Baoxuan
name: Zhou, Linfan
name: Zhu, Guozhen
name: Wang, Dong
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology

description: Achieving accurate localisation of mobile robots in greenhouse environments is challenging due to interfering factors, such as iron seedbeds, steel frame structures, and fluctuating ambient light conditions. This study proposes a localisation method using monocular vision and infrared LED beacons, which employ specific wavelengths to reduce ambient light impact. In addition, a combination of threshold segmentation and region-growing segmentation is used to extract the infrared LED beacons rapidly from the background. The monocular vision ranging principle is adopted to determine the relative distance between the camera mounted on a mobile platform and the beacons. Also, a trilateral localisation mechanism is used to calculate the mobile platform’s position. Experimental tests on a tracked mobile robot verified the proposed method. In the static localisation experiments, the proposed method has an average absolute error of 5.5 cm and a maximum absolute error of 8.1 cm. In dynamic localisation experiments, at robot speeds of 0.2 m/s and 0.4 m/s, the maximum drift errors are 5.7 cm and 6.0 cm, with average absolute drift errors of 2.0 cm and 2.2 cm, respectively. The results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in the precise localisation of robots in challenging greenhouse environments.
Terrorism: A Collective Threat To Humanity
Creators: HC User
Publisher: name: Humanities Commons
Year: 2023

description: Terrorism is a global phenomenon that poses a collective threat to humanity. The increasing frequency and severity of terrorist attacks around the world have raised concerns about the safety and security of individuals and communities. This paper explores the nature and impact of terrorism on society and highlights the need for collective action to address this threat. It examines the root causes of terrorism, including political, social, and economic factors, and discusses the different types of terrorist organizations and their tactics. The paper also analyzes the strategies used by governments and international organizations to combat terrorism, including military and diplomatic efforts, intelligence gathering, and counter-terrorism measures. Finally, the paper emphasizes the importance of promoting tolerance, understanding, and respect for diversity as key components of a comprehensive approach to counter terrorism.    Keywords: Terrorism, Global Phenomenon, Collective Threat, Terrorist Attacks.
The Era Of Artificial Intelligence And The Intellectual Property Rights
Creators: HC User
Publisher: name: Humanities Commons
Year: 2023

description: The modern-day technology and its ever-changing dimensions, has been a total joyride for mankind. Since the advent of computers and allied technologies have taken over the proceedings of development, the bar has been raised further by the field of science itself, every time we come across a novel invention, our quest for more is regularized. Science and technology have been in a constant struggle to find answers to a very basic question that what all these computers and machines can do? Because in the last few decades machines and the internet have completely changed the way, people interact with each other. Now technologies have opened gates for the human being to even interact with these machines and programmed them in such a way that, they can not only cater their needs but also give a response to them like none other than humans.[1] This demonstration of intelligence by machines as a human is popularly known as ‘Artificial Intelligence’.
E00149: The Epic Histories, traditionally attributed to P'awstos, written in Armenian in the second half of the 5th century, recount the martyrdom, burial, and establishment of the annual feast of *Grigoris (Katholikos and martyr of Caucasian Albania, S00062) at Amaras in Caucasian Albania.
Creators: name: Pnowakowski
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2014
Subjects: History

description: The Epic Histories, Book III, Chapter 6:

The chapter recounts the story of Grigoris, son of patriarch Vrt'anēs, and the teenage patriarch of Albania. He built and restored many churches in those areas. One day he arrived at the camp of the Aršakuni king of the Mazk'utk' [= the Massagetae] and preached Christianity to the host. At first they accepted his teaching, but then they realized that Christianity did not confirm with their way of life. They urged their king to kill Grigoris, convincing him that it was the Armenian king's plot to send this man to them so as to halt with his teaching their plundering raids.

Ապա շրջեցաւ թագաւորն, եւ լուաւ բանից զօրացն իւրոց. եւ կալան ձի մի ամեհի, կապեցին կախեցին զմանուկն Գրիգորիս զագւոյ ձիոյն, եւ արձակեցին ընդ ծովեզեր դաշտին հիւսիսական ծովուն մեծի, արտաքոյ իւրեանց բանակին ի դաշտին Վատնեայ: Եւ այսպէս սպանին զառաքինի քարոզն Քրիստոսի զմանուկն Գրիգորիս: Եւ ապա բարձին զնա որք ընդ նմա երթեալ էին ի գաւառէն Հաբանդայ, եւ բերին ի գաւառն իւրեանց ի կողմանս Աղուանից ի սահմանս Հայոց ի Հաբանդ, ի գեօղն` որ անուանեալ կոչի Ամարազ: Եւ եդին զնա առ եկեղեցեաւն, զոր շինեալ էր առաջնոյն մեծին Գրիգորի, հաւուն Գրիգորիսի` քահանայապետին մեծի աշխարհին Հայաստան երկրին: Եւ ամ յամէ աշխարհաժողովուրդք ի մի վայր ժողովեալ կողմանցն այնոցիկ եւ աշխարհաց գաւառացն այնոցիկ, զսորա զօր տօնին զյիշատակ քաջութեանն ցնծան:

'Then the king changed his mind and listened to the words of his army. And they caught a wild horse, hanged and bound young Grigoris to the tail of the horse, and drove him over the plain along the shore of the great Northern Sea, the plain of Vatneay [which lay] outside their camp. And in this way they slew the virtuous preacher of Christ, the youthful Grigoris. Then those who had come with him from the district of Haband took him up and bore him to their district of Haband in the region of Aluank' bordering on Armenia, to the village called Amaras. And they buried him by the church built by the grandfather of Grigoris, the first great Gregory [the Illuminator, S00251], the great high-priest of the realm of the Armenian land. And year after year the inhabitants of these regions and these districts of the realms gather together in a general assembly and celebrate the feast day commemorating his valour.'

Text: Garsoïan 1984, 12-13. Translation: Garsoïan 1989, 72-73.
Data-driven models to predict the water-to-cement ratio and initial setting time of cement grouts
Creators: name: Liu, Jiahe
name: Tang, Li
name: Li, Dongsheng
name: Cui, Xiushi
name: Kang, Wei
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: Space Science
Medicine
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Information Systems not elsewhere classified
Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: As a common defect, the water–cement ratio of grout can currently be monitored only during the maintenance phase, which limits the repair methods and misses the optimal opportunity for repairs. To overcome this limitation, this study integrated ultrasonic parameters previously used to characterise cement-based materials and developed a new Initial Setting Time and Water–Cement Ratio (IST_WCR) risk model to predict the setting time and water–cement ratio grout using machine learning (ML) algorithms. Experiments on grout involved four different water–cement ratios, ranging from 0.11 to 0.18. A data-driven method based on ML was used to extract predictive factors from eight ultrasonic parameters, including the speed, energy, main frequency, and main frequency amplitude of P-waves and S-waves, and to evaluate multiple ML classifiers to establish the IST_WCR risk prediction model. This model underwent internal and external cross-validations and demonstrated very strong performance with a Brier score of under 0.01. The dataset for ML classifiers contained a total of 956 signals and 7648 features. Compared with traditional methods, this method can automatically characterise the setting process of grout and identify defective water–cement ratios at a very early stage of curing.
The International Committee on Open Phytolith Science (ICOPS): A community effort to improve the collection, preservation and sharing of phytolith data
Creators: name: Lancelotti, Carla
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025

description: This presentation was delivered, on behalf of the ICOPS committee, at the III Workshop on Micropaleoethnobotany: RELEVANCE OF AN INTERDISCIPLINARY NETWORK OF RESEARCH IN PHYTOLITHS AND STARCHES

This event brought together researchers, students and professionals from various areas to discuss the latest trends and advances in phytolith and starch studies in Latin America. The Workshop took place from March 17 to 21, 2025 at the State University of Western Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon Campus, State of Paraná (Brazil).
Additional file 2 of Assessing seed and breeding interventions for organic farming using a multiagent value chain approach
Creators: name: Winter, Eva
name: Grovermann, Christian
name: Messmer, Monika M.
name: Aurbacher, Joachim
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 2: Additional VAL-MAS model data.
Additional file 1 of Breastfeeding support among re-hospitalized young children: a survey from Italy
Creators: name: Scarpato, Elena
name: Salvatori, Guglielmo
name: Barbaglia, Michelangelo
name: Casero, Deborah
name: Cazzato, Teresa
name: Righetti, Veronica
name: Staiano, Annamaria
name: Davanzo, Riccardo
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Computational Biology

description: Supplementary Material 1
Audio feature augmentation for bolt looseness classification in data-deficient scenarios using machine learning
Creators: name: Chelimilla, Nikesh
name: Chinthapenta, Viswanath
name: Korla, Srikanth
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Plant Biology

description: Existing machine learning (ML) models have limitations in classifying bolt looseness in data-deficient scenarios. In this article, a novel audio-feature augmentation was established to detect percussion-based bolt looseness in data-deficient scenarios using ML approaches. An n-time augmentation was performed on the important features extracted from the percussion audio signals using correlation and eigenvalue analyses. The accuracy and generalisation ability of bolt looseness prediction of (i) k-nearest neighbour, (ii) multi-layer perceptron, (iii) multinomial logistic regression, (iv) random forest, and (v) hybrid (ML) methods were demonstrated using statistical metrics. One of the key observations from the present study is that the application of eight-fold cross-validation on the hybrid model trained with 20-time feature augmentation demonstrated the best overall scenario in enhancing bolt looseness prediction. It exhibited a maximum increase in accuracy of 18.0% in identifying bolt looseness levels in data-deficient scenarios compared to without feature augmentation. Further, the eight-fold cross-validation analysis indicated an accuracy fluctuation drop from 33.4% to 5.6%, indicating consistent prediction when trained with 20-time feature augmentation as compared to without feature augmentation. Overall, the present investigations manifested the verifiable potential of the audio feature augmentation approach to enhance bolt looseness prediction in data-deficient scenarios.
Supplemental Material, Combined_supplemental_materials-Yang_et_al - Age-Related Changes in the Canine Aorta
Creators: name: Yang, Ching
name: Kohnken, Rebecca
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 111599 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 70706 Veterinary Medicine
subject: FOS: Veterinary sciences

description: Supplemental Material, Combined_supplemental_materials-Yang_et_al for Age-Related Changes in the Canine Aorta by Ching Yang and Rebecca Kohnken in Veterinary Pathology
Supplementary document for Scanning imaging through the scattering medium based on the guided filter assisted by WTMMandNLM - 7296402.pdf
Creators: name: Zhang, Yiyang
name: Ding, Zhewen
name: Li, Runze
name: Meng, Xianglei
name: Shi, Yan
name: Zhan, Chunlian
name: Zhao, Chunliu
Publisher: name: Optica Publishing Group
Year: 2025
Subjects: Uncategorized

description: Supplemental Document
المظاهر الافتراضية الجديدة لدرس الترجمة
Creators: name: لحلو, حسينة
Publisher: name: Humanities Commons
Year: 2022

description: يندرج هذا المقال في إطار البحث في تعليمية الترجمة، و يعتبر امتدادا لسلسلة من الدراسات الاستطلاعية و التطبيقية التي أجريناها عن واقع تدريس الترجمة في عصر المعلوماتية، نقارن فيه بين وضع درس الترجمة في البيئة التقليدية و وواقعه حاليا في عصر المعلوماتية، و ذلك من خلال الكشف عن العناصر الجديدة التي انضمت إلى العملية التعليمية كالدروس الهجينة و البحث الوثائقي.كما نتطرق فيه إلى المهام الجديدة التي تقع على المعلم و المتعلم على حد سواء، و ذلك استجابة للظروف التي تتواجد فيها عملية تدريس الترجمة داخل قاعة الدرس و خارجه في العصر الحالي.
E00151: The Epic Histories, traditionally attributed to P'awstos, written in Armenian in the second half of the 5th c., recount the death in c. 340 of *Vrt'anēs (patriarch of Greater Armenia, ob. 341, S00297), and his burial and commemoration at T'ordan beside the body of *Gregory the Illuminator (converter of Armenia, S00251).
Creators: name: Naleksidze
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2014
Subjects: History

description: The Epic Histories, Book III, Chapter 11

The chapter recounts yet another war between the Persians and the Armenians (see $E00246 for context). After the war king Xosrov passed.

Եւ յետ սորա փոխեցաւ եւս յաշխարհէ մեծ քահանայապետն Վրթանէս. եւ ժողովեցան ամենայն աշխարհն Հայոց, եւ մեծաւ պաշտմամբ, սաղմոսիւք եւ երգովք հոգեւորօք, կանթեղօք եւ մոմեղինօք եւ խնկածու հոտովք, արքունական կառօք զսուրբն Վրթանէս, անհնարին բեկմամբ` վասն իւրեանց յայնմ բնակ տեառնէն կամ ի հոգեւոր վարդապատութենէն որբ մնալոյ, մեծաւ լալեաց տրտմութեամբ մինչեւ ի գեւղն Թորդան ի Դարանաղեաց գաւառն յուղարկէին: Եւ անդ առ մեծի հայրապետին Գրիգորի զսորա սուրբ զոսկերսն հանգուցանէին. եւ զմշակատար զսորա կենդանի յիշատակն ի վերայ կատարեալ, դառնային:

'And after him [King Xosrov], the great high-priest Vrt'anes also went from [this] world. The entire realm of Armenia assembled and [they brought] Vrt'anes in a royal carriage with great ceremony, psalms, and spiritual songs, lamps and candles, and the fragrance of incense. And in profound affliction, because they had been left orphaned by their own true-lord and by their spiritual-teacher, they accompanied [him] with deep [and] tearful sorrow to the village of T'ordan in the district of Daranalik'. And there they laid his holy bones to rest next to the great patriarch Gregory [the Illuminator], and returned home after celebrating the commemoration of his living memory.'

Text: Garsoïan 1984. Translation: Garsoïan 1989, 80-81.
sj-pdf-2-tag-10.1177_1756284820965790 – Supplemental material for Rapid test detection of anti-infliximab antibodies: performance comparison with three different immunoassays
Creators: name: Rocha, Cátia
name: Lago, Paula
name: Fernandes, Samuel
name: Correia, Luís
name: Portela, Francisco
name: Vieira, Ana Isabel
name: Patita, Marta
name: Arroja, Bruno
name: Ministro, Paula
name: Alves, Catarina
name: Dias, Cláudia Camila
name: Magro, Fernando
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 111199 Nutrition and Dietetics not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 111299 Oncology and Carcinogenesis not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 111599 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-tag-10.1177_1756284820965790 for Rapid test detection of anti-infliximab antibodies: performance comparison with three different immunoassays by Cátia Rocha, Paula Lago, Samuel Fernandes, Luís Correia, Francisco Portela, Ana Isabel Vieira, Marta Patita, Bruno Arroja, Paula Ministro, Catarina Alves, Cláudia Camila Dias and Fernando Magro in Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology
Additional file 1 of Crisis-related stimuli do not increase the emotional attentional blink in a general university student population
Creators: name: Santacroce, Lindsay A.
name: Tamber-Rosenau, Benjamin J.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy
subject: Mental Health

description: Additional file 1. Methods, results, and discussion for the ratings of stimulus valence, arousal, and crisis-relatedness reported in the Method sections for each main experiment.
الترجمة التاريخية وتاريخ الترجمة
Creators: name: علي زروف, حنان
Publisher: name: Humanities Commons
Year: 2022

description: نظراً لأهمية الترجمة بشكل عام والترجمة التاريخية بشكل خاص وأثرها على الحضارات الإنسانية،جاءت فكرة البحث حول معرفة العلاقة بين الترجمة واللغة وتطورها من جهة، ومن جهة أخرى معرفة العلاقة بين الترجمةوالتاريخ والبحث في “الترجمة التاريخية” وآلياتها وتحدياتها ضمن الحقبة التاريخية الواحدة والترجمة بين الحقب التاريخية المختلفة محاولة الإجابة على إشكاليات البحث حول:  أين تتموضع الترجمة في العصور القديمة (الروماني والبيزنطي وصولاً إلى العصور الوسطى)؟ متى بدء هذا النشاط البشري وأهميته وتحدياته قديما؟ نظريات الترجمة في الترجمة التاريخية. تمهيداً لبحث آخر حول دراسة الترجمة التاريخية دراسة لغوية تحليلية اجتماعية سياسية، والبحث أيضاً في الطرق التي مكّنت الباحثين من فك الرموز القديمة.
Vaccine protection of broilers against various doses of wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium and changes in gut microbiota
Creators: name: Khan, Samiullah
name: McWhorter, Andrea R.
name: Willson, Nicky-Lee
name: Andrews, Daniel M.
name: Underwood, Gregory J.
name: Moore, Robert J.
name: Van, Thi Thu Hao
name: Chousalkar, Kapil K.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cancer
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: This study evaluated the impact of vaccine diluents (peptone or water) on the protective effects of Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) vaccine. Vaccinated broilers were challenged with different doses of wild-type S. Typhimurium through dust. At the time of cull, vaccine load was highest in caeca and lowest in spleen. Wild-type S. Typhimurium was detectable after 24 hrs only in the vaccinated birds challenged with 108 CFU and positive control. S. Typhimurium load was lower in the organs of the groups challenged with 104 and 106 compared to the 108 CFU group. The caecal microbiota alpha diversity of the vaccinated or vaccinated and challenged chickens differed from the positive and negative control groups. Beta diversity of the positive control clustered separately from all other treatment groups, showing that vaccine caused minimal changes in gut microbiota structure. The vaccinated and/or wild-type challenged chickens showed significantly higher abundance of Anaerostignum, Lachnoclostridium, Intestinimonas, Colidextribacter, Monoglobus, Acetanaerobacterium and Subdoligranulum. Outcomes from this study demonstrate that the vaccine effectively protected broiler chickens from S. Typhimurium infection and helped maintain a more stable gut microbiota structure, reducing the impact of S. Typhimurium on gut health. Vaccine diluent did not affect gut microbiota composition.
Plan Synthesis in Explicit-Input Knowledge and Action Bases
Creators: name: Stawowy, Michele
Publisher: name: IMT Alti Studi Lucca
Year: 2016
Subjects: QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science

description: In this Thesis we study plan synthesis for datacentric
 domains, where the interest is not only upon
 the actions the system performs to reach its desired
 goal, but also on how the knowledge defining the
 domain evolves with the aforementioned actions.
 We first introduce a rich, dynamic framework
 named Explicit-input Knowledge and Action Bases
 (eKABs), where states are Description Logic (DL)
 Knowledge Bases, whose extensional part is manipulated
 by actions that possibly introduce new objects
 from an infinite domain. We show that plan
 existence over eKABs is undecidable even under
 severe restrictions.
 We then focus on state-bounded eKABs, a class
 for which plan existence is decidable, and provide
 sound and complete plan synthesis algorithms, which
 combine techniques based on standard planning,
 DL query answering, and finite-state abstraction.
 All results hold for any DL with decidable query
 answering.
 We finally show that for lightweight DLs, plan
 synthesis can be compiled into standard planning,
 and we provide two translations: translation to
 STRIPS for a restricted version of lightweight DL
 eKABs, and translation to ADL for full lightweight
 DL eKABs. For the STRIPS setting, we provide an
 additional technique to optimize Knowledge Base
 satisfiability check inside the translation. We also
 provide a technique showing how it is possible to
 transform any full lightweight DL eKAB to an equivalent
 restricted lightweight DL eKAB.
sj-pdf-9-cep-10.1177_0333102420970523 - Supplemental material for Time course of efficacy of ubrogepant for the acute treatment of migraine: Clinical implications
Creators: name: Goadsby, Peter J
name: Blumenfeld, Andrew M
name: Lipton, Richard B
name: Dodick, David W
name: Kalidas, Kavita
name: Adams, Aubrey M
name: Abhijeet Jakate
name: Chengcheng Liu
name: Szegedi, Armin
name: Trugman, Joel M
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 110306 Endocrinology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 110904 Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases
subject: 111599 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Psychology
subject: 110319 Psychiatry (incl. Psychotherapy)
subject: Neuroscience

description: Supplemental material, sj-pdf-9-cep-10.1177_0333102420970523 for Time course of efficacy of ubrogepant for the acute treatment of migraine: Clinical implications by Peter J Goadsby, Andrew M Blumenfeld, Richard B Lipton, David W Dodick, Kavita Kalidas, Aubrey M Adams, Abhijeet Jakate, Chengcheng Liu, Armin Szegedi and Joel M Trugman in Cephalalgia
E00152: The Epic Histories, traditionally attributed to P'awstos, written in Armenian in the second half of the 5th c., recount the martyrdom of Katholikos *Yusik (katholikos of Armenia, S00068) in c. 350, for rebuking king Tiran, and his burial next to his father *Gregory the Illuminator (converter of Armenia, S00251).
Creators: name: Naleksidze
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2014
Subjects: History

description: The Epic Histories, Book XII, Chapter 3:

The chapter recounts the ascent to the Armenian throne of Tiran the same time as Yusik became katholikos of Armenia. However, soon the king and his magnates proved to be unworthy and did not behave according to God's will. Yusik firmly and fearlessly chastised and rebuked the king and his court.

Որ իբրեւ օր մի յաւուրց տարեկանաց, դիմեաց գալ թագաւորն Տիրան հանդերձ այլովք աւագանւովն մտանել յեկեղեցին, իսկ ընդդէմ բարբառեալ ասէր. Չես արժանի, հի՞մ գաս, մ'ի գար ի ներքս: Վասն որոյ անդէն ի ներքս քարշէին զնա յեկեղեցւոջն. բրածեծ եղեալ ջաղջախեալ քահանայապետն Աստուծոյ սուրբ, երանելի մանուկն Յուսիկ, կիսամահ կոշկոճեալ ընկեցեալ լինէր: Զոր բարձեալ պաշտօնէիցն դրան եկեղեցւոյն ի Բնաբեղ բերդէն արքունի` մեծ Ծոփաց գաւառին, եկին բերին ի գաւառն Դարանաղեաց ի գեւղն Թորդան. եւ անդ ոչ ինչ յետ բազում աւուրց հանգեաւ, եւ եդաւ մօտ առ Գրիգորի եւ ընդ հարս իւր:

'And so, King Tiran with others from the nobility presented himself on a day of annual [celebration] to enter into the church, but [Yusik] spoke out against him and said: "You are unworthy! Why have you come? Do not go inside!" For this, they dragged him at once into the church. Beaten with rods and shattered, the holy high-priest of God, the blessed youth Yusik was flung there battered and half dead. [Then] the ministers from the palatine church of the royal fortress of Bnabel in the district of Great Cop'k' (= Sophene) raised him up and bore him to the district of Daranalik', to the village of T'ordan, and he died there after a few days, and was laid [to rest] near Gregory [the Illuminator] and his fathers.'

Text: Garsoïan 1984. Translation: Garsoïan 1989, 82-84.
آليات وأساليب الترجمة للطفل في عصر العولمة
Creators: name: يخلف, زوليخة
Publisher: name: Humanities Commons
Year: 2022

description: تهدف هده الدراسة إلى تسليط الضوء على العلاقة بين الترجمة والثقافة، وأهم الآليات والأساليب في تدليل صعاب الترجمة الثقافية للطفل كما توضح أهمية الترجمة الثقافية للطفل في عصر العولمة والتقدم التكنولوجي.  تهتم الدراسة بالآثار التي تنتج عن الترجمة والثقافة والدور العلمي في الإلمام التام بالثقافات والحضارات والبيئات المختلفة لكي يؤدي أداء متميزا في نقل الأفكار والمعرفة والثقافات لهذا النمط من النصوص بين الأمم.كما توضح أهم الأساليب و الآليات للترجمة الثقافية والتي تسهل مهمة المترجم. وتخلص الورقة إلى أن المناهج والنظريات ليست كفيلة بحل مجمل مشاكل الترجمة بل تقوم من الحد  منها.
sj-pdf-1-asp-10.1177_0003702820971714 - Supplemental material for Intensity Enhancement of a Two-Dimensional Asynchronous Spectrum Without Noise Level Fluctuation Escalation Using a One-Dimensional Spectra Sequence Change
Creators: name: Li, Kaili
name: Fengshan Zhou
name: Anqi He
name: Guo, Ran
name: Xiaopei Li
name: Yizhuang Xu
name: Noda, Isao
name: Ozaki, Yukihiro
name: Jinguang Wu
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 99999 Engineering not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Other engineering and technologies

description: Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-asp-10.1177_0003702820971714 for Intensity Enhancement of a Two-Dimensional Asynchronous Spectrum Without Noise Level Fluctuation Escalation Using a One-Dimensional Spectra Sequence Change by Kaili Li, Fengshan Zhou, Anqi He, Ran Guo, Xiaopei Li, Yizhuang Xu, Isao Noda, Yukihiro Ozaki and Jinguang Wu in Applied Spectroscopy
Additional file 1 of Evolution in key indicators of maternal and child health across the wealth gradient in 41 sub-Saharan African countries, 1986–2019
Creators: name: Lee, Yeeun
name: Bolongaita, Sarah
name: Sato, Ryoko
name: Bump, Jesse B.
name: Verguet, Stéphane
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: Medicine
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Information Systems not elsewhere classified
Cancer
Science Policy
Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1. Supplementary tables that summarize key indicator information and figures that show trends over time. For example, tables that include information of the countries examined by indicators and years of data available and summary measures of coverage by indicators. Among many other figures, it includes indicator trend figures for six of the most populous countries in sub-Saharan Africa and plots with the rate of change in coverage for those in the lowest quintile by indicator.
E00157: Gregory of Tours writes the Life of *Patroclus (hermit of Berry, ob. 576, S00064): it presents the saint as an ascetic, founding monasteries in Berry (central Gaul), attracting the devout, and experiencing visions. From Gregory's Life of the Fathers, written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 573/594. Overview of Gregory's Life of Patroclus.
Creators: name: Mszada
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2014
Subjects: History

description: Gregory of Tours, Life of the Fathers, Book 9 (Life of Patroclus)

Summary:

Preface: We should offer up stories of the saints. Gregory has recently learned about Patroclus, so feels he should tell his story, even if in poor prose.

§ 1: Patroclus was born in Berry (the territory of Bourges) into a modest but free family. In his childhood he guarded sheep. Called a "peasant" (rusticus) by his better educated brother, he hurriedly entered school, overtook his brother, and was recommended to work for a nobleman close to King Childebert [r. 511-558]. Despite the wishes of his widowed mother, he refused to marry, and was ordained deacon by the bishop of Bourges. His strict asceticism and habit of avoiding meals with the other deacons angered his archdeacon.

§ 2: Patroclus left Bourges through a wish to live as a hermit, and built an oratory at Néris where he placed relics of St Martin and taught children. The sick and possessed came to him and received cures. Patroclus could not bear the renown, and God revealed to him by means of divination that he should become a hermit. He established Néris as a female monastery and left for the forests. Here he constructed a cell in a place called Mediocantus [see $E00158]. He cured a particularly seriously possessed man, and repelled assaults and temptations of the devil; exposing a trick of the devil who falsely revealed himself as St Martin to a woman and offering cures against the plague [see $E00159]. Tempted to return to the world, an angel showed him in a vision all the evils of the world, discouraging him from ever leaving his cell.

§ 3: Patroclus founded a monastery at Colombier in the neighbourhood of his cell and nominated its abbot; he himself continued a solitary life. He announced to the monks his approaching death. After his death, his body was taken for burial in the monastery. The archpriest of Néris, planned to seize the body, but repented of his plan. Gregory lists a number of miracles at his tomb, and says that they continue [see $E00166].

Text: Krusch 1969, 252-255. Summary: Marta Tycner
Metabolomics reveals alterations in gut-derived uremic toxins and tryptophan metabolism in feline chronic kidney disease
Creators: name: Van Mulders, Laurens
name: Broecke, Ellen Vanden
name: De Paepe, Ellen
name: Mortier, Femke
name: Vanhaecke, Lynn
name: Daminet, Sylvie
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Virology

description: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is one of the most common conditions affecting felines, yet the metabolic alterations underlying its pathophysiology remain poorly understood, hindering progress in identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive view of metabolic changes in feline CKD across conserved biochemical pathways and evaluate their progression throughout the disease continuum. Using a multi-biomatrix high-throughput metabolomics approach, serum and urine samples from CKD-affected cats (n = 94) and healthy controls (n = 84) were analyzed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Significant disruptions were detected in tryptophan (indole, kynurenine, serotonin), tyrosine, and carnitine metabolism, as well as in the urea cycle. Circulating gut-derived uremic toxins, including indoxyl-sulfate, p-cresyl-sulfate, and trimethylamine-N-oxide, were markedly increased, primarily due to impaired renal excretion. However, alternative mechanisms, such as enhanced bacterial formation from dietary precursors like tryptophan, tyrosine, carnitine, and betaine, could not be ruled out. Overall, the findings suggest that metabolic disturbances in feline CKD are largely driven by the accumulation of gut-derived uremic toxins derived from precursors highly abundant in the feline diet. These insights may link the strict carnivorous nature of felines to CKD pathophysiology and highlight potential avenues for studying preventive or therapeutic interventions.
E00158: Gregory of Tours, in his Life of *Patroclus (hermit of Berry, ob. 576, S00064), recounts how Patroclus founded an oratory with relics of *Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050) at Néris (central Gaul), performed divination on its altar, and founded a female monastery next to it. From Gregory's Life of the Fathers, written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 573/594.
Creators: name: Pnowakowski
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2014
Subjects: History

description: Gregory of Tours, Life of the Fathers 9.2

Sed [Patroclus] egressus ab urbe memorata, venit ad vicum Nereensim, ibique aedificato oratorio ac sancti Martini reliquiis consecrato, pueros erudire coepit in studiis litterarum. Veniebant autem ad eum infirmi et sanabantur, atque inergumini nomen eius confitentes emundabantur; nec ei erat solitudo, ut voluerat, sed patefacta virtus publicum usquequaque reddebat. Tunc pro auspitio quoddam brevibus conscriptis, posuit super altare, vigilans et orans tribus [diebus et tribus] noctibus, ut, quid ei Dominus agere iuberet, dignaretur manifestissime declarare. Sed pietatis divinae inclita miseratio, quae eum [iam] praesciens heremitam esse decreverat, brevem illum accipere iubet, ut ad heremum properaret. Ille autem in cellula qua degebat, congregatis virginibus, monasterium instituit puellarum, nihil de omni labore suo quod ibidem adgregaverat, cum abscederet, sumens, nisi rastrum unum unamque bipennem. Ingressusque altas silvarum solitudines, venit ad locum qui dicitur Mediocantus.

'Thus he [Patroclus] left the above-mentioned city [Bourges] and came to the village of Néris; there he built an oratory and sanctified it with relics of St Martin and he began to instruct children in the study of letters. The sick came to Patroclus and were cured, and the possessed were cleansed after confessing his name. But he had still not found the solitude which he sought, and his manifest power seemed to him to be bringing him too much publicity. For an auspice he wrote out little notes, and placed them on the altar. Then he watched and prayed for three nights, so that the Lord might deign to reveal clearly to him what He ordered him to do. But the great mercy of divine goodness had decreed that he would be a hermit, and made him take the note which hastened his departure for the desert. Thus he assembled young girls in that place where he was living, and instituted a monastery of nuns, and then he left, taking with him nothing from all that he had amassed by his work save a rake and an axe. He entered the high solitudes of the forests and came to a place called Mediocantus.'

Text: Krusch 1969, 253. Translation: James 1991, 67, lightly modified.
Comparison of permeability of topical Cream drug through polymer synthetic membranes of different structures using Franz Cell diffusion test
Creators: name: Torlak, Cihan
name: Güleli, Müge
name: Kızılok, Şevki
name: Kartop, Remziye Azra
name: Çalışkan, Cem
name: Baysak, Fatma Kurşun
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: In this study, in-vitro release experiments were performed using a Franz Diffusion Cell system for Terbinafine Hydrochloride, which is used in the treatment of various fungal infections in the skin caused by many susceptible dermatophytes. In order to evaluate TH transdermally, it was aimed to compare the permeability between polymeric membranes synthesized with polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan mixtures and commercial membranes. In the transdermal drug delivery system calculations, the Fick Diffusion Law was modified and the obtained data were compared. The study was evaluated according to the USP <1724> topical drug products in semisolid form - performance tests. A new high-performance liquid chromatography method was validated for the assay of TH released into the receptor medium in accordance with the ICH guideline. According to the results obtained during the validation process, the limit of detection value was calculated as 0.005 µg/mL and the limit of quantification value was 0.013 µg/mL. Since polymer-based synthetic membranes provide permeability according to molecular size, properties and the ideal environment for measuring and analyzing the diffusion rate of a compound, in experiments conducted using membranes of different structures, the permeability profiles of selected polymer synthetic membranes were statistically evaluated. It has been noted that the hydroxyl groups in PVA and the hydrophilic CS-g-PNDMAAm graft copolymer act at varying rates to enhance or reduce the permeability across the membrane by promoting its diffusion. NaY zeolite has been shown to function as an adsorbent against the medication, lessening the impact of hydrophilic PVA without supplying permeability.
E00159: Gregory of Tours, in his Life of *Patroclus (hermit of Berry, ob. 576, S00064), recounts how Patroclus exposed a trick of the devil: pretending to be *Martin (ascetic and bishop of Tours, ob. 397, S00050), the devil had appeared to a woman in a time of plague with objects that supposedly could save people; in central Gaul, probably in 571. From Gregory's Life of the Fathers, written in Latin in Tours (north-west Gaul), 573/594.
Creators: name: Bryan
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2014
Subjects: History

description: Gregory of Tours, Life of the Fathers 9.2

This passage follows a particularly difficult exorcism achieved by Patroclus:

Nam sicut hos qui vexabantur emundabat, ita et quae inmittebat occultae atrocia auctor criminis repellebat crucis sacratissimae per virtutem. Nam Leubellae cuidam feminae, cum per luem illam inguinariam diabolus Martinum mentitus oblationes, quibus quasi populus salvaretur, iniquiter obtulisset; haec ad sanctum dilatae, non solum, revelante Spiritu sancto, evanuerunt, verum etiam ipse incentor malorum sancto teterrimus apparens, quae nequiter gesserat est professus. Transfigurat enim se saepe diabolus in angelum lucis, ut hac fraude decipiat innocentes.

Just as he cleansed those who were possessed, so he repelled by the virtue of the holy cross the terrible assaults which the author of every crime let loose in secret. During that bubonic plague, the devil, falsely appearing as St Martin, had wickedly brought to a woman named Leubella, offering which would, he said, save the people. But as soon as they had been shown to the holy man, not only did they vanish by a revelation of the Holy Spirit, but the terrible instigator of this crime appeared to the saint and admitted all his evil deeds. Often, indeed, the devil transfigures himself into an angel of light to deceive the innocent.

_x000B_Krusch 1969, 254. Translation: James 1991, 68, lightly modified.
المصطلحية والترجمة
Creators: name: حمداني, يمينة
Publisher: name: Humanities Commons
Year: 2022

description: المصطلحية هي العلم الذي يبحث في العلاقة بين المفاهيم العلمية المرتبطة بميادين المعرفة والعلم ، ودلك على شكل منظومة متكاملة في كل حقل من حقول المعرفة وبين المصطلحات اللغوية التي تعبر عنها. تعتبر المصطلحية من أهم عناصر العملية الترجمية، إذ تقدم إسهاما معتبرا لا سيما في ترجمة النصوص المنتمية إلى مجالات معرفية متخصصة، مثل الكيمياء والفيزياء وحتى القانونوتظهر العلاقة بين المصطلحية والترجمة في الممارسة الفعلية للعمل الترجمي، باعتبار المصطلحات هي الأساس في كل مادة ترجمية، والنظام المعبر عن الأفكار والمسميات المنتمية الى حقل من حقول المعرفة العلمية،إذ تزداد الحاجة الى الترجمة، الناجمة عن عدم التوازن بين اللغات والثقافات، من الحاجة الى إنتاج أحد أهم الموارد الأساسية في الترجمة ونشرهاقد يضطر المترجم الى سد بعض الثغرات اللغوية لإيصال فحوى النص المترجم إلى المتلقي على أفضل وجه، ومن الواضح أن كلا من المترجم الذي ينقل نصا من اللغة أ إلى اللغة ب.
Additional file 1 of Sound localization in noisy contexts: performance, metacognitive evaluations and head movements
Creators: name: Valzolgher, Chiara
name: Capra, Sara
name: Gessa, Elena
name: Rosi, Tommaso
name: Giovanelli, Elena
name: Pavani, Francesco
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Mental Health

description: Additional file 1. Supplementary Table 1. Spearman correlations between head movements variables (Number of reversals, Space explored with the head and Approaching behaviour) collected during the sound localization phase and the metacognitive variables of estimated effort and self-efficacy collected in the exposure phase. Values are not corrected for multiples correlations.
نظرة تاريخية على اللغة الألمانية
Creators: name: المنصور, علي
Publisher: name: Humanities Commons
Year: 2022

description: تكون اللغة الألمانية جزءا مما يعرف بعائلة اللغات الهندواوربية (الهندوجيرمانية).  يتحدث في وقتنا الحاضر ملايين من البشر بتلك اللغات. إن الشعوب الهندوجيرمانية هم صناع الحضارة الغربية وحملة رايتها منذ ما يقرب من ثلاثة آلاف سنة.  تطلق تسمية (قرابة لغوية) عندما تجتمع ثروة المفردات والتركيبة والنظام اللفظي المتشابه في لغة أصلية مشتركة. هذه اللغة لم تعد قائمة في يومنا هذا ولانملك شواهد مباشرة منها. الباحثون اللغويون فقط هم من يستطيعون توضيح الميزات الجوهرية لتلك اللغة.  يذكر الباحثون أن اللغة الهندواوربية كانت تستخدمها الشعوب الجيرمانية والهندية في كلامها قبل أكثر من 6000 سنة. وقد استوطنت هذه الشعوب مناطق كبيرة في أوربا وآسيا.  لقد بدأت قبل 6000 سنة تقريبا حقبة جديدة في تطور مجتمع الشعوب الهندواوربية التي كانت تعيش في أوربا وآسيا. فقد تولدت منها مجتمعات كبيرة موجودة في الوقت الحاضر. وفي نفس الأثناء فقد تم الوصول الى عملية الأفراز والتطور المتواصل للغة الأوربية القديمة (اللغة الأصل).  وها قد أفرزت الآن مجاميع لغوية كبيرة. وماتزال النسبة الكبيرة منها قائمة في وقتنا الحاضر. تضم لغات عديدة قائمة بذاتها وحسب قواعدها الخاصة به.