Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun
Creators: name: Sadowsky, Scott
name: Aninao, María José
name: Heggarty, Paul
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Mapudungun, phonetics, languages, dialects, Araucanian, Mapuche, comparative linguistics, historical linguistics, diversity, database, recordings

description: <strong><em>SOUND COMPARISONS: MAPUDUNGUN</em></strong> <em>Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun </em>is a free online resource for exploring diversity in pronunciations in the Mapudungun language, as spoken across the Patagonia region of southern Chile and Argentina. Mapudungun, formerly also known as ‘Araucanian’ (ISO 639-3 language code arn; GlottoCode: arau1255) is the language of the Mapuche people, and the main surviving native language of southern South America. At https://soundcomparisons.com/Mapudungun, just tap, click or hover the mouse over the map to hear and compare instantaneously how the ‘same’ basic Mapudungun words are pronounced, similarly or differently, in the many regional varieties of the language (a total of 7,384 word-recordings). The voices are those of native speakers from 37 different locations throughout southern Chile and Argentina. An imperative in creating <em>Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun </em>has been the urgent need to record its rich dialectal diversity for posterity, in the many regions where it may soon go extinct. <em>Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun </em>focuses on 225 words specifically selected as ideal Mapudungun <strong>cognates</strong>, i.e. words that stem from the same origin in all varieties of Mapudungun, but can differ significantly in pronunciation from region to region. The word <em>seven</em>, for example, is pronounced (shown here using phonetic transcription) as [ɖ͡ʐëɣ̞.ˈlë] in Lago Rosario in Argentina, [ël.ˈɡë] in Chile’s Alto Bío Bío region, [ˈɭëj.lë] in Curarrehue, and [ˈʂël.ɟ͡ʝë] in the Huilliche variety of Los Lagos region. The https://soundcomparisons.com/Mapudungun website is a user-friendly resource for speakers of Mapudungun to explore how its different regional forms both vary and relate to each other, to help also explain their origins and history. Mapudungun can even be compared with very different and entirely unrelated languages from the Andes further north in South America: the Quechua, Aymara and Uru families, at https://soundcomparisons.com/Andes. The website is intended also for both teachers and learners of Mapudungun, and can be viewed in several different user languages, including Spanish. For linguists, <em>Sound Comparisons</em> is a highly customisable research tool. It offers powerful, linguistically-informed search and filter functionality, and the ability to cite and download targeted sets of both sound files and phonetic transcriptions. For each of its 7,384 individual word recordings, <em>Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun </em>also provides a close phonetic transcription in the International Phonetic Alphabet. For more details on <em>Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun</em>, and the wider <em>Sound Comparisons</em> framework to which it belongs, see: The https://soundcomparisons.com/Mapudungun website, including the ‘how to cite’ and contributors pages. The project description at http://sadowsky.cl/mapu. The overall https://soundcomparisons.com site, including the history of the project and its funding. The first, brief <em>Sound Comparisons</em> launch publication: Heggarty, Paul, Aviva Shimelman, Giovanni Abete, Cormac Anderson, Scott Sadowsky, Ludger Paschen, Warren Maguire, Lechoslaw Jocz, María José Aninao, Laura Wägerle, Darja Dërmaku-Appelganz, Ariel Pheula do Couto e Silva, Lewis C. Lawyer, Jan Michalsky, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral, Mary Walworth, Ezequiel Koile, Jakob Runge &amp; Hans-Jörg Bibiko. 2019. Sound Comparisons: A new online database and resource for researching phonetic diversity. <em>Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences</em>, p.280–4. Canberra, Australia: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association.<br> https://icphs2019.org/icphs2019-fullpapers/pdf/full-paper_490.pdf <strong>DATA FILES AND FORMATS</strong> This Zenodo publication includes <strong>four</strong> data files: three data tables (all <strong>.tsv</strong> format, <strong>UTF8</strong>), and one .zip of sound files. <strong>SndComp_Mapudungun_Languages.tsv</strong> A .tsv data-table of all 39 language varieties included in the <em>Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun</em> database. One record (table row) per language in the data‑set. <strong>SndComp_Mapudungun_Words.tsv</strong> A .tsv data-table of all 225 words in the <em>Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun</em> database. One record (table row) per word in the data‑set. Strictly, ‘words’ here refers to <em>cognates</em> rather than to <em>meanings</em>. There are two different types of study within the <em>Sound Comparisons</em> framework, and Mapudungun is of the cognate-based type, not the meaning-based type. To ensure that comparisons of divergence in phonetics are valid, the ‘words’ here are cognates, i.e. derived from the same origin in the Proto-Mapudungun common ancestor language. Some cognate words may over time shift and diverge in meaning in some language varieties, so these words do not necessarily mean exactly the same in all the different varieties of Mapudungun. That said, within Mapudungun divergence is still relatively limited, so in practice the large majority of words in <em>Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun</em> do still share the same meaning in all varieties. This ‘default’ meaning is the one for which a Concepticon ID number is provided within this table. <strong>SndComp_Mapudungun_Transcriptions.tsv</strong> A .tsv data-table of all phonetic transcriptions in https://soundcomparisons.com/Mapudungun. One transcription record (table row) per word per language in the data‑set. Records also include word <em>spellings</em> for a small number of reference languages for which established orthographies do exist. Records also include a number of fields to cover cases where the word-form recorded in a given language variety is not straightforwardly equivalent on all levels to the word-forms in most other language varieties. It may for example be only partially cognate, because it has a different morphological structure; or the cognate word recorded may have a different meaning in this individual language variety; and so on. <strong>SndComp_Mapudungun_SoundFiles.zip</strong> A .zip of all 7384 sound files in https://soundcomparisons.com/Mapudungun, in .mp3 format. (Other formats, .ogg and .wav, are available on request by emailing Paul.Heggarty@gmail.com.) One (very short) .mp3 file per word per language in the data‑set. The zip file unzips as a folder structure within which each language variety has its own sub-folder. This sub-folder contains the c. 225 individual short sound files for that language variety. <strong>CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN TRANSCRIPTION RECORDS AND SOUND FILES</strong> By default, each language variety has (at least) one sound file for each word. Also by default, for each of those sound files, the Transcriptions table has one record (row) which includes an entry in the phonetic transcription field. In some contexts, however, the default one-to-one correspondence does not apply. <strong>Records with a phonetic transcription, but no corresponding sound files</strong>. This arises most often for earlier historical stages of languages, i.e. in this case reconstructed Proto-Mapudungun. For these ‘historical’ languages, transcriptions of the <em>assumed</em> original pronunciations are provided for each word where possible (as far as this can be worked out with any confidence), but obviously there are no corresponding recording files. <strong>Sound files, but no corresponding phonetic transcription record</strong>. In version 1.0, all 37 varieties of Mapudungun recorded so far do have complete sets of corresponding transcription records. In future stages, further recordings may be added, and recordings are usually uploaded to make the sound file available as soon as possible, pending the further extensive work to produce phonetic transcriptions. Until the phonetic transcription is completed, hen, new recordings show on the website as a blue ‘play’ triangle in place of the phonetic transcription. <strong>Records with a spelling entry only</strong>, and no entry in the phonetic transcription field, and no corresponding sound file. As in <em>Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun, </em>this arises in cases where a language variety has been entered as a spelling reference language only, not uniquely associated to any particular geographical variety of the language. This is so that <em>Sound Comparisons</em> can illustrate an established orthography for a language, and indeed these are typically intended as overarching compromise spelling systems that work for many regional pronunciation variants (using different ‘reading rules’). <strong>More than one sound file and corresponding phonetic transcription </strong>for the same single word in the same language variety. This can arise in two different types of case: In some language varieties, different <em>variant</em> <em>pronunciations</em> are possible for the same basic word. Where the native speaker of a language variety gave more than one variant, <em>Sound Comparisons</em> includes up to three of these. The corresponding sound files are distinguished by the addition of _pron2 or _pron3 to their filenames. In some language varieties, the native speaker provided multiple different <em>words</em>, often because one is the true <em>cognate</em> with the basic word in most other language varieties, but the other variant is actually more common in the default <em>meaning</em>. The sound files are distinguished by the addition of _lex2 or _lex3 to their filenames. <strong>Records with a ‘no-data’ entry .. in the phonetic transcription field</strong>. In <em>Sound Comparisons</em>, two dots .. are entered in the phonetic transcription field to show that no recording could be made for this word in this language variety. (This explicit entry helps distinguish this from cases where a recording is pending, but has not yet been made or uploaded.) Missing data usually arise because the target native (cognate) word has simply been lost from that particular language variety. In indigenous languages like Mapudungun, various native words have been replaced by Spanish loanwords, in particular. Otherwise, individual words may simply have become relatively rare, and may no longer be recalled by the last speakers in regions where a language is dying out and has not been widely used for decades. <strong>VERSION INFORMATION: 1.0</strong> In this version 1.0 of <em>Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun</em>, phonetic transcriptions are generally complete for all available words in all language varieties. As of this version 1.0, these are first draft phonetic transcriptions, to be revised for consistency and standardisation in later version releases. Additional data fields — on cognacy, on morphological structure and on meaning differences between some cognates — are provided so far only for some words and languages, to be completed in later version releases. <strong>KEYWORDS</strong> Mapudungun, phonetics, languages, dialects, Araucanian, Mapuche, comparative linguistics, historical linguistics, diversity, database, recordings. <strong>FUNDING</strong> For information on funding and institutional support for <em>Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun</em>, see: https://soundcomparisons.com/#/about/About-Sound-Comparisons:--Funding <strong>LICENSE: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</strong> <em>Sound Comparisons</em> content is licensed under a: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 <strong>CONTRIBUTIONS AND HOW TO CITE</strong> Sadowsky, Scott, María José Aninao &amp; Paul Heggarty. 2019. Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun. https://soundcomparisons.com/Mapudungun, http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3594856 For details on the contributions of individual authors, and further citation information, see: https://soundcomparisons.com/#/about/How-to-Cite:--Mapudungun
description: For information on funding and institutional support for Sound Comparisons: Mapudungun, see: https://soundcomparisons.com/#/about/About-Sound-Comparisons:--Funding