Pyrochroa coccinea
Creators: name: Molfini, Marco
name: Giulio, Andrea Di
name: Mancini, Emiliano
name: Bologna, Marco A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Pyrochroidae
Pyrochroa
Pyrochroa coccinea

description: Pyrochroa coccinea (Linnaeus) (Figs 1A, 2A, C, E, 3 A–D, 4A, C, 5A)
Diagnosis. The most diagnostic characters are structures associated with the highly sclerotized urogomphal plate: lateral lobes rounded; long, slender, straight, subparallel urogomphi; urogomphal lip ventrally furrowed and two urogomphal pits with parallel rugulae. Other diagnostic characters vs. P. serraticornis are shown in Table 1.
Description of mature larva. Body length 3.5 cm (from mesal labral apex to apices of urogomphi) and maximum width 5.1 mm (across widest portion of urite VIII) (Fig. 1A). Body orthosomatic with sides subparallel, moderately sclerotized except most of cephalic capsule, mandibles, and urogomphal plate which are more heavily sclerotized; body vestiture consisting of short to moderately elongate, scattered setae. Thoracic and abdominal terga lacking parabasal ridges. Head and body dark yellowish to amber, melanisation much darker in areas of heavy sclerotization such as mandibles, urogomphi, urogomphal lip and urogomphal pits.
Head. Prognathous, flattened, exserted from prothorax, about 4.5 mm width (Figs 2A, C). Epicranial suture lyriform with stem short, frontal arms complete nearly to antennal insertions, endocarinae absent (Fig. 2A). Free, symmetrical trilobate labrum, central lobe with a median thin notch, lateral lobes with high concentration of stout setae (Fig. 2A). Two pairs of stemmata on each lateral side. Antennal insertions fully exposed; antennae moderately long, slender, 3-segmented; antennomere I slightly curved outwards, narrower in the middle area, wider apically; sensorium of segment 2 small, conical; antennomere III narrower than I and II, as long as II, acutely rounded apically; setae distributed only on the inner surface of I, well distributed on all the surface of II and III. Mouthparts retracted (Figs 2 A, C). Mandibles heavily sclerotized, movable, asymmetrical, molar area of mandibles well developed; left mandible bigger, bearing a blunt molar tooth, apex rounded bidentate with two smaller subapical teeth, inner surface slightly concave (Figs 3B, C); apex of right mandible sub-securiform, inner surface heavily concave so as to make it appear bidentate from a ventral view (Figs 3A, D). Maxillae (Fig. 2E) each with 1-segmented cardo which is diagonally folded upward upon itself toward the stipes and thus appearing 2-segmented; a well-developed, undivided, pad-like maxillary articulating area; ventral surface of stipes quite glabrous, bearing few scattered setae; galea and lacinia fused to form maxillary mala; mala bearing stout apical and adoral spiniform setae and a welldeveloped pointed uncus at apico-adoral margin; 3-segmented, filiform maxillary palpus, palpomere II about 1.4X length of I, III subequal in length to II; I–II bearing stout long spiniform setae, III tapering distally, acutely rounded apically. Labium with mentum trapezoidal (Fig. 2C); submentum with a median pair of stout setae, shape elongate with sub-basal hourglass-shaped narrowing, apical margin slightly more heavily sclerotized (Fig. 2C); ligula well developed, elongate, with several pointed setae on each side in the direction of the labial palps; each labial palpus short, 2-segmented, I twice as long as II. Hypostomal rods (Fig. 2C) well developed, divergent; gular sutures separate (Fig. 2C).
Thorax and Abdomen. Thorax flattened, with sides of prothorax subparallel, meso- and metathorax rounded (Fig. 1A); cervicosternum divided into three plates (Fig. 2C). Legs well developed, moderately short, 5-segmented including tarsungulus, vestiture consisting of sparse, short setae. Abdomen flattened, with sides slightly converging forward, moderately sclerotized; tergites I–VII subequal in length and width; tergite VIII approximately 2 times as long as others (Fig. 1A). Sternite VIII emarginate apically (Fig. 4C). Ventrolateral margins of abdominal laterotergite VIII emarginate, with lanceolate shape ending with more sclerotized acute apex (Fig. 4C). Tergite IX divided into four plates (Fig. 4A), hinged, capable of considerable dorso-longitudinal movement, extending ventrally, thus forming the urogomphal plate, widest basally where it forms well developed rounded lateral lobes (Figs 4A, C); surface of urogomphal plate bearing numerous, well-developed, callosities and several setigerous calli, in particular, long setae are associated with three pairs of calli on the dorsolateral surfaces (Fig. 4A), one pair of calli at the base of urogomphi and one pair of calli on the ventrolateral inner surface of urogomphi (Fig. 5A); urogomphi heavily sclerotized, long, slender, straight, subparallel, tapering and acuminate apically; ventral surface of urogomphal plate sharply excavate basally at articulation with sternites IX and X, excavation narrowing distally to bases of urogomphi and urogomphal lip, almost to form a tube under the urogomphal lip (Fig. 4C). Urogomphal plate possessing a heavily sclerotized urogomphal lip ventrally (Figs 4A, C, 5A), between the two, heavily sclerotized urogomphal pits (Fig. 5A), which, in turn, arise distally between the heavily sclerotized fixed urogomphi, and bear characteristic parallel rugulae. Sternite IX broadly transversely U-shaped (Fig. 4C), slightly invaginate in correspondence of a middle, thin, weak unsclerotized line, partially recessed into shallow emargination of sternite VIII, possessing continuous semi-circular arch of approximately 34–36 well-developed asperities along anterior margin; ventrolateral margin heavily sclerotized forming a blunt tooth (Fig. 4C). Segment X reduced, transversely ovate, with basal margin rounded, recessed into emarginations of sternite IX, visible ventrally (Fig. 4C).
Spiracles. One pair of well-developed ovate thoracic spiracles ventrolaterally positioned on laterotergites along anterior margin of mesothorax. Paired, ovate abdominal spiracles, subequal in size, located on dorsolateral margin of abdominal tergite I (Fig. 1A) and ventrolateral margins of abdominal laterotergites II–VII; paired spiracles of abdominal laterotergite VIII annular-ovate, located ventrolaterally at distal 1/3 of its length (Fig. 4C).
description: Published as part of Molfini, Marco, Giulio, Andrea Di, Mancini, Emiliano & Bologna, Marco A., 2021, Larval features illuminating adult taxonomy? Case study in the European cardinal beetle species of the genus Pyrochroa (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae: Pyrochroinae), pp. 337-348 in Zootaxa 4966 (3) on pages 339-341, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4966.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4736738