Pseudamiinae Smith 1954
Creators: name: Mabuchi, Kohji
name: Fraser, Thomas H.
name: Song, Hayeun
name: Azuma, Yoichiro
name: Nishida, Mutsumi
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Apogonidae

description: Subfamily Pseudamiinae Smith 1954
Type genus Pseudamia Bleeker 1865
Diagnosis. Two separate dorsal fins, VII dorsal spines as VI+I,8–9; anal fin II,8–10; wide separation between dorsal fins; internal support of dorsal spines by serial proximal-middle radials not in close articulation, far apart at 6th between and 7th elements; one supernumerary dorsal spine; 1–2 supraneurals; first anal proximal-middle radial straight; 9+8 principal caudal fin-rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched, caudal fin rounded or rhomboid, mid-line fin-ray longest; supramaxilla and basisphenoid absent; preopercle ridge smooth, edge serrated at angle or smooth; prootic narrowed along internal orbit rim, not quit excluded by pterosphenoid and parasphenoid; anterior pair of uroneurals absent, posterior pair of uroneurals reduced or absent; two epurals; hypurals 1–2 fused, 3–4 fused, separate from urostyle; hypural 5 free; parhypural free; free medial extrascapular; neuromasts reduced to a simple cross-hatch on head, linear and vertical rows on body, present on caudal fin; cephalic pore system simple without canal flutes; lateral-line scales 23–43, first few scales pored, followed by notched scales, a lower lateral line of notched scales begins on abdomen; cycloid scales on body.
Distribution. Members of the Pseudamiinae are found along the continental coasts and islands of the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, Western Pacific out to Japan, Palmyra, Tahiti, Austral Islands and Australia. They can be found in shallow water down to about 64 meters.
Remarks. This subfamily contains one genus, 7 species: Pseudamia amblyuroptera (Bleeker 1856c), P. gelatinosa Smith 1956, P. hayashii Randall, Lachner & Fraser 1985, P. nigra Allen 1992, P. rubra Randall, Lachner & Fraser 1985, P. tarri Randall, Lachner & Fraser 1985, P. zonata Randall, Lachner & Fraser 1985. The molecular analyses support a separate subfamily for species of Pseudamia (see Figs. 2–6). Morphological information associated Gymnapogon and Pseudamiops with Pseudamia (Smith, 1961; Fraser 1972; Baldwin & Johnson 1999; Bergman 2004) as belonging in this subfamily. However, Thacker & Roje's (2009), Cowman & Bellwood's (2011), and the present molecular analyses placed Pseudamia outside the rest of the Apogonidae with Gymnapogon nested into the latter large clade (Pseudamiops was absent from these studies). Corresponding to such phylogenetic relationship, monophyly between Pseudamia and Gymnapogon (H14) was significantly rejected by the AU test based on the present molecular data (Table 6). All Pseudamia have two scaled lateral lines on the body, hypurals 1 and 2 fused, urostylar sheath over hypurals 3 and 4, one reduced pair of uroneurals in anterior position, all possible synapomorphies. The comparative morphological features of Pseudamia are reductive, fusion and loss of bones (Baldwin & Johnson, 1999). Many of these reductive features are held in common with Gymnapogon, Cercamia Randall & Smith 1988, Lachneratus Fraser & Struhsaker 1991 and Pseudamiops. The latter four genera are all translucent when alive unlike most (all?) species of Pseudamia. Body shapes of Gymnapogon, Cercamia and Lachneratus include forked caudal fins and the latter two genera have large scales and lack pored lateral-line scales. Pseudamiops was not part of this study and is removed from the Pseudamiinae to the Gymnapogonini based on its body being translucent, having large scales without pored lateral-line scales. The conflict between using molecular and morphological information independently supporting differing hypotheses remains confounding for these five genera.
Living pseudamine fishes have virtually no morphological characters that are considered basal for apogonids as restricted here. All are derived characters from those states present in the Amioidinae and in the basal Apogoninae. Baldwin & Johnson (1999) listed plesiomorphic characters for the expanded pseudamine fishes. They did not include Lachneratus or Cercamia as part of the pseudamine group.
description: Published as part of Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro & Nishida, Mutsumi, 2014, Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters, pp. 151-203 in Zootaxa 3846 (2) on pages 177-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928545