cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACTS OF ATMOSPHERICALLY DERIVED METALS ON COASTAL MARINE SYSTEMS
Creators: name: Orif, Mohammed
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2007

description: The total concentrations of trace metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Na, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ni, V, Cd, Pb) have been determined in the marine aerosol at two contrasting coastal sites, Plymouth UK, (December 2001 to April 2003) and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (August 2002-January 2004). Trace metal concentrations in the Plymouth urban aerosol were lower (2-13 times) than those observed at other comparative UK. urban locations and generally comparable with those observed at European coastal non-urban locations. Statistically significant differences were found in aerosol metal concentrations associated with populations of contrasting air mass sources (i.e. Atlantic and UK/European), being greatest in the UK/European air mass sector for Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Mo and Pb, owing to enhanced source emission rates from continental Europe. Based on the current work, refined budgets for Ni and Pb for the English Channel were presented. The budgets clearly indicated the importance of the English Channel sediments as both a sink (Ni) and a source (Pb). Aerosol concentrations in the Red Sea Marine Aerosol (RSMA) for the crustally sourced elements Al, Mn and Fe were higher (typically 2.7-3.1 times) than those detected at other comparative sites (i.e. Eastern Mediterranean). The aerosol population associated with the Middle and Southern Saudi Arabia (SSA) air mass had the greatest concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn and Co, whereas, the lowest were found associated with the open Red Sea (RS) marine aerosol. Summer enhancement of aerosol metals was attributed to seasonal dust resuspension as documented in the literature. Red Sea trace metal budgets were presented and would suggest that the sediments are an important source for all elements to the Red Sea water column except for Co and Cd. This work has, therefore, provided unique insights into influences on the air/sea exchange of trace metals and their subsequent impacts and fates in two contrasting marine systems.
STRUCTURE - ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS IN SOME HERBICIDAL FLUORENE DERIVATIVES
Creators: name: HARTNELL, MICHAEL WILLIAM
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1979

description: Synthetic plant-growth regulators derived from fluorene-9-carboxylic acid ('morphactins') are introduced and the literature on them is reviewed. Similar herbicidal activity has been found with 9,9-bishydroxymethylfluorene, a compound which can be obtained directly from the hydrocarbon fluorene. There follows a detailed review of the chemistry of fluorene and 9,9- bishydroxymethylfluorene. 9-Substituted and ring-substituted derivatives of this diol have been synthesised and their chemistry and biological activity are discussed. The hydroxymethylation of substituted fluorenes is possible on a small scale in suitable solvents which do not stabilise the corresponding radical anions. This radical anion formation, when it occurs, seriously reduces the yield of hydroxymethylated product. Acetonitrile as solvent and aqueous benzyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide as base were found to be a particularly useful system for these reactions. Methyl 2-chloro-9-hydroxymethylfluorene-9-carboxylate was found to be the most active compound synthesised. It was concluded that a 9-carboxylic acid group is required for high activity. None of the compounds examined were found to be more active than 'chlorflurecol’, the commercial product.
Improving Computational Efficiency in DSMC Simulations of Vacuum Gas Dynamics with a Fixed Number of Particles per Cell
Creators: name: Sabouri, Moslem
name: Zakeri, Ramin
name: Ebrahimi, Amin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The present study addresses the challenge of enhancing computational efficiency without compromising accuracy in numerical simulations of vacuum gas dynamics using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. A technique termed "fixed particle per cell (FPPC)" was employed, which enforces a fixed number of simulator particles across all computational cells. The proposed technique eliminates the need for real-time adjustment of particle weights during simulation, reducing calculation time. Using the SPARTA solver, simulations of rarefied gas flow in a micromixer and rarefied supersonic airflow around a cylinder were conducted to validate the proposed technique. Results demonstrate that applying the FPPC technique effectively reduces computational costs while yielding results comparable to conventional DSMC implementations. Additionally, the application of local grid refinement coupled with the FPPC technique was investigated. The results show that integrating local grid refinement with the FPPC technique enables accurate prediction of flow behaviour in regions with significant gradients. These findings highlight the efficacy of the proposed technique in improving the accuracy and efficiency of numerical simulations of complex vacuum gas dynamics at a reduced computational cost.
Diopatra Audouin & Milne-Edwards 1833
Creators: name: Mikac, Barbara
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Annelida
Polychaeta
Eunicida
Onuphidae
Diopatra

description: Genus Diopatra Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833
Diopatra neapolitana Delle Chiaje, 1841
DISTRIBUTION: NA, CA, SA.
LITERATURE RECORDS: Crema et al. 2001; Aleffi et al. 2003; Castelli et al. 2008; La Porta et al. 2011.
description: Published as part of Mikac, Barbara, 2015, A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 3943 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/244663
On Discrete Prompt Optimization for Diffusion Models
Creators: name: Wang, Ruochen
name: Liu, Ting
name: Hsieh, Cho-Jui
name: Gong, Boqing
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 68T01

description: This paper introduces the first gradient-based framework for prompt optimization in text-to-image diffusion models. We formulate prompt engineering as a discrete optimization problem over the language space. Two major challenges arise in efficiently finding a solution to this problem: (1) Enormous Domain Space: Setting the domain to the entire language space poses significant difficulty to the optimization process. (2) Text Gradient: Efficiently computing the text gradient is challenging, as it requires backpropagating through the inference steps of the diffusion model and a non-differentiable embedding lookup table. Beyond the problem formulation, our main technical contributions lie in solving the above challenges. First, we design a family of dynamically generated compact subspaces comprised of only the most relevant words to user input, substantially restricting the domain space. Second, we introduce "Shortcut Text Gradient" -- an effective replacement for the text gradient that can be obtained with constant memory and runtime. Empirical evaluation on prompts collected from diverse sources (DiffusionDB, ChatGPT, COCO) suggests that our method can discover prompts that substantially improve (prompt enhancement) or destroy (adversarial attack) the faithfulness of images generated by the text-to-image diffusion model.
description: ICML 2024. Code available at https://github.com/ruocwang/dpo-diffusion
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF METALLOPORPHYRINS IN COALS, SEDIMENTS AND OILS
Creators: name: PRETORIUS, WARREN GAVIN
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1994

description: A high temperature gas chromatography (HTGC)-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) interface was successfully developed which allowed the analysis of metalloporphyrins (Retention Index >6000), with detection limits of less than 1 nanogram on column. The system was used together with conventional HTGC-flame ionization detection and HTGC-mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of geoporphyrin fractions from Julia Creek, Serpiano, Marl Slate and Green River shales. This allowed the rapid fingerprinting of the metals chelated to the porphyrins in these samples. Previously unreported titanium porphyrins were detected in two of these shales, the Marl Slate and Julia Creek. An iron porphyrin fraction from Bagworth coal was also examined for the first time using both HTGC-ICP-MS and HTGC-MS and the distributions of the ETIO porphyrins calculated. The HTGC method was found to be useful only for qualitative scanning of the geoporphyrin fractions. This was due to problems with the stability of the gas chromatographic columns used for these analyses. The columns used were found to last between 5 and 10 injections, after which the porphyrins appeared as broad humps, slowly eluting off the column. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ICP-MS method was developed to allow the quantitative analysis of geoporphyrins, which was not possible with the HTGC-ICP-MS method. The HPLC-ICP-MS interface used allowed good chromatographic separation to be achieved, with less than 10 % loss in column efficiency. This system was used for the quantitative analysis of gallium and nickel porphyrins from coals and shales respectively. The qualitative distributions obtained for the geoporphyrins using HPLC-ICP-MS showed good agreement with the HPLC-UV/VIS results. A GC-Low Pressure-ICP-MS interface was designed and constructed and the analysis of metalloporphyrins attempted. The metalloporphyrins were not successfully eluted through the GCLP- ICP-MS system. However, a number of more volatile organometallic compounds were analysed (tetraethyl lead, ferrocene and tetrabutyltin). Interestingly the system also produced fragment molecular ions of chlorobenzene, bromobenzene and iodobenzene at low plasma powers (-10 W), using the carrier gas as the plasma gas (helium). Thus the system could be used to obtain both atomic and molecular spectra, which has not been achieved previously.
CATCHMENT SCALE MONITORING AND MODELLING OF PHOSPHORUS USING FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS AND AN EXPORT COEFFICIENT MODEL
Creators: name: HANRAHAN, GRADY SCOTT
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2001

description: Acquiring high quality in situ analytical data with good temporal resolution is required for developing models of phosphorus transport and biogeochemical behaviour. Chapter One describes the behaviour of phosphorus in the aquatic environment, its sources, its role in the eutrophication process and legislation to control its release into aquatic systems. It also summarises analytical techniques for the determination of phosphorus in natural waters. An examination of the hypothesis that the export coefficient modelling approach can be used to predict phosphorus loading in the River Frome catchment, Dorset on an armual and seasonal (monthly) basis is presented in Chapter Two. The model predicted an annual (1998) phosphorus load of 25,605 kg yr'\ compared with an observed (measured) value of 23,400 kg yr'V Monthly loads agreed well with monthly observed values except during months of variable discharge. Chapter Three describes a study on the comparison of sample storage protocols for the determination of total oxidised nitrogen (TON) and filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP) in the River Frome and Tamar Estuary. The results showed that optimum storage conditions were highly matrix dependent, with significant differences in measured FRP concentration over time between the River Frome and Tamar Estuary (due to different calcium concentrations) and between samples of different salinities (due to different bacterial populations). Chapter Four describes the development and deployment of a portable flow injection (FI) monitor for phosphorus determination in the River Frome. The automated monitor, incorporating solenoid micropumps and switching valves, a miniature CCD spectrometer, a graphical programming environment and a tangential flow filtration unit, achieved a detection limit of 0.67 pM and was able to monitor at high temporal resolution (every 30 min). Chapter Five examines historical water quality indicators and data fi-om recent shortterm, high temporal monitoring campaigns using the FI monitor in order to identify the key factors affecting phosphorus concentrations in the River Frome. Results showed the importance of catchment geology (chalk-based) and hydrological conditions in relation to other physico-chemical parameters in controlling phosphorus behaviour.
Stability of diffusion flames under shear flow: Taylor dispersion and the formation of flame streets
Creators: name: Rajamanickam, Prabakaran
name: Kelly, Aiden
name: Daou, Joel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Diffusion flame streets, observed in non-premixed micro-combustion devices, align parallel to a shear flow. They are observed to occur in mixtures with high Lewis number ($Le$) fuels, provided that the flow Reynolds number, or the Peclet number $Pe$, exceeds a critical value. The underlying mechanisms behind these observations have not yet been fully understood. In the present paper, we identify the coupling between diffusive-thermal instabilities and Taylor dispersion as a mechanism which is able to explain the experimental observations above. The explanation is largely based on the fact that Taylor dispersion enhances all diffusion processes in the flow direction, leading effectively to anisotropic diffusion with an effective (flow-dependent) Lewis number in the flow direction which is proportional to $1/Le$ for $Pe\gg 1$. Validation of the identified mechanism is demonstrated within a simple model by investigating the stability of a planar diffusion flame established parallel to a plane Poiseuille flow in a narrow channel. A linear stability analysis, leading to an eigenvalue problem solved numerically, shows that cellular (or finite wavelength) instabilities emerge for high Lewis number fuels when the Peclet number exceeds a critical value. Furthermore, for Peclet numbers below this critical value, longwave instabilities with or without time oscillations are obtained. Stability regime diagrams are presented for illustrative cases in a $Le$-$Pe$ plane where various instability domains are identified. Finally, the linear analysis is supported and complemented by time dependent numerical simulations, describing the evolution of unstable diffusion flames. The simulations demonstrate the existence of stable cellular structures and show that the longwave instabilities are conducive to flame extinction.
Hyalinoecia Malmgren 1867
Creators: name: Mikac, Barbara
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Annelida
Polychaeta
Eunicida
Onuphidae
Hyalinoecia

description: Genus Hyalinoecia Malmgren, 1867
Hyalinoecia tubicola (O.F. Müller, 1776)
DISTRIBUTION: NA, CA, SA.
LITERATURE RECORDS: Lorenz 1863; Grube 1864; Stossich 1883; Carus 1884; Graeffe 1905; Fauvel 1940; Vatova 1942, 1949a; Scaccini 1967; Gamulin-Brida et al. 1968; Marcuzzi 1972; Katzmann 1972, 1973b; Gamulin- Brida 1974; Bellan 1976; Zavodnik 1979; Amoureux 1979, 1983a, 1983c; Avčin & Vrišer 1983; Fassari 1983; Požar-Domac 1983, 1986; Gherardi et al. 1993; Požar-Domac 1994; Zahtila 1995; Mancinelli et al. 1998; Zavodnik & Kovačić 2000; Cantone & Di Pietro 2002; Zavodnik et al. 2006; Castelli et al. 2008. NEW RECORDS: BM41, BM96.
OTHER REPORTED NAMES: Nereis tubicola O.F. Müller, 1776; Onuphis tubicola Müller
description: Published as part of Mikac, Barbara, 2015, A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 3943 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/244663
Addressing Prediction Delays in Time Series Forecasting: A Continuous GRU Approach with Derivative Regularization
Creators: name: Jhin, Sheo Yon
name: Kim, Seojin
name: Park, Noseong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Time series forecasting has been an essential field in many different application areas, including economic analysis, meteorology, and so forth. The majority of time series forecasting models are trained using the mean squared error (MSE). However, this training based on MSE causes a limitation known as prediction delay. The prediction delay, which implies the ground-truth precedes the prediction, can cause serious problems in a variety of fields, e.g., finance and weather forecasting -- as a matter of fact, predictions succeeding ground-truth observations are not practically meaningful although their MSEs can be low. This paper proposes a new perspective on traditional time series forecasting tasks and introduces a new solution to mitigate the prediction delay. We introduce a continuous-time gated recurrent unit (GRU) based on the neural ordinary differential equation (NODE) which can supervise explicit time-derivatives. We generalize the GRU architecture in a continuous-time manner and minimize the prediction delay through our time-derivative regularization. Our method outperforms in metrics such as MSE, Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Time Distortion Index (TDI). In addition, we demonstrate the low prediction delay of our method in a variety of datasets.
description: KDD 2024 accepted paper
Nothria Malmgren 1866
Creators: name: Mikac, Barbara
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Annelida
Polychaeta
Eunicida
Onuphidae
Nothria

description: Genus Nothria Malmgren, 1866
Nothria conchylega (M. Sars, 1835)
DISTRIBUTION: NA, CA, SA.
LITERATURE RECORDS: Katzmann 1973a, 1973b, 1973f; Cognetti-Varriale & Zunarelli-Vandini 1978; Avčin & Vrišer 1983; Katzmann 1983; Požar-Domac 1983; Aleffi et al. 1988; Županović & Jardas 1989; Požar-Domac 1994; Zahtila 1995, 1997; Cantone & Di Pietro 2002; Aleffi et al. 2003; Simonini et al. 2004, 2005a, 2007; Solis- Weiss et al. 2007; La Porta et al. 2011; Mikac et al. 2011; Musco et al. 2011. NEW RECORDS: BM28, BM43, BM45, BM46, BM47, BM48, BM49, BM50, BM51, BM52, BM53, BM54, BM65, BM66.
OTHER REPORTED NAMES: Onuphis conchylega Sars, 1835.
description: Published as part of Mikac, Barbara, 2015, A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 3943 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/244663
Onuphis Audouin & Milne-Edwards 1833
Creators: name: Mikac, Barbara
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Annelida
Polychaeta
Eunicida
Onuphidae
Onuphis

description: Genus Onuphis Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833
Onuphis eremita Audouin & Milne-Edwards, 1833
DISTRIBUTION: NA, CA, SA.
LITERATURE RECORDS: Cognetti-Varriale & Zunarelli-Vandini 1978; Ambrogi et al. 1987; Požar-Domac 1994; Vaccarella et al. 1998; Occhipinti-Ambrogi et al. 2005; Boscolo et al. 2006; Colosio et al. 2007; Castelli et al. 2008; La Porta et al. 2011.
description: Published as part of Mikac, Barbara, 2015, A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 3943 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/244663
STUDIES ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LEAD IN PLANTS
Creators: name: LANE, STUART DAVID
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1978

description: The studies reported herein cover two main areas of research. The distribution of lead through the plant has been monitored using histochemical and quantitative techniques, and physiological responses of the plant to lead contamination have been examined. In seeds the testa prevents lead contamination of the embryo prior to germination. In seedlings root-applied lead is capable of essentially unrestricted movement through the plant, although anomalies in distribution exist. The metal is sequestered during its passage through the plant, and the endodermis offers a partial barrier to lead movement, restricting contamination of the aerial parts of the plant. In cotyledon leaves local accumulations may occur, causing necrotic lesions. Subcellular lead contamination again diminishes with distance from the root, but extensive exposure causes heavy contamination of cell walls, increasing wall fragility. Lead deposits occur in association with several cell organelles, but the primary response of plant cells to lead contamination lies in the formation of vesicles, apparently from the endoplasmic reticulum. These fuse into vacuoles and may totally disrupt cell ultrastructure. Lead distributions observed have been verified by X-ray microanalysis. Responses to lead pollution occur in numerous physiological processes, but the most obvious effect lies in the reduction of plant growth. In the root this is at least partially attributable to reduced cell division, but in the stem growth inhibition results primarily from interferences in cell elongation. This inhibition of elongation arises from lead-induced cell wall changes which increase wall rigidity. At high supply levels lead also influences water uptake, possibly via changes in membrane permeability. Endogenous IAA levels increase in response to lead contamination, and may partly alleviate the toxic effects of lead. The metal also promotes changes in chlorophyll synthesis, membrane permeability, ion uptake, water stress and respiration. Possible reactions and interactions involved in these responses are discussed.
Paradiopatra Ehlers 1887
Creators: name: Mikac, Barbara
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Annelida
Polychaeta
Eunicida
Onuphidae
Paradiopatra

description: Genus Paradiopatra Ehlers, 1887
? Paradiopatra lepta (Chamberlin, 1919)
DISTRIBUTION: NA, CA.
LITERATURE RECORDS: Bellan 1976; Zavodnik et al. 1978; Zavodnik 1979; Amoureux 1983a; Katzmann 1983; Ambrogi et al. 1987; Požar-Domac 1994; Zahtila 1995; Zavodnik & Kovačić 2000; Cantone & Di Pietro 2002; Zavodnik et al. 2006; Castelli et al. 2008.
OTHER REPORTED NAMES: Nothria lepta (Chamberlin, 1919); Onuphis lepta Chamberlin, 1919 REMARKS: Paradiopatra lepta, with type locality from Pacific Ocean, off Panama, was reported to be widely distributed in the Mediterranean. Arvanitidis & Koukouras (1997), on the other hand, referred Mediterranean records of P. l ep t a to P. calliopae Arvanitidis & Koukouras, 1997. However, Budaeva and Fauchald (2011) reexamined specimens considered by Arvanitidis & Koukouras (1997) and concluded they actually belong to P. bihanica (Intes & Le Loeuff, 1975), considering P. calliopae to be junior synonym of that species. They concluded that species distributed in the Mediterranean belongs to P. bihanica, while restricting the distribution of P. l e pt a to East Pacific, from Alaska to Peru. Since it was not possible to re-examine Adriatic specimens previously reported as P. l e p t a, the species is retained in this list, however its status in the Mediterranean and Adriatic is considered highly dubious.
? Paradiopatra quadricuspis (M. Sars, 1872)
DISTRIBUTION: NA.
LITERATURE RECORDS: Aleffi et al. 2003.
OTHER REPORTED NAMES: Onuphis quadricuspis (M. Sars, 1872).
REMARKS: Paradiopatra quadricuspis was originally described from the Atlantic Ocean, Norway, and has been widely reported from the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean. However, based on the re-examination of some previously determined material, Budaeva and Fauchald (2011) consider this species to be limited to the northern Areas (Norwegian coast and the south of Iceland). Thus, the distribution of this species in the Mediterranean and the Adriatic Sea is considered as dubious.
description: Published as part of Mikac, Barbara, 2015, A sea of worms: polychaete checklist of the Adriatic Sea, pp. 1-172 in Zootaxa 3943 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3943.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/244663
INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROMETRY FOR FORENSIC ANALYSIS
Creators: name: Carpenter, Robert Christopher
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1985

description: The fundamental characteristics and applications of inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for forensic science purposes have been evaluated. Optimisation of ICP-OES for single elements using simplex techniques identified an ICP torch fitted with a wide bore injector tube as most suitable for multielement analysis because of a compact analytical region in the plasma. A suitable objective function has been proposed for multielement simplex optimisation of ICP-OES and its effectiveness has been demonstrated. The effects of easily ionisable element (EIE) interferences have been studied and an interference minimisation simplex optimisation shown to be appropriate for the location of an interference free zone. Routine, interference free determinations (<2% for 0.5% Na) have been shown to be critically dependant on the stability of the injector gas flowrate and nebuliser derived pressure pulses. Discrete nebulisation has been investigated for the analysis of small fragments of a variety of metal alloys which could be encountered in casework investigations. External contamination together with alloy inhomogeneity have been shown to present some problems in the interpretation of the data. A compact, corrosion resistant recirculating nebuliser has been constructed and evaluated for the analysis of small fragments of shotgun steels. The stable aerosol production from this nebuliser allowed a set of element lines, free from iron interferences, to be monitored with a scanning monochromator. The analysis, classification and discrimination of casework sized fragments of brasses and sheet glasses have been performed and a method has been proposed for the analysis of white household gloss paints. The determination of metal traces on hands following the handling of a variety of metal alloys has been reported. The significance of the results from these evidential materials has been assessed for forensic science purposes.
ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS AND BIOMOLECULES USING HPLC COUPLED TO ICP-MS AND ESI-MS
Creators: name: Cartwright, Andrew James
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2005

description: The work described within this thesis explores the use of HPLC coupled with ICPMS and ESI-MS in order to develop novel methods which overcome specific analytical challenges in the pharmaceutical industry. A membrane desolvation interface has been evaluated for coupling high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Desolvation of the sample prior to reaching the plasma was shown to facilitate a versatile coupling of the two instrumental techniques, enabling chromatographic eluents containing up to 100 % organic to be used. This interface also allowed gradient elution to be used with ICP-MS. Tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphonium propylamine bromide (TMPP) was used for the derivatisation of maleic, fumaric, sorbic and salicylic acids to facilitate determination by HPLC-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESIMS/ MS) in positive ion mode. Improvements in detection limits post-derivatisation were achieved, and this method was successfully used for the determination of sorbic acid in a sample of Panadol™. HPLC coupled with sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS) has been used for the determination of maleic, sorbic and fumaric acids after derivatisation with TMPP. This allowed 31P+ selective detection to be performed for these compounds, which are normally undetectable by ICP-MS. Optimal reagent conditions for the derivatisation of 0.1 mM maleic acid were: 1 mM TMPP; 10 mM 2-chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide (CMPI); 11 mM triethylamine. The efficiency of the derivatisation reaction was estimated to be between 10-20%. Detection limits, estimated as 3 times baseline noise, were 0.046 nmol for TMPP and 0.25 nmol for derivatised maleic acid, for a 5 f.JL injection. Following on from this, a novel derivatising reagent, tris(3,5-dibromo-2,4,6- trimethoxyphenyl) phosphonium propylamine bromide (BrTMPP), was synthesised and subsequently characterised by proton NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS. This was utilised to derivatise maleic acid, with a 9-fold increase in sensitivity gained when analysed by bromine selective detection as apposed to phosphorus selective ICP-MS. This derivatising reagent (BrTMPP) was also utilised to determine the degree of phosphorylation on phosphorylated peptides. A phosphorus containing carboxylic acid was successfully derivatised and the correct Br:P ratio was determined for this compound by ICP-MS. However, phosphorylated peptides were not successfully derivatised by BrTMPP. A combination of UV and phosphorus selective ICP-MS was also used to distinguish between phosphorylated and un-phosphorylated peptides after HPLC separation.
DETERMINATION OF CO AND MN IN MARINE WATERS USING FLOW INJECTION WITH CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTION
Creators: name: Cannizzaro, Vincenzo
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2001

description: This thesis describes the design, optimisation and shipboard deployment of a flow injection - chemiluminescence (FI-CL) technique for the determination of cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) in seawater. Chapter One presents an overview of the marine environment and the biogeochemistry of Co and Mn. Current analytical methods for the determination of Co and Mn in natural waters are also reviewed. Chapter Two reports reagent clean-up techniques and the synthesis of an 8- hydroxyquinoline resin used for in-line matrix elimination and preconcentration. The resin is also characterised in terms of its chelating ability for the transition metals and the earth alkaline metals. A new column design is also presented. Chapter Three details the optimisation of a FI-CL system for the determination of Co in seawater. The method described is based on a new chemistry whereby CL emission is produced by oxidation of pyrogallol with hydrogen peroxide in alkaline medium in the presence of CTAB and MeOH. Chapter Four details the optimisation of a FI-CL system for the determination of Mn in seawater. The method chosen involved the luminous oxidation of 7,7,8,8- tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) by dissolved O2. The weak chemiluminescence of TCNQ is effectively sensitised by Eosin Y in DDAB. In Chapter Five the application of the FI-CL method to the shipboard determination of Co in the western North Sea is presented together with results from the determination of Mn in the western North Sea samples after the cruise. Co and Mn profiles are shown for all the geographical area investigated. The data from an entire tidal cycle of the Humber are also shown. Chapter Six presents the results of an intercomparison exercise. Co and Mn have been measured with different analytical techniques: FI-CL, AdCSV, and ICP-MS. The method developed for Co has been adapted in order to measure the concentration of Co in samples from the Scheldt estuary with an integrated luminometer at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
MID-VICTORIAN PLYMOUTH: A SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY
Creators: name: Pointon, Vivien Frances Turner
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1989

description: In the 19th century, the two settlements of Plymouth and East Stonehouse grew and coalesced into one urban area. Natural population increase and immigration both contributed to the rapid population growth which gave impetus to the urban expansion. Analysis of the unpublished census manuscripts for I85I and I87I revealed clear patterns of distrihution indicating segregation according to demographic, occupational and birthplace characteristics. There was severe overcrowding, population density was higher than that of mid-Victorian London and Liverpool, and the consequences for local public health and on the morphology of the urban area were substantial. Deprivation and poverty occurred not only in the older, cramped parts of Plymouth but also i n newly-built housing areas, such was the demand for accommodation. This provided an impetus for suburbanisation. Mid-Victorian Plymouth was a thriving, cosmopolitan trading port with a large fishing fleet and it was an important military and naval base. The town also served southwest Devon and southeast Cornwall as a market for local goods and produce. The local economy supported a wide-ranging employment structure, responding to infrastructural improvements, and provided a magnet for immigrants primarily from rural Devon and Cornwall but also from many other parts of Britain and from Ireland. Women formed a greater than average section of the local population, the towns attracted country girls to work as domestic servants and, also, many women were temporarily deserted as their husbands' occupations took them away from home. Principal component analyses show that, following a rapid phase of population growth i n the 1840s and 1850s, the combined population of Plymouth and Stonehouse entered a period of slower growth when immigration gave way to natural increase. The later phase is identified as a time of consolidation as immigrants settled and the local economy prospered, the population became more integrated and homogeneous.
Narcissus dezanus Garcia Mart. & Silva Pandf
Creators: name: García Martínez, Xosé R.
name: Silva-Pando, Francisco J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Liliopsida
Asparagales
Amaryllidaceae
Narcissus
Narcissus dezanus

description: Narcissus ×dezanus García Mart. & Silva Pandf (N. aþturienþiþ (Jfrd.) Pugsley × N. cyclamineuþ DC.)& nothosp. nova (fig. 1).
 Typus: SPAIN. Pontevedra: Rfdeirf & Carbfentes & A Tfrre de Carbfentes & margen derecha del ríf Arnegf& 29TNH8516& 723 m & en pradf bajf aliseda al bfrde del ríf& 18.III.2013 & X. R. García Martínez 9066ư H. J. Silva Pando 15567 & J. Taboada Martínez (hflf-: LOU-39351; isf-: LOU-38524).
 A N. aþturienþi differt maiore menþuraư patentibuþ tepaliþư corona minore diametroư eiuþdem eptremo paulo magiþ eptenþo et dentibuþque minoribuþ magnitudiniþ. A N. Cyclamineo differt tubi perianthii maiore longitudineư patentibuþ laciniiþư corona eptremo paulo eppanþo et dentibuþque longioribuþ. Denominatio «dezanuþ» venit a loco «Terra de Deza»ư ubi planta detecta eþtư unde oriuntur nomina Deza et Arnego.
La nueva nfthfespecie se caracteriza pfr lfs tépalfs patentes& cfrfna cilíndrica nf cfnstreñida en el centrf y escasamente expandida en el ápice& éste últimf dentadf.
 Se diferencia de Narciþþuþ aþturienþiþ pfr su mayfr tamañf& tépalfs patentes& menfr diámetrf de la cfrfna& extremf de la misma algf más expandidf y dientes de menfr tamañf; de N. cyclamineuþ se diferencia pfr una mayfr lfngitud del tubf del periantif& tépalfs patentes& extremf de la cfrfna algf expandidf y dientes de la misma algf más largfs.
 En la zfna en dfnde se ha herbfrizadf Narciþþuþ ×dezanuþư éste se desarrflla entre sus prfgenitfres. El Occidente Gallegf es la única zfna de cfntactf natural entre las dfs especies& siendf nuestra lfcalidad la única cfnfcida dfnde cfnviven ambas. El epítetf nfthfespecíficf hace referencia a la cfmarca del Deza (Pfntevedra) dfnde fue herbfrizadf el tipf.
SCOTTISH ROCK GARDEN CLUB (2013) y de PACIFIC BULB SOCIETY (2013) han fbservadf el cultivar «Minicyla» similar a nuestrf híbridf& derivadfs de cruce entre ambfs parentales. El frigen del mismf sfn las herbfrizacifnes indiscriminadas efectuadas a finales del siglf XIX en Pfrtugal (?ERNANDES& 1953: 20-22) y en Galicia & tal cfmf indica la cfrrespfndencia de V. López Sefane& depfsitada en el Institutf «Jfsé Cfrnide» de Estudifs Cfruñeses (A Cfruña& España)& quién señala que en esa épfca recfrrierfn Galicia recflectfres de bulbfs para su envíf a Inglaterra. PINO PÉREZ et al. (2009: 86) señalan a Peter Rudflph Barr cfmf unf de lfs grandes recflectfres de narcisfs en Galicia& y este últimf y Anthfny Hurt OEflley-Dfd en Pfrtugal (?ERNANDES& 1953: 20).
description: Published as part of García Martínez, Xosé R. & Silva-Pando, Francisco J., 2015, Narcissus × dezanus García Mart. & amp; Silva Pando (Amaryllidaceae), una nueva Nothoespecies del Noroeste de España, pp. 5-7 in Candollea 70 (1) on pages 5-7, DOI: 10.15553/c2014v701a1, http://zenodo.org/record/12583815
THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE METALS BY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS
Creators: name: Hardy, Simon Andrew
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2000

description: The development of a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the determination of inorganic and organo mercury species as their dithizone sulphonate (DzS) complexes using coated capillary columns is described. The complexes were pre-formed before injection and detection was by direct measurement of the visible absorbance of the complexes. Dithizone sulphonate was used in place of cysteine to separate methyl mercury in the final stage of a simplified Westoo extraction procedure. The method was than applied to the analysis of methyl mercury in a crab and several fish meat samples. Good quantitative performance is demonstrated by spiking experiments and analysis of DORM-1 certified reference material. The method was found to be very sensitive and a detection limit of 2 µg Kgˉ¹ could be achieved for a l0g sample of fish flesh. A CE method for the determination of uranium (VI) as the arsenazo III complex was developed and the effect of interfering metal ions was studied. The calibration was found to be linear from 10 µg 1ˉ¹ -10 mg 1ˉ¹ using gravity injections and a detection limit of less than 1 µg 1ˉ¹ was achieved with electrokinetic injection. A study was made of injection techniques and their applicability to the enhancement of sensitivity in synthetic standards and environmental samples. The effect of capillary surface chemistry on the peak shape of the migrating uranyl-arsenazo III was also studied using fused silica capillaries with two different internal coatings and three polymeric capillaries. A study was also carried out on the construction and investigation of a post-capillary reactor for the determination of trace metals by UV-Vis absorption after formation of intensely absorbing coloured complexes. The main principle of operation was based on the infusion of the colorimetric reagent into a small 50µm gap between the separation capillary and the reaction capillary. The gap was enclosed by a permeable membrane and the flow of reagent was achieved by the application of a slight pressure to the post-capillary reactor cell. Two reagents were studied, namely, xylenol orange (XO) and 4 (2-pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR), for the separation and detection of copper (U), cadmium (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II), zinc (II), and manganese (II). Lead (II) was also included in the XO system.
Holocene palaeohydrology from testate amoebae analysis: developing a model for British peatlands
Creators: name: Woodland, Wendy Ann
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1996

description: Merged with duplicate record 10026.1/841 on 27.03.2017 by CS (TIS)
description: Testate amoebae (Protozoa: Rhizopoda) are particularly abundant in peatlands. Previous studies have used testate amoebae in palaeoenvironmental studies, but have used qualitative data only, so that results are expressed only in terms of 'wet', 'dry' or 'moist'. This study uses testate amoebae to derive quantitative reconstructions of mire surface wetness for part of the Holocene and is split into two parts. The first part of this study modelled the responses of individual testate amoebae species to environmental variables on ombrotrophic mires, since the peatland-climate link makes these habitats the one of the most useful in palaeoclimate reconstructions. 163 samples of modern testate amoebae faunas were obtained from 9 ombrotrophic mires across Britain. Environmental variables (mean annual water table, moisture content, dissolved organic carbon, pH, Ca^*, Mg^*, SO^^', CI", conductivity and host plant species) were measured. A hydrological monitoring programme on an ombrotrophic mire on Dartmoor provided a detailed record of hydrology and selected water chemistry over a year and identified the season most representative of mean annual environmental conditions. Weighted averaging regression applied to the faunas provided absolute moisture content and mean annual water table optima for 38 common testate amoebae species. In the second part of the study weighted averaging calibration was used to derive transfer functions from the modern species' optima. From these, mean annual water table and substrate moisture content were reconstructed for the top 100 cm of a selected fossil peat core from Bolton Fell Moss, Cumbria. These reconstructions were compared with those derived from plant macrofossil and peat humification analyses. Testate amoebae provided a further insight into the decline of Sphagnum imbricatum, clarified noisy areas of the existing palaeohydrological record and suggested that hydrological changes at Bolton Fell Moss were likely to have been gradual, rather than the sudden event implied by the plant macrofossil record. This study demonstrates the future potential of testate amoebae as palaeohydrological indicators. Expansion of the modem data set in terms of species composition and geographical extent, further applications of testate amoebae into multi-proxy palaeohydrological reconstructions and taxonomic refinements are suggested to improve the technique further.
A high-resolution palaeoecological study of land use change during late prehistory on Exmoor
Creators: name: Ombashi, Havananda
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Human impact
subject: Holocene
subject: Pollen
subject: Non-pollen palynomorphs
subject: Grazing
subject: Burning
subject: Exmoor
subject: PhD

description: Palaeoecological studies have proven to make significant contributions to two large ongoing debates that include the influential power of climate and the impact of human land management on the vegetation patterns in certain areas in the UK and Northwest Europe. The need and importance for higher resolution vegetation reconstructions has long been recognised in the wider literature. The main focus of this research is to further understand the relationship between human behaviour, climate and land cover change on Exmoor, of which the upland areas are comparable with others found in Britain and Northwest Europe. High resolution records of pollen, NPP and charcoal data are presented, stemming from three upland sites on Exmoor: Great Buscombe, Spooners and Codsend Moors. Sequences are dated with the use of radiocarbon dates and recently identified tephra layers, enabling a better comparison between sequences from different sites on Exmoor. Additionally, a long-term climate reconstruction from a fourth site, The Chains, is presented and was produced through peat humification analysis. Vegetation reconstructions were produced through pollen analysis, whereas archives of past grazing intensities and fire histories were created with the use of NPP (non-pollen palynomorph) and charcoal data. Statistical analyses of pollen, NPP, charcoal and climate data was conducted in order to test the relative importance of grazing, climate and burning on identified changes in the vegetation compositions. Palaeoecological data from Exmoor shows a general trend of woodland clearance from the late Neolithic onwards, which was largely completed by the late Iron Age. This trend has been associated with an increase in the charcoal data and a coinciding decrease of pastoralism. Results further suggest that climatic changes did not necessarily directly affect the vegetation patterns on a larger, regional scale, but may have played a key role in societal changes. Finally, changes in vegetation patterns and land use on Exmoor did not occur simultaneously across all sites, resulting in a dynamic and heterogeneous landscape from the late Neolithic until the late Iron Age.
INVESTIGATION OF CHELATING DYE IMPREGNATED RESINS FOR THE SELECTIVE ADSORPTION AND SEPARATION OF TRACE METALS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Creators: name: Sutton, Richard Matthew Charles
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1996

description: The preparation and characterisation of novel, high efficiency chelating sorbents which were suitable for the preconcentration and separation of trace metals from complex matrices using a single column has been described. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates in the form of cellulose and polystyrene resins were modified with chelating dyes by either covalent bonding or physical adsorption respectively. Large particle size polystyrene resins were used for preliminary investigations of dye loading and metal retaining capacities. After crushing resins to an intermediate particle size, capacity factors (k' values) and metal retaining capacities of four resins were determined. One resin, MN200, was chosen for further investigations after crushing to a small particle size. A study of analytical separations and selectivities on the small particle size dye impregnated MN200, for a range of dyes, was used to determine the suitability for analytical and preparative applications. The selectivity and separating ability of the unmodified resin was also investigated. Three specific preparative and analytical applications were chosen which would exploit the metal separating capabilities of the modified or unmodified resins. The first of these studies was applied to the isolation of strontium from calcium, rubidium and barium in gypsum samples. The second involved the separation and determination of trace bismuth in lead and the third described the separation and determination of thorium and uranium from a complex metal containing matrix.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES OF INTERFERENCES IN ICP - MS
Creators: name: ROWLEY, LINDA KATHLEEN
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2000

description: Methods of temperature measurement by mass spectrometry have been critically reviewed. It was concluded that the most appropriate method depended critically on the availability of fundamental data, hence a database of fundamental spectroscopic constants, for diatomic ions which cause interferences in ICP-MS, was compiled. The equilibration temperature, calculated using the different methods and using various diatomic ions as the thermometric probes, was between c.a. 400 - 10,000 K in the central channel, and between c.a. 600 - 16,000 K when the plasma was moved 1.8 mm off-centre. The wide range in temperature reflected the range of temperature measurement methods and uncertainty in the fundamental data. Optical studies using a fibre optic connected to a monochromator were performed in order to investigate the presence of interferences both in the plasma and the interface region of the ICP-MS, and the influence of a shielded torch on these interferences. It was possible to determine the presence of some species in the plasma, such as the strongly bound metal oxides, however, no species other than OH were detected in the interface region of the ICP-MS. The OH rotational temperature within the interface region of the ICP-MS was calculated to be between 2,000 - 4,000 K. The effect of sampling depth, operating power, radial position and solvent loading, with and without the shielded torch, on the dissociation temperature of a variety of polyatomic interferences was investigated. These calculated temperatures were then used to elucidate the site of formation for different polyatomic interferences. Results confirmed that strongly bound ions such as MO+ were formed in the plasma, whereas weakly bound ions such as ArO+ were formed in the interface region due to gross deviation of the calculated temperatures from those expected for a system in thermal equilibrium.