Anthracus nesophilus
Creators: name: Jaeger, Bernd
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Carabidae
Anthracus
Anthracus nesophilus

description: Anthracus nesophilus (ANDREWES, 1936) (Figs 1-6, 24-34, 80)
Acupalpus annamensis BATES: ANDREWES 1930: 9 [partim, record from Java]
Acupalpus annamensis BATES: CSIKI 1932: 1255 [partim, record from Java]
Acupalpus annamensis BATES: ANDREWES 1933: 326 [partim, record from Java]
Acupalpus nesophilus ANDREWES, 1936: 219 (type locality: Indonesia: Java: Residency Kediri: Zuider Geb.: Popoh).
Acupalpus nesophilus ANDREWES: LORENZ 1998: 338, 2005: 359
Anthracus nesophilus ANDREWES: JAEGER 2015: 339
Acupalpus haemorrhous LOUWERENS 1952: 214-215 (type locality: Indonesia: Java: Depok near Bogor). Syn. nov.
Acupalpus haemorrhous LOUWERENS: LORENZ 1998: 338, 2005: 359
Anthracus haemorrhous LOUWERENS: JAEGER 2015: 339
Typematerial: Acupalpus nesophilus ANDREWES: Holotype: 1♂ (BMNH) labelled " POPOH / ZUIDER GEB. /OOST-JAVA." [hw, with red margin], "Ex Coll. / C.J. Louwerens ", "Type" [red label], " Acupalpus / nesophilus / Type Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det." [first three lines hw Andrewes] and " Anthracus / nesophilus / (Andrewes, 1936) / det. B. Jaeger 2012".
Paratypes: 1♀ (RMNH) labelled "C.J. LOUWERENS / Java 84 m / Toeloengagoeng ", "Museum Leiden / ex. collection / C.J. Louwerens / rec. 1979"/, "Co /type." [circular label with green margin], "Acupalpus / nesophilus / Cotype Andr./ H.E. Andrewes det." [first three lines hw Andrewes], "type" [red label]. 1♂ (BMNH) with uncertain type status labelled " BOJOLANGOE /RES. KEDIRI / OOST JAVA ", "Ex Coll. / C.J. Louwerens "; "Acupalpus / nesophilus / (over) Andr. / H.E. Andrewes det." [first three lines hw Andrewes], "immature" [back side of latter label], "H.E. Andrewes Coll. / B.M.1945-97.", "Acupalpus / nesophilus / vid. B.H. Garner, / 2012"; "? PARATYPE / Acupalpus / nesophilus / Andrewes, 1936 / des. B. Jaeger 2012 " [red label] and "Anthracus / nesophilus / (Andrewes, 1936) / det. B. Jaeger 2012".
Notes on types: The type status of the latter paratype which is markedly immature remains doubtful because it was not labelled "cotype" by Andrewes. However, it is obviously the immature specimen from Bojolangoe mentioned by Andrewes in the material section of the description. The remaining cotypes from "Bandoeng" and "Pakel" are not examined, they are should be deposited in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bogor, Java, Indonesia.
Acupalpus haemorrhous LOUWERENS: Holotype: 1♂ (RMNH) labelled " DEPOK / IV-1948 / C. v. Nidek ", "Museum Leiden / ex. collection / C. J. Louwerens / rec. 1979", "Br. v. Nidek / Acupalpus sp. / det. C.J. Louwerens" [first two lines hw Louwerens], " Acupalpus / haemorrhous / type Louw. / det. C.J.Louwerens" [first three lines hw Louwerens], "type" [red] and " Acupalpus / nesophilus / Andrewes, 1936 / det. B. Jaeger 2012".
Notes on types and synonymy: The "Type" of A. haemorrhous disagrees in some points with the original description. LOUWERENS (1952: 214) stated the length of the single male specimen (holotype by monotypy) as 3.5 mm and the width as 1.8 mm, and he described the body colour as black with elytral apex and suture brown. According to my examinations the length of the specimen is 3.8 mm, the width 1.5, and the elytra have not only the apex and the suture, but also the basal area widely, but indistinctly reddish brown. The differences of length and width can be only explained by a typing error, because such a relation between length and width (index 1.94) is impossible for an Acupalpus species. I believe that the figures behind the points were confused when typing the manuscript. If so, the correct measurements are 3.8 mm for length and 1.5 mm for width, which agree with my results. Contrary to that it is more difficult to explain why LOUWERENS did not mentioned that the elytral base is also widely red brown. It is true that the red brown colour is not very distinct, but of the same kind as that of the elytral apex. Probably, the specimen was originally darker when described by LOUWERENS, and became lighter over the years, a phenomenon which I have already recognized in some other types of maculate species of the genera Acupalpus and Anthracus. Other smaller differences between the description and my own observations, depend obviously on a different view or estimations instead measurements, e.g. size of basal foveae, length of antennae, relation of elytral length and width.
Considering these explanations and the labelling of the specimen I suspect that it is the original type specimen studied by Louwerens. It represents a particular dark specimen, which falls in all other important external characters, as shape of head and pronotum, microsculpture of dorsal surface, and shape and internal structures of the aedeagus, in the range of variation of A. nesophilus and is here regarded a junior synonym of the latter.
Additional Material examined: 95 specimens from the following localities:
Indonesia: Java: "Java", 1922 (3 – SMTD); Bantam, de Voss (2 - RMNH); Batavia, IX. 1947, v. Nidek (1 - RMNH); idem, but X. 1947, v. Nidek (1 - RMNH); idem, but VII. 1948 (1 - NHMW, 2 RMNH), idem, but IX. 1948 (1 - NHMW, 5 - RMNH); idem, but IX. 1949 (4 - RMNH); Djember, E. Java (1 - BMNH); Djokjakarta, Overbeck (2 - BMNH); G. Oengaran [= Gunung Ungaran], V. 1915, Drescher (1 - BMNH); idem, VI. 1907 (4 - RMNH); G. Slamat., VII. 1919, Drescher (1 - RMNH); Jakarta, II. 1989, Schillhammer (1 - NHMW); Karawang, 1975, Pusanagera & Hummelen (20 - RMNH, cJAE, cBAE); Kudus, VI. 1994, Kmeco (3 - cKME, cWRA, cJAE); Madura, Nierm. (2 - RMNH); Preanger, Bandoeng Dago, VII. 1930, Drescher (1 - BMNH); Semarang, Jacobson (1 - RMNH); idem, Drescher (1 - BMNH); idem, but XII. 1905, Drescher (7 - SMTD, cJAE); idem, but III. 1906 (4 - SMTD, cJAE); idem, but V. 1906 (7 - SMTD), idem, but VI. 1906 (3 - SMTD, cJAE); idem, VII. 1906 (2 - BMNH); Toegoe, Pasteur (1 - RMNH); Toeloengagoeng, 84 m, Louwerens (1 - BMNH); Weltevreden, I. 1919, Buitendijk (1 - RMNH). - Sulawesi: Mak. [= Makassar], 235, Coll. Kraatz (1 - SDEI); Ujung Padang, VII. 1996, Schüle & Stüben (3 - cBAE); Zuid Celebes or Z. Celebes, Coll. Veth (4 - RMNH). - Sumbawa: B. Aroe Hassa, 2-5000', IX.X, Doherty (3 - BMNH).
Redescription: General appearance as figured (Fig. 1-2). Body length 3.6-4.1 mm (HT 3.7, that of A. haemorrhous 3.8 mm); width 1.4-1.5 mm.
Shiny, pronotum weakly and elytra moderately iridescent. Head reddish to reddish brown, leaving clypeus and labrum paler, mandibles dark brown with inner margins and apices blackish. Pronotum mainly dark brown, rarely blackish, usually darker than head, with lateral margins, sometimes also base and apical quarter paler reddish or reddish brown. Elytra reddish or reddish brown, with each elytron having a large, more or less expanded blackish central macula, leaving first interval, lateral margin, apex and basal third reddish. Legs and palpi yellowish brown, antennae with first two antennomeres yellowish, remaining ones more or less infuscated, often at middle with a fine indistinct dark stripe. Ventral surface mainly reddish brown, with epipleura often indistinctly paler. The holotype of A. haemorrhous (Fig 2) is generally darker than typical members of the species, with head and pronotum blackish to blackish brown, elytra mainly blackish brown leaving the basal third and a small area in front of the apex indistinctly dark reddish, legs brown.
Head (Figs 1-6) including eyes 0.75-0.81 times as wide as pronotum, with eyes moderately prominent (head 1.50-1.63 times as wide as head between eyes). Labrum weakly rounded or almost rectilinear at apical margin, sometimes somewhat sloped down to the right side. Mandibles medium sized, left mandible weakly obtuse at apex, not thickened or truncate. Antennae 2.30-2.51 times as long as pronotum and 0.84-0.94 times as long as elytra. Microsculpture on labrum and clypeus with distinct isodiametric to weakly transverse meshes, on frons and anterior half of vertex with very faintly impressed isodiametric meshes becoming more distinctly impressed at posterior half of vertex and sometimes somewhat transverse in front of pronotal apical margin.
Pronotum (Figs 1-6) 1.28-1.36 times as wide as long, 1.24-1.33 times as wide as head, widest in second quarter, lateral seta inserted at beginning of second quarter. Apical margin moderately to distinctly emarginated, anterior angles distinctly projecting forward, narrowly rounded at tips. Sides convex in anterior half and rectilinearly narrowed to posterior angles, which are obtuse and moderately rounded. Basal margin almost straight or weakly arcuate medially and oblique to posterior angles. Lateral furrows moderately wide anteriorly, widening posteriorly, where they are fused with the basolateral impressions. The latter medium sized and somewhat oblique, distinctly delimited from pronotal disc and median part of base, fused with basal and often also with lateral margins, sometimes vaguely separated from the lateral margin by an indistinct convexity. Anterior transverse impression obsolete, rarely suggested. Microsculpture on disc with lightly to moderately impressed, moderately transverse meshes, becoming finer and strongly transverse at sides, and more distinct and weakly transverse in basal and apical quarters. Baso-lateral impressions and lateral furrows with distinctly impressed, weakly transverse to almost isodiametric meshes.
Elytra (Fig. 1-2) with sides slightly widened posteriorly, widest just at or slightly posterior to middle, 1.48-1.57 times as long as wide, 2.58-2.80 times as long and 1.27-1.37 times as wide as pronotum. Elytral striae distinctly impressed and impunctate, intervals comparatively flat, narrowed and very weakly convex at apex. Microsculpture on scutellum and around basal pore with isodiametric meshes, on elytral intervals only with traces of very lightly impressed transverse lines.
Metepisterna long and narrowed posteriad, at inner margin about 1.4-1.5 times longer than wide at basal margin. Prosternum medially with 7-8 and in front of apical margin with 6 medium long setae (often broken resulting in insertion points difficult to observe). Prosternal process with 2-3 distinct setae.
Protarsomeres 1-4 of males markedly dilated and with distinct, biseriately arranged adhesive hairs on ventral surface. Protarsomere 4 markedly bilobed. Mesotarsomeres 1-4 moderately dilated with adhesive hairs on ventral surface. Mesotarsomere 4 moderately bilobed. In females pro- and mesotarsomeres unmodified.
Median lobe of aedeagus (Figs 24-34) large, usually moderately to strongly widened at right apical half (seen from figures 29-34), apical plateau long, only slightly narrowed to the widely rounded apex. Internal sac with 2-6 medium sized, not closely arranged teeth in left apical half.
Comparisons and remarks: Anthracus nesophilus from Java, Sumbawa and S Sulawesi, A. philippinensis nov.sp. from the Philippines and A. anichtchenkoi nov.sp. from Nepal and northern India constitute a complex of closely related vicariant taxa which are characterized by the similar shape of the median lobe of the aedeagus which is markedly widened at right apical half and has a very long apical plateau which sides are only slightly narrowed to the widely rounded apex. The mentioned taxa are rather similar in general appearance and provide only partial differences to distinguish them by external characters. However, the median lobe of the aedeagus and its internal structures provide constant features to differentiate them.
A. nesophilus (ANDREWES) is most similar to A. philippinensis nov.sp. but differs from it by characters given under this species. From A. javaensis which is the only other known maculate species of the A. annamensis group occurring in Java, A. nesophilus can by distinguished by the different general appearance (Figs 1-2 and 19) with other body proportions (see ratios HW/PW, EL/PL and EL/EW) and the markedly different shape of the aedeagal median lobe with other internal structures (Figs 24-34 and 62, 68). From A. sumatraensis which is so far known only from Sumatra, but obviously more widely distributed, A. nesophilus differs by its darker pronotum, the more clearly marked elytral macula, other body proportions (see ratios PW/HW and EL/PL) and the different external shape and internal structures of the aedeagus (Figs 24-34 and 50-55)
Distribution A. nesophilus is so far known from Java, S Sulawesi and Sumbawa (Fig. 80).
description: Published as part of Jaeger, Bernd, 2015, Revision of the maculate species of the Anthracus annamensis group from the East Palaearctic and Oriental Regions. Part 2. A redescription of Anthracus nesophilus (ANDREWES, 1936) and six new species from Nepal, India and SE Asia (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalini, Stenolophina), pp. 1361-1396 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 47 (2) on pages 1363-1366, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5193661