State of the Field: Extreme Precision Radial Velocities
Creators: name: Fischer, Debra
name: Anglada-Escude, Guillem
name: Arriagada, Pamela
name: Baluev, Roman V.
name: Bean, Jacob L.
name: Bouchy, Francois
name: Buchhave, Lars A.
name: Carroll, Thorsten
name: Chakraborty, Abhijit
name: Crepp, Justin R.
name: Dawson, Rebekah I.
name: Diddams, Scott A.
name: Dumusque, Xavier
name: Eastman, Jason D.
name: Endl, Michael
name: Figueira, Pedro
name: Ford, Eric B.
name: Foreman-Mackey, Daniel
name: Fournier, Paul
name: Furesz, Gabor
name: Gaudi, B. Scott
name: Gregory, Philip C.
name: Grundahl, Frank
name: Hatzes, Artie P.
name: Hebrard, Guillaume
name: Herrero, Enrique
name: Hogg, David W.
name: Howard, Andrew W.
name: Johnson, John A.
name: Jorden, Paul
name: Jurgenson, Colby A.
name: Latham, David W.
name: Laughlin, Greg
name: Loredo, Thomas J.
name: Lovis, Christophe
name: Mahadevan, Suvrath
name: McCracken, Tyler M.
name: Pepe, Francesco
name: Perez, Mario
name: Phillips, David F.
name: Plavchan, Peter P.
name: Prato, Lisa
name: Quirrenbach, Andreas
name: Reiners, Ansgar
name: Robertson, Paul
name: Santos, Nuno C.
name: Sawyer, David
name: Segransan, Damien
name: Sozzetti, Alessandro
name: Steinmetz, Tilo
name: Szentgyorgyi, Andrew
name: Udry, Stephane
name: Valenti, Jeff A.
name: Wang, Sharon X.
name: Wittenmyer, Robert A.
name: Wright, Jason T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Second Workshop on Extreme Precision Radial Velocities defined circa 2015 the state of the art Doppler precision and identified the critical path challenges for reaching 10 cm/s measurement precision. The presentations and discussion of key issues for instrumentation and data analysis and the workshop recommendations for achieving this precision are summarized here. Beginning with the HARPS spectrograph, technological advances for precision radial velocity measurements have focused on building extremely stable instruments. To reach still higher precision, future spectrometers will need to produce even higher fidelity spectra. This should be possible with improved environmental control, greater stability in the illumination of the spectrometer optics, better detectors, more precise wavelength calibration, and broader bandwidth spectra. Key data analysis challenges for the precision radial velocity community include distinguishing center of mass Keplerian motion from photospheric velocities, and the proper treatment of telluric contamination. Success here is coupled to the instrument design, but also requires the implementation of robust statistical and modeling techniques. Center of mass velocities produce Doppler shifts that affect every line identically, while photospheric velocities produce line profile asymmetries with wavelength and temporal dependencies that are different from Keplerian signals. Exoplanets are an important subfield of astronomy and there has been an impressive rate of discovery over the past two decades. Higher precision radial velocity measurements are required to serve as a discovery technique for potentially habitable worlds and to characterize detections from transit missions. The future of exoplanet science has very different trajectories depending on the precision that can ultimately be achieved with Doppler measurements.
description: 45 pages, 23 Figures, workshop summary proceedings