cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Realisation of Polycrystalline Si Thin Film Solar Cell with Interdigitated Structure
Creators: name: Fave, A.
name: Kaminski-Cachopo, A.
name: Park, Y.
name: Papet, P.
name: Nychyporuk, O.
name: Tutashkonko, S.
name: Slaoui, A.
name: Lemiti, M.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Wafer Equivalents

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3638-3641
description: The main issue of solar cell research field is the reduction of the fabrication cost. Due to the combination of
thin film absorbing silicon (<5μm) and a low cost substrate, polycrystalline silicon thin film on glass can be a good candidate
towards this objective. Additionally the interdigitated back contact solar cell (IBC SC) structure is the most suitable.
Especially, IBC SC has the advantage of no shading losses and of the simplicity of module connection. Efficiency of 11%
can be reached if polysilicon material diffusion length is high enough. However, fabrication process can be quite complicated
and the succession of several steps can easily lead to shunts. In this work, we propose a “self-aligned” process, based on
isotropic etching which reduces the number of steps.We discuss here 2 ways to obtain such structure, using wet etching with
TMAH solution or dry Reactive Ion etching. We will show that both techniques can be used, however, RIE etching is more
suitable for thin film as it consumes less Si material.
The time-dependent Aharonov-Casher effect
Creators: name: Singleton, Douglas
name: Ulbricht, Jaryd
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper we give a covariant expression for Aharonov-Casher phase. This expression is a combination of the canonical electric field, Aharonov-Casher phase plus a magnetic field phase shift. We use this covariant expression for the Aharonov-Casher phase to investigate the case of a neutral particle with a non-zero magnetic moment moving in the {\it time dependent} electric and magnetic fields of a plane electromagnetic wave background. We focus on the case where the magnetic moment of the particle is oriented so that both the electric and magnetic field lead to non-zero phases, and we look at the interplay between these electric and magnetic phases.
description: 14 pages revtex4, 1 figure, to be published PLB
Detection and Avoidance of Contaminations on Solar Wafer and Cells
Creators: name: Bürger, F.
name: Wertz, R.
name: Verl, A.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Manufacturing Issues and Processing

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2112-2113
description: In many different technical applications, especially in micro-manufacturing related business, the
demand for higher yield and performance while keeping weight and energy consumption low increases constantly.
The trend of miniaturized structures also can be seen in the photovoltaic industry and implicates the need for cleaner
production environments. The effect of such fab conditions is the reduction of harming boundary conditions, having
bad influence on the quality of production. Not only cleanrooms – production environments running with filtered and
conditioned air – but also the contamination potential of process, handling equipment and cross contaminations
between different processes are major aspects to be considered.
Structures and functional layers in PV are presently, and in future, getting thinner. The negative influence of
micro particles contaminating the substrates is consequently increasing. The work carried out at Fraunhofer IPA and
shown in this paper depicts the methodology to identify the sources of contamination and the possibilities to
minimize their potential of harming the overall value chain.
Applying Advanced IC Defect Reduction and Process Control Methodologies to PV Cell Manufacturing
Creators: name: Hennion, G.
name: Saville, B.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Manufacturing Issues and Processing

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2007-2009
description: Defect reduction and process control have become an integral part of the IC manufacturing
industry. Multiple sources of data both for inspection and metrology, are collected at each step of the manufacturing
process to drive continual process improvement while minimizing the risk of any excursions.
As the photovoltaic (PV) cell manufacturing industry matures and line production capacity moves into the
gigawatt era, there is a significant drive towards maximizing cell efficiency and manufacturing yield in order to decrease
overall cost. This is resulting in increased adoption of automated optical inspection at multiple steps throughout the cell
manufacturing process, and while this is currently used for quality control purposes, there is a shift towards
complementing this strategy with a more process control driven focus.
The key challenge in controlling a PV cell production line is the rate at which cells are being processed. This
constitutes a data collection and storage challenge as data volumes generated by optical inspection modules are extremely
large by nature because of the frequency of measurement as well as the amount of information made available. The speed
at which cells are being processed means, that when a process excursion occurs the number of cells at risk is very high
and therefore the time to detection and root cause identification becomes critical.
By implementing and automating a set of routine analysis methodologies, inline process monitoring can be
improved through:

1) Excursion/process monitoring (Statistical Process Control or SPC) and automated report generation
2) Detection of repeating defects (location based)
3) Spatial signature identification using multiple wafer/cell stacking

This paper discusses how we can leverage existing methodologies from the IC industry to implement an overall yield management methodology for PV manufacturing.
An extensive radial velocity survey toward NGC 6253
Creators: name: Montalto, M.
name: Melo, C. H. F.
name: Santos, N. C.
name: Queloz, D.
name: Piotto, G.
name: Desidera, S.
name: Bedin, L. R.
name: Momany, Y.
name: Saviane, I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The old and metal rich open cluster NGC 6253 was observed with the FLAMES multi-object spectrograph during an extensive radial velocity campaign monitoring 317 stars with a median of 15 epochs per object. All the targeted stars are located along the upper main sequence of the cluster between 14.8 $
description: Accepted by MNRAS
Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth with Silicon over SiO2 with Rapid Thermal CVD for Light Trapping in Crystalline Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells
Creators: name: Drießen, M.
name: Janz, S.
name: Reber, S.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Wafer Equivalents

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3598-3601
description: Epitaxial lateral overgrowth of patterned dielectric layers offers a possibility to increase current
generation of crystalline silicon thin film solar cells based on the epitaxial wafer-equivalent concept. The dielectric is
deposited on top of a silicon substrate. It causes reflections of light crossing the active layers of the solar cell grown
by epitaxial lateral overgrowth on top of the dielectric layer. The quality of the active layers influences solar cell
performance. By variation of opening patterns in SiO2 layers and of gas compositions and process temperatures
during epitaxial deposition we aimed to isolate processes that lead to layers with preferably low defect densities. In
case of smooth surfaces reflection measurements are performed that coincide with calculated predictions.
Removal of Trace Elements Using a Biodegradable Complexing Agent
Creators: name: Treichel, H.
name: George, M.
name: Bohling, D.
name: Goldstein, A.
name: Ostrowski, S.
name: Mowat, I.
name: Kern, W.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Manufacturing Issues and Processing

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2010-2014
description: PV solar cell technologies are in mainstream commercialization and the industry is devoting significant
resources toward improving the efficiency of these solar cells. Processing silicon substrates for PV applications
involves texturing, cleaning, and/or etching wafer surfaces with chemical solutions. Depending on the cleanliness of
the industrial equipment and the purity of the chemical solutions, surface contamination with metals or organic
residues is possible. The presence of trace contamination at PV junctions leads to both mid-level traps and photonic
defects, which ultimately cause reduced efficiency and rapid cell degradation. Impurities are the major contributors
of electrical activity of defects and are therefore of utmost importance in the control of recombination activity of
various defects in solar cells. In this paper, we discuss the application of a biodegradable complexing agent, in both
alkaline and acidic cleaning processes. Testing at various customer sites has demonstrated 0.2 to 0.3% absolute cell
efficiency improvement for both mc-Si and c-Si production lines. This improvement is not dependent on cell architectures, but addresses a universal complication arising from crystalline silicon photovoltaic wafering manufacture.
Using Ultra-High Resolution in Brick Transmission Analysis
Creators: name: Wagner, T.
name: Eckl, A.
name: Koch, R.
name: Schuetz, M.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Manufacturing Issues and Processing

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2086-2090
description: In this work, we show that an ultra-high resolution inspection system, based on NIR brick transmission
with a resolution of approx. 18μm, is possible and can gain new insights into the crystal growing process and the
nature of impurities (e.g. SiC and Si3N4) in multi crystalline ingots. This inspection system can also be used for
detection of impurities giving some density of defects in a production environment. This new method works also in
an inline process.
Die in der Kirche ins Leben umgesetzte Bruderliebe als Zeichen des Kommens Gottes
Creators: name: Féret, Henri-Marie
Publisher: name: Concilium
Year: 1970

description: Concilium, Bd. 3 Nr. 11 (1967): Concilium: Internationale Zeitschrift für Theologie, Band 3, Heft 11
title: Chemisch-Werden
title: Verkörperte Momente urbaner Zugehörigkeit in Berlin
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Schnepf, Max
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Chemie
subject: Körper
subject: Subkultur
subject: Urbanität
subject: Affekt
subject: Sex
subject: Drogen
subject: Schönheitspraktiken chemistry
subject: body
subject: subculture
subject: urbanity
subject: affect
subject: sex
subject: drugs
subject: beauty practices
subject: 300 Sozialwissenschaften::300 Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie::301 Soziologie, Anthropologie

description: Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit Chemie, Körpern und Stadt in ihren intimen Verstrickungen und wechselseitigen Beeinflussungen. Er untersucht, wie sich die Stadt mittels Chemie auf verschiedene Weise in Körper einschreibt und gleichzeitig das Städtische in chemisch vermittelten Körperpraktiken ständig neu produziert wird. Ausgehend von einer ethnographischen Forschung in einem höherpreisigen Friseursalon in Berlin schlage ich vor, die intentionale und lustvolle Nutzung chemischer Substanzen mit ihren zugehörigkeitsstiftenden Effekten in den Blick zu nehmen. Urbane Zugehörigkeit wird dabei nicht als abgeschlossener Zustand verstanden, sondern als Fluchtpunkt, den einige Berliner*innen in sich überschneidenden Anwendungsformen von Schönheitsprodukten, Drogen und Pharmazeutika anstreben. Das Konzept des „Chemisch-Werdens“ begreift dabei spezifische Lokalitäten in Berlin, Körper in ihren intimen Beziehungen und Imaginationen des Städtischen als ein beständiges Wechselverhältnis. Ich stelle diese materiellen und affektiven Ko-Transformationen ethnographisch anhand von zwei Momenten des „Chemisch-Werdens“ vor: der Herstellung erstens von Looks mithilfe von Schönheitsprodukten im Salon und zweitens von Lust unter Zuhilfenahme von Drogen und der pharmazeutischen HIV-Prophylaxe PrEP in der (schwulen) Klubszene. In diesen Praktiken manifestiert sich urbane Zugehörigkeit nicht zwangsläufig in einer geteilten Identität oder festen Subkultur, sondern erscheint als affektives Zugewandt-Sein und materiell-körperliches Streben-nach.
Advanced Process Control of Chemical Concentration for Solar Cell Manufacturing
Creators: name: Kashkoush, I.
name: Chen, G.
name: Nemeth, D.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Manufacturing Issues and Processing

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2091-2094
description: Solar cell manufacturing requires many wet cleaning steps. One of these steps is texturization. As a
method for light trapping, the texturization step is very critical for high cell efficiency for cells based on both
mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline silicon. In order to obtain stable and reproducible manufacturing
processes, a reliable and accurate real-time measurement of the etching constituents becomes necessary.
Chemical mixtures include: KOH/IPA, HF/HNO3, HF/HCl. Other additives, e.g. surfactants are typically added
to enhance the etch uniformity.
Recent Progress in High Rate PECVD SPC Poly-Si Thin Film Solar Cells at UNSW
Creators: name: Jin, G.
name: Gress, P.J.
name: Varlamov, S.
name: Widenborg, P.I.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Wafer Equivalents

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3577-3579
description: Solid phase crystallised (SPC) polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin-film solar cells on SiN coated
planar and textured glass substrates are investigated in this paper. The hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) for
SPC application is fabricated by conventional 13.56 MHz plasma enhanced vapor deposition (PECVD). The absorber
layer of the poly-Si solar cell is deposited at a very high rate (220 nm/min), where the other layers are deposited at
standard rate (25 nm/min). Current-Voltage (I-V) measurements on fully metallised solar cells demonstrate that short
circuit current (Jsc) and Photovoltaic (PV) efficiency are similar for high rate cells compared to the standard process.
Capacitance-Votalge (C-V) and Spectral response (EQE) measurements indicate a comparable electronic quality of
the high rate and standard rate absorber solar cells. A 5.9% efficient high rate PECVD SPC poly-Si thin-film solar
cell on textured glass was also fabricated. The expected reasons which caused the lower than expected cell efficiency
were outlined. These results demonstrate that the high rate PECVD is a viable approach to reduce the cost of the
poly-Si thin-film cells by applying further optimisation.
Source attribution of nitrogen oxides across Germany: Comparing the labelling approach and brute force technique with LOTOS-EUROS
Creators: name: Thürkow, Markus
name: Banzhaf, Sabine
name: Butler, Tim
name: Pültz, Joscha
name: Schaap, Martijn
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Source attribution
subject: Labelling
subject: Brute force
subject: Chemistry transport model
subject: Nitrogen oxides
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::550 Geowissenschaften, Geologie::550 Geowissenschaften

description: Millions of people are exposed to enhanced levels of nitrogen dioxide in urbanized areas, leading to severe health effects. Moreover, nitrogen oxides contribute to the formation of ozone and particulate matter, and as such have wider health related impacts. A substantial reduction of nitrogen oxides may offer considerable health benefits for the human society. As a first step, this requires a detailed understanding of source sector contributions to nitrogen oxide levels. Whereas many regions have information on the local (traffic) contributions, the source contributions to the rural and urban background levels are commonly not available. In this study we compared and evaluated the results of two source attribution techniques to quantify the contribution of 5 source sectors to background nitrogen oxide levels across Germany. The results of a labelling technique were compared to brute force simulations with variable emission reduction percentages. The labelled NO2 source contributions of the main sectors averaged for all urban background stations are road transport (45 ± 5%), non-road transport (24 ± 6%), energy & industry (20 ± 3%), households (10 ± 6%), and the remaining source sectors (1 ± 1%). For the brute force technique, the explained mass differs from the unperturbed baseline concentration after scaling the impact of each sensitivity simulation to 100%. The attributed concentration of NO2 is lower in urban background areas (−3 ± 5%) and larger in the rural background (4 ± 6%) than that of the labelling. Largest deviations up to −15% are calculated for the major cities along the Rhine and Main. The annual average overestimation for NO is about 53 ± 24% for urban and 40 ± 26% for rural background sites based on a 20% reduction of emissions. On shorter time scales the differences are larger. These deviations are caused by (the lack of) regime changes in the titration of ozone, most notably present at ozone-limiting conditions during nocturnal winter periods. As a consequence, the differences between the methodologies are larger for smaller emission reduction percentages applied in the brute force technique. Similarly, for small-sized emission source sectors larger deviations were found compared to large-sized sector categories. Hence, applying the brute force technique for the source attribution for a single sector should be avoided as there is no way to verify for consistency and quantify the error for the sector and total explained contribution. We recommend applying the labelling approach to estimate sector contributions in forthcoming studies for nitrogen oxides.
Ultraspinning limits and rotating hyperboloid membranes
Creators: name: Hennigar, Robie A.
name: Kubiznak, David
name: Mann, Robert B.
name: Musoke, Nathan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We apply the hyperboloid membrane limit to the general Kerr-AdS metrics and their recently studied super-entropic cousins and obtain a new class of rotating black holes, for which the rotational parameters in multiple directions attain their maximal value---equal to the AdS radius. These new solutions have a potential application in the description of holographic fluids with vorticity. They also possess interesting thermodynamic properties: we show that---despite the absence of Misner strings---the Bekenstein--Hawking entropy/area law is still violated, raising a question about the origin of this violation.
description: 10 pages, 2 figures, REVTeX 4-1
Incorporation of Interconnection Technique into the Cell Design of Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells on Glass
Creators: name: Gress, P.J.
name: Widenborg, P.I.
name: Jin, G.
name: Varlamov, S.
name: Kunz, O.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Wafer Equivalents

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3580-3583
description: Due to the conductive properties, and device structure of polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on
glass, a robust, repeatable and cheap interconnection technique remains a key challenge. Wire-bonding as a means of
tabbing individual cells, and for series interconnection to form modules is the subject of investigation in this paper.
‘Dead’ areas that neither contribute to current collection or current transport are identified as a key loss in current
poly-Si thin-film solar cells utilizing laser scribing wire-bonding as a series cell interconnection technique. Two
sample cell designs that incorporate wire-bond interconnection sites are presented in an attempt to overcome the
losses sustained by large ‘dead’ areas in current devices. Such designs have the potential to increase efficiencies of
poly-Si thin-film devices by up to 7%.
Triple dehydrofluorination as a route to amidine-functionalized, aromatic phosphorus heterocycles
Creators: name: Coles, Nathan T.
name: Groth, Lucie J.
name: Dettling, Lea
name: Frost, Daniel S.
name: Rigo, Massimo
name: Neale, Samuel E.
name: Müller, Christian
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: amidine-functionalized phosphinines
subject: dehydrofluorination reactions
subject: ortho-amidinephosphinines
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::540 Chemie::540 Chemie und zugeordnete Wissenschaften

description: An unexpected route to hitherto unknown amidine-functionalized phosphinines has been developed that is rapid and simple. Starting from primary amines and CF3-substituted λ3,σ2-phosphinines, a cascade of dehydrofluorination reactions leads selectively to ortho-amidinephosphinines. DFT calculations reveal that this unusual transformation can take place via a series of nucleophilic attacks at the electrophilic, low-coordinate phosphorus atom.
Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth for Photovoltaic Applications
Creators: name: Cieslak, K.
name: Olchowik, J.M.
name: Gulkowski, S.
name: Kaminski-Cachopo, A.
name: Fave, A.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Wafer Equivalents

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3588-3590
description: Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) is a method which enables to reduce the costs of obtaining silicon layers. It is
based on growth of silicon from a metallic solvent in a relatively low temperature comparing to a melting temperature
of Si. Since requisition for clean silicon is increasing nowadays, method which can reduce costs of material is worth
considering.
Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth (ELO) is a modification of LPE. Growing substrates are specially prepared by
oxidization and selective etching of SiO2 using a photolithography in order to get open silicon windows. During the
LPE process, growth starts from the opened windows and propagates laterally along the silicon dioxide surface as well
as in the horizontal direction, making epitaxial lateral overgrowth layer. This solution can be profitable because defects
density in the layer is ten times lower than in the growing substrate [1], it means that growing substrate does not
require sophisticated physical parameters.
In our research we used ELO method to obtain continuous silicon layers for producing solar cells. Silicon
windows opened in a SiO2 was a grid shape with four different sizes, what implicated different percentage of SiO2
surface coverage. As a metallic solvent tin with aluminum was used. Also two different cooling rates (0,5 K/min and
1K/min) was introduced. From structures grown from the ELO standard process in solar cells production was applied.
Comparison of the short circuit current density (JSC) for each solar cell helped us to establish the best
conditions in liquid phase epitaxy process.
The acid ceramidase/ceramide axis controls parasitemia in Plasmodium yoelii-infected mice by regulating erythropoiesis
Creators: name: Günther, Anne
name: Hose, Matthias
name: Abberger, Hanna
name: Schumacher, Fabian
name: Veith, Ylva
name: Kleuser, Burkhard
name: Matuschewski, Kai
name: Lang, Karl Sebastian
name: Gulbins, Erich
name: Buer, Jan
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: sphingolipids
subject: ceramide
subject: malaria
subject: Mouse
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie

description: Acid ceramidase (Ac) is part of the sphingolipid metabolism and responsible for the degradation of ceramide. As bioactive molecule, ceramide is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. However, the impact of cell-intrinsic Ac activity and ceramide on the course of Plasmodium infection remains elusive. Here, we use Ac-deficient mice with ubiquitously increased ceramide levels to elucidate the role of endogenous Ac activity in a murine malaria model. Interestingly, ablation of Ac leads to alleviated parasitemia associated with decreased T cell responses in the early phase of Plasmodium yoelii infection. Mechanistically, we identified dysregulated erythropoiesis with reduced numbers of reticulocytes, the preferred host cells of P. yoelii, in Ac-deficient mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that administration of the Ac inhibitor carmofur to wildtype mice has similar effects on P. yoelii infection and erythropoiesis. Notably, therapeutic carmofur treatment after manifestation of P. yoelii infection is efficient in reducing parasitemia. Hence, our results provide evidence for the involvement of Ac and ceramide in controlling P. yoelii infection by regulating red blood cell development.
Crystalline SiC Deposited by APCVD as a Multifunctional Intermediate Layer for the Recrystallised Wafer Equivalent
Creators: name: Schillinger, K.
name: Lindekugel, S.
name: Mbobda, S.A.
name: Janz, S.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Wafer Equivalents

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3594-3597
description: The Recrystallised Wafer Equivalent (RexWE) is an approach to substitute high purity silicon wafers
with cost effective sintered ceramic compounds. This design unites the potential to significantly reduce wafer costs
with very large wafer sizes. To separate the highly contaminated substrate material from the active silicon layer we
implemented a crystalline 3C-SiC intermediate layer (IL), which is deposited by APCVD at 1100°C. This IL
combines thermal and chemical stability above 1420°C, good electrical conductivity, textured surfaces and diffusion
barrier properties against all types of metallic contaminations. The deposited SiC-IL was hereby doped with nitrogen
(N2) during the deposition and basic crystallographic, optical and electrical investigations were performed.
Comparative evaluation of mineral profiles in different blood specimens of dairy cows at different production phases
Creators: name: Hussein, Hussein Awad
name: Müller, Anja-Elivera
name: Staufenbiel, Rudolf
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: anticoagulants
subject: dairy cows
subject: minerals
subject: sample types
subject: trace elements
subject: variations
subject: 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::630 Landwirtschaft::630 Landwirtschaft und verwandte Bereiche

description: Background: Evaluation of mineral profiles including essential and toxic elements in dairy cows provides fundamental information for bovine practitioners during regular herd supervision and monitoring. The present research was designed to investigate the variations of mineral profiles in different blood specimens of dairy cows at different lactation stages. Methods: This study was divided into two parts: the first included 32 cows, which were classified into four groups according to their lactation stages, and the second involved 10 cows at mid-lactation. The concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), barium (Ba), strontium (Sr), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), total phosphorous (P), sulfur (S), cobalt (Co), silicon (Si), lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), thallium (Tl), boron (B), aluminum (Al), uranium (U), and arsenic (As) were measured in serum, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma, heparin plasma, and EDTA whole blood samples. Results: The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ba, and Sr showed significant variations among the dairy cows of different lactation stages (p < 0.05). Strong regressions were determined between the mineral concentrations in individual and pooled samples (R2 = 0.991, p = 0.000). In comparison to other blood sample types, the concentration of Cu, Ba, and Sr was higher in EDTA plasma (p < 0.000). In addition, the values of Zn, Se, Fe, and Mn were significantly increased in heparin and EDTA whole blood samples. Concentrations of Ca and Mg, and P were higher in EDTA plasma, and EDTA whole blood samples, respectively. Furthermore, the mean values of Si, Li, Ni, and Tl showed significant increases in EDTA plasma, while S values were higher in EDTA whole blood samples (p < 0.000). Concentrations of Al and U exhibited significant increases in serum samples (p < 0.000). Conclusion: Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ba, and Sr undergo physiological variations among dairy cows at different lactation stages. Therefore, caution should be taken during assessment of these minerals. The concentrations of essential and toxic elements, as well as Ca, P, Mg, and S, varied among the different blood sample specimens, indicating their interpretations should be based on this regard. During dairy herd supervision, the use of pool sample, instead of individual ones, for determination of mineral status may be promising to minimize the costs of individual sample measurements. In general, EDTA plasma may be more suitable for measurements of Ca, Mg, P, and S. It seems that EDTA plasma and heparinized plasma are suited for the estimation of Se and Fe, respectively.
Predictive and perceptual phonemic processing in articulatory motor areas: A prediction potential & mismatch negativity study
Creators: name: Grisoni, Luigi
name: Pulvermüller, Friedemann
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Grounded cognition
subject: Prediction potential (PP)
subject: Mismatch negativity (MMN)
subject: Language processing
subject: 100 Philosophie und Psychologie::150 Psychologie::150 Psychologie

description: The recent finding of predictive brain signals preceding anticipated perceptual and linguistic stimuli opens new questions for experimental research. Here, we address the possible brain basis of phonological predictions regarding the features of specific speech sounds and their relationship to phonological priming. To this end, we recorded EEG correlates of both pre- and post-stimulus brain responses in a phonological priming study. Redundant spoken sounds induced stimulus expectations, which manifested as a slow-wave anticipatory activity (the Prediction Potential, PP), whereas articulatory-congruent (e.g.,/bƏ/in the context of expected/pƏ/) pairs elicited weaker post-stimulus MMN-like responses as compared to the articulatory-incongruent (e.g.,/bƏ/in the context of expected/dƏ/) pairs, a pattern reminiscent of perceptual priming mediated by articulatory-motor areas. Source analysis reveal clusters of activation in lateral prefrontal, temporal and ventral motor areas, thus providing the proof of the relevance of multimodal representation units subserving predictive and perceptual phonemic processing.
The Influence of Transport Operations on the Wafer Strength and Breakage Rate
Creators: name: Koepge, R.
name: Schoenfelder, S.
name: Giesen, T.
name: Fischmann, C.
name: Verl, A.
name: Bagdahn, J.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Manufacturing Issues and Processing

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2072-2077
description: The breakage rate of silicon wafers depends on the applied load during the manufacturing process, especially
in the different handling steps. In order to optimize the handling processes the influence of different handling techniques on
the strength and the damage of wafers needs to be understood. In this investigation three existing types of commercial gripper
techniques (Bernoulli gripper, vacuum cup gripper, and vacuum area gripper) are characterized in an automation setup
regarding strength and damage. For the evaluation of their damage potential the mechanical strength of the wafers is
determined by the 4-point bending test and a statistical analysis is performed using the Weibull distribution. In comparison to
a reference batch it is observed that Bernoulli and vacuum cups grippers are able to damage wafers and increase the breakage
rate, while the vacuum area gripper induces no damage in the wafers.
An Expanded Look at De-Ionized Water Piping Materials
Creators: name: Burkhart, M.
name: Mueller, H.P.
name: Reutz, M.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Manufacturing Issues and Processing

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2099-2103
description: The content presented within this paper is an extension of a previously published work6 that dealt with
the topic of clean polyvinyl chloride (PVC-X) and polypropylene (PP); henceforth referred to as the 2003 study.
Expanding on that topic, the authors took a look at the growing popularity of polyethylene (PE) to see how it stacked
up against the prior findings. The testing followed the same format so that results could be compared one-on-one.
This will be discussed in more detail later. Since the 2003 study, two things have remained constant. First, high tech
industries continue to economize where they can. No place is a better example than seen in photovoltaic cell
manufacturing where squeezing every expense involved in production is mandatory. Second, PVC, PP and PE
remain materials for general use and were never intended to be used to make piping system components for
conveyance of the highest qualities of water needed. These Materials of Construction are successfully being used in
the Industry for designing Clean Systems complying with SEMI PV3-0310.
Embedded Porous Si Reflectors for Epitaxial Solar Cells: Stability, Optical Performance and Industrial Manufacturability
Creators: name: Van Hoeymissen, J.
name: Gritti, C.
name: Deckers, J.
name: Sivaramakrishnan Radhakrishnan, H.
name: Poortmans, J.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Wafer Equivalents

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3602-3605
description: The ‘wafer equivalent’ cell concept consists of a thin (~20μm thick) high-quality epitaxial stack on top
of a porous Si-based Bragg-type reflector which is electrochemically etched in a non-active, highly-doped low-cost
(UMG) silicon substrate. We report here on further investigations of the porous Si layers in terms of stability, optical
performance and (industrial) manufacturability. A numerical optical model of the epitaxial thin-film solar cell was
constructed. This allows us to accurately assess the optical performance of the porous Si (PSi) Bragg reflector, and to
identify/quantify potential routes for improvement. Theoretically, the design of the Bragg reflector currently used can
certainly be improved, but is in practice limited by the boundary conditions in terms of maximum porosity and layer
thickness. Furthermore, a thorough study of the ‘ageing’ behavior of the as-etched porous layers has been performed.
It is revealed that all the microporous Si layers etched in p+ Si substrates exhibit a very stable H-surface passivation.
They are chemically and physically stable over a period of several months, demonstrating that the storage time and
conditions of PSi layers is non-critical. In addition, imec has been involved in the assessment of a (semi-) industrial,
large area porous Si etch reactor with high throughput potential. Resulting PSi layer Bragg reflectors showed
satisfying optical properties. All these results significantly contribute to the maturity of the porous Si + epitaxial Si
thin-film cell technology, bringing industrial implementation a step closer to reality.
Use of HCl Gas Gettering in the Epitaxial Wafer Equivalent Concept
Creators: name: Hampel, J.
name: Boldt, F.
name: Wiehl, N.
name: Hampel, G.
name: Kratz, J.V.
name: Reber, S.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Wafer Equivalents

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3591-3593
description: The concept of the epitaxial wafer equivalent (EpiWE) is pursued at the Fraunhofer ISE as an option to
reduce the cost of silicon solar cells. Within this concept, only a small amount of the expensive high purity silicon is
needed for the epitaxial deposition on a low-cost substrate made from low-quality silicon. A challenging task is the
control of the impurity contents in the low-grade silicon substrate. Especially transition metals like Fe, Mn, and Cr act as
recombination centres and degrade the minority carrier lifetime once they diffuse into the active layer. Gettering with
HCl gas is an effective and fast method to reduce the metals mentioned above to an appropriate level and can be
performed prior to the epitaxial deposition. This paper presents a reduction of metal impurity concentrations up to two
orders of magnitude obtained by HCl gettering of metallurgical grade (MG) and upgraded metallurgical grade (UMG)
silicon. Additionally, solar cell results are shown, demonstrating the improvement of EpiWE solar cells by HCl gas
gettering.
A New Method for Reliable Crack Detection in Wafers and Cells
Creators: name: Wagner, T.
name: Schuetz, M.
name: Ammon, M.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Manufacturing Issues and Processing

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2078-2081
description: Early and reliable μ-crack detection in solar wafers and cells becomes more and more important in
solar production lines. Since one major improvement of the performance of current wafer, cell, and module lines is to
remove cracked wafers or cells immediately and reliably. In this work we present a new crack detection method and
compare it with other detection techniques. Also various results in offline and inline experiments are presented. We
find that the new crack detection method is more sensitive to cracks and therefore helps to reduce breakage in
production lines by approx. one percent point.
Development and test of a real-size MRPC for CBM-TOF
Creators: name: Wang, Yi
name: Lyu, Pengfei
name: Huang, Xinjie
name: Han, Dong
name: Xie, Bo
name: Li, Yuanjing
name: Herrmann, Norbert
name: Deppner, Ingo
name: Simon, Christian
name: Loizeau, Pierre-Alain
name: Weidenkaff, Philipp
name: Jochen, Frühau
name: Kis, M. Laden
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In the CBM (Compressed Baryonic Matter) experiment constructed at the Facility for Anti-proton and Ion Research (Fair) at GSI, Darmstadt, Germany, MRPC(Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber) is adopted to construct the large TOF (Time-of-Flight) system to achieve an unprecedented precision of hadron identification, benefiting from its good time resolution, relatively high efficiency and low building price. We have developed a kind of double-ended readout strip MRPC. It uses low resistive glass to keep good performance of time resolution under high-rate condition. The differential double stack structure of 2x4 gas gaps help to reduce the required high voltage to half. There are 24 strips on one counter, and each is 270mm long, 7mm wide and the interval is 3mm. Ground is placed onto the MRPC electrode and feed through is carefully designed to match the 100 Ohm impedance of PADI electronics. The prototype of this strip MRPC has been tested with cosmic ray, a 98% efficiency and 60ps time resolution is gotten. In order to further examine the performance of the detector working under higher particle flux rate, the prototype has been tested in the 2014 October GSI beam time and 2015 February CERN beam time. In both beam times a relatively high rate of 1 kHz/cm2 was obtained. The calibration is done with CBM ROOT. A couple of corrections has been considered in the calibration and analysis process (including time-walk correction, gain correction, strip alignment correction and velocity correction) to access actual counter performances such as efficiency and time resolution. An efficiency of 97% and time resolution of 48ps are obtained. All these results show that the real-size prototype is fully capable of the requirement of the CBM-TOF, and new designs such as self-sealing are modified into the strip counter prototype to obtain even better performance.
Analysis of Residual Stress in Thin Silicon Wafers with an NIR Polariscope
Creators: name: Skenes, K.
name: Li, F.
name: Danyluk, S.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Manufacturing Issues and Processing

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2082-2085
description: A near-infrared (NIR) circular polariscope was used to extract the residual stresses in mono- and
polycrystalline silicon wafers. The stress optic law was modified to include a grain orientation dependent stress optic
coefficient, and different stress optic coefficients were determined for different grain and stress orientations. The
highest stress optic coefficients were found to be a factor of roughly 1.6 greater than the lowest coefficients. The
shear difference method was used to obtain the normal stress components by integration of the maximum shear stress
from the free boundaries. Analysis of a monocrystalline CZ bar in a 4-point bending state showed the integration
error to be around 1 MPa within 10 mm of the free boundary. Grain boundaries in a polycrystalline cast wafer were
found to contain relatively high tensile stresses compared to the grains. Adding a 4-point load to a polycrystalline
cast wafer increased the area and the magnitude of the high stress regions found along grain boundaries.
Solar Cells from Crystalline Silicon on Glass Made by Laser Crystallised Seed Layers and Subsequent Solid Phase Epitaxy
Creators: name: Schneider, J.
name: Dore, J.
name: Christiansen, S.
name: Falk, F.
name: Lichtenstein, N.
name: Valk, B.
name: Lewandowska, R.
name: Slaoui, A.
name: Maeder, X.
name: Lábár, J.
name: Sáfrán, G.
name: Werner, M.
name: Naumann, V.
name: Hagendorf, C.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Wafer Equivalents

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3573-3576
description: This paper presents the process and solar cell development progress within the European project
HIGH-EF. Laser crystallized silicon seed layers are epitaxial thickened in a solid phase epitaxy process. These layer
stacks are processed into Crystalline Silicon on Glass solar cells. In this paper various defect types and mechanisms
are discussed. An efficiency improvement from 1.8% to 4.9% is reported.
Acid-Treated Surface Morphology of Fixed-Abrasive Sawn Wafers
Creators: name: Chou, Y.-C.
name: Kuo, Y.-C.
name: Yang, S.-W.
name: Weng Lin (Wenglin), L.
name: Chang, Y.-N.
name: Chen, Y.-C.
name: Wu, C.-H.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Manufacturing Issues and Processing

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2004-2006
description: Multi-crystalline silicon wafer is slicing by the loose abrasive sawing process (including glycol and abrasive materials) in current solar cell factory. However, in recent years, fixed abrasive sawing (FAS) has attracted more attention due to the lower amount of SiC and glycol required (the major components used in multi-crystalline silicon cutting). One concern with this process is that the surface reflection rate of FAS wafers is higher than that in the slurry process, which leads to lower Jsc. As a result, it leads to lower cell efficiency than which be achieved with loose abrasive sawn wafers. Our previous study already showed a proper method to increase the etching rate, and this paper will show the influence of reflectivity and the surface layer identification by TEM.