cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Multiple superconducting phases in heavy-fermion metals
Creators: name: Nica, Emilian M.
name: Ran, Sheng
name: Jiao, Lin
name: Si, Qimiao
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Symmetry breaking beyond a global U(1) phase is the key signature of unconventional superconductors. As prototypical strongly correlated materials, heavy-fermion metals provide ideal platforms for realizing unconventional superconductivity. In this article, we review heavy-fermion superconductivity, with a focus on those materials with multiple superconducting phases. In this context, we highlight the role of orbital-selective (matrix) pairing functions, which are defined as matrices in the space of effective orbital degrees of freedom such as electronic orbitals and sublattices as well as equivalent descriptions in terms of intra- and inter-band pairing components in the band basis. The role of quantum criticality and the associated strange-metal physics in the development of unconventional superconductivity is emphasized throughout. We discuss in some detail the recent experimental observations and theoretical perspectives in the illustrative cases of UTe2, CeRh2As2, and CeCu2Si2, where applied magnetic fields or pressure induce a variety of superconducting phases. We close by providing a brief overview of overarching issues and implications for possible future directions.
description: 33 pages, 8 figures; To be published in Frontiers in Electronic Materials
Crowdsourcing in Computer Vision
Creators: name: Kovashka, Adriana
name: Russakovsky, Olga
name: Fei-Fei, Li
name: Grauman, Kristen
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Computer vision systems require large amounts of manually annotated data to properly learn challenging visual concepts. Crowdsourcing platforms offer an inexpensive method to capture human knowledge and understanding, for a vast number of visual perception tasks. In this survey, we describe the types of annotations computer vision researchers have collected using crowdsourcing, and how they have ensured that this data is of high quality while annotation effort is minimized. We begin by discussing data collection on both classic (e.g., object recognition) and recent (e.g., visual story-telling) vision tasks. We then summarize key design decisions for creating effective data collection interfaces and workflows, and present strategies for intelligently selecting the most important data instances to annotate. Finally, we conclude with some thoughts on the future of crowdsourcing in computer vision.
description: A 69-page meta review of the field, Foundations and Trends in Computer Graphics and Vision, 2016
On integrability of a third-order complex nonlinear wave equation
Creators: name: Sakovich, Sergei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show that the new third-order complex nonlinear wave equation, introduced recently by Müller-Hoissen [arXiv:2202.04512], does not pass the Painlevé test for integrability. We find two reductions of this equation, one integrable and one non-integrable, whose solutions jointly cover all solutions of the original equation.
description: 8 pages
High-precision photometric and high-resolution spectroscopic characterisation of HD 180347
Creators: name: Trust, Otto
name: Mashonkina, Lyudmila
name: Jurua, Edward
name: De Cat, Peter
name: Tsymbal, Vadim
name: Joshi, Santosh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report the analysis of high-precision space-based photometric and high-resolution spectroscopic observations of HD 180347. The high-quality light curves from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) under sectors 14, 15, and 26 were used. By visual inspection of the light curves and the Fourier transforms, only low-frequency signals (less than 1 d$^{-1}$) were detected. After using wavelet, autocorrelation, and composite spectrum analyses, HD 180347 is classified as a rotational variable with a period of about 4.1 $\pm$ 0.2 days. In reference to the observation limit of TESS, no pulsations were detected. For the spectroscopic analysis, we used data collected with the High Efficiency and Resolution Mercator Échelle Spectrograph (HERMES). We determined the spectral type of this star and obtained atmospheric parameters such as the effective temperature, the surface gravity, and the projected rotational, microturbulent, and radial velocities. We performed a detailed chemical abundance analysis. The LTE abundances were derived for 25 chemical elements. For 13 of them, including Ca, Sc, Sr, Zr, and Ba, which are important for the characterisation of chemical peculiarity, we also present the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) abundances. NLTE improves the accuracy of the derived abundances and confirms that Ca and Sc are depleted in HD 180347 relative to their solar abundances, while the heavy elements beyond Sr are enhanced, by more than 0.7 dex. Based on the spectral class and the element abundance pattern, we classify this star as Am (kA1hA8mA8).
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Analysis plan: Mechanisms of Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis, investigation with fMRI (FAMRI Study) - Baseline analysis
Creators: name: Pereira, Ines
name: Galioulline, Herman
name: Heinzle, Jakob
name: Enz, Reka
name: Köchli, Laura
name: Mare, Stefania
name: Delania, Meng
name: Manjaly, Zina-Mary
name: Stephan, Klaas Enno
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023

description: This analysis plan describes a baseline analysis for the prediction of fatigue in a multiple sclerosis study using fMRI data.
Superconductivity from Doublon Condensation in the Ionic Hubbard Model
Creators: name: Samanta, Abhisek
name: Sensarma, Rajdeep
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas)
subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In the ionic Hubbard model, the onsite repulsion $U$, which drives a Mott insulator and the ionic potential $V$, which drives a band insulator, compete with each other to open up a window of charge fluctuations when $U \sim V$. We study this model on square and cubic lattices in the limit of large $U$ and $V$, with $V\sim U$. Using an effective Hamiltonian and a slave boson approach with both doublons and holes, we find that the system undergoes a phase transition as a function of $V$ from an antiferromagnetic Mott insulator to a paramagnetic insulator with strong singlet correlations, which is driven by a condensate of "neutral" doublon-hole pairs. On further increasing $V$, the system undergoes another phase transition to a superconducting phase driven by condensate of "charged" doublons and holes. The superfluid phase, characterized by presence of coherent (but gapped) fermionic quasiparticle, and $hc/e$ flux quantization, has a high $T_c \sim t $ which shows a dome shaped behaviour as a function of $V$. The paramagnetic insulator phase has a deconfined U(1) gauge field and associated gapless photon excitations. We also discuss how these phases can be detected in the ultracold atom context.
A new redback pulsar candidate 4FGL J2054.2+6904
Creators: name: Karpova, A. V.
name: Zyuzin, D. A.
name: Shibanov, Yu. A.
name: Gilfanov, M. R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Fermi catalogue contains about 2000 unassociated $γ$-ray sources. Some of them were recently identified as pulsars, including so called redbacks and black widows, which are millisecond pulsars in tight binary systems with non- and partially-degenerate low-mass stellar companions irradiated by the pulsar wind. We study a likely optical and X-ray counterpart of the Fermi source 4FGL J2054.2+6904 proposed earlier as a pulsar candidate. We use archival optical data as well as Swift/XRT and SRG/eROSITA X-ray data to clarify its nature. Using Zwicky Transient Facility data in $g$ and $r$ bands spanning over 4.7 years, we find a period of $\approx$7.5 h. The folded light curve has a smooth sinusoidal shape with the peak-to-peak amplitude of $\approx$0.4 mag. The spectral fit to the optical spectral energy distribution of the counterpart candidate gives the star radius of 0.5$\pm$0.1$R_\odot$ and temperature of 5500$\pm$300 K implying a G2--G9-type star. Its X-ray spectrum is well fitted by an absorbed power law with the photon index of 1.0$\pm$0.3 and unabsorbed flux of $\approx 2\times10^{-13}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$. All the properties of 4FGL J2054.2$+$6904 and its presumed counterpart suggest that it is a member of the redback family.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 6 pages, 6 figures
Competing Adiabatic Thouless Pumps in Enlarged Parameter Spaces
Creators: name: Lopes, Pedro L. S.
name: Ghaemi, Pouyan
name: Ryu, Shinsei
name: Hughes, Taylor L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The transfer of conserved charges through insulating matter via smooth deformations of the Hamiltonian is known as quantum adiabatic, or Thouless, pumping. Central to this phenomenon are Hamiltonians whose insulating gap is controlled by a multi-dimensional (usually two-dimensional) parameter space in which paths can be defined for adiabatic changes in the Hamiltonian, i.e., without closing the gap. Here, we extend the concept of Thouless pumps of band insulators by considering a larger, three-dimensional parameter space. We show that the connectivity of this parameter space is crucial for defining quantum pumps, demonstrating that, as opposed to the conventional two-dimensional case, pumped quantities depend not only on the initial and final points of Hamiltonian evolution but also on the class of the chosen path and preserved symmetries. As such, we distinguish the scenarios of closed/open paths of Hamiltonian evolution, finding that different closed cycles can lead to the pumping of different quantum numbers, and that different open paths may point to distinct scenarios for surface physics. As explicit examples, we consider models similar to simple models used to describe topological insulators, but with doubled degrees of freedom compared to a minimal topological insulator model. The extra fermionic flavors from doubling allow for extra gapping terms/adiabatic parameters - besides the usual topological mass which preserves the topology-protecting discrete symmetries - generating an enlarged adiabatic parameter-space. We consider cases in one and three \emph{spatial} dimensions, and our results in three dimensions may be realized in the context of crystalline topological insulators, as we briefly discuss.
description: 21 pages, 7 Figures
Critical behavior of the three-state random-field Potts model in three dimensions
Creators: name: Kumar, Manoj
name: Banerjee, Varsha
name: Puri, Sanjay
name: Weigel, Martin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Enormous advances have been made in the past 20 years in our understanding of the random-field Ising model, and there is now consensus on many aspects of its behavior at least in thermal equilibrium. In contrast, little is known about its generalization to the random-field Potts model which has wide-ranging applications. Here we start filling this gap with an investigation of the three-state random-field Potts model in three dimensions. Building on the success of ground-state calculations for the Ising system, we use a recently developed approximate scheme based on graph-cut methods to study the properties of the zero-temperature random fixed point of the system that determines the zero and non-zero temperature transition behavior. We find compelling evidence for a continuous phase transition. Implementing an extensive finite-size scaling (FSS) analysis, we determine the critical exponents and compare them to those of the random-field Ising model.
description: RevTeX, 6+5 pages, 4+5 figures, 3+1 tables, version accepted for publication
Beyond Neural-on-Neural Approaches to Speaker Gender Protection
Creators: name: van Bemmel, Loes
name: Liu, Zhuoran
name: Vaessen, Nik
name: Larson, Martha
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Audio and Speech Processing (eess.AS)
subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Sound (cs.SD)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Recent research has proposed approaches that modify speech to defend against gender inference attacks. The goal of these protection algorithms is to control the availability of information about a speaker's gender, a privacy-sensitive attribute. Currently, the common practice for developing and testing gender protection algorithms is "neural-on-neural", i.e., perturbations are generated and tested with a neural network. In this paper, we propose to go beyond this practice to strengthen the study of gender protection. First, we demonstrate the importance of testing gender inference attacks that are based on speech features historically developed by speech scientists, alongside the conventionally used neural classifiers. Next, we argue that researchers should use speech features to gain insight into how protective modifications change the speech signal. Finally, we point out that gender-protection algorithms should be compared with novel "vocal adversaries", human-executed voice adaptations, in order to improve interpretability and enable before-the-mic protection.
Simultaneous Observations of Giant Pulses from Pulsar PSR B0031-07 at 38 MHz and 74 MHz
Creators: name: Tsai, Jr-Wei
name: Simonetti, John H.
name: Bear, Brandon
name: Gough, Jonathan D.
name: Newton, Joseph R.
name: Kavic, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The first station of the Long Wavelength Array (LWA1) was used to study PSR~B0031-07 with simultaneous observations at 38 and 74~MHz. We found that 158 (0.35\%) of the observed pulses at 38~MHz and 221 (0.49\%) of the observed pulses at 74~MHz qualified as giant pulses in a total of 12 hours of observations. Giant pulses are defined as having flux densities of a factor of $\geq$ 90 times that of an average pulse at 38~MHz and $\geq$ 80 times that of an average pulse at 74~MHz. The cumulative distribution of pulse strength follows a power law, with an index of $-$4.2 at 38~MHz and $-$4.9 at 74~MHz. This distribution has a much more gradual slope than would be expected if observing the tail of a Gaussian distribution of normal pulses. The dispersion measure value which resulted in the largest signal-to-noise for dedispersed pulses was DM $=10.9$~pc~cm$^{-3}$. No other transient pulses were detected in the data in the wide dispersion measure range from 1 to 5000~pc~cm$^{-3}$. There were 12 giant pulses detected within the same period from both 38 and 74~MHz, meaning that the majority of them are not generated in a wide band.
description: 17 pages, 8 figures
$f(T,B)$ Gravity in the late Universe in the context of local measurements
Creators: name: Briffa, Rebecca
name: Escamilla-Rivera, Celia
name: Said, Jackson Levi
name: Mifsud, Jurgen
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We explore the viability of three models in $f(T,B)$ gravity using data from recent surveys based on cosmic chronometers, the Pantheon data set, and baryonic acoustic oscillation data. We also assess the consistency of these models and data set combinations with two important priors on the Hubble constant coming from the SH0ES Team and measurements using the tip of the red giant branch respectively. These give the highest and lowest values of the Hubble constant coming from cosmology independent studies. In general, our analysis does provide a more consistent fit for the late time data being analyzed. However, each model does include an additional model parameter in comparison with the concordance model. We close the analysis with a comparative analysis in which each model, data set and Hubble constant prior combination are cross-analyzed against each other.
ALMA Observations of the Debris Disk of Solar Analogue Tau Ceti
Creators: name: MacGregor, Meredith A.
name: Lawler, Samantha M.
name: Wilner, David J.
name: Matthews, Brenda C.
name: Kennedy, Grant M.
name: Booth, Mark
name: Di Francesco, James
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present 1.3 mm observations of the Sun-like star $τ$ Ceti with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) that probe angular scales of $\sim1$'' (4 AU). This first interferometric image of the $τ$ Ceti system, which hosts both a debris disk and possible multiplanet system, shows emission from a nearly face-on belt of cold dust with a position angle of $90^\circ$ surrounding an unresolved central source at the stellar position. To characterize this emission structure, we fit parametric models to the millimeter visibilities. The resulting best-fit model yields an inner belt edge of $6.2^{+9.8}_{-4.6}$ AU, consistent with inferences from lower resolution, far-infrared Herschel observations. While the limited data at sufficiently short baselines preclude us from placing stronger constraints on the belt properties and its relation to the proposed five planet system, the observations do provide a strong lower limit on the fractional width of the belt, $ΔR/R > 0.75$ with $99\%$ confidence. This fractional width is more similar to broad disks such as HD 107146 than narrow belts such as the Kuiper Belt and Fomalhaut. The unresolved central source has a higher flux density than the predicted flux of the stellar photosphere at 1.3 mm. Given previous measurements of an excess by a factor of $\sim2$ at 8.7 mm, this emission is likely due to a hot stellar chromosphere.
description: 18 pages, 6 figures
Modelling Mechanical Heating in Star-Forming Galaxies: CO and 13CO Line Ratios as Sensitive Probes
Creators: name: Kazandjian, M. V.
name: Pelupessy, I.
name: Meijerink, R.
name: Israel, F. P.
name: Spaans, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We apply photo-dissociation region (PDR) molecular line emission models, that have varying degrees of enhanced mechanical heating rates, to the gaseous component of simulations of star-forming galaxies taken from the literature. Snapshots of these simulations are used to produce line emission maps for the rotational transitions of the CO molecule and its 13CO isotope up to J = 4-3. We consider two galaxy models: a small disk galaxy of solar metallicity and a lighter dwarf galaxy with 0.2 \zsun metallicity. Elevated excitation temperatures for CO(1 - 0) correlate positively with mechanical feedback, that is enhanced towards the central region of both model galaxies. The emission maps of these model galaxies are used to compute line ratios of CO and 13CO transitions. These line ratios are used as diagnostics where we attempt to match them These line ratios are used as diagnostics where we attempt to match them to mechanically heated single component (i.e. uniform density, Far-UV flux, visual extinction and velocity gradient) equilibrium PDR models. We find that PDRs ignoring mechanical feedback in the heating budget over-estimate the gas density by a factor of 100 and the far-UV flux by factors of ~10 - 1000. In contrast, PDRs that take mechanical feedback into account are able to fit all the line ratios for the central < 2 kpc of the fiducial disk galaxy quite well. The mean mechanical heating rate per H atom that we recover from the line ratio fits of this region varies between $10^{-27}$ -- $10^{-26}$~erg s$^{-1}$.
description: 17 pages, 12 figures
Eshelbian mechanics of novel materials: Quasicrystals
Creators: name: Lazar, Markus
name: Agiasofitou, Eleni
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this work, the so-called Eshelbian or configurational mechanics of quasicrystals is presented. Quasicrystals are considered as a prototype of novel materials. Material balance laws for quasicrystalline materials with dislocations are derived in the framework of generalized incompatible elasticity theory of quasicrystals. Translations, scaling transformations as well as rotations are examined; the latter presents particular interest due to the quasicrystalline structure. This derivation provides important quantities of the Eshelbian mechanics, as the Eshelby stress tensor, the scaling flux vector, the angular momentum tensor, the configurational forces (Peach-Koehler force, Cherepanov force, inhomogeneity force or Eshelby force), the configurational work and the configurational vector moments for dislocations in quasicrystals. The corresponding $J$-, $M$-, and $L$-integrals for dislocation loops and straight dislocations in quasicrystals are derived and discussed. Moreover, the explicit formulas of the $J$-, $M$-, and $L$-integrals for parallel screw dislocations in one-dimensional hexagonal quasicrystals are obtained. Through this derivation, the physical interpretation of the $J$-, $M$-, and $L$-integrals for dislocations in quasicrystals is revealed and their connection to the Peach-Koehler force, the interaction energy and the rotational vector moment (torque) of dislocations in quasicrystals is established.
description: 38 pages, 6 figures
First direct measurement constraining the $^{34}$Ar($α$,p)$^{37}$K reaction cross section for mixed hydrogen and helium burning in accreting neutron stars
Creators: name: Browne, J.
name: Chipps, K. A.
name: Schmidt, K.
name: Schatz, H.
name: Ahn, S.
name: Pain, S. D.
name: Montes, F.
name: Ong, W. J.
name: Greife, U.
name: Allen, J.
name: Bardayan, D. W.
name: Blackmon, J. C.
name: Blankstein, D.
name: Cha, S.
name: Chae, K. Y.
name: Febbraro, M.
name: Hall, M. R.
name: Jones, K. L.
name: Kontos, A.
name: Meisel, Z.
name: O'Malley, P. D.
name: Schmitt, K. T.
name: Smith, K.
name: Smith, M. S.
name: Thompson, P.
name: Toomey, R.
name: Vostinar, M.
name: Walter, D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The rate of the final step in the astrophysical $α$p-process, the $^{34}$Ar($α$,\textit{p})$^{37}$K reaction, suffers from large uncertainties due to lack of experimental data, despite having a considerable impact on the observable light curves of x-ray bursts and the composition of the ashes of hydrogen and helium burning on accreting neutron stars. We present the first direct measurement constraining the $^{34}$Ar($α$,p)$^{37}$K reaction cross section, using the Jet Experiments in Nuclear Structure and Astrophysics (JENSA) gas jet target. The combined cross section for the $^{34}$Ar,Cl($α$,p)$^{37}$K,Ar reaction is found to agree well with Hauser-Feshbach predictions. The $^{34}$Ar($α$,2p)$^{36}$Ar cross section, which can be exclusively attributed to the $^{34}$Ar beam component, also agrees to within the typical uncertainties quoted for statistical models. This indicates the applicability of the statistical model for predicting astrophysical ($α$,p) reaction rates in this part of the $α$p process, in contrast to earlier findings from indirect reaction studies indicating orders-of-magnitude discrepancies. This removes a significant uncertainty in models of hydrogen and helium burning on accreting neutron stars.
description: 6 pages, 4 figures
Dark energy from the motions of neutrinos
Creators: name: Simpson, Fergus
name: Jimenez, Raul
name: Pena-Garay, Carlos
name: Verde, Licia
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We demonstrate that a scalar field is unable to reverse its direction of motion while continuously exchanging energy with another fluid. If the rate of transfer is modulated by the scalar's acceleration, the field can undergo a rapid process of freezing, despite being displaced from the local minimum of its potential. This enables dark energy to form from any potential, regardless of its shape. The field's equation of state mimicks that of a cosmological constant. We present a physically motivated realisation in the form of a derivative neutrino-majoron coupling. Coherent motions, which form only once the neutrinos become non-relativistic, could be responsible for instigating the freezing process. This would provide a natural resolution to the dark energy coincidence problem, while avoiding the dynamical instabilities associated with mass-varying neutrino models. Finally we discuss possible means by which this model could be experimentally verified.
Constraining cloud parameters using high density gas tracers in galaxies
Creators: name: Kazandjian, M. V.
name: Pelupessy, I.
name: Meijerink, R.
name: Israel, F. P.
name: Coppola, C. M.
name: Rosenberg, M. J. F.
name: Spaans, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Far-infrared molecular emission is an important tool used to understand the excitation mechanisms of the gas in the inter-stellar medium of star-forming galaxies. In the present work, we model the emission from rotational transitions with critical densities n >~ 10^4 cm-3. We include 4-3 < J <= 15-14 transitions of CO and 13CO, in addition to J <= 7-6 transitions of HCN, HNC, and HCO+ on galactic scales. We do this by re-sampling high density gas in a hydrodynamic model of a gas-rich disk galaxy, assuming that the density field of the interstellar medium of the model galaxy follows the probability density function (PDF) inferred from the resolved low density scales. We find that in a narrow gas density PDF, with a mean density of ~10 cm-3 and a dispersion σ= 2.1 in the log of the density, most of the emission of molecular lines, emanates from the 10-1000 cm-3 part of the PDF. We construct synthetic emission maps for the central 2 kpc of the galaxy and fit the line ratios of CO and 13CO up to J = 15-14, as well as HCN, HNC, and HCO+ up to J = 7-6, using one photo-dissociation region (PDR) model. We attribute the goodness of the one component fits for our model galaxy to the fact that the distribution of the luminosity, as a function of density, is peaked at gas densities between 10 and 1000 cm-3. We explore the impact of different log-normal density PDFs on the distribution of the line-luminosity as a function of density, and we show that it is necessary to have a broad dispersion, corresponding to Mach numbers >~ 30 in order to obtain significant emission from n > 10^4 cm-3 gas. Such Mach numbers are expected in star-forming galaxies, LIRGS, and ULIRGS. By fitting line ratios of HCN(1-0), HNC(1-0), and HCO+(1-0) for a sample of LIRGS and ULIRGS using mechanically heated PDRs, we constrain the Mach number of these galaxies to 29 < M < 77.
description: 13 pages, 11 figures
A relation between cylindrical critical points of Willmore-type energies, weighted areas and vertical potential energies
Creators: name: López, Rafael
name: Pámpano, Álvaro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 58E12, 35J60, 53A10

description: This paper considers the energies of three different physical scenarios and obtains relations between them in a particular case. The first family of energies consists of the Willmore-type energies involving the integral of powers of the mean curvature which extends the Willmore and Helfrich energies. A second family of energies is the area functionals arising in weighted manifolds, following the theory developed by Gromov, when the density is a power of the height function. The third one is the free energies of a fluid deposited in a horizontal hyperplane when the potentials depend on the height with respect to this hyperplane. In this paper we find relations between each of them when the critical point is a hypersurface of cylindrical type. Cylindrical hypersurfaces are determined by their generating planar curves and for each of the families of energies, these curves satisfy suitable ordinary differential equations. For the Willmore-type energies, the equation is of fourth order, whereas it is of order two in the other two cases. We prove that the generating curves coincide for the Willmore-type energies without area constraint and for weighted areas, and the similar result holds for the generating curves of Willmore-type energies and of the vertical potential energies, after suitable choices of the physical parameters. In all the cases, generating curves are critical points for a family of energies extending the classical bending energy. In the final section of the paper, we analyze the stability of a liquid drop deposited on a horizontal hyperplane with vertical potential energies. It is proven that if the free interface of the fluid is a graph on this hyperplane, then the hypersurface is stable in the sense that it is a local minimizer of the energy. In fact, we prove that the hypersurface is a global minimizer in the class of all graphs with the same boundary.
ELAN template for annotation of non-manual markers
Creators: name: Oomen, M.
name: Roelofsen, F.
Publisher: name: University of Amsterdam / Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: 20 Language, Communication and Culture

description: An annotation template (.etf), with corresponding external Controlled Vocubulary (.ecv), for annotating non-manual markers in sign language or multimodal data in ELAN Linguistic Annotator (https://archive.mpi.nl/tla/elan). For information on how to use these resources, see: Oomen, Marloes, Tobias de Ronde, Lyke Esselink & Floris Roelofsen. In press. Towards a procedure for annotating non-manual markers in sign languages and multi-modal communication. In Proceedings of NELS 53.
Counterfactual Collaborative Reasoning
Creators: name: Ji, Jianchao
name: Li, Zelong
name: Xu, Shuyuan
name: Xiong, Max
name: Tan, Juntao
name: Ge, Yingqiang
name: Wang, Hao
name: Zhang, Yongfeng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Information Retrieval (cs.IR)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Causal reasoning and logical reasoning are two important types of reasoning abilities for human intelligence. However, their relationship has not been extensively explored under machine intelligence context. In this paper, we explore how the two reasoning abilities can be jointly modeled to enhance both accuracy and explainability of machine learning models. More specifically, by integrating two important types of reasoning ability -- counterfactual reasoning and (neural) logical reasoning -- we propose Counterfactual Collaborative Reasoning (CCR), which conducts counterfactual logic reasoning to improve the performance. In particular, we use recommender system as an example to show how CCR alleviate data scarcity, improve accuracy and enhance transparency. Technically, we leverage counterfactual reasoning to generate "difficult" counterfactual training examples for data augmentation, which -- together with the original training examples -- can enhance the model performance. Since the augmented data is model irrelevant, they can be used to enhance any model, enabling the wide applicability of the technique. Besides, most of the existing data augmentation methods focus on "implicit data augmentation" over users' implicit feedback, while our framework conducts "explicit data augmentation" over users explicit feedback based on counterfactual logic reasoning. Experiments on three real-world datasets show that CCR achieves better performance than non-augmented models and implicitly augmented models, and also improves model transparency by generating counterfactual explanations.
Testing dynamical torsion effects on the charged black hole's shadow, deflection angle and greybody with M87* and Sgr. A* from EHT
Creators: name: Pantig, Reggie C.
name: Övgün, Ali
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Poincaré Gauge's theory of gravity is the most noteworthy alternative extension of general relativity that has a correspondence between spin and spacetime geometry. In this paper, we use Reissner-Nordstrom-de Sitter and anti-de Sitter solutions, where torsion $τ$ is added as an independent field, to analyze the weak deflection angles $\hatα$ of massive and null particles in finite distance regime. We then apply $\hatα$ to determine the Einstein ring formation in M87* and Sgr. A* and determine that relative to Earth's location from these black holes, massive torsion effects can provide considerable deviation, while the cosmological constant's effect remains negligible. Furthermore, we also explore how the torsion parameter affects the shadow radius perceived by both static and co-moving (with cosmic expansion) observers in a Universe dominated by dark energy, matter, and radiation. Our findings indicate that torsion and cosmological constant parameters affect the shadow radius differently between observers in static and co-moving states. We also show how the torsion parameter affects the luminosity of the photonsphere by studying the shadow with infalling accretion. The calculation of the quasinormal modes, greybody bounds, and high-energy absorption cross-section are also affected by the torsion parameter considerably.
description: 18 pages, 15 figures. Finalized version of the paper
title: Patellofemoral Joint Compressive Forces During Backward and Forward Running at the Same Speed
Creators: name: Alrowayeh, Hesham N.
Publisher: name: Old Dominion University Libraries
Year: 1998

description: A previous study found that the patellofemoral joint compressive force (PFJRF) during backward running was less than during forward running at free speed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the patellofemoral joint compressive forces during backward and forward running at the same speed. Ten runners (4 females, 6 males) between the age of 20-25 (X=22, SD=2) ran in backward and forward directions at the slow speed of 2.3 mph (1.0 m.sec-1). Using the inverse dynamic technique the knee extensor moment and PFJRF during the slow backward and forward running were calculated. Results showed that the PFJRF and knee extensor moment during backward and forward running were similar. The PFJRF and knee extensor moment were 3.5BW and 144.SN,m respectively during the slow backward running and were 3.4 and 141.6N,m respectively during the slow forward running. In conclusion, slow backward and forward running put similar compression forces on the patellofemoral joint. Moreover, backward running does not protect the patellofemoral joint from higher compression forces, but slow speed does.
Star cluster formation and feedback in different environments of a Milky Way-like galaxy
Creators: name: Ali, Ahmad A.
name: Dobbs, Clare L.
name: Bending, Thomas J. R.
name: Buckner, Anne S. M.
name: Pettitt, Alex R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It remains unclear how galactic environment affects star formation and stellar cluster properties. This is difficult to address in Milky Way-mass galaxy simulations because of limited resolution and less accurate feedback compared to cloud-scale models. We carry out zoom-in simulations to re-simulate 100-300 pc regions of a Milky Way-like galaxy using smoothed particle hydrodynamics, including finer resolution (0.4 Msun per particle), cluster-sink particles, ray-traced photoionization from O stars, H$_2$/CO chemistry, and ISM heating/cooling. We select $10^6$ Msun cloud complexes from a galactic bar, inner spiral arm, outer arm, and inter-arm region (in order of galactocentric radius), retaining the original galactic potentials. The surface densities of star formation rate and neutral gas follow $Σ_{SFR} \propto Σ_{gas}^{1.3}$, with the bar lying higher up the relation than the other regions. However, the inter-arm region forms stars 2-3x less efficiently than the arm models at the same $Σ_{gas}$. The bar produces the most massive cluster, the inner arm the second, and the inter-arm the third. Almost all clusters in the bar and inner arm are small (radii < 5 pc), while 30-50 per cent of clusters in the outer arm and inter-arm have larger radii more like associations. Bar and inner arm clusters rotate at least twice as fast, on average, than clusters in the outer arm and inter-arm regions. The degree of spatial clustering also decreases from bar to inter-arm. Our results indicate that young massive clusters, potentially progenitors of globular clusters, may preferentially form near the bar/inner arm compared to outer arm/inter-arm regions.
description: 14 pages, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Identification of knowledge bases for research in public affairs based on a comprehensive search strategy
Creators: name: Wenjing, Xiong
name: Ping, Zhou
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022

description: The current study has two objects. The first one is to develop a more accurate method for collecting publications in interdisciplinary areas like PA. The second one is, based on the corpus of PA publications, to identify knowledge base by co-citation analysis. The Leiden Algorithm is used to detect communities.
Strong optomechanical coupling in a slotted photonic crystal nanobeam cavity with an ultrahigh quality factor-to-mode volume ratio
Creators: name: Schneider, Katharina
name: Seidler, Paul
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of a one-dimensional silicon photonic crystal cavity in which a central slot is used to enhance the overlap between highly localized optical and mechanical modes. The optical mode has an extremely small mode volume of 0.017 $(λ_{vac}/n)^3$, and an optomechanical vacuum coupling rate of 310 kHz is measured. With optical quality factors up to $1.2 \cdot 10^5$, fabricated devices are in the resolved-sideband regime. The electric field has its maximum at the slot wall and couples to the in-plane breathing motion of the slot. The optomechanical coupling is thus dominated by the moving-boundary effect, which we simulate to be six times greater than the photoelastic effect, in contrast to most structures, where the photoelastic effect is often the primary coupling mechanism.
Evidence from SOFIA Imaging of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation along a Recent Outflow in NGC 7027
Creators: name: Lau, R. M.
name: Werner, M.
name: Sahai, R.
name: Ressler, M. E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report spatially resolved (FWHM$\sim3.8-4.6"$) mid-IR imaging observations of the planetary nebula (PN) NGC 7027 taken with the 2.5-m telescope aboard the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Images of NGC 7027 were acquired at 6.3, 6.6, 11.1, 19.7, 24.2, 33.6, and 37.1 $μ\mathrm{m}$ using the Faint Object Infrared Camera for the SOFIA Telescope (FORCAST).The observations reveal emission from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and warm dust ($T_D\sim90$ K) from the illuminated inner edge of the molecular envelope surrounding the ionized gas and central star. The DustEM code was used to fit the spectral energy distribution of fluxes obtained by FORCAST and the archival infrared spectrum of NGC 7027 acquired by the Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS) on the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). Best-fit dust models provide a total dust mass of $5.8^{+2.3}_{-2.6}\times10^{-3}$ $\mathrm{M}_\odot$, where carbonaceous large ($a=1.5$ $μ$m) and very small ($a \sim12Å$) grains, and PAHs ($3.1Å
description: 12 pages, 6 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ
Is Kernel Code Different From Non-Kernel Code? A Case Study of BSD Family Operating Systems
Creators: name: Kudrjavets, Gunnar
name: Thomas, Jeff
name: Nagappan, Nachiappan
name: Rastogi, Ayushi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Software Engineering (cs.SE)
subject: Operating Systems (cs.OS)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Code churn and code velocity describe the evolution of a code base. Current research quantifies and studies code churn and velocity at a high level of abstraction, often at the overall project level or even at the level of an entire company. We argue that such an approach ignores noticeable differences among the subsystems of large projects. We conducted an exploratory study on four BSD family operating systems: DragonFlyBSD, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. We mine 797,879 commits to characterize code churn in terms of the annual growth rate, commit types, change type ratio, and size taxonomy of commits for different subsystems (kernel, non-kernel, and mixed). We also investigate differences among various code review periods, i.e., time-to-first-response, time-to-accept, and time-to-merge, as indicators of code velocity. Our study provides empirical evidence that quantifiable evolutionary code characteristics at a global system scope fail to take into account significant individual differences that exist at a subsystem level. We found that while there exist similarities in the code base growth rate and distribution of commit types (neutral, additive, and subtractive) across BSD subsystems, (a) most commits contain kernel or non-kernel code exclusively, (b) kernel commits are larger than non-kernel commits, and (c) code reviews for kernel code take longer than non-kernel code.
description: 13 pages. To be published in 38th IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME 2022), Oct 3-7, 2022, Limassol, Cyprus
Research funding in Portuguese-speaking African countries: Patterns and alignment with health needs
Creators: name: Confraria, Hugo
name: Pereira, Tiago Santos
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022

description: Health research performed in the PALOP can play an important role in creating the capabilities, human capital and solutions necessary to solve the often-unique health challenges in these countries. This paper uses WoS data to map the research funding activities in “Health Sciences” from PALOP researchers with the overall objective of supporting the research funding strategies of different actors, including international funding organizations and local actors. We found that although PALOP researchers still produce a relatively low amount of published research, they are significantly open to the world, with a very large share of the publications developed in international collaboration with international funding. Mozambique (which comprises around 70% of all PALOP research) and Guinea-Bissau research production displays a relative high citation impact which mostly is led (corresponding author) by “foreign” authors. The most prolific areas in all PALOP are Malaria, HIV, Maternal Mortality, Tuberculosis and Measles, which tend to be aligned with the areas in which these countries have higher disease burden in relation to the world average. In Angola, there is a strong specialisation (>15% of their total output) in ‘Malaria’ related research, and in Guinea-Bissau in ‘Measles’ and ‘HIV’. We found a large diversity of research funders which often support specific areas with multiple funding partners. The three main funders (National Institutes of Health (NIH), Gates Foundation and the European Commission) support each around 13% of all funded research in these countries. We also found strong co-funding patterns between institutions that belong to the same countries. For example, Danish institutions (DANIDA, Danish NRF, Novo Nordisk) appear in most (~50%) publications together, and Spanish institutions (Carlos III, AECID and Spanish Ministries) also tend to co-fund together very often. The European Commission (EC) is a strong co-funder of both Danish and Spanish institutions. US institutions (USAID, CDC, NIH) also tend to co-fund substantially together, but less than Spanish or Danish institutions. In general, we find that co-funding patterns mirror the specialisation patterns of specific funders. Meaning that when we observe that a group of funders in specialised in one topic, it usually co-funds more often with other funders that are also specialised in that topic. On the other hand, research funders that tend to be less specialised, also tend to co-fund less often.
Importance of hydrodynamics in multi-body dynamical interactions between black holes and stars
Creators: name: Ryu, Taeho
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023

description: Dynamical interactions between stars and black holes in stellar dense environments, such as globular clusters, are a primary mechanism driving the host toward equilibrium. Those interactions not only redistribute the energy between cluster members but also affect the demographics in clusters and create observable transients, as stars can merge with other stars or be disrupted by compact objects. So far, our theoretical understanding of those interactions is mainly based on N-body simulations where encountering objects are approximated as point particles. Such simulations have provided profound insights into the statistical properties of encounter outcomes. However, non-linear hydrodynamics effects, essential for determining final products in violent interactions and their observables, can not be studied with the point particle approximation. To bring our understanding of multi-body interactions beyond the point-particle approximation, we study the hydrodynamics of three-body interactions between stars and black holes, considering all possible configurations and using state-of-the-art hydrodynamics and stellar evolution codes. In this talk, I will present all possible outcomes when hydrodynamics effects are included, which frequently differ from what is expected with the point-particle approximation. I will discuss the long-term evolution of some encounter products, such as stellar mergers and partially disrupted stars. Finally, I will discuss the astrophysical implications for gravitational wave sources and their electromagnetic counterparts, runaway stars and black holes, and varieties of electromagnetic transients.