cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Oscillon collapse to black holes
Creators: name: Nazari, Zainab
name: Cicoli, Michele
name: Clough, Katy
name: Muia, Francesco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using numerical relativity simulations we study the dynamics of pseudo-topological objects called oscillons for a class of models inspired by axion-monodromy. Starting from free field solutions supported by gravitational attractions, we investigate the effect of adding self-interactions, and contrast this with the effect of adding self-interactions whilst removing gravitational support. We map out regions of the parameter space where the initial conditions rapidly collapse to black holes, and other regions where they remain pseudo-stable or disperse.
description: 29 pages, 20 figures, published version in JCAP
Electromagnetic, atomic-structure and chemistry changes induced by Ca-doping of low-angle $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-δ}$ grain boundaries
Creators: name: Song, Xueyan
name: Daniels, George
name: Feldmann, D. Matt
name: Gurevich, Alex
name: Larbalestier, David
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Practical high temperature superconductors must be textured to minimize the reduction of the critical current density $J_{gb}$ at misoriented grain boundaries. Partial substitution of Ca for Y in $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-δ}$ has shown significant improvement in $J_{gb}$ but the mechanisms are still not well understood. Here we report atomic-scale, structural and analytical electron microscopy combined with transport measurements on $7^{\circ}$ $[001]$-tilt $Y_{0.7}Ca_{0.3}Ba_2Cu_3O_{7-δ}$ and $YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-δ}$ grain boundaries, where the dislocation cores are well separated. We show that the enhanced carrier density, higher $J_{gb}$ and weaker superconductivity depression at the Ca-doped boundary result from a strong, non-monotonic Ca segregation and structural rearrangements on a scale of ~1 nm near the dislocation cores. We propose a model of the formation of $Ca^{2+}$ solute atmospheres in the strain and electric fields of the grain boundary and show that Ca doping expands the dislocation cores yet enhances $J_{gb}$ by improving the screening and local hole concentration.
description: 19 pages, 6 Figures
The Effect of Oral and Written Retell Strategies for Informational Text on Reading Comprehension Performance of Fifth Grade Students
Creators: name: Ebaugh, Kimberly
Publisher: name: Maryland Shared Open Access Repository
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Education -- Research papers (Graduate)

description: The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of the oral retell strategy versus the written retell strategy for aiding reading comprehension of informational text among average fifth grade readers (n = 16). The measurement tool was the Baltimore County Content Link Assessment. This study involved the use of a pretest/posttest design. The results of the pretest confirmed the groups did not differ prior to the intervention. Posttest scores were compared to assess the comparative effectiveness of the two instructional models. There were no significant differences in the mean reading comprehension scores between the oral retell group (Mean= 9.00, SD = 1.07) and the written retell group (Mean = 9.25 SD = 1.91) [t (14) = -.32, p > .05]. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
The Effects of Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) Initiative In Elementary Schools
Creators: name: Fowler, Pamela
Publisher: name: Maryland Shared Open Access Repository
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Education -- Research papers (Graduate)

description: This study was to examine the impact of the Positive Behavior in Schools (PBIS) model on the number of referrals and placements of behaviorally challenged students within their own school, after teachers were trained in specific management skills and interventions to increase positive student behavior and success in school. The study used data gathered from the School-Wide Information System (SWIS), a reliable, confidential, web-based information system to collect, summarize, and use student behavior data for decision making. The faculty and staff used the current SWIS data after the PBIS initiative had been implemented to compare the trends over seven academic years (school year 2005-2006 to school year 2011-2012). The study did not show any significant improvement in the performance of the students; thus, it does not support the hypothesis that implementing School Wide PBIS Initiative would improve the behavioral performance of elementary students.
Three parts of the implementation of PBIS in the elementary school are discussed:
1) The rationale of behavior, including consequences of negative behavior on teaching and learning, noting teacher perceptions of student needs and implications for supports.
2) Other interventions to reduce negative behavior.
3) The goals and expectations of PBIS Initiative and how positive behavior is developed, as well as the trends in behavior within the elementary school’s office discipline referrals.
Faculdade de Teologia-Braga. Ano lectivo. 1999-2000. Relatório
Creators: name: Fernandes, António De Oliveira
Publisher: name: Theologica
Year: 2021

description: Theologica, v. 35 n. 2 (2000): D. Eurico Dias Nogueira. Arcebispo Primaz de Braga (1977-1999). Homenagem.
Measurement of the $B^0\to D^{\ast-} D_s^{\ast+}$ and $D_s^+\toϕπ^+$ Branching Fractions
Creators: name: Aubert, B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present measurements of the branching fractions $\BR(B^0\to D^{\ast-} D_s^{\ast+})$ and $\BR(D_s^+\toϕπ^+)$, based on $123\times10^6$ Y(4S)->BBbar decays collected by the BaBar detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy $e^+e^-$ B factory. A partial reconstruction technique is used to measure $\BR(B^0\to D^{\ast-} D_s^{\ast+})$ and the decay chain is fully reconstructed to measure the branching fraction product $\BR(B^0\to D^{\ast-} D_s^{\ast+})\times\BR(D_s^+\toϕπ^+)$. Comparing these two measurements provides a model-independent determination of the \Dsphipi\ branching fraction. We obtain $\BR(B^0\to D^{\ast-} D_s^{\ast+}) = (1.88 \pm 0.09 \pm 0.17)%$ and $\BR(D_s^+\toϕπ^+) = (4.81 \pm 0.52 \pm 0.38)%$, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic.
description: 7 pages, 2 figures; being submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett
Opening the club - a liberal approach to private participation in the World Trade Organization's dispute settlement system
Creators: name: Ullrich, Dierk
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: This thesis intends to provide an argument in favour of private participation in the dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as an area of the world trading system most visible to but also most removed from the influence of private actors. Private participation is understood as the direct and formal involvement of non-governmental actors in dispute resolution. It will distinguish between passive and active participation, the former addressing the flow of information from the WTO to civil society (understood as the community of all Member societies affected by the world trading system), while the later is concerned with issues of access and standing. As first step, I will develop an analytical framework for international dispute settlement systems based on the three elements of actors, material scope and procedures, as well as the underlying theoretical conceptions for each element. After having given an overview of the relevant features of the world trading system and its dispute resolutions mechanisms as set forth in the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) of the WTO, I continue by subsuming the DSU under the analytical framework. Based on the position of the DSU within the analytical framework, I will submit an argument in favour of private participation, drawing particularly from the international relations theory of liberalism. Parting from realist-institutionalist assumptions predominant in public international law, liberalism places the individual at the center of international and WTO law, opening the latter for new categories of international actors. Finally, taking into account the liberal reliance on individual rights and democratic participation, I will suggest models to implement private participation in WTO dispute settlement. My aim is to promote meaningful involvement of private actors whose interests and objectives are affected by the world trading system, with varying procedural roles reflecting their relation to the WTO's trade regime, ranging form passive participation, to party status, to amici curiae.
Um traço familiar em textos hagiográficos bracarenses medievais: a 1ª pessoa verbal
Creators: name: Nascimento, Aires A.
Publisher: name: Theologica
Year: 2021

description: Theologica, v. 35 n. 2 (2000): D. Eurico Dias Nogueira. Arcebispo Primaz de Braga (1977-1999). Homenagem.
Computational Overhead of Locality Reduction in Binary Optimization Problems
Creators: name: Valiante, Elisabetta
name: Hernandez, Maritza
name: Barzegar, Amin
name: Katzgraber, Helmut G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recently, there has been considerable interest in solving optimization problems by mapping these onto a binary representation, sparked mostly by the use of quantum annealing machines. Such binary representation is reminiscent of a discrete physical two-state system, such as the Ising model. As such, physics-inspired techniques -- commonly used in fundamental physics studies -- are ideally suited to solve optimization problems in a binary format. While binary representations can be often found for paradigmatic optimization problems, these typically result in k-local higher-order unconstrained binary optimization cost functions. In this work, we discuss the effects of locality reduction needed for the majority of the currently available quantum and quantum-inspired solvers that can only accommodate 2-local (quadratic) cost functions. General locality reduction approaches require the introduction of ancillary variables which cause an overhead over the native problem. Using a parallel tempering Monte Carlo solver on Microsoft Azure Quantum, as well as k-local binary problems with planted solutions, we show that post reduction to a corresponding 2-local representation the problems become considerably harder to solve. We further quantify the increase in computational hardness introduced by the reduction algorithm by measuring the variation of number of variables, statistics of the coefficient values, and the population annealing entropic family size. Our results demonstrate the importance of avoiding locality reduction when solving optimization problems.
description: 10 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables; accepted for publication in Computer Physics Communications
A VIMOS-IFU survey of $z \sim 0.2$ massive lensing galaxy clusters: constraining cosmography
Creators: name: Soucail, Genevieve
name: Covone, Giovanni
name: Kneib, Jean-Paul
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present an integral field spectroscopy survey of rich clusters of galaxies aimed at studying their lensing properties. Thanks to knowledge of the spectroscopic caracteristics of more than three families of multiple images in a single lens, one is able in principle to derive constraints on the geometric cosmological parameters. We show that this ambitious program is feasible and present some new results, in particular the redshift measurement of the giant arc in A2667 and the resdshift confirmation of the counter-image of the radial arc in MS2137--23. Prospects for the future of such program are presented.
description: 5 pages, 3 figures, to appear in "Science Perspectives for 3D Spectroscopy", eds. M. Kissler-Patig, M. M. Roth and J. R. Walsh, ESO Astrophysics Symposia
Eco-Labeling and the Price Premium
Creators: name: Sedjo, Roger A.
name: Swallow, Stephen K.
name: Sedjo, Roger A.
name: Swallow, Stephen K.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: eco-labeling
subject: prices
subject: markets

description: International environmental and government organizations propose eco-labeling as a market incentive to cause industry to operate in an ecologically sustainable and biodiversity-friendly manner. A microeconomic analysis questions whether eco-labeling will cause producer profits in a competitive industry to decline, even under a voluntary system, and whether eco-labeling will necessarily generate different prices for labeled and unlabeled product. Using wood product as an example, results identify conditions that may exist when firms lose profits, even under a voluntary system, and where existing production constraints may lead to a single price, regardless of labeling.
O elo de ouro de D. Eurico. Gratidão em registos da memória
Creators: name: Lima, José Da Silva
Publisher: name: Theologica
Year: 2021

description: Theologica, v. 35 n. 2 (2000): D. Eurico Dias Nogueira. Arcebispo Primaz de Braga (1977-1999). Homenagem.
Ultra-high quality two-dimensional electron systems
Creators: name: Chung, Yoon Jang
name: Villegas-Rosales, K. A.
name: Baldwin, K. W.
name: Madathil, P. T.
name: West, K. W.
name: Shayegan, M.
name: Pfeiffer, L. N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Two-dimensional electrons confined to GaAs quantum wells are hallmark platforms for probing electron-electron interaction. Many key observations have been made in these systems as sample quality improved over the years. Here, we present a breakthrough in sample quality via source-material purification and innovation in GaAs molecular beam epitaxy vacuum chamber design. Our samples display an ultra-high mobility of $44\times10^6$ cm$^2$/Vs at an electron density of $2.0\times10^{11}$ /cm$^2$. These results imply only 1 residual impurity for every $10^{10}$ Ga/As atoms. The impact of such low impurity concentration is manifold. Robust stripe/bubble phases are observed, and several new fractional quantum Hall states emerge. Furthermore, the activation gap of the $ν=5/2$ state, which is widely believed to be non-Abelian and of potential use for topological quantum computing, reaches $Δ\simeq820$ mK. We expect that our results will stimulate further research on interaction-driven physics in a two-dimensional setting and significantly advance the field.
description: 15 pages, 4 figures in main text. 4 pages, 2 figures in supplement. Nat. Mater. (2021)
The Effects of After School Math Clubs on County Benchmark Scores
Creators: name: Meeks, Amy
Publisher: name: Maryland Shared Open Access Repository
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Education -- Research papers (Graduate)

description: The purpose of this study was to determine whether after school math clubs would have an effect
on Anne Arundel County Public Schools math benchmark scores. The measurement tool used
was the AACPS Math Benchmark 1 and Benchmark 2 assessments. This study involved
collecting data after Benchmark 1 and 2 were given to students in the test group. After analyzing
the data, students were placed in the math club. The math club met once a week during which
time students reviewed previous skills taught. The results showed no significant differences in
benchmark scores after participating in an After School Math Club.
Non-archimedean canonical measures on abelian varieties
Creators: name: Gubler, Walter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Number Theory (math.NT)
subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 14G40, 11G10, 14G22

description: For a closed d-dimensional subvariety X of an abelian variety A and a canonically metrized line bundle L on A, Chambert-Loir has introduced measures $c_1(L|_X)^{\wedge d}$ on the Berkovich analytic space associated to A with respect to the discrete valuation of the ground field. In this paper, we give an explicit description of these canonical measures in terms of convex geometry. We use a generalization of the tropicalization related to the Raynaud extension of A and Mumford's construction. The results have applications to the equidistribution of small points.
description: Thorough revision according to the comments of the referee. To appear in Compositio
The Impact of Using Visualization with Third Grade Students Solving Multiplication Word Problems
Creators: name: Mierzwa, Jaime
Publisher: name: Maryland Shared Open Access Repository
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Education -- Research papers (Graduate)

description: The purpose of this study was to determine whether improving reading skills, specifically
through visualization, impacts the success of third grade students solving mathematical
multiplication word problems. The participants of this study were third graders enrolled in an
Anne Arundel County school for the 2013-2014 school year. Participants were given a
multiplication word problems assessment to determine areas of weakness or errors made when
solving word problems. For six weeks, from February to March of 2014, students received
instruction three days a week on how to use the reading strategy, visualization, when solving
mathematical problems. This study involved a posttest design to compare data after the
interventions were completed to data from February 2014. The hypothesis was not supported for
this study since there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest data after the
intervention was administered. The findings in this study validate the importance of improving
students’ reading abilities and strategies such as through the use of visualization. This study also
suggests that further research is needed in the area of using reading strategies when solving
mathematical problems. Research should continue into the best methods to help provide
struggling elementary students with additional assistance and strategies to improve their skills in
interpreting and solving mathematical word problems.
Who Should Get Vaccinated? Individualized Allocation of Vaccines Over SIR Network
Creators: name: Kitagawa, Toru
name: Wang, Guanyi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Econometrics (econ.EM)
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: How to allocate vaccines over heterogeneous individuals is one of the important policy decisions in pandemic times. This paper develops a procedure to estimate an individualized vaccine allocation policy under limited supply, exploiting social network data containing individual demographic characteristics and health status. We model spillover effects of the vaccines based on a Heterogeneous-Interacted-SIR network model and estimate an individualized vaccine allocation policy by maximizing an estimated social welfare (public health) criterion incorporating the spillovers. While this optimization problem is generally an NP-hard integer optimization problem, we show that the SIR structure leads to a submodular objective function, and provide a computationally attractive greedy algorithm for approximating a solution that has theoretical performance guarantee. Moreover, we characterise a finite sample welfare regret bound and examine how its uniform convergence rate depends on the complexity and riskiness of social network. In the simulation, we illustrate the importance of considering spillovers by comparing our method with targeting without network information.
Additional file 2 of Detection of subgenome bias using an anchored syntenic approach in Eleusine coracana (finger millet)
Creators: name: Hall, Nathan D.
name: Jinesh D. Patel
name: J. Scott McElroy
name: Goertzen, Leslie R.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 2:. A comparison of TE abundance on A and B contigs: A pdf of TE abundance on the A and B subgenomic regions identified by syntenic comparison.
Effect of different site energies on polaronic properties
Creators: name: Chatterjee, Jayita
name: Das, A. N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using the perturbation method based on a variational phonon basis obtained by the modified Lang-Firsov (MLF) transformation, the two-site single polaron Holstein model is studied in presence of a difference in bare site energies ($ε_d$=$ε_2$-$ε_1$). The polaronic ground-state wave function is calculated up to the fifth order of perturbation. The effect of $ε_d$ (acts as a site-energy disorder) on the polaron crossover, polaronic kinetic energy, oscillator wavefuncion and polaron localization are studied. Considering a double-exchange Holstein model with finite $ε_d$, role of disorder on the properties of the double-exchange system is also discussed.
description: 9 pages, 7 figures, submitted to PRB
State-Level Policies and Regulatory Guidance for Compliance in the Early Years of the SO2 Emission Allowance Trading Program
Creators: name: Lile, Ronald D.
name: Burtraw, Dallas
name: Lile, Ronald D.
name: Burtraw, Dallas
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Clean Air Act Amendments
subject: sulfur dioxide
subject: allowance trading
subject: regulation
subject: electricity
subject: public utility commissions

description: The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 instituted a historic experiment in emission allowance trading for sulfur dioxide (SO2). A necessary requirement for evaluating this experiment is an understanding of how the cost recovery rules and other guidance given to firms by state-level public utility commissions (PUCs) and elected bodies has affected compliance behavior. From the onset of the CAAA, there has been varied response by state policy-makers toward SO2 compliance. This paper presents a compilation of these actions as they took shape in states that were affected by the SO2 program. Our primary interest is on the proposals that emerged during the embryonic years of the allowance program, from 1990 to 1993, when investment plans for utilities affected by the first phase of the program beginning in 1995 were taking shape.
Collaborative Planning: Methods and Challenges for Elementary School Teachers
Creators: name: Machin, Sarah
Publisher: name: Maryland Shared Open Access Repository
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Education -- Research papers (Graduate)

description: The purpose of this study was to examine the collaborative planning methods and challenges of
elementary school teachers. Interviews with 18 educators from a suburban school were
conducted to analyze planning collaboratively from the perspective of classroom teachers. Each
grade level was interviewed as a team and asked a series of questions. Following each interview,
answers were transcribed and analyzed for themes. Common themes emerged from the
interviews and were then identified with the use of a table. Most teams agreed that collaborative
planning involved sharing ideas and resources so that standards taught were consistent and
student achievement would improve. Teachers from each grade level agreed that this consistency
did not impact individual teaching styles. While many teams recognized the benefits of regular
team planning, all teams concluded that finding the time to plan was the biggest challenge and
impacted their ability to plan together regularly. All teams communicated on a daily basis in a
variety of ways, but very few teams actually participated in formal collaborative planning.
Further research and interviews are needed in the area of collaborative planning to draw
conclusions about the methods and challenges elementary school teachers face.
Maximum efficiency of absorption refrigerators at arbitrary cooling power
Creators: name: Ye, Zhuolin
name: Holubec, Viktor
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider absorption refrigerators consisting of simultaneously operating Carnot-type heat engine and refrigerator. Their maximum efficiency at given power (MEGP) is given by the product of MEGPs for the internal engine and refrigerator. The only subtlety of the derivation lies in the fact that the maximum cooling power of the absorption refrigerator is not limited just by the maximum power of the internal refrigerator but, due to the first law, also by that of the internal engine. As a specific example, we consider the simultaneous absorption refrigerators composed of low-dissipation (LD) heat engines and refrigerators, for which the expressions for MEGPs are known. The derived expression for maximum efficiency implies bounds on the MEGP of LD absorption refrigerators. It also implies that a slight decrease in power of the absorption refrigerator from its maximum value results in a large nonlinear increase in efficiency observed in heat engines whenever the ratio of maximum powers of the internal engine and the refrigerator does not diverge. Otherwise, the increase in efficiency is linear as observed in LD refrigerators. Thus, in all practical situations, the efficiency of LD absorption refrigerators significantly increases when their cooling power is slightly decreased from its maximum.
Anomalous Hydrodynamics
Creators: name: Newman, G. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Our goal is to examine the role of anomalies in the hydrodynamic regime of field theories. We employ methods based on gauge/gravity duality to examine R-charge anomalies in the hydrodynamic regime of stronly t'Hooft coupled, large N, N = 4 Super Yang-Mills. We use a single particle spectrum treatment based on the familiar "level crossing" picture of chiral anomalies to investigate thermalized, massless QED. In each case, we work in the presence of a homogeneous background magnetic field, and find the same result. Regardless of whether a paricular current is anomalously non-conserved or not, as long as it participates in an anomalous 3-pt. correlator, its constitutive relation recieves a new term, proportional to a product of the anomaly coefficient, the magnetic field, and any charge density participating in the anomaly. This agrees with results found by Alekseev et.al. for QED. We include a general, symmetry based argument for the presence of such terms, and use linear response theory to determine their coefficients in a model with anomalous global charges. This last method we apply to briefly examine baryon transport in chiral QCD in a strong magnetic field.
description: 23 pages, 2 figures. To be submitted to JHEP
The Effects of Resistance Training on the Physical Self-Perceptions of Adolescent Girls
Creators: name: Donmoyer, Sean
Publisher: name: Maryland Shared Open Access Repository
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Education -- Research papers (Graduate)

description: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects that resistance training had on the physical self-perceptions of adolescent girls. This study utilized a quasi-experimental design with a pre-measure, treatment, and post-measure and included 13 students enrolled in a private all-girls school. The participants in this study ranged in age from 14-18 years old and incorporated students from ninth through twelfth grades. The study hypothesized that participation in a resistance training program would have no influence on the physical self-perception or muscular strength of adolescent girls. The results indicated that participation in the resistance training program had no influence on the physical self-perceptions of adolescent girls. The results further indicated that participation in a resistance training program did have a positive effect on the upper body strength of adolescent girls but not on lower body strength. Implications of the findings for implementing effective resistance training programs with greater benefits for adolescent girls are discussed.
Global Inverse Design Across Multiple Photonic Structure Classes Using Generative Deep Learning
Creators: name: Yeung, Christopher
name: Tsai, Ryan
name: Pham, Benjamin
name: King, Brian
name: Kawagoe, Yusaku
name: Ho, David
name: Liang, Julia
name: Knight, Mark W.
name: Raman, Aaswath P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Understanding how nano- or micro-scale structures and material properties can be optimally configured to attain specific functionalities remains a fundamental challenge. Photonic metasurfaces, for instance, can be spectrally tuned through material choice and structural geometry to achieve unique optical responses. However, existing numerical design methods require prior identification of specific material-structure combinations, or device classes, as the starting point for optimization. As such, a unified solution that simultaneously optimizes across materials and geometries has yet to be realized. To overcome these challenges, we present a global deep learning-based inverse design framework, where a conditional deep convolutional generative adversarial network is trained on colored images encoded with a range of material and structural parameters, including refractive index, plasma frequency, and geometric design. We demonstrate that, in response to target absorption spectra, the network can identify an effective metasurface in terms of its class, materials properties, and overall shape. Furthermore, the model can arrive at multiple design variants with distinct materials and structures that present nearly identical absorption spectra. Our proposed framework is thus an important step towards global photonics and materials design strategies that can identify combinations of device categories, material properties, and geometric parameters which algorithmically deliver a sought functionality.
On the Structure of Stationary and Axisymmetric Metrics
Creators: name: Harmark, Troels
name: Olesen, Poul
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the structure of stationary and axisymmetric metrics solving the vacuum Einstein equations of General Relativity in four and higher dimensions, building on recent work in hep-th/0408141. We write the Einstein equations in a new form that naturally identifies the sources for such metrics. The sources live in a one-dimensional subspace and the entire metric is uniquely determined by them. We study in detail the structure of stationary and axisymmetric metrics in four dimensions, and consider as an example the sources of the Kerr black hole.
description: 22 pages. v2: Presentation improved, ref. added
One-loop Corrections to Scalar and Tensor Perturbations during Inflation in Stochastic Gravity
Creators: name: Urakawa, Yuko
name: Maeda, Kei-ichi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Based on the stochastic gravity, we study the loop corrections to the scalar and tensor perturbations during inflation. Since the loop corrections to scalar perturbations suffer infrared (IR) divergence, we consider the IR regularization to obtain the finite value. We find that the loop corrections to the scalar perturbations are amplified by the e-folding; in other words there appear the logarithmic correction, just as discussed by M.Sloth et al. On the other hand, we find that the tensor perturbations do not suffer from infrared divergence.
description: 17pages, 2figures, typos corrected, to appear in PRD
Age, Health, and the Willingness to Pay for Mortality Risk Reductions: A Contingent Valuation Survey in Japan
Creators: name: Itaoka, Kenshi
name: Krupnick, Alan J.
name: Akai, Makoto
name: Alberini, Anna
name: Cropper, Maureen L.
name: Simon, Nathalie B.
name: Itaoka, Kenshi
name: Krupnick, Alan J.
name: Akai, Makoto
name: Alberini, Anna
name: Cropper, Maureen L.
name: Simon, Nathalie B.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: willingness to pay
subject: value of statistical life
subject: mortality risk
subject: contingent valuation
subject: age

description: A contingent valuation survey was conducted in Sizuoka, Japan, to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for reductions in the risk of dying and calculate the value of statistical life (VSL) for use in environmental policy in Japan. Special attention was devoted to the effects of age and health characteristics on WTP. We find that the VSLs are somewhat lower (103 to 344 million yen) than those found in the virtually identical survey applied in some developed countries. These values were subject to a variety of validity tests, which they generally passed. We find that the WTP for those over age 70 is lower than that for younger adults, but that this effect is eliminated in multiple regression. Rather, when accounting for other covariates, we find that WTP generally increases with age throughout the ages in our sample (age 40 and over). The effect of health status on WTP is mixed, with WTP of those with cancer being lower than that of healthy respondents while the WTP of those with heart disease is greater. The VSLs for future risk changes are lower than those for contemporaneous risk reductions. The implicit discount rates of 5.8 - 8.0% are relatively larger than the discount rate regularly used in environment policy analyses. This first-of-its-kind survey in Japan provides information directly useful for estimating the benefits of environmental and other policies that lower mortality risks to the general population and sub-groups with a variety of specific traits.
Effectiveness of High School Track and Field Coaches on the Athletic Development of College-Bound Student Athletes
Creators: name: McCray, Eric J.
Publisher: name: Maryland Shared Open Access Repository
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Education -- Research papers (Graduate)

description: Although the importance of effective coaching in the development of athletic ability has been acknowledged, no research has directly tested the impact coaching pedagogy actually has. Therefore, the present study examined the effectiveness of high school track and field coaching methods by means of a survey. This study is based on Cote and Salmela’s (1995) coaching model which asserts that the coach’s mental model about an athlete’s potential influences his or her training choices. Based on this model, this survey tested whether the development of athletes was affected by the level of coaching that was received. The results of the study showed no significance between the experience level of the coach and performance level of the athlete. Research on the impact of effective coaching needs to continue given that the results of the current study are contrary to the findings of the existing literature.
Extended Product Responsibility: An Economic Assessment of Alternative Policies
Creators: name: Palmer, Karen L.
name: Walls, Margaret
name: Palmer, Karen L.
name: Walls, Margaret
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: solid waste
subject: extended product responsibility
subject: recycling
subject: unit pricing

description: Extended Product Responsibility embodies the notion that agents along a product chain should share responsibility for the life-cycle environmental impacts of the product, including those associated with ultimate disposal. Extended Producer Responsibility is a narrower concept which places responsibility on producers and focuses primarily on post-consumer waste disposal. Manufacturer "take-back" requirements are the policy lever most often associated with Extended Producer Responsibility. In this paper, we discuss alternative incentive-based policies that are consistent with the objectives of Extended Product and Producer Responsibility. We argue that an upstream combined product tax and recycling subsidy (UCTS) is generally more cost-effective and imposes fewer transactions costs than the take-back approach. We also consider the strengths and weaknesses of a policy not targeted at producers: unit-based pricing of residential waste collection and disposal. We find that this option shows potential for achieving non-trivial reductions in solid waste. Widespread application in the U.S. of a $1.00 charge per 32-gallon bag could reduce total municipal solid waste disposed by approximately 13 percent per year.
Additional file 1 of A meta-analysis of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis across time and space
Creators: name: Li, Katherine J.
name: Semenov, Daniel
name: Turk, Matthew
name: Pope, Janet
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Biotechnology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Search terms used for determining the incidence, prevalence and mortality of giant cell arteritis. Supplementary Figure 1. Funnel Plots of Incidence, Prevalence and Mortality of Giant Cell Arteritis. Supplementary Figure 2. Global Incidence of Giant Cell Arteritis on the World Map.
Multi-modal Fusion for Single-Stage Continuous Gesture Recognition
Creators: name: Gammulle, Harshala
name: Denman, Simon
name: Sridharan, Sridha
name: Fookes, Clinton
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Gesture recognition is a much studied research area which has myriad real-world applications including robotics and human-machine interaction. Current gesture recognition methods have focused on recognising isolated gestures, and existing continuous gesture recognition methods are limited to two-stage approaches where independent models are required for detection and classification, with the performance of the latter being constrained by detection performance. In contrast, we introduce a single-stage continuous gesture recognition framework, called Temporal Multi-Modal Fusion (TMMF), that can detect and classify multiple gestures in a video via a single model. This approach learns the natural transitions between gestures and non-gestures without the need for a pre-processing segmentation step to detect individual gestures. To achieve this, we introduce a multi-modal fusion mechanism to support the integration of important information that flows from multi-modal inputs, and is scalable to any number of modes. Additionally, we propose Unimodal Feature Mapping (UFM) and Multi-modal Feature Mapping (MFM) models to map uni-modal features and the fused multi-modal features respectively. To further enhance performance, we propose a mid-point based loss function that encourages smooth alignment between the ground truth and the prediction, helping the model to learn natural gesture transitions. We demonstrate the utility of our proposed framework, which can handle variable-length input videos, and outperforms the state-of-the-art on three challenging datasets: EgoGesture, IPN hand, and ChaLearn LAP Continuous Gesture Dataset (ConGD). Furthermore, ablation experiments show the importance of different components of the proposed framework.
description: Accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Potential value: a challenge to the quantification of damages for loss of earning capacity for female and aboriginal plaintiffs
Creators: name: Ghitter, Corinne Louise
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: This thesis questions why young female and aboriginal plaintiffs consistently receive lower damage awards for loss of future earning capacity than young white male plaintiffs. I argue that due to the social construction of law, and specifically tort law, the dividing line between public and private law should be challenged. The effect of tort is partially "public" in nature due to the broad impact tort has on valuing the potential of individual plaintiffs. When damages for female and aboriginal plaintiffs are assessed on a reduced scale due to gender and race, a message is sent that the potential of these plaintiffs, and the potential of the groups to which they belong, is somehow less. Due to the "public" impacts of damages quantification, principles of equality derived from the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms should be considered in the quantification process. I argue further, that the current practice of damages quantification has been the result of the court's over-reliance on "formalist" notions of tort law which has insulated the area from the social context of law. In addition, I suggest that the acceptance by courts of economic evidence, which is often reflective of discriminatory norms in the labour market and our society generally, has had the effect of de-valuing certain members of Canadian society; in particular women and aboriginal plaintiffs. I demonstrate this analysis through an examination of cases dealing with young, catastrophically injured, female and aboriginal plaintiffs. Finally, I suggest that, though an imperfect solution, currently the only equitable method of quantifying damages for loss of future earning capacity is to adopt white male earning tables for all young plaintiffs with no demonstrated earning history.
Poverty and Employment in Timber-Dependent Counties
Creators: name: Berck, Peter
name: Costello, Christopher
name: Fortmann, Louise
name: Hoffmann, Sandra A.
name: Berck, Peter
name: Costello, Christopher
name: Fortmann, Louise
name: Hoffmann, Sandra A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Food Security and Poverty
subject: forest policy
subject: poverty
subject: employment
subject: time series

description: One of the most controversial aspects of federal and state policies aimed at protecting old-growth ecosystems has been the potential impact of job losses on local economies. A fundamental question for historically timber-dependent communities is whether these policies will result in local economic stagnation and enduring pockets of poverty. In this paper, we examine the long-run impact of changes in timber-related employment on other types of employment and participation in major federal poverty programs. We use monthly, multi-county time series data to estimate a vector autoregressive model of the experience of northern California counties during the 1980s and 1990s. We find that employment base multiplier effects of timber employment on other types of employment in each county are small, and state economic conditions rather than local employment conditions are the principal driver behind local poverty.
Neural Network Approximation: Three Hidden Layers Are Enough
Creators: name: Shen, Zuowei
name: Yang, Haizhao
name: Zhang, Shijun
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: A three-hidden-layer neural network with super approximation power is introduced. This network is built with the floor function ($\lfloor x\rfloor$), the exponential function ($2^x$), the step function ($1_{x\geq 0}$), or their compositions as the activation function in each neuron and hence we call such networks as Floor-Exponential-Step (FLES) networks. For any width hyper-parameter $N\in\mathbb{N}^+$, it is shown that FLES networks with width $\max\{d,N\}$ and three hidden layers can uniformly approximate a Hölder continuous function $f$ on $[0,1]^d$ with an exponential approximation rate $3λ(2\sqrt{d})^α 2^{-αN}$, where $α\in(0,1]$ and $λ>0$ are the Hölder order and constant, respectively. More generally for an arbitrary continuous function $f$ on $[0,1]^d$ with a modulus of continuity $ω_f(\cdot)$, the constructive approximation rate is $2ω_f(2\sqrt{d}){2^{-N}}+ω_f(2\sqrt{d}\,2^{-N})$. Moreover, we extend such a result to general bounded continuous functions on a bounded set $E\subseteq\mathbb{R}^d$. As a consequence, this new class of networks overcomes the curse of dimensionality in approximation power when the variation of $ω_f(r)$ as $r\rightarrow 0$ is moderate (e.g., $ω_f(r)\lesssim r^α$ for Hölder continuous functions), since the major term to be concerned in our approximation rate is essentially $\sqrt{d}$ times a function of $N$ independent of $d$ within the modulus of continuity. Finally, we extend our analysis to derive similar approximation results in the $L^p$-norm for $p\in[1,\infty)$ via replacing Floor-Exponential-Step activation functions by continuous activation functions.
A Note on the Valuation of Ecosystem Services in Production
Creators: name: Simpson, R. David
name: Simpson, R. David
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: ecosystem services
subject: returns to scale
subject: elasticity of substitution

description: There has been considerable recent interest in the valuation of ecosystem services. We focus here on the value of such services in the production of market goods. Although the conceptual basis for conducting such exercises is straightforward, the data with which to implement them empirically is generally not available. An upper bound on the value of ecosystem services arises when the production technology exhibits constant returns to scale in ecosystem services and market inputs jointly. There are compelling reasons to suppose that the existence of fixed factors of production would imply that production technologies exhibit decreasing return to scale. Under these circumstances, no general conclusions can be drawn. We show in an illustrative example that a range of outcomes is possible, depending on the substitutability between ecosystem services and other inputs and the scarcity of ecosystem services relative to other factors of production.