Neogreenia MacGillivray 1921
Creators: name: Zheng, Xinyi
name: Watson, Gillian W.
name: Zhang, Jiangtao
name: Tan, Zhixiang
name: Wu, San'An
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Margarodidae
Neogreenia

description: Genus Neogreenia MacGillivray, 1921
Paragreenia MacGillivray 1921: 78, junior homonym (used in Arachnida, 1907).
Neogreenia MacGillivray 1921: 474 (replacement name for Paragreenia).
Kuwaniella Tang, 1984: 123, nomen nudum.
Type species: Monophlebus zeylanicus Green, 1896.
Genus description
Adult female. In life, body elongate, 3.1–8.2 mm long, yellow to orange, bare or scantily covered in mealy white wax; derm membranous. In microscope slide mount, antennae each 10 segmented, located on apex of head, apical segment with a truncated apex. Mouthparts present. Legs developed, each with trochanter bearing 3 or 4 sensory pores on each surface; tibia with tuft of long digitules at distal end; tarsus 1 segmented; claw with 2 or 3 small denticles and a pair of pointed digitules, shorter than claw. Thoracic spiracles each with sclerotized bar and sieve-like disc-pores within atrium. Abdominal spiracles numbering 8 pairs: anterior 6 pairs each with pores within atrium, posteriormost 2 pairs tube-like. Anal opening simple. Vulva situated on venter of abdominal segment VIII, the opening longitudinal and slit-like, surrounded by wrinkles and 3 apodemes arranged in a triangle. Compound multilocular disc-pores, bilocular compound multilocular disc-pores and simple pores present.
Adult male. In life, body elongate, 1.5–2.3 mm long, wing-span about 4.0 mm; with a dorsal tuft of long waxy filaments on posterior part of body; membranous parts of body yellowish to reddish, sclerotized parts brown, compound eyes black. In microscope slide mount, antennae each 10 segmented and slender; flagellar segments each with many long, hair-like setae. Venter of head with a subpentagonal sclerotization; midcranial ridge lacking; postoccipital suture developed and interrupted. Pronotal ridge sclerotized and uninterrupted; post-tergite with an inverted “π”-like sclerite. Scutellum triangular with a central conical projection on posterior margin. Fore wings each without microtrichia and alar setae, but with sclerotized costal thickening, and pterostigma near wing apex; a line of circular sensoria present on radius; alar lobe fold sclerotized along proximal posterior margin; cubitus anterior sclerotized; cubitus posterior, radial sector and anal fold membranous and clear; media clear and branching at middle. Hind wings each with apex bilobate and several curved hamuli at tip. Legs each with many long and hair-like setae; trochanter with 3 sensory pores on each surface; tarsus 2 segmented; claw with 2 denticles. Caudal extensions absent from abdomen; abdominal segments VI and VII each with a group of large dorsal tubular ducts. Penial sheath sclerotized, aedeagus emerging from a ventral slit in penial sheath; eversible endophallus absent. Loculate pores and simple pores present.
First-instar nymph. In life, body elongate, 0.4–0.7 mm long, body yellow, eyes black; derm membranous. In microscope slide mount, antennae each 7 segmented, with segments VI and VII expanded. Labium 2 segmented; stylets very long. A pair of sclerotized bars present, each originating from outer basal corner of front coxa and extending almost to antennal base. Legs each with trochanter with 3 sensory pores on each surface; claw with a plantar denticle near extremity, and a pair of capitate claw digitules longer than claw. Thoracic spiracles each with sclerotized bar and 1 sieve-like disc-pore in atrium. One pair of abdominal spiracles present, without pores in atrium. Anal opening simple. Abdominal segments VII and VIII each with 1 circular cicatrix. Bilocular or trilocular pores, and simple and compound multilocular disc-pores present. A pair of long caudal setae present.
Second-instar nymph (cyst). In life, body oval, 0.9–1.7 mm long, yellowish; derm membranous. In microscope slide mount, antennae each reduced to small oval plate with several setae. Labium 2 segmented, stylets present. Thoracic spiracles each with a sclerotized bar and several sieve-like disc-pores in atrium. Abdominal spiracles numbering 8 pairs: anterior 5 pairs each sclerotized and with sieve-like disc-pores within each atrium; posteriormost 3 pairs tube-like, without pores. Anal opening simple. Dorsum of abdomen with large simple pores situated submarginally on parts of some segments; compound multilocular disc-pores present marginally but often absent from posterior segments. Hair-like setae present. Eyes and cicatrices absent.
Third-instar female nymph (cyst). In life, similar to the second-instar nymph, but larger, 1.1–3.8 mm long. In microscope slide mount, abdominal spiracles numbering 8 pairs, with anterior 6 pairs sclerotized and with sieve-like disc-pores in atria; posteriormost 2 pairs tube-like, without pores within atria. Large simple pore clusters present submarginally on dorsum of each segment; compound multilocular disc-pores significantly more numerous than in second-instar nymph.
Third-instar male nymph (pre-pupa). In life, body very elongate, 2.9–4.0 mm long, orange; legs and antennae yellowish, eyes black; wing buds absent; derm membranous. In microscope slide mount, antennae each 9 segmented, situated on apex of head. Mouthparts absent. Legs developed, each with trochanter with 3 sensory pores on each surface; tibia with tuft of long hair-like digitules on distal end; claw with 2 denticles. Thoracic spiracles each with a sclerotized bar and sieve-like disc-pores in atrium. Abdominal spiracles numbering 8 pairs: spiracles on abdominal segments VI and VII or posteriormost 3 pairs with sieve-like disc-pores in atria, others tube-like, without pores. Anal opening simple. Large simple pores present dorsally on submargin. Compound multilocular disc-pores each with 4 or 5 subcentral loculi, present on both surfaces of every segment.
Male pupa. In life, body elongate, 1.9–2.3 mm long, with wing buds present; body yellow to orange, abdomen darker, wing buds, antennae and legs yellowish and nearly transparent; derm membranous. In microscope slide mount, antennae each 10 segmented, scape and pedicel with a few hair-like setae, flagellum without setae. Eyes slightly convex. Mouthparts absent. Legs present, each with trochanter with 3 sensory pores on each surface, and claw absent. Spiracles each without pores in atrium; thoracic spiracles each with sclerotized bar.Abdominal spiracles numbering 8 pairs, each sclerotized and tube-like. With a pair of large wing buds on mesothorax, and a pair of small, rounded wing buds on metathorax. Rudiment of penial sheath present on the end of abdomen. A few compound multilocular disc-pores with 3 or 4 subcentral loculi present.
Remarks. After examination of the available specimens, we found that tube-like abdominal spiracles were present in adult females and cysts in all the species examined, which was also noted by Gavrilov-Zimin (2018) and Zheng & Wu (2023b), but had been ignored in earlier works (Green 1922; Yang & Hu 1994; Tang & Hao 1995; Wu & Cheng 2006; and Wu & Nan 2012). In the past, only one developmental cyst stage was reported (Wu & Cheng 2006; and Wu & Nan 2012); however, two developmental cyst stages before the adult female were discovered by Zheng & Wu (2023b). In the present work, it was found that the second-instar nymph differs from the third-instar female nymph by having the anterior 5 abdominal spiracles with sieve-like disc-pores in atrium, whereas in the third-instar female nymph, the anterior 6 abdominal spiracles each have sieve-like disc-pores in the atrium.
The adult females of genus Neogreenia can be easily distinguished from the other 3 genera in family Qinococcidae by having a combination of the following features: antennae developed and 10 segmented; legs developed; abdominal spiracles numbering 8 pairs: anterior 6 pairs each with sieve-like disc-pores within atrium, and posteriormost 2 pairs tube-like, without pores (Wu & Zheng 2023a).
Of the seven species of Neogreenia, six are known only from China. The Chinese species share the following characteristics with the type species, N. zeylandica: adult female with 10 segmented antennae; developed legs; mouthparts present; anterior six abdominal spiracles developed and with sieve-like disc-pores within atria; and first-instar nymphs with 7 segmented antennae, each with extremity truncated.
Biology. Neogreenia species live under the bark of woody hosts.They reproduce sexually or parthenogenetically. Neogreenia osmanthus, N. zizyphi and N. zeylanica are known to be bisexual; after emergence, adult females crawl on the bark to find a site for copulation and oviposition (Zheng & Wu 2023b; Tang & Hao 1995; and Green 1922). Zheng & Wu (2023b) reported that males of N. osmanthus represented a very low percentage (ca. 0.8%) of the population. In contrast, N. sophorica is parthenogenetic; the females do not move but remain under the bark at maturity (Han et al. 2007). Adult females of all species lay their eggs under the bark.
The general life cycle is illustrated in Fig. 2. Females of Neogreenia go through four developmental stages (the first-instar crawler, two immature cyst stages and adult); the males go through five stages (the first-instar crawler, an immature cyst stage, third-instar nymph (pre-pupa), pupa, and adult).
description: Published as part of Zheng, Xinyi, Watson, Gillian W., Zhang, Jiangtao, Tan, Zhixiang & Wu, San'An, 2024, A review of the genus Neogreenia MacGillivray (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Qinococcidae) with descriptions of two new species, pp. 401-441 in Zootaxa 5418 (5) on pages 404-407, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5418.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10779739