Pareuptychia Forster 1964
Creators: name: Espeland, Marianne
name: Nakahara, Shinichi
name: Zacca, Thamara
name: Barbosa, Eduardo P.
name: Huertas, Blanca
name: Marín, Mario A.
name: Lamas, Gerardo
name: Benmesbah, Mohamed
name: Brévignon, Christian
name: Casagrande, Mirna M.
name: Fåhraeus, Christer
name: Grishin, Nick
name: Kawahara, Akito Y.
name: Mielke, Olaf H. H.
name: Miller, Jacqueline Y.
name: Nakamura, Ichiro
name: Navas, Vanessa
name: Patrusky, Brooke
name: Pyrcz, Tomasz W.
name: Richards, Lindsay
name: Tan, Denise
name: Tyler, Stephanie
name: Viloria, Angel
name: Warren, Andrew D.
name: Xiao, Lei
name: Freitas, André V. L.
name: Willmott, Keith R.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Nymphalidae
Pareuptychia

description: <i>Pareuptychia</i> clade The ‘ <i>Pareuptychia</i> clade’ was proposed first by Murray and Prowell (2005) and corroborated by increasingly comprehensive subsequent studies (Espeland et al., 2019a; Marín et al., 2017; Peña et al., 2006, 2010). The clade contains 11 described genera, <i>Neonympha</i> (2 species), <i>Pareuptychia</i> (9 species), <i>Erichthodes</i> (monotypic), <i>Megeuptychia</i> (3 species), <i>Satyrotaygetis</i> (2 species), <i>Euptychoides</i> (4 species), <i>Taydebis</i> (3 species), <i>Nhambikuara</i> (11 species), <i>Optimandes</i> (2 species), <i>Amiga</i> (2 species), <i>Xenovena</i> gen. n. (monotypic) and an undescribed genus. The ‘ <i>Pareuptychia</i> clade’ is embedded within a larger clade also containing the ‘ <i>Taygetis</i> clade’, ‘ <i>Splendeuptychia</i> clade’ and ‘ <i>Archeuptychia</i> clade’, and we also include the unplaced genus <i>Chloreuptychia</i> in the discussions here (Figures 1, S 1 <i>–</i> S 3). In both FULL trees, <i>Chloreuptychia</i> is sister to the ‘ <i>Pareuptychia</i> clade’, while in both 4GENES trees the genus is sister to the ‘ <i>Archeuptychia</i> clade’. In the backbone tree (Figure S 1) the ‘ <i>Pareuptychia</i> clade’ is sister to the <i>Taygetis</i> clade, and here <i>Chloreuptychia</i> is found to be sister to a clade including the ‘ <i>Taygetis</i> clade’, ‘ <i>Splendeuptychia</i> clade’ and ‘ <i>Archeuptychia</i> clade’. These relationships are not well supported and need to be further investigated. The small genus <i>Amiga</i> is strongly supported as sister group to the remainder of the clade in all datasets. Most generic relationships are well-supported (Figures 9, S 2 and S 3). The clade is divided into two well-supported subclades, the <i>Optimandes</i> subclade (<i>Optimandes</i>, <i>Nhambikuara</i>) and the <i>Pareuptychia</i> subclade (<i>Xenovena</i> <b>gen.n.</b>, <i>Pareuptychia</i>, <i>Erichthodes</i>, <i>Neonympha</i>, <i>Euptychoides</i>, <i>Satyrotaygetis</i>, and an undescribed generic-level clade containing some species currently in <i>Erichthodes</i>), consistent with previous molecular studies (Murray &amp; Prowell, 2005; Peña et al., 2010). The placement of <i>Taydebis</i> needs to be further investigated; although it is found as sister to <i>Optimandes</i> + <i>Nhambikuara</i> in all trees, the support for this branch is always low. Since the checklist Lamas (2004), a number of papers have helped revise the generic classification of the ‘ <i>Pareuptychia</i> clade’, with the description of new genera such as <i>Taydebis</i> (Freitas, 2003), <i>Nhambikuara</i> (Freitas, Barbosa, et al., 2018), <i>Amiga</i> (Nakahara, Lamas, et al., 2019) and <i>Optimandes</i> (Willmott et al., 2019), the sorting of species in previously described genera (Andrade-Correa et al., 2019) and descriptions of 11 new species (Benmesbah, 2015; Brévignon, 2005; Freitas et al., 2011; Freitas, Barbosa, et al., 2018; Huertas, 2011; Huertas et al., 2009; Nakahara, Marin, &amp; Neild, 2016; Willmott et al., 2018, 2019). We found strong support for a clade containing the type species of <i>Nhambikuara</i>, <i>N</i>. <i>cerradensis</i>, along with nine other species formerly placed in <i>Splendeuptychia</i> (Lamas, 2004), a relationship partly indicated in Freitas, Barbosa, et al. (2018). Morphological characters also support this as a relatively compact group of species (Huertas, 2014) and we thus transfer the nine former <i>Splendeuptychia</i> species into <i>Nhambikuara</i> (<b>comb.n.</b>). We found strong support for the recently described genus <i>Macrocissia</i> (Andrade-Correa et al., 2019) not being monophyletic, and the two species previously included in this genus are transferred to <i>Satyrotaygetis</i> (<i>Satyrotaygetis iris</i> [C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1867]) and <i>Euptychoides</i> (<i>Euptychoides inani</i> [Staudinger, 1886]) in concordance with the phylogeny. The combination of morphological characters used by Andrade-Correa et al. (2019) to support <i>Macrocissia</i>, ‘vestigial recurrent vein into the discal cell’ in the forewing, and ‘valvae with a hook-like distal process’ and a ‘finely serrate cucullus in the male genitalia’, is a combination of characters present in previously described genera such as <i>Satyrotaygetis</i> and <i>Euptychoides</i>, and we thus synonymize <i>Macrocissia</i> <b>syn.n.</b> with <i>Satyrotaygetis</i>. The ‘ <i>Pareuptychia</i> clade’ contains 44 described species, with the genera <i>Pareuptychia</i> and <i>Nhambikuara</i>, with nine and 11 species respectively, being the most diverse. Taxonomic revisions for these two genera are in progress, in addition to work on <i>Taydebis</i>, <i>Euptychoides</i> and <i>Erichthodes</i>. Members of the ‘ <i>Pareuptychia</i> clade’ have a wide distribution, ranging from southern Canada to northern Argentina, and from sea level to almost 2600 m, with the highest diversity in the Amazon basin and the Andes (Marín et al. in preparation). According to Marín et al. (2017), possible synapomorphies (not unique) and/or distinctive characters for the clade include the following: (a) obvious sclerotized cornuti in aedeagus; (b) in the valva, posterior ending of the cucullus acute. Hostplants for members of this clade are mostly bamboos or grasses in the family Poaceae, with records of Cyperaceae in <i>Pareuptychia</i> (Janzen &amp; Hallwachs, 2022) and <i>Neonympha</i> (Hamm et al., 2013), and Marantaceae in <i>Megeuptychia</i> (Janzen &amp; Hallwachs, 2022). Immature stages have been described or illustrated for <i>Amiga</i>, <i>Taydebis</i>, <i>Pareuptychia</i>, <i>Optimandes</i>, <i>Satyrotaygetis</i>, <i>Megeuptychia</i> and <i>Nhambikuara</i> (Corahua-Espinoza, Nakahara, Kabir, et al., 2022; Corahua-Espinoza, Nakahara, Shellman, et al., 2022; Freitas, 2003; Freitas, Barbosa, &amp; Marín, 2016; Janzen &amp; Hallwachs, 2022; Murray, 2001b; Willmott et al., 2019). These are morphologically simple and similar to those of several other species of Neotropical Euptychiina larvae, lacking body scoli, and having short- to medium-sized head horns and caudal filaments, and the pupae are short and smooth.
description: Published as part of <i>Espeland, Marianne, Nakahara, Shinichi, Zacca, Thamara, Barbosa, Eduardo P., Huertas, Blanca, Marín, Mario A., Lamas, Gerardo, Benmesbah, Mohamed, Brévignon, Christian, Casagrande, Mirna M., Fåhraeus, Christer, Grishin, Nick, Kawahara, Akito Y., Mielke, Olaf H. H., Miller, Jacqueline Y., Nakamura, Ichiro, Navas, Vanessa, Patrusky, Brooke, Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Richards, Lindsay, Tan, Denise, Tyler, Stephanie, Viloria, Angel, Warren, Andrew D., Xiao, Lei, Freitas, André V. L. &amp; Willmott, Keith R., 2023, Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), pp. 1-73 in Zoological Research 2023</i> on page 18, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12590, http://zenodo.org/record/7909395
description: {"references": ["Murray, D. &amp; Prowell, D. P. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary history of the neotropical Satyrine subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34, 67 - 80.", "Espeland, M., Breinholt, J., Barbosa, E. P., Casagrande, M., Huertas, B., Lamas, G. et al. (2019 a) Four hundred shades of brown: higher level phylogeny of the problematic Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on hybrid enrichment data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 131, 116 - 124.", "Marin, M. A., Pena, C., Uribe, S. I. &amp; Freitas, A. V. L. (2017) Morphology agrees with molecular data: phylogenetic affinities of Euptychiina butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Systematic Entomology, 42, 768 - 785.", "Pena, C., Wahlberg, N., Weingartner, E., Kodandaramaiah, U., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. et al. (2006) Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 29 - 49.", "Pena, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. &amp; Wahlberg, N. (2010) Biogeographic history of the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zoologica Scripta, 39, 243 - 258.", "Lamas, G. (2004) Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4 A Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. Gainesville: Scientific Publishers / Association of Tropical Lepidoptera, p. 439.", "Freitas, A. V. L. (2003) Description of a new genus for \" Euptychia peculiaris \" (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): immature stages and systematic position. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 57, 100 - 106.", "Willmott, K. R., Marin, M. A., Nakahara, S., Pomerantz, T., Lamas, G., Huertas, B. et al. (2019) A revision of the new Andean butterfly genus Optimandes Marin, Nakahara &amp; Willmott, n. gen., with the description of a new species (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 29, 29 - 44.", "Andrade-Correa, G., Viloria, A\u00b4., Henao-Banol, E. R. &amp; Le Crom, J. F. (2019) Generic reassignments of satyrine butterflies from Colombia and Venezuela (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Anartia, 28, 26 - 46.", "Benmesbah, M. (2015) Description de deux nouvelles especes de Satyrinae de Guyane franCaise (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 120, 147 - 156.", "Brevignon, C. (2005) Description de nouveaux Satyrinae provenant de Guyane franCaise (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Lambillionea, 105, 393 - 404.", "Freitas, A., Mielke, O., Moser, A., Silva-Brandao t, K. &amp; Iserhard, C. (2011) A new genus and species of Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from southern Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 40, 231 - 237.", "Huertas, B. (2011) A new species of satyrid butterfly from Peru (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiini). Zootaxa, 2802, 63 - 68.", "Huertas, B., Rios-Malaver, C. &amp; Le Crom, J. F. (2009) A new species of Splendeuptychia from the Magdalena Valley in Colombia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zootaxa, 2014, 51 - 58.", "Willmott, K. R., Lamas, G., Radford, J. T., Marin, M. A., Nakahara, S., Espeland, M. et al. (2018) A distinctive new species of cloud forest Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from Ecuador and Peru. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 28, 39 - 45.", "Chazot, N., Willmott, K. R., Lamas, G., Freitas, A. V. L., Piron-Prunier, F., Arias, C. F. et al. (2019) Renewed diversification following Miocene landscape turnover in a Neotropical butterfly radiation. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 28, 1118 - 1132.", "Huertas, B. (2014) Systematics of the genus Splendeuptychia (Forster, 1964) and implications of taxonomy in conservation assessments. Chapter 4. In Evaluating the conservation status of Neotropical butterflies and the impact of systematics on threat assessments (PhD thesis). University College London.", "Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2022) Area de Conservacion\u00b4Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica - caterpillars, pupae, butterflies &amp; moths [WWW document]. Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu / caterpillars / database. lasso [Accessed on 1 st January 2022]", "Hamm, C. A., Williams, B. L. &amp; Landis, D. A. (2013) Natural history and conservation status of the endangered Mitchell ' s satyr butterfly: synthesis and expansion of our knowledge regarding Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii French 1889. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 67, 15 - 28.", "Murray, D. L. (2001 b) Systematics of euptychiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina) based on larval morphology and DNA sequence data and the evolution of life history traits (PhD thesis). Louisiana State University. 367 pp."]}