Effects of antenatal diet and physical activity on maternal and fetal outcomes: individual patient data meta-analysis and health economic evaluation
Creators: name: Vistad, Ingvild
name: Thangaratinam, Shakila
name: Tonstad, Serena
name: de Groot, Christianne J.M.
name: Shub, Alexis
name: Jensen, Dorte M.
name: Khoury, Janette
name: McAuliffe, Fionnuala
name: Roberts, Tracy
name: Kerry, Sally
name: Petrella, Elisabetta
name: Devlieger, Roland
name: Rayanagoudar, Girish
name: Molyneaux, Emma
name: Rogozińska, Ewelina
name: Jackson, Louise
name: Phelan, Suzanne
name: Vinter, Christina A.
name: Scudeller, Tânia T.
name: Mørkved, Siv
name: Kinnunen, Tarja I.
name: van Poppel, Mireille N.M.
name: Surita, Fernanda
name: Owens, Julie
name: Dodd, Jodie M.
name: Khan, Khalid S.
name: Salvesen, Kjell Å.
name: Perales, Maria
name: Motahari, Narges
name: Guelfi, Kym
name: Mol, Ben Willem
name: Harrison, Cheryce
name: Renault, Kristina
name: Ruifrok, Anneloes E.
name: Yeo, Seon Ae
name: Rauh, Kathrin
name: Coomarasamy, Arri
name: Poston, Lucilla
name: Sagedal, Linda R.
name: Geiker, Nina R.W.
name: Astrup, Arne
name: Vitolo, Márcia
name: Luoto, Riitta
name: Facchinetti, Fabio
name: Barton, Pelham
name: Marlin, Nadine
name: Riley, Richard D.
name: Bogaerts, Annick
name: Teede, Helena
name: Cecatti, Jose G.
name: Dodds, Julie
name: Barakat, Ruben
name: Shen, Garry X.
name: Stafne, Signe Nilssen
name: Hauner, Hans
name: El Beltagy, Nermeen
name: Haakstad, Lene
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2017

description: Background Diet- and physical activity-based interventions in pregnancy have the potential to alter maternal and child outcomes. Objectives To assess whether or not the effects of diet and lifestyle interventions vary in subgroups of women, based on maternal body mass index (BMI), age, parity, Caucasian ethnicity and underlying medical condition(s), by undertaking an individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis. We also evaluated the association of gestational weight gain (GWG) with adverse pregnancy outcomes and assessed the cost-effectiveness of the interventions. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects and Health Technology Assessment database were searched from October 2013 to March 2015 (to update a previous search). Review methods Researchers from the International Weight Management in Pregnancy Collaborative Network shared the primary data. For each intervention type and outcome, we performed a two-step IPD random-effects meta-analysis, for all women (except underweight) combined and for each subgroup of interest, to obtain summary estimates of effects and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and synthesised the differences in effects between subgroups. In the first stage, we fitted a linear regression adjusted for baseline (for continuous outcomes) or a logistic regression model (for binary outcomes) in each study separately; estimates were combined across studies using random-effects meta-analysis models. We quantified the relationship between weight gain and complications, and undertook a decision-analytic model-based economic evaluation to assess the cost-effectiveness of the interventions. Results Diet and lifestyle interventions reduced GWG by an average of 0.70 kg (95% CI –0.92 to –0.48 kg; 33 studies, 9320 women). The effects on composite maternal outcome [summary odds ratio (OR) 0.90, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.03; 24 studies, 8852 women] and composite fetal/neonatal outcome (summary OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.08; 18 studies, 7981 women) were not significant. The effect did not vary with baseline BMI, age, ethnicity, parity or underlying medical conditions for GWG, and composite maternal and fetal outcomes. Lifestyle interventions reduce Caesarean sections (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.99), but not other individual maternal outcomes such as gestational diabetes mellitus (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.10), pre-eclampsia or pregnancy-induced hypertension (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.16) and preterm birth (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.13). There was no significant effect on fetal outcomes. The interventions were not cost-effective. GWG, including adherence to the Institute of Medicine-recommended targets, was not associated with a reduction in complications. Predictors of GWG were maternal age (summary estimate –0.10 kg, 95% CI –0.14 to –0.06 kg) and multiparity (summary estimate –0.73 kg, 95% CI –1.24 to –0.23 kg). Limitations The findings were limited by the lack of standardisation in the components of intervention, residual heterogeneity in effects across studies for most analyses and the unavailability of IPD in some studies. Conclusion Diet and lifestyle interventions in pregnancy are clinically effective in reducing GWG irrespective of risk factors, with no effects on composite maternal and fetal outcomes. Future work The differential effects of lifestyle interventions on individual pregnancy outcomes need evaluation. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013003804. Funding The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.