Incolacridinae Tinkham 1940
Creators: name: Storozhenko, Sergey Yu.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Orthoptera
Acrididae

description: Subfamily Incolacridinae Tinkham, 1940
Incolacri Tinkham, 1940: 276, 302.
Incolacridini: Storozhenko, 2018: 63.
Type genus: Incolacris C. Willemse, 1932.
Description. Body robust, medium to small size (Figs. 1, 25–28). Head rugose, considerably shorter than pronotum. Face in profile reclinated; frontal ridge below the antennal bases straight (Figs. 4, 8) or excised (Fig. 1). Fastigium of vertex triangular, deeply sulcate and projecting forward at the distance less than the half of eye length; lateral margins bordered by low carinulae reaching apical margin of the compound eyes; foveolae shallow, short triangular. Vertex between eyes considerably narrower than an eye (Fig. 9). Eyes large, oval. Frontal ridge distinct, sulcate, with margins almost parallel (Figs. 3, 5) or narrowed between antennal bases (Fig. 27). Antennae filiform. Pronotum rugose, crossed by three transverse furrows; prozona distinctly longer than metazona; median carina vestigial; lateral carinae absent; anterior margin of prozona almost straight; posterior margin of metazona triangularly rounded (Figs. 9, 28). Prosternal spine short, straight, conical, with broad base and pointed apex. Mesosternal lobes widely separated, subsquare or trapezoidal; mesosternal interspace transverse; metasternal lobes widely separated (Fig. 31). Tegmina and hind wings always present; apterous forms unknown. Hind femora stout; both dorsal and ventral median carinae finely serrated; dorso-median carina terminating in a small tooth; ventral genicular lobes of hind knee with distinct apical spine (Fig. 12) or narrowly rounded at apex (Fig. 14). Hind tibiae not apically expanded but provided by weakly keeled margins; outer apical dorsal spine small. Hind tarsi short, not longer than the half of hind tibiae; third segment (without claws) as long as two others together or slightly shorter; arolium large, reaching the middle or apex of claws. Tympanum large, oval. Male 10th abdominal tergite with distinct furculae or without it; supra-anal plate triangular, trapezoidal or long-oval, with a median basal impression; cerci compressed, short, conical, with pointed or blunt apex, unarmed or provided by tooth on the inner side; subgenital plate short (Figs. 10, 11. 13). Female supra-anal plate elongated, triangular, with a median basal impression; cerci conical with pointed apex; subgenital plate with long triangle pointed apex; basivalvular plates wide (Fig. 7). Ovipositor short or elongated; dorsal valves shorter than lower ones, widened apically, dentate only at apex; ventral valves slightly curved and also dentate or crenulate at apex only (Fig. 6). Male genitalia: epiphallus bridge-shaped, asymmetrical; bridge completely divided; left part of epiphallus larger what right one; oval sclerite present (Figs. 15–19, 22); valves of cingulum varied from long and narrow (Fig. 23) to short and stout (Fig. 21); apical valves of penis conical or lobe-like; basal valves of penis connected with apical ones by unbroken flexure (Figs. 21, 33).
Differential diagnosis. Incolacridinae differs from all other subfamilies of Acrididae in the completely divided asymmetrical epiphallus and in specific shape of ovipositor, which widened apically and dentate only at apex (both characters are the brightest synapomorphies of this subfamily). The divided epiphallus is also typical for the subfamily Oxyinae and the tribe Mesambriini of the subfamily Catantopinae (Hollis, 1975; Storozhenko, 2018) but in the above mentioned taxa the epiphallus is always symmetrical and ovipositor valves are hook-like or spined/serrate along the full length. Ventral genicular lobes of hind knee in the subfamily Catantopinae are broadly rounded, in Oxyinae with distinct apical spine, while in Incolacridinae spined or narrowly rounded at apex. Mesosternal interspace is narrowly longitudinal in Oxyinae, but in Mesambriini and Incolacridinae it is transverse. Body in Incolacridinae is rugose and similar in this aspect to the tribe Mesambriini, while in Oxyinae body with smooth integument. In modern classification of grasshoppers the tribe Incolacridini occupies intermediate position between Catantopinae and Oxyinae; therefore it considered here as a separate subfamily.
Composition. This small subfamily consists of four genera from a nominotypical tribe Incolacridini Tinkham, 1940 distributed in the Oriental region.
description: Published as part of Storozhenko, Sergey Yu., 2021, On the exact position of the tribe Incolacridini in the modern classification of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae), pp. 106-118 in Zootaxa 4970 (1) on pages 107-108, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4970.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4756017