Chalcophorella (Stigmatophorella) quadrioculata
Creators: name: Frank, David
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Buprestidae
Chalcophorella
Chalcophorella quadrioculata

description: Chalcophorella (Stigmatophorella) quadrioculata (Kollar, 1843)
(Figs 34–40, 47, 48, 50)
Chalcophora quadrioculata Kollar in Redtenbacher (1843): 983 (13) (original description); Kollar & Redtenbacher (1850): 45 (catalogue); Lacordaire (1857): 23 (noted); Marseul 1865: 91 (key), 97 (redescription); Fairmaire (1866): 259 (catalogue); Gemminger & Harold (1869): 1358 (catalogue); Saunders (1871): 13 (catalogue); Fairmaire (1884): 167 (catalogue); Kerremans (1892): 37 (catalogue).
Chalcophorella quadrioculata (or 4-oculata): Kerremans (1903): 80 (as synonym of C. bagdadensis); Kerremans (1909): 78 (in synonymy of C. bagdadensis); Jakobson (1913): 780 (catalogue, as ‘var.’ of C. bagdadensis); Obenberger (1924): 14 (comparison with C. orientalis), 15 (noted), 26 (Figs 3-a, 3-d); Théry (1925): 171 (noted); Obenberger (1926): 144 (catalogue); Théry (1930): 46 (noted); Richter (1952): 195 (key), 196 (redescription); Knopf (1971): 85 (biology); Al-Ali (1977): 12 (catalogue); Niehuis (1989): 94 (catalogue); Akiyama & Ohmomo (2000): Pl. 38, Figs 387-1, 387-2 (iconography); Ali (2010): 18 (key), 19 (faunistic, bionomy); Bolu & Özgen (2011): 973 (faunistic, biology); Bolu et al. (2018): 269 (faunistic, biology).
Chalcophorella (Stigmatophorella) quadrioculata: Obenberger (1942): 6 (key), 7 (Fig. 1), 11 (catalogue); Kubáň (2006): 345 (catalogue); Kubáň (2007): 27 (errata to Kubáň (2006)); Bellamy (2008): 552 (catalogue); Ghahari, Volkovitsh & Bellamy (2015): 35 (catalogue); Kubáň (2016): 460 (catalogue).
Stigmatophorella quadrioculata: Tezcan (1995): 4 (faunistic, biology).
Chalcophorella (Stigmatophorella) quadrioculata akbesiana: Cobos (1957): 200 (original description, incl. Fig. 1); Kubáň (2006): 46: (as synonym of C. (S.) quadrioculata), 345 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. (S.) quadrioculata); Bellamy (2008): 550 (listed as synonym of C. (S.) quadrioculata), 552 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. (S.) quadrioculata); Ghahari, Volkovitsh & Bellamy (2015): 35 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. (S.) quadrioculata); Kubáň (2016): 460 (catalogue, in synonymy of C. (S.) quadrioculata).
Chalcophorella akbesiana: Ali (2010): 19 (in synonymy of C. quadrioculata).
Type localities. Chalcophora quadrioculata: ‘Syria’ (see ‘Remarks’); Chalcophorella (S.) quadrioculata akbesiana: ‘Akbés (Siria)’ (see ‘Remarks’).
Type material examined. Chalcophorella (S.) quadrioculata: LECTOTYPE (present designation): ♀, ‘Kots. [Kotschy] | a. I8 [w, h] || 4oculata | Syria Kllr [w, h]’ (NHMW).
PARALECTOTYPES (1 ♁, 3 ♀♀): ♁, ♀, ‘ Kots. | a. i8 [w, h]’ (♁ NHMW, ♀ DFPC); ♀, ‘ Kots. | a i8 [w, h]’ (NHMW); ♀, ‘TYPE [r, p] || Ex Musaeo | Mniszech [w, p] || MUSÉUM PARIS | COLL. R. OBERTHUR [w, p] || 4- Oculata | Redt. | Syrie Type [w, h]’ (MNHN).
All specimens were provided with an additional red printed label: ‘ LECTOTYPE [or PARALECTOTYPE respectively] [sex] | Chalcophora | quadrioculata | KOLLAR, 1843 | David Frank des. III. 2020 [date handwritten]’ and also white printed label: ‘ Chalcophorella | (Stigmatophorella) | quadrioculata | (KOLLAR, 1843), David Frank det. III. 2020 [date handwritten]’.
Chalcophorella (S.) quadrioculata akbesiana: HOLOTYPE: ♁, ‘ Syria | Akbès [w, p] || HOLOTYPUS | A. COBOS [r, p] || Holotipo | MNCN Tipo No | 7920 [r, p/h] || EX COLECCION | Dr. A. Cobos [y, p] || MNCN _Ent | 245606 [w, p] || Chalcophorella | quadrioculata | ssp. akbesiana | Holotipo nov. | A. Cobos det. 1.957 [w, h/p]’ (MNCN). PARATYPES (2 ♀♀): ♀, ‘ Syria | Akbès [w, p] || ALLLOTYPUS | A. COBOS [r, p] || Paratipo | MNCN Tipo No | 7920 [r, p/h] || EX COLECCION | Dr. A. Cobos [y, p] || MNCN _Ent | 245607 [w, p]’ (MNCN); ♀, ‘ Syria | Akbès [w, p] || PARATYPUS | A. COBOS [r, p] || Paratipo | MNCN Tipo No | 7920 [r, p/h] || EX COLECCION | Dr. A. Cobos [y, p] || MNCN _Ent | 245608 [w, p]’ (MNCN).
All specimens were provided with an additional white printed label: ‘ Chalcophorella | (Stigmatophorella) | quadrioculata | (KOLLAR, 1843), David Frank det. III. 2020 [date handwritten]’.
Additional material examined (96 ³³, 112 ♀♀). IRAN (see ‘ Remarks’): Perse, 1 ♁ (MKYA). KERMAN-SHAH PROV.: Khosrova, Persia, Coll. Nonfried (1 ♁, 1 ♀ NMPC; 2 ♁♁ NHMW). IRAQ: Iraq, 1 ♀ (NMPC). ERBIL GOV.: Kurdistan, Erbil Governorate (1 ♁ NMPC; 5 ♀♀ WAEI; 1 ♀ DFPC); Koya (hamamook), 4.vi.2005, Wand Kh. Ali lgt., 1 ♁, 1 ♀ (DFPC); Koya (hamamook), 9.vi.2005, Wand Kh. Ali lgt., 1 ♀ (WAEI); Arbil, 2005, Wand Kh. Ali lgt., 1 ♀ (VKSC). SULAYMANIYAH GOV.: Xormal [Khurmal], Sargate Village, Amygdalus sp., 4.vii.2005, Wand Kh. Ali lgt., 1 ♁ (DFPC). LEBANON: Syrien, Beirouth, 1920, 1 ♀ (ZIN). ‘ PALESTINE’ (see ‘ Remarks’): Palestina, Holdhaus, 1 ♁, 2 ♀♀ (NHMW). SYRIA (see ‘ Remarks’): Syrie (2 ♁♁ NMPC; 1 ♁, 1 ♀ MNCN; 1 ♀ NMBE; 1 ♀ VKSC); Syrien (3 ♁♁, 5 ♀♀ NMPC; 1 ♁ NMBE; 1 ♁ NHMW; 1 ♁ VKSC; 1 ♀ MNCN); Syria (4 ♁♁, 3 ♀♀ NMPC; 2 ♁♁, 1 ♀ MNCN; 3 ♁♁, 3 ♀♀ ZIN; 2 ♀♀ NMBE); Siria, 1 ♁, 1 ♀ (NMPC); Syrien, 1885, Dr. F. Leuthner (1 ♁ NMPC; 1 ♁ NMBE); Syria, 1897, 1 ♀ (NMPC); Syria, 1894, Delagrange, 1 ♁ (NMBE); Syr.; 1 ♀ (NHMW). ALEPPO GOV.: Aleppo, Syrien (1 ♁, 1 ♀ NMPC; 1 ♀ ZIN; 1 ♀ NHMW); Syrie, Alep., 3 ♁♁ (MNHN). IDLIB GOV.: Syria, Idlib env., v.1982, J. Kratochvíl lgt. (1 ♁, 1 ♀ NMPC; 1 ♁, 2 ♀♀ VKSC; 1 ♁ DFPC). LATAKIA GOV.: N. SYRIEN, Ladikiye, 5.1885, Dr. F.Leuthner, 1 ♁ (NHMW). SYRIA (ALEPPO GOV.) / TURKEY (HA-TAY PROV.) (see ‘ Remarks’): Syrie, Akbès, 1891 (1 ♁ MNHN; 1 ♁ NMPC); Akbès, Asie min, (1 ♁ MNHN; 1 ♁ NMPC); Syrie, Akbès, v–1898, Escalera (1 ♁ MNCN; 4 ♁♁, 1 ♀ MNHN); Akbes, Syrien, Em. Reitter (7 ♁♁, 3 ♀♀ NMPC; 2 ♁♁ ZIN; 2 ♁♁, 2 ♀♀ VKSC; 1 ♀ DFPC); Syrie, Akbès, Ch. Delagrange, Eté 1890 (1 ♁, 6 ♀♀ MNHN; 2 ♁♁, 1 ♀ NMPC; 1 ♁ VKSC); Akbès, 1 ♁ (NMPC); Akbes, Syria, 1 ♁ (NHMW); Akbes, Syr., coll. Winkler 1 ♀
(NHMW); Akbes, Taurus, 1 ♀ (NMBE); SYRIE, AKBES, C.D. 1891, 1 ♀ (NMBE); Syrien, Cheiklile, Paul Hanff, 1 ♀ (NMPC). TURKEY: Turcia, 1 ♁ (MNHN); Asia minor, K. v. Steinwehr, 1 ♁ (MNCN); Asie Mineure, Escalera, 1 ♁, 1 ♀ (NMPC); Asia Minor (1 ♁ NMBE; 1 ♀ NMPC); Asie min., 1 ♁ (NMPC); Taurus, 1 ♁ (NHMW); Taurus, As. min., coll. Käufel, 1 ♁, 2 ♀♀ (NMPC); Taurus, Asia m., 1 ♀ (NMPC); Syria, Mts. Taurus, vi.1902, Escalera (1 ♁, 2 ♀♀ MNCN; 1 ♀ ZIN). ADANA PROV.: Taurus As. m., Adana, 1 ♀ (NMBE); Taurus As. m., Adana, Cl. Splichal, 1 ♀ (NMBE); Adana, Syria, 1 ♀ (NMBE). ADÝYAMAN PROV.: Tur. or., 7.vi.1992, Nemrut Dag, Ing. Z. Švec lgt., 1 ♀ (NMPC); TR Karakut 27.6.[19]93, Nemrud Dag, J. & M. Sláma lgt., 1 ♀ (NMPC); Turkey, Kahta env., Nemrut Dagi mt., 2.– 14.6.1996, lgt. Petr Jelínek (2 ♁♁ RRPC; 1 ♁, 1 ♀ DFPC); Turkey, 14.–19.vii.2000, Adiyaman prov., Nemrut Daðý Mts., Karadut env., M. Obořil leg., (3 ♁♁, 3 ♀♀ MOOC; 1 ♁, 1 ♀ VKSC). HAKKÂRI PROV.: Hakkari, 13.6.1976, Acer, 1 ♁ (NMPC). HATAY PROV.: Syria, Mts. Amanus, v.1902, Escalera, 1 ♀ (MNCN); SYRIE, AMANUS, C.D. 1891, 1 ♀ (NMBE); Mt Amanus, 1 ♁ (VKSC). ÝZMIR PROV.: Bornova, 17.5.1964, Hayit, 1 ♀ (NMPC); Smyrna, Dr. Krüper, (2 ♀♀ NMBE; 2 ♀♀ NHMW); Smyrna, Collect. Hauser, 1 ♀ (NHMW); Smyrna 1 ♁, 1 ♀ (MNHN). KAHRAMANMARAŞ PROV.: Marasch, Syrien, Em. Reitter (4 ♁♁, 13 ♀♀ NMPC; 1 ♁, 1 ♀ ZIN; 1 ♁ DFPC); Maras, Asia minor, lg. Petrovitz-Ressl, 1 ♀ (NHMW); Taurus c., Marasch, 1.–15.vi.[19]29, 7– 900m, E. Pfeiffer leg., 2 ♀♀ (NHMW); Taurus c., Marasch, 15.–30.vi.[19]29, 7– 900m, E. Pfeiffer leg., 3 ♁♁, 4 ♀♀ (NHMW); Syr. sept., Taurus, Marasch, vii.[19]29, 3 ♁♁, 2 ♀♀ (NHMW). MERSIN PROV.: Klein Asien, G ̹lek, H. Schulz, 1 ♀ (NMPC); Mersina, Asia minor, A. Kricheldorff, 2 ♀♀ (NMPC); Silifke, 7.4.1963, 1 ♁ (NMBE). TRABZON PROV.: Asia min., Trapezunt, Collect. Hauser, 1 ♁ (NHMW).
Redescription of lectotype. Moderately preserved ♀ specimen missing left fore, left middle and both hind tarsi. Length 28.25 mm, width 11.25 mm, length/width ratio: 2.51.
Body generally black, basal third of elytra grey with bronze metallic reflections and four black elytral principal and several elytral minor reliefs, mainly around lateral margin.
Head black with some mouth parts brown. Antennae black, serrate from antennomere IV. Scape and pedicel black (scape with brown radicula), sparsely punctate and pubescent. Antennomere II ca. 2× shorter than I and III. Antennomere III less triangular, V–X more triangular, XI oval. Mandibles black; labrum brown to brown-black, densely pubescent. Maxillae and labium pale brown, palpi maxillaries and palpi labiales brown to brown-black, densely pubescent. Eyes large, oval, area around eyes finely punctate. Frons 1.9× as wide as diameter of eye, impressed with medial sulcus, punctate, sparsely and shortly pubescent. Vertex less densely and less coarsely punctate.
Pronotum 1.6× as wide as long, widest at apical third, lateral margin with arcuate angle at apical third.Anterior margin arcuate with moderately protruding lobe, densely pubescent. Pronotal discal relief clearly bordered, black, sparsely punctate, shiny. Sides of pronotum bronze, densely, coarsely punctate, with several black pronotal minor reliefs at basal half of each side. Basal margin bisinuate. Pronotal basal relief clearly bordered, wide.
Scutellum small, trapezoidal, black and shiny.
Elytra with several irregular shallow impressions at basal margin of each elytron. Lateral margins slightly serrate at the apical tenth. Basal third grey with bronze metallic reflections, very densely punctate, with two black, shiny, irregularly oval elytral principal reliefs on each elytron. There are also two (left) or three (right) black, shiny, very irregular, smaller elytral minor reliefs around lateral margin of each elytron. Humeral calli and cuneate area at centre black, not densely punctate. Middle and apical third black, smooth, with micropunctation arranged in more or less distinct lines. Elytral impressions grey to grey-bronze, sparse, at center small, around lateral margins larger. Elytral ornaments small, tilde shaped. Epipleura horizontal, punctate with sparse, short and recumbent pubescence, brown at base.
Ventral side black, with bronze punctation. Hypomeron sparsely, irregularly and coarsely punctate; sparsely pubescent in punctation. Prosternum more densely punctate than hypomeron, punctures smaller than punctures on hypomeron, sparsely pubescent in punctation. Prosternal process subparallel-sided, 1.7× as long as wide, sparsely punctate, sides smooth, polished and nearly impunctate. Meso- and metanepisternum sparsely, coarsely punctate, pubescent in punctation. Abdominal ventrites centrally sparsely punctate, shiny, laterally densely punctate, with short and recumbent pubescence.
Legs black, moderately densely and coarsely punctate, pubescent. Tibia with two apical ventral spurs, without carinae. Tarsi blue-black, without punctation, pubescent.
Variation. Body ♁♁ (n = 93) length: (20.00)21.00– 28.50 mm, width: 8.00–11.00 mm, length/width ratio: (2.32)2.48–2.81; ♀♀ (n = 115): length: (23.25)25.00– 34.25 mm, width: 8.75–14.00 mm, length/width ratio: 2.37– 2.70. Amount of pronotal and elytral minor reliefs variable. Elytral ornament varies from only very small line to ‘W’ shaped but never large. Colour of sides of pronotum, anterior third of elytra and elytral impressions and ornaments from white-grey without reflections to grey-brown with blue, green, bronze or purple metallic reflections. Aedeagus (n = 5) length: 5.27–5.55 mm, width: 1.27–1.36 mm, length/width ratio: 3.88–4.15(4.37). Penis prolonged oval, apex of parameres rounded from outer side (Figs 47, 48).
Differential diagnosis. Chalcophorella (S.) quadrioculata can be distinguished from C. (S.) escalerae by pronotum sculpture and from C. (S.) orientalis by visible scutellum. For additional characters see Key to species.
Biology. In Iraq, Knopf (1971) mentioned C. (S.) quadrioculata ‘reared from stem sections of Salix sp. (acmophylla?)’, and Al-Ali (1977) listed larvae of this species in ‘apple, mulberry, apricot, pomegranate, willow and turpentine tree’.
In Turkey C. (S.) quadrioculata is mentioned on wild pear (Fairmaire, 1866), Paliurus sp. (Niehuis, 1989), Prunus domestica and Quercus sp. (Tezcan, 1995).
Distribution. Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey,? Iran and? Georgia (see ‘Remarks’) (Fig. 50).
Remarks. [Ludwig (Ludovico)] Redtenbacher is always mentioned as the author of the C. (S.) quadrioculata description. Although Redtenbacher is author of an article which contains this description, [Vincenz] Kollar is mentioned explicitly as the author of this C. (S.) quadrioculata description. Also in his following article (Kollar & Redtenbacher, 1850) Kollar is presented as the author of this species description.
The type locality from the description is ‘ Syria’ but it is not clear and it is quite problematic. Syria did not exist as a state at that time but there was an area called Syria within the Ottoman Empire until its disintegration at the begininig of the 20 th century. A notional border of this area was more northerly than the border between Syria and Turkey today and e. g. collections from Marash [today Turkey, Kahramanmaraş] are localised from Syria. Therefore the type locality can be in territory of today’s Turkey. The same problem is also with locality ‘ Akbès’. There are two towns around the border: Akbez in Turkey (36°51′07′′N, 36°33′23′′E) and Meydan Ekbaz [Maidân Akbas] in Syria (36°49′16′′N, 36°40′37′′E) distant ca 11 km from each other. Although specimens are localizied ‘ Syria, Akbès’ they can be either from Turkey or from today’s Syria.
Kollar (in Redtenbacher, 1843) did not specify explicitly how many specimens he had at his disposal when describing Chalcophora quadrioculata nor mentioned any depository. Kollar was a courator in NHMW and described this species from material collected by Theodor Kotschy whose collection is deposited in NHMW (Horn & Kahle, 1935). I found a specimen in NHMW with label ‘Kots[chy]., a. I8’, additional Redtenbacher’s handwritten label (by Horn & Kahle, 1935) containing the same data as in description (4[quadri]oculata, Syria, Kllr [Kollar]) and with length (28.25 mm) almost identical to length mentioned in description (‘Long.: 13‘‘‘ [13 Austrian lines = 28.535 mm]’). Therefore the specimen from NHMW is designated as a lectotype in order to conserve the status of this taxon and avoid any further misinterpretations.
I found also other three specimens (1 ♁, 2♀♀) labeled ‘ Kots., a. i8’ (‘i[or I]8’ is probably a number of locality but there are no known records about it (H. Schillhammer, pers. comm. February 2020)). Because these specimens have the same locality data as lectotype they are also included in the type series as paralecrotypes. In MNHN (coll. Oberth ̹r, ex Musaeo Mniszech) there is also one female which has a white handwritten label ‘4-Oculata Redt., Syrie, Type’ and also a newer red printed label ‘TYPE’. This specimen is also included in the type series as paralectotype.
Cobos (1957) described C. (S.) quadrioculata akbesiana on the length/width ratios of body and pronotum, crenation at anterior third of pronotum, and shape of reliefs. Cobos wrote length/width ratio of body almost 3 for C. (S.) quadrioculata akbesiana comparing to 2.5 for C. (S.) quadrioculata quadrioculata. I measured 46 specimens (27 ♁♁, 19 ♀♀) from Akbes and 162 specimens (66 ♁♁, 96 ♀♀) from other localities. None of the types have ratio near 3. Holotype of C. (S.) quadrioculata akbesiana (♁) has 2.79 and allotype and paratype have 2.58 and 2.65. Male specimens from Akbes have ratio 2.50–2.79 (average 2.60) and males from other localities have 2.48–2.81 (average 2.61). Females from Akbes have ratio 2.39–2.69 (average 2.56) and from other localities 2.37–2.70 (average 2.53). The length/width ratio of body is almost the same for specimens from Akbes and from other localities. The length/width ratio and crenation of pronotum, and shape and design of reliefs are also very variable. Therefore C. (S.) quadrioculata akbesiana is kept in synonymy of C. (S.) quadrioculata.
There is one specimen in NHMW with locality data ‘Palestina’. There was an area called ‘Mandatory Palestine’ in the territory of today’s states Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.
I found one specimen of C. (S.) quadrioculata with locality label ‘Perse’ and four specimens with locality labels ‘Khosrova, Persia, Coll. Nonfried’. There are several specimens of Buprestidae with the same locality data which are problematic (Perotis xerxes (Marseul, 1865), Chalcophora sp.) (V. Kubáň, pers. comm. May 2020). I do not know any other specimens from Iran (although Khosravi is on the border with Iraq). On the other hand C. (S.) quadrioculata certainly lives in Iraq Kurdistan which is near the border with Iran and Iraq locality Xormal [Khurmal] is at the distance ‘only’ 110 km north-east of Khosravi. Therefore the distribution in Iran is possible but it is necessary to be confirmed by recent material.
Richter (1952) mentioned C. (S.) quadrioculata from Georgia but it is probably erroneous data. No specimen with this locality label has been found in any collection. Because all mentions about C. (S.) quadrioculata in Georgia relate to the Richter’s data, I do not consider distribution in Georgia proven. The nearest locality Turkey, Trabzon lies at the distance of ca 180 km (along the coastline) south-west of Georgia.
Specimens with European localities ‘ G. Džumaja [Blagoevograd], Bulgaria’ (1 ♀ MKYA) and ‘АвстриЯ Ю [Austria S(outh)], Kelecsenyi’ (1 ♁ ZIN) are evidently erroneously localized and therefore they are not listed in examined material.
description: Published as part of Frank, David, 2020, Revision of the subgenus Stigmatophorella of Chalcophorella (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Chrysochroinae), pp. 451-482 in Zootaxa 4895 (4) on pages 472-479, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4895.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4358612