Haplogonatopus apicalis R. Perkins 1905
Creators: name: Xu, Zaifu
name: Olmi, Massimo
name: He, Junhua
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Dryinidae
Haplogonatopus
Haplogonatopus apicalis

description: 1. Haplogonatopus apicalis R. Perkins, 1905
(Plates 103A, B, 104A, B)
Haplogonatopus apicalis R. Perkins 1905: 39; Olmi 1982: 305; Olmi 1984: 1417; Xu & He 1996b: 128; Guglielmino & Olmi 1997: 181–252.; Olmi 1998f: 163; Olmi 2000a: 94, 109; Barrion 2002: 71; He & Xu 2002: 310; Guglielmino & Olmi 2006: 51; Xu et al. 2012a: 13; Mita et al. 2012: 50.
Haplogonatopus moestus R. Perkins 1905: 40 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type locality: Cairns (Queensland, Australia).
Haplogonatopus brevicornis R. Perkins 1906a: 489 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type locality: Condong (Queensland, Australia).
Haplogonatopus orientalis Rohwer 1920: 159 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type locality: Bilaspur (Chattisgarh, India); Otake et al. 1976: 289; Otake 1977: 46; Olmi & Currado 1979b: 43.
Haplogonatopus japonicus Esaki & Hashimoto 1931: 25 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type locality: Fukuoka (Kyushu, Japan); Chiu 1979: 339; Chen & Yang 1987: 237; Chen 1988: 44.
Haplogonatopus sp. near americanus R. Perkins: Pagden 1934: 2.
Haplogonatopus sp. 1: Chandra 1978a: 21; Chandra 1978b: 5; Chandra 1980a: 128; Chandra 1980b: 167.
Monogonatopus orientalis (Rohwer): Currado & Olmi 1979: 181.
Haplogonatopus apicalis R. Perkins partim: Olmi & Currado 1979b: 42.
Haplogonatopus fuscus Xu & He 1995b: 594 (synonymized by Olmi 1998f); type locality: Pingyang (Zhejiang, China); Olmi 1998f: 163; He & Xu 2002: 308.
nec Haplogonatopus apicalis R. Perkins: Sugiura et al. 2004: 11.
Description of female (Plate 103A). Apterous; length 2.1–3.7 mm. Head yellow-testaceous; occasionally head brown or black, except mandible, clypeus and anterior region of face yellow; antenna brown, except segments 1–2 and 10 yellow; mesosoma yellow-testaceous; petiole black; metasoma testaceous, or reddish, occasionally more or less darkened, or brown; legs yellow-testaceous. Antenna clavate; antennal segments in following proportions: 19:11:22:12:10:10:10:10:10:19. Head excavated, shiny, hairless, granulated; occipital carina incomplete, only shortly present on sides of posterior ocelli; frontal line complete; POL = 5; OL = 5; OOL = 15. Palpal formula 2/1. Pronotum shiny, smooth, hairless, unsculptured, not crossed by strong transverse impression. Scutum shiny, sculptured by some longitudinal keels. Metathorax + propodeum shiny, unsculptured, except transverse striae on posterior surface. Meso-metapleural suture obsolete. Protarsal segments in following proportions: 10:2:3:7:11. Enlarged claw (Plate 103B) with one subapical tooth and one row of three–six lamellae. Segment 5 of protarsus (Plate 103B) with two rows of seven–ten lamellae; distal apex with about two–seven lamellae. Tibial spurs 1/0/1.
Description of male (Plate 104A). Fully winged; length 2.0– 2.2 mm. Head black or brown, except mandible yellow; antenna brown, occasionally with segments 1–2 yellow; mesosoma and metasoma black or brown; legs yellow. Antenna filiform; antennal segments in following proportions: 7:7:12:11:11:10:9:9:9:12; antennal segment 3 more than three times as long as broad (about 4.0–4.5). Head shiny, hairy, weakly granulated; frontal line absent; occipital carina absent; POL = 9; OL = 3; OOL = 3; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli longer than OOL (4:3); temple distinct; occiput concave. Palpal formula 2/1. Scutum hairy, dull or shiny, granulated. Notauli complete, posteriorly strongly converging, joint or almost joint. Scutellum and metanotum shiny, hairy, finely punctate. Propodeum reticulate rugose, without transverse or longitudinal keels. Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands. Dorsal process of paramere (Plate 104B) long, slender, distally broadened and serrate. Tibial spurs 1/1/2.
Material examined. Types: ♀ lectotype (designated by Olmi, 1982) of H. apicalis: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Bundaberg, 1904, reared, dissected 16.II.1905 (BPBM); ♀ lectotype (designated by Olmi, 1982) of H. moestus: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Cairns, Mulgrave, VIII.1904, reared from Hadeodelphax nymph (BPBM); ♀ holotype of H. brevicornis: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Tweed River Queensland side, Condong, 22.XII.1904, A. Koebele leg., reared from Liburnia (near Chloriona) 6.I.1905, dissected 6.I.1905 (BPBM); ♀ holotype of H. japonicus: JAPAN: Kyushu Island, Fukuoka Pref., Fukuoka, 16.IX.1930 (ELKU); ♀ holotype of H. orientalis: INDIA: Chattisgarh, Janigir, Bilaspur, 14.X.1915, reared from Sogata sp., on rice, C.S. Misra leg. (USNM); ♀ holotype of H. fuscus: CHINA: Zhejiang, Pingyang County, 26°07'N 120°05'E, 2.VIII.1965, Junhua He leg. (ZJUC). Paratypes of H. apicalis: same locality label as lectotype, 2♀♀ and 1♂ (BPBM). Paratypes of H. orientalis: same locality label as holotype, 2♀♀ and 1♂ (USNM). Paratypes of H. japonicus: same locality label as holotype, 15.XI.1930, 1♀ (ELKU); same locality label as holotype, 16.IX.1930, 2♀♀ and ♂ allotype (ELKU). Other material. CHINA: Fukien (= Fujian), Hotien, Changting, 24.VII.1940, T.C. Maa leg., 2♀♀ (TARI); Fujian, Shaxian, reared from rice planthoppers, Changming Liu & Biyu Luo leg., 30♀♀ and 46♂ (ZJUC); Fujian, Shaowu, 12.IV.1944, Xiufu Zhao leg., 1♀ (ZJUC); Fujian, Mt. Wuyishan, 1983, Kechi Zhang leg., 1♂ (ZJUC); Fujian, Fuzhou, 12.VI.1991, Changming Liu leg., 1♀ (ZJUC); Fujian, Shouning, 4.VIII.1996, Changming Liu leg., 61♂ (ZJUC); Fujian, Yunxiao, 1.VIII.1985, Bo Liu leg., 1♀ and 18♂ (ZJUC); Guagdong, Shantao (= Shek Tung) (BPBM); Guangdong, Yangjiang, Renhuan Hou leg., many ♀♀ and ♂ (ZJUC); Guangzhou, Guangzhou Botanical Garden, parasitized host collected 13.VI.2002, dryinid cocooning 15.VI.2002, dryinid adult emerged 26.VI.2002, M. Olmi leg. (MOLC); Guangdong, Foot of Nanling National Nature Reserve, Ruyang, parasitized host collected 12.IX.2004, dryinid cocooning 14.IX.2004, dryinid adult emerged X.2004, reared from nymphs of unidentified Delphacids, M. Olmi reared, 3♀♀ (MOLC); Guangdong, Conghua, VI.1978, Junhua He leg., 1♀ (ZJUC); Guangdong, Zhaoqing, 1974, Ciwei Huang leg., 1♂ (ZJUC); Guangdong, Sihui, 8.V.1998, Yufang Liu leg., 3♀♀ and 3♂ (ZJUC); Mt. Nankunshan, parasitized host collected 2.VII.2005, dryinid cocooning 4.VII.2005, M. Olmi reared from adult of unidentified Delphacid, 1♀ (MOLC); Guangdong, Mt. Yunjishan, 9.VI.2002, Zaifu Xu leg., 1♂ (SCAU); Hainan, Qionghai, 4.V.1966, Junhua He leg., 4♂ (ZJUC); Guangxi, Wuming, 31.V.1981, Guixian Su leg., 1♀ (ZJUC); Guangxi, Nanning, 13.IX.1987, Junhua He leg., 4♀♀ (ZJUC); Guangxi, Xilin, 5.VI.1980, Tiansheng Pu leg., 1♀ (ZJUC); Guangxi, Tianlin, 30.V.1982, Junhua He leg., 1♂ (ZJUC); Sichuan, Yuexi, 14.VIII.1980, Junhua He leg., 3♀♀ (ZJUC); Guizhou, Sandu, IV–VII.1980, 7♀♀ and 9♂ (ZJUC); Guizhou, Sinan, IX.1986, VIII.1991, 12♀♀ and 3♂ (ZJUC); Shaanxi, Mt. Tiantaishan, VIII.1980, Jianhua Wei leg., 1♀ (SCAU); Hubei, Zhuxi, 1981, 2♀♀ (ZJUC); Hubei, Zhushan, 28.VIII.1982, Junhua He leg., 6♂ (ZJUC); Hubei, Yunxian, 28.VIII.1982, Junhua He leg., 2♂ (ZJUC); Hubei, Gucheng, 28.VIII.1982, Junhua He leg., 1♂ (ZJUC); Hunan, Yueyang, 5.VII.1973, Binsen Wang leg., 1♂ (ZJUC); Henan, Xinxiang, 11.X.1973, Weihua Li leg., 2♀♀ and 1♂ (ZJUC); Taiwan, Changhua, Erh lin (TARI); Taiwan, Chiayi (TARI); Taiwan, Taichung, Tatu (TARI); Taiwan, Tainan, Paiho (TARI); Taiwan, Taipei (TARI); Taiwan, Taipei, TARI (TARI); Taiwan, Taoyuan, Chungli (TARI); Taiwan, Kijin (ELKU); Zhejjiang, Linan, 31.VII.1974, Junhua He leg., 3♂ (ZJUC); Zhejjiang, Hangzhou, 20.IX.1952, 6.X.1965, VIII.1987, Junhua He leg., 2♀♀ and 1♂ (ZJUC); Zhejjiang, Mt. West Tianmushan, 11.X.1982, Junhua He leg., 1♂ (ZJUC); Zhejjiang, Tonglu, III.1966, Houliang Xu leg., 3♂ (ZJUC); Zhejjiang, Shangyu, VIII–IX.1984, Haifu Wei leg., 45 ♂ (ZJUC); Zhejjiang, Yuyao, VI.1972, Junhua He leg., 2♀♀ and 4♂ (ZJUC); Zhejjiang, Dongyang, 1); Zhejjiang, Lishui, 4.IX.1975, IV–VI.1982, 18.VII.1984, Zhenfang Gu et al. leg., 40♂ (ZJUC); Zhejjiang, Suichang, VIII.1974, Junhua He leg., 16♂ (ZJUC); Zhejjiang, Wenzhou, 10.V.1981, Junhua He leg., 6♀♀ and 6♂ (ZJUC); Jiangxi, Nanchang, 1978, Zhengxiang Ye leg., 1♀ and 5♂ (ZJUC). INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Warangal, 15.IX.1986, paddy field, 3♀♀ (BMNH); Bihar, Pusa (erroneously labelled as ♂ allotype of Pseudogonatopus sogatae Rohwer) (USNM); Chattisgarh, Janigir (IARI); Chattisgarh, Raipur (AMNH, GCC); Delhi, New Delhi (IARI): Jharkhand, Ranchi, Kankey Farm (IARI); Karnataka, Mandya, 22.XI.1976, ex Nilaparvata lugens, 1♀ (BMNH); Karnataka, Chikkaballapura, IV.1917, T.V. Campbell leg., 1♀ (BMNH); Madhya Pradesh, Javalpur, 12.IX.1969, ex Sogatella furcifera, 1♀ and 1♂ (BMNH); Orissa, Cuttack, 1981, 2♀♀ and 1♂ (BMNH); Orissa (Kurian 1954a); Punjab, Ludhiana, 21.VIII.1990, K. Shukla reared from Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), 8♂ (BMNH). MALAYSIA: Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 21.XII.1930, ex Sogata sp., H.T. Pagden leg., 3♀♀ and 4♂ (BMNH); Malaya, Kuala Kurau (BMNH); Malaya, Serdang (DBUS); Sarawak, Kuching, Tarat (KYC). PHILIPPINES: Luzon Island, Laguna Prov., 4 Km E Los Baños, 14°10'N 121°15'E, 10.XII.1977, ex Nilaparvata lugens, A.T. Barrion leg., 1♀ (BMNH); same locality label, further specimens (GCC); Luzon Island, Batangas Prov., Tanauan (GCC); Panay Island, Iloilo Prov., 2 Km NW Tigbauan, Bo. Bagumbayan, 10°41'N 122°24'E (GCC); Mindoro Island, Mindoro Oriental, Baco, Alag River, 16.XI.1994, H. Zettel leg., 1♀ (NHMW). SRI LANKA: Kandy District, Tismada (USNM); Kandy District, Kalugomuwa (specimens described by Otake, Somasundaram & Abeykoon, 1976, now in AMNH) (AMNH, BPBM). THAILAND: Tung Saew (KYC); Pasang (KYC); Tung Fabad (KYC); Banmakok (KYC); Chom-Thong (KYC). Palaearctic: CHINA: Liaoning, Shenyang, 6.VI.1991, Juxian Lou leg., 1♂ (ZJUC); Liaoning, Fuxin, 27.VII.1994, Juxian Lou leg., 2♀♀ (ZJUC); Heilongjiang, Yichun, 24.VII.1994, Juxian Lou leg., 1♂ (ZJUC). JAPAN: Shikoku, Kochi Pref., Kami-gun (AMNH, ELKN). Australian region: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Childers (BPBM); Queensland, Brisbane (BPBM); Queensland, W Gordonvale, Alley Creek, 500 m, 20.IV.1987, E.C. Dahms & G. Sarnes leg. (QMC); Victoria, Shepparton (DEUQ).
Hosts. Delphacidae (Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997): in Australia: Liburnia sp. (near Chloriona), Sardia sp. (= Hadeodelphax sp.); in India: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), Sogata sp., Sogatella furcifera (Horváth): in Japan: Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (see remarks after the key to the Oriental species of Haplogonatopus); in Malaysia: Sogata sp., Sogatella furcifera (Horváth); in the Philippines: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), Stenocranus sp.; in Sri Lanka: Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth); in China (Taiwan): Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), Tarophagus proserpina (Kirkaldy).The records of Cicadellidae by Chandra (1978a, 1978b, 1980a, 1980b) and He & Xu (2002) are erroneous (Chandra listed as hosts Nephotettix nigropictus (Stål), Nephotettix virescens (Distant) and Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky)), because Haplogonatopus apicalis parasitizes only Delphacidae.
Biology. Information on biology by Pagden (1934), Kitamura (1987a, 1987b, 1987c, 1988a, 1988b) and Kitamura & Iwami (1998). Gan et al. (2002) discovered in China that both females of H. apicalis and specimens of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) and Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) were infected by Wolbachia, a bacteria living in many insects. The parthenogenesis is thelytokous (Olmi, 2000a).
Natural enemies. In Malaya (Pagden, 1934; Olmi, 2000a) H. apicalis is parasitized by the following parasitoids: Ceraphronidae: Allomicrops (= Ceraphron) abnormis R. Perkins; Encyrtidae: Cheiloneurus exitiosus (R. Perkins, 1906) (Guerrieri & Viggiani, 2005); Pteromalidae: Eupteromalus sp. In Thailand H. apicalis is parasitized by the following parasitoids: Pteromalidae: Trichomalus sp. 1 (maybe a new species reared in Taiwan, Taipei, 21.VII.1975; VIII.1975; V.1976; VIII.1976; this species was reared from cocoons of H. apicalis by K.S. Lin); Trichomalus sp. 2 (reared in Thailand, Prachin Buri, rice fields, 26.VII.1960; this species was reared from cocoons of H. apicalis by A.T. Barrion).
Distribution. China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Henan, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Heilongjiang), Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria), Japan (Kyushu, Shikoku), India (Chattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Delhi, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab), Malaysia (Malaya, Sarawak), Philippines (Luzon, Panay, Mindoro), Sri Lanka (Kandy), Thailand (Tung Saew, Pasang, Tung Fabad, Banmakok, Chom-Thong).
description: Published as part of Xu, Zaifu, Olmi, Massimo & He, Junhua, 2013, Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), pp. 1-460 in Zootaxa 3614 (1) on pages 347-350, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3614.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5278372