cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: A New Approach for Modeling Strategic Voting in Multiparty Elections
title: A New Approach for Modelling Strategic Voting in Multiparty Elections
titleType: AlternativeTitle
Creators: name: Alvarez, R. Michael
name: Nagler, Jonathan
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1997

description: Whether voters vote strategically, using their vote to best further their interests, or vote sincerely, voting for their first choice among the alternatives, is a question of long-standing interest. We offer two innovations in searching for the answer to this question. First, we begin with a more consistent model of sincere voting in multiparty democratic systems than has been presented in the literature to date. Second, we incorporate new operationalizations of the objective potential for strategic behavior than have been used in the past. We offer a test of strategic voting in the 1987 British General Election based on the variance in strategic setting across constituencies in Britain. We allow voters to use available information in deciding whether or not to cast a strategic vote. We estimate a lower level of strategic voting than many other methods have estimated. We also demonstrate that the use of self-reported vote motivation causes errors in estimating the amount of strategic voting, and that this problem is exacerbated the further from the election the self-report is obtained.
description: This is one of many papers by the authors; the ordering of names reflects alphabetic convention. Alvarez's work was supported by the National Science Foundation through SBR-9709327; Nagler's work was supported by the National Science Foundation through SBR-9413939 and SBR-9709214. We thank Jonathan Katz and Guy Whitten for supplying helpful data for this project. We also thank Gary Cox, Jonathan Katz, Gary King and Burt Monroe for discussions of this subject. Last, we thank Shaun Bowler for his work with us on a related project. A previous version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meetings of the Midwest Political Science Association, April 1997.

Published as Alvarez, R.M., & Nagler, J. (2000). A new approach for modelling strategic voting in multiparty elections. British Journal of Political Science, 30(1), 57-75.
description: Published - sswp1023.pdf
Maxomys ochraceiventer
Creators: name: Don E. Wilson
name: Russell A. Mittermeier
name: Thomas E. Lacher, Jr
Publisher: name: Lynx Edicions
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Rodentia
Muridae
Maxomys
Maxomys ochraceiventer

description: 747.
Ochraceous-bellied Bornean Spiny Rat
Maxomys ochraceiventer
French: Maxomys a ventre jaune / German: Ockerbauch-Rajah-Ratte / Spanish: Rata espinosa de Borneo de vientre ocre
Other common names: Chestnut-bellied Spiny Rat, Ochraceous-bellied Bornean Maxomys
Taxonomy. Mus ochraceiventer Thomas, 1894,
“Mount Kinabalu, below 3000 feet [= 1700 m],” northern Borneo, Malaysia.
Maxomys ochraceiventer is sister to a possibly undescribed species from Sulawesi that has been previously identified as M. hellwaldi Monotype from Pegunungan Mekkonga. Monotvpic.
Distribution. N & C Borneo.
Descriptive notes. Head-body 140- 171 mm, tail 130-175 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 30-35 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Ochraceousbellied Bornean Spiny Rat is medium-sized, with short and spiny pelage. Dorsum is grizzled reddish brown, darker along back and head, lighter on sides and cheeks (more orangish red), and fading into ventral pelage. Venter is ocherous yellowish orange and spiny like dorsal pelage. Feet are white, long, and narrow. Ears are rounded and elongated, with reddish tinge; vibrissae are long and dark. Tail is ¢.101% of headbody length and bicolored, dark brownish black above and white below. Various species of the fur mite Listrophoroides and many other parasites have been recorded from the Ochraceous-bellied Bornean Spiny Rat. There are four pairs of mammae: one pectoral, one post-axillary, one abdominal, and one inguinal.
Habitat. Dipterocarp and lower montane forests and mossy oak-laurel forest at elevations of 300-1700 m.The Ochraceous-bellied Bornean Spiny Rat has been reported in logged areas in some regions but not others.
Food and Feeding. No information.
Breeding. No information.
Activity patterns. The Ochraceous-bellied Bornean Spiny Rat is nocturnal and terrestrial, probably nesting in burrows.
Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.
Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCNRed List. The Ochraceous-bellied Bornean Spiny Rat is probably threatened by extensive deforestation from logging in its relatively limited distribution, but it occurs in protected areas such as Kubah and Kinabalu national parks. Additional research is needed to fully understand its natural history, taxonomy, and threats.
Bibliography. Achmadi et al. (2013), Bochkov & O'Connor (2005), Cusack (2011), Gerrie & Kennerley (2017b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Musser et al. (1979), Nor (2001), Phillipps & Phillipps (2016), Steppan & Schenk (2017), Tamrin & Abdullah (2011).
description: Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 860, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260
The Revolution Against Affirmative Action in California: Politics, Economics, and Proposition 209
Creators: name: Alvarez, R. Michael
name: Butterfield, Tara L.
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1998

description: We consider two possible explanations-economic anxiety and racial division for the appeal of Proposition 209 to California voters during the 1996 election. Voter support for this proposition has been attributed to racial differences in opinion and to economic anxiety caused by poor economic conditions in the state and the perceived threat that affirmative action presented in school admissions or the workplace. Because the presidential candidates campaigned on and debated the merits of affirmative action policy during this election, we incorporate this endogeneity into our analysis.

We develop two competing hypotheses to explain voter behavior: (1) if voters are blaming affirmative action for the state's economic conditions, then voters who believe that California's economic condition is poor or who perceive that their personal financial situation is worse will be more likely to support Proposition 209; and (2) if voters are, instead, divided along more traditional racial lines on the merits of affirmative action (winners versus losers), then whites, males, Republicans, and conservatives will be more likely to support Proposition 209, and other ethnic group members, females, Democrats, and liberals will be more likely to oppose Proposition 209.

To test these hypotheses, we analyze voter exit poll data from the 1996 California election. We utilize a two-stage logit model to allow for the endogeneity of candidate endorsements. We find support for the second of our two hypotheses. These findings cause us to conclude that racial division fueled by a fear of arbitrary exclusion prompted voter support for Proposition 209.
description: We thank Manny Avalos for his helpful comments and Gail Nash for her assistance. The research reported in this paper was supported by the John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation, through a Faculty Fellowship to Alvarez.
description: Published - sswp1033.pdf
Tax Return Preparers and Tax Evasion
Creators: name: Dubin, Jeffrey A.
name: Kalsow, Gretchen A.
name: Udell, Michael A.
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1998
Subjects: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice, Tax Evasion

description: The IRS has determined that the largest amount of tax evasion is associated with a relatively small percentage of returns prepared by tax practitioners. Tax practitioners can generally serve in three roles—to assist aggressive tax planning and evasion, to act as agents for the IRS and enforce the tax code, or simply be expensive outlets for tax return preparation. Do the distributional statistics lead to the conclusion that tax practitioners cause rather than divert additional tax evasion? The purpose of this paper is to address the causal connection between return preparation choice and evasion. We find that the return characteristics for those seeking practitioners are associated with an increased opportunity for tax evasion. But our analysis also shows that tax practitioners actually lower tax evasion beyond what it would be if an individual had sought another means of preparation, such as self-preparation.
description: We are grateful to the participants at the 1996 University of Illinois Tax Symposium for helpful comments. Gretchen Kalsow would like to thank the Darden Foundation for their support. This article does not necessarily reflect the views of the staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation or of any Member of Congress.
description: Submitted - sswp1031.pdf
Maxomys pagensis
Creators: name: Don E. Wilson
name: Russell A. Mittermeier
name: Thomas E. Lacher, Jr
Publisher: name: Lynx Edicions
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Rodentia
Muridae
Maxomys
Maxomys pagensis

description: 748.
Mentawai Archipelago Spiny Rat
Maxomys pagensis
French: Maxomys des Pagai / German: Mentawai-Rajah-Ratte / Spanish: Rata espinosa de Mentawai
Other common names: Mentawai Archipelago Leopoldamys, Mentawai Archipelago Maxomys, Pagai Spiny Rat
Taxonomy. Mus pagensis G. S. Miller, 1903,
off coast West Sumatra, Pulau Pagai Selattan (= South Pagai Island), Kepulauan Mentawai, Indonesia.
Maxomys pagensis forms a clade with M. rajah, with which it isa sister species, and M. panglima. It has been included as a subspecies of M. surifer. Monotypic.
Distribution. Siberut, Sipora, North Pagai, and South Pagai Is (Mentawai Is), off W Sumatra.
Descriptive notes. Head-body 170-218 mm, tail 163-204 mm, ear 22-25 mm, hind-foot 41-45 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Mentawai Archipelago Spiny Rat is large, with coarse and spiny pelage. Dorsum is ocherous and nearly black along back and lighter on sides, with brown wash on outer surfaces of hindlegs. Cheeks are dirty brownish buff. Venter is pale creamy buff, although some specimens have light ocherous band around neck. Feet are whitish and slightly dark brown dorsally. Ears are rounded; vibrissae are long and black. Tail is less than 100% of headbody length and distinctly bicolored, blackish brown above and whitish below. Skull is similar to that of the Indomalayan Spiny Rat (M. surifer). There are four pairs of mammae: one pectoral, one post-axillary, and one inguinal.
Habitat. Tropical primary lowland forest.
Food and Feeding. No information.
Breeding. No information.
Activity patterns. The Mentawai Archipelago Spiny Ratis terrestrial and probably nocturnal.
Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.
Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Mentawai Archipelago Spiny Rat has a relatively small distribution and is threatened by habitat destruction from logging. It occurs in Siberut National Park on Siberut. Additional research is needed to fully understand its natural history, taxonomy, and threats.
Bibliography. Achmadi et al. (2013), Clayton & Kennerley (2016e), Corbet & Hill (1992), Musser (1979), Musser & Carleton (2005), Musser et al. (1979), Steppan & Schenk (2017), Wilting et al. (2012).
description: Published as part of Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, 2017, Muridae, pp. 536-884 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 860, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6887260
Mögliche Verringerung von Hagelschäden durch Wolkenimpfen
Creators: name: Lohmann, Ulrike
Publisher: name: Universität Hamburg
Year: 2024
Subjects: Reduction in hail damage
cloud seeding
hail can cause damage to agriculture and infrastructure
cloud seeding used to avert potential hail damage
introduction of aerosol particles as cloud seeding
hail suppression

description: Possible reduction in hail damage through cloud seeding: Thunderstorms with hail can cause damage to agriculture and infrastructure. In some countries, cloud seeding is used to avert potential hail damage. Cloud seeding refers to the targeted introduction of aerosol particles with the aim of changing the microphysical structure of the cloud. In the case of hail suppression, the aim is to create more ice crystals in the cloud so that more hailstones are formed, which are not as large and therefore cause less damage. This article is about how cloud seeding works, which methods can be used and how successful hail suppression is.
title: Corporate Capital Structure and the Influence of Universal Banks in Pre-War Germany
title: Bank Oversight and the Capital Structure of German Firms
titleType: AlternativeTitle
Creators: name: Fohlin, Caroline
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 2000

description: Information asymmetries and conflicts of interest are theorized to inflate the cost of external finance, but formal bank relationships are thought to ameliorate such problems and may even lead to excessive leverage. Bank oversight is associated with slightly higher leverage but not with greater use of bank debt. Older and cash-rich firms have lower leverage and less bank debt, suggesting that information problems affected firms' financing decisions; but bank attachment appears not to alter these patterns. The findings suggest that bank oversight had little to do with leverage decisions, particularly short-term borrowing, in the later stages of the German industrialization.
description: Revised version. Original dated to May 1998 and titled "Bank Oversight and the Capital Structure of German Firms."

My thanks go to David Soskice (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin) and Martin Hellwig (University of Mannheim) for their kind hospitality during the drafting of this paper as well as to Thomas Gehrig, Matt Jackson, Larry Neal, John Latting, and conference participants at the 1998 Cliometric Society meetings for helpful comments and discussions. Financial support from the National Science Foundation and the Fulbright Commission is gratefully acknowledged.

Published as Fohlin, C. (2002). Corporate capital structure and the influence of universal banks in pre-world war I Germany. Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte/Economic History Yearbook, 43(2), 113-134.
description: Accepted Version - sswp1030_-_revised.pdf
Draft - sswp1030.pdf
Bounded Rationality in Individual Decision Making
Creators: name: Camerer, Colin F.
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1998

description: My goals in this paper are: (i) To give a pithy, opinionated summary of what has been learned about bounded rationality in individual decision making from experiments in economics and psychology (drawing on my 1995 Handbook of Experimental Economics chapter); and (ii) mention some promising new directions for research which would be included if that chapter were written today.
description: This paper is based on a lecture at the Bonn Conference on Theories of Bounded Rationality, May 1997. Helpful comments were received from Charles Holt, and Angela Hung assisted with research. It was written in the warm incubator of the Center for Advanced Study for Behavioral Sciences, with support from National Science Foundation grant SBR-9601236.

Published as Camerer, C. (1998). Bounded rationality in individual decision making. Experimental economics, 1(2), 163-183.
description: Submitted - sswp1029.pdf
Financial System Structure and Industrialization: Reassessing the German Experience before World War I
Creators: name: Fohlin, Caroline
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1998
Subjects: financial intermediation, universal banking, relationship banking

description: Lack of both theoretical cogency and empirical evidence casts doubt on the Gerschenkronian paradigm of banking and industrial development. Social, political, and regulatory environments may shape financial systems, and institutions may persist beyond their usefulness. Central features of universal banking arose late in the German industrialization, if at all; those that did may not have stemmed from the banks' universal structure. In focusing on international differences among financial systems, traditional views on the relative benefits of universal banking may underestimate both the impact of non-institutional factors on development experiences and the similarities in the ultimate effects of disparate systems.
description: I am grateful to David Soskice (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin) and Martin Hellwig (the University of Mannheim) for their kind hospitality and to Lance Davis, John Latting, and Larry Neal for helpful comments and discussions. Financial support from the National Science Foundation and from the Fulbright Commission is acknowledged with thanks.
description: Submitted - sswp1028.pdf
Oncometopia obtusa Fabricius 1787
Creators: name: Rakitov, Roman
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Cicadellidae
Oncometopia
Oncometopia obtusa

description: Oncometopia obtusa (Fabricius, 1787)
(Fig. 8)
Cicada obtusa Fabricius 1787: 269 [n. sp.]
Oncometopia obtusa; Schröder 1959: 17 [listed, described, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2] Cicada obtusa; Young 1965a: 15 [lectotype designated]
Oncometopia (Oncometopia) obtusa; Metcalf 1965: 579 [catalogued] Oncometopia (Oncometopia) obtusa; Young 1968: 227 [listed] Oncometopia (Oncometopia) obtusa; McKamey 2007: 309 [catalogued] Description. Length of male 11.0– 12.3 mm, female 11.7–12.3 mm. External structure as in O. orbona.
Coloration. Body shape and coloration of examined specimens from Trinidad and Tobago (Fig. 8 A, B) match well the description of Schröder (1959). Head and thorax with ground color sordid yellow peppered with minute reddish dots, except posterior pronotum and forewings green to purplish brown; black pattern as in O. clarior. Specimens at USNM are dark, reddish-brown, apparently due to post-mortem color change.
Male terminalia. Aedeagus expanded apically, in caudal view with narrow fleshy border (Fig. 8 C, D), otherwise similar to O. clarior. Pygofer process (Fig. 8 E) as in O. clarior, other characters as is typical for the group (see O. orbona).
Female terminalia. Similar to O. clarior specimens from Oaxaca, with posterior extension of vestibulum short and wide, its apex broadly rounded (Fig. 8 H).
Types. The lectotype, male, in the collection of the Zoologisches Museum der Universität Kiel (ZMUK), Germany, has been designated by Young (1965a) and was not examined in this study. According to Schröder (1959), who examined the specimen, the type locality is Cayenne in French Guiana.
Material examined. Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad: [no locality], xii.1902, [no collector] [2♀, USNM]; St. Augustine, 12.xii.2003, V. Thompson [1Ƌ, INHS]; Tobago: Friendship Estate, 07.ix.1918, H. Morrison [1Ƌ, USNM].
Distribution. Young (1968) listed the species from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad Island, and Suriname. It is also known from French Guiana (Schröder 1959) and Tobago Island.
Notes. The species is close to O. clarior, being distinguished by the aedeagus expanded in the apical part (Fig. 8 C).
description: Published as part of Rakitov, Roman, 2016, The Oncometopia orbona species group (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Proconiini), pp. 109-133 in Zootaxa 4168 (1) on pages 125-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4168.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/256418
Repeated Implementation
Creators: name: Kalai, Ehud
name: Ledyard, John O.
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1998

description: In the traditional static implementation literature it is often impossible for implementors to enforce their optimal outcomes. And when restricting the choice to dominant-strategy implementation, only the dictatorial choices of one of the participants are implementable.

Repeated implementation problems are drastically different. This paper provides a strong implementation "folk theorem": for patient implementors, every outcome function they care about is dominant-strategy implementable.
description: Revised version. Original dated to August 1996.

The authors wish to thank Andreas Blume, Tim Feddersen, Alvaro Sandroni, and a referee of JEL for helpful suggestions. Kalai's research is partly supported by NSF Economics Grant No. SBR-955421. Ledyard's research is partly supported by the New Millennium Project Office of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of NASA.

Published as Kalai, E., & Ledyard, J.O. (1998). Repeated implementation. Journal of Economic Theory, 83(2), 308-317.
description: Published - sswp1027.pdf
Do Voters Learn from Presidential Election Campaigns?
Creators: name: Alvarez, R. Michael
name: Glasgow, Garrett
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1997

description: Theory: We present a model of voter campaign learning which is based on Bayesian learning models. This model assumes voters are imperfectly informed and that they incorporate new information into their existing perceptions about candidate issue positions in a systematic manner.

Hypothesis: Additional information made available to voters about candidate issue positions during the course of a political campaign will lead voters to have more precise perceptions of the issue positions of the candidates involved.

Data and Methods: We use panel survey data from the 1976 and 1980 presidential elections, combined with content analyses of the media during these same elections. Our primary analysis is conducted using random effects panel models.

Results: We find that during each of these campaigns many voters became better informed about the positions of candidates on many issues and that these changes in voter information are directly related to the information flow during each presidential campaign.
description: An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, November 1996. We thank the John M. Olin Foundation for sponsoring some of this research. We also thank Thomas Patterson for access to his content analysis of the 1976 presidential election, and Stacy Kerkla for her assistance with content analysis of the 1980 presidential election. Last, we thank Jonathan Katz for helpful discussions.
description: Submitted - sswp1022.pdf
Circulium navus Naruse & Ng 2020, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Naruse, Tohru
name: Ng, Peter K. L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Decapoda
Sesarmidae
Circulium
Circulium navus

description: Circulium navus (Ng, 2012), comb. nov.
Labuanium rotundatum: Ng and Liu 2003, p. 614 (part), fig. 8A–D; Paulay et al. 2003, p. 508; Cuesta et al. 2006, p. 155, fig. 4.
Labuanium navus Ng, 2012, p. 274, figs 8–11 [type locality: Guam].
Material examined
Holotype. ZRC 2002.454a, male, 42.9 × 39.7 mm, on trees, in forest, Faifai Beach, near Gun Beach, Tumon Bay, Guam, coll. H.-C. Liu and P.K.L. Ng, 28 July–1 August 2001.
Paratypes. ZRC 2002.454 b, 6 males, 16.4 × 15.9 mm, 31.6 × 30.8 mm, 34.4 × 32.1 mm, 36.8 × 35.6 mm, 39.3 × 39.2 mm, 43.7 × 41.2 mm, 3 females, 15.1 × 14.8 mm, 28.1 × 27.3 mm, 42.5 × 39.7 mm, same data as holotype; ZRC 2002.457, 2 males, 22.2 × 21.1 mm, 22.5 × 21.2 mm, Ritidian Point, northern Guam, coll. H.-C. Liu and P.K.L. Ng, 31 August 2001; ZRC 2002.456, 2 males, 27.9 × 17.0 mm, 19.1 × 18.6 mm, 1 female, 11.9 × 11.6 mm, Haputo Beach forest, Guam, coll. P.K.L. Ng, 3 August 2001; ZRC 2002.455, 1 post-ovigerous female, 31.6 × 30.4 mm, Haputo Beach forest, Guam, coll. P.K.L. Ng, 3 August 2001 (first zoeae hatched 4 August 2001).
Diagnosis
Two pairs of postfrontal lobes present, lateral lobes exceeding mesial lobes anteriorly, anterior edge of lobes far from frontal margin in dorsal view. Epistome posterior margin with 3 low lobes, lateral lobes terminally directed anteroventrally, median lobe terminally directed anteriorly. Chela outer surface sparsely covered with large granules; upper surface with 1 complete longitudinally traversing row of small granules. G1 relatively stout, relatively long, straight proximally, distally bent about 80° against main axis; distal beak-like and corneous process truncated, narrow. Sternal vulval cover covering almost entire vulva, except for mesial hole, sternal vulval cover produced anteroventrally as trigonal pyramid projection.
Colouration
In life, generally greyish-white to grey, sometimes with pale yellow patches; eyes greyish; chelae uniformly white to greyish-white (Ng 2012).
Distribution
Known only from Guam [type locality], Marianas.
Ecological note
Circulium navus has been observed climbing coconut trees and Pandanus vines 20–30 m from the sea, and in a few instances, near-vertical rocks at the base of large trees (Ng and Liu 2003, as L. rotundatum).
description: Published as part of Naruse, Tohru & Ng, Peter K. L., 2020, Revision of the sesarmid crab genera Labuanium Serène and Soh, 1970, Scandarma Schubart, Liu and Cuesta, 2003 and Namlacium Serène and Soh, 1970 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new genera and two new species, pp. 445-532 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 54 (7 - 8) on pages 460-461, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1763491, http://zenodo.org/record/4609148
Economics, Entitlements and Social Issues: Voter Choice in the 1996 Presidential Election
Creators: name: Alvarez, R. Michael
name: Nagler, Jonathan
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1997

description: Theory: Contemporary theories of presidential election outcomes, especially the economic voting and spatial issue voting models, are used to examine voter choice in the 1996 presidential election.
Hypotheses: First, we look at the effects of voter perceptions of the national economy on voter support for Clinton. Second we look at the effects of candidate and voter positions on ideology and on a number of issues. Last, we examine whether respondents' views on other issues—social issues such as abortion as well as issues revolving around entitlements and taxation that were emphasized by the campaigns—played significant roles in this election.

Methods: Multinomial probit analysis of the 1996 National Election Studies data; simulations based on counterfactual scenarios based on different macroeconomic conditions and different issue platforms of candidates.

Results: The effects of economic perceptions are much greater than the effects of voter issue positions on the election outcome. Some social issues, namely abortion, did play a role in determining the election outcome. The presence of a third centrist candidate limited the ability of other candidates to improve their vote shares by moving in the issue space.
description: This is one of many joint papers by the authors on multiparty elections, the ordering of their names reflects alphabetic convention. We thank Alan Abramowitz, Tara Butterfield, and Garrett Glasgow for their comments. A previous version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, August, 1997. This work was supported by National Science Foundation grants SBR-9709327 to Alvarez, and SBR-9413939 and SBR-9709214 to Nagler.

Published as Alvarez, R.M., & Nagler, J. (1998). Economics, entitlements, and social issues: Voter choice in the 1996 presidential election. American Journal of Political Science, 1349-1363.
description: Published - sswp1021.pdf
Fact sheet: Evaluating the bioactivity of the ubiquitous tire preservative 6PPD-quinone
Creators: name: Villeneuve, Daniel
L.
name: Harrill, Joshua
name: Padilla, Stephanie
name: Schafer, Timothy
name: Smeltz, Marci
name: Jankowski, Mark
Publisher: name: The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure
Year: 2024
Subjects: classificationCode: 321407
subject: Toxicology (incl. clinical toxicology)

description: Search for CCTE records in EPA’s Science Inventory by typing in the title at this link.https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_search_results.cfm?advSearch=true&showCriteria=2&keyword=CCTE&TIMSType=&TIMSSubTypeID=&epaNumber=&ombCat=Any&dateBeginPublishedPresented=07/01/2017&dateEndPublishedPresented=&dateBeginUpdated=&dateEndUpdated=&DEID=&personName=&personID=&role=Any&journalName=&journalID=&publisherName=&publisherID=&sortBy=pubDate&count=25
The Resurgence of Nativism in California? The Case of Proposition 187 and Illegal Immigration
Creators: name: Alvarez, R. Michael
name: Butterfield, Tara
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1997

description: Theory: We argue that support among California voters for Proposition 187 in 1994 was an example of cyclical nativism. This nativism was provoked primarily by California's economic downturn during the early 1990s.

Hypotheses: We develop four specific hypotheses to explain how poor economic conditions in California and the consequent nativistic sentiments would result in support for Proposition 187:
1. voters who believe that California's economic condition is poor will be more likely to support Proposition 187;
2. voters who perceive themselves as being economically threatened by illegal immigrants will be more likely to support Proposition 187;
3. voters with lower levels of education are more economically vulnerable and will be more likely to support Proposition 187;
4. voters in Southern California feel more directly affected by illegal immigration and will be more likely to support Proposition 187.
Methods: To test these hypotheses, we analyze voter exit poll data from the 1994 California election. We utilize a two-stage probit model to allow for the endogeneity which results from the politicization of illegal immigration during this election.
Results: We find support for our hypotheses in the data. These findings cause us to conclude that nativism, fueled by economic conditions, was a salient factor leading many Californians to support Proposition 187.
description: We thank Garrett Glasgow, Carol Pierannanzi, and Fang Wang for their helpful discussions and Gail Nash for her assistance. The John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation provided support for this research through a Faculty Fellowship to Alvarez. An earlier version of this work was presented at the Southern Political Science Association Annual Meetings, November 1996.

Published as Alvarez, R.M., & Butterfield, T.L. (2000). The resurgence of nativism in California? The case of Proposition 187 and illegal immigration. Social Science Quarterly, 167-179.
description: Submitted - sswp1020.pdf
HAMZA'NIN ŞİİRİNİN ÖNDE GELEN ŞİİR FİKİRLERİ
Creators: name: Fazilat MAMADALIYEVA
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Soyut. Bu makalede, 20. yüzyılın başlarında sanatsal düşüncenin yenilenmesine katkıda bulunan şair, nesir yazarı ve oyun yazarı Hamza Hakimzoda Niyazi, şairin kendine özgü yönleri ve şiirsel imgeleri incelenmektedir.

Anahtar kelimeler. Geleneksel imaj, lirik deneyim, olay örgüsü, lirik, sevgili, metres, rakip, yenilik, geleneksel prensip.
Analysis of Crossover and Strategic Voting
Creators: name: Alvarez, R. Michael
name: Nagler, Jonathan
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1997

description: We undertake the analysis of primary elections from 1980 through 1996 using both academic individual level survey data, media exit-polls, and aggregate election returns on a county by county basis. We come to the following conclusions:
1. there is very little crossover voting in general in United States primaries;
2. the difference in the amount of crossover voting between states with open primaries and closed primaries is not substantively large;
3. the amount of strategic behavior on the part of voters is extremely small.
description: Submitted - sswp1019.pdf
An Experimental Study of the Effect of Private Information in the Coase Theorem
Creators: name: McKelvey, Richard D.
name: Page, Talbot
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1997
Subjects: Coase theorem, Myerson-Satterthwaite theorem, two-person bargaining, private information, incomplete information, bargaining breakdown, cooperative and non-cooperative game theory

description: This paper investigates, in an experimental setting, the effect of private information on the Coase theorem's predictions of efficiency and allocative neutrality. For a two-person bargaining game, we find significantly more inefficiency and allocative asymmetry in the case of private information compared with the case of complete information. We also find substantial bargaining breakdown, which is not predicted by the Coase theorem. For the case of private information, the Coase theorem does not predict as well as a generalized version of the Myerson-Satterthwaite theorem, which predicts inefficiency, allocative non-neutrality in the direction of the disagreement point, and some bargaining breakdown.
description: The financial support of the National Science Foundation (Grant #SBR-9223701} is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Eugene Grayver for writing the computer programs to run the experiments, and we thank Tony Lancaster and Pedro Gozalo for helpful comments.

Published as McKelvey, R.D., & Page, T. (2000). An experimental study of the effect of private information in the Coase theorem. Experimental Economics, 3(3), 187-213.
description: Submitted - sswp1018.pdf
Beyond Ordinary Logit: Taking Time Seriously in Binary Time-Series-Cross-Section Models
Creators: name: Beck, Nathaniel
name: Katz, Jonathan N.
name: Tucker, Richard
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1997

description: Researchers typically analyze time-series-cross-section data with a binary dependent variable (BTSCS) using ordinary logit or probit. However, BTSCS observations are likely to violate the independence assumption of the ordinary logit or probit statistical model. It is well known that if the observations are temporally related that the results of an ordinary logit or probit analysis may be misleading. In this paper, we provide a simple diagnostic for temporal dependence and a simple remedy. Our remedy is based on the idea that BTSCS data is identical to grouped duration data. This remedy does not require the BTSCS analyst to acquire any further methodological skills and it can be easily implemented in any standard statistical software package. While our approach is suitable for any type of BTSCS data, we provide examples and applications from the field of International Relations, where BTSCS data is frequently used. We use our methodology to re-assess Oneal and Russett's (1997) findings regarding the relationship between economic interdependence, democracy, and peace. Our analyses show that 1) their finding that economic interdependence is associated with peace is an artifact of their failure to account for temporal dependence and 2) their finding that democracy inhibits conflict is upheld even taking duration dependence into account.
description: We thank John Oneal and Bruce Russett for providing their data and Robert Engle, Gary King, Jonathan Nagler and Glenn Sueyoshi for helpful comments and conversations. A replication data set may be found at http://weber.ucsd.edu:/pub/nbeck.

Published in Beck, N., Katz, J.N., & Tucker, R. (1998). Beyond ordinary logit: Taking time seriously in binary time-series-cross-section models. American Journal of Political Science, 42(4), 1260-88.
description: Submitted - sswp1017.pdf
Bank Structure and Growth: Insights from British and German Bank Balance Sheets Before World War I
Creators: name: Fohlin, Caroline
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1997

description: Financial institutions may enhance economic growth by raising the quantity, quality (productivity), and efficiency of investment. The structure of the German system is thought by many to have amplified these beneficial effects. Orthodox paradigms hold that through direct involvement with firms, the German universal banks funneled substantial amounts of financial capital into industry and credibly committed to behaving in the long-run interest of firms. At the same time, by avoiding such engagement with industrial companies, British banks are thought to have disadvantaged that country's economy with respect to its continental counterparts. This paper uses aggregate bank balance sheet data to investigate systematic differences in the financial makeup and activities of universal and specialized banks. The paper first measures the rate of expansion and the ultimate magnitude of capital mobilized by the British and German banks. It then investigates the makeup of banks' asset portfolios and estimates the extent of direct involvement in equity ownership by the two types of banks. The findings suggest that, compared to the British banks, the German banks maintained at least as much liquidity relative to their short-term liabilities and held approximately the same (small) proportion of their assets in the form of non-government securities. Furthermore, the German banks seem to have held only a limited number of industrial equities in their portfolios and often did so merely because of insufficient markets for new issues. The findings suggest that the commonly-perceived gulf between specialized and universal banking may exaggerate the real differences in the systems' influences on economic growth and industrial development.
description: Revised version. Original dated to August 1997.

I am grateful to Lance Davis, Barry Eichengreen, John Latting, and Peter Temin for helpful comments and discussions and to the NSF (grant #SBR-9617799) for funding this research.
description: Submitted - sswp1016_-_revised.pdf
The Dynamics Of Equity Prices In Fallible Markets
Creators: name: Bossaerts, Peter
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1997
Subjects: Market Efficiency, Incomplete Information, Biased Priors, Rational Learning, Martingales, Default, Survivorship Bias, Peso Problem

description: In an efficient securities market, prices correctly reflect news about future payoffs. This paper argues that there are two aspects to correctness: (i) correct updating of beliefs from news, (ii) correct prior beliefs. Traditionally, empirical research has implicitly insisted on both. Lucas' rational expectations equilibrium theory also assumes both, explicitly. Nevertheless, rationality requires only the former, but not the latter. This paper develops restrictions on the random behavior of prices of equity-like contracts when (i) is maintained, but the market may have mistaken priors about the likelihood of the bankruptcy state, in violation of (ii). The restrictions are cast in the form of familiar martingale difference results. They do not necessarily restrict returns as traditionally computed, however. Most importantly, the restrictions appear only when the empiricist deliberately imposes a selection bias. In particular, the price histories of securities that are in the money at the terminal date are to be separated from those of securities that end out of the money (i.e., in the bankruptcy state). As a result, this paper also demonstrates that something can be learned about market efficiency from samples subject to survivorship bias or the Peso problem.
description: Revised version. First version dated to April 1995.

This paper is a revision of Bossaerts [1996]. The first part came out of a sketchy paper that the author presented at the Université des Sciences Sociales, Toulouse, in April 1995, while he was at CentER, Tilburg University. He is grateful for the many comments from the seminar participants. In addition, the paper benefited through discussions at seminars at Carnegie Mellon University, U.C. Riverside (Economic Theory and Econometrics), University of Minnesota, Washington University at Saint Louis, the 1996 Asset Pricing summer meeting at NBER, the 1996 European Meetings of the Econometric Society, and through comments from and discussions with Oleg Bondarenko, David Easley, Alan Kraus, Guy Laroque, P.C.B. Phillips, Richard Roll and Philippe Weil. Oleg Bondarenko provided able research assistance. Ravi Jagannathan, the Executive Editor, and a referee provided invaluable comments and suggestions. The usual disclaimer applies.
description: Submitted - sswp1015.pdf
IPO Post-Issue Markets: Questionable Predilections But Diligent Learners?
Creators: name: Bossaerts, Peter
name: Hillion, Pierre
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1997
Subjects: Initial Public Offering, Market Effciency, Rational Learning, Default.

description: Efficiency in the IPO (Initial Public Offering) aftermarket is tested without imposing any restrictions on the priors about potential default at the issue date. Merging Ritter's extended dataset (which covers the period 1975-84) with the CRSP tapes, IPOs are followed up to ten years after issue. Across all IPOs, or when stratifying IPOs according to issue underpricing, industry affiliation or rank of entry in an industry, little evidence against rational price behavior is found. In contrast, the market clearly over-reacts to information about the eventual fate of low-priced issues. A suggestive relationship between irrational price behavior and subsequent takeover activity is uncovered.
description: Many thanks to Jay Ritter for making his dataset available.

Published as Bossaerts, P., & Hillion, P. (2001).. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(2), 333-347.
description: Submitted - sswp1014.pdf
Party Fragmentation and Presidential Elections in Post-Communist Democracies
Creators: name: Filippov, Mikhail G.
name: Ordeshook, Peter C.
name: Shvetsova, Olga V.
Publisher: name: California Institute of Technology
Year: 1997

description: Theory: Despite its controversial status as a stable governmental form, many of today's societies attempting to make the transition to democracy have or will, for a variety of reasons, choose presidentialism. Meanwhile, the evidence suggests that the combination of presidentialism and multipartism is especially dangerous for democratic stability (Mainwaring 1994). The question this essay addresses, though, is whether presidential elections themselves serve to encourage a fragmented party system, at least in the initial stages of democratization.
Hypothesis: In transitional political systems presidential elections encourage party fragmentation, but in a way different from that of highly proportional purely parliamentary mechanisms. Specifically, parties proliferate to support the presidential aspirations of political elites.
Methods: Multivariate regression analysis on cross-sectional aggregate electoral data, supported by extensive outliers diagnostics and assessments of the role of country-specific effects. A nested model is used to discriminate among the secondary hypotheses. Controls include: parliamentary election rules (district magnitude, threshold for representation, adjustment districts, ballot structure), relative timing of presidential and parliamentary elections, and basic societal cleavage structure.
Results: Using as our data source the recent experiences of Central Europe and the European part of the former Soviet Union, we show that presidential elections consistently significantly increase party fragmentation. At the same time, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that presidentialism does encourage the overall consolidation in party systems through voters' abandonment of some parties, akin to Duverger's 'psychological effect'.
description: Published as Filippov, M.G., Ordeshook, P.C., & Shvetsova, O.V. (1999). Party fragmentation and presidential elections in post-communist democracies. Constitutional Political Economy, 10(1), 3-26.
description: Submitted - sswp1013.pdf
title: 1725-1739. Épiciers et poids et mesures
Creators: name: Généro, Jean-Damien
name: Marraud, Mathieu
Publisher: name: NAKALA - https://nakala.fr (Huma-Num - CNRS)
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/04ces3204
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024
Subjects: corporation
métier
France, Pays de (France)
factum
Paris

description: Fichiers XML, TEX et PDF du dossier « Épiciers et poids et mesures » du programme de recherche « Factums des métiers » (https://factums-metiers.huma-num.fr) du Centre de recherches historiques (UMR 8558), porté par Mathieu Marraud.
description: Source: https://factums-metiers.huma-num.fr/exist/apps/factums/epiciers_poids_mesures.html
description: 1. "Memoire pour le Corps des Marchands Epiciers & Apoticaires de Paris, Intimez. Contre les Fruitiers, Appellans des Sentences de Police du Châtelet." (1725, BNF, FOL-FM-12436 [1725] [imprimé])
2. "Memoire pour les Syndic & Jurez de la Communauté des Marchands Bouchers de la Ville de Paris. Contre les Maîtres & Gardes des Marchands Epiciers & Apoticaires de la même Ville." (1733, BNF, Ms Joly de Fleury 1328 (Fol.216) [1733] [imprimé])
3. "Memoire qui fut presenté à Monsieur le Procureur General du Roy au Parlement de Paris en 1735 par les Maistres & Gardes des Marchands Epiciers & Apoticaires de Paris, à l'occasion de ce qu'au prejudice des Arrests du Parlement, des Titres & de la Possession qui a reglé la Police des Poids par l'usage des Balances sous la visite des Maistres & Gardes Epiciers & Apoticaires, on tentoit de faire introduire, en surprenant un nouveau Reglement, l'usage des Pezons pour éluder l'effet des condamnations prononcées contre les Bouchers, font actuellement la matiere d'une Instance au Rapport de M. Severe en la Grand'Chambre..." (1739, BNF, Ms Joly de Fleury 1328 (Fol.226) [1739] [imprimé])
description: Les poids et mesures en usage dans la capitale sont historiquement placés sous la garde d'une corporation marchande – les épiciers – connue pour vendre tous ses produits "au poids". Au nom des étalons conservés par le métier, ce dernier se voit confiée la police des poids dans la ville, à savoir la visite de toutes les boutiques (d'épiciers, mais aussi de boulangers, charcutiers, chandeliers, chaudronniers, fruitiers, potiers d'étain...) afin d'y vérifier la conformité des balances et des poids utilisés. Or, telle que les magistrats royaux la conçoivent eux-mêmes, cette visite est considérée comme une domination économique et sociale exercée par les marchands sur les artisans et producteurs.
Les conflits qui en résultent, diligentés par les métiers voulant échapper à cette tutelle des épiciers, mêlent ainsi les vexations occasionnées par la visite policière, et le droit à l'autonomie commerciale. Lorsque les bouchers défendent dans les années 1730 leur usage des balances romaines, ou "pesons", c'est non seulement pour défendre la fiabilité de leurs pratiques professionnelles, mais aussi leur liberté à s'auto-administrer en tant que métier indépendant.
description: date: 1725-1739