cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Gender, smoking and tobacco reduction and cessation: a scoping review
Creators: name: Bottorff, J. L. (Joan L.), 1950-
name: Haines-Saah, Rebecca
name: Kelly, Mary T.
name: Oliffe, John Lindsay
name: Torchalla, Iris
name: Poole, Nancy
name: Greaves, Lorraine
name: Robinson, Carole A.
name: Ensom, Mary H.
name: Okoli, Chizimuzo T.
name: Phillips, J. C.
Publisher: name: BioMed Central
Year: 2016

description: Considerations of how gender-related factors influence smoking first appeared over 20 years ago in the work of critical and feminist scholars. This scholarship highlighted the need to consider the social and cultural context of women’s tobacco use and the relationships between smoking and gender inequity. Parallel research on men’s smoking and masculinities has only recently emerged with some attention being given to gender influences on men’s tobacco use. Since that time, a multidisciplinary literature addressing women and men’s tobacco use has spanned the social, psychological and medical sciences. To incorporate these gender-related factors into tobacco reduction and cessation interventions, our research team identified the need to clarify the current theoretical and methodological interpretations of gender within the context of tobacco research. To address this need a scoping review of the published literature was conducted focussing on tobacco reduction and cessation from the perspective of three aspects of gender: gender roles, gender identities, and gender relations. Findings of the review indicate that there is a need for greater clarity on how researchers define and conceptualize gender and its significance for tobacco control. Patterns and anomalies in the literature are described to guide the future development of interventions that are gender-sensitive and gender-specific. Three principles for including gender-related factors in tobacco reduction and cessation interventions were identified: a) the need to build upon solid conceptualizations of gender, b) the importance of including components that comprehensively address gender-related influences, and c) the importance of promoting gender equity and healthy gender norms, roles and relations.
Flux-tube-dependent propagation of Alfvén waves in the solar corona
Creators: name: Sishtla, Chaitanya Prasad
name: Pomoell, Jens
name: Kilpua, Emilia
name: Good, Simon
name: Daei, Farhad
name: Palmroth, Minna
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Alfvén-wave turbulence has emerged as an important heating mechanism to accelerate the solar wind. The generation of this turbulent heating is dependent on the presence and subsequent interaction of counter-propagating alfvén waves. This requires us to understand the propagation and evolution of alfvén waves in the solar wind in order to develop an understanding of the relationship between turbulent heating and solar-wind parameters. We aim to study the response of the solar wind upon injecting monochromatic single-frequency alfvén waves at the base of the corona for various magnetic flux-tube geometries. We used an ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model using an adiabatic equation of state. An Alfvén pump wave was injected into the quiet solar wind by perturbing the transverse magnetic field and velocity components. Alfvén waves were found to be reflected due to the development of the parametric decay instability (PDI). Further investigation revealed that the PDI was suppressed both by efficient reflections at low frequencies as well as magnetic flux-tube geometries.
description: 10 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
A Mid-infrared Study of Superluminous Supernovae
Creators: name: Sun, Luming
name: Xiao, Lin
name: Li, Ge
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the mid-infrared (MIR) light curves (LC) of 10 superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) at $z<0.12$ based on WISE data at 3.4 and 4.6 $μ$m. Three of them, including PS15br, SN 2017ens, and SN 2017err show rebrightening which started at 200--400 days and ended at 600--1000 days, indicating the presence of dust. In four of the left seven SLSNe, dust emission was detected with monochromatic luminosities of $10^7\sim10^8\ L_\odot$ at epochs of 100--500 days based on MIR colors $W1-W2\sim1$. Among the three SLSNe which show rebrightening, we further analysed PS15br and SN 2017ens. We modeled the SEDs at 500--700 days, which gives dust temperatures of 600--1100 K, dust masses of $\gtrsim 10^{-2}\ M_\odot$, and luminosities of $10^8\sim10^9$ $L_\odot$. Considering the time delay and the huge amount of energy released, the emitting dust can hardly be pre-existing dust heated whether collisionally by shocks or radiatively by peak SLSN luminosity or shock emission. Instead, it can be newly formed dust additionally heated by the interaction of circum-stellar medium, indicated by features in their spectra and slowly declining bolometric LCs. The dust masses appear to be ten times greater than those formed in normal core-collapse supernovae at similar epochs. Combining with the analysis of SN 2018bsz by Chen et al. (2022), we suggest that SLSNe have higher dust formation efficiency, although future observations are required to reach a final conclusion.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 18 pages, 17 figures
title: The Retention and Maintenance of an Information Processing Skill
Creators: name: Hedge, Jerry Willard
Publisher: name: Old Dominion University
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/04zjtrb98
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 1980

description: In the performance of most skilled activities, there are definite limits to the proficiency attainable by an individual. These limits and how they affect the retention and maintenance of a skill are of major interest to performance-- assessment research. While much is known about verbal and motor skill retention, very little research has focused on the long~term retention and maintenance of information processing skills. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the extent to which the information processing skills involved in a typical choice reaction time (CRT) task are retained and maintained over periods of two to eight weeks. In their initial (Training) session, all subjects were given instructions concerning how to perform the CRT task (which randomly paired eight numerals--the digits two through nine--with eight keypress responses), and then trained for 280 trials. Each subject was then required to return for a session after a rest interval of one day, or two, four, six, or eight weeks. In addition, zero, one, two, or three maintenance sessions followed the test session, spaced at two-week intervals. The data recorded for each session included the subject's reaction times (CRT) and which of the eight possible responses were actually made. The results suggested that information processing performance in a CRT task is detrimentally affected by rest intervals beyond six weeks in length. Furthermore, they indicated that certain aspects of CRT performance (e.g., CRT and information transmission rate) are affected by long rest intervals, whereas other aspects (e.g., error rates) are unaffected. In addition, frequent maintenance sessions were found to be most beneficial in maintaining high levels of performance. A number of important new directions for research were discussed.
Reconsideration of Tangle and Ultrafilter using Separation and Partition
Creators: name: Fujita, Takaaki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: Discrete Mathematics (cs.DM)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Tangle is a concept in graph theory that has a dual relationship with branch-width which is well-known graph width parameter. Ultrafilter, a fundamental notion in mathematics, is similarly known to have a dual relationship with branch-width when extended to a connectivity system (X, f). We will reconsider these concepts using separation and partition.
description: 9 pages
Detailed chemical compositions of planet-hosting stars: II. Exploration of the interiors of terrestrial-type exoplanets
Creators: name: Wang, Haiyang S.
name: Quanz, Sascha P.
name: Yong, David
name: Liu, Fan
name: Seidler, Fabian
name: Acuña, Lorena
name: Mojzsis, Stephen J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A major goal in the discovery and characterisation of exoplanets is to identify terrestrial-type worlds that are similar to (or otherwise distinct from) our Earth. Recent results have highlighted the importance of applying devolatilisation -- i.e. depletion of volatiles -- to the chemical composition of planet-hosting stars to constrain bulk composition and interiors of terrestrial-type exoplanets. In this work, we apply such an approach to a selected sample of 13 planet-hosting Sun-like stars, for which high-precision photospheric abundances have been determined in the first paper of the series. With the resultant devolatilised stellar composition (i.e. the model planetary bulk composition) as well as other constraints including mass and radius, we model the detailed mineralogy and interior structure of hypothetical, habitable-zone terrestrial planets ("exo-Earths") around these stars. Model output shows that most of these exo-Earths are expected to have broadly Earth-like composition and interior structure, consistent with conclusions derived independently from analysis of polluted white dwarfs. The exceptions are the Kepler-10 and Kepler-37 exo-Earths, which we predict are strongly oxidised and thus would develop metallic cores much smaller than Earth. Investigating our devolatilisation model at its extremes as well as varying planetary mass and radius (within the terrestrial regime) reveals potential diversities in the interiors of terrestrial planets. By considering (i) high-precision stellar abundances, (ii) devolatilisation, and (iii) planetary mass and radius holistically, this work represents essential steps to explore the detailed mineralogy and interior structure of terrestrial-type exoplanets, which in turn are fundamental for our understanding of planetary dynamics and long-term evolution.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 19 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables; a related talk is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0TPQ2IrAyA
The importance of X-ray frequency in driving photoevaporative winds
Creators: name: Sellek, Andrew D.
name: Clarke, Cathie J.
name: Ercolano, Barbara
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Photoevaporative winds are a promising mechanism for dispersing protoplanetary discs, but so far theoretical models have been unable to agree on the relative roles that the X-ray, Extreme Ultraviolet or Far Ultraviolet play in driving the winds. This has been attributed to a variety of methodological differences between studies, including their approach to radiative transfer and thermal balance, the choice of irradiating spectrum employed, and the processes available to cool the gas. We use the \textsc{mocassin} radiative transfer code to simulate wind heating for a variety of spectra on a static density grid taken from simulations of an EUV-driven wind. We explore the impact of choosing a single representative X-ray frequency on their ability to drive a wind by measuring the maximum heated column as a function of photon energy. We demonstrate that for reasonable luminosities and spectra, the most effective energies are at a few $100~\mathrm{eV}$, firmly in the softer regions of the X-ray spectrum, while X-rays with energies $\sim1000~\mathrm{eV}$ interact too weakly with disc gas to provide sufficient heating to drive a wind. We develop a simple model to explain these findings. We argue that further increases in the cooling above our models - for example due to molecular rovibrational lines - may further restrict the heating to the softer energies but are unlikely to prevent X-ray heated winds from launching entirely; increasing the X-ray luminosity has the opposite effect. The various results of photoevaporative wind models should therefore be understood in terms of the choice of irradiating spectrum.
description: 20 pages, 11 figures; This article has been accepted for publication in MNRAS Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society after minor revisions
Host Galaxies of Ultra Strong Mg II absorbers at z $\sim$ 0.5
Creators: name: Guha, Labanya Kumar
name: Srianand, Raghunathan
name: Dutta, Rajeshwari
name: Joshi, Ravi
name: Noterdaeme, Pasquier
name: Petitjean, Patrick
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: From a sample of 109 candidate Ultra-Strong Mg II (USMgII; having rest equivalent width of Mg II absorption, $W_{2796}>3.0$ Angstrom) systems at z=0.4-0.6, we confirm 27 and identify host galaxies of 20 systems based on associated nebular line emission from our SALT observations or from SDSS fiber spectra. The measured impact parameter, [O II] luminosity, star formation rate, B-band luminosity and stellar mass are in the ranges $7.3\le D[kpc]\le79$, $0.2\le L_{[O II]}[ 10^{41}~erg s^{-1}]$ $\le 4.5$, $2.59\le SFR[M_\odot yr^{-1} ]\le 33.51$, $0.15L_B^*\le L_B\le1.63L_B^*$ and $10.21\le log[M_*/M_\odot]\le11.62$ respectively. The impact parameters found are larger than that predicted by the $W_{2796}$ vs D relationship of the general population of Mg II absorbers. At a given D, USMgII host galaxies are more luminous and massive compared to typical Mg II absorbers. However, the measured SFRs are slightly lower than that of main-sequence galaxies with the same M$_\star$ at $z\sim0.5$. We report a correlation between $L_{[O II]}$ and W$_{2796}$ for the full population of Mg II absorbers, driven mainly by the host galaxies of weak Mg II absorbers that tend to have low $L_{[O II]}$ and large impact parameters. We find at least $\sim$33% of the USMgII host galaxies (with a limiting magnitude of $m_r<23.6$) are isolated and the large $W_{2796}$ in these cases may originate from gas flows (infall/outflow) in single halos of massive but not starburst galaxies. We also find galaxy interactions could be responsible for large velocity widths in at least $\sim$17% cases.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Relativistic global solutions of neutrino-dominated accretion flows with magnetic coupling
Creators: name: She, Jiao-Zhen
name: Liu, Tong
name: Xue, Li
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A Kerr black hole (BH) surrounded by a neutrino-dominated accretion flow (NDAF) is one of plausible candidates of the central engine in gamma-ray bursts. The accretion material might inherit and restructure strong magnetic fields from the compact object mergers or massive collapsars. The magnetic coupling (MC) process between a rapid rotating BH and an accretion disc is one of possible magnetic configurations that transfers the energy and angular momentum from the BH to the disc. In this paper, we investigate one-dimensional global solutions of NDAFs with MC (MCNDAFs), taking into account general relativistic effects, detailed neutrino physics, different MC geometries, and reasonable nucleosynthesis processes. Six cases with different accretion rates and power-law indices of magnetic fields are presented and compared with NDAFs without MC. Our results indict that the MC process can prominently impact the structure, thermal properties, and microphysics of MCNDAFs, increase luminosities of neutrinos and their annihilations, result in the changing of radial distributions of nucleons, and push the region of heavy nuclei synthesis to a larger radius than counterparts in NDAFs.
description: 12 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
XMM-Newton Observations of the Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy IRAS 13224$-$3809 : X-ray Spectral Analysis II
Creators: name: Jiang, Jiachen
name: Dauser, Thomas
name: Fabian, Andrew C.
name: Alston, William N.
name: Gallo, Luigi C.
name: Parker, Michael L.
name: Reynolds, Christopher S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Previously, we modelled the X-ray spectra of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224$-$3809 using a disc reflection model with a fixed electron density of $10^{15}$ cm$^{-3}$. An additional blackbody component was required to fit the soft X-ray excess below 2 keV. In this work, we analyse simultaneously five flux-resolved XMM-Newton spectra of this source comprising data collected over 2 Ms. A disc reflection model with an electron density of $n_{\rm e}\approx10^{20}$ cm$^{-3}$ and an iron abundance of $Z_{\rm Fe}=3.2\pm0.5Z_{\odot}$ is used to fit the broad-band spectra of this source. No additional component is required to fit the soft excess. Our best-fit model provides consistent measurements of black hole spin and disc inclination angle as in previous models where a low disc density was assumed. In the end, we calculate the average illumination distance between the corona and the reflection region in the disc of IRAS 13224$-$3809 based on best-fit density and ionisation parameters, which changes from 0.43$\sqrt{f_{\rm AD}/f_{\rm INF}}$ $r_{\rm g}$ in the lowest flux state to 1.71$\sqrt{f_{\rm AD}/f_{\rm INF}}$ $r_{\rm g}$ in the highest flux state assuming a black hole mass of $2\times10^{6}M_{\odot}$. $f_{\rm AD}/f_{\rm INF}$ is the ratio between the flux of the coronal emission that reaches the accretion disc and infinity. This ratio depends on the geometry of the coronal region in IRAS 13224$-$3809. So we only discuss its value based on the simple `lamp-post' model, although detailed modelling of the disc emissivity profile of IRAS 13224$-$3809 is required in future to reveal the exact geometry of the corona.
description: 17 pages, 15 figures including appendices; accepted for publication in MNRAS
Multi-domain FEM-BEM coupling for acoustic scattering
Creators: name: Bonazzoli, Marcella
name: Claeys, Xavier
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We model time-harmonic acoustic scattering by an object composed of piece-wise homogeneous parts and an arbitrarily heterogeneous part. We propose and analyze new formulations that couple, adopting a Costabel-type approach, boundary integral equations for the homogeneous subdomains with volume variational formulations for the heterogeneous subdomain. This is an extension of the Costabel FEM-BEM coupling to a multi-domain configuration, with cross-points allowed, i.e. points where three or more subdomains are adjacent. While generally just the exterior unbounded subdomain is treated with the BEM, here we wish to exploit the advantages of BEM whenever it is applicable, that is, for all the homogeneous parts of the scattering object. Our formulation is based on the multi-trace formalism, which initially was introduced for acoustic scattering by piece-wise homogeneous objects. Instead, here we allow the wavenumber to vary arbitrarily in a part of the domain. We prove that the bilinear form associated with the proposed formulation satisfies a Gårding coercivity inequality, which ensures stability of the variational problem if it is uniquely solvable. We identify conditions for injectivity and construct modified versions immune to spurious resonances.
Superconducting microwave resonators with non-centrosymmetric nonlinearity
Creators: name: Khabipov, M.
name: Gaydamachenko, V.
name: Kissling, C.
name: Dolata, R.
name: Zorin, A. B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigated both theoretically and experimentally open-ended coplanar waveguide resonators with rf SQUIDs embedded in the central conductor at different positions. These rf SQUIDs can be tuned by an external magnetic field and thus may exhibit the non-centrosymmetric nonlinearity of $χ^{(2)}$ type with suppressed Kerr nonlinearity. We demonstrated that this nonlinearity allows for efficient mixing of $λ/2$ and $λ$ modes in the cavity and thus enables various parametric effects with three wave mixing. These effects are the second harmonic generation, the half tone generation, the parametric amplification in both degenerate and non-degenerate regimes and deamplification in degenerate regime.
description: 12 pages incl. 9 figures
SMART-Plant_IWARR2019_Mathematical Model Application for Phosphorus Removal and Recovery Prediction in Continuous Flow Fixed-Bed Columns
Creators: name: D.F.C, Dias
name: J.M. Ribeiro
name: J.M.M. Santos
name: S. Guida
name: G. Rubertelli
name: A. Soares
name: A. Oehmen
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020

description: Abstract: This work focused on modelling a demonstration scale ion exchange (IEX) process for
 phosphorus (P) removal and consequent recovery from tertiary wastewater. P was removed by a column
 packed with a hybrid anion exchanger (HAIX) and regenerated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The
 coefficients of the Thomas model were calibrated and then validated for P removal, while recovery with
 the NaOH solution was also calibrated and validated. The Thomas model adjusted well to the experimental data. This approach for the model setup can be used as a tool for designing, optimising and
 ultimately predicting potential P removal and recovery in existing WWTP, therefore estimating the
 economic advantage of such a process compared with traditional processes as well as revenue of P
 recovery.
title: A Sociological Interpretation of Aminata Sow Fall's The Beggars Strike
Creators: name: Beeman, Mark
Publisher: name: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Year: 1992

description: Aminata Sow Fall's Novel, The Beggars' Strike, is an account of a fictional strike in a West African Society. In this story state bureaucrats, who think beggars discourage tourism from the West, decide to rid the city of begging. The policy is implemented through police tactics of harassment, physical abuse, and imprisonment of beggars. This unbearable situation prompts the beggars to organize a strike in which they refuse to return to the city streets to receive donations. The novel portrays the beggars as an integral part of the society's social structure, and their removal creates profound disruptions in people's everyday lives. Fall's novel constructs a paradigmatic framework to help the reader understand how begging fits into West African society. This view is particularly informative for Western readers who may believe that begging is marginal or dysfunctional. In this paper I outline the two major macrosociological views of society: conflict theory and structural functionalism. I argue that Aminata Sow Fall presents the institution of begging from a point of view consistent with the structural-functionalist sociological approach.
ChatGPT Perpetuates Gender Bias in Machine Translation and Ignores Non-Gendered Pronouns: Findings across Bengali and Five other Low-Resource Languages
Creators: name: Ghosh, Sourojit
name: Caliskan, Aylin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In this multicultural age, language translation is one of the most performed tasks, and it is becoming increasingly AI-moderated and automated. As a novel AI system, ChatGPT claims to be proficient in such translation tasks and in this paper, we put that claim to the test. Specifically, we examine ChatGPT's accuracy in translating between English and languages that exclusively use gender-neutral pronouns. We center this study around Bengali, the 7$^{th}$ most spoken language globally, but also generalize our findings across five other languages: Farsi, Malay, Tagalog, Thai, and Turkish. We find that ChatGPT perpetuates gender defaults and stereotypes assigned to certain occupations (e.g. man = doctor, woman = nurse) or actions (e.g. woman = cook, man = go to work), as it converts gender-neutral pronouns in languages to `he' or `she'. We also observe ChatGPT completely failing to translate the English gender-neutral pronoun `they' into equivalent gender-neutral pronouns in other languages, as it produces translations that are incoherent and incorrect. While it does respect and provide appropriately gender-marked versions of Bengali words when prompted with gender information in English, ChatGPT appears to confer a higher respect to men than to women in the same occupation. We conclude that ChatGPT exhibits the same gender biases which have been demonstrated for tools like Google Translate or MS Translator, as we provide recommendations for a human centered approach for future designers of AIs that perform language translation to better accommodate such low-resource languages.
description: 12 pages, 9 figures, Upcoming Publication in AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society 2023
Thermal and non-thermal X-ray emission from the rotation-powered radio/$γ$-ray pulsar PSR J1740+1000
Creators: name: Rigoselli, Michela
name: Mereghetti, Sandro
name: Anzuinelli, Sara
name: Keith, Michael
name: Taverna, Roberto
name: Turolla, Roberto
name: Zane, Silvia
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report the results of new XMM-Newton observations of the middle-aged ($\sim$10$^5$ yr) radio pulsar PSR J1740+1000 carried out in 2017-2018. These long pointings ($\sim$530 ks) show that the non-thermal emission, well described by a power-law spectrum with photon index $Γ=1.80\pm0.17$, is pulsed with a $\sim$30% pulsed fraction above 2 keV. The thermal emission can be well fit with the sum of two blackbodies of temperatures $kT_1=70\pm4$ eV, $kT_2=137\pm7$ eV, $R_1=5.4_{-0.9}^{+1.3}$ km and $R_2=0.70_{-0.13}^{+0.15}$ km (for a distance of 1.2 kpc). We found no evidence for absorption lines as those observed in the shorter XMM-Newton observations ($\sim$67 ks) of this pulsar carried out in 2006. The X-ray thermal and non-thermal components peak in anti-phase and none of them is seen to coincide in phase with the radio pulse. This, coupled with the small difference in the emission radii of the two thermal components, disfavors an interpretation in which the dipolar polar cap is heated by magnetospheric backward-accelerated particles. Comparison with the other thermally-emitting isolated neutron stars with spectra well described by the sum of two components shows that the ratios $T_2$/$T_1$ and $R_2$/$R_1$ are similar for objects of different classes. The observed values cannot be reproduced with simple temperature distributions, such as those caused by a dipolar field, indicating the presence of more complicated thermal maps.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 9 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables
Evaluating an Automated Approach for Monitoring Forest Disturbances in the Pacific Northwest from Logging, Fire and Insect Outbreaks with Landsat Time Series Data
Creators: name: Neigh, Christopher S. R.
name: Bolton, Douglas K.
name: Williams, Jennifer J.
name: Diabate, Mouhamad
Publisher: name: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Year: 2019

description: Forests are the largest aboveground sink for atmospheric carbon (C), and understanding how they change through time is critical to reduce our C-cycle uncertainties. We investigated a strong decline in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from 1982 to 1991 in Pacific Northwest forests, observed with the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) series of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRRs). To understand the causal factors of this decline, we evaluated an automated classification method developed for Landsat time series stacks (LTSS) to map forest change. This method included: (1) multiple disturbance index thresholds; and (2) a spectral trajectory-based image analysis with multiple confidence thresholds. We produced 48 maps and verified their accuracy with air photos, monitoring trends in burn severity data and insect aerial detection survey data. Area-based accuracy estimates for change in forest cover resulted in producer’s and user’s accuracies of 0.21 ± 0.06 to 0.38 ± 0.05 for insect disturbance, 0.23 ± 0.07 to 1 ± 0 for burned area and 0.74 ± 0.03 to 0.76 ± 0.03 for logging. We believe that accuracy was low for insect disturbance because air photo reference data were temporally sparse, hence missing some outbreaks, and the annual anniversary time step is not dense enough to track defoliation and progressive stand mortality. Producer’s and user’s accuracy for burned area was low due to the temporally abrupt nature of fire and harvest with a similar response of spectral indices between the disturbance index and normalized burn ratio. We conclude that the spectral trajectory approach also captures multi-year stress that could be caused by climate, acid deposition, pathogens, partial harvest, thinning, etc. Our study focused on understanding the transferability of previously successful methods to new ecosystems and found that this automated method does not perform with the same accuracy in Pacific Northwest forests. Using a robust accuracy assessment, we demonstrate the difficulty of transferring change attribution methods to other ecosystems, which has implications for the development of automated detection/attribution approaches. Widespread disturbance was found within AVHRR-negative anomalies, but identifying causal factors in LTSS with adequate mapping accuracy for fire and insects proved to be elusive. Our results provide a background framework for future studies to improve methods for the accuracy assessment of automated LTSS classifications.
Broadcast of a restricted set of qubit and qutrit states
Creators: name: Hillery, Mark
name: Bergou, János A.
name: Wei, Tzu-Chieh
name: Santa, Siddhartha
name: Malinovsky, Vladimir
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The no-cloning theorem forbids the distribution of an unknown state to more than one receiver. However, if the sender knows the state, and the state is chosen from a restricted set of possibilities, a procedure known as remote state preparation can be used to broadcast a state. Here we examine a remote state preparation protocol that can be used to send the state of a qubit, confined to the equator of the Bloch sphere, to an arbitrary number of receivers. The entanglement cost is less than that of using teleportation to accomplish the same task. We present a number of variations on this task, probabilistically sending an unknown qubit state to two receivers, sending different qubit states to two receivers, and sending qutrit states to two receivers. Finally, we discuss some applications of these protocols.
Emergent Representations of Program Semantics in Language Models Trained on Programs
Creators: name: Jin, Charles
name: Rinard, Martin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Programming Languages (cs.PL)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We present evidence that language models (LMs) of code can learn to represent the formal semantics of programs, despite being trained only to perform next-token prediction. Specifically, we train a Transformer model on a synthetic corpus of programs written in a domain-specific language for navigating 2D grid world environments. Each program in the corpus is preceded by a (partial) specification in the form of several input-output grid world states. Despite providing no further inductive biases, we find that a probing classifier is able to extract increasingly accurate representations of the unobserved, intermediate grid world states from the LM hidden states over the course of training, suggesting the LM acquires an emergent ability to interpret programs in the formal sense. We also develop a novel interventional baseline that enables us to disambiguate what is represented by the LM as opposed to learned by the probe. We anticipate that this technique may be generally applicable to a broad range of semantic probing experiments. In summary, this paper does not propose any new techniques for training LMs of code, but develops an experimental framework for and provides insights into the acquisition and representation of formal semantics in statistical models of code. Our code is available at https://github.com/charlesjin/emergent-semantics.
description: ICML 2024
The Milky Way tomography with APOGEE: intrinsic density distribution and structure of mono-abundance populations
Creators: name: Lian, Jianhui
name: Zasowski, Gail
name: Mackereth, Ted
name: Imig, Julie
name: Holtzman, Jon A.
name: Beaton, Rachael L.
name: Bird, Jonathan C.
name: Cunha, Katia
name: Fernández-Trincado, José G.
name: Horta, Danny
name: Lane, Richard R.
name: Masters, Karen L.
name: Nitschelm, Christian
name: Roman-Lopes, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The spatial distribution of mono-abundance populations (MAPs, selected in [Fe/H] and [Mg/Fe]) reflect the chemical and structural evolution in a galaxy and impose strong constraints on galaxy formation models. In this paper, we use APOGEE data to derive the intrinsic density distribution of MAPs in the Milky Way, after carefully considering the survey selection function. We find that a single exponential profile is not a sufficient description of the Milky Way's disc. Both the individual MAPs and the integrated disc exhibit a broken radial density distribution; densities are relatively constant with radius in the inner Galaxy and rapidly decrease beyond the break radius. We fit the intrinsic density distribution as a function of radius and vertical height with a 2D density model that considers both a broken radial profile and radial variation of scale height (i.e., flaring). There is a large variety of structural parameters between different MAPs, indicative of strong structure evolution of the Milky Way. One surprising result is that high-$α$ MAPs show the strongest flaring. The young, solar-abundance MAPs present the shortest scale height and least flaring, suggesting recent and ongoing star formation confined to the disc plane. Finally we derive the intrinsic density distribution and corresponding structural parameters of the chemically defined thin and thick discs. The chemical thick and thin discs have local surface mass densities of 5.62$\pm$0.08 and 15.69$\pm$0.32 ${\rm M_{\odot} pc^{-2}}$, respectively, suggesting a massive thick disc with a local surface mass density ratio between thick to thin disc of 36%.
description: 25 pages, 17 figures, accepted to publish in MNRAS
Constraining Energy-dependent emissivity profiles of AGN inflows
Creators: name: Ashton, D. I.
name: Middleton, M. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The emissivity of the accretion flow is a key parameter affecting the shape of both the energy and variability power spectrum of AGN. We explore the energy-dependence of the power spectrum for five AGN, across the XMM-Newton bandpass, and across the 0.01-1 mHz frequency range, finding a ubiquitous flattening of the power spectrum towards higher energies. We develop a framework to explore this behaviour and thereby extract the energy dependence of the emissivity assuming a simple disc-like geometry for the inflow. We find that the emissivity ranges from R^-2 at energies around the soft excess and increases to R^-4 or steeper above ~4-6 keV. We describe the changing emissivity index with a linear function in energy, finding the best-fitting slopes to vary between AGN. We attempt to correlate the slope of the linear function against key AGN parameters but, as yet, the sample size is too small to confirm hints of a correlation with Eddington ratio.
description: 12 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Stellar populations of a sample of far-IR AGN and non-AGN green valley galaxies
Creators: name: Mahoro, Antoine
name: Pović, Mirjana
name: Väisänen, Petri
name: Nkundabakura, Pheneas
name: van der Heyden, Kurt
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a study on the stellar populations and stellar ages of sub-sample of far-infrared AGN and non-AGN green valley analysed in Mahoro et al. (2017,2019) at 0.6 < z < 1.0 using the data from the COSMOS field. We used long-slit spectroscopy and derived stellar populations and stellar ages using the stellar population synthesis code "STARLIGHT" and analysed the available Lick/IDS indices, such as Dn4000 and $\rm{Hδ_{A}}$. We find that both FIR AGN and non-AGN green valley galaxies are dominated by intermediate stellar populations 67 % and 53 %, respectively. The median stellar ages for AGN and non-AGN are log t = 8.5 [yr] and log t = 8.4 [yr], respectively. We found that majority of our sources (62 % of AGN and 66 % non-AGN) could have experienced bursts and continuous star formation. In addition, most of our FIR AGN (38 %) compared to FIR non-AGN (27 %) might have experienced a burst of SF more than 0.1 Gyr ago. We also found that our FIR AGN and non-AGN green valley galaxies have similar quenching time-scales of ~ 70 Myr. Therefore, the results obtained here are in line with our previous results where we do not find that our sample of FIR AGN in the green valley shows signs of negative AGN feedback, as has been suggested previously in optical studies.
description: 13 pages,7 figures, 'Accepted for publication in MNRAS'
Latest vertex and tracking detector developments for the future Electron-Ion Collider
Creators: name: Li, Xuan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The high-luminosity high-energy Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) to be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) will provide a clean environment to study several fundamental questions in the high energy and nuclear physics fields. A high granularity and low material budget vertex and tracking detector is required to provide precise measurements of primary and displaced vertex and track reconstruction with good momentum and spatial resolutions. The reference design of the EIC project detector at the first Interaction Point (IP), which was selected from three submitted EIC detector proposals, enables a series of high precision heavy flavor measurements. Based on the EIC project detector reference design, the newly formed ePIC collaboration is developing the technical design for the EIC project detector towards its construction and operation. The reference design of the EIC vertex and tracking detector consists of the Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) based silicon vertex and tracking subsystem, the Micro-Pattern Gas Detector (MPGD) based gas tracking subsystem and the AC-Coupled Low Gain Avalanche Diode (AC-LGAD) based silicon outer tracker, and it has the track reconstruction capability in the pseudorapidity region of -3.5 to 3.5 with full azimuthal coverage. Further detector geometry optimization with a new magnet and technology down selection are underway by the ePIC collaboration. The latest ePIC vertex and tracking detector geometry and its performance evaluated in simulation will be presented. Details of the EIC vertex and tracking detector R$\&$D, which include the proposed detector technologies, prototype sensor characterization and detector mechanical design will be discussed as well.
description: 14 pages, 11 figures, conference proceeding for the Vertex 2022 workshop. Accepted by JPS Conf. Proc. as VERTEX2022-002
On the relative importance of AGN winds for the evolution of exoplanet atmospheres
Creators: name: Heinz, Sebastian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent work investigating the impact of winds and outflows from active galactic nuclei (AGN) on the habitability of exoplanets suggests that such activity could be deleterious for the long-term survival of planetary atmospheres and the habitability of planets subject to such winds. Here, we discuss the relative importance of the effect of AGN winds compared to stellar winds and the effect of the planet's magnetosphere and stellar irradiation and conclude that AGN winds are not likely to play a significant role in the evolution of atmospheric conditions in planets under conditions otherwise favorable for habitability.
description: 5 pages, accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Critical sensing with a single bosonic mode without boson-boson interactions
Creators: name: Chen, Ken
name: Lü, Jia-Hao
name: Zhu, Xin
name: Zhang, Hao-Long
name: Ning, Wen
name: Yang, Zhen-Biao
name: Zheng, Shi-Biao
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Critical phenomena of quantum systems are useful for enhancement of quantum sensing. However, experimental realizations of criticality enhancement have been confined to very few systems, owing to the stringent requirements, including the thermodynamical or scaling limit, and fine control of interacting quantum susystems or particles. We here propose a simple critical quantum sensing scheme that requires neither of these conditions. The critical system is realized with a single parametrically-driven bosonic mode involving many non-interacting bosons. We calculate the quantum Fisher information, and perform a simulation, which confirms the criticality-enabled enhancement. We further detail the response of one of the quadratures to the variation of the control parameter. The numerical results reveal that its inverted variance exhibits a diverging behavior at the critical point. Based on the presently available control techniques of parametric driving, we expect our scheme can be realized in different systems, e.g., ion traps and superconducting circuits.
description: 6 pages, 4 figures
Potential scattering in $L^2$ space: (2) Rigorous scattering probability of wave packets
Creators: name: Ishikawa, Kenzo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this study, potential scatterings are formulated in experimental setups with Gaussian wave packets in accordance with a probability principle and associativity of products. A breaking of an associativity is observed in scalar products with stationary scattering states in a majority of short-range potentials. Due to the breaking, states of different energies are not orthogonal and their superposition is not suitable for representing a normalized isolate state. Free wave packets in perturbative expansions in coupling strengths keep the associativity, and give a rigorous amplitude that preserves manifest unitarity and other principles of the quantum mechanics. An absolute probability is finite and comprises cross sections and new terms of unique properties. The results also demonstrate an interference term displaying unique behavior at an extreme forward direction.
description: 54 pages
The effect of cave illumination on bats
Creators: name: Straka, T. M.
name: Greif, S.
name: Schultz, S.
name: Goerlitz, H. R.
name: Voigt, C. C.
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: ALAN
subject: Chiroptera
subject: LED
subject: Light colour
subject: Roost
subject: Urbanisation
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie

description: Artificial light at night has large impacts on nocturnal wildlife such as bats, yet its effect varies with wavelength of light, context, and across species involved. Here, we studied in two experiments how wild bats of cave-roosting species (Rhinolophus mehelyi, R. euryale, Myotis capaccinii and Miniopterus schreibersii) respond to LED lights of different colours. In dual choice experiments, we measured the acoustic activity of bats in response to neutral-white, red or amber LED at a cave entrance and in a flight room – mimicking a cave interior. In the flight room, M. capaccinii and M. schreibersii preferred red to white light, but showed no preference for red over amber, or amber over white light. In the cave entrance experiment, all light colours reduced the activity of all emerging species, yet red LED had the least negative effect. Rhinolophus species reacted most strongly, matching their refusal to fly at all under any light treatment in the flight room. We conclude that the placement and light colour of LED light should be considered carefully in lighting concepts for caves both in the interior and at the entrance. In a cave interior, red LED light could be chosen – if needed at all – for careful temporary illumination of areas, yet areas important for bats should be avoided based on the precautionary principle. At cave entrances, the high sensitivity of most bat species, particularly of Rhinolophus spp., towards light sources almost irrespective of colour, calls for utmost caution when illuminating cave entrances.
Automated access to well-defined ionic oligosaccharides
Creators: name: Zhu, Yuntao
name: Tyrikos-Ergas, Theodore
name: Schiefelbein, Kevin
name: Grafmüller, Andrea
name: Seeberger, Peter H.
name: Delbianco, Martina
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: well-defined ionic oligosaccharides
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie::572 Biochemie

description: Ionic polysaccharides are part of many biological events, but lack structural characterisation due to challenging purifications and complex synthesis. Four monosaccharides bearing modifications not found in nature are used for the automated synthesis of a collection of ionic oligosaccharides. Structural analysis reveals how the charge pattern affects glycan conformation.