Temnothorax fuscatus
Creators: name: Prebus, Matthew M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Temnothorax
Temnothorax fuscatus

description: <b> <i>Temnothorax fuscatus</i> (<i>Mann, 1920</i>)</b> Distribution: Fig. 107A; worker, gyne &amp; male: Fig. 108; worker variability: Fig. 109; gyne variability: Fig. 110. <i>Macromischa (Macromischa) fuscata Mann, 1920: 420</i>. Syntype workers. Antigua, Guatemala. One syntype here designated <b>lectotype</b>. <i>Leptothorax fuscatus</i> (Mann): <i>Baroni Urbani, 1978</i>: 442. First combination in <i>Leptothorax</i>. <i>Temnothorax fuscatus</i> (Mann): <i>Bolton, 2003</i>: 271. First combination in <i>Temnothorax</i>. <i>Temnothorax</i> cf. <i>fuscatus Prebus, 2017: 7</i>. In phylogeny. <b>Type material examined:</b> <i>Lectotype worker</i>: GUATEMALA: Sacatepéquez: Antigua, 21 December 1911, Wm. M. Wheeler, 1 worker (USNMENT00529240) [USNM]. <i>Paralectotype workers</i>: same data as lectotype: 3 workers, top worker with head missing (USNMENT00921897) [USNM]. <b>Non-type material examined:</b> COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Monteverde, 1,190 m, 10.3 <i> °</i> N 84.81667 <i> °</i> W, 17 May 1989, J. Longino #2541, 1 worker (INBIOCRI001281867) [UCDC]. EL SALVADOR: La Libertad: Boquerón to Quetzaltepeque, 1,600 m, 24–27 January 1973, W.L. Brown, ravine cafetal, pines, 1 worker (MCZENT00581862) [MCZC]. GUATEMALA: [intercepted in quarantine, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.] 1 April 1944, ex Orchidaceae, 1 worker (LACMENT323190) [LACM]. Sacatepéquez: 5 km SE Antigua, 14.53990 <i> °</i> N 90.70807 <i> °</i> W ± 57 m, 1,810 m, 12 June 2009, LLAMA#Go-B-08-4-03, hardwood forest, beating vegetation, 1 worker (CASENT0610690) [UCDC]; same data as previous, except: LLAMA#Go-B-08-4-04, hardwood forest, beating vegetation, 2 workers (CASENT0610696, CASENT0610697) [JTLC]. Zacapa: 2 km SE La Unión, 14.94378 <i> °</i> N 89.27747 <i> °</i> W ± 104 m, 1,540 m, 13 May 2009, LLAMA#Go-B-03-1-01, cloud forest, beating vegetation, 1 worker (CASENT0614497) [UCDC]. HONDURAS: Francisco Morazán: Tegucigalpa vicinity, Jutiapa (near Parque Nacional La Tigra) 1,585 m, 23 May 1993, J. Rifkind, P. Gum, collectors, 1 dealate gyne (LACMENT323457) [LACM]. Olancho: 10 km N Catamacas, 14.94204 <i> °</i> N 85.90979 <i> °</i> W ± 50 m, 1,590 m, 9 May 2010, LLAMA#Go-C-02-1-03, cloud forest, beating vegetation, 1 worker (CASENT0614147) [UCDC]; same data as previous, except: 14.94116 <i> °</i> N 85.90875 <i> °</i> W ± 50 m, 1,560 m, 9 May 2010, LLAMA#Wm-C-02-1-05, cloud forest, ex sifted leaf litter, 1 worker (CASENT0616258) [JTLC]; 9 km NNW La Unión, 15.09658 <i> °</i> N 86.74526 <i> °</i> W ± 100 m, 1,50 m, 5 May 2010, J. Longino #JTL7004, pasture/pine forest edge, forager on vegetation, 1 worker (CASENT0615616) [JTLC]; same data as previous, except: 15.09691 <i> °</i> N 86.74589 <i> °</i> W ± 15 m, 1,450 m, 5 May 2010, J. Longino #JTL7005, pasture/pine forest edge, ex dead stem, 1 alate gyne (CASENT0615617) [UCDC] 2 workers, 1 alate gyne (CASENT0615618-CASENT0615620) [JTLC]; Parque Nacional La Muralla: 15.09957 <i> °</i> N 86.73283 <i> °</i> W ± 7 m, 1,640 m, 5 May 2010, P.S. Ward #16363, montane rainforest, ex dead twig (vine), 1 dealate gyne, 1 worker &amp; 1 male (CASENT0625205) [JTLC] 1 dealate gyne &amp; 1 worker (CASENT0758794) [UCDC] 2 dealate gynes &amp; 1 worker (CASENT0758656) [PSWC] 2 workers &amp; 1 male (CASENT0915981) [PSWC]; same data as previous, except: 15.09710 <i> °</i> N 86.73904 <i> °</i> W ± 100 m, 1,480 m, LLAMA#Go-C-01-1-01, cloud forest edge, beating vegetation, 1 worker (JTL288113) [JTLC]; same data as previous, except: 15.09685 <i> °</i> N 86.7329 <i> °</i> W ± 100 m, 1,630 m, LLAMA#Go-C-01-3-03, beating vegetation, 1 worker (CASENT0732588) [UCDC] 2 workers (JTL288179, JTL688876) [JTLC]; same data as previous, except: 15.09667 <i> °</i> N 86.73800 <i> °</i> W ± 100 m, 1,470 m, C. Weirauch, J. Mottern, M. Forthman #Weirauch-H13L41, yellow pan trap, 1 worker (JTL709204) [JTLC]. MEXICO: Chiapas: Tziscao, Lagos de Montebello 16.083333 <i> °</i> N 91.683333 <i> °</i> W, 1,500 m, 21 December 1991, P.S. Ward #11561, mixed tropical/temperate mesic forest, ex dead culm of sedge, 1 dealate gyne &amp; 2 workers (CASENT0916005) [PSWC]; same data as previous, except: P.S. Ward #11559, mixed tropical/temperate mesic forest, ex dead twig, 1 dealate gyne (CASENT0758655) [UCDC]. NICARAGUA: Jinotega: Reserva Natural Datanlí El Diablo: 13.09908 <i> °</i> N 85.86945 <i> °</i> W ± 60 m, 1,330 m, 20 May 2011, LLAMA#Ba-D-04-2-06-01, at cookie bait, 1 worker (CASENT0732587) [UCDC] 1 worker (JTL682334) [JTLC]; 13.100368 <i> °</i> N 85.86846 <i> °</i> W ± 100 m, 1,330 m, 20 May 2011, LLAMA#Go-D-04-2-03, cloud forest, beating vegetation, 1 worker (CASENT0629157) [JTLC] 1 worker (CASENT0629158) [JTLC]; 13.09554 <i> °</i> N 85.85844 <i> °</i> W ± 100 m, 1,310 m, 20 May 2011, LLAMA#Go-D-04-3-02, montane wet forest, beating vegetation, 1 worker (CASENT0629161) [JTLC]; Reserva Natural Cerro Kilambé: 13.56751 <i> °</i> N 85.69672 <i> °</i> W ± 100 m, 1,430 m, 25 May 2011, LLAMA#Go-D-05-4-02, cloud forest, beating vegetation, 1 worker (CASENT0629262) [UCDC]; 13.56724 <i> °</i> N 85.69775 <i> °</i> W ± 150 m, 1,400 m, 23 May 2011, LLAMA#Wm-D-05-2-01, cloud forest, ex sifted leaf litter, 1 worker (CASENT0629307) [JTLC]; Parque Nacional Cerro Saslaya: 13.76941 <i> °</i> N 85.02435 <i> °</i> W ± 100 m, 1,070 m, 15 May 2011, LLAMA#Go-D-03-3-02, montane wet forest, beating vegetation, 1 alate gyne (CASENT0629025) [UCDC]. Nuevo Segovia: 9 km NW Jalapa, 13.97707 <i> °</i> N 86.18907 <i> °</i> W ± 100 m, 1,410 m, 30 May 2011, LLAMA#Go-D-06-2-03, oak cloud forest, beating vegetation, 1 worker (CASENT0629264) [UCDC]. <b>Geographic range:</b> Mid-to-high elevations of southern Mexico (Chiapas) to Costa Rica (Fig. 107A). <b>Worker diagnosis:</b> <i>Temnothorax fuscatus</i> can be separated from all other species in the <i>salvini</i> clade by the following character combination: antennal scapes short: failing to reach the posterior margin of the head by about the maximum width of the antennal scape (SI 83–93); body elongate (WLI&gt; 150); metanotal groove not strongly impressed; propodeal spines very long and acute, about one and a half times as long as the propodeal declivity (PSI 23–35); propodeal spines curved and directed posteriorly or posterodorsally, never directly upward; hind femora variable, but usually strongly incrassate (FI&gt; 300); petiolar node low, elongate and rounded dorsally (NI 177–246); postpetiole narrow: greater than one and a half times as wide as the petiole in dorsal view, but less than twice as wide (PWI 165–193); setae on head, mesosoma, waist segments and gaster erect, moderately long, sparse and blunt (never long and tapering); integument variably colored, but always uniform (never bicolored). <b>Similar species:</b> <i>Temnothorax acutispinosus</i> sp. nov., <i>T. subditivus, T. tenuisculptus, T. tuxtlanus</i> sp. nov., species of the <i>annexus</i>, <i>augusti</i>, <i>fuscatus</i>, and <i>salvini</i> groups. <i>Temnothorax fuscatus</i> can be distinguished from <i>T. tuxtlanus</i> sp. nov. by the incrassate femora (FI &lt;280 in <i>T. tuxtlanus</i> sp. nov.). The low, elongate petiolar node (NI&gt; 180) will separate <i>T. fuscatus</i> from all species listed above, aside from the <i>salvini</i> group and most other members of the <i>fuscatus</i> group. The blunt-tipped setae and short antennal scapes, which fail to reach the posterior margin of the head, will separate <i>T. fuscatus</i> from the species of the <i>salvini</i> group, which have long, tapering setae and scapes that surpass the posterior margin of the head by at least one times the maximum width of the antennal scape (SI 83–89 vs.&gt; 95). The long propodeal spines, which are longer than the propodeal declivity, as well as the uniformly colored integument, will distinguish <i>T. fuscatus</i> from <i>T. ocarinae</i> and <i>T. skwarrae</i>, which have very short propodeal spines and are bicolored. The acute propodeal spines will distinguish <i>T. fuscatus</i> from <i>T. nebliselva</i> sp. nov., which has truncate propodeal spines. <b> Worker measurements &amp; indices (<i>n</i> = 17):</b> SL = 0.544 –0.652 (0.605); FRS = 0.245 –0.282 (0.264); CW = 0.699 –0.810 (0.761); CWb = 0.644 –0.749 (0.696); PoOC = 0.286 –0.373 (0.325); CL = 0.731 –0.889 (0.819); EL = 0.176 –0.214 (0.196); EW = 0.124 –0.156 (0.141); MD = 0.166 –0.231 (0.186); WL = 1.006 –1.239 (1.132); SPST = 0.251 –0.380 (0.322); MPST = 0.294 –0.363 (0.321); PEL = 0.363 –0.459 (0.424); NOL = 0.234 –0.324 (0.277); NOH = 0.121 –0.147 (0.134); PEH = 0.212 –0.255 (0.235); PPL = 0.200 –0.274 (0.236); PPH = 0.209 –0.261 (0.242); PW = 0.431 –0.531 (0.489); SBPA = 0.127 –0.198 (0.170); SPTI = 0.233 –0.316 (0.270); PEW = 0.141 –0.170 (0.157); PNW = 0.153 –0.228 (0.184); PPW = 0.246 –0.312 (0.278); HFL = 0.715 –0.856 (0.788); HFWmax = 0.140 –0.197 (0.172); HFWmin = 0.044 –0.077 (0.055); CS = 1.010 –1.194 (1.105); ES = 0.239 –0.292 (0.266); SI = 83–93 (87); OI = 22–26 (24); CI = 80–90 (85); WLI = 154–177 (163); SBI = 20–28 (24); PSI = 23–35 (29); PWI = 165–193 (177); PLI = 163–200 (180); NI = 177–246 (208); PNWI = 105–136 (117); NLI = 58–72 (65); FI = 231–407 (317). <b>Worker description:</b> In full-face view, head subquadrate, longer than broad (CI 80–90). Mandibles densely, finely striate but shining and armed with five teeth: the apical-most well developed and acute, followed by a less developed preapical tooth and three equally developed smaller teeth. Anterior clypeal margin flat medially. Antennal scapes short: when fully retracted, failing to reach the posterior margin of the head capsule by about the maximum width of the antennal scape (SI 83–93). Antennae 12-segmented; antennal club of composed of three segments, with the apical-most segment as long as the preceding two in combination. Frontal carinae moderately long, extending past the antennal toruli by about two and a half times the maximum width of the antennal scape. Compound eyes weakly protruding past the lateral margins of the head capsule. Lateral margin of head weakly convex, forming a continuous arc from the mandibular insertions to the posterior margin of the head. Posterior head margin flat but rounding evenly into the lateral margins. In profile view, compound eyes ovular and moderately large (OI 22–26), with 11 ommatidia in longest row. Pronotal declivity indistinct, neck and anterior face of pronotum forming a ~120 <i> °</i> angle. Mesosoma slightly sinuate: very weakly convex from where it joins the pronotal neck to the propodeum, nearly flat; propodeum weakly depressed and rounds evenly into the base of the propodeal spines. Promesonotal suture extending from the posterior margin of the procoxal insertion to the mesothoracic spiracle, which is moderately well developed. Metanotal groove visible as a disruption of the sculpture laterally from where it arises between the mid- and hind coxae to where it ends in the poorly developed metathoracic spiracle, which is nearly indistinguishable from the ground sculpture. Propodeal spiracle moderately well developed, directed posterolaterally, and separated from the propodeal declivity by about five spiracle diameters. Propodeal spines well developed and very long (PSI 23–35), about one and a half times as long as the propodeal declivity, tapering evenly from the base, evenly downcurved, and acute. Propodeal declivity weakly concave, forming a rounded ~110 <i> °</i> angle with the base of the propodeal spines. Propodeal lobes rounded and weakly developed. Metapleural gland bulla very large, extending from the metacoxal insertion three quarters of the way to the propodeal spiracle. Petiole moderately long (PLI 163–200), without tubercles anterodorsally. Subpetiolar process in the form of a moderately large, anteriorly curved, blunt tooth; ventral margin of petiole slightly bulging medially. Petiolar peduncle moderately long: comprising about half the length of the petiole. Petiolar node low and dorsally rounded: transition between peduncle and node very subtly marked by a rounded angle of ~150 <i> °</i> , resulting in a weakly concave anterior node face; anterior face rounding evenly into dorsal and posterior faces. Postpetiole long; evenly rounded anteriorly, weakly convex dorsally, and lobed ventrally. In dorsal view, humeri developed and distinct: evenly rounded and wider than the rest of the mesosoma; mesothoracic spiracles weakly protruding past the lateral margins of the mesosoma, visible as slight angles where the pronotum meets the mesonotum. Promesonotal suture visible as a disruption in the sculpture. Mesometanotal suture visible as a very weak sulcus. Propodeum depressed posterior to the metanotal groove, which is also represented by a very weak sulcus and disruption in the ground sculpture. Propodeal spines closely approximated basally and diverging apically, their apices separated from each other by about their length, the negative space between them “U” shaped. Petiolar peduncle with spiracles very weakly protruding past the lateral margins, and slightly constricted anterior to them. Petiolar node evenly ovular and slightly longitudinally elongate; node broader than the peduncle and evenly grading into the caudal cylinder, which is slightly narrower than the node. Postpetiole narrow (PWI 165–193) longitudinally elongate, and campaniform. Anterior margin of the postpetiole flat and evenly rounds into the lateral margins, which weakly diverge to the angulate posterior corners; posterior margin flat. Metafemur very incrassate (FI 231–407). Sculpture: median clypeal carina present, extending posteriorly to the level of the anterior margins of the antennal insertions, and flanked on either side by two equally strong carinae. Lateral clypeal lobes with additional, weaker carinae; ground sculpture finely areolate-costulate. Antennal scapes areolate. Cephalic dorsum areolate, with costulae between the frontal carinae. Lateral surfaces of head areolate with costulae overlying the ground sculpture; costulae becoming stronger between the compound eye and the mandibular insertion. Ventral surface of the head weakly areolate. Pronotal neck areolatestrigulate. Lateral surfaces of the pronotum, mesopleurae, and lateral surface of propodeum costate, with weak areolate ground sculpture. Propodeal declivity weakly areolate, but smooth and shining between the propodeal spines. Dorsal surface of mesosoma sculptured similarly to the lateral surface. Femora weakly areolate. Petiole weakly areolate ventrally, otherwise sculptured similarly to the mesosoma. Postpetiole densely areolate, with fine costulate overlying the ground sculpture. First gastral tergite with fine areolate sculpture on the basal quarter, otherwise smooth and shining, with moderately strong spectral iridescence. First gastral sternite smooth and shining, with moderately strong spectral iridescence. Setae: antennal scapes and funiculi with short, decumbent pilosity. Dorsum of the head, pronotum, waist segments, and gaster with sparse, erect, blunt-tipped setae, the longest of which are about the length of the compound eye. The head bears ~20, mesosoma ~18, petiole 6, postpetiole ~8, and first gastral tergite ~30 setae. Short, sparse pubescence present over the entire body, but difficult to detect against the densely sculptured integument. Color: predominantly medium brown. Mandibles, antennae, pronotal neck, coxae, trochanters, femora, tibiae, and gastral sclerites (excluding the basalmost) testaceous. Tarsi and sting testaceous yellow. <b> Gyne measurements &amp; indices (<i>n</i> = 6):</b> SL = 0.573 -0.646 (0.619); FRS = 0.286 –0.321 (0.303); CW = 0.815 –0.885 (0.852); CWb = 0.733 –0.815 (0.771); PoOC = 0.334 –0.362 (0.350); CL = 0.858 –0.924 (0.898); EL = 0.238 –0.275 (0.259); EW = 0.180 –0.200 (0.189); MD = 0.161 –0.199 (0.177); WL = 1.597 –1.793 (1.701); SPST = 0.237 –0.275 (0.262); MPST = 0.395 –0.445 (0.419); PEL = 0.438 –0.494 (0.471); NOL = 0.291 –0.343 (0.317); NOH = 0.121 –0.155 (0.145); PEH = 0.245 –0.310 (0.278); PPL = 0.238 –0.300 (0.264); PPH = 0.297 –0.377 (0.342); PW = 0.754 –0.822 (0.795); SBPA = 0.259 –0.387 (0.327); SPTI = 0.274 –0.317 (0.297); PEW = 0.193 –0.236 (0.215); PNW = 0.231 –0.290 (0.264); PPW = 0.343 –0.394 (0.369); HFL = 0.789 –0.865 (0.836); HFWmax = 0.174 –0.197 (0.187); HFWmin = 0.059 –0.070 (0.064); CS = 1.162 –1.275 (1.220); ES = 0.330 –0.366 (0.354); SI = 78–85 (80); OI = 28–31 (29); CI = 81–90 (86); WLI = 215–230 (221); SBI = 35–51 (42); PSI = 0–16 (8); PWI = 162–182 (172); PLI = 165–197 (179); NI = 194–264 (220); PNWI = 120–128 (123); NLI = 59–73 (67); FI = 263–313 (294). <b>Gyne description:</b> In full-face view, head subquadrate, longer than broad (CI 81–90). antennal scapes short: when fully retracted, failing to reach the posterior margin of the head capsule by about the maximum width of the antennal scape (SI 78–85). Mandibles densely striate but shining and armed with six teeth: the apical-most well developed, followed by a less developed preapical tooth and four equally developed smaller teeth. Anterior clypeal margin weakly emarginated medially. Antennae 12-segmented; antennal club composed of three segments, with the apical-most segment as long as the preceding two in combination. Frontal carinae moderately long, extending past the antennal toruli by about two and a half times the maximum width of the antennal scape. Compound eyes moderately protruding past the lateral margins of the head capsule. Lateral margin of head evenly convex, diverging from the mandibular insertions to below the compound eyes. Posterior head margin flat, rounding evenly into the lateral margins. In profile view, compound eyes ovular and large (OI 28–31), with 17 ommatidia in longest row. Pronotum with a distinct shape: longitudinally excavate laterally. Procoxae similarly shaped, with the anterior face strongly and evenly concave. Mesoscutum rounded evenly anteriorly, not fully covering the dorsal surface of the pronotum, and flat dorsally. Mesoscutellum on the same level as the mesoscutum but sloping posteriorly. Metanotum on the same plane as the mesoscutellum. Propodeum on the same plane as the previous sclerites. Propodeal spiracle well developed, directed posterolaterally, and separated from the propodeal declivity by about five spiracle diameters. Propodeal spines absent but represented as blunt angles. Propodeal declivity slightly concave. Propodeal lobes rounded and very weakly developed. Metapleural gland bulla large, extending from the metacoxal insertion three quarters of the way to the propodeal spiracle. Petiole moderately long (PLI 165–197), without tubercles anterodorsally. Subpetiolar process in the form of a moderately large, acute tooth, which grades evenly into the ventral margin of the petiole posteriorl
description: Published as part of <i>Prebus, Matthew M., 2021, Taxonomic revision of the Temnothorax salvini clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a key to the clades of New World Temnothorax, pp. 1-462 in PeerJ (e 11514) (e 11514) 9</i> on pages 148-158, DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11514, http://zenodo.org/record/5102026
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