cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
From planes to spheres: About gravitational lens magnifications
Creators: name: Wucknitz, O.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the classic theorem according to which a gravitational lens always produces a total magnification greater than unity. This theorem seems to contradict the conservation of total flux from a lensed source. The standard solution to this paradox is based on the exact definition of the reference 'unlensed' situation. We calculate magnifications and amplifications for general lensing scenarios not limited to regions close to the optical axis. In this way the formalism is naturally extended from tangential planes for the source and lensed images to complete spheres. We derive the lensing potential theory on the sphere and find that the Poisson equation is modified by an additional source term that is related to the mean density and to the Newtonian potential at the positions of observer and source. This new term generally reduces the magnification, to below unity far from the optical axis, and ensures conservation of the total photon number received on a sphere around the source. This discussion does not affect the validity of the 'focusing theorem', in which the unlensed situation is defined to have an unchanged affine distance between source and observer. The focusing theorem does not contradict flux conservation, because the mean total magnification directly corresponds to different areas of the source sphere in the lensed and unlensed situation. We argue that a constant affine distance does not define an astronomically meaningful reference. By exchanging source and observer, we confirm that magnification and amplification differ according to Etherington's reciprocity law, so that surface brightness is no longer strictly conserved. [ abridged ]
description: MNRAS accepted. 15 pages, 6 figures
On the interplay between magnetic field and anisotropy in holographic QCD
Creators: name: Gürsoy, Umut
name: Järvinen, Matti
name: Nijs, Govert
name: Pedraza, Juan F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the combined effects of anisotropy and a magnetic field in strongly interacting gauge theories by the gauge/gravity correspondence. Our main motivation is the quark-gluon plasma produced in off-central heavy-ion collisions which exhibits large anisotropy in pressure gradients as well as large external magnetic fields. We explore two different configurations, with the anisotropy either parallel or perpendicular to the magnetic field, focusing on the competition and interplay between the two. A detailed study of the RG flow in the ground state reveals a rich structure where depending on which of the two, anisotropy or magnetic field, is stronger, intermediate geometries with approximate AdS$_4\times \mathbb{R}$ and AdS$_3\times \mathbb{R}^2$ factors arise. This competition is also manifest in the phase structure at finite temperature, specifically in the dependence of the chiral transition temperature on anisotropy and magnetic field, from which we infer the presence of inverse magnetic and anisotropic catalyses of the chiral condensate. Finally, we consider other salient observables in the theory, including the quark-antiquark potential, shear viscosity, entanglement entropy and the butterfly velocity. We demonstrate that they serve as good probes of the theory, in particular, distinguishing between the effects of the magnetic field and anisotropy in the ground and plasma states. We also find that the butterfly velocity, which codifies how fast information propagates in the plasma, exhibits a rich structure as a function of temperature, anisotropy and magnetic field, exceeding the conformal value in certain regimes.
description: 55 pages, 14 figures, v3: matches published version
Attitudes and Expectations of Wheatgrowers in New South Wales
Creators: name: Williams, Donald Birtall
name: Parish, Ross M.
name: Bollen, A.G.
name: Williams, Donald Birtall
name: Parish, Ross M.
name: Bollen, A.G.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1953
Subjects: Crop Production/Industries
Labor and Human Capital

description: The Australian Agricultural Council and its Standing Committee on Agriculture have recently paid considerable attention to methods of increasing rural output in Australia and of expanding wheat production in particular. One of the problems at the forefront of discussion has been that of the provision of adequate incentives, designed to encourage farmers to intensify their production programmes. It is clear that detailed factual information on the attitudes and expectations of farmers is essential to the satisfactory formulation of suitable incentives and of policy generally. As a contribution to an understanding of the wheat farmers' problems, attitudes and expectations, the Commonwealth Bureau of Agricultural Economics and the Division of Marketing and Agricultural Economics of the N.S.W. Department of Agriculture have conducted a co-operative, fact-finding inquiry on a group of wheat farmers in New South Wales, the results of which are published here. The results presented will be of interest to all concerned with the problems of agricultural production in Australia. The survey represents a new phase of agricultural economic research in this country, not only because it covers new ground, but also because it is the first occasion on which a major research project has been conducted co-operatively by the two organizations concerned.
Exact square coloring of subcubic planar graphs
Creators: name: Foucaud, Florent
name: Hocquard, Hervé
name: Mishra, Suchismita
name: Narayanan, Narayanan
name: Naserasr, Reza
name: Sopena, Éric
name: Valicov, Petru
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Discrete Mathematics (cs.DM)
subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We study the exact square chromatic number of subcubic planar graphs. An exact square coloring of a graph G is a vertex-coloring in which any two vertices at distance exactly 2 receive distinct colors. The smallest number of colors used in such a coloring of G is its exact square chromatic number, denoted $χ^{\sharp 2}(G)$. This notion is related to other types of distance-based colorings, as well as to injective coloring. Indeed, for triangle-free graphs, exact square coloring and injective coloring coincide. We prove tight bounds on special subclasses of planar graphs: subcubic bipartite planar graphs and subcubic K 4-minor-free graphs have exact square chromatic number at most 4. We then turn our attention to the class of fullerene graphs, which are cubic planar graphs with face sizes 5 and 6. We characterize fullerene graphs with exact square chromatic number 3. Furthermore, supporting a conjecture of Chen, Hahn, Raspaud and Wang (that all subcubic planar graphs are injectively 5-colorable) we prove that any induced subgraph of a fullerene graph has exact square chromatic number at most 5. This is done by first proving that a minimum counterexample has to be on at most 80 vertices and then computationally verifying the claim for all such graphs.
description: 19 pages, 13 figures
Impact of Capital Gains and Urban Pressure on Farmland Values: A Spatial Correlation Analysis
Creators: name: Moss, Charles B.
name: Mishra, Ashok K.
name: Livanis, Grigorios T.
name: Moss, Charles B.
name: Mishra, Ashok K.
name: Livanis, Grigorios T.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: land values
subject: spatial correlation

description: Farmland is a major component of wealth in the farm sector as well as wealth of farm households. This study contributes to our knowledge of variations in farmland prices by examining the extent to which farmland values are spatially correlated and to what extent that this spatial correlation can be explained by income to farmland.
EFFECTS OF ADDITIONAL QUALITY ATTRIBUTES ON CONSUMER WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY FOR FOOD LABELS
Creators: name: Gao, Zhifeng
name: Schroeder, Ted C.
name: Gao, Zhifeng
name: Schroeder, Ted C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Food Labels
subject: Willingness-to-Pay
subject: Choice Experiment

description: Contingent valuation (CV), choice experiment (CE) and experimental auction (EA) or the combinations of the three methods are often used by researchers to elicit consumer willingness to pay for food attributes (food labels). One concern about using these approaches is that quality attributes of food provided to respondents are assumed independent of other attributes which are not provided to respondents during the survey. The limited attributes provided in a survey may lead respondents to allocate their budgets to those limited attributes rather than allocate their budgets to a larger number of product attributes to truly reveal their preferences. Surveys containing a series of online CEs were collected to investigate the effects of additional beef steak attributes on consumer WTP in two different US markets. Random parameters logit models are estimated for each CE in the questionnaires with survey results from both samples. The models with the different survey samples reveal consistent results regarding changes in WTP with more attributes added to the CEs. Consumer WTP for the most important attributes in the CE decreases when the number of attributes increases from three to four, while the WTP for the most important attributes increases when the number of attribute increase from four to five. The changes in the WTP for attributes depend on their relationships with the newly added attributes to the CEs and the number of attributes in CEs.
A new class of generalized Bayes minimax ridge regression estimators
Creators: name: Maruyama, Yuzo
name: Strawderman, William E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 62C20, 62C15, 62C10 (Primary) 62A15 (Secondary)

description: Let y=Aβ+ε, where y is an N\times1 vector of observations, βis a p\times1 vector of unknown regression coefficients, A is an N\times p design matrix and εis a spherically symmetric error term with unknown scale parameter σ. We consider estimation of βunder general quadratic loss functions, and, in particular, extend the work of Strawderman [J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 73 (1978) 623-627] and Casella [Ann. Statist. 8 (1980) 1036-1056, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 80 (1985) 753-758] by finding adaptive minimax estimators (which are, under the normality assumption, also generalized Bayes) of β, which have greater numerical stability (i.e., smaller condition number) than the usual least squares estimator. In particular, we give a subclass of such estimators which, surprisingly, has a very simple form. We also show that under certain conditions the generalized Bayes minimax estimators in the normal case are also generalized Bayes and minimax in the general case of spherically symmetric errors.
description: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/009053605000000327 in the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
N=4 Twisted Superspace from Dirac-Kahler Twist and Off-shell SUSY Invariant Actions in Four Dimensions
Creators: name: Kato, Junji
name: Kawamoto, Noboru
name: Miyake, Akiko
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose N=4 twisted superspace formalism in four dimensions by introducing Dirac-Kahler twist. In addition to the BRST charge as a scalar counter part of twisted supercharge we find vector and tensor twisted supercharges. By introducing twisted chiral superfield we explicitly construct off-shell twisted N=4 SUSY invariant action. We can propose variety of supergauge invariant actions by introducing twisted vector superfield. We may, however, need to find further constraints to identify twisted N=4 super Yang-Mills action. We propose a superconnection formalism of twisted superspace where constraints play a crucial role. It turns out that N=4 superalgebra of Dirac-Kahler twist can be decomposed into N=2 sectors. We can then construct twisted N=2 super Yang-Mills actions by the superconnection formalism of twisted superspace in two and four dimensions.
description: 62pages
Attention Cube Network for Image Restoration
Creators: name: Hang, Yucheng
name: Liao, Qingmin
name: Yang, Wenming
name: Chen, Yupeng
name: Zhou, Jie
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Multimedia (cs.MM)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Recently, deep convolutional neural network (CNN) have been widely used in image restoration and obtained great success. However, most of existing methods are limited to local receptive field and equal treatment of different types of information. Besides, existing methods always use a multi-supervised method to aggregate different feature maps, which can not effectively aggregate hierarchical feature information. To address these issues, we propose an attention cube network (A-CubeNet) for image restoration for more powerful feature expression and feature correlation learning. Specifically, we design a novel attention mechanism from three dimensions, namely spatial dimension, channel-wise dimension and hierarchical dimension. The adaptive spatial attention branch (ASAB) and the adaptive channel attention branch (ACAB) constitute the adaptive dual attention module (ADAM), which can capture the long-range spatial and channel-wise contextual information to expand the receptive field and distinguish different types of information for more effective feature representations. Furthermore, the adaptive hierarchical attention module (AHAM) can capture the long-range hierarchical contextual information to flexibly aggregate different feature maps by weights depending on the global context. The ADAM and AHAM cooperate to form an "attention in attention" structure, which means AHAM's inputs are enhanced by ASAB and ACAB. Experiments demonstrate the superiority of our method over state-of-the-art image restoration methods in both quantitative comparison and visual analysis. Code is available at https://github.com/YCHang686/A-CubeNet.
description: Accepted by the 28th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM 2020); Code is available at https://github.com/YCHang686/A-CubeNet
Additional file 1 of Tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomic analysis of Cryptosporidium andersoni oocysts before and after excystation
Creators: name: Li, Dong-Fang
name: Cui, Zhao-Hui
name: Wang, Lu-Yang
name: Zhang, Kai-Hui
name: Cao, Le-Tian
name: Zheng, Shuang-Jian
name: Zhang, Long-Xian
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: 29999 Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1: Table S1. Primers sequences designed for RT-qPCR.
Grammatical elicitation: Focus
Creators: name: Calmo Jerónimo, Brenda
name: Lemon, Tyler
name: Michael, Lev
name: Dos Santos, Wesley
Publisher: name: California Language Archive, University of California, Berkeley
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: mvj

description: Longer sentences were elicited to gain a better understanding of "noq" and "noqxa" and the syntax of focus more generally. Only "noq" actually occurs in the data here.
"Private" Provision of Publicly Useful Information: An Empirical Analysis of Public Notification Rules for Safe Drinking Water Act
Creators: name: Adachi, Kenji
name: Konishi, Yoshifumi
name: Adachi, Kenji
name: Konishi, Yoshifumi
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: Providing quality information on health-threatening contamination incidences can improve consumer welfare, because the consumers can, and often do, take self-protective actions given the information provided. Unfortunately, important contamination information often comes from private or quasi-private sources and the distinction between private and public information is also sometimes ambiguous. Thus, the regulatory authority may need to manage 'private' incentives of providing publicly useful information. There is no lack of literature arguing that supply of public goods is smaller than optimal when provision of those goods are in the hands of private agents seeking their own economic rents. The same argument seems to apply here --- private provision of publicly useful information is less or later than optimal. Though the argument makes an intuitive sense, there appears to be lack of empirical research investigating this issue. We provide one such study, examining a unique EPA dataset on the public notification enforcement and compliance for the Safe Drinking Water Act. The data contain 2,062 observations of maximum contaminant level violation incidences in Illinois from 1980 to 2006. The dataset allows us to estimate the determinants of the observed public notification timings. More importantly, we also estimate the impact of the new public notification rule on the coefficient for the contamination severity level. The new rule, issued May 2000 and fully enforced May 2002, (i) extended the PN compliance deadline (for tier 2 violations) of 14 days to 30 days and (ii) gives the primacy agency discretion to extend the PN deadline in some appropriate circumstances. Our results are disconcerting and indicate that the new rule has had welfare-decreasing effects. With linear models, one point increase in the severity level of a contamination incidence is significantly associated with an increase in PN delay of 8-9 days after the new rule but is not statistically significantly associated with PN delay before the new rule. Moreover, the new rule per se increases the PN timing by 21-24 days, which is approximately the simple effect of the extension rule. These results were robust to other specifications, in particular, to the Tobit specifications to account for censoring issues. Our empirical results seem to suggest that even in the case of mandated public notification, private or quasi-private managers of the public water systems still make private calculation of the benefits and costs of making information public --- the PN timing is significantly associated with various covariates, which one should not observe if the managers were truly welfare-maximizing agents. These findings should be taken seriously in lieu of guiding future information disclosure/public notification policies.
Layers of classicality in the compatibility of measurements
Creators: name: Mitra, Arindam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The term "Layers of classicality" in the context of quantum measurements, was introduced in [T. Heinosaari, Phys. Rev. A 93, 042118 (2016)]. The strongest layer among these consists of the sets of observables that can be broadcast and the weakest layer consists of the sets of compatible observables. There are several other layers in between those two layers. In this work, we study their physical and geometric properties and show the differences and similarities among the layers in these properties. In particular we show that: (i) none of the layers of classicality respect transitivity property, (ii) the concept like degree of broadcasting similar to degree of compatibility does not exist, (iii) there exist informationally incomplete POVMs that are not individually broadcastable, (iv) a set of broadcasting channels can be obtained through concatenation of broadcasting and non-disturbing channels, (v) unlike compatibility, other layers of classicality are not convex, in general. Finally, we discuss the relations among these layers. More specifically, we show that specific type of concatenation relations among broadcasting channels decide the layer in which a pair of observables resides.
description: 9 pages, 1 figure, typos fixed
title: The impact of benzoxazinoids on agroecological plant-soil feedbacks
Creators: name: Gfeller, Valentin
Publisher: name: Universität Bern
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: 580 Plants (Botany)

description: Plants modulate their growth environment by changing their root surrounding soil, which in turn modifies the performance of the next plant growing in that soil. How such plant-soil feedbacks are affected by root exuded secondary metabolites is not well understood. In particular, we know very little about how secondary metabolite-mediated plant-soil feedbacks affect agricultural productivity and food quality in crop rotations, and how secondary metabolites could help to alleviate negative agroecological plant-soil feedbacks. In this thesis, I aim to assess the potential of benzoxazinoids, an important class of secondary metabolites that are produced by cereals, to improve crop rotations through plant-soil feedbacks. First, in a two-year field experiment, I demonstrated that maize benzoxazinoid soil conditioning improved the performance of three subsequently growing wheat varieties without compromising food quality. Cereal leaf beetle infestation was reduced in response to benzoxazinoid soil conditioning and wheat yield was increased by more than 4%, mostly caused by enhanced emergence and tillering. Second, in another two-year field experiment, I found that such benzoxazinoid-dependent plant-soil feedbacks depend on local soil parameters. Soil chemistry was closely associated with soil benzoxazinoid concentrations and rhizosphere microbial community composition. Soil chemistry also explained the magnitude and direction of the feedbacks on plant performance, resistance, and kernel quality. Further, in a climate chamber and an incubation experiment I elucidated how benzoxazinoid degradation, but not exudation, was influenced by soil chemistry. In both field experiments, benzoxazinoid soil conditioning modified soil benzoxazinoid concentrations and the community compositions of root-associated microbes. The differences in rhizosphere microbial communities were only transient, while the chemical fingerprint of benzoxazinoid degradation products persisted to the next crop. Third, in climate chamber experiments, I demonstrated that three out of five tested preceding crops suppressed growth of maize through negative plant-soil feedbacks, and that benzoxazinoid exudation reduced this growth suppression. This resistance to growth suppression was, at least partially, dependent on soil biota. Overall, the results of this thesis reveal several new facets of secondary metabolites in agroecological plant-soil feedbacks. Exuded secondary metabolites can enhance crop rotation productivity and confer resistance to negative plant-soil feedbacks, thus making them a promising breeding target to improve crop productivity in a sustainable manner.
An Economy-wide Analysis of Increasing Bio-Ethanol Production in Taiwan
Creators: name: Lee, Duu-Hwa
name: Lin, Hsin-Chun
name: Chang, Ching-Cheng
name: Hsu, Shih-Hsun
name: Lee, Duu-Hwa
name: Lin, Hsin-Chun
name: Chang, Ching-Cheng
name: Hsu, Shih-Hsun
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Bioethanol
subject: Biodiesel
subject: Computal General Equilibrium (CGE)
subject: TAIGEM-E

description: This article figures out the economic impacts on macroeconomy, industrial output, new energies and environment when the advantageous bioethanol and its feedstock production increase and replace the usage of gasoline in the future. A CGE model, called ¡§Taiwan General Equilibrium Model-Energy, (TAIGEM-E), was a linear/dynamic, linearized percentage change simulation tool used especially in the economic evaluation of environment policies. Results indicated that macroeconomic and environmental variables will all benefit with scenarios. Government should instantly encourage the production of bioethanol (and biodiesel) and it¡¦s producing resource because it truly can reduce the pressure of CO2 emission mitigation, and also can active agricultural fallow lands. It is an important long term issue.
APPENDIX Detailed Technical protocol for Thorndyke et al.
Creators: name: Majka, Susan
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: classificationCode: 329999
subject: Other biomedical and clinical sciences not elsewhere classified

description: APPENDIX Detailed Technical protocol to accompany Title: Development of Novel Technology for the Visualization and Quantitation of Angiogenesis and the Alveolar-Capillary Network in a Mouse Model of FibrosisHannah Thorndyke1*, Evan Lundberg1*, Edwin Ortiz Gaxon2, Maggie Dawson1, Emma C. Mason1, Julia M. Hollaway1, Eszter K. Vladar3, David Coronado Escobar4 and Susan M. Majka1,2,3,5*Affiliations: 1Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver CO, 80206; 2Cell, Stem Cell and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; 3Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; 4Onimagin Technologies SCA, Cordoba, Spain; 5Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045.
The potential of $Λ$ and $Ξ^-$ studies with PANDA at FAIR
Creators: name: The PANDA Collaboration
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The antiproton experiment PANDA at FAIR is designed to bring hadron physics to a new level in terms of scope, precision and accuracy. In this work, its unique capability for studies of hyperons is outlined. We discuss ground-state hyperons as diagnostic tools to study non-perturbative aspects of the strong interaction, and fundamental symmetries. New simulation studies have been carried out for two benchmark hyperon-antihyperon production channels: $\bar{p}p \to \barΛΛ$ and $\bar{p}p \to \barΞ^+Ξ^-$. The results, presented in detail in this paper, show that hyperon-antihyperon pairs from these reactions can be exclusively reconstructed with high efficiency and very low background contamination. In addition, the polarisation and spin correlations have been studied, exploiting the weak, self-analysing decay of hyperons and antihyperons. Two independent approaches to the finite efficiency have been applied and evaluated: one standard multidimensional efficiency correction approach, and one efficiency independent approach. The applicability of the latter was thoroughly evaluated for all channels, beam momenta and observables. The standard method yields good results in all cases, and shows that spin observables can be studied with high precision and accuracy already in the first phase of data taking with PANDA.
description: 26 pages, 16 figures. Changes: Revised title and abstract and corrections/clarifications in the text according to suggestions by journal referees
Challenges of Accommodating Non-Market Values in Evaluation of Wildfire Suppression in the United States
Creators: name: Venn, Tyron J.
name: Calkin, David E.
name: Venn, Tyron J.
name: Calkin, David E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: non-market valuation
subject: historic range and variability
subject: bushfire
subject: wildfire policy
subject: wildfire economics

description: Presently, implementing the 2001 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy, which requires fire management priorities to be set on the basis of maximising the market and non-market values to be conserved or enhanced, is extremely challenging because those charged with implementing the policy have limited information about the value that society places on non-market resources at risk. This paper considers the problem of accommodating non-market values affected by wildfire in social benefit-cost analysis. There are substantial gaps in scientific understanding about how the spatial and temporal provision of non-market values are affected by wildfire, and considerable challenges in evaluating social welfare change arising from specific wildfire events. This presents serious impediments to adapting price-based decision-support tools, such as the National Fire Management Analysis System, to meaningfully incorporate non-market values. An alternative decision-support framework is proposed that measures departure from the historic range and variability of ecological conditions for those non-market values that are particularly resistant to price-based analysis.
Episodic fine-tuning prototypical networks for optimization-based few-shot learning: Application to audio classification
Creators: name: Zhuang, Xuanyu
name: Peeters, Geoffroy
name: Richard, Gaël
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Audio and Speech Processing (eess.AS)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Multimedia (cs.MM)
subject: Sound (cs.SD)
subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The Prototypical Network (ProtoNet) has emerged as a popular choice in Few-shot Learning (FSL) scenarios due to its remarkable performance and straightforward implementation. Building upon such success, we first propose a simple (yet novel) method to fine-tune a ProtoNet on the (labeled) support set of the test episode of a C-way-K-shot test episode (without using the query set which is only used for evaluation). We then propose an algorithmic framework that combines ProtoNet with optimization-based FSL algorithms (MAML and Meta-Curvature) to work with such a fine-tuning method. Since optimization-based algorithms endow the target learner model with the ability to fast adaption to only a few samples, we utilize ProtoNet as the target model to enhance its fine-tuning performance with the help of a specifically designed episodic fine-tuning strategy. The experimental results confirm that our proposed models, MAML-Proto and MC-Proto, combined with our unique fine-tuning method, outperform regular ProtoNet by a large margin in few-shot audio classification tasks on the ESC-50 and Speech Commands v2 datasets. We note that although we have only applied our model to the audio domain, it is a general method and can be easily extended to other domains.
description: Accepted at MLSP 2024
Modern Microscopy with the Web of Things: The OpenFlexure Microscope Software Stack
Creators: name: Collins, Joel T.
name: Knapper, Joe
name: Stirling, Julian
name: McDermott, Samuel
name: Bowman, Richard
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Automated and computerised control of scientific instrumentation is almost ubiquitous in the modern laboratory. Most instrumentation is controlled over decades old communication busses or is accessed via proprietary system libraries. This limits which languages and operating systems can be used to control instruments, and poses a significant problem when interfacing multiple instruments into the same experiment. Here we present the OpenFlexure Microscope software stack as an example of how a scientific instrument can be controlled using existing, cross-platform, language-independent, industry-supported standards. We split the control code into client and server applications interfaced via a web API that conforms to the W3C Web of Things standard. This enables simple control of the microscope from multiple languages, provides a modern graphical control interface, and minimises duplicated code. Network control also makes the software stack more robust, allows multiple microscopes to be controlled by one computer, and facilitates sharing of equipment between local or remote users. Using a Web of Things approach in research laboratories has the potential to solve many of the key challenges of experiment integration, using technology that is already well established.
Off-Farm Work and Economic Performance: Comparing Crop and Livestock Farms
Creators: name: Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge
name: Nehring, Richard F.
name: Erickson, Kenneth W.
name: Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge
name: Nehring, Richard F.
name: Erickson, Kenneth W.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: Farm Management
Productivity Analysis

description: This paper examines how off-farm work affects the economic performance of crop and (selected) livestock farms. It estimates returns to scale and technical efficiency following an input distance function approach and compares the relative performance of dairy and corn farm operator households with and without off-farm work. We use farm-level data from the USDA's ARMS survey for 1996-2005. The impact of off-farm work on scale and technical efficiency is examined from two viewpoints: first, the effect of off-farm work on the scale and technical efficiency of the farm business in the production of traditional commodities (farm-level perspective); second, the impact of off-farm work on scale and technical efficiency at the household level, considering both on-farm and off-farm activities. We find that off-farm income boosts scale efficiency on corn farms but decreases scale and dairy farms. The impact of off farm income on technical efficiency is small when using the household approach. However, dairy farmers that rely on off-farm income have lower technical efficiency than dairy farmers that do not rely on off farm income in both the farm and household models, while the reverse is true for corn farms. Finally, we find that dairy farms relying on off farm income have significantly lower returns on assets, while again the opposite is true for corn farms.
On the influence of ram-pressure stripping on the star formation of simulated spiral galaxies
Creators: name: Kronberger, T.
name: Kapferer, W.
name: Ferrari, C.
name: Unterguggenberger, S.
name: Schindler, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the influence of ram-pressure stripping on the star formation and the mass distribution in simulated spiral galaxies. Special emphasis is put on the question where the newly formed stars are located. The stripping radius from the simulation is compared to analytical estimates. Disc galaxies are modelled in combined N-body/hydrodynamic simulations (GADGET-2) with prescriptions for cooling, star formation, stellar feedback, and galactic winds. These model galaxies move through a constant density and temperature gas, which has parameters comparable to the intra-cluster medium (ICM) in the outskirts of a galaxy cluster (T=3 keV ~3.6x10^7 K and rho=10^-28 g/cm^3). With this numerical setup we analyse the influence of ram-pressure stripping on the star formation rate of the model galaxy. We find that the star formation rate is significantly enhanced by the ram-pressure effect (up to a factor of 3). Stars form in the compressed central region of the galaxy as well as in the stripped gas behind the galaxy. Newly formed stars can be found up to hundred kpc behind the disc, forming structures with sizes of roughly 1 kpc in diameter and with masses of up to 10^7 M_sun. As they do not possess a dark matter halo due to their formation history, we name them 'stripped baryonic dwarf' galaxies. We also find that the analytical estimate for the stripping radius from a Gunn & Gott (1972) criterion is in good agreement with the numerical value from the simulation. Like in former investigations, edge-on systems lose less gas than face-on systems and the resulting spatial distribution of the gas and the newly formed stars is different.
description: 8 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
Evaluation of digital and geometric unsharpnesses in dental radiographs
Creators: name: Radan, Elham
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Recent advances in digital electronic devices have led to developments in digital radiography. Increased interest in imaging systems other than conventional filmbased radiography has been stimulated by anticipated reduction in patient radiation exposure with increased convenience and image quality. With the new imaging systems developing, it is necessary to evaluate the image quality with comparison to conventional film-based radiography. The aim of this study was to develop a definitive evaluation based on an endodontic file model for comparison of the effects of geometric and digital unsharpnesses in dental radiography. The endodontic file has a well-defined outline and small size, which makes it ideal to test resolution. Files of sizes 6, 8, 10 and 15 were placed in the root canal of an extracted lower incisor at 3 different positions with 2mm increments. Radiographs were taken at magnification factors of 1.0,1.1,1.2 and 1.3. Each radiograph was digitized at resolutions of 75, 150, 300 and 600 dots per inch (dpi). A digital visual analog scale was used for the assessment of image quality. Ten observers viewed the 192 digital images and identified the positions of the end of the files and the end of the root. Measured distances between these points were compared with a gold standard (actual file positions). Analysis of variance and paired T-tests were used to demonstrate significant differences. No significant differences were found between the resolutions of 300 and 600 dpi, nor between the magnifications of 1.0 and 1.1. Significant differences were found between the magnification of 1.3 and the others, and the resolution of 75 dpi and the others, for all the files. The effects of geometric unsharpness within the range studied for all the file sizes were not significant except for the magnification of 1.3, which is of little clinical relevance. Based on this study, with endodontic files in an extracted tooth, there is little need for resolutions higher than 300 dpi in clinical dental radiography and geometric unsharpness has no influence on diagnostic information. This may apply to many other aspects of diagnostic imaging.
CNO in evolved intermediate mass stars
Creators: name: Smiljanic, R.
name: Barbuy, B.
name: De Medeiros, J. R.
name: Maeder, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In order to investigate the possible influence of rotation on the efficiency of the first dredge-up we determined atmospheric parameters, masses, and abundances of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in a sample of evolved intermediate mass stars. We used high resolution spectra and conducted a model atmosphere analysis. The abundances were calculated through spectral synthesis and compared to the predictions of rotating and non-rotating evolutionary models. Almost all those objects in our sample where carbon and nitrogen abundances could be determined show signs of internal mixing. The stars, however, seem to be mixed to different extents. Among the mixed stars we identify five in our sample with abundances in agreement with the non-rotating models, four stars that seem to be mixed beyond that, and one star that seems to be slightly less mixed than predicted for the first dredge-up. There are also five stars that seem to be slightly more mixed than expected, but their abundances are in marginal agreement with both rotating and non-rotating models. Such differences in the extent of the mixing are not predicted by the standard models and imply the action of other mixing mechanisms than solely the convective dredge-up. We also identified for the first time an important correlation between the [N/C] ratio and the stellar mass.
description: Accepted for publication in A&A. Final version with language corrections
Non-equilibrium Higgs transition in classical scalar electrodynamics
Creators: name: Sexty, D.
name: Patkos, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Real time rearrangement of particle spectra is studied numerically in a U(1) Gauge+Higgs system, in the unitary gauge and in three spatial dimensions. The cold system starts from the symmetric phase. Evolution of the partial energy densities and pressures reveal well-defined equations of state for the longitudinal and transversal gauge fields very early. Longitudinal modes are excited more efficiently and thermalize the slowest. Hausdorff-dimension of the Higgs-defect manifold, eventually seeding vortex excitations is thoroughly discussed. Scaling dependence of the vortex density on the characteristic time of the symmetry breaking transition is established.
description: 17 pages, 7 figures, Replaced with version accepted for publication in JHEP
Additional file 3 of Tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomic analysis of Cryptosporidium andersoni oocysts before and after excystation
Creators: name: Li, Dong-Fang
name: Cui, Zhao-Hui
name: Wang, Lu-Yang
name: Zhang, Kai-Hui
name: Cao, Le-Tian
name: Zheng, Shuang-Jian
name: Zhang, Long-Xian
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: 29999 Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 3: Text S1. Quality control report of protein extraction, labeling efficiency, and mass spectrometry stability.
Commercialization of Herbicide-Tolerant Soybeans in China: Perverse Domestic and International Trade Effects
Creators: name: Hansen, James M.
name: Lin, William W.
name: Tuan, Francis C.
name: Marchant, Mary A.
name: Kalaitzandonakes, Nicholas G.
name: Zhong, Funing
name: Song, Baohui
name: Hansen, James M.
name: Lin, William W.
name: Tuan, Francis C.
name: Marchant, Mary A.
name: Kalaitzandonakes, Nicholas G.
name: Zhong, Funing
name: Song, Baohui
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: Crop Production/Industries
International Relations/Trade

description: The main purpose of this research is to analyze impact of adoption of bio-tech herbicide resistant soybeans in China by producers at different adoption rates as determined by technology fees. This adoption will impact China's production, consumption, global trade and competitiveness and world prices. Current research indicates approximately 20-25 percent of Urban consumers will not consume bio-tech vegetable oils. The USDA-ERS China model is used to address the trade impacts of commercializing bio-tech soybeans in China. On the supply side soybeans are differentiated into bio-tech and non-bio-tech soybeans. Similarly, demand and excess demand are decomposed into two distinct market segments. We present preliminary results from modeling the impacts of commercializing herbicide-tolerant biotech soybeans in China under two scenarios of adoption rates in response to the level of technology fees charged to the producers, a low technology fee and a high technology fee. The high technology fee is the policy most likely to be adopted by the Chinese government and exhibits a more realistic results. Adoption of biotech soybeans is relatively low given the high technology fees and only a gradual increase in production of biotech soybeans. The production of non-biotech soybeans within China is almost sufficient to satisfy domestic demand for non-biotech soybeans by a relatively small percent of urban consumers with a strong preference for non-biotech soybeans and soybean oil. The international effect on production, trade and prices are quite minimal and China's import demand of soybeans is not significantly affected.
description: Replaced with revised version of paper 06/12/07.
Towards Bayesian Data Compression
Creators: name: Harth-Kitzerow, Johannes
name: Leike, Reimar
name: Arras, Philipp
name: Enßlin, Torsten A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In order to handle large data sets omnipresent in modern science, efficient compression algorithms are necessary. Here, a Bayesian data compression (BDC) algorithm that adapts to the specific measurement situation is derived in the context of signal reconstruction. BDC compresses a data set under conservation of its posterior structure with minimal information loss given the prior knowledge on the signal, the quantity of interest. Its basic form is valid for Gaussian priors and likelihoods. For constant noise standard deviation, basic BDC becomes equivalent to a Bayesian analog of principal component analysis. Using Metric Gaussian Variational Inference, BDC generalizes to non-linear settings. In its current form, BDC requires the storage of effective instrument response functions for the compressed data and corresponding noise encoding the posterior covariance structure. Their memory demand counteract the compression gain. In order to improve this, sparsity of the compressed responses can be obtained by separating the data into patches and compressing them separately. The applicability of BDC is demonstrated by applying it to synthetic data and radio astronomical data. Still the algorithm needs further improvement as the computation time of the compression and subsequent inference exceeds the time of the inference with the original data.
description: 39 pages, 15 figures, 1 table, for code, see https://gitlab.mpcdf.mpg.de/jharthki/bdc
Constant-Rate-of-Strain and Controlled-Gradient Consolidation Testing
Creators: name: Gorman, C. Thomas
name: Hopkins, Tommy C.
name: Deen, Robert C.
name: Drnevich, Vincent P.
Publisher: name: Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky
Year: 1977
Subjects: subject: Transportation Engineering

description: Controlled-gradient (CG), constant-rate-of-strain (CRS), and conventional incremental-loading (STD) consolidation testing are compared and evaluated. Undisturbed samples of tbree soils common to Kentucky were used in the testing program. Results of 15 CG, 14 CRS, and 32 STD consolidation tests are evaluated. Feasibility of the new test methods for routine testing is briefly discussed and recommendations are made for refinements in testing procedures.
Local well-posedness and global stability of one-dimensional shallow water equations with surface tension and constant contact angle
Creators: name: Li, Jiaxu
name: Liu, Xin
name: Peschka, Peschka
Publisher: name: Weierstrass Institute
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Shallow water equations
subject: thin films
subject: surface tension
subject: contact lines
subject: physical vacuum
subject: 76N10
subject: 35R35
subject: 76B15
subject: 74K35

description: We consider the one-dimensional shallow water problem with capillary surfaces and moving contact lines. An energy-based model is derived from the two-dimensional water wave equations, where we explicitly discuss the case of a stationary force balance at a moving contact line and highlight necessary changes to consider dynamic contact angles. The moving contact line becomes our free boundary at the level of shallow water equations, and the depth of the shallow water degenerates near the free boundary, which causes singularities for the derivatives and degeneracy for the viscosity. This is similar to the physical vacuum of compressible flows in the literature. The equilibrium, the global stability of the equilibrium, and the local well-posedness theory are established in this paper.