cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Estimate of the Theta+ width in the Relativistic Mean Field Approximation
Creators: name: Diakonov, Dmitri
name: Petrov, Victor
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In the Relativistic Mean Field Approximation three quarks in baryons from the lowest octet and the decuplet are bound by the self-consistent chiral field, and there are additional quark-antiquark pairs whose wave function also follows from the mean field. We present a generating functional for the 3-quark, 5-quark, 7-quark ... wave functions inside the octet, decuplet and antidecuplet baryons treated in a universal and compact way. The 3-quark components have the SU(6)-symmetric wave functions but with specific relativistic corrections which are generally not small. In particular, the normalization of the 5-quark component in the nucleon is about 50% of the 3-quark component. We give explicitly the 5-quark wave functions of the nucleon and of the exotic Theta+. We develop a formalism how to compute observables related to the 3- and 5-quark Fock components of baryons, and apply it to estimate the Theta+ width which turns out to be very small, 2-4 MeV, although with a large uncertainty.
description: 25 pp., 11 figs, minor corrections
Intriguing Invariants of Centers of Ellipse-Inscribed Triangles
Creators: name: Helman, Mark
name: Garcia, Ronaldo
name: Reznik, Dan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Metric Geometry (math.MG)
subject: Computational Geometry (cs.CG)
subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 53A04, 51M04, 51N20

description: We describe invariants of centers of ellipse-inscribed triangle families with two vertices fixed to the ellipse boundary and a third one which sweeps it. We prove that: (i) if a triangle center is a fixed affine combination of barycenter and orthocenter, its locus is an ellipse; (ii) and that over the family of said affine combinations, the centers of said loci sweep a line; (iii) over the family of parallel fixed vertices, said loci rigidly translate along a second line. Additionally, we study invariants of the envelope of elliptic loci over combinations of two fixed vertices on the ellipse.
description: 17 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables, 6 video links
Atomic collider into dual-isotope magneto-optical trap
Creators: name: Surdutovich, Gregory
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: When two of three pairs of the Gaussian laser beams of a traditional MOT are misaligned in the racetrack configuration the effective coordinate-dependent vortex force do arise. Then an atom is accelerated by this vortex force until its velocity not balanced by the damping force. This situation may produce a stable ring of revolving atoms of a certain radius. Due to the different frequency and laser beams intensity dependences of the vortex, damping and trapping forces it is possible to equalize the radii of two orbiting groups of atoms in two-species or dual-isotope magneto-optical trap and so to arrange a continuing collider of cooled atoms with the prescribed relative velocity. A collider setup for atoms of two different types rotating with different angular velocities along the same ring-like trajectory into MOT of the conventional six-beam geometry is proposed and designed on example of two rubidium isotopes Rb85 and Rb87.
description: 8 pages, 6 figures. pdf; this paper was reported at ICONO 2005 in St.-Petersburg
FIRST-based survey of Compact Steep Spectrum sources, IV. Multifrequency VLBA observations of very compact objects
Creators: name: Kunert-Bajraszewska, Magdalena
name: Marecki, Andrzej
name: Thomasson, Peter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Evidence has been mounting recently that activity in some radio-loud AGNs (RLAGNs) can cease shortly after ignition and that perhaps even a majority of very compact sources may be short-lived phenomena because of a lack of stable fuelling from the black hole. Thus, they can fade out before having evolved to large, extended objects. Re-ignition of the activity in such objects is not ruled out. With the aim of finding more examples of these objects and to investigate if they could be RLAGNs switched off at very early stages of their evolution, multifrequency VLBA observations of six sources with angular sizes significantly less than an arcsecond, yet having steep spectra, have been made. Observations were initially made at 1.65 GHz using the VLBA with the inclusion of Effelsberg telescope. The sources were then re-observed with the VLBA at 5, 8.4 and 15.4 GHz. All the observations were carried out in a snapshot mode with phase referencing. One of the sources studied, 0809+404, is dominated by a compact component but also has diffuse, arcsecond-scale emission visible in VLA images. The VLBI observations of the "core" structure have revealed that this is also diffuse and fading away at higher frequencies. Thus, the inner component of 0809+404 could be a compact fading object. The remaining five sources presented here show either core-jet or edge-brightened double-lobed structures indicating that they are in an active phase. The above result is an indication that the activity of the host galaxy of 0809+404 may be intermittent. Previous observations obtained from the literature and those presented here indicate that activity had ceased once in the past, then restarted, and has recently switched off again.
description: 15 pages, 7 figures, matches the version printed in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Faceting and flattening of emulsion droplets: a mechanical model
Creators: name: García-Aguilar, Ireth
name: Fonda, Piermarco
name: Sloutskin, Eli
name: Giomi, Luca
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: When cooled down, emulsion droplets stabilized by a frozen interface of alkane molecules and surfactants have been observed to undergo a spectacular sequence of morphological transformations: from spheres to faceted icosahedra, down to flattened liquid platelets. While generally ascribed to the interplay between the elasticity of the frozen interface and surface tension, the physical mechanisms underpinning these transitions have remained elusive, despite different theoretical pictures having been proposed in recent years. In this article, we introduce a comprehensive mechanical model of morphing emulsion droplets, which quantitatively accounts for various experimental observations, including the scaling behavior of the faceting transition. Our analysis highlights the role of gravity and the spontaneous curvature of the frozen interface in determining the specific transition pathway.
description: 6 pages, 3 figures
Effects of oral alkali drug therapy on clinical outcomes in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Creators: name: Shi, Honghong
name: Su, Xiaole
name: Yan, Bingjuan
name: Li, Chunfang
name: Wang, Lihua
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2022
Subjects: Space Science
Medicine
Pharmacology
Marine Biology
Science Policy

description: Metabolic acidosis accelerates the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and increases the mortality rate. Whether oral alkali drug therapy benefits pre-dialysis CKD patients is controversial. We performed a meta-analysis of the effects of oral alkali drug therapy on major clinical outcomes in pre-dialysis CKD patients. We systematically searched MEDLINE using the Ovid, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases without language restriction. We included all eligible clinical studies that involved pre-dialysis CKD adults and compared those who received oral alkali drug therapy with controls. A total of 18 eligible studies, including 14 randomized controlled trials and 4 cohort studies reported in 19 publications with 3695 participants, were included. Oral alkali drug therapy led to a 55% reduction in renal failure events (relative risk [RR]: 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25–0.82), a rate of decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 2.59 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year (95% CI, 0.88–4.31). There was no significant effect on decline in eGFR events (RR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.09–1.23), proteinuria (standardized mean difference: −0.32; 95% CI: −1.08 to 0.43), all-cause mortality events (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.40–2.02) and cardiovascular (CV) events (RR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.32–3.37) compared with the control groups. Based on the available and low-to-moderate certainty evidence, oral alkali drug therapy might potentially reduce the risk of kidney failure events, but no benefit in reducing all-cause mortality events, CV events, decline in eGFR and porteninuria.
Stochastic Differential Equations Driven by Fractional Brownian Motion and Standard Brownian Motion
Creators: name: Guerra, João
name: Nualart, David
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 60H05, 60H10

description: We prove an existence and uniqueness theorem for solutions of multidimensional, time dependent, stochastic differential equations driven simultaneously by a multidimensional fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter H>1/2 and a multidimensional standard Brownian motion. The proof relies on some a priori estimates, which are obtained using the methods of fractional integration, and the classical Ito stochastic calculus. The existence result is based on the Yamada-Watanabe theorem.
description: 21 pages
Established risk prediction models for the incidence of a low lean tissue index in patients with peritoneal dialysis
Creators: name: Li, Feng
name: Wang, Lei
name: Mao, Yanling
name: Mao, Changqing
name: Yu, Jie
name: Zhao, Dan
name: Zhang, Yingying
name: Li, Ying
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: The objective of this study is to investigate the incidence of low lean tissue index (LTI) and the risk factors for low LTI in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, including to establish risk prediction models. A total of 104 PD patients were enrolled from October 2019 to 2021. LTI was measured by bioimpedance spectroscopy. Multivariate logistic regression and machine learning were used to analyze the risk factors for low LTI in PD patients. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to analyze the survival rate of patients with low LTI. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) level, red cell distribution width (RDW), overhydration, body mass index (BMI), and the subjective global assessment (SGA) rating significantly differed between the low LTI and normal LTI groups (all p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression showed that IL-6 (1.10 [95% CI: 1.02–1.18]), RDW (1.87 [95% CI: 1.18–2.97]), BMI (0.97 [95% CI: 0.68–0.91]), and the SGA rating (6.33 [95% CI: 1.59–25.30]) were independent risk factors for LTI. Cox regression analysis showed that low LTI (HR 3.14, [95% CI: 1.12–8.80]) was the only significant risk factor for all-cause death in peritoneal dialysis patients. The decision process to predict the incidence of low LTI in PD patients was established by machine learning, and the area under the curve of internal validation was 0.6349. Low LTI is closely related to mortality in PD patients. Microinflammatory status, high RDW, low BMI and low SGA rating are risk factors for low LTI in PD patients. The developed prediction model may serve as a useful tool for assessing low LTI in PD patients.
Setting the Trade Policy Agenda: What Roles for Economists?
Creators: name: Anderson, Kym
name: Anderson, Kym
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: Economists have influenced the trade policy agenda for establishing multilateral trade rules, disciplines and procedures and for negotiating MFN and preferential reductions in trade barriers and subsidies, in addition to affecting the agenda for unilateral policy reform. These roles are considered in turn, before focusing on the economists' contribution though quantifying the extent and effects of existing trade distortions and alternative reform initiatives. Many trade distortions remain, however, so the paper then looks at where trade economists' efforts in agenda-setting need to be focused in the years ahead.
Damped Lyman Alpha Surveys and Statistics - A Review
Creators: name: Rao, Sandhya M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The history and progress of DLA research over the past several decades is reviewed here. Larger datasets and deeper surveys, particularly over the last couple of years, have improved our knowledge of the neutral gas content and distribution in the universe at all observable redshifts, including the present epoch. New results on the statistics of DLAs at z<1.65 from our HST-UV surveys are presented and discussed in the context of recent results at z=0 and at high redshift. We find that Omega_{DLA}(z>0) remains roughly constant to within the uncertainties; the z=0 value of the neutral gas mass density, Omega_{g}, is a factor of ~2 less than Omega_{DLA}. The DLA incidence, n(z), undergoes rapid evolution between redshifts 5 and 2, but is consistent with the no-evolution curve in the current concordance cosmology for z ~< 2. We also show that if the local Schmidt law relating surface density of gas and star formation rate (SFR) is valid at the DLA redshifts, then the DLA SFR density is too low for them to provide a significant contribution to the cosmic star formation history (SFH) at z >~ 1. This implies that the DLAs are unlikely to be the same population as the star forming galaxies (i.e., the Lyman break and sub-millimeter galaxies) that dominate the SFH of the high redshift universe. We suggest that this discrepancy and the DLA ``missing metals'' problem could be the result of missing very high column density gas due to its very small absorption cross section. (abridged)
description: To appear in "Probing Galaxies through Quasar Absorption Lines", Proceedings IAU Colloquium 199, 2005; Williams, Shu, & Menard, eds
EMERGING TRENDS IN THE NEW FOOD ECONOMY: CONSUMERS, FIRMS AND SCIENCE
Creators: name: Kinsey, Jean D.
name: Kinsey, Jean D.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
Industrial Organization
International Relations/Trade

description: Seven trends that emerge in the new global economy will be identified followed by a discussion of how they evolved and what they imply for public policy and for various types of firms and consumers. Some have called it the "brave new world" of food production and consumption. Some dislike what they see, others fear it, and many embrace it. The new food economy involves many non-food firms that provide ancillary services and products. They go way beyond the familiar farm input suppliers to consulting firms for software and data analysis, to electronic system designers, to engineers of food and packaging, to biological and physical scientists who redesign the food itself. Together, they make the food system work for consumers and for those firms that are receptive to new technology and new ways of doing business.
Metric Approximations of Spectral Triples on the Sierpiński Gasket and other fractal curves
Creators: name: Landry, Therese-Marie
name: Lapidus, Michel L.
name: Latremoliere, Frederic
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Operator Algebras (math.OA)
subject: Metric Geometry (math.MG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Primary: 46L89, 46L30, 58B34, 34L40, Secondary: 53C22, 58B20, 58C40, 81R60

description: Noncommutative geometry provides a framework, via the construction of spectral triples, for the study of the geometry of certain classes of fractals. Many fractals are constructed as natural limits of certain sets with a simpler structure: for instance, the Sierpiński is the limit of finite graphs consisting of various affine images of an equilateral triangle. It is thus natural to ask whether the spectral triples, constructed on a class of fractals called piecewise $C^1$-fractal curves, are indeed limits, in an appropriate sense, of spectral triples on the approximating sets. We answer this question affirmatively in this paper, where we use the spectral propinquity on the class of metric spectral triples, in order to formalize the sought-after convergence of spectral triples. Our results and methods are relevant to the study of analysis on fractals and have potential physical applications.
description: 35 pages, 3 figures. To appear in Adv. Math
Schwarzschild Tests of the Wahlquist-Estabrook-Buchman-Bardeen Tetrad Formulation for Numerical Relativity
Creators: name: Buchman, L. T.
name: Bardeen, J. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A first order symmetric hyperbolic tetrad formulation of the Einstein equations developed by Estabrook and Wahlquist and put into a form suitable for numerical relativity by Buchman and Bardeen (the WEBB formulation) is adapted to explicit spherical symmetry and tested for accuracy and stability in the evolution of spherically symmetric black holes (the Schwarzschild geometry). The lapse and shift which specify the evolution of the coordinates relative to the tetrad congruence are reset at frequent time intervals to keep the constant-time hypersurfaces nearly orthogonal to the tetrad congruence and the spatial coordinate satisfying a kind of minimal rate of strain condition. By arranging through initial conditions that the constant-time hypersurfaces are asymptotically hyperbolic, we simplify the boundary value problem and improve stability of the evolution. Results are obtained for both tetrad gauges (``Nester'' and ``Lorentz'') of the WEBB formalism using finite difference numerical methods. We are able to obtain stable unconstrained evolution with the Nester gauge for certain initial conditions, but not with the Lorentz gauge.
description: (accepted by Phys. Rev. D) minor changes; typos corrected
Accelerating Bayesian microseismic event location with deep learning
Creators: name: Mancini, A. Spurio
name: Piras, D.
name: Ferreira, A. M. G.
name: Hobson, M. P.
name: Joachimi, B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Geophysics (physics.geo-ph)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a series of new open source deep learning algorithms to accelerate Bayesian full waveform point source inversion of microseismic events. Inferring the joint posterior probability distribution of moment tensor components and source location is key for rigorous uncertainty quantification. However, the inference process requires forward modelling of microseismic traces for each set of parameters explored by the sampling algorithm, which makes the inference very computationally intensive. In this paper we focus on accelerating this process by training deep learning models to learn the mapping between source location and seismic traces, for a given 3D heterogeneous velocity model, and a fixed isotropic moment tensor for the sources. These trained emulators replace the expensive solution of the elastic wave equation in the inference process. We compare our results with a previous study that used emulators based on Gaussian Processes to invert microseismic events. We show that all of our models provide more accurate predictions and $\sim 100$ times faster predictions than the method based on Gaussian Processes, and a $\mathcal{O}(10^5)$ speed-up factor over a pseudo-spectral method for waveform generation. For example, a 2-s long synthetic trace can be generated in $\sim 10$ ms on a common laptop processor, instead of $\sim$ 1 hr using a pseudo-spectral method on a high-profile Graphics Processing Units card. We also show that our inference results are in excellent agreement with those obtained from traditional location methods based on travel time estimates. The speed, accuracy and scalability of our open source deep learning models pave the way for extensions of these emulators to generic source mechanisms and application to joint Bayesian inversion of moment tensor components and source location using full waveforms.
description: matches version published in Solid Earth. Code available at http://github.com/alessiospuriomancini/seismoML
Evolution of accretion disks around massive black holes: constraints from the demography of active galactic nuclei
Creators: name: Yu, Qingjuan
name: Lu, Youjun
name: Kauffmann, Guinevere
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Observations have shown that the Eddington ratios (the ratio of the bolometric luminosity to the Eddington luminosity) in QSOs/active galactic nuclei (AGNs) cover a wide range. In this paper we connect the demography of AGNs obtained by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey with the accretion physics around massive black holes and propose that the diversity in the Eddington ratios is a natural result of the long-term evolution of accretion disks in AGNs. The observed accretion rate distribution of AGNs (with host galaxy velocity dispersion sigma~70-200 km/s) in the nearby universe (z<0.3) is consistent with the predictions of simple theoretical models in which the accretion rates evolve in a self-similar way. We also discuss the implications of the results for the issues related to self-gravitating disks, coevolution of galaxies and QSOs/AGNs, and the unification picture of AGNs.
description: 18 pages, 2 figures; revised, main conclusions not changed; to appear in ApJ, Oct., 2005
Decomposing Changes in Agricultural Price Gaps
Creators: name: Liefert, William M.
name: Liefert, William M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: Demand and Price Analysis

description: This paper develops a method for decomposing changes in agricultural producer prices. The method builds on a procedure used by the World Bank, with the key variables in the decomposition being trade prices, exchange rates, and agricultural trade policies. The main ways by which we expand on the World Bank decomposition procedure are by broadening the analysis of policy effects, and by adding the effect from incomplete transmission of changes in border prices and exchange rates to producer prices, and the effect on prices from interactions between variables as they change simultaneously. We demonstrate the decomposition method by using the Russian poultry market in the late 1990s, and find that the dominant factor in changing the producer price was the large depreciation of the ruble. Many developing and transition economies have fluctuating exchange rates. The decomposition method presented in this paper could be used to test the hypothesis that exchange rate movements are the main cause of changes in these countries' agricultural commodity prices. Another hypothesis that the method could help test is that an important factor in affecting countries' agricultural prices is incomplete transmission of changes in trade prices and exchange rates to domestic prices, where the incomplete transmission is mainly caused not by policy, but rather by undeveloped market infrastructure.
TRACEABILITY, TRADE AND COOL: LESSONS FROM THE EU MEAT AND POULTRY INDUSTRY
Creators: name: Buhr, Brian L.
name: Buhr, Brian L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: traceability
subject: economics of the firm
subject: information systems
subject: internet
subject: food supply chain

description: The traditional food supply chain is arranged as a complex array of producers, handlers, processors, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers. As the food supply chain grew in complexity over time, little emphasis was placed on reserving information regarding the origin of raw materials and their transformation, often by multiple handlers, into consumer ready products. This paper provides case illustrations of the implementation of information systems for support of traceability in Europe. Emphasis is on the firm level costs and benefits as well as the broader market structure and governance issues inherent in information economics of the firm.
ECONOMIC COSTS OF THE U.S. WHEAT EXPORT ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM: MANNA FROM HEAVEN OR FROM TAXPAYERS?
Creators: name: Peterson, Jeffrey M.
name: Minten, Bart
name: De Gorter, Harry
name: Peterson, Jeffrey M.
name: Minten, Bart
name: De Gorter, Harry
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: agricultural trade
subject: Export Enhancement Program
subject: export subsidies
subject: in-kind

description: Traditional models of export bonus programs focus only on the effects of disposing public stocks on the world market. We show that the economic effects of export bonus programs are significantly different when one includes the costs of acquiring these stocks. Including stock acquisition costs has the domestic price always rising, rather than an ambiguous effect of the traditional model of an export bonus program. We also show that including stock acquisition costs results in an export bonus scheme to be equivalent to cash export subsidies. When an export bonus program is combined with an existing target price scheme, government cost may either rise or fall in either model, but for different reasons. In an empirical simulation of the U.S. Export Enhancement Program for wheat, we show that the model that includes acquisition costs induces a lower level of tax cost than the traditional model even though taxpayers bear the additional burden of acquisition expenditures.
THE PROBLEMS AND PITFALLS IN MODELING INTERNATIONAL DAIRY TRADE LIBERALIZATION
Creators: name: Meilke, Karl D.
name: Lariviere, Sylvain
name: Meilke, Karl D.
name: Lariviere, Sylvain
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: International Relations/Trade
Livestock Production/Industries

description: Contact for this paper: Dr. Karl Meilke, Department of Agricultural Economics and Business, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. The international dairy sector is one of the most heavily protected commodity sectors in agriculture. Following the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade liberalization all nontariff barriers to trade were converted, through the process of tariffication, into tariffs. However, in the dairy sector, the border measure most commonly adopted by developed countries was a system of tariff rate quotas. Tariff rate quotas are two-tiered tariffs which allow a small quantity of the product to be imported at a low or zero tariff, while quantities above the minimum access amount are charged much higher and often prohibitive tariffs. Tariff rate quotas cause the excess supply curve facing an importing country to be discontinuous at the minimum access amount. The objective of this paper is to review key issues related to modeling trade liberalization for the international dairy economy, given the existence of tariff rate quotas and export subsidies.
LOCATION OF VERTICALLY LINKED INDUSTRIES UNDER FREE TRADE: CASE STUDIES OF ORANGE JUICE AND TOMATO PASTE IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
Creators: name: Hartman, Darcy A.
name: Sheldon, Ian M.
name: Tweeten, Luther G.
name: Hartman, Darcy A.
name: Sheldon, Ian M.
name: Tweeten, Luther G.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Industrial Organization
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: oranges
subject: tomatoes
subject: juice
subject: paste
subject: model
subject: agglomeration
subject: competitive
subject: comparative advantage.

description: The objective of this study was to determine the economic impact on the United States of removing tariff barriers on imports of concentrated orange juice and tomato paste from South America. The study highlighted an agglomeration model of industry location recognizing imperfect competition and increasing returns. The results were contrasted with those from a competitive model with conventional estimates of supply and demand elasticities. Because the assumptions of the models differed, the results also differed. The agglomeration model indicated that the United States would gain market share of production and processing with the removal of tariffs. In contrast, the competitive model indicated that the United States would lose market share in production and processing. According to the competitive model, US consumers would gain, producers would lose, and the government would lose from less tariff revenue, but the gains to consumers would offset losses elsewhere so that national income would rise. In South America, consumers would lose, producers would gain, and national incomes would rise. In the long run, countries would individually and collectively gain from freer trade in fruits and vegetables. Both models indicated that American production and processing of oranges and tomatoes would not be displaced by removing barriers to international trade.
The quantifying relationship between the remission duration and the cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in the patients with primary nephrotic syndrome
Creators: name: Lai, Xuan
name: Cui, Zhao
name: Zhang, Hua
name: Zhang, Yi-miao
name: Wang, Fang
name: Wang, Xin
name: Meng, Li-qiang
name: Cheng, Xu-yang
name: Liu, Gang
name: Zhao, Ming-hui
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Marine Biology

description: Patients with persistent nephrotic-range proteinuria have a high risk of kidney dysfunction and cardiovascular events. Recently, the maintenance of proteinuria remission has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of kidney endpoint. However, the effect of remission duration on cardiovascular outcomes remains unclear. This study enrolled 982 patients with primary nephrotic syndrome who had achieved clinical remission. Remission duration was defined as the maintenance time (months) of the first remission. Arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and kidney dysfunction (ESKD or eGFR reduction >50%) were the endpoints. Survival curves, Cox regression models, restricted cubic spline analysis were used and the cutoff time points were determined. During the 38.3 months of follow-up, 161 (16.4%) patients developed ASCVD (51.3 per 1000 patient-years) and 52 (5.3%) patients developed kidney dysfunction (15.3 per 1000 patient-years). Multivariate analysis showed that remission duration was an independently protective factor to ASCVD, in which each one-year extension associated with a 15% reduction of the risk (HR, 0.854; 95% CI, 0.776 ∼ 0.940, p = .001). The initial time point was seven months for remission to present the protective effect to ASCVD and the maximum time point was 36 months. Remission duration was also an independently protective factor to kidney dysfunction. This effect was shown from the beginning of remission and reached the maximum at 26 months. The maintenance of proteinuria remission was crucial for the improvement of cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in nephrotic syndrome patients.
Classifying, Measuring and Analyzing WTO Domestic Support in Agriculture: Some Conceptual Distinctions
Creators: name: Brink, Lars
name: Brink, Lars
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: WTO
subject: agriculture
subject: domestic support
subject: Doha
subject: AMS
subject: de minimis
subject: commitments
subject: rules.

description: Much confusion permeates discussions of the domestic support provisions of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture and in the ongoing Doha negotiations. The paper clarifies some conceptual distinctions with a view to dispelling some confusion, enhancing communication, and facilitating the representation of domestic support provisions in economic analysis. It distinguishes between classification of policy measures and measurement of support, between measures and support, among measures classified in various categories, between applied support and commitments, and between applied support that counts towards commitments and applied support that does not. It highlights certain issues, including the role of criteria in classifying policy measures (such as those labelled green box or blue box measures), the role of de minimis rules in measuring certain applied support (such as Current Total AMS), and how the time specificity of applied support may complicate analysis of domestic support provisions. It introduces schematic charts to complement the verbal exposition of classification and measurement rules under the Agreement on Agriculture and as suggested in the 2004 Framework of the Doha negotiations on agriculture.
Macroeconomics for the 21st Century
Creators: name: Goodwin, Neva R.
name: Goodwin, Neva R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Agribusiness

description: Macroeconomic theory has not yet come to grips with major issues of the twenty- first century. These include environmental pressures, demographic changes, the size, structure, and power of multinational corporations, and growing economic inequality. Existing macroeconomic theory also does not deal adequately with normative issues, focuses excessively on market solutions, assumes that a single macroeconomic theory can apply to all situations, and ignores issues concerning the scale of economic activity and the speed of change. Macroeconomic theory also does not distinguish between final and intermediate goals, and fails to take account of the implications of hedonic psychology for a theory of economic well-being. It implicitly accepts a consumerist ethos according to which increased consumption is treated as a final goal. It is also based on a competitive theory of markets, which is out of step with the contemporary reality of corporate power. For the industrialized world, macroeconomic theory needs to address the issue of whether it is possible, in the absence of continual growth, for an economy to promote human wellbeing. For the developing world, the prioritization of economic goals such as universal literacy and public health service should be an important element of macro theory. The diverging demographics of developed and developing nations pose further important macroeconomic issues regarding health care costs, tax burdens, immigration, and savings and investment rates. Evaluation of ecosystem carrying capacity, and distinctions between essentials and luxuries, should be important elements of a macro theory that is sensitive to environmental impacts. In addition, the rate of economic growth needs to be compared to the rate at which ecosystems can adapt to large scale, and sometimes irreversible, changes.
Fragility of $\mathcal{Z}_2$ topological invariant characterizing triplet excitations in a bilayer kagome magnet
Creators: name: Thomasen, Andreas
name: Penc, Karlo
name: Shannon, Nic
name: Romhányi, Judit
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The discovery by Kane and Mele of a model of spinful electrons characterized by a $\mathcal{Z}_2$ topological invariant had a lasting effect on the study of electronic band structures. Given this, it is natural to ask whether similar topology can be found in the band-like excitations of magnetic insulators, and recently models supporting $\mathcal{Z}_2$ topological invariants have been proposed for both magnon [Kondo et al. Phys. Rev. B 99, 041110(R) (2019)] and triplet [D. G. Joshi and A. P. Schnyder, Phys. Rev. B 100, 020407 (2019)] excitations. In both cases, magnetic excitations form time--reversal (TR) partners, which mimic the Kramers pairs of electrons in the Kane-Mele model but do not enjoy the same type of symmetry protection. In this paper, we revisit this problem in the context of the triplet excitations of a spin model on the bilayer kagome lattice. Here the triplet excitations provide a faithful analog of the Kane-Mele model as long as the Hamiltonian preserves the TR$\times$U(1) symmetry. We find that exchange anisotropies, allowed by the point group and typical in realistic models, break the required TR$\times$U(1) symmetry and instantly destroy the $\mathcal{Z}_2$ band topology. We further consider the effects of TR breaking by an applied magnetic field. In this case, the lifting of spin-degeneracy leads to a triplet Chern insulator, which is stable against the breaking of TR$\times$U(1) symmetry. Kagome bands realize both a quadratic and a linear band touching, and we provide a thorough characterization of the Berry curvature associated with both cases. We also calculate the triplet-mediated spin Nernst and thermal Hall signals which could be measured in experiments. These results suggest that the $\mathcal{Z}_2$ topology of band-like excitations in magnets may be intrinsically fragile compared to their electronic counterparts.
description: 19 pages, 16 figures
Determinants of bone mineral density in pre-and early-pubertal asian-and causcasian-Canadians : exercise intervention and family studies
Creators: name: Petit, Moira Anne
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Background: There is increasing evidence that the pre- and early-pubertal years may be a biologically optimal time for exercise to influence bone mass. The primary focus of this thesis was to examine the effects of a school-based exercise intervention in pre- and early- pubescent children (study 3). A secondary objective was to examine sex and ethnic differences in BMD (study 1), and familial resemblance of total body bone, lean and fat mass (study 2). Methods & Results: 1) Sex and ethnic differences in BMD, physical activity and calcium intake were examined in 168 Asian (n=58) and Caucasian (n=110) boys (n=86) and girls (n=82). Physical activity, calcium intake, and femoral neck BMD were lower in Asian as compared to Caucasian boys (p<0.05). Caucasian girls had lower physical activity, calcium intake and BMD values at the proximal femur and its regions compared with Caucasian boys. 2) Familial resemblance was examined in 77 parents and their children. Significant correlations were observed between mothers and daughters for height, weight, lean and fat tissue, and total body bone mass (all ~r=0.50, p< 0.05). Resemblance for bone mass was also apparent for mother-son (r = 0.439, p<0.05) and father-son pairs (r=0.584, p<0.05). However, when adjusted for lean mass and height within each sex, ethnic and generation group, these correlations were no longer significant in any group. 3) Exercise intervention: A total of 144 grade 3 and 4 children from 10 Elementary schools in Richmond B.C. were randomly assigned to exercise (n=63) or control (n=81) groups. Schools in the exercise group incorporated 10-20 minutes of moderate impact activities into their physical education classes. The exercise group showed significantly greater change in femoral trochanteric BMD (4.4 vs. 3.2%, p<0.05). There were no group differences at other sites either before or after controlling for potential confounding variables. Conclusions: Results of these studies support the emerging notion that the immature skeleton is responsive to even moderate weight-bearing interventions and that other influences, including sex and ethnicity, are apparent in childhood. A school-based loading program incorporated into existing physical education curriculum is a practical way to influence bone mineral accretion during pre- and early-puberty. Longer-term intervention studies are needed to determine if benefits are maintained.
A Real Triplet-Singlet Extended Standard Model: Dark Matter and Collider Phenomenology
Creators: name: Bell, Nicole F.
name: Dolan, Matthew J.
name: Friedrich, Leon S.
name: Ramsey-Musolf, Michael J.
name: Volkas, Raymond R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We examine the collider and dark matter phenomenology of the Standard Model extended by a hypercharge-zero SU(2) triplet scalar and gauge singlet scalar. In particular, we study the scenario where the singlet and triplet are both charged under a single $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry. We find that such an extension is capable of generating the observed dark matter density, while also modifying the collider phenomenology such that the lower bound on the mass of the triplet is smaller than in minimal triplet scalar extensions to the Standard Model. A high triplet mass is in tension with the parameter space that leads to novel electroweak phase transitions in the early universe. Therefore, the lower triplet masses that are permitted in this extended model are of particular importance for the prospects of successful electroweak baryogenesis and the generation of gravitational waves from early universe phase transitions.
description: 32 pages, 8 figures. Updated to match version published in JHEP
Projection Measurement of the Maximally Entangled N-Photon State for a Demonstration of N-Photon de Broglie Wavelength
Creators: name: Sun, F. W.
name: Ou, Z. Y.
name: Guo, G. C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We construct a projection measurement process for the maximally entangled N-photon state (the NOON-state) with only linear optical elements and photodetectors. This measurement process will give null result for any N-photon state that is orthogonal to the NOON state. We examine the projection process in more detail for N=4 by applying it to a four-photon state from type-II parametric down-conversion. This demonstrates an orthogonal projection measurement with a null result. This null result corresponds to a dip in a generalized Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer for four photons. We find that the depth of the dip in this arrangement can be used to distinguish a genuine entangled four-photon state from two separate pairs of photons. We next apply the NOON state projection measurement to a four-photon superposition state from two perpendicularly oriented type-I parametric down-conversion processes. A successful NOON state projection is demonstrated with the appearance of the four-photon de Broglie wavelength in the interference fringe pattern.
description: 8 pages, 3 figures, new title, some content change, replaced Fig.1
Current Economic Conditions in Myanmar and Options for Sustainable Growth
Creators: name: Dapice, David
name: Dapice, David
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: International Development

description: In this paper, an extensive report on the economy of Myanmar prepared in 1998 is supplemented by more recent reports as of fall 2002 (included as appendices). The economy of Myanmar is one of the poorest in South East Asia. Despite relatively rapidly growth during the 1990's, per capita income by 1998 was little higher than in the middle 1980s. Inflation rates are high, the currency value has fallen sharply, and Myanmar has one of the world's lowest rates relative to income of government revenue and non-military spending. Agriculture in Myanmar has an unusually high share (59%) of GDP. Despite a high reported growth rate, yields for most food crops have remained stagnant or dropped. Poor price incentives and credit systems constrain agricultural production. As of 1998, farm wages are barely enough to provide food, with nothing left over for clothing, school fees, supplies, or medicine. Environmental problems including deteriorating water supply and diminishing common property resources further impact the poor. Industry suffers from limited credit, fluctuating power supplies, inflation and exchange rate instability. A possible bright spot is offshore gas potential. However, much of the expected revenue from offshore gas development may already have been pledged as collateral for expenditure prior to 1998, and thus will go primarily to service debt. Recent evidence summarized in a paper by Debbie Aung Din Taylor (Appendix 3) indicates that most people in rural areas are much worse off today than a decade ago. Decline in agricultural production is aggravated by severe degradation of the natural resource base. River catchment areas are denuded of forest cover, leading to more frequent and severe flooding. Fish stocks and water supplies are diminishing. These trends are pervasive and reaching a critical level. Assistance is urgently needed to provide the rural poor. Sustained international attention is needed to reverse the current rapid decline of economy and environment.
Pulsating instability of a Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical lattice
Creators: name: Shrestha, Uttam
name: Kostrun, Marijan
name: Javanainen, Juha
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We find numerically that in the limit of weak atom-atom interactions a Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical lattice may develop a pulsating dynamical instability in which the atoms nearly periodically form a peak in the occupation numbers of the lattice sites, and then return to the unstable initial state. Multiple peaks behaving similarly may also occur. Simple arguments show that the pulsating instability is a remnant of integrability, and give a handle on the relevant physical scales.
Summations of large logarithms by parton showers
Creators: name: Nagy, Zoltan
name: Soper, Davison E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose a method to examine how a parton shower sums large logarithms. In this method, one works with an appropriate integral transform of the distribution for the observable of interest. Then, one reformulates the parton shower so as to obtain the transformed distribution as an exponential for which one can compute the terms in the perturbative expansion of the exponent. We apply this general program to the thrust distribution in electron-positron annihilation, using several shower algorithms. Of the approaches that we use, the most generally applicable is to compute some of the perturbative coefficients in the exponent by numerical integration and to test whether they are consistent with next-to-leading-log summation of the thrust logarithms.
description: 49 pages, 15 figures; This version is combined with arXiv:2011.04777
Costs of Preventable Childhood Illness: The Price We Pay for Pollution
Creators: name: Ackerman, Frank
name: Massey, Rachel
name: Ackerman, Frank
name: Massey, Rachel
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy
Health Economics and Policy

description: A growing body of scientific literature implicates toxic exposures in childhood illnesses and developmental disorders. When these illnesses and disabilities result from environmental factors under human control, they can and should be prevented. This report documents monetary costs associated with five major areas of health problems in children that have been linked to preventable environmental exposures: cancer, asthma, lead poisoning, neurobehavioral disorders, and birth defects. We review incidence and prevalence estimates for these disorders, as well as estimates of the associated monetary costs. We apply the concept of the "environmentally attributable fraction" (EAF) of an illness, where EAF is the estimated percentage of cases of an illness that result from an environmental exposure. Preventable childhood illnesses and disabilities attributable to environmental factors are associated with large monetary costs. Our estimate of direct and indirect costs ranges from $1.1 to $1.6 billion annually in Massachusetts. Of course, there is no dollar measure of the full practical and emotional burden borne by these children, their families, and the communities in which they live.