Paraperla frontalis
Creators: name: Stark, Bill P.
name: Baumann, Richard W.
name: Kondratieff, Boris C.
name: Stewart, Kenneth W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Plecoptera
Chloroperlidae
Paraperla
Paraperla frontalis

description: <i>Paraperla frontalis</i> (Banks) (Figs. 1-4, 7-10, 13-15) <i>Perlinella frontalis</i> Banks 1902:123. Holotype &amp;male; (Museum of Comparative Zoology), Beulah, [San Miguel Co., Sapello Canyon] New Mexico <i>Paraperla frontalis</i>: Claassen, 1931:65. Larval description <i>Paraperla frontalis</i>: Ricker, 1965:498. Geographic variation of epiproct <i>Paraperla frontalis</i>: Baumann et al., 1977. Head, pronotum, &amp;male;, &amp;female; terminalia <i>Paraperla frontalis</i>: Zwick, 2006:21. Description of lacinial pecten <b>Material examined.</b> (Suitable egg and/or larval/ exuvial specimens were examined from the following sites): <b>CANADA: YUKON:</b> Bearfield Creek, Hwy 4, 62 <b>°</b> 11’ 15.03”N, 135 <b>°</b> 05’ 20.43”W, 25 June 1996, J.C. Abbott, K.W. Stewart, 1 exuvium (KWSC). <b>UNITED STATES: ALASKA:</b> West Fork Chena River, below Chena Hot Springs, 2 July 1980, K.S. Stewart, Howe, 1&amp;female; (no eggs), 11 exuvia (KWSC). North Fork Chena River, Chena Hot Springs Road, 19 July 1986, K.W. Stewart, M. Oswood, 26 exuvia (KWSC). Nations River @ Yukon River jct, near Eagle, 9 July 1982, R. West, 1 larva (KWSC). <b>CALIFORNIA: Alpine Co.,</b> West Carson River, Blue Lakes Rd, 27 July 1995, R. Bottorff, 1&amp;female; (BPSC). <b>Humboldt Co.,</b> Grassy Creek, Fieldbrook, 22 May 1982, B. Stark, D. Ziegler, 1&amp;female; (BPSC). Klamath River, Hoopa Reservation, Hwy 96, 1 May 2011, B.C. Kondratieff, J. Sandberg, 5&amp;male;, 3&amp;female;, 3 exuviae (CSUC). Klamath River, Aikens Creek Camp Ground, Hwy 96, 1 May 2011, B.C. Kondratieff, J. Sandberg, 1&amp;male;, 3&amp;female; (CSUC). <b>IDAHO: Lemhi Co.,</b> Wagonhammer Spring, near North Fork, 22 June 1969, B.R. Oblad, 3 larvae, 3 exuviae (BYUC). <b>MONTANA: Flathead Co.,</b> Middle Fork Flathead River, Nyack flood plain, 14 June 2003, B. Reid, 10&amp;male;, 10&amp;female; (1&amp;female; with eggs) (CSUC). <b>Glacier Co.,</b> Lake Josephine, Glacier National Park, 13 July 1964, A.R. Gaufin, larvae (BYUC). <b>Lewis &amp; Clark Co.,</b> Dearborn River, 10 mi west continental divide, Hwy 20, 24 June 1965, A.V. Nebeker, 1&amp;female; (BYUC). <b>Sweet Grass Co.,</b> American Creek, 10 mi above Hwy 191, 30 June 1966, J.R. Grierson, 1&amp;female; (BYUC). <b>OREGON: Union Co.,</b> Jordan Creek, 20 mi southwest of La Grande, 30 July 1975, DFTM Project, 1&amp;female; (BYUC). <b>SOUTH DAKOTA: Lawrence Co.,</b> Whitewood Creek, Lead, 18 March 1981, R.W. Baumann, R.N. Winget, larvae (BYUC). <b>Pennington Co.,</b> Pine Creek, Hwy 244, 10 July 1997, R.W. Baumann, B.C. Kondratieff, 1&amp;female; (BYUC). <b>UTAH: Cache Co.,</b> Franklin Basin, 3 July 1978, G.F. Knowlton, 1&amp;female; (BYUC). <b>Salt Lake Co.,</b> Thousand Springs, Mill Creek Canyon, 20 July 1982, R.W. Baumann, S. Clark, 1&amp;female; (BYUC). Big Cottonwood Creek, below Storm Mountain, 9 June 1965, A.V. Nebeker, 2&amp;female;, 5 exuviae (no &amp;female; with eggs) (BYUC). <b>WASHINGTON: Clallam Co.,</b> Dungeness River, 15 June 2005, B.C. Kondratieff, R.W. Baumann, 1&amp;male;, 2&amp;female;, 4 exuviae (no &amp;female; with eggs) (CSUC). <b>Skagit Co.,</b> tributary Skagit River, South Skagit Hwy, 0.5 mi west of Walberg Rd, 15 April 1967, collector unidentified, 1&amp;female; (BYUC). <b>WYOMING: Fremont Co.,</b> Middle Popo Agie River, The Sinks State Park, 15 July 1986, R.W. Baumann, B.J. Sargent, 1 larva (BYUC). <b>Teton Co.,</b> Snake River, Rt 22, 25 June 1995, B.C. Kondratieff, 17&amp;male;, 26&amp;female;, 9 exuviae (2 &amp;female; with eggs) (CSUC). Cottonwood Creek, near Moose Entrance, Grand Teton National Park, 9 June 1987, B.C. Kondratieff, 6&amp;male;, 2&amp;female;, 14 exuviae (no &amp;female; with eggs) (CSUC). <b>Additional specimens examined: UNITED STATES: ALASKA: Kwethluk River, 16 July 2013, Z. Crete, 4&amp;male;, 1&amp;female; (CSUC)</b>. <b>CALIFORNIA: Alpine Co.,</b> West Carson River, Blue Lake Rd, 27 July 1995, R. Bottorff, 1&amp;female; (BPSC). <b>El Dorado Co.,</b> Sopiago Creek, Hwy 88, 3 May 1995, R.L. Bottorff, 1&amp;female; (BPSC). South Fork American River, Hwy 49, Coloma, 29 April 2010, B.C. Kondratieff, R.W. Baumann, 1&amp;male;, 1&amp;female; (CSUC). <b>Humboldt Co.,</b> Willow Creek, Hwy 299, jct East Fork Willow Creek, 22 June 1985, R.W. Baumann, C.R. Nelson, M.F. Whiting, 1&amp;female; (BYUC). East Fork Willow Creek, Willow Creek Campground, 24 April 1987, B. Stark, R.W. Baumann, C.R. Nelson, S. Wells, 2&amp;female; (BPSC). <b>Modoc Co.,</b> Rush Creek, Upper Rush Creek Camp Ground, 24 May 2007, B.C. Kondratieff, R.W. Baumann, 1&amp;female; (CSUC). <b>COLORADO: Archuleta Co.,</b> East Fork, FR 667, 11 July 1998, B.C. Kondratieff, 1&amp;female; (CSUC). <b>Boulder Co.,</b> Middle St. Vrain Creek, FR 114, 17 July 1993, B.C. Kondratieff, Painter, 1&amp;female; (CSUC). <b>Chaffee Co.,</b> Middle Cottonwood Creek, Cottonwood Pass Rd, 10 July 2003, R.E. Zuellig, 1&amp;female; (CSUC). <b>Hinsdale Co.,</b> Hensen Creek, 9 mi above lake, 14 July 1962, A. Knight, 1&amp;male;, 1&amp;female; (BYUC). <b>La Plata Co.,</b> Los Pinos River, Rt 160, Bayfield, 9 July 1998, B.C. Kondratieff, 1&amp;female; (CSUC). <b>Larimer Co.,</b> Poudre River, Hwy 14 abv. Tunnel Creek, 4 July 2013, C. Verdone, 1&amp;female; (CSUC). <b>Saguache Co.,</b> Mendano Creek, Great Sand Dunes Preserve, 23 June 2005, R.E. Zuellig, 1&amp;male; (CSUC). <b>Summit Co.,</b> Union Creek, Copper Mountain, 6 July 1997, B.C. Kondratieff, 1&amp;male; (CSUC). <b>MONTANA: Flathead Co.,</b> Logan Creek, Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, 20-22 July 1979, B. Stark, K.W. Stewart, R.W. Baumann, 1&amp;female; (BPSC). <b>Gallatin Co.,</b> Gallatin River, Bozeman, 17 June 1987, D.L. Gustafson, 5&amp;female; (BPSC). New World Gulch Creek, Mount Ellis, abv. trailhead, 14 June 2013, S. Fiance, 1&amp;male; (CSUC). <b>Lake Co.,</b> Ross Creek, University of Montana Biological Station, Malaise trap, 19 June-10 July 1987, collector unidentified, 6&amp;female; (KWSC). <b>Ravalli Co.,</b> Bitterroot River, River Park, Hamilton, 14 June 2006, R. Durfee, 3&amp;male; (CSUC). Same site, 22 June 2006, R. Durfee, 2&amp;male;, 2&amp;female; (CSUC). Same site, 1 July 2006, R. Durfee, 1&amp;male;, 2&amp;female; (CSUC). Same site, 15 July 2006, 1&amp;male; (CSUC). <b>NEW MEXICO: Lincoln Co.,</b> Rio Bonito above Bonito Lake, 29 May 1995, B. Stark, C. Massey, 2&amp;female; (BPSC). <b>OREGON: Clatsop Co.,</b> Big Creek, 16 April 1949, S.G. Jewett, 4&amp;male;, 9&amp;female; (CASC). <b>Curry Co.,</b> Brush Creek, Hwy 101, Humbug Mountain State Park, 9 June 2005, B.C. Kondratieff, R.W. Baumann, 1&amp;male;, 2&amp;female; (CSUC). <b>Hood River Co.</b>, Hermann Creek, 2 April 1940, S.G. Jewett, Jr., 1&amp;female; (CASC). <b>Union Co.</b>, Velvet Creek, ca. 8 mi east Medical Springs, DFTM Project, 1&amp;female; (BYU). <b>UTAH: Uintah Co.</b>, Jones Creek, Dinosaur National Monument, 21 May 1988, C.E. Hunter, 1&amp;female; (CSUC). <b>Utah Co.</b>, Rock Canyon Creek, Rock Canyon, east of Provo, 16 July 1979, A.T. Christenson, 1&amp;female; (BYUC). <b>WASHINGTON: Jefferson Co.</b>, Taft Creek, 1 mi W Hoh Visitor Center, Olympic National Park, 16 July 1979, B. Stark, 1&amp;male; (BPSC). <b>Skagit Co.</b>, Hansen Creek, Hwy 20, 2 mi east Sedro Wooley, 30 April 1967, collector unidentified, 1&amp;male;, 2&amp;female; (BYUC). <b>Yakima Co.</b>, Little Naches River, 2 mi E American River, 11 June 1967, R.W. Baumann, 1&amp;female; (BYUC). <b>WYOMING: Johnson Co.</b>, West Fork Clear Creek, Hwy 16, 13 July 2010, B.C. Kondratieff, Mercado, 1&amp;female; (CSUC). <b>Sublette Co.</b>, Green River, Daniel, 19 July 1972, B. Stark, 1&amp;female; (BPSC). Pine Creek, Pinedale, 20 July 1972, B. Stark, 2&amp;female; (BPSC). Egg. Outline oval (Fig. 1). Length ca. 305 μm, equatorial width ca. 227 μm. Collar sessile, surrounded by a smooth circular zone ca. 43 μm wide forming a circular plaque-like structure with diameter of ca. 107 μm (Figs. 2, 3). Chorion covered throughout (except smooth collar zone) with irregularly sized pits; larger pits, ca. 6.5 μm in diameter, give a coarse aspect to chorionic surface. Micropylar row equatorial, orifices without rims (Fig. 4). <b>Larva.</b> Body length pre-emergent specimens 15-17 mm. General color pale brown without distinctive pigment pattern. Body covered with thin clothing hairs and short, thick setae, usually restricted to posterior segmental fringes and lateral clusters. Posterior fringes of abdominal sterna interrupted mesally except on sternum 10. Lacinia with two teeth, 2 nd much smaller than 1 st; and not reaching mid length of larger tooth (Figs. 7-8); a prominent row of ca. 30 spine-like pecten comprise a comb-like structure extending from base of 1 st lacinial tooth, along midline of tooth to beyond base of 2 nd tooth (Figs. 9-10). Basal cercal segments with terminal whorl of setae, but mid and apical segments bear a dense vertical fringe of long, fine swimming hairs (Figs. 13-15).
description: Published as part of <i>Stark, Bill P., Baumann, Richard W., Kondratieff, Boris C. &amp; Stewart, Kenneth W., 2013, Larval And Egg Morphology Of Paraperla Frontalis (Banks, 1902) And P. Wilsoni Ricker, 1965 (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae), pp. 101-108 in Illiesia 9 (8)</i> on pages 102-106, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4758256
description: {"references": ["Banks, N. 1902. Notes and descriptions of Perlidae. Canadian Entomologist, 34: 123 - 125.", "Claassen, P. W. 1931. Plecoptera Nymphs of America (North of Mexico). Volume III, The Thomas Say Foundation. Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, Illinois. 199 pp.", "Ricker, W. E. 1965. New records and descriptions of Plecoptera (Class Insecta). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 22: 475 - 501.", "Baumann, R. W., A. R. Gaufin, &amp; R. F. Surdick. 1977. The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Rocky Mountains. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 31: 1 - 208.", "Zwick, P. 2006. New family characters of larval Plecoptera, with an analysis of the Chloroperlidae: Paraperlinae. Aquatic Insects, 28: 13 - 22."]}