cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Strongylogaster macula
Creators: name: Liu, Mengmeng
name: Li, Zejian
name: Wei, Meicai
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Tenthredinidae
Strongylogaster
Strongylogaster macula

description: Strongylogaster macula (Klug, 1817)
 Tenthredo (Allantus) macula Klug, 1817: 217.
 Thrinax intermedia Konow, 1885: 23.
Diagnosis. Female body length 5–7 mm. Body black, following parts yellowish-brown: labrum, clypeus, posterior half of pronotum, tegula and legs; median parts of all abdominal terga with yellowish-brown maculae of various shapes, basal and apical parts black. Head, lateral sides of median mesoscutal lobe, pronotum, all abdominal terga, mesepimeron and metapleuron with dense microsculptures, those of head slightly rugose, frontal area and lateral parts with lustre, mesepisternum with small punctures, interspace between punctures slightly smooth. Malar space broader than diameter of middle ocellus; median fovea large and round, fine carina of lateral foveae high; postocellar area broad, lateral furrow deep and oval rounded; antennae long, approximately 3× slightly shorter than breadth of head, antennomere 3 shorter than antennomeres 4 and 5. Claw without subapical tooth. Fore wing without anal cross-vein, vein 2r joining inner of vein 3r-m; petiole of anal cell in hind wing slightly shorter than breadth of anal cell. Ovipositor slightly short, scape branch shaped, divergent towards the back; cercus extending into sheath apex. Annuli of serrulae low and flat.
Material examined. 1 male, China, Zhejiang Province, Lin’an District, Chanyuan Temple, 30.323°N, 119.442°E, 405 m, 8-IV-2017, leg. Zejian LI & Mengmeng LIU, ethyl acetate (LSAF17027); 4 males, China, Zhejiang Province, Longquan City, Mt. Fengyang, 24-26-IV-2018, leg. Zejian LI & Mengmeng LIU & Tingting JI, ethyl acetate (LSAF18034); 6 males, China, Zhejiang Province, Lin’an District, Mt. Tianmu, Chanyuan Temple, 30.322°N, 119.443°E, 362 m, 5-IV-2019, leg. Zejian LI & Xiufang LI, ethyl acetate (LSAF19007); 1 female and 1 male, China, Zhejiang Province, Lishui City, Liandu District, Fengyuan Town, 28.195°N, 119.797°E, 1000 m, 22-IV-2019, leg. Zejian LI, ethyl acetate (LSAF19015).
Distribution. China (Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang), Europe, Japan, North America.
 Host plant. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth (Athyriaceae), Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Pteridaceae) (Liston 1995).
description: Published as part of Liu, Mengmeng, Li, Zejian & Wei, Meicai, 2021, Review of Strongylogaster Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) from Zhejiang Province, China, with the description of a new species, pp. 1-7 in Zoologia (e 63051) (e 63051) 38 on page 3, DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.38.e63051, http://zenodo.org/record/13176189
Simon Hugh Piper Maddrell - Bibliography from SIMON HUGH PIPER MADDRELL. 11 December 1937 — 10 September 2020
Creators: name: Skaer, Helen
name: O'Donnell, Michael J.
name: Dow, Julian A. T.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Simon Maddrell transformed our understanding of how insects regulate their internal environments, a major determinant of their extraordinary success. Raised during wartime on his family's farm, Simon was a grammar school scholar at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, where he obtained the top first of his year in zoology. A keen sportsman, he combined his studies with half-Blues in table tennis and athletics. After a PhD under the supervision of Sir Vincent Wigglesworth FRS, he took a fellowship at Dalhousie University in Canada. He returned to Cambridge as a fellow of Gonville and Caius College, and took up a post in the AFRC Unit housed in the Department of Zoology. His academic work focused on the insect kidney, or Malpighian tubule. He unravelled details both of the mechanisms of secretion of fluids, ions and toxins, and of their control by the nervous system. His favoured organism was the blood-sucking ‘kissing bug’, Rhodnius prolixus, which demonstrated remarkable adaptations to handle massive (but irregular) blood meals. Later he also studied the classic genetic model insect Drosophila melanogaster, helping to lay the framework for combined physiological and genetic approaches in the same organism. Outside the lab, his massive energy and financial skills were potent influences on the Company of Biologists, a charity publishing scientific journals. Living increasingly in the family seat on the Isle of Man, he also brought his perfectionism to bear on daffodil shows and woodland tree planting. He is survived by his wife and four children.
Strongylogaster takeuchii Naito 1980
Creators: name: Liu, Mengmeng
name: Li, Zejian
name: Wei, Meicai
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Tenthredinidae
Strongylogaster
Strongylogaster takeuchii

description: Strongylogaster takeuchii Naito, 1980
 Strongylogaster takeuchii Naito, 1980: 392.
Diagnosis. Female body length 6 mm. Body black, following parts white: labrum, clypeus, posterior margin of pronotum, tegula, median parts, posterior margins and lateral sides of abdominal terga; legs yellowish-brown, basal half of all coxae, dorsal sides of middle tarsomeres, dorsal sides of hind tibiae and hind tarsomeres blackish-brown. Dorsal side of head with dense microsculptures, frontal area smooth; thorax smooth, pronotum, posterior parts of mesopleuron and metapleuron with fine microsculptures, posterior margin of mesoscutellum with some punctures; all abdominal terga with dense microsculptures. Median fovea triangular, lateral foveae as broad as median fovea, oval rounded, dorsal margin with fine carina; frontal ridge acute, frontal area five-pointed; lateral furrow of postocellar area deep and oval; malar space as long as diameter of middle ocellus; antennae 3× length of breadth of head, antennomere 3 clearly shorter than antennomere 4. Claw without subapical tooth. Petiole of anal cell of hind wing as long as breadth of anal cell. Ovipositor sheath in dorsal view as long as cercus, scape branch shaped, slightly parallel. Annuli of serrulae slightly prominent.
Material examined. 2 females and 3 males, Mt. Tianmu, Zhejiang, no collecting time (Zhejiang Agriculture University).
Distribution. China (Shaanxi, Zhejiang), Japan.
Host plants. Unknown.
description: Published as part of Liu, Mengmeng, Li, Zejian & Wei, Meicai, 2021, Review of Strongylogaster Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) from Zhejiang Province, China, with the description of a new species, pp. 1-7 in Zoologia (e 63051) (e 63051) 38 on page 3, DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.38.e63051, http://zenodo.org/record/13176189
title: The Economics of Fairness, Reciprocity and Altruism - Experimental Evidence and New Theories
Creators: name: Fehr, Ernst
name: Schmidt, Klaus M.
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Behavioural Economics; Other-regarding Preferences; Fairness, Reciprocity; Altruism; Experiments; Incentives; Contracts; Competition
subject: 300
subject: 330

description: This paper surveys recent experimental and field evidence on the impact of concerns for fairness, reciprocity and altruism on economic decision making. It also reviews some new theoretical attempts to model the observed behavior.
Sample Design Optimisation Techniques And Associated Software
Creators: name: Sawicka, Kasia
name: Wadoux, Alexandre
name: Heuvelink, Gerard
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017

description: This QUICS project deliverable 3.1:

1. Gives an overview of statistical methods for spatial sampling design optimisation, with a focus on applications in the environmental sciences, including a brief review of key recent publications.

2. Presents a specific application to sampling design optimisation of rain gauge locations for rainfall mapping in space and time, as developed within the QUICS project.

3. Provides a flowchart and computer code of an implementation of the rain gauge location optimisation algorithm in the R software for statistical computing.
description: QUICS project deliverable 3.1
title: Tax competition when firms choose their organizational form: Should tax loopholes for multinationals be closed?
Creators: name: Bucovetsky, Sam
name: Haufler, Andreas
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: tax competition; multinational firms; preferential treatment
subject: 300
subject: 330

description: We analyze a sequential game between two symmetric countries whenfirms can invest in a multinational structure that confers taxsavings. Governments are able to commit to long-run taxdiscrimination policies before firms' decisions are made andbefore statutory capital tax rates are chosen non-cooperatively.Whether a coordinated reduction in the tax preferences granted tomobile firms is beneficial or harmful for the competing countriesdepends critically on the elasticity with which the firms'organizational structure responds to tax discriminationincentives. The model can be applied to recent policy initiativesthat aim at a ban on preferential tax regimes and at reducing theprofit shifting opportunities for multinational firms.
title: Chancen und Probleme staatlicher Programme zur Hungerbekämpfung
Creators: name: Stiefenhofer, Sarah
Year: 2014

description: Diese Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Chancen und Problemen, die sich durch die Einführung des Nationalen Programmes zur Bekämpfung von Unterernährung, dem “Pacto Hambre Cero”, in Guatemala hinsichtlich einer Verbesserung der food security ergeben. Der “Pacto Hambre Cero” basiert auf dem Konzept der food security der Ernährungs- und Landwirtschaftsorganisation der Vereinten Nationen (FAO). Guatemala gehört zu den Ländern mit der höchsten Unterernährung weltweit, welche ihre Wurzeln in der tragischen Vergangenheit Guatemalas hat. Dieses Land hatte vor und nach dem schier endlos scheinenden Bürgerkrieg mit zahlreichen gesellschaftlichen Problemen zu kämpfen. Die bereits bestehenden Ungleichheiten innerhalb der guatemaltekischen Gesellschaft wurden während dieser schrecklichen Zeit noch maßgeblich verstärkt, im Speziellen das Problem der Unterernährung in indigenen Gemeinschaften. Seit dem Ende des Bürgerkrieges 1996 versucht die guatemaltekische Regierung diese Probleme mittels zahlreicher politischer Maßnahmen in Angriff. Im Jahr 2012 wurde von der Regierung unter dem Präsidenten Pérez Molina das Programm “Pacto Hambre Cero” entwickelt und implementiert, um sich dem massiven Problem der Unterernährung zu widmen und diese zu bekämpfen. Das Hauptanliegen der Autorin ist es, den Zugang dieses neuen nationalen Programmes zum Thema food security innerhalb Guatemalas nachvollziehbar darzulegen. Dabei wird auf mögliche Chancen aber auch Probleme eingegangen, die sich durch die Konzeption des Pacto Hambre Ceros für die Bevölkerung Guatemalas ergeben. In dieser frühen Phase der Implementierung des Programmes ist es jedoch äußerst schwierig, dessen tatsächliche Auswirkungen zu ermessen, weshalb es von großer Wichtigkeit ist, die Nachhaltigkeit und Langlebigkeit des Programmes abzuschätzen; zwei Aspekte, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit ebenso berücksichtigt werden. Mit Hilfe der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring analysiert und vergleicht die Autorin die Faktoren des Programmes „Hambre Cero“ mit den Indikatoren des food security-Programmes der FAO.
Serica (Serica) wrzecionkoi Ahrens & Fabrizi 2009
Creators: name: Ahrens, Dirk
name: Zhao, Ming-Zhi
name: Pham, Phu Van
name: Liu, Wan-Gang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Scarabaeidae
Serica
Serica wrzecionkoi

description: Serica (Serica) wrzecionkoi Ahrens & Fabrizi, 2009
Additional material examined. 1 ♂ [China] “ Motuo, Xizang, 24.VIII.1982, 2750m, leg. Han Yinheng / LW-146” (IZAS).
description: Published as part of Ahrens, Dirk, Zhao, Ming-Zhi, Pham, Phu Van & Liu, Wan-Gang, 2024, Taxonomic updates on Pachyserica Brenske, 1898 and Serica MacLeay, 1819 reveal 38 new species and new challenges of Sericini systematics regarding DNA barcodes and genus-level diagnostic key characters (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Sericinae), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 5491 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5491.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/13211849
Strongylogaster xanthocera
Creators: name: Liu, Mengmeng
name: Li, Zejian
name: Wei, Meicai
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Tenthredinidae
Strongylogaster
Strongylogaster xanthocera

description: Strongylogaster xanthocera (Stephens, 1835)
 Tenthredo xanthocera Stephens, 1835: 81.
Diagnosis. Female body length 11–13 mm. Body black, following parts yellow: labrum, antennomeres 1–2, most of antennomere 3, posterior margin of pronotum, tegula, posterior margins of abdominal terga 2–10, apex of hind femur, basal 1/3 of hind tibia; other parts of hind tibia, tarsomeres, stigma largely and frontal vein reddish-brown. Head strongly rugose, thorax coarsely punctured; postocellar area and temple with some shiny portions; posterior half of mesoscutellum, mesoscutellar appendage largely and frontal margin of mesepimeron smooth; all abdominal terga with dense microsculptures. Anterior margin of clypeus “V”-shaped, narrowed; interocellar furrow and postocellar furrow fine, postocellar area 2× broader than long, lateral furrow fine, malar space as wide as diameter of middle ocellus, antennae 2× not longer than breadth of head. Subapical tooth of claw slightly shorter than apical tooth. Fore wing without anal cross-vein, anal cell of hind wing sessile. Ovipositor sheath with large lateral branch, annuli of serrulae prominent. Male body length 8.5–10.5 mm, abdominal terga 1–2 black.
Material examined. 1 female, China, Zhejiang Province, Lin’an District, Mt. Tianmu, Chanyuan Temple, 30.323°N, 119.442°E, 405 m, 3-IV-2018, leg. Zejian LI & Mengmeng LIU & Kaiwen GAO & Tingting Ji, ethyl acetate (LSAF18012); 1 male, China, Zhejiang Province, Lin’an District, Mt. Tianmu, Xianrending, 30.349°N, 119.424°E, 1506 m, 11-V-2018, leg. Zejian LI & Mengmeng LIU, ethyl acetate (LSAF18036); 1 male, China, Zhejiang Province, Longquan City, Mt. Fengyang, Datianping, 27°54’11”N, 119°10’33”E, 1410 m, 17-IV-2019, leg. Zejian LI & Xiufang LI, ethyl acetate (LSAF19012); 1 male, China, Zhejiang Province, Lishui City, Liandu District, Fengyuan Town, 28.195°N, 119.797°E, 1000 m, 22-IV-2019, leg. Zejian LI, ethyl acetate (LSAF19015).
Distribution. China (Anhui, Fujian, Hunan, Shaanxi, Zhejiang), Europe.
 Host plant. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Pteridaceae) (Liston 1995).
description: Published as part of Liu, Mengmeng, Li, Zejian & Wei, Meicai, 2021, Review of Strongylogaster Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) from Zhejiang Province, China, with the description of a new species, pp. 1-7 in Zoologia (e 63051) (e 63051) 38 on page 6, DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.38.e63051, http://zenodo.org/record/13176189
Deliverable 1.5. Transfer to applications: Satellite applications /Impact of atmospheric boundary layer profiling
Creators: name: Nemuc, Anca
name: O'Connor, Ewan
name: Lukas, Pfitzenmaier
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: PROBE COST ACTION
IMPACT(D1.5)
VMG full report
satellite
calibration/validation
D1.5

description: Well-established programs for satellites are dedicated to ABL (Atmospheric Boundary Layer) profiling measurements but these data needs calibration/validation from the ground and here is where PROBE’s network plays a very important role. High-resolution profile validation of aerosol, cloud, and precipitation is challenging, therefore best practice protocols for validation of these products have been proposed lately in the scientific community and several campaigns have been planned and some of them implemented already. This chapter contains information on satellite calibration/validation campaigns, ESA-European Space Agency (www.esa.int), EUMETSAT (https://www.eumetsat.int/about-eumetsat)- and NASA (www.nasa.gov)  projects/missions in close connections with PROBE’s instruments and products  but also references to some articles involving PROBE’ s products and satellite data.
Serica (Serica) yaogiensis Ahrens 2005
Creators: name: Ahrens, Dirk
name: Zhao, Ming-Zhi
name: Pham, Phu Van
name: Liu, Wan-Gang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Scarabaeidae
Serica
Serica yaogiensis

description: Serica (Serica) yaogiensis Ahrens, 2005
Additional material examined. 1 ♂ [China] “Mts. Emeishan, Sichuan, 25.VI.1955, 2100–3100m, leg. Yang Xingchi ” (IZAS), 1 ♂ “ CHINA: Sichuan, Mt. Emei, Jinding, tramway resort, ca. 2800 m, 2023.VIII, Yi-Teng Li leg. dried, picked under windows” (CZMZ).
description: Published as part of Ahrens, Dirk, Zhao, Ming-Zhi, Pham, Phu Van & Liu, Wan-Gang, 2024, Taxonomic updates on Pachyserica Brenske, 1898 and Serica MacLeay, 1819 reveal 38 new species and new challenges of Sericini systematics regarding DNA barcodes and genus-level diagnostic key characters (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Sericinae), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 5491 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5491.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/13211849
title: Computer support for collaborative learning environments
Creators: name: Mandl, Heinz
name: Ertl, Bernhard
name: Kopp, Birgitta
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Computer supported learning, collaborative learning, problem-based learning, onstruction, instruction, script, external representation, content scheme, learning environment, tools for learning
subject: Computerunterstütztes Lernen, kooperatives Lernen, problembasiertes Lernen, Konstruktion, Instruktion, Skripts, externale Repräsentationen, Wissensschema, Lernumgebung, Wegzeuge zum Lernen
subject: 100
subject: 150

description: This paper deals with computer support for collaborative learning environments. Our analysis is based on a moderate constructivist view on learning, which emphasizes the need to support learners instructionally in their collaborative knowledge construction. We will first illustrate the extent to which the computer can provide tools for supporting collaborative knowledge construction. Secondly, we will focus on instruction itself and show the kinds of advanced instructional methods that computer tools may provide for the learners. Furthermore, we will discuss the learners’ prerequisites and how they must be considered when constructing learning environments.
description: Dieser Bericht behandelt die Unterstützung kooperativer Lernumgebungen durch den Einsatz von Computern. Der theoretische Hintergrund greift auf einen moderaten Konstruktivismus zurück, der die Notwendigkeit einer instruktionalen Unterstützung für die gemeinsame Wissenskonstruktion betont. Darauf aufbauend beschreibt der Bericht in einem ersten Schritt, wie der Computer Werkzeuge zur gemeinsamen Wissenskonstruktion bereitstellen kann. Im zweiten Teil steht die Instruktion für das kooperative Lernen im Vordergrund. Dabei werden Methoden instruktionaler Unterstützung vorgestellt, die computerbasierte Werkzeuge für die gemeinsame Wissenskonstruktion bereitstellen, insbesondere Skripts und inhaltliche Strukturvorgaben. Darüber hinaus beschreibt der Bericht, inwieweit individuelle Lernereigenschaften, wie z.B. das Vorwissen, einen Einfluss auf die Realisierung von Lernumgebungen haben.
Bardaxima lucilinea Walker 1858
Creators: name: Becker, Vitor Osmar
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Notodontidae
Bardaxima
Bardaxima lucilinea

description: Bardaxima lucilinea Walker, 1858
Figs 1–3, 39–41
 Bardaxima lucilinea Walker, 1858: 1349. Holotype male, BRAZIL: [RJ], ‘ Brazil’, no further data (NHMUK) [examined].
 Diagnosis. Brown. Male (Figs 1, 3) FW length 25–28 mm (56–64 mm wingspan); female (Fig. 2) FW length 30–35 mm (66–78 mm wingspan). FW with costal half pale brown; a short white dash beyond cell, on M1; a blackish crescent patch on dorsum, near base; a faint, irregular, white dot next to tornus. HW fuscous, cilia white. Male 8 th sternite (Fig. 41) round, distal margin with deep indentation. Male genitalia (Fig. 39): uncus long, forked. Socii small, thin. Valva long, broad, tapering slightly distad; costa straight; sacculus long, ending before tip of valva; a strong, blunt tooth at middle. Aedoeagus (Fig. 40) curved ventrad; vesica with small cornutus.
Material studied. Type; 18 males (g.s.: 4157, 5601), 2 females (VOB); 12 males, 2 females (AMC).
Distribution. From Peru and Brazil, in the Amazonian lowlands, south to Santa Catarina.
 Remarks. This and B. fulgurifera are the larger species in the genus, very similar to each other and for this reason have been considered synonyms by most authors (Schaus 1901, Draudt 1932, Becker 2014). The pattern of the FW in B. lucilinea is more “smooth” and shows a faint, white mark next to tornus; whereas the FW has multiple, minute dark dots, contrasting with the ground color, in B. fulgurifera. Genitalia are also similar but the differences, though small, are consistent, very noticeable in the shape of uncus and sacculus. In B. lucilinea the uncus branches and the distal tooth at the distal third of sacullus is thicker than that of B. fulgurifera.
description: Published as part of Becker, Vitor Osmar, 2021, A review of the Neotropical moth genus Bardaxima (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae: Nystaleinae), with special reference to the species occurring in Brazil, pp. 1-14 in Zoologia (e 63526) (e 63526) 38 on pages 2-3, DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.38.e63526, http://zenodo.org/record/13176203
title: Wissensschemata
Creators: name: Kopp, Birgitta
name: Mandl, Heinz
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Content schemes, content representation, representational schemes, problem solving schemes, case solving schemes
subject: Wissensschemata, Wissensrepräsentationen, Darstellungsschemata, Problemlöseschemata, Falllöseschemata
subject: 100
subject: 150

description: Schemata are a main antecedent, means and target of knowledge acquisition. For knowledge acquisition and permanent knowledge representation it is necessary to build adequate schemata within the relevant knowledge domain. As antecedent for comprehension constructing a schema on the one hand proceeds unconsciously, yet on the other hand can be fostered and made conscious by adequate schema induction. This means in particular that experts provide schemata for learners in a certain domain, thus using them as a learning strategy. This can either be effected via trainings, in which learners are taught how to use the schemata, or via pre-settings, which are directly implemented into the learning environment and which pre-structure the work processing. Different kinds of schemata as conscious learning strategies are among others representational schemata, problem solving schemata or case solving schemata. Several studies in different settings could show the positive effects of knowledge schemata for knowledge acquisition.
description: Schemata sind zentrale Voraussetzung, Mittel und Ziel des Wissenserwerbs. Um sich Wissen anzueignen und dauerhaft zu repräsentieren ist es notwendig, geeignete Schemata in der jeweiligen Wissensdomäne zu bilden. Diese Schemabildung als Voraussetzung für Verstehen läuft einerseits unbewusst ab, andererseits kann sie durch geeignete Schemainduktion unterstützt und bewusst gemacht werden. Konkret bedeutet dies, dass Experten Lernenden Schemata in einem Inhaltsbereich vorgeben und diese damit als Lernstrategie einsetzen. Dies kann zum einen über Trainings erfolgen, in denen Lernende in der Anwendung der Schemata geübt werden, zum anderen über direkt in die Lernumgebung implementierte Vorgaben, die eine Vorstrukturierung der Aufgabenbearbeitung gewährleisten. Formen von Schemata als bewusste Lernstrategien sind unter anderem Darstellungsschemata, Problemlöseschemata oder Falllöseschemata. Zahlreiche Untersuchungen in verschiedenen Settings konnten die überlegene Wirkung der Vorgabe von Wissensschemata für den Wissenserwerb zeigen.
1 Brief an [Christian Friedrich] Buchruker
Creators: name: Lavater, Johann Caspar
Publisher: name: [s.n.]
Year: 1778

description: von [Johann Caspar Lavater]
description: Buchrucker: in Triest
description: Mit späterer Widmungsnotiz des Enkels des Adressaten, Dekan Buchrucker, an Frau Geheimrätin Wendelstadt, dat. München, 7. Februar 1885
1 Brief an [Christian] v[on] Mechel
Creators: name: Pfenninger, Johann Caspar
Publisher: name: [s.n.]
Year: 1784

description: von Joh[ann] Caspar Pfenninger
description: Johann Caspar Pfenninger schreibt im Auftrag von Johann Caspar Lavater
description: Pfenninger, J. C.: 1765-1825, Ofenmaler, Schreiber Lavaters
title: Ist Longboard (Skateboard) als ein neuer Trendsport einzustufen?
Creators: name: Schiefer, David
Year: 2014

description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit geht es um die Bewegungsform Longboarding und die Frage, ob diese Sportart als Trendsportart einzustufen ist. In einem ersten Schritt soll zunächst geklärt werden, wo die Ursprünge dieser Bewegungsform nun eigentlich liegen. Gerade dem Skateboard soll hier besondere Beachtung geschenkt werden, denn die Ursprünge des Longboardens beziehen sich sehr stark auf das Skateboard und so verwundert es nicht, dass die Entwicklung der beiden Brett-Gleitsport-Disziplinen bis in die Neunzehnneunzigerjahre in ähnlichen Bahnen verlief. Gemeinsamkeiten bzw. Unterschiede, die diese beiden verwandten Sportarten verbinden oder auch vonei-nander abgrenzen, sollen mithilfe einer eingehenden Literaturanalyse sowie mittels ExpertInnen-Interviews herausgearbeitet werden. Eine Strukturanalyse der Sportart soll überdies wichtige Aufschlüsse über die Bewegungsform Longboarding als Freizeit-, Trainings- und Fortbewegungsmittel geben. Das Thema „Trendsport“, das zentrale Thema im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit, wird zunächst aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln vorgestellt, um den Begriff in einem zweiten Schritt auf den Longboardsport zu beziehen. Die vorgestellten Modelle, Kriterien und Trendsportphasen sollen in Verbindung mit der Analyse der ExpertInnen-Interviews die Forschungsfrage beantworten. Die methodische Vorgehensweise resultiert auch aus einem Mangel an wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen auf diesem Gebiet. Diese Lücken sollen mithilfe von ExpertInnen – sofern möglich – geschlossen werden. Die befragten SportlerInnen ermöglichen interessante Einblicke in die von ihnen ausgeübte Sportart und das Hintergrundwissen, das sie in diesem Bereich besitzen, ist wichtig für die hier behandelte Trendsportfrage. Longboarding – dieser Eindruck entsteht schnell – ist ein äußerst facettenreicher Sport, der sich seinen Weg in einer von Verbänden und Vereinen dominierten österreichischen Sportlandschaft sucht und findet. Dieser Prozess führt unweigerlich zu Reibungsflächen, die wiederum fruchtbare Diskussionsfelder provozieren: Das Longboard als massentaugliches Fortbewegungsmittel; Teil eines modernen und postindustriellen Sportgedankens zu sein und sich damit zu identifizieren; das „Surferimage“, das diesem Sport anhaftet, und die Figur des „medial entworfenen“ Longboarders, die die Gemüter erhitzt – Auch das muss berücksichtigt werden, um klären zu können, wo der Longboardsport in Hinblick auf die Kategorie Trendsport momentan steht. Aber auch das ist jetzt schon klar: Die Entwicklung dieser noch ziemlich jungen Sportart bleibt noch lange nicht stehen, was etwa elektrobetriebene Longboards verdeutlichen.
DUNCAN DOWSON - Bibliography from DUNCAN DOWSON. 31 August 1928 — 6 January 2020
Creators: name: Bradley FRS, Derek
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 90399 Biomedical Engineering not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Medical engineering

description: After completion of his PhD studies, under Derman Christopherson at Leeds, Duncan Dowson spent most of his life researching in tribology and writing its history. Building on the early studies of Osborne Reynolds and later Russian scientists, he made outstanding contributions to the field of elastohydrodynamic lubrication. This is the science of lubrication in which account is also taken of the deformation of the bearing material. An important parameter is the ratio of the elastrohydrodynamic lubricant film thickness to the bounding surface roughness. This is coupled to considerations of surface deformation and wear. In engines, an important consideration is the use of piston sealing rings to contain the hot combustion gases. Similar lubricant film and wear analyses are applicable to artificial hip and knee joints. A fruitful collaboration developed with the Rheumatism Research Unit at Leeds. and a novel pendulum machine was developed to measure the friction in artificial joints. At that time, low friction in hip joints was achieved with stainless steel components, with high molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) for the cup. Wear rates at the interfaces were excessive and alternatives continue to be sought, including metal-on-metal joints. This has led to extensive experimental studies of the wear in such joints by Duncan and his colleagues, revealing dependencies upon the metal, its surface roughness and any added lubricants. These experiments included the compatibility of different metals in metal-on-metal joints, their interconnected fluid film roughness and wear rate.
Pachyserica bistriata Ahrens 2006
Creators: name: Ahrens, Dirk
name: Zhao, Ming-Zhi
name: Pham, Phu Van
name: Liu, Wan-Gang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Scarabaeidae
Pachyserica
Pachyserica bistriata

description: Pachyserica bistriata Ahrens, 2006
Additional material examined. 1 ♂ “ Vietnam, Lao Cai, Bat Xat, 22°37′37″ N, 103°37′32″ E, 1840m, light trap, 28.v.2022, N.T. Pham & H.T. Dang ” (IEBR)
description: Published as part of Ahrens, Dirk, Zhao, Ming-Zhi, Pham, Phu Van & Liu, Wan-Gang, 2024, Taxonomic updates on Pachyserica Brenske, 1898 and Serica MacLeay, 1819 reveal 38 new species and new challenges of Sericini systematics regarding DNA barcodes and genus-level diagnostic key characters (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Sericinae), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 5491 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5491.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/13211849
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL - TRIBUTES TO DUNCAN DOWSON from DUNCAN DOWSON. 31 August 1928 — 6 January 2020
Creators: name: Bradley FRS, Derek
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 90399 Biomedical Engineering not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Medical engineering

description: After completion of his PhD studies, under Derman Christopherson at Leeds, Duncan Dowson spent most of his life researching in tribology and writing its history. Building on the early studies of Osborne Reynolds and later Russian scientists, he made outstanding contributions to the field of elastohydrodynamic lubrication. This is the science of lubrication in which account is also taken of the deformation of the bearing material. An important parameter is the ratio of the elastrohydrodynamic lubricant film thickness to the bounding surface roughness. This is coupled to considerations of surface deformation and wear. In engines, an important consideration is the use of piston sealing rings to contain the hot combustion gases. Similar lubricant film and wear analyses are applicable to artificial hip and knee joints. A fruitful collaboration developed with the Rheumatism Research Unit at Leeds. and a novel pendulum machine was developed to measure the friction in artificial joints. At that time, low friction in hip joints was achieved with stainless steel components, with high molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) for the cup. Wear rates at the interfaces were excessive and alternatives continue to be sought, including metal-on-metal joints. This has led to extensive experimental studies of the wear in such joints by Duncan and his colleagues, revealing dependencies upon the metal, its surface roughness and any added lubricants. These experiments included the compatibility of different metals in metal-on-metal joints, their interconnected fluid film roughness and wear rate.
title: "blimp" - Filmjournalismus und Filmengagement 1985 bis 2001
Creators: name: Gromes, Dominique
Year: 2013

description: Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Gründungs- und Entwicklungsgeschichte des österreichischen Filmmagazins „blimp – Zeitschrift für Film“. Initiiert 1985 von jungen Filmbegeisterten im Rahmen des „Forum Stadtpark“ in Graz, ist das Magazin geprägt vom filmpolitischen Umbruch seiner Zeit. Anfang der 1980er Jahre tritt in Österreich das Filmfördergesetz in Kraft, um der Filmindustrie wieder auf die Beine zu helfen. Meine Diplomarbeit zeichnet die Chronologie dieser Ereignisse auf Seiten der Filmemacher sowie der Kulturpolitiker nach und widmet sich ausführlich dem filmjournalistischen status quo dieser Periode. „Blimp“ wird anhand seiner Programmatik untersucht, wobei der Fokus auf den ersten neun Erscheinungsjahren liegt. Die inhaltliche Schwerpunktsetzung im Bereich der nationalen Berichterstattung zeigt eine Spezialisierung auf Avantgardefilm, im internationalen Bereich stehen die Altmeister des Kinos (die „auteurs“) sowie der Genrefilm im Zentrum. Wesentlich ist in beiden Fällen die Frage nach der realen Möglichkeit von Filmherstellung in den verschiedenen Ländern und für die jeweiligen Regisseure. Das aktive Mitdiskutieren und Mitgestalten der österreichischen Filmpolitik ist für die „blimp“-Herausgeber und -Journalisten zentraler Leitfaden ihrer Arbeit. „Blimp“ erschien vierteljährlich von 1985 bis 2001. Die Schwierigkeiten, mit der die österreichische Filmbranche und ihre Filmemacher spätestens seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre erneut zu kämpfen hatte (Budgetkürzungen, Einflussnahme des Fernsehens, Kinosterben, u.a.) machen auch vor dem Filmmagazin nicht halt und sorgen nach einigen Versuchen einer inhaltlichen Umorientierung Richtung Internationalität und „mainstream“ für das Ende von „blimp“.
title: Das Gutachten der Wiener Universität von 1424 "Contra quattuor articulos Hussitarum"
Creators: name: Traxler, Christina Elisabeth
Year: 2014

description: Das Programm der Vier Prager Artikel, auf das sich gemäßigte und radikale Hussiten im Frühsommer 1420 geeinigt hatten, wollte einerseits die böhmische Reformbewegung nach dem Tod des Jan Hus politisch einigen, um das weitere Vorgehen in der sog. hussitischen Revolution zu sichern, andererseits sollte damit auch die theologische Basis umrissen werden, auf die sich der Hussitismus stützte. In der weiteren politischen und religiösen Auseinandersetzung erfuhren die Forderungen der freien Predigt, des Laienkelchs, des Verzichts des Klerus auf Besitz und weltliche Macht und der öffentlichen Bestrafung öffentlicher Todsünden eine Bedeutungsverschiebung und wurden zur Grundlage jeglicher theologischer Auseinandersetzungen mit den Hussiten. Nach einem Überblick über die wichtigste Forschung zu den Vier Prager Artikeln seit der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts untersucht diese Arbeit im zweiten Kapitel sowohl das innerhussitische als auch das gesamtkirchliche kontroverstheologische Ringen um die Vier Artikel von deren ersten offiziellen Fassung vom Juli 1420 bis zur Situation am Vorabend des Basler Konzils 1431. Hierzu werden neben den hussitischen Manifesten ausgewählte katholische Stellungnahmen untersucht und nach ihrer theologischen Argumentation dargestellt. Während die gemäßigten Utraquisten bereits früh eine Einigung mit Rom anstrebten und als einziger Forderung an Laienkelch und Kinderkommunion festhielten, spitzten die Taboriten und die radikalen Chiliasten die Reformforderungen zu und setzten diese gewaltsam um. Eine Vorreiterrolle in der Auseinandersetzung mit dem Hussitismus nahm die Wiener Universität als zweitwichtigste Universität des Reiches ein. Als markantes Produkt ging daraus der 1424 in Vorbereitung auf ein geplantes Glaubensgespräch mit den Hussiten im Auftrag Kardinal Brandas di Castiglione von dessen Sekretär Jacobus von Clavaro sowie den Wiener Theologen Peter von Pulkau und Bartholomäus von Ebrach verfasste Tractatus contra quattuor articulos Hussitarum, das offizielle Gutachten der Wiener Universität gegen die Vier Prager Artikel, hervor, das sehr weite Verbreitung fand. Dessen Abfassungskontext, Autoren, Konzeption, Argumentation und Überlieferungssituation werden im dritten Kapitel dieser Arbeit untersucht. Ein Textanhang mit kritischer Edition der Einleitung dieses bislang ungedruckten Traktats schließt die Arbeit ab.
Serica (Serica) pigrans Ahrens & Fabrizi 2009
Creators: name: Ahrens, Dirk
name: Zhao, Ming-Zhi
name: Pham, Phu Van
name: Liu, Wan-Gang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Scarabaeidae
Serica
Serica pigrans

description: Serica (Serica) pigrans Ahrens & Fabrizi, 2009
Additional material examined. 1 ♂ [China] “Chayu, Xizang, 22.VII.2009, leg. Ren Guodong ” (HBUM), 1 ♂ [China] “Yigong, Xizang, 30.VII.1978, 2300m, leg. Li Fasheng ” (CAU), 2 ♂♂ [China] “Yigong, Bomi, Xizang, 14, 22.VIII.1983, 2300m, leg. Han Yinheng ” (IZAS), 1 ♂ “ China: Tibet, Nyingchi Pélung (Pailong), 2130 m 1-VI-2021 Si-Yao Huang leg. / Serica rectidens Ahrens & Fabrizi, 2009 det. Zhao Ming-zhi, 2022” (ZFMK), 8 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀ “ CHINA: Tibet, Nyingchi Pélung (Pailong), 2130 m 1-VI-2021 Si-Yao Huang leg. / Serica rectidens Ahrens & Fabrizi, 2009 det. Zhao Ming-Zhi, 2022” (CZMZ).
Remarks. These specimens of Serica pigrans from Xizang show somewhat intermediate features in apical phallobase (indistinct concave fold (in lateral view) beside median distal emargination, which is entirely absent in S. daliensis) with Serica khaijiaris Mittal, 1988, but the small spiniform basolateral process is always present (it is lacking in S. khaijiaris). Compared to S. daliensis, in which the right paramere is straighter and narrower (in lateral view), the right paramere in S. pigrans is more robust and slightly curved (in lateral view).
description: Published as part of Ahrens, Dirk, Zhao, Ming-Zhi, Pham, Phu Van & Liu, Wan-Gang, 2024, Taxonomic updates on Pachyserica Brenske, 1898 and Serica MacLeay, 1819 reveal 38 new species and new challenges of Sericini systematics regarding DNA barcodes and genus-level diagnostic key characters (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Sericinae), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 5491 (1) on pages 57-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5491.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/13211849
Bardaxima donatian
Creators: name: Becker, Vitor Osmar
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Notodontidae
Bardaxima
Bardaxima donatian

description: Bardaxima donatian (Schaus, 1928)
Figs 9, 10, 45–47
 Elymiotis donatian Schaus, 1928: 6. Lectotype male, GUYANA: [no further data] (USNM), designated by Schintlmeister (2016: 171) [examined].
 Diagnosis. Male (Fig. 9) FW length 22–25 mm (50–58 mm wingspan), female (Fig. 10) FW length 25–30 mm (56–66 mm wingspan). FW gray mottled brown; blackish dash from end of cell to termen, between R5-M1, with a short white dash in the middle; wide paler band along costa, from base to termen. HW whitish, thinly dusted gray, more densely towards margins; abdomen fuscous, distal margin of 8 th male sternite (Fig. 47) with a deep incision. Male genitalia (Fig. 45): uncus short, forked distad. Socii nearly as long as uncus. Valva short and wide, costa with small tooth distad; sacculus broad, broadly expanded distad, with series of small teeth ventrad; a triangular, denticulate plate at middle. Aedoeagus (Fig. 46) contorted, apex forked.
Material studied. Type; 23 males (g.s. 5604), 4 females (VOB); 4 males (AMC).
Distribution. From Guyana, throughout central Brazil, to the southern coast of Bahia.
 Remarks. Easily distinguished from B. lucilinea and B. fulgurifera by the whitish HW.
description: Published as part of Becker, Vitor Osmar, 2021, A review of the Neotropical moth genus Bardaxima (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae: Nystaleinae), with special reference to the species occurring in Brazil, pp. 1-14 in Zoologia (e 63526) (e 63526) 38 on page 4, DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.38.e63526, http://zenodo.org/record/13176203
title: Feature Extraction in Signal Regression: A Boosting Technique for Functional Data Regression
Creators: name: Tutz, Gerhard
name: Gertheiss, Jan
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Signal Regression, Boosting techniques, Generalized Ridge Regression, P-Splines, Partial Least Squares

description: Main objectives of feature extraction in signal regression are the improvement of accuracy of prediction on future data and identification of relevant parts of the signal. A feature extraction procedure is proposed that uses boosting techniques to select the relevant parts of the signal. The proposed blockwise boosting procedure simultaneously selects intervals in the signal’s domain and estimates the effect on the response. The blocks that are defined explicitly use the underlying metric of the signal. It is demonstrated in simulation studies and for real-world data that the proposed approach competes well with procedures like PLS, P-spline signal regression and functional data regression.The paper is a preprint of an article published in the Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics. Please use the journal version for citation.
title: Penalized Regression with Ordinal Predictors
Creators: name: Gertheiss, Jan
name: Tutz, Gerhard
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Bayesian Methodology, Classical Linear Model, Dummy Coding, Generalized Linear Models, Generalized Ridge Regression, Ordinal Predictors, Penalized Likelihood Estimation

description: Ordered categorial predictors are a common case in regression modeling. In contrast to the case of ordinal response variables, ordinal predictors have been largely neglected in the literature. In this article penalized regression techniques are proposed. Based on dummy coding two types of penalization are explicitly developed; the first imposes a difference penalty, the second is a ridge type refitting procedure. A Bayesian motivation as well as alternative ways of derivation are provided. Simulation studies and real world data serve for illustration and tocompare the approach to methods often seen in practice, namely linear regression on the group labels and pure dummy coding. The proposed regression techniques turn out to be highly competitive. On the basis of GLMs the concept is generalized to the case of non-normal outcomes by performing penalized likelihood estimation. The paper is a preprint of an article published in the International Statistical Review. Please use the journal version for citation.
Serica (Taiwanoserica) sigipinensis Ahrens 2009
Creators: name: Ahrens, Dirk
name: Zhao, Ming-Zhi
name: Pham, Phu Van
name: Liu, Wan-Gang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Scarabaeidae
Serica
Serica sigipinensis

description: Serica (Taiwanoserica) sigipinensis Ahrens, 2009
Additional material examined. 1 ♂, 1 ♀ “ CHINA: Sichuan, Mt. Emei, Leidongping, Jieyindian 29°33′25″N, 103°20′30″E, 2695m 2023.VIII.1–3, Yi-Teng Li leg.” (CZMZ).
description: Published as part of Ahrens, Dirk, Zhao, Ming-Zhi, Pham, Phu Van & Liu, Wan-Gang, 2024, Taxonomic updates on Pachyserica Brenske, 1898 and Serica MacLeay, 1819 reveal 38 new species and new challenges of Sericini systematics regarding DNA barcodes and genus-level diagnostic key characters (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Sericinae), pp. 1-89 in Zootaxa 5491 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5491.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/13211849
Bardaxima marcida
Creators: name: Becker, Vitor Osmar
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Notodontidae
Bardaxima
Bardaxima marcida

description: Bardaxima marcida (C. Felder, 1874)
Figs 11–13, 51–53
 Nystalea marcida C. Felder, 1874: pl. 98, fig. 2. Holotype female, COLOMBIA: Bogota (NHMUK) [examined].
 Diagnosis. Male (Fig. 12) FW length 25–27 mm (56–62 mm wingspan), female (Figs 11, 13) FW length 30–33 mm (68–74 mm wingspan). FW gray, minutely mottled with dark fuscous and blackish scales; white patch on tornus small; basal, ante- and postmedial bands double, edged black; row of black dots between veins before termen; pair of black dots at end of cell. HW fuscous, cilia pale. Distal margin of 8 th male sternite (Fig. 53) with a deep incision at middle. Male genitalia (Fig. 51): uncus branching into four prongs, forming, with socii arms, a six-prong group. Valva with sacculus nearly as long as valva, broad, with two strong teeth: a dorsal at distal third and a ventral at middle. Aedoeagus (Fig. 52) slightly curved ventrad, apex expanded laterally into a pair of small, sharp pointed teeth.
Material studied. 8 male (g.s. 5613, 5614), 5 females (VOB); 1 male, 1 female (AMC).
Distribution. Costa Rica to southern Brazil (Espírito Santo).
 Remarks. Very similar to B. ionia, easily distinguished by the small white patch on tornus of FW dorsally and by the very distinct genitalia.
description: Published as part of Becker, Vitor Osmar, 2021, A review of the Neotropical moth genus Bardaxima (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae: Nystaleinae), with special reference to the species occurring in Brazil, pp. 1-14 in Zoologia (e 63526) (e 63526) 38 on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.38.e63526, http://zenodo.org/record/13176203
title: Does Licensing Resolve Hold Up in the Patent Thicket?
Creators: name: Siebert, Ralph
name: Graevenitz, Georg von
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Hold-Up Problem, Licensing, Innovation, Patent Race, Patent Thicket.
subject: 300
subject: 330

description: In a patent thicket licensing provides a mechanism to either avoid or resolve hold up. We study the choice between ex ante licensing to avoid hold up and ex post licensingto resolve it. Firms’ choice of licensing contract is studied in the context of a patent portfolio race. We show that high expected blocking leads to ex ante licensing while ex post licensing arises if expected blocking is low but realized blocking is high. Also, ex ante licensing reduces firms’ R&D incentives. A sample selection model of licensing is derived from the theoretical model. In this framework theoretical predictions on effects of blocking are tested with data from the semiconductor industry. We show that licensing helps firms to resolve blocking. However, licensing is not a cure all: it decreases as fragmentation of property rights increases and arises mainly between large firms with similar market shares. Using a treatment effects model we also confirm the prediction that ex ante licensing reduces the level of R&D investment.