Papiliochromis SVEN O. KULLANDER 1977, gen. n.
Creators: name: Kullander, Sven O.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1977
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Cichlidae
Papiliochromis
Apistogramma
Apistogramma ramirezi

description: Papiliochromis gen. n.
Diagnosis based on living and preserved aquarium-bred specimens, two living wild specimens of unknown origin and a large number of wild preserved specimens from Colombia.
New information is given in italics. For some details distinguishing P. ramirezi from Apístogramma, see Table I.
Small neotropical Cichlidae with a small lobe on the ﬁrst epibranchial. 3-4 small rakers along the margin of the lobe, 6 along the lateral rim of the ﬁrst ceratobranchial.
A single supraneural. N0 rakers along the edges 0f the lower pharyngeals.
2 lateral lines on each side, the terminal scale of the upper (anterior) at 1 -1 % scales distance from the dorsal ﬁn.
First dorsal spine inserted behind vertical line from hind margin of gill-cover.
Body scales ctenoid, occasionally cycloid elements preventrally.
Fins naked, except proximal caudal.
Preoperculum naked, its vertical hind margin smooth or serrate.
Mouth small, subinferior. Lacrimal bone narrow, its depth less than å the diameter of orbit.
Secondary sex differences slight. Monogamous, openbreeder on horizontal surfaces or in pits, brood-care biparental.
Type-species: Apistogramma ramirezi Myers & Harry, 1948. The genus is currently monotypic.
Etymology. Papiliochromis is derived from a combination of two generic names, Papílio (Lepidoptera) and Chromís (formerly the generic name of many cichlids, now a pomacentrid genus). The meaning would be “Butterﬂy Cichlid” in allusion to the international popular name. The gender is feminine.
RelationshipsThere are no indications suggesting that P.ramireziis particularly closely related toApistogramma. What suggested the original classiﬁcation was probably in the ﬁrst place the
Z oologica S cripta 6ForApistogramma, morphological data is based on about 40 spp., behaviour on about 10 spp. New information is in italics. small size in combination with the presence of an epibranchial lobe, but inP. ramírezithe lobe is much smaller, as already pointed out by Myers & Harry (1948), and the small size is probably coincidental.
The relationships of P. ramirezi are not clear, but considering the similarities in familial structure and general appearance and the shared “ sex monomorphism” high number of ceratobranchial rakers, low ratio dorsal spines to dorsal rays (D. XIV-XV 8-9 in P. ramírezí) etc., they appear to be with Geophagus Heckel and Biotodoma Eigenmann & Kennedy.
However, P. ramírezí is certainly distinct from members of these genera and others with an epibranchial lobe as presently known in one or more of the following characters: position of epibranchial rakers, colour pattern, maximum size (less than 40 mm SL in P. ramirezi), distance between upper lateral line and dorsal ﬁn, size of epibranchial lobe, number of supraneurals, depth of lacrimal and breeding behaviour, to mention but a few characters generally recognized.
Biotodoma and Geophagus were recently revised by Gosse (1976). Although our knowledge of the species in these genera is now considerably expanded, we still lack material for a satisfactory explanation of the phylogeny of a “ Geophagus group” of genera including Papiliochromis.
Further indication that P. ramirezi may be more closely related to Geophagus than to Apistogramma was presented by Wickler (1956) in a comparative study of egg-type and egg-attachment in cichlid ﬁshes (see also Wickler 1960). It is possible, however, that the egg-type is a function of incubation type and thus only a parameter of the reproductive behaviour in general, which is already very different in P. ramírezi and Apistogramma spp., but similar in P. ramírezí and a number of Geophagus spp.
Scheel’s (1972) discussion of the karyotypes of a few cichlid species was probably not intended as a serious presentation of research results, judging from the title and the style, but certainly suggests karyotype differences between Apistogramma spp. and P. ramirezi. Probably further studies will bring this out in detail.
A redescription of P. ramirezi is in preparation and will amplify our understanding of the new genus.
description: Published as part of Kullander, Sven O., 1977, Papiliochromis gen. n., a new genus of South American cichlid fish (Teleostei, Perciformes), pp. 253-254 in Zoologica scripta 6 on pages 253-254, DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1978.tb00777.x