Creating small circular, elliptical, and triangular droplets of quark-gluon plasma
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name: Akiba, Y.
name: Alfred, M.
name: Andrieux, V.
name: Aoki, K.
name: Apadula, N.
name: Asano, H.
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name: Belmont, R.
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name: Blau, D. S.
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name: Bumazhnov, V.
name: Butler, C.
name: Campbell, S.
name: Roman, V. Canoa
name: Cervantes, R.
name: Chi, C. Y.
name: Chiu, M.
name: Choi, I. J.
name: Choi, J. B.
name: Citron, Z.
name: Connors, M.
name: Cronin, N.
name: Csanád, M.
name: Csörgő, T.
name: Danley, T. W.
name: Daugherity, M. S.
name: David, G.
name: DeBlasio, K.
name: Dehmelt, K.
name: Denisov, A.
name: Deshpande, A.
name: Desmond, E. J.
name: Dion, A.
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name: Liu, L. D.
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name: Durham, J. M.
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name: En'yo, H.
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name: Fields, D. E.
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name: Finger,, M.
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name: Franz, A.
name: Frawley, A. D.
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name: Perdekamp, M. Grosse
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name: Guragain, H.
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name: Haseler, T. O. S.
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name: Hemmick, T. K.
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name: Takeda, A
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name: Wong, C. P.
name: Woody, C. L.
name: Xu, C.
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name: Yalcin, S.
name: Yamaguchi, Y. L.
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name: Yin, P.
name: Yoo, J. H.
name: Yoon, I.
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name: Zou, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The experimental study of the collisions of heavy nuclei at relativistic energies has established the properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a state of hot, dense nuclear matter in which quarks and gluons are not bound into hadrons. In this state, matter behaves as a nearly inviscid fluid that efficiently translates initial spatial anisotropies into correlated momentum anisotropies among the produced particles, producing a common velocity field pattern known as collective flow. In recent years, comparable momentum anisotropies have been measured in small-system proton-proton ($p$$+$$p$) and proton-nucleus ($p$$+$$A$) collisions, despite expectations that the volume and lifetime of the medium produced would be too small to form a QGP. Here, we report on the observation of elliptic and triangular flow patterns of charged particles produced in proton-gold ($p$$+$Au), deuteron-gold ($d$$+$Au), and helium-gold ($^3$He$+$Au) collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$~=~200 GeV. The unique combination of three distinct initial geometries and two flow patterns provides unprecedented model discrimination. Hydrodynamical models, which include the formation of a short-lived QGP droplet, provide a simultaneous description of these measurements.
description: 11 pages, 4 figures, updated text and figures