cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
An examination of the impact of nicotine exposure during periadolescence and early adulthood on the aversive and physiological effects of ethanol
Creators: name: Rinker, Jennifer A.
Publisher: name: ProQuest
Year: 2023
Subjects: classificationCode: 3209
subject: Neurosciences
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
classificationCode: 3214
subject: Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
classificationCode: 52
subject: Psychology
subject: FOS: Psychology

description: The majority of smokers begin their habit during adolescence, which often precedes experimentation with alcohol. Interestingly, very little preclinical work has been done examining how exposure to nicotine during periadolescence impacts the affective properties of alcohol in adulthood. Understanding how periadolescent nicotine exposure influences the aversive effects of alcohol might help to explain why it becomes more acceptable to this preexposed population. Thus, Experiment 1 exposed male Sprague Dawley rats to either saline or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, IP) from postnatal day 34 to 43 (periadolescence) and then examined changes in the aversive effects of alcohol (vehicle, 0.56, 1.0 & 1.8 g/kg, IP) in adulthood using the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) design. Changes in blood alcohol concentration (BAC), EtOH-induced hypothermia and locomotor activity were also assessed. To determine if changes seen were specific to nicotine exposure during periadolescence, the procedures were replicated in adults (Experiment 2). Nicotine preexposure during periadolescence attenuated the acquisition of the alcohol-induced CTAs (at 1.0 g/kg) and the hypothermic effects of alcohol (1.0 g/kg). Adult nicotine preexposure produced similar attenuation in alcohol's aversive (at 1.8 g/kg) and hypothermic (1.8 g/kg) effects. Neither adolescent nor adult nicotine preexposure altered BACs or locomotor activity. These results suggest that nicotine can alter the aversive and physiological effects of alcohol, regardless of the age at which exposure occurs, possibly increasing its overall reinforcing value and making it more likely to be consumed.
Jobs and Agricultural Policy : Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy on EU Agricultural Employment
Creators: name: Garrone, M.
name: Olper, A.
name: Emmers, D.
name: Swinnen, J.
name: Garrone, M.
name: Olper, A.
name: Emmers, D.
name: Swinnen, J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2018
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy

description: This paper investigates the relationship between agricultural subsidies and the outflow of labor from agriculture. We use new and more representative subsidy indicators than have been used before and panel data from 215 EU regions over the period 2004-2014. The data allow to correct better for sample selection bias than previous empirical studies. We find that, on average, CAP subsidies reduce the outflow of labor from agriculture, but the effect is entirely due to decoupled payments and rural development payments. Coupled payments have no impact on reducing labor outflow from agriculture, i.e. on preserving farm employment. Acknowledgement :
An examination of the impact of nicotine exposure during periadolescence and early adulthood on the aversive and physiological effects of ethanol
Creators: name: Rinker, Jennifer A.
Publisher: name: American University
Year: 2023

description: The majority of smokers begin their habit during adolescence, which often precedes experimentation with alcohol. Interestingly, very little preclinical work has been done examining how exposure to nicotine during periadolescence impacts the affective properties of alcohol in adulthood. Understanding how periadolescent nicotine exposure influences the aversive effects of alcohol might help to explain why it becomes more acceptable to this preexposed population. Thus, Experiment 1 exposed male Sprague Dawley rats to either saline or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg, IP) from postnatal day 34 to 43 (periadolescence) and then examined changes in the aversive effects of alcohol (vehicle, 0.56, 1.0 & 1.8 g/kg, IP) in adulthood using the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) design. Changes in blood alcohol concentration (BAC), EtOH-induced hypothermia and locomotor activity were also assessed. To determine if changes seen were specific to nicotine exposure during periadolescence, the procedures were replicated in adults (Experiment 2). Nicotine preexposure during periadolescence attenuated the acquisition of the alcohol-induced CTAs (at 1.0 g/kg) and the hypothermic effects of alcohol (1.0 g/kg). Adult nicotine preexposure produced similar attenuation in alcohol's aversive (at 1.8 g/kg) and hypothermic (1.8 g/kg) effects. Neither adolescent nor adult nicotine preexposure altered BACs or locomotor activity. These results suggest that nicotine can alter the aversive and physiological effects of alcohol, regardless of the age at which exposure occurs, possibly increasing its overall reinforcing value and making it more likely to be consumed.
An XMM-Newton hard X-ray survey of ULIRGs
Creators: name: Franceschini, A.
name: Braito, V.
name: Persic, M.
name: Della Ceca, R.
name: Bassani, L.
name: Cappi, M.
name: Malaguti, G.
name: Palumbo, G. G. C.
name: Risaliti, G.
name: Salvati, M.
name: Severgnini, P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: XMM-Newton observations of 10 ULIRGs are reported. The aim is to investigate in hard X-rays a complete ULIRG sample selected from the bright IRAS 60$μ$m catalogue. All sources are detected in X-rays, 5 of which for the first time. These observations confirm that ULIRGs are intrinsically faint X-rays sources, their observed X-ray luminosities being typically L(2-10 keV)<1E42-43 erg/s, whereas their bolometric luminosities are L>1E45 erg/s. In all sources we find evidence for thermal emission from hot plasma with kT~0.7keV, dominating the X-ray spectra below 1keV, and likely associated with a nuclear or circumnuclear starburst. This thermal emission appears uncorrelated with the FIR luminosity, suggesting that,in addition to the ongoing rate of star formation, other parameters may also affect it. The soft X-ray emission appears to be extended on a scale of ~30kpc for Mkn231 and IRAS19254-7245, possible evidence of galactic superwinds. In these 2 sources, in IRAS20551-4250 and IRAS23128-5919 we find evidence for the presence of hidden AGNs, while a minor AGN contribution may be suspected also in IRAS20100-4156. In particular, we have detected a strong Fe line at 6.4keV in the spectrum of IRAS19254-7245 and a weaker one in Mkn231, suggestive of deeply buried AGNs. For the other sources, the X-ray luminosities and spectral shapes are consistent with hot thermal plasma and X-ray binary emissions of mainly starburst origin. We find that the 2-10keV luminosities in these sources, most likely due to high-mass X-ray binaries, are correlated with L_FIR: both luminosities are good indicators of the current global SFR in the galaxy. The composite nature of ULIRGs is then confirmed, with hints for a predominance of the starburst over the AGN phenomenon in these objects.
description: Accepted for publication on MNRAS; 16 pages, 7 figures
Demand peaks and cost pass-through: a case of Irans's poultry market
Creators: name: Zamani, O.
name: Bittmann, T.
name: Loy, J.-P.
name: Zamani, O.
name: Bittmann, T.
name: Loy, J.-P.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This article examines cost pass-through and pricing behavior for fresh poultry meat during periods of peak demand. The analysis is conducted on weekly poultry wholesale-retail price data collected in all provinces of Iran from 2010 to 2016. Two traditional festivals are identified as periods of peak demand. We use a panel co-integration framework to estimate pass-through elasticity and speed of adjustment during peak and off-peak periods. We find that wholesale and retail prices increase during these periods, while retail margins decline. We interpret these findings as increased retail competition during periods of peak demand. Moreover, our findings confirm a more sluggish price adjustment during these periods. Acknowledgement : This research was supported by Kiel University funding.
Additional file 3 of Systematic analysis of the basic/helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family in pummelo (Citrus grandis) and identification of the key members involved in the response to iron deficiency
Creators: name: Zhang, Xiao-Yong
name: Jie-Ya Qiu
name: Hui, Qiu-Ling
name: Xu, Yuan-Yuan
name: He, Yi-Zhong
name: Liang-Zhi Peng
name: Fu, Xing-Zheng
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 3: Table S2. The primers of CgbHLH genes used for qRT-PCR.
Covert Capacity of Bosonic Channels
Creators: name: Gagatsos, Christos N.
name: Bullock, Michael S.
name: Bash, Boulat A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the quantum-secure covert-communication capabilities of lossy thermal-noise bosonic channels, the quantum-mechanical model for many practical channels. We determine the expressions for the covert capacity of these channels: $L_{\text{no-EA}}$, when Alice and Bob share only a classical secret, and $L_{\text{EA}}$, when they benefit from entanglement assistance. We find that entanglement assistance alters the fundamental scaling law for covert communication. Instead of $L_{\text{no-EA}}\sqrt{n}-r_{\text{no-EA}}(n)$, $r_{\text{no-EA}}(n)=o(\sqrt{n})$, entanglement assistance allows $L_{\text{EA}}\sqrt{n}\log n-r_{\text{EA}}(n)$, $r_{\text{EA}}(n)=o(\sqrt{n}\log n)$, covert bits to be transmitted reliably over $n$ channel uses.
description: More details on Lemma 1. Other minor changes. Comments are welcome
Trapping $^{171}$Yb Atoms into a One-Dimensional Optical Lattice with a Small Waist
Creators: name: Kawasaki, Akio
name: Braverman, Boris
name: Pedrozo-Peñafiel, Edwin
name: Shu, Chi
name: Colombo, Simone
name: Li, Zeyang
name: Vuletić, Vladan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In most experiments with atoms trapped in optical lattices, the transverse size of the optical lattice beams is on the order of tens of micrometers, and loading many atoms into smaller optical lattices has not been carefully investigated. We report trapping 1500 $^{171}$Yb atoms in a one-dimensional optical lattice generated by a narrow cavity mode at a distance of 0.14 mm from a mirror surface. The simplest approach of loading atoms from a mirror magneto-optical trap overlapped with the cavity mode allows the adjustment of the loading position by tuning a uniform bias magnetic field. The number of atoms trapped in the optical lattice exhibits two local maxima for different lattice depths, with a global maximum in the deeper lattice. These results open a way to quantum mechanical manipulation of atoms based on strong interaction with a tightly focused light field.
description: 9 pages, 8 figures
Hypnotism: A Survey of Its History, Phenomena, and Present Status in Medicine and Psychology
Creators: name: Cozby, Harold Otis
Publisher: name: American University
Year: 2023

description: For a number of years I have been interested in hypnotism aa a special psychotherapeutic method and on occasion have used it as such. Gradually my interest in the subject widened to include the psychological and physiological aspects of the phenomena induced by hypnotic suggestion. In the end, it was only through the history of hypnotism that many of the implications of its present status, where it hovers even yet on the fringe of scientific respectability, were more fully understood and appreciated.If the phenomena of hypnosis and suggestion could be clearly understood as standing on a scientific psychological basis the atmosphere of mystery and scepticism would vanish. As it is there is no subject so much mistrusted, not only by the general public, but also by the majority of the medical profession, as those of hypnosis and suggestion. Yet suggestion, I might even say hypnosis, is extensively, if unconsciously, practiced by physicians. A temperate and reasonable statement of the phenomena of hypnosis should do much to remove the stigma of charlatanism, occultism, bizarre chicanery, and the baseless extravagances of claims that have been made for the condition in the past. This stigma has persistently blinded the larger portion of the scientific world throughout the history of hypnosis to the fundamental psychological and physiological facts upon which the induction, as well as the phenomena, of hypnosis depend.The objects in the study which this thesis represents may then be declared: firstly, to clarify the atmosphere of quackery, fraud, and superstitious beliefs which are historically associated with the subject of hypnosis and to seek a proper evaluation of the facts of hypnosis; secondly, to emphasize the contributions which hypnosis has made to psychology, psychopathology, and physiology; thirdly, to point out the uses of hypnotism as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent in medicine; fourthly, to discuss the possibilities for the use of hypnosis in psychological experimentation.
1910-07-14 G.V. Black to McKay
Creators: name: Black, G. V. (Greene Vardiman), 1836-1915.
Publisher: name: DigitalHub. Galter Health Sciences Library & Learning Center
Year: 1910
Subjects: Dental Fluorosis
Tooth Abnormalities
Fluoridation
Colorado

description: Title: G.V. Black to McKay Container: c02 id: level:
Picking Winning Tickets Before Training by Preserving Gradient Flow
Creators: name: Wang, Chaoqi
name: Zhang, Guodong
name: Grosse, Roger
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Overparameterization has been shown to benefit both the optimization and generalization of neural networks, but large networks are resource hungry at both training and test time. Network pruning can reduce test-time resource requirements, but is typically applied to trained networks and therefore cannot avoid the expensive training process. We aim to prune networks at initialization, thereby saving resources at training time as well. Specifically, we argue that efficient training requires preserving the gradient flow through the network. This leads to a simple but effective pruning criterion we term Gradient Signal Preservation (GraSP). We empirically investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method with extensive experiments on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, Tiny-ImageNet and ImageNet, using VGGNet and ResNet architectures. Our method can prune 80% of the weights of a VGG-16 network on ImageNet at initialization, with only a 1.6% drop in top-1 accuracy. Moreover, our method achieves significantly better performance than the baseline at extreme sparsity levels.
description: Fix several typos
Pyrethroid based pesticides – chemical and biological aspects
Creators: name: Anandha Rao Ravula
name: Yenugu, Suresh
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Inorganic Chemistry

description: Human and animal welfare primarily depends on the availability of food and surrounding environment. Over a century and half, the quest to identify agents that can enhance food production and protection from vector borne diseases resulted in the identification and use of a variety of pesticides, of which the pyrethroid based ones emerged as the best choice. Pesticides while improved the quality of life, on the other hand caused enormous health risks. Because of their percolation into drinking water and food chain and usage in domestic settings, humans unintentionally get exposed to the pesticides on a daily basis. The health hazards of almost all known pesticides at a variety of doses and exposure times are reported. This review provides a comprehensive summation on the historical, epidemiological, chemical and biological (physiological, biochemical and molecular) aspects of pyrethroid based insecticides. An overview of the available knowledge suggests that the synthetic pyrethroids vary in their chemical and toxic nature and pose health hazards that range from simple nausea to cancers. Despite large number of reports, studies that focused on identifying the health hazards using doses that are equivalent or relevant to human exposure are lacking. It is high time such studies are conducted to provide concrete evidence on the hazards of consuming pesticide contaminated food. Policy decisions to decrease the residual levels of pesticides in agricultural products and also to encourage organic farming is suggested.
Master's thesis recital (organ)
Creators: name: Petersen, Chase
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 2022
Subjects: Organ music
Toccatas
Variations (Organ)
Sonatas (Organ)

description: Toccata in F major / Dietrich Buxtehude -- Sonata II op. 19 / August Gottfried Ritter -- Prélude, adagio et choral varié sur le thème du Veni Creator / Maurice Duruflé -- Five dances / Calvin Hampton
Hypnotism: A Survey of Its History, Phenomena, and Present Status in Medicine and Psychology
Creators: name: Cozby, Harold Otis
Publisher: name: ProQuest
Year: 2023
Subjects: classificationCode: 3209
subject: Neurosciences
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
classificationCode: 52
subject: Psychology
subject: FOS: Psychology

description: For a number of years I have been interested in hypnotism aa a special psychotherapeutic method and on occasion have used it as such. Gradually my interest in the subject widened to include the psychological and physiological aspects of the phenomena induced by hypnotic suggestion. In the end, it was only through the history of hypnotism that many of the implications of its present status, where it hovers even yet on the fringe of scientific respectability, were more fully understood and appreciated.If the phenomena of hypnosis and suggestion could be clearly understood as standing on a scientific psychological basis the atmosphere of mystery and scepticism would vanish. As it is there is no subject so much mistrusted, not only by the general public, but also by the majority of the medical profession, as those of hypnosis and suggestion. Yet suggestion, I might even say hypnosis, is extensively, if unconsciously, practiced by physicians. A temperate and reasonable statement of the phenomena of hypnosis should do much to remove the stigma of charlatanism, occultism, bizarre chicanery, and the baseless extravagances of claims that have been made for the condition in the past. This stigma has persistently blinded the larger portion of the scientific world throughout the history of hypnosis to the fundamental psychological and physiological facts upon which the induction, as well as the phenomena, of hypnosis depend.The objects in the study which this thesis represents may then be declared: firstly, to clarify the atmosphere of quackery, fraud, and superstitious beliefs which are historically associated with the subject of hypnosis and to seek a proper evaluation of the facts of hypnosis; secondly, to emphasize the contributions which hypnosis has made to psychology, psychopathology, and physiology; thirdly, to point out the uses of hypnotism as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent in medicine; fourthly, to discuss the possibilities for the use of hypnosis in psychological experimentation.
Dis-incentivizing sustainable intensification? The case of Zambia s fertilizer subsidy program
Creators: name: Mason, N.
name: Morgan, S.
name: Levine, N.K.
name: Zulu-Mbata, O.
name: Mason, N.
name: Morgan, S.
name: Levine, N.K.
name: Zulu-Mbata, O.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2018
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy

description: Poor and declining soil fertility remains a major constraint on increased cereal production in sub-Saharan Africa. Input subsidy programs (ISPs) for inorganic fertilizer are a popular and expensive tool used by African governments to increase cereal yields; however, far fewer resources are devoted to promoting other soil fertility management (SFM) practices that can improve soil quality, increase cereal yield response to inorganic fertilizer, and support sustainable agricultural intensification. This article uses nationally-representative household panel survey data from Zambia to estimate the effects of the country s ISP on smallholder farm households adoption of several SFM practices: fallowing, intercropping, crop rotation, and the use of animal manure. The results suggest that Zambia s ISP induces reductions in fallowing and intercropping of maize with other crops. We also find some evidence that the program incentivizes an increase in continuous maize cultivation on the same plot in consecutive seasons but little evidence of effects on animal manure use. The changes in SFM practices induced by the ISP are likely to be detrimental to soil fertility, maize yield response to fertilizer, and returns to government expenditures on the ISP over the medium- to long-term. Overall, Zambia s ISP may have dis-incentivized sustainable intensification rather than promoted it. Acknowledgement : This research was funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through funding to the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy and the USAID Mission to Zambia, and by the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture and Michigan AgBioResearch (project number MICL02501).
title: Identification Of New Molecules Involved In Dendritic Cell Localization
Creators: name: Bonecchi, Raffaella
Publisher: name: The Open University
Year: 2007

description: The present study was designed to investigate the expression and function of an orphan seven transmembrane receptor named CCRL2 (CC chemokine receptor like 2), a putative chemokine receptor. In human tissues CCRL2 was expressed mainly by lung, lymphoid tissues and fetal spleen. Among leukocytes CCRL2 was expressed by monocytes, neutrophils and dendritic cells (DC). Because chemokines play a fundamental role in DC trafficking, modulation of CCLR2 expression in this cell type was further investigated. Maturative stimuli like LPS and CD40L strongly up regulated CCRL2 mRNA and protein in DC. Culture of DC in the presence of inhibitors of maturation and function such as VitD3 and Dex had no effect on LPS-induced CCRL2 up regulation. On the contrary PGE2, that does not affect DC maturation, completely abolished LPS induction of CCRL2 expression. The effect of LPS and CD40L on CCRL2 expression was rapid (1.5h) and transient (maximal at 4h) and declined by 24h, conversely the upregulation of CCR7 that was slower and reached a plateau at 24h of stimulation.

Since CCRL2 gene is located in the main chemokine receptor cluster in the 3p21 chromosome, it is likely to be a conventional inflammatory chemokine receptor. In order to identify ligands CCRL2 transfectants were used in chemotaxis and calcium flux assays with a broad panel of inflammatory CC and CXC chemokines but no ligand was identified. The alterations in the DRYLAR/IV motif in the second intracellular loop suggest that CCRL2 may be a candidate for the family of chemokine decoy receptors like the receptor D6. This second hypothesis was evaluated performing chemokine scavenging assays. None of the chemokine tested was scavenged by CCRL2. However in parallel experiments two new ligands for D6, the CCR4 agonists CCL17 and CCL22 were identified. In summary these data suggest that CCRL2 might be involved in DC trafficking, through the regulation of the DC emigration from tissues following stimulation. None of the chemokine tested was able to bind or activate CCRL2. Furthermore CCRL2 appears not to act as a chemokine scavenger receptor and its biological role is still elusive.
Eleven spherically symmetric constant density solutions with cosmological constant
Creators: name: Boehmer, Christian G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Einstein's field equations with cosmological constant are analysed for a static, spherically symmetric perfect fluid having constant density. Five new global solutions are described. One of these solutions has the Nariai solution joined on as an exterior field. Another solution describes a decreasing pressure model with exterior Schwarzschild-de Sitter spacetime having decreasing group orbits at the boundary. Two further types generalise the Einstein static universe. The other new solution is unphysical, it is an increasing pressure model with a geometric singularity.
description: 19 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, revised bibliography, corrected eqn. (3.11), typos corrected, two new references
Price and Welfare Effects of the Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule
Creators: name: Ferrier, P.
name: Zhen, C.
name: Bovay, J.
name: Ferrier, P.
name: Zhen, C.
name: Bovay, J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2018
Subjects: Demand and Price Analysis

description: Implementation of the U.S. Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) Produce Safety Rule is ex- pected to cost about 1.1 percent of revenue for covered farms producing raw and minimally pro- cessed fruits and vegetables in the United States. To simulate the price and welfare effects of the rule, we develop an equilibrium displacement model for 18 fruits and 20 vegetable commodities, drawing on recent estimates of the rule's commodity-level cost of compliance. We nd that con- sumer and farm prices increase by 0.49 and 1.46 percent respectively for fruits and 0.14 and 0.55 percent respectively for vegetables. Costs associated with the rule's implementation across these commodities are estimated to reduce producer welfare by 0.86 percent for fruits and 0.59 percent for vegetables and these estimates would not change substantially if only individual commodity groups were to enact the rule's measures unilaterally. We also compare our estimates of the cost to producers of implementing the rules with potential benets to producers from the avoidance of outbreak costs. Acknowledgement :
Deep regularization and direct training of the inner layers of Neural Networks with Kernel Flows
Creators: name: Yoo, Gene Ryan
name: Owhadi, Houman
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We introduce a new regularization method for Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) based on Kernel Flows (KFs). KFs were introduced as a method for kernel selection in regression/kriging based on the minimization of the loss of accuracy incurred by halving the number of interpolation points in random batches of the dataset. Writing $f_θ(x) = \big(f^{(n)}_{θ_n}\circ f^{(n-1)}_{θ_{n-1}} \circ \dots \circ f^{(1)}_{θ_1}\big)(x)$ for the functional representation of compositional structure of the ANN, the inner layers outputs $h^{(i)}(x) = \big(f^{(i)}_{θ_i}\circ f^{(i-1)}_{θ_{i-1}} \circ \dots \circ f^{(1)}_{θ_1}\big)(x)$ define a hierarchy of feature maps and kernels $k^{(i)}(x,x')=\exp(- γ_i \|h^{(i)}(x)-h^{(i)}(x')\|_2^2)$. When combined with a batch of the dataset these kernels produce KF losses $e_2^{(i)}$ (the $L^2$ regression error incurred by using a random half of the batch to predict the other half) depending on parameters of inner layers $θ_1,\ldots,θ_i$ (and $γ_i$). The proposed method simply consists in aggregating a subset of these KF losses with a classical output loss. We test the proposed method on CNNs and WRNs without alteration of structure nor output classifier and report reduced test errors, decreased generalization gaps, and increased robustness to distribution shift without significant increase in computational complexity. We suspect that these results might be explained by the fact that while conventional training only employs a linear functional (a generalized moment) of the empirical distribution defined by the dataset and can be prone to trapping in the Neural Tangent Kernel regime (under over-parameterizations), the proposed loss function (defined as a nonlinear functional of the empirical distribution) effectively trains the underlying kernel defined by the CNN beyond regressing the data with that kernel.
Universal Quantum Computation with ideal Clifford gates and noisy ancillas
Creators: name: Bravyi, Sergei
name: Kitaev, Alexei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider a model of quantum computation in which the set of elementary operations is limited to Clifford unitaries, the creation of the state $|0\rangle$ computational basis. In addition, we allow the creation of a one-qubit ancilla in a mixed state $ρ$, which should be regarded as a parameter of the model. Our goal is to determine for which $ρ$ universal quantum computation (UQC) can be efficiently simulated. To answer this question, we construct purification protocols that consume several copies of $ρ$ and produce a single output qubit with higher polarization. The protocols allow one to increase the polarization only along certain "magic" directions. If the polarization of $ρ$ along a magic direction exceeds a threshold value (about 65%), the purification asymptotically yields a pure state, which we call a magic state. We show that the Clifford group operations combined with magic states preparation are sufficient for UQC. The connection of our results with the Gottesman-Knill theorem is discussed.
description: 15 pages, 4 figures, revtex4
EU-Brazil proposal on farm support: Strengthening agricultural reforms or undermining them?
Creators: name: Sharma, S.K.
name: Das, A.
name: Sharma, S.K.
name: Das, A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2018
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy

description: Developing countries are demanding substantial reduction in trade distorting domestic support to agriculture sector by developed countries. Under the existing rules of the AoA, many developing countries are facing lack of policy space to implement measures like price support to increase the income of farmers. Some members of WTO circulated a proposal (EU-Brazil proposal) on OTDS, which seeks a cap on trade distorting spending. This study critically examines the implications of EU-Brazil proposal regarding OTDS on the flexibility for developing and developed countries member to provide domestic support to agriculture. The results of this study show that EU-Brazil proposal is likely to result in steep reduction in policy space for the developing countries. It will further curtail the limited and already insufficient policy space for implementing agricultural policies which are compatible with the socio-economic situation prevailing in the developing country members. On the other hand, USA and EU will undertake negligible or no reduction in trade distorting support to agriculture sector and these countries will preserve their existing flexibilities in future as well. Contrary to Doha Declaration, this proposal would provide special and differential treatment to EU and USA. Acknowledgement :
Additional file 5 of Evaluation of confounding in epidemiologic studies assessing alcohol consumption on the risk of ischemic heart disease
Creators: name: Wallach, Joshua D.
name: Serghiou, Stylianos
name: Lingzhi Chu
name: Egilman, Alexander C.
name: Vasiliou, Vasilis
name: Ross, Joseph S.
name: Ioannidis, John P. A.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 5: Table S2. Statements of confounding in studies assessing the impact of alcohol on ischemic heart disease by publication year.
Algebraic links in lens spaces
Creators: name: Horvat, Eva
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Geometric Topology (math.GT)
subject: Complex Variables (math.CV)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 14J17, 32S05, 32S25, 57M25

description: The lens space $L_{p,q}$ is the orbit space of a $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$-action on the three sphere. We investigate polynomials of two complex variables that are invariant under this action, and thus define links in $L_{p,q}$. We study properties of these links, and their relationship with the classical algebraic links. We prove that all algebraic links in lens spaces are fibered, and obtain results about their Seifert genus. We find some examples of algebraic knots in lens spaces, whose lift in the $3$-sphere is a torus link.
description: 18 pages, 11 figures
Marry to rubber? An investigation on the matrilocal residence of smallholder rubber farmers in southwest China
Creators: name: Wang, X.
name: Min, S.
name: Junfei, B.
name: Wang, X.
name: Min, S.
name: Junfei, B.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2018
Subjects: Labor and Human Capital

description: This paper constructs a simple model of matrilocal residence with the heterogeneities in family labor and resource endowments of the wives households. Using the data collected from a comprehensive household survey of small-scale rubber farmers in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Southwest China, the empirical results suggest that the economic factors go beyond the traditional custom of the Dai women and determine a woman's decision to be a matrilocal residence. The labor shortage of a woman s household may foster the incidence of matrilocal residence, while a woman whose natal household possesses more rubber plantations has a higher probability of matrilocal residence. The results confirm that in the presence of labor constraint and resource heterogeneity, a higher labor demand of a household and possessing more location-specific resource may increase the likelihood of matrilocal residence of female family members after marriage. The findings complement the literature regarding matrilocal residence in a community with disequilibrium distribution of the location-specific resources. Acknowledgement : Acknowledgements: This study is conducted in the framework of the Sino-German SURUMER Project , funded by the Bundesministerium f r Wissenschaft, Technologie und Forschung (BMBF), FKZ: 01LL0919. We also acknowledge funding supports provided by National Natural Sciences of China (71673008; 71742002).
Exchange-correlation potentials for multi-orbital quantum dots subject to generic density-density interactions and Hund's rule coupling
Creators: name: Sobrino, Nahual
name: Kurth, Stefan
name: Jacob, David
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: By reverse-engineering from exact solutions we obtain Hartree-exchange-correlation (Hxc) potentials for a double quantum dot subject to generic density-density interactions and Hund's rule coupling. We find ubiquitous step structures of the Hxc potentials that can be understood and derived from an analysis of stability diagrams. We further show that a generic Hxc potential can be decomposed into four basic potentials which allows for a straight-forward parametrization and paves the road for the construction of Hxc potentials for interacting multi-orbital systems. Finally we employ our parametrization of the Hxc potential in density functional theory calculations of multi-orbital quantum dots and find excellent agreement with exact many-body calculations.
description: Replaced with revised manuscript; 12 pages, 10 figures
The Nuclear Gas Dynamics and Star Formation of NGC 7469
Creators: name: Davies, R.
name: Tacconi, L.
name: Genzel, R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report interferometric radio CO2-1 observations at a resolution of 0.7", and 0.085" resolution adaptive optics K-band spectroscopy of the inner few arcseconds of NGC7469. The CO2-1 map shows a ring of molecular clouds and a bright extended nucleus, with a bar or pair of spiral arms between them. The dynamical structure of both the radio CO2-1 and the K-band H2 1-0S(1) lines can be reproduced using an axisymmetric mass model comprising 3 components: a broad disk, a ring 4-5" across, and an inner nuclear ring about 0.5" across. No non-circular motions faster than the velocity residuals of 25 km/s are seen, although this may be because in some cases a secondary bar is not expected to cause gas inflow. From the dynamical mass and estimates of the stellar mass we find that the CO-to-H_2 conversion is 0.4-0.8 times that for the Milky Way. The H2 1-0S(1) morphology peaks at the nucleus, although there is no strong nuclear mass concentration. The 1-0S(1) is likely to originate in X-ray of gas by the AGN rather than via star formation. Using the 2.3um stellar CO2-0 absorption and the continuum slope we have directly resolved the nuclear star cluster to be 0.15-0.20" across, and find that it is asymmetric. This cluster has an age of less than about 60Myr and contributes 20-30% of the nuclear K-band light, and about 10% of the nuclear bolometric luminosity. Within a radius of ~4" gas contributes more than half the total mass; but in the nucleus, within a radius of 0.1", it is likely that most of the mass is due to stars
description: accepted for publication in ApJ (see their pages for a version with higher quality figures)
THE LATIN AMERICAN DEBT BURDEN : CONSEQUENCES FOR INTERNATIONAL ADJUSTMENT AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE
Creators: name: Grisgby, S. Elaine
name: Pagoulatos, Emilio
name: Grisgby, S. Elaine
name: Pagoulatos, Emilio
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1986
Subjects: International Development
International Relations/Trade

description: This paper attributes the origins of the Latin American external debt problem to the oil price and real interest rate increases and debtor country and international bank policies. Next, it briefly examines the implications of economic adjustments to service the debt. Finally, in order to facilitate research on the linkages between debt and agricultural trade, the paper suggests some factors to consider in modeling import behavior and international borrowing.
Stochastic Latent Residual Video Prediction
Creators: name: Franceschi, Jean-Yves
name: Delasalles, Edouard
name: Chen, Mickaël
name: Lamprier, Sylvain
name: Gallinari, Patrick
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Designing video prediction models that account for the inherent uncertainty of the future is challenging. Most works in the literature are based on stochastic image-autoregressive recurrent networks, which raises several performance and applicability issues. An alternative is to use fully latent temporal models which untie frame synthesis and temporal dynamics. However, no such model for stochastic video prediction has been proposed in the literature yet, due to design and training difficulties. In this paper, we overcome these difficulties by introducing a novel stochastic temporal model whose dynamics are governed in a latent space by a residual update rule. This first-order scheme is motivated by discretization schemes of differential equations. It naturally models video dynamics as it allows our simpler, more interpretable, latent model to outperform prior state-of-the-art methods on challenging datasets.
title: Iranian presidents and nuclear policies: decision-making from the Tehran declaration to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
Creators: name: Mehvar, Ameneh
Publisher: name: University of St Andrews
Year: 2020

description: Iran’s nuclear program has been a central concern of the international non-proliferation agenda since 2002 and has provoked many debates in political and academic circles. This thesis explores the impact of the personality of three Iranian presidents, Mohammad Khatami, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, and Hassan Rouhani, on decisions made by Iran’s leadership on the nuclear issue between 2003 to 2015. A certain degree of continuity, but also change, was observed in the Islamic Republic’s decision-making throughout these 12 years. Iranian officials persistently refused to indefinitely halt fuel-cycle activities. However, they showed variable degrees of flexibility and defiance in accepting restrictions on the country’s nuclear activities. Realism, constructivism, and domestic politics – three prominent approaches to studying nuclear behaviour – cannot provide a comprehensive explanation for Iran’s nuclear decision-making. Situated within the field of political psychology, this thesis demonstrates that the variations in the personalities of the three presidents can explain certain changes in Iran’s nuclear decisions unaccounted for by other theories. Employing a mixed-method approach, this research assesses the presidents’ political beliefs regarding the nature of the political universe and the best strategy to achieve political goals, as well as their leadership styles based on their need for power, conceptual complexity, experience, and interest in foreign policy. In several ways, including by developing a software to measure the conceptual complexity of Persian-speakers, and by geographically and culturally expanding the research on the impact of individual decision-makers on policies, this study makes advances in the field of political psychology. Furthermore, by providing a nuanced analysis of the nuclear decision-making process, as well as the role of the institution of presidency more broadly and the impact of personalities more specifically, this thesis contributes to a better understanding of Iran, of interest to both scholars and policy-makers.
Hot Gas Structure in the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4472
Creators: name: Biller, B. A.
name: Jones, C.
name: Forman, W. R.
name: Kraft, R.
name: Ensslin, T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present X-ray spectroscopic and morphological analyses using Chandra ACIS and ROSAT observations of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472 in the Virgo cluster. We discuss previously unobserved X-ray structures within the extended galactic corona. In the inner 2' of the galaxy, we find X-ray holes or cavities with radii of ~2 kpc, corresponding to the position of radio lobes. These holes were produced during a period of nuclear activity that began 1.2 x 10^7 years ago and may be ongoing. We also find an asymmetrical edge in the galaxy X-ray emission 3' (14 kpc) northeast of the core and an ~8' tail (36 kpc) extending southwest of the galaxy. These two features probably result from the interaction of NGC 4472 gas with the Virgo gas, which produces compression in the direction of NGC 4472's infall and an extended tail from ram pressure stripping. Assuming the tail is in pressure equilibrium with the surrounding gas, we compute its angle to our line of sight and estimate that its true extent exceeds 100 kpc. Finally, in addition to emission from the nucleus (first detected by Soldatenkov, Vikhlinin & Pavlinsky), we detect two small extended sources within 10'' of the nucleus of the galaxy, both of which have luminosities of ~7 x 10^38 erg/s.
description: 25 pages, 11 figures, accepted by ApJ
Quantum Jarzynski Equality in Open Quantum Systems from the One-Time Measurement Scheme
Creators: name: Sone, Akira
name: Liu, Yi-Xiang
name: Cappellaro, Paola
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In open quantum systems, a clear distinction between work and heat is often challenging, and extending the quantum Jarzynski equality to systems evolving under general quantum channels beyond unitality remains an open problem in quantum thermodynamics. In this Letter, we introduce well-defined notions of guessed quantum heat and guessed quantum work, by exploiting the one-time measurement scheme, which only requires an initial energy measurement on the system alone. We derive a modified quantum Jarzynski equality and the principle of maximum work with respect to the guessed quantum work, which requires the knowledge of the system only. We further show the significance of guessed quantum heat and work by linking them to the problem of quantum hypothesis testing.
description: v3: 5+8 pages, close to published version
A CCD Study of High Latitude Galactic Structure: Testing the Model Parameters
Creators: name: Karaali, S.
name: Ak, S. G.
name: Bilir, S.
name: Karatas, Y.
name: Gilmore, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We interpret published CCD UBVI data to deduce the stellar density distribution and metallicity distribution function in the region from 2-8 kpc from the Galactic Plane, and compare our results to several star count models. A feature of extant star count models is degeneracy between the adopted scale heights of the thin and thick disks, and their local normalisation. We illustrate the utility of this small data set, and future larger sets (e.g. SDSS), by explicitly considering consistency between the derived density laws, and the implied solar neighbourhood luminosity function. Our data set, from Hall et al.(1996) (l=52, b=-39) contains 566 stars, selected to be consistent with stellar loci in colour-colour diagrams. Our analysis supports the parameterisation of the recent SDSS galaxy model of Chen et al.(2001), except in preferring the stellar halo axis ratio to be 0.84. Photometric metal-abundances have been derived for 329 stars using a new calibration. The vertical distance-dependent metallicity distribution function, if parameterised by a single mean value, can be described by a metallicity gradient -0.2$ dex/kpc for the thin disk and thick disk, and -0.1$ dex/kpc for the inner halo. The data are however better described as the sum of three discrete distribution functions, each of which has a small or zero internal gradient. The changing mix of thin disk, thick disk and halo populations with distance from the plane generates an illusion of a smooth gradient.
description: 14 pages, 43 gif figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Variational Autoencoders with Riemannian Brownian Motion Priors
Creators: name: Kalatzis, Dimitris
name: Eklund, David
name: Arvanitidis, Georgios
name: Hauberg, Søren
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) represent the given data in a low-dimensional latent space, which is generally assumed to be Euclidean. This assumption naturally leads to the common choice of a standard Gaussian prior over continuous latent variables. Recent work has, however, shown that this prior has a detrimental effect on model capacity, leading to subpar performance. We propose that the Euclidean assumption lies at the heart of this failure mode. To counter this, we assume a Riemannian structure over the latent space, which constitutes a more principled geometric view of the latent codes, and replace the standard Gaussian prior with a Riemannian Brownian motion prior. We propose an efficient inference scheme that does not rely on the unknown normalizing factor of this prior. Finally, we demonstrate that this prior significantly increases model capacity using only one additional scalar parameter.
description: Published in ICML 2020