Additional file 1 of Bio-organic fertilizers stimulate indigenous soil Pseudomonas populations to enhance plant disease suppression
Creators: name: Tao, Chengyuan
name: Li, Rong
name: Xiong, Wu
name: Shen, Zongzhuan
name: Liu, Shanshan
name: Wang, Beibei
name: Ruan, Yunze
name: Geisen, Stefan
name: Shen, Qirong
name: Kowalchuk, George A.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 1: Table S1 Sequences of oligonucleotide primers required for quantitative PCR. Table S2 PERMANOVA results for bacterial and fungal community structure at the OTU level. Table S3 Spearman's correlations between Fusarium wilt disease incidence and microbiota determined by Mantel test. Fig. S1. Linear regression between the abundances of cultivable and total F. oxysporum and relative abundance of Fusarium with disease incidence for bulk (A) and rhizosphere (B) soil. Fig. S2. The abundance of total and cultivable Bacillus (A) and Pseudomonas (B) in banana bulk and rhizosphere soil. Fig. S3. Linear regression between the abundances of cultivable Bacillus and Pseudomonas in bulk soil (A) and rhizosphere soil (B). Fig. S4. Linear regression between the abundances of total and cultivable Bacillus (A, B) and Pseudomonas (C, D) with disease incidence for bulk and rhizosphere soil, respectively. Fig. S5 (A) Biofilm formation of Pseudomonas isolates and B. amyloliquefaciens W19 in monocultures and Pseudomonas-Bacillus cocultures systems for isolates from OF+W19 and OF treatments; (B) Biofilm formation of Pseudomonas isolates and B. amyloliquefaciens W19 in monocultures and Pseudomonas-Bacillus cocultures systems; and (C) Biofilm formation of Pseudomonas isolates and B. amyloliquefaciens W19 in Pseudomonas-Bacillus cocultures systems for isolates from antagonistic group (antagonistic relationship between Pseudomonas spp. and W19) or non-antagonistic group (non-antagonistic relationship between Pseudomonas spp. and W19). Fig. S6. Biofilm formation of Pseudomonas strain PSE78 or PSE82 with B. amyloliquefaciens W19 in monocultures and Pseudomonas-Bacillus co-culture systems (A). Pseudomonas-Bacillus-Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC) interaction model (B). The interactions between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC), B. amyloliquefaciens W19 and Pseudomonas sp. PSE78 or PSE82 (C). Fig. S7. The abundance of total and cultivable F. oxysporum in banana bulk and rhizosphere soil treated with sterilized organic fertilizer inoculated with either Pseudomonas PSE78 or PSE82 as compared to sterilized organic fertilizer (SOF) and chemical fertilizer (CK) treatments. Fig. S8. The abundance of total and cultivable Pseudomonas and Bacillus in banana bulk and rhizosphere soil treated with sterilized organic fertilizer inoculated with either Pseudomonas PSE78 or PSE82 as compared to sterilized organic fertilizer (SOF) and chemical fertilizer (CK) treatments. Fig. S9. Linear regression between total and cultivable Fusarium, Pseudomonas and Bacillus with disease incidence in bulk soil (A, B, and C) and rhizosphere soil (E, F, and G). Linear regression between total and cultivable Bacillus and Pseudomonas in bulk soil (D) and rhizosphere soil (H). Fig. S10. Schematic representation of the experimental design for testing combined impacts of PSE strains and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens W19 on plant disease. (I) Sterile banana seedlings were inoculated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens W19, Pseudomonas sp. PSE78 (PSE78), or Pseudomonas sp. PSE82 (PSE82), or a combination of W19 and PSE78 (W19+PSE78) or W19 and PSE82 (W19+PSE82) or mock treated (Control). (II) Thirty days after inoculation, all plants were transplanted into a new sterile substrate, (III) after which the banana plants were either inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (FOC) spore suspension or given a mock inoculation. Disease severity was quantified by counting the number of FOC that colonized on plant roots after 3 weeks of inoculation. Supplementary results. Fig. S11. Rarefaction curves of 16S rRNA genes (bacteria) and ITS sequences (fungi) at 97 % similarity levels of the bulk and rhizosphere soil. OF+W19 = Bio-organic fertilizer containing B. amyloliquefaciens W19, SOF+W19 = sterilized bio-organic fertilizer inoculated with B. amyloliquefaciens W19, OF = Organic fertilizer, SOF = Sterilized organic fertilizer. Fig. S12. The relative abundance of bacterial (dominate bacterial phyla) and fungal phyla in bulk and banana rhizosphere soils. OF+W19 = Bio-organic fertilizer containing B. amyloliquefaciens W19, SOF+W19 = sterilized bio-organic fertilizer inoculated with B. amyloliquefaciens W19, OF = Organic fertilizer, SOF = Sterilized organic fertilizer. Fig. S13. Bacterial and fungal richness (Sobs) (A) and diversity (Shannon) (B) in bulk and banana rhizosphere soils. Different letters indicate significant difference at the 0.05 probability level according to the Duncan test. OF+W19 = Bio-organic fertilizer containing B. amyloliquefaciens W19, SOF+W19 = sterilized bio-organic fertilizer inoculated with B. amyloliquefaciens W19, OF = Organic fertilizer, SOF = Sterilized organic fertilizer.