cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Stachys richardiana R. Kr. Singh 2023, nom. nov.
Creators: name: Singh, Rajeev Kumar
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Lamiales
Lamiaceae
Stachys
Stachys richardiana

description: Stachys richardiana R.Kr.Singh, nom. nov.
Stachys hypoleuca (Bentham 1848: 491) Hochstetter ex Richard (1850: 197), nom. illeg., non Koch (1849: 688).
≡ Stachys palaestina Linnaeus (1763: 1674) var. hypoleuca Bentham (1848: 491). (Fig. 1).
Type:— ETHIOPIA. Amhara Region, Semien Gondar (North Gondar), Mount Aber near Dschenausa, 2 January 1840, G.W. Schimper 855 (lectotype G 00684519!, designated here); isolectotypes BR0000008365347!, E00193541!, HAL0115125!, K000193069!, K000193100!, L.2869301!, L.2869302!, LG0000090027666!, M0104779!, M0104780!, P02989946!, P02989947!, P02989949!, TUB003852!, US 00512897!, W0006977!, W18890027616!, WAG 0001754!, ZT00080117!.
Notes: Bentham (1848) described Stachys palaestina var. hypoleuca based on specimens held at K and G, collected by G.W. Schimper from Mount Aber near Dschenausa, Ethiopia. However, following the conventions of the time, no holotype was specified. The author located twenty specimens (BR0000008365347, E00193541, G00684519, HAL0115125, K000193069, K000193100, L.2869301, L.2869302, LG0000090027666, M0104779, M0104780, P02989946, P02989947, P02989949, TUB003852, US00512897, W0006977, W18890027616, WAG0001754 and ZT00080117) collected by G.W. Schimper from Mount Aber near Dschenausa, Ethiopia for the name S. palaestina Linnaeus (1763: 1674) var. hypoleuca Bentham (1848: 491). During the selection of a lectotype for the name S. palaestina Linnaeus (1763: 1674) var. hypoleuca Bentham (1848: 491), the specimens at K (K000193069 and K000193100) and G (G00684519) were taken into consideration, as Bentham had referenced these in the protologue of S. palaestina var. hypoleuca. Among these three specimens, G00684519, being the best-preserved and most fitting the protologue description, is designated here as the lectotype.
description: Published as part of Singh, Rajeev Kumar, 2023, Stachys richardiana nom. nov., a replacement name for S. hypoleuca (Lamiaceae), pp. 198-200 in Phytotaxa 620 (2) on page 198, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.620.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/10130364
Antheminia lunulata Goeze 1778
Creators: name: Ghahari, Hassan
name: Moulet, Pierre
name: Rider, David A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Pentatomidae
Antheminia
Antheminia lunulata

description: Antheminia lunulata (Goeze, 1778)
Cimex lunulata Goeze, 1778: 275; Cimex lynx Fabricius, 1794: 110; Mormidea pusio Fieber, 1861: 336 (non Kolenati, 1846); Carpocoris lynx var. decolor Ferrari, 1874: 129; Carpocoris (Antheminia) lunulatus var. pallidior Kirkaldy, 1909: 57; Carpocoris lunulatus var. nigricornis Kormilev, 1936: 36; Codophila (Antheminia) lunulata var. eckerleini Tamanini: 598; Antheminia lunulata var. robusta Putshkov, 1965: 261.
Distribution in Iran. Alborz, Fars, West Azarbaijan (Hoberlandt 1997), Ardabil, Semnan (Linnavuori 2008), East Azarbaijan (Hoberlandt 1997; Khalilzadeh et al. 2007; Gharaat et al. 2009; Hassanzadeh et al. 2009a, b as Carpocoris lunata Fallen, 1852; Khaghaninia et al. 2010a, b, 2011, 2013), Golestan (Hoberlandt 1997; Linnavuori 2008), Guilan (Hoberlandt 1997; Linnavuori 2008), Kerman (Hoberlandt 1997; Hashemi Rad et al. 2000), Khorasan (Modarres Awal 1996a, 1997b as Codophila lunulata (Goeze, 1778); Hoberlandt 1997; Linnavuori 2008; Modarres Awal 2008; Mehneh et al. 2010), Mazandaran (Hoberlandt 1997; Sakenin et al. 2008 as Codophila lunulata), Qazvin (Hoberlandt 1955; Safavi 1959; Hoberlandt 1997), Tehran (Brown 1966 as Codophila lunulata; Hoberlandt 1955, 1997; Safavi 1959; Modarres Awal 1997b), Zanjan (Hoberlandt 1997; Linnavuori 2008; Askari et al. 2009 as Carpocoris lunata), Iran (no locality cited) (Rider 2006; Ribes & Pagola Carte 2013).
New data. Isfahan province: 30 km N of Natanz, N33° 48’ 51.1’’ – E51°40’ 53.7’’, 4001 ft asl, 7.v.2013, J. Haxaire rec, P. Ducamps det et leg.
General distribution. Euro-Siberian, known in Algeria and Pakistan.
Host plants. On Asteraceae (Linnavuori 2008; Ribes & Pagola Carte 2013), Populus nigra nigra (Salicaceae) (Hassanzadeh et al. 2009b), Apiaceae (Modarres Awal 1996a, 1997b), Eruca sativa (Ericaceae) (Sakenin et al. 2008); on wild Poaceae (Khalilzadeh et al. 2007), cereals (Askari et al. 2009; Hassanzadeh et al. 2009a; Sadeghi et al. 2009; Khaghaninia et al. 2010a, b; Khaghaninia et al. 2011), Scrophulariaceae (Ribes & Pagola Carte 2013).
description: Published as part of Ghahari, Hassan, Moulet, Pierre & Rider, David A., 2014, An annotated catalog of the Iranian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha), pp. 1-95 in Zootaxa 3837 (1) on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3837.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286722
Pennella exocoeti Holten 1802
Creators: name: Hogans, W. E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Maxillopoda
Siphonostomatoida
Pennellidae
Pennella
Pennella exocoeti

description: Pennella exocoeti (Holten, 1802)
(Figs. 3, 9)
Synonyms. Pennella blainvillei (Lesueur, 1824), P. holteni (Desmarest, 1825), P. liouvillei Quidor, 1912 Type host and locality. Exocoetus sp., Atlantic Ocean.
Morphology. Size: 34–42 mm. Papillae: partial coverage, tubiform and branched, arranged around perimeter of cephalothorax, not found in organized groups. Holdfasts: two only, short. First antenna with four segments, second with two segments. Plumes: simple, single or double.
Remarks. A valid species. Parasitic on flying fishes (Exocoetidae: Exocoetus, Cheilopogon) in the Atlantic Ocean (Hogans 1988a and references therein). A small species exhibiting uniform morphology between specimens. Redescribed from USNM material by Hogans (1988a).
description: Published as part of Hogans, W. E., 2017, Review of Pennella Oken, 1816 (Copepoda: Pennellidae) with a description of Pennella benzi sp. nov., a parasite of Escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Pisces) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4244 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/400400
Parallelizing Air Shower Simulation for Background Characterization in IceCube
Creators: name: Meagher, Kevin
name: van Santen, Jakob
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic kilometer neutrino telescope located at the Geographic South Pole. For every observed neutrino event, there are over $10^6$ background events caused by cosmic ray air shower muons. In order to properly separate signal from background, it is necessary to produce Monte Carlo simulations of these air showers. Although to-date, IceCube has produced large quantities of background simulation, these studies still remain statistics limited. The first stage of simulation requires heavy CPU usage while the second stage requires heavy GPU usage. Processing both of these stages on the same node will result in an underutilized GPU but using different nodes will encounter bandwidth bottlenecks. Furthermore, due to the power-law energy spectrum of cosmic rays, the memory footprint of the detector response often exceeded the limit in unpredictable ways. This proceeding presents new client-server code which parallelizes the first stage onto multiple CPUs on the same node and then passes it on to the GPU for photon propagation. This results in GPU utilization of greater than 90% as well as more predictable memory usage and an overall factor of 20 improvement in speed over previous techniques.
description: 8 pages, 5 figures, in Proceedings of 26th International Conference on Computing in High Energy and Nuclear Physics (CHEP 2023)
Locality of Conjunction
Creators: name: Łubowicz, Anna
Publisher: name: Cascadilla Press
Year: 2005

description: This article accounts for locality of conjunction (Smolensky 1995) in terms of the locus function for constraint violations (McCarthy 2003, Riggle & Wilson 2004). A formal account is given of the idea that the locally conjoined constraints need to share their locus of violation. In addition, markedness reversals are discussed (Ito & Mester 2002). This proposal is found superior to previous approaches to restricting local conjunction, such as fulcrum (Bakovic 1999, Hewitt & Crowhurst 1996) and domain (Lubowicz 2002, Moreton & Smolensky 2002, Smolensky 1993).
Antheminia pusio subsp. pusio Kolenati 1846
Creators: name: Ghahari, Hassan
name: Moulet, Pierre
name: Rider, David A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Pentatomidae
Antheminia
Antheminia pusio
Antheminia pusio pusio (kolenati, 1846)

description: Antheminia pusio pusio (Kolenati, 1846)
Carpocoris pusio Kolenati, 1846: 48; Carpocoris (Antheminia) kirgisicus Jakovlev, 1905: 100; Carpocoris (Antheminia) bergi Jakovlev, 1905: 102; Carpocoris (Antheminia) absinthii orientalis Hoberlandt, 1956: 193.
Distribution in Iran. Ilam (Samin et al. 2011a as Codophila pusio (Kultur, 1846)), Kerman, Markazi (Hoberlandt 1997), Khorasan (Mehneh et al. 2010; Nateq Golestan & Modarres Awal 2012), Tehran (Hoberlandt 1955, 1997; Safavi 1959; Modarres Awal 1997b), West Azarbaijan (Nateq Golestan 2004; Nateq Golestan et al. 2004, 2010a, b, c, 2011; Sakenin et al. 2010 as Codophila pusio), Iran (no locality cited) (Hoberlandt 1961; Rider 2006; Ribes & Pagola Carte 2013).
General distribution. Afghanistan (Hoberlandt 1984), Kazakhstan (both European and Asian part), Russia, Caucasus, Central Asia, Pakistan. Reported from Macedonia, but this seems doubtful because A. pusio is unknown elsewhere in Europe.
Host plants. On different forest trees (Modarres Awal 1997b), Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae) (Nateq Golestan et al. 2011), under and on Artemisia sp., on Acroptilon repens (both Asteraceae), Allium cepa (Amaryllidaceae), Euphorbia sp. (Euphorbiaceae), Hordeum vulgare (Poaceae) (Nateq Golestan & Modarres Awal 2012); on Adonis sp. (Ranunculaceae), Astrgalus sp. (Fabaceae), and Carex sp. (Cyperaceae) (Ribes & Pagola Carte 2013).
description: Published as part of Ghahari, Hassan, Moulet, Pierre & Rider, David A., 2014, An annotated catalog of the Iranian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha), pp. 1-95 in Zootaxa 3837 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3837.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286722
Vowel Feature Licensing at a Distance: Evidence from Northern Spanish Language Varieties
Creators: name: Walker, Rachel
Publisher: name: Cascadilla Press
Year: 2004

description: This paper centers on the problem of transparency in Romance metaphony patterns, wherein a post-tonic high vowel triggers height assimilation in a stressed vowel. Two patterns are contrasted involving words with antepenultimate stress: systems that show height assimilation across a transparent penult and systems that exhibit harmony in both an intervening penult vowel and the stressed antepenult. A two-fold proposal is made. First, it is argued that metaphony is driven by a licensing constraint which requires that marked structure be associated with a strong position. In metaphony, the high, unstressed vowel is marked by virtue of its perceptual difficulty. Second, a generalized licensing constraint formulation is proposed, under which licensing is satisfied by various configurations. These include direct licensing and indirect licensing configurations (Steriade 1995), and also a new configuration, termed identity licensing, in which marked structure in a weak position is licensed through a correspondent in a strong position. Identity licensing maintains strict segmental locality (Ni Chiosain & Padgett 2001) by positing a copied feature in forms showing assimilation across a transparent penult vowel. Applications of the generalized licensing approach to the Asturian Lena Bable and Nalon Valley varieties and the Cantabrian Tudanca variety are discussed.
Pennella filosa Linnaeus 1758
Creators: name: Hogans, W. E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Maxillopoda
Siphonostomatoida
Pennellidae
Pennella
Pennella filosa

description: Pennella filosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Figs. 2, 10)
Synonyms. Pennella biloba Kirtisinghe, 1932, P. crassicornis Steeenstrup & Lutken, 1861, P. germonia Leigh- Sharpe, 1931, P. germonia fagei Poisson & Razet, 1954, P. histiophori Thomson, 1889, P. orthogorisci Wright. 1877, P. pustulosa Baird, 1850, P. rubra Brian, 1906, P. tridentate Listowsky, 1893, P. varians Steenstrup & Lutken, 1861
Type host and locality. Xiphias gladius, Atlantic Ocean.
Morphology. Size: 165–205 mm. Papillae: full or partial coverage, generally spherical, variable in size and shape, not found in organized groups. Holdfasts: two or three, laterals can be short or long; dorsal horn, when present, shorter. First antenna with three segments, second with two segments. Plumes: dendritic, complex branching.
Remarks. A valid species. The most frequently documented species of Pennella, P. filosa is also the most recognized species due to its common occurrence on commercially-important fish hosts. It is a large parasite of low host specificity and variable external morphology (Kabata 1979: Hogans 1987). Reported from many marine fish, but most frequently on large pelagic scombriform fish (swordfish (Xiphias), marlins (Makaira, Tetrapterus), sailfish (Istiophorus) and tunas (Thunnus )), also on ocean sunfish (Mola), and dolphinfish (Coryphaena), Atlantic, Mediterranean and Pacific distribution (Wilson 1917; Causey 1960; Kabata 1979, Hogans 1987, 1988a; Benz & Hogans 1993 and references therein; Williams & Bunkley-Williams 1996; Hernández-Trujillo et al. 2014). Pennella filosa can be distinguished from the other large Pennella which occurs on some of the same types of hosts, P. instructa, by its slightly larger size, (180 mm for P. filosa; 140 mm for P. instructa,) the variable holdfast horn shape and number (often three in P. filosa all directed laterally, two only in P. instructa always directed posteriorly) and the configuration and size of the cephalothoracic papillae (random, unorganized and variable in size in P. filosa; uniform size and in distinct bands/ groups in P. instructa).
description: Published as part of Hogans, W. E., 2017, Review of Pennella Oken, 1816 (Copepoda: Pennellidae) with a description of Pennella benzi sp. nov., a parasite of Escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Pisces) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4244 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/400400
Joryma malabaricus Aneesh, Helna & Trilles 2018
Creators: name: Ravichandran, S.
name: Vigneshwaran, P.
name: Rameshkumar, G.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Cymothoidae
Joryma
Joryma malabaricus

description: Joryma malabaricus Aneesh, Helna & Trilles, 2018
Joryma malabaricus Aneesh, Helna, Trilles & Chandra, 2018b: 5-14, figs 1–8.
Joryma brachysoma.— Rijin, Sudha, Vineesh & Anilkumar, 2019: 241–249, fig. 1b–d.
Type and type locality. The holotype (NZC-ZSI C- 7138/2) and paratypes (NZC-ZSI C- 7139/2- C- 7142/2) were collected from Malabar Coast, Arabian Sea, India (Lat. 11° 51′ N, Long. 75° 22′ E) from the host Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes, 1847) and are deposited at the National Zoological Collections of Zoological Survey of India.
Reamraks. Joryma malabaricus can easily distinguished from other known species of Joryma by several morphological characteristics: the cephalon is conspicuous dorsally and extending beyond the pereonite 1 expansion; pereonite 1 anterolateral expansion unilateral, not bilobed; pleonites 1 and 2 laterally overlapped; pleotelson triangular; uropod rami unequal, exopod slightly longer than endopod; mandibular palp not segmented in female (in male incomplete three segment), maxilliped palp with four recurved spines. Hunching of the female body is either toward left or right according to their occupation in the branchial cavity; if the parasite is located in the right branchial cavity; its body bends toward the left and vice versa (Aneesh et al. 2018b).
Rijin et al’s. (2019) figure of Joryma brachysoma (Pillai 1964) from the host Escualosa thoracata is a misidentification and refers to Joryma malabaricus based on the morphology and host septicity.
Size. Females, 9–13 mm; males, 4.5– 7 mm; transitional stages, 8–10 mm; mancas, 2–2.2 mm (Aneesh et al. 2018b).
Color. Ovig. female body pale tan with yellow/golden yellow/orange coloration in the thoracic region (depending on the color of the ovary) in the live state; male and transitional stage body pale tan; manca clear with scattered chromatophores (Aneesh et al. 2018b).
Distribution. Reported only known from the type locality, Malabar Coast of the Arabian Sea, India (Aneesh et al. 2018b).
Host. Only known from the type host Escualosa thoracata (Clupeidae) (Aneesh et al. 2018b).
description: Published as part of Ravichandran, S., Vigneshwaran, P. & Rameshkumar, G., 2019, A taxonomic review of the fish parasitic isopod family Cymothoidae Leach, 1818 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cymothooidea) of India, pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4622 (1) on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4622.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3379899
Pennella germonia Leigh-Sharpe 1931
Creators: name: Hogans, W. E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Maxillopoda
Siphonostomatoida
Pennellidae
Pennella
Pennella germonia

description: Pennella germonia Leigh-Sharpe, 1931
Not valid. Described from tuna, Germo alalonga (= Thunnus alalonga), Mediterranean. Falls within the length and variability range of P. filosa (also found frequently on species of large tunas). There is nothing within the original description, figures and remarks which distinguishes P. germonia from P. filosa. Synonym of P. filosa (Kabata 1979; Hogans 1988a); accepted as P. filosa (Walter & Boxshall 2015).
description: Published as part of Hogans, W. E., 2017, Review of Pennella Oken, 1816 (Copepoda: Pennellidae) with a description of Pennella benzi sp. nov., a parasite of Escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Pisces) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4244 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/400400
Antheminia varicornis Jakovlev 1874
Creators: name: Ghahari, Hassan
name: Moulet, Pierre
name: Rider, David A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Pentatomidae
Antheminia
Antheminia varicornis

description: Antheminia varicornis (Jakovlev, 1874)
Mormidea varicornis Jakovlev, 1874: 58; Dolycoris baicalensis Jakovlev, 1894: 135; Dolycoris varicornis montandoni Sienkiewicz, 1954: 1225.
Distribution in Iran. East Azarbaijan, Fars, Ilam, Kermanshah (Hoberlandt 1997), Iran (no locality cited) (Rider 2006; Ribes & Pagola Carte 2013).
General distribution. Euro-Mediterranean (except France, Spain, Portugal), Pontian, Central Asia, China; mentioned from Sinai.
Comments. According to Putshkov (1965) A. varicornis lives in wet biotopes, marshes, on Cyperaceae. Also, Ribes & Pagola Carte (2013) indicated that it can be injurious to rice fields.
description: Published as part of Ghahari, Hassan, Moulet, Pierre & Rider, David A., 2014, An annotated catalog of the Iranian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha), pp. 1-95 in Zootaxa 3837 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3837.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286722
Pennella germonia subsp. fagei Poisson & Razet 1954
Creators: name: Hogans, W. E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Maxillopoda
Siphonostomatoida
Pennellidae
Pennella
Pennella germonia
Pennella germonia fagei poisson & razet, 1954

description: Pennella germonia fagei Poisson & Razet, 1954
Not valid. Described from Thunnus alalonga; no locality, but probably Mediterranean. An apparent sub-species of P. germonia (determined to be synonymous with P. filosa (Hogans 1988a). There is nothing within the original description which differentiates this “sub-species” from P. filosa. A variable form and synonym of P. filosa (Hogans 1988a).
description: Published as part of Hogans, W. E., 2017, Review of Pennella Oken, 1816 (Copepoda: Pennellidae) with a description of Pennella benzi sp. nov., a parasite of Escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Pisces) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4244 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/400400
Isorhipis melasioides
Creators: name: Mitter, Heinz
name: A, Upper
name: A, Lower
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Eucnemidae
Isorhipis
Isorhipis melasioides

description: Isorhipis melasioides (CASTELNAU, 1835)
Lebt in morschem Buchenholz.
M a t e r i a l u n t e r s u c h t: Steyregg, Donau-Au, 25.6.2023, 2 Ex. leg. H. Mitter; Nationalpark Kalkalpen, Wolfskopf, 2020, leg. E. Weigand; Asten, Donau-Au und Linz, Schwaigau, 2017, leg. H. Mitter.
Ä l t e r e F u n d e: Wendbach b. Trattenbach; Orth a.d. Donau; Kaltenleutgeben; Wien, Baden; Hinterbrühl; Umg. Graz (FRANZ 1974).
description: Published as part of Mitter, Heinz, A, Upper & A, Lower, 2024, Nachweise bemerkenswerter Käferarten aus Ober - und Niederösterreich (Insecta, Coleoptera), pp. 141-148 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 56 (1) on page 143, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14681918
Media and politics
Creators: name: AL Shehail, Auhoud
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2017

description: The following research examines the relationship between media, both new and traditional, and Saudi governance between 2001 and 2015.  By utilizing qualitative data gained through both acquiring Royal Decrees and independently soliciting case study interviews with high ranking officials in Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Media, Ministry of Education, and Presidency of Youth Welfare— the study demonstrates that the rapid increase in digital technology and media since the beginning of the 21st century has played a significant role in bringing about policy change in three specific domains of Saudi life: women’s empowerment, education, and citizen digital voice.  For the first time in its history, Saudi Arabia is at the dawn of a new age, in which public expression and opinion are breaking down the unidirectional traditions of a once absolute monarchy.  Although many aspects of Saudi culture and society influence the non-transparent political decisions of the ruling class, the intention of this study is to highlight only the role that media plays in influencing the governing process.
Pennella gracilis
Creators: name: Hogans, W. E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Maxillopoda
Siphonostomatoida
Pennellidae
Pennella
Pennella gracilis

description: Pennella gracilis (Costa, 1847)
Not valid; reported, but not described or figured. Nomen nudum (Walter & Boxshall 2015).
description: Published as part of Hogans, W. E., 2017, Review of Pennella Oken, 1816 (Copepoda: Pennellidae) with a description of Pennella benzi sp. nov., a parasite of Escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Pisces) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4244 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/400400
Pennella hawaiiensis Kazachenko & Kurochkin 1974
Creators: name: Hogans, W. E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Maxillopoda
Siphonostomatoida
Pennellidae
Pennella
Pennella hawaiiensis

description: Pennella hawaiiensis Kazachenko & Kurochkin, 1974
(Fig. 11)
Synonyms. None.
Type host and locality. Pentoceros richardsoni, south Pacific Ocean.
Morphology. Size: 80–90 mm. Papillae: partial coverage, generally spherical, variable in size and shape, not found in organized groups. Holdfasts: three, two laterals short; dorsal horn shorter. First antenna with four segments, second with two segments. Plumes: dendritic, complex branching.
Remarks. A valid species. Well described, figured and discussed in the original report. An intermediate size Pennella species parasitic on a unique host, the pelagic armourhead (boarfish), P. richardsoni. Kazachenko and Kurochkin (1974) documented several specimens of the adult female and younger pre-adult individuals in metamorphosis. Pennella hawaiiensis resembles P. filosa but is a smaller parasite; it also superficially resembles and is close in size to P. remorae, but has a different cephalothoracic papillae configuration, has one less segment on the first antenna, and parasitizes a much different type of host. Pennella hawaiiensis is the only species of Pennella other than P. exocoeti (a smaller parasite which does not possess a dorsal holdfast horn and is found on flyingfish) which exhibits a four-segmented first antenna.
description: Published as part of Hogans, W. E., 2017, Review of Pennella Oken, 1816 (Copepoda: Pennellidae) with a description of Pennella benzi sp. nov., a parasite of Escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Pisces) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4244 (1) on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/400400
Public auditing, analytics, and big data in the modern economy
Creators: name: Appelbaum, Deniz
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2017

description: There is an increasing recognition in the public audit profession that the emergence of big data  as well as the growing use of analytics by audit clients has brought new concerns and opportunities.        The first chapter introduces and identifies a number of these issues as that are facing the auditor in the modern economy.        The second chapter primarily addresses one of these concern: what is the extant research on analytical procedures in the audit engagement? This dissertation proposes that the answers to these issues should start with an examination of the extant external audit research. However, an updated review of this research does not exist. Accordingly, 301 papers are identified regarding analytical procedures in the audit engagement. These papers are organized by technique, audit phase, and other attributes for understanding. This analysis is then presented as an External Audit Analytics (EAA) framework, which is subsequently expanded with the concepts of business analytics. Specifically, this synthesis organizes this literature, thereby offering guidelines regarding possible approaches for more complex and data driven analytics in the engagement.      The third chapter elaborates and expands upon the next six issues and discusses additional aspects for contemplation by researchers and the profession.       The fourth chapter discusses the issues of Big Data when it is being considered as Audit Evidence, particularly in the context of external big data. In this age of big data many sources of evidence are untraceable and their provenance unverifiable. This chapter provides guidance regarding provenance of big data, allowing it to be regarded as reliable evidence for external auditors. Finally, the fifth chapter concludes.      These chapters discuss and illuminate broadly many issues facing the profession since clients are more automated and are capturing more data. These chapters also contribute to audit literature regarding external audit analytics and reliability of big data audit evidence.     Big data and analytics are dramatically changing the business environment and their processes. Business methods are changing, capabilities are being added, anachronistic  functions are being eliminated, and processes are being substantially accelerated. The same paradigm change should occur with the audit profession, and this dissertation provides some of the needed ideas to motivate such a shift.
Pennella histiophori Thomson 1889
Creators: name: Hogans, W. E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Maxillopoda
Siphonostomatoida
Pennellidae
Pennella
Pennella histiophori

description: Pennella histiophori Thomson, 1889
Not valid. The original description is from specimens recovered from the Pacific Sailfish Histiophorus hescheli (= Istiophorus platycephalus) off New Zealand. The descriptions and figures resemble closely specimens of P. filosa also recorded from Pacific Sailfish (ex: off coastal Mexico, Causey 1960). The specimens of P. histiophori fall within the length and morphological variability range of most specimens of P. filosa from many different species of large pelagic scombriform fishes (Hogans 1987). Pennella histiophori is a synonym of P. filosa (Hogans 1988a); accepted as P. filosa (Walter & Boxshall 2015).
description: Published as part of Hogans, W. E., 2017, Review of Pennella Oken, 1816 (Copepoda: Pennellidae) with a description of Pennella benzi sp. nov., a parasite of Escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Pisces) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4244 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/400400
Two essays on say-on-pay
Creators: name: Behera, Meera
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2017

description: High CEO compensation is a known problem. The Dodd-Frank Act of July 21st, 2010 mandates a periodic advisory Say-on-Pay vote (SoP) on a company’s executive pay. In the first essay, we estimate the determinants and impacts of the SoP vote. We find that SoP approval is positively related to the firm’s past performance and negatively related to the CEO’s past compensation. We also find that the increase in future compensation is positively related to the SoP support. These relationships are weaker in the presence of institutional ownership. We document similar results for non-CEO executive compensations. Last, we estimate the impact of SoP vote on future performance. We find that future performance is negatively related to SoP support and is positively associated with a vote being in the lowest SoP quartile.    In the second essay, we use logit estimate to see the impact of the SoP vote on CEO turnover. We find that, controlling for firm performance and CEO attributes, the likelihood of a turnover is negatively related to SoP support. This result is similar for the likelihood of forced CEO turnovers and replacements by CEOs who are hired from outside of the company. We also find that most CEO departures take place in the second half of the year (rather than in the immediate six months) after the annual meeting in which the SoP vote is cast. In conclusion, SoP has consequences even though it is formally an advisory vote.
Carpocoris (Carpocoris) coreanus Distant 1899
Creators: name: Ghahari, Hassan
name: Moulet, Pierre
name: Rider, David A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Pentatomidae
Carpocoris
Carpocoris coreanus

description: Carpocoris (Carpocoris) coreanus Distant, 1899
Carpocoris coreanus Distant, 1899: 436; Carpocoris iranus Tamanini, 1958: 169.
Distribution in Iran. Alborz (Wagner 1968; Hoberlandt 1997), Ardabil (Modarres Awal 1987; Linnavuori 2008; Ghahari et al. 2010a), East Azarbaijan (Hoberlandt 1997; Modarres Awal 1997a, 1997b; Khalilzadeh et al. 2007; Linnavuori 2008; Khalilzadeh 2008; Gharaat et al. 2009; Hassanzadeh et al. 2009b; Sadeghi et al. 2009; Khaghaninia et al. 2010b, 2013; Havaskary et al. 2012), Fars (Wagner 1961, 1968; Brown 1966; Hoberlandt 1997), Golestan (Wagner 1968; Hoberlandt 1997), Guilan, Semnan (Linnavuori 2008), Hamadan, Kordestan (Brown 1966), Kerman, Kuhgiloyeh & Boyerahmad, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Sistan & Baluchestan (Hoberlandt 1997), Khorasan (Wagner 1968; Modarres Awal 1993, 1996a, 1997b; Hoberlandt 1997; Linnavuori 2008; Havaskary et al. 2010; Mehneh et al. 2010), Isfahan (Brown 1966; Hoberlandt 1997), Mazandaran (Wagner 1968; Sakenin et al. 2008), Tehran (Brown 1966; Hoberlandt 1997; Linnavuori 2008), Yazd (Miyamoto 1963; Hoberlandt 1997), Iran (no locality cited) (Tamanini 1958; Yarmand et al. 2002; Rider 2006; Ribes et al. 2008; Ribes & Pagola Carte 2013).
General distribution. Russia, Caucasian Region, Central Asia, Near East, China, Pakistan.
Host plants. On wild Poaceae (Modarres Awal 1996a; Khalilzadeh et al. 2007), Triticum sp. (Poaceae) (Modarres Awal 1996a, 1997b), Pyrus sp. (Rosaceae) (Modarres Awal 1997a), alfalfa (Khalilzadeh 2008; Mehneh et al. 2010), lucerne (Hassanzadeh et al. 2009b), fruit trees (Sadeghi et al. 2009) and on Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), Triticum vulgare (Poaceae) (Sakenin et al. 2008).
description: Published as part of Ghahari, Hassan, Moulet, Pierre & Rider, David A., 2014, An annotated catalog of the Iranian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha), pp. 1-95 in Zootaxa 3837 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3837.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286722
Pennella holteni Desmarest 1825
Creators: name: Hogans, W. E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Maxillopoda
Siphonostomatoida
Pennellidae
Pennella
Pennella holteni

description: Pennella holteni (Desmarest, 1825)
Not valid. Desmarest (1825) named a new species while transferring the species described by Holten (1802), P. exocoeti, from Lernaea to Lernaeopenna, both of which are synonyms of Pennella. There was no actual description of a new species in the original report. Accepted as P. exocoeti (Walter & Boxshall 2015).
description: Published as part of Hogans, W. E., 2017, Review of Pennella Oken, 1816 (Copepoda: Pennellidae) with a description of Pennella benzi sp. nov., a parasite of Escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Pisces) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4244 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/400400
Pennella incerta Brian 1927
Creators: name: Hogans, W. E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Maxillopoda
Siphonostomatoida
Pennellidae
Pennella
Pennella incerta

description: Pennella incerta Brian, 1927
Not valid. Found in a plankton sample, Italian Mediterranean region. Based on a larval (copepodid) stage. Brief and inadequate original description. Not reported since the original description.
description: Published as part of Hogans, W. E., 2017, Review of Pennella Oken, 1816 (Copepoda: Pennellidae) with a description of Pennella benzi sp. nov., a parasite of Escolar, Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Pisces) in the northwest Atlantic Ocean, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4244 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4244.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/400400
Reporting guideline used in Early Imaging Identification of Osteoradionecrosis and Classification Using the Novel ClinRad System: Results from A Retrospective Observational Cohort manuscript
Creators: name: Kaffey, Zaphanlene
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: classificationCode: 510502
subject: Medical physics
classificationCode: 321110
subject: Radiation therapy

description: In accordance with the EQUATOR Network (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) guidance, we have utilized the RECORD checklist, a guideline for the “REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health data” (Benchimool El at al., 2015) for the manuscript: Early Imaging Identification of Osteoradionecrosis and Classification Using the Novel ClinRad System: Results from A Retrospective Observational Cohort.
Buprestis octoguttata
Creators: name: Mitter, Heinz
name: A, Upper
name: A, Lower
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Buprestidae
Buprestis
Buprestis octoguttata

description: Buprestis octoguttata (LINNAEUS, 1758)
Im Osten von Mitteleuropa, zumeist selten, nach Westen sehr selten, meidet den atlantischen Bereich; Larve in Kiefern.
M a t e r i a l u n t e r s u c h t: Niederösterreich: Kematen/Y. – Hausmening, Forstheide, 320m, 21.6.2022, leg. Johann Ortner.
Ä l t e r e F u n d e: Kreuzmauer b. Trattenbach (Müllner); Nationalpark Kalkalpen Sengsengebirge, Taschengraben (2016, vid. Weigand).
O L M L: Aschach a.d. Donau; Pfenningberg; Umgeb. Steyr (Wiessner); Molln (Munganast). Bad Kreuzen und Ebensee (nach DALLA TORRE 1879).
ZOBODAT: in der Osthälfte von Niederösterreich und im Burgenland mehrere Meldungen.
description: Published as part of Mitter, Heinz, A, Upper & A, Lower, 2024, Nachweise bemerkenswerter Käferarten aus Ober - und Niederösterreich (Insecta, Coleoptera), pp. 141-148 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 56 (1) on page 144, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14681918
Emotional disclosure and stigma
Creators: name: Benson, Jessica Margaret
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2017

description: Exposure to discrimination and negative stereotypes deplete cognitive resources and  ultimately undermine the achievement of members belonging to stigmatized groups. However, emotional disclosure boosts psychological resources. This dissertation research had three main goals. The first goal was to experimentally test whether a brief emotional disclosure writing assignment regarding a past discriminatory or traumatic experience would have beneficial effects on cognitive performance (Study 1). The second goal was to examine whether observed emotional disclosure benefits were due to the gains supplied by disclosure or by the costs imposed by suppression (Study 2). The third goal was to test whether disclosing emotions regarding any past negative event would reduce stereotype threat and improve academic performance (Study 3). Collectively, results from Studies 1-3 indicate that emotional disclosure improves cognitive and academic performance for all students, and may especially help those who have or currently face discrimination, trauma, or negative stereotypes.
Jazz education in Israel
Creators: name: Caplan, Lee
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2017

description: Jazz Education in Israel is indebted to three key figures – Zvi Keren, Arnie Lawrence, and Mel Keller. This thesis explores how Jazz developed in Israel and the role education played. Jazz Education in Israel discusses the origin of educational programs such as the Rimon School of Jazz and Contemporary Music (1985) and the New School Jazz Program (1986). One question that was imperative to this study was attempting to discover exactly how Jazz became a cultural import and export within Israel. Through interviews included in this thesis, this study uncovers just that. The interviews include figures such as Tal Ronen, Dr. Arnon Palty, Dr. Alona Sagee, and Keren Yair Dagan. As technology gets more advanced and the world gets smaller, Jazz finds itself playing a larger role in humanity as a whole.
Obscured personal identity and the pursuit of authorship in the drama of Martin McDonagh
Creators: name: Biesiadecki, Laura
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2017

description: The works of Martin McDonagh can most simply be characterized by an abundance of violence and foul language, combined with a shockingly twisted sense of humor. Gruesome deaths abound for parents, children, priests, and animals, as do creative means of torture and vulgar name-calling. However, there is a wealth of potential value hidden among the violence. Gore provides him with an interesting vehicle with which he is able to drive the reader or viewer through a series of startling events, all of which revolve around the concept of personal identity and an individual’s ability to write his or her own story. In the interest of pursuing authorship, characters may experiment with different “compositional techniques,”resulting in a consistent offering of sex and violence, blended with the small, restrictive stereotype Western Ireland provides.In his Leenane Trilogy, comprised of The Beauty Queen of Leenane (1996), A Skull in Connemara (1997), and The Lonesome West (1997), and incomplete Aran Islands Trilogy, consisting of The Cripple of Inishmaan (1997) and The Lieutenant of Inishmore (2003) as well as in his stand-alone piece, The Pillowman (2003), Martin McDonagh concentrates on his characters’ need to redeem themselves from the plague of obscured identity, and the ways in which this redemption can be successfully achieved.
Carpocoris (Carpocoris) fuscispinus Boheman 1849
Creators: name: Ghahari, Hassan
name: Moulet, Pierre
name: Rider, David A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Pentatomidae
Carpocoris
Carpocoris fuscispinus

description: Carpocoris (Carpocoris) fuscispinus (Boheman, 1849)
Cimex fuscispinus Boheman, 1851: 241; Pentatoma hahni Flor, 1856: 60; Carpocoris fuscispinus var. rugicollis Seabra, 1925: 10; Carpocoris fuscispinus var. subrufus Seabra, 1925: 10; Carpocoris fuscispinus flavescens Seabra, 1925: 11; Carpocoris fuscispinus var. infuscatus Seabra, 1925: 11.
Distribution in Iran. Alborz (Lindberg 1938; Safavi 1959; Farahbakhsh 1961; Babmorad 1993), Ardabil (Modarres Awal 1996b, 1997b; Linnavuori 2008), East Azarbaijan (Modarres Awal 1997b; Farshbaf Pour-Abad 2000; Khalilzadeh et al. 2007; Khalilzadeh 2008; Hassanzadeh et al. 2009a, b; Khaghaninia et al. 2010a, b, 2011; Havaskary et al. 2012), Fars, Kuhgiluyeh & Boyerahmad (Linnavuori 2012), Golestan, Guilan, Zanjan (Linnavuori 2008), Isfahan (Safavi 1959; Farahbakhsh 1961; Martin et al. 1969; Modarres Awal 1997b; Samin & Asgari 2012), Kerman (Linnavuori 2012; Zeinoddini Memand et al. 2012, 2013), Khorasan (Seidenstücker 1957; Modarres Awal 1997b; Linnavuori 2008), Khuzestan (Seidenstücker 1958), Lorestan, Qazvin (Safavi 1959; Farahbakhsh 1961), Markazi (Modarres Awal 1997b), Mazandaran, Tehran (Safavi 1959; Farahbakhsh 1961; Modarres Awal 1997b), West Azarbaijan (Nateq Golestan 2004; Nateq Golestan et al. 2004, 2010a, b, c, 2011; Gharaat et al. 2009), Zanjan (Askari et al. 2009), Iran (no locality cited) (Khanjani 2006; Rider 2006; Ribes et al. 2008; Ribes & Pagola Carte 2013).
General distribution. Palearctic, Indian subcontinent.
Host plants. On lucerne (Farahbakhsh 1961; Modarres Awal 1997b; Askari et al. 2009; Hassanzadeh et al. 2009a, b), lupine, wheat (Farahbakhsh 1961; Modarres Awal 1997b), Hordeum sp. (Modarres Awal 1996b, 1997b), poplar, sugar-beet (Modarres Awal 1997b), Asteraceae, Apiaceae (Linnavuori 2008), dill and licorice (Khaghaninia et al. 2010b), Circium sp., Triticum aestivum (Poaceae) (Nateq Golestan et al. 2011), in alfalfa field (Farshbaf Pour-Abad 2000; Khalilzadeh 2008), in pistachio garden (Zeinoddini Memand et al. 2012, 2013), also caught on Alhagi sp. (Fabaceae), Salsola sp. (Salsolaceae), Peganum sp., Zygophyllum sp. (both Zygophyllaceae) (Zeinoddini Memand et al. 2013).
description: Published as part of Ghahari, Hassan, Moulet, Pierre & Rider, David A., 2014, An annotated catalog of the Iranian Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha), pp. 1-95 in Zootaxa 3837 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3837.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286722
Contesting the university
Creators: name: Cadden, Luke Aron
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2017

description: This thesis analyzes the factors that lead to universities being contested by black radical students in the context of black intellectual/liberation movements in South Africa and the United States between 1968 – 1972 and the year 2015. Given the parallel historical similarities of the racialized capitalist system operative in South Africa and the United States respectively, the comparative framework of the thesis is split between two chapters. The first chapter historicizes the influence of the Black Consciousness Movement on the South African Students Organisation, as well as the Black Power and the Black Campus Movement in the US. The chapter suggests that, while locally manifested, the proliferation of black intellectual/liberation movements owes much to transnational/diasporic origins, since scholars recognized the shared struggle of fighting racial oppression globally. Emboldened by new notions of self-pride and positive affirmations of blackness, these ideas galvanized black radical student activists into action, beginning at historically black colleges and universities and later developing elsewhere, with the goal of transformation at a university as well as societal level.   Chapter Two bridges the two historical periods of focus, by discussing the origins of the myth of post-racialism in both contexts, which emerged alongside the attrition of the movements discussed in the preceding chapter. Indeed, despite the different origins and rationale, the thesis demonstrates that paradigm shifts in both countries were complicit in the implementation of a colorblind national discourse, which shifted the political-social understanding of race and racism. In America, the myth of colorblindness has its origins in the Nixon era which formed part of a wider political strategy to stymie the hard-fought efforts of the Black Power/Civil Rights activists who elucidated the connections between race, racism and economic inequality. Relatedly, colorblindism in South Africa has been at the center of the post-apartheid political narrative since 1994, effectively supplanting race discourse with individualism and meritocracy. Yet for student activists in 2015, the continued systematic decimation of black bodies during a time when both countries’ presidential offices were held by black men, presented a challenge to the notion of post-racialism. Thus, the university, once again, became central for black radical student activists. The thesis argues that this is to be understood in the overarching context of the Black Lives Matter in America and Fees Must Fall in South Africa. Attentive to the struggle of the previous generation of activism as well as the nuances of the 2015 context, the Open Stellenbosch and Concerned Student 1950 collective fought for more just universities as well as equitable societies.
Essays on contagion effects of corporate frauds and bond defaults
Creators: name: Cheng, Xin
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2017

description: This dissertation is consisted of two essays to study contagion effect. The first essay investigates the role of supply chain links in spread and detection of corporate frauds. We examine and find that firms are more likely to begin misconduct if their current customers or suppliers are cheating. The effects are both statistically and economically significant. This higher likelihood of engaging in misconduct could be to preserve the value of their relationship specific investment that loses value if the cheating customer gets discovered. We find no support for this Relationship Hypothesis.  We also examine if greater exposure to wrongful practices in the supply chain encourages the diffusion of these practices and find support for this Exposure Hypothesis. Lastly, we examine if discovery of a cheating customer increases the likelihood of firm’s detection. We find that recent detected customer is associated with a higher likelihood of detection and a significantly lower time to detection providing strong support for the Detection Hypothesis.   In the second essay, we focus on state spillover effects of defaults in municipal bond market over 2000 to 2014. We document a significant price decline, -2.98% around the default. The price declines are greater for revenue bonds and bonds with no credit enhancement. We also find that on average, the abnormal price change for non-defaulted bonds is about -1.1%. The reaction is bigger if the price change of defaulted bond is more negative or the portion of momentary defaults is higher. In addition, past defaults significantly raise the cost of new municipal borrowing from the same state. The evidence suggests that defaults are not rare, and have a significant negative effect on all municipal issuers from the same state.