cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Can we detect a supertranslated black hole?
Creators: name: Sarkar, Subhodeep
name: Kumar, Shailesh
name: Bhattacharjee, Srijit
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We attempt to address the question of whether standard tests of general relativity can detect the presence of a black hole carrying a supertranslation field. In this regard, we study the photon sphere of a dynamical black hole carrying a supertranslation hair. We find that the dynamics of the photon sphere is quite subtle and it may offer an opportunity to differentiate a supertranslated black hole from its bald counterpart. This represents a first step towards understanding the observational signatures of a supertranslated dynamical black hole.
description: 8 Pages, 4 Figures, text substantially modified, new results added, to appear in Physical Review D
Deep exponential families for single-cell data analysis
Creators: name: Ferreira, Pedro F.
name: Kuipers, Jack
name: Beerenwinkel, Niko
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022

description: Single-cell gene expression data characterizes the complex heterogeneity of living systems. This heterogeneity is composed of various cells with diverse cell states driven by different sets of genes. Cell states can often belong to different categories according to biological hierarchies. Hierarchical clustering therefore not only improves functional interpretation, but can also be leveraged to ensure that gene signatures are less influenced by noise and batch effects. We present single-cell Deep Exponential Families (scDEF), a two-level Bayesian matrix factorization model which extracts hierarchical gene signatures from single-cell RNA-sequencing data. scDEF can additionally make use of prior information to guide the hierarchy. It can be used for dimensionality reduction, gene signature identification, and batch integration. We validate scDEF with simulations and multiple annotated real data sets, and show that scDEF recovers meaningful hierarchies in single- and multiple-batch scenarios.
description: bioRxiv
Perceptions of Transgender Policies in Elite Sports
Creators: name: Zachau, Monika
Publisher: name: Πανεπιστήμιο Πελοποννήσου
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: 'Ενταξη στον Αθλητισμό
subject: Ομάδα, Ταυτότητά της
subject: Αθλητισμός - Ηθικές απόψεις
subject: Αθλητισμός - Κοινωνιολογικές απόψεις
subject: Φύλο - Κοινωνικές απόψεις
subject: Ταυτότητα φύλου
subject: Inclusion in Sport
subject: Group identity
subject: Sports - Moral and ethical aspects
subject: Sports - Sociological aspects
subject: Sex - Social aspects
subject: Gender identity
subject: Transgender Athletes
subject: Sports Policy
subject: Gender Diversity
subject: Competitive Fairness
subject: Inclusion in Sport

description: The thesis "Perceptions of Transgender Policies in Elite Sports" carefully examines the complex debate surrounding the participation of transgender athletes in elite sports. It provides an insightful analysis of existing policies and stakeholder perspectives, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for sports policy in accommodating evolving understandings of gender, influenced primarily by concerns over fairness and inclusivity. By presenting a comprehensive review of historical, biological, ethical, and political considerations on the inclusion of transgender athletes alongside current transgender policies in elite sports and innovative policy ideas, the research uncovers the various influences at the heart of the debate. In addition, a thematic analysis of qualitative interviews with a variety of stakeholders, including two cisgender athletes and one transgender athlete, a sports journalist, a child and adolescent psychiatrist specializing in transgender issues, and a professor of physical education further demonstrates the range of stakeholders’ perceptions, opinions, and considerations. The findings underscore the complexity of integrating transgender athletes into elite sport and highlight the challenges of developing policies that respect gender diversity while ensuring competitive fairness. This challenge is particularly apparent in debates about the inclusion of transgender women, where concerns about competitive fairness based on perceived biological advantages often seem to outweigh the ethical and social justice demands of inclusion. Such debates highlight the critical need for policies that thoughtfully consider scientific evidence, ethical principles, and the diverse experiences of athletes in order to create sporting environments that are both equitable and inclusive. Through its multidimensional approach, the thesis is designed to enrich the academic dialogue and provide practical insights. It emphasizes the need for the sports community to adapt to changing societal norms regarding gender and for continued dialogue to advocate for policies that balance equality, fairness and dignity for all athletes.
Goal-directed vocal planning in a songbird
Creators: name: Zai, Anja T.
name: Stepien, Anna E.
name: Cavé-Lopez, Sophie
name: Giret, Nicolas
name: Hahnloser, Richard H.R.
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022

description: Songbirds’ vocal mastery is impressive, but to what extent is it a result of practice? Can they, similar to humans, plan targeted changes to their songs in a practice-free manner without intermittently singing? In adult zebra finches, we drive the pitch of a song syllable away from its stable (baseline) variant acquired from a tutor, then we withdraw reinforcement and subsequently deprive them of song experience by muting or deafening. In this deprived state, birds do not recover their baseline song. However, they revert their songs towards the target by about one standard deviation of their recent practice, provided the latter signaled a pitch mismatch with the target. Thus, targeted vocal plasticity does not require immediate sensory experience, showing that zebra finches are capable of goal-directed vocal planning.
description: bioRxiv
3D template-based $Fermi$-LAT constraints on the diffuse supernova axion-like particle background
Creators: name: Calore, Francesca
name: Carenza, Pierluca
name: Eckner, Christopher
name: Fischer, Tobias
name: Giannotti, Maurizio
name: Jaeckel, Joerg
name: Kotake, Kei
name: Kuroda, Takami
name: Mirizzi, Alessandro
name: Sivo, Francesco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Axion-like particles (ALPs) may be abundantly produced in core-collapse (CC) supernovae (SNe), hence the cumulative signal from all past SN events can create a diffuse flux peaked at energies of about 25~MeV. We improve upon the modeling of the ALPs flux by including a set of CC SN models with different progenitor masses, as well as the effects of failed CC SNe -- which yield the formation of black holes instead of explosions. Relying on the coupling strength of ALPs to photons and the related Primakoff process, the diffuse SN ALP flux is converted into gamma rays while traversing the magnetic field of the Milky Way. The spatial morphology of this signal is expected to follow the shape of the Galactic magnetic field lines. We make use of this via a template-based analysis that utilizes 12 years of $Fermi$-LAT data in the energy range from 50 MeV to 500 GeV. In our benchmark case of the realization of astrophysical and cosmological parameters, we find an upper limit of $g_{aγ} \lesssim 3.76\times10^{-11}\;\mathrm{GeV}^{-1}$ at 95$\%$ confidence level for $m_a \ll 10^{-11}$ eV, while we find that systematic deviations from this benchmark scenario induce an uncertainty as large as about a factor of two. Our result slightly improves the CAST bound, while still being a factor of six (baseline scenario) weaker than the SN1987A gamma-ray burst limit.
description: 26 pages, 17 figures; v2 changes: inclusion of gravitational redshift on CC SN ALP emission spectra, impact of the creation of alpha particles during a CC SN on ALP emission spectra
Full-duplex acoustic interaction system for cognitive experiments with cetaceans
Creators: name: Rychen, Jörg
name: Semoroz, Julie
name: Eckerle, Alexander
name: Hahnloser, Richard H.R.
name: Kleinberger, Rébecca
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Human-dolphin communication
Self-interference cancellation
Echo cancellation
Killer-whale
Orca
Humpback whale
Inter-species communication
Animal communication
Bioacoustics
Underwater communication
Animal cognition

description: Cetaceans show high cognitive abilities and strong social bonds. Acoustics is their primary modality to communicate and sense the environment. Research on their echolocation and vocalizations with conspecifics and with humans typically uses visual and tactile systems adapted from research on primates or birds. Such research would benefit from a purely acoustic communication system in which signals flow in both directions simultaneously. We designed and implemented a full duplex system to acoustically interact with cetaceans in the wild, featuring digital echo-suppression. We pilot tested the system in Arctic Norway and achieved an echo suppression of 18 dB leaving room for technical improvements addressed in the discussion. Nevertheless, the system enabled vocal interaction with the underwater acoustic scene by allowing experimenters to listen while producing sounds. We describe our motivations, then present our pilot deployment and give examples of initial explorative attempts to vocally interact with wild orcas and humpback whales.
description: bioRxiv
2d $\mathcal{N}=(0,1)$ Gauge Theories and Spin(7) Orientifolds
Creators: name: Franco, Sebastián
name: Mininno, Alessandro
name: Uranga, Ángel M.
name: Yu, Xingyang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We initiate the geometric engineering of 2d $\mathcal{N}=(0,1)$ gauge theories on D1-branes probing singularities. To do so, we introduce a new class of backgrounds obtained as quotients of Calabi-Yau 4-folds by a combination of an anti-holomorphic involution leading to a Spin(7) cone and worldsheet parity. We refer to such constructions as Spin(7) orientifolds. Spin(7) orientifolds explicitly realize the perspective on 2d $\mathcal{N}=(0,1)$ theories as real slices of $\mathcal{N}=(0,2)$ ones. Remarkably, this projection is geometrically realized as Joyce's construction of Spin(7) manifolds via quotients of Calabi-Yau 4-folds by anti-holomorphic involutions. We illustrate this construction in numerous examples with both orbifold and non-orbifold parent singularities, discuss the role of the choice of vector structure in the orientifold quotient, and study partial resolutions.
description: v2: added references + typos corrected v1: 49 pages + 1 appendix
Optical pumping in rubidium-87 - Impure polarization (a mixture of sigma+, sigma- and pi light) on the (Fg=2 - Fe=3) transition in the D2 line
Creators: name: Kastberg, Anders
name: Atoneche, Fred
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics
subject: Applied Physics
subject: 20503 Nonlinear Optics and Spectroscopy
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present results of a method for calculating optical pumping rates in Rb-87, as described in [*to be published*]. We use light with an impure polarization (i.e. a mixture of sigma+, sigma- and pi light) to populate a stretched angular momentum state in the Fg=2 hyperfine structure level of the ground state. The method is shown to function well for the studied system. Absolute scale level populations as functions of time, detuning, intensity, relative intensity of polarizations, and starting parameters are derived.
Sectored DRAM: An Energy-Efficient High-Throughput and Practical Fine-Grained DRAM Architecture
Creators: name: Olgun, Ataberk
name: Bostanci, F. Nisa
name: Oliveira, Geraldo F.
name: Tuğrul, Yahya Can
name: Bera, Rahul
name: Yağlikçi, A. Giray
name: Hassan, Hasan
name: Ergin, Oğuz
name: Mutlu, Onur
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Hardware Architecture (cs.AR)
FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: There are two major sources of inefficiency in computing systems that use modern DRAM devices as main memory. First, due to coarse-grained data transfers (size of a cache block, usually 64B between the DRAM and the memory controller, systems waste energy on transferring data that is not used. Second, due to coarse-grained DRAM row activation, systems waste energy by activating DRAM cells that are unused in many workloads where spatial locality is lower than the large row size (usually 8-16KB). We propose Sectored DRAM, a new, low-overhead DRAM substrate that alleviates the two inefficiencies, by enabling fine-grained DRAM access and activation. To efficiently retrieve only the useful data from DRAM, Sectored DRAM exploits the observation that many cache blocks are not fully utilized in many workloads due to poor spatial locality. Sectored DRAM predicts the words in a cache block that will likely be accessed during the cache block's cache residency and: (i) transfers only the predicted words on the memory channel, as opposed to transferring the entire cache block, by dynamically tailoring the DRAM data transfer size for the workload and (ii) activates a smaller set of cells that contain the predicted words, as opposed to activating the entire DRAM row, by carefully operating physically isolated portions of DRAM rows (MATs). Compared to prior work in fine-grained DRAM, Sectored DRAM greatly reduces DRAM energy consumption, does not reduce DRAM throughput, and can be implemented with low hardware cost. We evaluate Sectored DRAM using 41 workloads from widely-used benchmark suites. Sectored DRAM reduces the DRAM energy consumption of highly-memory-intensive workloads by up to (on average) 33% (20%) while improving their performance by 17% on average. Sectored DRAM's DRAM energy savings, combined with its system performance improvement, allows system-wide energy savings of up to 23%.
description: arXiv
A conservative implicit-PIC scheme for the hybrid kinetic-ion fluid-electron plasma model on curvilinear meshes
Creators: name: Stanier, A.
name: Chacon, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The hybrid kinetic-ion fluid-electron plasma model is widely used to study challenging multi-scale problems in space and laboratory plasma physics. Here, a novel conservative scheme for this model employing implicit particle-in-cell techniques is extended to arbitrary coordinate systems via curvilinear maps from logical to physical space. The scheme features a fully non-linear electromagnetic formulation with a multi-rate time advance - including sub-cycling and orbit-averaging for the kinetic ions. By careful choice of compatible particle-based kinetic-ion and mesh-based fluid-electron discretizations in curvilinear coordinates, as well as particle-mesh interpolations and implicit midpoint time advance, the scheme is proven to conserve total energy for arbitrary curvilinear meshes. In the electrostatic limit, the method is also proven to conserve total momentum for arbitrary curvilinear meshes. Although momentum is not conserved for arbitrary curvilinear meshes in the electromagnetic case, it is for an important subset of Cartesian tensor-packed meshes. The scheme and its novel conservation properties are demonstrated for several challenging numerical problems using different curvilinear meshes, including a merging flux-rope simulation for a space weather application, and a helical $m=1$ mode simulation for magnetic fusion energy application.
IN03145 Velmilla Slab Inscription of Sena III
Creators: name: Paranavitana, S.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: IN03145
Epigraphia Zeylanica
Velmilla
Welmilla
Sena III

description: IN03145 Velmilla Slab Inscription of Sena III - Transcripts and Translation Source: Paranavitana, S. (1928-33). ‘No. 32. Velmilla Slab-Inscription of Sena III,’ Epigraphia Zeylanica 3, pp. 294–302.
Complete crystal field calculation of Zeeman-hyperfine splittings in europium
Creators: name: Smith, Kieran M.
name: Reid, Michael F.
name: Sellars, Matthew J.
name: Ahlefeldt, Rose L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Computational crystal-field models have provided consistent models of both electronic and Zeeman-hyperfine structure for several rare earth ions. These techniques have not yet been applied to the Zeeman-hyperfine structure of Eu$^{3+}$ because modeling the structure of the $J=0$ singlet levels in Eu$^{3+}$ requires inclusion of the commonly omitted lattice electric quadrupole and nuclear Zeeman interactions. Here, we include these terms in a computational model to fit the crystal field levels and the Zeeman-hyperfine structure of the $^7F_0$ and $^5D_0$ states in three Eu$^{3+}$ sites: the C$_{4v}$ and C$_{3v}$ sites in CaF$_2$ and the C$_2$ site in EuCl$_3$.6H$_2$O. Close fits are obtained for all three sites which are used to resolve ambiguities in previously published parameters, including quantifying the anomalously large crystal-field-induced state mixing in the C$_{3v}$ site and determining the signs of Zeeman-hyperfine parameters in all three sites. We show that this model allows accurate prediction of properties for Eu$^{3+}$ important for quantum information applications of these ions, such as relative transition strengths. The model could be used to improve crystal field calculations for other non-Kramers singlet states. We also present a spin Hamiltonian formalism without the normal assumption of no $J$ mixing, suitable for other rare earth ion energy levels where this effect is important.
A Case for Transparent Reliability in DRAM Systems
Creators: name: Patel, Minesh
name: Shahroodi, Taha
name: Manglik, Aditya
name: Yağlikçi, A. Giray
name: Olgun, Ataberk
name: Luo, Haocong
name: Mutlu, Onur
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Hardware Architecture (cs.AR)
FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Today's systems have diverse needs that are difficult to address using one-size-fits-all commodity DRAM. Unfortunately, although system designers can theoretically adapt commodity DRAM chips to meet their particular design goals (e.g., by reducing access timings to improve performance, implementing system-level RowHammer mitigations), we observe that designers today lack sufficient insight into commodity DRAM chips' reliability characteristics to implement these techniques in practice. In this work, we make a case for DRAM manufacturers to provide increased transparency into key aspects of DRAM reliability (e.g., basic chip design properties, testing strategies). Doing so enables system designers to make informed decisions to better adapt commodity DRAM to meet modern systems' needs while preserving its cost advantages. To support our argument, we study four ways that system designers can adapt commodity DRAM chips to system-specific design goals: (1) improving DRAM reliability; (2) reducing DRAM refresh overheads; (3) reducing DRAM access latency; and (4) mitigating RowHammer attacks. We observe that adopting solutions for any of the four goals requires system designers to make assumptions about a DRAM chip's reliability characteristics. These assumptions discourage system designers from using such solutions in practice due to the difficulty of both making and relying upon the assumption. We identify DRAM standards as the root of the problem: current standards rigidly enforce a fixed operating point with no specifications for how a system designer might explore alternative operating points. To overcome this problem, we introduce a two-step approach that reevaluates DRAM standards with a focus on transparency of DRAM reliability so that system designers are encouraged to make the most of commodity DRAM technology for both current and future DRAM chips.
description: arXiv
The Yukawa interaction in ordinary quantum mechanics
Creators: name: Schubring, Daniel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Yukawa interaction is considered in 0+1 dimensions as a pedagogical example to illustrate quantum field theory methods. From the quantum mechanical point of view the system is trivially exactly solvable, but this can be difficult to see from the path integral perspective. It is shown how despite initial appearances the perturbation series in terms of Feynman diagrams is consistent with the quantum mechanical picture for finite temperature.
description: 18 pages, 3 figures
Enabling High-Performance and Energy-Efficient Hybrid Transactional/Analytical Databases with Hardware/Software Cooperation
Creators: name: Boroumand, Amirali
name: Ghose, Saugata
name: Oliveira, Geraldo F.
name: Mutlu, Onur
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Hardware Architecture (cs.AR)
Databases (cs.DB)
FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: A growth in data volume, combined with increasing demand for real-time analysis (using the most recent data), has resulted in the emergence of database systems that concurrently support transactions and data analytics. These hybrid transactional and analytical processing (HTAP) database systems can support real-time data analysis without the high costs of synchronizing across separate single-purpose databases. Unfortunately, for many applications that perform a high rate of data updates, state-of-the-art HTAP systems incur significant losses in transactional (up to 74.6%) and/or analytical (up to 49.8%) throughput compared to performing only transactional or only analytical queries in isolation, due to (1) data movement between the CPU and memory, (2) data update propagation from transactional to analytical workloads, and (3) the cost to maintain a consistent view of data across the system. We propose Polynesia, a hardware-software co-designed system for in-memory HTAP databases that avoids the large throughput losses of traditional HTAP systems. Polynesia (1) divides the HTAP system into transactional and analytical processing islands, (2) implements new custom hardware that unlocks software optimizations to reduce the costs of update propagation and consistency, and (3) exploits processing-in-memory for the analytical islands to alleviate data movement overheads. Our evaluation shows that Polynesia outperforms three state-of-the-art HTAP systems, with average transactional/analytical throughput improvements of 1.7x/3.7x, and reduces energy consumption by 48% over the prior lowest-energy HTAP system.
description: arXiv
Optical pumping in rubidium-87 - Impure polarization (a mixture of sigma+, sigma- and pi light) on the (Fg=2 - Fe=3) transition in the D2 line
Creators: name: Kastberg, Anders
name: Atoneche, Fred
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics
subject: Applied Physics
subject: 20503 Nonlinear Optics and Spectroscopy
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present results of a method for calculating optical pumping rates in Rb-87, as described in Eur. J. Phys 38, 045703 (2017) We use light with an impure polarization (i.e. a mixture of sigma+, sigma- and pi light) to populate a stretched angular momentum state in the Fg=2 hyperfine structure level of the ground state. The method is shown to function well for the studied system. Absolute scale level populations as functions of time, detuning, intensity, relative intensity of polarizations, and starting parameters are derived.
NEON: Enabling Efficient Support for Nonlinear Operations in Resistive RAM-based Neural Network Accelerators
Creators: name: Manglik, Aditya
name: Patel, Minesh
name: Mao, Haiyu
name: Salami, Behzad
name: Park, Jisung
name: Orosa, Lois
name: Mutlu, Onur
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Hardware Architecture (cs.AR)
Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
Emerging Technologies (cs.ET)
Machine Learning (cs.LG)
Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE)
FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Resistive Random-Access Memory (RRAM) is well-suited to accelerate neural network (NN) workloads as RRAM-based Processing-in-Memory (PIM) architectures natively support highly-parallel multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations that form the backbone of most NN workloads. Unfortunately, NN workloads such as transformers require support for non-MAC operations (e.g., softmax) that RRAM cannot provide natively. Consequently, state-of-the-art works either integrate additional digital logic circuits to support the non-MAC operations or offload the non-MAC operations to CPU/GPU, resulting in significant performance and energy efficiency overheads due to data movement. In this work, we propose NEON, a novel compiler optimization to enable the end-to-end execution of the NN workload in RRAM. The key idea of NEON is to transform each non-MAC operation into a lightweight yet highly-accurate neural network. Utilizing neural networks to approximate the non-MAC operations provides two advantages: 1) We can exploit the key strength of RRAM, i.e., highly-parallel MAC operation, to flexibly and efficiently execute non-MAC operations in memory. 2) We can simplify RRAM's microarchitecture by eliminating the additional digital logic circuits while reducing the data movement overheads. Acceleration of the non-MAC operations in memory enables NEON to achieve a 2.28x speedup compared to an idealized digital logic-based RRAM. We analyze the trade-offs associated with the transformation and demonstrate feasible use cases for NEON across different substrates.
description: arXiv
Optical pumping in rubidium-87 - Impure polarization (a mixture of sigma+, sigma- and pi light) on the (Fg=2 - Fe=3) transition in the D2 line
Creators: name: Kastberg, Anders
name: Atoneche, Fred
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics
subject: Applied Physics
subject: 20503 Nonlinear Optics and Spectroscopy
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present results of a method for calculating optical pumping rates in Rb-87, as described in Eur. J. Phys 38, 045703 (2017) We use light with an impure polarization (i.e. a mixture of sigma+, sigma- and pi light) to populate a stretched angular momentum state in the Fg=2 hyperfine structure level of the ground state. The method is shown to function well for the studied system. Absolute scale level populations as functions of time, detuning, intensity, relative intensity of polarizations, and starting parameters are derived.
Spin-valley-coupled quantum spin Hall insulator with topological Rashba-splitting edge states in Janus monolayer $\mathrm{CSb_{1.5}Bi_{1.5}}$
Creators: name: Guo, San-Dong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Achieving combination of spin and valley polarized states with topological insulating phase is pregnant to promote the fantastic integration of topological physics, spintronics and valleytronics. In this work, a spin-valley-coupled quantum spin Hall insulator (svc-QSHI) is predicted in Janus monolayer $\mathrm{CSb_{1.5}Bi_{1.5}}$ with dynamic, mechanical and thermal stabilities. The inequivalent valleys have opposite Berry curvature and spin moment, which can produce a spin-valley Hall effect. In the center of Brillouin zone, a Rashba-type spin splitting can be observed due to missing horizontal mirror symmetry. Moreover, monolayer $\mathrm{CSb_{1.5}Bi_{1.5}}$ shows unique Rashba-splitting edge states. Both energy band gap and spin-splitting at the valley point are larger than the thermal energy of room temperature (25 meV) with generalized gradient approximation (GGA) level, which is very important at room temperature for device applications. It is proved that the spin-valley-coupling and nontrivial quantum spin Hall (QSH) state are robust again biaxial strain. Our work may provide a new platform to achieve integration of topological physics, spintronics and valleytronics.
description: 6 pages, 7 figures
Multimodal system for recording individual-level behaviors in songbird groups
Creators: name: Rüttimann, Linus
name: Rychen, Jörg
name: Tomka, Tomas
name: Hörster, Heiko
name: Rocha, Mariana D.
name: Hahnloser, Richard H.R.
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022

description: In longitudinal observations of animal groups, the goal is to identify individuals and to reliably detect their interactive behaviors including their vocalizations. However, to reliably extract individual vocalizations from their mixtures and other environmental sounds remains a serious challenge. Promising approaches are multi-modal systems that make use of animal-borne wireless sensors and that exploit the inherent signal redundancy. In this vein, we designed a modular recording system (BirdPark) that yields synchronized data streams and contains a custom software-defined radio receiver. We record pairs of songbirds with multiple cameras and microphones and record their body vibrations with custom low-power frequency-modulated (FM) radio transmitters. Our custom multi-antenna radio demodulation technique increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the received radio signals by 6 dB and reduces the signal loss rate by a factor of 87 to only 0.03% of the recording time compared to standard single-antenna demodulation techniques. Nevertheless, neither a single vibration channel nor a single sound channel is sufficient by itself to signal the complete vocal output of an individual, with each sensor modality missing on average about 3.7% of vocalizations. Our work emphasizes the need for high-quality recording systems and for multi-modal analysis of social behavior.
description: bioRxiv
On the Scattering of Waves inside Charged Spherically Symmetric Black Holes
Creators: name: Mokdad, Mokdad
name: Nasser, Rajai
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this paper we show that there is a breakdown of scattering between the event horizon (or the Cauchy horizon) and an intermediate Cauchy hypersurface in the dynamic interior of a Reissner-Nordström-like black hole. More precisely, we show that the trace operators and their analytic counterparts, the inverse wave operators, do not have bounded inverses, even though these operators themselves are bounded. This result holds for the natural energy given by the energy-momentum tensor of the wave equation using the timelike vector field of the Regge-Wheeler variable, which asymptotically becomes normal to the horizons. The behaviour of solutions at low spatial-frequencies and their behaviour at high angular momenta are the only obstructions causing this breakdown of scattering. The breakdown follows from an analysis of a $1+1$-dimensional wave equation with exponentially decaying potential which we treat for general potentials, and we show that the breakdown is generic.
description: 26 pages, 3 figures
An Information-Theoretic Analysis of The Cost of Decentralization for Learning and Inference Under Privacy Constraints
Creators: name: Jose, Sharu Theresa
name: Simeone, Osvaldo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Information Theory (cs.IT)
subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: In vertical federated learning (FL), the features of a data sample are distributed across multiple agents. As such, inter-agent collaboration can be beneficial not only during the learning phase, as is the case for standard horizontal FL, but also during the inference phase. A fundamental theoretical question in this setting is how to quantify the cost, or performance loss, of decentralization for learning and/or inference. In this paper, we consider general supervised learning problems with any number of agents, and provide a novel information-theoretic quantification of the cost of decentralization in the presence of privacy constraints on inter-agent communication within a Bayesian framework. The cost of decentralization for learning and/or inference is shown to be quantified in terms of conditional mutual information terms involving features and label variables.
description: Under review
Long-time Bell states of waveguide-mediated qubits via continuous measurement
Creators: name: Zhan, Huiping
name: Tan, Huatang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The generation of Bell states of distant objects is of importance for constructing quantum networks. Previous studies have revealed that transient or intermittent Bell states can be generated between remote qubits by exploiting time-continuous measurement on the environments of the systems, e.g., photon counting or homodyne detection. In this paper, we consider a new scheme for achieving long-time sustainable Bell states of two distant qubits mediated by a one-dimension waveguide via continuous photon counting and homodyne detection. In both of cases, different Bell states can be present for different initial states in the long-time regime. Specially, in the former case, we find that a cyclic jump among Bell states can be formed once the first photon is registered, and more interestingly in the latter case, any steady Bell state can be achieved independent of detection efficiency.
description: 8 pages, 7 figures
Simultaneous ground-state cooling of two mechanical modes of a levitated nanoparticle
Creators: name: Piotrowski, Johannes
name: Windey, Dominik
name: Vijayan, Jayadev
name: Gonzalez-Ballestero, Carlos
name: de los Ríos Sommer, Andrés
name: Meyer, Nadine
name: Quidant, Romain
name: Romero-Isart, Oriol
name: Reimann, René
name: Novotny, Lukas
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Optics (physics.optics)
FOS: Physical sciences
Levitation optomechanics

description: The quantum ground state of a massive mechanical system is a steppingstone for investigating macroscopic quantum states and building high fidelity sensors. With the recent achievement of ground-state cooling of a single motional mode, levitated nanoparticles have entered the quantum domain. To overcome detrimental cross-coupling and decoherence effects, quantum control needs to be expanded to more system dimensions, but the effect of a decoupled dark mode has thus far hindered cavity-based ground state cooling of multiple mechanical modes. Here, we demonstrate two-dimensional (2D) ground-state cooling of an optically levitated nanoparticle. Utilising coherent scattering into an optical cavity mode, we reduce the occupation numbers of two separate centre-of-mass modes to 0.83 and 0.81, respectively. By controlling the frequency separation and the cavity coupling strengths of the nanoparticle's mechanical modes, we show the transition from 1D to 2D ground-state cooling while avoiding the effect of dark modes. Our results lay the foundations for generating quantum-limited high orbital angular momentum states with applications in rotation sensing. The demonstrated 2D control, combined with already shown capabilities of ground-state cooling along the third motional axis, opens the door for full 3D ground-state cooling of a massive object.
description: arXiv
The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning
Creators: name: Rigby, Jane
name: Perrin, Marshall
name: McElwain, Michael
name: Kimble, Randy
name: Friedmann, Scott
name: Lallo, Matt
name: Doyon, René
name: Feinberg, Lee
name: Ferruit, Pierre
name: Glaser, Alistair
name: Rieke, Marcia
name: Rieke, George
name: Wright, Gillian
name: Willott, Chris
name: Colon, Knicole
name: Milam, Stefanie
name: Neff, Susan
name: Stark, Christopher
name: Valenti, Jeff
name: Abell, Jim
name: Patapis, Polychronis
name: Glauser, Adrian Michael
name: et al.
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022

description: This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.
description: arXiv
Mutations in DNA polymerase δ subunit 1 mediate CMD2-type resistance to Cassava Mosaic Geminiviruses
Creators: name: Lim, Yi-Wen
name: Mansfeld, Ben N.
name: Schläpfer, Pascal
name: Gilbert, Kerrigan B.
name: Narayanan, Narayanan N.
name: Qi, Weihong
name: Wang, Qi
name: Zhong, Zhenhui
name: Boyher, Adam
name: Gehan, Jackson
name: Beyene, Getu
name: Lin, Zuh-Jyh Daniel
name: Esuma, Williams
name: Feng, Suhua
name: Chanez, Christelle
name: Eggenberger, Nadine
name: Adiga, Gerald
name: Alicai, Titus
name: Jacobsen, Steven E.
name: Taylor, Nigel J.
name: Gruissem, Wilhelm
name: Bart, Rebecca S.
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022

description: Cassava mosaic disease suppresses cassava yields across the tropics. The dominant CMD2 locus confers resistance to the cassava mosaic geminiviruses. It has been reported that CMD2-type landraces lose resistance after regeneration through de novo morphogenesis. As full genome bisulfite sequencing failed to uncover an epigenetic mechanism for loss of resistance, we performed whole genome sequencing and genetic variant analysis and fine-mapped the CMD2 locus to a 190 kilobase interval. Data suggest that CMD2-type resistance is caused by a nonsynonymous, single nucleotide polymorphism in DNA polymerase δ subunit 1 (MePOLD1) located within this region. Virus-induced gene silencing of MePOLD1 in a Cassava mosaic disease-susceptible cassava variety produced a recovery phenotype typical of CMD2-type resistance. Analysis of other CMD2-type cassava varieties identified additional resistance alleles within MePOLD1. MePOLD1 resistance alleles represent important genetic resources for resistance breeding or genome editing, and elucidating mechanisms of resistance to geminiviruses.
description: bioRxiv
Practical and scalable simulations of non-Markovian stochastic processes
Creators: name: Pelissier, Aurelien
name: Phan, Miroslav
name: Beerenwinkel, Niko
name: Rodriguez-Martinez, Maria
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Quantitative Methods (q-bio.QM)
FOS: Biological sciences

description: Discrete stochastic processes are widespread in natural systems with many applications across physics, biochemistry, epidemiology, sociology, and finance. While analytic solutions often cannot be derived, existing simulation frameworks can generate stochastic trajectories compatible with the dynamical laws underlying the random phenomena. However, most simulation algorithms assume the system dynamics are memoryless (Markovian assumption), under which assumption, future occurrences only depend on the present state of the system. Mathematically, the Markovian assumption models inter-event times as exponentially distributed variables, which enables the exact simulation of stochastic trajectories using the seminal Gillespie algorithm. Unfortunately, the majority of stochastic systems exhibit properties of memory, an inherently non-Markovian attribute. Non-Markovian systems are notoriously difficult to investigate analytically, and existing numerical methods are computationally costly or only applicable under strong simplifying assumptions, often not compatible with empirical observations. To address these challenges, we have developed the Rejection-based Gillespie algorithm for non-Markovian Reactions (REGIR), a general and scalable framework to simulate non-Markovian stochastic systems with arbitrary inter-event time distributions. REGIR can achieve arbitrary user-defined accuracy while maintaining the same asymptotic computational complexity as the Gillespie algorithm. We illustrate REGIR's modeling capabilities in three important biochemical systems, namely microbial growth dynamics, stem cell differentiation, and RNA transcription. In all three cases, REGIR efficiently models the underlying stochastic processes and demonstrates its utility to accurately investigate complex non-Markovian systems. The algorithm is implemented as a python library REGIR.
description: arXiv
Ultra-thin Tunable Optomechanical Metalens
Creators: name: Afridi, Adeel
name: Gieseler, Jan
name: Meyer, Nadine
name: Quidant, Romain
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Optics (physics.optics)
Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
FOS: Physical sciences
Optomechanics
Reconfigurable metasurface
Metalens

description: Reconfigurable metasurfaces offer great promises to enhance photonics technology by combining integration with improved functionalities. Recently, reconfigurability in otherwise static metasurfaces has been achieved by modifying the electric permittivity of the meta-atoms themselves or their immediate surrounding. Yet, it remains challenging to achieve significant and fast tunability without increasing bulkiness. Here, we demonstrate an ultra-thin tunable metalens whose focal distance can be changed through optomechanical control with moderate continuous wave intensities. We achieve fast focal length changes of more than 5% with response time of the order of 10$μ$s
description: arXiv
Failure of the split property in gravity and the information paradox
Creators: name: Raju, Suvrat
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In an ordinary quantum field theory, the "split property" implies that the state of the system can be specified independently on a bounded subregion of a Cauchy slice and its complement. This property does not hold for theories of gravity, where observables near the boundary of the Cauchy slice uniquely fix the state on the entire slice. The original formulation of the information paradox explicitly assumed the split property and we follow this assumption to isolate the precise error in Hawking's argument. A similar assumption also underpins the monogamy paradox of Mathur and AMPS. Finally the same assumption is used to support the common idea that the entanglement entropy of the region outside a black hole should follow a Page curve. It is for this reason that computations of the Page curve have been performed only in nonstandard theories of gravity, which include a nongravitational bath and massive gravitons. The fine-grained entropy at ${\cal I}^{+}$ does not obey a Page curve for an evaporating black hole in standard theories of gravity but we discuss possibilities for coarse graining that might lead to a Page curve in such cases.
description: 27 pages; 3 figures
Greening the Internet by putting networks to sleep
Creators: name: Furrer, Andri
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022

description: Today’s network topologies are designed to withstand peak traffic and network failures. That results in a more extensive redundancy than needed for operating the network safely during the regular or underused operation. This project aims to determine to what extent redundancy can be reduced without compromising the functionality of the network.
Moduli Stabilization in Asymptotic Flux Compactifications
Creators: name: Grimm, Thomas W.
name: Plauschinn, Erik
name: van de Heisteeg, Damian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a novel strategy to systematically study complex-structure moduli stabilization in Type IIB and F-theory flux compactifications. In particular, we determine vacua in any asymptotic regime of the complex-structure moduli space by exploiting powerful tools of asymptotic Hodge theory. In a leading approximation the moduli dependence of the vacuum conditions are shown to be polynomial with a dependence given by sl(2)-weights of the fluxes. This simple algebraic dependence can be extracted in any asymptotic regime, even though in nearly all asymptotic regimes essential exponential corrections have to be present for consistency. We give a pedagogical introduction to the sl(2)-approximation as well as a detailed step-by-step procedure for constructing the corresponding Hodge star operator. To exemplify the construction, we present a detailed analysis of several Calabi-Yau three- and fourfold examples. For these examples we illustrate that the vacua in the sl(2)-approximation match the vacua obtained with all polynomial and essential exponential corrections rather well, and we determine the behaviour of the tadpole contribution of the fluxes. Finally, we discuss the structure of vacuum loci and their relations to several swampland conjectures. In particular, we comment on the realization of the so-called linear scenario in view of the tadpole conjecture.
description: 60 pages, 5 figures
New physics footprints in the angular distribution of $B_s\to D_s^*(\to D_sγ,\,D_sπ)\, τ\, ν$ decays
Creators: name: Das, Nilakshi
name: Dutta, Rupak
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Hints of lepton flavor universality violation observed in various flavor ratios such as $R_D$, $R_{D^*}$, $R_{J/ψ}$, $P_τ^{D^*}$ and $F_L^{D^*}$ in $B\to D^{(*)}\,\ell \, ν$ and $B_c\to J/ψ\, \ell\, ν$ charge current decays have opened new avenues to search for indirect evidences of beyond the standard model physics. Motivated by these anomalies, we perform a detailed angular analysis of $B_s\to D_s^*(\to D_sγ,\,D_sπ)\, \ell\, ν$ decays that proceed via similar $b \to c\, \ell\, ν$ quark level transition. We use the most general effective Hamiltonian for $b\to \,c\, lν$ process and give predictions of several $q^2$ and $\cosθ$ dependent observables for the $B_s\to D_s^*(\to D_sγ,\,D_sπ)\, \ell\, ν$ decays in the standard model and in the presence of various real and complex new physics couplings. The results pertaining to this decay are competent to address the anomalies in the charge current sector.
description: 22 pages,100 figures, 7 tables