cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Microbiome Metabolites and Mitochondrial Function in a model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Creators: name: Boeira, Paula
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: NAFLD
subject: microbiome
subject: liver disease
subject: mitochondria
subject: PhD

description: Several dietary metabolites produced by gut bacteria have been linked to disease including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and phenylacetic acid (PAA) are microbiome-derived metabolites that have been associated with early onset of NAFLD. Hypothesising that these metabolites contribute to lipid deposition in the liver by altering hepatic mitochondrial function, we assessed how TMAO and PAA affect hepatocyte bioenergetics in cell models of liver steatosis. Proliferative and differentiated HepaRG cells were cultured under standard conditions, and steatosis was established by 48h exposure to oleate and palmitate (2:1 molar ratio). Lipid accumulation was assessed by BODIPY™ staining and quantified by CellProfiler software. To gain insight into HepaRG mitochondrial respiration, we measured a number of bioenergetic parameters with the Seahorse extracellular flux analyser in control cells and cells exposed to PAA (100 µM and 200 µM) or TMAO (20 µM, 50 µM, 100 µM and 200 µM). PAA and TMAO led to an increase in lipid deposition in HepaRG cells. TMAO caused a 42% increase in lipid accumulation in proliferative cells and 1.6% in differentiated HepaRG cells while PAA exacerbated intracellular lipid droplets by 54% in proliferative HepaRG and by 10% in fully differentiated cells. The same effects were seen in mitochondrial function. PAA and TMAO lowered spare respiratory capacity dose-dependently, maximal respiration and 7 basal oxygen consumption in HepaRG cells. In addition, the decline in mitochondrial function preceded lipid accumulation. Our data indicate that microbiome-derived compounds decrease mitochondrial capacity significantly and exacerbate lipid deposition suggesting a potential link between microbiome metabolite driven mitochondrial dysfunction and NAFLD onset.
Malpighia glabra Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malpighiales
Malpighiaceae
Malpighia
Malpighia glabra

description: Malpighia glabra Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 425. 1753.
"Habitat in Jamaica, Brasilia, Surinamo, Curacao." RCN: 3309.
 Lectotype (Anderson in Jarvis & al., Regnum Veg. 127: 63. 1993): Herb. Clifford: 169, Malpighia 1 (BM-000628495).
 Generitype of Malpighia Linnaeus (vide Green, Prop. Brit. Bot.: 155. 1929).
 Current name:  Malpighia glabra  L. (Malpighiaceae).
 Note: Vivaldi (in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 904. 1981) indicated 588.1 (LINN), a post-1753 addition to the herbarium, as type but it is not original material for the name.
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 652, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Euroscaptor grandis G. S. Miller 1940
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Talpidae
Euroscaptor
Euroscaptor grandis

description: 144. Euroscaptor grandis G. S. Miller, 1940
Common name: Greater Chinese Mole
Myanmar name:
Distribution: China and possibly in Northern Myanmar.
Remarks: Since the taxonomic status of this species was described from a single specimen that was distinguishable by its large size, the taxonomic identification of this species is still confused (Zemlemerova et al. 2016). There is still no confirmed record of this species in Myanmar.
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 166, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Euroscaptor klossi Thomas 1929
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Talpidae
Euroscaptor
Euroscaptor klossi

description: 145. Euroscaptor klossi Thomas, 1929
Common name: Kloss ’ s Mole
Myanmar name:
Distribution: China, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Southern Myanmar (from Shan State to Tanintharyi Region along the border of China, Laos and Thailand).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 166, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Malpighia glabra Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malpighiales
Malpighiaceae
Malpighia
Malpighia glabra

description: Malpighia punicifolia Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, ed. 2, 1: 609. 1762.
"Habitat in America meridionali." RCN: 3310.
 Lectotype (Vivaldi in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 67: 904. 1980): Herb. Linn. No. 588.4 (LINN).
 Current name:  Malpighia glabra  L. (Malpighiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 652, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Parascaptor leucura
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Talpidae
Parascaptor
Parascaptor leucura

description: 146. Parascaptor leucura (Blyth, 1850)
Common name: White-tailed Mole
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Bangladesh, China and India. In Myanmar, recorded in Kachin State (Yikyawdi Village, Putao) and Mandalay Region (Pyinoolwin Township; Kawada et al. 2012) and possibly distributed in Shan and Chin States.
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 166, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Malpighia urens Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malpighiales
Malpighiaceae
Malpighia
Malpighia urens

description: Malpighia urens Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 426. 1753.
"Habitat in America calidiore." RCN: 3312.
 Lectotype (Fawcett & Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 4: 227. 1920): Herb. Linn. No. 588.6 (LINN).
 Current name:  Malpighia urens  L. (Malpighiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 652, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME COAGULATION AND METABOLIC STUDIES
Creators: name: ATIOMO, WILLIAM USINODE
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1998

description: The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder in women characterised by chronic ovulatory failure, hyperandrogenaemia, and insulin resistance. Some women are completely asymptomatic and others present with extreme menstrual disturbance, severe hirsutism, infertility and recurrent miscarriage. The pathophysiology of PCOS is not completely understood, but it is thought that insulin resistance plays a central role. In normal subjects, non-diabetic obese patients and patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes, insulin resistance is associated with elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels. PAI-1 is a glycoprotein, which inhibits the formation of plasmin (a proteolytic enzyme). Plasmin aids fibrinolysis and extracellular proteolysis. High PAI-1 and low plasmin levels increase the risk of thrombosis and impair extracellular proteolysis required in ovarian follicle growth, ovulation and embryo implantation. This study was designed to determine whether elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was associated with the insulin resistance present in PCOS, investigate its possible role in the causation of anovulation and recurrent pregnancy loss in these women and ascertain whether it was an additional thrombotic risk factor so that clinicians and patients could take appropriate measures to reduce this risk In a pilot study, systemic PAI-1 activity was significantly elevated in oligomenorrhoiec women with PCOS. A larger study supported these findings, but demonstrated that obesity was a significant confounding factor, as the increase in PAI-1activity disappeared when standardised for weight. Activated Protein-C (APC) resistance was subsequently tested in these women because of the unexpected finding of an increased prevalence of a positive family history of thrombosis in women with PCOS compared with controls, but there was no increase in the prevalence of APC-resistance in PCOS. In another project, the cellular distribution of PAI-1 protein in human ovaries was described for the first time using immunohistochemistry. It was localised to the granulosa and theca cell compartments in both polycystic and normal ovaries, however there was no significant difference in the intensity of PAI-l staining between both groups on image analysis. PAI-1 messenger RNA expression was also evaluated in these biopsies by in-situ hybridisation, but no signal was detected suggesting that there was either a low overall RNA preservation in the tissues, or an insufficient sensitivity of the cocktail of oligonucleotide probes used. This study did not support the hypothesis that elevated PAI-1 was a feature of PCOS, however the in-situ location of PAI-1 protein was demonstrated for the first time in the human ovary and consistent with a previously suspected role in ovulation. The results did not support a role for PAI-1 in anovulation, recurrent miscarriage or increased thrombosis in PCOS.
Scaptonyx fusicaudus Milne-Edwards 1872
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Talpidae
Scaptonyx
Scaptonyx fusicaudus

description: 147. Scaptonyx fusicaudus Milne-Edwards, 1872
Common name: Long-tailed Mole
Myanmar name:
Distribution: China, Vietnam and Northeastern Myanmar.
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 167, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
CHARACTERISATION OF CYTOKINE GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE PANCREATITIS
Creators: name: SARGEN, KEVIN
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1999

description: Background and Aims Acute Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disorder of varied aetiology and outcome. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-10 are important mediators of disease pathogenesis. To investigate if the TNF and IL-10 gene loci influence susceptibility to and severity of acute pancreatitis, 135 patients with acute pancreatitis, ethnically matched normal controls, and alcoholics without pancreatic disease were studied. Methods Aetiology was classified as being secondary to alcohol, gallstones, or idiopathic. Patients were stratified into groups according to disease severity by assigning an organ failure score. Three TNF microsatellite loci (TNFa, TNFb, and TNFc), the -308 polymorphism within the TNF gene, the IL-10.G microsatellite locus, and 3 hi-allelic polymorphisms in the 5' flanking region of the IL-l 0 gene were typed using the polymerase chain reaction. Results There was no difference in allelic frequency of any of the cytokine gene loci between groups stratified according to disease severity. When patients were stratified according to aetiology of disease there was a decrease in the frequency of the TNFa2 allele in those patients with alcoholic acute pancreatitis compared to controls (14.3 vs. 35.5%, χ²=7.24, p=0.007). There was also a reduction in the frequency of the IL-10.Gl3 allele in patients with alcoholic pancreatitis compared to controls (4.8 vs. 21.3%, χ² =6.46, p=0.011). Data is also presented showing that a number of haplotypes exist as well as linkage disequilibrium across all 4 loci of the IL-10 gene, which contrasts with findings from previous work. The 3 locus haplotypes GCC and ATA are in strongest linkage disequilibrium, as is the microsatellite allele G9 and -1117.A and G9 with the 3-locus haplotype ATA. Conclusions This work has identified an allele within the TNF gene locus, and an allele within the IL-1 0.G locus which have different frequencies in patients with alcohol induced acute pancreatitis compared to other aetiologies. This finding may in part explain individuals' differing susceptibility to the development of acute pancreatitis after excessive alcohol consumption. Haplotypes not previously described exist across the IL-10 locus.
Byrsonima verbascifolia
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malpighiales
Malpighiaceae
Byrsonima
Byrsonima verbascifolia

description: Malpighia verbascifolia Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 426. 1753.
"Habitat in America calidiore." RCN: 3315.
 Lectotype (Anderson in Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 32: 91. 1981): Herb. Linn. No. 588.10 (LINN).
 Current name:  Byrsonima verbascifolia  (L.) DC. (Malpighiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on pages 652-653, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Uropsilus gracilis
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Talpidae
Uropsilus
Uropsilus gracilis

description: 148. Uropsilus gracilis (Thomas, 1911)
Common name: Gracile Shrew Mole
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Southwestern China and possibly in Northern Myanmar (Tu et al. 2012).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 167, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Uropsilus investigator
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Talpidae
Uropsilus
Uropsilus investigator

description: 149. Uropsilus investigator (Thomas, 1922)
Common name: Inquisitive Shrew Mole
Myanmar name:
Distribution: China and possibly in adjacent area of Northeastern Myanmar.
Remarks: Since this species is considered as endemic species of China (Smith and Xie 2013; Tu et al. 2015), the distribution of this species in Myanmar is needed to confirm.
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 167, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Phymosia abutiloides Ham.
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Phymosia
Phymosia abutiloides

description: Malva abutiloides Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, ed. 2, 2: 971. 1763.
"Habitat in Providentia, Bahama." RCN: 5059.
Type not designated.
Original material: [icon] in Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 1: 1, t. 1, f. 1. 1732.
 Current name:  Phymosia abutiloides  (L.) Ham. (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 653, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Uropsilus nivatus
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Talpidae
Uropsilus
Uropsilus nivatus

description: 150. Uropsilus nivatus (G. M. Allen, 1923)
Common name: Snow Mountain Shrew Mole
Myanmar name:
Distribution: China and possibly in adjacent area of Northeastern Myanmar.
Remarks: Since there are only valid distribution records of this species in Tibet and adjacent regions of Northwestern Yunnan, the distribution of this species in Myanmar is still needed to confirm (Tu et al. 2015).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 167, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Malva aegyptia Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Malva
Malva aegyptia

description: Malva aegyptia Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 690. 1753.
"Habitat in Aegypto." RCN: 5058.
 Lectotype (Meikle, Fl. Cyprus 1: 308. 1977): Herb. Linn. No. 870.32 (LINN).
 Current name:  Malva aegyptia  L. (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 653, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Malva alcea Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Malva
Malva alcea

description: Malva alcea Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 689. 1753.
"Habitat in Germania, Anglia, Gallia." RCN: 5055.
 Lectotype (Jonsell & Jarvis in Nordic J. Bot. 22: 80. 2002): Herb. Clifford: 347, Malva 8, sheet A (BM-000646469).
 Current name:  Malva alcea  L. (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 653, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Uropsilus soricipes Milne-Edwards 1872
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Talpidae
Uropsilus
Uropsilus soricipes

description: 151. Uropsilus soricipes Milne-Edwards, 1872
Common name: Chinese Shrew Mole
Myanmar name:
Distribution: China and Northeastern Myanmar (Tun Yin 1993). Remarks: Since this species is considered as endemic species of China (Smith and Xie 2013; Tu et al. 2015), the distribution of this species in Myanmar is needed to confirm.
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 167, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Malvastrum americanum Torr.
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Malvastrum
Malvastrum americanum

description: Malva americana Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 687. 1753.
"Habitat in America." RCN: 5041.
 Lectotype (Borssum Waalkes in Blumea 14: 154. 1966): Herb. A. van Royen No. 908.139-311 (L; iso- G).
 Current name:  Malvastrum americanum  (L.) Torr. (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 653, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Cynopterus brachyotis
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae
Cynopterus
Cynopterus brachyotis

description: 152. Cynopterus brachyotis (Müller, 1838)
Common name: Lesser Short-nosed Fruit Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Vietnam. In Myanmar, recorded in Rakhine State (Alai Chaung Village, Gwa Township and Kalar Chaung Village, Sittway Township; Pearch et al. 2003) and Mandalay Region (Yema village, Patheingyi Township; Shein and Sein 2013).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 167, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Anisodontea bryoniifolia D. M. Bates 1969
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Anisodontea
Anisodontea bryoniifolia

description: Malva bryoniifolia Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 688. 1753.
"Habitat in Hispania." RCN: 5044.
 Lectotype (Bates in Gentes Herb. 10: 357. 1969): Herb. Linn. No. 870.7 (LINN).
 Current name:  Anisodontea bryoniifolia  (L.) D.M. Bates (Malvaceae).
 Note: Specific epithet spelled “bryonifolia” in the protologue.
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 653, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
The Effects of Lysine Vasopressin on Conditioned Behaviour in Rats
Creators: name: Hagan, James Joseph
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1980

description: This thesis is concerned with lysine vasopressin's (LVP's) behavioural activity. Chapter One describes vasopressin's synthesis, secretion, metabolism, pressor, antidiuretic and putative corticotrophic functions with emphasis on behaviourally significant aspects. Chapter Two reviews behavioural data showing that manipulations of endogenous vasopressin levels alter subsequent avoidance performance. Although these data have predominantly been interpreted in favour of vasopressin altering memory formation (consolidation) results reported from an experiment combining response prevention trials and vasopressin injections failed to support the consolidation hypotheis. Chapter Three reviews the response prevention literature and confirms the feasibility of using prevention trials with automated shuttle box training (Experiment One). LVP (1 µg/rat) injected immediately after training increased subsequent extinction responding (Experiment Two). Experiment Three showed that LVP (1 µg/rat) increased responding when injected immediately after prevention trials but decreased extinction responding when injected after 30 minutes of post training retention in the home cage or 30 extinction trials. LVP injections 30 minutes after training and immediately after prevention trials increased suppression of concurrent lever press responding 24 hours later (Experiment Four). Manipulating the training-injection interval after automated training yielded maximal response reductions with a 60 minute interval (Experiment Five) with indications of a negative dose response curve for higher (2-4 µg/rat) doses (Experiment Six). Manual shuttle box tests showed that with a 30 minute training-injection interval subsequent extinction responding varied as an inverted "U" shaped function of the LVP dose (Experiment Seven). Opposite effects of 0.11 µg/rat and 2.97 µg/rat were confirmed with higher training shock levels (Experiment Nine). A further experiment (Experiment Eight) revealed a complex interaction between dose and injection interval. Extinction responding was also reduced by some doses of DG-LVP (Experiment Ten). Post training manipulation of cholinergic activity did not alter LVP's response reducing effects in well trained rats (Experiment Eleven) although some cholinergic involvement was indicated (Experiment Fourteen) in the response increasing effects of LVP (1 µg/rat) injected 30 minutes after training in poor avoidance learners (Experiments Twelve and Thirteen). Tests on the suitability of appetitive responding for exploring vasopressin's behavioural effects showed that both a variable interval (60 seconds) schedule and differential reinforcement of low response rates (DRL) schedule were sensitive to high LVP doses (3-4 µg/rat). The implications of these data for our understanding of vasopressin's behavioural effects are discussed.
Cynopterus sphinx
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae
Cynopterus
Cynopterus sphinx

description: 153. Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl, 1797)
Common name: Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. In Myanmar, recorded in Kachin State (Hkakaborazi Landscape), Mandalay Region (Patheingyi Township), Mon State (Kyaik Kha-Mi), Sagaing and Tanintharyi Regions (Proposed Lenya NP), Shan and Rakhine States (Bates et al. 2021; Grindley 2019; Pearch et al. 2003; Shein and Sein 2013; Struebig et al. 2005).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 167, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
LISTENING TO AUTHENTIC CONVERSATIONS VS. CLASSROOM DIALOGUES
Creators: name: To'raqulova, Maxsumaxon
name: Teshaboyeva, Nafisa
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Language learner use TED talks and BBC podcast for increase their language level. Many people say that real conversations are better than classroom dialogues. Because these conversations give more information and students easly comprehend. Now I am going to write about these two statements.
Megaerops niphanae Yenbutra and Felten 1983
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae
Megaerops
Megaerops niphanae

description: 154. Megaerops niphanae Yenbutra and Felten, 1983
Common name: Ratanaworabhan ’ s Fruit Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Cambodia, India, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Northern Myanmar (newly recorded in Hkakaborazi Landscape; Bates et al. 2021).
Remarks: This is the new distribution record of this species for Myanmar (Bates et al. 2021).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 167, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
AFFORDANCE, ATTENTION AND LATERALITY
Creators: name: VAINIO, LARI
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2004

description: This thesis examines object-guided actions. Recently, micro-affordance effects have shown that a visual object affords actions automatically. These effects are observed when the grasp type (precision and power grasp) is facilitated by size (small and large) of the categorized object (the object-size effect), or when right or left hand responses are facilitated by object orientation (the object-orientation effect). It has been shown elsewhere that attentional mechanisms have a vital role in visually guided movements. In addition, visually guided movements have associated with hemispheric lateralization. Thus, the central focus of the thesis was the role of different components of attention (location-based-, object-based-, endogenous-, exogenous-, focused attention) in micro-affordance effects, and the hemispheric lateralisation of these effects. Using the stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) paradigm, a set of nine experiments (six that employed the object-orientation effect and three that employed the object-size effect) investigated aspects of attention and lateralization in visuomotor integration. A participant performed bi-manual keypresses or precision/power grip responses according to the identity of a target that was displayed over the task-irrelevant prime. Size or orientation properties of the prime object were manipulated, and outcome of interest was how those object properties effected corresponding or non-corresponding responses. The data showed that both micro-affordance effects could be observed when the allocation of endogenous attention to the prime is minimal or absent. However, the generation of both effects were observed to need resources of focused attention. In addition, the data supported the view that the object-orientation effect is generated by the orientation of the entire object and not by a shift of attention to the object’s handle location. Finally, manual asymmetries in these effects suggested that visually guided precision grips are computed predominantly in the left hemisphere whereas power grips are computed in the right hemisphere.
Sphaerias blanfordi
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae
Sphaerias
Sphaerias blanfordi

description: 155. Sphaerias blanfordi (Thomas, 1891)
Common name: Blandford ’ s Fruit Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar (recorded in Kayin Hills and possibly distributed in the Northern and Eastern mountainous area).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 168, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Pteropus hypomelanus Temminck 1853
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae
Pteropus
Pteropus hypomelanus

description: 157. Pteropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853
Common name: Island Flying Fox
Myanmar name:
Distribution: India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Vietnam and Southern Myanmar (recorded in Myeik Archipelago and Proposed Lenya NP; Grindley 2019; Oo et al. 2017b). Remarks: This is the new locality record and the first mainland record of P. h. geminorum for Myanmar than the type locality of South Twin Island and Sir John Hayes Island (Kunthi Kyun) in the Myeik Archipelago (Oo et al. 2017b).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 168, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Macroglossus sobrinus K. Andersen 1911
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae
Macroglossus
Macroglossus sobrinus

description: 156. Macroglossus sobrinus K. Andersen, 1911
Common name: Greater Long-nosed Fruit Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar (recorded in Hkakaborazi Landscape; Bates et al. 2021 and possibly distributed throughout the country particularly in Tanintharyi Region and Kayah State).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 168, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Pteropus medius
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae
Pteropus
Pteropus medius

description: 158. Pteropus medius (Temminck, 1825)
Common name: Indian Flying Fox
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Myanmar (recorded in Rakhine State, Mandalay, Sagaing and Bago Regions; Bates et al. 2000; Struebig et al. 2005).
Remarks: This species is considered as conspecific with Pteropus giganteus.
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 168, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Pteropus vampyrus
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae
Pteropus
Pteropus vampyrus

description: 159. Pteropus vampyrus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Common name: Large Flying Fox, Andersen ’ s Flying Fox Myanmar name:
Distribution: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam and Southern Myanmar.
Remarks: P. intermedius is considered conspecific.
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 168, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Eonycteris spelaea
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae
Eonycteris
Eonycteris spelaea

description: 160. Eonycteris spelaea (Dobson, 1871)
Common name: Lesser Dawn Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam and Southern Myanmar (recorded in Mawlamyine Township and widely distributed throughout the country).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 168, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Rousettus leschenaultii
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae
Rousettus
Rousettus leschenaultii

description: 162. Rousettus leschenaultii (Desmarest, 1820)
Common name: Leschenault ’ s Rousette
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. In Myanmar, recorded in Patheingyi Township, Proposed Lenya NP, Yangon city, Shan, Rakhine, Kayin and Mon States (Grindley 2019; Pearch et al. 2003; Shein and Sein 2013; Struebig et al. 2005).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 168, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Anisodontea capensis D. M. Bates 1969
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Anisodontea
Anisodontea capensis

description: Malva capensis Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 688. 1753.
"Habitat in Aethiopia." RCN: 5045.
 Lectotype (Bates in Gentes Herb. 10: 235, f. 2. 1969): Herb. Clifford: 347, Malva 3 (BM-000646461).
 Current name:  Anisodontea capensis  (L.) D.M. Bates (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 653, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
TRAUMA STRESS SEVERITY AND ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: A PROSPECTIVE PILOT STUDY INTO 11 CAUSAL FACTORS
Creators: name: HORNER-BAGGS, LOUISE
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1999

description: Factors associated with the development of post traumatic stress symptomatology have frequently been reported in the literature over the last decade. However, of the empirical studies examining these factors, few have used appropriate methodological designs and most have examined one factor in isolation. This pilot study used a cross-lagged panel analysis design to investigate 11 factors previously identified in the literature as being causally related to the development of post traumatic stress symptomatology. The 11 factors investigated were: perceived controllability, perceived predictability, perceived threat, shattering and confirmation of core assumptions, causal attributions, supportive and unsupportive behaviour, peritraumatic dissociation and the personality factors of neuroticism and introversion. 13 participants were recruited through Cheltenham General Hospital's accident and emergency department after being involved in a road traffic accident (RTA). They were interviewed on three occasions; ten days post RTA, ten weeks post RTA and six months post RTA and were required to complete four questionnaires. It was found that participants who had high levels of post traumatic stress symptomatology at ten days received low levels of supportive behaviour at six months. Participants who perceived the accident to be unpredictable at ten days had low levels of symptomatology at six months. Two other factors were also found to be causally related to the development of post traumatic stress symptomatology; confirmation and neuroticism, but these factors must be treated with caution due to the possibility of an unspecified third variable. The remaining seven factors were not found to be causally related to the development of symptomatology. Overall these findings support the interactive field theories which propose that post traumatic stress symptomatology develops through a complex interaction of numerous factors from the emotional, social and cognitive domains and cannot be related to specific linear factors.
GETTING A HANDLE ON CHILDREN'S DRAWINGS: A COGNITIVE APPROACH
Creators: name: Sutton, Pamela Jane
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1995

description: Merged with duplicate record 10026.1/768 on 15.03.2017 by CS (TIS)
description: Many researchers of children's drawings have concentrated on assessing how drawing develops through several stages. Around eight years of age the child progresses from producing drawings based on internal stereotypes of objects (intellectually realistic stage), to producing drawings which reflect an external view of these objects (visually realistic stage). This research has highlighted numerous variables which affect this developmental sequence and has shown that children as young as four can produce visually realistic drawings under certain circumstances. The present study firstly conducted a series of cross-sectional experiments to assess two of the variables highlighted by previous research, i.e. instructions and the order of presentation of tasks. Children between four and eight years of age were asked to draw various cup and ball models while these variables were manipulated. By employing the novel procedure of measuring the amount of attention that the children paid towards the drawing models, it was possible to gain insight into underlying cognitive mechanisms. The research showed that intellectual and visual realism can be artificially induced by procedural changes that affect the amount of strategic attention that the child employs in a drawing task. Increased attention is associated with visual realism while reduced attention is associated with intellectual realism. This thesis therefore concludes that there are no distinct stages of development, but instead these are a by-product of strategic attentional processes. In order to place drawing in a broader cognitive context, a longitudinal study was then conducted which assessed drawing in relation to memory and selective attention. The developmental patterns of performance, strategy use and metacognitive awareness in the drawing task, were similar to those in the memory and selective attention tasks. This suggested that children have underlying abilities common to these three different cognitive areas. It was concluded that there is a need to assess drawing within the context of general cognitive development.
Information selection and belief updating in hypothesis evaluation
Creators: name: Feeney, Aidan
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1996

description: This thesis is concerned with the factors underlying both selection and use of evidence in the testing of hypotheses. The work it describes examines the role played in hypothesis evaluation by background knowledge about the probability of events in the environment as well as the influence of more general constraints. Experiments on information choice showed that subjects were sensitive both to explicitly presented probabilistic information and to the likelihood of evidence with regard to background beliefs. It is argued - in contrast with other views in the literature - that subjects' choice of evidence to test hypotheses is rational allowing for certain constraints on subjects' cognitive representations. The majority of experiments in this thesis, however, are focused on the issue of how the information which subjects receive when testing hypotheses affects their beliefs. A major finding is that receipt of early information creates expectations which influence the response to later information. This typically produces a recency effect in which presenting strong evidence after weak evidence affects beliefs more than if the same evidence is presented in the opposite order. These findings run contrary to the view of the belief revision process which is prevalent in the literature in which it is generally assumed that the effects of successive pieces of information are independent. The experiments reported here also provide evidence that processes of selective attention influence evidence interpretation: subjects tend to focus on the most informative part of the evidence and may switch focus from one part of the evidence to another as the task progresses. in some cases, such changes of attention can eliminate the recency effect. In summary, the present research provides new evidence about the role of background beliefs, expectations and cognitive constraints in the selection and use of information to test hypotheses. Several new findings emerge which require revision to current accounts of information integration in the belief revision literature.
Rousettus amplexicaudatus
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae
Rousettus
Rousettus amplexicaudatus

description: 161. Rousettus amplexicaudatus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)
Common name: Geoffroy ’ s Rousette
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam and Southern Myanmar.
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 168, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
COGNITIVE APPROACHES TO THE EXPLANATION OF GAMBLING BEHAVIOUR: AN EVALUATION
Creators: name: LAURIE, ANTONY DYSON
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2000

description: This thesis investigates three hypotheses in relation to the cognitive explanation of normal and problematic gambling behaviour. The "strong cognitive hypothesis" takes the view that if cognitive processes alone account for different levels of play, then the order of the events experienced during a task may be a good predictor of the levels of play. Four large scale experiments are presented focusing on the Illusion of Control, particularly the order effects originally observed by Langer and Roth (1975). Drawing on Hogarth and Einhom's (1992) belief adjustment model an adjusted methodology is employed making the paradigm resemble the real gambling decision making task more closely. The results of the Illusion of Control experiments suggest that the strong cognitive hypothesis can account for gambling in general, but there is no consistent support in favour of its role in explaining differential levels of play. Three questiormaire studies are then presented investigating the two alternative hypotheses assessed in this thesis. The "weak cognitive hypothesis" stipulates that an additional individual differences element is necessary to supplement the strong cognitive hypothesis in order to explain differential levels of gambling behaviour. Individual differences in the level of everyday general dissociation, the enjoyment and engagement in two forms of processing (Rational or Experiential, Epstein 1990), and in the extent to which heuristics and biases are used when making decisions are investigated. Factor analysis for the heuristics and biases investigation, particularly in relation to the understanding of the principle of randomness, reveals some evidence for the weak cogmtive hypothesis. Strongest evidence emerges in relation to the "integrative hypothesis" which stipulates that cognitive factors and processes are only important in relation to and interaction with other variables. The questioimaire studies investigate the role of erroneous beliefs and their relationship with the dissociation experienced within the gambling task. Using Structural Equation Modelling techniques, the results lead towards the generation of a new model of differential levels of gambling and the causal links between these variables and the loss of control are discussed.