Polycera aurantiomarginata Garcia-Gomez & Bobo 1984
Creators: name: Vallès, Yvonne
name: Valdés, Ángel
name: Ortea, Jesús
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2000
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Nudibranchia
Polyceridae
Polycera
Polycera aurantiomarginata

description: Polycera aurantiomarginata García-Gómez & Bobo, 1984
(Figs 7B; 8)
Polycera aurantiomarginata García-Gómez & Bobo, 1984: 362-372, figs 1-8, pls 1-4.
Polycera xicoi Ortea & Rolán, 1989: 23-28, pl. 1.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Luanda Province. Corimba, 08°49’S, 13°13’E, date unknown, 1 specimen 9 mm preserved length; 4 specimens 11 mm preserved length; 2 specimens 12 mm preserved length; 4 specimens 13 mm preserved length; 2 specimens 14 mm preserved length; 3 specimens 15 mm preserved length; 1 specimen 16 mm preserved length; 1 specimen 17 mm preserved length. — Ilha de Luanda, 08°48’S, 13°15’E, 12.X.1985, 1 specimen 9 mm preserved length.
Namibe Province. Praia Amelia, 15°01’S, 12°08’E, 3.VIII.1985, 1 specimen 5 mm preserved length; VIII.1985, 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length.
We have also examined the holotype of Polycera aurantiomarginata García-Gómez & Bobo, 1984, deposited at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid (MNCN 15.05/1001).
DISTRIBUTION. — Previously, this species was known from the South of Spain (García-Gómez & Bobo 1984) and Cape Verde Islands (Ortea & Rolán 1989). This paper is the first record from Angola, a significant southern range extension.
DESCRIPTION
The background body colour is whitish in the living animal. The dorsum and sides are longitudinally crossed by orange and yellow alternating lines (Fig. 8A). The orange lines are mostly present on the side of the animals and in the anterior part of the dorsum, whereas the yellow lines are more abundant on the dorsum and in the posterior areas of the body. Some specimens have a greyish pigmentation on the dorsum, which may cover the whole body or just part of it. However, the cephalic area is always white with three orange lines between the rhinophores, which may have a grey area around them. Some specimens have a greyish colour only in the centre of the dorsum that is absent on the tail. The velum bears six appendages that are yellow with a white base. Some specimens have also a white apex. The rhinophores may be white or yellow and have a black ring near the apex, which is always white. At the base of the rhinophores (always white) there are orange and yellow spots. One of the specimens has black rhinophores. There are between eight and eleven unipinnate branchial leaves, white with small orange and yellow spots on the rachis. Some specimens have a black ring near the apex of the leaves. The specimen with black rhinophores has a black gill as well, with an orange rachis. Each animal has a white extrabranchial process on either side of the gill, which has yellow lines arranged just at the apex or almost all over the appendage.
The dorsum is covered with numerous, minute spicules, 10 µm long or smaller. The majority are oval (Fig. 8D). There are also a few large and scattered spicules bigger than 200 µm, being elongated with tubercles or cusps in their centre (Fig. 8C).
The radular formula is 8-13 × (4.2.0.2.4) for specimens between 5-15 mm preserved length. The radula has two inner lateral teeth, the innermost being smaller than the second (Fig. 7B). Both have a rectangular peak. There are four rectangular-shaped outer lateral teeth, which decrease in size towards the outer edge. The oesophagus is straight. The intestine emerges from the left side of the animal, surrounds the digestive gland anteriorly and descends to the right side to the anus. The irregularly circularshaped heart is connected by the aorta to the blood gland, situated near the oesophagus.
The reproductive system has a prostate one half as long as wide (Fig. 8B). The deferent duct has three folds and is two times longer than the vagina. The vagina is short, has no folds and is connected to the gametolytic gland. The gametolytic gland is almost as long as wide. It is also connected in the distal region to the seminal receptacle by a narrow and convoluted duct. The seminal receptacle is one sixth times the size of the gametolytic gland and it is connected to the female gland by a narrow and short duct. The ampulla is almost as long as wide and it has no folds.
Spawn
The egg mass is spirally coiled, 0.6 mm in height. There are about 24 embryos occupying the whole height of the egg ribbon. The cream-coloured embryos are enclosed in a much larger capsule. There is only a single embryo per capsule. Capsule measured: 124-148 µm (mean: 136 µm).
REMARKS
García-Gómez & Bobo (1984) described Polycera aurantiomarginata García-Gómez & Bobo, 1984 from the South of Spain, as having a black or dark grey background colour, less pigmented in the cephalic area. Yellow lines and yellow spots are present on the dorsum and on the sides. The spots close to the foot are orange to reddish. The veil has six appendages; frequently the two central appendages are orange and the rest is yellow. The basal and apical regions of the rhinophores are translucent whitish, exhibiting less coloration than the rest of the body. There is a black ring near the apex of the rhinophore. The branchial leaves are pigmented like the rhinophores except for the rachis that is yellow. The extrabranchial processes are hyaline white at the basal area, and vary from yellow to orange nearer the apex.
The darkest specimens from Angola have the same colour pattern as the European animals. However, specimens from Angola show a great variability in the size and distribution of the patches of grey colour, which is entirely absent in several specimens.
On the other hand, both European and African specimens have numerous spicules that are identical in shape, but the spicules described by García-Gómez & Bobo (1984) were 150 µm long rather than 10 µm long as in specimens from Angola. We have examined the holotype of P. aurantiomarginata which has spicules with the same shape and size as the material from Angola (10 µm long or smaller). There is another type of spicules that García-Gómez and Bobo did not describe. These are fewer in number but have a much larger size (up to 200 µm) and less variability in form. They are present in the holotype and in our material from Angola. The radular formula is similar between European and African specimens, as is the radular teeth morphology. We observed no differences between the reproductive systems of García-Gómez & Bobo’s (1989) original description and our material from Angola.
Polycera xicoi Ortea & Rolán, 1989 was described by Ortea & Rolán (1989) from the Cape Verde Islands. The radular morphology, external shape and coloration of this species are identical to that of P. aurantiomarginata, including our material from Angola. Consequently, we think that this species must be considered as a synonym of P. aurantiomarginata.
description: Published as part of Vallès, Yvonne, Valdés, Ángel & Ortea, Jesús, 2000, On the phanerobranch dorids of Angola (Mollusca, Nudibranchia): a crossroads of temperate and tropical species, pp. 15-31 in Zoosystema 22 (1) on pages 24-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5398985