cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Discrete neural representations for explainable anomaly detection
Creators: name: Szymanowicz, Stanislaw
name: Charles, James
name: Cipolla, Roberto
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The aim of this work is to detect and automatically generate high-level explanations of anomalous events in video. Understanding the cause of an anomalous event is crucial as the required response is dependant on its nature and severity. Recent works typically use object or action classifier to detect and provide labels for anomalous events. However, this constrains detection systems to a finite set of known classes and prevents generalisation to unknown objects or behaviours. Here we show how to robustly detect anomalies without the use of object or action classifiers yet still recover the high level reason behind the event. We make the following contributions: (1) a method using saliency maps to decouple the explanation of anomalous events from object and action classifiers, (2) show how to improve the quality of saliency maps using a novel neural architecture for learning discrete representations of video by predicting future frames and (3) beat the state-of-the-art anomaly explanation methods by 60\% on a subset of the public benchmark X-MAN dataset.
title: A Pathway to Prophethood: Joseph Smith Junior as Rodsman, Village Seer, and Judeo-Christian Prophet
Creators: name: Ashurst-McGee, Mark
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 2000

description: Joseph Smith Junior, founder of the Mormon faith, presented himself to America and the world as a prophet with the same powers as the widely known prophetic figures of the Bible. Like Moses and Elijah, he made God's will known to humankind. Before assuming this role, Smith had used divining rods and then seer stones to find underground water, buried treasure, lost items, and stray livestock. This thesis charts Joseph Smith's progression from rodsman to seer to prophet.
For the most part, I present Joseph Smith's divinatory development as he himself experienced it. Dowsing with a rod, seeing things in stones, and receiving heavenly revelations were as real to Smith as harvesting wheat. In order to understand his progression from rodsman to seer to prophet, one must first understand his worldview. The mental universe of early American water witches and village seers forms one of the historical and cultural contexts in which Joseph Smith developed his divinatory abilities.
CO J=6--5 in Arp 220: strong effects of dust on high-J CO lines
Creators: name: Papadopoulos, Padeli P.
name: Isaak, Kate
name: van der Werf, Paul
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report new single dish CO J=6--5 line observations for the archetypal Ultra Luminous Infrared Galaxy (ULIRG) Arp 220 with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope atop Mauna Kea in Hawaii. The J=6--5 line is found to be faint, with brightness temperature ratios (6--5)/(1--0), (6--5)/(3--2) of R_{65/10} = 0.080+/-0.017 and R_{65/32} = 0.082+/-0.019, suggesting very low excitation conditions that cannot be reconciled with the warm and very dense molecular gas present in one of the most extreme starbursts in the local Universe. We find that an optically thick dust continuum, with tau(f>350 GHz)>=1 for the bulk of the warm dust and gas in Arp 220, submerges this line to an almost black body curve, reducing its flux, and {\it affecting its CO Spectral Line Energy Distribution (SLED) at high frequencies}. This also resolves the CII line deficiency in this object, first observed by {\it ISO}: the near absence of that line is a dust optical depth effect, not a dense Photodissociation Region (PDR) phenomenon. Finally we briefly comment on the possibility of such extreme ISM states in other ULIRGs in the distant Universe, and its consequences for the diagnostic utility of high frequency molecular and atomic ISM lines in such systems. In the case of Arp 220 we anticipate that the now spaceborne Herschel Space Observatory will find faint high-J CO lines at f>=690 GHz that would appear as sub-thermally excited with respect to the low-J ones as a result of the effects of dust absorption.
description: 18 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication at the Astrophysical Journal
Characterisation of Conventional 87Sr/86Sr Isotope Ratios in Cement, Limestone and Slate Reference Materials Based on an Interlaboratory Comparison Study
Creators: name: Kazlagić, Anera
name: Rosner, Martin
name: Cipriani, Anna
name: Frick, Daniel A.
name: Glodny, Johannes
name: Hoffmann, Elis J.
name: Hora, John M.
name: Irrgeher, Johanna
name: Lugli, Federico
name: Magna, Tomas
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Sr isotope analysis
subject: isotope ratios
subject: cement
subject: geological material
subject: MC-TIMS
subject: MC-ICP-MS
subject: interlaboratory comparison
subject: measurement uncertainty
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::550 Geowissenschaften, Geologie::550 Geowissenschaften

description: An interlaboratory comparison (ILC) was organised to characterise 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios in geological and industrial reference materials by applying the so-called conventional method for determining 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios. Four cements (VDZ 100a, VDZ 200a, VDZ 300a, IAG OPC-1), one limestone (IAG CGL ML-3) and one slate (IAG OU-6) reference materials were selected, covering a wide range of naturally occurring Sr isotopic signatures. Thirteen laboratories received aliquots of these six reference materials together with a detailed technical protocol. The consensus values for the six reference materials and their associated measurement uncertainties were obtained by applying a Gaussian, linear mixed effects model fitted to all the measurement results. By combining the consensus values and their uncertainties with an uncertainty contribution for potential heterogeneity, reference values ranging from 0.708134 mol mol-1 to 0.729778 mol mol-1 were obtained with relative expanded uncertainties of ≤ 0.007 %. This study represents an ILC on conventional 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios, within which metrological principles were considered and the compatibility of measurement results obtained by MC-ICP-MS and by MC-TIMS is demonstrated. The materials characterised in this study can be used as reference materials for validation and quality control purposes and to estimate measurement uncertainties in conventional 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio measurement.
Identifying potential emerging invasive non-native species from the freshwater pet trade
Creators: name: Dickey, James W. E.
name: Liu, Chunlong
name: Briski, Elizabeta
name: Wolter, Christian
name: Moesch, Simon
name: Jeschke, Jonathan M.
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: aquatic invasive species
subject: Invasive Alien Species (IAS)
subject: niche breadth
subject: niche overlap
subject: non-native species
subject: pet trade
subject: propagule pressure
subject: Release Risk
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie

description: 1. An increasingly globalised world has facilitated the movement of non-native species (NNS) via the poorly regulated international pet trade. While focus is increasingly being placed on preventative action to combat invasive NNS—often cheaper and less difficult than the management of established populations—successful prevention requires controlling potential pathways and obtaining baseline knowledge of species' availability. 2. Here we performed an in-depth analysis of the freshwater pet trade as one major vector of NNS, compiling its species inventory and deriving threats of NNS release and establishment in the wild. With Germany as our study region, we surveyed pet stores, websites and the country's largest online classified portal, eBay Kleinanzeigen, recording the taxa encountered. For each species, we determined the likelihood of release based on availability and price (cheaper and/or more readily available species have been shown to be of greater risk), and the likelihood of establishment based on ecological niche breadth and niche overlap with environmental conditions in Germany. 3. The survey revealed 669 species, of which 651 were non-native to Germany. Looking at release likelihood, more readily available species in pet stores and on websites proved to be cheaper. For websites, there was a significant effect of occurrence status (i.e. released, not released, native) on price, with released and native species being significantly cheaper. Species previously released in Germany and elsewhere demonstrated greater niche breadths and greater niche overlaps between their source regions and Germany; and for species released in Germany, there was a significantly positive relationship between the magnitude of niche overlap and the number of documented occurrences. 4. Finally, we combined our release and establishment likelihood findings under ‘Release Risk’ metrics to highlight the species most worthy of prioritisation. We propose these metrics as proactive methods for screening species in the trade, which can inform future policy direction and intervention.
Probabilistische Abfluss- und Wasserstandsvorhersagen - Kommunikationsstrategien und Nutzungspotenziale am Beispiel der Binnenschifffahrt
Creators: name: Meißner, Dennis
Publisher: name: Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde, Koblenz
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Water resources research

description: Hydrologie und Wasserbewirtschaftung / BfG – Jahrgang: 58.2014,2 - ISSN 1439-1783
The European Union and Achieving Peace in Ukraine
Creators: name: Corneo, Giacomo
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Ukraine war
subject: European Union
subject: Nuclear risk
subject: 300 Sozialwissenschaften::320 Politikwissenschaft::320 Politikwissenschaft

description: The war between Ukraine and Russia does not only harm their respective populations: the rest of Europe is heavily affected. While some welfare losses for the EU are salient, the most significant one is not: it is the risk that the war escalates into a major nuclear conflict. A promising policy to minimize those losses exploits the desire of both Ukrainians and Russians to join the EU. I propose that they should if they immediately cease all fighting and subscribe to a distinctive, incentive-compatible, peace agreement brokered by the EU. Such an agreement would come at small costs to the EU, costs that would vanish in comparison to the risk of nuclear holocaust.
Legal Pluralism, Arbitration, and State Formation: The Rise and Fall of Philadelphia's Quaker Court, 1682–1772
Creators: name: Sahle, Esther
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: legal centralization
subject: British America
subject: Philadelphia's Quaker Court
subject: 900 Geschichte und Geografie::970 Geschichte Nordamerikas::970 Geschichte Nordamerikas

description: Legal centralization in British America was characterized by the passing of arbitration from the community level to the colonial courts. As a consequence, when the 1765 Stamp Act raised the cost of court business, colonists were at a loss for alternatives. This paper addresses the question of why, at this point, colonists did not return to earlier, non-state forms of arbitration. It offers an explanation by providing a detailed empirical study of an alternative American legal forum: the Philadelphia Quaker monthly meeting. While busy arbitrating disputes in the early colonial period, it declined from around 1720. Contrary to what might be expected, this decline was not the consequence of state efforts to marginalize competing institutions. Rather, the local Quaker population abandoned their community legal forum in favor of the public courts. This was likely due to the Quaker court's reliance on reputation-based instruments for enforcement. As Philadelphia's population grew, the meeting's practice of pressuring culprits into compliance through public shaming lost its edge. Accordingly, Friends moved their legal business to the public courts. The paper contributes to the debates on the legal pluralism of empires, the history of arbitration, and state formation in the Atlantic.
title: Lactational Performance and Energy Partitioning of Dairy Cows Supplemented with N-Acetyl-L-Methionine During Mid to Late Lactation
Creators: name: Grisenti, Tyson George
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 2017

description: The N-acetyl-L-methionine (NALM) molecule is a methionine (Met) derivative produced via acetylation of the L-Met α-amino group with an N-acetyl group. This molecule has been shown to be bioavailable and capable of fulfilling the dietary requirement for Met in animals and humans. The current experiment was conducted to test a hypothesis that lactating dairy cows fed with NALM would increase milk production by increasing N and energy utilization efficiencies in a dose dependent manner. Eight multiparous Holstein cows that were mid lactation (124 ± 13 days-in-milk) with similar milk production were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design for 84 d. A developmental NALM product from CJ CheilJedang (Seoul, South Korea) was used as the supplemental source of rumen-protected Met in the present study. Four dietary treatments included 0 g (control), 15 g, 30 g, and 45 g/d/cow of NALM supplementation. Supplementing NALM significantly increased dry matter intake (linear effect; P < 0.01), while milk yield tended to increase quadratically (P = 0.07). A linear decrease in milk fat concentration was seen due to supplementation of NALM in relation to the control ration (P = 0.02). However, milk fat yield was similar across treatments. A trend toward an increase in milk protein yield was observed between the control ration and the ration supplemented with 45 g of NALM (1.18 vs. 1.21 kg/d; P = 0.10). There were no differences in energy-corrected or 3.5% fat-corrected milk yields in response to treatments. It is likely that the supplementation of NALM to mid to late lactating dairy cows may have shifted nutrient and energy utilization toward tissue gain and lactation, which resulted in a decrease in feed efficiency for lactation (P = 0.02). Overall results from the present study suggest that supplementing NALM to mid to late lactating cows can increase milk yield in a dose dependent manner with a shift of net energy partitioning toward milk production and body weight gain. In addition, supplementing NALM increased milk nitrogen (N) output without affecting urinary N excretion.
Free energies of heavy quarks in full-QCD lattice simulations with Wilson-type quark action
Creators: name: Maezawa, Y.
name: Aoki, S.
name: Ejiri, S.
name: Hatsuda, T.
name: Ishii, N.
name: Kanaya, K.
name: Ohno, H.
name: Umeda, T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The free energy between a static quark and an antiquark is studied by using the color-singlet Polyakov-line correlation at finite temperature in lattice QCD with 2+1 flavors of improved Wilson quarks. From the simulations on $32^3 \times 12$, 10, 8, 6, 4 lattices in the high temperature phase, based on the fixed scale approach, we find that, the heavy-quark free energies at short distance converge to the heavy-quark potential evaluated from the Wilson loop at zero temperature, in accordance with the expected insensitivity of short distance physics to the temperature. At long distance, the heavy-quark free energies approach to twice the single-quark free energies, implying that the interaction between heavy quarks is screened. The Debye screening mass obtained from the long range behavior of the free energy is compared with the results of thermal perturbation theory.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures - To appear in the conference proceedings for Quark Matter 2009, March 30 - April 4, Knoxville, Tennessee
Chirality dependent frequency shift of radial breathing mode in metallic carbon nanotubes
Creators: name: Sasaki, K.
name: Saito, R.
name: Dresselhaus, G.
name: Dresselhaus, M. S.
name: Farhat, H.
name: Kong, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A phonon frequency shift of the radial breathing mode for metallic single wall carbon nanotubes is predicted as a function of Fermi energy. Armchair nanotubes do not show any frequency shift while zigzag nanotubes exhibit phonon softening, but this softening is not associated with the broadening. This chirality dependence originates from a curvature-induced energy gap and a special electron-phonon coupling mechanism for radial breathing modes. Because of the particle-hole symmetry, only the off-site deformation potential contributes to the frequency shift. On the other hand, the on-site potential contributes to the Raman intensity, and the radial breathing mode intensity is stronger than that of the $G$ band. The relationship between the chirality dependence of the frequency shift of the radial breathing mode and the $Γ$ point optical phonon frequency shift is discussed.
description: 12 pages, 7 figures
Endor and Epr studies of organic radicals in solution
Creators: name: Kennedy, David Edward Bertram
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2010

description: The construction and operation of a high power liquid phase Electron Nuclear Double Resonance (ENDOR) spectrometer is described in detail. The several modifications of existing methods that make this spectrometer unique are emphasized, particularly the problem of utilizing very high rf fields without excessive rf interference. Some inexpensive and simple methods that were developed for increasing the strength of the rf field are discussed in detail. The completed spectrometer was used to study very small variations in hyperfine couplings in solutions of the tri-t-butyl phenoxy (TTBP) radical. The theory for the treatment of such ENDOR-measured couplings is discussed, and this means was used to determine the existence of very weak hydrogen bond formation in solutions of TTBP and proton-donating solvents. The formation constants and enthalpy of formation for these bonds can be obtained from this theory. The spectrometer was used for an ENDOR study of some common and similar stable free radicals: α, α¹-Diphenyl-β-Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH), Picryl-N-Amino Carbazyl (PAC) and α,γ-Bisdiphenylene-β-Phenyl Allyl (BDPA). Although the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) of all of these compounds has been known for years, there has never been a complete interpretation of their EPR spectra. The ENDOR-obtained hyperfine coupling constants gave complete interpretations of these complex EPR spectra. Spectra were only obtained for these radicals when stringent ENDOR conditions were satisfied: a better understanding of these conditions will make liquid ENDOR a less specialized tool. Values for the spin-spin relaxation time T₂ could be estimated for solutions of these radicals from the ENDOR spectra. The EPR simulations and the assignment of the ENDOR values together yield the first accurate spin density maps for these three species. The molecular distortion that is inferred from the ENDOR spectra must be taken into account if these accurate values are to be used for detailed molecular spin density calculations. Finally, the optimum conditions mentioned above were used to obtain the ENDOR spectra of some related drug precursors: phenoxazine, phenothiazine and chlorophenothiazine. The ENDOR hyperfine values of generated radicals of these compounds were used to simulate their EPR spectra. A novel chlorine hyperfine coupling constant was measured by a careful study of these simulations. Chlorine couplings have rarely been observed previously in aromatic free radicals in solution. The accurate ENDOR proton couplings and assignment were first required in order to obtain this small and unusual chlorine coupling.
Transient absorption, femtosecond dynamics, vibrational coherence and molecular modelling of the photoisomerization of N-salicylidene-o-aminophenol in solution
Creators: name: Petkov, Nikolai
name: Ivanova, Anela
name: Trifonov, Anton
name: Buchvarov, Ivan
name: Stanimirov, Stanislav
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This article presents a study of the excited state relaxation dynamics of N-salycylidene-o-aminophenol (SOAP) in ethanol solution. Femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and theoretical calculations are used in combination to establish the mechanism of the excited state relaxation and type of molecular species involved in the accompanying phototransformations. TA spectra show that upon photoexcitation two SOAP tautomers (E-enol and Z-keto) interconvert by ESIPT. The molecule can subsequently isomerize to the E-keto form of SOAP. An intriguing observation is that the TA spectra of this compound in ethanol show modulations of the signal at the stimulated emission spectral range. It is found that these modulations are due to the coherence of the excited ensemble of molecules whose evolution over time represents a moving wave packet. After Fourier transform of the modulations, two characteristic frequencies are identified. These frequencies are referred to the corresponding vibrational modes of the excited state and their nature is elucidated by DFT quantum chemical calculations. The obtained experimental and theoretical data reveal the nature of vibronic coupling between the ground and excited state and the type of molecular vibrations involved in the molecular dynamics along the potential surface of the first excited state at the initial moment right after excitation. These vibrations characterize the starting point in the excited state dynamics of the molecule toward Z-E isomerization of the keto form of SOAP. The study provides a comprehensive picture of the dynamic processes taking place upon photoexcitation of the compound, which might enable control over the various relaxation channels.
description: 14 pages, 10 figures
A proposito di laicità. Una lunga e complessa storia semantica
Creators: name: Frasca, Rosella
Publisher: name: Studi sulla Formazione
Year: 2011

description: The author, in her essay, describes the place occupied in the distant past of Western culture by the concept of secularism, and uses that are made. The author discovers the concept of secularism in ancient societies to bring it into modernity. He links it to issues related to youth education opportunities, training and multicultural issues. and it focuses on the concept of Citizenship and transmission of knowledge.
description: Studi sulla Formazione, Anno XIII, II-2010
title: Bidirectional Three-Phase AC-DC Power Conversion Using DC-DC Converters and a Three-Phase Unfolder
Creators: name: Chen, Weilun Warren
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 2017

description: Strategic use of energy storage systems alleviates imbalance between energy generation and consumption. Battery storage of various chemistries is favorable for its relatively high energy density and high charge and discharge rates. Battery voltage is in dc, while the distribution of electricity is still predominantly in ac. To effectively harness the battery energy, a dc-ac inverter is required.
A conventional inverter contains two high-frequency switching stages. The battery-interfacing stage provides galvanic isolation and switches at high frequency to minimize the isolation transformer size. The grid-interfacing stage also operates at high frequency to obtain sinusoidal grid currents and the desired power. Negative consequences of high-frequency switching include increased switching loss and the generation of large voltage harmonics that require filtering.
This dissertation proposes an alternative two-stage inverter topology aimed at reducing converter size and weight. This is achieved by reducing the number of high-frequency switching stages and associated filter requirements. The grid-interfacing stage is operated at the line frequency, while only the battery-interfacing stage operates at high frequency to shape the line currents and control power flow. The line-frequency operation generates negligible switching loss and minimal current harmonics in the grid-interfacing stage. As a result, the required filter is reduced in size. Hardware designs are performed and compared between the conventional and proposed converters to quantify expected size reduction. Control methods are developed and verified in simulation and experiment to obtain high-quality line currents at all power factors.
Improved setup for producing slow beams of cold molecules using a rotating nozzle
Creators: name: Strebel, M.
name: Stienkemeier, F.
name: Mudrich, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Intense beams of cold and slow molecules are produced by supersonic expansion out of a rapidly rotating nozzle, as first demonstrated by Gupta and Herschbach. An improved setup is presented that allows to accelerate or decelerate cold atomic and molecular beams by up to 500 m/s. Technical improvements are discussed and beam parameters are characterized by detailed analysis of time of flight density distributions. The possibility of combining this beam source with electrostatic fields for guiding polar molecules is demonstrated.
Synthesis and Comparison of Linear Polymannosides for Direct Binding with Escherichia Coli
Creators: name: Hanheiser, Natalie
name: Parshad, Badri
name: Povolotsky, Tatyana L.
name: Khatri, Vinod
name: Achazi, Katharina
name: Bhatia, Sumati
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Adhesion inhibition
subject: Escherichia coli
subject: Glycopolymer
subject: Microscale thermophoresis
subject: Poly(Manα1,2Man)
subject: PolyMan
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::540 Chemie::540 Chemie und zugeordnete Wissenschaften

description: Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of linear polyglycerols bearing multiple copies of mono and dimannosides [LPG40Man0.60 and LPG40(Manα1,2Man)0.60]. A method based on label-free microscale thermophoresis (MST) has been optimized to determine the direct binding affinity of multivalent mannosides for Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain ORN178 that produces the fimbriae protein FimH. We observed that the LPG40(Manα1,2Man)0.60 exhibited only a modest one-fold improvement in binding as compared to LPG40Man0.60. Nevertheless, both the multivalent mannosides displayed remarkably very low nM binding constant (Kd) in contrast to the high μM Kd of the single α-D-methylmannoside for intact E. coli ORN 178 particles. Furthermore, in an Adhesion-Inhibition Assay, both multivalent mannosides showed 50% inhibition of bacteria adhesion to the HT-29 colon cells at low μM concentrations.
General robot control station (second version)
Creators: name: PILOTING Project
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023

description: Based on the generic Robot Control Station (gRCS) architecture and operation outlined in D6.1 (General robot control station (first version)), the gRCS has been improved and finalized all the required functionalities during this second development phase of the project. In addition, the interfaces with the robotic systems and the I&M platform have been modified to address the needs of the project after the experience gathered during the first validation set of experiments and pilots.
 Then, this deliverable is the direct outcome of the work performed within task T6.1 (“General robot control station development”) during its second period of activity after the first large-scale pilot demonstrations.
Verso una pedagogia clinica
Creators: name: Sola, Giancarla
Publisher: name: Studi sulla Formazione
Year: 2010

description: The author begins by posing a question: What does it mean to speak of clinical teaching, moving from an analysis covering his bases? Then offers a possible answer: first, it means trying to understand what is at the basis of clinical teaching, or what funds this knowledge. It is therefore to investigate the concepts advance the fundamentals of this science, forming and supporting his research, his criticism, his speech. This is necessary to understand how scientific education is born and takes shape in a more practical and problematic context, always in relation with the many dimensions of the subject.
description: Studi sulla Formazione, Anno XII, I/II-2009
On Special Berwald Metrics
Creators: name: Tayebi, Akbar
name: Peyghan, Esmaeil
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this paper, we study a class of Finsler metrics which contains the class of Berwald metrics as a special case. We prove that every Finsler metric in this class is a generalized Douglas-Weyl metric. Then we study isotropic flag curvature Finsler metrics in this class. Finally we show that on this class of Finsler metrics, the notion of Landsberg and weakly Landsberg curvature are equivalent.
The spacecraft wake: Interference with electric field observations and a possibility to detect cold ions
Creators: name: André, M.
name: Eriksson, A. I.
name: Khotyaintsev, Yu. V.
name: Toledo-Redondo, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Wakes behind spacecraft caused by supersonic drifting positive ions are common in plasmas and disturb in situ measurements. We review the impact of wakes on observations by the Electric Field and Wave double-probe instruments on the Cluster satellites. In the solar wind, the equivalent spacecraft charging is small compared to the ion drift energy and the wake effects are caused by the spacecraft body and can be compensated for. We present statistics of the direction, width, and electrostatic potential of wakes, and we compare with an analytical model. In the low-density magnetospheric lobes, the equivalent positive spacecraft charging is large compared to the ion drift energy and an enhanced wake forms. In this case observations of the geophysical electric field with the double-probe technique becomes extremely challenging. Rather, the wake can be used to estimate the flux of cold (eV) positive ions. For an intermediate range of parameters, when the equivalent charging of the spacecraft is similar to the drift energy of the ions, also the charged wire booms of a double-probe instrument must be taken into account. We discuss an example of these effects from the MMS spacecraft near the magnetopause. We find that many observed wake characteristics provide information that can be used for scientific studies. An important example is the enhanced wakes used to estimate the outflow of ionospheric origin in the magnetospheric lobes to about ${10}^{26}$ cold (eV) ions/s, constituting a large fraction of the mass outflow from planet Earth.
Structural determinants of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor selectivity
Creators: name: Wunsch, Friederike
name: Nguyen, Trung Ngoc
name: Wolber, Gerhard
name: Bermudez, Marcel
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: drug design
subject: GPCR
subject: molecular dynamics
subject: pharmacophores
subject: selectivity
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::540 Chemie::540 Chemie und zugeordnete Wissenschaften

description: Fingolimod, the prodrug of fingolimod-1-phosphate (F1P), was the first sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator approved for multiple sclerosis. F1P unselectively targets all five S1PR subtypes. While agonism (functional antagonism via receptor internalization) at S1PR1 leads to the desired immune modulatory effects, agonism at S1PR3 is associated with cardiac adverse effects. This motivated the development of S1PR3-sparing compounds and led to a second generation of S1PR1,5-selective ligands like siponimod and ozanimod. Our method combines molecular dynamics simulations and three-dimensional pharmacophores (dynophores) and enables the elucidation of S1PR subtype-specific binding site characteristics, visualizing also subtle differences in receptor–ligand interactions. F1P and the endogenous ligand sphingosine-1-phosphate bind to the orthosteric pocket of all S1PRs, but show different binding mode dynamics, uncovering potential starting points for the development of subtype-specific ligands. Our study contributes to the mechanistic understanding of the selectivity profile of approved drugs like ozanimod and siponimod and pharmaceutical tool compounds like CYM5541.
The Effect of Allicin on the Proteome of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Calu-3 Cells
Creators: name: Mösbauer, Kirstin
name: Fritsch, Verena Nadin
name: Adrian, Lorenz
name: Bernhardt, Jörg
name: Gruhlke, Martin Clemens Horst
name: Slusarenko, Alan John
name: Niemeyer, Daniela
name: Antelmann, Haike
Publisher: name: Technische Universität Berlin
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: 570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie
subject: allicin
subject: SARS-CoV-2
subject: proteome
subject: Vero E6
subject: Calu-3

description: Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) is the major thiol-reactive organosulfur compound produced by garlic plants (Allium sativum) upon tissue damage. Allicin exerts its strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi via S-thioallylation of protein thiols and low molecular weight thiols. Here, we investigated the effect of allicin on SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells. Toxicity tests revealed that Calu-3 cells showed greater allicin tolerance, probably due to >4-fold higher GSH levels compared to the very sensitive Vero E6 cells. Exposure of infected Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells to biocompatible allicin doses led to a ∼60–70% decrease of viral RNA and infectious viral particles. Label-free quantitative proteomics was used to investigate the changes in the Calu-3 proteome after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the effect of allicin on the host-virus proteome. SARS-CoV-2 infection of Calu-3 cells caused a strong induction of the antiviral interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) signature, including several antiviral effectors, such as cGAS, Mx1, IFIT, IFIH, IFI16, IFI44, OAS, and ISG15, pathways of vesicular transport, tight junctions (KIF5A/B/C, OSBPL2, CLTCL1, and ARHGAP17) and ubiquitin modification (UBE2L3/5), as well as reprogramming of host metabolism, transcription and translation. Allicin treatment of infected Calu-3 cells reduced the expression of IFN signaling pathways and ISG effectors and reverted several host pathways to levels of uninfected cells. Allicin further reduced the abundance of the structural viral proteins N, M, S and ORF3 in the host-virus proteome. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the antiviral and immunomodulatory activity of biocompatible doses of allicin in SARS-CoV-2-infected cell cultures. Future drug research should be directed to exploit the thiol-reactivity of allicin derivatives with increased stability and lower human cell toxicity as antiviral lead compounds.
Bipartite expansion beyond biparticity
Creators: name: Anokhina, A.
name: Lanina, E.
name: Morozov, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Geometric Topology (math.GT)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: The recently suggested bipartite analysis extends the Kauffman planar decomposition to arbitrary $N$, i.e. extends it from the Jones polynomial to the HOMFLY polynomial. This provides a generic and straightforward non-perturbative calculus in an arbitrary Chern--Simons theory. Technically, this approach is restricted to knots and links which possess bipartite realizations, i.e. can be entirely glued from antiparallel lock (two-vertex) tangles rather than single-vertex $R$-matrices. However, we demonstrate that the resulting positive decomposition (PD), i.e. the representation of the fundamental HOMFLY polynomials as positive integer polynomials of the three parameters $ϕ$, $\barϕ$ and $D$, exists for arbitrary knots, not only bipartite ones. This poses new questions about the true significance of bipartite expansion, which appears to make sense far beyond its original scope, and its generalizations to higher representations. We have provided two explanations for the existence of the PD for non-bipartite knots. An interesting option is to resolve a particular bipartite vertex in a not-fully-bipartite diagram and reduce the HOMFLY polynomial to a linear combination of those for smaller diagrams. If the resulting diagrams correspond to bipartite links, this option provides a PD even to an initially non-bipartite knot. Another possibility for a non-bipartite knot is to have a bipartite clone with the same HOMFLY polynomial providing this PD. We also suggest a promising criterium for the existence of a bipartite realization behind a given PD, which is based on the study of the precursor Jones polynomials.
description: 37 pages
Deep Inelastic Scattering from the AdS/CFT correspondence
Creators: name: Taliotis, Anastasios
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We calculate the cross section of an ultra relativistic nucleus scattering on a qq^(bar) pair at large coupling in N=4 SUSY gauge theory. We study the problem in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence. The nucleus is modeled as a gravitational shockwave in an AdS_5 background moving along the light cone. The dipole qq^(bar) is represented by a Wilson loop moving in the opposite direction. Due to the correspondence, calculating the scattering amplitude of the Wilson loop with the nucleus reduces to calculating the extreme value of the Nambu-Goto action for an open string. Its two end points are attached to the qq^(bar) respectively and it hangs in an AdS_5 shockwave spacetime. Six solutions are found two of which are physically meaningful. Both solutions predict that the saturation scale Q_s at high enough energies becomes energy independent; in particular it behaves as Q_s A^{1/3} where A is the atomic number. One solution predicts pomeron intercept alpha_p=2. However, there is a parameter window of r (dipole size) and s (c.m. energy) where it violates the black disk limit. On the other hand, the other solution respects this limit and corresponds to pomeron intercept alpha_p=1.5. We conjecture that this is the right value for gauge theories at strong coupling.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures - To appear in the conference proceedings for Quark Matter 2009, March 30 - April 4, Knoxville, Tennessee; v2: line numbers removed
title: The Field-Programmable Gate Array Design of the Gridded Retarding Ion Distribution Sensor
Creators: name: Swenson, Anthony P.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 2017

description: Mankind's ability to predict weather on earth has been greatly enhanced by new instrumentation technology. Similarly, mankind's ability to predict space weather benefits from new technologies. Just as increasing the amount of atmospheric measurements on earth heightened mankind's ability to predict Earth weather, many scientists expect that expanding the amount of plasma measurements in space could be key to enhancing mankind's ability to predict space weather. Small satellites are one of these new technologies that have the potential to greatly enhance our ability to predict space weather. Utilizing many low-cost small satellites allows scientists to take data from more locations than possible with a few high-cost large satellites.
Two instruments that have historic use measuring plasma are the Retarding Potential Analyzer and the Ion Drift Meter. Previous work has been done to combine the functionality from both of these instruments into one unit suitable for a small satellite in terms of size, power, and mass. An electrical and mechanical design has been completed to this end and this new instrument is called the Gridded Retarding Ion Distribution Sensor. This thesis describes the design and testing of the FPGA code that runs this new instrument.
Decentralized Spectrum Access System: Vision, Challenges, and a Blockchain Solution
Creators: name: Xiao, Yang
name: Shi, Shanghao
name: Lou, Wenjing
name: Wang, Chonggang
name: Li, Xu
name: Zhang, Ning
name: Hou, Y. Thomas
name: Reed, Jeffrey H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Spectrum access system (SAS) is widely considered the de facto solution to coordinating dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) and protecting incumbent users. The current SAS paradigm prescribed by the FCC for the CBRS band and standardized by the WInnForum follows a centralized service model in that a spectrum user subscribes to a SAS server for spectrum allocation service. This model, however, neither tolerates SAS server failures (crash or Byzantine) nor resists dishonest SAS administrators, leading to serious concerns on SAS system reliability and trustworthiness. This is especially concerning for the evolving DSS landscape where an increasing number of SAS service providers and heterogeneous user requirements are coming up. To address these challenges, we propose a novel blockchain-based decentralized SAS architecture called BD-SAS that provides SAS services securely and efficiently, without relying on the trust of each individual SAS server for the overall system trustworthiness. In BD-SAS, a global blockchain (G-Chain) is used for spectrum regulatory compliance while smart contract-enabled local blockchains (L-Chains) are instantiated in individual spectrum zones for automating spectrum access assignment per user request. We hope our vision of a decentralized SAS, the BD-SAS architecture, and discussion on future challenges can open up a new direction towards reliable spectrum management in a decentralized manner.
description: A version of this work has been accepted by IEEE Wireless Communications for publication
Effective Hamiltonians in Nonrelativistic Quantum Electrodynamics
Creators: name: Passante, Roberto
name: Rizzuto, Lucia
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper, we consider some second-order effective Hamiltonians describing the interaction of the quantum electromagnetic field with atoms or molecules in the nonrelativistic limit. Our procedure is valid only for off-energy-shell processes, specifically virtual processes such as those relevant for ground-state energy shifts and dispersion van der Waals and Casimir-Polder interactions, while on-energy-shell processes are excluded. These effective Hamiltonians allow for a considerable simplification of the calculation of radiative energy shifts, dispersion, and Casimir-Polder interactions, including in the presence of boundary conditions. They can also provide clear physical insights into the processes involved. We clarify that the form of the effective Hamiltonian depends on the field states considered, and consequently different expressions can be obtained, each of them with a well-defined range of validity and possible applications. We also apply our results to some specific cases, mainly the Lamb shift, the Casimir-Polder atom-surface interaction, and the dispersion interactions between atoms, molecules, or, in general, polarizable bodies.
description: 9 pages
Deterministic and stochastic effects in spreading dynamics: A case study of bovine viral diarrhea
Creators: name: Galler, Markus
name: Lüdge, Kathy
name: Humphries, Rory
name: Mulchrone, Kieran
name: Hövel, Philipp
Publisher: name: Technische Universität Berlin
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: 530 Physik
subject: mathematical modeling
subject: epidemic threshold
subject: diseases and conditions
subject: stochastic processes

description: Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a disease in cattle with complex transmission dynamics that causes substantial economic losses and affects animal welfare. The infection can be transient or persistent. The mostly asymptomatic persistently infected hosts are the main source for transmission of the virus. This characteristic makes it difficult to control the spreading of BVD. We develop a deterministic compartmental model for the spreading dynamics of BVD within a herd and derive the basic reproduction number. This epidemiological quantity indicates that identification and removal of persistently infected animals is a successful control strategy if the transmission rate of transiently infected animals is small. Removing persistently infected animals from the herd at birth results in recurrent outbreaks with decreasing peak prevalence. We propose a stochastic version of the compartmental model that includes stochasticity in the transmission parameters. This stochasticity leads to sustained oscillations in cases where the deterministic model predicts oscillations with decreasing amplitude. The results provide useful information for the design of control strategies. Dynamical systems are often described by deterministic mathematical models, where the state of the system is determined by the initial conditions. Many real-world processes, however, include an element of probability or randomness. Even so, deterministic models might still be able to reproduce the main trend as a mean-field approximation but fail to capture the spectrum of possible dynamical scenarios of individual realizations. In addition, stochastic input such as noise can trigger the emergence of hidden dynamical features with surprising effects such as stochastic resonance, coherence resonance, or other noise-induced changes of dynamical behavior. Here, we present the example of a cattle disease that is realized as an extended susceptible-infected-recovered model. To explore the impact of stochasticity on the temporal behavior of the dynamics, we consider a stochastic transmission coefficient and systematically investigate the interplay between parameter noise and the intrinsic time scales of the underlying deterministic system.
Polarized Dissociation and Spin Alignment of Moving Quarkonium in Quark-Gluon Plasma
Creators: name: Chen, Zhishun
name: Lin, Shu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent experiments have found spin alignment of $J/ψ$ with respect to event plane in heavy ion collisions, suggesting a medium effect that is spin dependent. We propose a possible mechanism with polarized dissociation from the motion of $J/ψ$ with respect to the medium. We calculate polarized dissociation rate for quarkonium spin triplet state from spin chromomagnetic coupling in the potential non-relativistic QCD framework. This is done for the leading order gluo-dissociation process and next to leading order inelastic Coulomb scattering process. The polarized dissociation rate is expressed as a function of relative velocity between quarkonium and QGP and the quantization axis. Applying the polarized dissociation rate to quarkonium evolution with dissociation effect only in a Bjorken flow, we find the spin $0$ state to dissociate less than the other spin states, leading to positive $ρ_{00}-1/3$. Regeneration contribution is expected to give a contribution with the opposite sign.
description: 28 pages, 8 figures
II. Due modelli di filosofia dell’educazione tra apertura e tradizione. Mario Gennari e Francesco Mattei
Creators: name: Cambi, Franco
Publisher: name: Studi sulla Formazione
Year: 2014

description: The text presents two actual models of philosophy of education. The model of Mario Gennari and the model of Francesco Mattei are organic and critical and can be exemplary in the theoretical and critical pedagogical research.
description: Studi sulla Formazione, Anno XVI, II-2013