cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Bound isoscalar axial-vector $bc\bar u\bar d$ tetraquark $T_{bc}$ from lattice QCD using two-meson and diquark-antidiquark variational basis
Creators: name: Padmanath, M.
name: Radhakrishnan, Archana
name: Mathur, Nilmani
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report a lattice QCD study of the heavy-light meson-meson interactions with an explicitly exotic flavor content $bc\bar u\bar d$, isospin $I\!=\!0$, and axialvector $J^P=1^+$ quantum numbers in search of possible tetraquark bound states. The calculation is performed at four values of lattice spacing, ranging $\sim$0.058 to $\sim$0.12 fm, and at five different values of valence light quark mass $m_{u/d}$, corresponding to pseudoscalar meson mass $M_{ps}$ of about 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 1.0, and 3.0 GeV. The energy eigenvalues in the finite-volume are determined through a variational procedure applied to correlation matrices built out of two-meson interpolating operators as well as diquark-antidiquark operators. The continuum limit estimates for $D\bar B^*$ elastic $S$-wave scattering amplitude are extracted from the lowest finite-volume eigenenergies, corresponding to the ground states, using amplitude parametrizations supplemented by a lattice spacing dependence. Light quark mass $m_{u/d}$ dependence of the $D\bar B^*$ scattering length ($a_0$) suggests that at the physical pion mass $a_0^{phys} = +0.57(^{+4}_{-5})(17)$ fm, which clearly points to an attractive interaction between the $D$ and $\bar B^*$ mesons that is strong enough to host a real bound state $T_{bc}$, with a binding energy of $-43(_{-7}^{+6})(_{-24}^{+14})$ MeV with respect to the $D\bar B^*$ threshold. We also find that the strength of the binding decreases with increasing $m_{u/d}$ and the system becomes unbound at a critical light quark mass $m^{*}_{u/d}$ corresponding to $M^{*}_{ps} = 2.73(21)(19)$ GeV.
description: 8 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, plus supplemental material (4 pages, 5 figures, 1 table). v2: version accepted to be published in Physical Review Letters. Results and conclusions unchanged
title: Feudalism in northern India (c. 700-1200 A.D).
Creators: name: Gopal, Krishna K.
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1962

description: Chapter I gives a brief account of the work already done by other scholars, the original sources which have been user by us and points out the import of the terms used in the present study. In chapter II we discuss some of the important factors which lead to the origin of feudalism in northern India. Chapter III deals with the growth of feudal elements in the composition of the royal armies of the period and the dependence of the kings on the levies of their feudatories. Chapter IV concerns the role of forts in the wars of the period. In chapter V we deal with the growing tendency to remunerate state servants with feudal assignments and emphasise that royal kinsmen often received similar assignments for their maintenance. In chapter VI we analyse the terms for various administrative units in the records of the period and point out the growth of feudal elements in the administration of the kingdoms. Chapter VIII attempts to determine the meaning of several of the feudal titles appearing in the records of the period and demonstrates that there were many grades of feudatories. In chapter VIII we discuss the import of the title pacamahasabda and the nature of this privilege, which was conferred by an overlord over persons from among his feudatories. Chapter IX deals with the relations of a feudatory with his overlord, the rights he enjoyed, the control exercised by his overlord and the obligations which a feudatory owed to his overlord. In chapter X we discuss all the available references to the existence of a samanta assembly or to the samanta as functioning as a body. Chapter XI focuses attention on the increased burdens of taxation which resulted from the feudalisation of state structure. In chapter XII we call attention to the chivalric rules which guided the conduct of a warrior and some interesting customs which appear to be connected with feudal ideas of honour and dishonour. In chapter XIII we attempt, on the basis of a comparison with the European Middle Ages, to determine whether the term feudalism is suitable for describing the institutions of the early mediaeval period in India. The Appendix deals with the date of the Lekhapaddhati, which is found to reflect the institutions of the early mediaeval period.
title: The economic life of northern India c. A.D. 700-1200.
Creators: name: Gopal, Lallanji
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1962

description: In chapter I we survey the main currents of the political history, the work so far done on our subject and the important sources which we use. Chapter II - There were supporters of both peasant-proprietorship and state ownership of land, but the claims of the state were increasing, and the feudal chief was emerging as a third claimant. In some parts of northern India a quasi-manorial system had grown up. In chapter III we analyse the revenue terms in the land-grants and try to determine their precise meaning. Chapter IV discusses the increase in the number of slaves, and the definite lowering in their status, and the effect of feudal polity and of Muslims on slavery. Chapter V - There was a general weakening in the organisation and economic importance of guilds, which were fossilising into sub-castes. Chapter VI deals with inter-state contacts and trade, the organisation of caravan Journeys and transport, the condition of roads, river traffic, and the decline in the volume of trade in this period. We discuss foreign trade in two chapters, in VII in relation to overland routes, and in VIII, in a wider context, the decline of Indian shipping and Its reasons, Indian ports, imports and exports, and the volume and balance of trade. In Chapter IX we consider money-lending, the use of letters of credit and banking institutions. Chapter X deals with the weight-standard of the coins, the identification of coin-names, and the prevalence of a money economy, the relative value of metals, and the right to mint coins. In chapter XI we discuss the periodisation of Indian history, the standard of living in the period, the causes responsible for poverty, the baneful influence of feudalism, and the stages in the history of India's economic decline.
Validation of a serum ELISA test for cyathostomin infection in equines
Creators: name: Lightbody, Kirsty L.
name: Austin, Andrew
name: Lambert, Peter A.
name: Samson-Himmelstjerna, Georg Von
name: Jürgenschellert, Laura
name: Krücken, Jürgen
name: Nielsen, Martin K.
name: Sallé, Guillaume
name: Reigner, Fabrice
name: Donnelly, Callum G.
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Horse
subject: Nematode
subject: Cyathostomin
subject: Small strongyles
subject: Diagnostic
subject: ELISA
subject: 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::630 Landwirtschaft::630 Landwirtschaft und verwandte Bereiche

description: Cyathostomins are ubiquitous equine nematodes. Infection can result in larval cyathostominosis due to mass larval emergence. Although faecal egg count (FEC) tests provide estimates of egg shedding, these correlate poorly with burden and provide no information on mucosal/luminal larvae. Previous studies describe a serum IgG(T)-based ELISA (CT3) that exhibits utility for detection of mucosal/luminal cyathostomins. Here, this ELISA is optimised/validated for commercial application using sera from horses for which burden data were available. Optimisation included addition of total IgG-based calibrators to provide standard curves for quantification of antigen-specific IgG(T) used to generate a CT3-specific ‘serum score’ for each horse. Validation dataset results were then used to assess the optimised test’s performance and select serum score cut-off values for diagnosis of burdens above 1000, 5000 and 10,000 cyathostomins. The test demonstrated excellent performance (Receiver Operating Characteristic Area Under the Curve values >0.9) in diagnosing infection, with >90% sensitivity and >70% specificity at the selected serum score cut-off values. CT3-specific serum IgG(T) profiles in equines in different settings were assessed to provide information for commercial test use. These studies demonstrated maternal transfer of CT3-specific IgG(T) in colostrum to newborns, levels of which declined before increasing as foals consumed contaminated pasture. Studies in geographically distinct populations demonstrated that the proportion of horses that reported as test positive at a 14.37 CT3 serum score (1000-cyathostomin threshold) was associated with parasite transmission risk. Based on the results, inclusion criteria for commercial use were developed. Logistic regression models were developed to predict probabilities that burdens of individuals are above defined thresholds based on the reported serum score. The models performed at a similar level to the serum score cut-off approach. In conclusion, the CT3 test provides an option for veterinarians to obtain evidence of low cyathostomin burdens that do not require anthelmintic treatment and to support diagnosis of infection.
title: The Apinaye language: Phonology and grammar.
Creators: name: Callow, John
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1962

description: After a preface, a general index is given, followed by a general introduction. Following this introduction are the nine main chapters of the thesis, each with an individual outline of its contents, and grouped as follows: chapter 1 introduces the various transcriptions used; chapters 2 and 3 describe the phonology; and chapters 4 to 9 present the grammatical analysis. Within these grammatical chapters, there are certain subgroupings. Chapter 4 presents the analysis from the sentence to the piece, and chapters 6 to 9 handle the analysis of the various pieces introduced in chapter 4. Chapters 6 and 7 describe the pieces whose structure can be stated in terms of phrases, taking the analysis down to the level of the morpheme; chapters 8 and 9 deal with those pieces and their constituents which are not analysed in terms of phrases. Chapter 5 is somewhat different, as it describes two aspects of the grammar - the prefixial paradigm and the relationship between strong and weak forms - which are relevant to the description of both phrasal and non-phrasal pieces. Following these nine chapters, an analysis of one of the texts is provided. The thesis is then concluded with a vocabulary of stems cited in the thesis, and a bibliography.
title: Studies in the economic life of northern and western India, c. 200 B.C.-A.D. 300.
Creators: name: Adhya, Gobindalal L.
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1962

description: The basic factors in the production of wealth in northern and western India during the period c.200 B.C.- A.D.300 have been studied in this dissertation. In the introductory chapter, after reviewing the source materials a brief survey of the major political events of our time has been made. Next, we have discussed the various aspects of land and agriculture - ownership of land, revenue system, cattle breeding, irrigation and the condition of cultivators. In the section on industry, the manufacture of metal objects, textiles, glass products and the system of industrial organisation have been studied in detail. The major part of our work is devoted to the study of trade and commerce, particularly trading abroad. In our period India had wide commercial relations with Mediterranean countries. Central Asia and China, and South East Asia, and these are discussed region by region. There are three short appendices on the Kusana gold coins, the exchange of coins at Barygaza and a few notes on ancient Indian metallurgy.
A new framework for evaluating dust emission model development using dichotomous satellite observations of dust emission
Creators: name: Hennen, Mark
name: Chappell, Adrian
name: Webb, Nicholas P.
name: Schepanski, Kerstin
name: Baddock, Matthew C.
name: Eckardt, Frank D.
name: Kandakji, Tarek
name: Lee, Jeffrey A.
name: Nobakht, Mohamad
name: Holdt, Johanna Von
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: dust models
subject: evaluation
subject: calibration
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::550 Geowissenschaften, Geologie::550 Geowissenschaften

description: Dust models are essential for understanding the impact of mineral dust on Earth's systems, human health, and global economies, but dust emission modelling has large uncertainties. Satellite observations of dust emission point sources (DPS) provide a valuable dichotomous inventory of regional dust emissions. We develop a framework for evaluating dust emission model performance using existing DPS data before routine calibration of dust models. To illustrate this framework's utility and arising insights, we evaluated the albedo-based dust emission model (AEM) with its areal (MODIS 500 m) estimates of soil surface wind friction velocity (u(s*)) and common, poorly constrained grain-scale entrainment threshold (u(*ts)) adjusted by a function of soil moisture (H). The AEM simulations are reduced to its frequency of occurrence, P(u(s*) > u(*ts)H). The spatio-temporal variability in observed dust emission frequency is described by the collation of nine existing DPS datasets. Observed dust emission occurs rarely, even in North Africa and the Middle East, where DPS frequency averages 1.8 %, (similar to 7 days y(-1)), indicating extreme, large wind speed events. The AEM coincided with observed dust emission similar to 71.4 %, but simulated dust emission similar to 27.4 % when no dust emission was observed, while dust emission occurrence was over-estimated by up to 2 orders of magnitude. For estimates to match observations, results showed that grain- scale u(*ts) needed restricted sediment supply and compatibility with areal u(s*). Failure to predict dust emission during observed events, was due to u(s*) being too small because reanalysis winds (ERA5-Land) were averaged across 11 km pixels, and inconsistent with u(s*)across 0.5 km pixels representing local maxima. Assumed infinite sediment supply caused the AEM to simulate dust emission whenever P(u(s*)>u(*ts)H), producing false positives when wind speeds were large. The dust emission model scales of existing parameterisations need harmonising and a new parameterisation for u(*ts) is required to restrict sediment supply over space and time.
A Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Model for Compound Flood Simulations
Creators: name: Wichitrnithed, Chayanon
name: Valseth, Eirik
name: Kubatko, Ethan J.
name: Kang, Younghun
name: Hudson, Mackenzie
name: Dawson, Clint
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science (cs.CE)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent tropical cyclones, e.g., Hurricane Harvey (2017), have lead to significant rainfall and resulting runoff with accompanying flooding. When the runoff interacts with storm surge, the resulting floods can be greatly amplified and lead to effects that cannot be modeled by simple superposition of its distinctive sources. In an effort to develop accurate numerical simulations of runoff, surge, and compounding floods, we develop a local discontinuous Galerkin method for modified shallow water equations. In this modification, nonzero sources to the continuity equation are included to incorporate rainfall into the model using parametric rainfall models from literature as well as hindcast data. The discontinuous Galerkin spatial discretization is accompanied with a strong stability preserving explicit Runge Kutta time integrator. Hence, temporal stability is ensured through the CFL condition and we exploit the embarrassingly parallel nature of the developed method using MPI parallelization. We demonstrate the capabilities of the developed method though a sequence of physically relevant numerical tests, including small scale test cases based on laboratory measurements and large scale experiments with Hurricane Harvey in the Gulf of Mexico. The results highlight the conservation properties and robustness of the developed method and show the potential of compound flood modeling using our approach.
Individual differences in envy experienced through perspective-taking involves functional connectivity of the superior frontal gyrus
Creators: name: McDonald, Brennan
name: Becker, Kerstin
name: Meshi, Dar
name: Heekeren, Hauke R.
name: Scheve, Christian Von
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Social comparison
subject: Envy
subject: Emotion
subject: fMRI
subject: Functional connectivity
subject: Superior frontal gyrus
subject: 100 Philosophie und Psychologie::150 Psychologie::150 Psychologie

description: Envy is the painful or resentful awareness of another’s advantage combined with a desire to possess that same advantage. Recent neuroscientific research has begun to shed light on the brain regions that process the experience of envy, including regions of the prefrontal cortex involved in emotional processing and social cognition. It is still unclear, however, which regions of the brain are functionally connected during the experience of envy. We recorded functional neuroimaging data while inducing simulated envy in participants, experienced through a perspective-taking hypothetical scenario task. In this task, participants took the perspective of a protagonist portrayed in a written description and compared themselves to either i) a self-similar/superior individual, ii) a self-dissimilar/superior individual, or iii) a self-dissimilar/average individual. During each comparison, participants also reported how much envy they experienced while taking the protagonists perspective. We demonstrate an inverse relationship in the connectivity of the left superior frontal gyrus to both the right supramarginal gyrus and the precuneus with respect to self-reported envy ratings across participants. In other words, we show that the greater the functional connectivity that the left superior frontal gyrus shares with the right supramarginal gyrus and precuneus, the less reported envy a participant experiences. Overall, our results are in line with previous research implicating the superior frontal gyrus in the reappraisal of negative emotions and extend these findings by showing this region is also involved in modulating the simulated experience of the social comparative, negative emotion of envy.
title: The Rama tree in the Wayang Siam.
Creators: name: Sweeney, Patrick
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1970

description: The term Wayang Siam designates several Malay shadow-plays of North Malaya and south Thailand, all possessing common features, one of which is that the basic repertoire is the Rama cycle. The largest number of performers reside in Kelantan where the commercial organization of performances is a major factor in their success. The play is generally confined to padi-growing areas and most performers are of peasant stook, without much formal education. Performers are generally professionals: the great majority have a secondary occupation and their economic status is little higher than other villagers. The performer has a dual role: entertainer and spirit medium, which latter results in opposition from orthodox Puslims. The wnyan ritual is a synthesis of local mediumship and Javanese wayang ritual. The art is not hereditary. Wide differences are found between the repertoire of teachers and pupils and the latter seek knowledge from many sources. The repertoire is Presented ae drama but may also be narrated to pupils. Each presentation recreates the story, for the words are not fixed. The language of the wayang differs from daily speech for the performer distorts his language to heighten the effect. Comparison of the basic repertoire of twenty-four performers reveals the existence of a distinct Wayang Siam version, although wide variations are found. The content of this version places it half way between the Thai Ramakien and the Malay Hikayat Seri Rama, although certain motifs are more similar to Javanese, Khmer and Lao versions. Not only is the Wayang Siam similar to the Thai and Malay versions but in its present state is the result of the intermingling of the two versions. Many Panji stories have also been adapted to the Wayang Siam and are performed as Rama stories. Some invention also occurs.
Reimagining Needed Funding for Elementary Art Programs in Fayette County Public Schools
Creators: name: Barnett, Lori M.
Publisher: name: University of Kentucky
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Art Education

description: This study examined the budgets for art education programs in elementary schools within Fayette County Public Schools (FCPS), how they were funded, and potential solutions for attaining needed funds for art programs. FCPS elementary principals and art teachers were selected for this study and given a survey determining how art programs were funded and the amount of funding at each school. The results of the survey suggest that art programs in FCPS at the elementary level are not adequately and consistently funded, art teachers are spending substantial personal funds to purchase art materials for the public school art programs, Parent Teacher Associations (PTA) better support schools with lower free and reduced lunch (FRL) percentages and schools and FRL percentages does not seem to affect funding from School-Based Decision Making Councils. Potential solutions included building relationships, advocacy and working with non-profits for increasing funding for art programs.
Model-based predictions of protective HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence levels in cisgender women
Creators: name: Zhang, Lanxin
name: Iannuzzi, Sara
name: Chaturvedula, Ayyappa
name: Irungu, Elizabeth
name: Haberer, Jessica E.
name: Hendrix, Craig W.
name: Kleist, Max Von
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Epidemiology
subject: HIV infections
subject: cisgender women
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie

description: Most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections occur in cisgender women in resource-limited settings. In women, self-protection with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate pre-exposure prophylaxis (FTC/TDF-PrEP) constitutes a major pillar of HIV prevention. However, clinical trials in women had inconsistent outcomes, sparking uncertainty about adherence requirements and reluctance in evaluating on-demand regimens. We analyzed data from published FTC/TDF-PrEP trials to establish efficacy ranges in cisgender women. In a ‘bottom-up’ approach, we modeled hypotheses in the context of risk-group-specific, adherence–efficacy profiles and challenged those hypotheses with clinical data. We found that different clinical outcomes were related to the proportion of women taking the product, allowing coherent interpretation of the data. Our analysis showed that 90% protection was achieved when women took some product. We found that hypotheses of putative male/female differences were either not impactful or statistically inconsistent with clinical data. We propose that differing clinical outcomes could arise from pill-taking behavior rather than biological factors driving specific adherence requirements in cisgender women.
title: Syntax of the verb phrase of colloquial Egyptian Arabic: A transformational study.
Creators: name: Wise, Hilary
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1970

description: The thesis is a description of some aspects of the syntax of present-day spoken Cairene Arabic, using the transformational- generative model of grammar developed by Noam Chomsky. The Introduction reviews briefly work already done on Egyptian Arabic and describes the grammatical model to be used. The first chapter provides the basic phrase structure rules of the grammar, with a brief explanation of the principal categories and formatives they introduce. Subsequent chapters examine in detail some of the transformations required to produce the surface structure of the language, such as nominalisation of verbs, passivisation, and pronominalisation. Particular attention is paid to transformations involving the verb, and problems of aspect, tense and modality are discussed. The Appendix outlines rules of nominal and verbal concord, and a brief lexicon is included.
Figure_S3 – Supplemental material for Special Educators’ Working Conditions, Self-Efficacy, and Practices Use With Students With Emotional/Behavioral Disorders
Creators: name: Cumming, Michelle M.
name: O’Brien, Kristen Merrill
name: Brunsting, Nelson C.
name: Bettini, Elizabeth
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Education
subject: 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Psychology
subject: 130312 Special Education and Disability
subject: FOS: Educational sciences

description: Supplemental material, Figure_S3 for Special Educators’ Working Conditions, Self-Efficacy, and Practices Use With Students With Emotional/Behavioral Disorders by Michelle M. Cumming, Kristen Merrill O’Brien, Nelson C. Brunsting and Elizabeth Bettini in Remedial and Special Education
title: The urban geography of Kanpur.
Creators: name: Ali, Syed A.
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1970

description: The present study is concerned with geographical interpretation of the foundation, growth and character of Kanpur, illustrated with relevent maps and diagrams. The study commences with the discussion of the site and situation of this centre against the background of the physical setting and local weather conditions. In the II Chapter, the evolution and growth of the townscape have been discussed with special reference to the changes and developments after the Mutiny of 1857. Chapter III deals with the process of growth and the demographic structure as influenced by the geographical, economic, political and social factors. A discussion on the expansion of principle services and social amenities forms the Chapter IV. It is followed by the Chapter on the growth of industries in the city with special reference to the expansion and development of large scale industries. Finally in Chapter VI, important land use features have been analysed and distinguished to indicate the present character of the functional structure and organization of the city.
Risk entanglement and the social relationality of risk
Creators: name: Scheve, Christian Von
name: Lange, Markus
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Economics
subject: Politics and international relations
subject: Social policy
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 300 Sozialwissenschaften::300 Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie::301 Soziologie, Anthropologie

description: Relational accounts of risk explain variation in risk perception through situated cognitions defining risk as a relationship between “risk objects” and “objects at risk”. We extend this approach to include not only the relational constitution of cognitive risk objects, but also of the different actors assessing risk. Risk in this perspective is relational because it establishes a link between two different cognitive objects and between two (or more) actors. We argue that this is the case when at least two actors refer to a common risk object while retaining distinct objects at risk. We call this a constellation of risk entanglement across actors. We illustrate our theoretical arguments using data from 68 qualitative interviews and ethnographic fieldwork in the German finance-state nexus. Our analyses indicate how risk entanglement affects and transforms the fundamental logics according to which both of these fields operate.
title: Social conditions in ancient Kashmir (c. A.D. 855-1150).
Creators: name: Kumar, Sudarshan
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1969

description: This thesis aims at assessing the social conditions in ancient Kashmir (C. A.D. 855-1150). In the introductory chapter, we give the importance of this period in the history of Kashmir, previous work done on the subject, the source material we use, and a brief account of the physical geography and political history. In the second chapter we discuss the relative position of different castes aid classes. The third chapter deals with various aspects of the life of a Kashmiri. Here we discuss the life of the king, the ideas of kingship, the succession, city and village administration, the position of women, education, the merchant-bankers and the means of conveyance. The fourth chapter concerns food and drink. The fifth chapter deals with prices, cotinage, and weights and measures. In the sixth chapter we discuss dress and ornaments. Games and amusements of the Kashmirians are dealt with in the seventh chapter. The eighth chapter depicts popular beliefs and superstitions. We add a few words on Sakta beliefs and t?ntric gurus. The ninth chapter gives a description of the festival rites of the Kashmirians. In the tenth chapter we discuss the importance of tirthayatra. In furnishing a brief history of the sanctity of the pilgrimage places, we have restricted ourselves to the important ones. This is followed by a brief account of various religious foundations. These chapters are followed by a conclusion in which the main results of this thesis are summarized.
Can Fighting Misinformation Have a Negative Spillover Effect? How Warnings for the Threat of Misinformation Can Decrease General News Credibility
Creators: name: Meer, Toni G. L. A. Van Der
name: Hameleers, Michael
name: Ohme, Jakob
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Misinformation
subject: news credibility
subject: news media literacy
subject: corrective information
subject: misinformation warning
subject: deception bias‌
subject: 000 Informatik, Informationswissenschaft, allgemeine Werke::070 Publizistische Medien, Journalismus, Verlagswesen::070 Publizistische Medien, Journalismus, Verlagswesen

description: In the battle against misinformation, do negative spillover effects of communicative efforts intended to protect audiences from inaccurate information exist? Given the relatively limited prevalence of misinformation in people’s news diets, this study explores if the heightened salience of misinformation as a persistent societal threat can have an unintended spillover effect by decreasing the credibility of factually accurate news. Using an experimental design (N = 1305), we test whether credibility ratings of factually accurate news are subject to exposure to misinformation, corrective information, misinformation warnings, and news media literacy (NML) interventions relativizing the misinformation threat. Findings suggest that efforts like warning about the threat of misinformation can prime general distrust in authentic news, hinting toward a deception bias in the context of fear of misinformation being salient. Next, the successfulness of NML interventions is not straight forward if it comes to avoiding that the salience of misinformation distorts people’s creditability accuracy. We conclude that the threats of the misinformation order may not just be remedied by fighting false information, but also by reestablishing trust in legitimate news.
The first cetacean from the early Oligocene of the SW German Mainz Basin: a probable cheek tooth of a mysticete (Mammalia: Cetacea)
Creators: name: Hampe, Oliver
name: Hocht, Fritz Von Der
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Eckelsheim
subject: Rupelian
subject: Alzey Formation
subject: Meeressand
subject: Upper Rhine Graben
subject: Llanocetus
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::550 Geowissenschaften, Geologie::550 Geowissenschaften

description: Despite two centuries of fossils collecting, no cetacean remains from the Oligocene marine deposits of the Mainz Basin (western Germany) have ever been reported. Here, we describe a possible mysticete tooth from the sand pit of Eckelsheim, which exposes high energy deposits belonging to the Rupelian Alzey Formation. The latter has yielded a rich assemblage of vertebrates and invertebrates, but so far, only one marine mammal in the form of the sirenian Kaupitherium. The whale tooth in some ways resembles the m2 of Llanocetus from the latest Eocene of Seymour Island, Antarctica. If the find from the Mainz Basin is not a regionally evolved form, Llanocetus, which is known from the South Atlantic, could have migrated through the Atlantic realm during the early Oligocene. It cannot be excluded that the tooth represents a more widely occurring lineage, neither endemic nor necessarily related to llanocetids, that—given the generally poor Rupelian record—has not been well documented yet.
title: Status, power, and resources: The study of a Sinhalese village.
Creators: name: Senaratne, S.P.F.
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1970

description: Planners and administrators in Ceylon have encountered many problems in devising schemes which are beamed at the rural sector. One of these has been an insufficient knowledge of the mechanics of village action. In more specific terms, data is needed on the values which guide economic endeavour, the type of mobility that is desired and the re-alignments of power brought about by new influences. This is the broad area with which this study is concerned. It sets out to examine these aspects in a village in the hinterland of Colombo, taking the resources available to the community as its main focus of investigation. It attempts to examine how these resources are distributed - the problem of who has access to what resources. It also examines the advantages of power and leadership which can be derived through the control of each type of resource. Finally, it attempts to identify and explain the norms and values which govern the distribution of resources. The bulk of the thesis is devoted to an examination, from this point of view, of the four main types of resources to which the village has access: land; the ritual, caste and other services needed by the community; employment and the other external resources which can be tapped; the aid made available by the government for village welfare and development. The argument in the final chapter revolves around thathwaya (status) and its importance in village life. It is my contention that the complex of resources particular to the village has generated a corresponding system of values. I suggest that thathwaya not only reveals how the resources are distributed but that it is also the embodiment of these values. It is, therefore, a mechanism through which resources are controlled.
title: The reign of Mu'tasim (218-227/833-42).
Creators: name: Ismail, Osman Sid Ahmed
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1963

description: This study is divided into five Chapters with an introduction and a note on the end of the reign. The first of these Chapters points out some of the changes which took place in the army and administration under Ma'mun and discusses his policies of succession, of the Inquisition (Mihna) and of the renewal of war against Byzantium. The second is devoted to the early life of Mu'tasim, his role in Abbasid politics till his accession and the problems which he had to face afterwards. Chapter III deals with the recruitment of the so-called "Turkish" slaves, their origins and numbers, the role they played under Mu'tasim and the circumstances which favoured their rise to high positions. Chapter IV discusses the reasons for the move from Bagdad, the founding of Samarra and the settling of the various groups there. The last Chapter is a survey of the major events of the reign bringing out their similarities and differences and their significance in that period. No separate survey of the sources was made as these have been the subject of a number of studies (cf. Bibliography: Barthold, Duri, Gibb, Lewis, Rosenthal and Wellhausen). It is to be pointed out that the lack of information on the court and the administration, so noticeable in this period (e.g. Tabari says very little about Mu'tasim and includes no list of governors for his reign) might not only have been due to the fact that in the newly founded Samarra neither the court nor the city was the centre of the cultural activities of Iraq, but also to a general lack of interest in what happened to the Caliphs who were then isolated with their troops in the garrison capital.
title: The perception of work in Tokugawa Japan: A study of Ishida Baigan and Ninomiya Sontoku.
Creators: name: Takemura, Eiji
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1996

description: The study of work in the Tokugawa period by intellectual historians has revealed the linguistic and ritual ways in which work was ideologically represented during that time. Work, however, is not an activity which belongs only to the realm of ideology; the actual 'form' of work is dictated by economic and technological factors. This study focuses on Ishida Baigan and Ninomiya Sontoku, who both acted as key channels through which ideology and economy were amalgamated, the meaning of work identified and intellectual expression given to it. Ishida and Ninomiya are often cited as role models used by the late-Meiji and prewar governments to impose self-sacrifice and blind submission onto the people, rather than as media for the social construction of work in the Tokugawa years. Few Japanese scholars specialising in Ishida and Ninomiya are familiar with the theoretical, empirical and anthropological studies of work developing in Western scholarship; attempts have yet to be made to approach the thought of Ishida and Ninomiya from such perspectives, and, as a result, their importance in the social construction of work in the Tokugawa era has not been fully acknowledged. Neither of the two thinkers advocated passive adaptation to a portional role in society, nor submission to a particular role given by a superior: Ishida argued for a worker's active participation in decision-making in business affairs and for skills to maintain efficiency in the implementation of collective tasks (inter-personal and managerial skills). Ninomiya advocated the management of time, technology and the labour force in pursuing agricultural work. Ishida spoke of work for the benefit of the long-term prosperity of the household; Ninomiya viewed work not only as the means to secure the material prosperity of an individual but as a 'cumulative agency' for the successive betterment of the household for generations to come. In contrast to the accepted view of them as thinkers exclusively in favour of submission and hard labour, they acted as intermediaries through which elements of management and long-term vision were incorporated into the concept of work.
title: Intercommunal relations and the 1958 crisis in Lebanon.
Creators: name: Kanaan, Claude B.
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1995

description: The 1958 crisis in Lebanon was a significant event in modern Middle Eastern and international history. Interpretations, however, overlook or subordinate the Lebanese dimensions and how the Lebanese interpreted crisis and causation, through the lens of established community mythologies. Lebanon contains different, confessionally-defined communities, with a long history of tensions and clashes between them. Examination of these enables the Lebanese dimensions to the 1958 crisis to be given due weight. While regional and international dimensions are of clear importance, the crisis resulted from internal Lebanese factors, long and short term, relating to the different communities, rather than to the impact of international issues such as Nasserism. Where such issues were significant it was because they were not imposed, but invoked by Lebanese elements in the name of Lebanese foreign policy, in order to further their own cause and agendas for Lebanon. The mythologies surrounding the 'historical' evolution of the communities helped shape the differing agendas for Lebanon. Of the communities, the Maronite community and its invocation of mythology has played a consistently significant role. The Druze and Sunni, were, at different times, of significance also, particularly in terms of relations with the Maronites. These groups used their interpretations of the 'history' of Lebanon to justify their agendas for the future of Lebanon, and in so doing, helped to precipitate a crisis. The political compromise set up to administer Lebanon was based on 'historical' assumptions and differences, and was consequently vulnerable. In this context, the role of Chamoun in escalating the ever-present level of intercommunal tension, in 1957 and 1958, is another major element in the study. The study uses a range of sources, including official and private papers, unpublished memoirs, oral evidence and newspapers, to map communal feelings and tensions leading to the crisis itself, and its resolution.
title: Traditionalization of authority: Roles and authority of village party branch secretaries in China, 1978-1995.
Creators: name: Wibisono, Ignatius W.
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1996

description: This dissertation is about the roles of party branch secretaries in the villages after the introduction of Reform in late 1978. There are approximately 730,000 such individuals in China. This dissertation argues that the strategy of nominal encapsulation adopted after Reform (1978) leads to the emergence of four roles to be played by village party secretaries: two roles assigned by the state (state agent and entrepreneurial agent) and two roles demanded by their fellow villagers (moral middleman and lineage patron). It further argues that the adoption of the roles of moral middleman and lineage patron is essential to the maintenance of their authority in their villages on which the roles of state agent and entrepreneurial agent are based. I term this phenomenon the "ruralisation of authority." If village party secretaries wish to play the roles assigned by the state by relying on the authority which comes from the state, it will be impossible to do so unless their authority is endorsed by their fellow villagers who demand that they play the roles of moral middleman and lineage patron. This dissertation, thus, rejects the totalitarian paradigm which sees party secretaries as the arm of the state who blindly obey their masters at the expense of their fellow villagers; it also contradicts the corruption paradigm which views party secretaries as parasites who amorally corrode the state for the sake of their private interests. The thesis of ruralisation of authority takes a middle ground: while recognising the authority of the state, it also suggests that the demand and structure of villages are important in legitimating the authority of the party secretary. Thus, it is possible to conceive a village party secretary who simultaneously plays four roles despite the apparent conflicts.
title: Citations of the Shijing in Early Chinese texts: An analysis with three examples.
Creators: name: Ou, Man-Jong
Publisher: name: SOAS University of London
Year: 1995

description: This dissertation deals with Shijing citations in early Chinese texts, such as Zuozhuan, Mengzi, Xunzi, Liji, Lushi chunqiu, Huainanzi, and Hanshi waizhuan. The Shijing citations are important materials which can bridge the gap between the end of the Chunqiu period (770-447 B.C.) to the early Han dynasty (206 B.C.- 220 A.D.). The first chapter includes introductory remarks which contain a brief description of the development of Shijing scholarship and the process of interpretation from the origin of the Shijing poems to the establishment of its classical status. It also introduces the three basic functions of quotation by Stefan Morawski: authority, erudition, and ornament. His theory is applied throughout this dissertation to analysing the citations from the point of "maintenance of cultural continuity." The second chapter concerns three example lines from the Shijing which are frequently cited. I analyse the meaning of the lines and their potential for change of meaning when placed in contexts different from the original poem. Because the Shijing had been sanctified by the Confucian tradition, the lines of the Shijing poems had the authority of that tradition. However in the citations, they borrowed their meaning from the context. Thus, each example of citation had the function of maintaining a sense of tradition, but the same lines generated different meanings according to context, the intent of the citer, and the change of meaning of the words over time. The third chapter is a brief conclusion concerning the function of the Shijing citations.
Variation in allele frequencies in benzimidazole resistant and susceptible isolates of Haemonchus contortus during patent infection in lambs
Creators: name: Urda Dolinská, Michaela
name: Königová, Alžbeta
name: Samson-Himmelstjerna, Georg Von
name: Várady, Marián
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Molecular biology
subject: Parasitology
subject: patent infection
subject: 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::630 Landwirtschaft::630 Landwirtschaft und verwandte Bereiche

description: We evaluated the variation in the frequency of benzimidazole (BZ) resistance-associated alleles at codons 200, 167 and 368 (F200Y, F167Y, V368L) of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene during the patent period in isolates of Haemonchus contortus susceptible and resistant to BZ using pyrosequencing. Four lambs 5–6 months old were infected with 5000–6000 infective third-stage larvae (L3) of the susceptible MHco1 and the multi-resistant MHco4 isolates, respectively. Faecal samples were collected 28-times during 20–90 days post-infection (dpi). Coprocultures were subsequently prepared to produce L3 for genotyping. The frequency of the resistant allele (TAC) at codon 200 in MHco1 was lowest at 43 and 76 dpi with at each time point 0% and highest at 36 dpi with 10.85%, with a mean of 6.47% ± 2.39 and a coefficient of variation of 37.01%. The frequency of the TAC at codon 200 in MHco4 was lowest at 76 dpi with 25.6% and highest at 90 dpi with 49.25%, with a mean of 35.7% ± 4.42 and a coefficient of variation of 12.39%. No resistance alleles were detected in MHco1 at either codon 167 or 368. For MHco4 isolate, resistance alleles were detected only on codon 167 with a mean of 8.00% ± 4.83 and a mean coefficient of variation of 60.40%. Our results demonstrate the considerable variation in the frequency of resistant alleles in the susceptible and resistant isolates during the patent period. This variation should be considered when testing for the presence of BZ resistance in populations of gastrointestinal parasites, especially those with a low frequency of TAC.