cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
On topics in equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical physics
Creators: name: Willis, Gary
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2015

description: This thesis divides very naturally into three chapters, reflecting the three separate areas I have worked in throughout my PhD studies. During my PhD, I published two papers, one relating to the work in the first chapter, and one to that of the second. At the time of submission, the project which the third chapter relates to was still ongoing, with plans for a future publication. The first chapter discusses work done on the real space renormalisation group (RG) for Ising and Potts models in 2 dimensions. Taking inspiration from Hasenbusch's work, a new framework for carrying out the RG is developed, its computational implementation discussed in some detail, as well as the results for a variety of systems and the implications of these results. The numerical scaling of the procedure and the consequences of this for future work are also covered. The results documented in chapter two are purely theoretical and presented in closed form. The research conducted is to do with properties of free interfaces. The second chapter is by and large critical of previous assumptions which have been made about the so-called wave vector dependent, in order to attempt to experimentally measure it and use these measurements to make further predictions. Using some simple toy models, many of these assumptions are shown to be false. In a sense, the goal of the research presented in the chapter two, is not to motivate further research, but to dissuade research in a direction we consider to be misguided, due to the faulty assumptions it is based on. The third chapter covers a small subset of a project concerned with studying correlations within the so-called Abelian Manna Model. The majority of the project involves (computational) Monte Carlo simulations of the dynamics of such systems, but as these results are not ready to present at the time of writing, the chapter is mainly concerned with some analytical results which were derived in order to validate our models for small systems, explain certain quirky phenomena arising from our simulations, and help quantify errors. Finally, there is an appendix which expands upon various topics from the first two chapters.
Survival and replication of Group A Streptococcus in human macrophages
Creators: name: O'Neill, Alan
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2015

description: As key components of innate immune defence, macrophages are essential in controlling bacterial pathogens, including Group A Streptococcus (GAS). Despite this, only a limited number of studies have analysed the recovery of GAS from within human neutrophils and macrophages. The purpose of this study was to determine the intracellular fate of GAS in human macrophages using several quantitative approaches. The first part of this work involved the set-up of a reliable and reproducible infection system for GAS. In both U937 and primary human macrophages, the appearance over time of long GAS chains revealed replication that despite GAS-mediated cytotoxicity, occurred in viable macrophages. Whereas the major virulence factor M1 did not contribute to bacterial growth, a GAS mutant strain deficient in streptolysin O (Δslo) was impaired for intracellular replication. SLO was required for vacuolar rupture and bacterial escape into the host cytosol. Despite evidence of efficient cytosolic growth, up to half of cytosolic GAS were targeted by autophagy and decorated with ubiquitin and p62. Our studies reveal that GAS can replicate within the cytosol of viable human macrophages and that components of antibacterial autophagy machinery, despite being recruited to the bacteria, fail to restrict overall growth. To my knowledge, this study provides the first direct visualisation of GAS replication inside human cells. GAS is also persistent coloniser of the oropharynx. Persisters are a subpopulation of non- or slow-growing bacteria that are multidrug tolerant, and thought to be involved in the recalcitrance of chronic infections. In the final section of this study, I investigated the in vitro persister formation of clinical isolates of GAS in response to antibiotics. I found that GAS produce a high level of persisters, but no significant difference was detected between different isolates. GAS isolates did not produce more persisters upon uptake in epithelial cells or by macrophages. I also characterized several putative toxin/antitoxin (TA) modules as candidate persister genes of GAS and a subset were shown to encode functional toxins, which when overexpressed in E. coli resulted in bacterial growth arrest.
Chironia baccifera Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Gentianaceae
Chironia
Chironia baccifera

description: Chironia baccifera Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 190. 1753.
"Habitat in Aethiopia." RCN: 1519.
Lectotype (Wijnands, Bot. Commelins: 105. 1983): [icon] " Centaurium minus Afric. arborescens pulpiferum " in Commelin, Hort. Med. Amstelaed. Pl. Rar.: 9, t. 9. 1706.
Current name: Chironia baccifera L. (Gentianaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part C), pp. 370-473 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 412, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
A Biophysical study of the p53-DNA interactions at the single-molecule level
Creators: name: Nuttall, Philippa
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2014

description: The p53 protein has been widely studied since its discovery as a tumour suppressor protein in 1989 with applications in cancer diagnostics and anti-cancer therapy. p53 has been found to be mutated in 50% of human cancers. Therefore, understanding the properties, mechanisms and mutations of the protein is undoubtedly of great importance in the pursuit of understanding and treating cancer. In this thesis, single molecule methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and solid-state nanopores were applied to investigate the binding interaction between p53 protein and DNA. The focus of this research was to examine p53 binding to different DNA molecules with or without specific binding sites and to distinguish between bare DNA and different p53-DNA complexes in a label-free manner. Firstly, AFM was utilised to examine DNA and p53 individually to determine the size and characteristics of the analytes separately. Thereafter, successful binding of p53 to DNA was confirmed and statistics were obtained with respect to the size and position of p53 protein along the DNA samples. Next, solid-state nanopores were employed to attempt ultrafast single molecule sensing without the need for labels or immobilisation of the DNA and DNA-p53 complexes. Successful single molecule detection was achieved with nanopipette sensors. Further experiments using low-noise planar nanopore devices resulted in successful discrimination between bare DNA and DNA-p53 complexes in a label-free manner. This new development in the p53 field provides a novel method of detecting the tumour suppressor protein p53 binding to DNA. However, the nanopore characteristics for DNA-p53 complexes with different DNA sequences were within experimental error of each other. This study provides a framework for future development towards the detection and distinction of different p53 interactions with DNA.
Additional file 1 of Nanoarchitectonics of tannic acid based injectable hydrogel regulate the microglial phenotype to enhance neuroplasticity for poststroke rehabilitation
Creators: name: Liu, Zongjian
name: Zhang, Shulei
name: Ran, Yuanyuan
name: Geng, Huimin
name: Gao, Fuhai
name: Tian, Guiqin
name: Feng, Zengguo
name: Xi, Jianing
name: Ye, Lin
name: Su, Wei
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Mental Health
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Chemical reaction equation of TA and CMCS. Fig. S2. Immunofluorescence images of N2a cells by live/dead assay. Fig. S3. Immunofluorescence images of CD16 and CD206 staining in BV2 cells after OGD. Fig. S4. Chemical reaction equation of Cy5-NHS and CMCS. Fig. S5. Immunofluorescence spectrum of CMCS-Cy5. Fig. S6. SEM image of immunofluorescent TA gel formed by TA and CMCS-Cy5. Fig. S7. Standard curve of TA in aqueous solution. Fig. S8. The rheological curves of the mouse’s brain.
title:  (Im)politica della guerra legittima. Considerazioni costituzionali a partire dal sostegno armato del Governo italiano all’Ucraina
Creators: name: Dell’Atti  ,  Luca
Publisher: name: Roma Tre University
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/05vf0dg29
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: L’Italia, insieme a diversi membri della NATO e dell’UE, supporta il governo ucraino, impegnato nella guerra di difesa contro l’aggressione russa, con varie forme di sostegno, compreso il rilascio di armi. L’articolo analizza, dal punto di vista del diritto costituzionale, tale forma di supporto sotto due profili distinti, ma connessi: quello sostanziale e quello procedurale. Si procede quindi con l’analisi dell’articolo 11 della Costituzione e della sua interpretazione estensiva dovuta all’appartenenza dell’Italia alla NATO e all’UE e al conseguente approccio unilaterale alla sicurezza internazionale. Di seguito viene esaminata la procedura ad hoc utilizzata dal governo italiano, evidenziando una certa distorsione rispetto ai principi costituzionali in materia di guerra, con un focus sulla classificazione dei decreti ministeriali che prevedono il rilascio delle armi. Infine, si offrono considerazioni sulle sfide lanciate alla teoria e al metodo costituzionale dall'emergenza bellica.

Italy, together with several NATO and EU members, supports the Ukrainian government, engaged in the defence war against Russian aggression, with various forms of support, including the release of weapons. The article analyses, from the constitutional law’s point of view, this form of support under two distinct but connected profiles: substantive and procedural. Hence, it proceeds with the analysis of Article 11 of the Constitution and its extensive interpretation due to Italy’s membership of NATO and the EU and the following unilateral approach to international security. Hereafter, the ad hoc procedure used by the Italian government is examined, highlighting a certain distortion with the constitutional principles dealing with war, with a focus on the classification of ministerial decrees providing for the release of weapons. Finally, considerations are moved on the challenges launched to the constitutional theory and method by the war emergency.
description: Democrazia e Sicurezza – 2023 n. 1
Additional file 1: of Active case finding: comparison of the acceptability, feasibility and effectiveness of targeted versus blanket provider-initiated-testing and counseling of HIV among children and adolescents in Cameroon
Creators: name: Habakkuk Yumo
name: Kuaban, Christopher
name: Rogers Ajeh
name: Akindeh Nji
name: Nash, Denis
name: Anastos Kathryn
name: Beissner, Marcus
name: Loescher, Thomas
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 60506 Virology
subject: Computational Biology

description: Questionnaire No 1: Parents Living with Hiv/Aids. Questionnaire No 2: Parents/Guardians accompanying children to hospital. Questionnaire No 3: Enrolment form for children born to HIV positive parent(s). Questionnaire No 4: Enrolment form for children seen at the outpatients department. (DOCX 56 kb)
Enhancing quantum entropy in vacuum-based quantum random number generator
Creators: name: Guo, Xiaomin
name: Liu, Ripeng
name: Li, Pu
name: Cheng, Chen
name: Wu, Mingchuan
name: Guo, Yanqiang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Information-theoretically provable unique true random numbers, which cannot be correlated or controlled by an attacker, can be generated based on quantum measurement of vacuum state and universal-hashing randomness extraction. Quantum entropy in the measurements decides the quality and security of the random number generator. At the same time, it directly determine the extraction ratio of true randomness from the raw data, in other words, it affects quantum random numbers generating rate obviously. In this work, considering the effects of classical noise, the best way to enhance quantum entropy in the vacuum-based quantum random number generator is explored in the optimum dynamical analog-digital converter (ADC) range scenario. The influence of classical noise excursion, which may be intrinsic to a system or deliberately induced by an eavesdropper, on the quantum entropy is derived. We propose enhancing local oscillator intensity rather than electrical gain for noise-independent amplification of quadrature fluctuation of vacuum state. Abundant quantum entropy is extractable from the raw data even when classical noise excursion is large. Experimentally, an extraction ratio of true randomness of 85.3% is achieved by finite enhancement of the local oscillator power when classical noise excursions of the raw data is obvious.
description: 12 pages,8 figures
Reminiscences of James W. Barco 1963
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2020
Subjects: Lawyers
Diplomacy
Diplomatic negotiations in international disputes
World War, 1939-1945
Panarabism

description: Family background, education in Michigan; Harvard Law School; Home Owners Loan Corporation, 1941-42; United States Navy, World War II; wartime London, preparations for D-Day; United States State Dept. posts, from 1946; United Nations Good Offices, Commission for Indonesia, 1948; United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, 1948-49; United States mission to United Nations, 1949-61; various international problems and crises; Indonesian question, 1947-51; Middle East, Arab nationalism; Suez and Hungary, 1956; India; Congo; Cuba; United States foreign relations; United Nations diplomacy; United Nation policies. Impressions of many international figures, including John Foster Dulles, Warren Austin, Philip Jessup, Jawaharlal Nehru, Achmed Sukarno, Nikita Khruschev, Patrice Lumumba, Fidel Castro, Dag Hammarskjold
A Consistent Study of the the Low Energy Baryon Spectrum and the Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction within the Chiral Quark Model
Creators: name: Valcarce, A.
name: Gonzalez, P.
name: Fernandez, F.
name: improved, V. Vento. The discussion is now
name: clear, more
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1995
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: By solving the Schrödinger equation for the three-quark system in the hyperspherical harmonic approach, we have studied the low energy part of the nucleon and $Δ$ spectra using a quark-quark interaction which reproduces the nucleon-nucleon phenomenology. The quark-quark hamiltonian considered includes, besides the usual one-gluon exchange, pion and sigma exchanges generated by the chiral symmetry breaking. The baryonic spectrum obtained is reasonable and the resulting wave function gives consistency to the ansatz used in the two baryon system.
description: Accepted for publication in Phys. Lett. B
Sabatia campanulata Torr.
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Gentianaceae
Sabatia
Sabatia campanulata

description: Chironia campanulata Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 190. 1753.
"Habitat in Canada. Kalm." RCN: 1516.
Lectotype (Blake in Rhodora 17: 52. 1915): Kalm, Herb. Linn. No. 252.4 (LINN; iso- BM?).
Current name: Sabatia campanulata (L.) Torr. (Gentianaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part C), pp. 370-473 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 412, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Reminiscences of James Thomas Williams, Jr., 1953
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2021
Subjects: Editors
Journalists
Journalism
Presidents--Election.--United States
Depressions--1929--United States

description: Background; education; reporter in Washington for Columbia, South Carolina STATE, Associated Press, and Boston EVENING TRANSCRIPT, 1902-08; Theodore Roosevelt and his Cabinet; 1908 election; Arizona cure; Frank Blighton libel case; Arizona statehood; Republican conventions of 1912 and 1920; campaigns of 1912, 1916, 1920, 1936; Boyd-Adair; Leonard Wood; Boston police strike; Warren Harding; Calvin Coolidge; Philippines, Nicaragua; Mexico; Herbert Hoover and the Crash; William R. Hearst organization; Franklin D. Roosevelt; J. Reuben Clark; Josephus Daniels; World War II; George C. Marshall, Harry S. Truman; Sacco-Vanzetti Case
Additional file 1 of Reducing cardiometabolic risk in adults with a low socioeconomic position: protocol of the Supreme Nudge parallel cluster-randomised controlled supermarket trial
Creators: name: Stuber, Josine M.
name: Mackenbach, Joreintje D.
name: de Boer, Femke E.
name: de Bruijn, Gert-Jan
name: Gillebaart, Marleen
name: Harbers, Marjolein C.
name: Hoenink, Jody C.
name: Klein, Michel C. A.
name: Middel, Cédric N. H.
name: van der Schouw, Yvonne T.
name: Schuitmaker-Warnaar, Tjerk Jan
name: Velema, Elizabeth
name: Vos, Anne L.
name: Waterlander, Wilma E.
name: Lakerveld, Jeroen
name: Beulens, Joline W. J.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 1: Tables with information on the food products to (not) be targeted in the supermarket (Table S1), on the types of healthy food nudges and examples of in-store use (Table S2), and the implementation fidelity checklist (Table S3).
Reminiscences of James Thompson Shotwell, 1952
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2021
Subjects: Historians
World War, 1914-1918

description: Education in Canada; Columbia University, historical studies; 11th edition of ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA; World War I; Creel Committee; "The Inquiry", Paris Peace Conference; the "Big Four"; International Labour Office; ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE WORLD WAR; postwar problems; British Imperial Conference, 1921; Locarno Treaties
Does the Number Density of Elliptical Galaxies Change at z<1?
Creators: name: Totani, Tomonori
name: Yoshii, Yuzuru
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have performed a detailed V/Vmax test for a sample of the Canada-France Redshift Survey (CFRS) for the purpose of examining whether the comoving number density of field galaxies changes significantly at redshifts of z<1. Taking into account the luminosity evolution of galaxies which depends on their morphological type through different history of star formation, we obtain \sim 0.5 in the range of 0.30.8 due to the selection bias, thereby causing a fictitious decrease of . We therefore conclude that a reasonable choice of upper bound of redshift z \sim 0.8 in the V/Vmax test saves the picture of passive evolution for field ellipticals in the CFRS sample, which was rejected by Kauffman, Charlot, & White (1996) without confining the redshift range. However, about 10% of the CFRS sample consists of galaxies having colors much bluer than predicted for irregular galaxies, and their \avmax is significantly larger than 0.5. We discuss this population of extremely blue galaxies in terms of starburst that has just turned on at their observed redshifts.
description: 11 pages including 3 figures, to appear in ApJ Letters
Development and Assessment of a Paper-based Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Colorimetric Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis
Creators: name: Li, Xinxin
name: Li, Xuejing
name: Guo, Yuanyuan
name: Liu, Yushen
name: Mei, Shujuan
name: Song, Xiuling
name: Li, Jinhua
name: Grugbaye, Alvin G.
name: Li, Juan
name: Xu, Kun
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Cancer
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases with widespread distribution. Traditional methods for diagnosis of brucellosis require long determination times with complex instruments that do not meet the needs of rapid, simple, and convenient analysis. Thus, a newly rapid and simple method for the colorimetric diagnosis of brucellosis was developed using a paper-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (p-ELISA). A total of 135 serum samples were analyzed including 33 samples as healthy controls, 77 samples as the positive group with brucellosis, and 25 samples were infected with other bacteria. The major parameters were optimized for the reported protocol. To evaluate the method, receiver operating characteristic analysis and statistical analysis were carried out using these serum samples. In the established p-ELISA system, only 5 ml of serum were required to detect the antibodies of human brucellosis in suspected brucellosis patients in less than 2 hours. The receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted, and the area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic was 0.996 and shown to be a highly accurate diagnostic test. The sensitivity was determined to be 0.961, the specificity 0.983, and the cutoff value 2.260. The gray scale intensity of the human brucellosis patients group was significantly higher than for the healthy and the non-brucellosis patient groups (p < 0.001). This newly developed system allows the rapid and easy diagnosis of human brucellosis.
Sensing and vetoing loud transient noises for the gravitational-wave detection
Creators: name: Jung, Pil-Jong
name: Kim, Keun-Young
name: Kim, Young-Min
name: Oh, John J.
name: Oh, Sang Hoon
name: Son, Edwin J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 04.30.-w, 04.80.Nn, 07.05.Kf

description: Since the first detection of gravitational-wave (GW), GW150914, September 14th 2015, the multi-messenger astronomy added a new way of observing the Universe together with electromagnetic (EM) waves and neutrinos. After two years, GW together with its EM counterpart from binary neutron stars, GW170817 and GRB170817A, has been observed. The detection of GWs opened a new window of astronomy/astrophysics and will be an important messenger to understand the Universe. In this article, we briefly review the gravitational-wave and the astrophysical sources and introduce the basic principle of the laser interferometer as a gravitational-wave detector and its noise sources to understand how the gravitational-waves are detected in the laser interferometer. Finally, we summarize the search algorithms currently used in the gravitational-wave observatories and the detector characterization algorithms used to suppress noises and to monitor data quality in order to improve the reach of the astrophysical searches.
description: 13 pages, 6 figures, major changes and references added
Reminiscences of James W. Gerard, 1950
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2021
Subjects: Diplomats--United States
Diplomacy
World War, 1914-1918--Diplomatic history

description: Democratic party and elections 1902-1940; experiences as ambassador to Germany, 1913-1917; impressions of Woodrow Wilson, Walter Hines Page, and others
The biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship in natural grassland communities at Silwood Park
Creators: name: Luckett, Kathryn
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2015

description: Biodiversity is a central concept in ecology, fundamental to how we conceive of the natural world, measure human impacts on it, and orient conservation efforts to protect it. When species are lost, their links are lost, and functions for which they are responsible can be lost as a result. There is evidence of an intuitive link between diversity and function, where more diverse systems should generally include a greater number of functions with a greater amount of redundancy built into them, but defining this link has proven difficult. This is an important challenge in ecology, however, because the function and stabilizing role of biodiversity is one of the most important arguments for its preservation. This thesis examines the role of biodiversity in ecosystem function and community stability grassland communities across Silwood Park. The experiment uses natural gradients in plant diversity, measured in a number of alternative ways. Species richness can be an imperfect metric for investigating the link between diversity and ecosystem functioning but can be used as a proxy for more complex diversity measures in grassland communities at Silwood Park. There was no general relationship between plant species richness and plant biomass, and a negative relationship between plant richness and soil mesofaunal biomass. An extreme flooding event negatively impacted some soil mesofauna and not others whilst increasing biomass yield during the following year. Plant biomass stability was independent of species richness and soil mesofaunal biomass varied with either plant richness or plant biomass depending on the definition of stability being used. The inclusion of relative abundance and phylogenetic information allows us more predictive power when looking at the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship for both primary and secondary production. Experiments such as DExtER are vital to understanding the role of diversity in natural communities.
Probing the Cosmic Star Formation History by Brightness Distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts
Creators: name: Totani, Tomonori
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Brightness distribution of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) is studied in detail under the assumption that GRB rate is related to cosmic star formation rate. The two populations of the long- and short-duration bursts in the 4B BATSE catalog are analyzed separately. Taking account of current uncertainties in the observational estimate of star formation rate (SFR), we have tried various models of the cosmic star formation history and we find that the SFR evolution in $z$ = 0--1 is strongly constrained by the GRB distribution if the standard candle approximation is valid. The strong SFR evolution by a factor of $\sim$ 15 from $z$ = 0 to 1 inferred from UV observations is too steep to be consistent with the GRB distribution for any distance scale of GRBs. Some possibilities to reconcile this discrepancy are discussed, including the intrinsic luminosity dispersion of GRBs and/or modification of star formation history estimated by UV observations. We argue that SFR increase factor from $z$ = 0 to 1 may be as low as about 4 if we choose different sets of cosmological parameters and/or take account of the evolution of metallicity and dust extinction in the UV data, and this would significantly remedy the discrepancy.
description: Accepted version by ApJ. Discussion on luminosity dispersion of GRBs is newly added. 30 pages including 16 figures
Molecular dynamics simulation study of lipid membranes using coarse-grained models
Creators: name: Zhang, Yawen
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2014

description: In this work we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate how lipid composition affects the phase transition of phospholipid bilayers. We consider a fully hydrated membrane consisting of saturated 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and cholesterol or unsaturated 1,2-dioleoyol-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). We report structural, dynamic changes occurring in the model bilayer mixtures with varying temperature and composition. Firstly we study the effect of cholesterol on the properties of a DPPC bilayer. We have combined the computations of area per lipid, radial distribution function, chain order parameter and Voronoi construction to quantify the phase transitions, and the coarse-grained (CG) model is found to quantitatively reproduce most of the experimental observations. Based on the changes in the structural and dynamic properties, a temperature-composition phase diagram of DPPC/cholesterol is proposed and compared with the experiments. `Thread-like' cholesterol clusters in the bilayer at high cholesterol concentrations are observed and the origin of this specific lateral organisation is discussed. To explore the role of the CG bead size, a series of simulations varying the cholesterol cross sectional areas were performed. Parameters obtained from simulation of the different cholesterol isomorphs provide important insight into the microscopic degrees of freedom determining the cholesterol arrangement in the bilayer. The results for the modified cholesterols are further discussed in relation to naturally occurring sterols. Finally, the effect of a mono-unsaturated phospholipid (DOPC) on the main melting phase transition is investigated. This analysis is performed by simulating bilayer systems which were constructed by combining a gel phase DPPC bilayer and a fluid phase DOPC bilayer. The visual observations of the bilayers show that the gel and fluid phases coexist within a wide range of temperature and composition. A temperature-composition phase diagram with phase coexistences is proposed using the information extracted from structural and local composition analysis.
Higher excitations of $ω$ and $ϕ$ in dilepton spectra
Creators: name: Haglin, Kevin
name: Gale, Charles
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1995
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider lepton pair production via two-hadron annihilation through various isoscalar vector mesons within hot, baryon-free matter. This is tantamount to constructing effective form factors which we model using a vector-meson-dominance approach and compare with experiment. In particular, we consider the reactions $πρ\to e^+e^-$ and $\bar K K^{*}(892)$ + c.c. $\to e^+e^-$. We find that $ω(1390)$ and $ϕ(1680)$ are visible in the mass spectrum for the thermal production rate above the $π^{+}π^{-} \to e^+e^-$ tail and even above the $πa_{1}\to e^+e^-$ results---both of which were considered important in their respective mass regions.
description: RevTeX, 9 pages, 6 (uuencoded) figures; to appear in Phys. Rev D
Reminiscences of Jan Papaneck, 1951
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2021
Subjects: Diplomats--Czechoslovakia
Political refugees

description: Czech legions in Italy, 1916-1919; independence of Czechoslovakia; study in Paris; Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs; secretary to Eduard Benes; United Nations Conference in San Francisco, 1945; permanent representative to the United Nations, 1946-1948; comments on Czech affairs, international politics, Czech-Soviet relations; National Committee of a Free Czechoslovakia
Topological investigation of bacterial site-specific recombination and genome differentiation in ciliates
Creators: name: Valencia Gomez, Karin Andrea
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2013

description: Since the double helical structure of DNA was discovered in 1953, significant progress has been made towards the understanding of the science of the molecule of life. It is now clear that topology can strongly in infuence, or even drive its functionality [47]. The underlying motivation of this thesis is to investigate the topology of DNA during: (i) bacterial site-specific recombination; and (ii) developmental genome rearrangements in ciliates. (i) A model of site-specific recombination, that predicts and characterises the exact topology of products from non-distributive reactions on DNA twist knot substrates is developed. This is a generalisation of work by Buck and Flapan in [19] where the same question was considered for topologically simpler substrates. It is shown that such products fall within a well understood family of knots and links called Montesinos knots and links. In the common case where products have minimal crossing number one more than the substrate it is proved that the product topology is more tightly prescribed. It is further shown that the number of possible product knots and links decreases exponentially as a function of the topological complexity of the product, which can greatly aid their experimental identification. (ii) Massive genome-wide rearrangements in some binucleate ciliates are modelled by rigid- vertex graphs, first proposed in [4]. This work builds on that of Jonoska and collaborators, who have investigated graph-theoretic complexities of these model, by now considering their topology. The genus range of a family of rigid vertex graph that may represent naturally occurring patterns of some gene rearrangements that have multiple repetitions (as many as to over 20 recombination sites) is characterised. The genus ranges of other families of rigid vertex graph are discussed.
Reminiscences of James Wolcott Wadworth, 1952
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2021
Subjects: Legislators--United States
Prohibition
World War, 1914-1918

description: Childhood and education; rural life in upstate New York; New York State Assembly, 1905-10; New York politics, 1910-15; United States Senate, 1915-27; Republican National Convention, 1916; World War I; Newton Baker; European travel; League of Nations and Senate debate; Warren Harding era; 1920 National Defense Act; Prohibition; United States House of Representatives, 1933-45; vignettes of political contemporaries. There is only audio for the following segments of the transcript: pages 95-98 and pages 179-191
Very Strong TeV Emission as Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows
Creators: name: Totani, Tomonori
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and following afterglows are considered to be produced by dissipation of kinetic energy of a relativistic fireball and radiation process is widely believed as synchrotron radiation or inverse Compton scattering of electrons. We argue that the transfer of kinetic energy of ejecta into electrons may be inefficient process and hence the total energy released by a GRB event is much larger than that emitted in soft gamma-rays, by a factor of \sim (m_p/m_e). We show that, in this case, very strong emission of TeV gamma-rays is possible due to synchrotron radiation of protons accelerated up to \sim 10^{21} eV, which are trapped in the magnetic field of afterglow shock and radiate their energy on an observational time scale of \sim day. This suggests a possibility that GRBs are most energetic in TeV range and such TeV gamma-rays may be detectable from GRBs even at cosmological distances, i.e., z \sim 1, by currently working ground-based telescopes. Furthermore, this model gives a quantitative explanation for the famous long-duration GeV photons detected from GRB940217. If TeV gamma-ray emission which is much more energetic than GRB photons is detected, it provides a strong evidence for acceleration of protons up to \sim 10^{21} eV.
description: 10 pages, no figure. To appear in ApJ Letters
Rotary micro-ball bearing designs for MEMS applications
Creators: name: Hergert, Robert J
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2013

description: Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology allows the fabrication of small mechanical systems in silicon using standard micro-fabrication pro- cesses. MEMS techniques have found wide acceptance in such devices as ac- celerometers, micro-mirrors, resonators, probes, and micro-tweezers to name a few. Though small linear motions are common in MEMS applications, few devices exhibit reliable rotary motion. This work explores several methods of fabricating rotary bearings using micro-balls as the support mechanism. Micro-ball bearings have several advantages over other MEMS bearing tech- nologies in that they provide robust mechanical support, require no external control systems, and basic designs require very few fabrication steps. Ball cages or retainers are common in macro-scale bearings, providing uniform spacing between the balls. Several cage designs are proposed and explored in this work: a radial ball bearing with an integrated ball cage, a dual-row style cage, and ve unique cage geometries integrated into silicon micro-turbines (SMTs.) Also, an example of a curved or angular contact race- way is presented as an example of this type of raceway geometry in MEMS devices. Each is presented with a discussion of the design considerations and fabrication process. This is followed by a characterization of the performance of each design. These studies found that the integrated cage in the radial ball bearing performs well at speeds ranging up to 20 000RPM. Minimal wear was ob- served after 6 hours of continuous testing. However, the solder bond in the cage was a common failure point in these devices, limiting the reliability and longevity. The dual groove style cage was designed to eliminate the solder bond. However, the higher frictional forces between the ball and the cage in this design resulted in higher losses during operation. Taking into account the higher losses and the added complexity of the design, it seems unlikely that this approach would be appropriate for further study. However, the design does represent a novel approach for releasing multi-wafer rotary structures and is presented here as example of this technique. Testing of the cage de- signs for the SMTs indicated that a full ring design (a full annulus with holes for the balls) performed the best of the 5 cage geometries. However, these devices do not perform as well as cage-less designs for high speed applications due to higher ctional forces and increased raceway wear at the interface be- tween the ball and the raceway edge. Finally, the curved raceway has shown excellent performance up to 2500RPM with normal loads up to 40mN in tribometer testing. SMTs with this raceway desing were also tested for over 10 million revolutions and at speeds over 70 000RPM. The test results for all of the bearings designs presented here show that the devices exhibit stable operation at low to moderately high speeds.
On the Classification of SSVEP-Based Dry-EEG Signals via Convolutional Neural Networks
Creators: name: Aznan, Nik Khadijah Nik
name: Bonner, Stephen
name: Connolly, Jason D.
name: Moubayed, Noura Al
name: Breckon, Toby P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: In this paper, we propose a novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) approach for the classification of raw dry-EEG signals without any data pre-processing. To illustrate the effectiveness of our approach, we utilise the Steady State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP) paradigm as our use case. SSVEP can be utilised to allow people with severe physical disabilities such as Complete Locked-In Syndrome or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis to be aided via BCI applications, as it requires only the subject to fixate upon the sensory stimuli of interest. Here we utilise SSVEP flicker frequencies between 10 to 30 Hz, which we record as subject cortical waveforms via the dry-EEG headset. Our proposed end-to-end CNN allows us to automatically and accurately classify SSVEP stimulation directly from the dry-EEG waveforms. Our CNN architecture utilises a common SSVEP Convolutional Unit (SCU), comprising of a 1D convolutional layer, batch normalization and max pooling. Furthermore, we compare several deep learning neural network variants with our primary CNN architecture, in addition to traditional machine learning classification approaches. Experimental evaluation shows our CNN architecture to be significantly better than competing approaches, achieving a classification accuracy of 96% whilst demonstrating superior cross-subject performance and even being able to generalise well to unseen subjects whose data is entirely absent from the training process.
description: Accepted as a full paper at the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC2018)
The ecological and evolutionary responses of groups of species to environmental change
Creators: name: Lawrence, Diane Louise
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2013

description: The natural environment is being altered by anthropogenic activity at an unprecedented rate. The effects of climate change and damage caused by other human activities show little sign of decelerating. The ubiquity of the forecast changes means that all species are likely to face alterations in their environment and consequently may have to migrate or adapt to avoid extinction. Yet, as species respond they may initiate additional ecological changes, creating further selection pressures on species they interact with. Research has shown that ecological and evolutionary dynamics such as these occur on the same time-scale and produce dynamics that cannot be explained if evolution is ignored. Thus, to understand and predict how species will respond to environmental change, it is important to consider both ecology and evolution and the feedback between them. In this thesis I investigate the ecological and evolutionary responses of groups of species to a number of environmental changes using experimental evolution with naturally co-occurring bacteria and mathematical modelling. After reviewing and introducing the field in Chapter 1, in Chapter 2 I investigate the effect of species diversity on evolution to a novel environment. In Chapters 3 and 4 I report on the results of a field experiment in which I manipulated immigration into diverse microbial communities while exposing them to experimental warming. Specifically, in Chapter 3 I investigate how warming and immigration affect local adaptation and also whether the local adaptation of the community is predictable from that of component species and in Chapter 4 I discuss the impact of warming on predictability. Finally, in Chapter 5 I use mathematical modelling to explore how species’ evolutionary responses to stress affect their interspecific interactions. My research places particular emphasis on the importance of species interactions to evolution and, furthermore, how these changes in biotic interactions affect ecosystem functioning.
Neutrino Emissivity of Dense Stars
Creators: name: Ghosh, Sanjay K.
name: Phatak, S. C.
name: Sahu, P. K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1995
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The neutrino emissivity of compact stars is investigated in this work. We consider stars consisting of nuclear as well as quark matter for this purpose. Different models are used to calculate the composition of nuclear and quark matter and the neutrino emissivity. Depending on the model under consideration, the neutrino emissivity of nuclear as well as quark matter varies over a wide range. We find that for nuclear matter, the direct URCA processes are allowed for most of the relativistic models without and with strange baryons, whereas for the nonrelativistic models this shows a strong dependence on the type of nuclear interaction employed. When the direct URCA processes are allowed, the neutrino emissivity of hadronic matter is larger than that of the quark matter by several orders of magnitude. We also find that the neutrino emissivity departs from $T^6$ behavior when the temperature is larger than the difference in the Fermi momenta of the particles, participating in the neutrino-producing reactions.
description: Latex file. 5 figures available on request. accepted in Int. J. Mod. Phys. E
Assessment of the potential of a narrow spectrum kinase inhibitor in the treatment of influenza infection
Creators: name: Ashcroft, Jonathan William
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2014

description: Severe outcome following influenza infection has been linked to the over induction of the host innate immune response resulting in a “cytokine storm.” In certain patient populations, a therapeutic approach to help control the innate immune response may be of benefit. However concerns have been expressed that suppression of the host immune response might also lead to an increase in virus replication and directly enhance viral induced pathology. Using cultures of primary well-differentiated human airway epithelium (HAEs), the ability of a small molecule, narrow spectrum kinase inhibitor, developed by RespiVert (RV1088) to inhibit the extent of influenza virus induced expression of an array of human cytokines including IL6, IL8, IP10, and RANTES was investigated. The virus-induced response following infection with influenza virus was found to be diminished at the mRNA and protein level in the presence of the drug. Importantly, drug treatment did not adversely increase viral replication. In contrast, treatment with a steroid did not suppress the cytokine/chemokine response and resulted in increased viral titres. RV1088 inhibited the viral induction of transcription from the interferon promoter acting at or below the level of MAVS, preventing nuclear translocation of both IRF-3 and NFkB. Used alone, RV1088 inhibited cytokine production by all currently circulating subtypes and lineages of influenza A and B virus. Used in combination with currently licenced antivirals, the virus titre released from HAE cells was suppressed even further than for either drug alone, suggesting a synergistic antiviral effect. Finally, a novel murine model of influenza infection using nebulized virus to infect the mouse airways was developed. Drug also administered through the nebulised route suppressed the interferon response in the mouse lung and did not result in increased viral lung titre or weight loss. Administered intranasally with or without Relenza to mice infected with pH1N1 2009 virus, RV1088 suppressed interferon levels in mouse lung and reduced weight loss and mortality. This, or similar molecules, may represent a new generation of compounds suitable for the treatment of respiratory virus infections.