cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Characterization of an Enteropathogenic Bovine Calicivirus Representing a Potentially New Calicivirus Genus
Creators: name: Smiley, J. R.
name: Chang, K. O.
name: Vinje, J.
name: Saif, L. J.
name: Hayes, J.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: Bovine enteric caliciviruses (BEC) are associated with diarrhea in young calves. The BEC strains detected in Europe form a third genogroup within the genus “Norwalk-like viruses” (NLV) of the family Caliciviridae. In this report, we present sequence, clinical, and histological data characterizing a novel enteropathogenic BEC strain, NB, detected in fecal specimens from calves in the United States. The complete RNA genome of the NB virus is 7,453 bases long and is organized into two open reading frames (ORFs). ORF-1 is 2,210 amino acids long and encodes a large nonstructural polyprotein contiguous with the major capsid protein (VP1), similar to the lagoviruses and “Sapporo-like viruses” (SLV). The conserved calicivirus motifs were identified in the nonstructural proteins. ORF-2 is located at the 3′ end of the genome and encodes a small basic protein (VP2) of 225 amino acids. The 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions are 74 and 67 bases long, respectively. Among caliciviruses, NB virus shows amino acid identities of 14.1 to 22.6% over the entire ORF-1 nonstructural-protein sequence with NLV, SLV, vesivirus, and lagovirus strains, while the overall sequence identity of the complete NB VP-1 with other caliciviruses is low, varying between 14.6 and 26.7%. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete VP1 protein, including strains from all four calicivirus genera, showed the closest grouping of NB virus to be with viruses in the genus Lagovirus, which cause liver infections and systemic hemorrhage in rabbits. In gnotobiotic calves, however, NB virus elicited only diarrhea and intestinal lesions that were most severe in the upper small intestine (duodenum and jejunum), similar to the NLV BEC strains. The tissues of major organs, including the lung, liver, kidney, and spleen, had no visible microscopic lesions.
Comparison of Gene Transfer Efficiencies and Gene Expression Levels Achieved with Equine Infectious Anemia Virus- and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Derived Lentivirus Vectors
Creators: name: Kohn, D. B.
name: Bunnell, B. A.
name: Newbound, G. C.
name: O'Rourke, J. P.
name: Olsen, J. C.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: This report compares gene transfer efficiencies as well as durations and levels of gene expression for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) lentiviral vectors in a variety of human cell types in vitro. EIAV and HIV vectors transduced equivalent numbers of proliferating and G1/S- and G2/M-arrested cells, and both had very low efficiencies of transduction into G0-arrested cells. Analysis of the levels of both the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and mRNA demonstrated that the HIV-transduced cells expressed greater levels of EGFP protein and RNA than the EIAV-transduced cells. Measurements of vector-derived EGFP RNA half-lives were fourfold higher with the HIV vector than with the EIAV vector. Long-term culture of EIAV-transduced human cells showed a significant decrease in the number of cells expressing the transgene; however, no corresponding loss was found in EIAV-transduced equine cells. In contrast, only a moderate decrease in the number of transgene-expressing cells was seen with the HIV vectors. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the EIAV vectors transduced human cells with efficiencies similar to those of the HIV vectors. However, our data indicate that transgene expression from EIAV vectors is limited by the instability of vector-derived RNA transcripts and silencing of the EIAV vectors over time.
Adelante! Lightning Talk Presentations
Creators: name: HSI National STEM Resource Hub
name: Veronica Giselle Martinez Acosta
name: Heidy Lorena Contreras
name: Sarah Corey-Rivas
name: Debra Murray
name: Tammy A. Castro-Garcia
name: Lissette Beacon Delgado-Cruzata
name: Mohammad Q Azhar
name: Alex Joseph Veglia
name: Sarah Stone
name: Eliza Morris
name: Donna Washington Stokes
name: Sheri Mizumori
name: Taffeta Marie Elliott
name: Noe Vargas Hernandez
name: Mateo Sancho Cardiel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Lightning talk presentations from the NSF HSI National STEM Resource Hub Conference: Adelante! Building Capacity for STEM Student Success at Hispanic-Serving Institutions 2024.

 

Adelante! Year 1 of the PUI-SATX Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation - Veronica Giselle Martinez Acosta (University of the Incarnate Word)

 

Bring Your Whole Self and Unlock Student Science Identity - Heidy Lorena Contreras (California State University, San Bernardino)

 

Impacts after 4 years of CUREs in intro life sciences courses to improve early persistence in science - Sarah Corey-Rivas (New Mexico Highlands University)

 

All of Us Research Program - Debra Murray (Baylor College of Medicine)

 

 IF YOU BUILD IT, WILL THEY COME? PRACTICAL ADVICE TO INCREASE STUDENT ENGAGEMENT - Tammy A. Castro-Garcia (Montclair State University)

 

Multilevel approach to increase retention in first year students - Lissette Beacon Delgado-Cruzata (John Jay College)

 

Shaking up STEM Education Engaging Students in STEM - Mohammad Q Azhar (Borough of Manhattan Community College)

 

Pioneering Undergraduate-led research at UPR Mayaguez, a longstanding HSI - Alex Joseph Veglia (University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez)

 

GeoSMART Geoscience Machine Learning Resources and Training - Sarah Stone (University of Washington)

 

Active Learning in Intro Physics - Eliza Morris (California State University, Sacramento)

 

INTEREST GROUPS AS A SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR STUDENT SUCCESS - Donna Washington Stokes (University of Houston)

 

Broadening the Representation of Academic Investigators in Neuroscience (BRAINS) - Sheri Mizumori (University of Washington)

 

Leveraging S-STEM Scholarships, Mentoring, and Study-Skills Training to Support Low-Income Undergraduates at an HSI - Taffeta Marie Elliott (New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology)

 

Teaching Engineering Students to Self-Transform: Parallelisms between Product Innovation and Student Career Path Planning - Noe Vargas Hernandez (The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley)

 

PODCAST FOR WRITING INTENSIVE - Mateo Sancho Cardiel (Borough of Manhattan Community College)
Cross-Packaging of a Single Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Type 2 Vector Genome into Multiple AAV Serotypes Enables Transduction with Broad Specificity
Creators: name: Li, C.
name: Xiao, X.
name: Xiao, W.
name: Rolling, F.
name: Conrath, H.
name: Samulski, R. J.
name: Rabinowitz, J. E.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: The serotypes of adeno-associated virus (AAV) have the potential to become important resources for clinical gene therapy. In an effort to compare the role of serotype-specific virion shells on vector transduction, we cloned each of the serotype capsid coding domains into a common vector backbone containing AAV type 2 replication genes. This strategy allowed the packaging of AAV2 inverted terminal repeat vectors into each serotype-specific virions. Each of these helper plasmids (pXR1 through pXR5) efficiently replicated the transgene DNA and expressed helper proteins at nearly equivalent levels. In this study, we observed a correlation between the amount of transgene replication and packaging efficiency. The physical titer of these hybrid vectors ranged between 1.3 × 1011 and 9.8 × 1012/ml (types 1 and 2, respectively). Of the five serotype vectors, only types 2 and 3 were efficiently purified by heparin-Sepharose column chromatography, illustrating the high degree of similarity between these virions. We analyzed vector transduction in reference and mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in heparan sulfate proteoglycan and saw a correlation between transduction and heparan sulfate binding data. In this analysis, types 1 and 5 were most consistent in transduction efficiency across all cell lines tested. In vivo each serotype was ranked after comparison of transgene levels by using different routes of injection and strains of rodents. Overall, in this analysis, type 1 was superior for efficient transduction of liver and muscle, followed in order by types 5, 3, 2, and 4. Surprisingly, this order changed when vector was introduced into rat retina. Types 5 and 4 were most efficient, followed by type 1. These data established a hierarchy for efficient serotype-specific vector transduction depending on the target tissue. These data also strongly support the need for extending these analyses to additional animal models and human tissue. The development of these helper plasmids should facilitate direct comparisons of serotypes, as well as begin the standardization of production for further clinical development.
Identification of Epstein-Barr Virus Strain Variants in Hairy Leukoplakia and Peripheral Blood by Use of a Heteroduplex Tracking Assay
Creators: name: Raab-Traub, N.
name: Webster-Cyriaque, J.
name: Sitki-Green, D.
name: Edwards, R. H.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strains can be distinguished by specific sequence variations in the LMP1 gene. In this study, a heteroduplex tracking assay (HTA) specific for LMP1 was developed to precisely identify the prototypic undeleted strain B958, other undeleted strains (Ch2, AL, NC, and Med−), and strains with the 30-bp deletion (Med+ and Ch1). This technique also provides an estimate of the relative abundance of strains in patient samples. In this study, EBV strains were identified in 25 hairy leukoplakia (HLP) biopsies and six matched peripheral blood samples and throat washes with the LMP1-HTA. To investigate the relationship of the virus found in the peripheral blood to that in the HLP lesion, the strain variants in the peripheral blood B lymphocytes and those present within the epithelial cells in the HLP lesion and in throat washes were identified. In many of the subjects, compartmental differences in the EBV strain profiles in the oral cavity and peripheral blood were readily apparent. The throat wash specimens usually had a strain profile similar to that within the corresponding HLP sample, which was distinct from the strain profile detected in the peripheral blood. These analyses reveal that the nature of EBV infection can be very dynamic, with changes in relative strain abundance over time as well as the appearance of new strains. The patterns of abundance in the blood and oral cavity provide evidence for compartmentalization and for the transmission of strains between the blood and oropharynx.
Classification of the spaces $C_p^*(X)$ within the Borel-Wadge hierarchy for a projective space $X$
Creators: name: Doležal, Martin
name: Vejnar, Benjamin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: Logic (math.LO)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 03E15, 28A05, 54C35

description: We study the complexity of the space $C^*_p(X)$ of bounded continuous functions with the topology of pointwise convergence. We are allowed to use descriptive set theoretical methods, since for a separable metrizable space $X$, the measurable space of Borel sets in $C^*_p(X)$ (and also in the space $C_p(X)$ of all continuous functions) is known to be isomorphic to a subspace of a standard Borel space. It was proved by A. Andretta and A. Marcone that if $X$ is a $σ$-compact metrizable space, then the measurable spaces $C_p(X)$ and $C^*_p(X)$ are standard Borel and if $X$ is a metrizable analytic space which is not $σ$-compact then the spaces of continuous functions are Borel-$Π^1_1$-complete. They also determined under the assumption of projective determinacy (PD) the complexity of $C_p(X)$ for any projective space $X$ and asked whether a similar result holds for $C^*_p(X)$. We provide a positive answer, i.e. assuming PD we prove, that if $n \geq 2$ and if $X$ is a separable metrizable space which is in $Σ^1_n$ but not in $Σ^1_{n-1}$ then the measurable space $C^*_p(X)$ is Borel-$Π^1_n$-complete. This completes under the assumption of PD the classification of Borel-Wadge complexity of $C^*_p(X)$ for $X$ projective.
Excess optical quantum noise in atomic sensors
Creators: name: Novikova, Irina
name: Mikhailov, Eugeniy E.
name: Xiao, Yanhong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Enhanced nonlinear optical response of a coherent atomic medium is the basis for many atomic sensors, and their performance is ultimately limited by the quantum fluctuations of the optical read-out. Here we demonstrate that off-resonant interactions can significantly modify the quantum noise of the optical field, even when their effect on the mean signal is negligible. We illustrate this concept by using an atomic magnetometer based on the nonlinear Faraday effect: the rotation of the light polarization is mainly determined by the resonant light-induced spin alignment, which alone does not change the photon statistics of the optical probe. Yet, we found that the minimum noise of output polarization rotation measurements is above the expected shot noise limit. This excess quantum noise is due to off-resonant coupling and grows with atomic density. We also show that the detection scheme can be modified to reduce the measured quantum noise (even below the shot-noise limit) but only at the expense of the reduced rotational sensitivity. These results show the existence of previously unnoticed factors in fundamental limitations in atomic magnetometry and could have impacts in many other atom-light based precision measurements.
description: 4 page, 5 figures
Kinetics of Expression of Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus (RRV) and Identification and Characterization of a Polycistronic Transcript Encoding the RRV Orf50/Rta, RRV R8, and R8.1 Genes
Creators: name: Damania, B.
name: McVoy, M. A.
name: DeWire, S. M.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: Rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV) is a close relative of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8). RRV serves as an in vitro and an in vivo model for KSHV, and the mapping of its transcription program during lytic replication is significant since it represents de novo infection in the absence of stimulation with phorbol esters. Further, the RRV lytic system facilitates the making of recombinant viruses, and hence transcription profiling of the wild-type virus is important. Currently, the kinetics of lytic gene expression of RRV, the function of the RRV Orf50/Rta gene, and the presence of the RRV R8 and R8.1 genes are not known. This study details the transcription profile seen during RRV lytic replication and shows that RRV latency-associated nuclear antigen, viral FLIP (vFLIP), and vCyclin are transcribed during the RRV lytic phase. In addition, this study describes the identification of three new spliced products of the RRV Orf50, R8, and R8.1 genes, which are structural homologs of the KSHV Orf50, K8, and K8.1 genes, respectively. Characterization of the RRV Orf50 protein identifies it as a strong transcriptional transactivator capable of activating three early RRV promoters. Interestingly, the KSHV Orf50 transactivator can also activate these simian virus promoters, suggesting that there exists a conservation of gene function between the key transcription factors of KSHV and RRV.
Two-point resistance of a cobweb network with a $2r$ boundary
Creators: name: Tan, Zhi-Zhong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 05.50.+q, 84.30.Bv, 01.55.+b, 02.10.Yn

description: We consider the problem of two point resistance on an $m times n$ cobweb network with a 2r boundary which has never been solved before. Past efforts prior to 2014 researchers just only solved the cases with free boundary or null resistor boundary. This paper gives the general formulae of the resistance between any two nodes in both finite and infinite cases using a method of direct summation pioneered by Tan [Z.Z.Tan, et al, J. Phys. A 46, 195202 (2013)], which is simpler and can be easier to use in practice. This method contrasts the Greens function technique and the Laplacian matrix approach, which is difficult to apply to the geometry of a cobweb with a 2r boundary. We deduced several interesting results according to our general formula. In the end we compare and illuminate our formulae with two examples. Our analysis gives the result directly as a single summation, and the result is mainly composed of the characteristic roots.
description: 18 pages, 4 figures
Nelfinavir-Resistant, Amprenavir-Hypersusceptible Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Carrying an N88S Mutation in Protease Have Reduced Infectivity, Reduced Replication Capacity, and Reduced Fitness and Process the Gag Polyprotein Precursor Aberrantly
Creators: name: Resch, W.
name: Ziermann, R.
name: Parkin, N.
name: Swanstrom, R.
name: Gamarnik, A.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: The evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains with reduced susceptibility to protease inhibitors (PIs) is a major cause of PI treatment failure. A subset of subjects failing a therapy regimen containing the PI nelfinavir developed mutations at position 88 in the protease region. The N88S mutation occurring in some of these subjects induces amprenavir hypersusceptibility and a reduction of fitness and replication capacity. Here we demonstrate that substitutions L63P and V77I in protease, in combination, partially compensate for the loss of fitness, loss of replication capacity, loss of specific infectivity, and aberrant Gag processing induced by the N88S mutation. In addition, these mutations partially ablate amprenavir hypersusceptibility. Addition of mutation M46L to a strain harboring mutations L63P, V77I, and N88S resulted in a reduction of fitness and infectivity without changing Gag-processing efficiency, while amprenavir hypersusceptibility was further diminished. The ratio of reverse transcriptase activity to p24 protein was reduced in this strain compared to that in the other variants, suggesting that the M46L effect on fitness occurred through a mechanism different from a Gag-processing defect. We utilized these mutant strains to undertake a systematic comparison of indirect, single, cycle-based measures of fitness with direct, replication-based fitness assays and demonstrated that both yield consistent results. However, we observed that the magnitude of the fitness loss for one of the mutants varied depending on the assay used.
Misaligned accretion on to supermassive black hole binaries
Creators: name: Dunhill, Alex
name: Alexander, Richard
name: Nixon, Chris
name: King, Andrew
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the results of high-resolution numerical simulations of gas clouds falling onto binary supermassive black holes to form circumbinary accretion discs, with both prograde and retrograde cloud orbits. We explore a range of clouds masses and cooling rates. We find that for low mass discs that cool fast enough to fragment, prograde discs are significantly shorter-lived than similar discs orbiting retrograde with respect to the binary. For fragmenting discs of all masses, we also find that prograde discs fragment across a narrower radial region. If the cooling is slow enough that the disc enters a self-regulating gravitoturbulent regime, we find that alignment between the disc and binary planes occurs on a timescale primarily dictated by the disc thickness. We estimate realistic cooling times for such discs, and find that in the majority of cases we expect fragmentation to occur. The longer lifetime of low-mass fragmenting retrograde discs allows them to drive significant binary evolution, and may provide a mechanism for solving the 'last parsec problem'.
description: 13 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Simulation movies can be found at: http://www.acdunhill.com/binary-smbhs
Phosphorylation of the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA Polymerase Processivity Factor EA-D by the EBV-Encoded Protein Kinase and Effects of the L-Riboside Benzimidazole 1263W94
Creators: name: Pagano, J. S.
name: Gershburg, E.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: A member of the family of l-riboside benzimidazole compounds, 1263W94, was shown recently to inhibit replication of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (V. L. Zacny, E. Gershburg, M. G. Davis, K. K. Biron, and J. S. Pagano, J. Virol. 73:7271–7277, 1999). In the present report the effect of 1263W94 on the phosphorylation pattern of the EBV DNA polymerase processivity factor, EA-D, during viral reactivation in latently EBV-infected Akata cells is analyzed. This pattern specifically changes with progression of cytolytic infection. In the presence of 1263W94 the appearance of the hyperphosphorylated form of EA-D is mainly affected. Next, coexpression of the cloned EBV-encoded protein kinase (EBV PK), BGLF4, with EA-D demonstrated the ability of EBV PK to phosphorylate EA-D to its hyperphosphorylated form in transient assays. However, the phosphorylation of EA-D was not directly inhibited by 1263W94 in these coexpression assays. The results indicate that the EBV PK appears to be responsible for the hyperphosphorylation of EA-D, imply that the phosphorylation status of EA-D is important for viral replication, and suggest that 1263W94 acts at a level other than direct inhibition of EA-D phosphorylation by EBV PK.
title: Pet dogs succeed where human companions fail
title: The presence of pet dogs reduces pain
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Mauersberger, Heidi
name: Springer, Anne
name: Fotopoulou, Aikaterini
name: Blaison, Christophe
name: Hess, Ursula
Publisher: name: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Social support
subject: Pet dogs
subject: Subjective pain ratings
subject: Pain tolerance
subject: Physiological reactivity
subject: EDA
subject: ECG
subject: Facial EMG
subject: Cold-pressor task
subject: 150 Psychologie

description: The article processing charge was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 491192747 and the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
description: Social support from family and friends, albeit associated with beneficial health effects, does not always help to cope with pain. This may be because humans elicit mixed expectations of social support and evaluative judgment. The present studies aimed to test whether pet dogs are a more beneficial source of support in a painful situation than human companions because they are not evaluative. For this, 74 (Study 1) and 50 (Study 2) women completed a cold-pressor task in the presence of either their own (S1) or an unfamiliar (S2) dog, a friend (S1), or an unknown human companion (S2), or alone. In both studies, participants reported less pain and exhibited less pain behavior in the presence of dogs compared to human companions. Reactions to pain were moderated by attitudes towards dogs in S2. This suggests that pet dogs may help individuals to cope with painful situations, especially if the individual in pain generally feels affectionate towards dogs.
title: Light-Enhanced Suzuki–Miyaura Crosscoupling Reaction by Polyoxopalladates Clusters
title: Doping Effect
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Li, Huiyong
name: Liu, Ye
name: Abdolrahimi, Amin
name: Jiao, Xin-Guo
name: Liu, Xiao-He
name: Wang, Yu
Publisher: name: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: 540 Chemie und zugeordnete Wissenschaften

description: The article processing charge was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 491192747 and the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
description: Atomic precise clusters play a pivotal role in elucidating catalytic mechanisms. Emerging well-defined noble metal oxygen clusters, such as polyoxopalladates (POPs), present promising prospects as ideal model catalysts for comprehensively understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying noble metal-based catalysis. Herein, modified SBA-15 serves as a substrate for loading three distinct POP clusters, thus forming heterogeneous catalysts for the Suzuki–Miyaura crosscoupling reaction. It is revealed that the copper-doped cluster shows better performance than the Fe- and Co-doped clusters due to the relatively high electronegativity of copper. Interestingly, all catalysts demonstrate enhanced performance under light illumination. density functional theory calculation suggests that an electron transfer from the bridging ligands to the Pd atoms takes place under illumination, which facilitates the reactions.
Sejong Open Cluster Survey (SOS). III. The Young Open Cluster NGC 1893 in the H II Region W8
Creators: name: Lim, Beomdu
name: Sung, Hwankyung
name: Kim, Jinyoung S.
name: Bessell, Michael S.
name: Park, Byeong-Gon
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a UBV I and H alpha photometric study of the young open cluster NGC 1893 in the H II region W8 (IC 410 or Sh 2-236). A total of 65 early-type members are selected from photometric diagrams. A mean reddening of the stars is = 0.563 +/- 0.083 mag. The published photometric data in the near- and mid-infrared passbands are used to test the reddening law toward the cluster, and we confirm that the reddening law is normal (R_V = 3.1). Zero-age main sequence fitting gives a distance modulus of V_0 - M_V = 12.7 +/- 0.2 mag, equivalent to 3.5 +/- 0.3 kpc. From H alpha photometry 125 H alpha emission stars and candidates are identified as pre-main sequence (PMS). The lists of young stellar objects and X-ray sources published by previous studies allow us to select a large number of PMS members down to 1 M_sun. Isochrone fitting in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram gives a turn-off age of 1.5 Myr and the median age of 1.9 Myr from the PMS members with a spread of 5 Myr. We derive the initial mass function (IMF) for stars with mass larger than 1 M_sun. The slope of the IMF (Gamma = -1.3 +/- 0.1) is well consistent with the Salpeter/Kroupa IMF. A total mass of the cluster appears to be in excess of 1,300 M_sun. Finally, we estimate the mass accretion rate of 82 PMS members in the mass range of 0.6 M_sun to 5 M_sun.
description: 23 pages, 15 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Regional Clustering of Shared Neutralization Determinants on Primary Isolates of Clade C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from South Africa
Creators: name: Morris, L.
name: Deers, M.
name: Bures, R.
name: Fiscus, S. A.
name: Williamson, C.
name: Montefiori, D. C.
name: Ramjee, G.
name: Abdool-Karim, S.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: Clade C is one of the most prevalent genetic subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the world today and one of the least studied with respect to neutralizing antibodies. Most information on HIV-1 serology as it relates to neutralization is derived from clade B. Clade C primary isolates of HIV-1 from South Africa and Malawi were shown here to resemble clade B isolates in their resistance to inhibition by soluble CD4 and their sensitivity to neutralization by human monoclonal antibody immunoglobulin G1b12 and, to a lesser extent, 2F5. Unlike clade B isolates, however, all 16 clade C isolates examined resisted neutralization by 2G12. Infection with clade C HIV-1 in a cohort of female sex workers in South Africa generated antibodies that neutralized the autologous clade C isolate and T-cell-line-adapted (TCLA) strains of clade B. Neutralization of clade B TCLA strains was much more sensitive to the presence of autologous gp120 V3 loop peptides compared to the neutralization of clade C isolates in most cases. Thus, the native structure of gp120 on primary isolates of clade C will likely pose a challenge for neutralizing antibody induction by candidate HIV-1 vaccines much the same as it has for clade B. The autologous neutralizing antibody response following primary infection with clade C HIV-1 in South Africa matured slowly, requiring at least 4 to 5 months to become detectable. Once detectable, extensive cross-neutralization of heterologous clade C isolates from South Africa was observed, suggesting an unusual degree of shared neutralization determinants at a regional level. This high frequency of cross-neutralization differed significantly from the ability of South African clade C serum samples to neutralize clade B isolates but did not differ significantly from results of other combinations of clade B and C reagents tested in checkerboard assays. Notably, two clade C serum samples obtained after less than 2 years of infection neutralized a broad spectrum of clade B and C isolates. Other individual serum samples showed a significant clade preference in their neutralizing activity. Our results suggest that clades B and C are each comprised of multiple neutralization serotypes, some of which are more clade specific than others. The clustering of shared neutralization determinants on clade C primary HIV-1 isolates from South Africa suggests that neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccines will have less epitope diversity to overcome at a regional level.
Replacement of the P1 Amino Acid of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Processing Sites Can Inhibit or Enhance the Rate of Cleavage by the Viral Protease
Creators: name: Swanstrom, R.
name: Pettit, S. C.
name: Henderson, G. J.
name: Schiffer, C. A.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: Processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag precursor is highly regulated, with differential rates of cleavage at the five major processing sites to give characteristic processing intermediates. We examined the role of the P1 amino acid in determining the rate of cleavage at each of these five sites by using libraries of mutants generated by site-directed mutagenesis. Between 12 and 17 substitution mutants were tested at each P1 position in Gag, using recombinant HIV-1 protease (PR) in an in vitro processing reaction of radiolabeled Gag substrate. There were three sites in Gag (MA/CA, CA/p2, NC/p1) where one or more substitutions mediated enhanced rates of cleavage, with an enhancement greater than 60-fold in the case of NC/p1. For the other two sites (p2/NC, p1/p6), the wild-type amino acid conferred optimal cleavage. The order of the relative rates of cleavage with the P1 amino acids Tyr, Met, and Leu suggests that processing sites can be placed into two groups and that the two groups are defined by the size of the P1′ amino acid. These results point to a trans effect between the P1 and P1′ amino acids that is likely to be a major determinant of the rate of cleavage at the individual sites and therefore also a determinant of the ordered cleavage of the Gag precursor.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection of Human Airway Epithelial Cells Is Polarized, Specific to Ciliated Cells, and without Obvious Cytopathology
Creators: name: Pickles, R. J.
name: Collins, P. L.
name: Zhang, L.
name: Boucher, R. C.
name: Peeples, M. E.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease requires efficient gene transfer to airway epithelial cells after intralumenal delivery. Most gene transfer vectors so far tested have not provided the efficiency required. Although human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a common respiratory virus, is known to infect the respiratory epithelium, the mechanism of infection and the epithelial cell type targeted by RSV have not been determined. We have utilized human primary airway epithelial cell cultures that generate a well-differentiated pseudostratified mucociliary epithelium to investigate whether RSV infects airway epithelium via the lumenal (apical) surface. A recombinant RSV expressing green fluorescent protein (rgRSV) infected epithelial cell cultures with high gene transfer efficiency when applied to the apical surface but not after basolateral inoculation. Analyses of the cell types infected by RSV revealed that lumenal columnar cells, specifically ciliated epithelial cells, were targeted by RSV and that cultures became susceptible to infection as they differentiated into a ciliated phenotype. In addition to infection of ciliated cells via the apical membrane, RSV was shed exclusively from the apical surface and spread to neighboring ciliated cells by the motion of the cilial beat. Gross histological examination of cultures infected with RSV revealed no evidence of obvious cytopathology, suggesting that RSV infection in the absence of an immune response can be tolerated for >3 months. Therefore, rgRSV efficiently transduced the airway epithelium via the lumenal surface and specifically targeted ciliated airway epithelial cells. Since rgRSV appears to breach the lumenal barriers encountered by other gene transfer vectors in the airway, this virus may be a good candidate for the development of a gene transfer vector for CF lung disease.
Systematic Assembly of a Full-Length Infectious cDNA of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Strain A59
Creators: name: Baric, R. S.
name: Weiss, S. R.
name: Denison, M. R.
name: Yount, B.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: A novel method was developed to assemble a full-length infectious cDNA of the group II coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59). Seven contiguous cDNA clones that spanned the 31.5-kb MHV genome were isolated. The ends of the cDNAs were engineered with unique junctions and assembled with only the adjacent cDNA subclones, resulting in an intact MHV-A59 cDNA construct of ∼31.5 kb in length. The interconnecting restriction site junctions that are located at the ends of each cDNA are systematically removed during the assembly of the complete full-length cDNA product, allowing reassembly without the introduction of nucleotide changes. RNA transcripts derived from the full-length MHV-A59 construct were infectious, although transfection frequencies were enhanced 10- to 15-fold in the presence of transcripts encoding the nucleocapsid protein N. Plaque-purified virus derived from the infectious construct replicated efficiently and displayed similar growth kinetics, plaque morphology, and cytopathology in murine cells as did wild-type MHV-A59. Molecularly cloned viruses recognized the MHV receptor (MHVR) for docking and entry, and pretreatment of cells with monoclonal antibodies against MHVR blocked virus entry and replication. Cells infected with molecularly cloned MHV-A59 virus expressed replicase (gene 1) proteins identical to those of laboratory MHV-A59. Importantly, the molecularly cloned viruses contained three marker mutations that had been derived from the engineered component clones. Full-length infectious constructs of MHV-A59 will permit genetic modifications of the entire coronavirus genome, particularly in the replicase gene. The method has the potential to be used to construct viral, microbial, or eukaryotic genomes approaching several million base pairs in length and used to insert restriction sites at any given nucleotide in a microbial genome.
Systemic, Mucosal, and Heterotypic Immune Induction in Mice Inoculated with Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Replicons Expressing Norwalk Virus-Like Particles
Creators: name: Harrington, P. R.
name: Johnston, R. E.
name: Davis, N.
name: Baric, R. S.
name: Moe, C.
name: Yount, B.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) are a diverse group of single-stranded, nonenveloped, positive-polarity RNA viruses and are the leading cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis in the United States. In this study, the major capsid gene of Norwalk virus, the prototype NLV, has been cloned and expressed in mammalian cells using a Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) replicon expression system. Upon infection of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells with VEE replicon particles (VRPs), the Norwalk virus capsid proteins self-assemble to generate high titers of Norwalk virus-like particles (VLPs) that are morphologically and antigenically analogous to wild-type Norwalk virus. Mice inoculated subcutaneously with VRPs expressing the Norwalk virus capsid protein (VRP-NV1) developed systemic and mucosal immune responses to Norwalk VLPs, as well as heterotypic antibody responses to the major capsid protein from another genogroup I NLV strain (NCFL) isolated from a recent outbreak. A second Norwalk virus capsid clone (NV2) containing three amino acid codon mutations from the NV1 clone was also expressed using VEE replicons (VRP-NV2), but upon infection of BHK cells failed to confer VLP self-assembly. Mice inoculated with VRP-NV2 elicited reduced systemic and mucosal immune responses to Norwalk VLPs, demonstrating the importance and potential utility of endogenous VLP presentation for maximum immune induction. Inoculation with either VRP-NV1 or VRP-NV2 resulted in serum antibody responses far superior to the induction in mice dosed orally with VLPs that were prepared using the VEE-NV1 replicon construct, a regimen similar to current models for NLV vaccination. Expression of NLV VLPs in mammalian cells offers a powerful approach for the design of novel NLV vaccines, either alone or in combination with current vaccination models.
The Epstein-Barr Virus Immediate-Early Protein BZLF1 Induces both a G2 and a Mitotic Block
Creators: name: Kaufmann, W.
name: Kenney, S.
name: Holley-Guthrie, E.
name: Mauser, A.
name: Simpson, D.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: The Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein BZLF1 is a transcriptional activator that mediates the switch from latent to lytic infection. Here we demonstrate that BZLF1 induces both a G2 block and a mitotic block in HeLa cells and inhibits chromosome condensation. While the G2 block is associated with decreased cyclin B1 in host cells and can be rescued by overexpression of cyclin B1, the mechanism for the mitotic defect is as yet undetermined.
[UPDATE] Relationship Norms of Influence: Partner Cross-Report Study
Creators: name: Jaeger, Margaret
Publisher: name: Open Science Framework
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Social and Behavioral Sciences
subject: Psychology
subject: FOS: Psychology
subject: Health Psychology
subject: Social Psychology

description: These materials reflect an amended list from the originally proposed materials for this project. The changes between this amended pre-registration and the original have been highlighted in yellow. No data was collected prior to these changes, which were spurred by reviewer request during an R&R for an associated manuscript.
Global Properties of M31's Stellar Halo from the SPLASH Survey: II. Metallicity Profile
Creators: name: Gilbert, Karoline M.
name: Kalirai, Jason S.
name: Guhathakurta, Puragra
name: Beaton, Rachael L.
name: Geha, Marla C.
name: Kirby, Evan N.
name: Majewski, Steven R.
name: Patterson, Richard J.
name: Tollerud, Erik J.
name: Bullock, James S.
name: Tanaka, Mikito
name: Chiba, Masashi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the metallicity distribution of red giant branch (RGB) stars in M31's stellar halo, derived from photometric metallicity estimates for over 1500 spectroscopically confirmed RGB halo stars. The stellar sample comes from 38 halo fields observed with the Keck/DEIMOS spectrograph, ranging from 9 to 175 kpc in projected distance from M31's center, and includes 52 confirmed M31 halo stars beyond 100 kpc. While a wide range of metallicities is seen throughout the halo, the metal-rich peak of the metallicity distribution function becomes significantly less prominent with increasing radius. The metallicity profile of M31's stellar halo shows a continuous gradient from 9 to ~100 kpc, with a magnitude of -0.01 dex/kpc. The stellar velocity distributions in each field are used to identify stars that are likely associated with tidal debris features. The removal of tidal debris features does not significantly alter the metallicity gradient in M31's halo: a gradient is maintained in fields spanning 10 to 90 kpc. We analyze the halo metallicity profile, as well as the relative metallicities of stars associated with tidal debris features and the underlying halo population, in the context of current simulations of stellar halo formation. We argue that the large scale gradient in M31's halo implies M31 accreted at least one relatively massive progenitor in the past, while the field to field variation seen in the metallicity profile indicates that multiple smaller progenitors are likely to have contributed substantially to M31's outer halo.
description: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. 21 pages, 16 figures
The Epstein-Barr Virus Immediate-Early Protein BZLF1 Induces Expression of E2F-1 and Other Proteins Involved in Cell Cycle Progression in Primary Keratinocytes and Gastric Carcinoma Cells
Creators: name: Holley-Guthrie, E.
name: Seaman, W. T.
name: Kenney, S.
name: Zanation, A.
name: Kaufmann, W.
name: Yarborough, W.
name: Klingelhutz, A.
name: Mauser, A.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immediate-early protein BZLF1 mediates the switch between the latent and lytic forms of EBV infection and has been previously shown to induce a G1/S block in cell cycle progression in some cell types. To examine the effect of BZLF1 on cellular gene expression, we performed microarray analysis on telomerase-immortalized human keratinocytes that were mock infected or infected with a control adenovirus vector (AdLacZ) or a vector expressing the EBV BZLF1 protein (AdBZLF1). Cellular genes activated by BZLF1 expression included E2F-1, cyclin E, Cdc25A, and a number of other genes involved in cell cycle progression. Immunoblot analysis confirmed that BZLF1 induced expression of E2F-1, cyclin E, Cdc25A, and stem loop binding protein (a protein known to be primarily expressed during S phase) in telomerase-immortalized keratinocytes. Similarly, BZLF1 increased expression of E2F-1, cyclin E, and stem loop binding protein (SLBP) in primary tonsil keratinocytes. In contrast, BZLF1 did not induce E2F-1 expression in normal human fibroblasts. Cell cycle analysis revealed that while BZLF1 dramatically blocked G1/S progression in normal human fibroblasts, it did not significantly affect cell cycle progression in primary human tonsil keratinocytes. Furthermore, in EBV-infected gastric carcinoma cells, the BZLF1-positive cells had an increased number of cells in S phase compared to the BZLF1-negative cells. Thus, in certain cell types (but not others), BZLF1 enhances expression of cellular proteins associated with cell cycle progression, which suggests that an S-phase-like environment may be advantageous for efficient lytic EBV replication in some cell types.
Building National Open Science Cloud Initiatives (NOSCIs) in Southeast Europe
Creators: name: Kanavou, Kalliopi
name: Kosanović, Biljana
name: Lenaki, Katerina
name: Papadopoulou, Elli
name: Papastamatiou, Ilias
name: Sifacaki, Electra
name: Ševkušić, Milica
name: Toli, Eleni
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: open science
national open science cloud initiatives
EOSC
scholarly communication

description: The National Initiatives for Open Science in Europe (NI4OS Europe) project supports the development of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) by contributing to its portfolio of services, by involving national and regional research communities in the EOSC governance, by strengthening open science (OS) practices, and by promoting the FAIR principles (Macan et al., 2020; Garavelli et al., 2021) to help build the infrastructure and create a favourable environment for open and intensive scholarly communication.
 The main instrument in achieving this is the network of 15 national Open Science Cloud Initiatives (NOSCIs) established in the partner countries as national-level coalitions of Open Science stakeholders that have a prominent role and interest in the EOSC. The concept of NOSCI has been developed in response to the specific traits and challenges in the targeted region, based on complex and multilayered analyses of stakeholders, policies, and local contexts (Toli et al., 2020). Inclusive by nature, NOSCIs connect stakeholders from across the research lifecycle at the national level and provide not only a testbed for the formulation of OS policies but also a forum for knowledge dissemination and sharing.
 Drawing on a secondary analysis of the abundant data collected and materials produced during the project, this presentation focuses on the challenges identified as the NOSCIs were built – from data collection in the context of landscaping (Kosanović & Ševkušić, 2019) and policy analysis, through concept development, to implementation, testing, and verification (use cases). It highlights the relationship between individual challenges and NOSCI elements that address these challenges.
 The challenges are largely owed to diversities within the region, most notably the varying levels of integration into European structures (of the 15 partner countries, eight are not EU members), linguistic diversity, different research governance systems, policy traditions, and available funding. The framework for NOSCI development, the so-called blueprint (Toli et al., 2020), was designed in full recognition of these diversities. It relies on three modular workflows (Toli et al., 2021) and gives maximum flexibility to countries or national initiatives while making sure that all locally specific aspects are addressed. We believe that the approach adopted by the NI4OS-Europe team could be applied in other highlydiversified environments, as has been demonstrated by the NI4OS-Europe use cases, thanks to the flexible mechanism of interaction between challenges and responses underlying the very concept of NOSCI.