Quadrulella symmetrica (Wallich 1864) Kosakyan, Lahr, Mulot, Meisterfeld, Mitchell and Lara
Creators: name: Kosakyan, Anush
name: Lahr, Daniel J. G.
name: Mulot, Matthieu
name: Meisterfeld, Ralf
name: Mitchell, Edward A. D.
name: Lara, Enrique
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Protozoa
Lobosa
Arcellinida
Paraquadrulidae
Quadrulella
Quadrulella symmetrica

description: <i>Quadrulella symmetrica</i> (Wallich 1864) Kosakyan, Lahr, Mulot, Meisterfeld, Mitchell and Lara (Fig. 3) 1863 <i>Difflugia proteiformis</i> var. <i>symmetrica</i> Wallich, An. Mag. Nat. Hist. xii: 458. 1864 <i>Difflugia pyriformis</i> var. <i>symmetrica</i> Wallich, An. Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii: 232. 1864 <i>Difflugia symmetrica</i> Wallich, An. Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii: 245. 1871 <i>Difflugia assulata</i> Ehrenberg, Abh. Ak. Wis. Berlin: 249. 1871 <i>Assulina assulata</i> Ehrenberg, Abh. Ak. Wis. Berlin: 246. 1871 <i>Difflugia carolensis</i> Ehrenberg, Abh. Ak. Wis. Berlin: 250. 1871 <i>Assulina leptolepis</i> Ehrenberg, Abh. Ak. Wis. Berlin: 246, 274. 1875 <i>Quadrula symmetrica</i> Schulze, Arch. mik. Anat.: 329. (homonym) <i>Updated description.</i> Test ovoid or pyriform, with a rounded posterior end, laterally compressed towards the pseudostome. Test colourless, composed of square plates, regularly arranged in rows. The plates are smaller near the aperture (4 <i>–</i> 5 µm), then gradually larger (reaching up to 10 <i>–</i> 12 µm) towards the posterior end of the test. Test length <i>=</i> 72 <i>–</i> 85 µm, breadth <i>=</i> 40 <i>–</i> 46 µm. Pseudostome 20 <i>–</i> 23 µm wide, often curved and bordered by a thin organic lip. <i>Differential diagnosis.</i> Morphologically very similar to <i>Q. variabilis</i>, from which it differs by the dimension of the test and the size of scale plates (L <i>=</i> 72 <i>–</i> 85 µm, maximum plate size 10 <i>–</i> 12 µm in <i>Q. symmetrica</i> versus L <i>=</i> 66 <i>–</i> 69 µm, maximum scale size 7 <i>–</i> 9 µm). It can be discriminated from <i>Q. madibai</i>, which has plates of similar size, based on its less slender and elongated test (L/ B ratio is 2.0 <i>–</i> 2.3 in <i>Q. madibai</i> versus 1.7 <i>–</i> 1.9 in <i>Q. symmetrica</i>). Moreover, the general outline of the test in <i>Q. madibai</i> is globally more tubular and does not present a distinct neck. Our molecular data clearly separate these two species (sequence divergence up to 10%). <i>Type.</i> Fig. 16 in Wallich, 1863 An. Mag. Nat. Hist. XII. <i>Notes. Q. symmetrica</i> is found in wet mosses (<i>Sphagnum</i> or other), water streams, forest litter and soil, from all continents, except Antarctica. Detailed morphological and molecular observations are needed to clarify the true position of all described forms.
description: Published as part of <i>Anush Kosakyan, Daniel J. G. Lahr, Matthieu Mulot, Ralf Meisterfeld, Edward A. D. Mitchell &amp; Enrique Lara, 2016, Phylogenetic reconstruction based on COI reshuffles the taxonomy of hyalosphenid shelled (testate) amoebae and reveals the convoluted evolution of shell plate shapes, pp. 606-623 in Cladistics 32</i> on page 620, DOI: 10.1111/cla.12167, http://zenodo.org/record/238712
description: {"references": ["Wallich, G. C., 1863. Further observations on the distinctive characters, habits, and reproductive phenomena of the Amoeban Rhizopods. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 12, 448 - 468."]}