cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Exoplanet Detection using Machine Learning
Creators: name: Malik, Abhishek
name: Moster, Benjamin P.
name: Obermeier, Christian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We introduce a new machine learning based technique to detect exoplanets using the transit method. Machine learning and deep learning techniques have proven to be broadly applicable in various scientific research areas. We aim to exploit some of these methods to improve the conventional algorithm based approaches presently used in astrophysics to detect exoplanets. Using the time-series analysis library TSFresh to analyse light curves, we extracted 789 features from each curve, which capture the information about the characteristics of a light curve. We then used these features to train a gradient boosting classifier using the machine learning tool lightgbm. This approach was tested on simulated data, which showed that is more effective than the conventional box least squares fitting (BLS) method. We further found that our method produced comparable results to existing state-of-the-art deep learning models, while being much more computationally efficient and without needing folded and secondary views of the light curves. For Kepler data, the method is able to predict a planet with an AUC of 0.948, so that 94.8 per cent of the true planet signals are ranked higher than non-planet signals. The resulting recall is 0.96, so that 96 per cent of real planets are classified as planets. For the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) data, we found our method can classify light curves with an accuracy of 0.98, and is able to identify planets with a recall of 0.82 at a precision of 0.63.
description: 10 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, submitted to MNRAS
Quantum electromechanics: Quantum tunneling near resonance and qubits from buckling nanobars
Creators: name: Savel'ev, Sergey
name: Hu, Xuedong
name: Kasumov, A.
name: Nori, Franco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Analyzing recent experimental results, we find similar behaviors and a deep analogy between three-junction superconducting qubits and suspended carbon nanotubes. When these different systems are ac-driven near their resonances, the resonance single-peak, observed at weak driving, splits into two sub-peaks (Fig. 1) when the driving increases. This unusual behavior can be explained by considering quantum tunneling in a double well potential for both systems. Inspired by these experiments, we propose a mechanical qubit based on buckling nanobars--a NEMS so small as to be quantum coherent. To establish buckling nanobars as legitimate candidates for qubits, we calculate the effective buckling potential that produces the two-level system and identify the tunnel coupling between the two local states. We propose different designs of nanomechanical qubits and describe how they can be manipulated. Also, we outline possible decoherence channels and detection schemes. A comparison between nanobars and well studied superconducting qubits suggests several future experiments on quantum electromechanics.
description: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 table
New Cosmology with Clusters of Galaxies
Creators: name: Schuecker, Peter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The review summarizes present and future applications of galaxy clusters to cosmology with emphasis on nearby X-ray clusters. The discussion includes the density of dark matter, the normalization of the matter power spectrum, neutrino masses, and especially the equation of state of the dark energy, the interaction between dark energy and ordinary matter, gravitational holography, and the effects of extra-dimensions.
description: 32 pages, 10 figures, invited review at the joint conference of the Czech Astron. Society and the Astron. Gesell. To appear in Reviews in Modern Astronomy 18 on "From Cosmolgical Structures to the Milky Way", ed. S. Roeser
Asymptotic symmetries of scalar electrodynamics and of the abelian Higgs model in Hamiltonian formulation
Creators: name: Tanzi, Roberto
name: Giulini, Domenico
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the asymptotic symmetry group of a scalar field minimally-coupled to an abelian gauge field using the Hamiltonian formulation. This extends previous work by Henneaux and Troessaert on the pure electromagnetic case. We deal with minimally coupled massive and massless scalar fields and find that they behave differently insofar as the latter do not allow for canonically implemented asymptotic boost symmetries. We also consider the abelian Higgs model and show that its asymptotic canonical symmetries reduce to the Poincaré group in an unproblematic fashion.
description: We have modified the first part of section 2 and expanded sections 4.4 and 4.5. In addition, we have corrected a few typos, including a wrong index in equation (2.7). The results and the conclusions are unchanged. Accepted on JHEP
From Ising model to Kitaev Chain -- An introduction to topological phase transitions
Creators: name: Chhajed, Kartik
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this general article, we map the one-dimensional transverse field quantum Ising model of ferromagnetism to Kitaev's one-dimensional p-wave superconductor, which has its application in fault-tolerant topological quantum computing. Mapping Pauli's spin operators of transverse Ising chain to spinless fermionic creation and annihilation operators by Inverse Jordan-Wigner transformation leads to a Hamiltonian form closely related to Kitaev Chain, which exhibits topological phase transition where phases are characterized by different topological invariant that changes discontinuously at the transition point. Kitaev Chain supports two Majorana zero modes (MZMs) in the non-trivial topological phase, while none is in the trivial phase. The doubly degenerate ground state of the transverse Ising in ferromagnetic phase corresponds to non-local free fermion degree made from MZMs. The quasi-particle excitations of Ising chain, viz., domain wall formation in the ferromagnetic phase and spin-flip in paramagnetic phase maps to Bogoliubon excitations. The mapping suggests that a non-local order parameter can be defined for Kitaev Chain to work with the usual paradigm of Landau's theory.
description: The manuscript has been accepted for publication by Resonance - Journal of Science
The Evolution of Gas-Phase Metallicity and Resolved Abundances in Star-forming Galaxies at $z \approx0.6-1.8$
Creators: name: Gillman, S.
name: Tiley, A. L.
name: Swinbank, A. M.
name: Dudzevičiūtė, U.
name: Sharples, R. M.
name: Smail, Ian
name: Harrison, C. M.
name: Bunker, Andrew J.
name: Bureau, Martin
name: Cirasuolo, M.
name: Magdis, Georgios E.
name: Mendel, Trevor
name: Stott, John P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present an analysis of the chemical abundance properties of $\approx$650 star-forming galaxies at $z \approx0.6-1.8$. Using integral-field observations from the $K$-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (KMOS), we quantify the [NII]/H$α$ emission-line ratio, a proxy for the gas-phase Oxygen abundance within the interstellar medium. We define the stellar mass-metallicity relation at $z \approx0.6-1.0$ and $z \approx1.2-1.8$ and analyse the correlation between the scatter in the relation and fundamental galaxy properties (e.g. H$α$ star-formation rate, H$α$ specific star-formation rate, rotation dominance, stellar continuum half-light radius and Hubble-type morphology). We find that for a given stellar mass, more highly star-forming, larger and irregular galaxies have lower gas-phase metallicities, which may be attributable to their lower surface mass densities and the higher gas fractions of irregular systems. We measure the radial dependence of gas-phase metallicity in the galaxies, establishing a median, beam smearing-corrected, metallicity gradient of $ ΔZ/ ΔR=0.002 \pm0.004$ dex kpc$^{-1}$, indicating on average there is no significant dependence on radius. The metallicity gradient of a galaxy is independent of its rest-frame optical morphology, whilst correlating with its stellar mass and specific star-formation rate, in agreement with an inside-out model of galaxy evolution, as well as its rotation dominance. We quantify the evolution of metallicity gradients, comparing the distribution of $ΔZ/ ΔR$ in our sample with numerical simulations and observations at $z \approx0-3$. Galaxies in our sample exhibit flatter metallicity gradients than local star-forming galaxies, in agreement with numerical models in which stellar feedback plays a crucial role redistributing metals.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Comments welcome. 20 pages, 12 figures. Revised version with updated introduction and FMR evolution following comments
Time Series Change Point Detection with Self-Supervised Contrastive Predictive Coding
Creators: name: Deldari, Shohreh
name: Smith, Daniel V.
name: Xue, Hao
name: Salim, Flora D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Change Point Detection (CPD) methods identify the times associated with changes in the trends and properties of time series data in order to describe the underlying behaviour of the system. For instance, detecting the changes and anomalies associated with web service usage, application usage or human behaviour can provide valuable insights for downstream modelling tasks. We propose a novel approach for self-supervised Time Series Change Point detection method based onContrastivePredictive coding (TS-CP^2). TS-CP^2 is the first approach to employ a contrastive learning strategy for CPD by learning an embedded representation that separates pairs of embeddings of time adjacent intervals from pairs of interval embeddings separated across time. Through extensive experiments on three diverse, widely used time series datasets, we demonstrate that our method outperforms five state-of-the-art CPD methods, which include unsupervised and semi-supervisedapproaches. TS-CP^2 is shown to improve the performance of methods that use either handcrafted statistical or temporal features by 79.4% and deep learning-based methods by 17.0% with respect to the F1-score averaged across the three datasets.
description: Accepted at The WEB Conference 2021 (WWW'21)
Specific heat of thin $^4$He films on graphite
Creators: name: Boninsegni, Massimo
name: Moroni, Saverio
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The specific heat of a two-layer He-4 film adsorbed on a graphite substrate is estimated as a function of temperature by Quantum Monte Carlo simulations. The results are consistent with recent experimental observations, in that they broadly reproduce their most important features. However, neither the "supersolid" nor the "superfluid hexatic" phases, of which experimental data are claimed to be evidence, are observed. It is contended that heat capacity measurements alone may not be a good predictor of structural and superfluid transitions in this system, as their interpretation is often ambiguous.
description: Replaced with published version
Simultaneous Amplitude and Phase Measurement for Periodic Optical Signals Using Time-Resolved Optical Filtering
Creators: name: Ho, KeangPo
name: Wang, Hsi-Cheng
name: Chen, Hau-Kai
name: Wu, Cheng-Chen
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Time-resolved optical filtering (TROF) measures the spectrogram or sonogram by a fast photodiode followed a tunable narrowband optical filter. For periodic signal and to match the sonogram, numerical TROF algorithm is used to find the original complex electric field or equivalently both the amplitude and phase. For phase-modulated optical signals, the TROF algorithm is initiated using the craters and ridges of the sonogram.
description: 10 pages, 5 figures
A single-shot measurement of time-dependent diffusion over sub-millisecond timescales using static field gradient NMR
Creators: name: Cai, Teddy X.
name: Williamson, Nathan H.
name: Witherspoon, Velencia J.
name: Ravin, Rea
name: Basser, Peter J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantitative Methods (q-bio.QM)
subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Time-dependent diffusion behavior is probed over sub-millisecond timescales in a single shot using an NMR static gradient, time-incremented echo train acquisition (SG-TIETA) framework. The method extends the Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) cycle under a static field gradient by discretely incrementing the $π$-pulse spacings to simultaneously avoid off-resonance effects and probe a range of timescales ($50 - 500$ microseconds). Pulse spacings are optimized based on a derived ruleset. The remaining effects of pulse inaccuracy are examined and found to be consistent across pure liquids of different diffusivities: water, decane, and octanol-1. A pulse accuracy correction is developed. Instantaneous diffusivity, $D_{\mathrm{inst}}(t)$, curves (i.e., half of the time derivative of the mean-squared displacement in the gradient direction), are recovered from pulse accuracy-corrected SG-TIETA decays using a model-free, log-linear least squares inversion method validated by Monte Carlo simulations. A signal-averaged, 1-minute experiment is described. A flat $D_{\mathrm{inst}}(t)$ is measured on pure dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane whereas decreasing $D_{\mathrm{inst}}(t)$ are measured on yeast suspensions, consistent with the expected short-time $D_{\mathrm{inst}}(t)$ behavior for confining microstructural barriers on the order of microns.
description: 7 pages, 6 figures + Supplementary Material
Superfluid-insulator transition in a periodically driven optical lattice
Creators: name: Eckardt, Andre
name: Weiss, Christoph
name: Holthaus, Martin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We demonstrate that the transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulator in the Bose-Hubbard model can be induced by an oscillating force through an effective renormalization of the tunneling matrix element. The mechanism involves adiabatic following of Floquet states, and can be tested experimentally with Bose-Einstein condensates in periodically driven optical lattices. Its extension from small to very large systems yields nontrivial information on the condensate dynamics.
description: 4 pages, 4 figures, RevTeX
Reconstructing Patchy Reionization with Deep Learning
Creators: name: Guzman, Eric
name: Meyers, Joel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The precision anticipated from next-generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) surveys will create opportunities for characteristically new insights into cosmology. Secondary anisotropies of the CMB will have an increased importance in forthcoming surveys, due both to the cosmological information they encode and the role they play in obscuring our view of the primary fluctuations. Quadratic estimators have become the standard tools for reconstructing the fields that distort the primary CMB and produce secondary anisotropies. While successful for lensing reconstruction with current data, quadratic estimators will be sub-optimal for the reconstruction of lensing and other effects at the expected sensitivity of the upcoming CMB surveys. In this paper we describe a convolutional neural network, ResUNet-CMB, that is capable of the simultaneous reconstruction of two sources of secondary CMB anisotropies, gravitational lensing and patchy reionization. We show that the ResUNet-CMB network significantly outperforms the quadratic estimator at low noise levels and is not subject to the lensing-induced bias on the patchy reionization reconstruction that would be present with a straightforward application of the quadratic estimator.
description: 14 pages, 9 figures. Updated to match published version. Code available from https://github.com/EEmGuzman/resunet-cmb
Discussion of a Hupa word meaning 'holiday'
Creators: name: Parker, Verdena
name: Lee-Wynant, Tyler
name: Spence, Justin
Publisher: name: California Language Archive, University of California, Berkeley
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: hup

description: Audio file VP-201217-03: discussion of a Hupa word meaning 'holiday' from a translingual folk etymology involving English 'holler', based on a note from page 146 of Homer G. Barnett's Hupa notebook (National Anthropological Archives, Homer Garner Barnett Papers 1934-1973, Series 3, notebook 2).
Quantum secure direct communication without using perfect quantum channel
Creators: name: Wang, Jian
name: Zhang, Quan
name: Tang, Chao-jing
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Most of the quantum secure direct communication protocol needs a pre-established secure quantum channel. Only after insuring the security of quantum channel, could the sender encode the secret message and send them to the receiver through the secure channel. In this paper, we present a quantum secure direct communication protocol using Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs. It is not necessary for the present protocol to insure the security of quantum channel before transmitting the secret message. In the present protocol, all Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pairs are used to transmit the secret message except those chosen for eavesdropping check.
Unravelling the role of coherence in the first law of quantum thermodynamics
Creators: name: Bernardo, Bertúlio de Lima
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: One of the fundamental questions in the emerging field of quantum thermodynamics is the role played by coherence in energetic processes that occur at the quantum level. Here, we address this issue by investigating two different quantum versions of the first law of thermodynamics, derived from the classical definitions of work and heat. By doing so, we find out that there exists a mathematical inconsistency between both scenarios. We further show that the energetic contribution of the dynamics of coherence is the key ingredient to establish the consistency. Some examples involving two-level atomic systems are discussed in order to illustrate our findings.
description: 11 pages, 2 figures
Money and the Scale of Cooperation
Creators: name: Bigoni, Maria
name: Camera, Gabriele
name: Casari, Marco
Publisher: name: Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna
Year: 2015
Subjects: SECS-P/02 Politica economica

description: This study reveals the existence of a causal link between the availability of money and an expanded scale of interaction. We constructed an experiment where participants chose the group size, either a low-value partnership or a high-value group of strangers, and then faced an intertemporal cooperative task. Theoretically, a monetary system was inessential to achieve cooperation. Empirically, without a working monetary system, participants were reluctant to expand the scale of interaction; and when they did, they ended up destroying surplus compared to partnerships, because
cooperation collapsed in large groups. This economic failure was reversed only when participants managed to concurrently develop a stable monetary system.
The ion cyclotron parametric turbulence and anomalous convective transport of the inhomogeneous plasma in front of the fast wave antenna
Creators: name: Mikhailenko, V. S.
name: Mikhailenko, V. V.
name: Lee, Hae June
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The theory of the ion cyclotron (IC) electrostatic parametric instabilities of the inhomogeneous plasma which are driven by the inhomogeneous electric field of the fast wave (FW) in front of FW antenna is developed. It is found that the spatial inhomogeneity of the parametric IC turbulence and of the drift turbulence is at the origin of the flows which transport a large part of FW power, deposited to the pedestal plasma, to the scrape-off layer and later to the divertor mostly along field lines.
description: 13 pages
Enhanced monitoring of atmospheric methane from space over the Permian basin with hierarchical Bayesian inference
Creators: name: Roberts, C
name: Shorttle, O
name: Mandel, K
name: Jones, M
name: Ijzermans, R
name: Hirst, B
name: Jonathan, P
Publisher: name: IOP Publishing
Year: 2022
Subjects: methane emissions
Bayesian inference
remote sensing
atmospheric chemistry
climate change

description: Methane is a strong greenhouse gas, with a higher radiative forcing per unit mass and shorter atmospheric lifetime than carbon dioxide. The remote sensing of methane in regions of industrial activity is a key step toward the accurate monitoring of emissions that drive climate change. Whilst the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board the Sentinal-5P satellite is capable of providing daily global measurement of methane columns, data are often compromised by cloud cover. Here, we develop a statistical model which uses nitrogen dioxide concentration data from TROPOMI to efficiently predict values of methane columns, expanding the average daily spatial coverage of observations of the Permian basin from 16% to 88% in the year 2019. The addition of predicted methane abundances at locations where direct observations are not available will support inversion methods for estimating methane emission rates at shorter timescales than is currently possible.
A Search for Very Active Stars in the Galaxy
Creators: name: Tsarevsky, G.
name: Pacheco, J. A. De Freitas
name: Kardashev, N.
name: De Laverny, P.
name: Thévenin, Frédéric
name: Slee, O. B.
name: Stathakis, R. A.
name: Barsukova, E.
name: Goransky, V.
name: Komberg, B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report the first results of a systematic search near the plane of the Galaxy for the so called very active stars (VAS), which are characterized by a hard X-ray spectrum and activity in the radio domain. Candidates with hard X-ray binary-like spectra have been selected from the Bright ROSAT Source Catalogue in the Zone of Avoidance ($| b | < 20{^o}$) and were tentatively identified in GB6/PMM/NVSS radio surveys. Most of them were observed with the ATCA and VLA. Precise radio coordinates have led to unambiguous optical identification for 60 candidates, and a sub-sample of five of themhas been observed with the VLT. Also some discovery and confirmatory spectra were obtained with the AAT (4-m) and BTA (6-m). Spectroscopy with moderate dispersion, made with the FORS1 spectrograph of the VLT has revealed two stellar objects (one of them, VASC J1628-41, is definitivelya binary VAS), one new AGN and two featureless spectrum sources. One of these objects, VASC J1353-66, shows a marginal evidence of proper motion, which, if confirmed, would imply the discovery of a new type of galactic source.
description: to appear in A&A, 7 figures
Monitoring institutions in indefinitely repeated games
Creators: name: Camera, Gabriele
name: Casari, Marco
Publisher: name: Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna
Year: 2015
Subjects: SECS-P/02 Politica economica

description: Does monitoring past conduct facilitate intertemporal cooperation? We designed an experiment characterized by strategic uncertainty and multiple equilibria where coordinating on the efficient outcome is a challenge. Participants, interacting anonymously in a group, could pay a cost either to obtain information about their counterparts, or to create a freely available public record of individual conduct. Both monitoring institutions were actively employed. However, groups were unable to attain higher levels of cooperation compared to a treatment without monitoring.
Information about past conduct alone thus appears to be ineffective in overcoming coordination challenges.
Searching for the Gardner transition in glassy glycerol
Creators: name: Albert, Samuel
name: Biroli, Giulio
name: Ladieu, François
name: Tourbot, Roland
name: Urbani, Pierfrancesco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We search for a Gardner transition in glassy glycerol, a standard molecular glass, measuring the third harmonics cubic susceptibility $χ_3^{(3)}$ from slightly below the usual glass transition temperature down to $10K$. According to the mean field picture, if local motion within the glass were becoming highly correlated due to the emergence of a Gardner phase then $χ_3^{(3)}$, which is analogous to the dynamical spin-glass susceptibility, should increase and diverge at the Gardner transition temperature $T_G$. We find instead that upon cooling $| χ_3^{(3)} |$ decreases by several orders of magnitude and becomes roughly constant in the regime $100K-10K$. We rationalize our findings by assuming that the low temperature physics is described by localized excitations weakly interacting via a spin-glass dipolar pairwise interaction in a random magnetic field. Our quantitative estimations show that the spin-glass interaction is twenty to fifty times smaller than the local random field contribution, thus rationalizing the absence of the spin-glass Gardner phase. This hints at the fact that a Gardner phase may be suppressed in standard molecular glasses, but it also suggests ways to favor its existence in other amorphous solids and by changing the preparation protocol.
description: 9 pages, 5 figures
Gender quotas or girls’ networks? Towards an understanding of recruitment in the research profession in Italy
Creators: name: Checchi, Daniele
name: Cicognani, Simona
name: Kulic, Nevena
Publisher: name: Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna
Year: 2015
Subjects: SECS-P/02 Politica economica

description: This article investigates the role of the gender composition of selection committees and networks in promoting women in research activities. We exploit a novel data set on recruitment processes at entry-level research positions in a leading Italian research centre that mainly operates in hard science. We find some evidence of discrimination against women at non-tenured entry levels, which is attenuated (or even reversed) by the presence of a woman on the selection committee. However, the most important predictor for recruitment seems to be previous connections with the research centre, which also serves as an important mechanism for women to enter the research profession. We conclude that quotas could be a solution for gender-biased preferences towards same-sex candidates in selection committees for non-tenure-track positions. Moreover, more gender-neutral networks would be another mechanism to bring more equality between men and women in research.
Entropy: From Black Holes to Ordinary Systems
Creators: name: Badiali, J. P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Several results of black holes thermodynamics can be considered as firmly founded and formulated in a very general manner. From this starting point we analyse in which way these results may give us the opportunity to gain a better understanding in the thermodynamics of ordinary systems for which a pre-relativistic description is sufficient. First, we investigated the possibility to introduce an alternative definition of the entropy basically related to a local definition of the order in a spacetime model rather than a counting of microstates. We show that such an alternative approach exists and leads to the traditional results provided an equilibrium condition is assumed. This condition introduces a relation between a time interval and the reverse of the temperature. We show that such a relation extensively used in the black hole theory, mainly as a mathematical trick, has a very general and physical meaning here; in particular its derivation is not related to the existence of a canonical density matrix. Our dynamical approach of thermodynamic equilibrium allows us to establish a relation between action and entropy and we show that an identical relation exists in the case of black holes. The derivation of such a relation seems impossible in the Gibbs ensemble approach of statistical thermodynamics. From these results we suggest that the definition of entropy in terms of order in spacetime should be more general that the Boltzmann one based on a counting of microstates. Finally we point out that these results are obtained by reversing the traditional route going from the Schrödinger equation to statistical thermodynamics.
title: Evaluation of the FHWA Highway Traffic Noise Prediction Procedure
title: (SNAP 1)
titleType: Subtitle
title: [Jan. 1980]
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Agent, Kenneth R.
Publisher: name: Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky
Year: 1980
Subjects: subject: Transportation Engineering

description: Traffic noise prediction procedures are used in the design of new highways to determine if noise is limited to specific levels. A previous study evaluated the procedure outlined in NCHRP Report 117 and developed a correction factor which was incorporated into Kentucky's noise prediction procedure. This adjusted NCHRP 117 procedure has been used in Kentucky for the past several years. The Federal Highway Administration has developed a new procedure to predict traffic noise levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the new prediction procedure, designated as SNAP 1.  Comparisons of measured and predicted noise levels showed that predictions obtained from SNAP 1 yield better results than from the adjusted NCHRP 117 procedure. Therefore, it is recommended that the SNAP 1 prediction procedure be adopted. There is no need for a general correction factor; however, adjustments to specific portions of the procedure may be necessary to optimize the predictions.
AdCo: Adversarial Contrast for Efficient Learning of Unsupervised Representations from Self-Trained Negative Adversaries
Creators: name: Hu, Qianjiang
name: Wang, Xiao
name: Hu, Wei
name: Qi, Guo-Jun
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Contrastive learning relies on constructing a collection of negative examples that are sufficiently hard to discriminate against positive queries when their representations are self-trained. Existing contrastive learning methods either maintain a queue of negative samples over minibatches while only a small portion of them are updated in an iteration, or only use the other examples from the current minibatch as negatives. They could not closely track the change of the learned representation over iterations by updating the entire queue as a whole, or discard the useful information from the past minibatches. Alternatively, we present to directly learn a set of negative adversaries playing against the self-trained representation. Two players, the representation network and negative adversaries, are alternately updated to obtain the most challenging negative examples against which the representation of positive queries will be trained to discriminate. We further show that the negative adversaries are updated towards a weighted combination of positive queries by maximizing the adversarial contrastive loss, thereby allowing them to closely track the change of representations over time. Experiment results demonstrate the proposed Adversarial Contrastive (AdCo) model not only achieves superior performances (a top-1 accuracy of 73.2\% over 200 epochs and 75.7\% over 800 epochs with linear evaluation on ImageNet), but also can be pre-trained more efficiently with fewer epochs.
description: Appendices with more results on symmetric loss, different numbers of negative samples, computing costs is presented. We also discuss "whether we still need negative examples" in Appendix C, a question emerging from the comparison with the BYOL. The source code is also available at https://github.com/maple-research-lab/AdCo/
Self-similar and charged spheres in the diffusion approximation
Creators: name: Barreto, W.
name: Da Silva, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study spherical, charged and self--similar distributions of matter in the diffusion approximation. We propose a simple, dynamic but physically meaningful solution. For such a solution we obtain a model in which the distribution becomes static and changes to dust. The collapse is halted with damped mass oscillations about the absolute value of the total charge.
description: 15 pages, 7 figures
Transcription of the narration of Reel #3 (collection LA 256)
Creators: name: Parker, Verdena
name: Lee-Wynant, Tyler
name: Spence, Justin
Publisher: name: California Language Archive, University of California, Berkeley
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: hup

description: Audio files VP-201217-02a/c: transcription of VP-180317-09 (narration of Reel #3 from the LA 256 collection at SCOIL, one of six reels of 8mm film created by Verdena in the 1960s, featuring scenes of everyday life around Hoopa Valley as well as Brush Dances), from start to 4:01. Due to re-numbering, Reel #3 has been assigned the CLA item number LA 256.042.
title: Evaluation of the FHWA Highway Traffic Noise Prediction Procedure
title: (SNAP 1)
titleType: Subtitle
title: [Oct. 1980]
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Agent, Kenneth R.
Publisher: name: Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky
Year: 1980
Subjects: subject: Transportation Engineering

description: Traffic noise prediction procedures are used in the design of new highways to determine if noise is limited to specific levels. A previous study evaluated the procedure outlined in NCHRP Report 117 and developed a correction factor which was incorporated into Kentucky's noise prediction procedure. This adjusted NCHRP 117 procedure has been used in Kentucky for the past several years. The Federal Highway Administration has developed a new procedure to predict traffic noise levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the new prediction procedure, designated as SNAP 1.  Comparisons of measured and predicted noise levels showed that predictions obtained from SNAP 1 yield better results than from the adjusted NCHRP 117 procedure. Therefore, it was recommended that the SNAP 1 prediction procedure be adopted. There is no need for a general correction factor; however, adjustments to specific portions of the procedure may be necessary to optimize the predictions.
Temperature-sensitive Soft Microgels at Interfaces: Air-Water versus Oil-Water
Creators: name: Bochenek, Steffen
name: Scotti, Andrea
name: Richtering, Walter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The formation of smart emulsions or foams whose stability can be controlled on-demand by switching external parameters is of great interest for basic research and applications. An emerging group of smart stabilizers are microgels, which are nano- and micro-sized, three-dimensional polymer networks that are swollen by a good solvent. In the last decades, the influence of various external stimuli on the two-dimensional phase behavior of microgels at air- and oil-water interfaces has been studied. However, the impact of the top-phase itself has been barely considered. Here, we present data that directly address the influence of the top-phase on the microgel properties at interfaces. The dimensions of pNIPAM microgels are measured after deposition from two interfaces, i.e., air- and decane-water. While the total in-plane size of the microgel increases with increasing interfacial tension, the portions or fractions of the microgels situated in the aqueous phase are not affected. We correlate the area microgels occupy to the surface tensions of the interfaces, which allows to estimate an elastic modulus. In comparison to nanoindentation measurements, we observe a larger elastic modulus for the microgels. By combining compression, deposition, and visualization, we show that the two-dimensional phase behavior of the microgel monolayers is not altered, although the microgels have a larger total in-plane size at higher interfacial tension. A peer reviewed and extended version of this preprint and the electronic supplementary information can be found under S.~Bochenek, A.~Scotti, W.~Richtering, \textit{Soft Matter}, 2020, DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01774d.
Qualitative Research, Patient and Public Involvement in Medical Research: Coproduction and Co-design
Creators: name: Louise, Locock
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023

description: This is part of the AIM RSF seminar series delivered by Prof. Louise Locock from the University of Aberdeen It discussed how biomedical research policy in many countries has adopted the principle of making research more patient-focused - it look into how different approaches such as patient and public involvement/engagement (PPIE), qualitative research, participatory research, co-design and co-production sit alongside each other, but seems contentious and unclear. This seminar seek to contribute to this debate by exploring boundaries and overlaps between them.
Qualitative Research, Patient and Public Involvement in Medical Research: Coproduction and Co-design
Creators: name: Louise, Locock
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: This is part of the AIM RSF seminar series delivered by Prof. Louise Locock from the University of Aberdeen It discussed how biomedical research policy in many countries has adopted the principle of making research more patient-focused - it look into how different approaches such as patient and public involvement/engagement (PPIE), qualitative research, participatory research, co-design and co-production sit alongside each other, but seems contentious and unclear. This seminar seek to contribute to this debate by exploring boundaries and overlaps between them.
Scale‐sensitive marine law and policy design: towards ecosystem‐based management across spatial and temporal scales
Creators: name: Macpherson, E.
name: Mortiaux, Rachael
name: Jorgensen, Eric
Publisher: name: NIWA-hosted NSCs: Deep South and Sustainable Seas National Science Challenges
Year: 2024
Subjects: classificationCode: 480203
subject: Environmental law

description: Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is promoted in scholarly literature and international policy as a way to improve marine ecosystem outcomes, through the integration of marine law and policies across sectors, communities, and scales. A legal and policy framework that supports EBM at appropriate temporal and spatial scales is fundamental to the successful deployment of EBM. However, marine management is typically fragmented and misaligned, with a range of laws, policies, governance institutions, and sectoral frameworks applying to different marine spaces and working on varying timescales. In this focus article, we draw on our comprehensive study of Aotearoa New Zealand's marine law and policy to analyze the challenges scale mismatches present for marine law and policy implementation, focusing on key policy areas across fisheries, environment, conservation, and Indigenous rights and interests. We identify key opportunities to better align marine law and policy to ecosystem scale dynamics, revealing critical lessons for the imperative of scale-sensitive marine law and policy design, globally.
Deep Hiearchical Multi-Label Classification Applied to Chest X-Ray Abnormality Taxonomies
Creators: name: Chen, Haomin
name: Miao, Shun
name: Xu, Daguang
name: Hager, Gregory D.
name: Harrison, Adam P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: CXRs are a crucial and extraordinarily common diagnostic tool, leading to heavy research for CAD solutions. However, both high classification accuracy and meaningful model predictions that respect and incorporate clinical taxonomies are crucial for CAD usability. To this end, we present a deep HMLC approach for CXR CAD. Different than other hierarchical systems, we show that first training the network to model conditional probability directly and then refining it with unconditional probabilities is key in boosting performance. In addition, we also formulate a numerically stable cross-entropy loss function for unconditional probabilities that provides concrete performance improvements. Finally, we demonstrate that HMLC can be an effective means to manage missing or incomplete labels. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to apply HMLC to medical imaging CAD. We extensively evaluate our approach on detecting abnormality labels from the CXR arm of the PLCO dataset, which comprises over $198,000$ manually annotated CXRs. When using complete labels, we report a mean AUC of 0.887, the highest yet reported for this dataset. These results are supported by ancillary experiments on the PadChest dataset, where we also report significant improvements, 1.2% and 4.1% in AUC and AP, respectively over strong "flat" classifiers. Finally, we demonstrate that our HMLC approach can much better handle incompletely labelled data. These performance improvements, combined with the inherent usefulness of taxonomic predictions, indicate that our approach represents a useful step forward for CXR CAD.
Polarization and frequency disentanglement of photons via stochastic polarization mode dispersion
Creators: name: Poon, Phoenix S. Y.
name: Law, C. K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the quantum decoherence of frequency and polarization variables of photons via polarization mode dispersion in optical fibers. By observing the analogy between the propagation equation of the field and the Schrödinger equation, we develop a master equation under Markovian approximation and analytically solve for the field density matrix. We identify distinct decay behaviors for the polarization and frequency variables for single-photon and two-photon states. For the single photon case, purity functions indicate that complete decoherence for each variable is possible only for infinite fiber length. For entangled two-photon states passing through separate fibers, entanglement associated with each variable can be completely destroyed after characteristic finite propagation distances. In particular, we show that frequency disentanglement is independent of the initial polarization status. For propagation of two photons in a common fiber, the evolution of a polarization singlet state is addressed. We show that while complete polarization disentanglement occurs at a finite propagation distance, frequency entanglement could survive at any finite distance for gaussian states.
description: 2 figures
A Compact High Frequency Voltage Amplifier for Superconductor-Semiconductor Logic Interface
Creators: name: Razmkhah, Sasan
name: Bozbey, Ali
name: Febvre, Pascal
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The many advantages of cryogenically-cooled Single-Flux Quantum (SFQ) circuits imply that the high speed and low voltage output signals must be amplified and interfaced with standard electronics. State-of-the-art low-noise and wide-band amplifiers are required to interface with room temperature electronics. One solution is to place preamplifiers at the cryogenic stage, which requires specific semiconductor design and fabrication. However, a more viable and energy-efficient approach is to integrate the pulsed logic circuit output stages with on-chip superconductor preamplifiers. We designed, fabricated, and tested an on-chip compact voltage multiplier integrated with the output stage of SFQ circuits to increase the voltage amplitude of SFQ pulses. The circuit is designed with the same technology as the logic circuit hence its noise level is lower, and it works at higher frequencies compared to CMOS amplifiers and due to quantized nature of it there is no added noise. The fabricated circuit has a compact size of 160 um x 320um and provides about 10 dB gain with measured 600 uV output voltage at frequencies up to ~25 GHz in simulations. By stacking more levels, over 20 dB gain at circuit level is achievable as shown in simulations. Moreover the gain of the superconductor voltage amplifier is quantized and programmable.
On the Degeneracy of Spin Ice Graphs, and its Estimate via the Bethe Permanent
Creators: name: Caravelli, Francesco
name: Saccone, Michael
name: Nisoli, Cristiano
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The concept of spin ice can be extended to a general graph. We study the degeneracy of spin ice graph on arbitrary interaction structures via graph theory. Via the mapping of spin ices to the Ising model, we clarify whether the inverse mapping is possible via a modified Krausz construction. From the gauge freedom of frustrated Ising systems, we derive exact, general results about frustration and degeneracy. We demonstrate for the first time that every spin ice graph, with the exception of the 1D Ising model, is degenerate. We then study how degeneracy scales in size, using the mapping between Eulerian trails and spin ice manifolds, and a permanental identity for the number of Eulerian orientations. We show that the Bethe permanent technique provides both an estimate and a lower bound to the frustration of spin ices on arbitrary graphs of even degree. While such technique can be used also to obtain an upper bound, we find that in all the examples we studied but one, another upper bound based on Schrijver inequality is tighter.
description: 12 pages double column; result unchanged, paper clarified