cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Part One: A Review of Similarities and Contrasts Between American Antitrust and European Union Competition Law
Creators: name: Antitrust Committee, ABCNY
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2004

description: On the eve of the expansion of the European Union to no fewer than twenty-five countries comprising more than 380 million consumers, it is inevitably the case that more and more American corporations will find the way they do business to be influenced by the European Union’s competition law regime. It is, therefore, increasingly important for United States corporations and their legal counsel to understand not only the key differences in the U.S. antitrust and E.U. competition enforcement regimes, but why those differences exist and how they matter to a corporation’s day-to-day business conduct. As Judge Wood notes, both the U.S. and the E.U. systems are based on principles that free markets and full-throated competition will produce the best mixture of goods and services in the most efficient way. Within this broad umbrella of philosophical agreement, however, important differences exist. This Article explores recent developments in three such areas: (i) the treatment of single-firm conduct; (ii) regulation of “gray market” or parallel imports by the European Union, and (iii) analysis of the risk of coordinated effects in merger reviews. This analysis reveals that, while areas of convergence in substantive analysis do exist, the type of economic analysis that is characteristic of recent U.S. antitrust developments has been constrained in the European Union by two unique political imperatives: the objective of integrating diverse national markets into a “single market,” while in the process protecting small- and medium-sized enterprises. As alluded to in Judge Wood’s remarks, both of these objectives are steeped in history and thus likely to remain significant factors forming the development of E.U. competition law.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2004 No. 2
Perturbative theory of the non-equilibrium singlet-triplet transition
Creators: name: Horvath, B.
name: Lazarovits, B.
name: Zarand, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study equilibrium and non-equilibrium properties of a two-level quantum dot close to the singlet-triplet transition. We treat the on-site Coulomb interaction and Hund's rule coupling perturbatively within the Keldysh formalism. We compute the spectral functions and the differential conductance of the dot. For moderate interactions our perturbative approach captures the Kondo effect and many of the experimentally observed properties.
description: Contribution to the proceedings of ICM2009 (International Conference on Magnetism)
Antitrust and the Regulatory Enterprise
Creators: name: Hovenkamp, Herbert
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2004

description: Since before the Middle Ages economic policy in western society has gone through cycles of greater and lesser confidence in markets. When confidence is low, the government intervenes with everything from price regulations and output limitations to licensing restrictions on new firms. Often economists are not very sensitive to this very long and cyclical history. They write as if today we finally have the right answers. But just as certainly as the strongly pro-market period of classical political economy was followed by Progressivism in the 1920s and the New Deal in the 1930s, so too the strong free market ideologies of today will someday yield to renewed interest in regulation. This cyclical history inclines people to view antitrust and regulation as competing models for determining the appropriate scope of state intervention in the micro-economy. At the margin they certainly are competing, because we are never certain about where the boundary lies. However, a better way to view the two enterprises is as complementary products. We live in a world in which the great majority of markets clear at efficient, or something close to efficient, levels of output. Even now though, a few markets are exceptional. Because of serious imperfections–chiefly imbalances of information, free rider problems, and significant scale economies–some markets fail to clear at efficient levels, at least within the time frame that our government thinks is appropriate.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2004 No. 2
Using Economics to Improve Economic Policy
Creators: name: Carlton, Dennis W.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2004

description: Economics can make sure that antitrust is grounded in logical analysis but antitrust policy can use economic concepts and insights only if they are practical and capable of being implemented. This demand for practicality provides a discipline on economics that forces it to be relevant. Economics goes astray when it creates untestable theories about competitive harm. Antitrust goes astray when it relies on either poor economic reasoning (e.g., tie-in law) or when it adopts untested economic theories (e.g., speculative harms from information sharing) or overemphasizes theoretical concepts (e.g., market definition) that can be hard to implement and that are meant as only crude guides to policy. This Article highlights the relevance of recent academic research for practical antitrust policy and confirms three major points. First, the crowning achievement of U.S. antitrust is probably the benefit from eliminating explicit cartels. However, benefits from extending antitrust beyond explicit cartels to oligopolies engaged in various activities often characterized as “agreements” are likely nonexistent. Second, the recent trend in economics to engage in detailed simulations of the price effects of mergers is not a substitute for more direct analyses of mergers. Moreover, the belief that market definition can usually be done precisely and that it can be a precise tool for analysis is mistaken. It is at best a crude guide. Third, the world is a lot more competitive than one might think. Analysts routinely fail to understand the implications of the fact that there is competition on many more dimensions than just price. If one does so, one can show that some industries are concentrated because they are highly competitive–completely at odds with traditional thinking.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2004 No. 2
The U.S. Antitrust Laws in a Global Context
Creators: name: Wood, Diane P.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2004

description: For more than a hundred and ten years, the U.S. antitrust laws have stood at the center of what loosely (and to some, heretically) could be called the industrial policy of the United States. Competition, undertaken by private economic actors and constrained only by rules designed to protect the integrity of the market itself, has been the force that has led to unparalleled economic success. There is much in these laws, however, that is rooted in the particular history and economic circumstances of the United States, starting with the name that they bear: antitrust. It is a quaint name, evocative of long-dead robber barons and swashbuckling Presidents. Other countries with more recently enacted laws give them the more straightforward label of “competition” laws–laws designed to protect competition and consumers. This Article will explore the extent to which the U.S. antitrust laws differ from the systems that have developed elsewhere, particularly in the European Union, a place whose competition regime is soon to be reflected in the national laws of more than twenty-five countries. Differences do exist, and it is worth identifying what those differences are, why they exist, and how they matter. We will see that those differences are important even now, not only to practitioners of the slightly esoteric field of “international antitrust,” but also to the rest of the antitrust bar. And the importance of understanding the way others view this field will only become greater over time; the ideas that our counterparts elsewhere have of competition law will inevitably affect the way that American firms do business, and possibly even the content of domestic U.S. antitrust law itself.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2004 No. 2
Glutamate and laser evoked potentials : the role of the cingulate cortex
Creators: name: Choles, Cassandra
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: Laser evoked potentials (LEPs) provide an avenue to discern individual differences in nociception, to further understand pain perception. We aimed to investigate resting neurobiological differences that may contribute to the small and large responses to noxious laser stimulation in 50 participants (26 females). To do this, participants underwent a two-part protocol. First, LEPs and verbal pain ratings were collected at four different laser intensities, and the resultant signal amplitudes (N1, N2, and P2) were clustered, forming two respective groups for each LEP outcome of small vs. large signal amplitudes, as well as high vs. low pain ratings. Next, participants underwent a magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) scan to measure excitatory glutamatergic activity within the cingulate cortex at rest in four regions: the anterior (ACC), anterior-mid (aMCC), posterior-mid (pMCC), and posterior (PCC) cingulate cortices. Glutamatergic activity (glutamate, glutamine, and combined (Glx)) was compared between each respective cluster across the four cingulate regions, with sex included as a covariate for glutamine specifically. We found three key findings: 1) Resting glutamatergic activity was significantly higher in anterior vs. posterior regions. 2) Participants with higher verbal pain ratings had significantly higher glutamate concentrations in the ACC. 3) Participants with larger P2 amplitudes had significantly higher glutamate concentrations in the PCC. These findings contribute to our knowledge and understanding of glutamatergic activity in the cingulate cortex at rest. Specifically, that pain ratings and P2 amplitudes (reflecting attention) are not equivocal, although they are both influenced by differences in regional cingulate activity, suggesting the involvement of the ‘hubs’ of the salience and default mode networks through the ACC and PCC, respectively. Further research expanding on our sample size, brain regions, metabolites investigated, and LEPs conditions will assist in further understanding the intrinsic neurobiological differences to provide further insight into different responses to nociception and pain.
Creating versatile atom traps by applying near resonant laser light in magnetic traps
Creators: name: Middelkamp, S.
name: Mayle, M.
name: Lesanovsky, I.
name: Schmelcher, P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We utilize the combination of two standard trapping techniques, a magnetic trap and an optical trap in a Raman setup, to propose a versatile and tunable trap for cold atoms. The created potential provides several advantages over conventional trapping potentials. One can easily convert the type of the trap, e.g., from a single well to a double well trap. Atoms in different internal states can be trapped in different trap types, thereby enabling the realization of experiments with multi-component Bose-Einstein condensates. Moreover, one can achieve variations of the trapping potential on small length scales without the need of microstructures. We present the potential surfaces for different setups, demonstrate their tunability, give a semi-analytical expression for the potential, and propose experiments which can be realized within such a trap.
description: 10 pages, 9 figures
A graph theoretical analysis of the energy landscape of model polymers
Creators: name: Baiesi, Marco
name: Bongini, Lorenzo
name: Casetti, Lapo
name: Tattini, Lorenzo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In systems characterized by a rough potential energy landscape, local energetic minima and saddles define a network of metastable states whose topology strongly influences the dynamics. Changes in temperature, causing the merging and splitting of metastable states, have non trivial effects on such networks and must be taken into account. We do this by means of a recently proposed renormalization procedure. This method is applied to analyze the topology of the network of metastable states for different polypeptidic sequences in a minimalistic polymer model. A smaller spectral dimension emerges as a hallmark of stability of the global energy minimum and highlights a non-obvious link between dynamic and thermodynamic properties.
description: 15 pages, 15 figures
Interlocutory Appeal of Class Action Certification Decisions Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f): A Proposal for a New Guideline
Creators: name: Kitchen, Christopher A.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2004

description: The class action is an “invention in equity,” created to allow large groups of plaintiffs to enforce their equitable rights. Over the past decade, it has assumed a prominent and important role in American civil litigation. A uniquely complex form of litigation, the class action presents many special risks and challenges. A court’s decision whether to certify a class is often the decisive moment in a class action, as it can turn a relatively inconsequential case into one with hundreds, even thousands, of claimants and carry with it damages upwards of one billion dollars. As the Supreme Court stated: “Certification of a large class may so increase the defendant’s potential damages liability and litigation costs that he may feel it economically prudent to settle and to abandon a meritorious defense.” Similarly, from the plaintiffs’ point of view, denial of certification of a class can doom the litigation if the representative plaintiffs’ individual claims are insufficient to make individual litigation economically feasible. Historically, however, there have been few options for parties to appeal a certification decision. Congress, with the guidance of the Advisory Committee on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, sought to remedy this situation with the adoption of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(f) in 1998, which provides for interlocutory appeal of class certification decisions. Rule 23(f) gives the federal circuit courts discretion to grant such an appeal, and the Advisory Committee’s notes direct the courts of appeals to “develop standards for granting review.” Most of the circuits have chimed in with their version of the appropriate standards and the result is a body of guidelines that, while possessing a similar core, also greatly diverge. This Note will argue that the current body of appellate court guidelines under Rule 23(f) is too restrictive. Specifically, because the cost of an erroneous denial of appeal is so high, and because the ways the circuits deal with an erroneous district court decision vary greatly, forum-shopping opportunities are created. Therefore, the courts of appeals should each adopt a guideline that allows for appeal when it can be shown that the district court’s decision is “likely erroneous.”
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2004 No. 1
Quantum Gravity at the LHC
Creators: name: Calmet, Xavier
name: de Aquino, Priscila
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It has recently been shown that if there is a large hidden sector in Nature, the scale of quantum gravity could be much lower than traditionally expected. We study the production of massless gravitons at the LHC and compare our results to those obtained in extra dimensional models. The signature in both cases is missing energy plus jets. In case of non observation, the LHC could be used to put the tightest limit to date on the value of the Planck mass.
description: 14 pages
Can you see me : how good is good enough in 3D teleconferencing?
Creators: name: Xia, Ziyi
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: The sudden pivot to remote communication triggered by COVID-19 has intensi- fied the need for advanced teleconferencing technologies that closely mimic phys- ical presence. Achieving direct eye contact, understanding physical context, and enabling coordinated non-verbal cues are essential for enriching virtual interac- tions. These prerequisites have led to increased interest in 3D teleconferencing tools that offer an immersive persona projection, enhancing the overall commu- nication experience. Current 3D experiences primarily rely on Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies, utilizing Head-Mounted Dis- plays (HMDs), semi-transparent 2D displays, and standalone 3D devices. How- ever, evaluating the Quality of User Experience (QoE) in these immersive environ- ments poses significant challenges, as traditional subjective feedback and objective video quality evaluation methods fall short in addressing VR’s interactive nature. Our study addresses this gap by developing new QoE metrics for 3D teleconfer- encing, leveraging Fish Tank Virtual Reality (FTVR) to simulate presence using stereo and motion parallax depth cues. We report the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) for resolution, latency, jitter, and framerate as 50dpi, 50ms, 0.06mm, 18FPS, respectively, providing tangible thresholds for evaluating the performance and user experience of 3D teleconferencing tools. Moreover, we acknowledge the lack of accessible platforms for comprehensive, end-to-end tests in 3D teleconferencing. While proprietary systems such as Google’s Starline and Microsoft’s Holoportation show promise, their limited accessibility and high costs hinder broader research en- deavors. To rectify this, we have developed an open-source end-to-end platform, enabling researchers to perform comprehensive tests and integrate enhancements into the 3D teleconferencing pipeline.
Business Fiduciary Relationships and Honest Services Fraud: A Defense of the Statute
Creators: name: Kessimian, Paul M.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2004

description: “Fraud, like many familiar concepts, is one which seems to have a perfectly obvious meaning until we try to define it.” This quote succinctly summarizes the essential problem Congress faced in drafting a law to prohibit fraud through the use of the mails and wire. It also highlights the problem courts have when interpreting the scope of a law meant to deal with this definitional difficulty. While it is clear that criminal law should doubtless tackle the evil that is fraud, and that Congress has the power to prohibit the use of private interstate carriers such as FedEx or UPS for the perpetuation of fraud, this still leaves the problems of 1) how one defines fraud, and 2) how one resolves the legal issues that are created when Congress enacts a statute to address it. The broad construction of the mail fraud statute, combined with prosecutors’ attempts to further expand the statute with new theories of prosecution, has led some to call the mail fraud statute the prosecutor’s “Stradivarius,” “Colt 45,” or “Uzi.” “Judge Ralph K. Winter noted in referring to ‘various federal fraud statutes–in particular, the mail and wire fraud statutes,’ that ‘with regard to the statutory weapons available to prosecutors, [fraud statutes] rank by analogy with hydrogen bombs on stealth aircraft.”’ The discomfort with the provision’s breadth reflected in these analogies suggests the fundamental paradox of the statute: one of the principal purposes of anti-fraud provisions, on both the state and federal level, is to protect the integrity of commerce, but if it is applied too expansively, there could be potential chilling effects on a wide range of legitimate business activities. This concern is even more pronounced in the context of intangible rights fraud as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1346, which states that “for the purpose of this chapter, the term ‘scheme or artifice to defraud’ includes a scheme or artifice to deprive another of the intangible right of honest services.” This Note examines the nexus between “honest services” mail fraud and the important fiduciary relationships commonly found in commercial enterprise and makes a recommendation on how courts can continue to uphold the validity and strength of § 1346 while addressing its current weaknesses. This Note is principally focused on the exploration of the connection between violations of private fiduciary obligations and “honest services” fraud in the criminal law. It is concerned, on the one hand, with the possible chilling effects of the uncertainty of where criminal liability arises and, on the other, the need for a strong anti-fraud statute. The solution proposed in this Note integrates the two major approaches courts have developed in dealing with § 1346.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2004 No. 1
Pseudoholomorphic punctured spheres in R x (S^1 x S^2) : Moduli space parametrizations
Creators: name: Taubes, Clifford Henry
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Symplectic Geometry (math.SG)
subject: Geometric Topology (math.GT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 53D30, 53C15, 53D05, 57R17

description: This is the second of two articles that describe the moduli spaces of pseudoholomorphic, multiply punctured spheres in R x (S^1 x S^2) as defined by a certain natural pair of almost complex structure and symplectic form. The first article in this series described the local structure of the moduli spaces and gave existence theorems. This article describes a stratification of the moduli spaces and gives explicit parametrizations for the various strata.
description: This is the version published by Geometry & Topology on 7 November 2006
LAW ENFORCEMENT EFFORTS FOR COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT IN INDONESIA
Creators: name: ANWAR
name: BUDI SANTOSO
name: SITI MALIKHATUN BADRIYAH
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Effort, Enforcement, Law, Infringement, Case, Copyright, Indonesia.

description: Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze: 1) How far is the understanding of Copyright and its relationship to Intellectual Property Rights? 2) What is the legal basis for copyright and protected works? 3) How is law enforcement of copyright-related infringement cases? The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach, concept approach, and case studies. The results showed that: 1) In the Copyright Law 2002, the definition of copyright is formulated as the exclusive right of the creator or recipient of the right to publish or reproduce his work or give permission for it without prejudice to restrictions according to applicable laws and regulations. The definition of copyright as an exclusive right in the 2002 Copyright Law is felt to need further explanation, because even though copyright is exclusive, copyright holders are not easy to maintain it. Meanwhile, the definition of copyright according to the 2014 Copyright Law, is the exclusive right of the creator that arises automatically based on the declarative principle after a work is realized in tangible form without prejudice to restrictions in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations. 2) Copyright is one of the rights protected internationally through international treaties and binds Member States to ratify it into state law. In Indonesia, copyright is regulated in Law Number 19 of 2002 and amended through Law Number 28 of 2014. 3) Copyright infringement is not explicitly defined in Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright (Copyright Law). However, in the law, it can be concluded that copyright infringement is the use of a copyrighted work or material protected by copyright without permission from the creator or copyright holder. Copyright infringement itself in the wider community is often known as piracy.
Reversible Image Authentication with Tamper Localization Based on Integer Wavelet Transform
Creators: name: Devi, P. Meenakshi
name: Venkatesan, M.
name: Duraiswamy, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In this paper, a new reversible image authentication technique with tamper localization based on watermarking in integer wavelet transform is proposed. If the image authenticity is verified, then the distortion due to embedding the watermark can be completely removed from the watermarked image. If the image is tampered, then the tampering positions can also be localized. Two layers of watermarking are used. The first layer embedded in spatial domain verifies authenticity and the second layer embedded in transform domain provides reversibility. This technique utilizes selective LSB embedding and histogram characteristics of the difference images of the wavelet coefficients and modifies pixel values slightly to embed the watermark. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can detect any modifications of the watermarked image.
description: 8 pages IEEE format, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS November 2009, ISSN 1947 5500, http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
Kinematic analysis of a class of analytic planar 3-RPR parallel manipulators
Creators: name: Wenger, Philippe
name: Chablat, Damien
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: A class of analytic planar 3-RPR manipulators is analyzed in this paper. These manipulators have congruent base and moving platforms and the moving platform is rotated of 180 deg about an axis in the plane. The forward kinematics is reduced to the solution of a 3rd-degree polynomial and a quadratic equation in sequence. The singularities are calculated and plotted in the joint space. The second-order singularities (cups points), which play an important role in non-singular change of assembly-mode motions, are also analyzed.
Implications of High Performance Production and Work Practices for Theory of the Firm and Corporate Governance
Creators: name: McInerney, Thomas F.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2004

description: Theories of the firm based on agency theory, transaction cost economics, and the nexus of contract conception have gained currency in the past three decades. These theories emphasize the central constitutive role of contracts for firms. Critics have charged that these theories ignore crucial aspects of firms, such as human capital, and thus serve as incomplete models of economic organization. This article seeks further expansion of this viewpoint. Specifically, it seeks to deepen the insights of the human capital turn in theory of the firm through a comprehensive analysis of the changed role of employees in production and the intricate workings of contemporary business organizations. Together both analyses support a theory of the firm that relies on an understanding of organizational capabilities as the focal point for gathering these varied inputs. This expanded understanding of the firm also helps reconceptualize corporate governance. This article argues that, given the critical function of knowledge and improvements in performance in new flattened out organizations, governance structures must be realigned to maximize the potential of such factors. Some version of the team production model of corporate governance is best able to integrate and govern these varied inputs. The article thus posits a model of the firm that builds on the notion of organizational capabilities, such as those described in the account of contemporary production offered here, and relies on a governance structure that makes boards of directors responsible for coordinating the inputs of all members of the corporate team. The article concludes by considering some implications of this argument for corporate law and regulatory compliance.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2004 No. 1
Spin-active interfaces and unconventional pairing in half-metal$\mid$superconductor junctions
Creators: name: Linder, Jacob
name: Cuoco, Mario
name: Sudbø, Asle
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the physical properties of a half-metallic ferromagnet$\mid$superconductor (HM$\mid$S) bilayer, allowing for an arbitrary bulk pairing symmetry of the superconductor and spin-dependent processes at the interface. In particular, we study how the possibility of unconventional pairing such as $p$- and d-wave and a spin-active interface influence the \textit{(i)} conductance spectra, \textit{(ii)} proximity effect, and \textit{(iii)} local density of states of such a bilayer. Our calculation is done both analytically and numerically in the ballistic limit, using both a continuum- and lattice-model. It is found that the spin-dependent phase-shifts occuring at the HM$\mid$S interface seriously influence all of the aforementioned phenomena. We explain our results in terms of Andreev reflection in the presence of a spin-active interface, allowing for both spin-filtering and spin-mixing processes. We demonstrate how the surface-bound states induced by the anisotropy of the superconducting order parameter at the HM$\mid$S interface are highly sensitive to these spin-dependent processes. Our results can be directly tested experimentally using STM-measurements and/or point-contact spectroscopy.
description: 13 pages, 10 figures. Submitted to Physical Review B
Isospin compositions of correlated sources in the Fermi energy domain
Creators: name: Ogul, R.
name: Botvina, A. S.
name: Bleicher, M.
name: Buyukcizmeci, N.
name: Ergun, A.
name: Imal, H.
name: Leifels, Y.
name: Trautmann, W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Isotopic yield distributions of nuclei produced in peripheral collisions of $^{80}$Kr+$^{40,48}$Ca at 35 MeV/nucleon are studied. Experimental results obtained by the FAZIA Collaboration at the LNS facility in Catania are compared with calculations performed with the statistical multifragmentation model (SMM). The fragments with atomic number $Z=19-24$ observed at forward angles are successfully described with the ensemble method previously established for reactions at higher energy. Using the SMM results, the isotopic compositions of the projectile residues are reconstructed. The results indicate a significant isospin exchange between the projectile and target nuclei, not far from isospin equilibrium, during the initial phase of the reaction. The two groups of light fragments with $Z=1-4$, experimentally distinguished by their velocities relative to coincident heavy projectile fragments, are found to originate from different sources. The isotopic composition of the slower group is consistent with emission from a low-density neck, enriched in neutrons, and satisfactorily reproduced with SMM calculations for a corresponding neck source of small mass.
description: 15 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in Physical Review C
Venture Capital Formation and Access: Lingering Impediments of the Investment Company Act of 1940
Creators: name: Bristow, Duke K.
name: King, Benjamin D.
name: Petillon, Lee R.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2004

description: Despite its acknowledged importance to the vitality of the American economy, venture capital remains governed by a patchwork regulatory structure. This regulatory labyrinth often proves onerous to capital formation and access to activities by entrepreneurs and investors, creating various artificial inefficiencies without advancing any justifiable legislative policy aim. The primary problem is that venture capital firms are not regulated based on their own unique identity, but rather are incidentally overseen by other securities and investment laws, the genesis of which derives from legislation in the 1930s and 1940s–a time far removed from the dynamic role venture capital has come to play in the modern American economy. The literature reflects the dissonant nature of venture capital regulation. The contractual nature of venture capital transactions along with the recent role of law firms in venture financing has received some attention. The discriminatory tax and shareholder implications of the regulatory framework overseeing venture capital activity also have been discussed. Finally, the failure of the business development company (“BDC”) program, one of many congressional attempts to enhance venture activity by publicizing it instead of deregulating it, has been examined. However, a complete analysis of the regulations the venture capitalist, entrepreneur, and average investor face in this area remains significantly absent from legal scholarship. This paper endeavors to fill this void in understanding the importance of venture capital, how it is regulated, and what public policy concerns may by implicated. As the reader will see, the regulatory oversight of venture capital is highly complicated, multi-layered, often a result of legislative objectives completely divorced from the actual operations of venture capital firms, and, despite purported reforms, still highly incoherent in nature. The reader also will see that the achievement of a more sensible system, in which market efficiencies are allowed to operate and all investors are allowed to have a diversified portfolio inclusive of venture capital investments, raises the most fundamental policy issues of the American system where a free market economy is juxtaposed by safeguards to protect the integrity of the markets.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2004 No. 1
Public preferences for marine park design in Western Australia
Creators: name: Spencer-Cotton, Alaya
name: Navarro, Matt
name: Hamre, Nicole
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Marine protected area (MPA)
subject: non-market valuation
subject: choice experiment
subject: contingent valuation
subject: willingness to pay

description: ● Effective design and planning of marine protected areas requires an understanding of the socioeconomic uses and values that exist for the proposed marine area. Inevitably, different stakeholders will have different preferences for the spatial design of the no-take sanctuary zones within a marine park. One key stakeholder group that is often missing from marine park planning is the broader community, or public. This group might currently visit and use the proposed marine park area, they might plan to visit in the future, and may also derive benefit from other non-use outcomes such as from marine ecosystem services. ● In 2023, Western Australia started consultation for the establishment of two new marine parks. The extension and rezoning of an existing marine park adjacent to metropolitan Perth, the Marmion Marine Park, and one new marine park on the south coast of the state, named here as the Proposed South Coast Marine Park. ● This working paper presents results from surveys of the Western Australian public that included two stated preference experiments, a single binary choice question and a multiple discrete choice experiment. ● Results demonstrate a strong public desire for world-class conservation outcomes for both the Marmion and the Proposed South Coast Marine Parks, with 75% of the general public supporting the creation of no-take sanctuary zones across at least 31% of both marine park areas. We estimate that Western Australian households are willing to pay more to achieve larger areas of no-take sanctuary zones - A$112 per household per year for 45% at Marmion Marine Park and A$123 per household per year for 45% at the Proposed South Coast Marine Park, for an aggregate value of A$84.3 million and A$92.3 million respectively. We also find that public valuation increases by between 19% and 57% when sanctuary zones include extensive shore protection enabling greater connection with the community.
Spitzer/IRAC Limits to Planetary Companions of Fomalhaut and epsilon Eridani
Creators: name: Marengo, M.
name: Stapelfeldt, K.
name: Werner, M. W.
name: Hora, J. L.
name: Fazio, G. G.
name: Schuster, M. T.
name: Carson, J. C.
name: Megeath, S. T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Fomalhaut and epsilon Eridani are two young, nearby stars that possess extended debris disks whose structures suggest the presence of perturbing planetary objects. With its high sensitivity and stable point spread function, Spitzer/IRAC is uniquely capable of detecting cool, Jupiter-like planetary companions whose peak emission is predicted to occur near 4.5 um. We report on deep IRAC imaging of these two stars, taken at 3.6 and 4.5 um using subarray mode and in all four channels in wider-field full array mode. Observations acquired at two different telescope roll angles allowed faint surrounding objects to be separated from the stellar diffraction pattern. No companion candidates were detected at the reported position of Fomalhaut b with 3 sigma model-dependent mass upper limits of 3 MJ (for an age of 200 Myr). Around epsilon Eridani we instead set a limit of 4 and <1 MJ (1 Gyr model age) at the inner and outer edge of the sub-millimeter debris ring, respectively. These results are consistent with non-detections in recent near-infrared imaging searches, and set the strongest limits to date on the presence of planets outside epsilon Eridani sub-millimeter ring.
description: Accepted by The Astrophysical Journal. Request electronic-only plates to M. Marengo (mmarengo@cfa.harvard.edu)
Does Corporate Law Really Matter in Hostile Takeovers?: Commenting on Professor Gilson and Chancellor Chandler
Creators: name: Kanda, Hideki
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2004

description: This article focuses on the differences between Delaware law and Japanese law and differences in academic literature between the United States and Japan concerning takeover defenses adopted by the board of directors of target firms. The discussion assumes that the relevant target firms are publicly held corporations, typically corporations listed on a stock exchange. Part II compares takeover situations in both Delaware and Japan, and in U.S. and Japanese academic literature. Part III comments on the papers of Professor Gilson and Chancellor Chandler. Both authors project implications for Japan on the basis of U.S. experience in Delaware and academic theories. Although the article agrees with much of what they have to say, my comments will contest a few key points.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2004 No. 1
Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology with Gravitational Waves
Creators: name: Sathyaprakash, B. S.
name: Schutz, B. F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Gravitational wave detectors are already operating at interesting sensitivity levels, and they have an upgrade path that should result in secure detections by 2014. We review the physics of gravitational waves, how they interact with detectors (bars and interferometers), and how these detectors operate. We study the most likely sources of gravitational waves and review the data analysis methods that are used to extract their signals from detector noise. Then we consider the consequences of gravitational wave detections and observations for physics, astrophysics, and cosmology.
description: 137 pages, 16 figures, Published version
Existence and construction of randomization defining contrast subspaces for regular factorial designs
Creators: name: Ranjan, Pritam
name: Bingham, Derek R.
name: Dean, Angela M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 62K15 (Primary) 62K10 (Secondary)

description: Regular factorial designs with randomization restrictions are widely used in practice. This paper provides a unified approach to the construction of such designs using randomization defining contrast subspaces for the representation of randomization restrictions. We use finite projective geometry to determine the existence of designs with the required structure and develop a systematic approach for their construction. An attractive feature is that commonly used factorial designs with randomization restrictions are special cases of this general representation. Issues related to the use of these designs for particular factorial experiments are also addressed.
description: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/08-AOS644 the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
Hostile M&A and the Poison Pill in Japan: A Judicial Perspective
Creators: name: Chandler III, William B.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2004

description: The Court of Chancery and the Delaware Supreme Court in the early 1980s faced a complex public policy question. It was a question on which the legislative branch of our government had offered no meaningful guidance. The stakes were very high, as a particular judicial answer to this policy question might have large, yet uncertain, effects on new innovations in the market for corporate control. In a period of such great uncertainty, and with so little guidance on vital policy issues from the other branches of government, the Delaware Courts developed the common law of corporations with respect to takeovers in a gradual, incremental manner. The courts took measured steps to allow for adjustments and changes in direction. Japan’s judiciary may soon face a situation similar to the one faced by the Court of Chancery in the early 1980s. The introduction of the poison pill as a takeover defense will most likely create tension within the business, legal, and investment communities, requiring the courts of Japan to resolve that tension. This article posits some of Delaware’s experience in responding and adapting to the poison pill that will hopefully prove helpful as Japan embarks down this path.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2004 No. 1
Parsing out anticipatory and consummatory reward underlying anhedonia in mood disorders
Creators: name: Yu, Yuexiaoxi
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: Anhedonia presents in various psychiatric disorders and is a core symptom of depression. It involves disruptions in temporally and anatomically distinct subcomponents of reward processing, including reward anticipation and consumption. Studies using electroencephalography (EEG) to examine both anticipatory and consummatory reward processing components are limited, and study paradigms that incorporate psychological constructs like decision-making and reinforcement learning often overlap and confound the electrophysiological markers that are unique to anticipatory and consummatory reward processing. This study aims to validate an EEG-based Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) paradigm in a college population to examine relevant anticipatory and consummatory reward-related event-related potentials (ERPs), P3 and stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN), during different stages of reward processing. We found that the paradigm successfully elicited reward-related ERPs. Cue-P3 amplitudes and latency were modulated by reward magnitudes, however, no significant effect of reward magnitudes and valence was found on SPN and Feedback-P3, respectively. The paradigm was adjusted following the initial study to eliminate potential interfering visual effects from the cue and feedback stimuli. Additional data were collected in a new group of participants, and we found similar results, but without the confounding potentials. The paradigm also incorporated behavioural measurements of reward anticipation and consumption, and higher anticipatory and consummatory ratings and shortened response time towards the target stimuli were elicited as reward magnitudes increased. We concluded that the validated MID paradigm allows for a precise examination of reward-related ERPs, especially at early anticipation stage, and offers a valuable tool for investigating reward processing and related symptoms in clinical populations. Future studies should consider recruiting larger and more diverse samples besides college populations to investigate symptoms of anhedonia and reward processing in clinical populations.
JURIDICAL REVIEW OF THE EXECUTION OF FIDUCIARY GUARANTEES IN INDONESIA
Creators: name: ARIEK INDRA SENTANU
name: ACHMAD BUSRO
name: SITI MALIKHATUN
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Review, Juridic, Execution, Fiduciary Assurance, Indonesia.

description: Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze: 1) What is the legal basis for fiduciary guarantee? 2) How is the execution of fiduciary guarantee?The research method used is empirical juridical with a statutory approach, concept approach, and case studies. The results showed  that: 1) As for what is meant by fiduciary guarantee according to article 1 number 2 of Law number 42 of 1999, namely: "The right of security for movable objects, both tangible and intangible, and immovable objects, especially buildings that cannot be encumbered with the right of dependents, as referred to in Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Rights of Dependents who remain in the control of the fiduciary,  as collateral for the repayment of certain debts, which gives the fiduciary a preferred position over other creditors."2) as per article 29 of Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantee, it can be done by: a) The execution of the executory title is carried out by the Fiduciary Beneficiary; b) The sale of objects that are the object of the Fiduciary Guarantee on the Fiduciary Beneficiary's own power through public auction and taking repayment of his receivables from the proceeds of the sale;  c) An underhand sale made pursuant to the agreement of the grantor and the Fiduciary if in such a way the highest price in favor of the parties can be obtained.
Additional file 1 of Early exposure to infections increases the risk of allergic rhinitis—a systematic review and meta-analysis
Creators: name: Chen, JunRong
name: Liu, Xiaohua
name: Liu, Zixin
name: Zhou, Yaqian
name: Xie, Li
name: Zhang, Jialin
name: Tan, Jin
name: Yang, Yide
name: Tian, Mei
name: Dong, Yunpeng
name: Li, Jian
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: Mental Health
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1. Searchteims and strategies.