Taurocletodes tumenae, SP. NOV.
Creators: name: Karaytuǧ, Süphan
name: Huys, Rony
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2004
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Maxillopoda
Harpacticoida
Cletodidae
Taurocletodes
Taurocletodes tumenae

description: TAUROCLETODES TUMENAE SP. NOV.
Type locality: Sandy beach 10 km west of Akçaabat, Trabzon province (station 39) (Turkey).
Type material: Holotype ♀ in alcohol (reg. no. NHM 2003.704). Paratypes preserved in alcohol are 20 ♀♀ and 30 ♂♂ (deposited in NHM under reg. nos NHM 2003.705–754), and ten ♀♀ and ten ♂♂ (deposited in BU). Additional paratypes dissected on slides deposited in BU. Collected on 11 July 2001 from type locality; leg. S. Karaytug and S. Sak.
Other material. Numerous specimens of both sexes (in alcohol) collected from sandy beach in Bes,ikdüzü, Trabzon province (station 38a), deposited in BU. Leg. S. Karaytug and S. Sak, 11 July 2001.
Description (based on dissected paratypes)
Female: Total body length from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami: 290–370 Mm (mean = 336 Mm; n = 10). Body (Fig. 1C) more or less cylindrical, gradually tapering posteriorly; maximum width measured at posterior margin of cephalothorax. Integument of somites with transverse rows of minute spinules as figured (Figs 1C,D, 2A). Sensillar pattern as figured; somites bearing P4-P5 and genital half of double-somite with pairs of closely set sensillae dorsally (Figs 1C, 2A). Posterior margin of body somites with plain hyaline frill (Fig. 1C).
Rostrum (Figs 3A, 8B) elongate, demarcated and widest at base; with two delicate sensillae and middorsal pore; rounded at tip; base surrounded by membranous areas.
Genital double-somite (Fig. 2A,B) wider than long; without indication of original segmentation except for sensillar pattern and paired cuticular reinforcements ventrally (attachment sites of longitudinal trunk muscles; Fig. 2B). Double rows of tiny spinules present on either lateral side of genital field; midventral row posterior to copulatory pore; larger spinules forming transverse row around posterior margin (interrupted middorsally). Genital field located far anteriorly (Fig. 2B). Genital apertures paired (Fig. 6G), each closed off by operculum derived from vestigial sixth legs, and bearing three nonarticulating, short pinnate spines; copulatory pore large, leading to short and wide copulatory duct; seminal receptacles unconfirmed.
Free abdominal somites with tiny spinules anteriorly and larger spinules around posterior margin (except middorsally). Anal somite with row of minute spinules between dorsal sensillate tubercles (Fig. 2A); operculum multispinose with 8–10 spike-like projections (Fig. 4D). Anus large, positioned terminally between caudal rami; anal fringe deeply incised forming setular lappets (partly concealed by anal operculum in Fig. 4D).
Caudal rami (Fig. 4D) short and about as long as width; with six setae, seta I absent; spinules present around ventral posterior margin, inner margin and around base of seta II; with two pores dorsally; setae II- III bare; setae IV- V strongly developed and bipinnate (Fig. 2A); seta VI shorter than caudal ramus; seta VII tri-articulate at base.
Antennule (Fig. 3B) short, 6-segmented; segmental membranes well developed; with outer sclerite at base of segment 1 (Fig. 3A). Segment 1 short and wide; with tiny seta and spinules near anterodistal margin. Posteriormost seta on segment 2 plumose. Segment 3 largest with long aesthetasc (L: 35 Mm) fused at base to short seta. Armature formula: 1-[1], 2-[7 + 1 plumose], 3-[6 + (1 + ae)], 4-[1], 5-[2], 6-[7 + acrothek]. Apical acrothek consisting of short aesthetasc (L: 10 Mm) and two slender setae. Setae arising from minute socles present on segments 3 (2), 4 (1) and 6 (5).
Antenna (Fig. 3C, D) comprising coxa, allobasis and 1-segmented rami. Coxa small and naked. Allobasis with spinular row near base of exopod; abexopodal seta unipinnate (probably basal in origin). Exopod an elongate segment with one apical and one subapical unipinnate seta; with transverse spinule row halfway along the segment length. Free endopod with two rows of coarse spinules near inner margin and finer spinules at outer distal corner; lateral armature consisting of two unipinnate spines and one fine seta; apical armature consisting of two unipinnate spines and three geniculate setae (largest spiniform, with large spinules proximal to geniculation, and subapical tubular extension).
Mandible (Fig. 3E). Coxa elongate, forming narrow gnathobase provided with series of multicuspidate teeth distally and unipinnate seta at dorsal corner (Fig. 3F); with spinule row near implantation of palp. Palp 1-segmented with four setae arising from subdistal outer margin; with spinule row apically.
Maxillule (Fig. 3G). Praecoxa with few spinules around proximal outer margin; arthrite delimited at base by transverse surface suture, with two tube-setae on anterior surface and four anterior plus four posterior elements around distal margin. Coxal endite surrounded at base by membraneous area, cylindrical; with one seta and one unipinnate curved spine. Palp represented by single segment; with tiny spinule row on posterior surface; armature consisting of four setae along outer margin, one seta arising from anterior surface, and two setae plus one unipinnate claw apically.
Maxilla (Fig. 4C) comprising syncoxa and allobasis. Syncoxa with numerous spinule rows as figured; with two cylindrical endites; each endite with two naked setae and drawn out into spine with very long, medially directed setules. Allobasis forming acutely recurved spinous endite with spinules along medial margin; accessory armature represented by two naked setae; endopod completely incorporated into allobasis, represented by three naked setae arising from membraneous area.
Maxilliped (Fig. 3H) subchelate, comprising syncoxa, basis and 1-segmented endopod. Syncoxa with few spinules at base and strong pinnate spine at distal inner corner. Basis unarmed, with surface spinule row, long spinules along palmar margin and few spinules near distal outer corner. Area between basis and endopod with small sclerite surrounded by membrane. Endopod with one small accessory seta and drawn out into long acutely curved, naked claw.
P1 (Fig. 5A). Intercoxal sclerite wide, without ornamentation. Praecoxa well developed, with anterior spinule row. Coxa very wide, forming lobate outer expansion; with large spinules near outer margin and minute spinule rows on both anterior and posterior surfaces. Basis much narrower than coxa, anterior surface with secretory pore and various spinule rows as figured; outer spine naked, inner spine pinnate. Rami 3-segmented. Exopod segments with coarse spinules along outer and distal margins, inner margins naked; inner seta of exp-2 minute and easily overlooked; outer spine of exp-1 and -2 unipinnate and with subapical tubular extension; exp-3 with two unipinnate spines and two slender, weakly geniculate setae bearing fine spinules near apex. Endopod (Fig. 5B) much longer than exopod, prehensile; tapering distally, with large arthrodial membranes between segments; enp-1 with spinules along outer margin and bipinnate inner seta; enp-2 much shorter than proximal and distal segments, with spinules along outer margin and large, penicillate inner seta arising from posterior surface; enp-3 with two spinules along outer margin, a small, penicillate inner seta subdistally, and one unipinnate spine plus one long geniculate seta with serrate tip distally. Penicillate setae on enp-2 and -3 with tubular extension apically (arrowed in Fig. 9A) and subapical tuft of flat setules; seta on enp-2 with swollen shaft, that on enp-3 fused at base to segment.
P2–P4 (Figs 5C, 6A,E). Intercoxal sclerites with concave free margin and without ornamentation. Praecoxae with coarse spinules near outer margin and fine spinules around distal margin. Coxae with anterior pore near inner margin and spinule rows on both anterior and posterior surfaces as figured. Bases with outer unipinnate spine (with subapical tubular extension; P2) or plumose seta (P3–P4); anterior surface with secretory pore and setular row (not in P2; Fig. 5C) and with coarse spinules around distal margin near insertion of exopod. Exopods 3-segmented, endopods 1- (P4) or 2-segmented (P2–P3). All exopod segments with coarse spinules around outer margin; exp-1 and -2 typically with few spinules or setules along inner margin; hyaline frills incised; outer portion of exp-1 expanded; outer spines of exp-1 and -2 stout and unipinnate. Endopods small; with outer marginal spinules on all segments; P2–P3 enp-1 with anterior surface pore; inner distal element on enp-2 (P2–P3) or enp-1 (P4) short and spiniform, outer distal element long and setiform. Spine and seta formula as follows (apo = apophysis):
Fifth legs closely set together (Fig. 2C), without intercoxal sclerite. Baseoendopod and exopod fused forming bilobate plate (Fig. 5E); inner lobe with four multipinnate setae; outer lobe with one very long and two short (multi)pinnate setae plus one naked seta; both lobes with few spinules around distal margin and one anterior surface pore; outer basal seta sparsely plumose, arising from very short setophore surrounded by spinules.
Male: Total body length from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami: 260–340 Mm (mean = 300 Mm; n = 10). Sexual dimorphism in rostrum, antennule, P2–P6, and in genital segmentation. Ornamentation of body (Figs 1A,B, 7A,B) generally as in female except for some small differences in spinulation, particularly on urosome. First abdominal somite with paired rounded internal reinforcements midventrally (attachment sites of longitudinal trunk muscles; Fig. 7B). Rostrum (Fig. 4A) distinctly longer and narrower than in ♀.
Antennule (Figs 4A,B, 8A- D, 9B) 10-segmented, haplocer with geniculation between segments 7 and 8. Segment 1 with small sclerite at proximal posterior corner. Segment 3 U-shaped, with five articulating setae and two setae fused to segment. Segment 4 a small sclerite with two setae (Fig. 4A). Segment 5 swollen, forming lobate expansion anteriorly (Figs 4B, 8A); with large aesthetasc arising from pedestal and fused basally to short slender seta. Segment 7 with three modified elements (arrowed in Figs 8C, 9B), one basally fused element, two naked setae and one raised tube-pore. Segment 8 with anterior distal corner forming recurved dentate process (possibly representing modified element; arrowed in Fig. 8C,D), concealing three raised tube-pores. Segment 9 minute, with one tiny seta. Armature formula 1-[1], 2-[7 + 1 plumose], 3-[5 + 2 basally fused], 4-[2], 5-[4 + 2 pinnate + (1 + ae)], 6-[2], 7-[2 + 1 basally fused + 3 modified], 8-[1 dentate process], 9-[1], 10-[6 + acrothek]. Acrothek consisting of short aesthetasc fused basally to two bare setae. Socled setae present on segments 2 (1), 3(1), 5(1) and 10(5). Many setae with terminal pore (Fig. 8B,C).
P2 (Fig. 5D) as in female except for (1) exopod relatively shorter; (2) exp-1 with outer spine naked instead of pinnate; (3) exp-3 with distal elements relatively shorter, inner distal seta shorter than outer one; (4) endopodal segments without spinules along outer margin; (5) enp-1 smaller and without inner element; (6) enp-2 outer distal seta much shorter.
P3 (Fig. 6B- D) strongly sexually dimorphic. Protopod as in female. Outer spine of exp-1 enlarged, naked, reaching to middle of exp-3 and backwardly recurved (Fig. 6C). Outer spine of exp-2 naked instead of unipinnate (Fig. 6B). Distal elements of exp-3 reduced in size with inner distal seta markedly shorter than outer seta (instead of equally long). Endopod 3-segmented; enp-1 unarmed, with anterior surface pore and few spinules around inner margin (Fig. 6D); enp-2 forming anterior apophysis with barbed apical part (Fig. 6D), with two spinules along inner margin; enp-3 round, with surface pore, one vestigial and two naked setae.
P4 (Fig. 6F). Protopod as in female. Exp-2 with smaller spinules around outer distal corner. Exp-3 constricted in proximal half; distal outer spine and apical setae shorter than in female; inner distal seta much shorter than outer one. Endopod 1-segmented, smaller than in female; inner seta and outer distal seta reduced in size.
Fifth legs (Fig. 7B) medially fused. Exopod and baseoendopod fused, forming bilobate plate with two anterior surface pores (Fig. 9C). Endopodal lobe with two spines, exopodal lobe with two pinnate spines, one naked and two plumose setae.
Sixth legs (Figs 7B, 9C) asymmetrical, fused to somite. Operculum closing off functional gonopore (arrowed in Fig. 9C) delimited by surface suture.
Variability. Slight differences in size and ornamentation were observed in the setae of the female sixth legs (Fig. 6G). Three paratypic males displayed a supernumerary inner spine on the endopodal lobe of the P5 (arrowed in Fig. 7C). The male sixth legs show either dextral or sinstral arrangements depending on whether the right or left testes, vas deferens and gonopore are functional.
Etymology. The species is dedicated to Prof. Dr Gülendam Tümen, Manager of the School of Nursery at the University of Balıkesir, in recognition of her continuous support and encouragement to the senior author.
description: Published as part of Karaytuǧ, Süphan & Huys, Rony, 2004, Taxonomic position of and generic distinction between Parepactophanes Kunz, 1935 and Taurocletodes Kunz, 1975 (Copepoda, Canthocamptidae incertae sedis), with description of a new species from the Black Sea, pp. 469-486 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140 (4) on pages 470-482, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00101.x, http://zenodo.org/record/4634523