cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: The Laghukatha: A Historical and Literary Analysis of a Modern Hindi Prose Genre.
Creators: name: Sarma, Ira Valeria
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 2001

description: The thesis deals with the laghukatha, a modern Hindi prose genre published primarily in journalistic print media. The introduction discusses the problems of genre criticism in general and establishes the necessity of a flexible generic concept as a basic form of approach. The second part of the thesis investigates the historical development of the genre: the various approaches by Indian laghukatha critics are evaluated, Indian and non-Indian influences are assessed, and the significance of Indian journalism for the emergence of the laghukatha is shown. Thus, the historical section covers a period from ancient times up to the emergence of the laghukatha in the early 1970s and its subsequent establishment as an independent genre during the 1980s and 90s. The third chapter deals with the laghukatha writers' intention as pronounced in various articles and essays. The question of a committed versus a non-committed authorial approach to the laghukatha is discussed and the significance of a committed socio-political attitude as a distinguishing characteristic of the genre is established. Furthermore, a range of means of publication of the texts is introduced, stressing the importance assigned by the writers to the actual communication of a message to an audience. The fourth and main part of the thesis consists of the literary analysis of a representative number of primary texts. The initial methodological section describes how the sample of texts has been drawn. The literary analysis itself is divided into three parts, dealing with several aspects in the areas of content, form and style. The detailed literary analysis serves to establish an 'ideal type' of the genre, delineating some basic principles of the laghukatha without limiting its generic flexibility. In the conclusion the 'ideal type' of the laghukatha is delineated on the basis of the historical, writer-related and literary analysis; finally the laghukatha's position within the modern Hindi literary scene is described.
Dados à Prova d'Água, ``Polinizadores'' de Escolas para Redução de Riscos de Desastres
Creators: name: Débora Olivato
name: Felipe Augusto Santos
name: Aloísio Lelis
name: Antonio Guerra
name: Heloisa T. de M. Martins
name: Jeniffer de S. Faria
name: Priscilla Françoso
name: Carolina F. Esteves
name: Rachel Trajber
Publisher: name: Rede Brasileira de Ciência Cidadã
Year: 2024

description: Formative process (abstract).
title: Decolonising African History: Crises and Transitions in African Historiography, 1950-1990.
Creators: name: Brizuela-Garcia, Esperanza
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 2002

description: This thesis looks at the development of anglophone African historiography from the 1950s to the 1990s. The main question underlying this work is why, during the last thirty years, has African History been described as being "in crisis". The main argument is that the perception of a crisis has come from the perceived failure of historians to "decolonise" African History and to produce a "usable past." The thesis analyses the different ways in which these expectations have changed over time, and studies them from different perspectives. First, the thesis looks at the way in which African History has been incorporated into universities. It argues that the particular circumstances of different academic enviromnents have influenced historians' priorities and attitudes towards the study of African History. The analysis if these issues focuses on the study of six institutions: University of Cape Town in South Africa, University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, University of Ghana, School of Oriental and African Studies, Northwestern University, and the University of Wisconsin. The second objective is to situate these cases in the context of wider historiographical changes in the study of the African past. This analysis examines the most significant changes in the development of the field. An attempt is also made to understand these changes in connection to wider transformations in the social sciences and the theory of knowledge. It is argued that dramatic changes occurred in the way we understand the production of knowledge during the last forty years are intimately connected with the idea of a crisis in African History. Ultimately, this thesis tries to prove that the objective of producing a "usable past" has been evaluated in different ways over time. And that these forms of evaluation are related to particular institutional environments and to changes in our wider understanding of historical knowledge and its production. Thus, there have been different forms of crisis in the development of African History.
title: Negotiating Culture: The Discourse of Art and the Position of the Artist in 1980s China.
Creators: name: Welsh, Eduardo
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 1999

description: This thesis deals with fine art in China in the eighties. It aims to set out the problems and choices artists faced in creation, by examining the artist's self-positioning in regard to the current discourse of art. This was the decade of the Four Modernisations and the "emancipation of thought", a period of intense social and cultural change. As the Party sought to steer a path away from the ideology of the Cultural Revolution, a greater cultural pragmatism emerged, and the question of what was to be the future of Chinese art and culture became hot topics of debate. The various clashes of narratives - between history and art. East and West, tradition and modernisation, the individual, the region and the nation/state - made up a rich and diverse range of opinions as to the current situation, the role and value of art in China. The thesis examines the eighties both in terms of art works and in terms of opinions that were expressed about art. The decade began with the idea that "theory guides practice" and this was reflected in the many official conferences that took place. However, by the mideighties, practice was setting the agenda, and art works could no longer easily be contained within the existing theoretical framework. We examine how the debate unfolded in the main periodicals in the eighties, how artists positioned themselves in relation to this discourse, how their work questioned existing theoretical frameworks and notions of art history. The very different life experience (and political outlook) of the successive generations of artists in China had a huge influence on their view of life and art. In order to give as broad a perspective as possible of this diversity artists and artworks have been selected according to different combinations of the following criteria: temporal location: age and education (which "generation" they belong to); Location within culture (what media/tradition they work in); and location within the discourse of "national identity" (whether they are in the centre or periphery, Han or ethnic minorities).
title: The Growth of the Idea of Commonwealth in India 1900-1929.
Creators: name: Mehrotra, Sri Ram
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 1960

description: Early Indian nationalists took pride in their membership of the British Empire and looked upon the British connection as providential. They criticised what they considered to be 'un-British' in the administration of their country and demanded the right of self-government as British subjects. This phase of liberal and loyal nationalism lasted until 1905. British policy in India, though progressive and liberal, lacked almost until 1917 a sense of direction. The vastness and complexity of the Indian problem did not permit British statesmen to treat the Congress ideal of self-government for India on the Dominion model as a practical proposition. The impact of a fast developing Indian nationalism, of radical democracy at home, and of the First World War, however, induced a bolder and more imaginative approach, which found expression in the announcement of 20 August 1917. Significant steps were taken in the years that followed in the direction of ultimate Dominion Status for India, The current of political thought in India in the post-war period ran too fast for the gradual and deliberate process contemplated in 1917. Dissatisfied with what they considered to be their slow progress towards self-government and distrustful of British intentions, many Indians developed a strong antipathy to their rulers. The British Empire savoured to them of racial domination and economic exploitation and they wanted to sever all connection with it. But there were other Indians who, conscious of what they owed to British friends and teachers, did not allow their patriotism to take an anti-British hue. Moderate men of all parties in India were anxious to attain freedom without breaking the close ties woven by a long connection with England. They looked upon the Commonwealth as a hopeful experiment in wider international cooperation to whose success India could contribute through her continued association.
title: The State and the Co-Operative Movement in the Bombay Presidency 1880-1930.
Creators: name: Catanach, Ian James
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 1960

description: The Deccan Riots of 1875 were believed to have been brought about by the large scale transfer of land, through foreclosure, from the cultivating to the money-lending classes. As a remedy, Sir William Wedderburn suggested the establishment of State-backed capitalistic agricultural banks. But the India Office felt that his scheme would require too much State intervention. The Indian Co-operative Societies Act reflects a more positive attitude to the role of the State, although in 1904 it was hoped that the societies which were to be set up by official 'Registrars' would eventually become entirely independent. Local management and thrift were emphasized. The alternative scheme of agricultural banks remained under consideration, however. The Government of India appear to have dismissed it only when the Egyptian Agricultural Bank did not succeed; what became the non-official Bombay Provincial Co-operative Bank was originally intended to be an agricultural bank. The fostering of democracy through village co-operatives was especially stressed in Bombay. Also, Indian 'Honorary Organizers', and a 'Co-operative Institute', wore given an important role in the movement, although much of the in-initiative remained with the Registrar and his staff. By the later twenties, however, the attempt to foster democracy at village level through co-operatives appeared to have largely failed? villages in Bombay were not 'little Republics'. The honorary workers, many of them now nationalists, were becoming dilettante in their attitudes to co-operation, too. Control therefore increasingly passed into the hands of the State. But at the purely economic level there had been some success in Bombay, The well-managed Provincial Bank was in some areas satisfactorily fulfilling the ryots' credit and marketing needs, although its system of branches, each having dependent societies, was perhaps not completely co-operative. The thesis has been largely based on documents found in the office of the Bombay Registrar, and elsewhere in India.
title: British Policy in West Africa, the Malay Peninsula and the South Pacific During the Colonial Secretaryships of Lord Kimberley and Lord Carnarvon, 1870-1876.
Creators: name: McIntyre, William David
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 1959

description: Three experiments in Britain's tropical empire were begun in 1874. The forts on the Gold Coast were added to the island of Lagos to form a crown colony which was given legislative power in the Gold Coast Protectorate, the first Residents were appointed in the Malay States and the Fiji Islands were annexed. As it has "been suggested that these developments formed part of a new forward colonial policy inaugurated by Disraeli, and since the three experiments were sometimes mentioned together, an examination of the background of the changes and a consideration of their place in the history of British policy may be useful. Local events in each area reached a crisis during Gladstone's first ministry at a time when changes in personnel gave the Colonial Office a different bias. The separatist Sir Frederic Rogers gave way as Permanent Under-secretary in 1871 to Robert Herbert, a former Premier of Queensland; Lord Kimberley, a conscientious Colonial Secretary, who gave close attention to the local crises, took office in 1870, and Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen, who became Parliamentary Under-secretary in 1871, showed himself to be an eager expansionist. Between 1870 and 1873 they conducted a careful reappraisal of Britain's role in the three tropical regions, and between February and August 1873 Kimberley decided to intervene in the Gold Coast against Ashanti invaders, he suggested the appointment of Residents in Malaya, and he urged Gladstone to annex Fiji. As the Liberal Government fell in February 1874 before future policy had been determined, the final decisions fell to Lord Carnarvon, Disraeli's Colonial Secretary. He decided to follow Kimberley's policy in each case, but he announced strictly limited aims. Instead of initiating a period of colonial expansion he saw himself conducting three experiments in the administration of tropical dependencies.
Contrast, Imitate, Adapt: Learning Robotic Skills From Raw Human Videos
Creators: name: Qian, Zhifeng
name: You, Mingyu
name: Zhou, Hongjun
name: Xu, Xuanhui
name: Fu, Hao
name: Xue, Jinzhe
name: He, Bin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Learning robotic skills from raw human videos remains a non-trivial challenge. Previous works tackled this problem by leveraging behavior cloning or learning reward functions from videos. Despite their remarkable performances, they may introduce several issues, such as the necessity for robot actions, requirements for consistent viewpoints and similar layouts between human and robot videos, as well as low sample efficiency. To this end, our key insight is to learn task priors by contrasting videos and to learn action priors through imitating trajectories from videos, and to utilize the task priors to guide trajectories to adapt to novel scenarios. We propose a three-stage skill learning framework denoted as Contrast-Imitate-Adapt (CIA). An interaction-aware alignment transformer is proposed to learn task priors by temporally aligning video pairs. Then a trajectory generation model is used to learn action priors. To adapt to novel scenarios different from human videos, the Inversion-Interaction method is designed to initialize coarse trajectories and refine them by limited interaction. In addition, CIA introduces an optimization method based on semantic directions of trajectories for interaction security and sample efficiency. The alignment distances computed by IAAformer are used as the rewards. We evaluate CIA in six real-world everyday tasks, and empirically demonstrate that CIA significantly outperforms previous state-of-the-art works in terms of task success rate and generalization to diverse novel scenarios layouts and object instances.
ZePo: Zero-Shot Portrait Stylization with Faster Sampling
Creators: name: Liu, Jin
name: Huang, Huaibo
name: Cao, Jie
name: He, Ran
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Diffusion-based text-to-image generation models have significantly advanced the field of art content synthesis. However, current portrait stylization methods generally require either model fine-tuning based on examples or the employment of DDIM Inversion to revert images to noise space, both of which substantially decelerate the image generation process. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents an inversion-free portrait stylization framework based on diffusion models that accomplishes content and style feature fusion in merely four sampling steps. We observed that Latent Consistency Models employing consistency distillation can effectively extract representative Consistency Features from noisy images. To blend the Consistency Features extracted from both content and style images, we introduce a Style Enhancement Attention Control technique that meticulously merges content and style features within the attention space of the target image. Moreover, we propose a feature merging strategy to amalgamate redundant features in Consistency Features, thereby reducing the computational load of attention control. Extensive experiments have validated the effectiveness of our proposed framework in enhancing stylization efficiency and fidelity. The code is available at \url{https://github.com/liujin112/ZePo}.
description: Accepted by ACM MM 2024
title: A Critical Study of Dharmapradipikava.
Creators: name: Rammandala, M. Sri
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 1954

description: This thesis embodies the results of my study of Dharma-Pradipikava - an important Sinhalese classical work belonging to the latter half of the 12th century. The text is edited with the help of six old palm leaf manuscripts and several important emendations made in the text. In the Introduction the historical background of the work and the available information about its author Gurulu-Gomi are discussed. The subject matter of the work and other incidental information which the book supplies have been analyzed. The style of the author is commented on and the linguistio peculiarities to be found in the work are discussed. The language of the book is compared with that of Amavatura - the other work of the same author. The value of Dharma-Pradipikava as a compendium of Buddhism as well as a literary composition is discussed, and, the sources which Gurulu-Gomi probably consulted are also indicated in the Introduction. The particulars of the Skt. and Pali books, from which the author has quoted prose passages and verses are given in the Appendix.
title: The Political and Economic Reorientation of Kano Emirate, Northern Nigeria, 1882-1940.
Creators: name: Fika, Adamu Mohammed
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 1973

description: The independent kingdom of Kano has a long history dating from about the middle of the seventh century A.D. The kingdom became a Muslim theocracy as from the reign of Muhammed Rumfa during the second half of the fifteenth century. As a result of the jihad led by Usman dan Fodio early in the nineteenth century, Kano was conquered and subsequently became a self-governing emirate in the Sokoto Caliphate. A Fulani dynasty was established and Kano's rulers recognized the suzerainty of the Sultans of Sokoto, A bureaucratic-like political system was instituted in which slave functionaries played a major role. During the later nineteenth century, internal stresses and conflict plagued the emirate. Already beset with its own internal problems, Kano was threatened by external enemies and in 1903 was forced to succumb to the military conquest of the Europeans, Incorporation into the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria had far-reaching effects on the state of the economy, especially on the pattern of the emirate's extensive commercial relations with the outside world. The Kano ruling groups responded to the British by co-operating in matters tending to maintain or enhance their privileges. This in turn led to the reorganization of taxation, the development of the colonial Native Treasury, modification of the Islamic shari'a to suit British ideas, and the emergence of a specially trained class of administrators capable of writing in Roman script which the British understood. The masses or talakawa, on the other hand, at first viewed the arrival of the British as signalling the end of all worldly obigations but in the end they had to adapt to the colonial situation. The advent of the railway and the development of the groundnut trade played a major role in the history of social change and the consolidation of a cash-based economy. In the so-called 'golden age' of British overrule from about 1926-40, the rulers of Kano had established a satisfactory working relationship with the British, thus enabling the latter to successfully goad the Native Administration into taking on further responsibilities. This period also saw the undertaking of a considerable number of important welfare projects, as for example the provision of pipe-borne water, electricity, and a well-equipped hospital. In the colonial laissez faire economy, the Kano business community were able to prosper in the kola and cattle trade to and from the southern coast. It is suggested that Indirect Rule as practised in Kano and Northern Nigeria was inevitable in view of the problems the British had had to tackle and the authoritarian nature of Hausa-Fulani society.
title: Political Leadership Among the Hindu in Calcutta: 1857-1885.
Creators: name: McGuire, John
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 1976

description: The subject of this thesis is political leadership among Hindus in Calcutta between 1857 and 1885. It is argued that political leadership in this context was characterised by an indigenous ideology, on the one hand, and a colonial ideology, on the other. It is suggested, moreover, that, although both ideologies operated at all levels of society, the former tended to prevail at the local level and the latter tended to prevail at the larger level. Within this general framework, an analysis is attempted of the social-organizational basis of political leadership, the structure and function of political leadership roles, the links that existed between the different levels of the system, and how all these characteristics changed between 1857 and 1885. This analysis is based on a wide range of unpublished and published Bengali and English sources, which include, among others, government and non-government documents, private papers, newspapers and periodicals, and the proceedings of organizations. Where possible, data have been gathered in a systematic manner and analysed according to a collective biographical approach in which content analysis, descriptive statistics, and computer techniques have all been employed. Where data did not lend themselves to such an approach, because of the nature of the question or the lack of information, case studies have been used. It is argued that at the local level an ideology based on the concept of hierarchy characterised the social structure which consisted of a cluster of overlapping kinship and jajmani ties. It is suggested that such ties provided the basis of a system of dais and, to a lesser extent, supra-dals, through which local political leadership was manifested. It is argued, on the other hand, that at the larger level an ideology based, in theory at least, on the concept of equality characterised the social structure which consisted of an emerging class system cross cut by nationalist ties. It is suggested that this system provided the basis of English education, the press, voluntary associations, political pressure groups, and legislative bodies through all of which political leadership was expressed. The norms and skills of political leadership roles are seen to vary according to the level of society. In 1857, individuals who filled such roles at the local level also filled these roles at the larger level, even though, in a number of cases, they were not equipped to handle the latter positions. By 1885, however, owing to the development of various colonial institutions among Hindus and the gradual diffusion of authority and power within the local system, class rather than local factors are seen as determining entry into political leadership roles at the larger level, and, as a result, the political system is seen as less elitist in structure.
title: Akyem, c. 1700-1874: A Study in Inter-State Relations in Pre-Colonial Gold Coast.
Creators: name: Affrifah, Stephen Fred
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 1976

description: During the first quarter of the eighteenth century and long after, Bosome led a politically unexciting life. In contrast, the other two Akyem states, Abuakwa and Kotoku, pursued an aggressive foreign policy and tightly guarded their independence against hostile neighbours. Between 1730 and 1742 they acquired imperial domination over the eastern half of the Gold Coast west of the Volta. In 1744, however, Kotoku succumbed to Asante authority. Abuakwa resisted Asante but yielded to that power in 1783. The fall of the Akyem empire increased the area of Asante domination. The Asante yoke proved unbearable; consequently between 1810 and 1831 the Akyem states, as members of an Afro-European alliance, fought a successful war of independence against that power. The European co-operation, however, led to an Anglo-Danish rivalry for Akyem, Akuapem, and Krobo as spheres of influence: the rivalry ended in 185O. Continued threat from Asante and bitter intra-Akyem relations compelled the Akyem states to tolerate British protection. The invasion of Kotoku-Bosome territory by Asante in 1863 underlined the wisdom in remaining under the British canopy. In late l860s the Kotoku, for example, affirmed their loyalty to the British by helping to re-establish British authority in the Lower Volta District from which it had been withdrawn in 1860. The Kotoku involvement in the Volta conflicts, traditional animosity, and Anglo-Dutch deal over Elmina inspired Asante invasion of Akyem and other parts of the Protectorate in late 1872 and 1873. Close Akyem co-operation enabled the British to counterattack Asante successfully in 1874. The Akyem also incited Juaben secession from Asante and promoted the founding of the New Juaben State in Akyem. But the price for all this was the subjection of the Akyem and almost every other Gold Coast people to British colonial rule as from mid-1874.
title: British Administration in the Federated Malay States, 1896-1920.
Creators: name: Sidhu, Jagjit Singh
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 1975

description: The introductory first chapter sets out the relevant geographical data, the size and distribution of the pre-1874 Malay population, and the characteristics of the traditional economy. There follows a discussion of the indigenous political system, early British contacts with the Peninsula and the way in which these culminated in the decision to intervene and establish the Residential System. Chinese and Indian immigration and the establishment of a plural society are also discussed. An analysis of the Treaty of Federation, 1895, and the development of a more efficient and better co-ordinated administrative system under the guidance of a Resident-General are the main subjects treated in Chapter II. Tendencies towards greater centralisation and the reactions these generated among British Residents are also examined. Chapter III deals with the Federal Council Agreement of 1909 and the role played by Governor Anderson in the measure which resulted in even greater centralisation and uniformity of administration The working of the Federal Council and the role of un-officials in its deliberations are outlined. The Chief Secretary Enactment of 1911 is also examined. Some consideration is given to the spectacular success achieved by the tin and rubber industries and the repercussions these had on political affairs. The diminution of the Malay aristocracy forms the subject of Chapter IV. British policies and administrative methods which served to push them more and more into the background are discussed and attention is drawn to what little protest these aroused among the Malay Rulers. Attempts are also made to establish the whole attitude of the British authorities towards the role of the Sultans in the government of the country. The effects of British rule on the Malay masses are discussed in Chapter V. The administration's educational, employment, social, and economic policies towards the Malays are studied and their failure to appreciate the needs of the indigenous population are highlighted.
Supp_File_PRISMA-ScR – Supplemental material for The roles, responsibilities and practices of healthcare assistants in out-of-hours community palliative care: A systematic scoping review
Creators: name: Fee, Anne
name: Muldrew, Deborah
name: Slater, Paul
name: Payne, Sheila
name: McIlfatrick, Sonja
name: McConnell, Tracey
name: Dori-Anne Finlay
name: Hasson, Felicity
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 110308 Geriatrics and Gerontology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 111702 Aged Health Care
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Supplemental material, Supp_File_PRISMA-ScR for The roles, responsibilities and practices of healthcare assistants in out-of-hours community palliative care: A systematic scoping review by Anne Fee, Deborah Muldrew, Paul Slater, Sheila Payne, Sonja McIlfatrick, Tracey McConnell, Dori-Anne Finlay and Felicity Hasson in Palliative Medicine
title: Sufism, Sufi Leadership and 'Modernisation' in South Asia Since c. 1800.
Creators: name: Liebeskind, Claudia
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 1995

description: Relatively little research has been devoted to the responses of sufism, the Islamic spiritual tradition, to processes of 'modernisation'. I have been concerned to study the responses of Indian sufism to the growth of the colonial state, which established new forms of knowledge and new forms of order, and to the emergence of Muslim movements of revival and reform, which saw, and still see, sufism as inimical to the capacity of Muslims to sustain an Islamic society. It is a context more hostile for sufism than ever experienced before. I have approached the problem by examining the responses of three working spiritual traditions in nineteenth and twentieth century India. The first sufi shrine had an educated, urban following; the second had a largely rural following; the third appealed to all conditions of men and across all religious barriers. Unlike the other two this last tradition was a product of the colonial environment. It was notable in that the charisma of the saint was not 'routinised' through his familial descendants but through the workings of a committee. The responses of each spiritual tradition to the changing social, economic and political context have been examined. The analysis of the doings and sayings of the saints as well as their miracles has shown how they responded to the changing needs of their followers. The areas of insecurity in the social and psychic life of the followers have been charted to indicate how these changed through time. The three spiritual traditions have certainly been marginalised by the processes of 'modernisation' and Islamic reform, but not as much as might have been anticipated. Sufi affiliation has moved from being the norm for Muslims to being one option among many. The capacity of the sufi shrines to survive has been closely related to their flexibility adapting to changing times and to the skilful fostering of their constituencies.
title: The North Korean People's Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1945-1950.
Creators: name: Kim, Kook-Hun
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 1989

description: The aim of this thesis is to look into the structural, ideological and strategic features of the (North) Korean People's Army from its birth in late 1945 to the debacle in late 1950, thereby forming a coherent and up-to-date account of the early KPA, which is essential to a proper enquiry into the origins and character of the Korean War. The cadre members of the KPA were from three origins: the Soviet- affiliated Kim IlSung group; the Yenan group, the returnees from China; and the Soviet-Korean group, a functionary group of the Soviet occupation authorities. Among them, the Kim IlSung group was to play the key role in the making of the KPA. The People's Army started from the founding of the Pyongyang Institute in November 1945. By August 1946 the basic conditions and preparations for building the regular armed forces of North Korea were settled. By February 1948, when the founding of the KPA was proclaimed, the People's Army was well established; though, the actual strength of the KPA remained rather modest until mid-1949. The rapid expansion and modernisation of the KPA took place between July 1949 and May 1950. The quantum leap of the KPA during March to May 1950 was exceptionally clear evidence of the likelihood of the outbreak of war in the near future. The Korean War decision was made among the leaders of North Korea, the Soviet Union, and the PRC, during the winter of 1949-50. Most probably it was initiated by the North Korean leadership who were increasingly confident of their strengthened position over the south which itself was in disarray. The all-out attack against South Korea in June 1950 was only the final phase of the 'Southern Strategy' which the North Korean leadership had been pursuing since late 1945. It was neither the only alternative left nor a pre-emptive strike in a desperate mood. That the North Korean leadership started the invasion in an over-confident mood can be proven through the close examination of KPA preparations for and conduct of the war.
title: The Pala Kingdom: Rethinking Lordship in Early Medieval North Eastern India.
Creators: name: Targa, Sergio
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 1999

description: Often historians, conceiving the early 'state' as distinct from its 'society', project onto pre-modern social formations concepts meaningful only to the present, capitalist context. Categories such as society, economy and religion are anachronistically 'discovered' in die evidence and construed as separate entities. The debates then turn to die degree of political and administrative 'centralisation' of those early political formations. By examining available evidence, this dissertation seeks to reconceptualise the early medieval North Indian kingdom as a system of dynamic and interactive social relations. Combining both the Marxist concept of Mode of Production and a phenomenological approach the dissertation identifies the notion of lordship as the key category underpinning the polities of early medieval India. The early medieval Indian state was the total system of social relations constructed on and organised by agrarian relations of production. The dissertation develops this argument in specific reference to the Pala kingdom, while also analysing and comparing it with the Gupta 'empire'. In the early medieval period the latter in fact sets the pattern of social organisation. A system of multiple ownership of land shaped the agrarian structure of both the Pala and Gupta polities. A different entitlement to ownership rights distinguished landlords, landowners and cultivators and constituted them in a hierarchy of agrarian, political and ideological ranks. Ownership rights were themselves 'apportioned' on the basis of a cosmo-moral order known as dharma. Varnadhanna, the order of social 'classes', functioned as the ideological template for social relations. It was this ideological construct which empowered the king as both the supreme proprietor of all land and the supreme protector of dharma/var?adharma. In fact, neither the varna template nor the agrarian relations which it sustained could possibly exist outside a kingdom. The king's double relation of dependence on and 'supremacy' over dharma fashioned lordship in early medieval India. The dissertation argues that the early medieval Indian state was a hierarchical chain of encompassing and encompassed lordships. By implication it makes little sense to speak of 'centralisation', 'decentralisation', 'bureaucratisation' and 'administration'. Lordship, at once an ideological, economic and political category, structured the totality of social relations. In the polity which emerged the reaches of the political and its contexts were far deeper and extended than in modern, capitalist social formations.
title: The Paradigm of Malayness in Literature.
Creators: name: Bahar, Ida Baizura
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 2010

description: This study is a study on the paradigm of Malayness in literature, taking as its point of departure the understanding of Malayness in Malaysia. A prominent Malaysian social anthropologist, Shamsul Amri Baharuddin (Shamsul A. B.), has outlined a contemporary understanding of Malayness in Malaysia based on an authority-defined social reality: the three pillars of Malayness comprising Bahasa/language (Malay), agama/religion (Islam) and raja/monarchy (the Malay rulers). I hypothesised in this study, however, that a broader understanding of Malayness is reflected in the works of literature in the form of an everyday-defined social reality consisting also of adat/culture, ethnicity and identity apart from the Malay language, Islam and the Malay rulers. The focus of this study centres on an exploration of the paradigm of Malayness in a body of English and Malay literary works on the Malay World based on six elements of the paradigm of Malayness I hypothesised, namely the Malay language, Islam, the Malay rulers, adat/culture, ethnicity and identity. The hypothesised paradigm of Malayness is employed as a conceptual framework where analyses of selected works in both English and Malay literature are conducted based on a close textual analysis approach. The results from the analyses are then compared and contrasted. This study has determined that Shamsul's three pillars of Malayness as an authority-defined social reality cannot be corroborated in the works of literature because I found that the paradigm of Malayness in literature is in fact an everyday-defined social reality. It is understood to refer to not only the three pillars but to a broader understanding comprising adat/culture, ethnicity and identity as I hypothesised. The paradigm of Malayness is found to be an everyday-defined social reality based on a local and broad understanding and therefore contests the current understanding of Malayness as an invented tradition conceptualised ideologically during colonial times.
title: Narrative Transformation From Text to Screen: A Study of the Adaptation of the Novel in Arabic Cinema.
Creators: name: Mahajar, Jaffar
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 2009

description: The Arabic novel has been a valuable source for a large proportion of feature films in the cinemas of the Arabic speaking world. In fact, the rise of cinema in the Arab world in the last one hundred years has been parallel to the rise and development of the novel in Arabic culture. From its inception, Arabic cinema resorted to making films of highly appreciated literary texts, to provide films with respectability and relevance. This helped to root cinema in the culture of this region. Early narrative films evolved in parallel to the historical moment at which the Arabic novel was beginning to acquire its autonomy from other narrative forms. The thesis focuses on five works of literature from across the Arab world and studies the process of their adaptation to the cinema, in order to evaluate the extent of success or failure that the filmmakers encounter in the interaction between the two narrative media. Due to the leading and pioneering position of Egyptian cinema in the context of the Arab world and the wider Middle East and Asia, two Egyptian film adaptations have been selected for analysis, and the remaining three case studies were selected from Syria, Iraq and Algeria, in a manner that provides the study with a comparative perspective, covers different cinema genres, and deals with varied approaches to adaptation. The study concludes with a discussion of differences and similarities between these adaptations and endeavours to draw a general thesis regarding the interplay between text and context on the one hand and theme and medium on the other.
title: DENALI IN A BOX
title: ANALOG EXPERIMENTS MODELED AFTER A NATURAL SETTING PROVIDE INSIGHT ON GENTLE RESTRAINING BEND DEFORMATION
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Fendick, Anne M.
Publisher: name: University of Kentucky
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Geology
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences

description: The Mount McKinley restraining bend (MMRB) creates an ~18° left-step in the arcuate surface trace of the dextral Denali Fault in south-central Alaska. Despite being a large, crustal-scale fault, little is understood about the controls on deformation within the MMRB. Similarities between previous wet kaolin analog modeling and the MMRB suggest that the first-order deformation patterns may derive from similar mechanisms. We compare uplift patterns, localization of deformation, formation of new faults, and displacement fields from the analog model and the natural setting to assess the influence of different variables on the overall system. Despite strong rheological heterogeneity in the MMRB, this natural setting exhibits the same distribution of deformation across the restraining bend as the homogeneous analog model suggesting this first-order deformation patterns is independent of upper crustal heterogeneity. The active thrust faults of the MMRB are purely dip-slip, whereas the thrust faults formed in the model exhibit oblique slip. Conventional understanding suggests migrating restraining bends cannot produce high topography; we conclude that with a specific combination of geometry, slip rate, and migration rate, high topography is capable of forming within a migrating system.
CONSORT_Checklist_SOS_trial – Supplemental material for Wound complications after total hip arthroplasty: a prospective, randomised controlled trial comparing staples with sutures
Creators: name: Mallee, Wouter H
name: Wijsbek, Anne E
name: Schafroth, Matthias U
name: Wolkenfelt, Julius
name: Baas, Dominique C
name: Vervest, Ton M J S
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 110314 Orthopaedics
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 110604 Sports Medicine
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Supplemental material, CONSORT_Checklist_SOS_trial for Wound complications after total hip arthroplasty: a prospective, randomised controlled trial comparing staples with sutures by Wouter H Mallee, Anne E Wijsbek, Matthias U Schafroth, Julius Wolkenfelt, Dominique C Baas and Ton M J S Vervest in HIP International
title: Becoming an 'Asli Karigar': The Production of Authenticity Among Old Delhi's Muslim Artisans.
Creators: name: Mohsini, Mira
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 2010

description: Fieldwork for this thesis was undertaken with Muslim artisans who live and work in Old Delhi, India, between July 2006 and October 2007. These artisans are skilled in a form of embroidery, done with gold and silver metallic wires, known as zardozi. This craft emerged in India in conjunction with the rise of so-called Islamicate states beginning in the 13th century and zardozi was essential to the production of luxury goods of exquisite quality. Today, the high quality and intricate form of the craft is rarely patronised, while sub-standard work is being produced in the name of zardozi. With the liberalisation of India's economy in the early 1990s, competition from abroad and new opportunities afforded by the growing export market for handicrafts have accelerated the decline in high quality craftsmanship. These recent trends have meant that many highly skilled artisans are losing their sources of livelihood or are forced to produce low quality goods for a mass market. In my thesis, I argue that the marginal position of urban Muslim artisans runs much deeper than recent shifts in the global marketplace. This marginalisation can be located in their exclusion from the broader narratives of the Indian nation-state, whereby the rhetoric embedded in colonial and post-colonial discourses locates the authentic artisan and authentic crafts production in primarily rural and "Hindu" communitarian settings. In this context of marginalisation, I pose the following research question: How do urban Muslim artisans constitute themselves as real, authentic craft producers or, in their own words, as "asli karigar-s"? The broader theoretical objective of the thesis is to recover the possibility of "becoming subjects" in the spaces whereby normativity is aspired to and not necessarily where it is subverted or resisted. In the thesis, I locate various "sites" of performance where the real, authentic artisan is constituted, including the construction of the "Other" through language that distinguishes authentic from inauthentic; the incorporation of Islam into conceptions of ideal work practices; constructions of lineage through narratives situated in both linear and nonlinear temporal frameworks; and relations with the state - the largest patron of crafts in India - through encounters with government sponsored exhibitions and award competitions.
title: Constructing Nation and History: Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930.
Creators: name: Prabhu, Narain Bapu
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 2009

description: This study's paramount objective is to examine the emergence of the Hindu Mahasabha as a political force and its campaign for Hindu unity and organisation in the context of the growing Hindu-Muslim conflict in colonial north India, mainly focusing on the United Provinces, in the early twentieth century. It explains that the Mahasabha articulated sangathan [Hindu consolidation] ideology as a means of constructing a distinct Hindu political identity and unity in conflict with Muslims in India. The work explores the way Arya Samaj and sanatan dharm influences, though different, were opportunistically drawn on by the Mahasabha in its sangathanist narrative. It examines the ambivalence between the Mahasabha and the Indian National Congress and at the individual level [M.M. Malaviya, etc], despite their ideological opposition. It argues that the Mahasabha with its Hindutva ideology had its focus on anti-Muslim rather than anti-colonial antagonism, adding to the difficulties over the Nehru report and the Round Table Conferences, but also showing its occasional alliances with the British, despite its fascist sympathies. It suggests that the Mahasabha had a limited class and regional base and was unable to generate much in the way of a mass movement of its own, but nonetheless developed a quasi-military wing, besides its involvement in a number of popular, more or less single-issue campaigns - shuddhi, cow protection, Nagari, etc. The work explains that the Mahasabha rejected the Congress's vision of a secular territorial nation and instead advocated a state based on Hindu religion and culture, in effect a Hindu rashtra [nation] based on a Hindu majority rule, excluding Muslims and Christians from the India nation. The thesis bridges the gap in Indian historiography by focusing entirely on the Hindu Mahasabha's politics and its sangathan ideology in the formative period in the UP.