Is lifetime traumatic brain injury a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment in veterans compared to non-veterans?
Creators: name: Akhanemhe, Rebecca
name: Stevelink, Sharon A. M.
name: Corbett, Anne
name: Ballard, Clive
name: Brooker, Helen
name: Creese, Bryon
name: Aarsland, Dag
name: Hampshire, Adam
name: Greenberg, Neil
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Mental Health

description: <b>Background:</b> Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is prevalent in veterans and may occur at any stages of their life (before, during, or after military service). This is of particular concern, as previous evidence in the general population has identified TBI as a strong risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a known precursor of dementia. <b>Objectives:</b> This study aimed to investigate whether exposure to at least one TBI across the lifetime was a risk factor for MCI in ageing UK veterans compared to non-veterans. <b>Method:</b> This cross-sectional study comprised of data from PROTECT, a cohort study comprising UK veterans and non-veterans aged ≥ 50 years at baseline. Veteran and TBI status were self-reported using the Military Service History Questionnaire (MSHQ) and the Brain Injury Screening Questionnaire (BISQ), respectively. MCI was the outcome of interest, and was defined as subjective cognitive impairment and objective cognitive impairment. <b>Results:</b> The sample population comprised of veterans (<i>n</i> = 701) and non-veterans (<i>n</i> = 12,389). TBI was a significant risk factor for MCI in the overall sample (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.11–1.31) compared to individuals without TBI. The prevalence of TBI was significantly higher in veterans compared to non-veterans (69.9% vs 59.5%, <i>p</i> &lt; .001). There was no significant difference in the risk of MCI between veterans with TBI and non-veterans with TBI (OR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.98–1.45). <b>Conclusion:</b> TBI remains an important risk factor for MCI, irrespective of veteran status. The clinical implications indicate the need for early intervention for MCI prevention after TBI. Data from the PROTECT study, a longitudinal study comprising over 25,000 middle-aged and ageing adults in the UK, were used in this first UK comparative study to explore the association between a lifetime history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in UK veterans and non-veterans.Lifetime TBI was more prevalent in veterans compared to non-veterans. TBI events in military veterans could be attributed to non-military events.Exposure to a history of TBI irrespective of veteran status increased the risk of MCI by 21% compared to adults with no history of TBI.The risk of MCI did not significantly differ between veterans and non-veterans with TBI. Data from the PROTECT study, a longitudinal study comprising over 25,000 middle-aged and ageing adults in the UK, were used in this first UK comparative study to explore the association between a lifetime history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in UK veterans and non-veterans. Lifetime TBI was more prevalent in veterans compared to non-veterans. TBI events in military veterans could be attributed to non-military events. Exposure to a history of TBI irrespective of veteran status increased the risk of MCI by 21% compared to adults with no history of TBI. The risk of MCI did not significantly differ between veterans and non-veterans with TBI.