GreenCharge Project Deliverable: D8.5 Viable Business and Replication Plans
Creators: name: Scholten, Reinhard
name: Bosma, Bas
name: Simons, Maurits
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: eMobility; Business Models

description: This deliverable will provide a summary of the most viable business models related to Charge Points for Electric Vehicles in Europe, that will be supported towards investor readiness and plans for replication in uptake cities. It consists of 3 parts: 1. Viable business models, 2. Strategic Urban Mobility Plans of Uptake Cities, and 3. Conclusion with learnings. The description of Viable Business Models is limited to the European Charge Point market, because most relevant providers of energy and electric mobility are part of this eco-system. The European Charge Point (CP) market for Electric Vehicles (EVs) can be divided into the following 6 market segments: 1. Independent CP &amp; Shared EV Providers, 2. CP &amp; Shared EV Providers owned by large corporate or government, 3. Independent Charge Point Operators (CPOs), 4. CPOs owned by large corporates or government, 5. Independent CP hardware &amp; software companies, and 6. CP Hardware, software, or navigation companies owned by large corporates or government. The GreenCharge demonstrators are active in four of the six Charge Point market segments. ZET (BRE2) and MOTIT (BCN1) demonstrators are independent CP &amp; Shared EV Providers, the St. Quirze (BCN3) demonstrator is a CP &amp; Shared EV Provider owned by government, the GreenCharge Oslo (OSL1,2,3) and Bremen GC@Work (BRE1) demonstrators are independent CPOs, and the Eurecat (BCN2) demonstrator is a CP software company owned by a large corporate. The GreenCharge Demonstrators are used as guidance to extract this CP market segmentation. Every market segment has a dominant business model, which has grown over time. The 6 market segments mentioned above are dominated by the following business models: Independent Charge Point and Shared EV Providers are dominated by Shared EV Service, Charge Point and Shared EV Providers owned by large corporate or government are dominated by Shared EV Service, Independent Charge Point Operators are dominated by EV Charging Service, Charge Point Operators owned by large corporate or government are dominated by EV Energy/Mobility Service, Independent Charge Point hardware &amp; software companies are dominated by CP Hardware/Software Products, and Charge Point Hardware, software, or navigation companies owned by large corporates or government are dominated by CP Hardware/Software Products and EV Navigation Service. Viable business models are exponential, green and circular business models. The evaluation criteria of viable business models are based on the 5 design principles of exponential business models as mentioned in Deliverable 3.4 plus 2 extra design principles for green and circular business models. The business models for EV Navigation and Shared EV Services have the highest total score and are the most viable, green and circular business models. There are currently not many CPOs on the market, that predominantly sell green and locally produced electricity to customers with EVs. The Uptake Cities involved in GreenCharge want to change this by introducing Strategic Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs), which stimulate viable business models and lower CO2 emissions from mobility. <em>The central strategic question for Uptake Cities is: “How can City governments simultaneously stimulate the uptake of EVs, the roll-out of Electric Charging Stations, and the use of green electricity from local renewable sources leading to lower CO2 emissions from mobility in their Cities?”</em> Uptake Cities should simultaneously stimulate the uptake of EVs, the roll-out of Electric Charging Stations, and the use of green electricity from local renewable sources. In this way the Uptake Cities have the chance to catch up and overtake other European Cities, that have stimulated EVs earlier. In this way Uptake Cities will become front runners. As a result, they will stimulate viable EV business models and lower CO2 emissions from mobility in their Cities leading to better health for their City inhabitants. On top of that Uptake Cities need to discourage the uptake of fossil fuelled vehicles, the expansion of petrol stations, and the usage of fossil fuels by vehicles in Cities to lower CO2 emissions even more. Uptake City governments should coordinate with players throughout the EV ecosystem to create a master plan for the uptake of EVs, for the roll-out of Electric Charging Stations, and for their usage of green electricity from local renewable energy. The development and writing of Deliverable 8.5 has given us the following 5 new main insights and learnings: Viable Business Models and effective SUMPs is a better title of Deliverable 8.5, Viable Business Models and effective SUMPs stimulate the use of green electricity from local renewable sources, The business models of GreenCharge demonstrators are viable as long as they resemble the dominant business models in the different CP market segments, The business models of Greencharge ZET (BRE2), MOTIT (BCN1) and St. Quirze (BCN3) demonstrators are most viable, and Effective SUMPs should not only stimulate EV charging green electricity from local renewable resources, but also discourage FV tanking petrol in order to lower CO2 emissions from mobility in Uptake Cities.