cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
A Cadaveric Knee Study of the Kinematics of the Tibiofemoral and Patellofemoral Joints in Total Knee Replacement.
Creators: name: Stoddard, James
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2011

description: Arthroplasty of the knee has become one of the commonest orthopaedic procedures performed today. In the UK alone over 75,000 were performed in 2011. Patients requiring arthroplasty are getting younger and have higher demands on their replaced joints leading to continued evolution of prosthetic design. This biomechanical work has compared two different designs of Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) in relation to each other and the native un-resurfaced knee. The TKAs differed from each other in design of the femoral component. One had a single radius design and a trochlea that ran from the lateral side proximally, to the medial side distally, and the other prosthesis had a multi radius design with a symmetrical trochlea, essentially an unsided femoral prosthesis. The principal areas of study were the kinematics of the tibiofemoral articulation (TF), the patellofemoral joint (PFJ), the stability of the patella in the replaced knee joint and contact pressures of the tibiofemoral articulation. This was a cadaveric study using a knee navigation system to record the kinematic data for analysis. All the experiments involved cadaveric left legs of different genders and sizes. All the work was carried out at the same laboratory at Imperial College, London between July 2006 and October 2008. Both TKAs allowed significantly greater laxity than the intact knee with an anterior drawer force applied as the knees moved from 40 degrees of flexion to full extension. No significant difference was found between the two TKAs used in this study in the TF work. For the PFJ, the multiradius design was significantly more stable when the patella was displaced medially than the intact knee (p=0.016) at 30 degrees of flexion. It was also more stable than the single radius design from 0-30 degrees of flexion. There were no significant differences found between the single radius TKA and the intact knee during any of the PFJ work. Both TKAs appeared to behave differently when assessing patellar flexion with marked differences shown graphically but no statistically significant difference shown on post testing.In conclusion, both designs of TKA replicated the intact knee very well throughout all the experiments, apart from the differences noted above. This study was unable to show any significant advantage of using the newer single radius design when compared to the established multi-radius design. The single radius design did not appear to mimic the kinematics of the intact knee any closer than the established multiradius design.
POWER OF GROUP LEARNING
Creators: name: Abdugafforova, Nozima
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Group learning, as a collaborative approach to education, has garnered increasing attention for its potential to enhance student engagement, foster critical thinking skills, and promote social interaction. This paper examines the benefits, challenges, and best practices associated with group learning in educational settings. Drawing on research from various disciplines, this study explores the cognitive and socio-emotional dimensions of group learning, highlighting its role in facilitating knowledge construction and promoting a sense of community among learners. Additionally, this paper discusses practical strategies for effectively implementing and assessing group learning activities, emphasizing the importance of creating a supportive learning environment that encourages active participation and meaningful collaboration. By critically examining the opportunities and limitations of group learning, this research aims to provide insights for educators and practitioners seeking to optimize the potential of collaborative learning approaches in diverse educational contexts.
Quantum mechanics of higher derivative systems and total derivative terms
Creators: name: Kaminaga, Yasuhito
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1995
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A general theory is presented of quantum mechanics of singular, non-autonomous, higher derivative systems. Within that general theory, $n$-th order and $m$-th order Lagrangians are shown to be quantum mechanically equivalent if their difference is a total derivative.
description: 14 pages, REVTeX, no figures
MOESM1 of Overexpression of Cystathionine Îł-Lyase Suppresses Detrimental Effects of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3
Creators: name: Snijder, Pauline
name: Baratashvili, Madina
name: Grzeschik, Nicola
name: Leuvenink, Henri
name: Kuijpers, Lucas
name: Huitema, Sippie
name: Schaap, Onno
name: Giepmans, Ben
name: Kuipers, Jeroen
name: Miljkovic, Jan
name: Mitrovic, Aleksandra
name: Bos, Eelke
name: SzabĂł, Csaba
name: Kampinga, Harm
name: Dijkers, Pascale
name: Dunnen, Wilfred
name: Milos Filipovic
name: Goor, Harry
name: Ody Sibon
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Science Policy

description: Supplementary material, approximately 2.48 MB.
States-conserving density of states for Altshuler-Aronov effect: Heuristic derivation
Creators: name: Mošková, Antonia
name: Moško, Martin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Altshuler and Aronov (AA) have shown that the electron-electron interaction in a weakly-disordered metal suppresses the single-particle density of states (DOS) in the vicinity of the Fermi level ($E_F$). According to the AA theory the suppressed DOS exhibits the energy dependence $\propto \sqrt {|E-E_F|}$ valid for $|E-E_F|$ smaller than a certain correlation energy $U_{co}$. Recent experiments have shown that at energies larger than $U_{co}$ the DOS exhibits a states-conserving dependence on energy, namely, the states removed from near the Fermi level are found at energies above $U_{co}$ in the energy range of about $3 U_{co}$. In this work the AA effect is studied beyond the low energy limit theoretically. We consider the AA model in which the electrons interact via the statically screened Coulomb interaction and the modification of the DOS is due to the exchange part of the electron self-energy. We derive the states-conserving DOS heuristically. Namely, we show that the self-energy consists of a diverging part (which we skip on physical grounds) and of the small part of the order of the pair Coulomb energy. This small part gives the states-conserving DOS which is in qualitative accord with experimental observations at energies above $U_{co}$ and which reproduces the AA result at energies below $U_{co}$.
HeadOn: Real-time Reenactment of Human Portrait Videos
Creators: name: Thies, Justus
name: Zollhöfer, Michael
name: Theobalt, Christian
name: Stamminger, Marc
name: Nießner, Matthias
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Graphics (cs.GR)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We propose HeadOn, the first real-time source-to-target reenactment approach for complete human portrait videos that enables transfer of torso and head motion, face expression, and eye gaze. Given a short RGB-D video of the target actor, we automatically construct a personalized geometry proxy that embeds a parametric head, eye, and kinematic torso model. A novel real-time reenactment algorithm employs this proxy to photo-realistically map the captured motion from the source actor to the target actor. On top of the coarse geometric proxy, we propose a video-based rendering technique that composites the modified target portrait video via view- and pose-dependent texturing, and creates photo-realistic imagery of the target actor under novel torso and head poses, facial expressions, and gaze directions. To this end, we propose a robust tracking of the face and torso of the source actor. We extensively evaluate our approach and show significant improvements in enabling much greater flexibility in creating realistic reenacted output videos.
description: Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Dg49wv2c_g Presented at Siggraph'18
Advanced methods for multi-row forced response and flutter computations
Creators: name: Stapelfeldt, Sina Cornelia
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2013

description: This thesis presents the formulation and validation of a novel time-accurate method for the computation of forced response and flutter in multiple blade row turbomachinery. Advanced gas turbine and aeroengine designs require unsteady computational methods to predict aeroelastic behaviour and prevent the occurrence of flutter or forced response which could ultimately lead to engine failure. Currently, time-accurate schemes can successfully represent unsteady flows across multiple blade rows if the domain encompasses the full circumference. However, the large domain size and range of time scales involved make this approach very expensive and unfeasible during the design cycle. More efficient methods take advantage of the inherent time-space periodicity in turbomachines to reduce the computational domain to a single bladed passage per row. These single-passage multi-row methods successfully model unsteadiness due to rotor-stator interaction or blade vibration by applying phase-lagged boundary conditions. However, they are limited to assemblies without passage-to-passage variations in the time-averaged flow field. In multi-stage turbomachinery, where the interaction of rows with unequal blade counts in the same frame of reference creates steady circumferential variations, single-passage methods cannot be applied as no phase-shifted temporal periodicity exists between adjacent passages. Similarly, it is not possible to represent non-axisymmetries such as inlet distortions or stagger profiles using a single passage approach. The time-domain Fourier method presented in this thesis models multi-row non-axisymmetric flows on a reduced number of passages. In order to capture stationary variations, the flow inside several discrete passages, which are located at different circumferential positions, is solved using a time-accurate scheme. Boundary conditions at the azimuthal and inter-row surfaces are approximated from a time-space Fourier series and couple the individual passages. The method is validated for several applications including low engine order forcing in an aerodynamically mistuned assembly and rotor-rotor interaction. It is demonstrated that, within the limit of the Fourier approximation, the resulting solution is equivalent to the full circumference solution and requires only a fraction of the computational resources.
Further Spectroscopy of the Diffuse Ionized Gas in NGC 891 and Evidence for a Secondary Source of Ionization
Creators: name: Rand, Richard J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Two long-slit spectra of the diffuse ionized gas in NGC 891 are presented. The first reveals variations parallel to the major axis in emission line ratios in the halo gas at z=700 pc. It is found that filaments of Halpha emission show lower values of [NII]/Halpha, [SII]/Halpha and [OI]/Halpha. Although this result is expected if the filaments represent the walls of evacuated chimneys, it merely reflects a more general correlation of these ratios with Halpha surface brightness along the slit, and may simply arise from radiation dilution effects. Much more interesting information on the nature of this gaseous halo comes from the second observation, which shows the vertical dependence of [NII]/Halpha, [SII]/Halpha, [OI]/Halpha, and [OIII]/Hbeta through the brightest region of the DIG halo. The most surprising result, in complete contradiction to models in which the DIG is ionized by massive stars in the disk, is that [OIII]/Hbeta rises with height above the plane for z>1 kpc (even as [NII]/Halpha, [SII]/Halpha, and [OI]/Halpha are rising, in line with expectations from such models). The run of [SII]/[NII] is also problematic, showing essentially no contrast with z. The [OIII] emission probably arises from shocks, turbulent mixing layers, or some other secondary source of ionization. Composite models in which the line emission comes from a mix of photo-ionized gas and shocks or turbulent mixing layers are considered in diagnostic diagrams, with the result that many aspects of the data can be explained at a qualitative level.
description: 21 pages, 10 figures, to be published in ApJ
title: ADCO, Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Cîteaux dit Cartulare Antiquum t.1 (début XIIIe siècle), Cart. 166 (11 H 64), 136 folios, f. 0126r
Creators: name: de la Côte d'Or, Archives départementales
name: Archives Départementales De La Côte-D'Or
name: Petot, Frédérique
name: Projet CBMA
name: CG21/F.PETOT/2012
name: Petot, Frédéric
Publisher: name: NAKALA - https://nakala.fr (Huma-Num - CNRS)
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/04ces3204
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: cartulaire
subject: Corpus Burgundiae Medii Aevi
subject: Chartes de la Bourgogne du Moyen Âge
subject: LaMOP
subject: Laboratoire de Médiévistique Occidentale de Paris

description: Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Cîteaux dit Cartulare Antiquum t.1 (début XIIIe siècle), Archives départementales de la Côte-d'Or, Cart. 166 (11 H 64), 136 folios, f. 0126r, Numérisation en mode image.
description: Relation: http://www.cbma-project.eu/
description: Bibliographic citation: Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Cîteaux dit Cartulare Antiquum t.1 (début XIIIe siècle), Archives départementales de la Côte-d'Or, Cart. 166 (11 H 64), 136 folios, f. 0126r, in Projet CBMA - Corpus Burgundiae Medii Aevi [Ressource en ligne], https:// manuscrits.cbma-project.eu/
description: Provenance: abbaye de Cîteaux
description: Provenance: http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q843261
description: Provenance: https://www.geonames.org/3024876
description: Provenance: http://www.idref.fr/030974844/id
description: Provenance: https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12228351v
title: The Europeanisation of “Public Order”: The Cases of Restrictive Measures to Counter the Spread of False Information and of Restrictions to Foreign Direct Investments
Creators: name: Poli, Sara
Publisher: name: European Papers (www.europeanpapers.eu)
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: European public order
subject: common foreign and security policy
subject: restrictive measures
subject: common commercial policy
subject: foreign direct investments
subject: European integration

description: European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2024 9(3), 1424-1436
description: I. Introduction. – II. Member States as custodians of the Union’s public order. – II.1. The concept of “European public order” in Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/351. – II.2. The Foreign Direct Investment Regulation: procedural and substantive obligations on Member States’s assessment of FDI that affect public order and public security. – II.3. The progressive “Europeanisation of public order” in the context of the proposal of Regulation on the screening of foreign investments in the Union and repealing Regulation 2019/452. – III. Conclusions.
description: This Article examines two legal instruments, in the fields of Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Common Commercial Policy, to inquire on whether the concept of “public order” has been “Europeanised”. The first measure is Council Decision (CFSP) 2022/351 prohibiting operators to broadcast the content of selected Russian media outlets. In this context the notion of “European public order” is used to justify the adoption of restrictive measures. Yet, it cannot be maintained that as a result of this Decision Member States have lost their ability to invoke public order on their own. It is too early to conclude that the EU has “Europeanised” public order. Any future development of this notion will depend on whether it will be invoked again by the Council in the practice. The second instrument is Regulation 2019/452 establishing a framework for the screening of foreign direct investments into the Union. In this context, the Union cannot act through the Commission to autonomously protect European public order by preventing a Member State to accept a Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) that concerns critical technologies and infrastructures. However, the view is taken that this act is leading to a soft ‘Europeanisation’ of the concept of public order. The recent Commission’s proposal (COM(2024) 23), repealing the mentioned Regulation, is a step forward towards the recognition that FDIs in certain areas may be the object of restrictions in case they affect “Union public order and security”.
Finsler space-time can explain both parity asymmetry and power deficit seen in CMB temperature anisotropies
Creators: name: Chang, Zhe
name: Rath, Pranati K.
name: Sang, Yu
name: Zhao, Dong
name: Zhou, Yong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose a framework of Finsler space-time to explain the observed parity asymmetry and the power deficit in the low-$\ell$ ($2\leqslant \ell \leqslant 29$) multipole range of cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies. In the $3+1$ dimensional space-time, the three-dimensional space is described by a Randers-Finsler space, which is spatially irreversible, inducing the parity asymmetry in the CMB angular power spectrum. We estimate the constraints on the two parameters introduced by Finsler space-time via analyzing the low-$\ell$ angular power spectrum in PLANCK 2015 CMB temperature data. We see that the low-$\ell$ power suppression in the CMB temperature anisotropies can also be resolved in this scenario. Our study shows that the two low-$\ell$ anomalies, i.e., parity asymmetry and power deficit, may have a common origin.
description: 5 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Additional file 1: of A robust cell culture system for large scale feeder cell-free expansion of human breast epithelial progenitors
Creators: name: Sumanta Chatterjee
name: Basak, Pratima
name: Buchel, Edward
name: Murphy, Leigh
name: Raouf, Afshin
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Figure S1 related to Fig. 1. IL-10-dependent expansion of normal breast epithelial progenitors in organoids. (A) Representative photomicrograph of AdMSCs grown in 2D culture. (B) Representative photomicrograph of crystal violet stained CFU-Fs. (C) CFU-F yields from AdMSCs (obtained from 3 independent samples) used for cytokine ELISA array analysis of conditioned media obtained from various organoid cultures (Table S1). (D) HBECs in organoid cultures were treated with escalating IL-10 dose for 10 days and progenitor numbers were obtained using CFC assays. The starting (input) progenitor numbers were also obtained via CFC assay and average CFC yields are reported in bar graphs. (E) Representative photomicrographs of Lin- HBECs and luminal or bipotent progenitors grown as organoids with or without recombinant IL-10. (F) Representative FACS plots and bar graphs depicting CD49f and EpCAM expression (population A vs. B) in Lin− HBECs grown as organoids with or without IL-10. (G) CFC yields were measured in organoid cultures of Lin− HBECs with IL-10 over multiple passages. Results represent the mean ± SEM from 3 mammoplasty samples. The bars in microscopic pictures represent 1000μm. Figure S2 related to Fig. 2. IL-10 plus Y-27632 and SB431542 enhances HBECs expansion efficiency in 2D adherent cultures. Lin− HBECs grown in regular SF7 media with fibroblasts or in EpiPro medium without fibroblasts and total cell yields (A) and CFC yields (B) for each passage are plotted as line graphs. Lin− HBECs propagated in 2D cultures with either EpiPro or EpiProPlus medium for over 6 passages. Fold changes in (C) total cell yield and (D) CFC yield for each sample are plotted as separate bar graphs. CFC and cell yield for cells cultured in EpiPro medium were made into 1. (E) Shows variations in frequency of bipotent (population A) and luminal (population B) progenitors in Lin− HBECs described in Fig. 2b. (F) Graph shows the average number of days between passages for Lin− HBECs grown in EpiProPlus medium. All results are the mean ± SEM from 3 replicates. (PDF 590 kb)
A fifth order perturbative solution to the Gribov - Lipatov equation
Creators: name: Przybycien, Mariusz
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1995
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Fifth order exact corrections to the non-singlet electron structure function in QED are the leading logarithmic approximation using the ad hoc exponentiation prescription proposed by Jadach and Ward and a recurence formula for the elements of the Jadach-Ward series. A comparison with existing third order solutions is also presented. The three next elements of the Jadac Ward series were calculated numerically and parametrized with an accuracy better than 5x10^-6 in the range of x between 0.01 and 1.
description: 10 pages, PostScript
MOESM1 of Coding Microsatellite Frameshift Mutations Accumulate in Atherosclerotic Carotid Artery Lesions: Evaluation of 26 Cases and Literature Review
Creators: name: Kurz, Carolin
name: Maani Hakimi
name: Kloor, Matthias
name: Grond-Ginsbach, Caspar
name: Marie-Luise Gross-Weissmann
name: Bรถckler, Dittmar
name: Doeberitz, Magnus Knebel
name: Dihlmann, Susanne
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: 29999 Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Supplementary material, approximately 573 KB.
A dusty X-ray absorber in the Perseus Cluster ?
Creators: name: Arnaud, Keith A.
name: Mushotzky, Richard F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have analyzed 0.35-7.5 keV X-ray spectra of the center of the Perseus cluster collected using the Broad Band X-Ray Telescope (BBXRT) on the Astro-1 mission. These spectra are particularly useful for examining the nature of the X-ray absorber in cooling flows because of BBXRT's sensitivity between 0.35 and 1.0 keV. We confirm that there is X-ray absorption above that expected from gas in our own galaxy. Further, the absorbing medium is deficient in helium. However, the energy of the K-edge of oxygen is consistent with neutral material (at the redshift of the cluster) and is not consistent with any ionized state of oxygen. It is not possible to completely ionize helium and have oxygen neutral so the apparent helium deficiency cannot be due to ionization. We propose that the X-ray absorption is due to dust grains that have condensed out of a medium in which helium remains ionized. This model satisfies all the observational constraints but is difficult to understand theoretically.
description: 15 pages including 6 figures. Uses aaspp4 and psfig styles
Development and application of platform technologies for the study of lipid phase behaviour and biomembrane mechanics
Creators: name: Purushothaman, Sowmya
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2012

description: This thesis presents the design, development and application of a number of platform technologies for the study of lipid-phase behaviour and bio-membrane mechanics. This includes an automated laboratory based X-ray beamline with a multi-capillary sample chamber capable of undertaking small angle X-ray scattering measurements on a maximum of 104 samples at a time as a function of temperature between 5 and 85 C. The modular format of the system enables the user to simultaneously equilibrate samples at eight different temperatures with an accuracy of +/-0.005 C. This system couples a rotating anode generator and 2-D optoelectronic detector with Franks X-ray optics, leading to typical exposure times of less than ve minutes for lyotropic liquid crystalline samples. Beamline control including sample exchange and data acquisition has been fully automated via a custom designed LabVIEW framework. In addition this thesis presents an overview of the development of a suite of tools for undertaking fluctuation analysis measurements of lipid vesicles under a variety of conditions including as a function of hydrostatic pressure. These and other biophysical techniques have been used to study a variety of binary lipidic systems determining key parameters ranging from spontaneous curvature and bending rigidity through to p-T dependent phase behaviour.
Proceedings of the 12th Media Psychology Conference 2021 (MediaPsych 2021) : September 8 10, 2021 RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Creators: name: Rosenthal-von der Pütten, Astrid Marieke
name: Elson, Malte
name: Schiffer, Stefan
Publisher: name: RWTH Aachen University
Year: 2022

description: 12th Media Psychology Conference, MediaPsych 2021, Aachen, Germany, 8 Sep 2021 - 10 Sep 2021; Aachen : RWTH Aachen University 1 Online-Ressource (VI, 259 Seiten) : Illustrationen (2022).
description: Published by RWTH Aachen University, Aachen
RG-flows and Open/Closed String Duality
Creators: name: Bianchi, Massimo
name: Morales, Jose F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the interpaly between IR and UV divergences in theories with open and unoriented strings in view of the AdS/CFT correspondence. We start by deriving general formulas for the computation of threshold corrections to gauge couplings in generic configurations with open and unoriented strings. These allow us to discuss the IR/UV correspondence between beta-function coefficients and ``dilaton'' tadpoles for several brane configurations probed by D3-branes. Finally we comment on the AdS supergravity descriptions of gauge theories that are (super)conformal in the large N limit.
description: Minor corrections. References added. Version to be published in JHEP08(2000)035. 22 pages, Latex
Additional file 1: of Maternal breast cancer risk in relation to birthweight and gestation of her offspring
Creators: name: Swerdlow, Anthony
name: Wright, Lauren
name: Minouk Schoemaker
name: Jones, Michael
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Cancer
subject: Plant Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Table S1. In-situ breast cancer risk by birthweight and gestation of first-born singleton offspring by menopausal status. Table S2. Invasive breast cancer risk by birthweight and gestation of first-born by age at first delivery. Table S3. Relative risks of invasive breast cancer in relation to birthweight and gestation of first-born singleton offspring by menopausal status at breast cancer incidence; analyses unadjusted for confounders other than age. Table S4. Relative risks of invasive breast cancer in relation to birthweight and gestation of first-born singleton offspring by oestrogen receptor status of breast cancer; analyses unadjusted for confounders other than age. Table S5. Relative risks of invasive breast cancer in relation to birthweight and gestation of first-born singleton offspring by duration since delivery; analyses unadjusted for confounders other than age. Table S6. Relative risks of invasive breast cancer in relation to birthweight and gestation of most recent singleton birth by menopausal status at breast cancer incidence; analyses unadjusted for confounders other than age. (DOCX 53 kb)
Small Instantons in String Theory
Creators: name: Witten, Edward
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1995
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A long-standing puzzle about the heterotic string has been what happens when an instanton shrinks to zero size. It is argued here that the answer at the quantum level is that an extra $SU(2)$ gauge symmetry appears that is supported in the core of the instanton. Thus in particular the quantum heterotic string has vacua with higher rank than is possible in conformal field theory. When $k$ instantons collapse at the same point, the enhanced gauge symmetry is $Sp(k)$. These results, which can be tested by comparison to Dirichlet five-branes of Type I superstrings and to the ADHM construction of instantons, give the first example for the heterotic string of a non-perturbative phenomenon that cannot be turned off by making the coupling smaller. They have applications to several interesting puzzles about string duality.
description: 25 pages, harvmac
Potential for bamboo as a feedstock for lignocellulosic biofuel production
Creators: name: Littlewood, Jade
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2013

description: This thesis investigates the potential for bamboo to be a feedstock for the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. This was assessed from the perspectives of technology, economics and policy, and discusses the main drivers that could help or hinder the viability of such a process at the commercial scale. Three pretreatment technologies (liquid hot water, soaking in aqueous ammonia and dilute acid) and various enzyme loadings were explored as potential processing routes for converting bamboo into bioethanol; these conditions were compared based on the criteria of maximising sugar release and thus total ethanol production. Aspen Plus modelling software was used to simulate the conversion process at a scaled up level of 2,000 dry metric tonnes of bamboo per day. The generated mass and energy balances were used in a discounted cash flow analysis to yield the minimum production price for bamboo-derived bioethanol based on a reference year of 2011. Two case study scenarios (China and Colombia) were modelled as potential locations for establishing a bamboo to bioethanol process. Bioethanol from bamboo in China and Colombia was also compared with bioethanol derived from other lignocellulosic feedstocks (wheat straw and short-rotation coppice poplar) in various locations, and its competitiveness with fossil-based fuels at the pump was assessed. This research demonstrated that bioethanol from bamboo can be just as, if not more competitive than bioethanol from other lignocellulosic resources provided that certain criteria are fulfilled. The main determinants responsible for establishing a future in the alternative fuel market included maintaining a balance between the major factors relating to technology (achieving relatively high sugar yields with low enzyme usage), economics (obtaining low costs for feedstock and high credits for electricity generation), and policy (establishing these conditions in a location with strong policy support for bioethanol).
Symmetric shear banding and swarming vortices in bacterial "superfluids"
Creators: name: Guo, Shuo
name: Samanta, Devranjan
name: Peng, Yi
name: Xu, Xinliang
name: Cheng, Xiang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Bacterial suspensions--a premier example of active fluids--show an unusual response to shear stresses. Instead of increasing the viscosity of the suspending fluid, the emergent collective motions of swimming bacteria can turn a suspension into a "superfluid" with zero apparent viscosity. Although the existence of active "superfluids" has been demonstrated in bulk rheological measurements, the microscopic origin and dynamics of such an exotic phase have not been experimentally probed. Here, using high-speed confocal rheometry, we study the dynamics of concentrated bacterial suspensions under simple planar shear. We find that bacterial "superfluids" under shear exhibit unusual symmetric shear bands, defying the conventional wisdom on shear-banding of complex fluids, where the formation of steady shear bands necessarily breaks the symmetry of unsheared samples. We propose a simple hydrodynamic model based on the local stress balance and the ergodic sampling of nonequilibrium shear configurations, which quantitatively describes the observed symmetric shear-banding structure. The model also successfully predicts various interesting features of swarming vortices in stationary bacterial suspensions. Our study provides new insights into the physical properties of collective swarming in active fluids and illustrates their profound influences on transport processes.
description: 7 pages, 7 figures (Accepted in PNAS)
Additional file 1: of Factors influencing performance by contracted non-state providers implementing a basic package of health services in Afghanistan
Creators: name: Salehi, Ahmad
name: Saljuqi, Abdul
name: Akseer, Nadia
name: Rao, Krishna
name: Coe, Kathryn
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Health systems performance by province. (DOCX 759 kb)
Optical Studies of the Transient Dipping X-ray Sources X1755-338 and X1658-298 in Quiescence
Creators: name: Wachter, Stefanie
name: Smale, Alan P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have studied the optical counterparts of X1755-338 and X1658-298 in their X-ray "off" states. The first observations of X1755-338 in quiescence show that the counterpart, V4134 Sgr, has faded by more than 3.5 mag in V. If the mass donor in the system is an M0V star as implied by the period, our upper limits on the brightness of the counterpart suggest that it is more distant than 4 kpc. We observed V2134 Oph, the optical counterpart of X1658-298, on several occasions in April/May 1997 and found the source only about 1 mag fainter than when it is X-ray bright. Contemporaneous X-ray data confirm that the source remains in the quiescent state during our optical observations. Our optical lightcurve, folded on the 7.1 hour orbital period, does not show any modulation across the binary cycle. It is possible that the absence of detectable X-ray emission, despite the indication for an accretion disk and activity in the system, is related to structure in the disk that permanently obscures the central X-ray source. The optical properties of V2134 Oph are unique among the known X-ray transients.
description: 8 pages including 3 figures and 1 table; Uses AASTeX 4.0; Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Superpixel-enhanced Pairwise Conditional Random Field for Semantic Segmentation
Creators: name: Sulimowicz, Li
name: Ahmad, Ishfaq
name: Aved, Alexander
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Superpixel-based Higher-order Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) are effective in enforcing long-range consistency in pixel-wise labeling problems, such as semantic segmentation. However, their major short coming is considerably longer time to learn higher-order potentials and extra hyperparameters and/or weights compared with pairwise models. This paper proposes a superpixel-enhanced pairwise CRF framework that consists of the conventional pairwise as well as our proposed superpixel-enhanced pairwise (SP-Pairwise) potentials. SP-Pairwise potentials incorporate the superpixel-based higher-order cues by conditioning on a segment filtered image and share the same set of parameters as the conventional pairwise potentials. Therefore, the proposed superpixel-enhanced pairwise CRF has a lower time complexity in parameter learning and at the same time it outperforms higher-order CRF in terms of inference accuracy. Moreover, the new scheme takes advantage of the pre-trained pairwise models by reusing their parameters and/or weights, which provides a significant accuracy boost on the basis of CRF-RNN even without training. Experiments on MSRC-21 and PASCAL VOC 2012 dataset confirm the effectiveness of our method.
description: 5 pages
Quantum Optics in Maxwell's Fish Eye Lens with Single Atoms and Photons
Creators: name: Perczel, Janos
name: Kómar, Péter
name: Lukin, Mikhail D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the quantum optical properties of Maxwell's two-dimensional fish eye lens at the single-photon and single-atom level. We show that such a system mediates effectively infinite-range dipole-dipole interactions between atomic qubits, which can be used to entangle multiple pairs of distant qubits. We find that the rate of the photon exchange between two atoms, which are detuned from the cavity resonances, is well described by a model, where the photon is focused to a diffraction-limited area during absorption. We consider the effect of losses on the system and study the fidelity of the entangling operation via dipole-dipole interaction. We derive our results analytically using perturbation theory and the Born-Markov approximation and then confirm their validity by numerical simulations. We also discuss how the two-dimensional Maxwell's fish eye lens could be realized experimentally using transformational plasmon optics.
description: 20 pages, 7 figures
Additional file 1: of Centralized nucleation in online networks leads to high social inequality
Creators: name: Dover, Yaniv
name: Kelman, Guy
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Cell Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 60506 Virology

description: Figure S1. The relationship between current-period nucleus-to-periphery size ratio and future weekly activity, for varying community age tiers. Nucleus-to-periphery ratio were calculated for each community, within time windows of 60Â days. Future weekly activity was calculated, per each time window and correlated with the previous 60Â days time window. (PDF 17 kb)
On the quantum BRST structure of classical mechanics
Creators: name: Marnelius, Robert
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The BRST-antiBRST invariant path integral formulation of classical mechanics of Gozzi et al is generalized to pseudomechanics. It is shown that projections to physical propagators may be obtained by BRST-antiBRST invariant boundary conditions. The formulation is also viewed from recent group theoretical results within BRST-antiBRST invariant theories. A natural bracket expressed in terms of BRST and antiBRST charges in the extended formulation is shown to be equal to the Poisson bracket. Several remarks on the operator formulation are made.
description: 12 pages, Latexfile
Dilatonic gravity near two dimensions as a string theory
Creators: name: Elizalde, E.
name: Odintsov, S. D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1995
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using the renormalization-group formalism, a sigma model of a special type- in which the metric and the dilaton depend explicitly on one of the string coordinates only-is investigated near two dimensions. It is seen that dilatonic gravity coupled to N scalar fields can be expressed in this form, using a string parametrization, and that it possesses the usual UV fixed point. However,in this stringy parametrization of the theory the fixed point for the scalar-dilaton coupling turns out to be trivial, while the fixed point for the gravitational coupling remains to be the same as in previous studies being, in particular, non-trivial.
description: 9 pages, LATex file, to appear in Mod.Phys.Lett.A
On the structure of Verma module over Virasoro and Neveu-Schwarz algebras
Creators: name: Astashkevich, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1995
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In the paper we present a different proof of the theorem of B. L. Feigin and D. B. Fuchs about the structure of Verma modules over Virasoro algebra. We state some new results about the structure of Verma modules over Neveu-Schwarz. The proof has thwo advantages: first, it is simplier in the most interesting cases (for example in the so called minimal models), second, it can be generalized for Neveu-Schwarz algebra for some class of Verma modules.
description: 41 pages, LaTeX
OSSOS. VII. 800+ trans-Neptunian objects - the complete data release
Creators: name: Bannister, Michele T.
name: Gladman, Brett J.
name: Kavelaars, J. J.
name: Petit, Jean-Marc
name: Volk, Kathryn
name: Chen, Ying-Tung
name: Alexandersen, Mike
name: Gwyn, Stephen D. J.
name: Schwamb, Megan E.
name: Ashton, Edward
name: Benecchi, Susan D.
name: Cabral, Nahuel
name: Dawson, Rebekah I.
name: Delsanti, Audrey
name: Fraser, Wesley C.
name: Granvik, Mikael
name: Greenstreet, Sarah
name: Guilbert-Lepoutre, Aurélie
name: Ip, Wing-Huen
name: Jakubik, Marian
name: Jones, R. Lynne
name: Kaib, Nathan A.
name: Lacerda, Pedro
name: Van Laerhoven, Christa
name: Lawler, Samantha
name: Lehner, Matthew J.
name: Lin, Hsing Wen
name: Lykawka, Patryk Sofia
name: Marsset, Michaël
name: Murray-Clay, Ruth
name: Pike, Rosemary E.
name: Rousselot, Philippe
name: Shankman, Cory
name: Thirouin, Audrey
name: Vernazza, Pierre
name: Wang, Shiang-Yu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS), a wide-field imaging program in 2013-2017 with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, surveyed 155 deg$^{2}$ of sky to depths of $m_r = 24.1$-25.2. We present 838 outer Solar System discoveries that are entirely free of ephemeris bias. This increases the inventory of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) with accurately known orbits by nearly 50%. Each minor planet has 20-60 Gaia/Pan-STARRS-calibrated astrometric measurements made over 2-5 oppositions, which allows accurate classification of their orbits within the trans-Neptunian dynamical populations. The populations orbiting in mean-motion resonance with Neptune are key to understanding Neptune's early migration. Our 313 resonant TNOs, including 132 plutinos, triple the available characterized sample and include new occupancy of distant resonances out to semi-major axis $a \sim 130$ au. OSSOS doubles the known population of the non-resonant Kuiper belt, providing 436 TNOs in this region, all with exceptionally high-quality orbits of $a$ uncertainty $σ_{a} \leq 0.1\%$; they show the belt exists from $a \gtrsim 37$ au, with a lower perihelion bound of $35$ au. We confirm the presence of a concentrated low-inclination $a\simeq 44$ au "kernel" population and a dynamically cold population extending beyond the 2:1 resonance. We finely quantify the survey's observational biases. Our survey simulator provides a straightforward way to impose these biases on models of the trans-Neptunian orbit distributions, allowing statistical comparison to the discoveries. The OSSOS TNOs, unprecedented in their orbital precision for the size of the sample, are ideal for testing concepts of the history of giant planet migration in the Solar System.
description: Invited paper, special issue Data: Insights and Challenges in a Time of Abundance. Data tables and example survey simulator are in the supplementary materials (see arXiv source under Downloads > Other formats)
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor regulation of adherens junction biogenesis and maturation
Creators: name: Welsh, Natalie Jane
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2013

description: Dynamic regulation of cell-cell contact formation during epithelial tissue biogenesis is critical for many developmental processes, which, when recapitulated in adult tissue, can disrupt cell-cell adhesion and contribute to tumourigenesis. During de novo adherens junction assembly, Rho small GTPases drive a multitude of diverse cellular processes to build strong, functional cell-cell contacts. How E-cadherin signalling is transduced to specify Rho protein signalling is not well characterised. It is thought to involve spatio-temporal activation of Rho family members by their GEFs, but which Rho GEFs contribute to the initial stages of epithelial biogenesis remains to be elucidated. Here I identify activators of Rac and RhoA GTPases that contribute to assembly and stabilisation of cadherin contacts. I find that junction induction modulates EGFR phosphorylation in a profile distinct from the canonical ligand-dependent pattern to activate Rac. Functionally, EGFR but not the GEFs DOCK180 or Trio, is required for junction-induced actin reorganisation, a Rac1-dependent cellular process. RNAi screening shows that multiple Rho GEFs regulate the distribution of E-cadherin and/or F-actin at nascent contacts by two modes of action: negative E-cadherin regulation is correlated with, but positive regulation is independent of, F-actin re-distribution. Furthermore, I find that junction formation induces an early transient wave of RhoA activation, which is attenuated by depletion of the GEFs, ARHGEF10 or Trio. ARHGEF10 and Trio negatively regulate the distinct cellular processes of E-cadherin availability and stability. Finally, I find that, loss of ARHGEF10 leads to increased incorporation of unstable E-cadherin into junctions resulting in global destabilisation of newly-formed contacts. This suggests a fine balance between the amount of cadherin present at junctions and their ability to engage with the cortical cytoskeleton. These results are surprising and suggest that the amount of cadherin at junctions may not directly correlate with stability and they may be regulated by distinct pathways.
Concepts in Gauge Theory Leading to Electric--Magnetic Duality
Creators: name: Tsou, S. T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Gauge theory, which is the basis of all particle physics, is itself based on a few fundamental concepts, the consequences of which are often as beautiful as they are deep. In this short lecture course I shall try to give an introduction to these concepts, both from the physical and mathematical points of view. Then I shall show how these considerations lead to a nonabelian generalization of the well-known electric--magnetic duality in electromagnetism. I shall end by sketching some of the many consequences in quantum field theory that this duality engenders in particle physics. These are notes from a lecture course given in the Summer School on {\em Geometric Methods in Quantum Field Theory}, Villa de Leyva, Colombia, July 1999, as well as a series of graduate lectures given in Oxford in Trinity Term of 1999 and 2000.
description: 64 pages, Latex, figures using eps; lecture notes