Pteropodidae
Creators: name: Huang, Joe Chun-Chia
name: Jazdzyk, Elly Lestari
name: Nusalawo, Meyner
name: Maryanto, Ibnu
name: Maharadatunkamsi
name: Wiantoro, Sigit
name: Kingston, Tigga
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae

description: ii. Key to species of Pteropodidae (* denotes records in Sumatra but not in BBSL)
1.1. No claw on 2nd finger............................................................................... 2 (genus Eonycteris)
1.2. Claw on 2nd finger.................................................................................. 3
2.1. FA 59–80 mm; the crown of 1st upper premolar is about equal to the crown of 2nd upper incisor; 1st premolar sometimes absent.............................................................................. Eonycteris spelaea
2.2. FA 75–83 mm; the crown of 1st upper premolar is distinctly larger than the crown of 2nd upper incisor... Eonycteris major *
3.1. Tail present but short................................................................................ 4
3.2. Tail absent or insignificant........................................................................... 14
4.1. One pair of lower incisors; FA 57–64 mm .................................................... Penthetor lucasi
4.2. Two pairs of lower incisors........................................................................... 5
5.1. Upper postcanine teeth flat on crown surface and relative weak; five upper postcanine teeth (four in some individuals)... 6 (genus Rousettus)
5.2. Upper postcanine teeth sharp and strong; three or four pairs of upper postcanine teeth............................. 8
6.1. Back hairless; wings joined in spinal midline............................................ Rousettus spinalatus *
6.2. Back well furred; wings not joined in spinal midline....................................................... 7
7.1. The last lower postcanine teeth nearly circular; FA 78–87 mm ........................... Rousettus amplexicaudatus
7.2. The last lower postcanine teeth elliptic (length 1.5–2.0 to width); FA 78–87 mm ............... Rousettus leschenaultii
8.1. Ear edge and finger whitish (in adult only); four pairs of upper postcanine teeth................................. 9 (genus Cynopterus)
8.2. Ear edge and finger not whitish; three pairs of upper postcanine teeth......................................... 13 (genus Dyacopterus *)
9.1. Peg-like cusp on the 3rd and 4th lower postcanine teeth; FA 68–76 mm ....................... Cynopterus horsfieldii
9.2. No peg-like cusp on the lower postcanine teeth........................................................... 10
10.1. Ear length <18 mm ................................................................................ 11
10.2. Ear length> 18 mm ................................................................................ 12
11.1. Ears straight or slightly notched at posterior edge; adults generally irritable and noisy; FA 59–73 mm .................................................................................................. Cynopterus brachyotis
11.2. Ears curved at posterior edge; adults generally calm and quiet; FA 52–62 mm .................... Cynopterus minutus
12.1. Head reddish; FA 62–79 mm ............................................................ Cynopterus sphinx
12.2. Head blackish; FA 73–83 mm ..................................................... Cynopterus titthaecheilus *
13.1. FA 75–83 mm; smaller head (CBL 33.9–36.1 mm, MH 14.5–15.4 mm)...................... Dyacopterus spadiceus *
13.2. FA 81–92 mm; bigger head (CBL 36.5–37.1 mm, MH 15.4–16.3 mm) a ........................ Dyacopterus brooksi *
14.1. Small-medium sized, FA <65 mm ..................................................................... 15
14.2. Large, FA> 100 mm ................................................................................ 22 (genus Pteropus)
15.1. Yellow/white spots on face and wings; FA 40–45 mm ..................................... Balionycteris maculata
15.2. No spots on face and wings.......................................................................... 16
16.1. Head light brown, light grayish brown, buffy brown or orange brown......................................... 17
16.2. Head dark, dark gray or dark grayish brown............................................................. 20
17.1. Strong muzzle; short tongue, nostrils strongly tubular; ear edge darker and is contrasts to the rest part of pinna; postcanine teeth 4/5......................................................................................... 18 (genus Megaerops)
17.2. Narrow muzzle; long tongue; nostrils not tubular; ear edge is similar color to the rest part of pinna; postcanine teeth 5/6... 19 (genus Macroglossus)
18.1. TB> 15 mm; first phalanges of 4th and 5th digits brown; FA 49–60 mm ...................... Megaerops ecaudatus
18.2. TB <15 mm; first phalanges of both 4th and 5th digits whitish; white tufts on neck in some individuals known in peninsular Malaysia and Borneo populations, possible for Sumatra but unconfirmed; FA 45–52 mm ....... Megaerops wetmorei *
19.1. Internarial groove does not reach upper lip; FA 41–50 mm ................................. Macroglossus sobrinus
19.2. Internarial groove reaches upper lip and splits the lip into two; FA 39–44 mm ................. Macroglossus minimus *
20.1. One pair of lower incisors; head gray or dark grayish/reddish brown; FA 42–46 mm ................. Aethalops alecto
20.2. Two pairs of lower incisors; face nearly black and in sharp contrast with the underparts of body; FA 39–49 mm ....... 21 (genus Chironax)
21.1. Ear tip round, EL ≤ 11 mm; BM ≤ 15 g; FA 40–44 mm .................. Chironax melanocephalus round-eared form
21.2. Ear tip pointed, EL> 12 mm; BM ≥ 19 g; FA 41–47 mm ................. Chironax melanocephalus tipped-eared form
22.1. FA> 170 mm; BM> 680 g; interfemoral membrane narrowed in center; premolars without ledges.... Pteropus vampyrus
22.2. FA <170 mm; interfemoral membrane not narrowed in center; premolars with ledges; recorded in western offshore islands only............................................................................................. 23
23.1. Back blackish; FA 125–165 mm ........................................................ Pteropus melanotus *
23.2. Back not blackish; FA 105–150 mm; BM <300 g ........................................ Pteropus hypomelanus *
description: Published as part of Huang, Joe Chun-Chia, Jazdzyk, Elly Lestari, Nusalawo, Meyner, Maryanto, Ibnu, Maharadatunkamsi, Wiantoro, Sigit & Kingston, Tigga, 2014, A recent bat survey reveals Bukit Barisan Selatan Landscape as a chiropteran diversity hotspot in Sumatra, pp. 413-449 in Acta Chiropterologica 16 (2) on page 445, DOI: 10.3161/150811014X687369, http://zenodo.org/record/3943617