Cicerina debrae Tucker, Stevens & Iii, 2014, n.sp.
Creators: name: Tucker, Kea
name: Stevens, Craig
name: Smith Iii, Julian P. S.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Platyhelminthes
Rhabditophora
Rhabdocoela
Cicerinidae
Cicerina
Cicerina debrae

description: Cicerina debrae n.sp.
The specific epithet is in honor of the first author’s mother. This species is listed in the unpublished notes by Rieger (see below) as both “CinciAugi” and “ Cicerina orthocirri”. It is identical with Cicerina “ debrae ” in Magshoud et al. (2014). Type material was deposited at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (USNM) and the SMNHS as follows: Holotype—a sagittally sectioned specimen from EI (USNM 1231542); Paratypes: One whole-mount (USNM 1231544) and two serially-sectioned specimens from EI (USNM 1231543, SMNH Type-8664), and two whole-mounted specimens from SMNHS (SMNH Type-8662 & 8663).
In transmitted light, the free-swimming animal was faintly golden-brown and the body was slightly flattened, most obviously at the posterior end. Proboscis, eyes, pharynx, and posterior adhesive papillae were easily seen. Specimens were threadlike, measuring approximately 1 mm long by 75 µm wide when fully extended. This species was present year-round, but generally more abundant in our samples during fall, winter, and early spring.
Cicerina debrae possessed intraepithelial nuclei throughout. CLSM labeling with anti-acetylated tubulin revealed that epidermal ciliation was restricted to the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body except at the anterior end; the sides of the body exhibited only scattered (sensory?) cilia from U20 posteriorly, and the dorsal ciliation did not extend as far posteriorly as the ventral ciliation (U76 vs. U83). The 98 µm-long proboscis possessed a small terminal cone and four prominent secretory ampules; the proboscis sheath was not ciliated. Prominent adhesive papillae occurred at the posterior end and in four somewhat disordered belts—between the proboscis and eyes at U15, posterior to the pharynx at U42, and anterior and posterior to the copulatory organs at U66 and U85. A pair of large eyes with prominent retinal bulbs occurred at U16 (Fig A).
The pharynx was vertically directed and located shortly behind the brain. The pharynx contained mostly intrapharyngeal glands of two types—with either eosinophilic or basophilic secretions. The mouth occurred near the anterior extent of the pharynx, at U27. Identifiable contents of the digestive tract in various specimens were nematodes, and in one case, including pair of male copulatory spicules and accompanying gubernacula. On three occasions, we saw an individual capture and swallow a nematode in the extraction dish; that this species preys (perhaps not exclusively) on nematodes is also supported by molecular data (Maghsoud et al. 2014).
Although the testes are paired, and appear to occur in four lobes (Fig A), the position of the testes is clearly variable. In living specimens, paired testes were observed mostly posterior to the pharynx; however, a central mass of testicular tissue was found anterior to the pharynx in sections, and paired testes anterior to the pharynx were figured in an unpublished drawing of this species by R. M. Rieger. Paired vasa deferentia extended posteriorly from the testes to paired seminal vesicles located at U63. A short duct exited each seminal vesicle and extended posteriorly to enter the copulatory bulb at its anterior face, located at U67 (Fig A). The 66 µm-long, ovoid copulatory bulb was bipartite (Fig B), with a proximal glandular portion that also contained an internal ductus ejaculatorius (Fig C). The distal portion of the copulatory bulb contained a short (28 µm) cirrus bearing a proximal wreath of small granular glands (Figs D,E), and a single large matrix cell (Fig B). The glands associated with the male organ appeared to be exclusively intra-capsular. The copulatory bulb opened into a common genital atrium that arose from the common gonopore at U75.
An internal vagina extended anteriorly from the genital atrium ventrally and slightly to the left of the male copulatory organ. Initially spacious, the vagina narrowed to a sphincter just anterior to the copulatory bulb (Fig C), and opened into a mass of bursal tissue that extended in the midline from just anterior to the copulatory bulb to just posterior to the germaria. A pair of C-shaped ductus spermatici (37µm long) connected the bursa to near the paired germaria at U61 (Fig B); the ductus spermatici did not stain with Alexa488/phalloidin, but stained intensely in serial sections with iron hematoxylin. Vitellaria extended from just ventral to the testes lateral to the gut as far posterior as the germaria. The common duct originated in the vicinity of the germaria and extended posterio-dorsally, passing dorsal to the copulatory bulb to enter the genital atrium. A group of glands occurred posterior to the genital atrium. Their connections to the atrium could not be traced; however, granules like those in the glands occurred in the epithelium of the genital atrium where the common duct entered.
A 1696-base sequence from the 18S rDNA gene was obtained from a specimen collected in the lower half of the beach at EI in January 2012 (GenBank accession number KJ206554). A blastn search returned the sequence from Linguabana tulai Rundell & Leander 2014 (JN205121) at e0 and 96% identity. Blasting the sequence for C. debrae against the unpublished sequence for Cicerina tetradactyla (Tessens et al. submitted) resulted in e0 and 97% identity.
The most recent key to the Family Cicerinidae (Brunet 1973) places Cicerina debrae in the genus Cicerina. Compared to the 7 presently described congeners, C. debrae shares with C. eucentrota the character of a vagina interna (Brunet, 1973); the remaining species have an external vagina, opening anterior to the common gonopore and leading into the bursa. The position of the testes is variable in this genus, being pre-pharyngeal in C. bicirrata, C. triangularis (Karling 1989), and C. elegans (Evdonin 1971) and post-pharyngeal in C. brevicirrus, C. remanei, C. tetradactyla (Karling 1952), and C. eucentrota (Ax 1959). C. debrae is, however, clearly distinguished from the other 7 congeners by its very short cirrus and by the elongate and curved ductus spermatici.
The traditional phylogenetic placement of the family Cicerinidae within the Eukalyptorhynchia, already cast in doubt (see Van Steenkiste et al. 2008), is also not supported by molecular data which show the majority of cicerinid species forming a clade at the base of the Schizorhynchia (Tessens et al. in press). Our own results based on 18S sequence from this new species agree with theirs (Smith et al. 2013). Accordingly, a comprehensive revision of the Cicerinidae, including both molecular and morphological data, is certainly to be desired.
Our results once again demonstrate the utility of confocal microscopy in routine species descriptions: beyond the ease with which CLSM allows three-dimensional reconstruction of major organ systems, it seems likely that the unusual pattern of epidermal ciliation could easily have been missed in live observations. We also emphasize the utility of the resin-slide procedure (Rieger & Ruppert, 1978). Our modifications of the original procedure (primary fixation in modified Trump’s and decreased osmium tetroxide concentration in the second fixative) appear to be useful improvements, as the former allows short- to long-term sample storage in primary fixative, and the combination of these two modifications prevents specimens from being so overstained by osmium tetroxide that internal structures cannot be clearly seen. Finally, we make a plea to current workers on flatworm systematics for more wide-spread use of resinembedment serial sectioning and a corresponding move away from whole-mounts as the sole type material for new species. As originally pointed out (Smith & Tyler 1984), the anatomical detail obtained by this technique is far superior to that obtained in ordinary paraffin sections.
Authors’ Contributions and Acknowledgements: KT carried out the initial confocal studies and drafted the manuscript. CS conducted a serial-section study of the copulatory bulb by TEM and also contributed LM and confocal observations to the present paper. JSIII contributed DIC micrographs, prepared the serial sections, made CLSM observations, obtained the DNA sequences, drew the figure, and made final revisions to the manuscript. The authors are grateful to Dr. Stephen Fegley and the UNC-IMS for laboratory space during the 2010 through 2013 field seasons, to Dr. Marian Litvaitis for reading and commenting on the manuscript, to Dr. Bart Tessens for sharing results from their molecular study and the unpublished 18S sequence from Cicerina tetradactyla, to the Swedish Museum of Natural History (especially Dr. Sven Boström) for sharing Karling’s unpublished (and formerly uncatalogued) material of this species, and to Dr. Gunde Rieger and the estate of the late Dr. R.M. Rieger for permission to use his unpublished work on “ Cicerina orthocirra”. All three authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript before submission. Housing and travel support for collection were provided by the WU research Council to JSIII. Summer-stipend support for JSIII was provided by the National Center for Research Resources (5 P20 RR016461) and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (8 P20 GM103499) from the National Institutes of Health.
description: Published as part of Tucker, Kea, Stevens, Craig & Smith Iii, Julian P. S., 2014, Cicerina debrae n. sp. (Platyhelminthes: Kalyptorhynchia, Cicerinidae) from the Southern Atlantic Coast, USA, pp. 496-499 in Zootaxa 3821 (4) on pages 496-499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/224468