Graphical Abstract for "Analysis of Atmospheric and Ionospheric Variations Due to Impacts of Super Typhoon Mangkhut (1822) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean"
Creators: name: Freeshah, Mohamed
name: Xiaohong Zhang
name: Şentürk, Erman
name: Adil, Muhammad Arqim
name: B. G. Mousa
name: Tariq, Aqil
name: Xiaodong Ren
name: Mervat Refaat
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: 40604 Natural Hazards
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 40108 Tropospheric and Stratospheric Physics
subject: Atmospheric Sciences
subject: 40102 Atmospheric Dynamics
subject: 49999 Earth Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 50206 Environmental Monitoring
subject: Environmental Science
subject: Oceanography
subject: 50210 Pacific Peoples Environmental Knowledge

description: *- This graphical abstract (GA) describes the data resources and some results during Super Typhoon Mangkhut in September 2018. It is the GA for the research article entitled "Analysis of Atmospheric and Ionospheric Variations Due to Impacts of Super Typhoon Mangkhut (1822) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean" which published in Remote Sensing on February 11, 2021. <br>*- Abstract:The Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWP) is one of the most vulnerable regions that has been hit by typhoons. In September 2018, Mangkhut was the 22nd Tropical Cyclone (TC) over the NWP regions (so, the event was numbered as 1822). In this paper, we investigated the highest amplitude ionospheric variations along with the atmospheric anomalies such as the sea-level pressure, Mangkhut’s cloud system, and the meridional and zonal wind during the typhoon. Regional Ionosphere Maps (RIMs) were created through the Hong Kong Continuously Operating Reference Stations (HKCORS) and International GNSS Service (IGS) data around the area of Mangkhut typhoon. RIMs were utilized to analyze the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) response over the maximum wind speed points (maximum spots) under the meticulous observations of the solar-terrestrial environment and geomagnetic storm indices. Ionospheric vertical TEC (VTEC) time sequences over the maximum spots are detected by three methods interquartile range method (IQR), enhanced average difference (EAD), and range of ten days (RTD) during the super typhoon Mangkhut. The research findings indicated significant ionospheric variations over the maximum spots during this powerful tropical cyclone within a few hours before the extreme wind speed. Moreover, the ionosphere showed a positive response where the maximum VTEC amplitude variations coincided with the cyclone rainbands or typhoon edges rather than the center of the storm. The sea-level pressure tends to decrease around the typhoon periphery, the highest ionospheric VTEC amplitude was observed when the low-pressure cell covers the largest area. The possible mechanism of the ionospheric response is based on strong convective cells that create the gravity waves over tropical cyclones. Moreover, the critical change state in the meridional wind happened on the same day of maximum ionospheric variations on the 256th day of the year (DOY 256). This comprehensive analysis suggests that the meridional winds and their resulting waves may contribute in one way or another to upper atmosphere-ionosphere coupling.<br><br>*- AMA Citation Style for the Article. <br>Freeshah M, Zhang X, Şentürk E, Adil MA, Mousa BG, Tariq A, Ren X, Refaat M. Analysis of Atmospheric and Ionospheric Variations Due to Impacts of Super Typhoon Mangkhut (1822) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(4):661. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040661