Multiwavelength variability and correlation studies of Mrk 421 during historically low X-ray and $γ$-ray activity in 2015$-$2016
Creators: name: MAGIC Collaboration
name: Acciari, V. A.
name: Ansoldi, S.
name: Antonelli, L. A.
name: Asano, K.
name: Babić, A.
name: Banerjee, B.
name: Baquero, A.
name: de Almeida, U. Barres
name: Barrio, J. A.
name: González, J. Becerra
name: Bednarek, W.
name: Bellizzi, L.
name: Bernardini, E.
name: Bernardos, M.
name: Berti, A.
name: Besenrieder, J.
name: Bhattacharyya, W.
name: Bigongiari, C.
name: Blanch, O.
name: Bonnoli, G.
name: Bošnjak, Ž.
name: Busetto, G.
name: Carosi, R.
name: Ceribella, G.
name: Cerruti, M.
name: Chai, Y.
name: Chilingarian, A.
name: Cikota, S.
name: Colak, S. M.
name: Colombo, E.
name: Contreras, J. L.
name: Cortina, J.
name: Covino, S.
name: D'Amico, G.
name: D'Elia, V.
name: Da Vela, P.
name: Dazzi, F.
name: De Angelis, A.
name: De Lotto, B.
name: Delfino, M.
name: Delgado, J.
name: Mendez, C. Delgado
name: Depaoli, D.
name: Di Girolamo, T.
name: Di Pierro, F.
name: Di Venere, L.
name: Espiñeira, E. Do Souto
name: Prester, D. Dominis
name: Donini, A.
name: Doro, M.
name: Ramazani, V. Fallah
name: Fattorini, A.
name: Ferrara, G.
name: Foffano, L.
name: Fonseca, M. V.
name: Font, L.
name: Fruck, C.
name: Fukami, S.
name: López, R. J. García
name: Garczarczyk, M.
name: Gasparyan, S.
name: Gaug, M.
name: Giglietto, N.
name: Giordano, F.
name: Gliwny, P.
name: Godinović, N.
name: Green, J. G.
name: Green, D.
name: Hadasch, D.
name: Hahn, A.
name: Heckmann, L.
name: Herrera, J.
name: Hoang, J.
name: Hrupec, D.
name: Hütten, M.
name: Inada, T.
name: Inoue, S.
name: Ishio, K.
name: Iwamura, Y.
name: Jormanainen, J.
name: Jouvin, L.
name: Kajiwara, Y.
name: Karjalainen, M.
name: Kerszberg, D.
name: Kobayashi, Y.
name: Kubo, H.
name: Kushida, J.
name: Lamastra, A.
name: Lelas, D.
name: Leone, F.
name: Lindfors, E.
name: Lombardi, S.
name: Longo, F.
name: López, M.
name: López-Coto, R.
name: López-Oramas, A.
name: Loporchio, S.
name: Fraga, B. Machado de Oliveira
name: Maggio, C.
name: Majumdar, P.
name: Makariev, M.
name: Mallamaci, M.
name: Maneva, G.
name: Manganaro, M.
name: Maraschi, L.
name: Mariotti, M.
name: Martínez, M.
name: Mazin, D.
name: Mender, S.
name: Mićanović, S.
name: Miceli, D.
name: Miener, T.
name: Minev, M.
name: Miranda, J. M.
name: Mirzoyan, R.
name: Molina, E.
name: Moralejo, A.
name: Morcuende, D.
name: Moreno, V.
name: Moretti, E.
name: Munar-Adrover, P.
name: Neustroev, V.
name: Nigro, C.
name: Nilsson, K.
name: Ninci, D.
name: Nishijima, K.
name: Noda, K.
name: Nozaki, S.
name: Ohtani, Y.
name: Oka, T.
name: Otero-Santos, J.
name: Palatiello, M.
name: Paneque, D.
name: Paoletti, R.
name: Paredes, J. M.
name: Pavletić, L.
name: Peñil, P.
name: Perennes, C.
name: Persic, M.
name: Moroni, P. G. Prada
name: Prandini, E.
name: Priyadarshi, C.
name: Puljak, I.
name: Rhode, W.
name: Ribó, M.
name: Rico, J.
name: Righi, C.
name: Rugliancich, A.
name: Saha, L.
name: Sahakyan, N.
name: Saito, T.
name: Sakurai, S.
name: Satalecka, K.
name: Schleicher, B.
name: Schmidt, K.
name: Schweizer, T.
name: Sitarek, J.
name: Šnidarić, I.
name: Sobczynska, D.
name: Spolon, A.
name: Stamerra, A.
name: Strom, D.
name: Strzys, M.
name: Suda, Y.
name: Surić, T.
name: Takahashi, M.
name: Tavecchio, F.
name: Temnikov, P.
name: Terzić, T.
name: Teshima, M.
name: Torres-Albà, N.
name: Tosti, L.
name: Truzzi, S.
name: van Scherpenberg, J.
name: Vanzo, G.
name: Acosta, M. Vazquez
name: Ventura, S.
name: Verguilov, V.
name: Vigorito, C. F.
name: Vitale, V.
name: Vovk, I.
name: Will, M.
name: Zarić, D.
name: collaboration, FACT
name: :
name: Arbet-Engels, A.
name: Baack, D.
name: Balbo, M.
name: Beck, M.
name: Biederbeck, N.
name: Biland, A.
name: Bretz, T.
name: Bruegge, K.
name: Buss, J.
name: Dorner, D.
name: Elsaesser, D.
name: Hildebrand, D.
name: Iotov, R.
name: Klinger, M.
name: Mannheim, K.
name: Neise, D.
name: Neronov, A.
name: Noethe, M.
name: Paravac, A.
name: Rhode, W.
name: Schleicher, B.
name: Sliusar, V.
name: Theissen, F.
name: Walter, R.
name: Collaborators, MWL
name: :
name: Valverde, J.
name: Horan, D.
name: Giroletti, M.
name: Perri, M.
name: Verrecchia, F.
name: Leto, C.
name: Sadun, A. C.
name: Moody, J. W.
name: Joner, M.
name: Marscher, A. P.
name: Jorstad, S. G.
name: Lähteenmäki, A.
name: Tornikoski, M.
name: Ramakrishnan, V.
name: Järvelä, E.
name: Vera, R. J. C.
name: Righini, S.
name: Lien, A. Y.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report a characterization of the multi-band flux variability and correlations of the nearby (z=0.031) blazar Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) using data from Metsähovi, Swift, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, FACT and other collaborations and instruments from November 2014 till June 2016. Mrk 421 did not show any prominent flaring activity, but exhibited periods of historically low activity above 1 TeV (F$_{&gt;1\mathrm{TeV}}$0.1 TeV) $γ$-rays, which, despite the low activity, show a significant positive correlation with no time lag. The HR$_\mathrm{keV}$ and HR$_\mathrm{TeV}$ show the harder-when-brighter trend observed in many blazars, but the trend flattens at the highest fluxes, which suggests a change in the processes dominating the blazar variability. Enlarging our data set with data from years 2007 to 2014, we measured a positive correlation between the optical and the GeV emission over a range of about 60 days centered at time lag zero, and a positive correlation between the optical/GeV and the radio emission over a range of about 60 days centered at a time lag of $43^{+9}_{-6}$ days.This observation is consistent with the radio-bright zone being located about 0.2 parsec downstream from the optical/GeV emission regions of the jet. The flux distributions are better described with a LogNormal function in most of the energy bands probed, indicating that the variability in Mrk 421 is likely produced by a multiplicative process.
description: 45 pages, 30 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS