cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Approach to equilibrium and nonequilibrium stationary distributions of interacting many-particle systems that are coupled to different heat baths
Creators: name: Netz, Roland
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Collective behavior
subject: Nonequilibrium & irreversible thermodynamics
subject: Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::530 Physik::530 Physik

description: A Hamiltonian-based model of many harmonically interacting massive particles that are subject to linear friction and coupled to heat baths at different temperatures is used to study the dynamic approach to equilibrium and nonequilibrium stationary states. An equilibrium system is here defined as a system whose stationary distribution equals the Boltzmann distribution, the relation of this definition to the conditions of detailed balance and vanishing probability current is discussed both for underdamped as well as for overdamped systems. Based on the exactly calculated dynamic approach to the stationary distribution, the functional that governs this approach, which is called the free entropy Sfree(t), is constructed. For the stationary distribution Sfree(t) becomes maximal and its time derivative, the free entropy production ˙Sfree(t), is minimal and vanishes. Thus, Sfree(t) characterizes equilibrium as well as nonequilibrium stationary distributions by their extremal and stability properties. For an equilibrium system, i.e., if all heat baths have the same temperature, the free entropy equals the negative free energy divided by temperature and thus corresponds to the Massieu function which was previously introduced in an alternative formulation of statistical mechanics. Using a systematic perturbative scheme for calculating velocity and position correlations in the overdamped massless limit, explicit results for few particles are presented: For two particles localization in position and momentum space is demonstrated in the nonequilibrium stationary state, indicative of a tendency to phase separate. For three elastically interacting particles heat flows from a particle coupled to a cold reservoir to a particle coupled to a warm reservoir if the third reservoir is sufficiently hot. This does not constitute a violation of the second law of thermodynamics, but rather demonstrates that a particle in such a nonequilibrium system is not characterized by an effective temperature which equals the temperature of the heat bath it is coupled to. Active particle models can be described in the same general framework, which thereby allows us to characterize their entropy production not only in the stationary state but also in the approach to the stationary nonequilibrium state. Finally, the connection to nonequilibrium thermodynamics formulations that include the reservoir entropy production is discussed.
A MARKETING ANALYSIS OF U.S. CHICKEN EXPORTS TO CHINA
Creators: name: Zhang, Li
name: Gunter, Lewell F.
name: Zhang, Li
name: Gunter, Lewell F.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: China is the second largest market for U.S. poultry exports. The growth potential for chicken exports to China is great, given their large population, low per capita consumption, rising incomes, and recent inclusion in the WTO. In this study, we estimated excess supply and demand equations for US exports of frozen chicken parts to China.
Investigations into a biological control strategy for Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe
Creators: name: Ramsfield, Tod Donald
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: An inundative biological control strategy for lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) parasitizing lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta) in British Columbia was investigated in this study. Of 36 collection sites in British Columbia and Alberta, Caliciopsis arceuthobii was observed at 8 sites and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was collected from 23 sites and 187 isolates were recovered in culture. It was decided to focus on C. gloeosporioides because it damaged all parts of male and female A. americanum infections, grew readily in culture, produced abundant inoculum in culture and its distribution coincided with the range of A. americanum that was sampled in this study. An isolate of C. gloeosporioides was selected based on growth characteristics and formulated using the 'Stabileze' method for inoculation of A. americanum in a field trial. Two months after inoculation, the average disease rating of A. americanum infections treated with C. gloeosporioides was significantly higher than the controls. One year after inoculation, the average number of fruit present on A. americanum swellings that were treated with C. gloeosporioides was reduced, but the difference between the treatments and controls was not significant. The effect of C. gloeosporioides on the endophytic system of A. americanum was determined through culturing and histopathologic^ examination. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was cultured from the basal cup region but not from woody tissues. No fungal hyphae were observed within the endophytic tissues of A. americanum; however, two different types of hyphae were observed in the outer dead bark and on the bark surface. Analysis of the distribution of C. gloeosporioides within the canopy of lodgepole pine suggested that the presence of C. gloeosporioides was not related to crown position; under natural conditions, all A. americanum was susceptible to C. gloeosporioides. A5study designed to follow C. arceuthobii infection of A. americanum over time found that the fungus caused an average fruit reduction of 57% each year over the first three years, and a predicted reduction of 39% in the fourth year of the study and that the fungus was able to naturally infect disease free A. americanum. The maximum biocontrol treatment periodicity required for prevention of fruit production was determined to be 3 years, based on the interval between shoot removal and fruit production.
Phases of anisotropic dipolar antiferromagnets
Creators: name: Fernandez, J. F.
name: Alonso, J. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study systems of classical magnetic dipoles on simple cubic lattices with dipolar and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. By analysis and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, we find how the antiferromagnetic phases vary with uniaxial and fourfold anisotropy constants, C and D, as well as with exchange strength J. We pay special attention to the spin reorientation (SR) phase, and exhibit in detail the nature of its broken symmetries. By mean field theory and by MC, we also obtain the ratio of the higher ordering temperature to the SR transition temperature, and show that it depends mainly on D/C, and rather weakly on J. We find a reverse SR transition.
description: 10 LaTeX pages, 14 eps figures. Submitted to PRB on 03 October 2005. Accepted on 13 December 2005
Molecular interpretation of the non-Newtonian viscoelastic behavior of liquid water at high frequencies
Creators: name: Schulz, Julius C. F.
name: Schlaich, Alexander
name: Heyden, Matthias
name: Netz, Roland
name: Kappler, Julian
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Nanofluidics
subject: Rheology
subject: Complex fluids
subject: Non-Newtonian fluids
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::530 Physik::530 Physik

description: Using classical as well as ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we calculate the frequency-dependent shear viscosity of pure water and water–glycerol mixtures. In agreement with recent experiments, we find deviations from Newtonian-fluid behavior in the THz regime. Based on an extension of the Maxwell model, we introduce a viscoelastic model to describe the observed viscosity spectrum of pure water. We find four relaxation modes in the spectrum which we attribute to (i) hydrogen–bond network topology changes, (ii) hydrogen–bond stretch vibrations of water pairs, (iii) collective vibrations of water molecule triplets, and (iv) librational excitations of individual water molecules. Our model quantitatively describes the viscoelastic response of liquid water on short timescales, where the hydrodynamic description via a Newtonian-fluid model breaks down.
Nuclear Currents in Chiral Effective Field Theory
Creators: name: Krebs, Hermann
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this article, we review the status of the calculation of nuclear currents within chiral effective field theory. After formal discussion of the unitary transformation technique and its application to nuclear currents we will give all available expressions for vector, axial-vector currents. Vector and axial-vector currents will be discussed up to order $Q$ with leading-order contribution starting at order $Q^{-3}$. Pseudoscalar and scalar currents will be discussed up to order $Q^0$ with leading-order contribution starting at order $Q^{-4}$. This is a complete set of expressions in next-to-next-to-next-to-leading-order (N$^3$LO) analysis for nuclear scalar, pseudoscalar, vector and axial-vector current operators. Differences between vector and axial-vector currents calculated via transfer-matrix inversion and unitary transformation techniques are discussed. The importance of consistent regularization is an additional point which is emphasized: lack of consistent regularization of axial-vector current operators is shown to lead to a violation of the chiral symmetry in the chiral limit at order $Q$. For this reason, a hybrid approach at order $Q$, discussed in various publications, is non-applicable. To respect the chiral symmetry the same regularization procedure needs to be used in the construction of nuclear forces and current operators. Although full expressions of consistently regularized current operators are not yet available an isoscalar part of the electromagnetic charge operator up to order $Q$ has a very simple form and can be easily regularized in a consistent way. As an application, we review our recent high accuracy calculation of the deuteron charge form factor with a quantified error estimate.
description: 54 pages, 2 figures, 7 tables
QCD Effective Couplings in Minkowskian and Euclidean Domains
Creators: name: Shirkov, D. V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We argue for essential upgrading of the defining equations (9.5) and (9.6) in Section 9.2 "The QCD coupling ... " of PDG review and their use for data analysis in the light of recent development of the QCD theory. Our claim is twofold. First, instead of universal expression (9.5) for QCD coupling $\barα_s$, one should use various ghost-free couplings $α_E(Q^2), α_M(s)...$ specific for a given physical representation, Euclidean, Mincowskian etc. Second, instead of power expansion (9.6) for observable, we recommend to use nonpower functional ones over particular functional sets ${{\cal A}_k(Q^2)}$, ${{\mathfrak A}_k(s)}...$ related by suitable integral transformations. We remind that use of this modified prescription results in a better correspondence of reanalyzed low energy data with the high energy ones.
description: Contribution to proceedings of "QCD@Work2005" meeting (Bari, July 2005), 7 pages, 3 figures; v2: few other applications (with related references)added
EXAMINING CROSS-COUNTRY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY DIFFERENCES
Creators: name: Ogunyinka, Ebenezer
name: Langemeier, Michael R.
name: Ogunyinka, Ebenezer
name: Langemeier, Michael R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: Productivity Analysis

description: This paper computes Malmquist agricultural productivity indexes for 125 countries over the period 1961-2001. These are decomposed into efficiency change (i.e., pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency changes) and technical change (i.e., input bias and magnitude components). Results show that developing and developed countries derive their growth from efficiency change and technical change, respectively. Input bias technical change is evident for both developing and developed countries.
ZnSe/GaAs(001) heterostructures with defected interfaces: structural, thermodynamic and electronic properties
Creators: name: Stroppa, A.
name: Peressi, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have performed accurate \emph{ab--initio} pseudopotential calculations for the structural and electronic properties of ZnSe/GaAs(001) heterostructures with interface configurations accounting for charge neutrality prescriptions. Beside the simplest configurations with atomic interdiffusion we consider also some configurations characterized by As depletion and cation vacancies, motivated by the recent successfull growth of ZnSe/GaAs pseudomorphic structures with minimum stacking fault density characterized by the presence of a defected (Zn,Ga)Se alloy in the interface region. We find that--under particular thermodynamic conditions--some defected configurations are favoured with respect to undefected ones with simple anion or cation mixing, and that the calculated band offsets for some defected structures are compatible with those measured. Although it is not possible to extract indications about the precise interface composition and vacancy concentration, our results support the experimental indication of (Zn,Ga)Se defected compounds in high-quality ZnSe/GaAs(001) heterojunctions with low native stacking fault density. The range of measured band offset suggests that different atoms at interfaces rearrange, with possible presence of vacancies, in such a way that not only local charges but also ionic dipoles are vanishing.
description: 26 pages. 5 figures, revised version, in press (Physical Review B)
Cold denaturation of RNA secondary structures with loop entropy and quenched disorder
Creators: name: Iannelli, Flavio
name: Mamasakhlisov, Yevgeni
name: Netz, Roland
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Phase transitions
subject: Polymer folding
subject: Disordered systems
subject: Polymer glasses
subject: Polymer melts
subject: Polymers
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::530 Physik::530 Physik

description: The critical behavior of ribonucleic acid (RNA) secondary structures with quenched sequence randomness is studied by means of the constrained annealing method. A thermodynamic phase transition is induced by including the conformational weight of loop structures. In addition to the expected melting at high temperature, a cold-melting transition appears when the disorder strength induces competition between favorable and unfavorable base pairs. Our results suggest that the cold denaturation of RNA found experimentally might be triggered by quenched sequence disorder. We calculate hot- and cold-melting critical temperatures for competing favorable and unfavorable base-pair energies and present a folding phase diagram as a function of the loop exponent and temperature.
Probing the magnetospheric accretion region of the young pre-transitional disk system DoAr 44 using VLTI/GRAVITY
Creators: name: Bouvier, J.
name: Perraut, K.
name: Bouquin, J. -B. Le
name: Duvert, G.
name: Dougados, C.
name: Brandner, W.
name: Benisty, M.
name: Berger, J. -P.
name: Alécian, E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Young stellar objects are thought to accrete material from their circumstellar disks through their strong stellar magnetospheres. We aim to directly probe the magnetospheric accretion region on a scale of a few 0.01 au in a young stellar system using long-baseline optical interferometry. We observed the pre-transitional disk system DoAr 44 with VLTI/GRAVITY on two consecutive nights in the K-band. We computed interferometric visibilities and phases in the continuum and in the BrG line in order to constrain the extent and geometry of the emitting regions. We resolve the continuum emission of the inner dusty disk and measure a half-flux radius of 0.14 au. We derive the inclination and position angle of the inner disk, which provides direct evidence that the inner and outer disks are misaligned in this pre-transitional system. This may account for the shadows previously detected in the outer disk. We show that BrG emission arises from an even more compact region than the inner disk, with an upper limit of 0.047 au (5 Rstar). Differential phase measurements between the BrG line and the continuum allow us to measure the astrometric displacement of the BrG line-emitting region relative to the continuum on a scale of a few tens of microarcsec, corresponding to a fraction of the stellar radius. Our results can be accounted for by a simple geometric model where the BrG line emission arises from a compact region interior to the inner disk edge, on a scale of a few stellar radii, fully consistent with the concept of magnetospheric accretion process in low-mass young stellar systems.
description: Astronomy & Astrophysics, in press, 8 pages, 3 figures
DERIVED DEMAND FOR WHEAT BY CLASS
Creators: name: Terry, Justin J.
name: Marsh, Thomas L.
name: Terry, Justin J.
name: Marsh, Thomas L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: elasticities
subject: normalized quadratic
subject: substitution

description: To quantify price responsiveness and economic substitutability among wheat classes, derived demand functions were specified from a normalized quadratic profit function. Own-price and cross-price elasticities were estimated for hard red winter, hard red spring, soft wheat (combined red and white), and durum wheat. In general, soft wheat varieties were less responsive to their own price than were hard wheat varieties. Cross-price elasticities indicate that hard red winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, and soft wheat varieties are economic substitutes. Cross-price elasticities are different from those previously reported, which can have important policy implications.
Vitamin A bei Neuropsychiatrischen Erkrankungen
Creators: name: Hellmann-Regen, Julian
Publisher: name: Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Homeostasis
subject: Vitamin A
subject: Retinoic Acid
subject: Psychiatry
subject: 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit

description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten mehrere Aspekte der zerebralen Retinoidhomöostase im adulten ZNS aufgezeigt werden. Zunächst konnte experimentell nachgewiesen werden, dass humane neuronale Zellkulturen sowie murine Mikroglia in funktionell relevantem Ausmaß CYP450-Isozyme exprimieren, welche sowohl hemm- als auch induzierbar sind und einen relevanten Beitrag zum Abbau endogener Retinsäuren leisten. Während die zentrale Funktion von CYP450 Isozymen in neuronalen Zellen nicht abschließend geklärt ist, konnte hier am Beispiel der Retinoidhomöostase exemplarisch aufgezeigt werden, dass sich Änderungen der CYP-Aktivität in Neuronen als auch Mikroglia über differenziellen Abbau endogener Liganden wie der Retinsäure auf neuronale Funktionen auswirken können (Hellmann-Regen et al. 2012). Auch ein direkter, funktionell relevanter Einfluss von Licht unterschiedlicher Wellenlängen auf die chemischen und biologischen Eigenschaften von Retinoiden konnte dargestellt werden (HellmannRegen et al. 2013a). Ferner konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Modulation des CYP450-vermittelten Abbaus von Retinsäure sich signifikant auf die Retinoidhomöostase auswirkt und somit das CYP450-System als therapeutisches Target im ZNS in Frage kommt (Hellmann-Regen et al. 2013b). Abschließend konnte zunächst am Beispiel des pleiotropen, antientzündlichen Minocyclins sowie am Beispiel des ebenfalls antientzündlichen Fluoxetins aufgezeigt werden, dass beide Substanzen über eine signifikante Hemmung spezifischen und unspezifischen Retinsäurekatabolismus zu einer Steigerung lokaler Retinsäurespiegel führen (Regen et al. 2014, Hellmann-Regen et al. 2015, Regen et al. 2015, Regen et al. 2016). Es liegt somit nahe, dass über eine lokale pharmakokinetische Interaktion am CYP450-System eine relevante Beeinflussung des Katabolismus endogener Substrate wie beispielsweise der Retinoide stattfindet und der lokale Abbau endogener Retinoide ein vielversprechendes therapeutisches Target darstellen könnte.
Smallness of Leptonic $θ_{13}$ and Discrete Symmetry
Creators: name: Chen, Shao-Long
name: Frigerio, Michele
name: Ma, Ernest
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The leptonic mixing angle $θ_{13}$ is known to be small. If it is indeed tiny, the simplest explanation is that charged leptons mix only in the $μ-τ$ sector and neutrinos only in the 1-2 sector. We show that this pattern may be explained by the discrete symmetry $Z_2 \times Z_2$ of a complete Lagrangian, which has 2 Higgs doublets and 2 Higgs triplets (or 2 heavy right-handed singlet neutrinos). In the case of Higgs triplets, the Majorana neutrino masses are arbitrary, whereas in the case of heavy singlet neutrinos, an inverted hierarchy is predicted. Lepton-Flavor-Violation effects, present only in the $μ-τ$ sector, are analyzed in detail: the LFV $τ$-decay rates are predicted below the present bounds by a few orders of magnitude, whereas LFV Higgs decays could allow for a direct test of the model.
description: 12 pages, several clarifications and references added
Laboratory bounds on Lorentz symmetry violation in low energy neutrino physics
Creators: name: Di Grezia, E.
name: Esposito, S.
name: Salesi, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Quantitative bounds on Lorentz symmetry violation in the neutrino sector have been obtained by analyzing existing laboratory data on neutron $β$ decay and pion leptonic decays. In particular some parameters appearing in the energy-momentum dispersion relations for $ν_e$ and $ν_μ$ have been constrained in two typical cases arising in many models accounting for Lorentz violation.
description: revtex, 8 pages, no figures, references added, typos corrected
Projective symmetry group classifications of quantum spin liquids on the simple cubic, body centered cubic, and face centered cubic lattices
Creators: name: Sonnenschein, Jonas
name: Chauhan, Aishwarya
name: Iqbal, Yasir
name: Reuther, Johannes
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum spin liquid
subject: Heisenberg model
subject: Projective symmetries
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::530 Physik::530 Physik

description: We perform extensive classifications of Z2 quantum spin liquids on the simple cubic, body centered cubic, and face centered cubic (fcc) lattices using a spin-rotation-invariant fermionic projective symmetry group approach. Taking into account that all three lattices share the same point group Oh, we apply an efficient gauge where the classification for the simple cubic lattice can be partially carried over to the other two lattices. We identify hundreds of projective representations for each of the three lattices, however, when constructing short-range mean-field models for the fermionic partons (spinons) these phases collapse to only very few relevant cases. We self-consistently calculate the corresponding mean-field parameters for frustrated Heisenberg models on all three lattices with up to third-neighbor spin interactions and discuss the spinon dispersions, ground-state energies, and dynamical spin structure factors. Our results indicate that phases with nonuniform spinon hopping or pairing amplitudes are energetically favored. An unusual situation is identified for the fcc lattice where the spinon dispersion minimizing the mean-field energy features a network of symmetry-protected linelike zero modes in reciprocal space. We further discuss characteristic fingerprints of these phases in the dynamical spin structure factor which may help to identify and distinguish them in future numerical or experimental studies.
$\pmb{D}$-boundedness and $\pmb{D}$-compactness in finite dimensional probabilistic normed spaces
Creators: name: Saadati, Reza
name: Amini, Massoud
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: General Topology (math.GN)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 46S50; 54E70

description: In this paper, we prove that in a finite dimensional probabilistic normed space, every two probabilistic norms are equivalent and we study the notion of $D$-compactness and $D$-boundedness in probabilistic normed spaces.
description: 10 pages
Additional file 18 of Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), FGF receptor (FGFR), and cyclin D1 (CCND1) DNA methylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas is associated with transcriptional activity, gene amplification, human papillomavirus (HPV) status, and sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Creators: name: Bao, Yilin
name: Gabrielpillai, Jennis
name: Dietrich, Jörn
name: Zarbl, Romina
name: Strieth, Sebastian
name: Schröck, Friederike
name: Dietrich, Dimo
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 18: Fig. S16. This figure illustrates correlation and association of FGF18 DNA methylation with mRNA expression, HPV status, copy number variation, and sensitivity to the FGFR-targeted TKIs PD 173074 and AZD4547. Exemplarily, results of 12 selected CpG sites within FGF18 are illustrated.
Evidence for a three-dimensional quantum spin liquid in PbCuTe2O6
Creators: name: Chillal, Shravani
name: Iqbal, Yasir
name: Jeschke, Harald O.
name: Rodriguez-Rivera, Jose A.
name: Bewley, Robert
name: Manuel, Pascal
name: Khalyavin, Dmitry
name: Steffens, Paul
name: Thomale, Ronny
name: Islam, A. T. M. Nazmul
name: Reuther, Johannes
name: Lake, Bella
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Magnetic properties and materials
subject: Quantum fluids and solids
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::530 Physik::530 Physik

description: The quantum spin liquid is a highly entangled magnetic state characterized by the absence of static magnetism in its ground state. Instead, the spins fluctuate in a highly correlated way down to the lowest temperatures. Quantum spin liquids are very rare and are confined to a few specific cases where the interactions between the magnetic ions cannot be simultaneously satisfied (known as frustration). Lattices with magnetic ions in triangular or tetrahedral arrangements, which interact via isotropic antiferromagnetic interactions, can generate such a frustration. Three-dimensional isotropic spin liquids have mostly been sought in materials where the magnetic ions form pyrochlore or hyperkagome lattices. Here we present a three-dimensional lattice called the hyper-hyperkagome that enables spin liquid behaviour and manifests in the compound PbCuTe2O6. Using a combination of experiment and theory, we show that this system exhibits signs of being a quantum spin liquid with no detectable static magnetism together with the presence of diffuse continua in the magnetic spectrum suggestive of fractional spinon excitations.
Behavioral and neural mechanisms of learning in groups of a social cichlid fish
Creators: name: Rodriguez Santiago, Mariana
name: 0000-0002-4919-6417
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 2020
Subjects: Social behavior
Neurobiology
Neural activity
Dominance
Immediate early genes

description: As animals navigate through their environment, they must integrate external stimuli with previous experience to guide behavioral decisions. In group living animals, these decisions are embedded in a social context that influences their interactions, access to resources, and ultimately, their behavior. To acquire and learn new information that is vital to their survival, individuals must successfully navigate social interactions that are often embedded in dominance hierarchies. Such hierarchies arise from dyadic relationships between dominant and subordinate individuals and confer fitness benefits to those of high rank. A great deal is known regarding the ultimate underpinnings of dominance, especially as it pertains to differences between dominant and subordinate individuals (reviewed in Chapter 1, along with a summary of the social learning field). However, we have much to learn regarding the neurobiological mechanisms through which individuals navigate these social hierarchies in order to learn and acquire new information that is critical for their survival, such as finding food. To begin to address this knowledge gap in understanding the neurobiology of learning in dynamic social groups, I conducted a series of experiments using the African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni. Males of this species form dominance hierarchies which are vital for gaining territories and access to reproductive opportunities. In chapter 2, I examined the unique social traits that differentiate dominant and subordinate males in social groups, and how these traits influence group learning and decision-making. In chapter 3, I examined the neural activity patterns that drive learning in a social and asocial context by quantifying immediate-early gene expression at different time points during the learning process. Finally, in chapter 4, I examined how these neural activity patterns in key brain regions, the putative homologues of the basolateral amygdala and hippocampus, vary with the extent of social stability during the learning process. Taken together, my research offers important new insights into the behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying social learning and suggests several directions for future study
STIS Spectroscopy of Young Star Clusters in "The Antennae" Galaxies (NGC 4038/4039)
Creators: name: Whitmore, Bradley C.
name: Gilmore, Diane
name: Leitherer, C.
name: Fall, S. Michael
name: Chandar, Rupali
name: Blair, William P.
name: Schweizer, Francois
name: Zhang, Qing
name: Miller, Bryan W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Long-slit spectra of several dozen young star clusters have been obtained at three positions in the Antennae galaxies with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and its 52"x0.2" slit. Based on H-alpha emission-line measurements, the average cluster-to-cluster velocity dispersion in 7 different cluster aggregates ("knots") is <10 \kms. The fact that this upper limit is similar to the velocity dispersion of gas in the disks of typical spiral galaxies suggests that the triggering mechanism for the formation of young massive compact clusters ("super star clusters") is unlikely to be high velocity cloud-cloud collisions. On the other hand, models where preexisting giant molecular clouds in the disks of spiral galaxies are triggered into cluster formation are compatible with the observed low velocity dispersions. These conclusions are consistent with those reached by Zhang et al. (2001) based on comparisons between the positions of the clusters and the velocity and density structure of the nearby interstellar medium. We find evidence for systematically lower values of the line ratios [NII]/H-alpha and [SII]/H-alpha in the bright central regions of some of the knots, relative to their outer regions. This suggests that the harder ionizing photons are used up in the regions nearest the clusters, and the diffuse ionized gas farther out is photoionized by 'leakage' of the leftover low-energy photons. The low values of the [SII]/H-alpha line ratio, typically [SII]/H-alpha<0.4, indicates that the emission regions are photoionized rather than shock heated. The absence of evidence for shock-heated gas is an additional indication that high velocity cloud-cloud collisions are not playing a major role in the formation of the young clusters.
description: 13 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables; accepted for November AJ
Additional file 19 of Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), FGF receptor (FGFR), and cyclin D1 (CCND1) DNA methylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas is associated with transcriptional activity, gene amplification, human papillomavirus (HPV) status, and sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Creators: name: Bao, Yilin
name: Gabrielpillai, Jennis
name: Dietrich, Jörn
name: Zarbl, Romina
name: Strieth, Sebastian
name: Schröck, Friederike
name: Dietrich, Dimo
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 19: Fig. S17. This figure illustrates correlation and association of FGF20 DNA methylation with mRNA expression, HPV status, copy number variation, and sensitivity to the FGFR-targeted TKIs PD 173074 and AZD4547. Exemplarily, results of three selected CpG sites within FGF20 are illustrated.
Challenging the establishment : cross-temporal and cross-sectional analyses of anti-political-establishment parties
Creators: name: Abedi-Djourabtchi, Amir-Hassan
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Most studies that have examined parties that challenge the political establishment have focused their attention on certain types of 'anti-political-establishment parties' (a-pe parties), such as left-libertarian parties or right-wing populist parties. It is argued here that before moving on to an exploration of the reasons behind the electoral success or failure of specific a-p-e parties, one should take a closer look at the preconditions for the success of a-p-e parties in general. This makes it necessary to avoid any 'time-specific' or 'ideology-specific' explanations. Consequently, only those explanatory variables that could be tested at any point in time and for any a-p-e party regardless of its position on the left-right political scale were included in this study. Six hypotheses that fulfilled these criteria were selected to be tested using data from nineteen advanced industrial democracies covering the entire 1945 to 1999 time period. These hypotheses stress the importance of the electoral system, political traditions, the economic conditions of a country, the colluding behaviour of the establishment parties, certain party system features and the 'availability' of voters. In contrast to prior research which has often emphasized the importance of socioeconomic and institutional factors, the results of the bivariate and multivariate analyses suggest that political variables explain much of the variance in the level of electoral support for a-p-e parties in different democracies, at different points in time. Thus, the economic situation of a country as well as the electoral system do not appear to have a significant impact on the electoral fortunes of a-p-e parties. On the other hand, anti- political-establishment parties thrive in an environment where and when the establishment parties are fairly close to each other ideologically and where and when weak partisan attachments make voters available to their appeals. In addition, the behaviour of the establishment parties, especially the mode of interaction between them and the main opposition is very important. That is, a-p-e parties profit from collusion between the main establishment parties, especially in an environment that is characterized by mutual distrust between the governing party(ies) and an opposition that is excluded and sometimes even ostracized.
Geometric properties of adiabatic quantum thermal machines
Creators: name: Bhandari, Bibek
name: Alonso, Pablo Terrén
name: Taddei, Fabio
name: Oppen, Felix Von
name: Fazio, Rosario
name: Arrachea, Liliana
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Entropy
subject: Heat transfer
subject: Quantum thermodynamics
subject: Quantum transport
subject: Thermoelectric effects
subject: Transport phenomena
subject: Heat engines
subject: Linear response theory
subject: Nonequilibrium Green's function
subject: Quantum master equation
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::530 Physik::539 Moderne Physik

description: We present a general unified approach for the study of quantum thermal machines, including both heat engines and refrigerators, operating under periodic adiabatic driving and in contact with thermal reservoirs kept at different temperatures. We show that many observables characterizing this operating mode and the performance of the machine are of geometric nature. Heat-work conversion mechanisms and dissipation of energy can be described, respectively, by the antisymmetric and symmetric components of a thermal geometric tensor defined in the space of time-dependent parameters generalized to include the temperature bias. The antisymmetric component can be identified as a Berry curvature, while the symmetric component defines the metric of the manifold. We show that the operation of adiabatic thermal machines, and consequently also their efficiency, are intimately related to these geometric aspects. We illustrate these ideas by discussing two specific cases: a slowly driven qubit asymmetrically coupled to two bosonic reservoirs kept at different temperatures, and a quantum dot driven by a rotating magnetic field and strongly coupled to electron reservoirs with different polarizations. Both examples are already amenable for experimental verification.
Versatile systems for characterization of large-area silicon pad sensors for highly-granular calorimetry
Creators: name: de Almeida, Pedro Dias
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: High-granularity calorimeters utilizing silicon pad sensors as main active material are being designed for the CMS endcap calorimeter upgrade and have been proposed for the electromagnetic calorimeters at CLIC, ILC and FCC-ee. The silicon sensors in such experiments are foreseen to cover a very large area of O(1000 $\mathrm{m^2}$). They are typically produced from 6- or 8-inch wafers and consist of a few hundred smaller cells, each with an area of O(0.1 to 1.1 $\mathrm{cm^2}$). Currently the CMS endcap calorimeter upgrade is in a prototyping phase with the aim of choosing the final sensor design. Flexible systems are needed for quick sensor characterization as close as possible to operating conditions, for testing different prototypes and for quality control during mass production. The ARRAY system consists of an active switching matrix PCB with 512 input channels and a passive probe card specific for each sensor layout prototype. The probe card makes contact with each individual pad through spring-loaded pins. ARRAY is designed to measure the leakage current and capacitance per-cell for different bias voltages, keeping the entire sensor area under bias. The Hexaboard probe card follows a similar principle: readout electronics foreseen to be used in the final CMS detector are mounted on a PCB that makes contact with the sensor through spring-loaded pins. It is used to perform noise and charge collection efficiency measurements with irradiated sensors without the need for module assembly. We present the design of the ARRAY and Hexaboard systems as well as measurements performed on different CMS prototype silicon sensors. We also compare the results with alternative multi-needle setups.
Chandra X-Ray Imaging of the Interacting Starburst Galaxy System NGC 7714/5: Tidal ULXs, Emergent Wind, and Resolved HII Regions
Creators: name: Smith, Beverly J.
name: Struck, Curtis
name: Nowak, Michael A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present Chandra X-ray images for the interacting galaxy pair NGC 7714/5. In addition to the unresolved starburst nucleus, a variable point source with L(X) ~ 10^40 erg/s was detected 1.5" (270 pc) northwest of the nucleus, coincident with a blue, extremely optically-luminous (M(V) ~ -14.1) point source on HST images. Eleven more candidate point-like ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are seen, two >= 10^40 erg/s. Ten of these are associated with interaction-induced features but only two with star formation. We found diffuse emission with L(X) ~ 3 X 10^40 erg/s extending 11" (1.9 kpc) to the north of the nucleus. Its spectrum can be fit with a 2-temperature Mekal function (0.6/8 keV) or a 0.6 keV Mekal function plus a power law. The hard component may be due to high mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) with contributions from inverse Compton radiation, while the soft component is likely from a superwind. We also detected extended X-ray emission from four extra-nuclear HII region complexes. This emission may be due to HMXBs or to diffuse gas heated by winds from supernovae, if the X-ray production efficiency L(X)/L(mech) is high (~5%). To estimate L(X)/L(mech), we collected published data for well-studied HII regions and superbubbles in nearby galaxies. For young HII regions (<3.5 Myrs), the median L(X)/L(mech) ~ 0.02%, while for older regions, L(X)/L(mech) ~ 0.2-7%. Thus gas heating by supernovae may be sufficient to account for the HII region emission. In galaxies much more distant than NGC 7714, for example, the Cartwheel galaxy, HII region complexes similar to those in NGC 7714 will be unresolved by Chandra and will mimick ULXs.
description: Accepted by the Astronomical Journal. Figures also available at http://www.etsu.edu/physics/bsmith/research/n7714_chandra.html
Geometrical classification of Killing tensors on bidimensional flat manifolds
Creators: name: Chanu, C.
name: Degiovanni, L.
name: McLenaghan, R. G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 53C80 (Primary), 70G45, 70H20 (Secondary)

description: Valence two Killing tensors in the Euclidean and Minkowski planes are classified under the action of the group which preserves the type of the corresponding Killing web. The classification is based on an analysis of the system of determining partial differential equations for the group invariants and is entirely algebraic. The approach allows to classify both characteristic and non characteristic Killing tensors.
description: 27 pages, 20 figures, pictures format changed to .eps, typos corrected
Einfluss des Pferdealters auf die Wahl der Haltung, des Managements und der Dienstleistungsansprüche von Pferdebesitzern
Creators: name: Gehlen, Heidrun
name: Lilge, Svenja
name: Merle, Roswitha
name: Steinborn, Selina
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Pferdehaltung
subject: ökonomisches Potenzial
subject: Dienstleistungen im Pferdesektor
subject: Ansprüche älterer Pferde
subject: 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::630 Landwirtschaft::630 Landwirtschaft und verwandte Bereiche

description: In der deutschen Ökonomie gelten das Pferd und der damit verbundene Reitsport als bedeutender Wirtschaftsfaktor mit großem Wachstumspotenzial. Um nachhaltig in diesem Wirtschaftssektor bestehen zu können, ist die Auseinandersetzung mit den Anforderungen verschiedener Pferdetypen und ihrer Halter unerlässlich. Ältere Pferde stellen dabei oft höhere oder zusätzliche Ansprüche an ihre Pflege und Unterbringung. Durch die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit konnte per empirischer Datenerhebung mittels online verbreiteten und in Papierform verteilten Fragebögen eruiert werden, dass die meisten Pferde (fast 70 %) mit zunehmendem Alter an chronischen Erkrankungen litten. Grundlage dieses Erkenntnisgewinns waren 1.207 Rückläufe, von denen 1.036 in der Auswertung berücksichtigt werden konnten. Aufgrund der schlechteren Gesundheitsstatus verschoben sich die Ansprüche der Besitzer älterer Pferde an einen Pferdepensionsbetrieb. Während Trainingsangebote, reitsportliche Ausstattung und Infrastruktur der Anlage als entscheidende Kriterien für die Wahl der Reitsportanlage mit einem Verlust von knapp 18 % bei Haltern älterer Pferde deutlich weniger wichtig waren, wurde dauerhafter Auslauf in kleinen, homogenen und konstanten Pferdegruppen als wichtiger erachtet. Ein großes Ausbaupotenzial scheint im Bereich der angebotenen Dienstleistungen vor allem in Ställen mit Gruppenauslaufhaltung vorhanden zu sein. Besitzer älterer Pferde erwarteten diesbezüglich für ihre Tiere vermehrte Gesundheitskontrollen (80 % erachteten tägliche Gesundheitskontrollen als „wichtig“ oder „sehr wichtig“), die Übernahme von Medikamentengaben (63 % hielten diese Möglichkeit für „wichtig“ oder „sehr wichtig“) und außerdem die Möglichkeit zur gesonderten Zufütterung (66 % schätzten diese als „wichtig“ oder „sehr wichtig“ ein). Als Resümee kann festgehalten werden, dass knapp 50 % dieser Kunden sich ein adäquateres Angebot an Pensionsbetrieben mit Spezialisierung auf ältere Pferde wünschten.
From optical lattices to quantum crystals
Creators: name: Yukalov, V. I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Optical lattices can be loaded with atoms which can have strong interactions, such that the interaction of atoms at different lattice sites cannot be neglected. Moreover, the intersite interactions can be so strong that it can force the atoms to form a self-organized lattice, such that exists in crystals. With increasing intersite interactions, there can appear several lattice states, including conducting optical lattices, insulating optical lattices, delocalized quantum crystals, and localized quantum crystals.
description: Latex file, 10 pages, no figures
Atom interferometry measurement of the electric polarizability of lithium
Creators: name: Miffre, Alain
name: Jacquey, Marion
name: Büchner, Matthias
name: Trénec, Gérard
name: Vigué, Jacques
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using an atom interferometer, we have measured the static electric polarizability of $^7$Li $α=(24.33 \pm 0.16)\times10^{-30} $ m$^3$ $= 164.19\pm 1.08 $ atomic units with a 0.66% uncertainty. Our experiment, which is similar to an experiment done on sodium in 1995 by D. Pritchard and co-workers, consists in applying an electric field on one of the two interfering beams and measuring the resulting phase-shift. With respect to D. Pritchard's experiment, we have made several improvements which are described in detail in this paper: the capacitor design is such that the electric field can be calculated analytically; the phase sensitivity of our interferometer is substantially better, near 16 mrad/$\sqrt{Hz}$; finally our interferometer is species selective it so that impurities present in our atomic beam (other alkali atoms or lithium dimers) do not perturb our measurement. The extreme sensitivity of atom interferometry is well illustrated by our experiment: our measurement amounts to measuring a slight increase $Δv$ of the atom velocity $v$ when it enters the electric field region and our present sensitivity is sufficient to detect a variation $Δv/v \approx 6 \times 10^{-13}$.
description: 14 pages