Colletes gilvus Vachal 1909
Creators: name: Ferrari, Rafael R.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Colletidae
Colletes
Colletes gilvus

description: Colletes gilvus Vachal, 1909
(Figs. 31A–F)
Colletes gilvus Vachal, 1909: 56; Toro 1986: 122, 1999: 28; Moure & Urban 2002: 10; Moure et al. 2007: 682; Almeida & Danforth 2009: 293; Kuhlmann et al. 2009: 296; Montalva & Ruz 2010: 22; Almeida et al. 2011: 7; Ascher & Pickering 2017.
Lectotype ♀ (examined). {MNHP}. [hereby designated]
Colletes tomentosus Friese, 1910: 648; 1912: 367; Ruiz 1944: 218; Moure & Urban 2002: 21; Moure et al. 2007: 688. Synonymy proposed by Toro (1999: 28).
Lectotype ♀ (examined) designated by Moure & Urban (2002: 21). {ZMB}.
Diagnosis. Colletes gilvus can be diagnosed through the following combination of characteristics: clypeal midlongitudinal area depressed and lacking carina, mesoscutal pubescence with pale-yellow and black hairs intermingled, malar area ~1.5x as long as basal depth of mandible, F1 at least as long as F2, and posterior hind tibial spur ciliate.
Colletes gilvus is most similar to C. kuhlmanni n. sp., but these species can be differentiated by T1 moderately densely and finely punctate in C. gilvus (T1 sparsely and minutely punctate in C. kuhlmanni n. sp.). Besides, F1 is ~1.3x as long as its apical width in the male C. gilvus (F1 slightly shorter than its apical width in C. kuhlmanni n. sp.). Also, the females are distinct from one another by the disc of T1 covered with both long erect hairs and sparse appressed hairs in C. gilvus (T1 with only erect, long hairs in the female C. kuhlmanni n. sp.).
Redescription. FEMALE (Figs. 31A, 31C, 31E): Dimensions (mm): Approximate body length 9.3–10.3; head width 3.1–3.4; head length 2.4–2.6; intertegular distance 2.3–2.5; forewing length 6.9–7.3.
Colouration: Black except dark-brown on tegula, wing veins (except vein R of forewing black), distal 1/5 of distitarsi. Reddish-brown on distal half of tarsal claws; marked on distal 1/3 of mandible. Pale-brown on stigma, tibial spurs, proximal half of tarsal claws, marginal zones of T1–T5 and S1–S5.
Structure: Labrum medially concave; concavity margined by lateral ridges. Clypeal mid-longitudinal area evenly deeply depressed; depression narrow (0.5x MOD) for upper 1/3, broader (1.2x MOD) on lower 2/3; adjacent lateral area convex; apicomedial ridge absent. Malar area ~1.6x as long as basal depth of mandible (47:30). F1 ~1.4x as long as its apical width (30:21). UID:LID (68:64). Genal area concave behind upper summit of compound eyes in lateral view. Dorsolateral angle of pronotum modified into a spine. Horizontal surface of metapostnotum ~0.4x as long as metanotum (21:46); metapostnotal pits well-delimited; posterior transverse carina straight and complete. Posteromedial surface of front coxa without spine. Posterior hind tibial spur ciliate. Hind basitarsus ~3.5x longer than broad (55:16). Outer rami of hind tarsal claws 1.7x as long as inner rami (17:10). Posterolateral area of S6 flat and lacking carina; marginal zone depressed.
Pubescence: Off-white, plumose, erect, moderately long on lateral slopes of clypeus, ventral surface of coxae (except short on hind coxa), ventral margin of mid femur, S1; such hairs long on posteroventral surface of front trochanter and femur, ventral surface of mid and hind trochanters, mesepisternum, metepisternum, T1; very long on upper margin of lateral surface of propodeum; intermingled with black hairs on paraocular, interantennal, frontal, vertexal and genal areas, pronotal lobe, mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum. Pale-yellow, erect, moderately long setae on mandible, posterior surface of front tibia and basitarsus, dorsal surface of mid and hind tibiae and basitarsi; such hairs very long on posterior margin of mid and hind basitarsi. Pale-orange, suberect, thicker setae on ventral surface of mid and hind tarsi; thickest towards distal margin. Pale-yellow, suberect, very long hairs, which are branched only apically on anterior surface of hind femur and tibia. T1–T5 covered with pale-yellow appressed hairs; T2–T3 also with plumose, erect, moderately short hairs; T4–T5 also with black, erect, moderately long setae. S2 with pale-yellow, erect, short hairs, which are branched only apically. S3–S6 with pale-yellow, erect, short setae.
Surface sculpture: Clypeal mid-longitudinal depression densely and moderately finely punctate; adjacent convex area impunctate and smooth; lower 1/3 longitudinally striate. Malar area longitudinally striate. Supraclypeal area smooth and shiny. Paraocular area moderately punctures crowded and coarse below; sparser above. Frontal area densely and moderately coarsely punctate below (interspaces smooth); rugulose near mid ocellus. Vertexal area punctures crowded and moderately fine (except fine and dense near eye). Mesoscutum, scutellum and mesepisternum densely and moderately coarsely punctate (except mesoscutal mid-posterior area sparsely punctate and scutellar posterior 1/5 punctures crowded); interspaces smooth and shiny. Metanotum punctures crowded and moderately fine. Metepisternum rugulose above; obliquely striate medially; smooth below. Lateral surface of propodeum sparsely and moderately finely punctate; interspaces smooth. Upper area vertical surface of metapostnotum smooth medially. T1 moderately densely punctate; fine punctures intermingled with moderately fine ones. T2–T5 densely and finely punctate. Metasomal terga interspaces smooth throughout. S1–S6 sparsely and moderately coarsely punctate; interspaces imbricate.
MALE (Figs. 31B, 31D, 31F). As in female, except for usual secondary sexual characteristics and as follows:
Dimensions (mm): Approximate body length 7.3–7.9; head width 3.2–3.4; head length 2.5–2.6; intertegular distance 2.2–2.4; forewing length 6.7–7.1.
Colouration: Marginal zone of T1 dark-brown. Marginal zone of T6 pale-brown.
Structure: Clypeal mid-longitudinal area more shallowly depressed. Malar area ~2.4x as long as basal depth of mandible (58:24). F1 ~1.3x as long as its apical width (28:22). UID:LID (73:64). Horizontal surface of metapostnotum ~0.5x as long as metanotum (19:42). Hind basitarsus ~3.5x longer than broad (53:15). Outer rami of hind tarsal claws ~1.7x as long as inner rami (24:14). Marginal zone of S6 not depressed. S7, S8 and genital capsule as in Figs. 32A, 32B, 32C, respectively.
Pubescence: Mesepisternum with off-white and black hairs intermingled. Appressed hairs on metasomal terga restricted to marginal zones of T1–T5. Setae on T4–T5 pale-yellow. S2 with plumose hairs. Marginal zones of S2– S5 with pale-yellow, plumose, suberect, short hairs (except moderately short on S2).
Surface sculpture: Supraclypeal area densely punctate (except mid-longitudinal band impunctate). Mesoscutum moderately densely punctate throughout. Scutellum coarsely punctate. T2–T3 moderately finely punctate. T4–T6 with rugulose interspaces.
Material studied. Primary type specimens: Lectotype ♀ of C. gilvus— “Chili; Arica”. “ Colletes; gilvus; ♀ Vach”. “MUSEUM PARIS; COLL. J. VACHAL 1911”. “LECTOTYPE”. “LECTOTYPE; Colletes gilvus ♀; Vachal, 1909; designated R. Ferrari, 2017”. {MNHP}. [hereby designated]. Lectotype ♀ of C. tomentosus— “Chile; Arica; 1890”. “ Colletes; tomentosus; 1909 Friese det.”. “Type”. “Coll.; Friese”. “Zool. Mus.; Berlin”. “LECTOTYPE; Colletes tomentosus; Friese, 1910; lab. Melo, 2015”. “http://coll.mfn-berlin.de/u/; 58f9c7”. {ZMB}.
Secondary type specimens: Paralectotypes ♂♂ of C. gilvus — CHILE—Region XV: Arica, 2♂♂, {MNHP}.
Additional specimens: CHILE — Region XV: 1.5km SE of Campamento Planchones, (-18.698, -69.608), 3065m, 31/i/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 3♀♀, {PCYU}; idem, except 17/iv/2013, [Monckton & Postlewaite], 10♀♀; idem, except 24/ix/2013, 2♀♀1♂; idem, except 31/x/2013, [Monckton & Postlethwaite], 3♀♀. 11km S of Putre, (-18.271, -69.572), 3559m, 14/iv/2004, [L.Packer], 3♀♀ 2♂♂, {PCYU}. 30km W of Zapahuira, (-18.333, -69.894), 1799m, 3/iv/2000, [L.Packer], 4♀♀ 5♂♂, {PCYU}. Belén, (-18.467, -69.513), 3295m, 18/vii/1976, [Porter, Calmbacher & Vargas], 1♀, {KUNHM}; idem, except 18/vii/1976, [Porter & Calmbacher], 1♀, {AMNH}. Central Hidroeléctrica Chapiquiña, (-18.386, -69.553), 3460m, 9/iv/2000, [L.Packer], 1♀ 2♂♂, {PCYU}. E of Putre, (-18.190, -69.520), 4141m, 15/iv/2004, [L.Packer], 1♀ 1♂, {PCYU}. Estación Regadio, (-18.456, -69.500), 3507m, 19/iv/2004, [L.Packer], 1♀, {PCYU}. Highway CH- 11 km 116.5, (-18.245, - 69.554), 3549m, 3/xi/2013, [S.Monckton], 5♀♀ 3♂♂, {PCYU}. Highway A- 31 km 164, (-18.356, -69.548), 3620m, 1/xi/2013, [S.Monckton], 5♀♀, {PCYU}. Mirador de Socoroma, (-18.279, -69.584), 3414m, 15/xi/1997, [L.Packer], 1♂, {PCYU}. Murmuntani, (-18.532, -69.563), 3421m, iv/2004, [L.Packer], 1♂, {RPSP}. N of Zapahuira, (-18.325, -69.587), 3405m, 22/iv/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 1♂, {PCYU}; idem, except 29/iv/ 2015, [L.Packer], 4♂♂. NW of Belén, (-18.452, -69.514), 3446m, 28/xi/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 2♀♀, {PCYU}. Pampa Oxaya, (-18.700, -69.612), 3069m, 20/iv/2012, [L.Packer], 1♂, {PCYU}. Quebrada Cardones, (- 18.438, -69.741), 2728m, 8/xi/2014, [L.Packer], 1♀, {PCYU}. Road to Cobija, (-18.718, -69.609), 3132m, 18/iv/ 2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 1♀, {PCYU}. S of Chapiquiña, (-18.399, -69.536), 3351m, 24/ix/2013, [L.Packer], 1♀ 3♂, {PCYU}. S of Putre, (-18.413, -69.669), 3046m, 3/ii/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 2♂♂, {PCYU}. SE of Zapahuira, (-18.346, -69.552), 3559m, 13/iv/2004, [L.Packer], 2♂♂, {PCYU}. Socoroma, (- 18.263, -69.601), 3070m, iv/1997, [G.Castillo], 1♂, {AMNH}. Tambo, (-18.356, -69.620), 3235m, 4/iv/2000, [L.Packer], 2♂♂, {PCYU}; idem, except 12/iv/2004, 1♀; idem, except 17/iv/2012, 1♂. Tignamar, (-18.567, - 69.488), 3416m, 24/ix/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 3♀♀, {PCYU}. Timar, (-18.487, -70.317), 115m, 10/ vii/1976, [Porter & Calmbacher], 4♂♂, {AMNH}; idem, except 24/ix/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 2♀♀ 3♂♂, {PCYU}. Tojo Tojone, (-18.485, -69.528), 3150m, 24/ix/2013, [L.Packer], 1♀, {PCYU}. W of Zapahuira, (-18.457, -69.773), 2459m, iv/2004, [L.Packer], 2♂♂, {PCYU}. Zapahuira, (-18.341, -69.595), 3328m, 17/iv/2012, [L.Packer], 3♂♂, {PCYU}. Region I: 12km SW of Chusmiza, (-19.751, -69.257), 3002m, 21/ix/2013, [Almeida & Packer], 6♀♀1♂, {RPSP}; idem, except [L.Packer], 9♀♀ 2♂♂, {PCYU}. 73km SE of Pozo Almonte, (-20.312, -69.129), 3188m, 27/iv/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 10♂♂, {PCYU}. 82km NE of Huara, (- 19.673, -69.179), 3432m, 21/ix/2013, [Almeida & Packer], 1♂, {RPSP}. Chusmiza, (-19.751, -69.257), 3002m, 11/iv/2004, [L.Packer], 1♀2♂♂, {PCYU}; idem, except 11/iv/2014, 2♀♀; idem, except 21/ix/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 2♀♀; idem, except 29/x/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 1♀. E of Huara, (-19.744, -69.245), 3097m, 25/xi/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 1♂, {PCYU}. Highway CH- 15 km 62.6, (-19.753, -69.260), 2985m, 14/iv/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 3♂♂, {PCYU}; idem, except km 63, (-19.751, -69.257), 3002m, 30/x/2013, [S.Monckton], 2♀♀3♂♂; idem, except km 64.5, (-19.744, -69.245), 3097m, 25/xi/2013, 7♀♀; idem, except km 73.3, (-19.687, -69.194), 3446m, 5♀♀ 1♂. Mamiña, (-20.076, -69.204), 2800m, 6/iv/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 1♀ 7♂♂, {PCYU}. Road to Mamiña, (-20.072, -69.183), 2898m, 6/iv/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 2♂♂, {PCYU}. SE of Pozo Almonte, (-20.303, -69.043), 3976m, 28/x/2013, [Monckton & Postlethwaite], 1♀, {PCYU}. Usmagama, (-19.742, -69.219), 2888m, 11/iv/2004, [L.Packer], 1♀ 3♂♂, {PCYU}. W of Pozo Almonte, (-20.302, -69.094), 3545m, 11/iv/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 1♂, {PCYU}. Yala-yala, (-19.301, -69.368), 3021m, 11/iv/2004, [L.Packer], 1♂, {PCYU}. Region II: 5km E of Aguas Blancas, (-23.329, -67.950), 2762m, 7/iv/2004, [L.Packer], 3♀♀ 1♂, {PCYU}. Aguas Blancas, (-23.267, -67.997), 2470m, 12/x/2001, [Packer & Fraser], 1♀, {PCYU}. E of San Pedro, (-22.911, -67.932), 3587m, 22/x/2015, [L.Packer], 2♀♀ 1♂, {PCYU}. Highway 23 km 175, 12/x/2001, [Packer & Fraser], 1♀, {PCYU}. Highway CH- 27 km 17, (-22.913, -68.026), 2871m, 26/x/2013, [S.Monckton], 1♂, {PCYU}. N of San Pedro Atacama, (-22.766, - 68.070), 3208m, 20/xi/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 2♀♀, {PCYU}. NW of San Pedro de Atacama, (- 22.768, -68.387), 3318m, 28/iv/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 1♀, {PCYU}. Road to Machuca km 5.4, (- 22.724, -68.054), 3511m, 27/x/2013, [L.Packer], 1♂, {PCYU}. Road to Matancilla, (-22.665, -68.230), 3079m, 21/ xi/2013, [Postlethwaite & Monckton], 1♂, {PCYU}. San Pedro de Atacama, (-22.766, -68.070), 3208m, 6/xii/ 2013, [J.Postlethwaite], 1♀, {PCYU}. Talabre, (-23.290, -67.940), 2899m, [L.Packer], 2♀♀, {PCYU}.
Range. Chile (Regions XV, I, II). See also Fig. 30A.
Biogeographic distribution. South American transition zone: Desert and Atacama provinces. Northern Chilean species distributed in the summer rainfall area at altitudes of 2300–4200m a.s.l.
DNA barcode. Available. BOLD: AAJ7575 (7♀♀4♂♂). Distance from the nearest neighbour (C. sulcatus): 9.36–9.98%.
Floral hosts. Leguminosae— Caesalpinia sp. (Toro 1999); Medicago sativa L. (Toro 1999); Prosopis sp. (Toro 1999). Malvaceae— Tarasa operculata (Cav.) Krapov (this study).
Comments. Colletes gilvus is one the most common species found in northern Chile. Its type series consists of three specimens, one female and two males, which were labelled as lectotype and paralectotypes, respectively, by Moure in 1986 (A. Touret-Alby, pers. comm.). This designation, however, cannot be considered valid, as specimen labels do not constitute published work according to the Code, and therefore do not satisfy its criteria of valid nomenclatural acts (ICZN 1999; Article 9.8). Therefore, I herein formally designate the female (the same specimen chosen by Moure) as the species’ lectotype (see “Material studied”, above).
All specimens of C. gilvus that I studied were caught at altitudes above 2200m a.s.l., except for those belonging to the type series, which were supposedly collected in the city of Arica (Region XV) located at the coast (see “Material studied”, above). Given the uniqueness of that record and the enormous incompatibility with the other data, it appears very unlikely that the type series was actually collected at such low altitude. Therefore, the biogeographic information provided herein on C. gilvus does not take the supposed occurrence in Arica into consideration; likewise, this record is not plotted onto the distribution map (Fig. 30A).
Two additional remarks about the type series of C. gilvus should be made. First, it contains more than one species, as one of the male specimens actually belongs to C. atacamensis. According to the Code, this specimen must still be considered a valid syntype of C. gilvus, which prompted me to designate it as a paralectotype, even though I have also labelled it as C. atacamensis (ICZN 1999; Article 72.4.2). Second, Moure also added a paralectotype label to an additional female specimen the identity of which Vachal was not sure about (free translation from French): “One specimen collected by Gay, from Coquimbo (Chile), looks to me as Colletes hirta Spin. (not Lep.)” (Vachal 1909: 57). According to the Code, the type series of a nominal species must include no specimen doubtfully attributed to the particular species by the author (ICZN 1999; Article 72.4.1). Therefore, the female specimen labelled by Moure, which actually belongs to C. sulcatus, must not be considered a valid paralectotype of C. gilvus.
Examination of the female lectotype of C. tomentosus confirmed that this species is a junior synonym of C. gilvus, as previously proposed by Toro (1999: 28). This synonymy, however, was not acknowledged by Moure & Urban (2002) and Moure et al. (2007).
description: Published as part of Ferrari, Rafael R., 2017, Taxonomic revision of the species of Colletes Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Colletinae) found in Chile, pp. 1-137 in Zootaxa 4364 (1) on pages 63-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4364.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1116008