Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris
Creators: name: Tauber, Catherine
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Neuroptera
Chrysopidae
Chrysopodes
Chrysopodes collaris

description: <i>Chrysopodes (Neosuarius) collaris</i> (Schneider, 1851) Figs 11a, 12a, 13–20 <i>Chrysopa collaris</i> Schneider, 1851: 80 [ZMB, Holotype (by monotypy): “Indiae occidentalis insula St. Thomae; unum tantum exemplar defectum …”]. Walker 1853: 245 [brief redescription]; Hagen 1861: 218 [brief redescription]; Kolbe 1888: 173 [species list]; Navás 1913–1914: 86 [species list]; Penny 1977: 17 [species list]. <i>Chrysopa thoracica</i> Walker, 1853: 243 [BMNH, Lectotype (by present designation): “St. Domingo”]. Hagen 1861: 218 [brief redescription]; McLachlan1868: 269 [taxonomic note]; Kolbe 1888: 173 [species list]; Navás 1925a: 86 [locality]; Navás 1925b: 8 [locality]; Smith 1931: 807 [redescription of adult, figure of larva, biology]; Banks 1938: 121 [taxonomic notes]; Alayo 1968: 41 [redescription]; Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribution]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of <i>C</i>. (<i>N.</i>) <i>collaris</i>]. <i>Chrysopa krugii</i> Kolbe, 1888: 173 [ZMB, Lectotype (by present designation): no locality data]. Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribution]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of <i>C</i>. (<i>N.</i>) <i>collaris</i>]. Herein, removed from synonymy and recognized as a distinct biological species (<b>New Status</b>). <i>Chrysopa signatalis</i> Banks, 1911: 342 [USNM, Holotype (by original designation): “Brownsville, Texas ”]. Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribu- tion]; Flint 2002: 93 [type deposition]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of <i>C</i>. (<i>N.</i>) <i>collaris</i>]. <i>Chrysopa rufolinea</i> Banks, 1914: 24 [MCZ, Lectotype (by present designation): “Cali Colombia, 1000 m ”]. Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Banks 1944: 12 [locality record]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribution]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of <i>C</i>. (<i>N.</i>) <i>collaris</i>]. <i>Chrysopa thoracica cerverina</i> Navás, 1922a: 171 [MCZ, Lectotype (by present designation): “ Cuba: Havane”]. Navás 1925a: 8 [locality record]; Alayo 1968: 41 [redescription]; Penny 1977: 21 [species list]; Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy; date of species description given as 1923]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of <i>C</i>. (<i>N.</i>) <i>collaris</i>]. <i>Chrysopa dampfina</i> Navás, 1927 [1928]: 324 [MNHN, Lectotype (by previous designation): “Rio Belice, cerca de Belice, Honduras Británicas, en follaje de mangles, 6 de Septiembre de 1925”]. Penny 1977: 17 [species list]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 279 [listed as <i>‘Chrysopa’ incertae sedis</i>]; Legrand et al. 2008 [2009]: 127 [lectotype designation; synonymy with <i>C</i>. (<i>Neosuarius</i>) <i>figuralis</i>]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing]; (<b>New Synonymy</b>). <i>Chrysopa acolhua</i> Banks, 1948 [1949]: 156 [MCZ, Holotype (by original designation): “Pungarabato, Guerrero, Mexico ”]. Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [synonymy]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, distribution]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, as a synonym of <i>C</i>. (<i>N.</i>) <i>collaris</i>]. <i>Chrysopodes</i> (<i>Neosuarius</i>) <i>collaris</i> (Schneider). Adams and Penny 1985 [1987]: 436 [species transferred to <i>Chrysopodes</i> (<i>Neosuarius</i>), synonymies, redescription, illustrations]; Adams and Penny 1986: 121 [illustrations, distribution]; Brooks and Barnard 1990: 213, 272 [species list, illustrations]; Henry et al. 1992: 453 [distribution]; Penny et al. 1997: 53 [information on type, taxonomy, distribution in USA]; Penny 2002: 222, 362 [diagnosis, notes, illustrations]; Eisner and Silberglied 1988: 15 [larval prey association]; Oswald et al. 2002: 578 [checklist of Mexican species]; Tauber 2003: 472 [redescription (adult), description (larvae), biology]; Valencia Luna et al. 2006: 27 [species list (Morelos, Mexico)]; Oswald 2007 [catalog listing, nomenclature]. <b>Diagnosis.</b> Externally, <i>Chrysopodes</i> (<i>N</i>.) <i>collaris</i> adults are recognized by a robust, green body, bright yellow, median dorsal stripe, and distinctive red to pink head markings (Figs 11a, 12a,13, 14). Well-marked individuals have oblique marks along the upper border of the antennal sockets, stripes along the margins of the eyes, crescent-shaped marks below the antennae, a transverse band across the fronto-clypeal suture, lateral marks on the clypeus, and broad genal stripes. The longitudinal venation of the forewings is mostly green, but the crossveins are usually brown, at least in part. In the male, the gonarcus is arcuate; the arms and bridge are broad and well sclerotized. The paired dorsal rods of the mediuncus arise from beneath the gonarcal bridge. The mediuncus terminates in a microsetose, hook-shaped apical beak (Fig. 17). The <b>Figure &amp;lcedil;&amp;lcedil;.</b> <i>Chrysopodes</i> (<i>Neosuarius</i>) <i>collaris</i> -group: Head, prothorax, dorsum. <b>(a)</b> <i>C</i>. (<i>N</i>.) <i>collaris</i> <b>(b)</b> <i>C</i>. (<i>N</i>.) <i>figuralis</i> <b>(c)</b> <i>C</i>. (<i>N</i>.) <i>krugii</i> <b>(d)</b> <i>C</i>. (<i>N</i>.) <i>oswaldi</i> (probably faded). female terminalia are typified by a relatively wide, funnel-shaped spermatheca with a broad invagination and an elongate, loosely curved velum, the terminus of which attaches to the bursal duct (Fig. 20). The spermathecal duct is relatively long, well sclerotized, and coiled. The most distinguishing characteristic of the females is the extraordinarily long bursal duct, most of which is ribbon-like and coiled (Figs 19, 20); it is at least longer than twice the length of the body. The subgenitale has a short neck (Fig. 18) and is rounded apically (Fig. 20). <b>Description.</b> <i>Head</i> (Figs 11a, 12a, 13,14): Width (frontal, including eyes) 1.4–1.7 mm; ratio, head: eye width = 2.0–2.7:1; distance (straight-line) between tentorial pits 0.48–56 mm. Distance between antennae ̴ 0.08–0.13 mm; length of frons (mid-antenna – midway between tentorial pits) ̴ 0.44–0.48 mm; length of clypeus ̴ 0.28–0.32 mm long. Antenna ̴1.1× length of forewing (11.1–12.9 mm). Vertex raised slightly, rounded throughout, truncate posteriorly; surface smooth, very small sculpturing on posterior margin, shiny throughout, without setae. Frons relatively flat, unsculptured; surface smooth, shiny throughout. Clypeus unsculptured; surface smooth; distal mar- <b>Figure &amp;lcedil;2.</b> <i>Chrysopodes</i> (<i>Neosuarius</i>) <i>collaris</i> -group: Head, frontal. <b>(a)</b> <i>C</i>. (<i>N</i>.) <i>collaris</i> <b>(b)</b> <i>C</i>. (<i>N</i>.) <i>figuralis</i> <b>(c)</b> <i>C</i>. (<i>N</i>.) <i>krugii</i> <b>(d)</b> <i>C</i>. (<i>N</i>.) <i>oswaldi</i>. gin straight; anterior margin with row of small setae. Labrum flat; surface smooth; distal margin setose, indented mesally. <i>Head coloration</i>: Head yellow, with red markings of variable size and depth, ranging from absent to patches of deep red along eyes, extending on frons below antennae as crescent-shaped stipes; gena, lateral margin of clypeus red (see Fig. 14 for range of color variation). Antenna yellow, with amber colored setae. Maxillary palp with distal, penultimate, middle segments amber, with or without lateral brown marks; basal two segments pale. Labial palp pale to amber. Venter cream, unmarked. <i>Thorax</i> (Figs 11a, 13): Pronotum 1.3–2.0× wider than long: ̴ 0.68–1.02 mm long; ̴ 1.03–1.50 mm wide; light green, with broad, mesal, yellow stripe; lateral margins with numerous long, pale setae (longest 0.2–0.3 mm long). Meso-, metanota light green, with yellow mesal stripe, short setae. Pleural areas pale green, without markings. Legs pale green, without markings; tarsi amber. Tarsal claws dark amber, recurved with deep cleft, quadrate base. <i>Wings</i> (Fig. 15): Forewing 10.9–14.3 mm long, 3.4–4.5 mm wide, L:W ratio, 3.1– 3.2: 1. Costal margin slightly rounded to straight; apex broad, with very slight angle. Costal area not enlarged; height of tallest costal cell (#6, 7) = 3.2–4.5× length of first costal veinlet, 0.16–0.20× width of wing. Subcosta, radius sinuate; most subcostal veinlets, radial crossveins straight. Eleven to twelve closed radial cells (between R and Rs), height of tallest radial cell 1.4–1.8× width; other than radial crossveins, only gradate veins in contact with PsM. Four b cells, four to five b’ cells. First intramedian cell ovate, <b>Figure &amp;lcedil;3.</b> <i>Chrysopodes</i> (<i>Neosuarius</i>) <i>collaris</i>: Variation in head and thoracic coloration: <b>(a)</b> USA: Florida <b>(b)</b> West Indies: Dominican Republic <b>(c)</b> Mexico, Jalisco <b>(d)</b> West Indies: British Virgin Islands. 0.6–0.9× width of third medial cell; inner row of four to six gradate veins; seven to nine outer gradate veins; both rows regularly stepped, parallel to each other throughout. Second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.3–1.9 mm tall, 3.1–3.6× width; third cell = 1.1–1.9 mm tall, 2.7–3.9× width. Second gradate cell 1.1–1.4 mm tall, 2.2–3.4× width; third gradate cell 0.9–1.3 mm tall, 2.1–3.3× width. Length of second cell beneath Rs with i.g. at base = 1.2–1.6× length of second gradate cell. Three intracubital cells; distal one open, icu1, icu2 each shorter than icu3; icu1, icu2 similar in length. Vein 1A forked. Hindwing narrow, with somewhat acute apex; 9.7–12.9 mm long, 2.9–3.9 mm wide. Ten to twelve radial crossveins; three to five inner gradates; six to eight outer gradate veins; three b cells, plus small t cell; four 4 b’ cells; two intracubital cells, distal one open. <i>Wing coloration</i>: Hyaline, with stigma transparent to slightly opaque. Longitudinal veins green; costal veinlets, crossveins variable from green to marked with brown at bases and tips, to brown throughout; inner gradates usually brown; outer gradates variable; outer gradates of hindwing usually green. <i>Abdomen</i> (Figs 16, 18): Dorsum light green, with yellow mesal stripe, no other markings; venter cream colored; callus cerci light green. Tergites 6, 7: roughly quadrate, with convex ventral margins; length ̴1.7–2.6 times greater than height (lateral view, excluding extension on ♁); with medium-length, slender setae. Pleural regions P6, P7 with slightly shorter setae. Sternite 6: quadrate, with dorsal margins relatively straight; length ̴0.8× height (lateral view); with medium-length, slender setae. Spiracles oval, not enlarged, ̴ 0.05–0.07 mm diameter; atria not enlarged. <b>Figure &amp;lcedil;4.</b> <i>Chrysopodes</i> (<i>Neosuarius</i>) <i>collaris</i>: Variation in facial coloration: <b>(a)</b> USA: Florida <b>(b)</b> Mexico: Sinaloa <b>(c–e)</b> Mexico: Baja <b>(f)</b> Mexico: Jalisco <b>(g–h)</b> West Indies: Dominican Republic. <b>Figure &amp;lcedil;5.</b> <i>Chrysopodes</i> (<i>Neosuarius</i>) <i>collaris</i>: Forewing, hindwing (Mexico: Baja California Sur). <i>Male</i> (Figs 16, 17): T8 quadrate (lateral view), ventral extension very lightly sclerotized, with setae. T9+ectoproct fused dorsally, without suture or distal invagination; terminal edge straight vertically, bearing vertical field of dense, long, robust setae; ventral apodeme heavy, thick, rounded anteriorly, with two sharp ventral arms (anterior one variable in size, bending slightly inward; terminal one extending posteriorly around tip of ectoproct, then ventrally), with dorsal process extending around callus cerci (heavy anteriorly, less so posteriorly). Callus cerci oblong (0.27 mm tall, 0.14–0.16 mm wide), with 40–44 trichobothria. S8+9: length ̴1.5× proximal height, ̴2.5× mesal height, ̴10× distal height; ventral margin straight, without midline knob or apodeme; terminus upturned, rounded, with distal margin bearing dense patch of robust setae with slightly enlarged bases; terminus with eversible membranous pouch or fold, basal part of membrane with large patch of gonocristae. Subanal plate distinct, well sclerotized, with dense, robust setae. Gonarcus arcuate, loosely attached to T9+ectoproct dorsally via long, folded subanal membrane. Gonarcal bridge broad, flat (ventral view); lateral apodemes extending from distal margins of bridge, not greatly flared distally; span of gonarcal bridge ̴ 0.35 mm, span between gonarcal apodemes distally ̴ 0.5 mm. Gonarcal apodemes smooth, scalloped, rounded distally (dorsal view), roughly quadrate (lateral view). Mediuncus broad basally, with pair of robust rods extending from below gonarcal bridge, upward and outward, tapering. curving distally; dorsum rounded, distal end bent into ventrally projecting beak; dorsal surface with dense covering of microsetae; membrane below mediuncus flat, straight, with 4 to 5 very small gonosetae. Gonosaccus large, delicate, without gonosetae or much structure. Hypandrium internum broad, rounded anteriorly, with slender, elongate, curved comes. <i>Female</i> (Figs 18–20): Tergite 8: depth of fully sclerotized portion less that onehalf length of sclerite; depth of less sclerotized ventral extension more than length of <b>g.c.</b> <b>Figure &amp;lcedil;6.</b> <i>Chrysopodes</i> (<i>Neosuarius</i>) <i>collaris</i>: Male terminus, lateral (anal region, gonarcal complex, membrane at tip of S8+9 everted). <b>c.a.</b> caudal arm of apodeme on T9+ectoproct <b>c.c.</b> callus cerci <b>ev.m.</b> eversible membrane <b>g.c.</b> gonarcal complex <b>s.p.</b> setose subrectal plate <b>S7</b> seventh sternite <b>S8+9</b> fused eighth and ninth sternites <b>T7</b> seventh tergite <b>T8</b> eighth tergite <b>T9+ect</b> fused ninth tergite and ectoproct <b>v.a.</b> ventrally projecting arm of apodeme on T9+ectoproct. sclerite, with fairly long, slender setae. Ninth tergite + ectoproct (lateral view) tilted, ventral margin extending ̴1/2 way beneath T8; proximal margin straight throughout or slightly concave; distal margin extending well below lateral margin of gonapophyses laterales. Callus cerci very slightly taller than broad (0.11–0.17 mm tall, 0.10–0.14 mm wide), with approximately 30–32 trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales 1/4th to 1/2 height of T9+ectoproct, slender, approximately 3.1–3.2 times taller than wide, rounded dorsally, ventrally, orientated posteroventrally (̴50–60° angle from midline), with robust setae. Seventh sternite (lateral view): length ̴1.6–1.7× height of proximal margin; dorsal margin sloping gently throughout; distal margin somewhat concave; with long, slender setae. Subgenitale broad, dome-like, without neck, with very small ventrally projecting process; base smooth, thick membrane, attached to S7 via leathery, folded, invaginated membrane. Pair of large, bulbous bursal glands with elongate, narrow ducts opening dorsolaterally on posterolateral margin of bursa, without accessory ducts. Bursa extending laterally full width of segment, posteriorly usually beyond spermatheca; dorsal surface leathery, with numerous, small, transverse folds, folds with rounded edges. Bursal duct extremely long (longer that 2× length of abdomen); section arising from bursa coiled, flat, ribbon-like, surface with small transverse folds; section arising from spermatheca round, curved, tubular, with smooth surface. Spermatheca funnel-shaped, <b>Figure &amp;lcedil;7.</b> <i>Chrysopodes</i> (<i>Neosuarius</i>) <i>collaris</i>: Male genitalia. <b>(a)</b> gonarcus, lateral (gonosaccus everted) <b>(b)</b> gonarcus, dorsal (gonosaccus not shown) <b>(c)</b> hypandrium internum, dorsal view (above), lateral view (below). All images to scale shown. <b>c</b> combes <b>g.b.</b> gonarcal bridge <b>gse</b> gonosetae <b>rod</b> internal sclerotized rod of mediuncus. with large, mesal velum that bends several times, tapers into bursal duct; ̴ 0.59–0.65 mm diameter, 0.60–0.65 mm in length to first bend; invagination elongate, tapered, extending through first sharp bend, at least part way through next section (total length ̴ 1.1–1.3 mm). Spermathecal duct ̴ 4 mm long, narrow, arising from posterior surface of spermatheca slightly on left side, with U-shaped curve within subgenitale; basal 1/3rd sclerotized, brownish; distal 2/3rd, brushy, very pale (only visible under compound microscope), becoming enlarged distally. Colleterial gland elongate, narrow, extending into seventh segment, with slightly grainy texture; no reservoir or accessory glands found. Transverse sclerotization well-formed, curved, ellipsoid plate, located ventrally within gonapophyses laterales, with longitudinal (to the body) rows of setae; membrane internal to transverse sclerotization with several rows of short, sparse setae. <i>Larvae</i>. Illustrated by Smith (1931), described by Tauber (2003). <i>Eggs</i>. Ovoid, stalked, laid singly without a discernible pattern; stalk with oily droplets; stalk length 3.2 – 3.9 mm (Tauber 2003). <b>Biology.</b> Adults of C. (N.) collaris were collected in all months throughout its range. Most collections of <i>C</i>. (<i>N</i>.) <i>collaris</i> have been made at light in coastal areas. Adults have also been collected on sandy beaches, in mangroves and coccoloba forests, on salt scrub, and frequently in horticultural settings, e.g., on <i>Citrus</i>, <i>Hibiscus</i>, <i>Eugenia</i>, bamboo (Smith 1931, Eisner and Silberglied 1988). Other specimens were taken from disturbed forests and rainforests, up to 1275 meters. One collection was from a batinhabited cave. Larvae on <i>Eugenia</i> in Florida were associated with colonies of mealybugs (<i>Plotococcus eugeniae</i> Miller and Denno) that produce white, waxy coverings (Eisner and Silberglied 1988). Presumably, the <i>C</i>. (<i>N</i>.) <i>collaris</i> larvae transfer wax from the mealybugs to their dorsa. <b>T7</b> <b>Figure &amp;lcedil;8.</b> <i>Chrysopodes</i> (<i>Neosuarius</i>) <i>collaris</i>: Female terminus, exterior, lateral. <b>c.c.</b> callus cerci <b>g.l.</b> gonapophysis lateralis <b>sg</b> subgenitale <b>S7</b> seventh sternite <b>T7</b> seventh tergite <b>T8</b> eighth tergite <b>T9+ect</b> fused ninth tergite and ectoproct. Setose subrectal plate not shown. Developmental rates appear to be variable. In rearings at ̴21°C (LD 16:8, aphid prey), the egg stage was 7–10 d, the first instar was 9–10 d, the second instar 7–10 d, the third instar ̴14 d; no diapause was observed (Tauber 2003). In other rearings (conditions unspecified, but probably&gt; 21°C): the egg stage was 4 d, the larval stage 14 d, and the period within cocoon 11 d (Smith 1931). It is thought that this species could be useful in the biological control of insect pests, especially in orchards or ornamental plantings (e.g., Adams and Penny 1985). <b>Type material.</b> <b> <i>Chrysopa collaris</i> Schneider.</b> Schneider (1851) specified that there was one type specimen. According to Adams’ notes and M. Ohl (personal communication, 2008), there are five specimens of <i>C</i>. <i>collaris</i> in the ZMB with the same accession number &amp;l
description: Published as part of <i>Tauber, Catherine, 2010, Revision of Neosuarius, a subgenus of Chrysopodes (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), pp. 1-104 in ZooKeys 44 (44)</i> on pages 16-35, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.44.387, http://zenodo.org/record/576660
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