Anastrepha simulans Zucchi 1979
Creators: name: Norrbom, Allen L.
name: Korytkowski, Cheslavo A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2009
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Tephritidae
Anastrepha
Anastrepha simulans

description: Anastrepha simulans Zucchi   
Figs. 59–60, 93, 103, 141, 182–184  
 Anastrepha simulans Zucchi 1978: 82 [nomen nudum].   
 Anastrepha simulans Zucchi 1979: 39 [description, Brazil: São Paulo]; Norrbom 1985: 150; Korytkowski 1997: 89 [in key]; Norrbom et al. 1999a: 82 [in catalog]; Norrbom et al. 1999b: 324 [eversible membrane, classification]; Zucchi 2000a: 23 [in key]; Zucchi 2000b: 43 [in list]; Souza Filho et al. 2000: 277 [Brazil: São Paulo]; Korytkowski 2004: 62 [in key].   
 Anastrepha ambigua Norrbom 1985: 146 [nomen nudum; wing, eversible membrane, aculeus tip].   
 Diagnosis. Anastrepha simulans is similar to A. jamaicensis, A. nigrifascia, and A. pseudorobusta in having the C-band and S-band connected, vein M strongly curved apically, the S-band largely orange in cells br and dm-cu, and the aculeus straight and between 1–3 mm long with a nonserrate, awl-shaped tip about as broad in lateral view as in ventral view and between 0.2–0.4 mm long, 2.5–4.5 times as long as wide. It differs from those three species in having shorter terminalia (oviscape 0.43–0.53 times as long as mesonotum, aculeus 1.33–1.37 mm long vs. 0.60–0.72 times mesonotum length and at least 1.5 mm long in the other species). It further differs from A. nigrifascia and A. pseudorobusta in having 2, rather than one, distal rows of large hooklike denticles on the eversible membrane. It further differs from A. nigrifascia in having the proximal arm of the V-band not interrupted nor constricted in cell r 4+5 and the scutum entirely microtrichose, and from A. jamaicensis in having the pterostigma similar in color to the brown areas of the S-band and V-band.   
 Description. Mostly yellow to orange, with white to pale yellow markings. Setae dark red brown to black.   
Head: Yellow to orange except brown ocellar tubercle. 4–6 frontal setae; 2 orbital setae, posterior seta well developed. Ocellar seta weak, at most twice as long as ocellar tubercle. Facial carina, in profile, slightly concave to slightly convex (usually straight) dorsally and medially. Antenna extended 0.60–0.75 distance to ventral facial margin.  
Thorax: Mostly yellow to orange with following areas white or pale yellow (not always well differentiated in dried specimens): postpronotal lobe; inverted T-shaped medial vitta, sometimes diffuse or reduced to quadrate posterior area extended laterally to dorsocentral seta; paired sublateral scutal vitta from transverse suture to posterior margin, including intra-alar seta; most or usually all of scutellum; dorsal margin of anepisternum; dorsal margin of katepisternum; katepimeron; and most of anatergite and katatergite. Posterior margin of scutum usually with dark orange to dark brown band, occasionally absent but usually at least slightly darker than other orange parts of scutum, with more or less straight anterior margin, at most extended to but not entirely including acrostichal seta, ending laterally at sublateral white vitta, not extended to intra-alar seta. Scutellum usually entirely white or yellow, in Paraná female with side to level of apical seta pale brown. Subscutellum and mediotergite entirely orange. Mesonotum 3.7–4.2 mm long (3.0– 3.5 mm according to Zucchi 1979). Scutum entirely microtrichose; setulae yellow to orange, brownish laterally. Katepisternal seta weak, yellow to medium brown, at most 0.40 as large as anepimeral seta.  
 Wing (Fig. 59–60): Length 7.64–8.62 mm (8.0–9.0 according to Zucchi 1979), width 3.14–3.53 mm, ratio 2.39–2.51. Apex of vein R 1 at 0.53–0.56 wing length. Cell c 1.19–1.37 times as long as pterostigma; pterostigma 3.10–3.85 times as long as wide. Vein R 2+3 without sharp bends or undulations. Crossvein r-m at 0.62–0.68 distance from bm-cu to dm-cu on vein M. Vein M very strongly curved apically; cell r 4+5 0.73–0.91 times as wide at apex as at level of dm-cu. Cell bcu with distal lobe moderately long, length of bcu 1.51–1.66 times as long as anterior margin. Wing pattern mostly orange and moderate brown. C-band mostly yellowish to orange; cell bc yellowish; cell c yellowish, slightly darker basally and apically; pterostigma mostly moderate brown, brown area occasionally extended diffusely into cell r 1; remainder of cells r 1, br, and r 2+3 orange except posterior and distal margins partially narrowly moderate brown. C-band and S-band narrowly to broadly connected along vein R 4+5, hyaline area in cell br usually moderately large amd more elongate anteriorly, reaching vein R 4+5 or rarely (4 Peruibe females) very narrowly separated from it, usually 1.0–1.6 (in 2 Peruibe females 0.72 or 0.89) times as long as distal orange area of cell; cell dm with basal hyaline area moderately large. Basal half of S-band mostly orange with narrow brown margins in radial cells and distally in cell dm, brown margin often broadening posteriorly in dm, proximal margin in cell dm orange; at least posterior half of part in cell cu 1 moderate brown; posterior margin with distinct incision in cell cu 1; distal section of band orange with brown margins between vein R 4+5 and costa and usually more distally, entirely brown in cell r 4+5; medium width to moderately broad, at apex of vein R 2+3 0.62–0.85 times width of cell r 2+3, slightly to distinctly broadening in cell r 2+3, usually narrowly separated from apex of vein M, rarely barely extended to it; hyaline area proximal to it usually ending at vein R 2+3, occasionally (7 females) narrowly separated from vein or (5 males) extended slightly into cell r 1. Hyaline basomarginal spot in cell r 1 triangular, usually with blunt apex, often narrow, extended to R 4+5, its apex aligned proximal to crossvein r-m. V-band usually complete, mostly to entirely brown, connected, narrowly to moderately broadly, to S-band in cell r 2+3; proximal arm usually with medial orange area bordering part to entire length of dm-cu and extending beyond vein R 4+5, rarely (Rio de Janeiro female) reduced to orange spots in cell r 4+5; proximal arm slender anteriorly, gradually broadening posteriorly, with at least short basal extension along wing margin, at level of vein M 1.4–2.0 times as wide as distal arm and 0.75–1.45 times as wide as hyaline area proximal to it in cells r 4+5 and dm; distal arm slender, usually connected to proximal arm, sometimes narrowly, rarely (5 specimens) narrowly separated from proximal arm but reaching vein R 4+5.   
Abdomen: Mostly orange, without brown markings.  
 Male terminalia: Similar to A. nigrifascia. Lateral surstylus short, extended beyond prensisetae by ca. 0.5 times length of prensiseta; in lateral view with apex blunt or with posterodistal margin concave; in posterior view lateral and medial margins convex, apex blunt. Proctiger with ventral and lateral sclerotized areas connected but lateral areas separate dorsally. Phallus 2.60–2.73 mm long, 0.65–0.70 times as long as mesonotum; glans 0.33–0.40 mm long.   
Female terminalia: Oviscape 1.70–2.08 mm long, 0.43–0.53 times as long as mesonotum; entirely orange; spiracle at basal 0.35–0.45. Eversible membrane (Figs. 93, 103) with 16–18 long hooklike dorsobasal scales in 2 irregular rows distal to similar number of small, stout scales. Aculeus (Fig. 141) straight in lateral view, 1.33–1.37 mm long (1.2–1.3 mm according to Zucchi 1979); base strongly expanded, 0.22–0.25 mm wide; shaft 0.07–0.075 mm wide at midlength; tip (Figs. 182–184) 0.23–0.27 mm long, 0.07–0.08 mm wide, 3.13–3.60 times as long as wide, 0.08–0.085 mm wide in lateral view, 1.06–1.14 times ventral width, in ventral view parallel-sided to slightly expanded basally, then gradually tapered, nonserrate. Spermathecae spherical.  
 Distribution. Anastrepha simulans is known only from southeastern Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo).   
 Biology. The host plants and other aspects of the biology of this species other than dates of capture of adults are unknown.   
 Type Data. Holotype female (USP), Brazil: São Paulo: Salesopolis, Estação Biologia de Boraceia, 24–27 Jun 1949, Travassos Filho & Robello [not examined].   
 Other specimens examined. BRAZIL: Paraná: San José Pinhais, BR 277, Km 54, “Luminosa”, 20 Mar 1985, C.I.I.F., 1♀ (UFPC USNMENT00216238). Rio de Janeiro: Tijuca, carca linha, 22°57'S 43°17'W, 6 Feb 1945, D. Albuquerque, 1♀ (USNM USNMENT00216398). São Paulo: Casa Grande, Estacion Biol. Boraceia, Grid 23KMP09238372, 17 Jan 1975, T. E. Rogers, 1♂ (FSCA USNMENT00216396); same, Grid 23KMP092837, 19–26 Feb 1975, 1♀ (FSCA USNMENT00216397); Salesópolis, Estacion Biol. Boraceia, 13–18 Apr 1931, Reichardt, 1♀ (IZAM USNMENT00216399); same, 24–30 Jan 1952, L.T.F., Carrera, Vanzolini, Oiticica, Pearson, 1♀ (IZAM USNMENT00216400); Peruibe, at light, Feb 1975, M. Carrera, 12♂ 19♀ (USP USNMENT00216171, USNMENT00216178-79, USNMENT00216189, USNMENT00216191- 92, USNMENT00216197-99, USNMENT00216201-08, USNMENT00216211-14, USNMENT00216216-23, USNMENT00216226-27), 3♂ 8♀ (USNM USNMENT00216169-70, USNMENT00216176-77, USNMENT00216190, USNMENT00216200, USNMENT00216224-25, USNMENT00216228-30), 1♂ 1♀ (MEUP USNMENT00216194-95).   
 Comments. Roberto Zucchi kindly loaned paratypes and provided a drawing of the aculeus tip of the holotype.
description: Published as part of Norrbom, Allen L. & Korytkowski, Cheslavo A., 2009, A revision of the Anastrepha robusta species group (Diptera: Tephritidae) 2182, pp. 1-91 in Zootaxa 2182 (1) on pages 55-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2182.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5316544