cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: The Implementation of Monetary Policy in Canada
Creators: name: Engert, Walter
name: Gravelle, Toni
name: Howard, Donna
Publisher: name: Bank of Canada
Year: 2008

description: The authors present a detailed discussion of the Bank of Canada's framework for the implementation of monetary policy. As background, they provide a brief overview of the financial system in Canada, including a discussion of the financial services industry and the money market. Key features of the large-value payments system, which is integral to the implementation of monetary policy, are also explained. The authors then discuss in some detail the operating framework for the implementation of monetary policy. An assessment of the effectiveness of the Bank of Canada's framework is also provided, including an analysis of monetary policy implementation in the period of financial market stress beginning in August 2007.
description: Les auteurs décrivent en détail le cadre qu'utilise la Banque du Canada pour mettre en oeuvre la politique monétaire. Ils donnent d'abord un bref aperçu de deux composantes du système financier canadien – soit le secteur des services financiers et le marché monétaire – et exposent les principales caractéristiques du système de transfert de gros paiements, rouage essentiel à la conduite de la politique monétaire. Les auteurs analysent ensuite de façon assez détaillée le cadre de mise en oeuvre de cette politique. Ils procèdent enfin à une évaluation de l'efficacité de ce cadre, examinant en particulier la manière dont la politique monétaire a été menée depuis l'apparition de tensions financières en août 2007.
Optimism is not associated with two indicators of DNA methylation aging
Creators: name: Whitsel, E
name: Schwartz, J
name: Kim, E.S
name: Fong, K
name: DeMeo, D.L
name: Stewart, J
name: Hou, L
name: Spiro, A
name: Baccarelli, A.A
name: Manson, J.E
name: Kubzansky, L.D
name: Grodstein, F
name: Horvath, S
name: Wang, C
name: Li, Y
name: Lee, L
Publisher: name: Impact Journals LLC
Year: 2019

description: Evidence indicates associations between higher optimism and reduced risk of age-related conditions and premature mortality. This suggests optimism is a positive health asset, but research identifying potential biological mechanisms underlying these associations remains limited. One potential pathway is slower cellular aging, which may delay age-related deterioration in health. Data were from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) (N=3,298) and the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study (NAS) (N=514), and included dispositional and explanatory style optimism measures. We evaluated whether higher optimism was associated with metrics suggestive of less cellular aging, as indicated by two DNA methylation algorithms, intrinsic (IEAA) and extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (EEAA); these algorithms represent accelerated biologic aging that exceeds chronological age. We used linear regression models to test our hypothesis while considering several covariates (sociodemographics, depressive symptoms, health behaviors). In both cohorts, we found consistently null associations of all measures of optimism with both measures of DNA methylation aging, regardless of covariates considered. For example, in fully-adjusted models, dispositional optimism was not associated with either IEAA (WHI:β=0.02; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]:-0.15-0.20; NAS:β=-0.06; 95% CI:-0.56-0.44) or EEAA (WHI:β=-0.04; 95% CI: -0.26-0.17; NAS:β=-0.17; 95% CI: -0.80-0.46). Higher optimism was not associated with reduced cellular aging as measured in this study.
title: Strengthening IMF Surveillance: An Assessment of Recent Reforms
Creators: name: Lavigne, Robert
name: Schembri, Lawrence L.
Publisher: name: Bank of Canada
Year: 2009

description: The authors assess the potential impact of recently approved reforms to International Monetary Fund (IMF) surveillance; namely, the "2007 Decision on Bilateral Surveillance Over Members' Policies" and the "Statement of Surveillance Priorities" (SSP). They conclude that these complementary reforms have the potential to create a comprehensive and coherent framework for IMF surveillance. If implemented properly, the reforms could strengthen the effectiveness of surveillance and thus enhance the IMF's ability to prevent crises and maintain a stable international financial system. Moreover, the impact of the reforms would be increased with a few refinements to the application of the 2007 Decision – in particular, a focus on real exchange rate adjustment, rather than exchange rate misalignment – and some evolutionary amendments to the SSP. In addition, surveillance reforms would be more effective if they were supported by changes to the surveillance review process and by governance reforms that enhance the IMF's accountability framework and improve member co-operation.
description: Les auteurs évaluent l'incidence que pourraient avoir les réformes de la mission de surveillance du Fonds monétaire international (FMI) qui ont été récemment adoptées, soit la « Décision de 2007 sur la surveillance bilatérale des politiques des États membres » et la « Déclaration des priorités de la surveillance ». Ils concluent que ces réformes complémentaires ont vocation à créer un cadre exhaustif et cohérent de surveillance. Si elles sont menées à bien, ces mesures pourraient augmenter l'efficacité des activités de surveillance et, partant, rendre le FMI mieux à même de prévenir les crises et de sauvegarder la stabilité du système financier international. Les auteurs notent qu'il serait possible d'accroître l'impact des réformes en affinant la mise en oeuvre de la Décision de 2007 – en particulier grâce à une priorité donnée non plus au désalignement du taux de change réel mais à son ajustement – et en favorisant des révisions graduelles de la Déclaration des priorités de la surveillance. Ces réformes seraient également renforcées si elles s'accompagnaient d'une modification du processus d'examen de la surveillance et d'une amélioration de la gouvernance qui viendraient parfaire le cadre de responsabilité du Fonds et faciliter la coopération entre les pays membres.
DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan
Creators: name: Raj, K
name: Aviv, A
name: Whitsel, E.A
name: Stewart, J.D
name: Quach, A
name: Lu, A.T
name: Hou, L
name: Ferrucci, L
name: Assimes, T.L
name: Li, Y
name: Baccarelli, A.A
name: Wilson, J.G
name: Horvath, S
name: Reiner, A.P
Publisher: name: Impact Journals LLC
Year: 2019

description: It was unknown whether plasma protein levels can be estimated based on DNA methylation (DNAm) levels, and if so, how the resulting surrogates can be consolidated into a powerful predictor of lifespan. We present here, seven DNAm-based estimators of plasma proteins including those of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and growth differentiation factor 15. The resulting predictor of lifespan, DNAm GrimAge (in units of years), is a composite biomarker based on the seven DNAm surrogates and a DNAm-based estimator of smoking packyears. Adjusting DNAm GrimAge for chronological age generated novel measure of epigenetic age acceleration, AgeAccelGrim. Using large scale validation data from thousands of individuals, we demonstrate that DNAm GrimAge stands out among existing epigenetic clocks in terms of its predictive ability for time-to-death (Cox regression P=2.0E- 75), time-to-coronary heart disease (P=6.2E-24), time-to-cancer (P= 1.3E-12), its strong relationship with computed tomography data for fatty liver/excess visceral fat, and age-at-menopause (P=1.6E-12). AgeAccelGrim is strongly associated with a host of age-related conditions including comorbidity count (P=3.45E- 17). Similarly, age-adjusted DNAm PAI-1 levels are associated with lifespan (P=5.4E-28), comorbidity count (P= 7.3E-56) and type 2 diabetes (P=2.0E-26). These DNAm-based biomarkers show the expected relationship with lifestyle factors including healthy diet and educational attainment. Overall, these epigenetic biomarkers are expected to find many applications including human anti-aging studies.
title: Measures of Aggregate Credit Conditions and Their Potential Use by Central Banks
Creators: name: García, Alejandro
name: Prokopiw, Andrei
Publisher: name: Bank of Canada
Year: 2009

description: Understanding the nature of credit risk has important implications for financial stability. Since authorities – notably, central banks – focus on risks that have systemic implications, it is crucial to develop ways to measure these risks. The difficulty lies in finding reliable measures of aggregate credit risk in the economy, as opposed to firmlevel credit risk. In this paper, the authors examine two models recently developed for this purpose: a reduced-form model applied to credit default swap index tranches, and a structural model applied to the spread on U.S. corporate bond indexes. The authors find that these models provide information on the nature of credit events – that is, whether the event is systemic or not – and on the type of risk priced in corporate bonds (i.e., credit or liquidity risk). However, although the two models provide potentially useful information for policy-makers, at this stage it is difficult to corroborate the accuracy of the information obtained from them. Further work is needed before authorities can include conclusions drawn from the two models into their policy decisions.
description: Comprendre la nature du risque de crédit a d'importantes implications pour la stabilité financière. Étant donné que les autorités – notamment les banques centrales – s'intéressent aux risques de portée systémique, il est crucial de savoir mesurer ceux-ci. La difficulté réside dans l'obtention de mesures fiables du risque de crédit dans l'ensemble de l'économie, par opposition à celui propre à une entreprise. Dans leur étude, les auteurs examinent deux modèles élaborés récemment à cette fin : un modèle de forme réduite et un modèle structurel, qu'ils appliquent, respectivement, aux tranches d'un indice de swaps sur défaillance et à l'écart sur les obligations de sociétés américaines comprises dans un indice. Ils constatent que ces modèles renseignent sur la nature – systémique ou non – des incidents de crédit et sur le type de risque – de crédit ou de liquidité – intégré au prix des obligations de sociétés. Bien que l'information fournie par les deux modèles puisse s'avérer utile aux décideurs publics, il est difficile pour le moment d'en corroborer l'exactitude. Des travaux plus approfondis seront nécessaires avant que les autorités puissent tirer des conclusions des modèles et s'en servir dans leur prise de décisions.
Lasiargus hirsutus Levina & Mikhailov 2004
Creators: name: Trilikauskas, Laimonas A.
name: Tanasevitch, Andrei V.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Linyphiidae
Lasiargus
Lasiargus hirsutus

description: Lasiargus hirsutus Levina & Mikhailov, 2004: 45.
 Material. 1♀ (ISEA), KBR, E-slope of mountain near Taimenye Lake Ranger Station, 49.812513N 85.797308E, 10.VIII.2019, leg. LT; 1♀ (ISEA), KBR, 3 km NE of Zaichikha Ranger Station, 49°36’25.6”N 85°44’13.4”E, 16.VIII.2020, leg. LT.
 Habitats. Mixed forest edges, screes.
 Range. Palaearctic.
description: Published as part of Trilikauskas, Laimonas A. & Tanasevitch, Andrei V., 2021, New Data On Spider Fauna Of The Katunskiy State Nature Biosphere Reserve (Altai, Russia), With Description Of The Male Oreonetides Sajanensis Eskov, 1991 (Arachnida: Araneae), pp. 137-153 in Acta Biologica Universitatis Daugavpiliensis 21 (2) on page 143, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.12649834
title: Network Analysis and Canada's Large Value Transfer System
Creators: name: Embree, Lana
name: Roberts, Tom
Publisher: name: Bank of Canada
Year: 2009

description: Analysis of the characteristics and structure of a network of financial institutions can provide insight into the complex relationships and interdependencies that exist in a payment, clearing, and settlement system (PCSS), and allow an intuitive understanding of the PCSS's efficiency, stability, and resiliency. The authors review the literature related to the PCSS network and describe the daily and intraday network structure of payment activity in the Large Value Transfer System (LVTS), which is an integral component of Canada's financial system. The picture that emerges confirms that the LVTS is highly centralized among a few key participants, similar to other PCSSs, based on the network of relationships. This could heighten the systemic importance of these participants, and the susceptibility of the system to financial contagion. There have been small variations in the relative importance of individual banks, but the network-wide pattern of relationships has remained stable from 2004 to 2008, even through the credit crisis.
description: L'analyse des caractéristiques et de la structure d'un réseau d'institutions financières peut jeter un éclairage intéressant sur les relations et interdépendances complexes qui existent au sein d'un système de paiement, de compensation et de règlement (SPCR), et permettre de comprendre intuitivement l'efficience, la stabilité et la résilience d'un tel système. Les auteurs passent en revue la littérature se rapportant aux réseaux de SPCR et décrivent la structure en réseau des opérations de paiement journalières et intrajournalières du Système de transfert de paiements de grande valeur (STPGV), qui fait partie intégrante du système financier canadien. Le tableau qui se dégage de leur étude confirme que, d'après le réseau des relations, le STPGV est fortement centralisé autour de quelques participants clés, à l'exemple d'autres SPCR. Cette configuration pourrait accentuer l'importance systémique des participants clés et la vulnérabilité du système à la contagion financière. L'importance relative des banques individuelles a varié légèrement entre 2004 et 2008, mais le profil des relations dans l'ensemble du réseau est demeuré stable, même pendant la crise du crédit.
The depths of despair among US adults entering midlife
Creators: name: Hargrove, T.W
name: Hummer, R.A
name: Whitsel, E.A
name: Gaydosh, L
name: Dole, N
name: Halpern, C.T
name: Harris, K.M
name: Hussey, J.M
Publisher: name: American Public Health Association Inc.
Year: 2019

description: Objectives. To test whether indicators of despair are rising among US adults as they age toward midlife and whether this rise is concentrated among low-educated Whites and in rural areas. Methods. We used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative study of US adolescents in 1994. Our sample was restricted to individuals who participated in 1 or more of 5 waves (1994-2017) and self-identified as non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, or Hispanic (n = 18 446).We examined change in indicators of despair from adolescence to adulthood using multilevel regression analysis, testing for differences by race/ethnicity, education, and rurality. Results. We found evidence of rising despair among this cohort over the past decade. This increase was not restricted to low-educated Whites or to rural areas. Conclusions. Results suggest that generally rising despair among the young adult cohort now reaching midlife that cuts across racial/ethnic, educational, and geographic groups may presage rising midlife mortality for these subgroups in the next decade.
Variable selection for high-dimensional incomplete data using horseshoe estimation with data augmentation
Creators: name: Zhang, Yunxi
name: Kim, Soeun
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences

description: Bayesian shrinkage methods have been widely employed to perform variable selection with high-dimensional data. However, the presence of missing data hinders the implementation of these methods. Since complete case analyses can lead to biased estimates, applicable and efficient methods of variable selection with imputation are needed to obtain valid results. In order to address this issue, we propose an algorithm that employs the horseshoe shrinkage prior for shrinkage and multiple imputation for missing data in high-dimensional settings with a practical suggestion on model selection decision strategy. Simulation studies and real data analyses are presented and compared with those of other possible approaches. The simulation results suggest that the proposed algorithm can be considered as a general strategy for model selection of incomplete continuous data.
Regulation of Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes Autoantigens In Small Cell Lung Cancer
Creators: name: Lambert, Kyle
name: Sage, Julien
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular biology
subject: Nervous system--Diseases
subject: Small cell lung cancer
subject: Paraneoplastic syndromes
subject: Lungs--Cancer

description: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is highly aggressive with a poor prognosis (5-year survival rate of 7%). Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNS), characterized by autoimmune-mediated neuronal damage, occur in SCLC patients. The mechanistic link between SCLC and PNS remains unclear. This study investigates the role of the transcription factor Nuclear Factor 1 B (NFIB) in regulating Hu antigens, particularly in SCLC and PNS. We utilized data from mouse models and human SCLC cell lines to assess neuronal Hu antigen expression in association with NFIB levels. We observed significant upregulation of neuronal Hu antigens in NFIB-high SCLC cell lines. Mechanistically, NFIB directly regulated ELAVL2 expression via binding to its regulatory regions. Furthermore, neuronal Hu antigens exhibited subtype-specific expression patterns in neuroendocrine SCLC subtypes. Computational analysis revealed the role of ELAVL2 role in RNA splicing, potentially impacting SCLC pathogenesis and PNS development. This study provides mechanistic insights into the SCLC-PNS neuro-immunological link. Targeting the NFIB-Hu pathway emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy to alleviate PNS in SCLC patients, potentially improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
title: Market Timing of Long-Term Debt Issuance
Creators: name: Witmer, Jonathan
Publisher: name: Bank of Canada
Year: 2009

description: The literature on market timing of long-term debt issuance yields mixed evidence that managers can successfully time their debt-maturity issuance. The early results that are indicative of debt-maturity timing are not robust to accounting for structural breaks or to other measures of debt maturity from firm-level data that account for call and put provisions in debt contracts. The author applies the analysis from some recent U.S. studies to aggregate Canadian data to determine whether the market-timing results are robust. Although the relation between debt maturity and future excess returns is in the same direction as in the United States, it is not statistically significant. This mixed evidence, combined with the difficulties in interpreting predictive regressions of this nature, provides little support for the notion that firms can effectively reduce their cost of capital by varying the maturity of their debt issuance to take advantage of market conditions. Managers do, however, try to time their debt-maturity issuance, given that long-term corporate debt issuance in both Canada and the United States is negatively related to the term spread.
description: Les travaux portant sur la capacité des gestionnaires de bien choisir le moment et la durée de leurs emprunts sont loin d'être concluants. Les premiers résultats abondant en faveur d'une telle capacité ne tiennent plus si l'on envisage la possibilité de ruptures structurelles ou si l'échéance de la dette est établie à partir de données d'entreprises qui prennent en compte les clauses de rachat anticipé des emprunts obligataires. Pour voir ce qu'il en est au Canada, l'auteur applique à des données agrégées canadiennes le cadre d'analyse employé dans de récentes études américaines. Bien que la relation qu'il observe entre l'échéance de la dette et les rendements excédentaires futurs soit de même signe que celle décelée aux États-Unis, elle n'est pas statistiquement significative. Ce résultat ambigu, allié aux difficultés d'interprétation des régressions de cette nature, ne confirme guère l'hypothèse voulant que l'entreprise soit à même de réduire le coût de ses emprunts en sélectionnant leur durée de façon à tirer parti des conditions du marché. Les gestionnaires mènent toutefois des efforts en ce sens, puisque l'émission d'obligations à long terme par les sociétés varie en raison inverse de l'écart entre les taux d'intérêt à court terme et à long terme tant au Canada qu'aux États-Unis.
ANVILS-VOCE: ANova-based Varying Inner-Loop Size estimation of Variance of Conditional Expectation
Creators: name: Abdulla, Mohammed Shahid
name: Ramprasath, L.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Cell Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a popular method to infer, based on the sampled data, whether the true means of a set of subpopulations differ from each other. The variance of conditional expectation (VOCE) is the variance of these effects in sub-populations, and this is estimated by sampling a sub-population of size nk, for each sub-population labeled k, and by sampling K such sub-populations in the experiment. For the general case of varying nk, it is unknown what the variance of the VOCE estimator is, though it is known for the special case nk=n, n≥2 for all k∈1,2,…,K as derived in the literature. The following derivation settles the former question and is of value in situations where sampling has constraints or only a skewed sampling budget is available. Our first application is with regard to the decision of whether samples from pilot simulation can be included in the regular simulation to estimate VOCE. The second application is an estimation technique where the estimate of optimal inner-loop size n* can be updated throughout the duration of simulation. We demonstrate with these 2 applications where we observe a 20% reduction in the variance of the VOCE estimate, when the proposed method is applied.
Aplocnemus reitteri Schilsky 1894
Creators: name: Liberti, Gianfranco
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Dasytidae
Aplocnemus
Aplocnemus reitteri

description: Common description of the A. reitteri group
The Aplocnemus reitteri group of species (points 14-16 of the above key), including caelatus, cribrarius, henrici and reitteri, is very homogeneous. A short common description is here reported to avoid repetitions (but further specific characters will be supplied for each species):
♂. Entirely deep black (only one species – caelatus – shows green reflections) including antennae and legs, but legs at times blackish or dark brown. Dorsal integuments very rough, more or less dull, strongly and densely punctuate. Body shape sub-oval: elytra, in their max. width (slightly behind the middle) wider than pronotum (in its max. width) which, in turn, is wider than head (including eyes). Pronotum convex, transverse; more or less rounded on lateral sides; posterior border longer than anterior; max. width slightly behind the middle; surface very densely punctate; distance between punctures smaller than their diameter; surface between punctures alutaceus, rather dull. Elytra as rough and dull as pronotum but more wrinkled and with punctures often merging into each other. Antennae thick, strongly serrate. Median process of last sternite usually underdeveloped or short (as, for example, in Fig. 38) but in one species – henrici – rather well developed (Fig. 41). Dorsal lever of median lobe often minutely denticulate on dorsal side.
♀. Closely resembling male: antennae bear the only sexual difference rather easily noticeable: thinner and less strongly serrate in females than in males. A difference can also be found (but sometimes hardly visible) in body shape which is slightly more convex in females, with elytral apex more regularly curved down (in males elytral apices are often shortly and slightly flattened).
description: Published as part of Liberti, Gianfranco, 2019, The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge, pp. 3-26 in Natural History Sciences 6 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.4081/nhs.2019.389, http://zenodo.org/record/12523865
title: Labour Shares and the Role of Capital and Labour Market Imperfections
Creators: name: Suchanek, Lena
Publisher: name: Bank of Canada
Year: 2009

description: In continental Europe, labour shares in national income have exhibited considerable variation since 1970. Empirical and theoretical research suggests that the evolution of labour markets and labour market imperfections can, in part, explain this phenomenon. The author analyzes the role of capital market imperfections in the determination of the distribution of national income, comparing European and Anglo-Saxon countries. She uses a simple general-equilibrium model to trace the effects of credit and labour market imperfections on factor shares. Simulations indicate that improvements in capital markets can explain lower labour shares. An increase in the degree of employee power results in higher labour shares. Regression results confirm the author's findings. Improvements in credit markets and decreasing employee bargaining power have contributed to shrinking labour shares, especially in Europe. Openness is a negative determinant of labour shares.
description: En Europe continentale, la part du travail dans le revenu national a varié considérablement depuis 1970. Les études empiriques et théoriques semblent imputer une partie du phénomène à l'évolution et aux imperfections du marché du travail. L'auteure analyse le rôle des imperfections des marchés du crédit dans la répartition du revenu national en comparant la situation de pays européens et anglo-saxons. À l'aide d'un modèle d'équilibre général simple, elle détermine les effets des imperfections des marchés du crédit et du travail sur la part des facteurs de production. Ses simulations montrent que l'amélioration des marchés du crédit peut expliquer la réduction de la part du travail. En revanche, l'accroissement du pouvoir de négociation des salariés hausse la part du travail. Les résultats des régressions réalisées corroborent les conclusions de l'auteure. L'amélioration des marchés du crédit et la baisse du pouvoir de négociation des salariés ont ainsi concouru à la diminution de la part du travail, surtout en Europe. L'ouverture aux échanges s'avère un déterminant négatif de la part du travail.
title: Emerging Asia's Impact on Food and Oil Prices: A Model-Based Analysis
Creators: name: Lalonde, René
name: Maier, Philipp
name: Muir, Dirk
Publisher: name: Bank of Canada
Year: 2009

description: The authors explore the usefulness of macroeconomic models in analyzing global economic developments by examining movements in commodity prices between July 2007 and July 2008. They use the Bank of Canada's version of the Global Economy Model and investigate the longer-term outlook for commodity prices by constructing two different, globally consistent, scenarios for emerging Asia. In the first scenario, the authors assume that a persistent increase in emerging Asia's productivity underlies its sustained growth; in the second scenario, they assume that a combination of productivity increases and a temporary demand shock underlie its growth. The demand for commodities increases in both scenarios, but, by comparing the two, the authors reveal that each scenario has considerably different economic implications. Allowing for the possibility that a small share of emerging Asia's growth might be fuelled by a temporary demand shock generates a strong «boom-bust» outcome for emerging Asia, and amplifies the volatility in commodity markets. The authors also investigate the possibility that emerging markets react to inflation by revaluing their exchange rates by 10 per cent. This affects the outlook for commodities only marginally.
description: Les auteurs se proposent d'évaluer l'utilité des modèles macroéconomiques dans l'analyse de l'évolution de la conjoncture économique mondiale. Ils se penchent à cette fin sur les variations de prix qu'ont connues les produits de base entre juillet 2007 et juillet 2008. Pour examiner les perspectives d'évolution à long terme de ces prix, ils élaborent, dans le cadre du modèle de l'économie mondiale de la Banque du Canada (BOC-GEM), deux scénarios distincts, cohérents à l'échelle internationale, à propos des économies émergentes d'Asie. Le premier scénario postule qu'une hausse persistante de la productivité des pays considérés est à l'origine de leur croissance soutenue; dans le second scénario, des gains de productivité conjugués à un choc temporaire de la demande sont plutôt les facteurs sous-jacents avancés. Si dans les deux cas, la demande de matières premières progresse, chaque scénario apparaît, par comparaison, présenter des implications économiques très différentes. Le fait de supposer qu'un choc temporaire de la demande puisse contribuer dans une faible mesure à la croissance des économies émergentes d'Asie cause un fort cycle d'expansion et de contraction dans cette région du monde et amplifie la volatilité des marchés des produits de base. Les auteurs analysent aussi les conséquences d'une éventuelle décision de ces pays asiatiques de contrer l'inflation en réévaluant leur monnaie de 10 % : une telle mesure n'a que peu d'effets sur les perspectives d'évolution des cours des matières premières.
The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge
Creators: name: Liberti, Gianfranco
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy

description: Aplocnemus (Aplocnemus) angelinii Liberti, 1995
Russo, 1938: 115 (Haplocnemus sp.); Schatzmayr, 1943: 117 (Haplocnemus cylindricus).
Aplocnemus angelinii Liberti, 1995: 162, loc. typ. Policoro (Basilicata, Italy); Liberti & Zinetti, 2009: 46.
For this species, description and drawings can be found in Liberti (1995: 192, Figs. 19-21).
Distribution and comments - Very close to A. (A.) cylindricus Kiesenwetter, 1863, of which it might be considered a subspecies, it lives in peninsular Italy and in south-west of the Balkan Peninsula: records are known from Albania, Kerkyra Island (Liberti, 1995) and Ahaïa.
A. (A.) angelinii, although similar to the reitteri group of species (see common description above), is easily recognized for pronotum less convex and approx. square shaped, as wide as elytral max. width so to give the body a cylindrical appearance, and for the space between punctures appearing brighter.
Materials studied
Albania
Berat° (Boldori, 1941, MSNM)(F).
Greece
Kerkyra prov.: Kerkira° (Champion, 1927, BMNH). Ahaïa prov.: Metochi (Rébl, 2007, CRe)(F).
This species is also present in central and southern Italy: please refer to Liberti (1995) and Liberti & Zinetti (2009) for the known localities in this Country.
description: Published as part of Liberti, Gianfranco, 2019, The Aplocnemus Stephens, 1830, of Greece (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Dasytidae). A contribution to their knowledge, pp. 3-26 in Natural History Sciences 6 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.4081/nhs.2019.389, http://zenodo.org/record/12523865
tinygarden -- A java package for testing properties of spanning trees
Creators: name: Dubinsky, Manuel
name: Massri, César
name: Taubin, Gabriel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Discrete Mathematics (cs.DM)
subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Spanning trees are fundamental objects in graph theory. The spanning tree set size of an arbitrary graph can be very large. This limitation discourages its analysis. However interesting patterns can emerge in small cases. In this article we introduce \emph{tinygarden}, a java package for validating hypothesis, testing properties and discovering patterns from the spanning tree set of an arbitrary graph.
title: Relative Prices, Trading Gains, and Real GDI: The Case of Canada
Creators: name: Zheng, Yi
Publisher: name: Bank of Canada
Year: 2009

description: Treating imports as intermediate inputs to domestic production, the author adopts the translog function approach to model real gross domestic income (GDI) in Canada over the 1961–2006 period. She explores the role of price ratios, such as terms of trade and the real effective exchange rate, in explaining changes in real GDI, trade openness, trade balance, and labour share of income, after controlling for factor endowments and technological improvements. Models are developed for both the total economy and the business sector, with alternative assumptions about the flexibility of labour input, user cost of capital, and the representation of technological changes.
description: L'auteure adopte une fonction translog pour modéliser l'évolution du revenu intérieur brut (RIB) réel du Canada au cours de la période 1961-2006 (les importations y sont traitées comme des intrants de la chaîne de production au pays). Elle examine le rôle joué par les ratios de prix tels que les termes de l'échange et le taux de change effectif réel dans les variations du RIB réel, du degré d'ouverture des échanges, du solde commercial et de la part du revenu qui revient au travail, après prise en compte des dotations en facteurs et des progrès de la technologie. L'auteure élabore des modèles pour l'ensemble de l'économie et le secteur des entreprises et formule différentes hypothèses concernant la flexibilité du facteur travail, le coût d'usage du capital et la représentation des changements technologiques.
title: Household Debt, Assets, and Income in Canada: A Microdata Study
Creators: name: Meh, Cesaire
name: Terajima, Yaz
name: Chen, David Xiao
name: Carter, Thomas J.
Publisher: name: Bank of Canada
Year: 2009

description: The authors use microdata from the 1999 and 2005 Surveys of Financial Security to identify changes in household debt, and discuss their potential implications for monetary policy and financial stability. They document an increase in the debt-income ratio, which rose from 0.75 to 0.95, on average. Rising debt ratios were driven by a 50 per cent increase in mortgage balances among the middle-aged, a doubling of credit card debt among households over 55, and a fourfold increase in home equity lines of credit among small business owners and households without high school diplomas.

The authors identify rising debt-income ratios among households in the bottom income quintile as the most important development of the years 1999 through 2005, signalling greater sensitivity to rising interest rates or negative income shocks – particularly among income-poor homeowners, whose 2005 mortgage obligations totalled 72 per cent of income. Meanwhile, an increase in the portfolio share for which real estate accounts, particularly among the middleaged, suggests that household balance sheets have become more sensitive to changes in the housing market. In addition to poor households, the authors identify former bankrupts, younger households, and the self-employed as more indebted and hence at greater risk.
description: Utilisant des microdonnées qui proviennent de l'Enquête sur la sécurité financière menée en 1999 et en 2005, les auteurs examinent l'évolution de la dette des ménages et ses implications éventuelles pour la politique monétaire et la stabilité financière. Ils étudient l'accroissement du ratio de la dette au revenu, qui est passé de 0,75 à 0,95 en moyenne. La hausse des ratios d'endettement s'explique par l'augmentation de 50 % des soldes hypothécaires dans la population d'âge moyen, le doublement des prêts sur cartes de crédit chez les ménages de plus de 55 ans et le fait que les lignes de crédit garanties par l'avoir propre foncier ont quadruplé pour les propriétaires de petites entreprises et les ménages sans diplôme d'études secondaires.

Les auteurs estiment que le changement le plus marquant de la période 1999-2005 est la croissance des ratios de la dette au revenu parmi les ménages du quintile de revenu le plus bas, ce qui est révélateur d'une sensibilité accrue à la hausse des taux d'intérêt ou aux chocs négatifs pour le revenu – en particulier chez les propriétaires à faible revenu qui, en 2005, consacraient 72 % de celui-ci à leurs obligations hypothécaires totales. Parallèlement, l'augmentation de la part des actifs immobiliers dans les portefeuilles, principalement dans les groupes d'âge moyen, semble indiquer que les bilans des ménages sont devenus plus sensibles à l'évolution du marché du logement. Les auteurs constatent que, outre les ménages pauvres, les ménages qui ont déjà fait faillite, les jeunes ménages et les travailleurs autonomes sont davantage endettés et, par conséquent, plus à risque.
title: The Role of Convenience and Risk in Consumers' Means of Payment
Creators: name: Arango, Carlos
name: Taylor, Varya
Publisher: name: Bank of Canada
Year: 2009

description: Using data from a 2004 survey of the Canadian public, the authors study the role of convenience and risk in consumers' use of cash relative to debit and credit cards. The authors find that consumers who perceive debit cards and credit cards to be more convenient and less risky than cash use them more frequently. Even at low levels of perceived risk, consumers shift substantially away from cash and towards alternative payment methods. However, the authors' results reveal that there exists a lower bound for which cards can substitute for cash. Also, as other studies have shown, the relative use of cash is higher among older, less-educated, lower-income consumers.
description: En se servant des données d'une enquête menée en 2004 auprès de la population canadienne, les auteurs étudient dans quelle mesure les perceptions de la commodité et du risque influent sur la décision des consommateurs de régler leurs achats comptant, par carte de débit ou par carte de crédit. Ils constatent que, lorsque les consommateurs croient que les cartes sont plus pratiques et présentent moins de risques que les espèces, ils utilisent plus souvent ce mode de paiement. La perception d'un risque, même faible, entraîne un net recul de l'utilisation de l'argent comptant au profit des cartes de paiement. Toutefois, d'après les résultats, il existe un seuil en deçà duquel celles-ci ne peuvent pas remplacer l'argent liquide. Par ailleurs, comme l'ont montré d'autres études, les consommateurs qui sont plus âgés, moins instruits et dont les revenus sont plus bas ont davantage recours à l'argent comptant pour payer leurs achats.
Blood Leukocyte DNA Methylation Predicts Risk of Future Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Heart Disease
Creators: name: Joehanes, R
name: Feinberg, A.P
name: Salfati, E
name: Huan, T
name: Zhang, G
name: Bandinelli, S
name: Horvath, S
name: Brody, J.A
name: Ligthart, S
name: Hernandez, D.G
name: Sacerdote, C
name: Fallin, M.D
name: Psaty, B.M
name: Whitsel, E.A.
name: Assimes, T.L.
name: Baccarelli, A.A.
name: Wahl, S
name: Chen, B.H
name: Colicino, E
name: Fiorito, G
name: Bressler, J
name: Bakulski, K
name: Liu, C
name: Singleton, A.B
name: Levy, D.
name: Pilling, L.C.
name: Fornage, M.
name: Guarrera, S
name: Hirschhorn, J
name: Peters, A.
name: Matullo, G.
name: Agha, G
name: Li, Y
name: Tumino, R
name: Tanaka, T
name: Vandiver, A.R
name: Tsao, P.S
name: Rotter, J.I
name: Gieger, C
name: Ferrucci, L.
name: Hou, L.
name: Vokonas, P
name: Sotoodehnia, N.
name: Absher, D.M
name: Floyd, J.S
name: Mendelson, M.M
name: Stewart, J.D
name: Multhaup, M
name: Schwartz, J.D
name: Dehghan, A
name: Ward-Caviness, C.K
name: Boerwinkle, E
name: Panico, S
name: Krogh, V
name: Wiggins, K.L
name: Just, A.C
name: Gondalia, R
Publisher: name: NLM (Medline)
Year: 2019

description: BACKGROUND: DNA methylation is implicated in coronary heart disease (CHD), but current evidence is based on small, cross-sectional studies. We examined blood DNA methylation in relation to incident CHD across multiple prospective cohorts. METHODS: Nine population-based cohorts from the United States and Europe profiled epigenome-wide blood leukocyte DNA methylation using the Illumina Infinium 450k microarray, and prospectively ascertained CHD events including coronary insufficiency/unstable angina, recognized myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, and coronary death. Cohorts conducted race-specific analyses adjusted for age, sex, smoking, education, body mass index, blood cell type proportions, and technical variables. We conducted fixed-effect meta-analyses across cohorts. RESULTS: Among 11 461 individuals (mean age 64 years, 67% women, 35% African American) free of CHD at baseline, 1895 developed CHD during a mean follow-up of 11.2 years. Methylation levels at 52 CpG (cytosine-phosphate-guanine) sites were associated with incident CHD or myocardial infarction (false discovery rate<0.05). These CpGs map to genes with key roles in calcium regulation (ATP2B2, CASR, GUCA1B, HPCAL1), and genes identified in genome- and epigenome-wide studies of serum calcium (CASR), serum calcium-related risk of CHD (CASR), coronary artery calcified plaque (PTPRN2), and kidney function (CDH23, HPCAL1), among others. Mendelian randomization analyses supported a causal effect of DNA methylation on incident CHD; these CpGs map to active regulatory regions proximal to long non-coding RNA transcripts. CONCLUSION: Methylation of blood-derived DNA is associated with risk of future CHD across diverse populations and may serve as an informative tool for gaining further insight on the development of CHD.
title: The Outlook for the Global Supply of Oil: Running on Faith?
Creators: name: Gervais, Olivier
name: Kolet, Ilan
Publisher: name: Bank of Canada
Year: 2009

description: The dramatic reduction in global demand, and the decline in the spot price of crude oil in the second half of last year, may have significant implications for the future supply of oil. Investments in conventional methods of extraction have been constrained, since easily accessible oil reserves are typically concentrated in countries with geopolitical uncertainty and/or state-run oil companies. Moreover, nearly half of all global oil production, and roughly 75 per cent of proven reserves, are accounted for by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). In this paper, the authors assess the implications of recent developments for the future supply of oil. They find that (i) the OPEC cuts announced in December 2008 could provide important support for prices in the coming year, and (ii) low prices have depressed, and may continue to depress, oil infrastructure investment, and thus could amplify existing supply constraints.
description: La forte diminution de la demande mondiale et le recul des cours du pétrole brut survenu au deuxième semestre de 2008 pourraient avoir des effets importants sur la production future d'or noir. Les investissements dans les installations classiques de forage sont aujourd'hui réduits, car les réserves facilement accessibles sont concentrées dans des pays qui sont géopolitiquement instables ou dont l'industrie pétrolière est entre les mains de l'État. En outre, près de la moitié de la production mondiale provient de l'Organisation des pays exportateurs de pétrole (OPEP), lesquels possèdent environ 75 % des réserves prouvées. Les auteurs analysent les implications de l'évolution récente pour l'offre future de pétrole. Ils estiment 1) que la baisse de la production annoncée par l'OPEP en décembre 2008 pourrait contribuer à soutenir les prix durant la prochaine année; 2) que le faible niveau des prix pourrait continuer de peser sur l'investissement en infrastructures et ainsi amplifier les contraintes de production existantes.
Short-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of stroke in the Women's Health Initiative
Creators: name: Tinker, L.F
name: Eaton, C.B
name: Yanosky, J.D
name: Stewart, J.D
name: Whitsel, E.A
name: Sun, S
name: Wellenius, G.A
name: Liao, D
name: Eliot, M.N
Publisher: name: Elsevier Ltd
Year: 2019

description: Background: Evidence of the association between daily variation in air pollution and risk of stroke is inconsistent, potentially due to the heterogeneity in stroke etiology. Objectives: To estimate the associations between daily variation in ambient air pollution and risk of stroke and its subtypes among participants of the Women's Health Initiative, a large prospective cohort study in the United States. Methods: We used national-scale, log-normal ordinary kriging models to estimate daily concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), respirable particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide, and ozone at participant addresses. Stroke was adjudicated by trained neurologists and classified as ischemic or hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes were further classified according to the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification. We used a time-stratified case-crossover approach to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of the risk of stroke associated with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in concentrations of each air pollutant. We performed stratified analysis to examine whether associations varied across subgroups defined by age at stroke onset, US census region, smoking status, body mass index, and prior history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart or circulation problems, or arterial fibrillation at enrollment. Results: Among 5417 confirmed strokes between 1993 and 2012, 4300 (79.4%) were classified as ischemic and 924 (17.1%) as hemorrhagic. No association was observed between day-to-day variation in any pollutant and risk of total stroke, ischemic stroke, or specific etiologies of ischemic stroke. We observed a positive association between risk of hemorrhagic stroke and NO2 and NOx in the 3 days prior to stroke with OR of 1.24 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.52) and 1.18 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.34) per IQR increase, respectively. The observed associations with hemorrhagic stroke were more pronounced among non-obese participants. Conclusions: In this large cohort of post-menopausal US women, daily NO2 and NOx were associated with higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke, but ambient levels of four other air pollutants were not associated with higher risk of total stroke, ischemic stroke, or ischemic stroke subtypes.