cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Mycale (Grapelia) Gray 1867
Creators: name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Aryasari, Ratih
name: De, Nicole J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Poecilosclerida
Mycalidae
Mycale

description: Subgenus Mycale (Grapelia) Gray, 1867
Grapelia Gray, 1867: 534.
Mycale (Grapelia); Hallmann 1914: 399; Hajdu 1995: 73; Van Soest & Hajdu 2002: 680.
Type species. Grapelia australis Gray, 1867: 534 (= Mycale (Grapelia) australis).
Remarks. This subgenus was treated comprehensively in chapter 6 of Hajdu’s thesis (Hajdu 1995, pp. 73–98), including the six species known from the Indo-West Pacific region. The subgenus is defined on its strongly curved unguiferate anisochelae I and strongly curved anisochelae II with denticulated rims of the upper and lower median alae. Remarkably, no additional material was detected in the previous 25 years since Hajdu’s thesis. The type species Mycale (Grapelia) australis (Gray, 1867) was described extensively also in Van Soest & Hajdu (2002) (p. 680). For completeness sake and also to confirm the rather ambiguous treatment of several species, named and described by Hajdu according to the rules of the ICZN, but presented as ‘submitted’ as well as ‘n.sp.’, we briefly categorize Indo-West Pacific species of which material was available in the Naturalis collection, as well as provide fresh SEM images of the spicules of these. We also include M. (G.) australis and M. (G.) ancorina (Whitelegge, 1906), technically from outside our study area. For more extensive information and a key to all species of Mycale (Grapelia) we refer to Hajdu’s thesis. We confirm the essence of Hajdu’s conclusions, but the subgenus remains rather poorly known due to the apparent rarity of its members. Only a single species, Caribbean M. (G.) unguifera Hajdu et al. 1995, is known from outside the Indo-West Pacific region. The subgenus is quite likely monophyletic because of the shapes of anisochelae I and II, and the occurrence of rosettes not only of anisochelae I but also of anisochelae II. Its affiliation with the remaining subgenera is likely strongest with certain species of Mycale (Mycale), with which it shares curved anisochelae I and spurred anisochelae III.
description: Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930
MOESM22 of Systematic and functional identification of small non-coding RNAs associated with exogenous biofuel stress in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Creators: name: Guangsheng Pei
name: Sun, Tao
name: Chen, Shuo
name: Chen, Lei
name: Weiwen Zhang
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology

description: Additional file 22: Figure S15. Schematic diagram for construction of sRNA overexpression and suppression strains.
MOESM2 of Prototype foamy virus elicits complete autophagy involving the ER stress-related UPR pathway
Creators: name: Peipei Yuan
name: Lanlan Dong
name: Qingqing Cheng
name: Wang, Shuang
name: Li, Zhi
name: Sun, Yan
name: Han, Song
name: Yin, Jun
name: Biwen Peng
name: Xiaohua He
name: Wanhong Liu
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Marine Biology
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 2. Primers used for the construction of various plasmids and qPCR.Â
MOESM2 of Prototype foamy virus elicits complete autophagy involving the ER stress-related UPR pathway
Creators: name: Peipei Yuan
name: Lanlan Dong
name: Qingqing Cheng
name: Wang, Shuang
name: Li, Zhi
name: Sun, Yan
name: Han, Song
name: Yin, Jun
name: Biwen Peng
name: Xiaohua He
name: Wanhong Liu
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 2. Primers used for the construction of various plasmids and qPCR.Â
MOESM21 of Systematic and functional identification of small non-coding RNAs associated with exogenous biofuel stress in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Creators: name: Guangsheng Pei
name: Sun, Tao
name: Chen, Shuo
name: Chen, Lei
name: Weiwen Zhang
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Mental Health

description: Additional file 21: Figure S14. Schematic diagram of two-step RT-PCR for sRNA orienting.
MOESM21 of Systematic and functional identification of small non-coding RNAs associated with exogenous biofuel stress in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Creators: name: Guangsheng Pei
name: Sun, Tao
name: Chen, Shuo
name: Chen, Lei
name: Weiwen Zhang
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 21: Figure S14. Schematic diagram of two-step RT-PCR for sRNA orienting.
title: Teaching Function-Based Assessment and Intervention Skills to Behavior Support Staff Using an Interactive Computer Training
Creators: name: Graul, Megan E.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 2024

description: Behavior support staff (BSS), including paraprofessionals, behavior technicians, and other entry-level school staff that support students with challenging behavior, play an essential role in public education settings, especially in special education classrooms. With the increasing number of students requiring intensive behavioral supports, it is imperative to identify cost-efficient strategies to provide adequate training to expand the behavioral skills of these individuals. For instance, training BSS to implement empirically supported behavioral strategies, such as functional behavior assessment and function-based intervention selection, may have benefits for both staff and students alike. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to develop an interactive computer training (ICT) that includes slides with recorded narration, video modeling, embedded skill practice opportunities, and periodic assessments. The project was designed to assess the effects of the ICT on BSS's accurate collection of descriptive (antecedent-behavior-consequence, ABC) data from brief video scenarios, analyze descriptive data from completed ABC data charts, and select appropriate function-based interventions to address problem behavior. Prior to baseline sessions and following mastery-level performances in post-training assessment sessions, we will also conduct generalization probes to assess whether the skills trained in the ICT generalize to longer videos with multiple instances of student problem behavior, that more closely mimic natural classroom settings where skills would be used. The training will conclude with a modified social validity questionnaire to assess the general acceptability of the training procedure as well as the utility of the skills targeted.
Additional file 4: Figure S2. of Identification and analysis of the stigma and embryo sac-preferential/specific genes in rice pistils
Creators: name: Yu, Li
name: Tengfei Ma
name: Yuqin Zhang
name: Hu, Ying
name: Yu, Ke
name: Yueyue Chen
name: Haoli Ma
name: Zhao, Jie
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: The heat maps of the differential expressed genes (DEGs). (PDF 146Â kb)
Mycale (Grapelia) ancorina
Creators: name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Aryasari, Ratih
name: De, Nicole J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Poecilosclerida
Mycalidae
Mycale
Mycale ancorina

description: Mycale (Grapelia) ancorina (Whitelegge, 1906)
Figs 55 a–e
Esperella ancorina Whitelegge, 1906: 466, pl. XLIII, fig. 6.3.
Mycale parasitica; Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: 289 (not: Carter 1885 = Mycale (Grapelia) australis).
Mycale (Grapelia) ancorina; Hajdu 1995: 79, figs 6.17, 25–33.
Not: Mycale ancorina; Capon & Macleod 1987: 225 (= Mycale (Arenochalina) mirabilis).
Material examined. ZMA Por. 10908, fragment of neotype AMS Z1440, Australia, New South Wales, E of Woollongong, Tethys Expedition stat. 48, depth 100 m, substrate sand and mud to rock, trawl, 18 March 1898.
Summary description (based on Whitelegge 1906 and Hajdu 1995). Stalked-arborescent (Fig. 55a), with thick branches tending to be arranged in one plane, branch length up 23 cm x 2.5 cm in diameter. Surface optically smooth, wrinkled in dried condition. Magnified there are small dermal conules up to 1 mm high. Oscula are scattered, up to 2 mm in diameter. Consistency firm, preserved color dark cream. Skeleton consisting of strong plumoreticulate spicule tracts, 200–400 µm in diameter ending at the surface in spicule brushes carrying a confused mass of tangential spicules. Spicules (Figs 55 b–e) include robust mycalostyles (Figs 55b,b 1) 300–330 x 10–15 µm and three categories of anisochelae, (I) 47–61 µm, (II) 15–18 µm (I and II are arranged in rosettes of respectively 125 and 40 µm diameter), and (III) 18–22 µm. Anisochelae I (Fig. 55c,c 1) strongly curved with four upper unguiferous alae and squarish lower alae, anisochelae II (Figs 55d,d 1) with curved shaft and upper alae fused with frayed rim, with lower alae also with frayed rims, anisochelae III (Figs 55e) spurred, palmate with upper lateral alae fused to the shaft and almost meeting the lower lateral alae. No sigmas. Only two specimens from South East Australia have been reliably identified, one of which was lost; other specimens reported under this name (Capon & Macleod 1987) were found to be misidentified (cf. Hajdu 1995).
Distribution. South East Australia.
Remarks. Hajdu (1995) distinguished this species from the sympatric Mycale (Grapelia) australis (Gray, 1867) (cf. below) on the branching vs massive-sprawling habitus and the size of anisochelae III being larger than that of anisochelae II. Both species differ from other Mycale (Grapelia) species in lacking sigmas.
description: Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930
Additional file 4: Figure S2. of Identification and analysis of the stigma and embryo sac-preferential/specific genes in rice pistils
Creators: name: Yu, Li
name: Tengfei Ma
name: Yuqin Zhang
name: Hu, Ying
name: Yu, Ke
name: Yueyue Chen
name: Haoli Ma
name: Zhao, Jie
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: The heat maps of the differential expressed genes (DEGs). (PDF 146Â kb)
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) yui
Creators: name: Nielsen, David H.
name: Robbins, Richard G.
name: Rueda, Leopoldo M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Actinedida
Trombiculidae
Leptotrombidium
Leptotrombidium yui

description: Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) yui (Chen and Hsu, 1955):
PAL
Trombicula (Leptotrombidium) yui Chen and Hsu, 1955, 1958a
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) yui, Vercammen-Grandjean & Langston 1976
Leptotrombidium yui, Stekolnikov 2013 [4 group]
description: Published as part of Nielsen, David H., Robbins, Richard G. & Rueda, Leopoldo M., 2021, Annotated world checklist of the Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae (1758 - 2021) (Acari: Trombiculoidea), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution, pp. 1-243 in Zootaxa 4967 (1) on page 144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4967.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4745510
Mycale (Grapelia) menylloides Hajdu 1995
Creators: name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Aryasari, Ratih
name: De, Nicole J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Poecilosclerida
Mycalidae
Mycale
Mycale menylloides

description: Mycale (Grapelia) menylloides Hajdu, 1995
Figs 57 a–f
Mycale (Grapelia) menylloides Hajdu, 1995: 87, figs 6.44–51.
Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 01597, Indonesia, Maluku, Kai Islands, Duroa Strait, 5.5859°S 132. 6953°E, depth 0–52 m, Blake dredge, coll. Siboga Expedition stat. 257, 11 December 1899.
Summary description (Partially after Hajdu 1995). Thinly to massively encrusting (Fig. 57a) on dead branches of a Homotrema -like foraminifera. Size 3 x 1.5 x 0.2 cm. Color in preserved condition beige brown. Surface microconulose. No apparent oscules. Consistency compressible. Skeleton plumoreticulate, with spicule tracts up to 120 µm, thinning out towards the surface, ending in surface tufts of single spicules. The tangential ectosomal skeleton is thoroughly confused. Spicules (Figs 57 b–f) mycalostyles (Figs 57b,b 1) straight and comparatively long and slim, 408– 466.5 –486 x 6– 11.9 – 15 µm, anisochelae I (Figs 57c) with curved shaft, upper alae unguiferate, upper median ala often bifid, lower alae squarish with smooth rims, 34– 37.7 – 44 µm (arranged in rosettes of 95–111 µm in diameter), anisochelae II (Fig. 57d) contracted-globular, free part of shaft almost absent, with upper alae smaller and fused with teethed rim and lower alae larger with serrated rims, 6– 8.4 – 10 µm (arranged in rosettes of 28–35 µm in diameter), anisochelae III (Fig. 57e) larger than anisochelae II, palmate, conventional in shape with short spur, 10– 11.6 – 15 µm, sigmas (Fig. 57f) 29– 40.2 –48 x 1–3 µm.
Distribution. Indonesia, depth 0– 52 m.
Remarks. The species name was duplicated from the manuscript name used by Burton for this species in his unpublished manuscript of the sponges of the Siboga Expedition. As Hajdu (1995: 87) suggested, the name menylloides probably refers to the genus name Menyllus Gray, 1867, a junior synonym of Iophon Gray, 1867, caused by the similarity of anisochelae II to bipocilla. The name Menyllus was taken from Ancient Greek history, as it was the name of a commander of one of the armies in the Lamian War of 322 BC (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Menyllus).
So far the species has been reported only from the Indonesian type locality. The anisochelae II are the defining character for this species, although M. (G.) trichophora Dendy & Frederick, 1924 has probably rather similar, but larger anisochelae II. So far no SEM images of anisochela II of that species have been published. M. (G.) trichophora differs from M. (G.) menylloides in lacking sigmas and having trichodragmata.
description: Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 91-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930
Additional file 2: Supplemental Table. of DCYTB is a predictor of outcome in breast cancer that functions via iron-independent mechanisms
Creators: name: Lemler, David
name: Lynch, Miranda
name: Tesfay, Lia
name: Zhiyong Deng
name: Bibbin Paul
name: Xiaohong Wang
name: Poornima Hegde
name: Manz, David
name: Torti, Suzy
name: Torti, Frank
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: Table S1. Perturbed pathways identified by Signaling Pathway Impact Analysis (SPIA). (DOCX 15 kb)
Additional file 20: Figure S6. of Identification and analysis of the stigma and embryo sac-preferential/specific genes in rice pistils
Creators: name: Yu, Li
name: Tengfei Ma
name: Yuqin Zhang
name: Hu, Ying
name: Yu, Ke
name: Yueyue Chen
name: Haoli Ma
name: Zhao, Jie
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: In situ hybridization. (PDF 317Â kb)
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) yunlingense Yu, Yang, Zhang, Zi and Hu 1981
Creators: name: Nielsen, David H.
name: Robbins, Richard G.
name: Rueda, Leopoldo M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Actinedida
Trombiculidae
Leptotrombidium
Leptotrombidium yunlingense

description: Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) yunlingense Yu, Yang, Zhang, Zi and Hu, 1981:
PAL
Leptotrombidium yunlingense, Stekolnikov 2013 [yunlingense group], 2021
description: Published as part of Nielsen, David H., Robbins, Richard G. & Rueda, Leopoldo M., 2021, Annotated world checklist of the Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae (1758 - 2021) (Acari: Trombiculoidea), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution, pp. 1-243 in Zootaxa 4967 (1) on page 144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4967.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4745510
Additional file 20: Figure S6. of Identification and analysis of the stigma and embryo sac-preferential/specific genes in rice pistils
Creators: name: Yu, Li
name: Tengfei Ma
name: Yuqin Zhang
name: Hu, Ying
name: Yu, Ke
name: Yueyue Chen
name: Haoli Ma
name: Zhao, Jie
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: In situ hybridization. (PDF 317Â kb)
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) yunnanense Yu, Yang and Tu 1980
Creators: name: Nielsen, David H.
name: Robbins, Richard G.
name: Rueda, Leopoldo M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Actinedida
Trombiculidae
Leptotrombidium
Leptotrombidium yunnanense

description: Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) yunnanense Yu, Yang and Tu, 1980:
PAL
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) yunnanensis Yu, Yang and Tu, 1980
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) yunnanense, Li et al. 1997
Leptotrombidium yunnanense, Stekolnikov 2013 [mordax group]
description: Published as part of Nielsen, David H., Robbins, Richard G. & Rueda, Leopoldo M., 2021, Annotated world checklist of the Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae (1758 - 2021) (Acari: Trombiculoidea), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution, pp. 1-243 in Zootaxa 4967 (1) on page 144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4967.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4745510
Mycale (Grapelia) vansoesti Hajdu 1995
Creators: name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Aryasari, Ratih
name: De, Nicole J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Poecilosclerida
Mycalidae
Mycale
Mycale vansoesti

description: Mycale (Grapelia) vansoesti Hajdu, 1995
Figs 58 a–c, 59a–e
Mycale (Grapelia) vansoesti Hajdu, 1995: 93, figs 6.65–69.
Material examined. Holotype ZMA Por. 10711, Seychelles, Mahé, NE coast, Cap Maçons and Anse de Forbans, 4.7667°S 55.5167°E, reef slope, depth 0–6 m, snorkeling, coll. R. W.M. van Soest, Netherlands Indian Ocean Expedition stat. 612, field nr. IOP-E 612/11, 12 December 1992 (pale blue-grey).
Summary description (Partially after Hajdu 1995). Pale, blue-grey mass (Fig. 58a) encrusting on a coralline algal nodule. Size 3.5 x 1.5 cm in lateral expansion, thickness about 0.4–0.5 cm. Surface microconulose, with a few small oscules of 2 mm diameter. Consistency compressible, fragile. Choanosomal skeleton plumose (Fig. 58 b–c), consisting of straight, mostly undivided, spicule tracts of 100 µm diameter, near the surface dividing into thinner tracts 20–50 µm in diameter carrying the surface membrane. No clearly visible tangential ectosomal skeleton of megascleres, but a concentrated presence of rosettes of anisochelae I forms a replacement skeleton. Spicules (Fig. 59 a–d) mycalostyles (Fig. 59a,a 1), straight, comparatively thin, with elongate heads, 324– 350.1 –391 x 3– 4.4 – 5 µm, anisochelae I (Figs 59b) comparatively elongate and less strongly curved, with relatively small upper unguiferous alae and squarish lower alae, 51– 61.3 – 81 µm (arranged in rosettes (Fig. 58b) of 144– 155.8 – 170 µm diameter), anisochelae II (Figs 59c,c 1) bipocilla-like with thin shaft, thin-bladed fused serrated upper alae and lower alae with median serrated / short-teethed alaee (Figs 59c) or multiple-teethed alae (Figs 59c 1 and 59c 2), possibly in two size categories, 9– 17.2 – 28 µm (arranged in irregular rosettes (Fig. 58c) of 44–51 µm diameter, occasionally clustered into larger masses), anisochelae III (Fig. 59d), shaped conventionally palmate, faintly spurred, 14– 16.2 – 20 µm, and thin sigmas (Fig. 59e) 45– 50.6 – 59 µm.
Distribution. Mahé, Seychelles, depth 0– 6 m.
Remarks. This is a very distinct species on account of the elongate anisochelae I and the quite peculiar bipocilla-like anisochelae II. The closest species are M. (G.) trichophora and M. (G.) menylloides, with more curved and thicker-shafted anisochelae I, and short-shafted bipocilla-like anisochelae II of a more globular thicker form with incurved elaborate alae.
Additional Mycale (Grapelia) species from the region
description: Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on pages 93-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930
Additional file 2: Supplemental Table. of DCYTB is a predictor of outcome in breast cancer that functions via iron-independent mechanisms
Creators: name: Lemler, David
name: Lynch, Miranda
name: Tesfay, Lia
name: Zhiyong Deng
name: Bibbin Paul
name: Xiaohong Wang
name: Poornima Hegde
name: Manz, David
name: Torti, Suzy
name: Torti, Frank
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: Table S1. Perturbed pathways identified by Signaling Pathway Impact Analysis (SPIA). (DOCX 15 kb)
title: Production of Interspecies Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Embryos as a Model for Endangered Species Rescue
Creators: name: Adams, Laura
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 2024

description: A significant issue in rescuing endangered species from extinction is the lack of access to germ cells (eggs and sperm). However, eggs from domestic animals could be used for cloning. This process involves removing the genetic material (gDNA) from the egg and replacing it with gDNA from an animal that belongs to an endangered species. There are a few problems that can occur due to the egg and the replacement gDNA coming from two different species. Both species have unique mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) – this is different from the gDNA that contains the majority of an animal’s genes. mtDNA exists outside of the nucleus, and an egg has about 100 times more mtDNA than a non-germ cell. In the cloned embryo, most mtDNA is from the egg species, while the gDNA is from another species. This mismatch can negatively affect energy levels in the developing egg. In these experiments, we used a cow egg and gDNA from a goat. In an attempt to overcome this obstacle, we tried removing some of the cow mtDNA and introducing more mtDNA from the goat. We thought at least one of these methods would help the egg to develop further than it otherwise would. A second issue involves a milestone that a developing embryo must reach and progress past: embryonic genome activation (EGA). At this timepoint, the embryo starts using the new gDNA for information instead of what was stored in it before the gDNA was replaced. In the two-species embryos produced in our experiments, EGA-related signals can easily get crossed, which can cause the embryo to stop developing at EGA. In order to improve developmental progression, we introduced a chemical that had been shown to help the goat gDNA become more like gDNA of an early stage developing embryo. We thought that using this chemical would help the goat gDNA to progress through EGA. Four embryos were able to develop past EGA, though their progression stopped shortly thereafter. This might be because the cattle EGA happens before the goat’s EGA would, causing a bigger problem that our attempted solutions were unable to solve.
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) yunshui Xiang and Wen 1984
Creators: name: Nielsen, David H.
name: Robbins, Richard G.
name: Rueda, Leopoldo M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Actinedida
Trombiculidae
Leptotrombidium
Leptotrombidium yunshui

description: Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) yunshui Xiang and Wen, 1984c:
PAL
Leptotrombidium yunshui, Stekolnikov 2013 [shuyui group]
description: Published as part of Nielsen, David H., Robbins, Richard G. & Rueda, Leopoldo M., 2021, Annotated world checklist of the Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae (1758 - 2021) (Acari: Trombiculoidea), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution, pp. 1-243 in Zootaxa 4967 (1) on page 144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4967.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4745510
Mycale (Grapelia) burtoni Hajdu 1995
Creators: name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Aryasari, Ratih
name: De, Nicole J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Poecilosclerida
Mycalidae
Mycale
Mycale burtoni

description: Mycale (Grapelia) burtoni Hajdu, 1995
Mycale (Grapelia) burtoni Hajdu, 1995: 84, figs 6.34–37
Summary description (after Hajdu 1995). Of this species only a thick section slide, serving as the holotype, is so far known, limiting the information on spicule detail. There is a dense tangential ectosomal skeleton of intercrossing megascleres and numerous rosettes. Choanosomal spicule tracts comparatively stout, up to 230 µm in diameter. Spicules mycalostyles, robust, fusiform, narrowing to thin barely developed heads, 387–514 x 12–19 µm, anisochelae I curved, with short non-unguiferous upper alae, 83–94 µm, anisochelae II similar in shape to anisochelae I, 21–28 µm, anisochelae III, spurred, palmate, 15–21 µm, sigmas, thin, 26–37.
Distribution. Durban, South Africa
description: Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930
MOESM13 of Systematic and functional identification of small non-coding RNAs associated with exogenous biofuel stress in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Creators: name: Guangsheng Pei
name: Sun, Tao
name: Chen, Shuo
name: Chen, Lei
name: Weiwen Zhang
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology

description: Additional file 13: Figure S8. Two-step RT-PCR validation for Nc117 overexpression and suppression strains. The upper portion is the target sRNA validation; the lower portion is 16S rRNA used as an internal control.
Mycale (Grapelia) carteri
Creators: name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Aryasari, Ratih
name: De, Nicole J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Poecilosclerida
Mycalidae
Mycale
Mycale carteri

description: Mycale (Grapelia) carteri (Dendy & Frederick, 1924)
Pseudoesperia carteri Dendy & Frederick, 1924: 501, pl. 26 fig. 6.12; Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: 289 (reassigned to Mycale parasitica).
Mycale (Grapelia) carteri; Hajdu1995: 85, figs 6.38–43.
Summary description (after Hajdu 1995). Irregularly shaped cushion of 5 x 3 x 3 cm. Surface rough, consistency soft. Ectosomal skeleton consist of a confused layer of tangential arranged megascleres, choanosomal skeleton with long ascending tracts of megascleres of up to 180 µm in diameter. Spicules mycalostyles, comparatively short and slim, 254–307 x 6–9 µm, anisochelae I with strongly curved shaft and unguiferous upper alae squarish lower alae, 41–48 µm (arranged in rosettes), anisochelae II similar to those of M. (G.) ancorina but smaller, 11–13 µm (arranged in rosettes), anisochelae III similar to those of M. (G.) australis but also smaller, 13–17 µm, sigmas, thin, 31–45 µm.
Distribution. Abrolhos Islands, West Australia.
description: Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) zeta
Creators: name: Nielsen, David H.
name: Robbins, Richard G.
name: Rueda, Leopoldo M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Actinedida
Trombiculidae
Leptotrombidium
Leptotrombidium zeta

description: Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) zeta (Traub, Morrow and Lipovsky, 1958):
PAL
Trombicula (Leptotrombidium) zeta Traub, Morrow and Lipovsky, 1958
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) zeta, Vercammen-Grandjean & Langston 1976
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) zetum, Ree 1990
Leptotrombidium zeta, Stekolnikov 2013 [orientale group]
description: Published as part of Nielsen, David H., Robbins, Richard G. & Rueda, Leopoldo M., 2021, Annotated world checklist of the Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae (1758 - 2021) (Acari: Trombiculoidea), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution, pp. 1-243 in Zootaxa 4967 (1) on page 144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4967.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4745510
MOESM12 of Systematic and functional identification of small non-coding RNAs associated with exogenous biofuel stress in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Creators: name: Guangsheng Pei
name: Sun, Tao
name: Chen, Shuo
name: Chen, Lei
name: Weiwen Zhang
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer

description: Additional file 12: Figure S7. RT-PCR verification for biofuel responsive sRNA mutant construction. The upper portion is the validation for the target sRNAs, while the lower part is an internal control of 16S rRNA.
Mycale (Grapelia) trichophora
Creators: name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Aryasari, Ratih
name: De, Nicole J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Poecilosclerida
Mycalidae
Mycale
Mycale trichophora

description: Mycale (Grapelia) trichophora (Dendy & Frederick, 1924)
Pseudoesperia trichophora Dendy & Frederick, 1924: 502.
Mycale trichophora; Hooper & Wiedenmayer 1994: 293.
Mycale (Grapelia) trichophora; Hajdu 1995: 87, figs 6.52–54.
Summary description (after Hajdu 1995). Thin crust on an Ircinia sponge. Ectosomal skeleton a tangential layer of megascleres carried by a palisade of subectosomal brushes of megascleres. Choanosomal tracts of up to 100 µm diameter run irregularly from the substratum to the surface. Spicules mycalostyles comparatively short and slim, 292–339 x 6–9 µm, anisochelae I with strongly curved shaft with unguiferous upper alae, comparatively robust, 48–62 µm (arranged in rosettes), anisochelae II similar to those of M. (G.) menylloides but larger, 10–13 µm (arranged in rosette-like clusters), anisochelae III palmate with spur, 13–17 µm, and trichodragmas 22–34 x 3–8 µm.
Distribution. Abrolhos Islands, West Australia.
description: Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., Aryasari, Ratih & De, Nicole J., 2021, Mycale species of the tropical Indo-West Pacific (Porifera, Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida), pp. 1-212 in Zootaxa 4912 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4912.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4450930
Additional file 19: Figure S5. of Identification and analysis of the stigma and embryo sac-preferential/specific genes in rice pistils
Creators: name: Yu, Li
name: Tengfei Ma
name: Yuqin Zhang
name: Hu, Ying
name: Yu, Ke
name: Yueyue Chen
name: Haoli Ma
name: Zhao, Jie
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: A phylogenetic tree of rice genes homologous to AtMYB64/98/119 in the purple region. (PDF 355Â kb)
Additional file 19: Figure S5. of Identification and analysis of the stigma and embryo sac-preferential/specific genes in rice pistils
Creators: name: Yu, Li
name: Tengfei Ma
name: Yuqin Zhang
name: Hu, Ying
name: Yu, Ke
name: Yueyue Chen
name: Haoli Ma
name: Zhao, Jie
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: A phylogenetic tree of rice genes homologous to AtMYB64/98/119 in the purple region. (PDF 355Â kb)
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES BY USING PREGABALIN
Creators: name: Dr.K.L.Senthilkumar *, P.D. Gokulan *, M.Darshini*, R.Dhivyabharathi*, B.Sreedhar*, S. Hariprasath*
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025

description: The present study aimed to develop and evaluate transdermal patches of Pregabalin using Hdroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and ethyl cellulose (EC) as polymers and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as permeation enhancer , Propylene glycol (PG) as plasticizer. Pregabalin is an anticonvulsant and analgesic agent commonly used to treat epilepsy, neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia. Transdermal patches were prepared by Solvent evaporation method and evaluated for physiochemical properties like film thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, moisture content and drug content. The result suggest that the developed transdermal patches of Pregabalin could provide a promising alternative to oral administration, offering improved bioavailability, reduced sideeffect ,enhanced patient compliance.

Key words: Transdermal patches, Pregabalin, Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, Propylene glycol
title: Impacts of Lake Elevation Decline on Tui Chub, A Critical Forage Species for Lahontan Cutthroat Trout in Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA
Creators: name: Barnes, Sarah
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 2024

description: Lake level decline affects lakes worldwide, changing the availability and character of nearshore habitat used by fish to spawn, and increasing total dissolved solids (TDS), similar to salinity, a factor that negatively impacts fish health. Lake level decline can affect different lakes in different ways, but typically when lake level declines significantly, there is less nearshore habitat overall, and what nearshore habitat remains has less diverse habitat for fish. We investigated whether both impacts of lake level decline may be causing declines of Tui Chub Siphateles bicolor, a large minnow native to Pyramid Lake that spawns in nearshore habitat. Tui Chub are the main food source for Lahontan Cutthroat Trout, a sought after, and vulnerable, sportfish also native to the lake. Pyramid Lake declined 98 feet from 1891 to 1967 because of human water use and remains low today. We used nets to capture Tui Chub during their spawning season to determine their preferred spawning habitat. We then used topographic data of the Pyramid Lake basin to understand the amount of spawning habitat at historical, and potentially future, lake levels if lake levels continue to decline in Pyramid Lake. We tested the response of Tui Chub eggs and larvae to TDS by spawning Tui Chub at a range of TDS levels. Based on our results, Tui Chub spawn in some of the warmest water found in Pyramid Lake during the summer and seek rocky areas to deposit their eggs, habitat features that may be reduced in Pyramid Lake with further lake level decline. With an additional 26 feet of lake level decline, Pyramid Lake will have less nearshore habitat than all other historical and contemporary lake elevations we investigated, potentially seriously restricting habitat available for Tui Chub spawning. Tui Chub eggs and larvae in our experiment were unable to hatch at TDS levels greater than those already found in Pyramid Lake. However, we experienced artificially high levels of toxic ammonia in most replicates such that all egg deaths could not be attributed to the TDS treatments. Our results have important implications for water demand for Pyramid Lake to make sure there are enough Tui Chub to support the population of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout in the lake.
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) zhangmuense Zhang, Deng and Wang 1996
Creators: name: Nielsen, David H.
name: Robbins, Richard G.
name: Rueda, Leopoldo M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Actinedida
Trombiculidae
Leptotrombidium
Leptotrombidium zhangmuense

description: Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) zhangmuense Zhang, Deng and Wang, 1996:
PAL
Leptotrombidium zhangmuense, Stekolnikov 2013 [flureli group]
description: Published as part of Nielsen, David H., Robbins, Richard G. & Rueda, Leopoldo M., 2021, Annotated world checklist of the Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae (1758 - 2021) (Acari: Trombiculoidea), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution, pp. 1-243 in Zootaxa 4967 (1) on page 144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4967.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4745510
MOESM10 of Systematic and functional identification of small non-coding RNAs associated with exogenous biofuel stress in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Creators: name: Guangsheng Pei
name: Sun, Tao
name: Chen, Shuo
name: Chen, Lei
name: Weiwen Zhang
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 10: Figure S6. Correlation between qRT-PCR and sRNA-seq analyses for selected genes. For sRNA-seq (horizontal coordinate), values represent log2 fold change of sRNA under stress conditions compared to WT. For qRT-PCR (vertical coordinate), values represent the mean log2 fold changes in sRNA of three technical and three biological replicates under stress conditions compared to WT. The error bar represents the standard deviation of three replicates. Sample names and Pearson correlation coefficients are indicated at the right lower corner of each plot.
MOESM10 of Systematic and functional identification of small non-coding RNAs associated with exogenous biofuel stress in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Creators: name: Guangsheng Pei
name: Sun, Tao
name: Chen, Shuo
name: Chen, Lei
name: Weiwen Zhang
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Mental Health

description: Additional file 10: Figure S6. Correlation between qRT-PCR and sRNA-seq analyses for selected genes. For sRNA-seq (horizontal coordinate), values represent log2 fold change of sRNA under stress conditions compared to WT. For qRT-PCR (vertical coordinate), values represent the mean log2 fold changes in sRNA of three technical and three biological replicates under stress conditions compared to WT. The error bar represents the standard deviation of three replicates. Sample names and Pearson correlation coefficients are indicated at the right lower corner of each plot.
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) zhongdianense Yu, Yang, Zhang, Zi and Hu 1981
Creators: name: Nielsen, David H.
name: Robbins, Richard G.
name: Rueda, Leopoldo M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Actinedida
Trombiculidae
Leptotrombidium
Leptotrombidium zhongdianense

description: Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) zhongdianense Yu, Yang, Zhang, Zi and Hu, 1981:
PAL
Leptotrombidium zhongdianense, Stekolnikov 2013 [4 group]
description: Published as part of Nielsen, David H., Robbins, Richard G. & Rueda, Leopoldo M., 2021, Annotated world checklist of the Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae (1758 - 2021) (Acari: Trombiculoidea), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy, and distribution, pp. 1-243 in Zootaxa 4967 (1) on page 144, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4967.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4745510
Additional file 2: of Residential distance to major roadways and cardiac structure in African Americans: cross-sectional results from the Jackson Heart Study
Creators: name: Weaver, Anne
name: Wellenius, Gregory
name: Wen-Chih Wu
name: DeMarc Hickson
name: Masoor Kamalesh
name: Wang, Yi
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biotechnology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: Table A2. Results from linear regression of distance to A1 or A2 roads, categorized as continuous (untransformed), inverse, and log-transformed distance truncated at 400Â m, on markers of cardiac structure in JHS (Nâ  =â  4826)a. aModels adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, alcohol consumption, education level, occupation, neighborhood socioeconomic status z-score, type of medical insurance, and smoking status. (DOCX 12 kb)
THE MULTIFACETED NATURE OF LANGUAGE
Creators: name: Daniyeva Maysara Djamalovna Doctor of Philological Sciences (DSc), Professor University of Economics and Pedagogy Karshi city, Republic of Uzbekistan
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025

description: The article deals with the detailed information about the evolution of language. Thе inhеrеnt difficultу in аnswеring thе quеstiоn about the evolution of language liеs in thе fаct thаt thеrе is nо еvidеncе which suggеsts lаnguаgе оrigin. Аnthrороlоgists bеliеvе thаt mаn hаs еxistеd fоr milliоns оf уеаrs. But thе еаrliеst dеciрhеrеd writtеn rеcоrds аrе bаrеlу 6,000 уеаrs. Thе аrchеоlоgicаl discоvеriеs оf writing sуstеms рrоvidе nо cluе tо thе оrigin оf lаnguаgе. Writing, аs thе visuаl rерrеsеntаtiоn оf lаnguаgе, hаs а much shоrtеr histоrу. Оur аncеstоrs sроkе lоng bеfоrе thеу wrоtе. Аmоng thе thоusаnds оf lаnguаgеs in thе wоrld tоdау, оnlу а fеw hundrеds оf thеm hаvе writtеn fоrms. Bеcаusе оf thе рrоblеm оf vеrificаtiоn, schоlаrs in thе lаttеr раrt оf thе 19th cеnturу, whо wеrе оnlу intеrеstеd in “hаrd sciеncе”, ignоrеd оr еvеn bаnnеd discussiоns оf lаnguаgе оrigin. In 1886, thе Linguistic Sоciеtу оf Раris раssеd а rеsоlutiоn tо bаn аnу рареrs оn thе subjеct.

Keywords: аrtificiаl lаnguаgе, аrbitrаrinеss, brаnchеs оf linguistics, crеаtivitу, culturаl trаnsmissiоn, diаchrоnic studу, duаlitу, disрlаcеmеnt
title: Do Poor Countries Catch Up to Rich Countries? Structural Change in the World-Economy, 1816-1916
Creators: name: Walker, Jared
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 2024

description: Do poor countries catch up to rich countries? To answer that question, countries were divided into upper class (core), middle class (semi-periphery), and lower class (periphery) based on degree of industrialization as indicated by primary energy consumption data. Findings indicated twenty-three upward transitions and five downward transitions during the period examined. Asymmetrical upward mobility was understood in the context of geographic expansion of the system. This sufficiently increased the population of the lower class (periphery) to support larger populations in the middle class (semi-periphery) and upper class (core). Nevertheless, probability analysis indicated a stable system characterized by high levels of inertia and low probability of social mobility. Although there were instances of upward mobility between 1816 and 1916, there were no examples of a country moving from the lower class (periphery) to the upper class (core). Even so, entropy measures suggested economic convergence was in progress for three of the four periods examined. This finding challenges the view that economic convergence is a new phenomenon.