cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Online Legal Driving Behavior Monitoring for Self-driving Vehicles
Creators: name: Yu, Wenhao
name: Zhao, Chengxiang
name: Wang, Hong
name: Liu, Jiaxin
name: Ma, Xiaohan
name: Yang, Yingkai
name: Li, Jun
name: Wang, Weida
name: Hu, Xiaosong
name: Zhao, Ding
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: classificationCode: 400203
subject: Automotive mechatronics and autonomous systems
classificationCode: 489999
subject: Other law and legal studies not elsewhere classified

description: Defined traffic laws must be respected by all vehicles when driving on the road, including self-driving vehicles without human drivers. Nevertheless, the ambiguity of human-oriented traffic laws, particularly compliance thresholds, poses a significant challenge to the implementation of regulations on self-driving vehicles, especially in detecting illegal driving behaviors. To address these challenges, here we present a trigger-based hierarchical online monitor for self-assessment of driving behavior, which aims to improve the rationality and real-time performance of the monitoring results. Furthermore, the general principle to determine the ambiguous compliance threshold based on real driving behaviors is proposed, and the specific outcomes and sensitivity of the compliance threshold selection are analyzed. In this work, the effectiveness and real-time capability of the online monitor were verified using both Chinese human driving behavior datasets and real vehicle field tests, indicating the potential for implementing regulations in self-driving vehicles for online monitoring.
The Allocation of Advertising and Research Dollars in the Florida Orange Juice Industry
Creators: name: Brown, Mark G.
name: Spreen, Thomas H.
Publisher: name: CentMA
Year: 2010
Subjects: orange juice; returns to research; advertising

description: This study considers the allocation of Florida citrus-grower money between advertising and research programs to maximize grower revenue net of program costs. The allocation depends on the impact of advertising on demand and the impacts of research on the cost of production and supply. A number of studies have estimated the impact of advertising on OJ demand, but little is known about the impact of research. Research on citrus greening, a disease that has no known cure, is examined in the present study. There are no past studies to reliably gauge the impact of this research. The approach taken here is to ask if a given amount of research dollars is needed to reduce average production costs by certain amount, then what should be spent on advertising based on past estimates of the elasticity of demand with respect to advertising. The optimal ratio of advertising to research dollars increases with the advertising elasticity and declines with the amount of research money needed to reduce average costs. The results of this study provide a range for this ratio based on different advertising elasticities and amounts of research dollars needed to reduce production costs. The approach provides an indication of the importance of advertising given expectations on the research needed to successfully fight this disease.
description: International Journal on Food System Dynamics, Vol 1, No 1 (2010)
e-Science perspectives in Venezuela
Creators: name: Diaz, G.
name: Florez-Lopez, J.
name: Hamar, V.
name: Hoeger, H.
name: Mendoza, C.
name: Mendez, Z.
name: Nunez, L. A.
name: Ruiz, N.
name: Torrens, R.
name: Uzcategui, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We describe the e-Science strategy in Venezuela, in particular initiatives by the Centro Nacional de Calculo Cientifico Universidad de Los Andes (CECALCULA), Merida, the Universidad de Los Andes (ULA), Merida, and the Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Caracas. We present the plans for the Venezuelan Academic Grid and the current status of Grid ULA supported by Internet2. We show different web-based scientific applications that are being developed in quantum chemistry, atomic physics, structural damage analysis, biomedicine and bioclimate within the framework of the E-Infrastructure shared between Europe and Latin America (EELA)
description: Presented at the Third Conference of the EELA Project in Catania, Italy, Dec 2007
Fragile Social Norms: (Un) Sustainable Exploration of Forest Products
Creators: name: Zylbersztajn, Decio
Publisher: name: CentMA
Year: 2010
Subjects: sustainable exploraiton of forest recources; social norms and sustainability; common pool resources

description: The exhaustion of natural resources is a central problem in the international agenda. The particular case of Amazon forest is at the top on the international environmental debate. Two related problems are keys to be considered in the discussion of sustainable development in this region. First the predatory use of the natural resources of the forest mainly timber and genetic resources. Second the recognition of the existence of a population of around 20 million inhabitants in the region defined as “Legal Amazon Area”, aiming the improvement on the living conditions, enhancement of income level and acceleration of development. How to match both objectives is a puzzle faced by the present generation.
The region is populated by initiatives of international non-governmental-organizations, most of them carrying good intentions but lacking the necessary knowledge on local formal and informal institutions to find ways to reach sustainable development. The result is the accelerated process of natural resources depletion, and social disorganization. The case of the production of Brazilian Nuts stands as a corollary of the lack of an institutional structure of property rights that does not provide incentives for sustainable development. The opposite effect is being observed as a result of the fragility of observable institutional arrangements.
The case provides the counterfactual for the analysis of Ostrom (1990; 2008), where she presents virtuous cases of sustainable exploration of natural resources, mostly based on informal but solid institutions.
description: International Journal on Food System Dynamics, Vol 1, No 1 (2010)
Constrained extrapolation problem and order-dependent mappings
Creators: name: Wellenhofer, Corbinian
name: Phillips, Daniel R.
name: Schwenk, Achim
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider the problem of extrapolating the perturbation series for the dilute Fermi gas in three dimensions to the unitary limit of infinite scattering length and into the BEC region, using the available strong-coupling information to constrain the extrapolation problem. In this constrained extrapolation problem (CEP) the goal is to find classes of approximants that give well converged results already for low perturbative truncation orders. First, we show that standard Padé and Borel methods are too restrictive to give satisfactory results for this CEP. A generalization of Borel extrapolation is given by the so-called Maximum Entropy extrapolation method (MaxEnt). However, we show that MaxEnt requires extensive elaborations to be applicable to the dilute Fermi gas and is thus not practical for the CEP in this case. Instead, we propose order-dependent-mapping extrapolation (ODME) as a simple, practical, and general method for the CEP. We find that the ODME approximants for the ground-state energy of the dilute Fermi gas are robust with respect to changes of the mapping choice and agree with results from quantum Monte Carlo simulations within uncertainties.
description: 19 pages, 3 figures. Paper prepared for the Festschrift in honor of the 60th birthday of Prof. D.A. Drabold. This version has minor changes in response to referee comments. Almost identical to version published in Physica Status Solidi B: Basic Solid State Physics
Supply Chain and Network Performance: Metrics for Profitability, Productivity and Efficiency
Creators: name: Weaver, Robert D.
Publisher: name: CentMA
Year: 2010
Subjects: networks; collaboration; metrics; productivity; efficiency

description: The architecture of the firm involves determination of a boundary that encompasses the functions managed by the firm. The past decade has seen substantial reorganization of firms where vertical or horizontal integration has been unbundled into weaker forms of collaborations including value chains and networks. This observation has forced a re-conceptualization of the boundaries of the firm to incorporate such collaborations. These collaborations are virtual and highly dynamic. They emerge and persist when two conditions are met. First, they must enable generation of greater value than might be attained through independent operation and anonymous transactions through markets. Second, the resulting growth must be shared with members in a way that retains their participation. Each of these conditions can be verified only if performance of the collaboration can be established. This paper recognizes the need for “metrics of performance” that are by necessity operationally feasible to measure. While conceptual approaches have been studied in the management literature, this paper considers from theoretic perspectives these issues and derives measures of the performance of the overall collaboration as well as of the participating enterprises. The paper presents a framework that can be applied to both vertical and horizontal collaborations as found in supply chains and networks. The paper offers suggestions on empirical methods for estimation of measures derived.
description: International Journal on Food System Dynamics, Vol 1, No 1 (2010)
MAXCUT QAOA performance guarantees for p >1
Creators: name: Wurtz, Jonathan
name: Love, Peter J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We obtain worst case performance guarantees for $p=2$ and $3$ QAOA for MAXCUT on uniform 3-regular graphs. Previous work by Farhi et al obtained a lower bound on the approximation ratio of $0.692$ for $p=1$. We find a lower bound of $0.7559$ for $p=2$, where worst case graphs are those with no cycles $\leq 5$. This bound holds for any 3 regular graph evaluated at particular fixed parameters. We conjecture a hierarchy for all $p$, where worst case graphs have with no cycles $\leq 2p+1$. Under this conjecture, the approximation ratio is at least $0.7924$ for all 3 regular graphs and $p=3$. In addition, using a simple indistinguishability argument we find an upper bound on the worst case approximation ratio for all $p$, which indicates classes of graphs for which there can be no quantum advantage for at least $p<6$.
description: 17 pages, 13 figures
Exotic Image Formation in Strong Gravitational Lensing by Clusters of Galaxies. I: Cross-Section
Creators: name: Meena, A. K.
name: Bagla, J. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In a recent paper we have discussed the higher order singularities in gravitational lensing. We have shown that a singularity map, comprising of $A_3$-lines and unstable (point) singularities ($A_4$ and $D_4$), is a compact representation of high magnification regions corresponding to a given lens model for all possible source redshifts. It marks all the optimal locations for deep surveys in the lens plane. Here we present singularity maps for ten different cluster lenses selected from the \textit{Hubble Frontier fields} (HFF) and the \textit{Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey} (RELICS) surveys. We have identified regions in the lens plane with a high magnification for sources up to redshift ten. To determine the dependence of unstable (point) singularities on lens mass model reconstruction techniques, we compared singularity maps corresponding to the different mass models (provided by various groups in the HFF survey) for each cluster lens. We find that the non-parametric (free-form) method of lens mass reconstruction yields the least number of point singularities. In contrast, mass models reconstructed by various groups using a parametric approach have a significantly larger number of point singularities. We also estimate the number of galaxies lying near these unstable (point) singularities, which can be observed with the \textit{James Webb Space Telescope} (JWST). We find that we expect to get at least one hyperbolic umbilic and one swallowtail image formation for a source at $z > 1$ for every five clusters with JWST. These numbers are much higher than earlier estimates.
description: 12 pages, 4 figures. Accepted in MNRAS. Higher resolution version along with supplementary material is available at https://web.iisermohali.ac.in/Faculty/jasjeet/accepted-version.pdf
Radiative decays and the nature of heavy quarkonia
Creators: name: Tormo, Xavier Garcia i
name: Soto, Joan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We argue that the photon spectra in radiative decays of various heavy quarkonium states provide important information on their nature. If two of these states are in the strong coupling regime, we are able to produce a parameter-free model independent formula, which holds at next-to-leading order and includes both direct and fragmentation contributions. When the formula is checked against recent CLEO data it favors Upsilon (2S) and Upsilon (3S) in the strong coupling regime and disfavors Upsilon (1S) in it.
description: 5 pages, 3 figures. Clarifications introduced, including extra curve in plots. Journal version
The role of offshore in the international economy
Creators: name: Goldman, Ian
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Offshore jurisdictions attempt to attract foreign capital to themselves by having lower financial regulatory requirements than other jurisdictions. By examining the literature and the latest data on financial flows, the thesis attempts to identify the sources of the powerful systematic causes and effects of Offshore. It does this by disaggregating elements of Offshore that are normally conflated. An eclectic theory based on elements of liberal international theory and world-system structuralism is constructed in order to clarify the role of Offshore in the international economy. The conclusions are that Offshore is an integral part of the current global economic system; that further research may reveal that Offshore serves hegemonic interests; that regulatory competition is likely to remain a part of the international economy for the foreseeable future; and that, by finding common interests among hegemons and others, the invidious Offshore element of secrecy has a serious chance of being curtailed so that systematic stability can be increased.
Investigation of Use of Preformed, Compressed Neoprene Seals in Joints of Concrete Bridge Decks
Creators: name: Willaman, Dennis L.
Publisher: name: Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky
Year: 1968
Subjects: subject: Transportation Engineering

description: Progressive deterioration and staining of concrete bridge substructures and erosion of abutments may, in many instances, be attributed to the leakage of bridge deck joints. The primary difficulty in maintaining a properly sealed joint is the continual expansion and contraction of the bridge spans. Joint seals, of course, must remain in contact with both faces of the disjointed sections and remain flexible at all temperatures encountered.  A study was initiated by the Division of Research for the specific purpose of evaluating the performance of preformed, compressed neoprene seals and to compare the performance of these seals with the performance of conventional joint sealers. This report is based on a field inspection of sealed joints in numerous Kentucky bridges, and the conclusions are derived from the observed performance of formed, sawed, or armored-edge joints sealed with conventional or neoprene seals. Between 1963 and 1965, neoprene seals were installed in one Lexington bridge, two Louisville bridges, and most of the Central Kentucky (Bluegrass) Parkway bridges. These seals, therefore, had been in service from two to three years at the time of field inspections.  It was observed that formed and sawed joints inevitably spall thereby making it difficult for any sealant to adequately seal the joints. Armored-edge joints, when sealed with neoprene seals, were observed to provide the best combination to perform the intended function of joint and seal. The added expense of such an installation may be justified from the standpoint of reduced maintenance costs.
Phenomenology of the 0.7 conductance feature
Creators: name: Reilly, D. J.
name: Zhang, Y.
name: DiCarlo, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe a phenomenological model for the conductance feature near $0.7 \times 2e^2/h$ that occurs in quantum point contacts. We focus on the transconductance at finite source-drain bias and contrast our model with the results expected from a single-particle picture. Good agreement is seen in comparing the model with experimental data, taken on ultra-low-disorder GaAs induced electron systems. Although simple, our phenomenology suggests important boundary conditions for an underlying microscopic theory.
description: Proceedings of EP2DS-16 (July 2005). Comments welcome. reilly@fas.harvard.edu
MODELLING THE DYNAMICS OF PRODUCTION ADJUSTMENT TO SHORT-TERM MARKET SHOCKS
Creators: name: Niemi, Jarkko K.
name: Lehtonen, Heikki
name: Niemi, Jarkko K.
name: Lehtonen, Heikki
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Production Economics
subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: pig
subject: demand
subject: dynamic programming
subject: export
subject: livestock epidemics
subject: price
subject: supply

description: Models of agricultural economics typically operate at an annual basis or in a static equilibrium framework where inputs, outputs and their prices may change considerably. Production dynamics, however, imply that models relying on spatial and temporal aggregation do not capture the effects of biological constraints in the short run. This paper examines short and long-term impacts of demand and production cost shocks in the pig sector. The analysis is carried out with a dynamic programming model which takes into account changes in export and domestic demand and market clearing price. It optimizes the supply of piglets on a monthly basis. Econometric techniques are used to estimate demand functions. Short-term negative market shocks can already have significant income effects to agricultural producers. We simulated effects of pig meat export bans of different degrees due to livestock epidemics. Full closure of export markets for six months cost pig sector €21 million.
title: Вариативность русских пословиц с компонентом-антропонимом
Creators: name: Ковшова, Мария
Publisher: name: Новгородский государственный университет имени Ярослава Мудрого (НовГУ)
Year: 2021

description: В статье на материале пословиц с компонентомантропонимом рассматриваются основные методы и приемы исследования вариативности в пословицах, разрабатывается новый подход, который синтезирует лингвистические и фольклористические принципы и понятия. Такой подход позволяет изучить вариативность на основе сопоставления текстов, с одной стороны, по критериям обобщенного значения и функций пословицы; с другой стороны – с учетом образной системы, особенностей структуры и композиции. На обширном материале исследуется вариативность антропонимического компонента в составе пословиц, определяется степень воздействия тех или иных изменений антропонима на семантическое тождество пословиц, их предметно-понятийный, предметнообразный и структурно-композиционный план. В ходе анализа сгруппированы изменения антропонимического компонента, которые происходят на разных уровнях языка – фонетическом, словообразовательном, морфологическом, лексическом, синтаксическом.
A Joint SRG/eROSITA + ZTF Search: Discovery of a 97-min Period Eclipsing Cataclysmic Variable with Evidence of a Brown Dwarf Secondary
Creators: name: Galiullin, Ilkham
name: Rodriguez, Antonio C.
name: Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.
name: Sunyaev, Rashid
name: Gilfanov, Marat
name: Bikmaev, Ilfan
name: Yungelson, Lev
name: van Roestel, Jan
name: Gänsicke, Boris T.
name: Khamitov, Irek
name: Szkody, Paula
name: El-Badry, Kareem
name: Suslikov, Mikhail
name: Prince, Thomas A.
name: Buntov, Mikhail
name: Caiazzo, Ilaria
name: Gorbachev, Mark
name: Graham, Matthew J.
name: Gumerov, Rustam
name: Irtuganov, Eldar
name: Laher, Russ R.
name: Medvedev, Pavel
name: Riddle, Reed
name: Rusholme, Ben
name: Sakhibullin, Nail
name: Sklyanov, Alexander
name: Vanderbosch, Zachary P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Cataclysmic variables (CVs) that have evolved past the period minimum during their lifetimes are predicted to be systems with a brown dwarf donor. While population synthesis models predict that around $\approx 40-70\%$ of the Galactic CVs are post-period minimum systems referred to as "period bouncers", only a few dozen confirmed systems are known. We report the study and characterisation of a new eclipsing CV, SRGeJ041130.3+685350 (SRGeJ0411), discovered from a joint SRG/eROSITA and ZTF program. The optical spectrum of SRGeJ0411 shows prominent hydrogen and helium emission lines, typical for CVs. We obtained optical high-speed photometry to confirm the eclipse of SRGeJ0411 and determine the orbital period to be $P_\textrm{orb} \approx 97.530$ minutes. The spectral energy distribution suggests that the donor has an effective temperature of $\lesssim 1,800$ K. We constrain the donor mass with the period--density relationship for Roche-lobe-filling stars and find that $M_\textrm{donor} \lesssim 0.04\ M_\odot$. The binary parameters are consistent with evolutionary models for post-period minimum CVs, suggesting that SRGeJ0411 is a new period bouncer. The optical emission lines of SRGeJ0411 are single-peaked despite the system being eclipsing, which is typically only seen due to stream-fed accretion in polars. X-ray spectroscopy hints that the white dwarf in SRGeJ0411 could be magnetic, but verifying the magnetic nature of SRGeJ0411 requires further investigation. The lack of optical outbursts has made SRGeJ0411 elusive in previous surveys, and joint X-ray and optical surveys highlight the potential for discovering similar systems in the near future.
description: 17 pages, 16 figures, accepted to MNRAS
Swift XRT and VLT Observations of the Afterglow of GRB 041223
Creators: name: Burrows, David N.
name: Hill, Joanne E.
name: Chincarini, Guido
name: Tagliaferri, Gianpiero
name: Campana, Sergio
name: Moretti, Alberto
name: Romano, Patrizia
name: Malesani, Daniele
name: Racusin, Judith L.
name: Kobayashi, Shiho
name: Zhang, Bing
name: Meszaros, Peter
name: O'Brien, Paul T.
name: Willingale, Richard
name: Osborne, Julian P.
name: Cusumano, Giancarlo
name: Giommi, Paolo
name: Angelini, Lorella
name: Abbey, Antony F.
name: Antonelli, L. Angelo
name: Beardmore, Andrew P.
name: Capalbi, Milvia
name: Covino, Stefano
name: D'Avanzo, Paolo
name: Goad, Michael R.
name: Kennea, Jamie A.
name: Morris, David C.
name: Pagani, Claudio
name: Page, Kim L.
name: Stella, Luigi
name: Nousek, John A.
name: Wells, Alan A.
name: Gehrels, Neil
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer, launched on 2004 November 20, is a multiwavelength, autonomous, rapid-slewing observatory for gamma-ray burst (GRB) astronomy. On 2004 December 23, during the activation phase of the mission, the Swift X-Ray Telescope (XRT) was pointed at a burst discovered earlier that day by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope. A fading, uncataloged X-ray source was discovered by the XRT and was observed over a period of about 3 hours, beginning 4.6 hours after the burst. The X-ray detection triggered a VLT observation of the optical/NIR counterpart, located about 1.1 arcseconds from the XRT position. The X-ray counterpart faded rapidly, with a power law index of -1.72 +/- 0.20. The average unabsorbed X-ray flux 4.6-7.9 hours after the burst was 6.5 x 10^{-12} erg cm^{-2} s^{-1} in the 0.5-10 keV band, for a power-law spectrum of photon index 2.02 +/- 0.13 with Galactic absorption. The NIR counterpart was observed at three epochs between 16 and 87 hours after the burst, and faded with a power-law index of -1.14 +/- 0.08 with a reddening-corrected SED power-law slope of -0.40 +/- 0.03. We find that the X-ray and NIR data are consistent with a two-component jet in a wind medium, with an early jet break in the narrow component and an underlying electron index of 1.8-2.0.
description: 16 pages, including 4 figures. Accepted by Astrophysical Journal (Letters) on 15 February 2005
A simple but efficient concept of blended teaching of mathematics for engineering students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Creators: name: Busto, Saray
name: Dumbser, Michael
name: Gaburro, Elena
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: History and Overview (math.HO)
subject: Physics Education (physics.ed-ph)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a simple but efficient concept for the realization of blended teaching of mathematics and its applications in theoretical mechanics that was conceived, tested and implemented at the University of Trento, Italy, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The concept foresees traditional blackboard lectures with a reduced number of students present in the lecture hall, while the same lectures are simultaneously made available to the remaining students via high quality low-bandwidth online streaming. Based on our first assumption that traditional blackboard lectures, including the gestures and the facial expressions of the professor, are still a very efficient and highly appreciated means of teaching mathematics, this paper deliberately does not want to propose a novel pedagogical concept of how to teach mathematics, but rather presents a technical concept how to preserve the quality of traditional blackboard lectures even during the pandemic and how to make them available to the students at home via online streaming with adequate audio and video quality at low internet bandwidth. The second assumption is that the teaching of mathematics is a dynamic creative process that requires the physical presence of students in the lecture hall as audience so that the professor can instantaneously fine-tune the evolution of the lecture according to his/her perception of the level of attention and the facial expressions of the students. The third assumption of this paper is that students need to have the possibility to interact with each other personally. We report on the necessary hardware, software and logistics, and on the perception of the proposed blended lectures by students from civil and environmental engineering at the University of Trento, compared to traditional lectures and also compared to the pure online lectures that were needed as emergency measure at the beginning of the pandemic.
description: Link to the published journal paper: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/11/2/56
Determinants of World Demand for U.S. Corn Seeds: The Role of Trade Costs
Creators: name: Jayasinghe, Sampath
name: Beghin, John C.
name: Moschini, GianCarlo
name: Jayasinghe, Sampath
name: Beghin, John C.
name: Moschini, GianCarlo
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Seeds
subject: corn
subject: SPS
subject: phytosanitary
subject: exports
subject: trade cost
subject: technical barriers
subject: tariffs
subject: TBT.

description: The United States is a large net exporter of corn seeds. Seed trade, including corn, has been expanding but its determinants are not well understood. This paper econometrically investigates the determinants of world demand for U.S. corn seeds with a detailed analysis of trade costs impeding exports flows to various markets. Trade costs include costs associated with distance, tariffs, and sanitary-phytosanitary (SPS) regulations imposed by foreign countries on U.S. corn seed exports. SPS policy information comes from the Excerpt data base of USDA-APHIS. The analysis relies on a gravity-like model based on an explicit specification of derived demand for seed by foreign corn producers. A SPS count variable is incorporated as a shifter in the unit cost of seeds faced by foreign users. We use data from 48 countries and for the years 1989 to 2004. We find that all trade costs matter and have had a negative impact on U.S. corn seed exports. Tariffs matter most; followed by SPS measures and distance. An extensive econometric investigation reveals that qualitative results are robust to specification changes, but that sample selection bias is present in log-linear specifications based on seed export levels and approximating zero trade data with a small positive number.
The Prime Graphs of Some Classes of Finite Groups
Creators: name: Florez, Chris
name: Higgins, Jonathan
name: Huang, Kyle
name: Keller, Thomas Michael
name: Shen, Dawei
name: Yang, Yong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Group Theory (math.GR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this paper we study prime graphs of finite groups. The prime graph of a finite group $G$, also known as the Gruenberg-Kegel graph, is the graph with vertex set {primes dividing $|G|$} and an edge $p$-$q$ if and only if there exists an element of order $pq$ in $G$. In finite group theory, studying the prime graph of a group has been an important topic for the past almost half century. Only recently prime graphs of solvable groups have been characterized in graph theoretical terms only. In this paper, we continue this line of research and give complete characterizations of several classes of groups, including groups of square-free order, metanilpotent groups, groups of cube-free order, and, for any $n\in \mathbb{N}$, solvable groups of $n^\text{th}$-power-free order. We also explore the prime graphs of groups whose composition factors are cyclic or $A_5$ and draw connections to a conjecture of Maslova. We then propose an algorithm that recovers the prime graph from a dual prime graph.
Primordial Non-Gaussianity from G-inflation
Creators: name: Zhang, Fengge
name: Gong, Yungui
name: Lin, Jiong
name: Lu, Yizhou
name: Yi, Zhu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Enormous information about interactions is contained in the non-Gaussianities of the primordial curvature perturbations, which are essential to break the degeneracy of inflationary models. We study the primordial bispectra for G-inflation models predicting both sharp and broad peaks in the primordial scalar power spectrum. We calculate the non-Gaussianity parameter $f_{\mathrm{NL}}$ in the equilateral limit and squeezed limit numerically, and confirm that the consistency relation holds in these models. Even though $f_{\mathrm{NL}}$ becomes large at the scales before the power spectrum reaches the peak and the scales where there are wiggles in the power spectrum, it remains to be small at the peak scales. Therefore, the contributions of non-Gaussianity to the scalar induced secondary gravitational waves and primordial black hole abundance are expected to be negligible.
description: 16 pages, 3 figures
Rational Analysis of Kentucky Flexible Pavement Design Criterion
Creators: name: Southgate, Herbert F.
name: Deen, Robert C.
name: Havens, James H.
Publisher: name: Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky
Year: 1968
Subjects: subject: Transportation Engineering

description: Rational criteria for the structural design of pavements are emerging from classical theories equated to the observed behavior of real pavements. Pavement behavior is known to be affected by traffic, variations in soil support, and variations of component thicknesses. Considerable attention has been devoted to the mechanistic response of pavements to static and dynamic loads and to the development of theoretical design procedures, which rely, in part, on the computation of certain critical stresses, strains, and(or) deflections in the structure. A computer program (1) for the elastic analysis of multilayered pavement systems has enabled an extensive investigation of the effects of soil support properties, the materials used in the pavement structure, and component thicknesses. In this study, this computer program was used to determine the patterns of stresses, strains, and deflections of the pavement system. In the second portion of the study, attempts have been made to show the relationships between these stresses, strains, and deflections and current and proposed design curves using the fatigue concept (equivalent axleloads – EAL's, or equivalent wheel loads – EWL's).  From the mechanistic point of view, load deflection relationships outwardly portray the composite stiffness or rigidity of pavement systems. Contrary to general impressions, surface deflection is not a discrete, limiting parameter. Stresses and strains in the subgrade soil and in the extreme fibers of the bituminous concrete layers may (do) constitute overriding, fundamental limits. Therefore, thickness design criteria cannot be based directly upon deflection spectra. In other words, two different pavements having equal, 18-kip deflections are not necessarily equal designs unless all accompanying stresses and strains are also equal.
Minimum Length from First Principles
Creators: name: Calmet, Xavier
name: Graesser, Michael
name: Hsu, Stephen D. H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show that no device or gedanken experiment is capable of measuring a distance less than the Planck length. By "measuring a distance less than the Planck length" we mean, technically, resolve the eigenvalues of the position operator to within that accuracy. The only assumptions in our argument are causality, the uncertainty principle from quantum mechanics and a dynamical criteria for gravitational collapse from classical general relativity called the hoop conjecture. The inability of any gedanken experiment to measure a sub-Planckian distance suggests the existence of a minimal length.
description: 8 pages, Honorable Mention in the 2005 Gravity Research Foundation Essay Competition
Switchgrass Production in Marginal Environments: A Comparative Economic Analysis across Four West Tennessee Landscapes
Creators: name: Mooney, Daniel F.
name: Roberts, Roland K.
name: English, Burton C.
name: Tyler, Donald D.
name: Larson, James A.
name: Mooney, Daniel F.
name: Roberts, Roland K.
name: English, Burton C.
name: Tyler, Donald D.
name: Larson, James A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: Crop Production/Industries
International Relations/Trade

description: Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has been identified as a model feedstock for the emerging biofuels industry. Its selection was based, in part, upon the observation that switchgrass can produce high yields in marginal production environments. This trait may become particularly valuable in coming years, as renewable fuel mandates begin to take effect and concerns over the food-versus-fuel debate increase. Relatively little research information exists about how management practices and production costs vary across different production environments. The objectives of this research were (a) to compare switchgrass yields as influenced by seeding rate and nitrogen fertilization rates in low-, intermediate-, and high-yielding switchgrass production environments, (b) to determine the economically optimal seeding rate and nitrogen fertilization rate for each environment, and (c) to calculate per-ton production costs. Experimental yield data from four locations were utilized for this study. Plots were seeded in 2004 with treatments of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5 lbs/acre. Nitrogen was applied in subsequent intervals at 0, 60, 120 and 180 lbs/acre. For an expected stand lifespan of 10 years, production costs ranged from $45 per ton in a well drained level upland environment ideal for the production of row crops to $70 per ton in a marginal, poorly drained flood plain in which the switchgrass stand was slow to establish and which demonstrated lower overall yields.
Probing level renormalization by sequential transport through double quantum dots
Creators: name: Wunsch, Bernhard
name: Braun, Matthias
name: König, Jürgen
name: Pfannkuche, Daniela
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study electron transport through double quantum dots in series. The tunnel coupling of the discrete dot levels to external leads causes a shift of their energy. This energy renormalization affects the transport characteristics even in the limit of weak dot-lead coupling, when sequential transport dominates. We propose an experimental setup which reveals the renormalization effects in either the current-voltage characteristics or in the stability diagram.
Disease and Behavioral Dynamics for Brucellosis in Elk and Cattle in the Greater Yellowstone Area
Creators: name: Xie, Fang
name: Horan, Richard D.
name: Xie, Fang
name: Horan, Richard D.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: Livestock Production/Industries

description: We investigate private responses to policies that have been proposed to confront a human-wildlife conflict that likely emerged as a result of a management regime designed to address an earlier human-wildlife conflict: specifically, brucellosis in elk that has spread to cattle in Wyoming. We examine population and disease dynamics under several different management options for the Jackson elk herd, where each option involves a combination of changes in elk feeding and population levels. Farmer responses to these dynamics, when vaccination is not required, are modeled along with the associated impacts to livestock dynamics. We also examine livestock management when there is little-to-no consideration given to the risk posed by elk. In practice, the policies and proposals to address elk have been considered separately of the behavioral responses of farmers, with many livestock advocacy groups are pushing for an elimination of the feeding grounds. Overall, our results contradict the conventional wisdom that farmers would benefit from more stringent disease controls in the elk sector. We find that farmers do experience lower herd-level infection rates when more stringent elk controls are implemented. But this is primarily due to increased vaccination by farmers in response to increased risks to cattle that result from elk spending more time on public grazing areas and farmlands as feedgrounds are closed.
General anomaly matching by Goldstone bosons
Creators: name: Yonekura, Kazuya
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe how Goldstone bosons of spontaneous symmetry breaking $G \to H$ can reproduce anomalies of UV theories under the symmetry group $G$ at the nonperturbative level. This is done by giving a general definition of Wess-Zumino-Witten terms in terms of the invertible field theories in $d+1$ dimensions which describe the anomalies of $d$-dimensional UV theories. The hidden local symmetry $\widehat H$, which is used to describe Goldstone bosons in coset construction $G/H$, plays an important role. Our definition also naturally leads to generalized $θ$-angles of the hidden local gauge group $\widehat H$. We illustrate this point by ${\rm SO}(N_c)$ (or ${\rm Spin}(N_c)$) QCD-like theories in four dimensions.
description: 19 pages, 2 figures; V2: minor corrections and references added; V3: minor improvement
U.S. Agricultural Policy and Obesity
Creators: name: Kirwan, Barrett E.
name: Cawley, John
name: Kirwan, Barrett E.
name: Cawley, John
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy
Health Economics and Policy

description: The doubling of the prevalence of obesity in the U.S. since 1980 has generated tremendous interest in understanding the causes of obesity and its recent rise. We study one important potential cause that has been little investigated: U.S. agriculture policy. We document that, by pursuing policies that benefit agricultural producers, the U.S. promotes excess supply and lower prices which contribute to higher calorie intake and obesity. We estimate that agricultural subsidies account for 0.75 - 1.2 percent of the rise in average body mass index (BMI) between 1984 and 1999 in the U.S. An appreciation for how U.S. farm policy indirectly affects calorie intake and obesity may yield insights into how to best counter such unintended consequences and limit or reverse the recent rise in U.S. obesity.
Density functional scheme for calculating the pair density
Creators: name: Higuchi, Masahiko
name: Higuchi, Katsuhiko
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The density functional scheme for calculating the pair density is presented by means of the constrained-search technique. The resultant single-particle equation takes the form of the modified Hartree-Fock equation which contains the kinetic contribution of the exchange-correlation energy functional as the correlation potential. The practical form of the kinetic contribution is also proposed with the aid of the scaling relations of the kinetic energy functionals.
description: 5 pages
Complements and Meat Demand in the U.S.
Creators: name: Davis, Christopher G.
name: Stefanova, Stela
name: Hahn, William F.
name: Yen, Steven T.
name: Davis, Christopher G.
name: Stefanova, Stela
name: Hahn, William F.
name: Yen, Steven T.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: censored dependent variables
subject: meats
subject: poultry
subject: fish
subject: vegetables
subject: sample selection model
subject: two-step estimation

description: In this study we estimated the price elasticities among meats, vegetables, grains, and potatoes and the impact that different levels of income have on the demand for these commodities. The 2005 Nielsen retail home scan data were used to construct a censored demand system of 14 equations. Results revealed that the uncompensated cross-price elasticities for both low and high-incomes suggest both substitution and complement relationships, while the compensated price elasticities are dominated primarily by substitution relationships. Our findings also revealed that expenditure elasticities among both low and high-income households differ for most commodities.
Optimal Control-Based Efficient Synthesis of Building Blocks of Quantum Algorithms Seen in Perspective from Network Complexity towards Time Complexity
Creators: name: Schulte-Herbrueggen, T.
name: Spoerl, A. K.
name: Khaneja, N.
name: Glaser, S. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper, we demonstrate that optimal control algorithms can be used to speed up the implementation of modules of quantum algorithms or quantum simulations in networks of coupled qubits. The gain is most prominent in realistic cases, where the qubits are not all mutually coupled. Thus the shortest times obtained depend on the coupling topology as well as on the characteristicratio of the time scales for local controls {\em vs} non-local ({\em i.e.} coupling) evolutions in the specific experimental setting. Relating these minimal times to the number of qubits gives the tightest known upper bounds to the actual time complexity of the quantum modules. As will be shown, time complexity is a more realistic measure of the experimental cost than the usual gate complexity. In the limit of fast local controls (as {\em e.g.} in NMR), time-optimised realisations are shown for the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) and the multiply controlled {\sc not}-gate ({\sc c$^{n-1}$not}) in various coupling topologies of $n$ qubits. The speed-ups are substantial: in a chain of six qubits the quantum Fourier transform so far obtained by optimal control is more than eight times faster than the standard decomposition into controlled phase, Hadamard and {\sc swap} gates, while the {\sc c$^{n-1}$not}-gate for completely coupled network of six qubits is nearly seven times faster.
description: 7 pages, 5 figures, REVTEX
Interactive Multi-Objective Evolutionary Optimization of Software Architectures
Creators: name: Ramírez, Aurora
name: Romero, José Raúl
name: Ventura, Sebastián
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Software Engineering (cs.SE)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: D.2.11; F.2.2
subject: 68

description: While working on a software specification, designers usually need to evaluate different architectural alternatives to be sure that quality criteria are met. Even when these quality aspects could be expressed in terms of multiple software metrics, other qualitative factors cannot be numerically measured, but they are extracted from the engineer's know-how and prior experiences. In fact, detecting not only strong but also weak points in the different solutions seems to fit better with the way humans make their decisions. Putting the human in the loop brings new challenges to the search-based software engineering field, especially for those human-centered activities within the early analysis phase. This paper explores how the interactive evolutionary computation can serve as a basis for integrating the human's judgment into the search process. An interactive approach is proposed to discover software architectures, in which both quantitative and qualitative criteria are applied to guide a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. The obtained feedback is incorporated into the fitness function using architectural preferences allowing the algorithm to discern between promising and poor solutions. Experimentation with real users has revealed that the proposed interaction mechanism can effectively guide the search towards those regions of the search space that are of real interest to the expert.
description: 41 pages, 5 figures, journal "Information Sciences"