Cypselurus poecilopterus subsp. crassus Shakhovskoy & Parin 2022, subsp. nov.
Creators: name: Shakhovskoy, Ilia B.
name: Parin, Nikolay V.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Beloniformes
Exocoetidae
Cypselurus
Cypselurus poecilopterus
Cypselurus poecilopterus crassus

description: Cypselurus poecilopterus crassus subsp. nov.
Synonymy and bibliography.
Exocoetus poecilopterus. Günther 1866: 291–292 (description; Taiwan).
Cypsilurus poecilopterus. Jordan & Starks 1903: 542 (short description; Hakodate, Japan).
Cypselurus poecilopterus. Lindberg 1947: 144 (listed; Japan, Korea). Woods & Schultz 1953: 184–185, 187 (morphometry; in part: Japan). Abe 1954: 984–990, Pl. 196 (description, distribution; West Pacific; in part). Tomiyama et al. 1958: 243 (short description, figure; Japan). Imai 1958b: 42, Pl. 40 figs. 1–4 (early life history stages; Japan). Imai 1959: 81–85, Pls. 39–41 (description, distribution, early life history stages; Japan, north to Hokkaido). Tsukahara 1959: 183–184, figs. 42–43 (juveniles; Amakusa Is., Japan). Abe 1960: 149 (listed; Japan, Kuroshio Current). Parin 1960a: 228–231, 278–279, 281, fig. 9 (description; North-West Pacific; in part). Parin 1962: 225–229 (distribution; Sea of Japan and adjacent waters; in part). Lindberg & Legeza 1965: 221, 228, 230–231, fig. 217 (short description (after Abe 1954), distribution; Japan). Nishimura 1965: 66 (listed; Sea of Japan). Ueno 1971: 77 (listed; Hokkaido and adjacent waters). Gushiken 1973: 60, fig. 318 (Okinawa). Masuda et al. 1975: 180 (short description; southern Japan). Yoshino et al. 1975: 71 (listed; Ryukyu Is.). Chen 1978: 291–294, 298–299 (osteology, distribution, identification key; Taiwan). Parin 1984: EXOC Cyp 12 (in part: figure (after Abe 1954)). Chen 1987: 13, 19, 23, 25, 52, 151, Figs. 3-12, 3-33G, 3-34E, 4-6, 6-9, 6-20, Tabs. 2-1, 3-1, 4-6 (description, distribution, early life history stages; North-West Pacific; in part). Chen 1988: 282–283 (early life history stages, figures, distribution; Japan). Nagasawa & Torisawa 1991: 365 (listed; Hokkaido). Shao et al. 1992: 34, figs. E–F (Taiwan (Ken-Ting National Park)). Chen 1993: 191–192, Pl. 43 fig. 2 (short description; Taiwan). Senou et al. 2006: 431 (listed; Sagami Sea). Ichimaru 2007: 39 (listed; Goto Is.). Mok 2008: 24 (listed; Eastern Taiwan). Nishida et al. 2008: 287, 290 (listed as associated with drifting seaweeds; Northern Kyushu, Japan). Nagase et al. 2009: 812 (listed; Tanegashima, Japan). Motomura et al. 2010: 82, fig. 55 (listed; Yaku-shima I.). Shakhovskoy & Parin 2010: 581–602 [559–579], figs. 1–2 (description, morphometry, distribution; in part: waters of Japan and Taiwan). Chang et al. 2012: 542–545, 547 (distribution, fishery; Taiwan). Huang & Ou, 2012: 513, fig. 1 (fishing grounds; Taiwan). Iwatsuki et al. 2017: 34 (listed; Hyuga Nada, Southwestern Japan). Motomura & Harazaki 2017: 15 (listed; Yaku-shima I., Japan). Ueda et al. 2017: 2 (karyotype; Iejima, Japan). Koeda & Akita 2018: 2, 4, fig.1D (listed, photo; northeast of Kubura, Japan). Nakae et al. 2018: 229 (listed; Amami-oshima I., Ryukyu Is., Japan). Shakhovskoy 2018: 56–59, 64–67, 78, figs. 14–15, 18, S4 (distribution according to oceanographic factors; in part: north-western Pacific). Chang 2020: 8 (listed; Orchid I., Taiwan). Hata 2020: 159 (short description, photos, fishery; Osumi, Japan).
? Cypselurus oligolepis (non Bleeker). Chen 1993: Pl. 43 fig. 1 (Taiwan; in part).
Holotype (Fig. 1c). ZMMU P-24450, R/V Vityaz, Cruise 46, Sta. 6165, sample 19, 37°28’N 146°36’E, 20 August 1969, captured with dip-net. Length 80 mm SL (juvenile). D 12, A 9, P I 14, Spred 26, Str 10, Sp.br 25 (7 + 18), Vert 42 (26 + 16). Measurements (in % SL): aA 77.5, aD 68.7, aV 55.2, cV 33.8, pV 41.5, c 22.8, po 11.3, o 8.7, ao 2.1, io 12.8, Hc 22.3, H 23.7, h 9.3, Dc 30.0, lP 69.8, lP 1 36.3, lV 39.7, lD 21.8, lA 11.1, HD 13.7?, HA 9.5, p 20.3. Body robust, snout very short, jaws of equal size. Jaw teeth small, unicuspid. Palatine teeth present. Body pale brown to brown. Pectoral fins with large elongated dark brown spots arranged in oblique rows upon paler background. Tip of pectoral fin protruding slightly beyond end of dorsal-fin base. Pelvic fins pigmented similar to pectoral fins, their tips almost reaching origin of caudal-fin lower lobe. Dorsal fin brown with a row of paler spots near base. Tip of last dorsal-fin ray protruding slightly beyond origin of caudal-fin upper lobe, tip of penultimate ray still a little further back. Anal fin pale brown except for pale area between first three rays. First anal-fin ray beneath 6 th dorsal-fin ray. Caudal fin pale with brown base and two faint dark bands (aggregations of melanophores) on lower lobe.
Paratypes. IORAS 04001, 3 specimens 53, 71 and 119 mm SL, 30°05’N 142°43’E, 6–7 October 1955.
Differential diagnosis. Cypselurus poecilopterus crassus differs from other subspecies of C. poecilopterus in wider body and head in juveniles: in fish 25–80 mm SL p usually> 20 vs. usually <20% SL and io usually> 14.5 vs. usually <14.5% SL; in juveniles 80–120 mm SL p> 18 vs. usually <18% SL and io ≥ 12 vs. usually <12% SL. In addition, juveniles of this subspecies have on average a shorter snout and pelvic fins (see Shakhovskoy & Parin 2010).
Cypselurus p. crassus also differs from other subspecies ecologically, occurring in colder waters of North-West Pacific (see Shakhovskoy 2018: fig. S4).
Coloration in life. According to Abe (1954), the body of adults prior to preservation is dark blue dorsally and whitish ventrally. The inner side of the pectoral fin is bluish and has (to the 8th ray) several irregular rows of rounded, brownish-black spots and several irregular rows of rounded, yellow spots between the former. The lower part of the pectoral fin (below the 8 th ray) is pale bluish. The upper side of the first rays of pelvic fins is blue and the remainder is hyaline. In some smaller specimens the membranes of pelvic fins have a few rows of rounded, brownish-black spots. Chen (1993) described the coloration of the paired fins in fish from waters of Taiwan as: pectoral fins yellowish-green (except in the lower part) with brown, slightly reddish, spots; pelvic fins with yellowish-brown spots. According to Imai (1959), the body of some specimens are violet in color while others have coloration usual for flying fishes. In juveniles about 35 mm SL, the dorsal, pelvic and pectoral fins are greenish-yellow, and the black spots on the pectoral fins are fringed with red. Such pectoral fin coloration is retained to a certain extent in adults. Tsukahara (1959) reported that juveniles 60–70 mm FL are brownish-black in life, their pectoral and pelvic fins dark brownish with brownish-black spots, the dorsal and anal fins dark brownish.
Biology. According to Imai (1958b, 1959), the spawning season in Kagoshima Prefecture is July–August. Small juveniles (6.0– 20.5 mm SL) are captured in July–August near Yakushima and Tanegashima Is. Near Kyushu, juveniles are found in July–September. Tsukahara (1959) suggested that spawning takes place considerably south of Amakusa Is. According to Chen (1987) spawning occurs from late May to July in coastal areas between Taiwan and Kagoshima I. Larvae appeared in the waters off Taiwan in June and in Japanese waters in June–September at temperatures 24.0–28.8°C (greatest number occurred in 25–27°C).
Etymology. The subspecies name reflects extremely wide and deep body in juveniles (from Latin crassus — stout, nourished).
Common names. The name“Japanese spotwing flying fish”(Russian:“ЯПонский ПЯтнокрылый стрижехвост”) is proposed here for C. p. crassus.
description: Published as part of Shakhovskoy, Ilia B. & Parin, Nikolay V., 2022, A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker, pp. 1-109 in Zootaxa 5117 (1) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5117.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6378619