cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Penser les Conflits Locaux: L'Échec de l'Intervention Internationale au Congo
Creators: name: Autesserre, Severine
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2008
Subjects: International relations
Peace

description: This chapter takes stock of the international intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo in order to explain why it failed to end violence in the eastern provinces. Based on field observations in the Congo, document analysis and over 330 interviews, it demonstrates that massive violence continued between 2003 and 2008 in part because of the presence of local conflict. The international actors left these local tensions to fester because they perceived them as a consequence of broader problems and as a humanitarian issue. International actors thus focused on national and regional reconciliation, especially through the organization of "free and fair elections," and they passed onto each other the responsibility of working on violence at the local level. They paid attention to local issues only in case of shocking events or when they realized that micro and macro tensions were linked. As a result, they neglected many critical local conflicts, which regularly erupted into major crises.
On the Design and Execution of Cyber-Security User Studies: Methodology, Challenges, and Lessons Learned
Creators: name: Ben Salem, Malek
name: Stolfo, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2011
Subjects: Computer science

description: Real-world data collection poses an important challenge in the security field. Insider and masquerader attack data collection poses even a greater challenge. Very few organizations acknowledge such breaches because of liability concerns and potential implications on their market value. This caused the scarcity of real-world data sets that could be used to study insider and masquerader attacks. Moreover, user studies conducted to collect such data lack rigor in their design and execution. In this paper, we present the methodology followed to conduct a user study and build a data set for evaluating masquerade attack detection techniques. We discuss the design, technical, and procedural challenges encountered during our own masquerade data gathering project, and share some of the lessons learned from this several-year project.
Sound Texture Modelling with Linear Prediction in both Time and Frequency Domains
Creators: name: Athineos, Marios
name: Ellis, Daniel P. W.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2003
Subjects: Electrical engineering

description: Sound textures - for instance, a crackling fire, running water, or applause - constitute a large and largely neglected class of audio signals. Whereas tonal sounds have been effectively and flexibly modelled with sinusoids, aperiodic energy is usually modelled as white noise filtered to match the approximate spectrum of the original over 10-30 ms windows, which fails to provide a perceptually satisfying reproduction of many real-world noisy sound textures. We attribute this failure to the loss of short-term temporal structure, and we introduce a second modelling stage in which the time envelope of the residual from conventional linear predictive modelling is itself modelled with linear prediction in the spectral domain. This cascade time- and frequency-domain linear prediction (CTFLP) leads to noise-excited resyntheses that have high perceptual fidelity. We perform a novel quantitative error analysis by measuring the proportional error within time-frequency cells across a range of timescales.
Frequency-domain linear prediction for temporal features
Creators: name: Athineos, Marios
name: Ellis, Daniel P. W.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2003
Subjects: Electrical engineering
Artificial intelligence

description: Current speech recognition systems uniformly employ short-time spectral analysis, usually over windows of 10-30 ms, as the basis for their acoustic representations. Any detail below this timescale is lost, and even temporal structures above this level are usually only weakly represented in the form of deltas etc. We address this limitation by proposing a novel representation of the temporal envelope in different frequency bands by exploring the dual of conventional linear prediction (LPC) when applied in the transform domain. With this technique of frequency-domain linear prediction (FDLP), the 'poles' of the model describe temporal, rather than spectral, peaks. By using analysis windows on the order of hundreds of milliseconds, the procedure automatically decides how to distribute poles to model the temporal structure best within the window. While this approach offers many possibilities for novel speech features, we experiment with one particular form, an index describing the 'sharpness' of individual poles within a window, and show a relatively large word error rate improvement from 4.97% to 3.81% in a recognizer trained on general conversational telephone speech and tested on a small-vocabulary spontaneous numbers task. We analyze this improvement in terms of the confusion matrices and suggest how the newly-modeled fine temporal structure may be helping.
PLP2: Autoregressive modeling of auditory-like 2-D spectro-temporal patterns
Creators: name: Athineos, Marios
name: Hermansky, Hynek
name: Ellis, Daniel P. W.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2004
Subjects: Electrical engineering

description: The temporal trajectories of the spectral energy in auditory critical bands over 250 ms segments are approximated by an all-pole model, the time-domain dual of conventional linear prediction. This quarter-second auditory spectro-temporal pattern is further smoothed by iterative alternation of spectral and temporal all-pole modeling. Just as Perceptual Linear Prediction (PLP) uses an autoregressive model in the frequency domain to estimate peaks in an auditory-like short-term spectral slice, PLP2 uses all-pole modeling in both time and frequency domains to estimate peaks of a two-dimensional spectrotemporal pattern, motivated by considerations of the auditory system.
Conjugative Complexities: Defining the requirements for the transfer of Rhizobium leguminosarum plasmid pRleVF39b
Creators: name: Wathugala, Nandun Dulmini
Publisher: name: Science
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Microbiology
subject: Biology--Molecular

description: The genome of Rhizobium leguminosarum is compartmentalized into a chromosome and multiple large (> 100 kb) plasmids. Four conjugation systems have been identified that can mediate horizontal transfer of these plasmids, and type IVA-1 was identified on R. leguminosarum VF39SM plasmid pRleVF39b. This category of system is found among multiple Rhizobiaceae members from different geographical locations, on both non-symbiotic and symbiotic plasmids. The type IVA-1 conjugation system on pRleVF39b is distinctive due to the presence of a shorter relaxase gene (traA) compared to canonical relaxases, a repressor, TrbR, belonging to the xenobiotic response element (Xre)-family, and the lack of some common genes found in the other conjugation systems. There are 15 annotated Orfs adjacent to known transfer genes in the type IV conjugation locus that might have important functions in plasmid transfer. A series of deletions in each of the hypothetical genes was created to identify essential and facilitating genes for the transfer of pRleVF39b. The effect of these mutations on transfer of pRleVF39b to plasmid-free Agrobacterium recipients was analyzed. orf23, orf24, orf26, orf27, orf28 and orf29 mutants reduced the plasmid transfer frequency by 10-fold or more compared to wild type, suggesting a key role in conjugation. To define the TrbR regulon of pRleVF39b, putative promoter (P) regions of orf17, trbR, orf24, orf25, orf26 and orf29 were fused to a reporter gene gusA. The expression of promoters in WT VF39, VF39a-, VF39b-, trbR mutant and an orf29 mutant was analyzed using β-glucuronidase assays. PtrbR expression was not reduced due to trbR mutation. Thus, TrbR does not autoregulate itself. P24 showed ~30-fold increase and P25 showed ~10-fold increase in expression in VF39b- and trbR backgrounds, indicating that the operons of orf24 and orf25 are part of the TrbR regulon. These results were validated using qRT-PCR experiments. It was also identified that orf16 and orf17 are not part of the TrbR regulon. The absence of conjugative plasmid pRleVF39a in donors negatively affected plasmid transfer but this result was contradicted by qRT-PCR experiments that showed higher levels of mRNA transcripts for orf23, orf24, orf26, orf27 and orf28 in a pRleVF39a cured background.
Understanding species responses to habitat change across scales using the countryside species-area relationship : [kumulative Dissertation]
Creators: name: Martins, Inês Isabel Santos
Publisher: name: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Vielfalt
subject: Habitat
subject: 577

description: Landnutzungswandel ist zweifellos ein Hauptgrund für Biodiversitätswandel und beeinflusst die Muster von Artenvielfalt von der lokalen bis zur globalen Ebene. Dennoch wird in aktuellen Untersuchungen von Biodiversitätswandel häufig vernachlässigt, dass Arten häufig nicht von Habitatverlust sondern von Habitatwandel betroffen sind und dass nicht alle Arten gleichermaßen auf Habitatwandel reagieren. Hier erweitere ich unser Verständnis von der Reaktion von Arten auf Habitatwandel und verfeinere eine Methode mit der Biodiversitätswandel auf verschiedenen räumlichen Skalen vorhergesagt werden kann.
description: Land use change is an undisputed major driver of biodiversity change, affecting species richness patterns from local to global scales. Yet, current assessments of biodiversity change frequently neglect that species often face habitat change instead of habitat loss, and that not all species respond equally to it. Here, I expand our understanding of species responses to habitat change, while refining a tool to predict biodiversity change across scales. The countryside SAR framework presented here emerges as a unifying framework that retains the heuristic property of the classic SAR model, while being capable of accounting for the wider effects of the landscape on biodiversity. Above all, conservation and prioritization strategies that consider a broad spectrum of habitat responses from multiple species groups have the potential to be more successful in safeguarding the multiple levels of biodiversity.
Assoziation zwischen verschiedenen anthropometrischen Markern sowie deren Veränderung und inzidentem Typ 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Creators: name: Hartwig, Saskia
Publisher: name: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: 610

description: Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war der Vergleich verschiedener anthropometrischer Marker und deren Veränderung bzgl. der Assoziation zum inzidentem Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Die Daten von 4 populationsbasierten Kohortenstudien in Deutschland wurden gepoolt untersucht. Die Assoziation zwischen verschiedenen anthropometrischen Markern sowie deren Veränderung und inzidentem T2DM wurde über logistische Regressionen geschätzt. Mit höheren Werten sämtlicher anthropometrischer Marker zeigte sich eine Erhöhung des Risikos für inzidenten T2DM, wobei für solche Marker, welche auch die Fettverteilung widerspiegeln, stärkere Effekte geschätzt wurden. Die Zunahme von Gewicht bzw. Taillenumfang erhöhte das T2DM-Risiko bei Frauen und Männern ebenfalls. Zur Abschätzung des T2DM-Risikos sollten das Fettverteilungsmuster berücksichtigt werden. Neben bestehendem Übergewicht erhöht auch die Zunahme an Gewicht oder Taillenumfang das Risiko für T2DM.
description: To compare the association between different anthropometric measurements as well as their change and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We used pooled data of four population based cohort studies in Germany. The association between different anthropometric markers and their change with incident T2DM was estimated by means of logistic regression. We found increased risk of T2DM with higher values of all studied anthropometric markers. These associations were stronger for those markers that also regard the fat distribution. Increased weight or waist circumference were also associated with risk of T2DM in women and men. For estimating risk of T2DM anthropometric markers that regard the fat distribution should be considered. Regardless of existing overweight also gaining weight or waist circumference increases risk of T2DM.
Combining bottom-up and top-down constraints to achieve robust ASR: The multisource decoder
Creators: name: Barker, Jon
name: Cooke, Martin
name: Ellis, Daniel P. W.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2001
Subjects: Electrical engineering
Artificial intelligence

description: Recognising speech in the presence of non-stationary noise presents a great challenge. Missing data techniques allow recognition based on a subset of features which reflect the speech and not the interference, but identifying these valid features is difficult. Rather than relying only on low-level signal features to locate the target (such as energy relative to an estimated noise floor), we can also employ the top-down constraints of the speech models to eliminate candidate target fragments that have a low likelihood of resembling the training set. The multisource decoder makes a simultaneous search in fragment-labelling space (target or interference) and word-string space, to find the most likely overall solution. When testing on the Aurora 2 task, this algorithm achieves up to 20% relative word error rate reduction in nonstationary noise conditions at low SNR.
Orthodox Women's Defense of the Theotokos: The Case of Empress Pulcheria and the Council of Ephesus
Creators: name: Atanassova, Antonia
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: Religion

description: This paper aims to highlight briefly the role of Eastern Orthodox women’s presence in the 5th c. Theotokos controversy. I comment on the presence of women here, scarcely documented and largely speculative as it is, as an illustration of the way Christian doctrine is tested in the Eucharistic assembly and a proof that theology is ultimately not an intellectual, but faith-based enterprise. In addition, I aim to draw attention to the fact that, in this context, the image of the Virgin Mary holds special significance for those who refer to her as an exemplar of a chaste Christian lifestyle. It is not accidental that the first recorded Marian appearance comes from the ascetic Gregory Thaymaturgus and that an Alexandrian-based treatise on virginity ascribed to Athanasius, draws a similar parallel between Mary and Christian virgins.
Optimizing Advance Care Planning in the Acute Cardiac Care Setting: A combined quality improvement and knowledge translation approach.
Creators: name: Shaw, Marta
Publisher: name: Cumming School of Medicine
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Education--Health
subject: Health Care Management
subject: Medicine and Surgery

description: Advance care planning (ACP) is a process by which patients are able to prepare for future in-the-moment medical decision-making and share their values, wishes and preferences. ACP is important as patients are often not well informed about life-sustaining treatments, they can endure more invasive care at end of life than they would want, and they spend more time in hospital than they prefer. Despite known benefits of ACP and recognition of its importance, its integration into regular clinical workflow remains limited. We conducted three studies to examine and address the problem of integrating ACP process into clinical workflow. The first study utilized qualitative methods to characterize ACP process across clinical contexts. In the second study, we utilized an integrated knowledge translation approach to design and implement a multifaceted intervention to routinize ACP process in one hospital unit. We assessed outcomes using an interrupted time series design, and collected data for thirty-two weeks; before, during and after the intervention period. In our third study, we utilized multiple methods to conduct a process evaluation to better understand the effectiveness of our ACP intervention implementation procedure. From our first study, we found that there was significant variability of ACP process both across and within clinical contexts. Segmented regression analysis from our ACP intervention, showed an increase in the proportion of patients to be discharged with a prepared green sleeve, containing their ACP documentation. No significant change was measured for the remaining process and outcome measures. The process evaluation indicated that limitations in the engagement of physicians may have constrained the impact of the intervention. Future opportunities have already begun to address implementation challenges of this work and are using tailored and targeted approaches to improve the reach of intervention components. This program of study comprised of an effort to improve the integration of ACP process into clinical workflow using an iKT approach. Process evaluation helped to provide a deeper understanding of the implementation process. Future research can help to address implementation challenges of this study by focusing on tailored engagement of knowledge users and a strengthening of skill and team building.
Additional file 1 of Satisfactory immediate spontaneous correction may not mean satisfactory final results for moderate TL/L curves after selective thoracic fusion in AIS patients
Creators: name: Zhang, Yanbin
name: Bai, Jing
name: Xiao, Bin
name: Zhang, Jianguo
name: He, Da
name: Xing, Yonggang
name: Liu, Bo
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: supplementary material
Mortalität des kardiogenen Schocks, und Assoziation zwischen der Krankenhaussterblichkeit und den beteiligten Koronararterien bei STEMI-Patienten nach primärer perkutaner Koronar-Intervention
Creators: name: Ali, Muhammad
Publisher: name: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften 610 Medizin und Gesundheit

description: Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, die Assoziation zwischen den beteiligten Koronararterien und der Krankenhausmortalität bei Patienten mit akutem ST-Hebungs-Myokardinfarkt (STEMI) zu untersuchen, bei denen eine primäre perkutane Koronarintervention (pPCI) durchgeführt wurde. Die Krankenhausmortalität zwischen 2013 und 2017 wurde bei STEMI Patienten mit Zustand nach pPCI an der kardiologischen Abteilung der Asklepios Harzklinik Goslar, erfasst. Die Daten unserer monozentrischen Studie zeigen, dass STEMI Patienten mit Zielläsion im LMCA und im RCX eine erhöhte Krankenhausmortalität aufweisen. Dieses Ergebnis könnte einen neuen substanziellen Risikofaktor für die STEMI-bezogene Krankenhausmortalität darstellen. Das zunehmende Alter und das weibliche Geschlecht könnten als voneinander abhängige Risikofaktoren für die Mortalität bei STEMI-Patienten interpretiert werden.
description: We aimed to examine the relationship between the involved coronary artery and the in-hospital mortality in patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) after ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The in-hospital mortality of STEMI patients underwent pPCI was assessed at the Department of Cardiology, Harzklinik Goslar, Germany, between 2013 and 2017. In this monocentric study, all-cause in-hospital mortality of STEMI patients after pPCI was significantly higher in those patients with culprit lesions in the LMCA and in the RCX, which may prove to be a substantial novel risk factor for STEMI-related mortality. Increasing age and female gender may be interdependent risk factors for mortality in this patient population.
LP-TRAP: Linear predictive temporal patterns
Creators: name: Athineos, Marios
name: Hermansky, Hynek
name: Ellis, Daniel P. W.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Electrical engineering
subject: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Autoregressive modeling is applied for approximating the temporal evolution of spectral density in critical-band-sized subbands of a segment of speech signal. The generalized autocorrelation linear predictive technique allows for a compromise between fitting the peaks and the troughs of the Hilbert envelope of the signal in the sub-band. The cosine transform coefficients of the approximated sub-band envelopes, computed recursively from the all-pole polynomials, are used as inputs to a TRAP-based speech recognition system and are shown to improve recognition accuracy.
DEP Bulletin:Volume 37 Issue 21
Creators: name: No Name Supplied
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2013

description: The DEP bulletin is a semi-monthly publication of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. It contains a list of construction permit applications recently filed or acted upon by the Department along with a calendar of events of interest, a schedule of public hearings, and Environmental Impact Statements acted upon during the period.
SSARES: Secure Searchable Automated Remote Email Storage
Creators: name: Aviv, Adam J.
name: Locasto, Michael E.
name: Potter, Shaya
name: Keromytis, Angelos D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2007
Subjects: Computer science

description: The increasing centralization of networked services places user data at considerable risk. For example, many users store email on remote servers rather than on their local disk. Doing so allows users to gain the benefit of regular backups and remote access, but it also places a great deal of unwarranted trust in the server. Since most email is stored in plaintext, a compromise of the server implies the loss of confidentiality and integrity of the email stored therein. Although users could employ an end-to-end encryption scheme (e.g., PGP), such measures are not widely adopted, require action on the sender side, only provide partial protection (the email headers remain in the clear), and prevent the users from performing some common operations, such as server-side search. To address this problem, we present secure searchable automated remote email storage (SSARES), a novel system that offers a practical approach to both securing remotely stored email and allowing privacy-preserving search of that email collection. Our solution encrypts email (the headers, body, and attachments) as it arrives on the server using public-key encryption. SSARES uses a combination of identity based encryption and bloom filters to create a searchable index. This index reveals little information about search keywords and queries, even against adversaries that compromise the server. SSARES remains largely transparent to both the sender and recipient.
bST and the Dairy Industry: A National, Regional, and Farm-Level Analysis
Creators: name: Fallert, Richard
name: McGuckin, Tom
name: Betts, Carolyn
name: Bruner, Gary
name: Fallert, Richard
name: McGuckin, Tom
name: Betts, Carolyn
name: Bruner, Gary
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1987
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Production Economics
subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Dairy
subject: bovine Somatotropin (bST)
subject: growth hormone
subject: technology
subject: biotechnology
subject: dairy industry
subject: economic analysis

description: Cows produce more milk at less cost when injected with bovine Somatotropin (bST), a protein occurring naturally in cattle. Advances in biotechnology now make it possible to produce synthetic bST at commercially attractive prices. Dairy farmers are likely to use synthetic bST since early adopters will realize significantly higher returns and other operators will eventually have to adopt to compete. But the effects of bST on the dairy industry are likely to be less dramatic than often suggested. Since bST will be available to all operators and little additional capital or operational changes are required, bST use should reinforce, but not fundamentally change, structural trends already underway. One such trend is toward fewer but larger dairy farms. Savings in production costs will eventually be offset by the declines in milk prices generated by larger supplies, if Government support programs allow prices to drop enough to balance production and commercial use. Hence, the effects of bST will largely depend on the flexibility of the price support program. An inflexible program with high supports could mean large Government outlays and accumulating surpluses. bST would have little effect on the U.S. position in the world dairy market under current trade policy. Under more liberal trade policies, U.S. competitiveness could suffer if bST were adopted abroad but not here.
Decoding speech in the presence of other sound sources
Creators: name: Barker, Jon
name: Cooke, Martin
name: Ellis, Daniel P. W.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2000
Subjects: Electrical engineering
Artificial intelligence

description: Conventional speech recognition is notoriously vulnerable to additive noise, and even the best compensation methods are defeated if the noise is nonstationary. To address this problem, we propose a new integration of bottom-up techniques to identify 'coherent fragments' of spectro-temporal energy (based on local features), with the top-down hypothesis search of conventional speech recognition, extended to search also across possible assignments of each fragment as speech or interference. Initial tests demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, and achieve a reduction in word error rate of more than 25% relative at 5 dB SNR over stationary noise missing data recognition.
Securing MANET Multicast Using DIPLOMA
Creators: name: Alicherry, Mansoor
name: Keromytis, Angelos D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: Computer science

description: Multicast traffic, such as live audio/video streaming, is an important application for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), including those used by militaries and disaster recovery teams. The open nature of multicast, where any receiver can join a multicast group, and any sender can send to a multicast group, makes it an easy vehicle for launching Denial of Service (DoS) attacks in resource-constrained MANETs. In this paper, we extend our previously introduced DIPLOMA architecture to secure multicast traffic. DIPLOMA is a deny-by-default distributed policy enforcement architecture that can protect the end-host services and network bandwidth. DIPLOMA uses capabilities to provide a unified solution for sender and receiver access control to the multicast groups, as well as to limit the bandwidth usage of the multicast group. We have extended common multicast protocols, including ODMRP and PIM-SM, to incorporate DIPLOMA. We have implemented multicast DIPLOMA in Linux, without requiring any changes to existing applications and the routing substrate. We conducted an experimental evaluation of the system in the Orbit MANET testbed. The results show that the architecture incurs limited overhead in throughput, packet loss, and packet inter-arrival times. We also show that the system protects network bandwidth and the end-hosts in the presence of attackers.
Detecting Targeted Attacks Using Shadow Honeypots
Creators: name: Anagnostakis, Kostas G.
name: Sidiroglou, Stelios
name: Akritidis, Periklis
name: Xinidis, Konstantinos
name: Markatos, Evangelos
name: Keromytis, Angelos D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2005
Subjects: Computer science

description: We present Shadow Honeypots, a novel hybrid architecture that combines the best features of honeypots and anomaly detection. At a high level, we use a variety of anomaly detectors to monitor all traffic to a protected network/service. Traffic that is considered anomalous is processed by a "shadow honeypot'' to determine the accuracy of the anomaly prediction. The shadow is an instance of the protected software that shares all internal state with a regular ("production'') instance of the application, and is instrumented to detect potential attacks. Attacks against the shadow are caught, and any incurred state changes are discarded. Legitimate traffic that was misclassified will be validated by the shadow and will be handled correctly by the system transparently to the end user. The outcome of processing a request by the shadow is used to filter future attack instances and could be used to update the anomaly detector. Our architecture allows system designers to fine-tune systems for performance, since false positives will be filtered by the shadow. Contrary to regular honeypots, our architecture can be used both for server and client applications. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach in a proof-of-concept implementation of the Shadow Honeypot architecture for the Apache web server and the Mozilla Firefox browser. We show that despite a considerable overhead in the instrumentation of the shadow honeypot (up to 20% for Apache), the overall impact on the system is diminished by the ability to minimize the rate of false-positives.
Misuse Detection in Consent-based Networks
Creators: name: Alicherry, Mansoor
name: Keromytis, Angelos D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2011
Subjects: Computer science

description: Consent-based networking, which requires senders to have permission to send traffic, can protect against multiple attacks on the network. Highly dynamic networks like Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) require destination-based consent networking, where consent needs to be given to send to a destination in any path. These networks are susceptible to multipath misuses  by misbehaving nodes. In this paper, we identify the misuses in destination-based consent networking, and provide solution for detecting and recovering from the misuses. Our solution is based on our previously introduced DIPLOMA architecture. DIPLOMA is a deny-by-default distributed policy enforcement architecture that can protect the end-host services and network bandwidth. DIPLOMA uses capabilities to provide consent for sending traffic. In this paper, we identify how senders and receivers can misuse capabilities by using them in multiple paths, and provide distributed solutions for detecting those misuses. To that end, we modify the capabilities to aid in misuse detection and provide protocols for exchanging information for distributed detection. We also provide efficient algorithms for misuse detection, and protocols for providing proof of misuse. Our solutions can handle privacy issues associated with the exchange of information for misuse detection. We have implemented the misuse detection and recovery in DIPLOMA systems running on Linux operating systems, and conducted extensive experimental evaluation of the system in Orbit MANET testbed. The results show our system is effective in detecting and containing multipath misuses.
DIPLOMA: Distributed Policy Enforcement Architecture for MANETs
Creators: name: Alicherry, Mansoor
name: Keromytis, Angelos D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: Computer science

description: Lack of well-defined defense perimeter in MANETs prevents the use traditional firewalls, and requires the security to be implemented in a distributed manner. We recently introduced a novel deny-by-default distributed security policy enforcement architecture for MANETs by harnessing and extending the concept of network capabilities. The deny-by-default principle allows compromised nodes to access only authorized services, limiting their ability to disrupt or even interfere with end-to-end connectivity and nodes beyond their local communication radius. The enforcement of policies is done hop-by-hop, in a distributed manner. In this paper, we present the implementation of this architecture, called DIPLOMA, on Linux. Our implementation works at the network layer, and does not require any changes to existing applications. We identify the bottlenecks of the original architecture and propose improvements, including a signature optimization, so that it works well in practice. We present the results of evaluating the architecture in a realistic MANET testbed Orbit. The results show that the architecture incurs minimal overhead in throughput, latency and jitter. We also show that the system protects network bandwidth and the end-hosts in the presence of attackers. To that end, we identify ways of creating multi-hop topologies in indoor environments so that a bad node cannot interfere with every other node. We also show that existing applications are not impacted by the new architecture, achieving good performance.
Understanding the Academic Journeys of Arab Immigrant and Refugee High School Students in Calgary
Creators: name: El Chaar, Dania
Publisher: name: Werklund School of Education
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Refugee Youth, Arab, Education, Immigrant Youth, Trauma, Interrupted Schooling
subject: Education
subject: Educational Psychology
subject: Ethnic and Racial Studies

description: The purpose of this study was to explore the academic journeys of immigrant and refugee youth of Arab descent in Calgary, Canada, to understand how this population could be better supported. Using a constructivist grounded theory design, data were collected by conducting semi-structured interviews with newly-arrived immigrant and refugee high school students of Arab descent (n = 10) and their parents (n = 3), teachers (n = 6), and administrators (n = 1) in one of Calgary’s school boards. Data were analyzed and the emerging findings point to a conceptual model with five categories that influence newcomer youth students’ learning journeys: (a) personal, (b) parental, (c) cultural, (d) scholastic, and (e) Canadian community, in addition to one overarching theme of English language acquisition. Participants recommended fostering healthy relationships between parents and children, addressing interrupted schooling in a meaningful way, and increasing English language exposure so that newly-arrived students may enjoy a smoother academic journey. Additional recommendations included developing better federal plans for newcomers, engaging community leaders in the learning journeys of newcomer youth, and nurturing open communications between the school and the parents. Suggested research includes following up with the current students, exploring other countries’ experiences with newcomer youth, and investigating how gender roles may affect the academic journeys of immigrant and refugee youth of Arab descent.
Analysis of the Arabidopsis fatty acyl-CoA synthetase5 gene and co-expressed genes reveals an ancient biochemical pathway required for pollen development and sporopollenin biosynthesis
Creators: name: Kim, Sung Soo
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: The structure of the sporopollenin polymer that is the major constituent of exine, the outer pollen wall, remains poorly understood. In flowering plants, sporopollenin precursors are known to be produced in the tapetum and must be deposited and polymerized on the developing microspore during exine formation. Recent characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana genes and corresponding enzymes involved in exine formation has demonstrated the role of fatty acid derivatives as precursors of sporopollenin building units. In collaboration with other research groups, we discovered that the Arabidopsis ACOS5 gene is transiently and exclusively expressed in tapetum cells and that an Arabidopsis acos5 mutant is completely male sterile with pollen grains that are apparently devoid of sporopollenin. In this thesis, Arabidopsis genes encoding potential enzymes that could work with ACOS5 in a common biosynthetic pathway were identified by in silico co-expression analyses and functionally characterized. Previous studies and my reverse genetic analyses of selected co-expressed genes including POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE A and POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE B (PKSA/B), and TETRAKETIDE α-PYRONE REDUCTASE1 and TETRAKETIDE α-PYRONE REDUCTASE2 (TKPR1/2) revealed that mutants in these genes are also compromised in male fertility and sporopollenin deposition. In vivo biochemical assays by heterologous expression of PKSA in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that the enzyme catalyzes condensation of endogenous fatty acyl-CoAs with malonyl-CoA to generate α-pyrone triketides. Moreover, in vitro assays performed by collaborators revealed that the sequential actions of ACOS5, PKSA/B, and TKPR1/2 enzymes on fatty acid substrates generate polyhydroxylated long-chain α-pyrones, suggesting that these novel coumpounds are building units of sporopollenin. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these genes are highly conserved in land plants including the moss Physcomitrella patens. This work has illuminated the outlines of a conserved novel biosynthetic pathway involved in generating monomer constituents of the sporopollenin biopolymer component of the pollen wall.
Action Amplification: A New Approach To Scalable Administration
Creators: name: Anagnostakis, Kostas G.
name: Keromytis, Angelos D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2005
Subjects: Computer science

description: We present a systems-management approach that enables administrators to effectively handle the challenge of increasing numbers of hosts, routers, users, and services in the networks to manage. Our approach is to map the actions of an administrator on a single host (such as creating a new user account) to the network at large, while maintaining the exact same interface. Our system amplifies the administrator's actions appropriately throughout the network, and confirms the correct propagation of all configuration changes throughout the distributed system. We argue that this approach allows administrators to easily manage several aspects of a large domain, because it provides a familiar and intuitive interface. Such a system can be used as a front-end to any other automation system used to manage large domains. To determine the feasibility of our approach, we implemented it on the OpenBSD system. We discuss the prototype implementation, along with the limitations to our approach that it exposes.
DEP Bulletin:Volume 37 Issue 22
Creators: name: No Name Supplied
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2013

description: The DEP bulletin is a semi-monthly publication of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. It contains a list of construction permit applications recently filed or acted upon by the Department along with a calendar of events of interest, a schedule of public hearings, and Environmental Impact Statements acted upon during the period.
DoubleCheck: Multi-path Verification Against Man-in-the-Middle Attacks
Creators: name: Alicherry, Mansoor
name: Keromytis, Angelos D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2009
Subjects: Computer science

description: Self signed certificates for SSL and self generated hosts keys for SSH are popular zero cost, simple alternatives to public key infrastructure (PKI). They provide security against man in the middle attacks, as long as the the client connecting to those services knows the certificates or host keys a priori. A simple solution used in practice is to trust the certificate or the host key when the client connects to a server for the first time. This approach is susceptible to man in the middle attacks, a fact exploited by adversaries in a variety of attacks against unsuspecting users. We develop a simple and scalable solution named DoubleCheck to protect against such attacks. Our solution is achieved by retrieving the certificate from a remote host using multiple alternate paths. Our scheme does not require any new infrastructure; we make use of the Tor anonymity system to reach the destination using multiple independent paths. Hence our solution is easy to deploy in practice. Our solution does not introduce any privacy concerns. We have implemented DoubleCheck as SSH and Firefox extensions, demonstrating its practicality. Our experimental evaluation shows that the impact of DoubleCheck on performance is minimal, since the Tor network is used only for retrieving the certificate for the first time, while the data transfer and subsequent connection establishment follow normal routing rules. Our scheme is an effective way of mitigating the impact of man in the middle attacks without requiring new infrastructure and at low overhead.
Robust Reactions to Potential Day-Zero Worms Through Cooperation and Validation
Creators: name: Anagnostakis, Kostas G.
name: Ioannidis, Sotiris
name: Keromytis, Angelos D.
name: Greenwald, Michael B.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2006
Subjects: Computer science

description: Cooperative defensive systems communicate and cooperate in their response to worm attacks, but determine the presence of a worm attack solely on local information. Distributed worm detection and immunization systems track suspicious behavior at multiple cooperating nodes to determine whether a worm attack is in progress. Earlier work has shown that cooperative systems can respond quickly to day-zero worms, while distributed defensive systems allow detectors to be more conservative (i.e. paranoid) about potential attacks because they manage false alarms efficiently. In this paper we begin a preliminary investigation into the complex tradeoffs in such systems between communication costs, computation overhead, accuracy of the local tests, estimation of viral virulence, and the fraction of the network infected before the attack crests. We evaluate the effectiveness of different system configurations in various simulations. Our experiments show that distributed algorithms are better able to balance effectiveness against viruses with reduced cost in computation and communication when faced with false alarms. Furthermore, cooperative, distributed systems seem more robust against malicious participants in the immunization system than earlier cooperative but non-distributed approaches.
2021 Draft Recommendations: Sustainable Data Practices for Artists and Art Stakeholders
Creators: name: Molloy, Laura
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: art, data, recommendations for practice, creative art, social science, visual art, data skills, data policy,

description: Given the current and growing importance of the digital cultural heritage landscape to the lives of working artists, my research addresses how contemporary UK artists use the Internet and digital information in their practices. I’m very happy to send further contextual information / answer any questions on request. The research is based on approximately 150 hours’ worth of case study-length interviews with DACS Payback members (i.e. contemporary professional visual artists working in various visual artforms, from many age brackets, from across the UK). My research suggests the following recommendations for the following six groups of stakeholders:
 1. Artists
 2. Art funders
 3. Art education providers
 4. Art advocacy organisations such as DACS, Artquest, artists’ unions, etc.
 5. Information science and research data advocacy organisations
 6. Government
 Please note these recommendations are currently in draft form, and are published here as v.1 for feedback until 31 Dec 2021 under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-NC-SA. (There is an explanation of this license here: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
A Cooperative Immunization System for an Untrusting Internet
Creators: name: Anagnostakis, Kostas G.
name: Greenwald, Michael B.
name: Ioannidis, Sotiris
name: Keromytis, Angelos D.
name: Li, Dekai
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2003
Subjects: Computer science

description: Viruses and worms are one of the most common causes of security problems in computer systems today. Users attempt to protect machines from such attacks by using anti-virus programs and firewalls, with a mixed record of success at best. One of the main problems with these solutions is that they rely on manual configurations and human intervention, and may fail to react in time to defend against an attack. We present a cooperative immunization system that helps defend against these types of attacks. The nodes in our system cooperate and inform each other of ongoing attacks and the actions necessary to defend. To evaluate our proposal, we discuss a simple virus model and evaluate our system using simulation. Our measurements show that our algorithm is more effective against viruses and more robust against malicious participants in the immunization system.
Deny-by-Default Distributed Security Policy Enforcement in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Creators: name: Alicherry, Mansoor
name: Keromytis, Angelos D.
name: Stavrou, Angelos
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2009
Subjects: Computer science

description: Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are increasingly employed in tactical military and civil rapid-deployment networks, including emergency rescue operations and ad hoc disaster-relief networks. However, this flexibility of MANETs comes at a price, when compared to wired and base station-based wireless networks: MANETs are susceptible to both insider and outsider attacks. This is mainly because of the lack of a well-defined defense perimeter preventing the effective use of wired defenses including firewalls and intrusion detection systems. We introduce a novel distributed security policy enforcement architecture that is designed specifically for MANETs. Our approach harnesses and extends the concept of network capabilities and is especially suited for mobile and heterogeneous communication environments. Our model imposes communication restrictions between MANET nodes by enforcing hop-by-hop policies in a distributed manner. We use a deny-by-default principle, allowing compromised nodes to access only authorized services. This significantly limits their ability disrupt or even interfere with end-to-end connectivity and nodes beyond their local communication radius. In this short paper, we only present the overall architecture of the system.
The THISL SDR system at TREC-8
Creators: name: Abberley, Dave
name: Renals, Steve
name: Ellis, Daniel P. W.
name: Robinson, Tony
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1999
Subjects: Electrical engineering
Artificial intelligence

description: This paper describes the participation of the THISL group at the TREC-8 Spoken Document Retrieval (SDR) track. The THISL SDR system consists of the realtime version of the ABBOT large vocabulary speech recognition system and the THISLIR text retrieval system. The TREC-8 evaluation assessed SDR performance on a corpus of 500 hours of broadcast news material collected over a five month period. The main test condition involved retrieval of stories defined by manual segmentation of the corpus in which non-news material, such as commercials, were excluded. An optional test condition required required retrieval of the same stories from the unsegmented audio stream. The THISL SDR system participated at both test conditions. The results show that a system such as THISL can produce respectable information retrieval performance on a realistically-sized corpus of unsegmented audio material.