cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
LOYIHALASH TEXNOLOGIYASINI O'QUV JARAYONIDA QO'LLASH ORQALI TA'LIM SAMARADORLIGINI OSHIRISH
Creators: name: Abdusattorova, Go'zalxon
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Ushbu maqola zamonaviy ta’limda yangicha usullar, jumladan loyihalash metodidan foydalanish orqali o’quv jarayoni samaradorligini oshirish xususida  bo’lib, unda bu metodning eng afzal tomonlari ko’rsatib o’tilgan.
Propositional proof systems and fast consistency provers
Creators: name: Joosten, Joost J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Logic (math.LO)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: A fast consistency prover is a consistent poly-time axiomatized theory that has short proofs of the finite consistency statements of any other poly-time axiomatized theory. Kraj\'ıček and Pudlák proved that the existence of an optimal propositional proof system is equivalent to the existence of a fast consistency prover. It is an easy observation that ${\sf NP}={\sf coNP}$ implies the existence of a fast consistency prover. The reverse implication is an open question. In this paper we define the notion of an unlikely fast consistency prover and prove that its existence is equivalent to ${\sf NP}={\sf coNP}$. Next it is proved that fast consistency provers do not exist if one considers RE axiomatized theories rather than theories with an axiom set that is recognizable in polynomial time.
Current Rates of Return in Canadian Farming by Farm Type
Creators: name: Caldwell, John
name: Caldwell, John
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Agricultural Finance
subject: Farm Management
subject: Financial Economics
subject: Rate of Return
subject: Return on assets
subject: Return on Equity
subject: Historical Cost

description: This bulletin is the first in a series of bulletins addressing financial performance of farms. Two measures of financial performance are highlighted: the current return on assets and the return on equity based on the annual return from day-to-day business of farming for various farm types. Both measures are calculated on the historical cost of the assets as opposed to market value. The returns to assets and equity are provided over a ten year period, 1997-2006, for beef, hog, poultry, dairy, grains and oilseeds, potato, greenhouse, and fruit and vegetable farms.
Effective theories for a nonrelativistic field in an expanding universe: Induced self-interaction, pressure, sound speed, and viscosity
Creators: name: Salehian, Borna
name: Namjoo, Mohammad Hossein
name: Kaiser, David I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A massive, nonrelativistic scalar field in an expanding spacetime is usually approximated by a pressureless perfect fluid, which leads to the standard conclusion that such a field can play the role of cold dark matter. In this paper, we systematically study these approximations, incorporating subleading corrections. We provide two equivalent effective descriptions of the system, each of which offers its own advantages and insights: (i) A nonrelativistic effective field theory (EFT) with which we show that the relativistic corrections induce an effective self-interaction for the nonrelativistic field. As a byproduct, our EFT also allows one to construct the exact solution, including oscillatory behavior, which is often difficult to achieve from the exact equations. (ii) An effective (imperfect) fluid description, with which we demonstrate that, for a perturbed Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) universe: (a) The pressure is small but nonzero (and positive), even for a free theory with no tree-level self-interactions. (b) The sound speed of small fluctuations is also nonzero (and positive), reproducing already known leading-order results, correcting a subdominant term, and identifying a new contribution that had been omitted in previous analyses. (c) The fluctuations experience a negative effective bulk viscosity. The positive sound speed and the negative bulk viscosity act in favor of and against the growth of overdensities, respectively. The net effect may be considered a smoking gun for ultra-light dark matter.
description: 28 pages, 5 figures, plus appendices
On the heavenly equation hierarchy and its reductions
Creators: name: Bogdanov, L. V.
name: Konopelchenko, B. G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Second heavenly equation hierarchy is considered using the framework of hyper-Kähler hierarchy developed by Takasaki. Generating equations for the hierarchy are introduced, they are used to construct generating equations for reduced hierarchies. General $N$-reductions, logarithmic reduction and rational reduction for one of the Lax-Sato functions are discussed. It is demonstrated that rational reduction is equivalent to the symmetry constraint.
description: 13 pages, LaTeX, minor misprints corrected, references added
South Korea Agriculture Policy Review
Creators: name: Gurung, Rajendra Kumar
name: Pa, Chung
name: Deng, Hugh
name: Gurung, Rajendra Kumar
name: Pa, Chung
name: Deng, Hugh
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Food Security and Poverty
subject: Institutional and Behavioral Economics
subject: International Development
subject: Labor and Human Capital
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Public Economics
subject: South Korea
subject: agricultural policy
subject: self-sufficiency
subject: natural resources
subject: demographics

description: South Korea is a highly urbanized and industrialized country. Increased urbanization and greater specialization have led to rising incomes, and changes in food production and consumption patterns. Changes in consumption and increased production specialization have also resulted in changes in trading patterns, with South Korea emerging as a leading importer of agri-food products. South Korea places great importance on self-sufficiency in food staples, and achieving income parity between rural and urban households. To attain these goals, considerable support has been provided to its agriculture sector. South Korea's policy support to the agriculture sector ranks among the worlds' highest. Small holdings still persist, entry into the sector is difficult, and the farm population is aging rapidly. Demographics and resource scarcity are therefore likely to shape the sector's evolution in the coming decades. This note first provides an overview of South Korea's demographics and land resources, followed by a review of the evolution of South Korea's agricultural policies. South Korea's policy support measures are then described, and new policy and regulatory initiatives are discussed.
Potential Contribution of Payments for Ecological Goods and Services to Farm Income
Creators: name: Royer, Annie
name: Gouin, Daniel-Mercier
name: Royer, Annie
name: Gouin, Daniel-Mercier
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy
Environmental Economics and Policy

description: Agri-environmental payments are part of a re-instrumentation of farm support in some developed countries. In general, they are meant to contribute to the cost of meeting regulations, compensate for income lost by adopting certain practices, and reward farmers for providing environmental services. In this context, agri-environmental payments are seen as a vehicle which could potentially contribute to meet the double objectives of providing environmental benefits to society while supporting farm income. Such agri-environmental payments are gaining importance in the policy portfolio of certain countries in response to higher social expectations with respect to the environmental performance of the agricultural sector as well as in response to international agreements constraining the use of trade-distorting support measures. The present study sheds some light on limited international experience by assessing the contribution that payments for ecological goods and services make to farm income in Switzerland, France and the Walloon region of Belgium. Results show that the contribution from agri-environmental payments to farm income differs from country to country, is modest and commensurate with the additional costs incurred by agricultural producers.
South Africa's Agriculture Policy Review
Creators: name: Polcyn, Tania
name: Vojtech, Václav
name: Polcyn, Tania
name: Vojtech, Václav
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Institutional and Behavioral Economics
subject: International Development
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: OECD
subject: economic change
subject: democratization process
subject: economic reforms
subject: agricultural economy

description: South Africa has undergone enormous economic, social and political change since its democratization process began in 1994. This policy note provides a preview of key findings of the OECD's agricultural policy review for South Africa. Over the last 15 years, with the abolition of apartheid, South Africa has experienced fundamental change led by dramatic policy reforms aimed at creating a more open and market-oriented economy. As a part of the democratization process, the South African government has directed its macroeconomic policy towards stabilizing the economic environment, attaching high importance to the confidence of domestic entrepreneurs and the international community. South Africa defines its agricultural policy objectives in the context of broad economic reforms. The government's vision for the sector entails sustainable and profitable participation in the South African agricultural economy by all stakeholders. It recognises the importance of maintaining and developing commercial production and strengthening international competitiveness, and at the same time it stresses the need to address the historical legacies and biases of apartheid. Agricultural and rural development play a critical role in contributing to this broad economic growth and macroeconomic stability. Agriculture in South Africa is highly dualistic with a small number of commercial operations run predominately by white farmers and large numbers of subsistence farms run by black farmers. The dismantling of apartheid signified a strong commitment to develop a new class of black farmers and to integrate them into a market economy. Small holder farming, still located mostly in the former homelands, is an impoverished sector, dominated by low-input, labour-intensive production.
China Agriculture Policy Review
Creators: name: Deng, Hugh
name: Kwiecinski, Andrzej
name: Deng, Hugh
name: Kwiecinski, Andrzej
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Industrial Organization
subject: Institutional and Behavioral Economics
subject: International Development
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Productivity Analysis
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: OECD
subject: global economy
subject: trade policy issues
subject: reforms
subject: economic policies

description: Senior food and agriculture officials from China and OECD countries met in Paris for discussions on domestic and trade policy issues in June 2005. The meeting assessed the challenges facing the agriculture and agri-food sectors of China as an increasingly important player in the global trading system. Ongoing dialogue with China on agricultural policy issues and its future directions will foster a better understanding of global challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. This policy note provides a preview of key findings of the country review to be published soon.
Supplementary Information from Variation in the strength of allometry drives rates of evolution in primate brain shape
Creators: name: G. Sansalone
name: K. Allen
name: J. A. Ledogar
name: S. Ledogar
name: D. R. Mitchell
name: A. Profico
name: S. Castiglione
name: M. Melchionna
name: C. Serio
name: A. Mondanaro
name: P. Raia
name: S. Wroe
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Large brains are a defining feature of primates, as is a clear allometric trend between body mass and brain size. However, important questions on the macroevolution of brain shape in primates remain unanswered. Here we address two: (i), does the relationship between the brain size and its shape follow allometric trends and (ii), is this relationship consistent over evolutionary time? We employ three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to answer these questions, based on a large sample representing 151 species and most primate families. We found two distinct trends regarding the relationship between brain shape and brain size. Hominoidea and Cercopithecinae showed significant evolutionary allometry, whereas no allometric trends were discernable for Strepsirrhini, Colobinae or Platyrrhini. Furthermore, we found that in the taxa characterized by significant allometry, brain shape evolution accelerated, whereas for taxa in which such allometry was absent, the evolution of brain shape decelerated. We conclude that although primates in general are typically described as large-brained, strong allometric effects on brain shape are largely confined to the order's representatives that display more complex behavioural repertoires.
Binary evolution along the Red Giant Branch with BINSTAR: The barium star perspective
Creators: name: Escorza, Ana
name: Siess, Lionel
name: Van Winckel, Hans
name: Jorissen, Alain
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Barium (Ba), CH, and extrinsic or Tc-poor S-type stars are evolved low- and intermediate-mass stars that show enhancement of slow-neutron-capture-process elements on their surface, an indication of mass accretion from a former asymptotic giant branch (AGB) companion, which is now a white dwarf (WD). Ba and CH stars can be found in the main-sequence (MS), the sub-giant, and the giant phase, while extrinsic S-type stars populate the giant branches only. As these polluted stars evolve, they might be involved in a second phase of interaction with their now white dwarf companion. In this paper, we consider systems composed of a main-sequence Ba star and a WD companion when the former evolves along the Red Giant Branch (RGB). We want to determine if the orbital properties of the known population of Ba, CH, and S giants can be inferred from the evolution of their suspected dwarf progenitors. For this purpose, we use the BINSTAR binary evolution code and model MS+WD binary systems, considering different binary interaction mechanisms, such as a tidally-enhanced wind mass-loss and a reduced circularisation efficiency. To explore their impact on the second RGB ascent, we compare the modelled orbits with the observed period and eccentricity distributions of Ba and related giants. We show that, independently of the considered mechanism, there is a strong period cut off below which core-He burning stars should not be found in binary systems with a WD companion. This limit is shorter for more massive RGB stars and for more metal-poor systems. However, we still find a few low-mass short-period giant systems that are difficult to explain with our models as well as two systems with very high eccentricities.
description: Accepted for publication in A&A
Quantitative Analysis of the Impact of Agricultural Management Strategies on Environmental Indicators
Creators: name: Heigh, Lori
name: Junkins, Bruce
name: Heigh, Lori
name: Junkins, Bruce
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: sustainability of agriculture
subject: agricultural policy
subject: environmental issues
subject: social issues
subject: environmental outcome targets

description: This study uses an integrated economic-environmental modeling system to provide quantitative estimates that were used in the process of setting provincial environmental outcome targets under the APF. The analysis represents a joint effort of the Department's physical scientists, economists and policy analysts. This approach provides the ability to model the impacts of agricultural production and the adoption of Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs) on the Canadian environment. The analysis quantifies the impacts of various management practices on air, soil, and water quality as well as biodiversity through measurable and meaningful indicators. It also assists in identifying appropriate environmental goals by providing an indication of achievable outcomes as a result of adopting environmental management practices. This study is based on existing agri-environmental indicators and integrated modeling capacity. The limitations of these analytical tools and results are recognized.
Cropland Values in Canada
Creators: name: Sussman, Deborah
name: Sussman, Deborah
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Agricultural Finance
subject: Canada
subject: Province
subject: cropland
subject: value
subject: beef
subject: hog
subject: poultry and egg
subject: dairy
subject: grain and oilseed
subject: potato
subject: greenhouse
subject: fruit and vegetable

description: This bulletin provides an overview of trends in cropland values in Canada. Cropland values are a major component of farm wealth which, together with income can be used as a measure of the economic well-being of farm households. Cropland values are provided for a 3-year period, 2005-2007, for each province and farm type (beef, hog, poultry and egg, dairy, grain and oilseed, potato, greenhouse, and fruit and vegetable farms).
Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Awareness Study
Creators: name: Aubin, Pierre
name: Auger, Genevieve
name: Perreault, Claude
name: Aubin, Pierre
name: Auger, Genevieve
name: Perreault, Claude
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Farm Management
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: climate change
subject: greenhouse gas emissions
subject: emission targets
subject: kyoto protocol
subject: national climate change process
subject: survey

description: This study falls within the enhancing awareness and understanding theme of the National Climate Change Strategy. It was conducted by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in January/February 2001 and involved 1,643 farming operation, feeder cattle, dairy cattle, hogs and poultry producers. The purpose of this study is to assess producers' level of awareness of climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as their understanding of the role of agriculture in the emissions of GHG. This study also establishes a baseline measurement that will be used to evaluate the success of the awareness and public education effort regarding climate change and GHG.
Balitsky's hierarchy from Mueller's dipole model and more about target correlations
Creators: name: Levin, Eugene
name: Lublinsky, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: High energy scattering is considered within the framework of the QCD dipole model formulated as a classical branching process. Starting from Mueller's generating functional we derive the high energy evolution law for the scattering amplitude. The amplitude's evolution is given by an infinite hierarchy of linear equations equivalent to Balitsky's chain reduced to dipole operators. This new derivation of the hierarchy is the central result of the paper. We comment about target correlations which prevent the hierarchy from being expressed as a closed form Balitsky-Kovchegov equation.
description: 9 pages, Few comments added; To be published in PLB
A Paradox for Agro-Environmental Land Policy
Creators: name: Hennessy, David A.
name: Feng, Hongli
name: Hennessy, David A.
name: Feng, Hongli
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: benefit-to-cost ratio
subject: environmental policy
subject: land heterogeneity
subject: Simpson’s paradox.

description: A regulator with a fixed budget to spend on securing environmental benefits from farmed land has to choose between how many acres to enroll and the extent of benefits to require of each enrolled acre. Here we consider, given heterogeneous land, what properties of the environmental benefit-to-cost ratio imply for the choice of optimal program as the available budget varies. Conditions are found such that a program of high benefits on few acres is preferred for any budget level. It is also possible that a program delivering low benefits per acre at low cost is preferred on each land type, and yet a high benefit program is optimal policy, a variant of Simpson’s paradox.
Root closed function algebras on compacta of large dimension
Creators: name: Brodskiy, N.
name: Dydak, J.
name: Karasev, A.
name: Kawamura, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: General Topology (math.GN)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 54F45; 46J10

description: Let $X$ be a Hausdorff compact space and $C(X)$ be the algebra of all continuous complex-valued functions on $X$, endowed with the supremum norm. We say that $C(X)$ is (approximately) $n$-th root closed if any function from $C(X)$ is (approximately) equal to the $n$-th power of another function. We characterize the approximate $n$-th root closedness of $C(X)$ in terms of $n$-divisibility of first $\check {\rm C}$ech cohomology groups of closed subsets of $X$. Next, for each positive integer $m$ we construct $m$-dimensional metrizable compactum $X$ such that $C(X)$ is approximately $n$-th root closed for any $n$. Also, for each positive integer $m$ we construct $m$-dimensional compact Hausdorff space $X$ such that $C(X)$ is $n$-th root closed for any $n$.
description: 10 pages
Workspace Partitioning and Topology Discovery Algorithms for Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Networks
Creators: name: Bakolas, Efstathios
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: In this paper, we consider a class of workspace partitioning problems that arise in the context of area coverage and spatial load balancing for spatially distributed heterogeneous multi-agent networks. It is assumed that each agent has certain directions of motion or directions for sensing and exploration that are more preferable than others. These preferences are measured by means of convex and anisotropic (direction-dependent) quadratic proximity metrics which are, in general, different for each agent. These proximity metrics induce Voronoi-like partitions of the network's workspace that are comprised of cells which may not always be convex (or even connected) sets but are necessarily contained in ellipsoids that are known to their corresponding agents. The main contributions of this work are 1) a distributed algorithm for the computation of a Voronoi-like partition of the workspace of a heterogeneous multi-agent network and 2) a systematic process to discover the network topology induced by the latter Voronoi-like partition. Numerical simulations that illustrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms are also presented.
description: 20 pages, 8 figures
Ethische Werte aus der Sicht der Verbraucher - Das Beispiel von Lebensmitteln aus ökologischer Produktion
Creators: name: Zander, Katrin
name: Hamm, Ulrich
name: Zander, Katrin
name: Hamm, Ulrich
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Ethical Consumerism
subject: ethische Werte
subject: ökologische Lebensmittel
subject: Informationssuche
subject: Informations-Display-Matrix
subject: Kaufentscheidung

description: Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, welche ethischen Werte ökologisch erzeugter Lebensmittel, die über die Anforderungen der EU-Verordnung zum ökologischen Landbau hinausgehen, für die Kaufentscheidung von Verbrauchern relevant sind. Mit Hilfe eines Beobachtungsverfahrens, der Informations-Display-Matrix (IDM), und einer begleitenden Verbraucherbefragung wurde in fünf europäischen Ländern das Informationssuchverhalten von Verbrauchern bezüglich zusätzlicher ethischer Werte ökologischer Lebensmittel untersucht. Unter sieben getesteten ethischen Wertkategorien stellten ‚Artgerechte Tierhaltung’, ‚Regionale Erzeugung’ und ‚Faire Preise für Landwirte’ die wichtigsten Kriterien dar. Ein weiteres Ergebnis ist, dass Verbraucher eine erhöhte Zahlungsbereitschaft für zusätzliche ethische Werte haben. Erzeuger von Öko-Lebensmitteln sind folglich gut beraten, die Einhaltung höherer Standards in Bezug auf die artgerechte Tierhaltung, regionale Erzeugung und faire Erzeugerpreise verstärkt zu verfolgen und deutlich stärker als bisher in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Kommunikation zu stellen. Aus methodischer Sicht hat sich die IDM als Instrument zur Reduzierung des Problems der sozialen Erwünschtheit der Antworten als gut geeignet erwiesen.
Supplementary Tables from Why chimpanzees carry dead infants: an empirical assessment of existing hypotheses
Creators: name: Lonsdorf, Elizabeth V.
name: Wilson, Michael L.
name: Boehm, Emily
name: Delaney-Soesman, Josephine
name: Grebey, Tessa
name: Murray, Carson
name: Wellens, Kaitlin
name: Pusey, Anne E.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 60801 Animal Behaviour
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Definitions used, raw data, and additional statistical details
In-plane magnetodrag in dilute bilayer two-dimensional systems: a Fermi liquid theory
Creators: name: Sarma, S. Das
name: Hwang, E. H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Motivated by recent experimental results reporting anomalous drag resistance behavior in dilute bilayer two-dimensional (2D) hole systems in the presence of a magnetic field parallel to the 2D plane, we have carried out a many-body Fermi liquid theory calculation of bilayer magnetodrag comparing it to the corresponding single layer magnetoresistance. In qualitative agreement with experiment we find relatively similar behavior in our calculated magnetodrag and magnetoresistance arising from the physical effects of screening being similarly modified ("suppressed") by carrier spin polarization (at "low" field) and the conductivity effective mass being similarly modified ("enhanced") by strong magneto-orbital correction (at "high" fields) in both cases. We critically discuss agreement and disagreement between our theory and the experimental results, concluding that the magnetodrag data are qualitatively consistent with the Fermi liquid theory.
description: 5 pages with 4 figures
After arusha : gacaca justice in post-genocide Rwanda
Creators: name: Tiemessen, Alana Erin
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The epicentre of post-genocide Rwandan society and politics has been the need for reconciliation to assuage ethnic tensions and end a culture of impunity. The relevance of justice after genocide speaks to the appropriateness of retributive versus restorative modes of justice in a dualist post-genocide society such as Rwanda. Additionally, the mode of justice must be reconciled to the nature of a political regime enforces unity under an ethnocratic minority. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) has not met its goal of reconciliation in Rwanda. The failure of the tribunal goes beyond its institutional shortcomings and can also be attributed the norms of international criminal law that render it an inappropriate response to criminalising mass violence. The Gacaca courts were resurrected in Rwanda as an indigenous form of restorative justice. The principles and process of these courts hope to mitigate the failures of "Arusha Justice" at the tribunal and seeks to punish or reintegrate over one hundred thousand genocide suspects. Its restorative foundations require that suspects will be tried and judged by neighbours in their community. However, the revelation that Gacaca is a reconciliatory justice does not preclude its potential for inciting ethnic tension if it purports to serve as an instrument of Tutsi power. The state-imposed approach of command justice has politicised the identity of the participants in Gacaca; perpetrators remain Hutus and victims and survivors remain Tutsis. Additionally the refusal of the Kagame government to allow for the prosecution of RPF crimes to be tried in Gacaca empowers the notion that Tutsi survival is preconditioned by Tutsi power and impunity. If Gacaca fails to end the perceptions of impunity in post-genocide Rwanda, it will come at a much higher cost for reconciliation than the failure of the ICTR.
Universal bound to the amplitude of the vortex Nernst signal in superconductors
Creators: name: Rischau, Carl Willem
name: Li, Yuke
name: Fauqué, Benoît
name: Inoue, Hisashi
name: Kim, Minu
name: Bell, Christopher
name: Hwang, Harold Y.
name: Kapitulnik, Aharon
name: Behnia, Kamran
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A liquid of superconducting vortices generates a transverse thermoelectric response. This Nernst signal has a tail deep in the normal state due to superconducting fluctuations. Here, we present a study of the Nernst effect in two-dimensional hetero-structures of Nb-doped strontium titanate (STO) and in amorphous MoGe. The Nernst signal generated by ephemeral Cooper pairs above the critical temperature has the magnitude expected by theory in STO. On the other hand, the peak amplitude of the vortex Nernst signal below $T_c$ is comparable in both and in numerous other superconductors despite the large distribution of the critical temperature and the critical magnetic fields. In four superconductors belonging to different families, the maximum Nernst signal corresponds to an entropy per vortex per layer of $\approx$ k$_Bln2$.
description: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Lett
Diversification strategies in small farms in Italy
Creators: name: Salvioni, Cristina
name: Esposito, Laura
name: Henke, Roberto
name: Rondinelli, V.
name: Salvioni, Cristina
name: Esposito, Laura
name: Henke, Roberto
name: Rondinelli, V.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: Agribusiness
Agricultural and Food Policy

description: Using the data gathered by the Business Survey on Agriculture survey on a stratified random sample of Italian farm businesses below 4 European economic size units as a case study, this paper explores the diffusion of diversification strategies among small farms. The analysis has shown that more than a half of small farms is adopting some form of diversification. Small farms are more strongly involved in pluriactivity, while their involvement in broadening and deepening strategies appears only marginal. This latter result is partly due to the underevaluation of diversification caused by the lack of detailed statistical information about diversified activities used by farms, and, partly, due to the structural characteristics of small farms. Smaller farms are usually characterized by a lack of capital; as a consequence they can often redeploy only their labour off the farm. The characteristics associated with the targeted group of farms show that small farms using broadening strategies present much better economic results than conventional small farms. More specifically, farms using broadening strategies appear to be the winning ones in terms of net farm income per family working unit.
One-sided Heegaard splittings of RP^3
Creators: name: Bartolini, Loretta
name: Rubinstein, J Hyam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Geometric Topology (math.GT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 57M27, 57N10

description: Using basic properties of one-sided Heegaard splittings, a direct proof that geometrically compressible one-sided splittings of RP^3 are stabilised is given. The argument is modelled on that used by Waldhausen to show that two-sided splittings of S^3 are standard.
description: This is the version published by Algebraic & Geometric Topology on 20 September 2006
Part2: Ultra-short pulse laser patterning of very thin indium tin oxide on glass substrates
Creators: name: McDonnell, Cormac
name: Milne, David
name: Chan, Helios
name: Rostohar, Danijela
name: O'Connor, Gerard
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate selective patterning of ultra-thin 20 nm Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) thin films on glass substrates, using 343, 515, and 1030 nm femtosecond (fs), and 1030 nm picoseconds (ps) laser pulses. An ablative removal mechanism is observed for all wavelengths at both femtosecond and picoseconds time-scales. The absorbed threshold fluence values were determined to be 12.5 mJ/cm2 at 343 nm, 9.68 mJ/cm2 at 515 nm, and 7.50 mJ/cm2 at 1030 nm for femtosecond and 9.14 mJ/cm2 at 1030 nm for picosecond laser exposure. Surface analysis of ablated craters using atomic force microscopy confirms that the selective removal of the film from the glass substrate is dependent on the applied fluence. Film removal is shown to be primarily through ultrafast lattice deformation generated by an electron blast force. The laser absorption and heating process was simulated using a two temperature model (TTM). The predicted surface temperatures confirm that film removal below 1 J/cm2 to be predominately by a non-thermal mechanism.
Supplementary Methods from Why chimpanzees carry dead infants: an empirical assessment of existing hypotheses
Creators: name: Lonsdorf, Elizabeth V.
name: Wilson, Michael L.
name: Boehm, Emily
name: Delaney-Soesman, Josephine
name: Grebey, Tessa
name: Murray, Carson
name: Wellens, Kaitlin
name: Pusey, Anne E.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 60801 Animal Behaviour
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Details on long-term data collection and cause of death categorization
The Effect of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin on Patterns of Milk Production, Lactational Milk Estimates and Net Farm Income
Creators: name: Judge, Lawrence J.
name: Lloyd, James W.
name: Bartlett, Paul C.
name: Judge, Lawrence J.
name: Lloyd, James W.
name: Bartlett, Paul C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Farm Management
subject: bovine somatotropin
subject: dairy
subject: net farm income

description: Bovine somatoropin (bST) alters total milk production and production patterns in dairy cows and understanding the economic benefits of bST for the dairy producer are critical. Holstein cows (n = 555) from four Michigan dairy farms were randomly assigned as untreated controls or to receive 500 mg of bovine somatotropin (PosilacR) administered every 14 days beginning at 63 to 69 days of lactation and continuing until approximately 21 days prior to the end of lactation or until the animal was removed from the herd. Average peak milk production was 50.8 kg / day and occurred at an average of 113 9 days of lactation for bST-treated cows while average peak production was 48.9 kg / day occurring at an average of 86.4 days of lactation for control cows; both parameters were significantly greater for bST-treated cows compared to controls. Study cows treated with bST were significantly more persistent in lactation (7% greater lactational persistency) compared to control cows. All DHIA estimates and actual milk produced were not significantly different between the study treatment groups for any of the four comparisons made (first, second, third monthly tests after bST treatment initiation and final (305-day) DHIA production estimates); however, the accuracy of DHIA production estimates was significantly affect by the amount of time elapsed since bST but became non-significant by the third DHIA test date. The use of bST changed NFI for each of the four study farms by $96.21, $3.57, $78.71 and ($7.15) per bST-treated cow, respectively during the trial period (from 63 to 305 days of lactation). The overall average change in NFI attributable to bST was $43.01 per bST-treated cow. 2 Profitability of bST use was observed to be quite variable between farms studied because many factors were found to affect the change in NFI per cow resulting from bST use; the level of production response and the price received for milk had the largest effects on the change in NFI associated with bST use; by contrast, price paid for bST itself and feed had only minimal effects on bST-associated profitability. Diseases that may be associated with bST may reduce the profitability of this product and need to be considered as a cost of bST use if present.
Angular distributions of scattered excited muonic hydrogen atoms
Creators: name: Pomerantsev, V. N.
name: Popov, V. P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Differential cross sections of the Coulomb deexcitation in the collisions of excited muonic hydrogen with the hydrogen atom have been studied for the first time. In the framework of the fully quantum-mechanical close-coupling approach both the differential cross sections for the $nl \to n'l'$ transitions and $l$-averaged differential cross sections have been calculated for exotic atom in the initial states with the principle quantum number $n=2 - 6$ at relative motion energies $E_{\rm {cm}}=0.01 - 15$ eV and at scattering angles $θ_{\rm {cm}}=0 - 180^{\circ}$. The vacuum polarization shifts of the $ns$-states are taken into account. The calculated in the same approach differential cross sections of the elastic and Stark scattering are also presented. The main features of the calculated differential cross sections are discussed and a strong anisotropy of cross sections for the Coulomb deexcitation is predicted.
description: 5 pages, 9 figures
SA2 from Biophysical models of dispersal contribute to seascape genetic analyses
Creators: name: Jahnke, Marlene
name: Jonsson, Per R.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Environmental Science
subject: 60408 Genomics

description: Reference list of the 87 surveyed publications.
A magyar mezõgazdaság sikeressége a hatvanas hetvenes években
Creators: name: Dimeny, Imre
name: Lakner, Zoltan
name: Dimeny, Imre
name: Lakner, Zoltan
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Political Economy
subject: Production Economics
subject: agricultural policy
subject: economic history
subject: system analysis

description: Out of the attempts made at modernising the Hungarian society and economy in the era of socialism it was only the agricultural transition and development that has brought a long, internationally recognised success. The Hungarian agricultural model has become a point of reference for numerous developing countries, and was widely recognised even in the developed world. The aim of this article is to analyse the driving forces and socio-economic environment in the formation of the Hungarian agricultural model as well as its results, object lessons and experiences. The authors emphasise the specific aspects of the Hungarian agricultural development, contrasting it with that of Western- and Eastern-Europe. It was underlined, that the most important drivers of modernisation were (1) the courage of searching new answers to the problems of agricultural modernisation, abandoning the Soviet models and the methods of economic direction and policy; (2) a system-based, integrated approach of the agricultural policy; (3) using numerous elements of the market economies as well as the decentralisation of decision-making; (4) applying material incentives in a wide range; (5) the extensive application of the results of science and development.
Különbözõ ökonómiai méretû gazdasági szervezetek mûködésének jellemzõi a Nyugat-Dunántúlon
Creators: name: Hegyi, Judit
name: Kacz, Karoly
name: Kettinger, Anita
name: Hegyi, Judit
name: Kacz, Karoly
name: Kettinger, Anita
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Farm Management
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: agricultural enterprises
subject: questionnaire
subject: economic farm size
subject: land use
subject: conceptions of future expansion

description: In the course of a survey we’ve researched private farms of the West-Transdanubian Region in terms of their land area, economic farm size, land use and types of their enterprise. The research of agricultural enterprises from these points of view was the further share of our work. 371 pieces of questionnaire were sent farms of enterprises (joint-stock company, ltd., deposit company, co-operative) in Gyôr-Moson-Sopron, Vas and Zala counties, from which 72 assessable documents returned. The questionnaire asked the farmers the type of their farming (according to the rate of Standard Gross Margin), their economic farm size and data of land property and land use (in the year of 2002, 2004 and 2006). It also enquired about the claim to change of land size, the vertical and horizontal relations, the size of irrigated area, the utilization of subsidies, further plans of the farmers concerning their conceptions of future expansion. On the grounds of available data the essay states the typical of the different sized agricultural enterprises after the EU accession.
Appendices from The Godbillon-Vey invariant as topological vorticity compression and obstruction to steady flow in ideal fluids
Creators: name: Machon, Thomas
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 91504 Fluidisation and Fluid Mechanics
subject: FOS: Other engineering and technologies
subject: 10299 Applied Mathematics not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Derivation of the fluxless condition, and local invariance calculation.
Noncompact KK theory of gravity: stochastic treatment for a nonperturbative inflaton field in a de Sitter expansion
Creators: name: Aguilar, Jose Edgar Madriz
name: Bellini, Mauricio
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study a stochastic formalism for a nonperturbative treatment of the inflaton field in the framework of a noncompact Kaluza-Klein (KK) theory during an inflationary (de Sitter) expansion, without the slow-roll approximation.
description: version to be published in Phys. Lett. B
title: История русской литературы II половины XIX века. Практический курс
Creators: name: ELS IPR BOOKS
Publisher: name: Издательство Тувинского государственного университета
Year: 2019

description: Учебно-практическое издание предназначено для студентов-бакалавров филологического факультета, обучающихся по направлению подготовки 45.03.01 Филология и 44.03.05 Педагогическое образование с двумя профилями «Русский язык» и «Литература». Также оно может стать незаменимым подспорьем для студентов-бакалавров направления 42.03.02 Журналистика. Данное пособие представляет собой практический курс, который может быть использован на занятиях по дисциплине «История русской литературы II половины XIX века» для очного и заочного отделений.
A földbirtok- és üzemszerkezetet befolyásoló tényezõk hatásvizsgálata Nyugat-Dunántúl gazdaságainak körében
Creators: name: Kacz, Karoly
name: Koltai, Judit Petra
name: Salamon, Ildiko
name: Kacz, Karoly
name: Koltai, Judit Petra
name: Salamon, Ildiko
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Farm Management
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: land structure
subject: farm structure
subject: private farm
subject: economic organisation

description: Both private farms and corporations from the region were included in the two questionnaire surveys as part of an OTKA research [Investigating relations of farm size measurement and comparison on territorial as well as SGM basis, in the West-Transdanubian Region (T 048960)] carried out in our Institute about relations of farm size measurement in the West-Transdanubian Region. As part of the questionnaire survey we investigated – among other things – the main factors affecting land– and farm structure with entrepreneurial reaction-analysis, to define the possible region-specific characteristics. For both surveys the data basis of the county offices of MoARD has been used, including private farms operating on more than 1 hectare agricultural land (according to EU typology). Lots of factors were collected during the evaluation of bibliographical references which could influence – at different rates – the farm structure. The factors were systematized in order to carry out the primer analysis, asking the parties concerned for their opinion about the rate of influence. Although all of the factors could be concerned as relevant – according to the topic – however their large number and heterogeneity justified their reduction. Our study tries to present and – as far as it is possible – to rank those few defining factors, which could have the largest influence on the surveyed topic. The majority of these factors can be influenced with decisions; therefore the formation of a competitive farming structure in the Hungarian agricultural sector is mainly dependant on the priorities of (agricultural) policy.
title: Методика обучения русскому языку и литературному чтению в начальной общей школе: практические и лабораторные занятия
Creators: name: ELS IPR BOOKS
Publisher: name: Издательство Тувинского государственного университета
Year: 2017

description: Настоящее учебно-методическое пособие адресуется студентам, обучающимся по направлению подготовки бакалавриата 44.03.01 Педагогическое образование, профиль «Начальное образование». Пособие содержит: предисловие, программу курса «Методика обучения русскому языку и литературному чтению», практические и лабораторные занятия, библиографию и список использованной литературы.
On low-energy tail distortions in the detector responsefunction of x-ray microcalorimeter spectrometers
Creators: name: O'Neil, G. C.
name: Szypryt, P.
name: Takacs, E.
name: Tan, J. N.
name: Buechele, S. W.
name: Naing, A. S.
name: Joe, Y. I.
name: Swetz, D.
name: Schmidt, D. R.
name: Doriese, W. B.
name: Gard, J. D.
name: Reintsema, C. D.
name: Ullom, J. N.
name: Villarrubia, J. S.
name: Ralchenko, Yu.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We use narrow spectral lines from the x-ray spectra of various highlycharged ions to measure low-energy tail-like deviations from a Gaussian responsefunction in a microcalorimter x-ray spectrometer with Au absorbers at energiesfrom 650 eV to 3320 eV. We review the literature on low energy tails in othermicrocalorimter x-ray spectrometers and present a model that explains all thereviewed tail fraction measurements. In this model a low energy tail arises fromthe combination of electron escape and energy trapping associated with Bi x-rayabsorbers.