cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Neighbourhoods, networks and unemployment: The role of neighbourhood disadvantage and local networks in taking up work
Creators: name: Vandecasteele, Leen
name: Fasang, Anette Eva
Publisher: name: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: employment/labour
subject: inequality
subject: neighbourhood
subject: networks
subject: poverty/exclusion
subject: 就业/劳动
subject: 不平等
subject: 街区
subject: 社交
subject: 贫困/排斥
subject: 300 Sozialwissenschaften
subject: 330 Wirtschaft

description: We bring together research on social networks and neighbourhood disadvantage to examine how they jointly affect unemployed individuals’ probability of re-entering employment. Data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study ‘Understanding Society’ provide information on the proportion of friends who live in the same neighbourhood, and are linked with small-scale administrative information on neighborhood employment deprivation. Results indicate that neighbourhood employment deprivation prolongs unemployment, but only for individuals who report that all of their friends live in the same neighbourhood. Living in an advantaged neighbourhood with all of one’s friends in the neighbourhood increases the chances of exiting unemployment. In contrast, neighbourhood location is not associated with unemployment exit if one’s friends do not live in the same neighbourhood. We conclude that neighbourhood effects on exiting unemployment critically depend on individuals’ social embeddedness in the neighbourhood. Not just residing in a disadvantaged neighbourhood, but actually living there with all one’s friends, prevents individuals from re-entering employment. This opens new avenues for theorising neighbourhood effects as social rather than geographic phenomena, and highlights that the effects of neighbourhood socio-economic characteristics are conditional on the level of interaction residents have within their neighbourhood.
description: 我们将对社交网络和街区贫困的研究相结合，研究它们如何共同影响失业人员再就业的可能性。来自英国家庭纵向研究“理解社会”的数据提供了关于生活在同一街区的朋友比例的信息，并且与关于街区就业剥夺的小规模行政管理信息相关联。结果表明，街区就业剥夺延长了失业时间，但这仅适用于那些所有朋友都住在同一街区的个人。如果所有的朋友都生活在同一个富裕街区，这有助于提高终止失业状态的可能性。相比之下，如果一个人的朋友不都是住在同一个街区，他的街区位置与终止失业状态之间没有关联。我们的结论是，街区效应对终止失业状态的影响关键取决于个人在街区中的社交嵌入性。不仅仅是居住在一个贫困街区，而是所有朋友都住在这样一个街区的事实，会妨碍人们重新就业。这为将街区效应理论化为社会现象而非地理现象开辟了新的途径，并强调街区社会经济特征的影响取决于居民在街区内部与其他居民之间的互动程度。
Flexible Lyapunov Functions and Applications to Fast Mechatronic Systems
Creators: name: Lazar, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Other Computer Science (cs.OH)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The property that every control system should posses is stability, which translates into safety in real-life applications. A central tool in systems theory for synthesizing control laws that achieve stability are control Lyapunov functions (CLFs). Classically, a CLF enforces that the resulting closed-loop state trajectory is contained within a cone with a fixed, predefined shape, and which is centered at and converges to a desired converging point. However, such a requirement often proves to be overconservative, which is why most of the real-time controllers do not have a stability guarantee. Recently, a novel idea that improves the design of CLFs in terms of flexibility was proposed. The focus of this new approach is on the design of optimization problems that allow certain parameters that define a cone associated with a standard CLF to be decision variables. In this way non-monotonicity of the CLF is explicitly linked with a decision variable that can be optimized on-line. Conservativeness is significantly reduced compared to classical CLFs, which makes \emph{flexible CLFs} more suitable for stabilization of constrained discrete-time nonlinear systems and real-time control. The purpose of this overview is to highlight the potential of flexible CLFs for real-time control of fast mechatronic systems, with sampling periods below one millisecond, which are widely employed in aerospace and automotive applications.
description: 2 figures
B_s\to K^{(*)-}K^{(*)+}, K^{(*)-}π^{+}, K^{(*)-}ρ^{+} decays in R-parity violating supersymmetry
Creators: name: Xu, Yuan-Guo
name: Wang, Ru-Min
name: Yang, Ya-Dong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: With the first measurements of the branching ratios and the direct CP asymmetries of $B_s\to K^{-}K^{+}$, $K^{-}π^{+}$ decays by the CDF collaboration, we constrain the relevant parameter space of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model with R-parity violation. Using the constrained R-parity violating couplings, we further examine their possible effects in $B_{s}\to K^{-*}π^{+}$, $K^{(*)-}ρ^{+}$ and $K^{(*)\pm}K^{(*)\mp}$ decays. We find that some branching ratios and CP asymmetries are very sensitive to the R-parity violating couplings. The direct longitudinal CP asymmetries of tree-dominated process $B_s\to K^{*-}ρ^{+}$ could be enlarged to $\sim 70%$ and the longitudinal polarizations of $B_s\to K^{*-}K^{*+}$, $K^{*-}ρ^{+}$ decays could be suppressed very much by the squark exchange couplings. Near future experiments at CERN LHC can test these predictions and shrink/reveal the parameter spaces of RPV SUSY.
description: 29 pages, 6 figures, to appear in PRD
The inheritance of energy conditions: Revisiting no-go theorems in string compactifications
Creators: name: Bernardo, Heliudson
name: Brahma, Suddhasattwa
name: Faruk, Mir Mehedi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: One of the fundamental challenges in string theory is to derive realistic four-dimensional cosmological backgrounds from it despite strict consistency conditions that constrain its possible low-energy backgrounds. In this work, we focus on energy conditions as covariant and background-independent consistency requirements in order to classify possible backgrounds coming from low-energy string theory in two steps. Firstly, we show how supergravity actions obey many relevant energy conditions under some reasonable assumptions. Remarkably, we find that the energy conditions are satisfied even in the presence of objects which individually violate them due to the tadpole cancellation condition. Thereafter, we list a set of conditions for a higher-dimensional energy condition to imply the corresponding lower-dimensional one, thereby categorizing the allowed low-energy solutions. As for any no-go theorem, our aim is to highlight the assumptions that must be circumvented for deriving four-dimensional spacetimes that necessarily violate these energy conditions, with emphasis on cosmological backgrounds.
description: 22 pages; typos corrected; updated discussion of DEC for p-form fields added; extra typos corrected
Status of the LUX Dark Matter Search
Creators: name: Fiorucci, S.
name: Akerib, D. S.
name: Bedikian, S.
name: Bernstein, A.
name: Bolozdynya, A.
name: Bradley, A.
name: Carr, D.
name: Chapman, J.
name: Clark, K.
name: Classen, T.
name: Curioni, A.
name: Dahl, E.
name: Dazeley, S.
name: de Viveiros, L.
name: Druszkiewicz, E.
name: Gaitskell, R.
name: Hall, C.
name: Faham, C. Hernandez
name: Holbrook, B.
name: Kastens, L.
name: Kazkaz, K.
name: Lander, R.
name: Lesko, K.
name: Malling, D.
name: Mannino, R.
name: McKinsey, D.
name: Mei, D.
name: Mock, J.
name: Nikkel, J.
name: Phelps, P.
name: Schroeder, U.
name: Shutt, T.
name: Skulski, W.
name: Sorensen, P.
name: Spaans, J.
name: Stiegler, T.
name: Svoboda, R.
name: Sweany, M.
name: Thomson, J.
name: Toke, J.
name: Tripathi, M.
name: Walsh, N.
name: Webb, R.
name: White, J.
name: Wolfs, F.
name: Woods, M.
name: Zhang, C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter search experiment is currently being deployed at the Homestake Laboratory in South Dakota. We will highlight the main elements of design which make the experiment a very strong competitor in the field of direct detection, as well as an easily scalable concept. We will also present its potential reach for supersymmetric dark matter detection, within various timeframes ranging from 1 year to 5 years or more.
description: 4 pages, in proceedings of the SUSY09 conference
Reading Charles Black Writing: “The Lawfulness of the Segregation Decisions” Revisited
Creators: name: Thomas, Kendall
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2018

description: The year 2010 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Charles L. Black, Jr.’s “The Lawfulness of the Segregation Decisions.” Professor Black’s magisterial essay on the Supreme Court’s 1954-1955 decisions in Brown v. Board of Education and its companion cases is, by any account, a foundational text in the scholarly literature on race and law in the U.S. Black’s short but searing defense of Brown introduced ideas and arguments about race, about law, and about the law of race that transformed the field. I can think of no better way to celebrate this inaugural issue of the Columbia Journal of Race and Law than to revisit “The Lawfulness of the Segregation Decisions,” and to highlight the continuing significance, a half century later, of Charles Black’s intellectual preoccupations and practice for the project to which the Editors of this Journal have devoted its pages: the critical study of race and law. No PDF is available for this article.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 1 No. 1 (2011)
Neutral in Name: Rothe, the Error of Anticlassification, and the State of Race-Neutral Means
Creators: name: Sharon, William
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2018

description: This Note discusses the language state-actors use to create affirmative action programs, and the methods courts employ to determine their constitutionality. It describes the context and history of affirmative action jurisprudence, and explains the anticlassification method, the antisubordination method, and the former’s influence on the current tiered approach. This Note then discusses a 2016 D.C. Circuit decision, Rothe v. United States Department of Defense, where the court of appeals held that a statutory preference awarded to people “who ha[ve] been subjected to racial or ethnic prejudice” does not contain a racial classification. In so ruling, the court illustrated one reason why the anticlassification approach to affirmative action jurisprudence is untenable. While anticlassification is already an antiquated method of interpretation, this Note contends that, in light of Rothe, it is an unworkable one as well.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 8 No. 1 (2018)
Bridging three-dimensional coupled-wire models and cellular topological states: Solvable models for topological and fracton orders
Creators: name: Fuji, Yohei
name: Furusaki, Akira
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Three-dimensional (3D) gapped topological phases with fractional excitations are divided into two subclasses: one has topological order with point-like and loop-like excitations fully mobile in the 3D space, and the other has fracton order with point-like excitations constrained in lower-dimensional subspaces. These exotic phases are often studied by exactly solvable Hamiltonians made of commuting projectors, which, however, are not capable of describing those exhibiting surface states with gapless chiral dispersion. Here we introduce a systematic way, based on cellular construction recently proposed for 3D topological phases, to construct another type of exactly solvable models in terms of coupled quantum wires with given inputs of cellular structure, two-dimensional Abelian topological order, and their gapped interfaces. We show that our models can describe both 3D topological and fracton orders (and even their hybrid) and study their universal properties such as quasiparticle statistics and topological ground-state degeneracy. We also apply this construction to two-dimensional coupled-wire models with ordinary topological orders and translation-symmetry-enriched topological orders. Our results pave the way for effective quantum field theory descriptions or microscopic model realizations of fracton orders with chiral gapless surface states.
description: 58+64 pages, 40+1 figures, 1+12 tables, v3: References added. Published version
Possible Quasi-Periodic Oscillations from Unstable Accretion: 3D MHD Simulations
Creators: name: Kulkarni, Akshay K.
name: Romanova, Marina M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the photometric variability of magnetized stars, particularly neutron stars, accreting through a magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor-type instability at the disk-magnetosphere interface, and compare it with the variability during stable accretion, with the goal of looking for possible quasi-periodic oscillations. The lightcurves during stable accretion show periodicity at the star's frequency and sometimes twice that, due to the presence of two funnel streams that produce antipodal hotspots near the magnetic poles. On the other hand, lightcurves during unstable accretion through tongues penetrating the magnetosphere are more chaotic due to the stochastic behaviour of the tongues, and produce noisier power spectra. However, the power spectra do show some signs of quasi-periodic variability. Most importantly, the rotation frequency of the tongues and the resulting hotspots is close to the inner-disk orbital frequency, except in the most strongly unstable cases. There is therefore a high probability of observing QPOs at that frequency in longer simulations. In addition, the lightcurves in the unstable regime show periodicity at the star's rotation frequency in many of the cases investigated here, again except in the most strongly unstable cases which lack funnel flows and the resulting antipodal hotspots. The noisier power spectra result in the fractional rms amplitudes of the Fourier peaks being smaller. We also study in detail the effect of the misalignment angle between the rotation and magnetic axes of the star on the variability, and find that at misalignment angles $\gtrsim 25^\circ$, the star's period always appears in the lightcurves.
description: 14 pages, 16 figures, accepted by MNRAS. v2 comments: significant revision. v3 comments: after referee report. Rewrote QPO section (4.5). v4 comments: final version
A Place to Call Home: Defining the Legal Significance of the Sanctuary Campus Movement
Creators: name: Newman, Natasha
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2018

description: The sanctuary campus movement ignited following the election of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the United States. The movement has given rise to questions about the protections available to undocumented immigrants in the United States, with specific emphasis placed on the vulnerability of undocumented students. The movement joins a list of sanctuary initiatives, such as the sanctuary city movement of the 1980s, which was plagued by negative rhetoric that taints the political discourse surrounding sanctuary campuses. Despite the humanitarian nature of the sanctuary campus movement, its legal impact on undocumented students remains uncertain while politicians and right-wing conservatives oppose it as a violation of federal law. This Note analyzes the legal barriers currently facing the sanctuary campus movement, examines current immigration and privacy laws affecting the movement, and discusses ways sanctuary campuses can fill in the gaps left by such laws in order to improve protections for undocumented students.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 8 No. 1 (2018)
Algebraic Shape Invariant Potentials as the Generalized Deformed Oscillator
Creators: name: Su, Wang-Chang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Within the framework of supersymmetric quantum mechanics, we study the simplified version of potential algebra of shape invariance condition in k steps, where k is an arbitrary positive integer. The associated potential algebra is found to be equivalent to the generalized deformed oscillator algebra that has a built-in Z_k-grading structure. The algebraic realization of shape invariance condition in k steps is therefore formulated by the method of Z_k-graded deformed oscillator. Based on this formulation, we explicitly construct the general algebraic properties for shape invariant potentials in k steps, in which the parameters of partner potentials are related to each other by translation a_1 = a_0 + δ. The obtained results include the cyclic shape invariant potentials of period k as a special case.
description: 20 pages
On random tomography with unobservable projection angles
Creators: name: Panaretos, Victor M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 60D05, 62H35 (Primary), 65R32, 44A12 (Secondary)

description: We formulate and investigate a statistical inverse problem of a random tomographic nature, where a probability density function on $\mathbb{R}^3$ is to be recovered from observation of finitely many of its two-dimensional projections in random and unobservable directions. Such a problem is distinct from the classic problem of tomography where both the projections and the unit vectors normal to the projection plane are observable. The problem arises in single particle electron microscopy, a powerful method that biophysicists employ to learn the structure of biological macromolecules. Strictly speaking, the problem is unidentifiable and an appropriate reformulation is suggested hinging on ideas from Kendall's theory of shape. Within this setup, we demonstrate that a consistent solution to the problem may be derived, without attempting to estimate the unknown angles, if the density is assumed to admit a mixture representation.
description: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/08-AOS673 the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
HOW THE WOLF SURVIVED: LOS LOBOS AND MUSICAL MESTIZAJE IN EAST LOS ANGELES
Creators: name: Medina, Michael
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: popular music
musicology
rock music
Los Angeles
Mexico

description: With their 50-year legacy and diverse repertoire, the Chicano musical group Los Lobos holds a unique place in American popular music. The band has become synonymous with Los Angeles and the rich Chicano culture that blossomed in post-war Southern California. From the group’s inception, it has explored new and old musical styles while making bold, expressive recordings. The three long-playing albums they produced between 1977 and 1988 represent a dynamic blend of American roots music and Mexican folk traditions. These sounds were constructed through the mixing of performance textures, languages, and rhythmic frameworks. The band’s performances display commonality between some of these disparate musical traditions.The music found on Los Lobos del Este de Los Angeles (1978), How Will the Wolf Survive? (1984), and La Pistola y el Corazón (1988) best exemplify the unique mestizaje (blend of styles) that is crucial to understanding the band’s nuanced identity and place within the greater sphere of popular music.
Professional Licensing and Teacher Certification for Non-Citizens: Federalism, Equal Protection And A State’s Socio-Economic Interests
Creators: name: Calvo, Janet M.
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2018

description: Some states have recently addressed the integration of their non-citizen populations and their socioeconomic needs by expanding the eligibility of professional licensing to non-citizens. Changes made in 2016 in the two states with the largest immigrant populations, California and New York, were extensive and comprehensive. California removed immigration status requirements for licensing through legislation that covered all occupations regulated by the California Department of Consumer Affairs. The New York Board of Regents and Commissioner of Education expanded the categories of non-citizens eligible for professional licensing and teaching certification through administrative regulations, including all non-citizens permanently residing in the state under color of law. The changes in these two states required consideration of state sovereignty and equal protection. California treated all state applicants equally by removing any citizenship or immigration status requirements. New York determined that its state sovereignty allowed the state-designated agency to set licensing criteria for non-citizens despite a federal statute that purported only to allow such licensing through state legislation. Both states concluded that an expansion of the eligibility of non-citizens for licensed professions allowed them to maximize the benefits of their in-state tuition policies and provided economic and social advantages for their communities.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 8 No. 1 (2018)
Dismantling the Trap: Untangling the Chain of Events in Excessive Force Claims
Creators: name: McClellan, Cara
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2018

description: In the wake of repeated police shootings of unarmed Black men and women, police departments across the country are focusing on de-escalation. Yet federal courts reviewing Fourth Amendment excessive force violations are often unwilling to take into account how an officer’s pre-seizure conduct may have affected the need to use force during a civilian encounter. I argue that as part of the Graham v. Connor reasonableness analysis, courts reviewing excessive force claims should consider prior police conduct that impacted the need for force when the officer predictably causes the civilian to respond by employing an overly aggressive tactic. I provide examples of how traditional principles of causation in tort law could apply and provide a workable approach. Moreover, I argue that the severity of the crime provides context that is essential to interpreting causation in the entire chain of events that occurs during the police-civilian interaction.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 8 No. 1 (2018)
Star-disk interaction in the T Tauri star V2129 Oph: combining optical and infrared spectroscopy
Creators: name: Sousa, Alana
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021

description: In this work, we aim at understanding the dynamics of the magnetic star-disk interaction process in young stellar objects. We present the case of the young star, V2129 Oph, a well-known T Tauri star with spectral type K5, located in the ρ Oph star formation region. We performed the time series analysis of this star using high-resolution spectroscopic data at optical wavelengths, from CFHT/ESPaDOnS and ESO/HARPS, and at infrared wavelengths, from CFHT/SPIRou. This dataset reveals a possible accretion variation over a time scale of a decade when compared to a previous observational campaign. We analyzed the variability of different circumstellar lines, such as Hα and Hβ, in the optical, and HeI (10830AA) and Paβ, in the infrared. We measured the periodicity and the correlation matrices of these lines. We show that the optical and the infrared line profile variations are consistent with a magnetospheric accretion scenario with a period of ∼ 6days, smaller than the stellar rotation period 6.53days. Additionally, the optical lines present strong indications of a structure located beyond the co-rotation radius, which is modulated at a period of about 8.5days. We investigate whether a wind component, twisted or multiple accretion funnel flows, or an external disturbance in the inner disk could explain this structure. This work shows how much variable is the dynamics of this system on a time scale of a few years.  
Hadronic Atoms
Creators: name: Gasser, J.
name: Lyubovitskij, V. E.
name: Rusetsky, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We review the theory of hadronic atoms in QCD+QED. The non-relativistic effective Lagrangian approach, used to describe this type of bound states, is illustrated with the case of pi+pi- atoms. In addition, we discuss the evaluation of isospin-breaking corrections to hadronic atom observables by invoking chiral perturbation theory.
description: Commissioned article for Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 34 pages, 5 figures, 3 references added
Adversarial Detection: Attacking Object Detection in Real Time
Creators: name: Wu, Han
name: Yunas, Syed
name: Rowlands, Sareh
name: Ruan, Wenjie
name: Wahlstrom, Johan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Intelligent robots rely on object detection models to perceive the environment. Following advances in deep learning security it has been revealed that object detection models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. However, prior research primarily focuses on attacking static images or offline videos. Therefore, it is still unclear if such attacks could jeopardize real-world robotic applications in dynamic environments. This paper bridges this gap by presenting the first real-time online attack against object detection models. We devise three attacks that fabricate bounding boxes for nonexistent objects at desired locations. The attacks achieve a success rate of about 90% within about 20 iterations. The demo video is available at https://youtu.be/zJZ1aNlXsMU.
description: Accepted by IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium, 2023
Role of dipolar interactions in a system of Ni nanoparticles studied by magnetic susceptibility measurements
Creators: name: Masunaga, S. H.
name: Jardim, R. F.
name: Fichtner, P. F. P.
name: Rivas, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The role of dipolar interactions among Ni nanoparticles (NP) embedded in an amorphous SiO2/C matrix with different concentrations has been studied performing ac magnetic susceptibility Chi_ac measurements. For very diluted samples, with Ni concentrations < 4 wt % Ni or very weak dipolar interactions, the data are well described by the Neel-Arrhenius law. Increasing Ni concentration to values up to 12.8 wt % Ni results in changes in the Neel-Arrhenius behavior, the dipolar interactions become important, and need to be considered to describe the magnetic response of the NPs system. We have found no evidence of a spin-glasslike behavior in our Ni NP systems even when dipolar interactions are clearly present.
description: 7 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables
The Status Quo of Racial Discrimination in Japan and the Republic of Korea and the Need to Provide for Anti-Discrimination Laws
Creators: name: Yi, Yujin
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2017

description: Japan and the Republic of Korea, two neighboring nations situated in East Asia, have homogenous demographics. Both societies face large influxes of foreigners—from immigration and tourism alike—due to various factors ranging from rapidly aging populations, low birth rates, and globalization. Despite this, neither country has sufficient legal means of halting racially discriminatory practices that occur within them. This Note illustrates the rampant nature of racial discrimination in Japan and the Republic of Korea, analyzes the current state of their anti-discrimination laws, argues that the existing legal protections for foreigners against racial discrimination are inadequate at best, and finally, urges that the two governments adopt available means to improve upon the situation.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 7 No. 2 (2017)
Euler scheme for approximation of solution of nonlinear ODEs under inexact information
Creators: name: Czyżewska, Natalia
name: Morkisz, Paweł M.
name: Przybyłowicz, Paweł
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We investigate error of the Euler scheme in the case when the right-hand side function of the underlying ODE satisfies nonstandard assumptions such as local one-sided Lipschitz condition and local Hölder continuity. Moreover, we assume two cases in regards to information availability: exact and noisy with respect to the right-hand side function. Optimality analysis of the Euler scheme is also provided. Finally, we present the results of some numerical experiments.
description: 18 pages, 9 figures
African Immigrants, Intersectionality, and the Increasing Need for Visibility in the Current Immigration Debate
Creators: name: Kolawole, Bolatito
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2017

description: Africans are one of the fastest growing immigrant groups in the United States, yet their presence receives very little attention in public discourse about immigration. In an era where America’s immigration policies have grown increasingly insular, African immigrants are particularly at risk of having measures that historically facilitated their entry into the United States, stripped away without recognition of the benefit they pose to them. This Note argues that the intersectional identity of Black African immigrants, being Black and foreign, renders them effectively invisible in the immigration debate and vulnerable to policies that affect them both due to their Blackness as well as their status as foreigners. It proposes that the Intersectionality framework can serve as a useful tool to shed light on the unique concerns of African immigrants and create policies that directly address them. Part II of this Note provides a background into the history of African immigration in the United States. Part III introduces the theory of Intersectionality and demonstrates its applicability in the immigration law Context. Finally, Part IV applies Intersectionality theory to explore the unique harms that African immigrants face in the current Immigration landscape.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 7 No. 2 (2017)
On the behaviour of stellar winds that exceed the photon-tiring limit
Creators: name: van Marle, Allard Jan
name: Owocki, Stanley P.
name: Shaviv, Nir J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Stars can produce steady-state winds through radiative driving as long as the mechanical luminosity of the wind does not exceed the radiative luminosity at its base. This upper bound on the mass loss rate is known as the photon-tiring limit. Once above this limit, the radiation field is unable to lift all the material out of the gravitational potential of the star, such that only part of it can escape and reach infinity. The rest stalls and falls back toward the stellar surface, making a steady-state wind impossible. Photon-tiring is not an issue for line-driven winds since they cannot achieve sufficiently high mass loss rates. It can however become important if the star exceeds the Eddington limit and continuum interaction becomes the dominant driving mechanism. This paper investigates the time-dependent behaviour of stellar winds that exceed the photon-tiring limit, using 1-D numerical simulations of a porosity moderated, continuum-driven stellar wind. We find that the regions close to the star show a hierarchical pattern of high density shells moving back and forth, unable to escape the gravitational potential of the star. At larger distances, the flow eventually becomes uniformly outward, though still quite variable. Typically, these winds have a very high density but a terminal flow speed well below the escape speed at the stellar surface. Since most of the radiative luminosity of the star is used to drive the stellar wind, such stars would appear much dimmer than expected from the super-Eddington energy generation at their core. The visible luminosity typically constitutes less then half of the total energy flow and can become as low as ten percent or less for those stars that exceed the photon-tiring limit by a large margin.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Rap Exegesis: Interpreting the Rapper in an Internet Society
Creators: name: Kerr, Andrew Jensen
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2017

description: The law and literature movement has had limited influence on the work of lawyers and judges. But a rap lyric’s dual quality as aesthetic and “truth” document makes it uniquely amenable to literary interpretation. The competing problems: lyrics are meant to be heard and not read, and the ambition of the contemporary rapper is no longer to be didactic or suggest authenticity. The #rapgame has changed. This Article argues that the Internet rapper is the paradigm of creative identity. The guiding questions for this Article are how the law should respond to the individual who lives life as art, and if the social knowledge project will lead to the crowdsourcing of how we interpret both rappers and legal texts.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 7 No. 2 (2017)
Correlated variability of the reflection fraction with the X-ray flux and spectral index for Mkn 478
Creators: name: Barua, Samuzal
name: Jithesh, V.
name: Misra, Ranjeev
name: Medhi, Biman J
name: Adegoke, Oluwashina
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The X-ray spectrum of Mkn 478 is known to be dominated by a strong soft excess which can be described using relativistic blurred reflection. Using observations from {\it XMM-Newton}, {\it AstroSat} and {\it Swift}, we show that for the long-term ($\sim$ years) and intermediate-term (days to months) variability, the reflection fraction is anti-correlated with the flux and spectral index, which implies that the variability is due to the hard X-ray producing corona moving closer to and further from the black hole. Using flux-resolved spectroscopy of the {\it XMM-Newton} data, we show that the reflection fraction has the same behaviour with flux and index on short time-scales of hours. The results indicate that both the long-term and short-term variability of the source is determined by the same physical mechanism of strong gravitational light bending causing enhanced reflection and low flux as the corona moves closer to the black hole.
description: Accepted for Publication in MNRAS, 8 pages, 8 figures, 5 Tables
Effective electromagnetic Lagrangians in the derivative expansion method
Creators: name: von Dossow, R. Martínez
name: Urrutia, Luis F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We calculate the effective electromagnetic Lagrangian up to the lowest-order corrections in the derivatives for two fermionic systems of interest in condensed matter physics in the linearized approximation of the tight-binding Hamiltonian near the Fermi level in the Brillouin zone: (i) the $(3+1)$ description of the simplest Weyl semimetal and (ii) the massive $(2+1)$ electrodynamics, which can serve as a model for the interface between two $(3+1)$ topological insulators. We employ the derivative expansion method which directly provides local effective Lagrangians and allows selecting from the outset both the powers of the electromagnetic potential to be considered together with the number of relevant derivatives. We find new higher-order derivative corrections to Carroll-Field-Jackiw electrodynamics. In general, the new terms we find either have a similar structure or constitute a relativistic generalization of some recent phenomenological proposals found in the literature. In this way, they should be incorporated into these proposals for assessing the relative significance of all the terms included up to a given order.
description: This article has been accepted for publication in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical under the CC BY 4.0 license. The final version will be available at DOI: 10.1088/1751-8121/adc5b9. This preprint contains 22 pages
Is the Indian Child Welfare Act Losing Steam?: Non-Custodial Parental Rights After Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
Creators: name: Hodge, Courtney
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2016

description: In 2013, the United States Supreme Court handed down a decision in Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl, a decision that will have long-term effects on the use of the Indian Child Welfare Act by non-custodial Native parents. Congress passed the Indian Child Welfare Act in 1978 in response to the high volume of Native children that had been removed from their families and their tribes through the child welfare system. In the decades since the law was enacted, several state courts have sought to limit the application of the law through a state court created doctrine known as the Existing Indian Family Exception. Since the 2000s, that doctrine has been losing support among state legislatures and courts. Although Adoptive Couple does not explicitly endorse the exception, the opinion closely tracks the reasoning states courts have used to apply the exception. This Note analyzes how the majority opinion of the Supreme Court overlooks the rights and interests of non-custodial Native parents, who should also be able to invoke the Indian Child Welfare Act in a case involving their child. This Note also analyzes the recent guidelines and rules issues by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which have started to fill in the holes of the application of the Indian Child Welfare Act left by the Supreme Court. However, as this Note will show, additional action, either by Congress or at the state level, is needed to ensure that future Native parents can use the Indian Child Welfare Act to ensure that their child remains connected to his or her heritage.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 7 No. 1 (2017)
Bothrophthalmus melanozostus Jan.
Creators: name: Müller, F
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1885
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Squamata
Ophidia
Lamprophiidae
Bothrophthalmus
Bothrophthalmus melanozostus

description: Bothrophthalmus melanozostus Jan.
(? Elaphis tetragrammicus Jan.)
Goldküste v. H. Dr. Mähly. [1]
description: Published as part of Müller, F, 1885, Vierter Nachtrag zum Katalogder herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums, pp. 668-717 in Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. 7 (3) on page 680, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.2388, http://zenodo.org/record/15183591
Puerto Rico Before the Supreme Court of the United States: Constitutional Colonialism in Action
Creators: name: Berdecía, Andrés González
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2016

description: The United States Supreme Court’s October 2015 Term will go down in history as the most significant one for Puerto Rico-United States relations in more than a century. By opting to address the issues presented in Puerto Rico v. Sánchez Valle, a constitutional case arising from the Commonwealth courts, and Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax-Free Trust, a statutory case arising from the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico, the answer to which directly related to one’s understanding of the nature of the political status between Puerto Rico and the United States, the United States Supreme Court set in motion a series of unprecedented actions by the Commonwealth government, the President, Congress, Commonwealth and federal judges, and civil society in general—both in San Juan and Washington, D.C.—that illustrate, now more clearly than ever, why Puerto Rico legally remains a 21st century colony of the United States. Part II of this Article will discuss Puerto Rico v. Sánchez Valle, setting forth the underlying facts of the case, the legal issues presented, what Puerto Rico courts held, and what the United States Supreme Court ultimately decided. Part III will focus on Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax Free Trust, following the same basic structure. Part IV will illustrate how both cases reveal unequivocally that the United States’ legal treatment of Puerto Rico amounts to pure colonialism. Finally, Part V will conclude by analyzing whether the Supreme Court of the United States can, or should, take action to fix this reality.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 7 No. 1 (2017)
New Lower Bounds for Cap Sets
Creators: name: Tyrrell, Fred
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: Discrete Mathematics (cs.DM)
subject: Number Theory (math.NT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 11B25, 11B30, 11B75

description: A cap set is a subset of $\mathbb{F}_3^n$ with no solutions to $x+y+z=0$ other than when $x=y=z$. In this paper, we provide a new lower bound on the size of a maximal cap set. Building on a construction of Edel, we use improved computational methods and new theoretical ideas to show that, for large enough $n$, there is always a cap set in $\mathbb{F}_3^n$ of size at least $2.218^n$.
description: Discrete Analysis journal version, 18 pages
Investigation of a Monte Carlo model based dose calculation for Pd-103 low dose rate breast brachytherapy and I-125 low dose rate prostate brachytherapy
Creators: name: McKeown, Dakota
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: Purpose: Clinical brachytherapy is typically performed using TG43 formalism, which assumes a homogeneous water medium and does not account for factors such as interseed attenuation or tissue inhomogeneities. Monte Carlo (MC) model-based dose calculation algorithms (MBDCA) provide improved dosimetric accuracy. The purpose of this work was to quantify the impact of eb_gui, a Canadian developed, user-friendly MC MBDCA, on plan evaluation with 80 low dose rate (LDR) breast brachytherapy patients and 76 LDR prostate brachytherapy patients. Methods: Dosimetry of 80 breast brachytherapy cases treated with Pd-103 seeds (TheraSeed200, 2.3-2.8 U, 90 Gy prescription dose) and 76 prostate cases treated with I-125 seeds (AgX100, 0.354-0.493 U, 144 or 110 Gy prescription doses) were simulated using the MC program and doses were calculated using two methods: 1) water-equivalent MC and 2) material-assigned MC. The clinical dose-volume histogram metrics of the targets and organs at risk (OAR) for both simulations were extracted and compared across the two patient cohorts. Results: Breast target volumes showed a slight overestimation of dose by water-equivalent MC of 1% for the CTV V₁₀₀ and 6% for the ETV V₁₀₀ compared to the median material-assigned MC results (p < 0.05). Water-equivalent MC significantly underestimated the skin D₀ꓸ₂꜀ₘ₃ by 20.3% compared to material-assigned MC (p < 0.05). In prostate patients, water-equivalent MC overestimated CTV V₁₀₀ by 4.4% compared to material-assigned MC (p < 0.05). The only potentially clinical significant result for a prostate OAR is the urethra D₁꜀ₘ₃ , where dose was overestimated by 6.3% by water-equivalent MC (p < 0.05). Conclusion: MC simulation of 80 breast and 76 prostate LDR patients were performed. Slight overestimation of dose in target volumes and prostate OARs and potentially clinically significant underestimation of dose in skin were seen using the standard TG43 calculations when compared to the more accurate MBDCA. These differences motivate the future adoption of eb_gui as a valuable tool for LDR breast and prostate treatments in clinical practices.
Modeling scaled processes and 1/f^b noise by the nonlinear stochastic differential equations
Creators: name: Kaulakys, B.
name: Alaburda, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present and analyze stochastic nonlinear differential equations generating signals with the power-law distributions of the signal intensity, 1/f^b noise, power-law autocorrelations and second order structural (height-height correlation) functions. Analytical expressions for such characteristics are derived and the comparison with numerical calculations is presented. The numerical calculations reveal links between the proposed model and models where signals consist of bursts characterized by the power-law distributions of burst size, burst duration and the interburst time, as in a case of avalanches in self-organized critical (SOC) models and the extreme event return times in long-term memory processes. The presented approach may be useful for modeling the long-range scaled processes exhibiting 1/f noise and power-law distributions.
description: 16 pages, 4 figures
Race, Class, and Religion: Creaming and Cropping in Religious, Ethnic, and Cultural Charter Schools
Creators: name: Ben Shahar, Tammy Harel
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2016

description: This Article is devoted to one of the most fascinating contemporary developments in American public education—the phenomenal rise of religious, ethnic, and cultural charter schools. Religious, ethnic, and cultural charter schools are established by a religious or ethnic community with the aim of providing an education saturated with the respective values and culture of that community. Despite their growing prevalence and the significant legal challenges they pose, they have, thus far, not been given sufficient attention by legal scholars. What little discussion there is focuses solely on religious charter schools’ incompatibility with the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause. While the Establishment Clause challenge constitutes one central challenge to religious charter schools, another crucial aspect of their operation should be highlighted: their negative impact on the educational opportunities of children from racial minorities and lower socioeconomic classes. The Article argues that because of their unique characteristics, religious, ethnic, and cultural charter schools are especially likely to have negative effects on educational equality, and makes the case for legislative intervention in order to prevent this outcome. First, the Article exposes and explores the central detrimental effects of religious, ethnic, and cultural charter schools: racial and socioeconomic segregation, and the twin-processes of “creaming” and “cropping.” Then, based on a comprehensive critical survey of all charter legislation in the United States aimed at preventing segregation in the different states, the Article argues that charters’ antidiscrimination rules have the surprising effect of worsening inequality instead of alleviating it, and that the legislative measures aimed at ensuring integration cannot fully promote equality. Therefore, the Article supports a different strategy, adopted recently in Delaware, according to which religious and ethnic charter schools should be authorized only if they do not compromise the education of students in traditional public schools.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 7 No. 1 (2017)