cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
SPATIAL PRODUCTION CONCENTRATION UNDER YIELD RISK AND RISK AVERSION
Creators: name: Saak, Alexander E.
name: Saak, Alexander E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Industrial Organization
subject: land allocation
subject: spatial yield dependence
subject: supermodular order

description: A study of equilibrium acreage allocation decisions at the farm and regional levels under risk aversion, yield uncertainty, and endogenous crop prices is undertaken in a two-crop, two-region setting. The main insight is that a partial specialization in one crop at a regional level may be an equilibrium dominant strategy relative to the more diversified crop mix produced on farm. This is due to the trade-offs among the effects of the "natural hedge" based on the negative price-yield correlation on the probability distributions of crop revenues and whole-farm revenue risk reduction through crop enterprise diversification. Another finding is that equilibrium in which each region grows only one crop is unlikely unless there are comparative advantages in production (or marketing) across regions. Other circumstances under which complete regional specialization is possible include a high level of producer risk aversion along with limited benefits derived through crop enterprise diversification due to high correlation of farm-level yields for different crops, and a low crop price elasticity. This applies to situations in which one can identify growing regions that are possessed of two features. The first feature is that growing conditions are relatively homogenous and farm-level yield co-variability is higher within each region as compared with that across the regions. The second feature is that the sizes of the regions are large enough to have a substantial impact on output prices.
Inference of neutrino flavor evolution through data assimilation and neural differential equations
Creators: name: Rrapaj, Ermal
name: Patwardhan, Amol V.
name: Armstrong, Eve
name: Fuller, George
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The evolution of neutrino flavor in dense environments such as core-collapse supernovae and binary compact object mergers constitutes an important and unsolved problem. Its solution has potential implications for the dynamics and heavy-element nucleosynthesis in these environments. In this paper, we build upon recent work to explore inference-based techniques for estimation of model parameters and neutrino flavor evolution histories. We combine data assimilation, ordinary differential equation solvers, and neural networks to craft an inference approach tailored for non-linear dynamical systems. Using this architecture, and a simple two-neutrino, two-flavor model, we test various optimization algorithms with the help of four experimental setups. We find that employing this new architecture, together with evolutionary optimization algorithms, accurately captures flavor histories in the four experiments. This work provides more options for extending inference techniques to large numbers of neutrinos.
Probing the center-vortex area law in d=3: The role of inert vortices
Creators: name: Cornwall, John M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In center vortex theory, beyond the simplest picture of confinement several conceptual problems arise that are the subject of this paper. Confinement arises through averaging of phase factors which are gauge-group center elements raised to the power of the Gauss linking numbers of vortices. The simplest approach to confinement counts this link number by counting the number of vortices, considered in d=3 as infinitely-long closed self-avoiding random walks on a cubical lattice, piercing any surface spanning the Wilson loop. A given vortex, however, may pierce the spanning surface multiply with a link number smaller than the number of piercings. We call such vortices inert (although they may be only partially-inert). We estimate the dilution factor from inert vortices that reduces the ratio of fundamental string tension to vortex areal piercing density as roughly 0.6. Next we show how inert vortices resolve the old problem that the link number of a given vortex configuration is the same for any choice of spanning surface, yet only one such surface appears in the Wilson loop expectation value. Third, we discuss semi- quantitatively a configuration of two distinct Wilson loops separated by a variable distance, and show how inert vortices govern the transition between two allowed forms of the area law, one at small separation and one at large. The result is a finite-range Van der Waals force between the loops. Finally, in a problem related to the double-loop problem, we argue that inert vortices do not affect the fact that in the SU(3) baryonic area law, the mesonic string tension appears.
description: Inconsistent notation and typos repaired. No changes in conclusions. 18 pages, revtex4, 5 .eps figures
Colombia's Discharge Fee Program: Incentives for Polluters of Regulators?
Creators: name: Blackman, Allen
name: Blackman, Allen
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: environment
subject: economic incentive
subject: market based instrument
subject: discharge fees
subject: water pollution
subject: Latin America
subject: Colombia

description: Colombia's discharge fee system for water effluents is often held up as a model of a well-functioning, economic-incentive pollution control program in a developing country. Yet few objective, up-to-date evaluations of the program have appeared. Based on a variety of primary and secondary evaluative data, this paper finds that that the program has been beset by a number of serious problems including limited implementation in many regions, widespread noncompliance by municipal sewage authorities, and a confused relationship between discharge fees and discharge standards. Nevertheless, in several watersheds, pollution loads dropped significantly after the program was introduced. While proponents claim the incentives that discharge fees created for polluters to cut emissions in a cost-effective manner were responsible for this success, this paper argues that the incentives they created for regulatory authorities to improve permitting, monitoring, and enforcement were at least as important.
Green Giving: An Analysis of Contributions to Major U.S. Environmental Groups
Creators: name: Richer, Jerrell
name: Richer, Jerrell
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1995
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: charitable giving
subject: conservation
subject: crowding out
subject: environmental quality
subject: fundraising
subject: nonprofit organizations
subject: public goods

description: Data are compiled from the tax records of 29 major environmental organizations for the period 1980-1994 to identify factors that influence voluntary contributions. I examine the effects of organizational characteristics, such as fundraising expenditures and alternative sources of revenue, along with the impact of general economic conditions and the political climate. I find that government grants to the organizations had a positive and statistically significant impact on voluntary contributions rather than a crowding out effect. Contributions were price inelastic, where the price is defined as the effective cost to the donor of achieving a one-dollar increase in the provision of program services. Resources devoted to fundraising had a strong and positive impact on donations, suggesting that the environmental organizations fell short of maximizing both total and net revenues. Contributions were also affected by factors largely outside of the organizations' control. Increases in the unemployment rate were associated with reductions in giving, while donations are shown to be greater in years when a Republican President was in office.
"Vertical Market Power" as Oxymoron: Getting Convergence Mergers Right
Creators: name: Brennan, Timothy J.
name: Brennan, Timothy J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: vertical mergers
subject: electricity restructuring
subject: vertical integration
subject: convergence
subject: energy regulation

description: "Vertical market power" is a contradiction in terms because "market power" is essentially horizontal-that is, it depends on relationships of firms within markets. FERC invokes the term to assess "convergence" mergers between electricity generators and natural gas suppliers. It misapplies Department of Justice guidelines for vertical mergers and fails to identify exceptions to a presumption that market power depends only on competitive conditions at any single stage. A three-stage test can assess whether convergence mergers resemble horizontal ones. The key stage is the third: A convergence merger is more problematic the less vertical it is-that is, if the acquiring generator had no prior dealings with the acquired gas supplier. FERC's analyses in leading convergence merger cases fail this test. Focusing on how convergence mergers facilitate regulatory evasion by linking regulated and unregulated enterprises, and how they reduce the ability to keep proprietary information from competitors, would be more productive approaches.
The U.S. Patent System and Developing Country Access to Biotechnology: Does the Balance Need Adjusting?
Creators: name: Taylor, Michael R.
name: Cayford, Jerry
name: Taylor, Michael R.
name: Cayford, Jerry
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: United States patents
subject: agricultural biotechnology
subject: developing countries
subject: food security

description: Many agricultural and food security experts believe that biotechnology has potential to assist developing country farmers in meeting current and future food needs. Most of the tools of biotechnology have been developed, however, by companies, governments, and universities in industrialized nations; are the subject of U.S. patents; and have so far been applied commercially to address the needs of large-scale growers in the United States and other developed countries. For commercial and other reasons, applications of biotechnology that might benefit developing country farmers are unlikely in the foreseeable future to be developed and disseminated through commercial channels. At the same time, noncommercial, public sector researchers report that their access to tools of biotechnology for creating developing country applications is impeded by the array of existing patents. After reviewing the basis for these observations, this paper outlines the utilitarian theory and objectives of the U.S. patent system, how the system has been applied to agricultural biotechnology, the "patent thicket" that has resulted, and the general pro-patent orientation of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The paper then describes how the U.S. patent system affects developing country access to biotechnology, based in part on an informal survey the authors conducted among experts and stakeholders in this field, and outlines a normative and analytical framework for evaluating possible changes in patent policy that might improve developing country access without undercutting the patent system's incentives for invention. The central argument is that developing country food security is a legitimate interest to consider when evaluating the operation of the U.S. patent system and possible alternatives to current patent policy. The paper then briefly describes six specific policy alternatives, all addressing access to patented technology rather than the rules governing patenting. This paper serves as the basis for a fall 2002 workshop to be held by Resources for the Future (RFF), at which the policy alternatives and the framework for evaluating them will be explored in more detail and refined by a small group of invited experts and stakeholders. The authors invite comment on the paper, which should be addressed to Dr. Jerry Cayford.
State-Level Variation in Land-Trust Abundance: Could It Make Economic Sense
Creators: name: Albers, Heidi J.
name: Ando, Amy Whritenour
name: Albers, Heidi J.
name: Ando, Amy Whritenour
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: land trusts
subject: public goods
subject: organizational size
subject: conservation benefits
subject: U.S. land conservation

description: Few economic analyses examine land trusts, their decisions, and the land-trust "industry," despite their growing importance. For example, statistics on the wide variation in the number of trusts in different regions of the United States raise questions about whether such variation makes economic sense. This paper builds a model to identify the optimal number of private conservation agents. The model depicts two competing forces: regional spatial externalities in conservation benefits that increase the efficiency of having fewer agents and organizational costs, and fund-raising specialization, which increases the efficiency of having more agents. Using state-level variables, we perform a count-data analysis of the number of trusts conserving land in each state. We find that the number of trusts actually observed is consistent with the optimal number of trusts that is predicted by the model on the basis of the relative importance of spatial externalities and organizational size in different regions.
Productivity Change in U.S. Coal Mining
Creators: name: Darmstadter, Joel
name: Kropp, Brian
name: Darmstadter, Joel
name: Kropp, Brian
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1997
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: coal mining
subject: productivity
subject: technological change

description: Labor productivity in U.S. coal mining increased at an average annual rate of slightly over four percent during the past 45 years. This report examines key factors contributing to that record - particularly, technological innovation in both surface and underground mining and concurrent geographic shifts in U.S. coal production. Health, safety, and environmental regulations introduced in the sixties and seventies, as well as labor unrest, interrupted long-term productivity advance; but the interruption was of limited duration. Although our principal focus is on worker productivity, steady growth in the relative importance of nonlabor inputs underscores the need to consider total factor productivity. The report touches on the productivity record using that measure.
Heterogeneity in Costs and Second-Best Policies for Environmental Protection
Creators: name: Burtraw, Dallas
name: Cannon, Matthew
name: Burtraw, Dallas
name: Cannon, Matthew
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: cost-effectiveness analysis
subject: general equilibrium
subject: environmental policy
subject: instrument choice
subject: second-best regulation

description: This paper investigates heterogeneity in pollution abatement costs using a computable general equilibrium framework. Previous literature using aggregated data has found that "grandfathered" tradable permits are dominated by other instruments including emission taxes, performance standards, and technology mandates because of interactions with pre-existing taxes. However, when the underlying costs of abatement are heterogeneous, a disaggregate representation of costs yields qualitatively different findings. In a disaggregate model of NOX abatement in the United States, the relative performance of tradable permits improves significantly and out-performs command and control approaches over a wide range of emission reductions.
Introduction to the Political Economy of Environmental Regulations
Creators: name: Stavins, Robert N.
name: Stavins, Robert N.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy

description: This paper introduces a volume of collected papers on the political economy of environmental regulation: economic analyses of the processes through which political decisions regarding environmental regulation are made, principally in the institutional context found in the United States. Despite this geographic focus, many of the papers contain analytical models that are methodologically of interest and/or have lessons that are relevant in other parts of the world. In the environmental realm, questions of political economy emerge along three fundamental dimensions, which are closely interrelated but conceptually distinct: (1) the degree of government activity; (2) the form of government activity; and (3) the level of government that has responsibility. The first three parts of the book deal respectively with these three fundamental dimensions of inquiry. Part I features a set of six articles that examine how the targets and goals of individual environmental policies are established. Part II brings together nine articles that employ the analytical apparatus of positive political economy to address questions related to the choice of policy instruments for environmental regulation. Part III features four articles that examine- both positively and normatively - the level of government that is delegated responsibility for environmental protection. Finally, in Part IV, three articles are featured that assess the use of economic analysis in contemporary environmental policy.
On the connected components of moduli spaces of finite flat models
Creators: name: Imai, Naoki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Number Theory (math.NT)
subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 11F80, 14D20

description: We prove that the non-ordinary component is connected in the moduli spaces of finite flat models of two-dimensional local Galois representations over finite fields. This was conjectured by Kisin. As an application to global Galois representations, we prove a theorem on the modularity comparing a deformation ring and a Hecke ring.
description: 13 pages
The Social Value of Using Biodiversity in New Pharmaceutical Product Research
Creators: name: Simpson, R. David
name: Craft, Amy B.
name: Simpson, R. David
name: Craft, Amy B.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1996
Subjects: subject: Health Economics and Policy
subject: biodiversity prospecting
subject: differentiated products
subject: pharmaceutical research and development
subject: biogeographic models
subject: global warming
subject: habitat conversion

description: Biologists and conservation advocates have expressed grave concern over perceived threats to biological diversity. "Biodiversity prospecting" -- the search among naturally occurring organisms for new products of agricultural, industrial, and, particularly, pharmaceutical value -- has been advanced as both a mechanism and a motive for conserving biological diversity. Economists and others have attempted to estimate the value of biodiversity for use in new pharmaceutical project research. Most of these existing approaches are incomplete, however, as they have not considered full social welfare, i.e., both consumer surplus and profit. This paper addresses social welfare by calibrating a model of competition between differentiated products with data from the pharmaceutical industry. We find that the magnitude of losses from even catastrophic declines in biodiversity are negligible in comparison to the value of world production. While social values of biodiversity prospecting might motivate habitat conservation in some areas, these values are likely to be small relative to land value in other uses in even some of the more biologically rich regions of the world.
USTURSHONANING OʻZBEKDAVLATCHILIGIDAGI TARIXI
Creators: name: Qarshiyev, Fazliddin
name: Omonov, Asilbek
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Ushbu maqoladaUsturshona toponimi,Usturshonada hukmronlik qilgan sulolalar, uning hududlar oʻrtasidagi savdo va iqtisodiy munosabatlardagi oʻrni toʻgʻrisida shuningdek dehqonchilik va hunarmandchilik, togʻ kon sanoati, xaqida qisqacha fikrlar keltirib taxlil etilgan.
First observation of laser-beam interaction in a dipole magnet
Creators: name: Yan, Jiawei
name: Huang, Nanshun
name: Deng, Haixiao
name: Liu, Bo
name: Wang, Dong
name: Zhao, Zhentang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: As a new-generation light source, free-electron lasers (FELs) provide high-brightness X-ray pulses at the angstrom-femtosecond space and time scales. The fundamental physics behind the FEL is the interaction between an electromagnetic wave and a relativistic electron beam in an undulator, which consists of hundreds or thousands of dipole magnets with an alternating magnetic field. Here, we report the first observation of the laser-beam interaction in a pure dipole magnet, in which the electron beam energy modulation with 40-keV amplitude and 266-nm period is measured. We demonstrate that such an energy modulation can be used to launch a seeded FEL, that is, lasing at the sixth harmonic of the seed laser in a high-gain harmonic generation scheme. The results reveal the most basic process of the FEL lasing and open up a new direction for the study and exploitation of laser-beam interactions.
Nonmonotonic confining potential and eigenvalue density transition for generalized random matrix model
Creators: name: Yadav, Swapnil
name: Alam, Kazi
name: Muttalib, K. A.
name: Wang, Dong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 82B44, 82D30, 60B20

description: We consider several limiting cases of the joint probability distribution for a random matrix ensemble with an additional interaction term controlled by an exponent $γ$ (called the $γ$-ensembles). The effective potential, which is essentially the single-particle confining potential for an equivalent ensemble with $γ=1$ (called the Muttalib-Borodin ensemble), is a crucial quantity defined in solution to the Riemann-Hilbert problem associated with the $γ$-ensembles. It enables us to numerically compute the eigenvalue density of $γ$-ensembles for all $γ> 0$. We show that one important effect of the two-particle interaction parameter $γ$ is to generate or enhance the non-monotonicity in the effective single-particle potential. For suitable choices of the initial single-particle potentials, reducing $γ$ can lead to a large non-monotonicity in the effective potential, which in turn leads to significant changes in the density of eigenvalues. For a disordered conductor, this corresponds to a systematic decrease in the conductance with increasing disorder. This suggests that appropriate models of $γ$-ensembles can be used as a possible framework to study the effects of disorder on the distribution of conductances.
description: 11 pages, 13 figures
Design and control of a minimally constrained cobot for improving bone cuts in total knee arthroplasty
Creators: name: Emrich, Richard
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) requires accurate placement of the prosthetic components to avoid premature failure, and traumatic revision surgery. Accuracy of frontal plane alignment is particularly crucial in ensuring maximized prosthesis longevity. Increasing the accuracy of bone cuts would decrease the need for revision surgery. Errors introduced by radiographic technique, radiographic measurements, and alignment jigs can be reduced by improving frontal plane alignment calculations. A key location necessary for this calculation is the centre of the knee. A point probe could be used to digitize the surface of the knee, which would allow for an accurate calculation of a centre point. This method is susceptible to imperfections in the surface of the knee, which are commonplace in TKA. A "v" probe and flat probe design are presented, and are shown in simulations to be more robust in locating the centre of rounded anatomical features, such as the condyles of the knee. Implementation errors are also major contributors to inaccurate frontal plane alignment. Increasing this accuracy may be possible by harnessing the accuracy of robots. Actively powered robots have failed to be widely accepted in surgical applications because of safety concerns. Collaborative robots, or cobots, reduce these safety concerns by being completely passive. Under computer control, cobots only constrain the user's motions by orienting frictional constraints. A parallel architecture would be desirable for TKA because of it's stiffness. The key component for the cobot is a continuously variable transmission (CVT), but no CVT is currently suitable for use with the parallel manipulator. To address this, a linear CVT was created, and is discussed with respect to its benefits, limitations, and areas requiring future work. The concept of a minimally constrained cobot is also introduced. This type of cobot is particularly well suited to guiding objects to areas with dimensionality greater than one. This makes them well suited to TKA, where the object is to orient a three dimensional cutting plane to guide the bone saw. A control strategy for controlling minimally constrained cobots is presented, along a 3 dimensional simulation of results. The major contribution of this thesis is the development of a framework for minimally constrained parallel cobots for TKA. Future work will be focused on the design, construction and controller implementation of a 6 DOF cobot prototype.
Exact diagonalisation of 1-d interacting spinless Fermions
Creators: name: Kohler, Heiner
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 37K10, 37K15

description: We acquire a method of constructing an infinite set of exact eigenfunctions of 1--d interacting spinless Fermionic systems. Creation and annihilation operators for the interacting system are found and thereby the many--body Hamiltonian is diagonalised. The formalism is applied to several examples. One example is the theory of Jack polynomials. For the Calogero-Moser-Sutherland Hamiltonian a direct proof is given that the asymptotic Bethe Ansatz is correct.
description: 33 pages
Über die ökumenischen und politischen Aufgaben der Kirchen in Neuseeland und Australien
Creators: name: Ritschl, Dietrich
Publisher: name: Ökumenische Rundschau
Year: 2025

description: Ökumenische Rundschau, Bd. 21 Nr. 3 (1972): Ökumenische Rundschau, Band 21, Heft 3
CAN WE SAVE TROPICAL FORESTS BY HARVESTING NON-TIMBER PRODUCTS?
Creators: name: Southgate, Douglas
name: Coles-Ritchie, Marc
name: Salazar-Canelos, Pablo
name: Southgate, Douglas
name: Coles-Ritchie, Marc
name: Salazar-Canelos, Pablo
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1995
Subjects: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: Many people believe that tropical forest conservation strategies for Latin America should focus on extracting non-timber products. However, very little economic research has addressed the activity. This paper presents the results of a study of vegetable ivory, or tagua (Phytelephas aequatorialis), production in western Ecuador. It is one of the largest extractive industries in the hemisphere. We found that, until recently, households collecting tagua received payments that barely covered the value of their harvest labor. By contrast, a few firms that slice tagua into disks that are exported to overseas button manufacturers have captured sizable profits. This concentration of economic returns at the top of the domestic marketing chain has been typical of non-timber extraction throughout Latin America. Processing and exporting are becoming more competitive. As a result, producer-level prices are increasing. Nevertheless, our research findings lead us to doubt that collecting non-timber products will save vast tracts of tropical forest.
Lattice dynamics and magnetic exchange interactions in GeCo2O4, a spinel with S = 1/2 pyrochlore lattice
Creators: name: Pramanik, Prativa
name: Singh, Sobhit
name: Chowdhury, Mouli Roy
name: Ghosh, Sayandeep
name: Sathe, Vasant
name: Rabe, Karin M.
name: Vanderbilt, David
name: Seehra, Mohindar S.
name: Thota, Subhash
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: GeCo$_2$O$_4$ is a unique system in the family of cobalt spinels ACo$_2$O$_4$ (A= Sn, Ti, Ru, Mn, Al, Zn, Fe, etc.) in which magnetic Co ions stabilize on the pyrochlore lattice exhibiting a large degree of orbital frustration. Due to the complexity of the low-temperature antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering and long-range magnetic exchange interactions, the lattice dynamics and magnetic structure of GeCo$_2$O$_4$ spinel has remained puzzling. To address this issue, here we present theoretical and experimental investigations of the highly frustrated magnetic structure, and the infrared (IR) and Raman-active phonon modes in the spinel GeCo$_2$O$_4$, which exhibits an AFM ordering below the Néel temperature $T_N$ ~21 K, followed by a cubic ($Fd{\bar 3}m$) to tetragonal ($I4_{1}/amd$) structural phase transition at $T_S$ ~16 K. Our density-functional theory (DFT+U) calculations reveal that one needs to consider magnetic-exchange interactions up to the third nearest neighbors to get an accurate description of the low-temperature AFM order in GeCo$_2$O$_4$. At room temperature three distinct IR-active modes ($T_{1u}$) are observed at frequencies 680, 413, and 325 cm$^{-1}$ along with four Raman-active modes $A_{1g}$, $T_{2g}(1)$, $T_{2g}(2)$, and $E_{g}$ at frequencies 760, 647, 550, and 308 cm$^{-1}$, respectively, which match reasonably well with our DFT+U calculated values. All the IR-active and Raman-active phonon modes exhibit signatures of moderate spin-phonon coupling. The temperature dependence of various parameters, such as the shift, width, and intensity, of the Raman-active modes, is also discussed. Noticeable changes around $T_N$ and $T_S$ are observed in the Raman line parameters of the $E_{g}$ and $T_{2g}$ modes, which are associated with the modulation of the Co-O bonds in CoO$_6$ octahedra during the excitations of these modes.
description: 9 figures and 11 pages
Rydberg wavepackets in terms of hidden-variables: de Broglie-Bohm trajectories
Creators: name: Matzkin, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The dynamics of highly excited radial Rydberg wavepackets is analyzed in terms of de Broglie-Bohm (BB) trajectories. Although the wavepacket evolves along classical motion, the computed BB trajectories are markedly different from the classical dynamics: in particular none of the trajectories initially near the atomic core reach the outer turning point where the wavepacket localizes periodically. The reasons for this behavior, that we suggest to be generic for trajectory-based hidden variable theories, are discussed.
description: 12 pages, 4 figs
JAKARTA, INDONESIA: THE ECONOMICS OF WATER AND WASTE
Creators: name: Porter, Richard C.
name: Singh, Karan A.
name: Porter, Richard C.
name: Singh, Karan A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1995
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy

description: Jakarta's main streets are landscaped, manicured, and modern. Off these streets, however, the environment is that of an overgrown village. Compared to other Asian cities, Jakarta's drinking water, sewerage treatment, solid waste disposal, and general environment are seriously deficient. This case study briefly outlines the deficiencies. Less than one-fourth the residents have piped water. Almost no one is attached to a sewer. One-third of the city's solid waste never reaches the landfill. The source of the problems is historical -- for a long time, the problems of this rapidly growing city were not adequately addressed. And the problem has become worse in recent years by the policymakers' concern with providing first-class service to all, despite the fact that budgetary shortcomings prevent them from extending such service beyond the richest households. As a result, the poor often receive no public services and must resort to expensive private provision or do without. The principal lesson from and for Jakarta is that policymakers must give more attention to providing less-than-first-class but affordable services to the poor.
The position-dependent matter density probability distribution function
Creators: name: Jamieson, Drew
name: Loverde, Marilena
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We introduce the position-dependent probability distribution function (PDF) of the smoothed matter field as a cosmological observable. In comparison to the PDF itself, the spatial variation of the position-dependent PDF is simpler to model and has distinct dependence on cosmological parameters. We demonstrate that the position-dependent PDF is characterized by variations in the local mean density, and we compute the linear response of the PDF to the local density using separate universe N-body simulations. The linear response of the PDF to the local density field can be thought of as the linear bias of regions of the matter field selected based on density. We provide a model for the linear response, which accurately predicts our simulation measurements. We also validate our results and test the separate universe consistency relation for the local PDF using global universe simulations. We find excellent agreement between the two, and we demonstrate that the separate universe method gives a lower variance determination of the linear response.
description: 15 pages, 6 figures
Harnessing the Power of Artificial Intelligence in Otolaryngology and the Communication Sciences
Creators: name: Francis, Howard W.
name: Kavookjian, Hannah
name: Cohen, Jonathan M.
name: Bur, Andrés M.
name: Goodwin, Sara
name: Lesica, Nicholas A.
name: Wilson, Blake S.
name: Penn, Joseph
name: Mussatto, Caroline
name: Moses, David A.
name: Kraft, Shannon
name: Ginsburg, Geoffrey S.
name: Young, Nancy M.
name: Zeng, Fan-Gang
name: Chang, Edward F.
name: Dawson, Geraldine
name: Tucci, Debara L.
name: Wang, Guanghui
Publisher: name: Springer Nature
Year: 2022

description:
Use of artificial intelligence (AI) is a burgeoning field in otolaryngology and the communication sciences. A virtual symposium on the topic was convened from Duke University on October 26, 2020, and was attended by more than 170 participants worldwide. This review presents summaries of all but one of the talks presented during the symposium; recordings of all the talks, along with the discussions for the talks, are available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktfewrXvEFg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gQ5qX2v3rg. Each of the summaries is about 2500 words in length and each summary includes two figures. This level of detail far exceeds the brief summaries presented in traditional reviews and thus provides a more-informed glimpse into the power and diversity of current AI applications in otolaryngology and the communication sciences and how to harness that power for future applications.
NONFARM EMPLOYMENT IN SMALL-SCALE FOREST-BASED ENTERPRISES: POLICY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Creators: name: Arnold, John Edward Michael
name: Arnold, John Edward Michael
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1994
Subjects: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: Employment and income from non-farm activities are of increasing importance in the rural economy of developing countries. Small forest-based enterprise activities constitute one of the largest sources of such income. They also account for a large part of the total harvest from forests in many areas. Many agriculturalists supplement their income through gathering and trading products such as forest foods, medicinal plants, and fuel wood. Small-scale manufacturing of items such as furniture, baskets, mats, and craft goods constitute substantial informal sector industries. Income from these activities tends to be particularly important during seasonal shortfalls in food and cash crop income and in periods of drought or other emergencies. Ease of access to forest raw materials means that forest-based activities are particularly important for the poor and for women. However, some of the simpler activities provide very low returns to labor, and may thus provide only minimal and short-lived livelihood contributions. Some of the most important saleable forest products face uncertain markets because of growing competition from industrial or synthetic alternatives or domesticated sources of the materials. As demand grows, some activities are also threatened by depletion of, or reduced access to, forest resources. In developing policies in support of sustainable activities, it is therefore important to be able to distinguish between those that have a potential to grow and those that do not. Policy issues include regulations that discriminate against the informal sector, policies that result in the shift from managed to uncontrolled open access use of forest resources, and restrictions on private production and sale of forest products that impede the development of farm-based sources of these products.
Homological and combinatorial aspects of virtually Cohen--Macaulay sheaves
Creators: name: Berkesch, Christine
name: Klein, Patricia
name: Loper, Michael C.
name: Yang, Jay
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Commutative Algebra (math.AC)
subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 13D02 (Primary), 14M25, 13F55, 05E40 (Secondary)

description: When studying a graded module $M$ over the Cox ring of a smooth projective toric variety $X$, there are two standard types of resolutions commonly used to glean information: free resolutions of $M$ and vector bundle resolutions of its sheafification. Each approach comes with its own challenges. There is geometric information that free resolutions fail to encode, while vector bundle resolutions can resist study using algebraic and combinatorial techniques. Recently, Berkesch, Erman, and Smith introduced virtual resolutions, which capture desirable geometric information and are also amenable to algebraic and combinatorial study. The theory of virtual resolutions includes a notion of a virtually Cohen--Macaulay property, though tools for assessing which modules are virtually Cohen--Macaulay have only recently started to be developed. In this paper, we continue this research program in two related ways. The first is that, when $X$ is a product of projective spaces, we produce a large new class of virtually Cohen--Macaulay Stanley--Reisner rings, which we show to be virtually Cohen--Macaulay via explicit constructions of appropriate virtual resolutions reflecting the underlying combinatorial structure. The second is that, for an arbitrary smooth projective toric variety $X$, we develop homological tools for assessing the virtual Cohen--Macaulay property. Some of these tools give exclusionary criteria, and others are constructive methods for producing suitably short virtual resolutions. We also use these tools to establish relationships among the arithmetically, geometrically, and virtually Cohen--Macaulay properties.
description: Accepted to Transactions of the London Mathematical Society
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE MAISSADE, HAITI, INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Creators: name: White, Thomas A.
name: Quinn, Robert M.
name: White, Thomas A.
name: Quinn, Robert M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1992
Subjects: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: An economic analysis was conducted of the Maissade Integrated Watershed Management Project in Haiti. This project, implemented by the Save the Children Federation, differs from conventional watershed management projects by investing heavily in the development of peasant organizations in order to gain voluntary and sustained adoption of soil conservation, forestry and community development innovations. Conventional projects have relied on monetary and commodity incentives in order to encourage technique adoption, and are widely viewed to have failed to achieve sustained watershed management. The goal of the economic analysis was to determine if a project representative of the new, participatory approach was economically efficient from donor and peasant perspectives. The aggregate project has a NPV of $336,600 at a 12% discount rate, a benefit-cost ratio of 1.5 and an economic rate of return of 19%. Analyzed separately, the hillside soil conservation component is economically efficient at the project level while the other components (forestry, ravine treatment and group investment) are not. Project value is most sensitive to changes in project outlay inputs and hillside treatment benefits. Both the aggregate project and all separate project components are economically efficient from the perspective of project participants, and all but the group investment component have internal rates of return exceeding 200%. Benefit-cost ratios vary from 2.5 to 30 for participation in the different project components. Investment in hillside soil conservation treatment yielded what was by far the greatest return. This analysis demonstrates that watershed management projects in Haiti which utilize peasant organization approaches can be economically efficient.
USING ECONOMIC INCENTIVES TO CONTROL POLLUTION IN RUSSIA
Creators: name: Golub, Alexander
name: Kolstad, Charles D.
name: Golub, Alexander
name: Kolstad, Charles D.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1995
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy

description: This paper investigates Russia's system of environmental management, especially economic tools used to control pollution. It also describes the Russian experience with a system of pollution fees. In particular, we consider how the system of pollution fees works, how fee levels are set, the incentive properties of the fees, and the ultimate use to the Russian government of the revenue from the emission fees. Although the emission fees are quite substantial for some pollutants, the incentive properties of the fees are almost nonexistent. The primary purpose of pollution fees is to generate funds for state-owned enterprises to invest in pollution abatement equipment. This is substantially different from the operation of a pollution fee in the West.
N=1 reductions of N=2 supergravity in the presence of tensor multiplets
Creators: name: D'Auria, R.
name: Ferrara, S.
name: Trigiante, M.
name: Vaula', S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider consistent truncations of N=2 supergravites in the presence of tensor multiplets (dual to hypermultiplets) as they occur in type IIB compactifications on Calabi--Yau orientifolds. We analyze in detail the scalar potentials encompassing these reductions when fluxes are turned on and study vacua of the N=1 phases.
description: 40 pages, LaTeX, typos corrected, references added
DPN: Detail-Preserving Network with High Resolution Representation for Efficient Segmentation of Retinal Vessels
Creators: name: Guo, Song
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Retinal vessels are important biomarkers for many ophthalmological and cardiovascular diseases. Hence, it is of great significance to develop automatic models for computer-aided diagnosis. Existing methods, such as U-Net follow the encoder-decoder pipeline, where detailed information is lost in the encoder in order to achieve a large field of view. Although spatial detailed information could be recovered partly in the decoder, while there is noise in the high-resolution feature maps of the encoder. And, we argue this encoder-decoder architecture is inefficient for vessel segmentation. In this paper, we present the detail-preserving network (DPN), which avoids the encoder-decoder pipeline. To preserve detailed information and learn structural information simultaneously, we designed the detail-preserving block (DP-Block). Further, we stacked eight DP-Blocks together to form the DPN. More importantly, there are no down-sampling operations among these blocks. Therefore, the DPN could maintain a high/full resolution during processing, avoiding the loss of detailed information. To illustrate the effectiveness of DPN, we conducted experiments over three public datasets. Experimental results show, compared to state-of-the-art methods, DPN shows competitive/better performance in terms of segmentation accuracy, segmentation speed, and model size. Specifically, 1) Our method achieves comparable segmentation performance on the DRIVE, CHASE_DB1, and HRF datasets. 2) The segmentation speed of DPN is over 20-160 times faster than other methods on the DRIVE dataset. 3) The number of parameters of DPN is1 around 120k, far less than all comparison methods.
description: 23 pages
Bound states in the dynamics of a dipole in the presence of a conical defect
Creators: name: Ribeiro, C. A. de Lima
name: Furtado, Claudio
name: Moraes, Fernando
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this work we investigate the quantum dynamics of an electric dipole in a $(2+1)$-dimensional conical spacetime. For specific conditions, the Schrödinger equation is solved and bound states are found with the energy spectrum and eigenfunctions determined. We find that the bound states spectrum extends from minus infinity to zero with a point of accumulation at zero. This unphysical result is fixed when a finite radius for the defect is introduced.
description: 4 pages
A multiwavlength study of PSR B0628-28: The first overluminous rotation-powered pulsar?
Creators: name: Becker, Werner
name: Jessner, Axel
name: Kramer, Michael
name: Testa, Vincenzo
name: Howaldt, Clemens
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The ROSAT source RX J0630.8-2834 was suggested by positional coincidence to be the X-ray counterpart of the old field pulsar PSR B0628-28. This association, however, was regarded to be unlikely based on the computed energetics of the putative X-ray counterpart. In this paper we report on multiwavelength observations of PSR B0628-28 made with the ESO/NTT observatory in La Silla, the Jodrell Bank radio observatory and XMM-Newton. Although the optical observations do not detect any counterpart of RX J0630.8-2834 down to a limiting magnitude of V=26.1 mag and B=26.3 mag, XMM-Newton observations finally confirmed it to be the pulsar's X-ray counterpart by detecting X-ray pulses with the radio pulsar's spin-period. The X-ray pulse profile is characterized by a single broad peak with a second smaller peak leading the main pulse component by ~144 degree. The fraction of pulsed photons is (38 +- 7)% with no strong energy dependence in the XMM-Newton bandpass. The pulsar's X-ray spectrum is well described by a single component power law with photon index 2.63^{+0.23}_{-0.15}, indicating that the pulsar's X radiation is dominated by non-thermal emission processes. A low level contribution of thermal emission from residual cooling or from heated polar caps, cannot be excluded. The pulsar's spin-down to X-ray energy conversion efficiency is obtained to be ~16% for the radio dispersion measure inferred pulsar distance. If confirmed, PSR B0628-28 would be the first X-ray overluminous rotation-powered pulsar identified among all ~1400 radio pulsars known today.
description: Accepted for publication in ApJ. Find a paper copy with higher resolution images at ftp://ftp.xray.mpe.mpg.de/people/web/astro-ph-0505488_rev2.pdf