Calletaera Warren 1895
Creators: name: Jiang, Nan
name: Xue, Dayong
name: Han, Hongxiang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Geometridae
Calletaera

description: Calletaera Warren, 1895
Calletaera Warren, 1895, Novit. zool., 2: 132. Type species: Macaria ruptaria Walker, 1861, by original designation. Bithiodes Warren, 1899, Novit. zool., 6: 354 (nec Bithiodes Warren, 1894). Type species: Luxiaria obliquata Moore, 1888. Syn. nov.
Generic characters. Antennae mostly bipectinate in male, sometimes filiform (e.g. C. subgravata (Prout, 1932), C. trigonoprocessus and C. postvittata); filiform in female. Frons not protruding. Labial palpi with third segment distinct. Hind tibia with two pairs of spurs in both sexes, dilated and with hair-pencil in male. Apex of forewing often acute, sometimes slightly falcate (e.g. C. obliquata, C. obvia, C. acuticornuta, C. rotundicornuta and C. consimilaria); outer margin of forewing often straight, sometimes slightly protruding outwards at posterior half (e.g. C. subexpressa and C. basipuncta Wileman, 1916) or at middle (e.g. C. foveata Holloway, 1994), that of hind wing often crenulate above CuA1 and smooth below CuA1, sometimes forming a small protrusion or angle at end of M1 (e.g. C. obliquata, C. obvia, C. acuticornuta and C. rotundicornuta) or at M3 (e.g. C. postvittata, C. dentata, C. trigonoprocessus and C. jotaria (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875)). Wings with postmedial lines thin, often dot-like (except C. subexpressa, C. basipuncta, C. foveata, C. sabulosa Warren, 1895 and C. schistacea Swinhoe, 1900); dark bands often present outside postmedial lines, and both inside and outside submarginal lines; Forewing with R1 long stalked with R2 (e.g. C. obliquata, C. obvia, C. acuticornuta, C. rotundicornuta and C. consimilaria) or anastomosing with R2 (e.g. C. subexpressa, C. dentata and C. trigonoprocessus). Tuft of scales present on male sternite III. Male genitalia with uncus short, bearing a short apical process; gnathos with median process not developed; valva deeply bifurcate, forming a dorsal arm and a ventral arm; dorsal arm rod-like, rounded apically; ventral arm with a curved spine-like terminal part; coremata not developed; juxta short; saccus almost triangular, acute or rounded apically; aedeagus sometimes with a process posteriorly (e.g. C. subexpressa, C. trigonoprocessus and C. subgravata); vesica with cornuti, the shape of cornuti variable among species. Female genitalia with papillae anales rounded terminally; lamella postvaginalis small, ductus bursae with an antrum, totally or partly sclerotized; corpus bursae with a signum; signum large, rounded or oval with many marginal spines; seventh sternite often sclerotized and concave posteriorly (except C. subexpressa).
Diagnosis. The diagnostic characters are given under the previous genus Luxiaria.
Distribution. China, Southeast Asia.
Remarks. Warren (1894) originally designated Acidalia inexactata Walker, 1861 as the type species of Bithiodes, but subsequently, in 1899, having discovered that the specimens he had examined had been misidentified, and in fact belonged to Luxiaria obliquata Moore, 1888, published a correction purporting to redesignate the type species of Bithiodes as Luxiaria obliquata. Formally this corrected type designation is not valid following the Code (1999). However, the name Bithiodes Warren, 1899, is available following article 12.2.1 of the Code (1999), as a name, which is accompanied by an indication. Thus, there are two different but homonymic generic names: Bithiodes Warren, 1894, with type species Acidalia inexactata Walker, 1861, by original designation, and Bithiodes Warren, 1899, with type species Luxiaria obliquata Moore, 1888, by original designation. To avoid any doubt which might result from Warren's attempt to change the type species of Bithiodes Warren 1894, following the article 70.3 of the Code (1999), we confirm the nominal type Acidalia inexactata Walker, 1861, for the genus name Bithiodes Warren, 1894. Because A. inexactata is currently regarded (Parsons et al. 1999) as a synonym of Eutoea heteroneurata (Guenée, 1858), we consider Bithiodes Warren, 1894 to be a junior subjective synonym of Eutoea Walker, 1860, syn. nov.
In addition, since in this paper we have transferred L. obliquata to Calletaera, Bithiodes Warren, 1899 should be considered as a junior subjective synonym of Calletaera Warren, 1895, syn. nov.
Holloway (1994) mentioned that the species of Calletaera have the hindwing distinctly angled at M3, and considered a thorn-like process at the apex of the aedeagus as a potentially definitive feature. However, we find the two characters are not definitive features and are variable among different species in Calletaera.
description: Published as part of Jiang, Nan, Xue, Dayong & Han, Hongxiang, 2014, A review of Luxiaria Walker and its allied genus Calletaera Warren (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, pp. 73-99 in Zootaxa 3856 (1) on pages 80-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/286975