cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
THE ACCOUNTANT AND FARM MANAGEMENT ADVICE
Creators: name: Stone, John A.
name: Stone, John A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1963
Subjects: Agricultural Finance

description: The purpose of accounting is two-fold. First to record and summarize economic transactions for a given period, and second to interpret the account as an aid for making management decisions. Before we examine a more rational blend of the two ingredients of accounting it is necessary to examine the framework of principles and procedures within which accountants work. However, this discussion is primarily intended to, demonstrate how more accountants serving agriculture can overcome their pre-occupation with recording and summarizing, virtually aimed at assessing tax liability, and extend their influence to render professional advice to management. Economic transactions fall into two accounting groups; cash movements during the period and estimates or valuations at the close of the period. Faithful recording of cash transactions is rendered complex by movements in price, characteristic of a dynamic environment. Estimates or valuations are necessary to record the capital charges imputed for the period. While certain conventions have been established governing both the treatment of cash and the basis of valuation, judgment and experience play a dominant part in their application.
Data science and the art of modelling
Creators: name: Hosni, Hykel
name: Vulpiani, Angelo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: History and Philosophy of Physics (physics.hist-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Datacentric enthusiasm is growing strong across a variety of domains. Whilst data science asks unquestionably exciting scientific questions, we argue that its contributions should not be extrapolated from the scientific context in which they originate. In particular we suggest that the simple-minded idea to the effect that data can be seen as a replacement for scientific modelling is not tenable. By recalling some well-known examples from dynamical systems we conclude that data science performs at its best when coupled with the subtle art of modelling.
description: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1810.10446
The Effects of Biotechnology Policy on Trade and Growth: Technical Annex
Creators: name: Oehmke, James F.
name: Maredia, Mywish K.
name: Weatherspoon, Dave D.
name: Oehmke, James F.
name: Maredia, Mywish K.
name: Weatherspoon, Dave D.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: This document is the technical annex to the full paper "The Effects of Biotechnology Policy on Trade and Growth", which is available separately.
Agriculture and Environmental Issues in Free Trade Agreements
Creators: name: Colyer, Dale
name: Colyer, Dale
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: agriculture
subject: Doha Round
subject: environment
subject: trade liberalization
subject: WTO

description: Including environmental issues in trade agreements is controversial, although these issues are an integral part of the NAFTA and WTO agreements as well as being the subject of numerous multilateral environmental treaties and agreements. Despite its inclusion, many members are opposed to allowing the environment an extensive role in the WTO. Nonetheless, the Doha Ministerial Declaration recognizes the environment in negotiating the next trade liberalization agreement. Agriculture and agricultural trade, which were integrated with international trade disciplines in the Uruguay Round, have environmental implications, and the inclusion of agriculture in the WTO introduces complex issues that also have environmental consequences.
The New Banana Import Regime in the European Union: A Quantitative Assessment
Creators: name: Guyomard, Herve
name: Le Mouel, Chantal
name: Guyomard, Herve
name: Le Mouel, Chantal
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: banana
subject: European Union
subject: tariff
subject: tariff-rate quota
subject: World Trade Organization

description: The new banana import regime in the EU is a two-step process towards a tariff-only system that should enter into force no later than 1 January 2006. During the transitional period, 2001-2005, bananas will continue to be imported into the EU under a tariff-rate quota system. This paper provides an empirical evaluation of the new EU banana import policy. It focuses on the structure of EU imports from preferred and non-preferred suppliers in the transitional period, and it evaluates the tariff equivalent that should be applied in 2006 on EU imports from non-preferred suppliers. The most vulnerable African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries, mainly the Caribbean states, would suffer from the new regulation unless they were to receive direct aid to make their banana production more competitive.
Possible eta-mesic 3He states within the finite rank approximation
Creators: name: Kelkar, N. G.
name: Khemchandani, K. P.
name: Jain, B. K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We extend the method of time delay proposed by Eisenbud and Wigner, to search for unstable states formed by eta mesons and the 3He nucleus. Using few body equations to describe eta-3He elastic scattering, we predict resonances and unstable bound states within different models of the eta-N interaction. The eta-3He states predicted within this novel approach are in agreement with the recent claim of the evidence of eta-mesic 3He made by the TAPS collaboration.
description: 10 pages LaTex, 3 figures
NP-completeness of slope-constrained drawing of complete graphs
Creators: name: Pilatte, Cédric
Publisher: name: Journal of Computational Geometry
Year: 2020

description: We prove the NP-completeness of the following problem. Given a set $S$ of $n$ slopes and an integer $k\geq 1$, is it possible to draw a complete graph on $k$ vertices in the plane using only slopes from $S$? Equivalently, does there exist a set $K$ of $k$ points in general position such that the slope of every segment between two points of $K$ is in $S$? We also present a polynomial algorithm for this question when $n\leq 2k-c$, conditionally on a conjecture of R.E. Jamison. For $n=k$, an algorithm in $\mathcal{O}(n^4)$ was proposed by Wade and Chu. In this case, our algorithm is linear and does not rely on Jamison's conjecture.
description: Journal of Computational Geometry, Vol. 11 No. 1 (2020)
Aligned plane drawings of the generalized Delaunay-graphs for pseudo-disks
Creators: name: Keszegh, Balázs
name: Pálvölgyi, Dömötör
Publisher: name: Journal of Computational Geometry
Year: 2020

description: We study general Delaunay-graphs, which are natural generalizations of Delaunay triangulations to arbitrary families, in particular to pseudo-disks. We prove that for any finite pseudo-disk family and point set, there is a plane drawing of their Delaunay-graph such that every edge lies inside every pseudo-disk that contains its endpoints.
description: Journal of Computational Geometry, Vol. 11 No. 1 (2020)
The Current Round of Agricultural Trade Negotiations: Should We Bother About Domestic Support?
Creators: name: Rae, Allan N.
name: Strutt, Anna
name: Rae, Allan N.
name: Strutt, Anna
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: agricultural policy reform
subject: CGE modelling
subject: decoupled policies
subject: domestic support
subject: WTO

description: The current WTO agricultural trade negotiations began in March 2000 and became part of the Doha Development Agenda in late 2001. The previous Uruguay Round reached agricultural agreements in the areas of market access, export competition and domestic support. The current round is seeking agreements under similar headings. The effort to reach agreement over reductions in domestic support to farmers is complicated by a number of factors,for example, the extent to which such support affects production decisions, the wishes of governments to support farmers for pursuing multifunctional outcomes from agriculture, and the categorisation of a myriad of policy instruments into green, blue and amber boxes. These complications pose the risk of considerably extending the negotiations and diverting attention away from other areas of reform. But the sustainability of many domestic support policies depends on trade barriers, and reform of these trade barriers may force governments into reforming domestic support without requiring specific international agreements. We use the GTAP applied general equilibrium model to quantify and analyse a number of trade reform scenarios, with and without specific changes in domestic support. We conclude that substantial trade expansion and welfare gains can be achieved, even when domestic support is excluded from the multilateral agreement. Improved market access makes a far greater contribution to welfare gains than do reforms to domestic policies, and once substantive reforms to border policies have been achieved attention can then be turned to the lower-priority task of reforming domestic support.
An improved cost function for hierarchical cluster trees
Creators: name: Wang, Dingkang
name: Wang, Yusu
Publisher: name: Journal of Computational Geometry
Year: 2020

description: Hierarchical clustering has been a popular method in various data analysis applications. It partitions a data set into a hierarchical collection of clusters, and can provide a global view of (cluster) structure behind data across different granularity levels. A hierarchical clustering (HC) of a data set can be naturally represented by a tree, called a HC-tree, where leaves correspond to input data and subtrees rooted at internal nodes correspond to clusters. Many hierarchical clustering algorithms used in practice are developed in a procedure manner. In [9], Dasgupta proposed to study the hierarchical clustering problem from an optimization point of view, and introduced an intuitive cost function for similarity-based hierarchical clustering with nice properties as well as natural approximation algorithms. There since has been several followup work on better approximation algorithms, hardness analysis, and general understanding of the objective functions. We observe that while Dasgupta's cost function is effective at differentiating a good HC-tree from a bad one for a fixed graph, the value of this cost function does not reflect how well an input similarity graph is consistent to a hierarchical structure. In this paper, we present a new cost function, which is developed based on Dasgupta's cost function, to address this issue. The optimal tree under the new cost function remains the same as the one under Dasgupta's cost function. However, the value of our cost function is more meaningful. For example, the optimal cost of a graph $G$ equals $1$ if and only if $G$ has a perfect HC-structure in the sense that there exists a HC-tree that is consistent with all triplets relations in $G$; and the optimal cost will be larger than $1$ otherwise. The new way of formulating the cost function also leads to a polynomial time algorithm to compute the optimal cluster tree when the input graph has a perfect HC-structure, or an approximation algorithm when the input graph almost has a perfect HC-structure. Finally, we provide further understanding of the new cost function by studying its behavior for random graphs sampled from an edge probability matrix.
description: Journal of Computational Geometry, Vol. 11 No. 1 (2020)
The Current Round of Agricultural Trade Negotiations: Should We Bother About Domestic Support? Technical Annex
Creators: name: Rae, Allan N.
name: Strutt, Anna
name: Rae, Allan N.
name: Strutt, Anna
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: This document is the technical annex to the full paper "The Current Round of Agricultural Trade Negotiations: Should We Bother About Domestic Support?" which is available separately.
Expected complexity of routing in $\Theta_6$ and half-$\Theta_6$ graphs
Creators: name: Bose, Prosenjit
name: De Carufel, Jean-Lou
name: Devillers, Olivier
Publisher: name: Journal of Computational Geometry
Year: 2020

description: We study online routing algorithms on the $\Theta_6$-graph and the half-$\Theta_6$-graph (which is equivalent to a variant of the Delaunay triangulation). Given a source vertex $s$ and a target vertex $t$ in the $\Theta_6$-graph (resp. half-$\Theta_6$-graph), there exists a deterministic online routing algorithm that finds a path from $s$ to $t$ whose length is at most $2\|st\|$ (resp. $2.89\|st\|$) which is optimal in the worst case [Bose et al, SIAM J. on Computing, 44(6)]. We propose alternative, slightly simpler routing algorithms that are optimal in the worst case and for which we provide an analysis of the average routing ratio for the $\Theta_6$-graph and half-$\Theta_6$-graph defined on a Poisson point process. For the $\Theta_6$-graph, our online routing algorithm has an expected routing factor of $1.161$ when $s$ and $t$ are random. The routing factor is the length of the route between $s$ and $t$ produced by our algorithm divided by the Euclidean distance between $s$ and $t$. Moreover, our routing algorithm has a maximum expected routing factor of $1.22$, where the maximum is for fixed $s$ and $t$ and all other points are random. This is much better than the worst-case routing ratio of $2$. The routing ratio is the maximum routing factor among all pairs of points. For the half-$\Theta_6$-graph, our memoryless online routing algorithm has an expected routing factor of $1.43$ and a maximum expected routing factor of $1.58$. Our online routing algorithm that uses a constant amount of additional memory has an expected routing factor of $1.34$ and a maximum expected routing factor of $1.40$. The additional memory is only used to remember the coordinates of the starting point of the route. Both of these algorithms have an expected routing factor that is much better than their worst-case routing ratio of $2.89$.
description: Journal of Computational Geometry, Vol. 11 No. 1 (2020)
Sign-reversal electron magnetization in Mn-doped semiconductor structures
Creators: name: Kokurin, I. A.
name: Silov, A. Yu.
name: Averkiev, N. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The diversity of various manganese types and its complexes in the Mn-doped ${\rm A^{III}B^V}$ semiconductor structures leads to a number of intriguing phenomena. Here we show that the interplay between the ordinary substitutional Mn acceptors and interstitial Mn donors as well as donor-acceptor dimers could result in a reversal of electron magnetization. In our all-optical scheme the impurity-to-band excitation via the Mn dimers results in direct orientation of the ionized Mn-donor $d$ shell. A photoexcited electron is then captured by the interstitial Mn and the electron spin becomes parallel to the optically oriented $d$ shell. That produces, in the low excitation regime, the spin-reversal electron magnetization. As the excitation intensity increases the capture by donors is saturated and the polarization of delocalized electrons restores the normal average spin in accordance with the selection rules. A possibility of the experimental observation of the electron spin reversal by means of polarized photoluminescence is discussed.
description: 6+2 pages, 3 figures
Spectral sparsification of simplicial complexes for clustering and label propagation
Creators: name: Palande, Sourabh
name: Wang, Bei
Publisher: name: Journal of Computational Geometry
Year: 2020

description: As a generalization of the use of graphs to describe pairwise interactions, simplicial complexes can be used to model higher-order interactions between three or more objects in complex systems. There has been a recent surge in activity for the development of data analysis methods applicable to simplicial complexes, including techniques based on computational topology, higher-order random processes, generalized Cheeger inequalities, isoperimetric inequalities, and spectral methods. In particular, spectral learning methods (e.g. label propagation and clustering) that directly operate on simplicial complexes represent a new direction emerging from the confluence of computational topology and machine learning. To apply spectral methods in learning to massive datasets modeled as simplicial complexes, we sparsify simplicial complexes, while preserving the spectrum of the associated Laplacian operators. We show that the theory of Spielman and Srivastava for the sparsification of graphs extends to simplicial complexes via the up Laplacian. In particular, we introduce a generalized effective resistance for simplexes, provide an algorithm for sparsifying simplicial complexes at a fixed dimension, and give a specific version of the generalized Cheeger inequality for weighted simplicial complexes. Finally, we introduce higher-order generalizations of spectral clustering and label propagation for simplicial complexes and demonstrate via experiments the utility of the proposed spectral sparsification method for these applications.
description: Journal of Computational Geometry, Vol. 11 No. 1 (2020)
Convex Relaxation of Combined Heat and Power Dispatch
Creators: name: Jiang, Yibao
name: Wan, Can
name: Botterud, Audun
name: Song, Yonghua
name: Shahidehpour, Mohammad
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Combined heat and power dispatch promotes interactions and synergies between electric power systems and district heating systems. However, nonlinear and nonconvex heating flow imposes significant challenges on finding qualified solutions efficiently. Most existing methods rely on constant flow assumptions to derive a linear heating flow model, sacrificing optimality for computational simplicity. This paper proposes a novel convex combined heat and power dispatch model based on model simplification and constraint relaxation, which improves solution quality and avoids assumptions on operating regimes of district heating systems. To alleviate mathematical complexity introduced by the commonly used node method, a simplified thermal dynamic model is proposed to capture temperature changes in networked pipelines. Conic and polyhedral relaxations are then applied to convexify the original problems with bilinear and quadratic equality constraints. Furthermore, an adaptive solution algorithm is proposed to successively reduce relaxation gaps based on dynamic bivariate partitioning, improving solution optimality with desirable computational efficiency. The proposed method is verified on a 33-bus electric power system integrated with a 30-node district heating system and compared to nonlinear programming solvers and constant-flow-based solutions.
Scattering functions of knotted ring polymers
Creators: name: Shimamura, Miyuki K.
name: Kamata, Kumiko
name: Yao, Akihisa
name: Deguchi, Tetsuo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the scattering function of a Gaussian random polygon with N nodes under a given topological constraint through simulation. We obtain the Kratky plot of a Gaussian polygon of N=200 having a fixed knot for some different knots such as the trivial, trefoil and figure-eight knots. We find that some characteristic properties of the different Kratky plots are consistent with the distinct values of the mean square radius of gyration for Gaussian polygons with the different knots.
description: 4pages, 3figures, 3tables
Science-based Rules of Trade: A Mantra for Some, An Anathema for Others
Creators: name: Kerr, William A.
name: Kerr, William A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: independence
subject: precautionary principle
subject: science-based
subject: scientific consensus
subject: SPS
subject: WTO

description: The concept of science-based rules for the establishment of trade barriers was a new development that arose from the Uruguay Round. It is an attempt to de-politicise decision making in the complex areas of human, animal and plant health as well as aspects relating to the environment. In the short time it has been in operation it has become a mantra for some but an anathema to others with an interest in trade policy. It is now at the heart of a major trade dispute between the EU and the United States over trade in the products of biotechnology. The paper discusses the controversies relating to the science-based system and provides suggestions to improve its efficacy.
Pairwise velocities in the Halo Model: Luminosity and Scale Dependence
Creators: name: Slosar, Anze
name: Seljak, Uros
name: Tasitsiomi, Argyro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the properties of the pairwise velocity dispersion as a function of galaxy luminosity in the context of a halo model. We derive the distribution of velocities of pairs at a given separation taking into account both one-halo and two-halo contributions. We show that pairwise velocity distribution in real space is a complicated mixture of host-satellite, satellite-satellite and two-halo pairs. The peak value is reached at around 1$h^{-1}$Mpc and does not reflect the velocity dispersion of a typical halo hosting these galaxies, but is instead dominated by the satellite-satellite pairs in high mass clusters. This is true even for cross-correlations between bins separated in luminosity. As a consequence the velocity dispersion at a given separation can decrease with luminosity, even if the underlying typical halo host mass is increasing, in agreement with recent observations. We compare our findings to numerical simulations and find a good agreement. Numerical simulations also suggest a luminosity dependent velocity bias, which depends on the subhalo mass. We develop models of the auto- and cross-correlation function of luminosity subsamples of galaxies in the observable $r_\proj - π$ space and calculate the inferred velocity dispersion as a function of wave vector if dispersion model is fit to the redshift space power spectrum. We find that so derived pairwise velocity dispersion also exhibits a bump at $k\sim 1 h/{\rm Mpc}$.
description: 11 pages, 12 figures; v2: major revision matching version accepted by MNRAS
Determining hyperbolicity of compact orientable 3-manifolds with torus boundary
Creators: name: Haraway, Robert Cyrus
Publisher: name: Journal of Computational Geometry
Year: 2020

description: Thurston's hyperbolization theorem for Haken manifolds and normal surface theory yield an algorithm to determine whether or not a compact orientable 3-manifold with nonempty boundary consisting of tori admits a complete finite-volume hyperbolic metric on its interior. A conjecture of Gabai, Meyerhoff, and Milley reduces to a computation using this algorithm.
description: Journal of Computational Geometry, Vol. 11 No. 1 (2020)
Evolution of a collapsing and exploding Bose-Einstein condensate in different trap symmetries
Creators: name: Adhikari, Sadhan K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Based on the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation we study the evolution of a collapsing and exploding Bose-Einstein condensate in different trap symmetries to see the effect of confinement on collapse and subsequent explosion, which can be verified in future experiments. We make prediction for the evolution of the shape of the condensate and the number of atoms in it for different trap symmetries (cigar to pancake) as well as in the presence of an optical lattice potential. We also make prediction for the jet formation in different cases when the collapse is suddenly terminated by changing the scattering length to zero via a Feshbach resonance.
description: 8 pages, 11 ps figures, Physical Review A
title: Nonlinear microbial thermal response and its implications for abrupt soil organic carbon responses to warming
Creators: name: Yu, Kailiang
name: He, Lei
name: Niu, Shuli
name: Wang, Jinsong
name: Garcia-Palacios, Pablo
name: Dacal, Marina
name: Averill, Colin
name: Georgiou, Katerina
name: Ye, Jian-Sheng
name: Mo, Fei
name: Yang, Lu
name: Crowther, Thomas W.
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Carbon cycle
subject: Microbial ecology
subject: Microbial carbon use efficienc
classificationCode: 570
subject: Biowissenschaften; Biologie

description: Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is a key microbial trait affecting soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. However, we lack a unified and predictive understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the temperature response of microbial CUE, and, thus, its impacts on SOC storage in a warming world. Here, we leverage three independent soil datasets (n = 618 for microbial CUE; n = 591 and 660 for heterotrophic respiration) at broad spatial scales to investigate the microbial thermal response and its implications for SOC responses to warming. We show a nonlinear increase and decrease of CUE and heterotrophic respiration, respectively, in response to mean annual temperature (MAT), with a thermal threshold at ≈15 °C. These nonlinear relationships are mainly associated with changes in the fungal-to-bacterial biomass ratio. Our microbial-explicit SOC model predicts significant SOC losses at MAT above ≈15 °C due to increased CUE, total microbial biomass, and heterotrophic respiration, implying a potential abrupt transition to more vulnerable SOC under climate warming.
Assessing the Impacts of the Chinese TRQ System and U.S. Subsidies on the World Cotton Market: Technical Annex
Creators: name: Pan, Suwen
name: Welch, Mark
name: Mohanty, Samarendu
name: Fadiga, Mohamadou L.
name: Ethridge, Don E.
name: Pan, Suwen
name: Welch, Mark
name: Mohanty, Samarendu
name: Fadiga, Mohamadou L.
name: Ethridge, Don E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: This document is the technical annex to the full paper "Assessing the Impacts of the Chinese TRQ System and U.S. Subsidies on the World Cotton Market" which is available separately.
Validation and Administration of a Conceptual Survey on the Formalism and Postulates of Quantum Mechanics
Creators: name: Marshman, Emily
name: Singh, Chandralekha
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Physics Education (physics.ed-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We developed and validated a conceptual survey that focuses on the formalism and postulates of quantum mechanics covered in upper-level undergraduate quantum mechanics courses. The concepts included in the Quantum Mechanics Formalism and Postulate Survey (QMFPS) focus on Dirac notation, the Hilbert space, state vectors, physical observables and their corresponding Hermitian operators, compatible and incompatible observables, quantum measurement, time-dependence of quantum states and expectation values, and spin angular momenta. Here we describe the validation and administration of the survey, which has been administered to over 400 upper-level undergraduate and graduate students from six institutions. The QMFPS is valid and reliable for use as a low-stakes test to measure the effectiveness of instruction in an undergraduate quantum mechanics course that covers relevant content. The survey can also be used by instructors to identify student understanding of the formalism and postulates of quantum mechanics at the beginning and end of a graduate quantum mechanics course since graduate students are expected to have taken an undergraduate quantum mechanics course that covers the content included in the survey. We found that undergraduate students who engaged with research-validated learning tools performed better than students who did not on the QMFPS after the first semester of a junior/senior level quantum mechanics course. In addition, the performance of graduate students on QMFPS after instruction in the first semester of a core graduate-level quantum mechanics course was significantly better than the performance of undergraduate students at the end of the first semester of an undergraduate quantum mechanics course. A comparison with the base line data on the validated QMFPS presented here can aid instructors in assessing the effectiveness of their instructional approaches.
title: Red teaming ChatGPT in medicine to yield real-world insights on model behavior
Creators: name: Chang, Crystal T.
name: Farah, Hodan
name: Gui, Haiwen
name: Rezaei, Shawheen Justin
name: Bou-Khalil, Charbel
name: Park, Ye-Jean
name: Swaminathan, Akshay
name: Omiye, Jesutofunmi A.
name: Kolluri, Akaash
name: Behr, Solveig
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Computer science
subject: Health care
subject: Medical ethics
classificationCode: 004
subject: Datenverarbeitung; Informatik

description: Red teaming, the practice of adversarially exposing unexpected or undesired model behaviors, is critical towards improving equity and accuracy of large language models, but non-model creator-affiliated red teaming is scant in healthcare. We convened teams of clinicians, medical and engineering students, and technical professionals (80 participants total) to stress-test models with real-world clinical cases and categorize inappropriate responses along axes of safety, privacy, hallucinations/accuracy, and bias. Six medically-trained reviewers re-analyzed prompt-response pairs and added qualitative annotations. Of 376 unique prompts (1504 responses), 20.1% were inappropriate (GPT-3.5: 25.8%; GPT-4.0: 16%; GPT-4.0 with Internet: 17.8%). Subsequently, we show the utility of our benchmark by testing GPT-4o, a model released after our event (20.4% inappropriate). 21.5% of responses appropriate with GPT-3.5 were inappropriate in updated models. We share insights for constructing red teaming prompts, and present our benchmark for iterative model assessments.
Rigid foldability is NP-hard
Creators: name: Akitaya, Hugo
name: Demaine, Erik
name: Horiyama, Takashi
name: Hull, Thomas
name: Ku, Jason
name: Tachi, Tomohiro
Publisher: name: Journal of Computational Geometry
Year: 2020

description: In this paper, we show that the rigid-foldability of a given crease pattern using all creases is weakly NP-hard by a reduction from the partition problem, and that rigid-foldability with optional creases is NP-hard by a reduction from the 1-in-3 SAT problem. Unlike flat-foldabilty of origami or flexibility of other kinematic linkages, whose complexity originates in the complexity of the layer ordering and possible self-intersection of the material, rigid foldabilltiy from a planar state is hard even though there is no potential self-intersection. In fact, the complexity comes from the combinatorial behavior of the different possible rigid folding configurations at each vertex. The results underpin the fact that it is harder to fold from an unfolded sheet of paper than to unfold a folded state back to a plane, frequently encountered problem when realizing folding-based systems such as self-folding matters and reconfigurable robots.
description: Journal of Computational Geometry, Vol. 11 No. 1 (2020)
On the selective multiphoton ionization of sodium by femtosecond laser pulses: A partial-wave analysis
Creators: name: Bunjac, A.
name: Popovic, D. B.
name: Simonovic, N. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: F.2.2; I.2.7
subject: 14J60 (Primary)

description: Multiphoton ionization of sodium by femtosecond laser pulses of 800 nm wavelength in the range of laser peak intensities entering over-the-barrier ionization domain is studied. Photoelectron momentum distributions and the energy spectra are determined numerically by solving the time dependent Schroedinger equation for three values of the laser intensity from this domain. The calculated spectra agree well with the spectra obtained experimentally by Hart et al (Phys. Rev. A 2016 93 063426). A partial wave analysis of the spectral peaks related to Freeman resonances has shown that each peak is a superposition of the contributions of photoelectrons produced by the resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization via different intermediate states. It is demonstrated that at specific laser intensities the selective ionization, which occurs predominantly through a single intermediate state, is possible.
description: 19 pages, 6 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1903.08422
New lower bounds for the number of pseudoline arrangements
Creators: name: Dumitrescu, Adrian
name: Mandal, Ritankar
Publisher: name: Journal of Computational Geometry
Year: 2020

description: Arrangements of lines and pseudolines are fundamental objects in discrete and computational geometry. They also appear in other areas of computer science, such as the study of sorting networks. Let $B_n$ be the number of nonisomorphic arrangements of $n$ pseudolines and let $b_n=\log_2{B_n}$. The problem of estimating $B_n$ was posed by Knuth in 1992. Knuth conjectured that $b_n \leq {n \choose 2} + o(n^2)$ and also derived the first upper and lower bounds: $b_n \leq 0.7924 (n^2 +n)$ and $b_n \geq n^2/6 -O(n)$. The upper bound underwent several improvements, $b_n \leq 0.6988\, n^2$ (Felsner, 1997), and $b_n \leq 0.6571\, n^2$ (Felsner and Valtr, 2011), for large $n$. Here we show that $b_n \geq cn^2 -O(n \log{n})$ for some constant $c>0.2083$. In particular, $b_n \geq 0.2083\, n^2$ for large $n$. This improves the previous best lower bound, $b_n \geq 0.1887\, n^2$, due to Felsner and Valtr (2011). Our arguments are elementary and geometric in nature. Further, our constructions are likely to spur new developments and improved lower bounds for related problems, such as in topological graph drawings.
description: Journal of Computational Geometry, Vol. 11 No. 1 (2020)
Why did the Byrd Amendment Not Fly at the WTO?
Creators: name: Harris, Ben
name: Devadoss, Stephen
name: Harris, Ben
name: Devadoss, Stephen
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: Since its passage in 2000, the Byrd Amendment has been the focal point of ongoing disputes over the acceptable scope of antidumping laws and fair protection of domestic industry. Most countries possess antidumping laws that allow for duties to be placed on imported dumped goods. The Byrd Amendment seeks to extend such policies by mandating the redistribution of collected antidumping duties to "affected domestic producers" in the form of "offset" payments. The United States was immediately taken to the WTO by 11 countries who contend that the Byrd Amendment constitutes an unfair "double protection" of domestic industry. This article reviews the history of the dispute, negotiations between the parties, the arguments put forth by each party to the WTO, the WTO's findings and rulings, and retaliations taken by the affected countries. Further, this study shows that the effects of dumping are effectively neutralized by the antidumping duties, and that the payment of offsets introduced by the Byrd Amendment is an unnecessary double protection of U.S. domestic industry.
Implications of Aging in Bacteria
Creators: name: Johnson, Leah R.
name: Mangel, Marc
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Motivated by recent research of aging in E. coli, we explore the effects of aging on bacterial fitness. The disposable soma theory of aging was developed to explain how differences in lifespans and aging rates could be linked to life history trade-offs. Although generally applied for multicellular organisms, it is also useful for exploring life history strategies of single celled organisms such as bacteria. Starting from the Euler-Lotka equation, we propose a mathematical model to explore how a finite lifespan effects fitness of bacteria. We find that that there is surprisingly little loss of fitness when the bacterium has limited opportunities to reproduce. Instead, the fitness gained each time the bacteria reproduces decreases rapidly, and investing resources to survive to reproduce the first few times is likely more advantageous than investing additional resources to try to maintain cell integrity longer.
description: 16 pages, 6 figures submitted to Mechanisms of Aging and Development
Why Did the Byrd Amendment Not Fly with the WTO? Technical Annex
Creators: name: Harris, Ben
name: Devadoss, Stephen
name: Harris, Ben
name: Devadoss, Stephen
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: This document is the technical annex to the full paper "Why Did the Byrd Amendment Not Fly with the WTO?" which is available separately.
The kinematics of the large western knot in the halo of the young planetary nebula NGC 6543
Creators: name: Mitchell, Deborah L.
name: Bryce, M.
name: Meaburn, J.
name: Lopez, J. A.
name: Redman, M. P.
name: Harman, D.
name: Richer, M. G.
name: Riesgo, H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A detailed analysis is presented of the dominant ionised knot in the halo of the planetary nebula NGC 6543. Observations were made at high spectral and spatial resolution of the [OIII] 5007 line using the Manchester echelle spectrometer combined with the 2.1-m San Pedro Martir Telescope. A 20-element multislit was stepped across the field to give almost complete spatial coverage of the knot and surrounding halo. The spectra reveal, for the first time, gas flows around the kinematically inert knot. The gas flows are found to have velocities comparable to the sound speed as gas is photo-evaporated off an ionised surface. No evidence is found of fast wind interaction with the knot and we find it likely that the fast wind is still contained in a pressure-driven bubble in the core of the nebula. This rules out the possibility of the knot having its origin in instabilities at the interface of the fast and AGB winds. We suggest that the knot is embedded in the slowly expanding Red Giant wind and that its surfaces are being continually photoionised by the central star.
description: 13 pages, 11 figures (all eps format). To be published in MNRAS, accepted on 6/7/05
Stable-matching Voronoi diagrams: Combinatorial complexity and algorithms
Creators: name: Barequet, Gill
name: Eppstein, David
name: Goodrich, Michael
name: Mamano, Nil
Publisher: name: Journal of Computational Geometry
Year: 2020

description: We study algorithms and combinatorial complexity bounds for stable-matching Voronoi diagrams, where a set, $S$, of $n$ point sites in the plane determines a stable matching between the points in $\mathbb{R}^2$ and the sites in $S$ such that (i) the points prefer sites closer to them and sites prefer points closer to them, and (ii) each site has a quota or appetite indicating the area of the set of points that can be matched to it. Thus, a stable-matching Voronoi diagram is a solution to the well-known post office problem with the added (realistic) constraint that each post office has a limit on the size of its jurisdiction. Previous work on the stable-matching Voronoi diagram did not analyze its combinatorial or algorithmic complexity, instead only providing existence and uniqueness proofs. In this paper, we show that a stable-matching Voronoi diagram of $n$ point sites has $O(n^{2+\varepsilon})$ faces and edges, for any $\varepsilon>0$, and show that this bound is almost tight by giving a family of diagrams with $\Theta(n^2)$ faces and edges. We also provide a discrete algorithm for constructing it in $O(n^3+n^2f(n))$ time in the real-RAM model of computation, where $f(n)$ is the runtime of a geometric primitive (which we identify) that can be performed in the real-RAM model or can be approximated numerically, but cannot, in general, be performed exactly in an algebraic model of computation. We show, however, how to compute the geometric primitive exactly for polygonal convex distance functions.
description: Journal of Computational Geometry, Vol. 11 No. 1 (2020)
On optimal polyline simplification using the Hausdorff and Fréchet distance
Creators: name: Van Kreveld, Marc
name: Löffler, Maarten
name: Wiratma, Lionov
Publisher: name: Journal of Computational Geometry
Year: 2020

description: We revisit the classical polygonal line simplification problem and study it using the Hausdorff distance and Fréchet distance. Interestingly, no previous authors studied line simplification under these measures in its pure form, namely: for a given ε > 0, choose a minimum size subsequence of the vertices of the input such that the Hausdorff or Fréchet distance between the input and output polylines is at most ε. We analyze how the well-known Douglas-Peucker and Imai-Iri simplification algorithms perform compared to the optimum possible, also in the situation where the algorithms are given a considerably larger error threshold than we require for the optimum solution. Furthermore, we show that computing an optimal simplification using the undirected Hausdorff distance is NP-hard. The same holds when using the directed Hausdorff distance from the input to the output polyline, whereas the reverse can be computed in polynomial time. Finally, to compute the optimal simplification from a polygonal line consisting of n vertices under the (continuous) Fréchet distance, we give an $O(kn^5)$ time algorithm that requires $O(kn^2)$ space, where $k$ is the output complexity of the simplification.
description: Journal of Computational Geometry, Vol. 11 No. 1 (2020)
Varieties or Qualities? Horizontal and Vertical Intra-industry Trade within the NAFTA Trade Bloc
Creators: name: Vogiatzoglou, Klimis
name: Vogiatzoglou, Klimis
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: This article investigates empirically the nature and the dynamics of intra-regional trade in North America. Specifically, we analyze intra-NAFTA patterns of horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade - H(V)IIT - in the United States, Canada and Mexico over the 1992-2002 period and examine some industry characteristics of observed IIT patterns for each IIT component. The results indicate that though HIIT and VIIT exhibit different trends, both IIT types are important in labour/resource-intensive sectors, suggesting that comparative advantage may be an important factor in intra-NAFTA IIT. The most striking finding is that HIIT is consistently increasing, while VIIT exhibits a significant downward trend. Hence, our findings suggest that intra-NAFTA IIT has increasingly become an exchange of different varieties rather than different qualities, indicating to some extent an economic convergence process within the NAFTA trade bloc.
Unitary evolution of perturbations of a two-dimensional black hole
Creators: name: Siopsis, George
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss massive scalar perturbations of a two-dimensional dilaton black hole. We employ a Pauli-Villars reqularization scheme to calculate the effect of the scalar perturbation on the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. By concentrating on the dynamics of the scalar field near the horizon, we argue that quantum effects alter the effective potential. We calculate the two-point function explicitly and show that it exhibits Poincare recurrences.
description: 11 pages
A Sectoral Model for Analyzing Alternative Technologies in Pig Farming
Creators: name: Helming, John F.M.
name: Surry, Yves R.
name: Helming, John F.M.
name: Surry, Yves R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: societal concerns
subject: positive mathematical programming
subject: pork
subject: markets
subject: policies

description: This paper develops a demand-augmented positive mathematical programming model to analyze the relationship between environmental pollution from animal manure, manure policies and different pork production systems in the Netherlands. The model features substitution of conventional and alternative pork from the demand side and endogenous manure prices. It is found that policies that put restrictions on environmental pollution from manure decreases the conventional pork production systems, but increases organic pork production systems. The latter is considered an improved system from both an animal welfare and environmental point of view.
On the Consequences of Retaining the General Validity of Locality in Physical Theory
Creators: name: De Baere, W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The empirical validity of the locality (LOC) principle of relativity is used to argue in favour of a local hidden variable theory (HVT) for individual quantum processes. It is shown that such a HVT may reproduce the statistical predictions of quantum mechanics (QM), provided the reproducibility of initial hidden variable states is limited. This means that in a HVT limits should be set to the validity of the notion of counterfactual definiteness (CFD). This is supported by the empirical evidence that past, present, and future are basically distinct. Our argumentation is contrasted with a recent one by Stapp resulting in the opposite conclusion, i.e. nonlocality or the existence of faster-than-light influences. We argue that Stapp's argumentation still depends in an implicit, but crucial, way on both the notions of hidden variables and of CFD. In addition, some implications of our results for the debate between Bohr and Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen are discussed.
description: revtex, 11 pages
Does Gibrat's Law Hold Amongst Dairy Farmers in Northern Ireland?
Creators: name: Kostov, Philip
name: Patton, Myles
name: Moss, Joan E.
name: McErlean, Seamus
name: Kostov, Philip
name: Patton, Myles
name: Moss, Joan E.
name: McErlean, Seamus
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Gibrat's law
subject: quantile regression
subject: sample selection bias
subject: Integrated Conditional Moments test

description: This paper tests whether the Law of Proportionate Effects (Gibrat, 1931), which states that farms grow at a rate that is independent of their size, holds for the dairy farms in Northern Ireland. Previous studies have tended to concentrate on testing whether the law holds for all farms. The methodology used in this study permits investigation of whether the law holds for some farms or all farms according to their size. The approach used avoids the subjective splitting of samples, which tends to bias results. The finding shows that the Gibrat law does hold except in the case of small farms. This is in accordance with previous findings that Gibrat's law tends to hold when only larger farms are considered, but tends to fail when smaller farms are included in the analysis. Implications and further extensions, as well as some alternatives to the proposed methodology are discussed.