cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Cryptocephalus (Cryptocephalus) solivagus Leonardi and Sassi 2001
Creators: name: Guskova, Elena V.
name: Akulov, Evgeny N.
name: Loshchev, Sergey M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Chrysomelidae
Cryptocephalus
Cryptocephalus solivagus

description: Cryptocephalus (Cryptocephalus) solivagus Leonardi and Sassi, 2001
 Distribution. Europe, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Asian Russia (W and E Siberia).
 Material Examined. Tanzybey, 04.vii.1981, 1 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Chernaya Rechka, 4. vii.1982, 25.vii.1985, 2 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Nazarovo, 29.vii.1985, 4 ex. (V. Yanovsky) (IFK); Ustyug, 18.viii.1985, 2 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Kandat, 2.ix.1985, 2 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Nazarovo, 26.vi.1987, 2 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); same locality, 30.vi.2008, 16 (E. Akulov) (EACK); Sartachul, 20.vii.1987, 2–11.vii.1988, 60 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Zakharinka, 09. vii.1988, 1 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Shivera, 22–28.vii.1989, 5 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Ergaki nature park, 21.viii.2009, 16 (E. Akulov) (EACK); Magansk, 30.vi.2012, 3 ex. (E. Akulov) (EACK); Berezovsky, 1.vii.2012, 26.vi.2016, 8 ex. (E. Akulov) (EACK); Arey, 16.vii.2014, 16 (E. Akulov) (EACK); Sovkhoz Sibiryak, 27.vi.2015, 46 (F. Akulov) (EACK); Krasnoyarsk, garden of Krutovsky, 14.vi.2017, 2♀ (F. Akulov) (EACK).
 Literature Data. Krasnoyarsk, E Russia, 28.vi. l977, (Konovalov); near Krasnoyarsk, Siberia c., If (MMi); Minusinsk, Siberia, exp. Zichu (Csiki) (Leonardi and Sassi 2001).
description: Published as part of Guskova, Elena V., Akulov, Evgeny N. & Loshchev, Sergey M., 2018, The Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of the Krasnoyarsk Krai (except for the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District), Siberia, Russia, pp. 565-576 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 72 (3) on page 573, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-72.3.565, http://zenodo.org/record/5384174
Paurocephala macrochaetis Mifsud & Burckhardt 2002, sp. n.
Creators: name: Mifsud, D.
name: Burckhardt, D.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2002
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Liviidae
Paurocephala
Paurocephala macrochaetis

description: Paurocephala macrochaetis sp. n.
(gures 22A, 23F, 24I, 25F, 26F, 28F)
 Description. Species of the psylloptera type.
Adult: head including clypeus brown; vertex covered by short setae. Antenna brown, segments 1 and 2 and basal half of segment 3 yellow; segment 9 with a long seta in basal quarter. Thorax brown and covered by inconspicous setae dorsally, yellow to light brown laterally and ventrally. Metascutellar horn small, pointed apically. Forewing transparent; veins light white to yellow; pterostigma white. Forewing with inconspicuous setae on veins (vein Rs with 7–10 setae); Rs vein marginally curved in apical third. Surface spinules con ned to apex of cell m1; radular spinules present in m2, reduced in cu1. Legs white to yellow, last tarsal segment dark brown. Meracanthus long, marginally curved laterally, pointed apically. Abdomen including genitalia, white to light brown. Male paramere long, almost straight posteriorly, rounded apically, few long setae posteriorly visible from lateral view; inner surface with two hooks apically, one to three stout setae in basal fth. Measurements and ratios as in table 2A–C.
Fifth instar larva: unknown.
 Host plants. Unknown.
 Distribution. Indonesia (Sulawesi).
 Material examined. Indonesia: HOLOTYPE, Sulawesi, Dumoga-Bone N. P., March 1985 (R. Ent. Soc. Lond., Project Wallace) (BMNH). Dry mounted.
 PARATYPES. Indonesia: 4, 4, same as holotype, Sulawesi, Dumoga-Bone N. P., March 1985; 1ml, same data as above but 11 July 1985, 230 m; 1, same data but 19 July 1985, 400 m. (BMNH). All material was collected by fogging.
 Comments. Similar to P. sauteri (Enderlein) from which it diVers in the smaller body dimensions and the much longer terminal setae on antennal segment 10.
description: Published as part of Mifsud, D. & Burckhardt, D., 2002, Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Old World jumping plant-louse genus Paurocephala (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea), pp. 1887-1986 in Journal of Natural History 36 (16) on page 1961, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110048909, http://zenodo.org/record/5299071
Dynamical evolution of star-forming regions: III. Unbound stars and predictions for Gaia
Creators: name: Schoettler, Christina
name: Parker, Richard J.
name: Arnold, Becky
name: Grimmett, Liam P.
name: de Bruijne, Jos
name: Wright, Nicholas J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We use $N$-body simulations to probe the early phases of the dynamical evolution of star-forming regions and focus on mass and velocity distributions of unbound stars. In this parameter space study, we vary the initial virial ratio and degree of spatial and kinematic substructure and analyse the fraction of stars that become unbound in two different mass classes (above and below 8 M$_{\odot}$). We find that the fraction of unbound stars differs depending on the initial conditions. After 10 Myr, in initially highly subvirial, substructured simulations, the high-mass and lower-mass unbound fractions are similar at $\sim$23 per cent. In initially virialised, substructured simulations, we find only $\sim$16 per cent of all high-mass stars are unbound, whereas $\sim$37 per cent of all lower-mass stars are. The velocity distributions of unbound stars only show differences for extremely different initial conditions. The distributions are dominated by large numbers of lower-mass stars becoming unbound just above the escape velocity of $\sim$3 km s$^{-1}$ with unbound high-mass stars moving faster on average than lower-mass unbound stars. We see no high-mass runaway stars (velocity > 30 km s$^{-1}$) from any of our initial conditions and only an occasional lower-mass runaway star from initially subvirial/substructured simulations. In our simulations, we find a small number of lower-mass walkaway stars (with velocity 5-30 km s$^{-1}$) from all of our initial conditions. These walkaway stars should be observable around many nearby star-forming regions with Gaia.
description: 17 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Additional file 1 of Understanding the factors behind non-adherence to pesticide safety guidelines among smallholder farmers in Fogera and MEcha districts, northwestern Ethiopia
Creators: name: Chekol, Geteneh Mitku
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: Supplementary Material 1
CMB Polarization: Scientific Case and Data Analysis Issues
Creators: name: Balbi, A.
name: Cabella, P.
name: de Gasperis, G.
name: Natoli, P.
name: Vittorio, N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We review the science case for studying CMB polarization. We then discuss the main issues related to the analysis of forth-coming polarized CMB data, such as those expected from balloon-borne (e.g. BOOMERanG) and satellite (e.g. Planck) experiments.
description: 6 pages, 4 figures. To appear in "Astrophysical Polarized Background" Workshop Proceedings, eds. S. Cecchini, S. Cortiglioni, R. Sault and C. Sbarra, AIP, in press
Additional file 1 of Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, metabolic alcohol-related liver disease, and incident dementia: a nationwide cohort study
Creators: name: Shin, Woo-Young
name: Kang, Eun Seok
name: Oh, Yun Hwan
name: Sha, Meng
name: Xia, Qiang
name: Jeong, Seogsong
name: Cho, Yoosun
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Mental Health
subject: Computational Biology

description: Supplementary Material 1.
Cryptocephalus (Cryptocephalus) splendens Kraatz 1879
Creators: name: Guskova, Elena V.
name: Akulov, Evgeny N.
name: Loshchev, Sergey M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Chrysomelidae
Cryptocephalus
Cryptocephalus splendens

description: Cryptocephalus (Cryptocephalus) splendens Kraatz, 1879
 References. Guselnikov and Medvedev 1984: 20; Yanovsky 1996: 33.
 Distribution. Asian Russia (W and E Siberia, Mongolia, Far East), North Korea, China.
 Material Examined. Ustyug, 21.viii.1985, 1 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Sartachul, 20–22.vii.1987, 30.vi.1988, 11.vii.1988, 5 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); same locality, 5.vii.1988, 3 ex. (V. Yanovsky) (IFK); Nazarovo, 3.vii.2008, 16 (E. Akulov) (EACK); Stolby Nature Sanctuary, 15. vi.2017, 1♀ (E. Akulov) (EACK).
description: Published as part of Guskova, Elena V., Akulov, Evgeny N. & Loshchev, Sergey M., 2018, The Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of the Krasnoyarsk Krai (except for the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District), Siberia, Russia, pp. 565-576 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 72 (3) on page 573, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-72.3.565, http://zenodo.org/record/5384174
Identification of a strong emission line at 2.8935 mu in the spectrum of the Orion Nebula
Creators: name: Lucy, L. B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A strong emission line at 2.8935 mu discovered by Rubin et al. (2001) in an ISO SWS02 spectrum of the Orion Nebula is identified as the 4p - 4s multiplet of the O I triplets. Line formation is due to de-excitation cascades following UV-pumping of high triplet terms and occurs in the O I zone immediately behind the Hydrogen ionization front. This cascade mechanism also accounts for permitted O I triplet lines in the optical spectrum (Grandi 1975). An escape probability treatment of the O I cascades accounts for the strength of the 2.89 mu line and suggests interesting diagnostic possibilities for the optical lines.
description: Minor changes. Accepted by MNRAS
Late time approach to Hawking radiation: terms beyond leading order
Creators: name: Anderson, Paul R.
name: Clark, Raymond D.
name: Fabbri, Alessandro
name: Good, Michael R. R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Black hole evaporation is studied using wave packets for the modes. These allow for approximate frequency and time resolution. The leading order late time behavior gives the well known Hawking radiation that is independent of how the black hole formed. The focus here is on the higher order terms and the rate at which they damp at late times. Some of these terms carry information about how the black hole formed. A general argument is given which shows that the damping is significantly slower (power law) than what might be naively expected from a stationary phase approximation (exponential). This result is verified by numerical calculations in the cases of 2D and 4D black holes that form from the collapse of a null shell.
description: Improved version, significant changes in the presentation, minor errors corrected, main conclusions unchanged
W-algebras for non-abelian Toda systems
Creators: name: Nirov, Khazret S.
name: Razumov, Alexander V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We construct the classical W-algebras for some non-abelian Toda systems associated with the Lie groups GL(2n,R) and Sp(n,R). We start with the set of characteristic integrals and find the Poisson brackets for the corresponding Hamiltonian counterparts. The convenient block matrix representation for the Toda equations is used. The infinitesimal symmetry transformations generated by the elements of the W-algebras are presented.
description: LaTeX, AMS fonts, 40 pages; v3: some comments and refs added
Complex time, shredded propagator method for large-scale GW calculations
Creators: name: Kim, Minjung
name: Martyna, Glenn J.
name: Ismail-Beigi, Sohrab
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The GW method is a many-body electronic structure technique capable of generating accurate quasiparticle properties for realistic systems spanning physics, chemistry, and materials science. Despite its power, GW is not routinely applied to large complex assemblies due to its large computational overhead and quartic scaling with particle number. Here, the GW equations are recast, exactly, as Fourier-Laplace time integrals over complex time propagators. The propagators are then "shredded" via energy partitioning and the time integrals approximated in a controlled manner using generalized Gaussian quadrature(s) while discrete variable methods are employed to represent the required propagators in real-space. The resulting cubic scaling GW method has a sufficiently small prefactor to outperform standard quartic scaling methods on small systems ($\gtrapprox$ 10 atoms) and also represents a substantial improvement over other cubic methods tested for all system sizes studied. The approach can be applied to any theoretical framework containing large sums of terms with energy differences in the denominator.
description: 24 pages, 18 figures
Pulsar Polar Cap Heating and Surface Thermal X-Ray Emission II. Inverse Compton Radiation Pair Fronts
Creators: name: Harding, Alice K.
name: Muslimov, Alexander
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the production of electron-positron pairs by inverse Compton scattered (ICS) photons above a pulsar polar cap (PC) and surface heating by returning positrons. This paper is a continuation of our self-consistent treatment of acceleration, pair dynamics and electric field screening above pulsar PCs. We calculate the altitude of the inverse Compton pair formation fronts, the flux of returning positrons and present the heating efficiencies and X-ray luminosities. We revise pulsar death lines implying cessation of pair formation, and present them in surface magnetic field-period space. We find that virtually all known radio pulsars are capable of producing pairs by resonant and non-resonant ICS photons radiated by particles accelerated above the PC in a pure star-centered dipole field, so that our ICS pair death line coincides with empirical radio pulsar death. Our calculations show that ICS pairs are able to screen the accelerating electric field only for high neutron star surface temperatures and magnetic fields. We argue that such screening at ICS pair fronts occurs locally, slowing but not turning off acceleration of particles until screening can occur at a curvature radiation (CR) pair front at higher altitude. In the case where no screening occurs above the PC surface, we anticipate that the pulsar gamma-ray luminosity will be a substantial fraction of its spin-down luminosity. The X-ray luminosity resulting from PC heating by ICS pair fronts is significantly lower than the PC heating luminosity from CR pair fronts, which dominates for most pulsars. PC heating from ICS pair fronts is highest in millisecond pulsars, which cannot produce CR pairs, and may account for observed thermal X-ray components in the spectra of these old pulsars.
description: 29 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
Paurocephala marginata Mifsud & Burckhardt 2002, sp. n.
Creators: name: Mifsud, D.
name: Burckhardt, D.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2002
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Liviidae
Paurocephala
Paurocephala marginata

description: Paurocephala marginata sp. n.
(gures 21C, 23C, 24F, 25C, 26C, 28C)
 Description. Species of the psylloptera type.
Adult: head brown; vertex covered by long setae. Clypeus brown. Antenna brown, segments 1, 2 and basal third of segment 3 yellow; segment 9 without a long basal seta. Thorax brown with yellow markings along body axis and covered by long setae dorsally, light to dark brown laterally and ventrally. Metascutellar horn small, pointed apically. Forewing white; veins yellow to light brown, distinctly brown to forewing margin (apical third of vein Rs, entire veins M1+2 and M3+4, and apical third of vein Cu1a); pterostigma yellow to white. Forewing with long setae on veins (vein Rs with 18–22 setae); Rs vein marginally curved in apical third. Surface spinules present in all cells of forewing; radular spinules present in m2 and cu1. Legs white to yellow, tarsal segments brown. Meracanthus long, curved laterally, pointed apically. Abdomen including genitalia, brown. Male paramere long, widest at basal third, almost straight posteriorly, rounded apically, long setae posteriorly visible from lateral view; inner surface with two hooks apically, four to seven stout setae in basal fth. Measurements and ratios as in table 2A–C.
Fifth instar larva: unknown.
 Host plants. Adults were collected on Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (Ulmaceae) which could be the host.
 Distribution. Indonesia (Sulawesi).
 Material examined. HOLOTYPE, Indonesia: Sulawesi, Dumoga-Bone N. P. (base camp area), ca 190 m, 9– 16 May 1985, Trema? orientalis (J. S. Noyes) (BMNH). Dry mounted.
 PARATYPES. Indonesia: 1, same data as holotype; 3, 3, Danau Mooat, 18 June 1985, 1080 m, Trema? orientalis (J. H. Martin); 1, same data but Mogonipa, 400 m, 13 June 1985 (BMNH, NHMB). Dry and slide mounted.
 Comments. Paurocephala marginata sp. n. is distinguished from the other species of the psylloptera type by the large body dimentions and the brown pattern at end of veins to forewing margin.
description: Published as part of Mifsud, D. & Burckhardt, D., 2002, Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Old World jumping plant-louse genus Paurocephala (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea), pp. 1887-1986 in Journal of Natural History 36 (16) on pages 1962-1963, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110048909, http://zenodo.org/record/5299071
Basics of Superluminal Signals
Creators: name: Nimtz, G.
name: Haibel, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Classical Physics (physics.class-ph)
subject: General Physics (physics.gen-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The paper elucidates the physical basis of experimental results on superluminal signal velocity. It will be made plausible that superluminal signals do not violate the principle of causality but they can shorten the luminal vacuum time span between cause and effect. This amazing behaviour is based on the property that any physical signal has a finite duration.
description: 11 pages, 8 figures
Influence of magnetic activity on the determination of stellar parameters through asteroseismology
Creators: name: Hernandez, F. Perez
name: Garcia, R. A.
name: Mathur, S.
name: Santos, A. R. G.
name: Regulo, C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Magnetic activity changes the gravito-acoustic modes of solar-like stars and in particular their frequencies. There is an angular-degree dependence that is believed to be caused by the non-spherical nature of the magnetic activity in the stellar convective envelope. These changes in the mode frequencies could modify the small separation of low-degree modes (i.e. frequency difference between consecutive quadrupole and radial modes), which is sensitive to the core structure and hence to the evolutionary stage of the star. Determining global stellar parameters such as the age using mode frequencies at a given moment of the magnetic activity cycle could lead to biased results. Our estimations show that in general these errors are lower than other systematic uncertainties, but in some circumstances they can be as high as 10% in age and of a few percent in mass and radius. In addition, the frequency shifts caused by the magnetic activity are also frequency dependent. In the solar case this is a smooth function that will mostly be masked by the filtering of the so-called surface effects. However the observations of other stars suggest that there is an oscillatory component with a period close to the one corresponding to the acoustic depth of the He II zone. This could give rise to a misdetermination of some global stellar parameters, such as the helium abundance. Our computations show that the uncertainties introduced by this effect are lower than the 3% level.
description: Paper accepted for publication in Frontiers Astronomy and Space Sciences. 24 pages and 9 figures
Additional file 3: of Treatment outcomes and antiretroviral uptake in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV co-infected patients in Sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Creators: name: Chem, Elvis
name: Hout, Marie
name: Hope, Vivian
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 60506 Virology
subject: Computational Biology

description: Treatment outcome for all MDR-TB patients. This file displays the proportion of treatment outcomes for MDRTB-HIV co-infected patients among included studies. (DOCX 16 kb)
Paurocephala martini Mifsud & Burckhardt 2002, sp. n.
Creators: name: Mifsud, D.
name: Burckhardt, D.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2002
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Liviidae
Paurocephala
Paurocephala martini

description: Paurocephala martini sp. n.
(gures 31B, 32E, K, 33B, H, 34B)
 Description. Species of the brevicephala type.
Adult: head light brown, darker towards lateral ocelli, yellow towards genae; vertex covered by long setae. Clypeus yellow. Antenna yellow, segment 8 brown; segment 7 with a long basal seta. Thorax orange to brown and covered by short setae dorsally, brown laterally and ventrally. Metascutellar horn small, wide basally, blunt apically. Forewing transparent; veins light yellow, apically brown to forewing margin, central part of vein A brown; pterostigma white. Forewing with long setae on veins (vein Rs with 12–17 setae); Rs vein marginally curved in apical half. Surface spinules spare, absent in cell c1 sc; radular spinules lacking. Legs including tarsal segments, yellow. Meracanthus short, almost straight laterally, rounded apically. Abdominal tergites red to brown, sternites white, genitalia yellow to orange. Male paramere elongate, widest basally, tapering apically, apical half directed posteriorly, few short setae posteriorly visible from lateral view. Measurements and ratios as in table 2A–C.
Fifth instar larva: unknown.
 Host plants. Unknown.
 Distribution. Singapore.
 Material examined. HOLOTYPE, Singapore: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, 3 April 1989 (J. H. Martin) (BMNH). Dry mounted.
 PARATYPES. Singapore: 5, 4, same data as holotype; 3, 9, same data but 30 December 1996,? Ulmaceae (BMNH, MHNG, NHMB). Dry and slide mounted.
 Comments. P. martini sp. n. is distinguished from the other members of the brevicephala type by the reduced surface spinules on forewing cells (absent in cell c1 sc) and the long bi d setae on antennal rhinaria.
description: Published as part of Mifsud, D. & Burckhardt, D., 2002, Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Old World jumping plant-louse genus Paurocephala (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea), pp. 1887-1986 in Journal of Natural History 36 (16) on page 1963, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110048909, http://zenodo.org/record/5299071
Comment on "Exclusion of time in the theorem of Bell" by K. Hess and W. Philipp
Creators: name: Gill, R. D.
name: Weihs, G.
name: Zeilinger, A.
name: Zukowski, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A recent Letter by Hess and Philipp claims that Bell's theorem neglects the possibility of time-like dependence in local hidden variables, hence is not conclusive. Moreover the authors claim that they have constructed, in an earlier paper, a local realistic model of the EPR correlations. However, they themselves have neglected the experimenter's freedom to choose settings, while on the other hand, Bell's theorem can be formulated to cope with time-like dependence. This in itself proves that their toy model cannot satisfy local realism, but we also indicate where their proof of its local realistic nature fails.
description: Latex needs epl.cls
Current-induced switching of YIG/Pt bilayers with in-plane magnetization due to Oersted fields
Creators: name: Mendil, Johannes
name: Trassin, Morgan
name: Bu, Quingquing
name: Fiebig, Manfred
name: Gambardella, Pietro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report on the switching of the in-plane magnetization of thin yttrium iron garnet (YIG)/Pt bilayers induced by an electrical current. The switching is either field-induced and assisted by a dc current, or current-induced and assisted by a static magnetic field. The reversal of the magnetization occurs at a current density as low as $10^5$~A/cm$^{2}$ and magnetic fields of $\sim 40$~$μ$T, two orders of magnitude smaller than in ferromagnetic metals, consistently with the weak uniaxial anisotropy of the YIG layers. We use the transverse component of the spin Hall magnetoresistance to sense the magnetic orientation of YIG while sweeping the current. Our measurements and simulations reveal that the current-induced effective field responsible for switching is due to the Oersted field generated by the current flowing in the Pt layer rather than by spin-orbit torques, and that the switching efficiency is influenced by pinning of the magnetic domains.
Additional file 2: of Treatment outcomes and antiretroviral uptake in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV co-infected patients in Sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Creators: name: Chem, Elvis
name: Hout, Marie
name: Hope, Vivian
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Science Policy
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Summary of study characteristics included in the review. This provides a breakdown of all studies included in the review. (DOCX 17 kb)
Cryptocephalus (Cryptocephalus) virens Suffrian 1847
Creators: name: Guskova, Elena V.
name: Akulov, Evgeny N.
name: Loshchev, Sergey M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Chrysomelidae
Cryptocephalus
Cryptocephalus virens

description: Cryptocephalus (Cryptocephalus) virens Suffrian, 1847
 References. Lopatin, 2005: 251.
 Distribution. Europe, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Asian Russia (Krasnoyarsky Krai, SW Siberia), Mongolia.
 Material Examined. Sartachul, 22.vii.1987, 1 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Vysotino, 10.vi.2012, 16 (E. Akulov) (EACK); Krasnoyarsk, 17.vi.2012, 1♀ (E. Akulov) (EACK); same locality, 13. viii.2013, 1♀ (M. Ivanov) (EACK); Soloncy, 23. vii.2013, 16 (E. Akulov) (EACK); Krasnoyarsk, garden of Krutovsky, 13.viii.2013, 1♀ (F. Akulov) (EACK); Sovkhoz Sibiryak, 27.vi.2015, 1♀ (F. Akulov) (EACK); Minino, 13.vi.2017, 3♀ (M. Ivanov) (MICK); Stolby Nature Sanctuary, 15. vi.2017, 1♀ 26 (E. Akulov) (EACK).
description: Published as part of Guskova, Elena V., Akulov, Evgeny N. & Loshchev, Sergey M., 2018, The Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of the Krasnoyarsk Krai (except for the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District), Siberia, Russia, pp. 565-576 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 72 (3) on page 574, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-72.3.565, http://zenodo.org/record/5384174
Programs used by Eusebi Borzelli et al. in the manuscript entitled "Crying wolf with the 2023 El Nino". Submitted to Geopgys. Res. Lett.
Creators: name: Eusebi Borzelli, Gian Luca
name: Carniel, Sandro
name: Carniel, Cosimo Enrico
name: Russo, Aniello
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: classificationCode: 370803
subject: Physical oceanography

description: Here MATLAB scripts used to read data and plot figures of the manuscript entitled "Crying wolf with the 2023 El Nino" are provided.
Paurocephala minuta Crawford 1919
Creators: name: Mifsud, D.
name: Burckhardt, D.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2002
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Liviidae
Paurocephala
Paurocephala minuta

description: Paurocephala minuta Crawford
 Paurocephala minuta Crawford, 1919: 150. Holotype, examined.
 Description. Species of the brevicephala type.
Adult: described by Crawford, 1919.
Fifth instar larva: unknown.
 Host plants. Unknown.
 Distribution. Philippines (Luzon).
 Material examined. Holotype, Philippines, Luzon, Los Baños (P. I. Baker) (USNM). Dry mounted.
 Comments. The female holotype is extensively damaged. Based on the presence of the ventrally serrated lateral valvulae it is a species of the brevicephala type.
description: Published as part of Mifsud, D. & Burckhardt, D., 2002, Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Old World jumping plant-louse genus Paurocephala (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea), pp. 1887-1986 in Journal of Natural History 36 (16) on page 1965, DOI: 10.1080/00222930110048909, http://zenodo.org/record/5299071
R-Modes on Rapidly Rotating, Relativistic Stars: I. Do Type-I Bursts Excite Modes in the Neutron-Star Ocean?
Creators: name: Heyl, Jeremy S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: During a Type-I burst, the turbulent deflagation front may excite waves in the neutron star ocean and upper atmosphere with frequencies, $ω\sim 1$ Hz. These waves may be observed as highly coherent flux oscillations during the burst. The frequencies of these waves changes as the upper layers of the neutron star cool which accounts for the small variation in the observed QPO frequencies. In principle several modes could be excited but the fundamental buoyant $r-$mode exhibits significantly larger variability for a given excitation than all of the other modes. An analysis of modes in the burning layers themselves and the underlying ocean shows that it is unlikely these modes can account for the observed burst oscillations. On the other hand, photospheric modes which reside in a cooler portion of the neutron star atmosphere may provide an excellent explanation for the observed oscillations.
description: 18 pages, 1 figure, substantial changes and additions to reflect version to appear in ApJ
Cryptocephalus (Heterichus) coryli
Creators: name: Guskova, Elena V.
name: Akulov, Evgeny N.
name: Loshchev, Sergey M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Chrysomelidae
Cryptocephalus
Cryptocephalus coryli

description: Cryptocephalus (Heterichus) coryli (Linnaeus, 1758)
 References. Jacobson 1902: 76; Guselnikov and Medvedev 1984: 20.
 Distribution. Europe, Asian Russia (W and E Siberia, Far East), Mongolia, North Korea, China.
 Material Examined. Bely Yar, 30.vi.1984, 2 ex. (V. Yanovsky) (IFK); Nazarovo, 30.vi.1984, 2 ex. (V. Yanovsky) (IFK); same locality, 25.vi.1987, 1 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Sartachul, 20.vii.1987, 9–30.vi.1988, 11.vii.1988, 4 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Akademgorodok, 15.vi.1995, 2 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Daurskoye, 5.vii.2008, 16 (E. Akulov) (EACK); Snezhnitsa, 5.vi.2009, 1♀ (M. Ivanov) (MICK).
description: Published as part of Guskova, Elena V., Akulov, Evgeny N. & Loshchev, Sergey M., 2018, The Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of the Krasnoyarsk Krai (except for the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District), Siberia, Russia, pp. 565-576 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 72 (3) on page 574, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-72.3.565, http://zenodo.org/record/5384174
From Discrete Protein Kinetics to Continuous Brownian Dynamics: A New Perspective
Creators: name: Qian, Hong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: Quantitative Biology (q-bio)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: An analysis on the discrete versus continuous views of kinetics of macromolecules is presented. It is shown that the discrete approach traditional to biochemistry is insufficient for understanding the dynamics of protein molecules in aqueous solution. A continous view based on the Brownian dynamics in energy landscape offers a more comprehensive description of the biological macromolecules. Two examples, one on protein folding and one on channel gating, are discussed.
description: 6 pages, 3 figures
SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM AND ITS FINANCIAL IMPACT ON ZUS: A TRANSFORMATIVE SHIFT
Creators: name: Tomasz Paweł, Wiśniewski
Publisher: name: keith journal
Year: 2025
Subjects: Social Insurance, Social Security, Social Insurance Administration (ZUS), Social Benefits, Social Risk Protection

description: Social insurance plays a pivotal role in the Polish social security system, safeguarding individuals against various life risks such as old age, disability, loss of the primary breadwinner, illness, maternity, and workplace accidents or occupational diseases. This essential safety net has been administered by the Social Insurance Administration (ZUS) since 1933. Initially a central state administration body, ZUS transitioned to a state organizational unit with legal personality in 1999, in line with updated legal frameworks. Even under this new structure, ZUS retains the authority to employ legal measures typically vested in state administration bodies.

Notably, the establishment of the Social Insurance Trust Fund (FUS) several decades ago marked a significant development. The FUS serves as the financial backbone for social benefits disbursed by ZUS, and its stability is further bolstered by state budget allocations. This financial support ensures the full payment of benefits, even in cases where social insurance contributions fall short.

This paper delves into the evolution and dynamics of social insurance in Poland, shedding light on the pivotal role of ZUS and the critical safety net provided by the Social Insurance Trust Fund.
Additional file 1: of Treatment outcomes and antiretroviral uptake in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV co-infected patients in Sub Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Creators: name: Chem, Elvis
name: Hout, Marie
name: Hope, Vivian
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 60506 Virology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Treatment outcomes for MDRTB-HIV patients. Following the proposal by Learson et al 2005 and WHO, 2008 (DOCX 13 kb)
Non-LTE, Relativistic Accretion Disk Fits to 3C~273 and the Origin of the Lyman Limit Spectral Break
Creators: name: Blaes, Omer
name: Hubeny, Ivan
name: Agol, Eric
name: Krolik, Julian H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We fit general relativistic, geometrically thin accretion disk models with non-LTE atmospheres to near simultaneous multiwavelength data of 3C~273, extending from the optical to the far ultraviolet. Our model fits show no flux discontinuity associated with a hydrogen Lyman edge, but they do exhibit a spectral break which qualitatively resembles that seen in the data. This break arises from relativistic smearing of Lyman emission edges which are produced locally at tens of gravitational radii in the disk. We discuss the possible effects of metal line blanketing on the model spectra, as well as the substantial Comptonization required to explain the observed soft X-ray excess. Our best fit accretion disk model underpredicts the near ultraviolet emission in this source, and also has an optical spectrum which is too red. We discuss some of the remaining physical uncertainties, and suggest in particular that an extension of our models to the slim disk regime and/or including nonzero magnetic torques across the innermost stable circular orbit may help resolve these discrepancies.
description: Accepted for publication in ApJ
Carbon-Chain Molecules in Molecular Outflows and Lupus I Region--New Producing Region and New Forming Mechanism
Creators: name: Wu, Yuefang
name: Liu, Xunchuan
name: Chen, Xi
name: Lin, Lianghao
name: Yuan, Jinghua
name: Zhang, Chao
name: Liu, Tie
name: Shen, Zhiqiang
name: Li, Juan
name: Wang, Junzhi
name: Qin, Sheng-Li
name: Kim, Kee-Tae
name: Liu, Hongli
name: Zhu, Lei
name: Madones, Diego
name: Inostroza, Natalia
name: Henkel, C.
name: Zhang, Tianwei
name: Li, Di
name: Esimbek, Jarken
name: Liu, Qinghui
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using the new equipment of the Shanghai Tian Ma Radio Telescope, we have searched for carbon-chain molecules (CCMs) towards five outflow sources and six Lupus I starless dust cores, including one region known to be characterized by warm carbon-chain chemistry (WCCC), Lupus I-1 (IRAS 15398-3359), and one TMC-1 like cloud, Lupus I-6 (Lupus-1A). Lines of HC3N J=2-1, HC5N J=6-5, HC7N J=14-13, 15-14, 16-15 and C3S J=3-2 were detected in all the targets except in the outflow source L1660 and the starless dust core Lupus I-3/4. The column densities of nitrogen-bearing species range from 10$^{12}$ to 10$^{14}$ cm$^{-2}$ and those of C$_3$S are about 10$^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$. Two outflow sources, I20582+7724 and L1221, could be identified as new carbon-chain--producing regions. Four of the Lupus I dust cores are newly identified as early quiescent and dark carbon-chain--producing regions similar to Lup I-6, which together with the WCCC source, Lup I-1, indicate that carbon-chain-producing regions are popular in Lupus I which can be regard as a Taurus like molecular cloud complex in our Galaxy. The column densities of C3S are larger than those of HC7N in the three outflow sources I20582, L1221 and L1251A. Shocked carbon-chain chemistry (SCCC) is proposed to explain the abnormal high abundances of C3S compared with those of nitrogen-bearing CCMs. Gas-grain chemical models support the idea that shocks can fuel the environment of those sources with enough $S^+$ thus driving the generation of S-bearing CCMs.
description: 7 figures, 8 tables, accepted by MNRAS
MOESM2 of Correlates of social support on report of probable common mental disorders in Zimbabwean informal caregivers of patients with stroke: a cross-sectional survey
Creators: name: Marima, Phillipa
name: Ropafadzo Gunduza
name: Machando, Debra
name: Dambi, Jermaine
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 2. Frequencies of responses on the SSQ, N = 71. Table denotes frequencies of responses on the SSQ, a 14-item, binary common mental disorders (CMDs) screen. Respondents indicate if they had experienced any of the enlisted symptoms in the last seven days. A yes response is scored as “one” and no as “zero”, a score ≥ 8 is indicative of risk of CMDs.
Cryptocephalus (Protophysus) schaefferi Schrank 1789
Creators: name: Guskova, Elena V.
name: Akulov, Evgeny N.
name: Loshchev, Sergey M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Chrysomelidae
Cryptocephalus
Cryptocephalus schaefferi

description: Cryptocephalus (Protophysus) schaefferi Schrank, 1789
 References. Guselnikov and Medvedev 1984: 19.
 Distribution. Europe, Kazakhstan, Asian Russia (W and E Siberia). Mongolia.
 Material Examined. Sartachul, 28.vi.1988, 3 ex. (V. Yanovsky) (IFK); Tanzybey, 9.vi.2002 (E. Akulov), 1♀ (EACK); Krasnoyarsk, 5.vi.2009, 1♀ 16 (M. Ivanov) (MICK); same locality, 17.vi.2012, 16 (E. Akulov), (EACK); Ustyug, 13.vi.2014, 1♀ (E. Akulov) (EACK).
description: Published as part of Guskova, Elena V., Akulov, Evgeny N. & Loshchev, Sergey M., 2018, The Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of the Krasnoyarsk Krai (except for the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District), Siberia, Russia, pp. 565-576 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 72 (3) on page 574, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-72.3.565, http://zenodo.org/record/5384174
A quantum phase gate implementation for trapped ions in thermal motion
Creators: name: Zou, XuBo
name: Pahlke, K.
name: Mathis, W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose a novel scheme to implement a quantum controlled phase gate for trapped ions in thermal motion with one standing wave laser pulse. Instead of applying the rotating wave approximation this scheme makes use of the counter-rotating terms of operators. We also demonstrate that the same scheme can be used to generate maximally entangled states of $N$ trapped ions by a single laser pulse.
Cryptocephalus (Burlinius) elegantulus Gravenhorst 1807
Creators: name: Guskova, Elena V.
name: Akulov, Evgeny N.
name: Loshchev, Sergey M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Chrysomelidae
Cryptocephalus
Cryptocephalus elegantulus

description: Cryptocephalus (Burlinius) elegantulus Gravenhorst, 1807
 References. Guselnikov and Medvedev 1984: 21.
 Distribution. Europe, Turkey, Asian Russia (W Siberia, China, Far East), Mongolia.
 Material Examined. Zakharinka, 14.vii.1987, 2 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Sartachul, 17–22. vii.1987, 2 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Solgonsky Ridge, 16.vii.1988, 4 ex. (S. Loshchev) (SLCK); Stolby Nature Sanctuary, 30.vi.2011, 16 1♀ (E. Akulov) (EACK).
 Literature Data. Krasnoyarsk Krai, Pavlovka 14.vii.1987, 1 ex. (E. V. Samoderzhenkov) (ABCZ) (Bienkowski and Orlova-Bienkovskaja 2017).
description: Published as part of Guskova, Elena V., Akulov, Evgeny N. & Loshchev, Sergey M., 2018, The Cryptocephalinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of the Krasnoyarsk Krai (except for the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District), Siberia, Russia, pp. 565-576 in The Coleopterists Bulletin 72 (3) on page 574, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-72.3.565, http://zenodo.org/record/5384174
A neural network-based framework for financial model calibration
Creators: name: Liu, Shuaiqiang
name: Borovykh, Anastasia
name: Grzelak, Lech A.
name: Oosterlee, Cornelis W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Computational Finance (q-fin.CP)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Mathematical Finance (q-fin.MF)
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: A data-driven approach called CaNN (Calibration Neural Network) is proposed to calibrate financial asset price models using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Determining optimal values of the model parameters is formulated as training hidden neurons within a machine learning framework, based on available financial option prices. The framework consists of two parts: a forward pass in which we train the weights of the ANN off-line, valuing options under many different asset model parameter settings; and a backward pass, in which we evaluate the trained ANN-solver on-line, aiming to find the weights of the neurons in the input layer. The rapid on-line learning of implied volatility by ANNs, in combination with the use of an adapted parallel global optimization method, tackles the computation bottleneck and provides a fast and reliable technique for calibrating model parameters while avoiding, as much as possible, getting stuck in local minima. Numerical experiments confirm that this machine-learning framework can be employed to calibrate parameters of high-dimensional stochastic volatility models efficiently and accurately.
description: 34 pages, 9 figures, 11 tables
The Spectra of T Dwarfs I: Near-Infrared Data and Spectral Classification
Creators: name: Burgasser, Adam J.
name: Kirkpatrick, J. Davy
name: Brown, Michael E.
name: Reid, I. Neill
name: Burrows, Adam
name: Liebert, James
name: Matthews, Keith
name: Gizis, John E.
name: Dahn, Conard C.
name: Monet, David G.
name: Cutri, Roc M.
name: Skrutskie, Michael F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present near-infrared spectra for a sample of T dwarfs, including eleven new discoveries made using the Two Micron All Sky Survey. These objects are distinguished from warmer (L-type) brown dwarfs by the presence of methane absorption bands in the 1--2.5 $\micron$ spectral region. A first attempt at a near-infrared classification scheme for T dwarfs is made, based on the strengths of CH$_4$ and H$_2$O bands and the shapes of the 1.25, 1.6, and 2.1 $\micron$ flux peaks. Subtypes T1 V through T8 V are defined, and spectral indices useful for classification are presented. The subclasses appear to follow a decreasing T$_{eff}$ scale, based on the evolution of CH$_4$ and H$_2$O bands and the properties of L and T dwarfs with known distances. However, we speculate that this scale is not linear with spectral type for cool dwarfs, due to the settling of dust layers below the photosphere and subsequent rapid evolution of spectral morphology around T$_{eff}$ $\sim$ 1300--1500 K. Similarities in near-infrared colors and continuity of spectral features suggest that the gap between the latest L dwarfs and earliest T dwarfs has been nearly bridged. This argument is strengthened by the possible role of CH$_4$ as a minor absorber shaping the K-band spectra of the latest L dwarfs. Finally, we discuss one peculiar T dwarf, 2MASS 0937+2931, which has very blue near-infrared colors (J-K$_s$ = $-0.89\pm$0.24) due to suppression of the 2.1 $\micron$ peak. The feature is likely caused by enhanced collision-induced H$_2$ absorption in a high pressure or low metallicity photosphere.
description: 74 pages including 26 figures, accepted by ApJ v563 December 2001; full paper including all of Table 3 may be downloaded from http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~pa/adam/classification ;also see submission 0108443
Additional file 1 of Association of secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy with left ventricle structure and function in offspring at 4 years old: a prospective birth cohort study
Creators: name: Wang, Bo
name: Peng, Yongxuan
name: Wang, Hualin
name: Xu, Zhikang
name: Du, Bowen
name: Niu, Yiwei
name: Li, Zhuoyan
name: Wang, Zhi
name: Wang, Qianchuo
name: Xu, Caifang
name: Yin, Shengju
name: Lu, Yanan
name: Wang, Jian
name: Sun, Kun
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: Supplementary Material 1