Achlyodes calvus Zhang & Cong & Grishin 2023, new species
Creators: name: Zhang, Jing
name: Cong, Qian
name: Grishin, Nick V.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae
Achlyodes
Achlyodes calvus

description: Achlyodes calvus Grishin, new species   
https://zoobank.org/ D5824D70-DF3A-42A2-9730-6B719506E741  
(Fig. 2 part, 55–56, 266–267)  
 Definition and diagnosis. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that several specimens from Southern Brazil and Paraguay identified as Achlyodes busirus rioja Evans, 1953 (type locality in Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) are genetically differentiated from all valid subspecies of Achlyodes busirus (Cramer, 1779) (type locality in Suriname), including sympatric A. b. rioja (Fig. 2): e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 3% (20 bp), and therefore represent a new species. This new species keys to A. b. rioja (F.2.1(c)) in Evans (1953) and differs from it by the absence of androconia patches (“brands” in Evans) at the base of the forewing beneath and at the humeral lobe on hindwing above (the two patches are contacting each other in spread specimens). Evans (1953) mentioned this character as a variation in A. b. rioja, but genomic analysis reveals that their absence corresponds to a distinct sympatric genetically differentiated species. Moreover, male genitalia are diagnostic (Fig. 266–267) and differ from sympatric A. b. rioja (Fig. 264–265) in the larger process of ampulla and more strongly upturned harpe with truncate, instead of rounded, distal end. This species is not cryptic and is diagnosed reliably by phenotype. In DNA, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly 1260.10.2:A69T, aly151.22.21:G41A, aly 1349.5.5:G30T, aly 2844.10.4:C132T, aly84.50.2:A45G, and COI barcode: 49A, A169G, T250C, T346C, T472C.   
 Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-19076B03, GenBank OR837646, 658 base pairs: AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCCGGAATAATTGGAACTTCACTAAGTATATTAATTCGAACTGAACTAGGAAATCCAGGATCATTAATT GGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACTATTGTAACTGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATGCCAATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATT GATTAGTACCCCTTATATTAGGAGCCCCTGATATAGCTTTTCCCCGAATAAATAACATAAGATTTTGATTATTACCCCCCTCTTTAATATTATTAAT TTCAAGAAGAATTGTTGAAAATGGAGCTGGAACAGGATGAACAGTTTATCCCCCCCTTTCATCTAATATTGCTCACCAAGGATCATCTGTAGATTTA GCTATTTTTTCCCTACATTTAGCAGGAATTTCATCAATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACAATTATTAATATACGAATCATAAATCTTTCTT TTGATCAAATACCTCTTTTTGTATGAGCTGTAGGAATTACAGCTTTACTTTTATTACTTTCCTTACCAGTACTAGCTGGAGCTATTACTATACTTTT AACTGATCGAAATTTAAATACATCATTTTTTGATCCTGCAGGAGGAGGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT   
 Type material. Holotype: ♂ currently deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), illustrated in Fig. 55–56, bears the following four rectangular labels, three white: [BRAZIL:Sta Catarina | Sao Bento do Sul | 26°17′ S 49°25′W | 21.II.1989 | 850m, leg. Rank], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-19076B03 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [USNMENT | {QR Code} | 01588644], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Achlyodes | calvus Grishin]. Paratypes: 2♂♂: NVG-22019A03 from near the type locality, Rio Vermelho, elevation 600–850 m, 24-Feb-1973, Rank leg. [ZSMC] and NVG-19076B01, USNMENT_01588642 Paraguay [USNM].   
 Type locality. Brazil: Santa Catarina, São Bento do Sul, elevation 850 m, GPS −26.283333, −49.416667.   
 Etymology. In Latin, calvus means hairless, bold, naked, or bare. It is given to this species for the lack of hair tufts. The name is an adjective.   
 Distribution. Southern Brazil and Paraguay.
description: Published as part of Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian & Grishin, Nick V., 2023, Supplementary Materials and Appendix, pp. 1-115 in Insecta Mundi 2023 (26) on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10396362