Axinella vellerea Topsent 1904
Creators: name: Sitjà, Cèlia
name: Maldonado, Manuel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Halichondrida
Axinellidae
Axinella
Axinella vellerea

description: Axinella vellerea Topsent, 1904
(Figs. 2B, 9, 10; Tables 2, 3)
Material examined. Thirteen specimens collected from the deep shelf of Alboran Island: MNCN-Sp51-DR05A & B from Stn. 5; MNCN-Sp148-BV33 from Stn. 33; MNCN-Sp196-BV41 from Stn. 41; MNCN-Sp142-DR44 A to I from Stn. 44 (Table 1, Fig. 1)
Comparative material: Syntype material of Axinella vellerea Topsent, 1904 (since no holotype was originally designated by Topsent), consisting of two specimens from Stn. 866 at Azores Islands (38º52.833’N 27º23.083’W; water depth: 599 m; 2 August 1897), and currently stored at the Monaco Museum (MOM-040631).
Macroscopic description. Specimens are erect, columnar, undivided or with two-tree incipient, lobule-like ramifications (Fig. 9A–H). The sponges measure 10–30 x 5–8 mm. The consistency is fleshy but hardly flexible. The surface is irregular, grooved, and porous. In some specimens, the oscules can be observed in the translucent epithelium folding the grooves, which run usually vertically, parallel to the longest axis of the body. The hispidation of the ectosome is short and not very dense, mostly verifiable under the dissecting microscope. The animal color in ethanol is ochre or pale brown.
Skeleton. Megascleres are only styles and, in some individuals, a very low number of oxeas. Styles occur in a wide range of shapes and sizes, but without making discernible categories. They are slightly curved to somewhat angulate, some curved nearly the round end, similarly to rhabdostyles (Fig. 10A–B). The round end may be regular, but subtyles and annular swellings are also common, either in terminal or subterminal position (Fig. 10A–C). The point is usually acerate, but sometimes stepped or even blunt (Fig. 10A). Spicule malformations occasionally occur as well. Styles measure 470– 1725 x 11–30 µm, but diameters smaller than 15 µm are uncommon. Some scattered oxeas have been observed in some specimens, in which case they are angulated or have a two-point curvature (Fig. 10D), sometimes asymmetrical; they may also be centrotylote. When present, they measure 700– 1120 x 5–20 µm.
The skeletal arrangement consists of a somewhat central, compressed, plumoreticulate axis from which a plumoreticulate extra-axial skeleton spreads (Fig. 10E). The ascending extra-axial tracts become thinner as they reach the surface, and their terminal styles pierce the ectosome causing hispidation. Moderate spongin embeds the spicules but without forming fibres (Fig. 10F); spongin becomes less abundant in the extra-axial region.
Distribution and ecology notes. The individuals were collected from depths ranging from 102 to 173 m, on rock, gravel or dead rhodolith pieces. The collected material makes the first Mediterranean record of this rare species. To date only four specimens had previously been reported: three of them collected from a 599 m deep, gravel bottom at Azores (Topsent 1904), and one from 200–290 m depths at the Folden fiord of the Norwegian Sea (Burton 1931).
Taxonomic remarks. The size of the examined syntypes of A. vellerea (97 x 40 mm and 45 x 18 mm) is slightly larger than that of any of the Alboranian individuals, being the remaining aspects of the external morphology notably similar between both specimen groups (Fig. 9A–H). The largest syntype also shows two branches better developed (Fig. 9F–G) than the incipient branches often characterizing the Alboranian individuals (Fig. 9A–E). Regarding the spicules, the Alboranian specimens and the syntypes of A. vellerea show styles in nearly identical size and shape ranges (Table 3). A small skeletal difference is that oxeas are not found in neither the original description by Topsent (1904) nor in our re-examination of the syntypes. Burton (1931) did report occasional "oxeote styles" in his Norwegian specimen. In the Alboranian, specimens, we found oxeas in only a minority of individuals and always in low abundance. Therefore, the oxeas appear to be a variable element in the spicule complement of A. vellerea, as it is also the case of other Axinella spp.
As previously noticed by Topsent (1904), A. vellerea and Axinella vasonuda Topsent, 1904 bear similarity in both their external morphology and the skeletal organization. Nevertheless, A. vasonuda is characterized by having oxeas as main spicule type, showing only scarce styles, the occurrence of which is limited to the peripheral zones of the skeleton.
description: Published as part of Sitjà, Cèlia & Maldonado, Manuel, 2014, New and rare sponges from the deep shelf of the Alboran Island (Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean), pp. 141-179 in Zootaxa 3760 (2) on pages 162-163, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3760.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4908941