Hypsibius scabropygus Cuenot 1929
Creators: name: Gąsiorek, Piotr
name: SØrensen, Martin V.
name: Lillemark, Marie Rathcke
name: TØttrup, Frederik LeerhØi Anders P.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Tardigrada
Eutardigrada
Parachela
Hypsibiidae
Hypsibius
Hypsibius scabropygus

description: Species: Hypsibius scabropygus Cuénot, 1929
Body cylindrical, with weakly delineated and blunt cephalic region (Fig. 3A). Eyes present as a group of pigment granules, which dissolve in Hoyer’s medium. Entire dorsal cuticle wrinkled (Figs 4A, 5A, B) and with marked muscle attachment points in the middle of the trunk; posteriorly, the wrinkling changes into distinct sculpturing in the form of large, plaque-like protuberances in the caudal body portion (Figs 4B–D, 5A, B, E–H). The protuberances are opalescent under stereomicroscope and in PCM. Most often, the sculpturing is arranged in two belts: more anterior with smaller protuberances (rarely shaped in a rectangular, plate-like manner; Fig. 4C), and posteriormost with large, multangular protuberances (Figs 4B–D, 5B). In SEM, the dorsoposterior sculpturing can be characterized as locally thickened wrinkling (Fig. 5E–H). Moreover, flattened structures are identifiable in SEM (not visible in PCM) and interpreted as rudimentary elliptical sensory organs (Fig. 5C, D).
A pair of cribriform muscle attachment sites (Kihm et al. 2023) flanking the mouth opening present (Fig. 6F). Six peribuccal lobes present around the mouth ring (Fig. 6E), lamellae or papulae absent. Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of the Ramazzottius type (Figs 3B–D, 6A–D). OCA absent (Fig. 6E). Apophyses for the insertion of stylet muscles (AISMs) asymmetrical with respect to the frontal plane: dorsal apophysis is shorter, higher, and stumpy (Fig. 3D), with a prominent caudal apex (Figs 6A, B, D, 7A, B). Ventral apophysis slenderer (Fig. 3D), with more developed caudal processes (Fig. 6C). Lateral porous areas present in the buccal crown (Figs 6E, 7B). Furcae unmodified, of the Hypsibius type, with well-developed condyles (Figs 3D, 6G, H). Buccal tube narrow, with a clear dorsal longitudinal wall thickening (Fig. 6A, B, D), posteriorly bent and terminating with pharyngeal apophyses (Figs 3D, 6A–D). Pharynx circular (Fig. 3C, D), with only two granular macroplacoids (Figs 3B–D, 6A–D, 7C–F). Macroplacoids are of similar size or the first is only slightly longer than the second. Both macroplacoids with a central or subcentral constriction (Fig. 7C–F), but only the first constriction visible in PCM (Fig. 3B–D).
Claws Ramazzottius -like (sensu Tumanov 2020), with elongated primary branches of external/posterior claws and thinned connective portions in the form of light-refracting units (Fig. 8C–L). SEM microphotographs revealed that these units are particularly slender and flexible (Fig. 8E, G, J–L). Posterior claws are higher than external claws I–III. Accessory points on all primary branches evident and clearly divergent (Fig. 8C–L). Pseudolunulae at claw bases present (Fig. 8D, H, I) but often poorly visible. Typically, pseudolunulae are most prominent under claws IV. Pulvini absent. Almost none of the bar types defined for hypsibiids (Gąsiorek et al. 2024) are present (as described by Cuénot 1929, 1932), but in some specimens, transverse basal bars on the legs I–III (Fig. 8D) are developed asymmetrically and irregularly. These structures must lie under the cuticle as they are unidentifiable in SEM, and probably serve as muscle attachment points for retractor leg muscles.
Eggs laid in exuviae (up to five eggs per exuvia were found), but not smooth. Chorion with densely granulated surface (Fig. 3E), but without any processes. The granulation is developed already within the ovary during chorion formation in the female’s body. No specimens with spermatozoa were found.
Comparison with related species
Hypsibius sp. nov., the new species represented only by one population from the vicinity of Kolding (Jutland), is similar to H. scabropygus in most characters, but differently developed caudal sculpturing, which is less sclerotized, without protuberances, and resembles folding of the cerebral cortex (Fig. 4F, G), allows for a quickdelimitationunderalightmicroscope.Itsclawlight-refracting units seem to be weakly developed (Fig. 8A) when compared with those of H. scabropygus (Fig. 8C–L). Due to the scarcity of material, we refrain from formal description of this species. Importantly, paratypes of H. camelopardalis also have faint light-refracting units (Fig. 8B). The population of H. cf. camelopardalis from Italy shows that the sculpturing can be formed as typical multangular plaques (Fig. 4E), weakly elevated above the epicuticle.
Among the better-documented literature records, H. cf. scabropygus from the Baltic States (Zawierucha et al. 2014) exhibits posterior bars and certainly represents another new species. Also H. ragonesei Binda and Pilato, 1985 and H. stiliferus Abe, 2004 show posterior bars; all other bar types are absent in the H. scabropygus complex of spp. Given the morphological oddities of H. scabropygus and several other spp. (Table 2), a new hypsibiin genus is erected.
description: Published as part of Gąsiorek, Piotr, SØrensen, Martin V., Lillemark, Marie Rathcke & TØttrup, Frederik LeerhØi Anders P., 2024, Too rough to be a Hypsibius: multipopulation survey accentuates the phylogenetic position and apomorphies of Hypsibius scabropygus (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae), pp. 1-18 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4) on pages 5-7, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae160, http://zenodo.org/record/14825615