Arthropoda Distant 1908
Creators: name: Zahniser, James N.
name: Dietrich, Chris H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda

description: Mukariini Distant, 1908
Fig. 36
Type genus: Mukaria Distant, 1908.
Diagnosis
Mukariini are small to medium sized, often dorsoventrally depressed or ventrally flattened, brown, black, whitish, yellow, or green, leafhoppers, sometimes marked with orange or red. They can be identified by the produced head, often with the frontoclypeus tumid distally, ventral part of face flat and lying nearly horizontally or concave, and ocelli distant from eyes. Other distinctive characters (e.g. bifurcate aedeagus with 2 gonopores in Mukaria and Pseudobalbillus) exist within the group but are not shared by all taxa.
Description
HEAD. Head often somewhat produced; subequal to or wider than pronotum. Discal portion of crown glabrous with radial or longitudinal striae. Anterior margin of head shagreen, striate, or with one to several carinae. Frontoclypeus often tumid distally; texture shagreen, glabrous, or striate. Ventral part of face lying in nearly horizontal plane, or concave. Clypellus widening apically; apex following or slightly surpassing normal curve of gena. Lorum subequal to, wider than, or distinctly narrower than clypellus near base. Antennal bases near upper or anterodorsal corners of eyes. Antennae short, less than 1.5 x width of head, or long. Gena obtusely incised laterally; with fine erect seta beside laterofrontal suture. Antennal ledges strongly developed (with a definite ledge), or reduced or absent. Ocelli present; distant from eyes; on anterior margin of head.
THORAX. Pronotum not exceeding eyes anteriorly, lateral margin carinate, lateral margin shorter than basal width of eye.
WINGS. Forewing macropterous; appendix absent, reduced, or restricted to anal margin; with 2 or 3 anteapical cells; outer anteapical cell sometimes very close to or confluent with costal vein; veins not raised; without reflexed costal veins; A1-A2 crossvein absent; apical venation not highly reticulate.
LEGS. Profemur with AM1 seta only; intercalary row with one row of five or more fine setae; row AV with thin, hair-like setae or without setae. Protibia dorsal surface rounded, convex. Metafemur apex macrosetae 2+2+1. Metatarsomere I not expanded apically; plantar setae simple, tapered.
MALE GENITALIA. Valve articulated with pygofer; lateral margin short, articulating with pygofer at a point. Pygofer basolateral membranous cleft present; macrosetae absent or reduced (≤ two rows) or well differentiated into several rows; often with processes arising ventrally, apically, or medially. Subgenital plates free from each other; articulated with or rarely fused (Agrica) to valve; macrosetae scattered, irregularly arranged, or uniseriate laterally. Style broadly bilobed basally, median anterior lobe pronounced. Basal processes of the aedeagus/connective absent or reduced or present, connected or articulated to connective or near base of aedeagus. Aedeagus with single shaft and gonopore or shaft divided near base, with two gonopores. Connective anterior arms somewhat divergent, Y - or V -shaped; anterior arms sometimes very widely divergent; articulated with or fused to aedeagus.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Pygofer with numerous macrosetae. Ovipositor not protruding far beyond pygofer apex. First valvula convex or not strongly convex; dorsal sculpturing pattern strigate; sculpturing reaching dorsal margin; without distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing. Second valvula broad, gradually tapered; without dorsal median tooth; teeth on apical 1/3 or more; teeth large, regularly shaped or small, regularly or irregularly shaped.
Geography and ecology
Distribution: Palearctic, Afrotropical, and Oriental regions. All known hosts are bamboos.
Remarks
Mukariini contains 12 genera and 54 species. The taxonomy of Mukariini has recently undergone some modification. It previously only contained Mukaria, Neobassareus, and Pseudobalbillus, but recently Chen et al. (2007) placed the Mohunia group in this tribe, Zahniser & Dietrich (2010) included Scaphotettix and Agrica, and several new genera and species have been described (Hayashi, 1996; Chen et al. 2007, 2008, 2009; Li et al. 2007; Dai et al. 2009). The phylogenetic analyses here included representatives of Agrica, Mukaria, Scaphotettix, and an undescribed genus from China. Agrica and the undescribed genus were resolved as sister to each other, as were Mukaria and Scaphotettix, but the four were not resolved as monophyletic. However there is little or no support on the branches separating them, and it is expected that more data will resolve the group as monophyletic in future analyses. Some morphological characters and the restricted use of bamboos as hosts support the recognition of the group. The tribe is potentially related to Vartini, Koebeliini, or Cochlorhinini. Future phylogenetic studies on the group should also include representatives of the large African genus Pseudobalbillus to confirm its placement in Mukariini, other genera of which are found in the Oriental region.
Selected references
Linnavuori (1979b), Hayashi (1996), Li & Chen (1998), Knight & Webb (2002), Chen et al. (2007, 2008, 2009), Dai et al. (2009), Zahniser & Dietrich (2010), Khatri & Webb (2011), Yang & Chen (2011).
Included genera
Agrica Strand, 1942
Benglebra Mahmood & Ahmed, 1969
Flatfronta Chen & Li, 1997
Mohunia Distant, 1908
Mukaria Distant, 1908
Neobassareus Kocak, 1981
Neomohunia Chen & Li, 2007
Paramohunia Chen & Li, 2007
Pseudobalbillus Jacobi, 1912
Pseudomohunia Li, Chen & Zhang, 2007
Scaphotettix Matsumura, 1914
Tiaobeinia Chen & Li, 2008
description: Published as part of Zahniser, James N. & Dietrich, Chris H., 2013, A review of the tribes of Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), pp. 1-211 in European Journal of Taxonomy 45 on pages 116-118, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.45, http://zenodo.org/record/3822710