Panthea virginarius Grote
Creators: name: Anweiler, Gary G.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2009
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Pantheidae
Panthea
Panthea virginarius

description: <i>Panthea virginarius</i> Grote Figs. 29-35, 50-51, 62, 69 <i>Biston virginarius</i> Grote, 1880: 220. <i>Lycia virginaria</i> (Grote); Dyar 1902: 328. <i>Panthea virginaria</i> (Grote); Barnes and McDunnough 1917: 83; McDunnough 1938: 54; Franclemont and Todd 1983: 134. <i>Panthea portlandia</i> Grote, 1896: 14; Dyar 1902: 98; Smith 1903: 98; Barnes and Mc- Dunnough 1917: 83; McDunnough 1938: 54; Franclemont and Todd 1883: 134. <b>New synonomy.</b> <i>Panthea angelica</i> Dyar, 1921: 142; McDunnough 1938: 54; Franclemont and Todd 1883: 134. <b>New synonomy.</b> <i>Panthea portlandia suffusa</i> McDunnough, 1942: 94; Franclemont and Todd 1883: 134. <b>New Synonomy.</b> <b>Type material.</b> <i>Biston virginarius</i>: Holotype female, Soda Springs, Shasta Co, California, USA (BMNH). Photograph examined <i>Panthea angelica</i>: Mt. Lowe, Los Angeles, California, USA. Holotype male (USNM) Photograph examined; genitalia slide apparently lost. <i>Panthea portlandia</i>: described by Grote from 2 specimens from Portland, Oregon, USA. Types could not be located in either the BMNH or USNM and may be lost. <i>Panthea virginaria suffusa</i>: described from a holotype male from Dixon Creek, Barriere, British Columbia, Canada. The specimen was reared from a larva collected from <i>Picea englemanni.</i> (Type # 5282 in CNC). Adult and genitalic slide examined. <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Panthea virginarius</i> varies greatly in size and color pattern depending on location and habitat. Both sexes of <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> can be very difficult to separate from those of <i>P. gigantea</i> where they occur together unless genitalic characters are used. The tip of the uncus can usually be examined without dissection by brushing the scales from the end of the abdomen; the male of <i>P</i>. <i>gigantea</i> has a bifurcate tip to the uncus (Fig. 48), <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> does not (Fig. 50). Females can be separated by the structure of the sterigma, which is much larger and more massively sclerotized in <i>P</i>. <i>gigantea</i> (Fig. 60) than in <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> (Fig. 62). Black and white specimens of <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> from southern British Columbia and Idaho (Fig. 35) have been mistaken for nominate <i>P. acronyctoides</i> (Fig. 36), but the two taxa are well separated by range (Figs. 69, 72). In the Rocky Mountains from Alberta and British Columbia southward <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> can be confused with <i>P. acronyctoides nigra. Panthea virginarius</i> is larger and the male has a paler, banded hindwing than <i>nigra</i>; females can be differentiated by examining the ductus, which is wrinkled in <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> (Fig. 62), smooth with an expanded rim around the ostium in <i>nigra</i> (Fig. 63). <b>Distribution and biology.</b> <i>Panthea virginarius</i> occurs mainly west and north of the Great Basin, from the coast of southern California northward to the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia and the Alaskan Panhandle, eastward to central California, northern Nevada, Idaho, northwestern Wyoming, western Montana, and southwest- ern Alberta; a disjunct population is in the Cypress Hills of Alberta and Saskatchewan (Fig. 69). Large black and white populations (syn. “ <i>portlandia</i> ”) occur along the coast from central California to southern British Columbia. These are replaced by gray and black populations both farther north and farther south along the coast, and at higher elevations inland. Intermediate populations occur at lower elevations eastward as far as western Montana and extreme southwestern Alberta. <i>Panthea virginarius</i> is found in coniferous forests, in particular but not confined to Douglas-fir forest (<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (Mirb.) Franco) at elevations ranging from sea-level to near tree-line. <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Panthea virginarius</i> appears in checklists as both the original spelling <i>virginarius</i> (e.g., Grote 1880; Poole 1989) and <i>virginaria</i> (e.g., Franclemont and Todd 1983) with the ending changed from the original spelling for gender congruity. The original spelling is used herein. The taxonomy of <i>Panthea virginarius</i> has suffered from the same plethora of errors as has occurred elsewhere in the genus, starting with Grote describing <i>virginarius</i> as a geometrid (<i>Biston</i>), and finishing with McDunnough describing <i>suffusa</i> as a form of <i>portlandia</i> because the <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> specimens he used for comparison were misidentified specimens of <i>P</i>. <i>acronyctoides nigra</i>. <i>Panthea angelica</i> is a population of <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> in southern coastal California (Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties). Internally it is identical to nominate <i>virginarius</i>, and externally differs only by being slightly more suffused with dark scales and thus appearing less powdery. The name <i>angelica</i> has been widely misapplied, both in the literature (e.g., Crumb 1956) and on museum specimens of <i>P</i>. <i>greyi</i> and <i>P</i>. <i>acronyctoides nigra</i>, lending weight to the apparently mistaken belief that <i>angelica</i> was a good species. <i>Panthea portlandia</i> is the name that has been applied to the large and striking black and white coastal populations of <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> that occur mainly at lower elevations from northern California to southwestern British Columbia. Inland, and at higher elevations, this form intergrades with typical <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i>, but some of the white shading of the <i>portlandia</i> phenotype is still evident as far east as western Montana and southwestern Alberta. Both white and gray forms occur together at some locations in central Washington. The genitalia are indistinguishable from those of typical <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i>, so the name <i>portlandia</i> is also placed in synonymy under <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i>. <i>Panthea portlandia suffusa</i> was described by McDunnough after comparing it to what he believed were specimens of <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> from Colorado and Alberta, but which were in fact specimens of <i>P</i>. <i>acronyctoides nigra</i>. This is evident from his description of the genitalia of <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> <i>,</i> which accurately describes <i>P</i>. <i>acronyctoides</i>, not <i>portlandia</i> (McDunnough 1942). An examination of his slides in the CNC confirms this. It also explains his puzzling (but accurate) statement that based on the genitalia slides of males from Colorado and Nordegg, Alberta, <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> seemed to be merely a large western race of <i>P</i>. <i>acronyctoides</i> Walker (McDunnough 1942). Specimens of <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> from northwestern Wyoming tend to be lighter gray, and specimens from Wyoming and adjacent areas of Idaho tend to have the diverticulum of the vesica and its terminal spine greatly reduced in size, and occasionally obsolete. The various forms of <i>P</i>. <i>virginarius</i> vary greatly in both size and in the proportions of black and white scaling, and thus external appearance varies greatly over a very large geographic area. However, with the exception of specimens in a small area of northwestern Wyoming, little significant variation occurs in the genitalia of either sex, and all are treated as forms rather than subspecies. Further study, particularly in California, may show that one or more populations there should be recognized at the subspecies level, <i>e.g.,</i> a silvery-gray population on the Monterey Peninsula that has been reared on Monterey pine (<i>Pinus radiata</i> D. Don) (Frank Sala pers. comm.). The life history of <i>P. virginarius</i> on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. is briefly described by Hardy (1963). The larva and adult female are illustrated in color (as <i>P. portlandia</i>) by Miller and Hammond (2003), and the larva is described and illustrated in color by Duncan (2006).
description: Published as part of <i>Anweiler, Gary G., 2009, Revision of the New World Panthea Hübner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) with descriptions of 5 new species and 2 new subspecies, pp. 97-134 in ZooKeys 9 (9)</i> on pages 121-123, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.9.157, http://zenodo.org/record/576456
description: {"references": ["Grote AR (1880) New species of North American Moths. Canadian Entomologist 12: 220.", "Dyar HG (1902) A list of North American Lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 52: 1 - 723.", "Barnes W, McDunnough J (1917) Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America. Herald Press, Decatur, 392 pp.", "McDunnough, J (1938) Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Part 1. Macrolepidoptera. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 1: 1 - 272.", "Franclemont JG, Todd EL (1983) Noctuidae. In: Hodges RW (Ed.) Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. EW Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation London, 120 - 159.", "Grote AR (1896) Die Apateliden. Mittheilungen aus dem Roemer-Museum, Hildesheim 3: 18 pp. 2 plates.", "Smith JB (1903) Check List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America. American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, vi + 136 pp.", "Dyar HG (1921) New North American Lepidoptera and records. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 9: 142.", "McDunnough J (1942) Notes on Pantheinae (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae). Contribution No. 2138, Division of Entomology, Scientific Service. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. Canadian Entomologist 74: 93 - 95.", "Poole RW (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (New Series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae, Parts 1 - 3: E. J. Brill, New York, xii + 1 - 1314.", "Crumb SE (1956) The Larvae of the Phalaenidae. U. S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1135: 1 - 356.", "Hardy GA (1963) Notes on the life histories of four moths and one butterfly from Vancouver Island. (Lepidoptera Phalaenidae, Lasiocampidae and Lycaenidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 60: 35.", "Miller JC, Hammond PC (2003) Lepidoptera of the Pacific Northwest: Caterpillars and Adults. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. U. S. D. A. FHTET- 2003 - 03.", "Duncan RW (2006) Conifer Defoliators of British Columbia. Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 259 pp."]}