Rhinolophus refulgens K. Andersen 1905
Creators: name: Burgin, Connor
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus refulgens

description: 73. Glossy Horseshoe <i>Bat</i> <i>Rhinolophus refulgens</i> French: Rhinolophe irisé / <b>German:</b> Glänzende <i>Hufeisennase</i> / <b>Spanish:</b> Herradura <i>iriscente</i> Taxonomy. <i>Rhinolophus refulgens</i> K Andersen, 1905, “ Malay Peninsula: Perak; Selangor. <b>”</b> <i>Rhinolophus refulgens</i> is included in the <i> <i>pusillus</i> species group. It was <i>recently</i> elevated to species status based on genetic data. Although <i>R. refulgens</i> and <i>R. lepidus</i> are morphometrically very similar, the genetic divergence between them is higher than that found <i>between</i> other sister species of <i>Rhinolophus.</i> The most recent phylogenetic study has placed <i>R refulgens</i> as sister to <i>R. lepidus</i> from Vietnam and Cambodia. The taxon <i>cuneatus</i> is tentatively treated as a subspecies of <i>R. refulgens</i> but the Sumatran specimen has not been comprehensively compared to <i>refulgens.</i> Two subspecies recognized.</i> Subspecies <b>and Distribution.</b> . <i>r. refulgens</i> K. Andersen, 1905 - Malay Peninsula and Singapore, along with Tarutao and Tioman Is. <i>R.</i> r. <i>cuneatus</i> K.Andersen, 1918 - E Sumatra. Descriptive <b>notes.</b> Head-body 37-2-51- 1 mm, tail 14-6-22- 4 mm, ear 12-3-17- 8 mm, hindfoot 5-3-7- 9 mm, forearm 36-6—42- 6 mm; <i>weight</i> 4—7- 2 g. Dorsal pelage varies between very dark brown and bright foxy red (hairs with paler tip, giving the fur glossy appearance) whereas ventral pelage is wood brown or drab. Ears are small or mediumsized. Noseleaf has slightly concave lancet and has <i>bluntly</i> pointed tip; connecting process is triangular with rounded tip; sella is narrow and <i>usually</i> parallel-sided or slightly convex; horseshoe is <i>relatively</i> wide and does not cover whole muzzle, has wide median emargination, and secondary leaflets are present. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is generally similar to that of Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat (Ä <i>lepidus')</i> but can be distinguished based on broader supraorbital region, with poorly defined supraorbital ridges. <i>C</i> 1 is <i>only slightly</i> higher than P4. <b>Habitat.</b> <i>Mainly</i> found in mature lowland and hill rainforest, as well as primary and <i>secondary</i> rainforest in Singapore. <b>Food and</b> Feeding. <i>Glossy</i> Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous. These bats are maneuverable and able to forage in areas with cluttered vegetation. Breeding. In Malaysia, pregnant females were captured in all months except February, June, andJuly. Pregnant females were most <i>commonly</i> reported with a single fetus, but some have two embryos. Lactating females have been reported in May, June, andJuly. These data suggest that the species may breed year-round. <b>Activity patterns.</b> The Glossy Horseshoe Bat is generally thought to be nocturnal, but on Tioman Island, Malaysia, the <i>species</i> has been observed foraging throughout both day and night. This atypical diurnal foraging <i>may</i> be attributed to the lack of <i>avian</i> predators hunting under the forest canopy, where the species normally forages. On Tioman Island, individuals were reported roosting in <i>coconut</i> palms, and in Singapore they roosted in caves; <i>they</i> roost in caves and rock crevices on the mainland. Search call shape is a FM/CF/FM with a peak F reported at 98-6-105-2 kHz in males and 100-7-104-1 kHz in females. Peak frequencies in Singapore were reported at 97-8 kHz, with a duration of 28-4 milliseconds. <i>Movements</i>, <b>Home range and Social</b> organization. The <i>Glossy</i> Horseshoe Bat roosts in colonies, with up to 300 individuals reported on Tioman Island and 350 in Singapore. <b>Status and</b> Conservation. Not assessed as a separate <i>species</i> on <i>The</i> IUCN <i>ed List,</i> where it is included under Blyth’s Horseshoe Bat as Least Concern. The Glossy Horseshoe Bat has a relatively limited distribution, as <i>currently</i> known; within this range it is <i>likely</i> to be threatened by habitat destruction, as it is <i>relatively</i> restricted to mature lowland forests. <b>Bibliography.</b> Chua &amp; Aziz (2018), <i>Dejtaradol</i> (2009), Kingston <i>et</i> al. (2006), Leong &amp; Lim (2009), <i>Lim</i> et <i>al.</i> (1999), <i>Pottie</i> et al. (2005), Soisook et al. (2016), <i>Tingga et</i> al. (2012).
description: Published as part of <i>Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, pp. 280-332 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on page 314, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525