cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: RV Shinsei-maru "Cruise Report" KS-19-12
Creators: name: Ohta, Yusaku
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-19-12 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2019-07-03 to 2019-07-13.
Optomechanical Multi-Mode Hamiltonian for Nanophotonic Waveguides
Creators: name: Zoubi, Hashem
name: Hammerer, Klemens
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We develop a systematic method for deriving a quantum optical multi-mode Hamiltonian for the interaction of photons and phonons in nanophotonic dielectric materials by applying perturbation theory to the electromagnetic Hamiltonian. The Hamiltonian covers radiation pressure and electrostrictive interactions on equal footing. As a paradigmatic example, we apply our method to a cylindrical nanoscale waveguide, and derive a Hamiltonian description of Brillouin quantum optomechanics. We show analytically that in nanoscale waveguides radiation pressure dominates over electrostriction, in agreement with recent experiments. The calculated photon-phonon coupling parameters are used to infer gain parameters of Stokes Brillouin scattering in good agreement with experimental observations.
description: 17 pages, 12 figures
title: Shinsei-maru Cruise Report KS-19-11
Creators: name: Tsunogai, Urumu
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-19-11 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2019-06-26 to 2019-06-30.
title: Shinsei-maru "Cruise Report" KS-19-10
Creators: name: Kuwae, Michinobu
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-19-10 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2019-06-18 to 2019-06-24.
title: Shinsei-maru Cruise Report KS-19-9
Creators: name: Shiobara, Hajime
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-19-9 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2019-06-09 to 2019-06-12.
Unified computational framework for the efficient solution of n-field coupled problems with monolithic schemes
Creators: name: Verdugo, Francesc
name: Wall, Wolfgang A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this paper, we propose and evaluate the performance of a unified computational framework for preconditioning systems of linear equations resulting from the solution of coupled problems with monolithic schemes. The framework is composed by promising application-specific preconditioners presented previously in the literature with the common feature that they are able to be implemented for a generic coupled problem, involving an arbitrary number of fields, and to be used to solve a variety of applications. The first selected preconditioner is based on a generic block Gauss-Seidel iteration for uncoupling the fields, and standard algebraic multigrid (AMG) methods for solving the resulting uncoupled problems. The second preconditioner is based on the semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equations (SIMPLE) which is extended here to deal with an arbitrary number of fields, and also results in uncoupled problems that can be solved with standard AMG. Finally, a more sophisticated preconditioner is considered which enforces the coupling at all AMG levels, in contrast to the other two techniques which resolve the coupling only at the finest level. Our purpose is to show that these methods perform satisfactory in quite different scenarios apart from their original applications. To this end, we consider three very different coupled problems: thermo-structure interaction, fluid-structure interaction and a complex model of the human lung. Numerical results show that these general purpose methods are efficient and scalable in this range of applications.
title: Shinsei-maru Cruise Report KS-19-J03
Creators: name: Yokobiki, Takashi
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-19-J03 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2019-05-29 to 2019-06-05.
Search for new phenomena with photon+jet events in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
Creators: name: ATLAS Collaboration
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A search is performed for the production of high-mass resonances decaying into a photon and a jet in 3.2 fb$^{-1}$ of proton--proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Selected events have an isolated photon and a jet, each with transverse momentum above 150 GeV. No significant deviation of the $γ+$jet invariant mass distribution from the background-only hypothesis is found. Limits are set at 95% confidence level on the cross sections of generic Gaussian-shaped signals and of a few benchmark phenomena beyond the Standard Model: excited quarks with vector-like couplings to the Standard Model particles, and non-thermal quantum black holes in two models of extra spatial dimensions. The minimum excluded visible cross sections for Gaussian-shaped resonances with width-to-mass ratios of 2% decrease from about 6 fb for a mass of 1.5 TeV to about 0.8 fb for a mass of 5 TeV. The minimum excluded visible cross sections for Gaussian-shaped resonances with width-to-mass ratios of 15% decrease from about 50 fb for a mass of 1.5 TeV to about 1.0 fb for a mass of 5 TeV. Excited quarks are excluded below masses of 4.4 TeV, and non-thermal quantum black holes are excluded below masses of 3.8 (6.2) TeV for Randall--Sundrum (Arkani-Hamed--Dimopoulous--Dvali) models with one (six) extra dimensions.
description: 21 pages plus author list + cover pages (38 pages total), 5 figures. Submitted to JHEP. All figures including auxiliary figures are available at https://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/GROUPS/PHYSICS/PAPERS/EXOT-2015-12/
title: Shinsei-maru Cruise Report KS-19-8
Creators: name: Yamazaki, Toshitsugu
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-19-8 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2019-05-17 to 2019-05-26.
title: R/V Shinsei-Maru Cruise Report KS-19-7
Creators: name: Nagata, Toshi
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-19-7 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2019-05-01 to 2019-05-10.
title: R/V Shinsei-maru Cruise Report KS-19-6
Creators: name: Yasuda, Ichiro
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-19-6 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2019-04-19 to 2019-04-28.
Merging Binaries in the Galactic Center: The eccentric Kozai-Lidov mechanism with stellar evolution
Creators: name: Stephan, Alexander P.
name: Naoz, Smadar
name: Ghez, Andrea M.
name: Witzel, Gunther
name: Sitarski, Breann N.
name: Do, Tuan
name: Kocsis, Bence
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Most, if not all, stars in the field are born in binary configurations or higher multiplicity systems. In dense stellar environment such as the Galactic Center (GC), many stars are expected to be in binary configurations as well. These binaries form hierarchical triple body systems, with the massive black hole (MBH) as the third, distant object. The stellar binaries are expected to undergo large amplitude eccentricity and inclination oscillations via the so-called "eccentric Kozai-Lidov" (EKL) mechanism. These eccentricity excitations, combined with post main sequence stellar evolution, can drive the inner stellar binaries to merge. We study the mergers of stellar binaries in the inner 0.1 pc of the GC caused by gravitational perturbations due to the MBH. We run a large set of Monte Carlo simulations that include the secular evolution of the orbits, general relativistic precession, tides, and post-main-sequence stellar evolution. We find that about 13 % of the initial binary population will have merged after a few million years and about 29 % after a few billion years. These expected merged systems represent a new class of objects at the GC and we speculate that they are connected to G2-like objects and the young stellar population.
description: 12 pages, 8 figures, accepted by MNRAS and available through 'Advance Access'
title: Ovarian leiomyoma: A paediatric case
Creators: name: Almeida e Sousa, Matilde
Publisher: name: EURORAD
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Paediatric radiology
subject: Genital / Reproductive system female
subject: Paediatric
subject: MR
subject: Ultrasound
subject: Clinical Cases

description: Clinical History: A 3-year-old female patient presented with 1 month long abdominal distension. Physical examination was suspicious for an abdominopelvic mass.  Laboratory studies were unremarkable, apart from a slightly elevated CA 125 (197 [N<35]). Ultrasound, contrast-enhanced CT and MRI were performed prior to surgery. Four years later, she remains disease-free.

description: 3 years, female
Krauter-Dierolf, Heike, Die Eschatologie Philipp Jakob Speners
Creators: name: Schurr, Tobias
Publisher: name: Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie
Year: 2025

description: 1823086071
description: Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie, V. 20 (2006): Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie, Band 20
title: R/V SHINSEI-MARU Cruise Report KS-19-5
Creators: name: Park, Jin-Oh
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-19-5 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2019-04-08 to 2019-04-15.
Holthaus, Stephan, Heil - Heilung - Heiligung
Creators: name: Eber, Jochen
Publisher: name: Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie
Year: 2025

description: 1823086063
description: Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie, V. 20 (2006): Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie, Band 20
On Elliptic String Solutions in AdS(3) and dS(3)
Creators: name: Bakas, Ioannis
name: Pastras, Georgios
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Classical string actions in AdS(3) and dS(3) can be connected to the sinh-Gordon and cosh-Gordon equations through Pohlmeyer reduction. We show that the problem of constructing a classical string solution with a given static or translationally invariant Pohlmeyer counterpart is equivalent to solving four pairs of effective Schrodinger problems. Each pair consists of a flat potential and an n = 1 Lame potential whose eigenvalues are connected, and, additionally, the four solutions satisfy a set of constraints. An approach for solving this system is developed by employing an interesting connection between the specific class of classical string solutions and the band structure of the Lame potential. This method is used for the construction of several families of classical string solutions, one of which turns out to be the spiky strings in AdS(3). New solutions include circular rotating strings in AdS(3) with singular time evolution of their radius and angular velocity as well as classical string solutions in dS(3).
description: 60 pages, 13 figures, v2: version to appear in JHEP after minor corrections
An Extremal Series of Eulerian Synchronizing Automata
Creators: name: Szykuła, Marek
name: Vorel, Vojtěch
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Formal Languages and Automata Theory (cs.FL)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We present an infinite series of $n$-state Eulerian automata whose reset words have length at least $(n^2-3)/2$. This improves the current lower bound on the length of shortest reset words in Eulerian automata. We conjecture that $(n^2-3)/2$ also forms an upper bound for this class and we experimentally verify it for small automata by an exhaustive computation.
description: The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53132-7_31
title: Shinseimaru Cruise Report KS-19-J02
Creators: name: Nishida, Shuhei
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-19-J02 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2019-02-04 to 2019-02-12.
Hölscher, Lucian, Geschichte der protestantischen Frömmigkeit in Deutschland
Creators: name: Heinrichs, Wolfgang E.
Publisher: name: Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie
Year: 2025

description: 1823086055
description: Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie, V. 20 (2006): Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie, Band 20
title: S/V Yokosuka Cruise Report YK19-16
Creators: name: Kaiho, Yuka
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: S/V YOKOSUKA

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of YK19-16 on S/V YOKOSUKA from 2019-12-09 to 2019-12-18.
title: S/V Yokosuka Cruise Report YK19-15
Creators: name: Obana, Koichiro
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: S/V YOKOSUKA

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of YK19-15 on S/V YOKOSUKA from 2019-11-22 to 2019-11-29.
title: R/V Yokosuka Cruise Report YK19-14
Creators: name: Nakatani, Takeshi
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: S/V YOKOSUKA

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of YK19-14 on S/V YOKOSUKA from 2019-10-22 to 2019-11-01.
title: R/V Yokosuka Cruise Report YK19-12
Creators: name: Obana, Koichiro
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: S/V YOKOSUKA

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of YK19-12 on S/V YOKOSUKA from 2019-09-26 to 2019-10-06.
title: Cruise Report R/V Yokosuka & Shinkai 6500 YK19-11
Creators: name: Yabuki, Akinori
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: S/V YOKOSUKA

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of YK19-11 on S/V YOKOSUKA from 2019-08-28 to 2019-09-14.
Intrinsic noise in systems with switching environments
Creators: name: Hufton, Peter G.
name: Lin, Yen Ting
name: Galla, Tobias
name: McKane, Alan J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study individual-based dynamics in finite populations, subject to randomly switching environmental conditions. These are inspired by models in which genes transition between on and off states, regulating underlying protein dynamics. Similarly switches between environmental states are relevant in bacterial populations and in models of epidemic spread. Existing piecewise-deterministic Markov process (PDMP) approaches focus on the deterministic limit of the population dynamics while retaining the randomness of the switching. Here we go beyond this approximation and explicitly include effects of intrinsic stochasticity at the level of the linear-noise approximation. Specifically we derive the stationary distributions of a number of model systems, in good agreement with simulations. This improves existing approaches which are limited to the regimes of fast and slow switching.
description: 15 pages, 11 figures
title: Shinseimaru +"Cruise Report" KS-20-J02
Creators: name: Nishida, Shuhei
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-20-J02 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2020-02-03 to 2020-02-25.
title: R/V Yokosuka & DSV Shinkai6500 Cruise Report YK19-10
Creators: name: Takai, Ken
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: S/V YOKOSUKA

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of YK19-10 on S/V YOKOSUKA from 2019-08-19 to 2019-08-27.
title: S/V Yokosuka Cruise Report YK19-09S
Creators: name: Shimizu, Hisayoshi
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: S/V YOKOSUKA

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of YK19-09S on S/V YOKOSUKA from 2019-08-07 to 2019-08-07.
Detecting gravitational-wave memory with LIGO: implications of GW150914
Creators: name: Lasky, Paul D.
name: Thrane, Eric
name: Levin, Yuri
name: Blackman, Jonathan
name: Chen, Yanbei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It may soon be possible for Advanced LIGO to detect hundreds of binary black hole mergers per year. We show how the accumulation of many such measurements will allow for the detection of gravitational-wave memory: a permanent displacement of spacetime that comes from strong-field, general relativistic effects. We estimate that Advanced LIGO operating at design sensitivity may be able to make a signal-to-noise ratio 3(5) detection of memory with ~35 (90) events with masses and distance similar to GW150914. We highlight the importance of incorporating higher-order gravitational-wave modes for parameter estimation of binary black hole mergers, and describe how our methods can also be used to detect higher-order modes themselves before Advanced LIGO reaches design sensitivity.
description: Accepted for publication in PRL
Javierre, A. M.: La sucesión primarcial y apostólica en el Evangelio de Mateo
Creators: name: Brinkmann, Bernhard
Publisher: name: Scholastik
Year: 1970

description: Scholastik, Bd. 34 Nr. 4 (1959): Scholastik. Vierteljahresschrift für Theologie und Philosophie, Band 34, Heft 4
title: R/V Yokosuka "Cruise Report" YK19-07S
Creators: name: Ishizuka, Osamu
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: S/V YOKOSUKA

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of YK19-07S on S/V YOKOSUKA from 2019-05-24 to 2019-06-03.
Combined heavy-quark symmetry and large-$N_c$ operator analysis for 2-body counterterms in the chiral Lagrangian with $D$ mesons and charmed baryons
Creators: name: Samart, Daris
name: Nualchimplee, Chakrit
name: Yan, Yupeng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We construct, in the work, chiral $SU(3)$ Lagrangian with $D$ mesons of spin $J^P=0^-$ and $J^P=1^-$ and charmed baryons of spin $J^P=1/2^+$ and $J^P=3/2^+$. There are 42 leading two-body counter-terms involving two charmed baryon fields and two $D$ meson fields in the constructed Lagrangian. The heavy-quark spin symmetry leads to 35 sum rules while the large-$N_c$ operator analysis predicts 29 ones at the next-to leading order of $1/N_c$ expansion. The combination of the sum rules from both the heavy-quark symmetry and the large-$N_c$ analysis results in 38 independent sum rules which reduces the number of free parameters in the chiral Lagrangian down to 4 only. This is a remarkable result demonstrating the consistency of the heavy-quark symmetry and large-$N_c$ operator analysis.
description: Accepted for publication in Physical Review D. The manuscript is largely modified following referee's comments and suggestions, 19 pages and no figure
title: R/V Yokosuka "Cruise Report" YK19-05S
Creators: name: Machida, Shiki
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: S/V YOKOSUKA

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of YK19-05S on S/V YOKOSUKA from 2019-04-18 to 2019-04-28.
Burrows, M.: Mehr Klarheit über die Schriftrollen
Creators: name: Haspecker, J.
Publisher: name: Scholastik
Year: 1970

description: Scholastik, Bd. 34 Nr. 4 (1959): Scholastik. Vierteljahresschrift für Theologie und Philosophie, Band 34, Heft 4
The Raspberry model for protein-like particles: ellipsoids and confinement in cylindrical pores
Creators: name: Ustach, Vincent
name: Faller, Roland
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The study of protein mass transport via atomistic simulation requires time and length scales beyond the computational capabilities of modern computer systems. The raspberry model for colloidal particles in combination with the mesoscopic hydrodynamic method of lattice Boltzmann facilitates coarse-grained simulations that are on the order of microseconds and hundreds of nanometers for the study of diffusive transport of protein-like colloid particles. The raspberry model reproduces linearity in resistance to motion versus particle size and correct enhanced drag within cylindrical pores at off-center coordinates for spherical particles. Owing to the high aspect ratio of many proteins, ellipsoidal raspberry colloid particles were constructed and reproduced the geometric resistance factors of Perrin and of Happel and Brenner in the laboratory-frame and in the moving body-frame. Accurate body-frame rotations during diffusive motion have been captured for the first time using projections of displacements.
description: 26 pages, 14 figures
title: R/V SHINSEI MARU Cruise Report KS-20-E01C
Creators: name: Takahashi, Tsutomu
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-20-E01C on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2020-01-25 to 2020-01-30.
The 750 GeV $S$-cion: Where else should we look for it?
Creators: name: Alves, Alexandre
name: Dias, Alex G.
name: Sinha, Kuver
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The resonance $S$ at $\sim 750$ GeV in the diphoton channel observed by ATLAS and CMS, if it holds up, is almost certainly the ($S$)cion of a larger dynasty in a UV completion that may very well be connected to the hierarchy problem. At this stage, however, an effective field theory framework provides a useful way to parametrize searches for this resonance in other channels. Assuming that the excess is due to a new scalar or pseudoscalar boson, we study associated production of $S$ ("$S$-strahlung") at the LHC and propose searches in several clean channels like $γγ\ell\ell$, $γγ\ell\eslash$ and $\ell\ell\ellγ\eslash$ to probe dimension-5 operators coupling $S$ to Standard Model gauge bosons. We consider a range of widths for $S$, from 5 GeV to 45 GeV, and find that the three channels probe complementary regions of parameter space and the suppression scale $Λ$. The finding of most immediate relevance is that with 3 fb$^{-1}$, the LHC might already reveal new excesses in the $γγ\ell\ell$ channel and a 5(3) $σ$ discovery may already be possible after collecting 65(25) fb$^{-1}$ of data with $\ell\ell\ellγ\eslash$ events if the scale of the new physics is within $\sim $ 9 TeV for couplings respecting 8 TeV LHC bounds and compatible with the observed excess in diphotons for a wide resonance as suggested by the ATLAS Collaboration. Beyond the EFT parametrization, we found realizations of models with heavy vector-like quarks and leptons which can simultaneously fit the diphoton excess and be discovered in the channels proposed here.
description: 11 pages, 2 tables, 5 figures. References and comments added. Version accepted for publication in Physics Letters B
title: Cruise Report R/V Yokosuka YK19-04S Cruise
Creators: name: Ohara, Yasuhiko
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: S/V YOKOSUKA

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of YK19-04S on S/V YOKOSUKA from 2019-04-08 to 2019-04-18.
[Rezension von: Meissner, Bruno, 1868-1947, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. 1, A - L]
Creators: name: Meissner, Bruno
name: Lohfink, Norbert
Publisher: name: Scholastik
Year: 1970

description: Scholastik, Bd. 34 Nr. 4 (1959): Scholastik. Vierteljahresschrift für Theologie und Philosophie, Band 34, Heft 4
title: Cruise Report R/V YOKOSUKA YK19-03
Creators: name: Maeda, Yosaku
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: S/V YOKOSUKA

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of YK19-03 on S/V YOKOSUKA from 2019-03-17 to 2019-03-29.
title: Cruise Report YK19-02
Creators: name: Yanagitani, Masanobu
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: S/V YOKOSUKA

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of YK19-02 on S/V YOKOSUKA from 2019-02-26 to 2019-03-04.
Albrecht-Birkner, Veronika, Francke in Glaucha
Creators: name: Vom Orde, Klaus
Publisher: name: Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie
Year: 2025

description: 1823085903
description: Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie, V. 20 (2006): Jahrbuch für evangelikale Theologie, Band 20
title: R/V Mirai Cruise Report MR19-04
Creators: name: Murata, Akihiko
name: Katsumata, Katsuro
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V MIRAI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of MR19-04 Leg2 on R/V MIRAI from 2019-12-05 to 2019-12-27 and MR19-04 Leg3 on R/V MIRAI from 2019-12-29 to 2020-02-10.
OGLE Study of the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy and its M54 Globular Cluster
Creators: name: Hamanowicz, A.
name: Pietrukowicz, P.
name: Udalski, A.
name: Mroz, P.
name: Soszynski, I.
name: Szymanski, M. K.
name: Skowron, J.
name: Poleski, R.
name: Wyrzykowski, L.
name: Kozlowski, S.
name: Pawlak, M.
name: Ulaczyk, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We use the fundamental-mode RR Lyr-type variable stars (RRab) from OGLE-IV survey to draw a 3D picture of the central part of the tidally disrupted Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal (Sgr dSph) galaxy. We estimate the line-of-sight thickness of the Sgr dSph stream to be FWHM_cen=2.42 kpc. Based on OGLE-IV observations collected in seasons 2011-2014 we conduct a comprehensive study of stellar variability in the field of the globular cluster M54 (NGC 6715) residing in the core of this dwarf galaxy. Among the total number of 268 detected variable stars we report the identification of 174 RR Lyr stars, four Type II Cepheids, 51 semi-regular variable red giants, three SX Phe-type stars, 18 eclipsing binary systems. Eighty-three variable stars are new discoveries. The distance to the cluster determined from RRab stars is d_M54 = 26.7 +/-0.03(stat) +/-1.3(sys) kpc. From the location of RRab stars in the period-amplitude (Bailey) diagram we confirm the presence of two old populations, both in the cluster and the Sgr dSph stream.
description: published version, changed IDs of detected variable stars in comparison to the first version
title: R/V Mirai Cruise Report MR19-03C
Creators: name: Sato, Kazutoshi
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V MIRAI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of MR19-03C on R/V MIRAI from 2019-09-27 to 2019-11-09.
Thermodynamic instability of nonlinearly charged black holes in gravity's rainbow
Creators: name: Hendi, S. H.
name: Panahiyan, S.
name: Panah, B. Eslam
name: Momennia, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Motivated by the violation of Lorentz invariancy in quantum gravity, we study black hole solutions in gravity's rainbow in context of Einstein gravity coupled with various models of nonlinear electrodynamics. We regard an energy dependent spacetime and obtain related metric functions and electric fields. We show that there is an essential singularity at the origin which is covered with an event horizon. We also compute the conserved and thermodynamical quantities and examine the validity of the first law of thermodynamics in the presence of rainbow functions. Finally, we investigate thermal stability conditions for these black hole solutions in context of canonical ensemble. We show that thermodynamical structure of the solutions depends on the choices of nonlinearity parameters, charge and energy functions.
description: 13 pages, 5 figures
title: Kairei+ "Cruise Report" KR20-09
Creators: name: Nishida, Shuhei
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIREI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KR20-09 on R/V KAIREI from 2020-08-31 to 2020-09-12.
title: MR19-02 Preliminary Cruise Report
Creators: name: Fujiki, Tetsuichi
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V MIRAI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of MR19-02 on R/V MIRAI from 2019-05-24 to 2019-06-14.
Piezoelectricity in planar boron nitride via a geometric phase
Creators: name: Droth, Matthias
name: Burkard, Guido
name: Pereira, Vitor M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Due to their low surface mass density, two-dimensional materials with a strong piezoelectric response are interesting for nanoelectromechanical systems with high force sensitivity. Unlike graphene, the two sublattices in a monolayer of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are occupied by different elements, which breaks inversion symmetry and allows for piezoelectricity. This has been confirmed with density functional theory calculations of the piezoelectric constant of hBN. Here, we formulate an entirely analytical derivation of the electronic contribution to the piezoelectric response in this system based on the concepts of strain-induced pseudomagnetic vector potential and the modern theory of polarization that relates the polar moment to the Berry curvature. Our findings agree with the symmetry restrictions expected for the hBN lattice and reproduce well the magnitude of the piezoelectric effect previously obtained ab-initio.
description: 6 pages, 1 figure
Temperature measurement of a dust particle in a RF plasma GEC reference cell
Creators: name: Kong, Jie
name: Qiao, Ke
name: Matthews, Lorin S.
name: Hyde, Truell W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The thermal motion of a dust particle levitated in a plasma chamber is similar to that described by Brownian motion in many ways. The primary differences between a dust particle in a plasma system and a free Brownian particle is that in addition to the random collisions between the dust particle and the neutral gas atoms, there are electric field fluctuations, dust charge fluctuations, and correlated motions from the unwanted continuous signals originating within the plasma system itself. This last contribution does not include random motion and is therefore separable from the random motion in a normal temperature measurement. In this paper, we discuss how to separate random and coherent motion of a dust particle confined in a glass box in a Gaseous Electronic Conference radio frequency reference cell employing experimentally determined dust particle fluctuation data analyzed using the mean square displacement technique.
description: 20 Pages, 8 figures
title: Distribution of cerebral lesions in dyskinetic cerebral palsy – protocol for a scoping review
Creators: name: Marcelino, Ana Luísa
name: Kuehn, Andrea A.
name: Tuncer, Mehmet
name: Al-Fatly, Bassam
Publisher: name: OSF Registries
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
subject: cerebral palsy
subject: dystonia
subject: lesions
subject: movement disorders

description: Protocol for a scoping review on the distribution of cerebral lesions in dyskinetic cerebral palsy
title: R/V Mirai "Cruise Report" MR19-01
Creators: name: Niikura, Junya
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V MIRAI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of MR19-01 on R/V MIRAI from 2019-05-09 to 2019-05-14.
title: A case of asymptomatic spinal and sacroiliac joint tophaceous gout
Creators: name: Attard, Veronica
Publisher: name: EURORAD
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Musculoskeletal system
subject: Musculoskeletal soft tissue
subject: Musculoskeletal spine
subject: CT
subject: MR
subject: Arthritides
subject: Inflammation
subject: Clinical Cases

description: Clinical History: A 31-year-old gentleman with a past medical history of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, hypothyroidism, secondary hypertension and dyslipidemia was investigated for persistent lymphocytosis. He was clinically well, and physical examination was unremarkable, apart from a raised body mass index. Laboratory workup showed elevated uric acid levels at 616µmol/L (range: 204-416µmol/L). All other investigations, including complete blood count, renal profile and C-reactive protein, were within normal limits. His regular medications included daily prednisolone, mycophenolic acid, bumetanide and tacrolimus.

description: 31 years, male
Lieberg, G.: Die Lehre von der Lust in den Ethiken des Aristoteles
Creators: name: Ennen, K.
Publisher: name: Scholastik
Year: 1970

description: Scholastik, Bd. 34 Nr. 4 (1959): Scholastik. Vierteljahresschrift für Theologie und Philosophie, Band 34, Heft 4
title: R/V Kairei Cruise Report KR19-E03_leg1-2
Creators: name: Nakamura, Yasuyuki
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIREI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KR19-E03 Leg1 on R/V KAIREI from 2019-12-15 to 2020-01-06 and KR19-E03 Leg2 on R/V KAIREI from 2020-01-07 to 2020-01-24.
title: R/V Shinsei Maru/ROV Hyper-Dolphin Cruise Report KS-20-2
Creators: name: Fujiwara, Yoshihiro
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-20-2 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2020-01-15 to 2020-01-22.
title: R/V KAIREI "Cruise Report" KR19-11
Creators: name: Tanaka, Satoru
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIREI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KR19-11 on R/V KAIREI from 2019-11-09 to 2019-11-13.
title: KAIRI "Cruise Report" KR19-10C
Creators: name: Kanamatsu, Toshiya
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIREI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KR19-10C on R/V KAIREI from 2019-10-23 to 2019-11-07.
title: Kairei / Kaiko KR19-09 Cruise Report
Creators: name: Nishida, Shuhei
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIREI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KR19-09 on R/V KAIREI from 2019-10-06 to 2019-10-21.
title: R/V Shinsei Maru Cruise Report KS-20-1
Creators: name: Ikuta, Tetsuro
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V SHINSEI MARU

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KS-20-1 on R/V SHINSEI MARU from 2020-01-06 to 2020-01-11.
title: R/V Kairei Cruise Report KR19-08
Creators: name: Nambu, Yoshinobu
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIREI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KR19-08 on R/V KAIREI from 2019-09-26 to 2019-09-29.
title: R/V Kairei Cruise Report KR19-07
Creators: name: Fujie, Gou
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIREI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KR19-07 on R/V KAIREI from 2019-08-26 to 2019-09-15.
title: KR19-06C Cruise report
Creators: name: No, Tetsuo
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIREI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KR19-06C on R/V KAIREI from 2019-08-05 to 2019-08-24.
title: RV Kairei Cruise Report KR19-05
Creators: name: Tamura, Yoshihiko
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIREI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KR19-05 on R/V KAIREI from 2019-07-09 to 2019-07-18.
title: Kairei / Kaiko KR19-03 Cruise Report
Creators: name: Nishida, Shuhei
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIREI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KR19-03 on R/V KAIREI from 2019-04-30 to 2019-05-10.
TeV Gamma-ray Observations of The Galactic Center Ridge By VERITAS
Creators: name: Archer, A.
name: Benbow, W.
name: Bird, R.
name: Buchovecky, M.
name: Buckley, J. H.
name: Bugaev, V.
name: Byrum, K.
name: Cardenzana, J. V
name: Cerruti, M.
name: Chen, X.
name: Ciupik, L.
name: Collins-Hughes, E.
name: Connolly, M. P.
name: Eisch, J. D.
name: Falcone, A.
name: Feng, Q.
name: Finley, J. P.
name: Fleischhack, H.
name: Flinders, A.
name: Fortson, L.
name: Furniss, A.
name: Gillanders, G. H.
name: Griffin, S.
name: Grube, J.
name: Gyuk, G.
name: Hakansson, N.
name: Hanna, D.
name: Holder, J.
name: Humensky, T. B.
name: Hutten, M.
name: Johnson, C. A.
name: Kaaret, P.
name: Kar, P.
name: Kelley-Hoskins, N.
name: Kertzman, M.
name: Kieda, D.
name: Krause, M.
name: Krennrich, F.
name: Kumar, S.
name: Lang, M. J.
name: McArthur, S.
name: McCann, A.
name: Meagher, K.
name: Millis, J.
name: Moriarty, P.
name: Mukherjee, R.
name: Nieto, D.
name: Ong, R. A.
name: Park, N.
name: Pelassa, V.
name: Pohl, M.
name: Popkow, A.
name: Pueschel, E.
name: Quinn, J.
name: Ragan, K.
name: Ratliff, G.
name: Reynolds, P. T.
name: Richards, G. T.
name: Roache, E.
name: Rousselle, J.
name: Santander, M.
name: Sembroski, G. H.
name: Shahinyan, K.
name: Smith, A. W.
name: Staszak, D.
name: Telezhinsky, I.
name: Tucci, J. V.
name: Tyler, J.
name: Vassiliev, V. V.
name: Wakely, S. P.
name: Weiner, O. M.
name: Weinstein, A.
name: Wilhelm, A.
name: Williams, D. A.
name: Zitzer, B.
name: Yusef-Zadeh, F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Galactic Center Ridge has been observed extensively in the past by both GeV and TeV gamma-ray instruments revealing a wealth of structure, including a diffuse component as well as the point sources G0.9+0.1 (a composite supernova remnant) and Sgr A* (believed to be associated with the supermassive black hole located at the center of our Galaxy). Previous very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray observations with the H.E.S.S. experiment have also detected an extended TeV gamma-ray component along the Galactic plane in the >300 GeV gamma-ray regime. Here we report on observations of the Galactic Center Ridge from 2010-2014 by the VERITAS telescope array in the >2 TeV energy range. From these observations we 1.) provide improved measurements of the differential energy spectrum for Sgr A* in the >2 TeV gamma-ray regime, 2.) provide a detection in the >2 TeV gamma-ray emission from the composite SNR G0.9+0.1 and an improved determination of its multi-TeV gamma-ray energy spectrum, 3.) report on the detection of VER J1746-289, a localized enhancement of >2 TeV gamma-ray emission along the Galactic plane.
description: 9 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for Publication in The Astrophysical Journal
title: KAIREI Cruise Report KR19-02C
Creators: name: Takahashi, Tsutomu
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIREI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KR19-02C on R/V KAIREI from 2019-02-01 to 2019-02-12.
Probing modified gravity via the mass-temperature relation of galaxy clusters
Creators: name: Hammami, Amir
name: Mota, David F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose that the mass-temperature relation of galaxy clusters is a prime candidate for testing gravity theories beyond Einstein's general relativity, for modified gravity models with universal coupling between matter and the scalar field. For non-universally coupled models we discover that the impact of modified gravity can remain hidden from the mass-temperature relation. Using cosmological simulations, we find that in modified gravity the mass-temperature relation varies significantly from the standard gravity prediction of $M \propto T^{1.73}$. To be specific, for symmetron models with a coupling factor of $β=1$ we find a lower limit to the power law as $M\propto T^{1.6}$; and for f(R) gravity we compute predictions based on the model parameters. We show that the mass-temperature relation, for screened modified gravities, is significantly different from that of standard gravity for the less massive and colder galaxy clusters, while being indistinguishable from Einstein's gravity at massive, hot galaxy clusters. We further investigate the mass-temperature relation for other mass estimates than the thermal mass estimate, and discover that the gas mass-temperature results show an even more significant deviations from Einstein's gravity than the thermal mass-temperature.
description: Updated, submitted to A&A
Roig Gironella, J.: El problema de los tres grados de certeza
Creators: name: Vries, Josef De
Publisher: name: Scholastik
Year: 1970

description: Scholastik, Bd. 34 Nr. 4 (1959): Scholastik. Vierteljahresschrift für Theologie und Philosophie, Band 34, Heft 4
title: R/V Kairei Cruise Report KR19-01
Creators: name: Obana, Koichiro
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIREI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KR19-01 on R/V KAIREI from 2019-01-15 to 2019-01-29.
title: R/V Kaimei Cruise Report KM19-09
Creators: name: Fujie, Gou
Publisher: name: JAMSTEC
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: oceans
subject: Cruise report
subject: R/V KAIMEI

description: [CRUISE REPORT] This document is a preliminary report of KM19-09 on R/V KAIMEI from 2019-11-30 to 2019-12-07.
Probing BSM Neutrino Physics with Flavor and Spectral Distortions: Prospects for Future High-Energy Neutrino Telescopes
Creators: name: Shoemaker, Ian M.
name: Murase, Kohta
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The flavor of cosmic neutrinos may help unveil their sources and could reveal the presence of new physics in the neutrino sector. We consider the impacts of next-generation neutrino detectors, including the planned upgrade to neutrino detector--IceCube-Gen2, which is well-positioned to make dramatic improvements in both flavor and spectral measurements. We show that various models in neutrino physics beyond the Standard Model, such as neutrino decay, pseudo-Dirac states, and neutrino self-scattering, may be found or strongly constrained at IceCube-Gen2 and KM3NeT. We find that the additional flavor discriminants given by Glashow resonance events and so-called "double-bang" topologies improve the ability to access the flavor of the cosmic high-energy neutrinos and probe the BSM physics. In addition, although the details depend on source properties, Glashow resonance events have the additional feature of being able to inform us of the relative strengths of neutrino and antineutrino emission, which may help us discriminate astrophysical scenarios.
description: 17 pages, 10 figures; PRD version
Limits of the circles-in-the-sky searches in the determination of cosmic topology of nearly flat universes
Creators: name: Gomero, G. I.
name: Mota, B.
name: Reboucas, M. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: [Abridged] An observable signature of a detectable nontrivial spatial topology of the Universe is the circles-in-the-sky in the CMB sky. In the most general search, pairs of circles with deviation from antipodality $0^\circ \leq θ\leq 169^\circ$ and radii $10^\circ \leq λ\leq 90^\circ$ were investigated, but no matching circles were found. Assuming this negative result, we examine the question as to whether there are nearly flat universes with compact topology that would give rise to circles whose observable parameters $λ$ and $θ$ fall o outside the ranges covered by this search. We derive the expressions for the deviation from antipodality and for the radius of the circles associated to a pair elements ($γ\,$,$γ^{-1}$) of the holonomy group $Γ$ which define the spatial section of any positively curved universe with a nontrivial topology. We show that there is a critical position that maximizes the deviation from antipodality, and prove that no matter how nearly flat the Universe is, it can always have a nontrivial spatial topology that gives rise to circles whose deviation from antipodality $θ$ is larger than $169^\circ$, and whose radii of the circles $λ$ are smaller than $10^\circ$ for some observers. This makes apparent that slightly positively curved universes with cosmological parameters within Planck bounds can be endowed with a nontrivial spatial topology with values of the parameters $λ$ and $θ$ outside the ranges covered by the searches for circles carried out so far. Thus, these circles searches so far undertaken are not sufficient to exclude the possibility of a universe with a detectable nontrivial cosmic topology. We present concrete examples of such nearly flat universes, and discuss the implications of our results in view of unavoidable practical limits of the circles-in-the-sky method.
description: 12 pages, 4 tables. V2: Minor changes, version published in Phys.Rev.D
Micro-electromechanical memory bit based on magnetic repulsion
Creators: name: López-Suárez, Miquel
name: Neri, Igor
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A bistable micro-mechanical system based on magnetic repulsion is presented exploring its applicability as memory unit where the state of the bit is encoded in the rest position of a deflected cantilever. The non-linearity induced on the cantilever can be tuned through the magnetic interaction intensity between the cantilever magnet and the counter magnet in terms of geometrical parameters. A simple model provides a sound prediction of the behavior of the system. Finally we measured the energy required to store a bit of information on the system that, for the considered protocols, is bounded by the energy barrier separating the two stable states.