Hydnellum fagiscabrosum A. M. Ainsw. &amp; Nitare 2021, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Nitare, J.
name: Ainsworth, A. M.
name: Larsson, E.
name: Parfitt, D.
name: Suz, L. M.
name: Svantesson, S.
name: Larsson, K. - H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Fungi
Basidiomycota
Agaricomycetes
Thelephorales
Bankeraceae
Hydnellum
Hydnellum fagiscabrosum

description: <i>Hydnellum fagiscabrosum</i> A.M. Ainsw. &amp; Nitare, <i>sp. nov.</i> MycoBank MB 837984. Figs 4A, C–F, 9A. <i>Etymology</i>: Epithet derived from <i>fagi</i> -, referring to the association with <i>Fagales</i> (<i>e.g. Castanea</i>, <i>Fagus</i> and <i>Quercus</i>) and <i>scabrosum</i>, referring to the morphological similarity to <i>Hydnum scabrosum</i> Fr. <i>Typus</i>: <b>Sweden</b>, Blekinge, Ronneby, north-eastern shore of lake Listersjön, close to a picnic area, near <i>Fagus sylvatica</i>, 56.320946 / 15.350357, 3 Sep. 2014, <i>J. Nitare</i> (<b>holotypus</b> GB-0195805; <b>isotypi</b> K(M)264450, UPS); GenBank accession: MW144294. <i>Misapplication</i>: <i>Sarcodon scabrosus</i> (at least in part) <i>sensu</i> European authors. <i>Selected illustrations</i> (all labelled as <i>S</i>. <i>scabrosus</i>): Breitenbach &amp; Kränzlin [1986: 235 (no. 279)], Maas Geesteranus (1975a: taf. 34 abb. a), Pegler <i>et al.</i> (1997: fig. 77 showing micromorphology of specimen K(M)30165 sequenced by Brock <i>et al.</i> 2009). <i>Description</i>: <i>Basidiomata</i> terrestrial, stipitate, medium to rather large and fleshy, solitary or clustered, ofen in small groups. <i>Pileus</i> 50–140 mm broad, irregularly rounded to lobate, initially convex, umbonate or plane, usually developing a depressed centre at maturity;margin thin,undulating and initially incurved; cuticle radially fibrillose, showing superficial tearing to produce marginal areolae and zones of concentric scales, sometimes terminating in an upturned pointed darker tip, and deeper tearing to produce radial fissures in the underlying paler context and a central zone of coarse block-like scales; initially pinkish red brown, sometimes showing lilac or pale violaceous tints, with whitish growing edge, becoming progressively darker towards the centre and entirely chestnut brown or black brown with age. <i>Stipe</i> 30–100 × 10–30 mm, cylindrical or basally tapered with smooth, scaly, longitudinally fibrillose texture or covered by rudimentary or entire spines; concolourous with the pileus at the apex and distinctly bluish-green to black at the base with whitish mycelium binding the soil. <i>Spines</i> not, slightly or strongly decurrent,up to 10 × 1 mm, light greyish brown with whitish tips at first, becoming progressively browner from the base. <i>Flesh</i> not zoned, whitish, with distinctive greyish- or bluish-green patch within the base of the stipe, smell farinaceous, taste farinaceous and bitter. <i>Chemical reaction</i>: when a drop of 3 % KOH is added to dry specimens, the pileipellis becomes darker brown and the flesh becomes pale brown. <i>Hyphal system</i> monomitic,all hyphae simple septate, tramal hyphae of spines up to 8 µm wide. <i>Basidia</i> clavate, with four sterigmata. <i>Basidiospores</i> brown, subglobose or short ellipsoid, irregularly tuberculate, with oblique apiculus, 4.5‒6.3(‒6.4) × (3.5‒)3.8‒5.3(‒5.6) µm, av. = 5.4 × 4.7 µm, Q = 0.9‒1.5 (n = 4/100, measurements from the lateral side without tubercles), tubercles numerous, up to 1.3 µm high, with rounded, flat-topped or exsculpate apices. <i>Ecology and distribution</i>: We conclude that this species is ectomycorrhizal from the placement of GenBank sequence MF946050 which was obtained from an American ectomycorrhizal root tip of <i>Quercus</i> section <i>Lobatae</i> and identified as <i>S</i>. <i>scabrosus</i> in Rasmussen <i>et al</i>. (2018). From field observations we infer that <i>H</i>. <i>fagiscabrosum</i> is a mycorrhizal partner of <i>Fagus sylvatica</i>, <i>Quercus</i> spp. and <i>Castanea sativa</i>, including coppiced non-native <i>Castanea</i> in the UK. It is mostly found in the nemoral vegetation zone in sandy or gravelly soils, usually with other stipitate hydnoids, and ofen on mossy embankments, tracksides, ditchsides or in similarly nutrient poor microhabitats. The true extent of its European distribution is currently unknown due to its former inclusion within the circumscription of <i>S</i>. <i>scabrosus</i>, but we have produced molecular evidence for its presence in Norway, Sweden, UK and Italy and therefore suspect it is a very widespread, albeit relatively uncommon, member of the European <i>Fagaceae</i> -associated stipitate hydnoid community. Placement of GenBank sequences in Fig. 3 demonstrate that <i>H</i>. <i>fagiscabrosum</i> is also present in the southeastern USA in Florida, North Carolina and Tennessee where it has been assigned to <i>S</i>. <i>scabrosus</i> (Hughes <i>et al</i>. 2009, Baird <i>et al</i>. 2013, Rasmussen <i>et al</i>. 2018). <i>Additional specimens examined</i>: <b>Italy</b>, Liguria, Savona, Sassello,Badami, on soil near <i>Castanea sativa</i>, 2 Sep. 2010, <i>F. Boccardo</i> K(M)197487 (as <i>S. regalis</i>). <b>Norway</b>, Agder, Tvedestrand, N of Øynesvann, trackside in <i>Quercus</i> forest, 23 Aug. 2014, <i>I.-L. Fonneland &amp; D. Pettersen</i> O-F-251442. <b>Sweden</b>, Bohuslän, Lysekil par., Vägeröds dalar, on soil with <i>Quercus</i> sp. and <i>Tilia cordata</i>, <i>E. Larsson</i> GB-0195727; Sotenäs and Tossene par., Hogsäm, on soil under <i>Fagus sylvatica</i>, <i>R.-G. Carlsson</i> GB-0195621, GB-0195625; Tanum par., Lindö, on soil <i>with Quercus sp.</i>, <i>Tilia cordata</i>, and <i>Corylus avellana</i>, <i>J. Olsson</i> GB-0195622; Västergötland, Sätila par., Ramhultafallet, on soil with <i>Quercus</i> sp. and <i>Corylus avellana</i>, <i>R.-G. Carlsson</i> GB-0195621. <b>UK</b>, Berkshire (VC22), Windsor Crown Estate, on soil near <i>Castanea sativa</i>, 28 Sep. 1979, <i>R. Phillips</i> K(M)119189 (as <i>S. scabrosus</i>); Windsor Crown Estate, Buttersteep area (dry ditch), (SU9065), on soil near <i>Castanea sativa</i>, 2 Sep. 2005, <i>A.M. Ainsworth</i> K(M)197477 (as <i>S. scabrosus</i>); Windsor Crown Estate, Buttersteep Hill, (SU9066), on soil near <i>Castanea sativa</i>, 29 Sep. 2008, <i>A.M. Ainsworth</i> K(M)197472 (as <i>Sarcodon</i> sp.); East Norfolk (VC27), St Faith’s Common (TG181173), on soil near <i>Castanea sativa</i>, 22 Sep. 2011, <i>A. Crotty</i> K(M)197476 (as <i>S. scabrosus</i>); South Hampshire (VC11), New Forest, Brock Hill area (SU27020553), on soil near <i>Quercus</i> sp. and <i>Fagus sylvatica</i>, 9 Oct. 2011, <i>M. Nesbitt</i> K(M)172590 (as <i>S. scabrosus</i>); New Forest, Roydon Woods (SU313000), on soil, 11 Sep. 2002, <i>A. Leonard</i> K(M)181351 (as <i>S. scabrosus</i>); New Forest, Vinney Ridge (SU26290518), on soil near <i>Quercus</i> sp., 17 Sep. 2010, <i>A. Lucas</i> Hyd229 (as <i>S.scabrosus</i>); Surrey (VC17), Witley Common (SU92553982), on soil near <i>Quercus</i> sp. and <i>Castanea sativa</i>, 13 Sep. 2008, <i>L. Goodwin</i> K(M)160940 (as <i>S. scabrosus</i>); Woking (TQ018605), on soil near <i>Quercus</i> sp., <i>Castanea sativa</i> and <i>Pinus sylvestris</i>, 31 Jul. 2007, <i>R.A. Alder</i> K(M)162048 (as <i>S. scabrosus</i>); <i>ibid.</i>, 6 Sep. 2011, <i>R.A. Alder</i> K(M)171979 (as <i>S. scabrosus</i>); West Kent (VC16), Seal Chart (TQ567557), on soil near <i>Quercus petraea</i>, 11 Oct. 2010, <i>J. Pitt</i> K(M)197490; Tudeley Woods, on soil near <i>Castanea sativa</i>, 24 Sep. 1994, <i>N. Fletcher</i> K(M)30165, (as <i>S. scabrosus</i>); <i>ibid.</i>, 15 Oct. 1999, <i>J. Weightman</i> K(M)64653 (as <i>S. scabrosus</i>). <i>Notes</i>: Historically, our species has been included in a broad concept of <i>Sarcodon scabrosus</i> which has an inferred association with both <i>Fagaceae</i> and <i>Pinaceae</i>, at least in Europe. However, based on its protologue, the discussion in Maas Geesteranus &amp; Nannfeldt (1969) and the clustering of a sequence derived from its neotype with several sequences derived from coniferassociated basidiomata and mycorrhizal root samples (see Fig. 3), <i>Hydnellum scabrosum sensu stricto</i> was revealed to be an ectomycorrhizal partner of <i>Pinaceae</i> only. More specifically, it was detected in the roots of <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> in Estonia (UNITE UDB008050), of <i>Pinus densiflora</i> (GenBank AB251833) in Japan (Lian <i>et al</i>. 2006) and of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> (GenBank KM402896) in Canada (Kranabetter <i>et al</i>. 2015). Furthermore, European basidiomatal sequence and collection data indicate that it is usually found on poor sandy soils with <i>P</i>. <i>sylvestris</i> and never in pure stands of <i>Fagaceae</i>. It should also be noted in passing that the placement of GenBank sequence AF351870 in Fig. 3 indicates that, in Oregon at least, <i>H</i>. <i>scabrosum sensu stricto</i> can also form mycorrhizal associations with epiparasitic monotropoid plant roots (Bidartondo &amp; Bruns 2001). Hitherto, <i>H</i>. <i>fagiscabrosum</i> was recognized as “ <i>Sarcodon</i> sp. 1 (with <i>Fagaceae</i>)” in the UK (Smith <i>et al</i>. 2016) and as “ <i>H</i>. <i>fagiscabrosum nom. prov.</i> ” in Sweden (Nitare 2019). We have not been able to find any usable existing name for this misinterpreted species, and old names such as <i>Hydnum amarescens</i> Quél., a fairly pale and minutely scaly species with a non-existent type <i>fide</i> Maas Geesteranus (1956), are all dubious and have been applied to other species (see <i>e.g.</i> discussion in Maas Geesteranus &amp; Nannfeldt 1969). Therefore, we prefer to give this widely distributed species a new name. The basidiomata of <i>H</i>. <i>fagiscabrosum</i>, <i>H</i>. <i>illudens</i> and <i>H</i>. <i>scabrosum</i> are similarly coarsely scaly when fully mature, but these species differ in their pileal pigmentation and ecological associations. In the field, <i>H</i>. <i>fagiscabrosum</i> can be distinguished from <i>H</i>. <i>scabrosum</i> by the relatively persistent, ofen broad and contrastingly whitish pileal margin of the former and its association with <i>Fagaceae</i>. <i>Hydnellum scabrosum</i> has a more concolorous pileal margin and it associates with <i>Pinaceae</i>. Although <i>H</i>. <i>illudens</i> and <i>H</i>. <i>fagiscabrosum</i> might be found in similar habitats in southern Europe, they differ in basidiomatal colours. The pileal surface is yellowish brown in <i>H. illudens</i> and the dried flesh also assumes a yellowish colour, whereas the pileus is reddish brown in <i>H. fagiscabrosum</i> and the flesh remains greyish when dried. Furthermore, basidiomata of <i>H. illudens</i> have a strongly farinaceous taste, whereas those of <i>H. fagiscabrosum</i> are rather sour and acrid. <i>Hydnellum fagiscabrosum</i> is distinguished from <i>H. nemorosum</i> and <i>H. lepidum</i>, both of which are associated with broadleaved trees, by its more coarsely scaly pileus. Of these species, <i>H. nemorosum</i> differs the most with its pinkish to vinaceous-brown pileus which is fissured but not really scaly, whereas in <i>H. lepidum</i> the scales are small and more or less adpressed all over the pileal surface.
description: Published as part of <i>Nitare, J., Ainsworth, A. M., Larsson, E., Parfitt, D., Suz, L. M., Svantesson, S. &amp; Larsson, K. - H., 2021, Four new species of Hydnellum (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) with a note on Sarcodon illudens, pp. 233-254 in Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7 (1)</i> on pages 238-245, DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.12, http://zenodo.org/record/5838834
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