Parapenetretus (Propenetretus) A.S & D.W & A & H 2006, subgen. nov.
Creators: name: A. S
name: D. W
name: A, W
name: H, E
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Carabidae
Parapenetretus

description: Propenetretus subgen. nov.   
 Type species: Parapenetretus selaensis spec. nov., herewith designated.   
 D i a g n o s t i c f e a t u r e s:Initsmainfeaturesagreeswithspeciesofthegenus Parapenetretus, being the most similar habitually to P. (Ambigopenetretus) shimianensis ZAMOTAJLOV from Sichuan. However, Propenetretus subgen. nov. is easily distinguishable from Parapenetretus (s. str.), Butanopenetretus, the bulk of Robustopenetretus - species, and P. reticulatus ZAMOTAJLOV by presence of only 2 (very seldom 3) supraorbital setae on each side of head. In this respect it resembles Ambigopenetretus -species and some species of Robustopenetretus. From the first subgenus it differs in polysetose lateral margin of pronotum, longer mesepisternum (fig. 6), absence of ventral setae of tarsomere 5, different shape of female tergite 8 (fig. 8), male and female genitalia. From the latter it differs, first of all, in its more slender body, head with much less developed puncturation and rugosity, and longer mesepisternum. From all hitherto described subgenera and groups of Parapenetretus, Propenetretus subgen. nov. differs in less cordate pronotum and more elongate, possessing lateral keels, apical lamella of aedeagus (only P. reticulatus ZAMOTAJLOV known upon female being unstudied in the latter respect) (figs 14, 15). In habitus strongly resembles also " Apatrobus " sikkimensis (DEUVE & LEDOUX), however, larger in average, body more slender, hind supraorbital seta located closer to neck-constriction, pore puncture larger, lateral margin of pronotum polysetose (in " Apatrobus " sikkimensis bears single seta), marginal series of elytra not forming distinct groups (in " Apatrobus " sikkimensis composed of 3 more or less distinctly separated groups, formula of series being 2 + 1 + 6), shape of apical lamella of aedeagus (see figs 14, 15) different, elongate, with lateral keels (in " Apatrobus " sikkimensis guttershaped and open dorsally). Aedeagus resembles the most closely that of Parapatrobus brancuccii (ZAMOTAJLOV), however, smaller, apical protuberance much longer, apical lamella broader (viewed laterally), not twisted leftward (viewed dorsally), proximal copulatory piece smaller, of different structure, apical projections of parameres shorter in average. Being manifestly different in general appearance, it is distinguishable also in numerous important details of external morphology: lateral margin of pronotum polysetose, suture separating mesepisternum and mesosternum (fig. 6) joins lateral margin of metathorax, mesepimeron of different shape, only slightly broadened inward, mesepisternum longer, front margin of metathorax near middle coxal cavities valliculiform, male protarsomere 2 smaller than protarsomere 3 than in Parapatrobus brancuccii, latter nearly longitudinal, anterolateral apophyse of female tergite 8 indistinct (fig. 8), base of tergite moderately exceeding epitergite, etc. Elongate, complicated bursal sclerite and presence of distal sclerite of female reproductive tract outwardly resemble the P. hikisanus -group and the P. hayachinensis -group of Apatrobus from Japan, however, Propenetretus subgen. nov. differs from them in the same features as other subgenera of Parapenetretus (see key by ZAMOTAJLOV 2002).   
D e s c r i p t i o n: Body of medium size. Integument fully pigmented, dark, nearly monochromatic, without metallic lustre. Rather slender, with elongate appendages.  
Head normal; tempora well-developed, long; mandibles normal; antennomere 1 with single anterodorsal seta (exceptionally with a few minute additional setae), antennomere 2 with a corona of setae apically; apical palpomere of maxillar palpi broadest in the middle; mentum (fig. 4) with moderately deep furrows, mentum tooth with 2 setae subapically; submentum with 2 setiferous pores on each side; only 2 (exceptionally 3) supraorbital setae present, hind one situated beside neck-constriction; tempora glabrous.  
Disk of pronotum glabrous; lateral margin before its middle polysetose (usually with 2 seta); median line simple; prothorax glabrous; suture separating mesepisternum and mesosternum (fig. 6) joins lateral margin of metasternum; mesepimeron narrow, slightly broadened laterally and hardly broadened inward, without median process penetrating between meso- and metathorax, disjointed from middle coxal cavity by rather broad area of meso- and metasternum; metepisternum rather long and narrow; front margin of metasternum near middle coxal cavities valliculiform (see fig. 6); inner side of profemur without tubercle; metatrochanter normal; male protarsomere 2 distinctly larger than protarsomere 3, latter longitudinal, protarsomere 4 strongly emarginate apically, bilobed; tarsi glabrous on upper surface; tarsomere 5 glabrous ventrally.  
Elytra elongate, somewhat depressed; scutellar pore puncture present; elytral striae welldeveloped; setae arranged into discal series present only on interval 3.  
Anterolateral apophyse of female tergite 8 indistinct (fig. 8), base of tergite moderately exceeding epitergite, longitudinal keels absent, transversal ones long, median sclerotization absent, both basal and apical longitudinal depigmentation absent; abdominal sternites glabrous.  
Apical lamella of aedeagus moderately elongate, with lateral keels (figs 14, 15); only proximal scleriotization of endophallus present; basal phlagellum absent; parameres fully developed, apical projections rather short, somewhat gradually tapering apically and pointed.  
Distal sclerite of female reproductive tract present (fig. 20); bursal sclerite welldeveloped, asymmetric; stylus with 1 seta subapically.  
 R e m a r k s: Judging from the bulk of characters known, Propenetretus subgen. nov. must be undoubtedly placed close to other taxa of the genus Parapenetretus. Cladistic analysis, based on the detruncated matrix comprising taxa with all characters known, proves its affiliation with the other groups of Parapenetretus (fig. 21) (tree remained unresolved as concerns relationships of Ambigopenetretus and Propenetretus subgen. nov.). This monophyletic group of Parapenetretus taxa is observed at 100% of all resulting equally parsimonious trees. Analysis involving all groups (including units with ambiguity) (fig. 23) reveals that Propenetretus subgen. nov. represents an adelphotaxon of the entire complex of the known groups of Parapenetretus.   
 Similarity dendrograms obtained by different clustering methods (UPGMA, WPGMA, single linkage, complete linkage, etc., example see fig. 24) possess a stable congregation comprising all groups of Parapenetretus and Propenetretus subgen. nov., the latter always occupies a position basal to other taxa.   
 Thus, basing on both phylogenetic and phenetic analysis, in spite of some pronounced habitual differences, above described taxon must be attributed to the genus Parapenetretus, though deserves separation as a different subgenus.   
 E t y m o l o g y: The subgeneric epithet refers to the phylogenetic position of this subgenus, basal to other subgenera of Parapenetretus.
description: Published as part of A. S, D. W, A, W & H, E, 2006, New taxa of the tribe Patrobini (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from the East Himalayas, pp. 991-1008 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 38 (1) on pages 996-998, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5434686