cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Possibilities of economic policy for regulation of sectorspecific markets in small country: the case of Baltic countries. Majanduspoliitilised võimalused erandvaldkondade reguleerimiseks väikeriigis Balti riikide näitel
Creators: name: Eerma, Diana
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2013
Subjects: economics of regulation; government policy and regulation; regulated industries; regulatory institutions

description: In the article is analyzed the regulation of sector-specific industries from
institutional aspects of regulation and competition policy. There is researched
answer to the question what type of institutional arrangement is suitable for
regulating network industries in the Baltic countries. Under the observation are three different organizational standard models: single sector-specific regulators and competition board; integrated multi-sector regulatory institution and separate competition board; and unitary competition supervisory and regulatory institution.
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 18 (2010)
Segue 2 Recently Collided with the Cetus-Palca Stream: New Opportunities to Constrain Dark Matter in an Ultra-Faint Dwarf
Creators: name: Foote, Hayden R.
name: Besla, Gurtina
name: Garavito-Camargo, Nicolás
name: Patel, Ekta
name: Thomas, Guillaume F.
name: Bonaca, Ana
name: Price-Whelan, Adrian M.
name: Peter, Annika H. G.
name: Zaritsky, Dennis
name: Conroy, Charlie
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Stellar streams in the Milky Way are promising detectors of low-mass dark matter (DM) subhalos predicted by $Λ$CDM. Passing subhalos induce perturbations in streams that indicate the presence of the subhalos. Understanding how known DM-dominated satellites impact streams is a crucial step towards using stream perturbations to constrain the properties of dark perturbers. Here, we cross-match a \textit{Gaia} EDR3 and SEGUE member catalog of the Cetus-Palca stream (CPS) with H3 for additional radial velocity measurements and fit the orbit of the CPS using this 6-D data. We demonstrate for the first time that the ultra-faint dwarf Segue 2 had a recent (77$\pm$5 Myr ago) close flyby (within the stream's 2$σ$ width) with the CPS. This interaction enables constraints on Segue 2's mass and density profile at larger radii ($\mathcal{O}(1)$ kpc) than are probed by its stars ($\mathcal{O}(10)$ pc). While Segue 2 is not expected to strongly affect the portion of the stream covered by our 6-D data, we predict that if Segue 2's mass within $\sim 6$ kpc is $5\times 10^9\,M_\odot$, the CPS's velocity dispersion will be $\sim 40$ km s$^{-1}$ larger at $ϕ_1>20^\circ$ than at $ϕ_1<0^\circ$. If no such heating is detected, Segue 2's mass cannot exceed $10^9\,M_\odot$ within $\sim 6$ kpc. The proper motion distribution of the CPS near the impact site is mildly sensitive to the shape of Segue 2's density profile. This study presents a critical test for frameworks designed to constrain properties of dark subhalos from stream perturbations.
description: 33 pages, 14 figures, 6 tables. Updated for consistency with published version
Examining the relationship between poor sleep health and risky driving behaviors among college students
Creators: name: Robbins, Rebecca
name: Piazza, Andrew
name: Martin, Ryan J.
name: Jean-Louis, Girardin
name: Knowlden, Adam P.
name: Grandner, Michael A.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy

description: Objective: Risky driving behaviors, such as texting while driving, are common among young adults and increase risk of traffic accidents and injuries. We examine the relationship between poor sleep and risky driving behaviors among college students as potential targets for traffic injury prevention. Methods: Data for this study were obtained from a cross-sectional survey administered to a college student sample in the United States Midwest (n = 1,305). Sleep was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Risky driving behaviors were measured, including sending texts/emails; reading texts/emails while driving; talking on the phone while driving; falling asleep while driving; and driving under the influence. Risky driving behavior was defined as a response of “just once,” “rarely,” “sometimes,” “fairly often” or “regularly” (reference = “never”). Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between sleep and risky driving, after adjusting for confounders. Results: Among participants, 75% reported sending texts/emails while driving, 82% reported reading texts/emails while driving, and 84% reported phone talking while driving; 20% reported falling asleep while driving; 8% reported driving under the influence; and 62% reported 3 or more risky behaviors. Compared to those reporting no sleep disturbance, those with sleep disturbance “once or twice a week” were more likely to report sending a text/email while driving (aOR: 2.9, 95%CI:1.7-4.9), reading a text/email while driving (aOR:3.1,95%CI:1.5-5.5), talking on the phone while driving (aOR:1.9, 95%CI:1.0-3.4), and falling asleep while driving (aOR:3.4,95%CI:1.5-7.4). Compared to those reporting no daytime dysfunction, those reporting issues “once or twice a week” were more likely to report talking on the phone while driving (aOR:1.7, 95%CI:1.1-2.7) and falling asleep while driving (aOR:3.6,95%CI:2.3-5.6). Conclusions: Future research may consider designing behavioral interventions that aim to improve sleep, reduce drowsy driving among young adults.
Stationary Distribution of open Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Processes on an Interval as a marginal of a two-layer ensemble
Creators: name: Bryc, Wlodek
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the asymmetric simple exclusion process (ASEP) on an interval with open boundaries. We provide a representation for its stationary distribution as a marginal of the top layer of a two-layer ensemble under Liggett's condition. The representation is valid in the fan region and in the shock region, extending the representation previously obtained in [Bryc-Zatitskii-2024 arXiv:2403.03275] to ASEP. We also give a recursion for the two-layer weight function.
description: Expanded version with more details. 20 pages
Public environmental expenditures in time of crisis in Estonia.Eesti avaliku sektori keskkonnakulutused majanduskriisi perioodil
Creators: name: Ehrlich, Üllas
name: Pädam, Sirje
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2013
Subjects: public environmental expenditure; financial crisis

description: The purpose of this paper is to study the impact from the recent financial crisis on public environmental expenditure in Estonia. The data show different tendencies depending on the level of government. While the recent financial crisis has affected Local Government spending on environmental protection negatively, Central Government environmental protection expenditure increased by more than 30 percent between 2007 and 2008. Preliminary data indicate that this tendency continued in 2009. When comparing expenditures on environmental protection during times of crisis it is possible to detect differences between the developments in
1998-1999 and those in 2007-2008. Public expenditures on environmental protection were much more sensitive to declining GDP during the previous financial crisis than during the recent crisis. In the 2000s two important changes have affected environmental funding in Estonia. Accession to the EU in 2004 has made EU funding available for environmental protection. The ecological tax reform introduced in 2005 has increased the revenues of environmental charges earmarked for environmental purposes
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 18 (2010)
Human health risk assessment of metals exposure through subsistence foods consumption and subsistence harvest activities near a mining transport road in northwest Alaska
Creators: name: Garry, Michael R.
name: Shock, Scott S.
name: Salatas, Johanna
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy

description: Historical transport of ore concentrate over a 50-mile haul road from the Red Dog zinc/lead mine in northwest Alaska to a seaport has been associated with elevated lead levels on moss growing near the road and with concerns about the safety of subsistence foods. As part of a comprehensive evaluation of potential impacts to human health and the environment from metals released during overland transport of ore concentrate, a human health risk assessment was conducted. Exposure to site-related metals through subsistence food consumption, water ingestion, and incidental soil ingestion was evaluated for three scenarios: child subsistence use, adult subsistence use, and adult combined occupational and subsistence use. The risk assessment used local subsistence food consumption data and subsistence harvest area information, along with metal concentrations from soil, water, caribou, fish, ptarmigan, berries, and sourdock collected on or near the road and port. The results, along with other lines of evidence, indicate that risks associated with subsistence food consumption and harvest activities are well within acceptable limits for each scenario and that subsistence foods remain safe to eat. Additionally, human health risks are not elevated even when data from restricted areas of the road and port are included.
Exploring New Physics with PandaX-4T Low Energy Electronic Recoil Data
Creators: name: PandaX Collaboration
name: Zeng, Xinning
name: Bo, Zihao
name: Chen, Wei
name: Chen, Xun
name: Chen, Yunhua
name: Cheng, Zhaokan
name: Cui, Xiangyi
name: Fan, Yingjie
name: Fang, Deqing
name: Gao, Zhixing
name: Geng, Lisheng
name: Giboni, Karl
name: Guo, Xunan
name: Guo, Xuyuan
name: Guo, Zichao
name: Han, Chencheng
name: He, Ke HanChangda
name: He, Jinrong
name: Huang, Di
name: Huang, Houqi
name: Huang, Junting
name: Hou, Ruquan
name: Hou, Yu
name: Ji, Xiangdong
name: Ji, Xiangpan
name: Ju, Yonglin
name: Li, Chenxiang
name: Li, Jiafu
name: Li, Mingchuan
name: Li, Shuaijie
name: Li, Tao
name: Li, Zhiyuan
name: Lin, Qing
name: Liu, Jianglai
name: Lu, Congcong
name: Lu, Xiaoying
name: Luo, Lingyin
name: Luo, Yunyang
name: Ma, Wenbo
name: Ma, Yugang
name: Mao, Yajun
name: Meng, Yue
name: Ning, Xuyang
name: Pang, Binyu
name: Qi, Ningchun
name: Qian, Zhicheng
name: Ren, Xiangxiang
name: Shan, Dong
name: Shang, Xiaofeng
name: Shao, Xiyuan
name: Shen, Guofang
name: Shen, Manbin
name: Sun, Wenliang
name: Tao, Yi
name: Wang, Anqing
name: Wang, Guanbo
name: Wang, Hao
name: Wang, Jiamin
name: Wang, Lei
name: Wang, Meng
name: Wang, Qiuhong
name: Wang, Shaobo
name: Wang, Siguang
name: Wang, Wei
name: Wang, Xiuli
name: Wang, Xu
name: Wang, Zhou
name: Wei, Yuehuan
name: Wu, Weihao
name: Wu, Yuan
name: Xiao, Mengjiao
name: Xiao, Xiang
name: Xiong, Kaizhi
name: Xu, Yifan
name: Yao, Shunyu
name: Yan, Binbin
name: Yan, Xiyu
name: Yang, Yong
name: Ye, Peihua
name: Yu, Chunxu
name: Yuan, Ying
name: Yuan, Zhe
name: Yun, Youhui
name: Zhang, Minzhen
name: Zhang, Peng
name: Zhang, Shibo
name: Zhang, Shu
name: Zhang, Tao
name: Zhang, Wei
name: Zhang, Yang
name: Zhang, Yingxin
name: Zhang, Yuanyuan
name: Zhao, Li
name: Zhou, Jifang
name: Zhou, Jiaxu
name: Zhou, Jiayi
name: Zhou, Ning
name: Zhou, Xiaopeng
name: Zhou, Yubo
name: Zhou, Zhizhen
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: New particles beyond the standard model of particle physics, such as axions, can be effectively searched through their interactions with electrons. We use the large liquid xenon detector PandaX-4T to search for novel electronic recoil signals induced by solar axions, neutrinos with anomalous magnetic moment, axionlike particles, dark photons, and light fermionic dark matter. A detailed background model is established using the latest datasets with 1.54 $\rm ton \cdot yr$ exposure. No significant excess above the background has been observed, and we have obtained competitive constraints for axion couplings, neutrino magnetic moment, and fermionic dark matter interactions.
description: 8 pages, 3 figures
Investigation of tissue level tolerance for cerebral contusion in a controlled cortical impact porcine model
Creators: name: De Kegel, Dries
name: Musigazi, Gracia Umuhire
name: Menichetti, Andrea
name: Hellings, Peter-William
name: Sciot, Raf
name: Demaerel, Philippe
name: Famaey, Nele
name: Sloten, Jos Vander
name: Depreitere, Bart
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: Cerebral contusions (CC) represent a frequent lesion in traumatic brain injury, with potential morbidity from mass effect and tissue loss. Better understanding of the mechanical etiology will help to improve head protection. The goal of this study is to investigate the threshold for mechanical impact parameters to induce CC in an in vivo porcine controlled cortical impact model. Thirty-four adult male pigs underwent craniotomy and controlled cortical impact with a hemispherical tip on intact dura under general anesthesia. Peak impact depth varied between 1.1 and 12.6 mm, and impact velocity between 0.4 and 2.2 m/s while the dwell time was kept at 200 ms. Two days following impact, the animals underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the brain, and were subsequently sacrificed for brain extraction. CC damage was investigated by magnetic resonance imaging and histology. All animals recovered from the impact without overt neurological deficit. Provoked injuries were histologically confirmed to be CC. Decreasing probability of cortical damage and white matter edema volume was observed with decreasing impact depth and velocity. No CC could be demonstrated below a product of impact depth and velocity of 0.8 mm*m/s, whereas the probability for CC was one third below 15 mm*m/s. The threshold for CC development as estimated from the current series of experiments, was situated at an impact depth of 2.0 mm and impact velocity of 0.4 m/s Mechanical thresholds for CC development could be explored in the current porcine controlled cortical impact model. Findings will be used to further refine a cerebral contusion porcine model with volumetric histology data in light of future finite element cerebral contusion validation studies.
The Effects of endurance training upon brachial pulse wave and heart rate measurements of a group of middle-aged men
Creators: name: Olenick, Norman Finlay Edward
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: This study attempted to evaluate the effects of endurance training upon certain cardiovascular variables of a group of middle-aged men. Seventeen subjects were tested at the University of British Columbia before and after nine weeks of moderate training (average frequency of participation was two to three noon hour sessions per week). The subjects underwent a test procedure consisting of quiet sitting for fifteen minutes, brachial pulse wave tracings (sitting, standing, and post-exercise), a one-minute step test, and a six-minute ergometer ride. Finally, body weight was taken. Fourteen test variables were obtained from the results of this test procedure. These variables utilized by this study were: A. Heart Rate Measurements of 1. Quiet Sitting Heart Rate, 2. Step Test Two-Minute Total Recovery Heart Rate, 3. Cycling Steady-State Heart Rate, and 4. Cycling Two-Minute Total Recovery Heart Rate. B. Brachial Pulse Wave Measurements of 1. Sitting Area Under The Curve, 2. Sitting Systolic Amplitude, 3. Sitting Dicrotic Notch Amplitude, 4. Sitting Fatigue Ratio, 5. Sitting Obliquity Angle, 6. Sitting Diastolic Surge, 7. Sitting Rest To Work Ratio, 8. Standing Systolic Amplitude, and 9. Post-Exercise Systolic Amplitude. C. Body Weight in Pounds. The Null Hypothesis was proposed as a means of evaluating the significance of the mean difference between pre-training (Test 1) and post-training (Test 2) scores on each test item. The 5 per cent level of confidence (t = 1.746) was selected as the criterion for each variable. The results of this study indicate that the group showed no significant changes at the 5 per cent level of confidence in the quiet sitting heart rate, nor in any of the nine brachial pulse wave variables. Reductions significant at the 5 per cent level were observed in the step test two-minute total recovery heart rate, cycling steady-state heart, and cycling two-minute total recovery heart rate. Reductions in body weight were also observed to be significant at the 5 per cent level of confidence. The group appeared to improve their tolerance for sub-maximal exercise through moderate participation in the training programme. The significant heart rate reductions noted during and after work imply an increased work capacity. It appears that this moderate degree of training was not sufficient enough to significantly alter the refined cardiovascular variables (brachial pulse wave items). The coarse variables (recovery heart rate sums, steady-state heart rate, and body weight) were, however, significantly altered at the 5 per cent level of confidence.
Material reconciliations and power restoration: woodcarving, museums and prestige among Asmat (Papua, Indonesia)
Creators: name: Costa, Roberto
Publisher: name: Macquarie University
Year: 2023
Subjects: classificationCode: 399999
subject: Other education not elsewhere classified

description: This thesis explores several attempts by Asmat people of Indonesian Papua to reconcile with a rapidly changing social, cultural and political context through material representations and to restore their lost power by reviving past moral models. A key question this thesis tries to answer is: how do Asmat envision renewing and governing spiritual life in an environment that is dominated by geopolitical hierarchies of global capitalism, state control and religious virtues? The ethnographic fieldwork underpinning this thesis was mainly conducted in the Asmat region where I worked with a group of senior Catholic male woodcarvers for a period of almost six months. A small but significant portion of my fieldwork was carried out in the Papua Pavilion of Jakarta’s iconic theme park Taman Mini “Indonesia Indah”. The material reconciliations and restoration of power my interlocutors envision require shifts in ontology, morality, ritualism, and further elements that are subsumed under the concept of ces. This term is a pivotal Asmat concept that, akin to mana, denotes a multifaceted force that captures potency, talent, bravery, pride, prestige and ethical prescriptions. My enquiry into these shifts highlights the eclectic and ambiguous nature of Asmat woodcarvers’ ideas and endeavours to creatively engage with their pre-Christian past, past aesthetic and ethical models, ancestors, and new objects, while challenging the constraints of their realities. As I will discuss in the collection of six papers that constitute the backbone of this thesis by publication, such endeavours include Asmat plans to contrast structural inequalities evident in the Taman Mini by building a pan-Asmat customary house; ideas for establishing an Asmat museum in the epicentre of the Catholic Church, the Vatican; attempts to reconcile Christian virtues with ancestral cult practices by depositing headhunting heroes’ weapons in the altar space of a (Catholic) church. This thesis thus provides glimpses of Asmat creative agency to carve out a position in the current order of things while reinvigorating ces and related connections with their ancestors.
Radiation pressure force and black hole mass determination in low redshift type-I and type-II active galactic nuclei
Creators: name: Netzer, Hagai
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The distributions of L(oiii 5007), black hole (BH) mass and L/L(Edd) in two large samples of type-I and type-II active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are compared in order to test the suggestion that radiation pressure force is affecting the gas velocity in the broad line region and hence the BH mass determination. The samples are drawn from the SDSS archive and are modified to represent the same parent distribution at 0.1 < z < 0.2. BH masses in type-I sources are calculated in two different ways, one using a simple virial mass assumption and the other by taking into account the effect of radiation pressure force on the gas. The simple virial mass estimate results in good agreement with the sigma*-based BH mass and L/L(Edd) estimates in type-II sources. In contrast, there is a clear disagreement in the L/L(Edd) distributions when radiation pressure-based estimates are used. This indicates that radiation pressure force is not important in 0.1 < z < 0.2 AGNs with L(5100)=10^{42.8-44.8} erg/s. This has important implications to the physics of the gas producing the broad emission lines in AGNs, in particular the existence of extremely large (about 10^24 cm^(-2)) column density clouds.
description: 6 pages 4 figures accepted for publication in ApJ
Estonian Economy and Economic Policy during the Economic Crisis
Creators: name: Raju, Olev
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2013
Subjects: economic crisis; euro; taxation; economic policy; development

description: Estonia suffered the deepest economic crisis of its history in 2007-2010; also, the crisis was one of the most troublesome ones among the member states of EU. The paper deals with main indicators describing the size and dynamics of the crisis and with the economic politics of government in the period. The latter one can be characterized by delay in giving estimation to economic processes and the lack of means against the crisis. At the same time government erected task to join euro at any price. The economic reactions were centred on it. The taxis were increased and the expenditures were cut down in order to balance the budget at the highest peak of the crisis, it was done also in the middle of the budget year. All the criteria to join euro were succeeded to fulfil for a certain period (today the inflation is much higher again), but the difficulties of the crisis were magnified. The paper doesn’t give prognosis for the development of EC, euro, and Estonian economy in euro zone; neither does it give any variances of economic politics for next years
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 20, No 2 (2012)
Topological defects reveal the plasticity of glasses
Creators: name: Baggioli, Matteo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Mixing theoretical topological structures with cutting-edge simulation methods, a recent study in Nature Communications has finally confirmed the existence of topological defects in glasses and their crucial role for plasticity.
description: News and Views commentary for the paper by Wu et Al. [Nat Commun 14, 2955 (2023)]
The Effect of circuit training upon cardiovascular condition and motor performance
Creators: name: Simmons, Robert Charles George
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a twice-weekly thirty-minute circuit training class in improving the Cardiovascular condition and motor performance of male freshmen enrolled in the Required Physical Education Programme at the University of British Columbia. An experimental sample of twenty subjects was selected randomly from one of the eight circuit training classes but this number was reduced to fifteen by the end of the term. A statistical comparison of the experimental group with a large sample of first year students tested in 1962 was made for height, weight and four motor performance items. The two groups were found to be sufficiently alike to consider the experimental group as reasonably representative of male college freshmen enrolled in the required programme of the University. The subjects were given a -twenty-seven item fitness test battery prior to and at the end of the ten week circuit programme. The gains in fitness measures were evaluated by an analysis of the reliability of mean differences for each test item, a conversion of the mean test scores into standard scores from scoring tables for normal young college men in order to determine mean standard score improvement, and an analysis of the number of students who, between tests, increased their scores, decreased their scores, or remained the same. These results were then compared with those obtained from a physical conditioning programme study which utilized the same tests, procedures and time spent in training between tests. In almost all the variables studied, approximately three-quarters of the subjects showed changes which were in the direction of increased physical fitness. All of the twenty-seven items used showed mean changes in the direction of increased physical fitness and twenty-two of them were statistically significant. These included all the motor performance items and eight of thirteen cardiovascular condition items. Each individual, showed a somewhat unique pattern of changes in cardiovascular condition. Several subjects with relatively high scores on their initial tests had lower scores when they were retested and some subjects who had relatively low initial scores showed higher scores on re-test. The rest of the subjects, in general, increased their scores on retest. The training programme was adequate to produce fair improvements in cardiovascular condition in the initially unfit students. Factors extraneous to the study appeared to influence those subjects who scored high initially but then regressed on retest. The training programme seemed sufficient in duration or intensity (or both) to produce improvement in motor performance. The circuit training programme was found to be superior to the physical conditioning programme in improving most aspects of physical fitness.
Privacy in Federated Learning
Creators: name: Sen, Jaydip
name: Waghela, Hetvi
name: Rakshit, Sneha
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Federated Learning (FL) represents a significant advancement in distributed machine learning, enabling multiple participants to collaboratively train models without sharing raw data. This decentralized approach enhances privacy by keeping data on local devices. However, FL introduces new privacy challenges, as model updates shared during training can inadvertently leak sensitive information. This chapter delves into the core privacy concerns within FL, including the risks of data reconstruction, model inversion attacks, and membership inference. It explores various privacy-preserving techniques, such as Differential Privacy (DP) and Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC), which are designed to mitigate these risks. The chapter also examines the trade-offs between model accuracy and privacy, emphasizing the importance of balancing these factors in practical implementations. Furthermore, it discusses the role of regulatory frameworks, such as GDPR, in shaping the privacy standards for FL. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current state of privacy in FL, this chapter aims to equip researchers and practitioners with the knowledge necessary to navigate the complexities of secure federated learning environments. The discussion highlights both the potential and limitations of existing privacy-enhancing techniques, offering insights into future research directions and the development of more robust solutions.
description: This is the accepted version of the book chapter that has been accepted for inclusion in the book titled "Data Privacy: Techniques, Applications, and Standards. Editor: Jaydip Sen, IntechOpen Publishers, London, UK. ISBN: 978-1-83769-675-8. The chapter is 29 pages long
Environmental risk assessment of a young landfill site and its vicinity for possible human exposure
Creators: name: Anum Iqbal
name: Amtul Bari Tabinda
name: Yasar, Abdullah
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Biotechnology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: Hematology
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Landfilling is the oldest and cheapest solution for waste management along with the generation of leachate and landfill gas. Present study was conducted on a landfill site to estimate potential human and environmental risks associated with it. Human risk assessment was done by determining the contamination of drinking water by leachate mixing, hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk effect (CRE) whereas environmental risk assessment was done by finding out the potential ecological risk index (PERI) and total landfill gas emissions. The results showed that drinking water was contaminated by heavy metals and E. coli within the 2 km radius of the site. Arsenic and Cadmium has the highest HQ of 1.36 and 1.53 respectively whereas their CRE in drinking water was also positive with 6.1 x10−4 and 4.78 x10−3 respectively. The overall PERI of the metals was also high (312.49) which was highly degrading for the environment. The total gas emissions were modeled by the software LandGEM (version 3.02), which showed that the total gas emissions from the landfill site in the year 2018 were 1.715E + 04 Mg/yr. Currently, the landfill was graded as moderately risky which could become severely risky with the passage of time.
PROBLEMAS CAUSADOS PELO USO DE QUÍMICOS NA AGRICULTURA
Creators: name: Shimada, Belmiro Saburo
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: Environmental Science

description: Agriculture is essential for human survival, but many problems have arisen through agriculture, mainly through the use of chemicals in agriculture. The objective of this work is to carry out a brief literature review on the problems caused by the use of chemicals in agriculture. The present study was developed based on a literature review and relevant research on the problems caused by the use of chemicals in agriculture, in order to characterize the problems of chemical control in agriculture. The need for food production for the population favored the increase of chemicals in agriculture, seeking to increase their productivity, and this increase, combined with the inadequate use of chemicals in agriculture, brought problems in agriculture, the environment and society. In agriculture it brought problems such as loss of soil fertility, exclusion from family farming, reduction of labor, water pollution, erosion, selection of weed biotypes, pests and diseases. In the environmental area, it brought problems such as the contamination of soils and water sources through the release and accumulation of residues of pesticides and metals in soils and water bodies, destruction of the biodiversity of microorganisms and insects beneficial to crops that are susceptible to the applied molecules, and the imbalance in the fauna and flora of the environment. In society, it brought problems such as the contamination of food, animals and human beings, leading to the development of diseases. Thus, the problems caused by the use of chemicals in agriculture can be noted, affecting the environmental, social and agricultural sectors.
Accions
Creators: name: Choi, Kang-Sin
name: Nilles, Hans Peter
name: Ramos-Sanchez, Saul
name: Vaudrevange, Patrick K. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Axion fields provide the most elegant solution to the strong CP problem. In string compactifications it is difficult to obtain an axion whose decay constant is consistent with current cosmological bounds. We examine this question in theories with accidental U(1) symmetries that appear as low energy remnants of discrete symmetries. We refer to the axion-like particles from the spontaneous breakdown of these symmetries as accions. In such systems, the accion decay constant depends on the vacuum configuration and can be lowered to fit the bounds. Furthermore, we find that such accions with consistent decay constant can be embedded in special vacua of Z_6-II orbifold models with realistic features.
description: 15 pages
Child safety in cars: An observational study on the use of child restraint systems in The Netherlands
Creators: name: Cornelissen, Maaike
name: Hermans, Mariëlle
name: Tuijl, Laura
name: Versteeg, Marjolein
name: van Beeck, Ed
name: Kemler, Ellen
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: To minimize children’s injuries due to car accidents, children must be transported in approved child restraint systems (CRS). The European Union optimized child protection by implementing R129 legislation for CRS in 2013. However, compliance with CRS recommendations after introduction of this newer standard has been scarcely evaluated. The main objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of various types of CRS misuse and to investigate the use of ISOFIX and i-Size seats and parental knowledge regarding safe transportation of children in cars 5 years after the introduction of the newer R129 standard. During a cross-sectional observational study in the summer of 2018, parking lots of sites in the Netherlands were visited by researchers. Arriving or departing Dutch drivers who transported children under 9 years old were interviewed by means of a questionnaire and the misuse of CRS was directly observed using a checklist. Misuse was defined as CRS inappropriate for the child (based on height and weight) and/or CRS wrongly installed in the car and/or child improperly restrained in CRS. In total, 392 drivers and 470 children were included in the study. Results showed that 83% of the children were transported with at least 1 misuse of their CRS: 7% of the CRS were inappropriate for the child, 49% of the CRS were wrongly installed in the car, and 59% of the children were improperly restrained in a CRS. Most CRS were installed using the seat belt (88%) compared to ISOFIX (12%). ISOFIX usage did not result in less CRS installation misuse (P = .338). The number of observed i-Size CRS was low (n = 13, 3%). Most drivers were familiar with ISOFIX (76%), but only 13% of the drivers had heard of i-Size. For 9 out of 10 children, CRS misuse was observed. Many children were transported in an appropriate CRS, but various mistakes were made when installing the CRS in the car and restraining children in the CRS. Moreover, ISOFIX usage did not result in statistically significant less CRS installation misuse compared to traditional seat belt usage, and i-Size CRS are still rather unknown 5 years after their introduction.
A vacuum solution of modified Einstein equations based on fractional calculus
Creators: name: Di Teodoro, A.
name: Contreras, E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this work, we construct a modified version of the Einstein field equations for a vacuum and spherically symmetric spacetime in terms of the Riemann-Louville fractional derivative. The main difference between our approach and other works is that we ensure that both the classical differential equations and the classical solutions are exactly recovered in the limit when the fractional parameter is turned off. We assume that the fractional equations are valid inside and near the horizon radius and match the classical solution at the horizon. Our approach resembles the Herrera--Witten strategy shown in Adv.High Energy Phys. 2018 (2018) 3839103, where the authors constructed an alternative black hole solution by assuming that inside the horizon the spacetime is hyperbolically symmetric and matches the classical spherically symmetric exterior solution at one point at the horizon. We obtain that, depending on the value of the fractional parameter, the solutions can be interpreted as a regular black hole or a gravatar. As a final step, we compute the fractional curvature scalars and show that the solution is regular everywhere inside the horizon.
Accelerated search kinetics mediated by redox reactions of DNA repair enzymes
Creators: name: Fok, Pak-Wing
name: Chou, Tom
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Subcellular Processes (q-bio.SC)
subject: Biomolecules (q-bio.BM)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: A Charge Transport (CT) mechanism has been proposed in several papers (e.g., Yavin, et al. PNAS, v102 3546 (2005)) to explain the localization of Base Excision Repair (BER) enzymes to lesions on DNA. The CT mechanism relies on redox reactions of iron-sulfur cofactors that modify the enzyme's binding affinity. These redox reactions are mediated by the DNA strand and involve the exchange of electrons between BER enzymes along DNA. We propose a mathematical model that incorporates enzyme binding/unbinding, electron transport, and enzyme diffusion along DNA. Analysis of our model within a range of parameter values suggests that the redox reactions can increase desorption of BER enzymes not already bound to their targets, allowing the enzymes to be recycled, thus accelerating the overall search process. This acceleration mechanism is most effective when enzyme copy numbers and enzyme diffusivity along the DNA are small. Under such conditions, we find that CT BER enzymes find their targets more quickly than simple "passive" enzymes that simply attach to the DNA without desorbing.
description: 17 pages, 8 figures
The need of municipal fiscal equalization reform in Estonia. Kohalike omavalitsuste rahastamise tasakaalustamise reformi vajalikkus Eestis
Creators: name: Friedrich, Peter
name: Nam, Chang Woon
name: Reiljan, Janno
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2013
Subjects: fiscal equalization; municipal finance; connexity; principles of parallelism; Estonia

description: Estonian municipalities have to perform a broad range, while their fiscal resources are often limited in comparison to functions and large disparities in fiscal capacity prevail among them. Moreover, the power to regulate fiscal affairs is mostly in the hands of the central government. Municipalities do not possess satisfactory development planning perspectives. In particular municipalities in the North-East
region and South Estonia have experienced considerable fiscal stress. We discuss how a strict application of the connexity principle can protect municipalities from the fiscal bottleneck. We also recommend the introduction of the principle of parallelism and investigate its effects on the down-flow grant system in Estonia. The procedure of determining the total sum of block grants needs to be changed. In most cases a high degree of parallelism applied when providing the unconditional grant via the equalization fund improves the fiscal stability and predictability of Estonian municipalities.
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 18 (2010)
Contribution Based Author Categorization to Calculate Author Performance Index
Creators: name: Rahman, Mohammad Tariqur
name: Regenstein, Joe Mac
name: Abu Kassim, Noor Lide
name: Karim, Muhammad Manjurul
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Science Policy

description: Despite the widely used author contribution criteria, unethical authorship practices such as guest, ghost, and honorary authorship remains largely unsolved. We have identified six major reasons by analyzing 78 published papers addressing unethical authorship practice. Those are lack of: (i) awareness about and (ii) compliance with authorship criteria, (iii) universal definition and scope for determining authorship, (iv) common mechanisms for positioning an author in the list, (v) quantitative measures of intellectual contribution; and (vi) pressure to publish. As a possible measure to control unethical practice, we have evaluated the possibility to adopt an author categorization scheme – proposed according to the common understanding of how first-, co-, principal-, or corresponding- author is perceived. Based on an online opinion survey, the proposed scheme was supported by ~80% of the respondents (n=370). The impact of the proposed categorization was then evaluated using a novel mathematical tool to measure “Author Performance Index (API)” that can be higher for those who might have authored more papers as primary and/or principal authors than those as coauthors. Hence, if adopted, the proposed author categorization scheme together with the API would provide a better way to evaluate the credit of an individual as a primary and principal author.
Star Shearing Season -- Transient Signals in Wave-like Dark Matter Experiments from Black Hole Formation
Creators: name: de Giorgi, Arturo
name: Jaeckel, Joerg
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Ordinary matter coupled to light weakly interacting bosons can lead to the formation of a macroscopic bosonic field in the vicinity of large matter concentrations such as ordinary or neutron stars. When these objects are turned into black holes due to a supernova or a binary merger this ''hair'' could be ''shorn'' off. Part of the field configuration would then be released leading to an outgoing field wave. For small masses this field transient remains rather compact and can induce a transient signal in experiments, in particular those that look for wave-like dark matter. This signal can be correlated with the corresponding astrophysical signal of the event. In this note, we consider a variety of couplings and the associated signals and estimate the corresponding sensitivities.
description: 28 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables
On the consequences of the fact that atomic levels have a certain width
Creators: name: Billionnet, Claude
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This note presents two ideas. The first one is that quantum theory has a fundamentally perturbative basis but leads to nonperturbative states which it would seem natural to take into account in the foundation of a theory of quantum phenomena. The second one consists in questioning the validity of the present notion of time. Both matters are related to the fact that atomic levels have a certain width. This note is presented qualitatively so as to evidence its main points, independently of the models on which these have been tested.
description: 8 pages
Cognitive Diagnosis Testlet Model for Multiple-Choice Items
Creators: name: Guo, Lei
name: Wenjie Zhou
name: Song, Nai-Qing
name: Li, Xiao
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Developmental and Educational Psychology
subject: 170110 Psychological Methodology, Design and Analysis
subject: FOS: Psychology

description: Testlet design is very popular in educational and psychological assessments. This article proposes a new cognitive diagnosis model, the Multiple-Choice Cognitive Diagnostic Testlet (MC-CDT) model for a test with testlets consisting of multiple-choice (MC) items. The MC-CDT model uses the original examinees’ responses to MC items instead of dichotomously scored data (i.e. correct or incorrect) so that it retains the information from different distractors and thus enhances the diagnostic power of MC items. The MCMC algorithm is adopted to calibrate the model implemented in the WinBUGS software. A thorough simulation study is conducted to evaluate the estimation accuracy for both item and examinee parameters in the MC-CDT model under various conditions. Moreover, a comparison between the proposed model and the traditional MC cognitive diagnostic model is conducted using simulated MC response data with or without testlets. The results show that the proposed MC-CDT model outperforms the traditional MC cognitive diagnostic model. Specifically, the MC-CDT model can fit the data with testlets better than the traditional model while it can still fit the data without testlets well. Subsequently, an empirical study proves that the MC-CDT model fits the real data better than traditional model does, and it can provid testlet information in addition. Future research directions are discussed in the end.
Liquidity problems and policy implications during the recent financial crisis in the Baltic-Scandinavian region: ex ante empirical study. Likviidsusprobleemid ning nende majanduspoliitiline käsitlus viimase finantskriisi ajal Balti ja Skandinaavia regioon
Creators: name: Karilaid, Ivo
name: Talpsepp, Tõnn
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2013
Subjects: financial crisis; policy implications; interest rates; liquidity position; stock regulating process; capital flows

description: This article provides an empirical examination of the development and determinants of the liquidity position in the financial sector during the past financial crises in the Baltic-Scandinavian region. We look at fiscal and monetary policy implications of the liquidity problems arising in the crisis, using panel data from Datastream and IFS data collection. The results are consistent with the theoretical predictions for a small open economy with the expected sign of changes and developments in common economic indicators. The main finding is that the changes (and the speed of changes) of interest rates, GDP and money supply have occurred relatively fast, meaning that the rising area of the LM-curve has been shorter than theory would predict. Market reactions took place quickly and relatively simultaneously – there was no time for the slow restructuring, thus liquidity needs were higher than generally. The impact of crises on the liquidity position of the financial sector is also studied.
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 18 (2010)