cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
A minimum cross entropy model to generate disaggregated agricultural data at the local level
Creators: name: Xavier, Antonio
name: Martins, Maria De Belem Costa Freitas
name: Fragoso, Rui Manuel De Sousa
name: Xavier, Antonio
name: Martins, Maria De Belem Costa Freitas
name: Fragoso, Rui Manuel De Sousa
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Minimum cross entropy
subject: data disaggregation
subject: local level
subject: Algarve
subject: agricultural policies

description: This work presents an entropy approach to disaggregate agricultural data at a local level. It comprises two different steps. In a first one, an information prior at disaggregated level based on experts’ opinions, available cartography of land use and biophysical data is created. In a second step, it’s used a minimum cross entropy process in order to manage these information inputs and to guaranty a solution compatible with all the different restrictions. The model was applied to the region of Algarve in the year of 1999, in order to disaggregate the data at the pixel and county level. Results show that the model was able to provide some satisfactory results since the estimated values obtained for the different areas revealed a good approximation to the true values. These results were then analyzed and provided a new insight about the policies’ consequences in the territory.
Who is at risk? : Is a carrier under a straight bill of lading entitled to deliver goods to the named consignee without presentation of the original bill of lading?
Creators: name: Yang, Jie
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The bill of lading is the single most important legal document in the carriage of goods by sea, and hence in the international trading system as a whole. However, legislation and judicial opinion around the world on the issue of whether or not a carrier, under a straight bill of lading, is entitled to deliver goods to the named consignee without the presentation of the original bill is quite diverse. It is generally accepted that a bill of lading performs three functions. It is a receipt for goods, evidence of a contract of carriage, and a document of title. There is much discussion and many arguments as to whether straight bills of lading should be documents of title in international trade and transportation. Focusing on China, this study explains the problems concerning the carriage of goods by sea without straight bills of lading. It examines international approaches by presenting legislation and cases from several representative shipping countries and districts including the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Hong Kong, and Singapore, as well as China (including some cases in which the author acted for one of the parties). It goes on to identify the basic principles on delivery issues for Chinese legislation. Finally, this study explores approaches relating to the resolution of the issues pertaining to delivery of goods without bills of lading, and offers suggestions for improving Chinese legislation.
Precise calculation of the threshold of various directed percolation models on a square lattice
Creators: name: Soares, Danyel J. B.
name: Andrade, Jose S.
name: Herrmann, Hans J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using Monte Carlo simulations on different system sizes we determine with high precision the critical thresholds of two families of directed percolation models on a square lattice. The thresholds decrease exponentially with the degree of connectivity. We conjecture that $p_{c}$ decays exactly as the inverse of the coodination number.
description: 2 pages, 2 figures and 1 table
The aggregated unfitted finite element method on parallel tree-based adaptive meshes
Creators: name: Badia, Santiago
name: Martín, Alberto F.
name: Neiva, Eric
name: Verdugo, Francesc
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science (cs.CE)
subject: Mathematical Software (cs.MS)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In this work, we present an adaptive unfitted finite element scheme that combines the aggregated finite element method with parallel adaptive mesh refinement. We introduce a novel scalable distributed-memory implementation of the resulting scheme on locally-adapted Cartesian forest-of-trees meshes. We propose a two-step algorithm to construct the finite element space at hand by means of a discrete extension operator that carefully mixes aggregation constraints of problematic degrees of freedom, which get rid of the small cut cell problem, and standard hanging degree of freedom constraints, which ensure trace continuity on non-conforming meshes. Following this approach, we derive a finite element space that can be expressed as the original one plus well-defined linear constraints. Moreover, it requires minimum parallelization effort, using standard functionality available in existing large-scale finite element codes. Numerical experiments demonstrate its optimal mesh adaptation capability, robustness to cut location and parallel efficiency, on classical Poisson $hp$-adaptivity benchmarks. Our work opens the path to functional and geometrical error-driven dynamic mesh adaptation with the aggregated finite element method in large-scale realistic scenarios. Likewise, it can offer guidance for bridging other scalable unfitted methods and parallel adaptive mesh refinement.
description: 25 pages, 14 figures
The song of the dunes as a self-synchronized instrument
Creators: name: Douady, S.
name: Manning, A.
name: Hersen, P.
name: Elbelrhiti, H.
name: Protiere, S.
name: Daerr, A.
name: Kabbachi, B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO)
subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Since Marco Polo (1) it has been known that some sand dunes have the peculiar ability of emitting a loud sound with a well defined frequency, sometimes for several minutes. The origin of this sustained sound has remained mysterious, partly because of its rarity in nature (2). It has been recognized that the sound is not due to the air flow around the dunes but to the motion of an avalanche (3), and not to an acoustic excitation of the grains but to their relative motion (4-7). By comparing several singing dunes and two controlled experiments, one in the laboratory and one in the field, we here demonstrate that the frequency of the sound is the frequency of the relative motion of the sand grains. The sound is produced because some moving grains synchronize their motions. The existence of a velocity threshold in both experiments further shows that this synchronization comes from an acoustic resonance within the flowing layer: if the layer is large enough it creates a resonance cavity in which grains self-synchronize.
description: minor changes, essentially more references"
PPFP Choices Indonesia Postpartum Interview 1
Creators: name: Charurat, Elaine
name: Olapeju, Bolanle
name: Kennedy, Sara
name: Breithaupt, Lindsay
name: Christofield, Megan
name: Schuster, Anne
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Health Care
subject: 111707 Family Care
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: This is the Immediate postpartum interview tool (Indonesia Interview 1) for Jhpiego's Post Pregnancy Family Planning Choices (PPFP Choices) operations research study in Kenya Indonesia. Included are the English and Bahasa versions of eligibility, recruitment and consent forms as well as the the pre interview, Interview 1 and the post interview.
Robust acoustic pulling using chiral surface waves
Creators: name: Wang, Neng
name: Zhang, Ruo-Yang
name: Chan, C. T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Classical Physics (physics.class-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show that long-range and robust acoustic pulling can be achieved by using a pair of one-way chiral surface waves supported on the interface between two phononic crystals composed of spinning cylinders with equal but opposite spinning velocities embedded in water. When the chiral surface mode with a relative small Bloch wave vector is excited, the particle located in the interface waveguide will scatter the excited surface mode to another chiral surface mode with a greater Bloch wave vector, resulting in an acoustic pulling force, irrespective of the size and material of the particle. Thanks to the backscattering immunity of the chiral surface waves against local disorders, the particle can be pulled following a flexible trajectory as determined by the shape of the interface. As such, this new acoustic pulling scheme overcomes some of the limitations of the traditional acoustic pulling using structured beams, such as short pulling distances, straight-line type pulling and strong dependence on the scattering properties of the particle. Our work may also inspire the application of topological acoustics to acoustic manipulations.
description: 20 pages, 5 figures
The origin of the escape of Lyman alpha and ionizing photons in Lyman Continuum Emitters
Creators: name: Gazagnes, S.
name: Chisholm, J.
name: Schaerer, D.
name: Verhamme, A.
name: Izotov, Y.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Identifying the mechanisms driving the escape of Lyman Continuum (LyC) photons is crucial to find Lyman Continuum Emitter (LCE) candidates. To understand the physical properties involved in the leakage of LyC photons, we investigate the connection between the HI covering fraction, HI velocity width, the Lyman alpha (LyA) properties and escape of LyC photons in a sample of 22 star-forming galaxies including 13 LCEs. We fit the stellar continua, dust attenuation, and absorption lines between 920 and 1300 A to extract the HI covering fractions and dust attenuation. Additionally, we measure the HI velocity widths of the optically thick Lyman series and derive the LyA equivalent widths (EW), escape fractions (fesc), peak velocities and fluxes at the minimum of the LyA profiles. Overall, we highlight strong correlations between the presence of low HI covering fractions and (1) low LyA peak velocities; (2) more flux at the profile minimum; and (3) larger EW(LyA), fesc(LyA), and fesc(LyC). Hence, low column density channels are crucial ISM ingredients for the leakage of LyC and LyA photons. Additionally, galaxies with narrower HI absorption velocity widths have higher LyA equivalent widths, larger LyA escape fractions, and lower LyA peak velocity separations. This suggests that these galaxies have low HI column density. Finally, we find that dust regulates the amount of LyA and LyC radiation that actually escapes the ISM. Overall, the ISM porosity is one origin of strong LyA emission and enables the escape of ionizing photons in low-z leakers. However, this is not enough to explain the largest fesc(LyC) observed, which indicates that the most extreme LCEs are likely density-bounded along all lines of sight to the observer. Overall, the neutral gas porosity constrains a lower limit to the escape fraction of LyC and LyA photons, providing a key estimator of the leakage of ionizing photons.
description: Accepted for publication in A&A. 28 pages, 23 figures, 7 tables
The number of halving circles
Creators: name: Ardila, Federico
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: Metric Geometry (math.MG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 52C35; 05A15

description: A set S of 2n+1 points in the plane is said to be in general position if no three points of S are collinear and no four are concyclic. A circle is called halving with respect to S if it has three points of S on its circumference, n-1 points in its interior, and n-1 in its exterior. We prove the following surprising result: any set of 2n+1 points in general position in the plane has exactly n^2 halving circles.
description: 7 pages, 3 figures
Institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen der Ausdehnung des ökologischen Landbaus - Erfahrungen aus drei europäischen Ländern
Creators: name: Padel, Susanne
name: Michelsen, Johannes
name: Padel, Susanne
name: Michelsen, Johannes
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Institutional and Behavioral Economics
subject: organic farming
subject: institutions
subject: agricultural policy

description: The paper reviews the development of the organic sector and the institutional conditions in European countries. On the basis of three case studies the interrelationship between organisations of organic and conventional agriculture in the areas of farming community, agricultural policy and food marketing is illustrated. The comparison shows that an open dialog based on mutual respect and a number of initiatives in all three areas appear to be supporting a continuous development of the organic sector.
Economic dispute resolution by administrative organs and courts in China : from a transparency perspective
Creators: name: Liu, Yanyan
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The increasingly dynamic interplay between national legal construction and normative international practice is shaping China's ongoing legal reforms. Transparency, a concept which has become so widespread that it has reached an exalted status in the arena of multilateral trade, now goes well beyond international trade circles and has become a buzzword in China since its accession to the WTO. In entering the WTO, China is taking on many very significant obligations. Certainly one of the most challenging is the obligation of greater transparency. To varying degrees, the core definition of transparency, though not yet widely enforced due to the friction between it and some of China's cultural components, has gone to many aspects of China's current legal reforms. Accordingly, China's compliance with the WTO must extend beyond general principles and performance in government regulations generally, to include compliance with WTO norms on dispute resolution. Dispute resolution is essential to the process of empowering economic actors to seek enforcement of substantive norms of law and the government regulations. This thesis therefore singles out transparency with respect to business-related dispute resolution, trying to look into how China's transparency obligation improves its rule of law in the dimension of economic dispute resolution. Notably, all possibilities of economic dispute resolution include negotiation, mediation, arbitration and litigation. However, those involving the exercise of the power and resulting in binding force on the parties merit special attention in current China as a series of obligations under the WTO impose on it and one of them is transparency which is supposed to run through all dispute resolution mechanisms involving the state power. Hence, this thesis, from a transparency perspective, focuses on economic disputes resolved by administrative organs and judicial bodies. It concludes with a discussion of institutional and cultural approaches that might prove useful in seeking greater transparency in economic dispute resolution by administrative organs and judicial bodies.
Further Criteria for the Existence of Steady Line-Driven Winds
Creators: name: Pereyra, N. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In Paper I, we showed that steady line-driven disk wind solutions can exist by using "simple" models that mimic the disk environment. Here I extend the concepts introduced in Paper I and discuss many details of the analysis of the steady/unsteady nature of 1D line-driven winds. This work confirms the results and conclusions of Paper I, and is thus consistent with the steady nature of the 1D streamline line-driven disk wind models of Murray and collaborators and the 2.5D line-driven disk wind models of Pereyra and collaborators. When including gas pressures effects, as is routinely done in time-dependent numerical models, I find that the spatial dependence of the nozzle function continues to play a key role in determining the steady/unsteady nature of supersonic line-driven wind solutions. I show here that the existence/nonexistence of local wind solutions can be proved through the nozzle function without integrating the equation of motion. This work sets a detailed framework with which we will analyze, in a following paper, more realistic models than the "simple" models of Paper I.
description: 30 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication by The Astrophysical Journal
Comment on ``B->M_1 M_2: Factorization, charming penguins, strong phases, and polarization''
Creators: name: Beneke, M.
name: Buchalla, G.
name: Neubert, M.
name: Sachrajda, C. T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show that the factorization formula for non-leptonic B decays to two light flavor non-singlet mesons derived by Bauer et al. in the context of soft-collinear effective theory is equivalent to the corresponding formula in the QCD factorization approach. The apparent numerical differences in the analysis of B->pi+pi data performed by these authors, as compared to previous QCD factorization analyses, can largely be attributed to the neglect of known perturbative and power corrections.
description: Comment on hep-ph/0401188 by Bauer, Pirjol, Rothstein and Stewart; 4 pages
Counterfactual approach for assessing agri-environmental policy: The case of the Finnish water protection policy
Creators: name: Lankoski, Jussi E.
name: Ollikainen, Markku
name: Lankoski, Jussi E.
name: Ollikainen, Markku
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Environmental policy evaluation
subject: counterfactual analysis
subject: nutrient runoff
subject: the Baltic Sea

description: This paper applies counterfactual approach to assess the impacts of agri-environmental programs. Counterfactual analysis evaluates policies answering questions: what would have happened if...? We develop a theoretical framework for counterfactual analysis based on the inter-linkages between the behaviour of agents and the response of environmental systems to the economic decisions. We apply our model to assess the performance of the Finnish Agri- Environmental Programme to reduce agricultural nutrient runoff to the Baltic Sea. Counterfactual analysis allows us to determine both the unit effectiveness of the measures included in the Programme and its preventive impact. We demonstrate that the Finnish Agri- Environmental Programme does not achieve its goals, because it fails to anticipate farmers’ responses to incentives created by the Common Agricultural Policy and the Agri-Environmental Programme itself. The social cost-benefit analysis of the Program shows negative net benefits: benefits from reduced nutrient loading are much lower than support payments.
Robust and scalable h-adaptive aggregated unfitted finite elements for interface elliptic problems
Creators: name: Neiva, Eric
name: Badia, Santiago
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science (cs.CE)
subject: Mathematical Software (cs.MS)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: This work introduces a novel, fully robust and highly-scalable, $h$-adaptive aggregated unfitted finite element method for large-scale interface elliptic problems. The new method is based on a recent distributed-memory implementation of the aggregated finite element method atop a highly-scalable Cartesian forest-of-trees mesh engine. It follows the classical approach of weakly coupling nonmatching discretisations at the interface to model internal discontinuities at the interface. We propose a natural extension of a single-domain parallel cell aggregation scheme to problems with a finite number of interfaces; it straightforwardly leads to aggregated finite element spaces that have the structure of a Cartesian product. We demonstrate, through standard numerical analysis and exhaustive numerical experimentation on several complex Poisson and linear elasticity benchmarks, that the new technique enjoys the following properties: well-posedness, robustness with respect to cut location and material contrast, optimal ($h$-adaptive) approximation properties, high scalability and easy implementation in large-scale finite element codes. As a result, the method offers great potential as a useful finite element solver for large-scale interface problems modelled by partial differential equations.
description: 24 pages, 13 figures
Der biologische Landbau in Österreich – Entwicklungen und Perspektiven
Creators: name: Freyer, Bernhard
name: Eder, Michael
name: Schneeberger, Walter
name: Darnhofer, Ika
name: Kirner, Leopold
name: Lindenthal, Thomas
name: Zollitsch, Werner
name: Freyer, Bernhard
name: Eder, Michael
name: Schneeberger, Walter
name: Darnhofer, Ika
name: Kirner, Leopold
name: Lindenthal, Thomas
name: Zollitsch, Werner
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Farm Management
subject: organic farming
subject: production
subject: economics
subject: market
subject: conversion
subject: direct payments
subject: prices

description: Until now, organic farming in Austria saw its largest growth in the period between 1994 and 1998. The following factors all contributed to Austria achieving the highest percentage of organic farms in Europe: the early addition of guidelines for organic crop production and animal husbandry to the Austrian Codex Alimentarius, the government support for organic farms during and after conversion through compensatory payments, favourable market conditions through the entrance of supermarket chains, the establishment of a marketing company, an active policy by the organic associations and the development of advisory services. However, this dynamic development has not persisted in the late nineties. Whether the crises in conventional production will provide organic farming with a stimulus through the ongoing strong demand for organic products cannot yet be ascertained. Although economic analyses for selected farms and regions have demonstrated the competitiveness of this farming method, under the current environment various barriers and a general reluctance remain, hampering a strong increase in the number of organic farms. In the framework of a high export rate, redoubled efforts are necessary if Austria is to remain among the countries with the highest rates of organic farms. Various initiatives aim to stimulate both the rate of conversion, particularly in cash crop areas, and the demand for organic products.
Two likelihood-based semiparametric estimation methods for panel count data with covariates
Creators: name: Wellner, Jon A.
name: Zhang, Ying
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 60F05, 60F17 (Primary) 60J65, 60J70 (Secondary)

description: We consider estimation in a particular semiparametric regression model for the mean of a counting process with ``panel count'' data. The basic model assumption is that the conditional mean function of the counting process is of the form $E\{\mathbb{N}(t)|Z\}=\exp(β_0^TZ)Λ_0(t)$ where $Z$ is a vector of covariates and $Λ_0$ is the baseline mean function. The ``panel count'' observation scheme involves observation of the counting process $\mathbb{N}$ for an individual at a random number $K$ of random time points; both the number and the locations of these time points may differ across individuals. We study semiparametric maximum pseudo-likelihood and maximum likelihood estimators of the unknown parameters $(β_0,Λ_0)$ derived on the basis of a nonhomogeneous Poisson process assumption. The pseudo-likelihood estimator is fairly easy to compute, while the maximum likelihood estimator poses more challenges from the computational perspective. We study asymptotic properties of both estimators assuming that the proportional mean model holds, but dropping the Poisson process assumption used to derive the estimators. In particular we establish asymptotic normality for the estimators of the regression parameter $β_0$ under appropriate hypotheses. The results show that our estimation procedures are robust in the sense that the estimators converge to the truth regardless of the underlying counting process.
description: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/009053607000000181 the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
The Cosmic Ray Muon Flux at WIPP
Creators: name: Esch, E. -I.
name: Bowles, T. J.
name: Hime, A.
name: Pichlmaier, A.
name: Reifarth, R.
name: Wollnik, H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this work a measurement of the muon intensity at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) near Carlsbad, NM, USA is presented. WIPP is a salt mine with a depth of 655 m. The vertical muon flux was measured with a two panels scintillator coincidence setup to Phi_{vert}=3.10(+0.05/-0.07)*10^(-7)s^(-1)cm^(-2)sr^(-1).
description: 18 pages, p figures
Outflowing disk formation in B[e] supergiants due to rotation and bi--stability in radiation driven winds
Creators: name: Cure, M.
name: Rial, D. F.
name: Cidale, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The effects of rapid rotation and bi-stability upon the density contrast between the equatorial and polar directions of a B[e] supergiant are re-investigated. Based upon a new slow solution for different high rotational radiation driven winds (Curé 2004) and the fact that bi--stability allows a change in the line--force parameters ($α$, $k$, and $δ$), the equatorial densities are about $10^2$--$10^4$ times higher than the polar ones. These values are in qualitative agreement with the observations.
description: 5 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
The role of robust semantic analysis in spoken language dialogue systems
Creators: name: Ballim, Afzal
name: Pallotta, Vincenzo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: H.5.2;H.3.1;H.3.4

description: In this paper we summarized a framework for designing grammar-based procedure for the automatic extraction of the semantic content from spoken queries. Starting with a case study and following an approach which combines the notions of fuzziness and robustness in sentence parsing, we showed we built practical domain-dependent rules which can be applied whenever it is possible to superimpose a sentence-level semantic structure to a text without relying on a previous deep syntactical analysis. This kind of procedure can be also profitably used as a pre-processing tool in order to cut out part of the sentence which have been recognized to have no relevance in the understanding process. In the case of particular dialogue applications where there is no need to build a complex semantic structure (e.g. word spotting or excerpting) the presented methodology may represent an efficient alternative solution to a sequential composition of deep linguistic analysis modules. Even if the query generation problem may not seem a critical application it should be held in mind that the sentence processing must be done on-line. Having this kind of constraints we cannot design our system without caring for efficiency and thus provide an immediate response. Another critical issue is related to whole robustness of the system. In our case study we tried to make experiences on how it is possible to deal with an unreliable and noisy input without asking the user for any repetition or clarification. This may correspond to a similar problem one may have when processing text coming from informal writing such as e-mails, news and in many cases Web pages where it is often the case to have irrelevant surrounding information.
description: 6 pages
Measuring the LISA test mass magnetic proprieties with a torsion pendulum
Creators: name: Hueller, M.
name: Armano, M.
name: Carbone, L.
name: Cavalleri, A.
name: Dolesi, R.
name: Hoyle, C. D.
name: Vitale, S.
name: Weber, W. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Achieving the low frequency LISA sensitivity requires that the test masses acting as the interferometer end mirrors are free-falling with an unprecedented small degree of deviation. Magnetic disturbances, originating in the interaction of the test mass with the environmental magnetic field, can significantly deteriorate the LISA performance and can be parameterized through the test mass remnant dipole moment $\vec{m}_r$ and the magnetic susceptibility $χ$. While the LISA test flight precursor LTP will investigate these effects during the preliminary phases of the mission, the very stringent requirements on the test mass magnetic cleanliness make ground-based characterization of its magnetic proprieties paramount. We propose a torsion pendulum technique to accurately measure on ground the magnetic proprieties of the LISA/LTP test masses.
description: 6 pages, 3 figures
A multi-regional general equilibrium model to assess policy effects at regional level
Creators: name: Lovo, Stefania
name: Magnani, Riccardo
name: Perali, Carlo Federico
name: Lovo, Stefania
name: Magnani, Riccardo
name: Perali, Carlo Federico
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Multi-regional general equilibrium model
subject: farm households
subject: interregional trade

description: This paper develops a multi-regional general equilibrium model (MEG-R) to compare the social desirability of the CAP reform in the three Italian macro-regions: North, Center and South. The model employs a mixed complementary framework that allows for the decision of not producing a particular crop in one or more regions and presents an attempt to model interregional trade flows. The model incorporates the links between production and consumption that characterize farm household’s behavior and allows for heterogeneous household responses across regions. Results show a general tendency to reallocations from cereal crops to forage that appear more severe in the South. In this region, the reduction in crops cannot be translated into an effective expansion of fodder and could lead to the “deactivation” of the land.
Single payment scheme and dual values of land in PMP models
Creators: name: Judez, Lucinio
name: De Andres, Rosario
name: Urzainqui, Elvira
name: Judez, Lucinio
name: De Andres, Rosario
name: Urzainqui, Elvira
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Positive mathematical programming
subject: Single Payment Scheme or Single Farm Payment
subject: Land dual values

description: Land dual values are one of the important aspects of the results of mathematical programming models used to evaluate the impact of agricultural policy measures at regional and farm level. When the decoupling of direct payments and the payment entitlements per hectare are included in PMP models in the context of the Single Payment Scheme (SPS), the analysis of the land dual values is more complex than in models which do not take these aspects into account. In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis of the land dual values when the SPS is included in PMP farm models. This theoretical analysis is carried out for the base year (linear model) and for a simulated year (quadratic model).The results of this analysis are illustrated by comparing numerically the land opportunity costs obtained in the case of partial decoupling and in the case of full decoupling of direct payments.
Economic Assessment of Land Retirement in a Transition Economy: a Study Case of Ukraine
Creators: name: Kucher, Oleg
name: Collins, Alan R.
name: Fletcher, Jerald J.
name: Kucher, Oleg
name: Collins, Alan R.
name: Fletcher, Jerald J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Economic Assessment
subject: Land Retirement
subject: Transition Economy of Ukraine

description: This case study will focus on valuing degraded land conservation and assessment of the potential costs and benefits of large scale land retirement within the transition economy of Ukraine. The assessment methods will follow the framework developed to estimate costs and benefits of Conservation Reserve Program. The results of the economic assessment would increase the understanding of the efficient allocation of resources and would lead to developing a market-based approach to agricultural land retirement in transition economy.
Relative Profitability of Dairy Farms in a High Feed Cost Environment
Creators: name: Herbst, Brian K.
name: Anderson, David P.
name: Outlaw, Joe L.
name: Richardson, James W.
name: Herbst, Brian K.
name: Anderson, David P.
name: Outlaw, Joe L.
name: Richardson, James W.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Production Economics
subject: Dairy Production
subject: Feed Costs
subject: Regional Impacts

description: This study will examine the competitive advantages that exist under current conditions. Representative dairies are used to simulate the financial impacts of the different feeding practices and compared to those a few years ago. The results indicate that the dairies the raise a majority of their feed saw a decrease in their cost to receipts ratio while dairies that purchase a majority of their feed saw an increase in their cost to receipt ratio.
Properties of the ionized CGM and IGM: a comparison of galaxy formation models via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
Creators: name: Lim, S. H.
name: Barnes, David
name: Vogelsberger, Mark
name: Mo, H. J.
name: Nelson, Dylan
name: Pillepich, Annalisa
name: Dolag, Klaus
name: Marinacci, Federico
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a comparison of the physical properties of the ionized gas in the circumgalactic (CGM) and intergalactic (IGM) media at $z\sim0$ between observations and four cosmological hydrodynamical simulations: Illustris, TNG300 of the IllustrisTNG project, EAGLE, and one of the Magneticum simulations. For the observational data, we use the gas properties that are inferred from cross-correlating the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE) from the {\it Planck} CMB maps with the haloes and the large-scale structure reconstructed from Sloan Digital Sky Survey data. Both the observational and simulation results indicate that the integrated gas pressure in haloes deviates from the self-similar case, showing that feedback impacts haloes with $M_{500}\sim 10^{12-13}\,{\rm M_\odot}$. The simulations predict that more than half the baryons are displaced from haloes, while the gas fraction inferred from our observational data roughly equals the cosmic baryon fraction throughout the $M_{500}\sim 10^{12-14.5}\,{\rm M_\odot}$ halo mass range. All simulations tested here predict that the mean gas temperature in haloes is about the virial temperature, while that inferred from the SZE is up to one order of magnitude lower than that from the simulations (and also from X-ray observations). While a remarkable agreement is found for the average properties of the IGM between the observation and some simulations, we show that their dependence on the large-scale tidal field can break the degeneracy between models that show similar predictions otherwise. Finally, we show that the gas pressure and the electron density profiles from simulations are not well described by a generalized NFW (GNFW) profile. Instead, we present a new model with a mass-dependent shape that fits the profiles accurately.
description: 15 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Economic Impact of Collegiate Bass Tournaments: Experiences from Auburn University
Creators: name: Myles, Albert E.
name: Swaim, Jenny
name: Myles, Albert E.
name: Swaim, Jenny
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: Economic Impact
subject: Anglers
subject: Bass tournaments

description: Recreation and tourism associated with collegiate bass tournaments can play a major role in local economic development as the dollars anglers and tournament organizers spend work their way through the economy. Spending associated with these events show the interest by participants and economic importance to the community which hosted these events.
Noncommutative Symmetric Systems over Associative Algebras
Creators: name: Zhao, Wenhua
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: Quantum Algebra (math.QA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 05E05, 14R10, 16W30 (Primary) 16W20, 06A11 (Secondary)

description: This paper is the first of a sequence papers ([Z4]--[Z7]) on the {\it ${\mathcal N}$CS $(\text{noncommutative symmetric})$ systems} over differential operator algebras in commutative or noncommutative variables ([Z4]); the ${\mathcal N}$CS systems over the Grossman-Larson Hopf algebras ([GL],[F]) of labeled rooted trees ([Z6]); as well as their connections and applications to the inversion problem ([BCW],[E4]) and specializations of NCSFs ([Z5],[Z7]). In this paper, inspired by the seminal work [GKLLRT] on NCSFs (noncommutative symmetric functions), we first formulate the notion {\it ${\mathcal N}$CS systems} over associative $\mathbb Q$-algebras. We then prove some results for ${\mathcal N}$CS systems in general; the ${\mathcal N}$CS systems over bialgebras or Hopf algebras; and the universal ${\mathcal N}$CS system formed by the generating functions of certain NCSFs in [GKLLRT]. Finally, we review some of the main results that will be proved in the followed papers [Z4], [Z6] and [Z7] as some supporting examples for the general discussions given in this paper.
description: A connection of NCS systems with combinatorial Hopf algebras of M. Aguiar, N. Bergeron and F. Sottile has been added in Remark 2.17. Latex, 32 pages
Professionalism, self-regulation, and the problem of dual agency : the residential real estate industry in British Columbia
Creators: name: Gee, Karen
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: This paper contributes to the discussion about reforming the legislation governing real estate marketing in British Columbia. In March 2003, the government announced its proposals to amend the existing Real Estate Act with the objective of protecting the public and preserving its confidence in the real estate sector by providing a "least cost" regime, promoting competition among participants, and providing a flexible, accountable regulatory framework. Interested parties were invited to comment on a proposed direction for reform. A recent public opinion survey conducted by the British Columbia Real Estate Association indicated significant concern about realtors acting for both a purchaser and a vendor of the same property. Those with concerns feared possible conflicts of interest between realtors and their clients. Despite these results, the real estate industry did not address these concerns. Instead, the industry endorsed dual agency - the practice of acting for both a purchaser and a vendor in a single transaction - and claimed that to ensure professionalism for realtors, the industry had to be self-regulating. In May 2004, the government passed the Real Estate Services Act granting self-regulation to the industry. This paper questions the appropriateness of the government's grant of self-regulation to the industry. It reviews the literature on professionalism and the conditions under which it is appropriate to grant self-regulation to an occupational group. It discusses how the real estate industry has attempted to gain recognition as a profession and the problems that the practice of dual agency poses to consumers i f the industry is to be self-regulating. This paper concludes that the paramount purpose of occupational regulation should be to protect the public from harm, not to benefit or to reward practitioners. Self-regulation should only be granted to an occupational group with a genuine and demonstrated willingness to act in the public interest. Recommendations are offered to the government to reconsider its actions and to consider abolishing the practice of dual agency and adopting reforms that favour consumer interests in residential real estate transactions.
The Lyth Bound Revisited
Creators: name: Efstathiou, George
name: Mack, Katherine J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the Lyth relationship between the tensor-scalar ratio, r, and the variation of the inflaton field, Delta phi, over the course of inflation. For inflationary models that produce at least 55 e-folds of inflation, there is a correlation between r and Delta phi as anticipated by Lyth, but the scatter around the relationship is huge. However, for inflationary models that satisfy current observational constraints on the scalar spectral index and its first derivative, the Lyth relationship is much tighter. In particular, any inflationary model with r > 10^-3 must have Delta phi > m_pl. Large field variations are therefore required if a tensor mode signal is to be detected in any foreseeable cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiment.
description: 7 pages 2 figures submitted to JCAP
CRITICAL ECONOMIC FACTORS FOR SUCCESS OF A BIOMASS CONVERSION PLANT FOR AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE, YARD RESIDUE AND WOOD WASTE IN FLORIDA
Creators: name: Granja, Ivan R.
name: VanSickle, John J.
name: Ingram, Lonnie
name: Weldon, Richard N.
name: Granja, Ivan R.
name: VanSickle, John J.
name: Ingram, Lonnie
name: Weldon, Richard N.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Financial Economics
subject: Production Economics
subject: Productivity Analysis
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: Biofuels
subject: renewable energy
subject: cellulosic ethanol
subject: biomass

description: This model evaluates the potential success of a cellulosic ethanol plant in Florida. Critical Economic factors of the plant were simulated to assess the ability of this project. These critical factors include the feedstock to be used, the cost of the facility, transportation costs and the discount rate for the net present value (NPV). Results and observations are presented in this paper.
Stochastic inversion of Gaussian random media using transverse coherence functions for reflected waves
Creators: name: Hu, Hao
name: Zheng, Yingcai
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Geophysics (physics.geo-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The transverse coherence functions (TCFs) of phase and amplitude fluctuations of a seismic wave are powerful to estimate the spatial distribution, length scales, and strength of random heterogeneities. However, TCFs have been formulated for transmitted waves only, not for reflected waves. In this paper, we derive reflection TCFs for Gaussian random media. Furthermore, we propose to invert for Gaussian random media using the reflection TCFs based on the grid search. We validate the new reflection TCF formulas using 2D finite-difference numerical experiments. The numerical example also illustrates the feasibility and efficiency of the inversion. The stochastic inversion using reflected waves can be used in both exploration and global seismology.
Farm-Based Recreation: A Statistical Profile
Creators: name: Brown, Dennis M.
name: Reeder, Richard J.
name: Brown, Dennis M.
name: Reeder, Richard J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: Farm Management
subject: Institutional and Behavioral Economics
subject: agritourism
subject: recreation
subject: ARMS
subject: NSRE
subject: rural development
subject: tourism
subject: farms

description: Farm-based recreation provides an important niche market for farmers, but limited empirical information is available on the topic. Access to two USDA databases, the 2004 Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) and the 2000 National Survey on Recreation and the Environment, provided researchers with a deeper understanding of who operates farm-based recreation enterprises, such as hunting and fishing operations, horseback riding businesses, on-farm rodeos, and petting zoos. Regression analysis identified the importance of various farmer and farm characteristics, as well as local and regional factors associated with farmer operation of, and income derived from, farm-based recreation.
Climate change plan for Canada : tax policy and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
Creators: name: Tully, Erin McEachern
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Climate change is now recognized as a serious area of environmental concern for all nations. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted. The Kyoto Protocol requires 37 industrialized nations to achieve GHG emissions reduction by 2012. The federal government created the Climate Change Plan for Canada in 2002 to establish parameters for fulfilling Canada's obligations to reduce GHG emissions) pursuant to the Kyoto Protocol. This thesis seeks to explore the effectiveness of the various environmental policy tools found in the Climate Change Plan for Canada in enabling Canada to meet its prescribed GHG emissions reduction targets. Through an examination of various environmental policy tools currently utilized in Canada and throughout the world, the effectiveness of the initiatives found in the Climate Change Plan for Canada can be predicted. In this writer's opinion, the most effective policy tools for enabling Canada to fulfill its GHG emissions reduction targets are emissions trading and taxation. However, as the means in which emissions trading is to be implemented in Canada has yet to be determined, I argue that the most effective policy tool is environmental taxation. There is a greater trend in Canada, and internationally, to make use of economic instruments, including environmental taxes, for environmental protection measures. From the standpoint of environmental policy, environmental or eco-taxes may be attractive for several reasons. Firstly, eco-taxes can promote efficiency gains through reallocation of pollution abatement costs and through performance incentives. Secondly, eco-taxes provide innovation incentives. Thirdly, eco-taxes should be less vulnerable to regulatory capture compared to cornmand-and-control regulations. Fourthly, eco-taxes can also generate substantial revenues that can be recycled for environmental improvement investments. Beginning with a brief history of international environmental recognition in the area of GHG emissions, and utilizing a law and economics and taxation theory framework, an analysis is provided to demonstrate that environmental taxation is the most effective tool for enabling Canada to meet its GHG emissions reduction targets as outlined in the Kyoto Protocol.