cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Renicola
Creators: name: Hechinger, Ryan F.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Platyhelminthes
Trematoda
Plagiorchiida
Renicolidae
Renicola

description: Renicola sp. “martini” (sensu Hechinger and Miura [2014])
(16. Rema; Figs. 1, 65–70)
Diagnosis: Parthenitae. Colony comprised of inactive sporocysts, densely concentrated to irregularly clustered in snail gonad region, with dispersion into digestive gland. Sporocysts translucent orange to white; ~ 100–800 µm long, spheroidal to slightly elongate (length:width up to ~4:1).
Cercaria. Body mostly opaque white; non-oculate; with oral sucker bearing a stylet (a xiphidiocercaria) and with ventral sucker; with tegumental spines over much of surface; with all penetration gland ducts opening at stylet; with a large Y-shaped excretory bladder, the arms of which wrap around sides of ventral sucker; body ~ 200 µm long, ~equal in length to tail; tail simple.
Cercaria behavior: Fresh, emerged cercariae remain in water column, swim ~continuously, lashing tail back and forth.
Similar species: Rema is most readily distinguished from Repo [17] by the cercariae having tegumental spines and by the penetration gland duct arrangement.
Remarks: Hechinger and Miura (2014) described the sporocysts and cercariae, and provided COI and ITS1 DNA sequence data.
This species was not included in Martin (1972), but likely corresponds to “ Cercaria cerithidia 23” of Hunter (1942). This species, along with Renicola sp. “polychaetophila”, was previously referred to as “large xiphidiocercaria” in some ecological and evolutionary research (e.g., Hechinger et al. 2007; Kuris 1990).
Mature, ripe colonies comprise ~20% the soft-tissue weight of an infected snail (summer-time estimate derived from information on “Lgxi” in [Hechinger et al. 2009]).
Nadakal (1960b) presents information on the pigments of the sporocysts and cercariae of this species (seemingly pooled with Renicola sp. “polychaetophila”) as his “Y-bladder cercaria”.
description: Published as part of Hechinger, Ryan F., 2019, Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host, pp. 459-494 in Zootaxa 4711 (3) on pages 485-486, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4711.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3586554
Renicola
Creators: name: Hechinger, Ryan F.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Platyhelminthes
Trematoda
Plagiorchiida
Renicolidae
Renicola

description: Renicola sp. “polychaetophila” (sensu Hechinger and Miura [2014])
(17. Repo; Figs. 1, 71–74)
Diagnosis: Parthenitae. Colony comprised of inactive sporocysts, densely concentrated to irregularly clustered in snail gonad region, with dispersion into digestive gland. Sporocysts translucent orange to white; ~ 100–800 µm long, spheroidal to slightly elongate (length:width up to ~4:1).
Cercaria. Body mostly opaque white; non-oculate; with oral and ventral sucker; with no tegumental spines; with penetration gland duct opening arrangement of 2[(1+3+1)+1], with 3 pairs opening adjacent to oral stylet, 1 diverging to open more dorsally, 1 ventrally, with 1 separated pair forming characteristic ventral “cross ducts” posterior to oral sucker; with a large Y-shaped excretory bladder, the arms of which wrap around sides of ventral sucker; body ~ 180 µm long, ~equal in length to tail; tail simple.
Cercaria behavior: Fresh, emerged cercariae remain in water column, swim ~continuously, lashing tail back and forth.
Similar species: Repo is most readily distinguished from Rema [16] by the cercaria penetration gland duct arrangement (particularly the posterior-most “cross ducts”) and lack of tegumental spines.
Remarks: Hechinger and Miura (2014) described the sporocysts and cercariae, and provided COI and ITS1 DNA sequence data.
This species was not included in Martin (1972), but specimens of it may have been included, along with specimens of Renicola cerithidicola in the material Hunter (1942) used to describe her “ Cercaria cerithidia 19” (Hechinger & Miura 2014). This species, along with Renicola sp. “martini” was previously referred to as “large xiphidiocercaria” in some ecological and evolutionary research (e.g., Hechinger et al. 2007; Kuris 1990).
Mature, ripe colonies comprise ~20% the soft-tissue weight of an infected snail (summer-time estimate derived from information on “lgxi” in [Hechinger et al. 2009]).
Nadakal (1960b) presents information on the pigments of the sporocysts and cercariae of this species (likely pooled with Renicola sp. “martini”), as his “Y-bladder cercaria”.
description: Published as part of Hechinger, Ryan F., 2019, Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host, pp. 459-494 in Zootaxa 4711 (3) on pages 487-488, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4711.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3586554
Probolocoryphe uca Sarkisian
Creators: name: Hechinger, Ryan F.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Platyhelminthes
Trematoda
Plagiorchiida
Microphallidae
Probolocoryphe
Probolocoryphe uca

description: Probolocoryphe uca Sarkisian
(18. Pruc; Figs. 1, 75–78)
Diagnosis: Parthenitae. Colony comprised of inactive sporocysts, densely concentrated in snail gonad region, with dispersion into digestive gland and basal visceral mass. Sporocysts translucent golden to orangish; ~ 250– 600 µm long, spheroidal to oblong (length:width up to ~2:1).
Cercaria. Body translucent colorless; non-oculate; with oral sucker and no ventral sucker; with oral stylet, ~ 25 µm long, with distinctive dorsal flange; with a small bi-lobed excretory bladder at posterior-most edge of cercaria body; body ~ 175 µm long, ~equal in length to tail; tail simple.
Cercaria behavior: Fresh, emerged cercariae remain in water column, swim ~continuously, lashing tail back and forth.
Similar species: Pruc is most readily distinguished from Smmi [19] by the difference in stylet morphology and larger body size.
Remarks: The sporocysts and cercariae have not been formally described, but Garcia-Vedrenne et al. (submitted) provide measurements of sporocyst size for three colonies. Sarkisian (1957) described the metacercariae from fiddler crabs (Uca crenulata) infected with microphallid cercariae shed from C. californica.
This species likely corresponds to the “Xiphidiocercaria” of Maxon and Pequegnat (1949), the “large xiphidiocercaria” of Martin (1955), and to “Microphallid 1” of Martin (1972).
Mature, ripe colonies comprise ~41% the soft-tissue weight of an infected snail (summer-time estimate derived from information in [Hechinger et al. 2009]).
Nadakal (1960b) presents information on the pigments of the sporocysts and cercariae of this species.
description: Published as part of Hechinger, Ryan F., 2019, Guide to the trematodes (Platyhelminthes) that infect the California horn snail (Cerithideopsis californica: Potamididae: Gastropoda) as first intermediate host, pp. 459-494 in Zootaxa 4711 (3) on page 489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4711.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3586554
Phyllacanthus imperialis
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Cidaroida
Cidaridae
Phyllacanthus
Phyllacanthus imperialis

description: Phyllacanthus imperialis (Lamarck, 1816)
Material studied. WUSL/ER/198, 199 (wet, with spines) from Godawaya; WUSL/ER/200 (dry, with spines) from Negombo; WUSL/ER/201, 202 (dry, denuded) from Nilwella.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Agassiz (1872), Herdman et al. (1904), Clark (1915, 1925).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Southern and western coasts of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 1–8 m (present study), 23–65 m (previous records).
Habitat. In coral ecosystems where it hides during the day in rock beds and emerges at night to graze.
Observed occurrence in this study. Southern coast (Godawaya, Nilwella) and western coast (Negombo) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. This species differs from others in the genus by its characteristic primary spines with very numerous, closely spaced series of granules. Mortensen (1928) introduced three forms under Phyllacanthus imperialis: typicus, ustigerus, and unicolor. Specimens observed during this study most closely matched unicolor. Their primary spines are unbanded, and uniformly dark violet. This species was recorded from Sri Lanka 90 years ago by Clark (1925).
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Astropyga radiata
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Diadematoida
Diadematidae
Astropyga
Astropyga radiata

description: Astropyga radiata (Leske, 1778)
Material studied. WUSL/ER/203 (dry; denuded) from Trincomalee.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Sarasin & Sarasin (1887), Döderlein (1888), Anderson (1894), Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Eastern coast of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 51 m (Anderson 1894).
Habitat. Not recorded.
Observed occurrence in this study. None.
Remarks. This species differs from other diadematoids found in Sri Lanka by having a very low test, conspicuously elongated, narrow genital plates, and spines in which the shaft is partially filled with a loose stereom meshwork.
Sarasin & Sarasin (1887), Döderlein (1888), and Anderson (1894) recorded this species from Trincomalee. One denuded specimen is housed at the Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries of the Wayamba University of Sri Lanka. This specimen was collected from off Trincomalee, but its depth is unknown.
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Diadema savignyi
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Diadematoida
Diadematidae
Diadema
Diadema savignyi

description: Diadema savignyi (Audouin, 1809)
Material studied. WUSL/ER/204 (dry, denuded) from Nilwella; WUSL/ER/209 (dry, denuded) from Hiriketiya. Literature records for Sri Lanka. Clark (1915), Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012), Gayashan & Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Southern coast of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 0.5– 4 m (present study).
Habitat. Shallow reef areas.
Observed occurrence in this study. Southern coast (Hiriketiya and Nilwella) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. The test of adult D. savignyi can be distinguished from that of adult D. setosum because the former has up to five primary tubercles in one horizontal series in the interambulacra, and the latter has six to seven. In life, D. savignyi lacks a red ring around the anus, but has bright blue lines around the plates in the apical system, and two paired, thin lines of the same vivid color running down along each interradial suture towards a white, iridescent spot. At this point, the two blue lines diverge to run along the center of each column of interambulacral plates. In D. savignyi, right blue lines can often be seen around the bases of the primary spines.
Clark (1915) reported this species in Sri Lanka for the first time based on two specimens housed at the Colombo Museum. However, no exact locality nor depth records are available. Clark’s collection is no longer available at the Colombo Museum.
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on pages 38-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Diadema setosum
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Diadematoida
Diadematidae
Diadema
Diadema setosum

description: Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778)
Material studied. WUSL/ER/208 (dry, denuded) from Polhena.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Bell (1882, 1887), Sarasin & Sarasin (1887), Döderlein (1888), Herdman et al. (1904), Clark (1925), Price & Rowe (1996), Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012), Gayashan & Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Eastern and southern coasts of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 0.5– 3 m (present study), 0–62 m (previous records).
Habitat. Coral reefs, rocky reef platforms.
Observed occurrence in this study. Southern coast (Hiriketiya, Nilwella, and Polhena) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. Adults of this species differ from D. savignyi by having six to seven primary tubercles in one horizontal series in the interambulacra, a blue spot on each genital plate, and white spots along the interradii instead of lines. In addition, there is a prominent red ring around the anus at the tip of the inflated anal sac.
This species has been recorded consistently from the southern and eastern coasts of Sri Lanka since it was first mentioned as part of the Sri Lankan echinoid fauna (Bell 1882). According to Lessios et al. (2001), D. setosum contains two mitochondrial lineages that split 3 to 5 million years ago and are now geographically separated. No specimens from Sri Lanka were included in the study by Lessios and co-workers, but species distribution modelling by Bronstein et al. (2017) predicts that the Sri Lankan representatives belong to D. setosum clade a. Genetic analyses are needed to confirm the prediction based on modelling.
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Echinothrix calamaris
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Diadematoida
Diadematidae
Echinothrix
Echinothrix calamaris

description: Echinothrix calamaris (Pallas, 1774)
Material studied. WUSL/ER/210 (dry, with spines) from Nilwella; WUSL/ER/211 (dry, denuded) from Polhena.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Southern coast of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 1–2 m (present study).
Habitat. Reef flats and tide pools.
Observed occurrence in this study. Southern coast (Hiriketiya, Nilwella, and Polhena) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. The test of E. calamaris can be distinguished from that of E. diadema by having naked adapical medial zones in the interambulacra, conspicuously inflated aboral ambulacra, no enlarged ambulacral tubercles at the ambitus and small auricles with low connecting ridges in the interambulacra. In life, E. calamaris is easily distinguished from E. diadema in having banded, usually pale or white primary spines, and concentrations of gold or light brown, poison-gland bearing spines in the ambulacra that are much shorter and more sharply pointed than the interambulacral primaries. See Coppard & Campbell (2006) for an in-depth discussion of the test features distinguishing the two species.
This species was recently added to the Sri Lankan echinoid faunal list by Jayakody (2012). Our study confirms
the presence of E. calamaris in Sri Lanka. E. calamaris is widely distributed from the western Indian Ocean (Samyn 2003) to the eastern Indian Ocean (Putchakarn & Sonchaeng 2004; Sastry 2007) and beyond (see Clark & Rowe 1971 for a summary).
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on pages 39-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Echinothrix diadema
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Diadematoida
Diadematidae
Echinothrix
Echinothrix diadema

description: Echinothrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material studied. WUSL/ER/212 (wet, with spines) from Hikkaduwa; WUSL/ER/213 (dry, denuded) from Hikkaduwa; WUSL/ER/214 (dry, denuded) from Hiriketiya; WUSL/ER/215 (dry, with spines) from Nilwella; WUSL/ER/216 (wet, with spines) from Nilwella.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Herdman et al. (1904), Clark (1915), Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Southern coast of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 1–2 m (present study), 62 m (previous records).
Habitat. Coral reefs and rocky reef platforms.
Observed occurrence in this study. Southern coast (Hiriketiya, Nilwella, and Hikkaduwa) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. The test of E. diadema differs from that of E. calamaris in having no naked adapical medial zones in the interambulacra, no inflated aboral ambulacra, enlarged ambulacral tubercles at the ambitus, and large auricles with high connecting ridges in the interambulacra. In life, E. diadema tends to be black with bluish iridescence in strong sunlight, and the poison-gland bearing spines are not differentiated in color from the other primary spines.
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Stomopneustes variolaris
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Stomopneustoida
Stomopneustidae
Stomopneustes
Stomopneustes variolaris

description: Stomopneustes variolaris (Lamarck, 1816)
Material studied. WUSL/ER/217 (wet, with spines) from Nilwella; WUSL/ER/218 (dry, with spines) from Nilwella; WUSL/ER/219 (dry, with spines) from Hiriketiya, WUSL/ER/220 (dry, denuded) from Beruwala; CASIZ 100705, 100778, 101977, 103168 (four wet specimens, with spines), CASIZ 101939 and 102241 (two dry specimens, with spines) all from Ambalangoda.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Walter (1885), Döderlein (1888), Herdman et al. (1904), Clark (1915), Koehler (1927), Price & Rowe (1996), Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012), Gayashan & Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. All coasts possess suitable habitat for this species.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 0.1– 5 m (present study), 5 m (previous records).
Habitat. Subtidal rocks, common on rocky platforms, in crevices, under boulders, and in coral reefs; well adapted to areas in which wave action is high.
Observed occurrence in this study. Eastern (Batticaloa, Panama, and Trincomalee), northwestern (Kalpitiya 1), southern (Ahangama, Hikkaduwa, Hiriketiya, Kirinda, Nilwella, Polhena, and Rakawa) and western coasts (Beruwala, Negombo) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. The family Stomopneustidae has only one extant species. S. variolaris can be distinguished from diadematoids (with some of which it might be confused in life) found in Sri Lanka in having imperforate, noncrenulate primary tubercles, broad multiserial pore zones from the peristomial margin to the apex, large ambulacral tubercles, and a comparatively small apical system that is firmly integrated into the corona (not loosely attached by soft tissues as is usually the case in diadematoids). S. variolaris differs from camarodonts in having an open foramen (epiphyses not joined over the teeth in the Aristotle's lantern). Characteristic features of the test include the conspicuously sunken, sinuous interradial sutures and the polygeminate ambulacra with pores that are not aborally arranged in clear arcs.
In Sri Lanka, this species is widely distributed mainly from the southern to the northwestern coasts.
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Echinometra
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Camarodonta
Echinometridae
Echinometra

description: Echinometra ex grupo mathaei (Blainville, 1825)
Material studied. WUSL/ER/225 (dry, denuded) from Hiriketiya, WUSL/ER/226 (dry, denuded) from Hikkaduwa; WUSL/ER/227 (wet, with spines) from Beruwala.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Clark (1915, 1925), Price & Rowe (1996), Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012), Gayashan & Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Southern and western coasts of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 0.5– 1 m (present study), 0.5– 5 m (previous records).
Habitat. Rocky shores, in rock crevices, among rock boulders, channels, and self-made burrows.
Observed occurrence in this study. Southern coast (Hiriketiya and Hikkaduwa) and the western coast (Beruwala) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. E. mathaei can be distinguished from the other Sri Lankan echinometrids, except from E. oblonga, in having the test elongated through the axis between ambulacrum I and interambulacrum 3, and only four pore pairs in the pore arcs of the ambulacra.
E. mathaei and E. oblonga cannot be easily distinguished from each other. Mortensen (1943b: 394) admits that “there are no reliable characters in the test distinguishing oblonga from the typical mathaei ”. Hence, molecular analyses are required to distinguish these species unequivocally, although sperm morphology and spicules have been shown to be very useful in distinguishing some members of the E. mathaei species complex (Arakaki et al. 1998; Bronstein & Loya 2013).
Two colour variants, green and brown, occur in Sri Lanka. There is a high likelihood that more than one species is present on the island, pending full molecular analyses of additional specimens from across the range of echinometrids currently listed under the names E. mathaei and E. oblonga.
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Echinostrephus molaris
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Camarodonta
Echinometridae
Echinostrephus
Echinostrephus molaris

description: Echinostrephus molaris (Blainville, 1825)
Material studied. WUSL/ER/228 (dry, denuded) from Nilwella; WUSL/ER/229 (dry, denuded) from Kalpitiya 2; WUSL/ER/230 (dry, denuded) from Hikkaduwa; WUSL/ER/231 (dry, denuded) from Hiriketiya.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Döderlein (1888), Herdman et al. (1904), Clark (1915), Schultz (2005), Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012), Gayashan & Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Northern, southern, and northwestern coasts of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 0.5– 13 m (present study), 13–24 m (previous records).
Habitat. Mostly in burrows in flat, rocky reef bottoms.
Observed occurrence in this study. Northwestern (Kalpitiya 2) and southern coast (Hikkaduawa, Hiriketiya, and Nilwella) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. E. molaris can be distinguished from the other echinometrid species recorded in Sri Lanka, Colobocentrotus (Podophora) atratus, Echinometra spp., and Heterocentrotus mamillatus, in having three pore pairs in the pore arcs of the ambulacra and a unique lateral aspect, with the ambitus located high on the test and the aboral side distinctly flattened. E. molaris also has a small, circular test with a flattened, broad aboral side. Unique to the genus, the longest spines project vertically in an aboral tuft, whereas the spines on the ambitus and oral surface are extremely short.
This species was first recorded from Sri Lanka by Döderlein (1888) under the incorrectly formed name “ Echinostrephus molare ”.
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Heterocentrotus mamillatus
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Camarodonta
Echinometridae
Heterocentrotus
Heterocentrotus mamillatus

description: Heterocentrotus mamillatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material studied. WUSL/ER/232, 233 (wet, with spines) from Nilwella. Literature records for Sri Lanka. Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Southern coast of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 2–5 m (present study).
Habitat. Among rock boulders and in rock crevices.
Observed occurrence in this study. Southern coast (Hiriketiya and Nilwella) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. H. mamillatus can be distinguished from the other Sri Lankan echinometrids in having the test transversely elongated through the axis between ambulacrum II and interambulacrum 4, and very strongly developed, solid, thick primary spines that are bright red-brown in life. Distally, these spines are almost triangular in cross-section. The secondary spines are extremely short, truncated, and with a flattened tip.
This species was threatened by the marine curio trade and listed as a protected species in Sri Lanka under the Sri Lankan Fauna and Flora Protection Act (Amendment), No. 22 of 2009. To date, it is the only protected echinoid species in Sri Lanka.
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Microcyphus ceylanicus Mortensen 1942
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Camarodonta
Temnopleuridae
Microcyphus
Microcyphus ceylanicus

description: Microcyphus ceylanicus Mortensen, 1942
Figure 2
Material studied. WUSL/ER/87 (dry, denuded) from Hiriketiya; WUSL/ER/234 (wet, with spines) from Hiriketiya; WUSL/ER/235 (dry, denuded) from Dickwella.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Mortensen (1942, 1943a), Price & Rowe (1996), Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Southern coast of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 1–5 m (previous records).
Habitat. Coral reefs (Price & Rowe 1996).
Observed occurrence in this study. Southern coast (Hiriketiya and Dickwella), on shore. Both of these collection sites were dominated by seagrass beds at shallow depths.
Remarks. Here, for the first time, we provide photographs of test surface details on this rarely seen temnopleurid (Fig. 2). Its test has never been figured in detail, and Mortensen (1943a) included only a photograph in lateral view, plus drawings of the apical system, ambulacral compounding, and some pedicellariae. M. ceylanicus is restricted to Sri Lanka and the Andaman Islands, and can be distinguished from other Sri Lankan regular echinoids by its light olive-green test. The test has naked interambulacral areas, each of which has a dark zigzag line along the medial sutures (Fig. 2). The spines are banded with red, brown, and white. This species is characterized by its sharply delimited naked areas in both the interambulacra and ambulacra (Mortensen 1942).
Döderlein (1888) misidentified this species as M. maculatus, an error that was rectified by Mortensen (1943a). The type specimen, collected from Sri Lanka, is housed at the Zoologische Staatssammlung München (The Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich).
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Salmacis bicolor L. Agassiz in L. Agassiz & Desor 1846
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Camarodonta
Temnopleuridae
Salmacis
Salmacis bicolor

description: Salmacis bicolor L. Agassiz in L. Agassiz & Desor, 1846
Figure 3
Material studied. WUSL/ER/236, 237, 238 (wet, with spines) from Godawaya; WUSL/ER/239 (dry, with spines) from Nilwella; WUSL/ER/240 (wet, with spines) and WUSL/ER/241 (dry, with spines) from Mandathiv; WUSL/ ER/242 (wet, with spines) and WUSL/ER/88, 243 (dry, with spines) from Nagadeepaya; WUSL/ER/244, 245 (dry, with spines) from Point Pedro.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Bell (1882, 1887), Döderlein (1888), Herdman et al. (1904), Clark (1915, 1925), Koehler (1927), Price & Rowe (1996), Schultz (2005), Fernando (2006), Sastry (2007), Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Northern, southern, and western coasts of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 1–5 m (present study), 4–55 m (previous records).
Habitat. Rocky shores, among boulders and seagrass.
Observed occurrence in this study. Northern coast (Mandathiv, Nagadeepa, and Point Pedro) and the southern coast (Godawaya and Nilwella) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. S. bicolor differs from other species in the genus in that the spines are banded in red and yellowish to violet or green and have red bases (Fig. 3). This species is well documented in Sri Lanka.
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on pages 42-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Salmacis virgulata L. Agassiz in L. Agassiz & Desor 1846
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Camarodonta
Temnopleuridae
Salmacis
Salmacis virgulata

description: Salmacis virgulata L. Agassiz in L. Agassiz & Desor, 1846
Figure 4
Material studied. WUSL/ER/246, 247 (wet, with spines) and WUSL/ER/89, 248, 249, 250 (dry, with spines) from Nagadeepaya; WUSL/ER/251 (wet, with spines) and WUSL/ER/252 (dry, with spines) from Mandathiv; WUSL/ ER/253, 254 (dry, with spines) from Mulathiv; WUSL/ER/255, 256 (dry, with spines) from Point Pedro; WUSL/ ER/257, 258 (dry, with spines) from Silavathurai.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Agassiz & Desor (1846), Clark (1915, 1925), Koehler (1927), Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Northern, southern, and northwestern coasts of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 9–12 m (present study), 59 m (previous records).
Habitat. Among seagrass beds and coral rubble.
Observed occurrence in this study. Northern coast (Mandathiv, Mulathiv, Nagadeepa, Point Pedro, and Silavathurai) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. S. virgulata can be distinguished from others in the genus in having uniformly purplish, unbanded primary spines with whitish bases (Fig. 4).
This was the first echinoid species recorded to occur in Sri Lanka by Agassiz & Desor (1846), who cited the locality as “ Ceylan ” (Sri Lanka) for “ Salmacis virgulatus ”, an incorrect formulation of the name. The holotype (EcEh 5940) is from Sri Lanka, and is housed at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, France (Vadon et al. 1984).
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Temnopleurus toreumaticus
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Camarodonta
Temnopleuridae
Temnopleurus
Temnopleurus toreumaticus

description: Temnopleurus toreumaticus (Leske, 1778)
Figure 5
Material studied. WUSL/ER/259, 260, 261 (wet, with spines) and WUSL/ER/95, 262, 263, 264 (dry, with spines) from Nagadeepaya; WUSL/ER/265, 266 (wet, with spines) and WUSL/ER/267 (dry, with spines) from Mandathiv; WUSL/ER/268 (wet, with spines) and WUSL/ER/269, 270 (dry, with spines) from Point Pedro.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Agassiz & Desor (1846), Agassiz (1872), Bell (1887), Anderson (1894), Herdman et al. (1904), Clark (1915, 1925), Koehler (1927).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Northern and southern coasts of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 9–66 m (previous records).
Habitat. Bottoms consisting of “ Orbitolites sand, some dead coral, shells and pieces of Nullipore ” [sic] (Herdman et al. 1904).
Observed occurrence in this study. Fish landing sites at Mandathiv, Nagadeepa, and Point Pedro on the northern coast of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. This species can be distinguished from other Sri Lankan temnopleurids in having conspicuous, deep, long furrows along the plate sutures (so-called sutural pits). These furrows extend horizontally to the bases of the primary tubercles (Fig. 5).
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Pseudoboletia maculata Troschel 1869
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Camarodonta
Toxopneustidae
Pseudoboletia
Pseudoboletia maculata

description: Pseudoboletia maculata Troschel, 1869
Material studied. WUSL/ER/271 (dry, with spines) from Polhena. Literature records for Sri Lanka. Herdman et al. (1904), Clark (1915), Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Northern and southern coasts of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 13 m (previous records).
Habitat. Not recorded.
Observed occurrence in this study. None.
Remarks. P. maculata differs from P. indiana because the former has dark spots on the test, but the latter is uniform in colour and lacks spots.
One denuded specimen is housed at the DAF (Polhena, 1–5 m).
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on pages 43-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Toxopneustes pileolus
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Camarodonta
Toxopneustidae
Toxopneustes
Toxopneustes pileolus

description: Toxopneustes pileolus (Lamarck, 1816)
Material studied. WUSL/ER/273 (wet, with spines) from Silavathurai and WUSL/ER/274 (dry, with spines) from Polhena; WUSL/ER/275 (dry, denuded) from Negombo.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Walter (1885), Döderlein (1888), Herdman et al. (1904), Clark (1915), Koehler (1927), Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Northern, southern, and western coasts of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 0.5– 12 m (present study), 13–48 m (previous records).
Habitat. Rocky reef areas, seagrass beds.
Observed occurrence in this study. Northern (Silavathurai), southern (Polhena, Hikkaduwa, Hiriketiya, Ahangama), and western coasts (Negombo) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. When the animal is alive, the test takes on the appearance of a flower garden because of the dense covering of large, bright reddish and white, three-jawed globiferous pedicellariae. In contrast, the denuded test has distinct greenish to purplish bands arranged concentrically. This species can be distinguished from the other two toxopneustid species recorded in this study, Pseudoboletia maculata and Tripneustes gratilla gratilla, because the former has clear arcs of three pore pairs each in the ambulacra, and the latter has denser tuberculation and lacks the green banding on the denuded test (in addition, its test is much higher and shows three discrete vertical series of pore pairs in each ambulacral column rather than a broad band of pores).
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Tripneustes gratilla subsp. gratilla gratilla (Linnaeus 1758
Creators: name: Arachchige, Gayashan M.
name: Jayakody, Sevvandi
name: Mooi, Rich
name: Kroh, Andreas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Camarodonta
Toxopneustidae
Tripneustes
Tripneustes gratilla
Tripneustes gratilla gratilla (linnaeus, 1758)

description: Tripneustes gratilla gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material studied. WUSL/ER/276 (wet, denuded) from Silavathurai; WUSL/ER/277 (wet, with spines) and WUSL/ER/278 (wet, denuded) from Hiriketiya; WUSL/ER/279 (dry, denuded) from Polhena; WUSL/ER/280 (dry, denuded) from Hikkaduwa; WUSL/ER/281 (dry, denuded) from Ahangama.
Literature records for Sri Lanka. Walter (1885), Döderlein (1888), Clark (1915), Koehler (1927), Fernando (2006), Jayakody (2012).
Distribution in Sri Lanka. Southern, northern, and northwestern coasts of Sri Lanka.
Recorded depth range in Sri Lanka. 0.1– 12 m (present study).
Habitat. Mainly found on sandy bottoms among seagrass beds.
Observed occurrence in this study. Northern (Silavathurai), southern (Polhena, Hikkaduwa, Hiriketiya, Kirinda, Godawaya, Ahangama), and western coasts (Negombo) of Sri Lanka.
Remarks. Tripneustes gratilla gratilla is one of the most common shallow water species found among the seagrass beds of the southern coast of Sri Lanka. The colour of the primary spines varies from orange to white.
description: Published as part of Arachchige, Gayashan M., Jayakody, Sevvandi, Mooi, Rich & Kroh, Andreas, 2019, An annotated species list of regular echinoids from Sri Lanka with notes on some rarely seen temnopleurids, pp. 35-57 in Zootaxa 4571 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4571.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/2605940
Eucinetus Germar 1818
Creators: name: Lawrence, John F.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Eucinetidae
Eucinetus

description: Eucinetus Germar, 1818
Eucinetus Germar 1818: 255. Type species: Scaphidium haemorrhoidale Germar, 1818.
Hamaxobium Duftschmid 1825: 79. Type species: Hamaxobium haemorrhoum Duftschmid, 1825.
Apeosina Broun 1881: 692. Type species: Apeosina stewarti Broun, 1881.
Cryptomera Broun 1893: 1358. Type species: Cryptomera nigra Broun, 1893.
Diagnosis. Species of Eucinetus differ from those of Noteucinetus in the more elongate body with a somewhat less convex upper surface, elytra with transverse strigulae (Figs 77–88), slightly incrassate to subserrate antennae (Figs 4, 10, 14, 18, 22, 25, 36), lateral arms of metendosternite forming an angle of less than 45 degrees with apical muscle discs not circular (Fig. 94), prosternal process not widened apically, mesoventrite with slender cavity and notched posterior edge (Fig. 101), hind wings either fully developed or absent, sternite IX in male elongate with rounded apex and slender basal strut (Figs 114–116) and parameres as long as or slightly longer than penis (Figs 128–139). The Holarctic genus Nycteus may be distinguished from both Eucinetus and Noteucinetus by the elongate head with antennal insertions and antennal grooves completely exposed, the U-shaped frontoclypeal suture and the anterolateral angle of the mesepimeron acute. In both Eucinetus and Noteucinetus, the head is much shorter and broader with antennal insertions and antennal grooves more or less concealed (Figs 34–35), the frontoclypeal suture is straight and transverse with a distinct angle at each end and the anterolateral angle of the mesepimeron is never sharply acute.
Note. Eucinetus is a widely distributed genus with 21 described species from North to South America, Eurasia, Africa, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and New Zealand; it is likely, however, that numerous other species remain to be described from various regions. The Australian fauna is diverse and only partially described in the present treatment. Four winged species are described here, although Eucinetus lorien and Eucinetus similis may represent geographic variants, and specimens of Eucinetus lorien from the type locality in NSW (Figs 46, 58, 133) differ slightly from those from northern QLD (Figs 48, 57, 132). There are almost certainly more wingless species to be described, especially from southern coastal and montane NSW, but these will have to await a more thorough study.
description: Published as part of Lawrence, John F., 2019, New species of Eucinetus and Noteucinetus from Australia (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea: Eucinetidae), pp. 151-182 in Zootaxa 4668 (2) on page 155, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4668.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3415013
Noteucinetus Bullians & Leschen 2005
Creators: name: Lawrence, John F.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Eucinetidae
Noteucinetus

description: Noteucinetus Bullians & Leschen, 2004
Noteucinetus Bullians & Leschen 2004: 30. Type species: N. nunni Bullians & Leschen, 2004.
Diagnosis. Differs from Eucinetus in the shorter, broader body with strongly convex upper surface, filiform or somewhat moniliform antennae, elytra without transverse strigulae, metendosternite with long lateral arms with a broad muscle disc at the apex of each, prosternal process widened apically, mesoventrite with moderately broad cavity and rounded apex, hind wings either highly reduced or absent, sternite IX with emarginate apex and apically widened basal strut and parameres much shorter than penis. Tibial spurs vary within the genus; metatibiae have a single spur in all except the New Zealand N. nunni and mesotibiae have two spurs, one of which is modified in the male, except in the Australian N. ornatus, which has a single mesotibial spur.
Note. Noteucinetus was originally based on one New Zealand species (N. nunni Bullian & Leschen) occurring on both North Island and South Island and two Chilean species (N. chilensis Bullians & Leschen from Cautin, Concepcion and Malleco Provinces and N. latipennis from Quillota and Talca Provinces).
description: Published as part of Lawrence, John F., 2019, New species of Eucinetus and Noteucinetus from Australia (Coleoptera: Scirtoidea: Eucinetidae), pp. 151-182 in Zootaxa 4668 (2) on page 168, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4668.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3415013
Promalactis clavata Du, Li & Wang, 2011, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Du, Zhaohui
name: Li, Houhun
name: Wang, Shuxia
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Oecophoridae
Promalactis
Promalactis clavata

description: Promalactis clavata sp. nov.
(Figs. 6, 18)
Type material. CHINA, Hainan Province: Holotype 3, Tianchi (18°25ʹN, 108°28ʹE), Mt. Jianfeng, 810 m, 30.iii.2008, leg. Bingbing Hu & Haiyan Bai, genitalia slide No. YGX08067. Paratypes: 1 3, same data as holotype; 1 3, Mt. Diaoluo (18°28ʹN, 109°31ʹE), 940 m, 31.v.2007, leg. Zhiwei Zhang & Weichun Li.
Description. Imago (Fig. 6). Wingspan 8.5–9.5 mm. Head with vertex shining white, frons shining grayish black. Labial palpus with second segment yellow mixed with ochreous brown on outside, yellow on inside; third segment with basal 2/3 yellowish white, distal 1/3 deep ochreous brown. Antennal scape white; flagellum white ringed with black on dorsal surface, black on ventral surface. Thorax and tegula deep ochreous yellow. Forewing deep ochreous yellow; markings white edged with black: broad fascia from beyond costal 1/3 obliquely narrowed to 1/2 of dorsum; costal margin with a large oval spot at 3/4; cilia gray except white below apex, tinged with dark brown. Hindwing and cilia grayish brown. Tibia of midleg with a tuft of long white scales at apex.
Male genitalia (Fig. 18). Uncus bell-shaped, broad at base, narrowed to 2/3, distal 1/3 finger-shaped. Gnathos thin, conical, shorter than uncus. Valva with apex concave medially, bearing a small dorsoapical spine and a large thumb-like setose ventroapical process; costa very short, about 2/7 length of sacculus, concave near base, projected medially, sparsely setose. Sacculus extremely long, slightly narrowed distally, with dense hairs subapically. Juxta extremely long, anterior portion club-shaped; lateral lobes narrowly banded, reaching middle of uncus, hooked at apex. Saccus elongate, about 2.5 times length of uncus, parallel sided laterally, straight on anterior margin. Aedeagus thin and straight, about 1.25 times length of valva, with a small spiniform cornutus at distal 1/6.
Female. Unknown.
Diagnosis. This species is internally and externally similar to P. rostriformis sp. nov., but can be separated from it by the male genitalia, in which the valva bears a large thumb-like setose ventroapical process, the saccus is straight on its anterior margin, the lateral lobes of the juxta extend to the middle of the uncus, and the aedeagus lacks a spiniform apical process. In P. rostriformis, the valva has a large rostriform ventroapical process, the saccus is pointed at apex, the lateral lobes of juxta extend only to the base of the uncus, and the aedeagus has a long spiniform process.
Etymology. The name is derived from the Latin clavatus (= clavate), referring to the shape of the anterior portion of juxta.
description: Published as part of Du, Zhaohui, Li, Houhun & Wang, Shuxia, 2011, Taxonomic study of the genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Oecophoridae) from Hainan Province, China, pp. 49-64 in Zootaxa 3044 on pages 55-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200914