Cephalops Fallen 1810
Creators: name: Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany
name: Marques, Dayse Willkenia A.
name: Rafael, José Albertino
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Pipunculidae
Cephalops

description: Key to the Neotropical species of Cephalops and Semicephalops
The following key is a result of modifying that of Rafael (1990) and is based mainly on male characters (except for Semicephalops pauculus which has unknown male; we consider that the characters used without male genitalia are sufficient to differentiate species). Couplets to identify genera were adapted from Skevington & Yeates (2001) and Rafael & Skevington (2009).
1 All tibiae with stout median and apical spine-like setae; abdomen long and narrow (Figs 2, 6, 18, 22, 34, 38, 50, 54, 63, 67) Cephalops Fallén, 1810 ................................................................................ 2
- All tibiae lacking stout median and apical spine-like setae; abdomen broad and shortened (Figs 79, 83, 95, 99) Semicephalops De Meyer, 1994 ..................................................................................... 18
2 Abdomen with conspicuous pilosity; tergite 1 with 8–12 thin and long setae laterally; scutellum with many thin and long setae dorsally and laterally (except C. amembranosus which does not have a membranous area in the syntergosternite 8)....... 3
- Abdomen with inconspicuous pilosity (except in C. acutus sp. nov.); tergite 1, at most, with 6 conspicuous setae laterally; scutellum with few tiny setae........................................................................... 8
3 Syntergosternite 8 with membranous area (Figs 8, 24, 40, 56, 72, 85, 98); sternite 6 uninflated, ending in a simple apex; phallus trifid [see figures 90, 110 presented by Rafael (1990)]........................................................ 4
- Sintergosternite 8 without membranous area [see figures 83, 96 presented by Rafael (1990)]; sternite 6 extremely inflated, usually cheliform [see figure 95 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus simple, unbranched [see figures 84, 97, 104, 113 presented by Rafael (1990)]..................................................................................... 5
4 Frons black with frontal callus shiny black; hind femur without ventral ctenidia; tergites 2–4 brown pruinose at base [see figure 106 presented by Rafael (1990)]; surstyli with inner margins slightly straight [see figure 107 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................. C. nigrifrons Rafael, 1990
- Frons gray without frontal callus; hind femur with ventral ctenidia; tergites 2–5 entirely shiny black dorsally, completely without pruinosity; surstyli with inner margins slightly sinuous [see figure 89 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................................... C. callistus Hardy, 1954
5 Tergites 2 and 3 and eventually 4 with yellow tonalities...................................................... 6
- All tergites without yellow spots......................................................................... 7
6 All coxae predominantly yellow; meron yellow; phallic guide with a rigid lobe forward-directed, with setae ventrally and lobes laterally truncated apically [see figure 112 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme T-shaped [see figure 112 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus without subapical spicules [see figure 112 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................................ C. ponti Rafael, 1990
- Fore and mid coxae black, unlike the yellow hind coxa; meron partially black anteriorly; phallic guide with lobes laterally acute apically, without setae ventrally [see figure 103 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped narrowed [see figure 103 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with tiny spicules subapically [see figure 104 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................................. C. nigricoxa Rafael, 1990
7 All coxae yellow; hind femur with yellow ventral ctenidia; scutellum with thin and long setae; postpedicel with acuminate apex; surstyli subsymmetrical [see figure 96 presented by Rafael (1990)].......................... C. limatus Hardy, 1965b
- All coxae black; hind femur with black ventral ctenidium; scutellum with tiny setae; postpedicel with rounded apex; surstyli asymmetrical [see figure 83 presented by Rafael (1990)]............................. C. amembranosus Rafael, 1990
8 Postpedicel and pedicel yellow.......................................................................... 9
- Postpedicel yellow to dark brown, pedicel brown to dark brown............................................... 11
9 Notopleuron and mesopleuron brown, brown pruinose, tergites 2–4 with brown triangular spots at base and medially, sparsely gray-brown pruinose, with yellow spots laterodorsally (Figs 1–2, 6); both surstyli thickened at base, acute apically, with outer margins sinuous (Fig. 8); apex of phallic guide with rigid and distinct lobes laterally, and distinct acute lobe dorsally (Fig. 12); ejaculatory apodeme fan-shaped (Fig. 13); phallus unbranched, with two lateral membranous projections apically (Fig. 12)....................................................................................... C. acutus sp. nov.
- Notopleuron and mesopleuron dark brown to black, gray pruinose; tergites 2–4 brown to black with light brown bands on the distal margin (Figs 18, 22) or with black pruinose bands across bases; both surstyli thickened at base and medially, acute apically, with external margins curved [Fig. 24, see figure 13 presented by Rafael (1996)]; apex of phallic guide simple without rigid and distinct lobes laterally, and without distinct acute lobe dorsally [Figs 28, see figure 15 presented by Rafael (1996)]; ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped [Fig. 29, see figure 17 presented by Rafael (1996)], phallus trifid, without lateral membranous projections apically [Fig. 28, see figure 15 presented by Rafael (1996)]..................................... 10
10 Fore coxa yellow, mid and hind black; all femora and tibiae entirely yellow; tergites 2–5 shiny brown with light brown bands on distal margin (Figs 18, 22) or tergites 2–3 with shiny black spots posterolaterally (visible in certain light); both surstyli with inner margins straight and outer margins curved (Fig. 24)............................... C. amapaensis Rafael, 1990
- All coxae predominantly black, all femora with apex yellow, all tibiae with bases and apices yellow; tergites 2–5 dark brown to black with black pruinose bands across bases; both surstyli with inside and outer margins curved [see figure 13 presented by Rafael (1996)].................................................................. C. pedernalis Rafael, 1996
11 Pedicel light brown to dark brown; surstyli with at least one margin curved, with tips slightly inward directed (Figs 56, 69).. .................................................................................................. 17
- Pedicel yellow; surstyli with outer and inner margins straight, with tips downwards directed [see figure 56 presented by Rafael, 1990)] or surstyli with outer and inner margin sinuous, with tips slightly inward directed (Fig. 40) or surstyli with inner margin slightly sinuous or with tips slightly rounded [Figs 31, 36 presented by Rafael 1990)] or surstyli asymmetric [see figure 9 presented by Rafael (1990)].............................................................................. 12
12 At least hind coxae light brown to brown; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated, simple and thin [see figures 44, 57 presented by Rafael (1990)]...................................................................... 13
- At least hind coxae black; phallus bifid [see figures 11, 37 presented by Rafael (1990)] or trifid with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3 [see figures 15, 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]...................................... 14
13 Hind coxa brown; femora with brown spot medially; tergites 2–3 opaque brown, tergites 4–5 entirely black pruinose; both surstyli thickened at base, with acute apex, left surstylus clearly shorter and thinner [see figure 56 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide without distinct translucent lobe apically, with tip acute and setae ventrally [see figure 57 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................ C. villifemoralis Hardy, 1954
- All coxae light brown; femora yellow; tergites 2–5 with dark brown band dorsally on anterior margin, tergites 2–4 with light brown spots laterodorsally (Figs 33–34, 38); both surstyli with outer and inner margins sinuous, with tips inward-directed (Fig. 40); both surstyli dorsally lobated and tips slightly downward-directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 41–42); right surstylus with a distinct apical lobe visible in lateral view (Fig. 42); apex of phallic guide with distinct translucent lobe apically, with tip slightly truncated, without setae ventrally (Fig. 44)........................................... C. gracilis sp. nov.
14 All coxae black; apex of phallic guide with three acute lobes dorsally [see figure 11 presented by Rafael (1990)] or with one lobe apically [see figure 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]..................................................... 15
- Fore and mid coxa brown to black, hind coxae black; apex of phallic guide with acute tip and two rigid lobes laterally [see figures 15, 37 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................ 16
15 Tergites 2–5 brown to black, gray prinose laterally; apex of phallic guide with three acute lobes dorsally [see figure 11 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus bifid, one ejaculatory duct with a medial protuberance backward-directed [see figure 11 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................ C. brasiliensis Hardy, 1950
- Tergites 2–5 with dark brown to black pruinose transverse bands at base; apex of phallic guide thickened, with one rigid lobe and a row of setae at the tip [see figure 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated, without protuberance [see figure 27 presented by Rafael (1990)]........................... C. nitidellus Rafael, 1990
16 Postpedicel with rounded apex [see figure 13 presented by Rafael (1990)]; base of tergites 2–5 brown pruinose [see figure 14 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus trifid with ejaculatory ducts short, with small spines medially [see figure 15 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................................................... C. innitidus Rafael, 1990
- Postpedicel with slightly acute apex [see figure 35 presented by Rafael (1990)]; base of tergites 2–3 sometimes with velvety dark brown to black pruinosity (best seen in anterior view); phallus bifid with ejaculatory ducts long, without spines medially [see figure 37 presented by Rafael (1990)].............................................. C. nitidus Hardy, 1950a
17 Postpedicel yellowish brown, unlike the dark brown pedicel; surstyli thickened medially, thin at bases and apically, left surstylus slightly thinner than right (Fig. 69); both surstyli with tips downward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 70–71); apex of phallic guide thin, bearing a small translucent lobe and row of thin setae ventrally (Fig. 73); ejaculatory apodeme pin-shaped, shortened, truncated distally (Fig. 74); phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts thickened (Fig. 73), two ejaculatory ducts with submedian lobes laterally when seen in ventral view (Fig. 72).................................. C. lobatus sp. nov.
- Postpedicel dark brown (Fig. 51); surstyli thickened at base, thin apically, with tips slightly inward-directed, surstyli almost equal in length (Fig. 56); both surstyli with margins straight, tips forward directed when seen in lateral view (Figs 57–58); apex of phallic guide stout, thickened at base, acute apically, without setae apically (Fig. 60); ejaculatory apodeme funnel-shaped (Fig. 61); phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal 1/3, only tips of ejaculatory ducts slightly coiled (Fig. 60).................................................................... C. klinsmanni sp. nov.
18 Scape and pedicel dark brown, postpedicel brown (Fig. 80) or scape, pedicel and postpedicel brown; femora predominantly brown, sometimes with bases and apices or only apices yellow................................................ 19
- Scape and pedicel brown or black and postpedicel yellow (Fig. 96) or scape, pedicel and postpedicel dark brown to black; femora predominantly yellow sometimes with brown spot medially............................................ 20
19 Scape, pedicel, and postpedicel brown; postpronotal lobe brown; scutum and scutellum brown to black opaque; all trochanters yellow; all femora with apices yellow; all tibia dark brown with bases and apices yellow [see figure 41 presented by Rafael (1990)].......................................................................... S. pauculus Hardy, 1954
- Scape and pedicel dark brown, postpedicel brown yellowish (Fig. 80); postpronotal lobe dark brown; scutum and scutellum dark brown shiny; all trochanters dark yellow; all femora with bases and apices yellow (Figs 78–79); all tibiae yellow, with brown spots at distal third; apex of phallic guide short, with acute tip and translucent lobe laterally (Fig. 89); ejaculatory apodeme needle-shaped (Fig. 90); phallus unbranched, with tip of ejaculatory ducts short, leaf-shaped (Fig. 89)................................................................................................ S. folium sp. nov.
20 All coxae brown; phallus trifid, with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated [see figures 49, 54 presented by Rafael (1990)].. 21
- All coxae yellow or black; phallus simple, unbranched [see figures 23, 33 presented by Rafael (1990)]................ 22
21 Scape and pedicel brown, postpedicel yellow; all femora yellow, with brown spot medially; all tibiae without strong setae medially; both surstyli thickened basally, narrowing in apical direction, with tips slightly downward-directed [see figure 52 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide long, acute with higher and lower margins slightly straight, without a spine laterally [see figure 54 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts clearly separated and tips straight [see figure 54 presented by Rafael (1990)]........................................................ S. stygius Hardy, 1948
- Scape, pedicel, and postpedicel brown to black; all femora dark brown to black, with bases and apices yellow; hind tibia with strong setae medially; both surstyli equal in width, without narrowing in apical direction, both surstyli with tips inward-directed [see figure 45 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide with two acute tips forward-directed and a spine laterally [see figure 47 presented by Rafael (1990)]; phallus with ejaculatory ducts distinctly separated only in distal third, with tips slightly spiralized [see figure 40 presented by Rafael (1990)]................................. S. penepauculus Hardy, 1965a
22 Surstyli subsymmetrical; right surstylus slightly shorter than left [see figure 20 presented by Rafael (1990)]; syntergosternite 8 divided ventrally by a membranous area, reaching epandrium [see figure 31 presented by Rafael (1990)]; apex of phallic guide with truncated tip and two rigid lobes apically [see figure 33 presented by Rafael (1990)]; ejaculatory apodeme mushroomshaped [see figure 34 of Rafael (1990)]............................................... S. paganus Hardy, 1965b
- Surstyli asymmetrical, right surstylus clearly shorter than left (Fig. 101); syntergosternite 8 not divided ventrally by a membranous area (Fig. 101); apex of phallic guide with acute tip and distinct submedian lobe dorsally, backwards directed (Fig. 105); ejaculatory apodeme pin-shaped, with margins somewhat straight (Fig. 106)................. S. inpaganus Rafael, 1990
description: Published as part of Ramos-Pastrana, Yardany, Marques, Dayse Willkenia A. & Rafael, José Albertino, 2022, Cephalops Fallén and Semicephalops De Meyer (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Colombia, with description of five new species and an updated key to males of the Neotropical species, pp. 201-226 in Zootaxa 5141 (3) on pages 221-223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6592647