Hummingbird Plumage Color Diversity Exceeds the Gamut of all other Birds
Creators: name: Venable, Gabriela
name: Gahm, Kaija
name: Prum, Richard
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Trochilidae
hummingbird
bird coloration
structural color
color gamut
plumage color
plumage coloration
barbules
barbule structural coloration
color spectra
tetrahedral color space
TetraColorSpace
melanin
Reflectance spectra

description: A color gamut quantitatively describes the diversity of a taxon's integumentary coloration as seen by a specific organismal visual system. We estimated the plumage color gamut of hummingbirds (Trochilidae), a family known for its diverse barbule structural coloration, using a tetrahedral avian color stimulus space and spectra from a taxonomically diverse sample of 114 species. The spectra sampled occupied 34.2% of the total diversity of colors perceivable by hummingbirds, which suggests constraints on their plumage color production. However, the size of the hummingbird color gamut is equivalent or greater than the previous estimate of the gamut for all birds, making hummingbirds the most diversely colored family of birds known. Using one model of avian visual systems, our new data for hummingbirds increases the avian color gamut by 56%. Our results demonstrate that barbule structural color is the most versatile plumage coloration mechanism, achieving unique highly saturated colors with multi-peak reflectance.
description: Please refer to readme file (README.docx) included on how to read the label for each spectra in the total hummingbird data dataset (Hummingbird Spectra final). The R-script allows for the creation of files that include all the spectra for a given species from individual spectrum files. We have included example spectrum text files to practice with. To use this R-script, spectrum files should be names according to the following: A.beryllinaY21435(backlower)male.s_Reflection_1.txt S.genusID#(patchtype/location/identifiers)sex.s/m/w_Reflection_#ofmeasuremnt Note: s/m/w refer to presumed coloration mechanism (structural/melanin/white We analyzed this dataset using the shareware computer program TetraColorSpace 1. 0 for MATLAB (Stoddard and Prum, 2008). TetraColorSpace software is available online at https://www.marycstoddard.com/software Stoddard, M. C. &amp; Prum, R. O. Evolution of avian plumage color in a tetrahedral color space: a phylogenetic analysis of new world buntings. The American Naturalist 171, 755-776 (2008).
description: Spectra in this dataset were collected from study skin specimens from the Yale Peabody Museum (YPM) and the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). They were measured with a S2000 Ocean Optics spectrometer and a bifurcated fiber with an Ocean Optics DH-2000-BAL deuterium–halogen light source (Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL) in a dark room with an integration time of 100 ms. We did not use a metal block to hold the reflectance probe because it can be difficult to accurately measure plumage reflectance peaks from small iridescent patches at a normal angle of incidence to the plumage surface. Rather, we used a Keysight 3D Probe Positioner (N2787A, KEYSIGHT, Santa Rosa, CA) to hold the optical fiber stable at the appropriate angle of incidence to maximize peak reflectance and saturation while maintaining peak reflectance below 100%. We measured six standardized patches from all specimens: crown, back, tail, wing, belly, and throat. Additional patches were measured if they were distinct to the human eye and large enough to measure reliably. Each plumage patch was measured from a different position three times. Multiple measurements were not averaged to prevent flattening of highly saturated peaks with slightly different hues. If a patch showed a gradient in color, measurements were taken at the ends and center of the gradient. Each color patch was scored with a presumed color production mechanism, including barbule structural color, melanin (further classified as either eumelanin or phaeomelanin), or white (unpigmented). Color production mechanisms were inferred based on previous literature, visual appearance, and the shape of the reflectance spectra. Any color that showed barbule structural color as well as melanin was categorized as a barbule structural color. Structural black colors were excluded from analyses. Spectra data were combined and converted from individual reflectance spectrum data .txt files to species spectra .csv files (with all the spectra for each species examined) using the R code provided.