cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Seeded Grown Mono-Like Si Ingots: Effect on Recombination Activity of Dislocations
Creators: name: Marie, B.
name: Bailly, S.
name: Jouini, A.
name: Ponthenier, D.
name: Plassat, N.
name: Dubost, L.
name: Pihan, E.
name: Enjalbert, N.
name: Garandet, J.-P.
name: Camel, D.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Feedstock, Crystallisation and Wafering

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1910-1914
description: Large size grains (mono-like) high quality wafers with low oxygen content were grown using a modified
directional solidification system combined with a seed on the crucible bottom. Work on pilot-scale mono-like silicon
wafers crystal quality improvement and defects control such as dislocations was carried out on 14 kg_G1 and 60 kg_G2
seeded grown ingots allowing wafers with mostly <100> controlled grains orientations. The dislocation distribution form
bottom to top of the seed and the corresponding grown monocrystalline part for both ingots was studied and correlated
with the electrical properties. Defects rich regions were analyzed in detail and no clear evidence on their effect on the
minority carrier lifetime mapping.
Silicon Ribbon Technologies Based on the SDS Process
Creators: name: Augusto, A.
name: Brito, M.C.
name: Maia Alves, J.
name: Serra, J.M.
name: Vallêra, A.M.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Feedstock, Crystallisation and Wafering

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1907-1909
description: The major challenge to PV penetration is cost. Although remarkable progress on solar cell processing
has been reported in recent years, a much smaller evolution has been seen on the production of the wafer itself, which
represents nearly half of the module cost for silicon based technologies. This paper presents the status of silicon
ribbon technologies based on the SDS (Silicon over Dust Substrate) process, briefly addressing the early experiments
and the challenges that lead to the present status - the continuous mode SDS. The SDS process provides a way to
obtain silicon ribbons directly from a gas source. In the SDS process the silicon pre-ribbons are grown on top of a
silicon dust substrate, directly from a gas precursor, silane, followed by a floating molten zone crystallization process.
Besides the advantages of avoiding kerf losses from the wafer-cutting step, the growth of silicon ribbons directly
from a gaseous feedstock also has the benefit of by-passing intermediate stages such as the Siemens gas reduction
process. In recently obtained ribbons, the measured effective carrier lifetimes reached 3μs for as grown samples
without surface passivation. The crystal grains are typically centimeters long and millimeters wide.
Mitigating Impurity Levels in Crystal Growth for c-Si: Implications for Improved Cell Efficiencies and Lower $/W Production
Creators: name: Carberry, J.
name: Wereszczak, A.
name: Skumanich, A.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Feedstock, Crystallisation and Wafering

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1915-1919
description: To facilitate the drive to grid parity, it is critical to optimize the starting material for improved cell performance. The
target of this research is to investigate various approaches to reduce the contamination from impurities during the
growing of the c-Si starting material ingots. Using different coatings on the containment vessels for silicon melting,
and based on different growing conditions, it is possible to determine an improved approach for reduced impurity
content. The goal is to establish a cost & technology viable mode of lowering impurity levels to provide better cell
efficiency to drive to lower overall $/W. In addition, the relative impact of grain boundaries vs impurities as sources for
recombination which lowers cell efficiencies is assessed.
Experiments are performed on growth of c-Si ingot material using both standard modes, as well as newly developing
techniques, with various crucible coatings to control the level of impurities. Different coatings for the crucibles are
investigated and show the impact on impurity control. Some of the materials growth was done in conjunction with Oak
Ridge National Labs. The results indicate that the level of impurities can be reduced by the proper choice of
conditions and coatings, leading to improvements in the starting materials and hence for better cell efficiency. The
results will be discussed in the context of directions for ingot growth at lower costs, contrasting prior alternative
approaches, current best practices, as well as novel alternatives for future development.
Finally, net shaped wafers are formed which result from a Si powder which is flash melted, then quenched into wafers
which are 200um thick and about 156mm square. The initial optical and electrical results indicate improved properties
of these net shaped wafers. There are various potential advantages including the ability to make higher efficiency,
semi-mono-c-Si wafers with no micro-cracks and no kerf loss. Data is presented on a preliminary set of wafers.
A Cheap and Efficient Photovoltaic Emulator
Creators: name: Petrone, G.
name: Spagnuolo, G.
name: Vitelli, M.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2009
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
Engineering and System Integration

description: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 3741-3744
description: A photovoltaic (PV) emulator is a controllable power source which allows to reproduce the real
operating conditions of a PV field. The usefulness of a such device consists in the possibility to evaluate the
performances of the electronic circuits adopted in a PV system rapidly and at any moment without the use of a real
PV source. The most advanced PV emulators allow to reproduce the PV curves both in stationary and dynamic
environmental conditions; in this paper this type of PV emulator has been presented. It is composed by an adjustable
current generator in parallel with a non-linear circuit. The work has been centered only on the study of the non linear
circuit because the current source can be easily obtained by using a common controllable power supply. The
developed emulator is easy to use because it does not need a complex setting, it is modular and, if an existing power
supplies is used, it can be obtained cheaply. The Spice simulations and the experimental results confirm the goodness
of the proposed solution.
Recent Report Provides a New View of Food Sector Sales and Employee Counts in Proprietary Data
Creators: name: Marchesi, Keenan
name: Zeballos, Eliana
name: Marchesi, Keenan
name: Zeballos, Eliana
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2022
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy
Consumer/Household Economics
Demand and Price Analysis
Financial Economics
Food Security and Poverty
Institutional and Behavioral Economics
Labor and Human Capital
Political Economy
Public Economics
Research Methods/ Statistical Methods

description: The National Establishment Time Series (NETS) is a proprietary time-series database containing the geographic locations, employee headcounts, and total sales for each establishment across all sectors, including grocery stores and food service outlets. USDA, Economic Research Service (ERS) researchers recently compared NETS data on the food retail landscape with data provided by the U.S. Census Bureau’s County Business Patterns (CBP) and the ERS’s Food Expenditure Series (FES) to better understand the data quality of the food sector information in NETS. The CBP includes county-level numbers on establishments and employment, and the FES provides food sales data at the national level. These data comparisons help confirm trends and dynamics of the food sector across data sources, while enabling detailed analysis at a more local level.
Human Resource Management Department Development and its Organizational Structures
Creators: name: Abuladze, Lasha
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: Human resources management

description: The purpose of our study represents to determine how HRM’s organizational structures has been changed in the past and where HRM is positioned in present. For obtain theoretical knowledge, we used methods: collecting, gathering, sorting, content analysis, synthesis, comparative and deduction of information. Main sources of obtained information, knowledge represent professional articles and research. Today’s HRM, its position and roles (strategic partner, administrative expert, change agent, employee champion) has undergone five key stages of evolution, changes in organizational structures. At the early stages, HRM was positioned within different departments, as Labor/administrative manager and Welfare officer with roles: administrative expert and change agent. From later to modern stages (Personnel management, HRM and Modern HRM), HRM, by obtaining new roles (change agent and strategic partner), become mostly complected, complicated and managed to operate as separate department, on the same level of importance as financial, strategic, marketing and other departments within organizational structure. Based on todays trend, linked with HR-to-employee ratio, HR ratio per 100 employees year by year decreases, which might cause another important changes to HR department’s position within the organizational structure.
PV System Integrated in a Solar Greenhouse with NIR Selective Coating
Creators: name: Sonneveld, P.J.
name: Holterman, H.J.
name: Swinkels, G.L.A.M.
name: Van Tuijl, B.A.J.
name: Janssen, H.J.J.
name: Gieling, T.H.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2009
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
Engineering and System Integration

description: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 3752-3757
description: The scope of this investigation is the development of a new type of greenhouse with an integrated filter
for rejecting near infrared radiation (NIR) and a solar energy delivery system. Cooled greenhouses are an important
issue to cope with the combination of high global radiation and high outdoor temperatures. As a first measure, the
spectral selective cover material, which prevents the entrance of NIR radiation, is investigated. The special spectral
selective properties of these materials have to block up to 50% of the solar energy outside the greenhouse, which will
reduce the needed cooling capacity. The second measure is the integration of a solar energy system. When the NIR
reflecting coating is designed as a parabolic or circular shaped reflector integrated in the greenhouse, the reflected
solar energy of a PhotoVoltaic (PV) cell in the focus point delivers electric energy. With a ray tracing computer
program the geometry of the reflector was optimally designed with respect to the maximum power level. The PV cells
mounted in the focal point require cooling due to the high heat load of the concentrated radiation (concentration
factor of 30). The properties of different materials, Ge, GaSb, CIS and Si cells were investigated to find the optimal
cell for this application. All parts are integrated in a greenhouse structure with a size of about 100m2.
Development of Innovative Voltage Control For Distribution Networks with High PV Penetration
Creators: name: Bletterie, B.
name: Gorsek, A.
name: Fawzy, T.
name: Premm, D.
name: Deprez, W.
name: Truyens, F.
name: Woyte, A.
name: Blazic, B.
name: Uljanic, B.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: PV Taking Off: Large-Scale Deployment
Large Scale Grid Integration and Smart Grids

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4452-4461
description: The voltage rise caused by PV power infeed is one of the main network constraints limiting the PV
penetration in distribution networks. In this paper a local voltage control approach for photovoltaic inverters based on
reactive power management is proposed and investigated into detail. Through a parametric study, various inverter
settings are considered and compared for a real medium voltage network with a high PV penetration level and for
which a demonstration is planned within the project MetaPV [1] [2]. The purpose of this work is to investigate the
suitability of such control concepts to compensate the voltage rise caused by the PV power infeed and to provide
some guidance on the adjustment of the settings of such control mechanisms. In order to assess the performance of
the control concept with different settings, extensive load flow simulations have been performed for a voltagedependant
reactive power control (Q(V) characteristics) on the basis of 15 minutes profiles. As a result, voltage timeseries
over a period of one year are obtained for each case and analysed into details. Apart from the voltage profiles,
other features such as network losses and reactive energy import have been quantified since they are also of
noticeable importance for network operators. The simulation results show that suitable settings are necessary in order
to maintain the voltage within the prescribed limits. A comparison between the considered cases shows that reactive
power control Q(V) with a power factor down to 0,9 is necessary in order to achieve satisfying results. The use of a
dead-band is recommended for the voltage dependant reactive power control in order to limit the losses and reactive
energy import.
Using Survey123 to Map Physical Habitat Characteristics, Watershed Activities, and Disturbances
Creators: name: Ward, Lucas
Publisher: name: QUBES Educational Resources
Year: 2023

description: In this lesson, students are introduced to the idea and practice of “remote sensing” and provided with hands-on, field-based experience using standardized stream habitat assessment protocols (the National Rivers and Streams Assessment [NRSA]), publically available spatial data, and GPS/GIS technology and workflows to develop multi-scale scale profiles of the physical habitat characteristics of a small portion a selected watershed (the exercise can be adapted to focus on any watershed for which high resolution air photos are available). Students will work individually or as a team (e.g. in pairs) to use a Survey123 App adapted from the NRSA protocol for assessing the habitat and physical characteristics – particularly those that have been influenced by human activity – of the riparian area of a stream or river. This lesson requires the instructor to have access to an ArcGIS Online (AGOL) Creator or Editor account and for students to have access to mobile devices with the Survey123 App installed (which will require students to have an AGOL account). A Survey123 App designed for this lesson that can be adapted to suit the instructor’s needs is included in xml format.
Evaluation of Crystalline Defects in Silicon Ingots Fabricated by Seeding Cast Growth
Creators: name: Tachibana, T.
name: Sameshima, T.
name: Miyazaki, N.
name: Kojima, T.
name: Arafune, K.
name: Kakimoto, K.
name: Miyamura, Y.
name: Harada, H.
name: Sekiguchi, T.
name: Ohshita, Y.
name: Ogura, A.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Feedstock, Crystallisation and Wafering

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1920-1922
description: We evaluate the properties of crystalline defects in silicon substrate fabricated by seeding cast growth.
(100) Czochralski silicon was used for the seed crystal. In the region near the seed crystal, 3 twin boundary defects
and the SiC precipitates were observed. No particular relationship between twin defects and precipitates were
observed. After almost defect free region, the precipitations appeared again and increased their density through the
crystal growth procedure. These precipitates were consisted of silicon, carbon, and nitrogen. After the precipitation
density increased, the small-angle grain boundaries appeared. Because the precipitation sites appeared, precipitates
preferentially occurred at the small-angle grain boundaries. We considered the precipitations consisted from light
element atoms such as carbon and nitrogen was one of the major origins of the small-angle grain boundary
generation.
Goal Setting and KPI Measurement as Tools for Broader use of Online Gamification
Creators: name: Abuladze, Lasha
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: Human resources management
Serious games
Industrial and employee relations

description: Gamification is used in various HR areas since the 90s. With technologically savvy generations coming to workplace gamification importance as learning, motivation and communication tools shall be growing. However, its spread across industries and its intensity of use is limited so far. The lack of measurement, publication and comparison of gamification outcomes and effectiveness in reaching its goals may be burden for management in gamification implementation. In the article, we describe situation, when gamification is used to present new employers value proposition (EVP) to potential candidates as a HR tool. Using goals and KPIs in measuring impact of the gamification helps to evaluate impact of the tool and may help HR to justify its use in front of the company management in future as well. To conduct the research, we chose management best practice in goals setting and KPI measurement. Further, on case study “Online EVP gamification of New Generation Hospital” we prove that using gamification goals and KPIs gives management answers regarding its effectiveness. The conclusions expand the knowledge about measuring the effectiveness of online gamification.
Improved Methodology for System Performance Analysis
Creators: name: Masa-Bote, D.
name: Caamaño-Martín, E.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2009
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
Engineering and System Integration

description: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 3745-3751
description: Losses due to shading have a significant impact on PV systems performance, being very relevant in
building integrated systems. Although the number of building integrated PV systems has grown over the last years
there’s a lack of studies on the performance of these systems. This paper presents an original methodology for
estimating losses due to shading and a comparison of well-know models widely used for estimating the energy
produced for a system. Both methodology and models have been validated over a year with data from two similar PV
systems placed on the south façade of a building belonging to the Technical University of Madrid. The results of this
study are shown as well as the improvement in accuracy obtained by taking into account the losses due to shading.
Multicrystalline Silicon Production for Solar Cells Application by Continuous Induction Melting in Cold Crucible (IMCC)
Creators: name: Shkulkov, A.
name: Marchenko, S.
name: Chepurnoy, B.
name: Onishchenko, V.
name: Beringov, S.
name: Cherpak, Y.
name: Liaskovskyi, O.
name: Vlasenko, T.
name: Buchowska, I.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Feedstock, Crystallisation and Wafering

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1923-1926
description: In this work the results of development of equipment for growing multicrystalline silicon ingots for
photovoltaic application by induction melting in cold crucible (IMCC) method are presented. The IMCC method has
a number of advantages in terms of product cost: high growth rate, eliminating the need to use expensive quartz
crucibles and graphite components. Experimental group of multicrystalline silicon ingots from diverse sorts of
feedstock was obtained. Physicochemical and electrophysical properties of produced crystals were investigated. The
parameters of IMCC ingots were compared with those of multicrystalline silicon ingots produced at Pillar JSC using
traditional technology of directional solidification. IMCC ingots gain a number of advantages over directionally
solidified ingots: more homogeneous distribution of resistivity, lifetime, carbon, silicon carbide and metallic
impurities and reduced oxygen concentration. First lot of solar cells made of wafers from IMCC multicrystalline
ingot was produced with average efficiency of 16.3%. These results confirm the promising use of IMCC technology
for solar cells application.
Generation Mechanism of Dislocations in Multicrystalline Si during 2D Growth
Creators: name: Kutsukake, K.
name: Abe, T.
name: Usami, N.
name: Fujiwara, K.
name: Yonenaga, I.
name: Morishita, K.
name: Nakajima, K.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Feedstock, Crystallisation and Wafering

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1934-1937
description: We investigated the generation mechanism of dislocations during the two-dimensional growth of
multicrystalline Si by using in situ observation of a growing interface and subsequent analysis of dislocations.
Dislocations were found to be frequently generated around impingement points of the growth of crystal grains
where Si melt was enclosed by crystal grains when it solidified. However, no dislocations were observed around
impingement points of the growth of crystal grains where Si melt was open when it solidified. A scheme for
dislocation generation is presented on the basis of the results of our former study on dislocation generation in the
unidirectional growth of multicrystalline Si ingots.
Melt Flow and Heat Transfer in Laser Drilling
Creators: name: Yang, Youqing
name: Chen, Zhen
name: Zhang, Yuwen
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: During the laser drilling process the recoil pressure drives melt flow and affects the heat transfer and material removal rate. To get a more realistic picture of the melt flow, a series of differential equations are formulated here that govern the process from pre-heating to melting and evaporation. In particular, the Navier-Stokes equation governing the melt flow is solved with the use of the boundary layer theory and integral methods. Heat conduction in solid is investigated by using the classical method with the corrections that reflect the change in boundary condition from the constant heat flux to Stefan condition. The dependence of saturation temperature on the vapor pressure is taken into account by using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Both constantly rising radial velocity profiles and rising-fall velocity profiles are considered. The proposed approach is compared with existing ones. In spite of the assumed varying velocity profiles, the proposed model predicts that the drilling hole profiles are very close to each other in a specific super alloy for given laser beam intensity and pulse duration. The numerical results show that the effect of melt flow on material removal can be ignored in some cases. The findings obtained from the current work provide a better understanding of the effects of melt flow and vaporization on the laser drilling profile evolution, and could improve the solid material removal efficiency.
Performance Evaluation of CdTe PV Modules under Natural Outdoor Conditions in Kuwait
Creators: name: AlBusairi, H.A.
name: Möller, H.J.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
CdTe Solar Cells

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3468-3470
description: Performance of CdTe thin film photovoltaic modules under natural outdoor conditions in Kuwait is
investigated in this study with particular emphasis on specific environmental parameters prevailing in hot desert
locations; such as high ambient temperature, Aeolian dust, humidity, and scarcity of rain. Study results are expected
to provide in-depth understanding of electrical performance of a promising thin film photovoltaic technology due to
lack of such full studies in desert like environments, leading to improvements of simulations models, and hence better
estimation of photovoltaic module yield. Study results also provides recommendations for cleaning the modules
based on meteorological conditions instead of a fixed or variable cleaning schedule, leading to better utilization of
water which is considered scare in hot desert environments.
Dark soliton collisions in a toroidal Bose-Einstein condensate
Creators: name: Jezek, D. M.
name: Capuzzi, P.
name: Cataldo, H. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas)
subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the dynamics of two gray solitons in a Bose-Einstein condensate confined by a toroidal trap with a tight confinement in the radial direction. Gross-Pitaevskii simulations show that solitons can be long living objects passing through many collisional processes. We have observed quite different behaviors depending on the soliton velocity. Very slow solitons, obtained by perturbing the stationary solitonic profile, move with a constant angular velocity until they collide elastically and move in the opposite direction without showing any sign of lowering their energy. In this case the density notches are always well separated and the fronts are sharp and straight. Faster solitons present vortices around the notches, which play a central role during the collisions. We have found that in these processes the solitons lose energy, as the outgoing velocity turns out to be larger than the incoming one. To study the dynamics, we model the gray soliton state with a free parameter that is related to the soliton velocity. We further analyze the energy, soliton velocity and turning points in terms of such a free parameter, finding that the main features are in accordance with the infinite one-dimensional system.
description: 15 pages, 11 figures. Accepted in PRA
Analytical Model for the Photocurrent of Graded CdZnTe Solar Cells
Creators: name: Morales-Acevedo, A.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
CdTe Solar Cells

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3471-3475
description: Solar cells based on CdTe have reached a maximum efficiency of 16.5% which has remained almost
unchanged for a long time. Physical reasons for this fact have been given by different authors, but not much advance
has been achieved in this regard for about 15 years. Therefore, new concepts have to be developed for a further increase
of the efficiency of this kind of solar cells. One of the possibilities is to use a graded band-gap absorbing semiconductor
causing an associated quasi-electric field. The effects of this quasi-electric field upon the minority carrier drift-diffusion
length and the back surface recombination velocity may induce a larger carrier collection at the junction with the
corresponding increase of the illumination current density. Therefore, based on these concepts, the author has recently
proposed structures based on CdZnTe with a variable Zn content profile. In this work, an analytical model is developed
for taking into account the quasi-electric field, the carrier back surface recombination velocity and the “graded”
absorption in a solar cell using a variable band-gap semiconductor in the base. The conditions to be satisfied in order to
have a real improvement of the illumination current density are discussed, in particular for a graded CdZnTe solar cell.
America’s Farms and Ranches at a Glance: 2022 Edition
Creators: name: Whitt, Christine
name: Miller, Noah
name: Oliver, Ryan
name: Whitt, Christine
name: Miller, Noah
name: Oliver, Ryan
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Farm Management
subject: Financial Economics
subject: Institutional and Behavioral Economics
subject: Labor and Human Capital
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Production Economics
subject: Productivity Analysis
subject: Public Economics
subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: Farm typology
subject: agricultural production
subject: family farms
subject: value of production
subject: operating profit margin (OPM)
subject: farm financial performance
subject: Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS)
subject: commodity specialization
subject: current ratio
subject: input acquisition practices
subject: agritourism
subject: health insurance coverage
subject: farm household income
subject: government payments
subject: pandemic assistance

description: The America's Farms and Ranches at a Glance report, previously known as America's Diverse Family Farms, provides the latest statistics on U.S. farms, including production, financial performance, pandemic assistance, and farm household financial characteristics by farm size. ERS farm classification, or typology, is used to categorize farms into groupings to better understand conditions across the United States’ broad farm sector. This year’s edition explores farm household health insurance coverage, input acquisition practices, farm liquidity, and agritourism adoption.
A broker-based framework for integrated SLA-aware SaaS Provisioning
Creators: name: Badidi, Elarbi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: Software Engineering (cs.SE)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In the service landscape, the issues of service selection, negotiation of Service Level Agreements (SLA), and SLA-compliance monitoring have typically been used in separate and disparate ways, which affect the quality of the services that consumers obtain from their providers. In this work, we propose a broker-based framework to deal with these concerns in an integrated manner for Software as a Service (SaaS) provisioning. The SaaS Broker selects a suitable SaaS provider on behalf of the service consumer by using a utility-driven selection algorithm that ranks the QoS offerings of potential SaaS providers. Then, it negotiates the SLA terms with that provider based on the quality requirements of the service consumer. The monitoring infrastructure observes SLA-compliance during service delivery by using measurements obtained from third-party monitoring services. We also define a utility-based bargaining decision model that allows the service consumer to express her sensitivity for each of the negotiated quality attributes and to evaluate the SaaS provider offer in each round of negotiation. A use-case with few quality attributes and their respective utility functions illustrates the approach.
description: 19 pages
Simulations of Dopants of p-CdTe Thin Film in n-CdS/p-CdTe Solar Cell
Creators: name: Cheng, Z.
name: Pan, J.
name: Wang, Z.
name: Kharangarh, P.
name: Chen, D.
name: Zhang, R.
name: Wang, G.
name: Zheng, Z.
name: Liu, J.
name: Georghiou, G.
name: Chin, K.K.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
CdTe Solar Cells

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3481-3485
description: For non-shallow doping semiconductors, the assumption of uniform distribution of space charge through the
depletion region[1] is not valid. Using numerical method, we simulated the band binding profile and space charge distribution.
We are able to characterize the role of all the known energy levels distributed within the bandgap. For p-type CdTe thin film in n-
CdS/p-CdTe solar cells, certain double acceptor Cd vacancy levels and non-shallow acceptor Cu substitute of Cd level are
considered. In order to find the types and concentrations of dopants in p-type CdTe, simulations are preformed with several
possible multiple dopant density configurations to match with characterization results of samples.
$K^+$-nucleus potentials from $K^+$-nucleon amplitudes
Creators: name: Friedman, E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Optical potentials for $K^+$-nucleus interactions are constructed from $K^+$-nucleon amplitudes using recently developed algorithm based on $K^+$-N kinematics in the nuclear medium. With the deep penetration of $K^+$ mesons into the nucleus at momenta below 800~MeV/c it is possible to test this approach with greater sensitivity than hitherto done with $K^-$ and pions. The energy-dependence of experimental reaction and total cross sections on nuclei is better reproduced with this approach compared to fixed-energy amplitudes. The inclusion of Pauli correlations in the medium also improves the agreement between calculation and experiment. The absolute scale of the cross sections is reproduced very well for $^6$Li but for C, Si and Ca calculated cross sections are (23$\pm4$)\% smaller than experiment, in agreement with earlier analyses. Two phenomenological models that produce such missing strength suggest that the imaginary part of the potential needs about 40\% enhancement.
description: 15 pages, 6 figures, to appear in Nucl. Phys. A
Thermionic Emission Theory and Diffusion Theory of Type II p-n Hetero-Junctions Used in CdTe PV Devices
Creators: name: Zhang, R.
name: Liu, J.
name: Zheng, Z.
name: Wang, G.
name: Georghiou, G.
name: Chin, K.K.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
CdTe Solar Cells

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3486-3491
description: In this work, a comprehensive model of current conducting in the type II hetero-junction is developed.
It takes into account the phenomenon of carrier thermionic-emission within the frame work of diffusion theory. It is
founded that the total current is limited by thermionic process for very thin quasi-neutral regions and limited by
diffusion process for the reverse case. In addition, we apply the thermionic emission and diffusion theory to the n-
CdTe/p-CdS thin film solar cell and numerical simulations are getted to utilize the theory to CdTe and other
photovoltaic devices.
Improved Two-Diode Model for More Detailed Simulation of I-U-Curves for Solar Cells and Modules
Creators: name: Elies, S.
name: Hermle, M.
name: Burger, B.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2009
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
Engineering and System Integration

description: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 3737-3740
description: The two-diode model is often used to simulate I-U curves of solar cells and modules. This model can
lead to errors by the use of constant fit parameters, especially under low illumination and has been analyzed by
several authors, with regard to the dependence of irradiance and temperature on the fit-parameters ID1, ID2, RS, RP, n1,
n2. Several analyses which are sometimes based on unequal two-diode models, lead to different or contradictory
results. For this reason the two-diode model was reanalyzed, based on existing physical theories. The aim of these
analyses was a further development of the two-diode model for the simulation of solar cells and modules, especially
the behavior under low illumination. In this work an improved two-diode model is presented which leads to a more
accurate simulation at low illuminations and higher temperatures. Additionally an experimentally determined
mathematical relation for the dependence of irradiance and temperature on the fit-parameters is given.
How to Ensure Quality in the Installation of Small-Scale Renewable Energy Systems in Buildings: The Install+RES “Train the Trainer” Courses
Creators: name: Caneva, S.
name: Weiss, I.
name: Arancón, S.
name: Hiegl, W.
name: Janssen, R.
name: Rutz, D.
name: Helm, P.
name: Kirchensteiner, W.
name: Wolf, M.
name: Schellekens, E.
name: Campogrande, D.
name: Nedelcheva, I.
name: Papež, M.
name: Tselepis, S.
name: Magiera, Y.
name: Nemish, Y.
name: Esitini, M.
name: Merrone, M.
name: Pressas, S.A.
name: Giannadakis, T.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: PV Taking Off: Large-Scale Deployment
Socio Economics of PV

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4485-4488
description: The Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable energy sources sets
an overall binding target of a 20% share of renewable energy sources in energy consumption by 2020 with binding
national targets in line with the overall EU target of 20%. Details of how these targets will be achieved in each
Member State are given in National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs). High qualified workforce is
fundamental to guarantee the quality in the installation of Renewable Energy Systems (RES) to be installed to
achieve the mandatory targets of the National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) by 2020. This paper
presents the first European training course for trainers (teachers and engineers) and installers (electricians, plumbers,
roofers and technicians for heating systems) of small-scale renewable energy systems (heat pumps, biomass, solar and
photovoltaic systems) in buildings offered within the European project “Install+RES”. The paper focuses on the
“train the trainer” courses offered during the Install+RES project highlighting the innovative aspects of the “hand on
learning” concept, “tandem teaching” approach and the “multiplier effect”. The Install+RES training courses are
meant to be an investment for sustainability by evolutionary processes, which will lead to the establishment of a high
quality of skills and as consequence to the maximization of Renewable Energy Systems (RES)´s efficiency,
reliability, lifetime and safety and therefore to achieve the mandatory targets stated in the National Renewable Energy
Action Plans (NREAPs). The Install+RES project started in May 2010 and will end in April 2013. The Install+RES
project is co-financed by the European Commission in the framework of the Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE)
program.
Quantum Efficiency Analysis of Double-Graded High Efficiency CIGS Solar Cells
Creators: name: Troviano, M.
name: Taretto, K.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
CIS and Other (II-VI) Ternary Thin Film Solar Cells

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3318-3322
description: Double-graded solar cells offer advantages such as enhanced carrier collection and reduced surface
recombination compared to traditional pn–junction cells, at the cost of increased complexity, specially during the
analysis of characteristic curves. Here, we apply a model for the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of double–graded
bandgap CIGS solar cells, containing sub–gap absorption as well as drift–assisted collection due to the grading.
Analyzing IQE measurements of high efficiency CIGS cell samples, the model enables the extraction of
characteristic Urbach energies of electronic band–tails, and the minimum bandgap in the grading profile. Typical
Urbach energies between 18 and 23.5 meV are found, and minimum gaps between 1.08 and 1.10 eV placed 0.3 μm
from the CdS/CIGS interface. The extracted values permit a full simulation of the measured curves with our model,
yielding diffusion lengths between 0.35 μm to 1.0 μm, which correlate to energy conversion efficiencies that go from
15.2 % to 18.0 %, respectively. The importance of the grading fields for the high efficiencies is discussed.
Zur Theologie des Unglaubens als Grundlage für die Prinzipien des kirchlichen Heilswirkens
Creators: name: Moeller, Charles
Publisher: name: Concilium
Year: 1970

description: Concilium, Bd. 3 Nr. 3 (1967): Concilium: Internationale Zeitschrift für Theologie, Band 3, Heft 3
Value of PV Electricity at Grid Parity
Creators: name: Kunze, P.
name: Utzig, S.
name: Te Heesen, H.
name: Baron, M.
name: Varieras, R.
name: Pfatischer, R.
name: Gibson, K.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: PV Taking Off: Large-Scale Deployment
Markets for Large-scale PV

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4405-4408
description: Photovoltaic systems are quickly approaching grid-parity in countries with high irradiation levels and
high electricity prices. Grid-parity has to be studied separately for the residential, commercial/industrial and the
utility market segments. The utility or medium to large scale electricity generation market segment is characterized
by specific requirements. PV installations offer unique benefits which can be quantified when studying electricity
demand peak-load profiles in particular. The analysis shows how PV systems can be deployed maximizing the
economic value of PV generated electricity, namely by installing tracking PV systems, which in Rome (Lazio)
provide approx. 7.6% more value per kWh generated, than conventional fixed-tilt systems.
Reliability Consideration of Low-Power Grid-Tied Inverter for Photovoltaic Application
Creators: name: Liu, J.
name: Henze, N.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2009
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
Balance of System Components

description: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 3688-3694
description: In recent years PV modules have been improved evidently. An excellent reliability has been validated
corresponding to Mean Time between Failure (MTBF) between 500 and 6000 years respectively in commercial
utility power systems [1]. Manufactures can provide performance guarantees for PV modules at least for 20 years. If
an average inverter lifetime of 5 years is assumed, it is evident that the overall reliability of PV systems [PVSs] with
integrated inverter is determined chiefly by the inverter itself. It must be considered that the module integration of
the inverter results in harsh environment especially like high temperature stress.
This paper presents a single stage integrated inverter applied in low power situation, analyzes the failure rate,
contrasts three different approaches of reliability prediction for electronic equipment and simulates the thermal
behavior of the integration PVSs. As a result, a high reliability PV inverter has been achieved successfully by
employing film capacitors and semiconductor power modules instead of conventional electrolytic capacitor and
discrete power switches. Moreover, an optimum housing design in terms of thermal management improves the
inverter reliability.
Optimization of Picosecond Laser Structuring for CIS Solar Cells
Creators: name: Huber, H.P.
name: Hellwig, C.
name: Heise, G.
name: Kuznicki, T.
name: Sarrach, S.
name: Heiß, A.
name: Vogt, H.
name: Palm, J.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
CIS and Other (II-VI) Ternary Thin Film Solar Cells

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 3458-3462
description: We report on the optimization of the picosecond laser ablation for the selective structuring of CIS
(Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 ) thin film solar cells to perform a monolithic serial interconnection. We introduce a relative value
for the efficiency of the laser processes, the energy per ablated volume. In that respect we are examining the energy
per ablated volume for induced laser ablation processes, modifications of the beam profile (elliptical and flat top
beam shaping) and the application of different laser wavelengths (1064 nm and 532 nm). We show that induced laser
processes (often referred as “lift-off”) are decreasing the necessary energy per ablated volume dramatically by
approximately one order of magnitude. Modifications of the beam profile such as elliptical and flat top beam shaping
are lowering the energy per ablated volume relative to a circular beam. The application of laser light at 532 nm
decreases the energy per ablated volume compared to 1064 nm. We demonstrate that with a picosecond laser power
of only 2 W the molybdenum back contact (P1 back side) and the ZnO front contact (P3 ZnO on CIS) can be
structured with a speed of up to 4 m/s. A ~2 µm thick CIS layer is structured by standard direct laser ablation at
higher energy densities with 200 mm/s.
Galactic sources of high energy neutrinos: Expectation from gamma-ray data
Creators: name: Sahakyan, N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The recent results from ground based $γ$-ray detectors (HESS, MAGIC, VERITAS) provide a population of TeV galactic $γ$-ray sources which are potential sources of High Energy (HE) neutrinos. Since the $γ$-rays and $ν$ -s are produced from decays of neutral and charged pions, the flux of TeV $γ$-rays can be used to estimate the upper limit of $ν$ flux and vice versa; the detectability of $ν$ flux implies a minimum flux of the accompanying $γ$-rays (assuming the internal and the external absorption of $γ$-rays is negligible). Using this minimum flux, it is possible to find the sources which can be detected with cubic-kilometer telescopes. I will discuss the possibility to detect HE neutrinos from powerful galactic accelerators, such as Supernova Remnants (SNRs) and Pulsar Wind Nebulae (PWNe) and show that likely only RX J1713.7-3946 , RX J0852.0-4622 and Vela X can be detected by current generation of instruments (IceCube and Km3Net). It will be shown also, that galactic binary systems could be promising sources of HE $ν$ -s. In particular, $ν$-s and $γ$-rays from Cygnus X-3 will be discussed during recent gamma-ray activity, showing that in the future such kind of activities could produce detectable flux of HE $ν$-s
description: Proceedings of RICAP-14 "The Roma International Conference on Astroparticle Physics", Noto (Italy) Oct. 2014
Results of the Optinos Project – Deficits and Uncertainties in Photovoltaic Inverter Test Procedures
Creators: name: Kirchhof, J.
name: Klein, G.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2009
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
Engineering and System Integration

description: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 3695-3698
description: Every PV inverter and electricity meter available on the market is tested according to the standards
which are valid for the individual product. Nevertheless, malfunctions of some electronic electricity meters have been
detected, when used in conjunction with special PV inverters. In one case, the meter displayed only 85% of the real
energy fed into the public grid by the PV inverter [1]. The meter was checked in a calibration laboratory without
negative results. Investigations by ISET have shown that the RF ripple current of the inverter influenced the meter. In
most inverters, the frequency of the ripple current lies between 3 kHz and 150 kHz. Unfortunately, no emission and
immunity requirements exist for inverters and meters within this frequency range [2] [3] [4]. ISET/IWES has
developed a special test setup, which can simulate electric ripple currents, similar to those generated by inverters.
Investigations on inverter EMC test setups with low differential mode impedance AC artificial mains networks
(AMN) are in progress.