cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Flat Cosmology with Coupled Matter and Dark Energies
Creators: name: Abdel-Rahman, A. -M. M.
name: Riad, Ihab F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Three models of a flat universe of coupled matter and dark energies with different low-redshift parameterizations of the dark energy equation of state are considered. The dark energy is assumed to vary with time like the trace of the energy-momentum tensor of cosmic matter. In the radiation-dominated era the models reduce to standard cosmology. In the matter-dominated era they are, for modern values of the cosmological parameters, consistent with data from SNe Ia searches and with the data of Gurvits et al.(1999)for angular sizes of ultra compact radio sources. We find that the angular size-redshift tests for our models offer a higher statistical confidence than that based on SNe Ia data. A comparison of our results with a recent revised analysis of angular size-redshift legacy data is made,and the implications of our models with optimized relativistic beaming in the radio sources is discussed. In particular we find that relativistic beaming implies a Lorentz factor less than 6,in agreement with its values for powerful Active Galactic Nuclei.
description: Version to appear in The Astronomical Journal, with a modified name- Flat Cosmology with Coupled Matter and Dark Energies. Expanded and Modified content
Scheme-invariant NNLO evolution for unpolarized DIS structure functions
Creators: name: Blümlein, J.
name: Guffanti, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the combination of NNLO standard QCD evolution and scheme-invariant analysis for unpolarized DIS structure functions data as a method to reduce the theoretical errors on the determination of $α_s(M_Z^2)$ to $\sim 1$% in order to match the accuracy forseen for experimental errors from future high statistics measurements.
description: 6 pages, 1 LaTeX file, 2 eps figures, 1 style file. Contribution to the proceedings of the "11th International QCD Conference: QCD04", Montpellier, France, 5-10 July 2004
Waves on Noncommutative Spacetimes
Creators: name: Balachandran, A. P.
name: Gupta, Kumar S.
name: Kurkcuoglu, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Waves on ``commutative'' spacetimes like R^d are elements of the commutative algebra C^0(R^d) of functions on R^d. When C^0(R^d) is deformed to a noncommutative algebra {\cal A}_θ(R^d) with deformation parameter θ({\cal A}_0 (R^d) = C^0(R^d)), waves being its elements, are no longer complex-valued functions on R^d. Rules for their interpretation, such as measurement of their intensity, and energy, thus need to be stated. We address this task here. We then apply the rules to interference and diffraction for d \leq 4 and with time-space noncommutativity. Novel phenomena are encountered. Thus when the time of observation T is so brief that T \leq 2 θw, where w is the frequency of incident waves, no interference can be observed. For larger times, the interference pattern is deformed and depends on \frac{θw}{T}. It approaches the commutative pattern only when \frac{θw}{T} goes to 0. As an application, we discuss interference of star light due to cosmic strings.
description: 19 pages, 5 figures, LaTeX, added references, corrected typos
Trends and Opportunities in Agriculture An Executive Interview with Lowell Catlett
Creators: name: Jose, H. Douglas
name: Jose, H. Douglas
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession
subject: innovation
subject: communication
subject: opportunity
subject: technology

description: Agriculture will change more in the next decade than it did in the last century. Lowell Catlett is a futurist sharing his knowledge and insight on the new trends and technologies shaping the future of agriculture and how those working in this sector can take advantage of new opportunities.
Managing Global Climate Change An Executive Interview with David Lobell
Creators: name: Jose, H. Douglas
name: Jose, H. Douglas
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Food Security and Poverty
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: Food Security and Environment
subject: climate threats
subject: hunger and poverty
subject: global warming

description: Many of the world’s poorest regions could face severe crop losses in the next two decades because of climate change, according to Dr. David Lobell, a Senior Research Scholar at Stanford University in the program on Food Security and Environment. The average world temperature is increasing slightly says Lobell and a one-degree Celsius increase over time greatly impacts climatic growing conditions. Unfortunately, agriculture is also the human enterprise most vulnerable to changes in climate. Understanding where these climate threats will be is central to our efforts in fighting hunger and poverty over the coming decades. Dr. Lobell outlines some of the challenges that lie ahead and steps researchers are taking to combat the issues. This interview was conducted by Doug Jose is a Professor and Extension Farm Management Specialist in the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Nebraska- Lincoln and host of the Market Journal, a weekly televised program on agriculture. This interview occurred during the 18th Annual World Forum and Symposium in Monterey, California, June, 2008.
Managing Global Climate Change An Executive Interview with Carole Brookins
Creators: name: Jose, H. Douglas
name: Jose, H. Douglas
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Food Security and Poverty
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: global climate change
subject: food marketing
subject: Carbon Exchange Market
subject: transportation

description: Carole Brookins is an international consultant known for her work as a policy and trade strategist on issues concerning the global political economy and its effect on the food and agriculture sector. She currently serves on the board of several corporate and non- profit organizations concerned with global food system issues and is currently helping to develop solutions which can offset the effects of global climate change through the reduction and management of carbon emissions—an issue of increasing importance in future food marketing and world trade. This interview was conducted by Doug Jose is a Professor and Extension Farm Management Specialist in the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Nebraska- Lincoln and host of the Market Journal, a weekly televised program on agriculture. This interview occurred during the 18th Annual World Forum and Symposium in Monterey, California, in June, 2008.
Fuzzy Quantitative Measure on Brand Extension of Agricultural Products
Creators: name: Chen, Youxing
name: Xu, Hui
name: Chen, Youxing
name: Xu, Hui
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Agricultural products
subject: Brand extension
subject: Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method
subject: China

description: Based on the apprehension of the connotation of brand extension, we select five factors to evaluate the brand extension of agricultural products, including the consumers’ attitude towards original brand of agricultural products, relevance between original products and extensive products, association of agricultural brands, difficulties in making the extensive agricultural products, and cultural compatibility of original brand. We also establish the index system of influencing factors for brand extension of agricultural products, and adopt multi-level measure model to empirically analyze the brands A and B. Result shows that the comprehensive measure values of brands A and B are 77.35 and 78.25, respectively, indicating the extension effect evaluation of both brands belongs to the grade of general. Based on this, we put forward corresponding suggestions on promoting the technology and manufacture difficulty of brand A, and on contracting the extensive industries and strengthening the concentration of brand extension of brand B.
Multi-time Scale Analysis on the Cultivated Land Quantity in China
Creators: name: Liu, Zhiling
name: Sun, Yan
name: Liu, Zhiling
name: Sun, Yan
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Cultivated land
subject: EMD
subject: Multi-time scale
subject: Driving force
subject: China

description: This paper briefly introduces the concrete steps of EMD (Empirical Mode Decomposition) method, and applies EMD method into the multi-time scale analysis on fluctuation of cultivated land quantity and its driving force in China since 1949. We also reveal the fluctuation law in the amount of cultivated land quantity. At the same time, based on the fluctuation of different time scales, qualitative forecast on the fluctuation trend of cultivated land quantity in China in future is carried out in order to offer references for establishing prediction model of cultivated land quantity. Research result shows that downward trend of cultivated land quantity is inevitable in China in the future, showing a basic form of an exponential decline during a short period of time. However, situation will be improved with the implementing of a series of land-control policies and paying attention to the issue of rapid reduction of cultivated land. Thus, we put forward several suggestions: (1) Strengthen the research and control on the cultivated land quality in the overall land use planning; (2) strengthen the continuity and durability of land macro-control; (3) strengthen the protection responsibility of cultivated land for leadership at all levels.
The Dynamics of the U.S. Milk Supply: Implications for Changes in U.S. Dairy Policy
Creators: name: Bozic, Marin
name: Gould, Brian W.
name: Bozic, Marin
name: Gould, Brian W.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Farm Management
subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Production Economics
subject: Productivity Analysis
subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: milk supply
subject: long-run elasticities
subject: dairy policy

description: There is continuing pressure by various farm groups to attempt to solve the chronic problems in the U.S. dairy industry represented by increased milk price variability, inability to generate positive returns at the farm level, increasing role of dairy exports as an important market for U.S. dairy products, etc. As such it is important for analysts and policy makers obtain an estimate as to how responsive dairy producers are to changing economic and technological conditions. Examples of previous research used to examine supply response in the U.S. dairy sector include LaFrance and deGorter (1985), Chavas and Klemme (1986), Thraen and Hammond (1987), Chavas, Krauss and Jesse (1990), Chavas and Krauss (1990), Yavuz, et al, (1996) and USDA (2007). These analyses are limited in that either they are either fairly dated or they do not account the dynamics that are inherent in the dairy herd expansion/contraction process. The above overview of the dairy industry points to a changing industry as represented by reduced but larger dairy operations, the changing nature of U.S. dairy policy and pricing, production of new types of dairy products, etc. with much of the adjustments have occurred since the above previous analyses were undertaken and may no longer reflect the industries supply characteristics. The present study will incorporate data encompassing the 1975-2007 period and provide an update of the model original developed by Chavas and Klemme (1986). This study has three main objectives: (i) quantify the current supply structure of the U.S. dairy industry, (ii) gain insight into impacts of technological changes that have occurred over the last 25 years, (iii) based on (i) and (ii), generate forecasts of long-run milk supply response to price changes and possible future technological advancements.
Farm-level Perspectives in Rwanda's Coffee Supply Chain Coordination Challenge
Creators: name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Weber, Michael T.
name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Weber, Michael T.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: Rwanda
subject: coffee

description: This synthesis shows the need to update and improve household-level information on Rwanda’s coffee sector, so that appropriate policies may be put into place to increase the level and diversity of smallholder and rural business income.
Evidence of Ba substitution induced spin-canting in the magnetic Weyl semimetal EuCd$_2$As$_2$
Creators: name: Sanjeewa, L. D.
name: Xing, J.
name: Taddei, K. M.
name: Parker, D.
name: Custelcean, R.
name: Cruz, D. dela
name: Sefat, A. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recently EuCd$_2$As$_2$ was predicted to be a magnetic Weyl semi-metal with a lone pair of Weyl nodes generated by A-type antiferromagnetism and protected by a rotational symmetry. However, it was soon discovered that the actual magnetic structure broke the rotational symmetry and internal pressure was later suggested as a route to stabilize the desired magnetic state. In this work we test this prediction by synthesizing a series of Eu$_{1-x}$Ba$_x$Cd$_2$As$_2$ single crystals and studying their structural, magnetic and transport properties via both experimental techniques and first-principles calculations. We find that small concentrations of Ba ($\sim 3-10\% $) lead to a small out-of-plane canting of the Eu moment. However, for higher concentrations this effect is suppressed and a nearly in-plane model is recovered. Studying the transport properties we find that all compositions show evidence of an Anomalous Hall Effect dominated by the intrinsic mechanism as well as large negative magnetoresistances in the longitudinal channel. A non-monotonic evolution of the transport properties is seen across the series which correlates to the proposed canting suggesting canting may enhance the topological effects. Careful density functional theory calculations using an all-electron approach revise prior predictions finding a purely ferromagnetic ground state with in-plane moments for both the EuCd$_2$As$_2$ and Eu$_{0.5}$Ba$_{0.5}$Cd$_2$As$_2$ compounds - corroborating our experimental findings. This work suggests that Ba substitution can tune the magnetic properties in unexpected ways which correlate to changes in measures of topological properties, encouraging future work to locate the ideal Ba concentration for Eu moment canting.
description: 11 pages, 4 figures, Supplemental Materials
Perspectives dans le défi de la coordination de la filière caféicole au niveau des exploitations au Rwanda
Creators: name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Weber, Michael T.
name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Weber, Michael T.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: Rwanda
subject: coffee

description: This synthesis shows the need to update and improve household-level information on Rwanda’s coffee sector, so that appropriate policies may be put into place to increase the level and diversity of smallholder and rural business income.
Farmer Associations, Decentralization and Development in Rwanda: Challenges Ahead
Creators: name: Bingen, R. James
name: Munyankusi, Laurent
name: Bingen, R. James
name: Munyankusi, Laurent
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: International Development
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: Rwanda
subject: farmer associations

description: This paper summarizes the findings from FSRP/DSA surveys designed to identify some of the key institutional issues surrounding the role of farmer associations in the delivery of, and access to agricultural services. Specifically, the surveys focus on the capacity of four actors–MINAGRI Regional and District Agents, NGOs, District Governments (the Mayors) and farmer associations and intergroupements to provide farmers with agricultural services that might help in the transition from semi-subsistence to commercial agriculture. As this synthesis paper indicates, some of these services have been provided on an irregular basis for many years through a variety of government, NGO, donor agency and private business efforts. Moreover, this paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of these four key actors; it also identifies areas for improvement, and recommends ways for enhancing the efficiency and equity of services available to farmers through farmer associations.
Summary Comments on Forces Driving Change in Rwandan Smallholder Agriculture 1990-2001: Crops and Livestock
Creators: name: Donovan, Cynthia
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Donovan, Cynthia
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Loveridge, Scott
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: Rwanda
subject: crops and livestock

description: The purpose of this policy synthesis is to document major shifts in output and provide hypotheses about the reasons behind the changes. The paper also documents troubling trends in the traditional agriculture sector, underscoring the need for improved agricultural input and output systems.
Commentaires sur les forces motrices des changements dans l'agriculture paysanne rwandaise 1990-2001: Agriculture et Elevage
Creators: name: Donovan, Cynthia
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Donovan, Cynthia
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Loveridge, Scott
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: Rwanda
subject: crops and livestock

description: The purpose of this policy synthesis is to document major shifts in output and provide hypotheses about the reasons behind the changes. The paper also documents troubling trends in the traditional agriculture sector, underscoring the need for improved agricultural input and output systems.
Decaffeinated? Situation, Trends, and Prospects for Smallholder Coffee Production in Rwanda
Creators: name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Nyarwaya, Jean Baptiste
name: Shingiro, Emmanuel
name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Nyarwaya, Jean Baptiste
name: Shingiro, Emmanuel
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: Rwanda
subject: coffee

description: Most Rwandan coffee is currently grown and processed the same way it was a decade ago. Consequently, Rwanda’s coffee production and marketing system has not been able to keep up with changes in the global market for high quality coffee. Given world market gluts of relatively poor quality coffee, Rwanda is now exporting a product that fetches low prices. Despite the challenges in coffee marketing and production, coffee remains one of Rwanda’s most important official sources of foreign exchange and the drop in production is of major concern to both the public and private sectors. In an effort to assist decision makers in the coffee sector better understand factors affecting farmers’ production decisions and their attitudes about coffee, the FSRP fielded a nationally representative survey in 2002. The survey results show that the sector appears to be at a turning point—significant numbers of farmers have moved away from coffee with more seemingly on the cusp of removing more trees, or “decaffeinating” their fields. While the overall picture presented in this report is one of decline, there are also some encouraging changes. Liberalization of coffee policies in the mid-1990s seems to have increased yields by taking the poorest fields out of production. Growing farmer interest in intercropping coffee with food crops suggests that there may be a means of stretching Rwanda’s most limiting resource—land area— thereby enabling farmers to achieve a better combination of food and cash crops. Also, the fact that the coffee sector survives at all in the face of numerous adversities is a weighty testament to its potential.
Parameter estimation of stellar-mass black hole binaries with LISA
Creators: name: Toubiana, Alexandre
name: Marsat, Sylvain
name: Babak, Stanislav
name: Baker, John
name: Canton, Tito Dal
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Stellar-mass black hole binaries (SBHBs), like those currently being detected with the ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) observatories LIGO and Virgo, are also an anticipated GW source for LISA. LISA will observe them during the early inspiral stage of evolution; some of them will chirp through the LISA band and reappear some time later in the band of $3^{rd}$ generation ground-based detectors. SBHBs could serve as laboratories for testing the theory of General Relativity and inferring the astrophysical properties of the underlying population. In this study, we assess LISA's ability to infer the parameters of those systems, a crucial first step in understanding and interpreting the observation of those binaries and their use in fundamental physics and astrophysics. We simulate LISA observations for several fiducial sources and perform a full Bayesian analysis. We demonstrate and explain degeneracies in the parameters of some systems. We show that the redshifted chirp mass and the sky location are always very well determined, with typical errors below $10^{-4}$ (fractional) and $0.4 \ {\rm deg^2}$. The luminosity distance to the source is typically measured within $40-60\%$, resulting in a measurement of the chirp mass in the source frame of $\mathcal{O}(1 \%)$. The error on the time to coalescence improves from $\mathcal{O}(1 \ {\rm day})$ to $\mathcal{O}(30 \ {\rm s})$ as we observe the systems closer to their merger. We introduce an augmented Fisher-matrix analysis which gives reliable predictions for the intrinsic parameters compared to the full Bayesian analysis. Finally, we show that combining the use of the long-wavelength approximation for the LISA instrumental response together with the introduction of a degradation function at high frequencies yields reliable results for the posterior distribution when used self-consistently, but not in the analysis of real LISA data.
description: Some additions and reshaping, matches PRD version
Live Fe-60 in the Early Solar System
Creators: name: Manuel, O.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The latest finding by Hester et al. supports the view of ". . . iron cores of the inner planets, iron meteorites, and the core of the sun as likely condensation products from the supernova core." [Science 195, 209 (14 January 1977)]
description: Comment on "The Cradle of the Solar System" [Science 304,116-117 (21 May 2004)]
Regulation of N-Methyl-D-Asparate receptor activity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons
Creators: name: Li, Bo
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play a crucial role in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and excitotoxicity, therefore regulation of NMDAR function is important in both physiological and pathological conditions. In this study, the regulation of the properties of NMDARs, including rundown and desensitization, in cultured rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons was investigated by electrophysiological, immunocytochemical, and biochemical approaches. Novel mechanisms for regulating rundown and desensitization of NMDARs were identified. NR2B-subtype NMDARs, which are mainly extrasynaptic, showed faster and more extensive peak current rundown in response to repeated agonist applications compared with NR2A-containing NMDARs, which are mainly synaptic. Moreover, rundown of the extrasynaptic, 2B-subtype receptors was largely independent of Ca²⁺ and dependent on tyrosine dephosphorylation, whereas rundown of the synaptic, 2Acontaining receptors was Ca -dependent and regulated by F-actin. The differences in rundown of the two subpopulations of NMDARs were determined by subcellular localization rather than the subunit composition, since synaptic 2B-subtype and 2Acontaining receptors were resistant to Ca2+-independent rundown, and extrasynaptic 2Bsubtype and 2A-containing receptors were vulnerable to Ca -independent rundown. Furthermore, an increase in receptor internalization and resulting decrease in numbers of NMDARs available on the cell surface were closely correlated with the Ca -independent rundown of extrasynaptic NMDARs. Subcellular localization also regulates NMDAR desensitization. The glycineindependent desensitization of NMDARs in rat cultured hippocampal neurons decreases during development. This decrease was not dependent on a switch in subunit composition, nor was it due to a change in the sensitivity of NMDARs to agonist or zinc during development. Instead, the developmental decrease in glycine-independent desensitization correlated with the synaptic localization of the receptor. Furthermore, overexpression of PSD-95 in immature neurons reduced NMDAR desensitization, and dispersion of PSD-95 away from synapses or manipulations that induced movement of NMDARs away from synapses increased NMDAR desensitization in mature neurons. We conclude that synaptic localization increases stability of hippocampal neuronal NMDAR responses to sustained agonist exposure. Our results elucidate mechanisms for regulating NMDAR function that tune receptor activity in neurons of different developmental stages, or the response of subpopulations of NMDARs in a single neuron to different stimuli.
Heegaard surfaces and measured laminations, II: non-Haken 3-manifolds
Creators: name: Li, Tao
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Geometric Topology (math.GT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 57M50; 57N10; 57M25

description: A famous example of Casson and Gordon shows that a Haken 3-manifold can have an infinite family of irreducible Heegaard splittings with different genera. In this paper, we prove that a closed non-Haken 3-manifold has only finitely many irreducible Heegaard splittings, up to isotopy. This is much stronger than the Waldhausen conjecture. Another immediate corollary is that for any irreducible non-Haken 3-manifold M, there is a number N, such that any two Heegaard splittings of M are equivalent after at most N stabilizations.
Résumé des Observations tirées de Décaféiné? Situation, Tendances et Perspectives pour la Production du Café au Rwanda Analyse d’une Enquête sur les Ménages Ruraux, an 2002
Creators: name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Nyarwaya, Jean Baptiste
name: Shingiro, Emmanuel
name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Nyarwaya, Jean Baptiste
name: Shingiro, Emmanuel
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: Rwanda
subject: coffee

description: Most Rwandan coffee is currently grown and processed the same way it was a decade ago. Consequently, Rwanda’s coffee production and marketing system has not been able to keep up with changes in the global market for high quality coffee. Given world market gluts of relatively poor quality coffee, Rwanda is now exporting a product that fetches low prices. Despite the challenges in coffee marketing and production, coffee remains one of Rwanda’s most important official sources of foreign exchange and the drop in production is of major concern to both the public and private sectors. In an effort to assist decision makers in the coffee sector better understand factors affecting farmers’ production decisions and their attitudes about coffee, the FSRP fielded a nationally representative survey in 2002. The survey results show that the sector appears to be at a turning point—significant numbers of farmers have moved away from coffee with more seemingly on the cusp of removing more trees, or “decaffeinating” their fields. While the overall picture presented in this report is one of decline, there are also some encouraging changes. Liberalization of coffee policies in the mid-1990s seems to have increased yields by taking the poorest fields out of production. Growing farmer interest in intercropping coffee with food crops suggests that there may be a means of stretching Rwanda’s most limiting resource—land area— thereby enabling farmers to achieve a better combination of food and cash crops. Also, the fact that the coffee sector survives at all in the face of numerous adversities is a weighty testament to its potential.
Additional file 5 of Intra-specific comparison of mitochondrial genomes reveals host gene fragment exchange via intron mobility in Tremella fuciformis
Creators: name: Youjin Deng
name: Xunxiao Zhang
name: Baogui Xie
name: Longji Lin
name: Hsiang, Tom
name: Xiangzhi Lin
name: Yiying Lin
name: Xingtan Zhang
name: Yanhong Ma
name: Wenjing Miao
name: Ming, Ray
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 5: Supplementary Figure 1. Original full length gel image for nad5, cob, nad4–2 and cox1 (sub image R5, R6, R3 and R1, respectively) in Fig. 3. Lane M indicates DNA ladder DL2000; lane 1–5 indicated products for isolates TF05, TF06, TF07, TF01 and TF11. Supplementary Figure 2. Original full length gel image corresponding to sub image R2 (gel image of nad4–1) in Fig. 3. Lane M indicates DNA ladder DL2000; lane 1–5 indicated products for isolates TF05, TF06, TF07, TF01 and TF11. Supplementary Figure 3. Original full length gel image corresponding to sub image R4 (gel image of nad3) in Fig. 3. Lane M indicates DNA ladder DL2000; lane 1–5 indicated products for isolates TF05, TF06, TF07, TF01 and TF11.
Changes in Allocation of Land Holdings, Production and Farm Size in the Rwandan Smallholder Sector Over the Period 1984/1990 to 2002
Creators: name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Weber, Michael T.
name: Shingiro, Emmanuel
name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Weber, Michael T.
name: Shingiro, Emmanuel
name: Loveridge, Scott
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: allocation of land
subject: farm size
subject: Rwanda

description: There have been major shifts/changes in land use patterns in Rwanda over the past twelve years. A few striking observations include: As a percentage of total farmland, cultivated land increased. The increase in cultivated land occurred at the expense of pasture and fallow and woodlot. The share of pasture and fallow decreased from 22% in 1990 to 14% in 2002 and woodlot decreased from 11% in 1990 to 7% in 2002. This trend of increasing cultivated land is apparent from the mid-eighties to today. These observations imply that land is being farmed much more intensively without much time to fallow and allow the soil to rejuvenate. Pasture and woodlot are also being cut down at the expense of cultivation. This has important potential implications for productivity as well as for the environment. Average calorie production per person per day in Rwanda is believed to have dropped significantly during the war period, and then has increased on average in 2002 to levels near those measured in 1984. The rural population dependent on the land has increased some 27% since 1984.
The extended Lyman-alpha emission surrounding the z=3.04 radio-quiet QSO1205-30: Primordial infalling gas illuminated by the quasar?
Creators: name: Weidinger, M.
name: Moller, P.
name: Fynbo, J. P. U.
name: Thomsen, B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present spectroscopic observations obtained with the FORS1 instrument on the ESO VLT under good seeing conditions of the radio-quiet z_em = 3.04 quasar Q1205-30 and its associated extended Lyman-alpha emission. The extended Lyman-alpha emission was originally found in a deep narrow band image targeting a z_abs = z_em Lyman-limit system in the spectrum of the QSO. Using spectral point-spread function fitting to subtract the QSO spectrum, we clearly detect the extended Lyman-alpha emission as well as two foreground galaxies at small impact parameters (2.12 +- 0.04 and 2.77 +- 0.07 arcsec). The redshifts of the two foreground galaxies are found to be z = 0.4732 and z = 0.865. We determine the redshift and velocity profile for the extended Lyman-alpha emission, and analyzing the velocity offsets between eight QSO emission lines we refine the quasar redshift determination. We use the new redshifts to infer the geometry of the complex. We find that the extended Lyman-alpha emission is clearly associated with the quasar. A Lyman-alpha luminosity of 5.6 x 10^43 erg s^-1 places this extended emission at the high luminosity end of the few previous detections around radio-quiet quasars. The extended Lyman-alpha emission is best explained by hydrogen falling into the dark matter halo inhabited by the quasar.
description: 13 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A
An Approach to the Cosmological Constant Problem(s)
Creators: name: Kane, G. L.
name: Perry, M. J.
name: Zytkow, A. N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose an approach to explaining why naive large quantum fluctuations are not the right estimate for the cosmological constant. We argue that the universe is in a superposition of many vacua, in such a way that the resulting fluctuations are suppressed by level repulsion to a very small value. The approach combines several aspects of string theory and the early history of the universe, and is only valid if several assumptions hold true. The approach may also explain why the effective cosmological constant reamins small as the universe evolves though several phase transitions. It provides a non-anthropic mechansim leading to a small, non-zero cosmological constant.
description: Talk given at Rencontres de Moriond, 2004 by G.L. Kane
The multi-phase environment in the centre of Centaurus A
Creators: name: Borkar, A.
name: Adhikari, T. P.
name: Różańska, A.
name: Markowitz, A. G.
name: Boorman, P. G.
name: Czerny, B.
name: Migliori, G.
name: De Marco, B.
name: Karas, V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the multi-phase medium in the vicinity of the active galactic nucleus Centaurus A (Cen A). Combined high-resolution observations with the ALMA and Chandra observatories indicate that the hot X-ray emitting plasma coexists with the warm and cold media in Cen A. This complex environment is a source of CO lines with great impact for its diagnostics. We present the images from the two above-mentioned instruments covering the nuclear region (diameter of 10'' i.e., ~180 pc), and we study the conditions for plasma thermal equilibrium and possible coexistence of cool clouds embedded within the hot X-ray emitting gas. Further, we demonstrate that the multi-phase medium originates naturally by the thermal instability (TI) arising due to the interaction of the high-energy radiation field from the nucleus with the ambient gas and dust. We demonstrate that cold gas clouds can coexist in the mutual contact with hot plasma, but even colder dusty molecular clouds have to be distanced by several hundred pc from the hot region. Finally, we propose a 3-D model of the appearance of the hot plasma and the CO line-emitting regions consistent with the Chandra image and we derive the integrated emissivity in specific molecular lines observed by ALMA from this model. To reproduce the observed images and the CO line luminosity the dusty shell has to be ~420 pc thick and located at ~1000 pc from the centre.
description: 16 pages, 16 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Changements dans l’allocation des terres, la production et la taille des exploitations dans le secteur des petits exploitants rwandais sur la période 1984/1990 à 2002
Creators: name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Weber, Michael T.
name: Shingiro, Emmanuel
name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Weber, Michael T.
name: Shingiro, Emmanuel
name: Loveridge, Scott
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: allocation of land
subject: farm size
subject: Rwanda

description: There have been major shifts/changes in land use patterns in Rwanda over the past twelve years. A few striking observations include: As a percentage of total farmland, cultivated land increased. The increase in cultivated land occurred at the expense of pasture and fallow and woodlot. The share of pasture and fallow decreased from 22% in 1990 to 14% in 2002 and woodlot decreased from 11% in 1990 to 7% in 2002. This trend of increasing cultivated land is apparent from the mid-eighties to today. These observations imply that land is being farmed much more intensively without much time to fallow and allow the soil to rejuvenate. Pasture and woodlot are also being cut down at the expense of cultivation. This has important potential implications for productivity as well as for the environment. Average calorie production per person per day in Rwanda is believed to have dropped significantly during the war period, and then has increased on average in 2002 to levels near those measured in 1984. The rural population dependent on the land has increased some 27% since 1984.
Goat Farmers’ Coping Strategy for Sustainable Livelihood Security in Arid Rajasthan: An Empirical Analysis
Creators: name: Kumar, Shalander
name: Upadhyay, A.D.
name: Kumar, Shalander
name: Upadhyay, A.D.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy

description: Goat farmers’ coping strategy under water scarcity and changing resource situations in the arid Rajasthan has been analyzed. Input-output model has been used to quantify the magnitude of linkages amongst different components of the farming system. The study is based on the primary data collected from randomly selected 60 goats-keeping households and 25 farm households without goats for the year 2004-2005 from the Nagaur district in arid Rajasthan. Instead of opting for transhumance system, the farmers have been found innovative in evolving a farming system that has allowed sustainable production of grains for family as well as feed and fodder for maintaining their small ruminants. Three farming systems, (I) Rain-fed goat-based farming system, (II) Partially irrigated goat-based farming system, and (III) Rain-fed crop-based farming system, have been delineated. In response to the emerging resource and environmental conditions, goat farmers have utilized the potential synergy of linkages among different components of the farming system. However, the existing goat production needs to be fine-tuned with the modern goat-rearing practices. The innovative idea of farmers of keeping a part of their land fallow for grazing their goats and sheep during the lean season needs to be used as an opportunity to encourage the farmers to develop this fallow land as pasture with recommended legume and non-legume grasses. This model may be replicated in similar other arid regions.
From parameter space constraints to the precision determination of the leptonic Dirac CP phase
Creators: name: Huber, Patrick
name: Lindner, Manfred
name: Winter, Walter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the precision determination of the leptonic Dirac CP phase $δ_{CP}$ in neutrino oscillation experiments, where we apply the concept of ``CP coverage''. We demonstrate that this approach carries more information than a conventional CP violation measurement, since it also describes the exclusion of parameter regions. This will be very useful for next-generation long baseline experiments where for sizable $\sin^2 2 θ_{13}$ first constraints on $δ_{CP}$ can be obtained. As the most sophisticated experimental setup, we analyze neutrino factories, where we illustrate the major difficulties in their analysis. In addition, we compare their potential to the one of superbeam upgrades and next-generation experiments, which also includes a discussion of synergy effects. We find a strong dependence on the yet unknown true values of $\sin^2 2 θ_{13}$ and $δ_{CP}$, as well as a strong, non-Gaussian dependence on the confidence level. A systematic understanding of the complicated parameter dependence will be given. In addition, it is shown that comparisons of experiments and synergy discussions do in general not allow for an unbiased judgment if they are only performed at selected points in parameter space. Therefore, we present our results in dependence of the yet unknown true values of $\sin^2 2 θ_{13}$ and $δ_{CP}$. Finally we show that for $δ_{CP}$ precision measurements there exist simple strategies including superbeams, reactor experiments, superbeam upgrades, and neutrino factories, where the crucial discriminator is $\sin^2 2 θ_{13} \sim 10^{-2}$.
description: 32 pages, 9 figures
Additional file 1 of A comparison of epigenetic mitotic-like clocks for cancer risk prediction
Creators: name: Teschendorff, Andrew E.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 1: Figure S1. Estimation of epiTOC2 parameters. Figure S2. Identifiability of parameter estimation procedure. Figure S3. Stability of parameter estimation procedure. Figure S4. Density distribution of DNA methylation beta-values for mitotic clock CpG sites across fetal tissue samples. Figure S5. Unsupervised clustering of fetal tissue samples over mitotic clock CpG sites. Figure S6. Correlation between epiTOC2 and literature-based stem-cell division rates in a logged basis. Figure S7. epiTOC in inflammatory and precancerous conditions. Figure S8. Solo-WCGWs are twice more likely to be cell-type specific markers compared to randomly selected CpGs. Figure S9. Solo-WCGWs are more likely to be cell-type specific markers compared to randomly selected CpGs: robustness to choice of significance threshold. Figure S10. Solo-WCGWs mapping to PMDs are almost three times more likely to be cell- type specific markers compared to randomly selected CpGs. Figure S11. No association between HypoClock score and literature-based stem-cell division rates in a logged basis. Figure S12. Associations of epiTOC2-CpGs and solo-WCGWs with chronological age in blood cell subtypes. Figure S13. Associations of average DNAm over epiTOC2 and PMD solo-WCGWs with age in purified cell-types. Figure S14. No consistent anti-correlation between HypoClock score and chronological age in normal-adjacent tissue from TCGA. Figure S15. Correlation of epiTOC2 scores with chronological age in normal-adjacent tissue from TCGA. Figure S16. Comparison between epiTOC2 and HypoClock in breast tissue. Figure S17. Comparison between epiTOC2 and HypoClock in lung tissue. Figure S18. epiTOC2 predicts increased mitotic rate in cancer. Figure S19. Associations of HypoClock-score with normal/cancer status in samples from TCGA. Table S1: Estimated epiTOC2 parameters. Table S2. Final epiTOC2 parameters. Table S3. Summary of normal-tissue (non-TCGA) collection.
Indian Finfish Exports – An Analysis of Export Performance and Revealed Comparative Advantage
Creators: name: Gopal, Nikita
name: Jeyanthi, P.
name: Geethalakshmi, V.
name: Unnithan, G.R.
name: Gopal, Nikita
name: Jeyanthi, P.
name: Geethalakshmi, V.
name: Unnithan, G.R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy

description: The export of finfish from India has been rising over the past few years and in 2006-07 it contributed almost 44 per cent of the total marine products exported from the country in quantity terms. However in value terms its contribution is only 16 per cent, indicating low unit value realization of the products. This paper has analysed the export performance and has studied the revealed comparative advantage of finfish export from India for the period 2001 to 2005. The finfish exports from India have not revealed any comparative advantage among the total marine products export in the period of study. The paper has suggested reviewing of the policy of finfish export, with a shift in emphasis to export of only high-value finfish and value-added low-value finfish.