Charadra pata
Creators: name: Schmidt, Christian
name: Anweiler, Gary
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Pantheidae
Charadra
Charadra pata

description: <i>Charadra pata</i> (Druce) Fig. 1 <i>Trisulodes pata</i> Druce, 1894: 362. <i>Charadra patens</i> J. B. Smith, 1908; misspelling. ‡ <i>Charadra basiflava</i> J. B. Smith, 1908; unavailable name. <b>Type material.</b> <i>Charadra pata</i> – Guatemala, Guatemala City. <b>Holotype</b> female. BMNH; examined. <i>Charadra basiflava</i> – this taxon was listed as a synonym of <i>pata</i> by Franclemont &amp; Todd (1983). Todd (1982) questioned the validity of Smith’s description, which consists of: “ <i>Trisuloides patens</i> [sic] Druce, is a <i>Charadra</i> which I had named <i>basiflava</i> before Dr. Barnes called my attention to the figure in the Biologia (II, 509, p. 96). It has been taken at Palmerlee, Cochise Co., Arizona, and is no doubt a member of our fauna.” (Smith 1908). Th e question is then what Smith meant when he said “had named.” Since there is no earlier published mention of <i>basiflava</i>, we take this statement to mean that Smith had determined and labeled a specimen as a new species and intended to describe it as <i>basiflava</i>. Todd (1982) also concluded this was the most likely meaning of Smith’s statement, and designated as lectotype a specimen labeled “ Charadra basiflava Smith Type”. However, Smith’s (1908) statement does not qualify as a valid description under the provision of Article 12 of the ICZN (1999), and <i>basiflava</i> is therefore an unavailable name (a conclusion apparently also reached by Poole 1989, as the taxon is not included in his publication). Th e lectotype designated by Todd (1982) is therefore not a true “type.” Even if Smith’s description is deemed to be valid, the type specimen is the illustration of <i>C. pata</i> in Druce (1894), not the specimen designated as lectotype by Todd (1982). <b>Diagnosis.</b> The wing markings of the female holotype, the only known specimen of this species, are most similar to those of <i>C. oligarchia</i> (only known from two males) and <i>C. patafex</i>. Compared to <i>C. oligarchia</i>, <i>C. pata</i> has a darker grey-brown forewing subterminal area with a contrasting white reniform area, but lacks any outline of a reniform (reniform outlined in <i>oligarchia</i>); the orbicular spot is slightly larger and more oblong in <i>C. oligarchia</i>. Compared to <i>C. patafex</i>, the forewing medial area of <i>C. pata</i> is contrastingly darker (concolorous with basal area in <i>C. patafex</i>) and the reniform area is white (brownish grey in <i>C. patafex</i>); also the hindwing marginal band is darker and narrower in <i>C. pata</i> than in <i>C. patafex</i>. <b>Distribution and biology.</b> Known only from the type locality, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Nothing is known of the biology, although the larvae possibly feed on oak, as do those of <i>C. tapa</i> and <i>C. franclemonti</i>. <b>Remarks.</b> After studying the type specimen of <i>C. pata</i>, we have come to the conclusion that this is not the same species as the Arizona taxon that has gone under this name, and belongs to a southern Mexican / Central American group of species consisting of <i>C. pata, C. oligarchia, C. cakulha</i> sp. n. and <i>coyopa</i> sp. n., here termed the <i>oligarchia</i> subgroup. Th e holotype female of <i>C</i>. <i>pata</i> (Fig. 1) differs from the <i>tapa</i> subgroup (<i>C</i>. <i>franclemonti</i> sp. n. and <i>C</i>. <i>tapa</i> sp. n.) in several key characters, namely the white, almost completely unmarked reniform area (grey and well marked with the usual markings in the <i>tapa</i> subgroup), a prominent and thick, well-defined black terminus of the subterminal line near the anal angle characteristic of the <i>oligarchia</i> subgroup (thinner, diffuse and poorly defined in <i>tapa</i> subgroup), browner tone of the forewing ground colour (grey in <i>tapa</i> subgroup). The genitalic structure of the type female of <i>C</i>. <i>pata</i> differs from that of both <i>C</i>. <i>franclemonti</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>tapa</i> in that the antevaginal plate has short lobes, like <i>C</i>. <i>tapa</i> (long and prong-like in <i>C</i>. <i>franclemonti</i>), but with a more flared-out basal region than in either <i>C</i>. <i>tapa</i> or <i>C</i>. <i>franclemonti</i>, and the sclerotized lateral margins of the ductus bursae are nearly symmetrical, lacking the pronounced ventral twist of the right lateral margin of <i>C</i>. <i>tapa</i> (also nearly symmetrical in <i>C</i>. <i>franclemonti</i>). Based on the brownish ground colour, prominent black mark of the anal angle and whitish reniform area, we place <i>C</i>. <i>pata</i> in the <i>oligarchia</i> subgroup. Th e lack of associated specimens of corresponding sexes is problematic, as it leaves the possibility that <i>C</i>. <i>pata</i> is the same species as <i>C</i>. <i>oligarchia</i> <i>,</i> <i>C</i>. <i>patafex</i> <i>,</i> <i>C</i>. <i>cakulha</i> or <i>C</i>. <i>coyopa</i>; a correlation in the structure of the male and female genitalia in this group is of some help, since asymmetrical placement or size of the male vesica cornuti corresponds to asymmetry in the shape and sclerotization of the ductus bursa (where the cornuti are presumably positioned during copulation: for example, in <i>C</i>. <i>tapa</i> <i>,</i> males have both cornuti positioned on the right, while females have a more heavily sclerotized, twisted right lateral margin of the ductus bursae). Th e nearly symmetrical ductus bursae of <i>C. pata</i> suggests a similar symmetrical placement and size of male cornuti, which would rule out <i>C. oligarchia</i> and <i>C. patafex</i>, (Figs 2, 3), a conclusion that also is supported by differences in wing markings. <i>C. cakulha</i> has both symmetrical placement and size of cornuti (Fig. 24), but differs markedly in wing markings (Fig. 7), as does <i>C. coyopa</i> (Fig. 10).
description: Published as part of <i>Schmidt, Christian &amp; Anweiler, Gary, 2010, The North American species of Charadra Walker, with a revision of the Charadra pata (Druce) group (Noctuidae, Pantheinae), pp. 161-181 in ZooKeys 39 (39)</i> on pages 164-165, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.39.432, http://zenodo.org/record/576639
description: {"references": ["Druce H (1894) Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera Heterocera from Central America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6 13: 352 - 363.", "Smith JB (1908) New species of Noctuidae for 1908. I. With notes on Charadra, Raphia and Pseudanarta. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 16: 79 - 98.", "Franclemont JG, Todd EL (1983) Noctuidae. In: Hodges RW, Dominick T, Davis DR, Ferguson DC, Franclemont JG, Munroe EG, and Powell JA (1983). Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd. and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London, 120 - 159.", "Todd EL (1982) Th e noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645, 228 pp.", "Poole RW (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae. Part 1. Abablemma to Heraclia (part): 1 - 500."]}