Tonto Creek Archaeological Project - Artifact and Environmental Analyses, Volume 2: Stone Tool and Subsistence Studies
Creators: name: System User
Publisher: name: Center for Desert Archaeology
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Punkin Center
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/83058/punkin-center
subject: State Route 188
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subject: Sycamore Creek
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/22131/sycamore-creek
subject: Tonto Creek
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subject: East Central Arizona
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subject: Slate Creek
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subject: Tonto Basin
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subject: Arizona (State / Territory)
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subject: Early Agricultural period
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subject: Archaic Period
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subject: Sedentary Period
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subject: Colonial Period
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subject: Late Sedentary Period
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subject: Early Ceramic
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subject: Snaketown Phase
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subject: Gila Butte Phase
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subject: Santa Cruz Phase
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subject: Early Sedentary Period
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subject: Early Classic Period
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subject: Mogollon
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subject: Hohokam
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subject: Archaic
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subject: AR-03-12-06-2064 (TNF)
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subject: Sliver
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subject: Butcher Hook
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subject: AR-03-12-06-126 (TNF)
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subject: AR-03-12-06-2284 (TNF)
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subject: AR-03-12-06-1381 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90714/ar-03-12-06-1381-tnf
subject: AZ U:3:296 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90713/az-u3296-asm
subject: AR-03-12-06-332 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90716/ar-03-12-06-332-tnf
subject: AR-03-12-06-2283 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90715/ar-03-12-06-2283-tnf
subject: AR-03-12-06-1362 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90718/ar-03-12-06-1362-tnf
subject: AR-03-12-06-199 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90717/ar-03-12-06-199-tnf
subject: AZ U:3:302 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90720/az-u3302-asm
subject: AR-03-12-06-1365 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90719/ar-03-12-06-1365-tnf
subject: Boatyard
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83554/boatyard
subject: AZ U:3:301 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90722/az-u3301-asm
subject: AR-03-12-06-1387 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90721/ar-03-12-06-1387-tnf
subject: Cerro Flojo
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subject: AZ U:3:274 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90724/az-u3274-asm
subject: Heron Hatch
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subject: AR-03-12-06-1366 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90723/ar-03-12-06-1366-tnf
subject: AR-03-12-06-1376 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90726/ar-03-12-06-1376-tnf
subject: Tres Huerfanos
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83557/tres-huerfanos
subject: AR-03-12-06-1374 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90725/ar-03-12-06-1374-tnf
subject: Hodgepodge Ridge
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83560/hodgepodge-ridge
subject: AR-03-12-06-203 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90728/ar-03-12-06-203-tnf
subject: Casa Escondida
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/26472/casa-escondida
subject: Los Hermanos
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83559/los-hermanos
subject: AR-03-12-06-1373 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90727/ar-03-12-06-1373-tnf
subject: Granary Row
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83562/granary-row
subject: AZ U:3:278 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90730/az-u3278-asm
subject: Las Tortugas
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83561/las-tortugas
subject: AR-03-12-06-202 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90729/ar-03-12-06-202-tnf
subject: AZ U:3:279 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90732/az-u3279-asm
subject: Vista del Puerto
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83563/vista-del-puerto
subject: AR-03-12-06-204 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90731/ar-03-12-06-204-tnf
subject: Middle of the Road
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90734/middle-of-the-road
subject: AR-03-12-06-1375 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90733/ar-03-12-06-1375-tnf
subject: AZ U:3:287 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90736/az-u3287-asm
subject: AR-03-12-06-1354 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90735/ar-03-12-06-1354-tnf
subject: AZ U:3:223 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90738/az-u3223-asm
subject: AR-03-12-06-1353 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90737/ar-03-12-06-1353-tnf
subject: AR-03-12-06-1347 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90739/ar-03-12-06-1347-tnf
subject: AZ U:3:291 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90741/az-u3291-asm
subject: AZ U:3:288 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90744/az-u3288-asm
subject: AR-03-12-06-2062 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90743/ar-03-12-06-2062-tnf
subject: AR-03-12-06-1350 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90746/ar-03-12-06-1350-tnf
subject: AZ U:3:290 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90748/az-u3290-asm
subject: AZ U:286 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90747/az-u286-asm
subject: AZ U:3:289 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83858/az-u3289-asm
subject: AR-03-12-06-1352 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83857/ar-03-12-06-1352-tnf
subject: AZ U:3:299 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83860/az-u3299-asm
subject: AZ U:3:224 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83862/az-u3224-asm
subject: AZ U:3:297 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83861/az-u3297-asm
subject: AZ U:3:294 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83864/az-u3294-asm
subject: AZ U:3:352 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83866/az-u3352-asm
subject: AZ U:3:275 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83865/az-u3275-asm
subject: AZ U:3:273 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83868/az-u3273-asm
subject: AZ U:3:5 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83867/az-u35-asm
subject: AZ U:3:277 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83870/az-u3277-asm
subject: AZ U:3:276 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83869/az-u3276-asm
subject: AZ U:3:285 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83871/az-u3285-asm
subject: AZ U:3:300 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/83873/az-u3300-asm
subject: AZ U:3:222 (ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90794/az-u3222-asm
subject: AR-03-12-06-1378 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90796/ar-03-12-06-1378-tnf
subject: AR-03-12-06-1377 (TNF)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/90795/ar-03-12-06-1377-tnf
subject: Funerary and Burial Structures or Features
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/301/funerary-and-burial-structures-or-features
subject: Cremation
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/880/cremation
subject: Burial Pit
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/307/burial-pit
subject: Archaeological Feature
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/339/archaeological-feature
subject: Inhumation
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/947/inhumation
subject: Hearth
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/343/hearth
subject: Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/251/domestic-structure-or-architectural-complex
subject: Domestic Structures
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/256/domestic-structures
subject: Pit
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/355/pit
subject: Trash Mound
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/995/trash-mound
subject: Courtyard
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/996/courtyard
subject: Roasting Pit / Oven / Horno
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/357/roasting-pit-oven-horno
subject: Pit House / Earth Lodge
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/263/pit-house-earth-lodge
subject: Post Hole / Post Mold
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/359/post-hole-post-mold
subject: Trash Concentration
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/1831/trash-concentration
subject: Pollen
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/13/pollen
subject: Wood
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/15/wood
subject: Chipped Stone
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/2/chipped-stone
subject: Fauna
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/4/fauna
subject: Charcoal
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/20/charcoal
subject: Fire Cracked Rock
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/5/fire-cracked-rock
subject: Ground Stone
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/7/ground-stone
subject: Macrobotanical
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/10/macrobotanical
subject: Subsistence Studies
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/3886/subsistence-studies
subject: Hunting Patterns
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/86205/hunting-patterns
subject: EDXRF
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/156208/edxrf
subject: Tonto Creek Archaeological Project
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/158350/tonto-creek-archaeological-project
subject: Ground Stone Analysis
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/37474/ground-stone-analysis
subject: Vertebrate Faunal Analysis
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/85747/vertebrate-faunal-analysis
subject: Artifact Analysis
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/3318/artifact-analysis
subject: Environmental Analysis
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/3638/environmental-analysis
subject: Pollen Analysis
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/3351/pollen-analysis
subject: Paleoethnobotany
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/27305/paleoethnobotany
subject: Flaked Stone Analysis
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/89387/flaked-stone-analysis
subject: Archaeological Overview
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/investigation-type/1/archaeological-overview
subject: Site Evaluation / Testing
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/investigation-type/10/site-evaluation-testing

description: The Tonto Creek Archaeological Project (TCAP), funded by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), was conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., in advance of the 1994-1996 realignment of Arizona State Route 188 in the Tonto Basin of east-central Arizona. From 1992 to 1996, portions of 27 archaeological sites were investigated. Site components ranged in date from the Middle Archaic period to the Late Historic era. Most dated to the Colonial, Sedentary, and early Classic periods, circa A.D. 750-1325. A total of 108 pithouse, pitroom, and mason surface structures were excavated, as well as numerous other cultural features. These are discussed in Anthropological Papers No. 22, which contains the site and non-mortuary feature descriptions as well as background information on project methods, chronology, and the local environment. More than 300 burials were recovered, with early Classic inhumations accounting for nearly 90 percent of the sample. The burial descriptions and analyses of osteodontic remains and artifact classes recovered primarily from mortuary contexts are presented in Anthropological Papers No. 24. The artifact classes include shell and ground stone jewelry, bone artifacts, wooden objects, and clay-lined painted baskets. Anthropological Papers No. 23 (Volume 1) reports on the various analyses conducted on the ceramic assemblage recovered from both domestic and mortuary contexts in the project area. This volume, Anthropological Papers No. 23 (Volume 2) discusses the analyses of flaked and ground stone, pollen, botanical, and faunal remains. Among the important findings of the flaked stone analysis (Chapter 9) is the association of "high" side-notched projectile points with Miami/Hardt phase contexts. This point type is one of the few diagnostic artifacts from this pivotal and inadequately resolved interval. The proliferation of projectile points during the Classic period, in terms of both quantity and types, and potentially more lethal design suggests increased conflict shortly before final abandonment of the project area. The meager Classic period faunal assemblage (Chapter 13) is dominated by small animals, indicating the heightened interest in projectile points is not related to an increase in large game hunting. Temporal trends in ground stone (Chapter 10) include an increase, over time, in the proportion of designed artifacts over expedient tools. The variety of tools and the range of activities in which they are utilized also increase. By the Classic period, a significant portion of the ground stone tool assemblage was used in nonfood-processing activities such as architectural construction, shaftsmoothing, hideworking, and woodworking. Several unique contexts are also described in detail, including a cache of ground and unworked stone items recovered from a floor pit in a small pre-Classic pithouse that may have been used as a sweat lodge. Sagebrush was the only economic pollen type recovered from this structure. A large and varied collection of macrobotanical remains (Chapter 11) and pollen (Chapter 12) was recovered from the project area. The presence of maize in Early Agricultural contexts at the Boatyard site indicates this cultigen has a long history in the Tonto Basin, extending back at least into the first millennium B.C. Although maize continues to be an important resource throughout the prehistoric sequence, the TCAP macrobotanical record documents a dramatic increase in agave and wild grass exploitation during the perhaps "not-so" Sedentary period. Notable trends in the Classic period botanical assemblage include continued high maize and agave ubiquities and a substantial increase in cotton ubiquity. The latter may be related to an expansion of irrigation systems in the adjacent Tonto Creek floodplain as indicated by elevated Evening Primrose Family pollen counts.