Review on Template Removal Techniques for Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Materials
Creators: name: Ghaedi, Hosein
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Aerospace Engineering
subject: FOS: Mechanical engineering
subject: 90102 Aerospace Materials
subject: 99901 Agricultural Engineering
subject: FOS: Other engineering and technologies
subject: 90301 Biomaterials
subject: FOS: Medical engineering
subject: 90302 Biomechanical Engineering
subject: 90303 Biomedical Instrumentation
subject: 90399 Biomedical Engineering not elsewhere classified
subject: 90402 Catalytic Process Engineering
subject: FOS: Chemical engineering
subject: 91201 Ceramics
subject: FOS: Materials engineering
subject: 90403 Chemical Engineering Design
subject: 90499 Chemical Engineering not elsewhere classified
subject: 90599 Civil Engineering not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Civil engineering
subject: 90501 Civil Geotechnical Engineering
subject: 91202 Composite and Hybrid Materials
subject: 91203 Compound Semiconductors
subject: 90503 Construction Materials
subject: 90799 Environmental Engineering not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Environmental engineering
subject: 90702 Environmental Engineering Modelling
subject: 90701 Environmental Engineering Design
subject: 90703 Environmental Technologies
subject: Genetic Engineering
subject: 91205 Functional Materials
subject: 91206 Glass
subject: 91299 Materials Engineering not elsewhere classified
subject: Mechanical Engineering
subject: 91207 Metals and Alloy Materials
subject: 90404 Membrane and Separation Technologies
subject: 91405 Mining Engineering
subject: Nuclear Engineering
subject: 91103 Ocean Engineering
subject: 91406 Petroleum and Reservoir Engineering
subject: 90605 Photodetectors, Optical Sensors and Solar Cells
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: 91209 Polymers and Plastics
subject: 90607 Power and Energy Systems Engineering (excl. Renewable Power)
subject: 90608 Renewable Power and Energy Systems Engineering (excl. Solar Cells)
subject: 90108 Satellite, Space Vehicle and Missile Design and Testing
subject: 90507 Transport Engineering
subject: 91012 Textile Technology
subject: 90506 Structural Engineering
subject: 90508 Water Quality Engineering
subject: 90409 Wastewater Treatment Processes
subject: 90410 Water Treatment Processes
subject: 90806 Wine Chemistry and Wine Sensory Science

description: The key step in the preparation of mesoporous silica materials is the removal of organic templates occluded inside the pores including nonionic, cationic, anionic surfactants and even ionic liquid (IL). The most common method to remove templates is conventional calcination under air at 550 °C. Although templates can be completely removed from the pores, calcination suffers many serious drawbacks including significant framework shrinkage, the collapse of the ordered structure, reduction of silanol concentrations on the pore wall (which are of high importance for postmodification), generation of large amounts of CO<sub>2</sub> and organic amine compounds, the presence of carbon deposits or coke as a contaminant, elimination of organic functionalities (such as organoalkoxysilanes with amino groups), and the inability to recover or reuse expensive organic templates. That is why many attempts have been reported in the literature to develop novel methods for removing organic templates that are favorable from both economic and environmental standpoints for potentially large-scale applications. The current study reviews the recent development methods for template removal from various types of mesoporous silica materials. We have divided the template removal approaches into two categories: physical method and chemical method. The effects of those methods are discussed in detail on the textural and structural properties of mesoporous silica materials along with the template removal mechanism and their pores and coins.