cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Leptostylus perniciosus Monne & Hoffmann 1981
Creators: name: Groll, Elisa Von
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Leptostylus
Leptostylus perniciosus

description: Leptostylus perniciosus Monné & Hoffmann, 1981
Monné & Hoffmann, 1981:259, fig. 13.
Paratypes: ♂, BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul: Canela, M. Hoffmann col., 11.X.1977, (MCNZ 25.652); ♂, 13.X.1977 (MCNZ 25.651); ♂, 03.XI.1976 (MCNZ 25.650); 2♀, 05.VIII.1976 (MCNZ 25.660, 25.661); ♀, 26.X.1977 (MCNZ 25.649); ♀, 11.I.1977 (MCNZ 25.657); ♀, 08.VIII.1977 (MCNZ 25.655); ♀, 29.VIII.1977 (MCNZ 25.656); ♀, 08.IX.1977 (MCNZ 25.662); ♀, 27.IX.1977 (MCNZ 25.663); ♀, 21.X.1977 (MCNZ 25.659); ♀, 24.X.1977 (MCNZ 25.653); ♀, 28.X.1976 (MCNZ 25.654); ♀, 10.X.1977 (MCNZ 25.658).
description: Published as part of Groll, Elisa Von, 2017, Catalogue of Coleoptera type specimens housed in the collection of the Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, pp. 439-473 in Zootaxa 4318 (3) on page 445, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4318.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/887750
Biomass Management
Creators: name: Wysokinski, Matt
name: Jennings, Ashley
name: Fagan, Julie M.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2010

description: Recycling of Food Scraps by Industrial Waste Management Facilities
description: The unsustainable practice of dumping refuge into a landfill is finally becoming a reality for most of the developed world in the 21rst century. Landfills are hazardous to the environment and humans alike, not economically feasible, and a waste of valuable renewable resources.  Composting organic wastes is a safe and effective solution. Compost turns food scrap into quality soils that give back to the community in so many more ways than imagined in terms of stimulating the economy and health. Just as Americans recycle glass, plastics, paper, and cardboard, some states in the US are implementing curbside pick of food scraps for businesses and residents that divert solid waste from landfills to be turned into quality soils. Currently in New Jersey, Waste Management and Central Jersey Waste only provide services to large institutions and there is no law as in other states and several countries that forces residents to recycle.  Only until an increase in demand for these services or a law is passed will there be widespread curbside pick-up. In this paper, we discuss in more detail the drawbacks of landfills and benefits of composting. In addition, we propose a bill to legislation that models successful green bin programs in California, Washington, and Canada.
Muntiacus feae Thomas & Doria 1889
Creators: name: Don E. Wilson
name: Russell A. Mittermeier
Publisher: name: Lynx Edicions
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Artiodactyla
Cervidae
Muntiacus
Muntiacus feae

description: 5.
Fea’s Muntjac
Muntiacus feae
French: Muntjac de Fea / German: Tenasserim-Muntjak / Spanish: Muntiaco de Fea
Taxonomy. Cervulus feae Thomas & Doria, 1889,
Thagata Juva, Tenasserim (Myanmar).
Genetic analyses agree in considering this muntjac as a sister species to M. gongshanensis / M. crinifrons. The name refers to the Italian zoologist and explorer L. Fea. Monotypic.
Distribution. W Thailand and adjacent Myanmar; dubious reports from N Myanmar and S China.
Descriptive notes. Head—body 90-100 cm, tail 10-17 cm, shoulder height 50-60 cm; weight 20-22 kg. Females are heavier than males. Medium-sized, with short, bright yellow frontal tuft, rounded ears; pedicles 4-5 cm long, antlers 5-6 cm long. Tail relatively long, fringed with white hair. The coat is dark brown speckled with yellow; legs dark; forehead and pedicles yellowish; black stripes on pedicles. The diploid number of chromosomes is 14 (males) and 13 (females).
Habitat. Seems to prefer evergreen forests of hills and mountains, inhabiting upland evergreen, mixed, or shrub forest at mid-elevations. They are also found in teak plantations.
Food and Feeding. It feeds on leaves and fruits, with some grasses and shoots as well.
Breeding. Females reach puberty at about one year of age. The young are usually born in dense vegetation, remaining hidden until able to travel with the mother. Males may compete for access to females by sparring with antlers or fighting using their fang-like canines, although little is known directly about mating in this species. Males likely defend a territory that encompasses that of several females, as in other muntjacs.
Activity patterns. Fea’s Muntjac may be either diurnal or nocturnal, but little is known regarding its behavior in the wild.
Movements, Home range and Social organization. Nothing is known, but appears to be solitary, like other muntjacs.
Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List due to doubts about the validity of many reports of the species, and, thus, about its geographic and ecological range and conservation status.
Bibliography. Groves & Grubb (1990), Grubb (1977), Soma et al. (1987), Tanomtong et al. (2005), Timmins, Steinmetz, Pattanavibool & Duckworth (2008).
description: Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2011, Cervidae, pp. 350-443 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 410, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6514377
MOESM1 of Bioprospecting of novel thermostable β-glucosidase from Bacillus subtilis RA10 and its application in biomass hydrolysis
Creators: name: Rameshwar Tiwari
name: Puneet Singh
name: Singh, Surender
name: Nain, Pawan
name: Nain, Lata
name: Pratyoosh Shukla
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1: Figure S1. Qualitative screening of β-glucosidase producing microbes on agar medium containing esculin with or without glucose. Thermotolerant isolates grown on esculin [A] and esculin with glucose [B]. Figure S2. PCR amplification of BglB gene and 1437 bp fragment from nuclear DNA of B. subtilis RA10. Lane M, Lambda DNA/EcoRI + HindIII Marker; lane 1, amplified PCR product. Figure S3. Determination of V max and K m for purified β-glucosidase enzyme.
Analysis of a candidate lung tumor suppressor gene at 3p21.3
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Lung cancers are strongly associated with cigarette smoking. In order to understand how cigarette smoke components cause lung cancer and other smoking-related cancers, it is necessary to understand the sequence of molecular events that leads to formation of a tumor many years or decades later. According to current thinking, a number of genes need to be mutated or functionally disabled before a normal cell loses all normal growth control mechanisms and is brought onto a path of uncontrolled cell division eventually leading to a tumor. Gene mutation or inactivation has been found in genes such as p53, ras, and p16 at a relatively high frequency in human lung cancer.

 However, the most common and earliest chromosomal change in the development of lung tumors has been mapped to the short arm of chromosome 3, in an area designated as 3p21.3. At this location, a specific chromosomal area is often deleted in lung cancer, and sometimes even both copies of this chromosomal material are lost. This phenomenon often hints at the presence of a tumor suppressor gene, which needs to be lost or inactivated completely in order for a tumor to arise.

 We have cloned a new gene from the common chromosomal deletion area of chromosome 3p21.3. The gene has 50% homology to one other protein that interacts with the ras oncogene product. We do not know much about the function of this gene yet, except the following: 1) It is inactivated in a high percentage of human lung cancers (up to 100% of small cell carcinomas). 2) It suppresses cell growth when put back into lung cancer cells.

 We will investigate further how this gene is inactivated in different types of lung cancers and in head and neck tumors. We will try to define its biochemical function in the cell. Finally, in order to test its presumed function as a tumor suppressor, we will delete this gene in the mouse and see if these mice develop tumors, either spontaneously or after exposure to cigarette smoke carcinogens.

 The study should increase our understanding of the mechanisms of lung cancer initiation. If the causes of smoking-associated cancers are better understood at the molecular level, more efficient early screening procedures and future gene therapy approaches may be developed.
Seira dori Gruia, Poliakov & Broza 2000
Creators: name: Mayvan, Mahmood Mehrafrooz
name: Greenslade, Penelope
name: Sadeghi-Namaghi, Hussein
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Collembola
Entomobryomorpha
Entomobryidae
Seira
Seira dori

description: Seira dori Gruia, Poliakov & Broza, 2000
– Seira dori Gruia, Poliakov & Broza, 2000: 126.
KU: Ahmadi 2021; Ahmadi et al. 2023.
Ecology and habitat in Iran: soil under oak and cypress trees.
General distribution: Israel (Gruia et al. 2000; Broza et al. 2004) and Iran.
description: Published as part of Mayvan, Mahmood Mehrafrooz, Greenslade, Penelope & Sadeghi-Namaghi, Hussein, 2023, An annotated checklist of the Collembola (Hexapoda) from Iran, pp. 1-101 in Zootaxa 5275 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5275.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7898948
Nicotinic and Schizophrenia
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Schizophrenia is a very serious, and unfortunately rather common mental illness for which there is no definite cure. On top of their illness, schizophrenics are chronic smokers: between five to nine out of ten schizophrenics are addicted to tobacco. Based on this evidence, and other scientific discoveries, it appears that schizophrenia, as well as tobacco addiction, is somehow related to the nicotinic receptor, a protein involved in the communication between brain cells. Interestingly, new drugs designed to fight schizophrenia, called "atypical neuroleptics", reduce nicotine addiction among schizophrenics. This observation is significant because finding medications to treat tobacco addiction has been very difficult. Moreover it is still not known how atypical neuroleptics really work. Understanding how these drugs act will be important not only to unravel the mechanisms of tobacco addiction, but may also lead eventually to new treatments to combat nicotine addiction in schizophrenics and in the normal population.

 Preliminary results in our laboratory have shown that atypical neuroleptics act on some types of nicotinic receptors. Our research will focus on characterizing these effects on nicotinic receptors "transplanted" to frog eggs (Xenopus oocytes) with the hope to find an explanation for the beneficial effects of atypical antipsychotics on nicotine addiction.
Paratenthras martinsi Monne 1998
Creators: name: Groll, Elisa Von
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Paratenthras
Paratenthras martinsi

description: Paratenthras martinsi Monné, 1998
Monné, 1998:289, figs 1, 2.
Paratype ♂, BRAZIL, Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães (MCNZ 233.931).
description: Published as part of Groll, Elisa Von, 2017, Catalogue of Coleoptera type specimens housed in the collection of the Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, pp. 439-473 in Zootaxa 4318 (3) on page 446, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4318.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/887750
Additional file 3: of SCORE: Shared care of Colorectal cancer survivors: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Creators: name: Jefford, Michael
name: Emery, Jon
name: Grunfeld, Eva
name: Martin, Andrew
name: Rodger, Paula
name: Murray, Alexandra
name: Lourenco, Richard De Abreu
name: Heriot, Alexander
name: Phipps-Nelson, Jo
name: Guccione, Lisa
name: King, Dorothy
name: Lisy, Karolina
name: Tebbutt, Niall
name: Burgess, Adele
name: Faragher, Ian
name: Woods, Rodney
name: Schofield, Penelope
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer

description: Medicare consent form. (DOCX 33 kb)
Improved therapy of lung cancer
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Taxol is a new anticancer drug developed in the 1990s for treatment of human cancers, including lung cancer. However, toxic side effects such as neutropenia (loss of white blood cells) and hypersensitivity reactions have limited the usefulness of this drug. We are seeking to develop and test a novel second-generation version of taxol that is more effective in killing human lung cancer cells as a radiation enhancement agent but less toxic to normal tissues. A new second-generation analog of taxol has been synthesized and found to be about 100 times more effective against lung cancer cells in vitro, and 100% curative effects on mammary tumors in animal models, in contrast to the parent drug taxol. Moreover, the analog is significantly less toxic in animal studies than the parent drug taxol.

 We plan to test this promising analog on two human lung cancers using animal models, and to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy at clinically relevant doses for future application in human lung cancer therapy. In these studies its drug effects will be evaluated alone and in combination with radiotherapy, compared to those of taxol. These preclinical studies of this nature are complex and laborious, but they provide essential information on therapeutic properties of the taxol analog under clinically relevant conditions. Based on preliminary results it is hoped that this novel taxol analog will be superior to taxol, providing a unique combination of improved therapeutic action in killing lung cancer cells without any penalty in the form of increased drug toxicity. If therapeutic effects similar to those noted in tissue culture and in animal studies could be achieved on human lung cancers, the clinical benefits could be substantial.

 Therefore, the development of newly synthesized second-generation taxol analogs with higher efficacy and reduced toxicity holds considerable promise for dramatically improved therapy of lung cancers. The proposed studies in this project will directly contribute to the design of clinical trials and to the development of a novel taxol analog as a clinically useful therapeutic agent for treating lung cancer.
Muntiacus gongshanensis Ma 1990
Creators: name: Don E. Wilson
name: Russell A. Mittermeier
Publisher: name: Lynx Edicions
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Artiodactyla
Cervidae
Muntiacus
Muntiacus gongshanensis

description: 6.
Gongshan Muntjac
Muntiacus gongshanensis
French: Muntjac de Gongshan / German: Gongshan-Muntjak / Spanish: Muntiaco de Gongshan
Taxonomy. Muntiacus gongshanensis Ma, 1990,
Mijio, Gongshan county (Yunnan, China).
Closely related to M. erinifrons, the divergence of these two species is a relatively recent event. Monotypic.
Distribution. S China (Yunnan) and N Myanmar; possibly SE Xizang, NE India, and Bhutan.
Descriptive notes. Head-body 90-110 cm, tail 20 cm, shoulder height 55 cm; weight 20-25 kg. Medium-sized; similar to the Black Muntjac (M. c¢rinifrons) but with males lacking the frontal tuft; females have a crown tuft more prominentlaterally than centrally. The coat is brown, with back and tail dark brown, the head pale brown with dark lines on pedicles. Antlers relatively short. The diploid number of chromosomesis 2 n =9 (males) and 8 (females).
Habitat. The Gongshan Muntjac prefers evergreen, lowland forests.
Food and Feeding. Nothing is known, but likely a partially omnivorous browser.
Breeding. No information for this species, but most other tropical muntjacs bear a single young, aseasonally.
Activity patterns. Nothing is known forthis species; other muntjacs range from diurnal through crespucular to nocturnal.
Movements, Home range and Social organization. No data for this species, but likely solitary, as in other species of muntjacs.
Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List, probably decreasing. Hunting appears to be the major threat.
Bibliography. Amato et al. (2000), Huang Ling et al. (2006), Ma Shilai et al. (1990), Timmins, Duckworth & Zaw (2008a), Wang Wen & Lan Hong (2000).
description: Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2011, Cervidae, pp. 350-443 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 410, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6514377
Charities
Creators: name: Tariq, Wagar
name: Ngo, Le (Lizzie)
name: Adenan, Adila
name: Fagan, Julie M.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2010

description: Issues about charities and charities for third world countries
description: Although the principle and concept of charity has been around for ages, the voluntary act of giving through charity has evolved over the years, and more and more charitable organizations are formed to fight for specific causes but in general to help the unfortunates and enhance the public welfare. In order to help, the public can donate or support the organizations that commit to the causes they believe in. With the many issues that have arisen relating to non-profit organizations, such as corruption, misguidance, and fraudulence, it is imperative to know that our effort, no matter how much or how little, goes into helping and comforting those in need. There are online tools that can help us decide the best organizations to donate to and also to verify the authenticity of certain foundations. Using Charity Navigator, our group decided to donate the gift of a goat through Heifer International to a poverty-stricken family in a third world country. Our project involved a fundraising event to collect enough money to donate to Heifer International. We held a clothing exchange event at our regular classroom and charged an admission fee of $2.00 per person. During the event, people who have bought tickets and have donated their clothing exchanged their tickets for other people’s clothing. By the end of the day, we managed to collect the required amount of donation to send a goat to a family in a third world country.
Additional file 9: Table S4. of Morphological and genetic factors shape the microbiome of a seabird species (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) more than environmental and social factors
Creators: name: Pearce, Douglas
name: Hoover, Brian
name: Jennings, Sarah
name: Nevitt, Gabrielle
name: Docherty, Kathryn
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Ecology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Families represented within top phyla. In Fig. 1b, families representing the top 20 most abundant species are shown. The remaining families within each phylum are shown in Fig. 1 are listed in this table. (DOCX 121 kb)
Patellofemoral joint geometry and osteoarthritis features 3–10 years after knee injury compared with uninjured knees
Creators: name: Macri, Erin M
name: Whittaker, Jackie L
name: Toomey, Clodagh
name: Jaremko, Jacob L
name: Galarneau, Jean-Michel
name: Ronsky, Janet L
name: Kuntze, Gregor
name: Emery, Carolyn A.
Publisher: name: University of Limerick
Year: 2024

description:
In this cross‐sectional study, we compared patellofemoral geometry in individuals with a youth‐sport‐related intra‐articular knee injury to uninjured individuals, and the association between patellofemoral geometry and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐defined osteoarthritis (OA) features. In the Youth Prevention of Early OA (PrE‐OA) cohort, we assessed 10 patellofemoral geometry measures in individuals 3–10 years following injury compared with uninjured individuals of similar age, sex, and sport, using mixed effects linear regression. We also dichotomized geometry to identify extreme (>1.96 standard deviations) features and assessed likelihood of having extreme values using Poisson regression. Finally, we evaluated the associations between patellofemoral geometry with MRI‐defined OA features using restricted cubic spline regression. Mean patellofemoral geometry did not differ substantially between groups. However, compared with uninjured individuals, injured individuals were more likely to have extremely large sulcus angle prevalence ratio [PR] 3.9 [95% confidence interval, CI: 2.3, 6.6]), and shallow lateral trochlear inclination (PR 4.3 (1.1, 17.9)) and trochlear depth (PR 5.3 (1.6, 17.4)). In both groups, high bisect offset (PR 1.7 [1.3, 2.1]) and sulcus angle (PR 4.0 [2.3, 7.0]) were associated with cartilage lesion, and most geometry measures were associated with at least one structural feature, especially cartilage lesions and osteophytes. We observed no interaction between geometry and injury. Certain patellofemoral geometry features are correlated with higher prevalence of structural lesions compared with injury alone, 3–10 years following knee injury. Hypotheses generated in this study, once further evaluated, could contribute to identifying higher‐risk individuals who may benefit from targeted treatment aimed at preventing posttraumatic OA.
Drepanosira hussi Neuherz 1976
Creators: name: Mayvan, Mahmood Mehrafrooz
name: Greenslade, Penelope
name: Sadeghi-Namaghi, Hussein
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Collembola
Entomobryomorpha
Entomobryidae
Drepanosira
Drepanosira hussi

description: Drepanosira hussi Neuherz, 1976
‒ Drepanosira hussi Neuherz, 1976: 17.
NK: Mehrafrooz Mayvan et al. 2022a.
Ecology and habitat in Iran: soil under Oak trees.
General distribution: Afganistan (Neuherz 1976), India (Baquero et al. 2015; Mandal 2018a) and Iran.
Genus Willowsia Shoebotham, 1917
description: Published as part of Mayvan, Mahmood Mehrafrooz, Greenslade, Penelope & Sadeghi-Namaghi, Hussein, 2023, An annotated checklist of the Collembola (Hexapoda) from Iran, pp. 1-101 in Zootaxa 5275 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5275.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7898948
Vishniacozyma pseudocarnescens JRP
Creators: name: Choi, Yunhee
name: Kim, Jun Heo and Yiseul
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Fungi
Basidiomycota
Tremellomycetes
Tremellales
Bulleribasidiaceae
Vishniacozyma
Vishniacozyma pseudocarnescens

description: Description of Vishniacozyma pseudocarnescens JRP 1-10
Cells are ellipsoidal shaped and budding is monopolar. Colonies are smooth and cream-colored after 3-day incubation at 25℃ on YMA. According to API 20C AUX test, strain JRP1-10 is positive for 2-keto-D-gluconate, L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-sorbitol, N -methyl-D-glucosamine, D-lactose (bovine origin), D-maltose, and D-trehalose; and weakly positive for glycerol, adonitol, xylitol, D-galactose, inositol, α-methyl-D-glucoside, D-celobiose, D-saccharose, D-melezitose, and D-raffinose.
Strain JRP1-10 (KACC 410703) was isolated from the flower of Kerria japonica f. pleniflora (Witte) Rehder in Jeonju City, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
description: Published as part of Choi, Yunhee & Kim, Jun Heo and Yiseul, 2024, New record of Vishniacozyma pseudocarnescens, basidiomycetous yeast species isolated from flowers in Korea, pp. 288-292 in Journal of Species Research 13 (3) on page 291, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2024.13.3.288, http://zenodo.org/record/14659322
Clenbuterol: Effects and Usage in Livestock and Show Animals
Creators: name: Wood, Aimee
name: Foo, Tzeh Keong
name: Ahmad, Mohd
name: Fagan, Julie M.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2010

description: Clenbuterol a beta-adrenergic agonist and the illegal use in food producing animals and show animals to improve lean muscle mass and market value.
description: This classapedia is on the effects of clenbuterol on livestock such as cattle, poultry and swine. Clenbuterol is and illegal growth promoter illegally used in farms to fatten up animals before sending them to slaughter. In recent news Tour de France winner Alberto Contador has been tested positive for clenbuterol. Clenbuterol can also be used as a sport enhancement drug and is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Our service project was to investigate the chance that the beef he had eaten the night before his urine was tested really poisoned Contador. It is unlawful and unethical for farmers to be using illegal substances on their animals that are harmful to the animals and humans alike. It is a huge injustice to Contador not to mention meat consumers if the meat he had ingested was tainted and he loses his titles and is banned from cycling.
Clenbuterol Human Effects
Creators: name: Yeh, Jessie
name: Lau, Horace
name: Lovisone, Danielle
name: Fagan, Julie M.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2010

description: The effect of clenbuterol in humans is researched through examining the history and regulations of the drug. Specifically, Alberto Contador’s case is considered.
description: As a sympathomimetic and Beta-2 agonist, clenbuterol have several deleterious effects on the human body. The drug acts as a thermogenic stimulant, increasing lean muscle mass and respiratory efficiency while reducing fat. Cases on clenbuterol, including animal tests and human occurrences, support these unnatural and potentially harmful effects. With this, athletes and body builders have recently increased their use of the drug. Particularly, Alberto Contador has recently been targeted for having traces of clenbuterol in a urine drug test. Contador claims, instead of doping, this trace amount was unknowingly received from ingesting beef in Spain during the 2010 Tour de France. Although clenbuterol is banned in most areas of the world, this explanation seems plausible because the drug is poorly regulated by organizations such as the FDA. To examine Contador’s case further, our group compiled research on clenbuterol to ultimately hypothesize that Contador received this trace amount from contaminated beef. Our findings were submitted to the World Anti-Doping Agency as part of our Service Project.
Muntiacus crinifrons Sclater 1885
Creators: name: Don E. Wilson
name: Russell A. Mittermeier
Publisher: name: Lynx Edicions
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Artiodactyla
Cervidae
Muntiacus
Muntiacus crinifrons

description: 7.
Black Muntjac
Muntiacus crinifrons
French: Muntjac noir / German: Schwarzer Muntjak / Spanish: Muntiaco negro
Other common names: Hairy-fronted Muntjac
Taxonomy. Cervulus crinifrons Sclater, 1885,
Ningpo, Zhejiiang (China).
For more than a century only five specimens were known. It is closely related to M. gongshanensis and sometimes confused with it. Monotypic.
Distribution. Zhejiang and neighboring areas, E China.
Descriptive notes. Head-body 90-110 cm, tail 20 cm, shoulder height 55 cm; weight 20-25 kg. Females are slighter larger than males. Large-sized muntjac, with a rufous or golden-yellow long-haired frontal tuft, pointed ears;tail relatively long and fringed with white hair. Pedicles are 7-9 cm long, antlers are 7-8 cm long. The diploid number of chromosomes is 9 (males) and 8 (females).
Habitat. It lives in mountain forests with abundant undergrowth, sometimes also in scrubland. Up to 1000 m above sea level. The forests consist of a mosaic of deciduous broadleaf, evergreen, and bamboo patches with dense undergrowth and subtropical monsoon conditions.
Food and Feeding. Its diet consists of leaves, twigs, fruits, forbs, grasses.
Breeding. Females attain puberty at about twelve months of age. Breeding is aseasonal. After about 210 days of pregnancy, females give birth to a single fawn. In one study, some lactating females were found carrying fetuses, implying that post-partum estrus is possible in this species.
Activity patterns. Nothing is known about activity in this species.
Movements, Home range and Social organization. Black muntjacs are solitary and territorial, but little is known of their movements. Secretions from the frontal and preorbital glands are rubbed against vegetation to mark territories. When the territory of a male Black Muntjac is invaded, he defendsit using the tusk-like upper canines to drive out the invader.
Status and Conservation. CITES Annex I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The total population was assessed in late 1990s at 7000-8500 individuals. The Black Muntjac is declining; overhunting and habitat loss and degradation continue to represent important threats. Habitat fragmentation is responsible for a genetic differentiation among subpopulations.
Bibliography. Amato et al. (2000), Groves & Grubb (1990), Harris (2008), Lan Hong et al. (1995), Lu Hogee & Sheng Helin (1984), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Wang Wen & Lan Hong (2000), Wu Hailong et al. (2006, 2007).
description: Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2011, Cervidae, pp. 350-443 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 410, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6514377
Nicotine regulates cardiac toxicity with lipopolysaccharide
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Heart function is depressed during infections of the bloodstream (sepsis). This is related to the toxic effects of lipopopolysaccharide (LPS), a part of the cell wall of bacteria commonly responsible for infections. The major function of the heart is to pump blood to the body. This is accomplished by contraction of the individual muscle cells of the heart, or myocytes; LPS weakens contraction of myocytes, leading to depressed pumping function of the heart with a severe fall in blood pressure, or shock. Septic shock is highly fatal (death in 20-50%) and is the leading cause of death in the intensive care unit.

 Smoking doubles the death rate from severe sepsis in older patients. This may be related to the fact that smoking not only increases the susceptibility to infections, but also impairs normal defense mechanisms to fight against infections. Smoking also contributes to the development of heart disease, as well as impairs the normal response to acute injury of the heart. This proposal examines how nicotine, an active component of tobacco smoke, regulates the toxic effects of LPS on myocytes isolated from the heart. Paradoxically, nicotine exposure may have beneficial effects by inhibiting a unique form of cell death induced by LPS, termed apoptosis. Apoptosis leads to the permanent loss of myocytes from the heart, and can contribute to the development of chronic heart failure (as the work of the entire heart must be performed by a smaller number of individual muscle cells or myocytes).

 This study will be performed in adult rats exposed to nicotine by implanting minature pumps under their skin. These pumps will infuse nicotine continuously to produce blood nicotine levels comparable to those of a heavy smoker. After one week of nicotine exposure, myocytes will be isolated from the heart and exposed to LPS. The effects of LPS on myocyte apoptosis will be measured. Based on preliminary data, it is anticipated that nicotine exposure will have protective effects to prevent myocyte death by apoptosis. Several intermediate steps involved in LPS activation of myocytes will be measured to understand potential mechanisms for nicotine to regulate LPS effects on the heart.

 Information derived from these studies will have practical benefits. Survivors from sepsis are at increased risk of death for five years. Sepsis can have longterm consequences by inducing apoptosis in the heart, leading to chronic loss of myocytes with chronic heart failure. Utilizing nicotine-related pathways to inhibit apoptosis may prove beneficial in preventing longterm impairments in heart function in survivors of sepsis, including non-smokers.
Climate Change
Creators: name: Heidelberger, Geoffrey
name: Adams, Andrew
name: Ternlund, Kenneth
name: Namendorf, Erik
name: Winter, Stephanie
name: Cronin, Kevin
name: Fagan, Julie M.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2010

description: Slowing down climate change by lowering emissions in NJ
description: The US is falling behind Europe when it comes to climate change.  There have been attempts to bring down anthropogenic gases in the US but few have been effective at providing a complete solution.  California just recently voted to continue their plan of reducing emissions called the “Climate Change Scoping Plan”.  This plan will try to reduce 15% of their current emission levels by 2020.  Besides California there have been no aggressive attempts at halting climate change in the US.  In order to hinder climate change all 50 states must be in agreement to move towards greener energy.  Our proposal is to send NJ’s government a proposition that will reduce emissions in NJ and follow in the footsteps of California.  One more state that will invest in greener emissions is one step closer to a country becoming CO2 independent.
Eupromerella maculata Martins, Galileo
Creators: name: Groll, Elisa Von
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Eupromerella
Eupromerella maculata

description: Eupromerella maculata Martins, Galileo & Limeira-de-Oliveira, 2009
Martins, Galileo & Limeira-de-Oliveira, 2009b:516, fig. 7.
Paratype ♀, BRAZIL, Maranhão: Caxias (Campus UEMA, Morro do Alecrim), 20–25.XII.2008, F. L. -de-Oliveira col., luz branca (MCNZ 237.047).
description: Published as part of Groll, Elisa Von, 2017, Catalogue of Coleoptera type specimens housed in the collection of the Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, pp. 439-473 in Zootaxa 4318 (3) on page 446, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4318.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/887750
Willowsia bartkei Stach 1965
Creators: name: Mayvan, Mahmood Mehrafrooz
name: Greenslade, Penelope
name: Sadeghi-Namaghi, Hussein
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Collembola
Entomobryomorpha
Entomobryidae
Willowsia
Willowsia bartkei

description: Willowsia bartkei Stach, 1965
– Willowsia bartkei Stach, 1965: 361.
NK: Mehrafrooz Mayvan et al. 2022a.
Ecology and habitat in Iran: soil under oak trees.
General distribution: Vietnam (Zhang 2015) and Iran.
description: Published as part of Mayvan, Mahmood Mehrafrooz, Greenslade, Penelope & Sadeghi-Namaghi, Hussein, 2023, An annotated checklist of the Collembola (Hexapoda) from Iran, pp. 1-101 in Zootaxa 5275 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5275.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7898948
A dynamic model of smoking and healthcare expenditures in CA
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: This study will develop a series of related models that permit us to understand the impact of smoking on healthcare costs through several different pathways. The impact of smoking on health changes with the intensity of smoking (packs per day), with the length of time one smokes, with the age one is if and when they quit, and as one ages. The models will analyze the impact of smoking on health status, on the likelihood of having a smoking-caused disease, and the impact of poor health and disease on healthcare expenditures. The models will be developed using national surveys, and will be applied to California to estimate the annual and lifetime healthcare expenditures that can be attributed to smoking in California. The models will then be used to address a question of great policy relevance in California: what has been net effect of the California Tobacco Control program on healthcare costs? The study has six specific aims.

 Aim 1. Develop a model that analyzes the effect of smoking on health status, the effect of health status on medical expenditures, and the impact of smoking cessation on the combined effects.

 Aim 2. Develop a model that analyzes the effect of smoking on the likelihood of having a smoking-caused disease (such as lung cancer), the effect of having a smoking-caused disease on medical expenditures, and the impact of quitting smoking on the combined effects.

 Aim 3. Develop a model of smoking caused deaths. Smokers are known to be at greater risk of death from a number of diseases. This model will consider the effect of smoking on the probability of death, and will analyze the reduced deaths resulting from quitting smoking.

 Aim 4. Develop a model of nursing home costs. Smoking impacts nursing home costs in several ways. This model will consider the increased likelihood of being in a nursing home caused by smoking-related diseases as well as due to the death of a spouse caused by his/her smoking.

 Aim 5. The models will be combined and applied to the state of California, using California-specific data on smoking history, its population characteristics, their risk behaviors, and healthcare expenditures. Both the annual smoking-related medical expenditures and lifetime medical expenditures resulting from smoking in California will be estimated.

 Aim 6. Analyze the economic impact of the California Tobacco Control Program using the models developed here. We will analyze the impact of the program on smoking prevalence and the impact of changed prevalence on healthcare expenditures in the state. The first ten years of the program will be analyzed, and we will predict the impact during the next 25 years.
College and Animal Abandonment
Creators: name: Hoagland, Kelly
name: Maus, Kevin
name: Susan, Julia
name: Welch, Kristene
name: Fagan, Julie M.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2010

description: College students abandon their pets at the end of the school year due to financial hardship or inability to bring them home.
description: Some college students take on the responsibility of being a pet owner by either adopting or purchasing a pet.  All is well and good until the student realizes that the responsibilities of college and pet ownership are too much for them to handle or they realize they cannot bring their animal back home with them when the end of spring semester arrives.  What do they do?  Their  options are to find the animal a new home, bring it to a shelter, or abandon the animal to the streets.  Our group is tackling the issue that many college students will abandon their pets at the end of the school term because they do not fully consider the commitment that they are making to the animal.  Our group went out to the Rutgers University student centers and tried to inform students about the requirements of being a good pet owner and asking them whether they were prepared for pet ownership.  We handed out and left informational pamphlets at student centers as well. In addition, we e-mailed editorials to over &5 college newspapers from such major institutions as Dartmouth and Cornell, in order to try and spread awareness across the country.
Role of Smad protein in growth inhibition of tumor cells
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Tobacco smoking has been shown to be a major cause of lung cancer. It also increases the incidence of other types of cancers. How a normal cell becomes cancerous is a fundamental question that underlies these observations. Therefore, in order to understand how tobacco smoking causes cancer, a better understanding of the basic process and mechanism controlling normal and cancerous cell behavior is critical.

 The growth of normal lung cells are tightly regulated by their environment, while lung cancer cells grow in an uncontrolled manner. One of the growth factors that play an important role in the regulation of lung epithelial cell growth is transforming growth factor-ß or TGFß. TGFß can inhibit the growth of normal lung cells and early stage lung cancer cells. Malignant cells often lose the ability to be inhibited by TGFß. Thus, it plays an important role in tumor suppression. TGFß exerts this effect by binding to the surface of cells and by attaching to TGFß receptor molecules. Activated TGFß receptors then signal the cells to inhibit their growth. Inside the cells, a group of proteins called Smad is responsible for transmitting the signals into the nucleus, the “brain” of the cell, and activating a whole series of events that eventually leads to cessation of growth. We have found that, in the nucleus, there is an important protein called SnoN that normally functions to prevent these TGFß-induced events from being active. Smad proteins have to bind to the SnoN protein and get rid of it in order to perform its function. In many cancer cells, Smad proteins were not able to destroy the SnoN protein, thus they may not be able to activate TGFß-induced events. Therefore, interaction between the Smads and SnoN may be the “gate-keeper” between normal and cancer cells and certainly plays an important role in the determination of state of cell growth. However, it is not yet clear how this interaction results in destruction of the SnoN protein, and whether this is critical for carcinogenesis. In this proposal, we will employ molecular biological, biochemical and cell biological approaches to investigate the detail interaction between SnoN and the Smads, and try to understand how deregulation of this interaction results in cancer. We will also uncover the mechanism by which Smad proteins destroy SnoN to inhibit cell growth. Hopefully, the results from this research will lead to better diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Eupromerella picturata Martins, Galileo
Creators: name: Groll, Elisa Von
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Eupromerella
Eupromerella picturata

description: Eupromerella picturata Martins, Galileo & Limeira-de-Oliveira, 2009
Martins, Galileo & Limeira-de-Oliveira, 2009b:515, fig. 6.
Paratype ♀, BRAZIL, Maranhão: Caxias (Campus UEMA, Morro do Alecrim), 25–30.XII.2008, F. L. -de-Oliveira col., luz branca (MCNZ 237.045).
description: Published as part of Groll, Elisa Von, 2017, Catalogue of Coleoptera type specimens housed in the collection of the Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, pp. 439-473 in Zootaxa 4318 (3) on page 446, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4318.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/887750
Human tryptase gene expression: role in COPD
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: These studies propose a functional genomics approach to the identification of new genes, functions and modes of regulation of tryptases, which are the most abundant proteins of human mast cells. They are serine proteases with trypsin-like substrate specificity and are stored in secretory granules. With heparin and histamine, they are released extracellularly after mast cell activation by antigen-bound IgE, neuropeptides and other stimuli, including cigarette smoke. Except for small amounts expressed in basophils, known tryptases are exclusive to mast cells. They are of special interest in pulmonary diseases because their concentration is higher in the lung than in other organs, their levels in bronchoalveolar lining fluid increase after cigarette smoking and in several forms of lung disease, and their properties suggest involvement in bronchoconstriction, neutrophil recruitment, lung and airway fibrosis, and destruction of lung extracellular matrix. Tryptase inhibitors reduce early and late-phase responses in sheep and guinea pig models of allergic bronchoconstriction and show efficacy in a phase II trial in humans with asthma. Surprisingly, much about the nature, number and expression of these biologically important enzymes is poorly understood.

 Recent discoveries in the Principal Investigator’s laboratory reveal the existence of multiple copies of known tryptases in the human genome in distinct multigene loci, as well as the presence of previously unsuspected novel members of the tryptase gene family. The studies proposed here will 1) identify and characterize genes encoding known and novel tryptases, 2) identify mechanisms regulating levels of tryptase mRNA 3) establish cell and tissue expression of novel tryptase mRNA and protein, and 4) determine physiological and enzymological characteristics of novel tryptases as predictors of possibly novel function. These studies will clarify the basis of the exceptional levels of tryptase gene expression in humans.

 Because tryptases are specific to mast cells and are their most abundant products, the study of tryptase gene regulation eventually may lead to the identification of "master" regulatory proteins controlling the expression of the mast cell's unique repertoire of proteins and mediators. In addition, the search for novel tryptases may lead to the identification of new enzymes with important functions in lung and airway biology.
The Dangers of Protein Drink Supplements
Creators: name: Holman, Chelsea
name: Kathuria, Nainy
name: Chen, Yirong
name: Singh, Ajay
name: Fagan, Julie M.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2010

description: A study of the risks associated with protein drinks including heavy metal contaminants, high protein diet effects, and the trends towards pro-hormones
description: Commercial protein drinks are meant for boosting protein level in the body; however, undesired substances also enter the body through protein supplemental drinks and cause undesired effects. Heavy metal contaminant is one of the undesired substance, and can accumulate to a risky level with multiple servings of protein drinks per day. U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) set the daily limit for heavy contaminants of arsenic - 15µg; lead - 10µg; cadmium - 5µg; mercury - 15µg. Arsenic, lead, and cadmium are all found to be close to the daily limit. Pro-hormones are also found, with or without being listed on the ingredient label. Pro-hormones are found to disturb natural hormonal balance in the body and may be harmful in growth or sex development in adolescents and children, and other undesired side effects on adults. Besides, high protein level is not necessarily beneficial to the body and causes an extra burden to kidneys. Most U.S. adult can obtain sufficient protein in their diet from natural sources.