Pygoderma bilabiatum
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Mittermeier, Russell A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Phyllostomidae
Pygoderma
Pygoderma bilabiatum

description: 214. Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat <i>Pygoderma bilabiatum</i> <b>French:</b> Sténoderme d'lpanema / <b>German:</b> Ipanema-Breitnasenfledermaus / <b>Spanish:</b> Pigoderma de Ipanema <b>Other common names:</b> Ipanema Bat <b>Taxonomy.</b> Phyllostoma bilabiatum Wagner, 1843, “Ypanema” (= Ipanema, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Widely used subspecific name magna has been changed for gender agreement. Three names have been associated with P. bilabiatum, two of them (Arctibeus leucomus by J. E. Gray in 1848 and Stenoderma humerale by H. Winge in 1892) are synonyms of the nominate subspecies. Two subspecies recognized. <b>Subspecies and Distribution.</b> P.b.bilabiatumWagner,1843—E&amp;SBrazil,Paraguay,andNEArgentina(Misiones). P.b. magnum Owen &amp; Webster, 1983 — SE Bolivia (Santa Cruz Department) and NW Argentina (Salta Province). Records from Suriname (including the type of S. microdon by W. K. H. Peters in 1863) are controversial; several authors consider that this was probably a mistake in the annotated locality. Despite intense collecting efforts in Suriname in the last 40 years, there was no record of Pygoderma; its northern limit is E Brazil, and it is only known from Cerrado and Mata Atlantica ecoregions. No voucheris securely assigned to a Suriname location, so it is not included as part ofits distribution. <b>Descriptive notes.</b> Forearm 36-2-38-1 mm (males) and 38-9-41-4 mm (females). Greatest lengths ofskulls are 19-2-21-3 mm (males) and 20-1-22-2 mm (females). No other measurements are available. Females are larger than males The Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat is small. Dorsal pelage is tricolored, with hairs having brown tips and bases and pale buff midsections. Ventral pelage can be pale brown or grayish, and hair is sparse on chest. Dorsal and ventral propatagium, plagiopatagium adjacent to body, most of forearm, and uropatagium are covered with hair. Pair of pure white fur patches occurs in shoulders, and another pair occupiessides of the neck—a condition shared by all Stenodermatini bats. Eyes are olive, and internal surface of pinna is pale. Hairless or virtually naked skin covers upper and lower lip. Skin fold on lower lip gives a “double-lipped appearance,” hence the epithet bilabiatum. Other secondary sexual differences include doughnutshaped, swollen periorbital glands that can be more developed in males, and submandibular and forearm gland-like structures, which are found exclusively on some males and located on lateral-distal forearm, extend distally to proximal end of fifth metacarpal bone. Young males have less developed periorbital glands, and adult males have variable development of those glands. All males with developed forelimb glands also have developed periorbital and submandibular glands. Dactylopatagium minus is broad and translucent and remains permanently opened. Dental formula is 12/2, Cl1/1.P2/2,M 2/2 (x2) = 28, but it can be 29 or 30 teeth hecause variation in presence, absence of M, in one or both mandibular rami are found mostly in females and might occur in both subspecies. I' are conical and have small accessory cusps. M' has short, little-developed metacone. Maxillary bones are largely inflated, conferring to cuboid appearance to the front of the skull. Posterior palate lacks posterior extension and is not emarginated. Similar to other stenodermatines (e.g. Ametrida, Ardops, and Aniteus), chromosomal complement has 2n = 30-31 and FN = 56. X-chromosome is metacentric, and two Y-chromosomes are submetacentric or subtelocentric. <b>Habitat.</b> Primary and secondary Atlantic forest in south-eastern Brazil and eastern Paraguay; cerrado and “restinga” (coastal moist broadleaved low-canopy forest) in eastern Brazil; tropical and subtropical forests of north-eastern Argentina; and Gran Chaco of eastern Bolivia, western Paraguay, and northern Argentina. <b>Food and Feeding.</b> The Ipanema Broad-nosed Batis frugivorous and has been recorded consuming fruits of Solanum granulosoleprosum and S. sanctae-catharinae (both Solanaceae); Ficus enormis, EFinsipida, and Maclura tinctoria (all Moraceae); Pouteria caimito (Sapotaceae); Miconia brasiliensis (Melastomataceae); and Eugenia sp. (Myrtaceae) and pulp of Citharexylum solanaceum (Verbenaceae). These data suggest that the Ipanema Broadnosed Bat disperse small and large seeds. Pollen grains were found in the stomach of one individual from south-eastern Brazil. <b>Breeding.</b> Some authors suggest that Ipanema Broad-nosed Bats are polyestrous. Pregnant females have been recorded in February, August, October-November, and December in south-eastern Brazil and March andJuly-August in Paraguay. Lactating females have been recorded in February-March, November, and December in south-eastern Brazil. <b>Activity patterns.</b> In south-eastern Brazil, Ipanema Broad-nosed Bats visit C. solanaceum trees in groups of four or more individuals, obtaining fruits with their mouths and flying to feeding perches 3-9 m away. Bitten fruits, however, were found up to 100 m from the harvest tree. There are reports of Ipanema Broad-nosed Bats roosting in human houses in Argentina. <b>Movements, Home range and Social organization.</b> The Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat has a seasonal pattern of mobility that some authors correlated with fruit abundance and availability. Based on differencesin sex ratios from distinct elevations, it has been suggested that either vertical migrations occur in different seasons or males and females prefer different elevations. There are probably differences in home range size between sexes. Ipanema Broad-nosed Bats are often caught in low frequencies, but they occasionally can be locally common in some areas. <b>Status and Conservation.</b> Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Although its known distribution is somewhat wide, the Ipanema Broad-nosed Bats is usually uncommon locally. <b>Bibliography.</b> Esbérard et al. (2011), Faria (1997), Gardner (2008f), Gray (1848), Myers (1981), Oprea et al. (2007), Owen &amp; Webster (1983), Passos et al. (2003), Peracchi &amp; Albuquerque (1971), Peters (1863), Scultori &amp; Silva (2018), Tavares (1995, 2008), Tavares et al. (2018), Webster &amp; Owen (1983), Winge (1892).
description: Published as part of <i>Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on page 582, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594