Perelleschus salpinflexus Cardona-Duque &amp; Franz
Creators: name: Franz, Nico M.
name: Cardona-Duque, Juliana
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Curculionidae
Perelleschus
Perelleschus salpinflexus

description: <i>Perelleschus salpinflexus</i> Cardona-Duque &amp; Franz sp. nov. sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) (Figs 7 &amp; 8) <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Perelleschus salpinflexus</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) is distinguished from other members of <i>Perelleschus</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) by the following traits: integument slightly darkened; labial prementum slightly elongate (as opposed to subquadrate); antennal scape two-coloured, progressing from dark brown to more reddish brown; intercoxal projection of the mesosternum slightly emarginate; procoxa subglabrous; apodeme of male sternum IX slender; tegminal apodeme deflexed (as opposed to straight); apical margin of the aedeagus rounded (as opposed to projected); weak papillate sclerites present in the apical 1/3 of the endophallus; appendix of the spermatheca reduced and strongly deflexed; and apical portion of the cornu inclined clockwise or counter-clockwise. <i>Perelleschus salpinflexus</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) can be distinguished from <i>P. carludovicae</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) by its smaller size, the shorter and sparser pilosity of the procoxae, the presence of papillate endophallic sclerites, and the triangular spermathecal appendix and curvation of the cornea. This species furthermore differs from <i>P. evelynae</i> Franz &amp; O’Brien sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) and <i>P. variabilis</i> Franz &amp; O’Brien sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) by the apical position of endophallic sclerites and the apically rounded cornu, and from <i>P. spinothylax</i> sp. nov. sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013), described below, by its darker tegument, the shape of the prementum, the shape of intercoxal projection on the mesosternum, the more slen- der apodeme of the male sternum IX, the apically rounded aedeagus, and the shape and position of the distinctly sclerotized endophallic sclerites. <b>Description. <i>Male</i></b> . Small, length 2.3–2.6 mm, width 1.2–1.3 mm, l/w = 1.9–2.1 (N = 4); colour light to dark reddish brown; elytra yellowish brown to brown; sculpture variously punctulate; vestiture short, aurate, conspicuous on antennal funicle and club, pronotum, metaventrite, procoxae, ventral protibia and sternites. Mouthparts. <i>Mandible</i> (Fig. 11) as in other species of Perelleschus sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013); pharyngeal process long, 2.4× greatest width of mandible. Maxilla (Fig. 10) with cardo with 1 large seta and 1 short seta mesally; stipes apically sinuate; inner margin of the galea+lacinia+palpiger complex with 4 lacinial teeth (Ting, 1936). Labium slightly longer than wide, trapezoidal (Figs 9 &amp; 27). Prementum slightly elongate, trapezoidal; apical corners oblique, converging, apical margin mesally straight; with 2 large, apicolateral, dorsally inserted setae; labial palps with palpomere II nearly 3× as long as III, its outer apical edge strongly projected. Postmentum elongate. <i>Rostrum.</i> Short, 0.5 mm; r/p = 0.5–0.6; light reddish brown. In dorsal view slightly widened apicad of antennal insertion; dorsally rugulose, with short setae; scrobe projecting beyond antennal socket to apex, basally shallow, not well defined, widened near rostral base, dorsally punctate, with scarce and short setae, ventrally with an inflexion that almost reaches eye. Antenna with basal half of scape dark brown, apical half light reddish brown, scape extending to eye in resting position. <i>Head</i>. Light reddish brown; frons rugulose; posterior margin surrounding eyes darkened, glabrous, dorsal punctures finer than on rostrum. Eyes separated from anterior margin of pronotum by 0.5× diameter of eye; posterior margin preceded by a shallow ridge. <i>Thorax</i>. Pronotum slightly globular, l/w = 0.9–1.0 (N = 4); reddish to dark brown, darkened on sides, with an obscure mesal maculation extending to anterior margin, posterior margin and laterals darkened; anterior margin 0.5–0.6× as wide as posterior margin, greatest width near posterior 2/3; punctate, vestiture short, lateral setae longer. <i>Epipleura</i>. Mesanepisternum (Fig. 12) equilaterally triangular, posterior vertex slightly truncate; mesepimeron half as wide as mesanepisternum; metanepisternum anteriorly widened, anterior margin curved, meeting ventral margin at a sharp angle, posteriorly narrowed; sclerolepidia (Lyal <i>et al</i>., 2006) present along metanepisternal sutures except for anterior part where suture is curved: consisting of small and slender seta-like scleropidial scales, some of them bifurcate (Fig. 13), as described by Lyal <i>et al</i>. (2006) under the squamiform 1 type, since they resemble the hairs of the surrounding areas; metepimeron pyriform, extending above posterior 1/5 of metanepisternum. <i>Sterna</i>. Prosternal setae as long as lateral ones, procoxal cavities inserted at posterior 2/3; mesoventrite with mesoventral process slightly emarginate (Fig. 14); posterolateral area of metaventrite with a parallel ridge adjacent to metacoxa, followed by a shallow and glabrous depression, equate with metacoxa. Ventral vestiture dense, varying in length, almost entirely covering thoracic ventrites. <i>Metendosternite</i> (Fig. 16). In lateral view directed obliquely at nearly 50° in relation to metaventrite. Stalk in ventral view with posterior margin widely diverging; mesal emarginations strongly angulate. Ventral flange in lateral view as wide as stalk, sides concave (giving an appearance of a cubic structure). Sheaths subtriangular, concave, nearly half as long as stalk (Velázquez de Castro, 1998). Hemiducts as long as external branch of furcal arms, strongly clubbed, truncate. Furcal arms apically bifurcated, pointed. Anterior tendons positioned at base of furcal arms. <i>Legs</i>. Yellowish brown; procoxa apically with sparse and short pubescence, inner face with a subapical foveola; profemur f/p = 0.5–0.6, slightly stouter than meso- and metafemur; protibia t/f = 0.9–1.0; meso and metatibia ventrally pubescent along apical 1/3; posterior margin of mesotibia with 7–8 spines. <i>Scutellum.</i> Dark reddish brown, with dense vestiture. <i>Elytra</i>. L/w = 1.2–1.4; dark reddish brown, laterally more darkened from stria VIII to margin, vestiture longer than on pronotum. <i>Wings</i>. Length 2.1–2.2× that of elytra, l/w = 2.9–3.2 (N = 3); posterior margin with setae throughout, setae longer in anal region; stigmal patch oval-elongate, longer than wide, evenly rounded at apex, apically with a small sclerotization and 2 setae inserted (as described by Zherikhin &amp; Gratshev, 1995 for some Acalyptini [nonfocal]; see also Franz, 2006: character 110); medial stripe long. <i>Abdomen</i>. Tergites complete. Sternite VII similar in length to V+VI. <i>Terminalia</i>. Sternum VIII (Fig. 17) with membrane of hemisternites situated near fold of intermembrane connecting sternum VII–VIII, subtending a transversally oriented, bifurcate, lobed median process (= spiculum relictum <i>sensu</i> Thompson, 1992; see also Wanat, 2007). Sternum IX (Fig. 18): the base of the spiculum gastrale, as specified in Franz &amp; O’Brien (2001), corresponds to the apodeme, and the bifurcation is positioned at the basal end (Wanat, 2007); with apodeme slightly narrowed near apex (2× as wide as aedeagal apodemes), apex widened; basal fork distally rounded. Tegminal apodeme deflexed (Fig. 19). Aedeagus (Fig. 20) with l/w = 3.0–3.5 (N = 4); in lateral view narrow, deflexed; in dorsal view slightly narrowed from midpoint to apex, margins rounded; dorsal tectum membranous; endophallus with approximately 6 mesal, spine-like, variously oriented and weakly sclerotized sclerites positioned along its basal 2/3, thereafter with paired, weakly sclerotized, papillate sclerites converging toward apex; aedeagal apodemes widened at their basal 1/3. <b>Description. <i>Fe m a l e</i></b> (Figs 7 &amp; 8). Length 2.4–2.7 mm, width 1.2–1.3 mm, l/w = 2.1 (N = 2). Rostrum 0.5–0.6 mm, r/p = 0.6. Pronotum l/w = 0.9. F/p = 0.6; t/f = 0.9. Elytra l/w = 1.3–1.4. Anteroventral spines of protibia more slender than in males. Abdomen, including pygidium, as in other species of <i>Perelleschus</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013). Sternum VIII (Fig. 21): the apex as specified in Franz &amp; O’Brien (2001) corresponding to the lamina of Velázquez de Castro <i>et al.</i> (2007); lamina elliptical, distal margin projected, rounded (not emarginate as in other species of <i>Perelleschus</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque, 2013); apodeme narrow, nearly straight. Coxites (Fig. 22) as in other species of <i>Perelleschus</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona- Duque (2013). Spermatheca (Figs 21 &amp; 22) similar to that of other species of <i>Perelleschus</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013); <b>s</b> urface striate; corpus basally slightly constricted; appendix triangular, opposed to gland (reservoir) insertion; collum and ramus only slightly separated; cornu apically slightly rounded, projected, apical 1/4–1/5 arranged in a tridimensional space, oriented in a clockwise or counterclockwise spiral. <b>Variation.</b> Some specimens have a more darkened pronotum and light yellowish brown elytra (as observed in <i>P. splendidus</i> Franz &amp; O’Brien sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque, 2013). The number of spines on the posterior margin of tibiae is slightly variable. The endophallic sclerites may extend along the apical half of the endophallus. <b>Type material.</b> Holotype male (dissected), labelled: ‘COcal. [Colombia, Caldas], Supía, Qda.[Quebrada] Piedras, desembocadura en el río Cauca, 5° 24' 43'' N; 75° 55' 43'' W, en inflorescencia de <i>Carludovica palmata</i> Ruiz &amp; Pavón [non-focal], Mar. 2/2009, leg. C. Bota &amp; N. Uribe, CEUA 45735 ’ (CEUA). Paratypes, same label information as male holotype except for ‘ CEUA 45736’, ‘ CEUA 45737’, ‘ CEUA 45738’, ‘ CEUA 45739’, ‘ CEUA 45740’, ‘ CEUA 45741’, ‘ CEUA 45742’, ‘ CEUA 45743’ (CEUA: 4 males, 4 females, 7 dissected), ‘ CEUA 71301’, ‘ CEUA 71302’, ‘ CEUA 71349’ (donated to ICN: 1 male, 2 females), ‘ CEUA 71303’, ‘ CEUA 71304’, ‘ CEUA 71350’ (donated to IAvH: 1 male, 2 females), ‘ CEUA 71305’, ‘ CEUA 71306’, ‘ CEUA 66681’ (donated to MEFLG: 1 male, 2 females), ‘ CEUA 71307’, ‘ CEUA 71308’, ‘ CEUA 66682’ (donated to UNAB: 3409 – 1 male, 3410 and 3411 – 2 females); ‘COant. [Colombia, Antioquia], Amalfi, Vereda el Jardín, 7°0 4' 34'' N; 74°57’22.2”W, 850 m, dentro de infrutescencia de <i>Carludovica palmata</i> Ruiz &amp; Pavón [non-focal] (DT 2956), Jul. 25/2007, leg. Cardona &amp; Tuberquia CEUA 45746’, ‘ CEUA 45747’, ‘ CEUA 45748’ (CEUA: 2 males, 1 female, 2 dissected); ‘COant. [Colombia, Antioquia], San Roque, Corr. [Corregimiento] San José del Nus, 6° 29' 14.6'' N; 74° 50' 49.2'' W, 823 m, borde de quebrada, en inflorescencia e infrutescencia de <i>Carludovica palmata</i> Ruiz &amp; Pavón [non-focal], Feb. 7/2009, leg. C. Bota, CEUA 45744’, ‘ CEUA 45745’ (CEUA: 2 males, 2 dissected), ‘ CEUA 66683 (donated to ICN: 1 male), ‘ CEUA 66684’ (donated to UNAB: 3412 – 1 male); ‘COant [Colombia, Antioquia], San Carlos, Vereda Paraguas, 6° 13' 18'' N; 74° 50' 46'' W, 832 m, dentro de infrutescencia de <i>Carludovica</i> cf. <i>palmata</i> [non-focal], Jun. 10/2007, leg. L. S. Barrientos, CEUA 45759’, ‘ CEUA 47813’, ‘ CEUA 47814’ (CEUA: 3 males, 2 dissected); ‘COant. [Colombia, Antioquia], San Rafael, Vda. [Vereda] La Rápida, Finca Cantarrana 6° 15' 27.6''N; 75°0 1' 41.5''W, 1041 m, dentro de inflorescencia cerrada de <i>Carludovica palmata</i> [non-focal], May. 25/2007, leg. Cardona &amp; Tuberquia, CEUA 47803’, ‘ CEUA 47815’, ‘ CEUA 47816’, ‘ CEUA 47817’, ‘ CEUA 47818’ (CEUA: 3 males, 2 females, 5 dissected); ‘COant. [Colombia, Antioquia], San Luis, Río Claro, 5° 53' 32.1''N; 74° 51' 17.8''W, 324 m, bosque, en inflorescencia en fase masculina de <i>Carludovica palmata</i> Ruiz &amp; Pavón [non-focal], Ago. 2/2009, leg. Bota, Cardona, Franz &amp; Mazo, CEUA 47802’ (CEUA: 1 male, 1 dissected); ‘COant. [Colombia, Antioquia], San Luis, Autopista Medellín-Bogotá, Qda. [Quebrada] La Habana, 29/Dic/2009, J. Cardona-D., CEUA 71309 / Manual en infrutescencia de <i>Carludovica palmata</i> Ruiz &amp;Pavón [non-focal]’, ‘ CEUA 71310’, ‘ CEUA 71311’, ‘ CEUA 71312’ (CEUA: 1 male, 3 females, 2 dissected); ‘COant. [Colombia, Antioquia], Anorí, Vda. [Vereda] El Zafiro, Finca El Pital, 7° 1' 48.7'' N; 75° 4' 25.6'' W, borde de bosque cerca a arrollo, en inflorescencia de <i>Carludovica palmata</i> Ruiz &amp; Pavón [non-focal], Nov. 24/2009, leg. C. Bota, CEUA 47810’, ‘ CEUA 47811’, ‘ CEUA 47812’ (CEUA: 2 males, 1 female, 3 dissected); ‘COant. [Colombia, Antioquia], Remedios, Vereda La Cruz, Finca La Brillantina 6° 54' 57.2'' N; 74° 33' 59.5'' W, 500 m, en inflorescencia de <i>Carludovica palmata</i> Ruiz &amp; Pavón [non-focal], Dic. 26/2009, leg. Bota, Campuzano &amp; Cardona, CEUA 47833’ (CEUA: 1 male, 1 dissected); ‘COant. [Colombia, Antioquia], Remedios, Vereda La Cruz, Finca La Brillantina 6° 54' 57.2'' N; 74° 33' 59.5'' W, 500 m, potrero, en inflorescencia de <i>Carludovica palmata</i> Ruiz &amp; Pavón [nonfocal], Dic. 28/2009, leg. C. Bota, ‘ CEUA 47806’, ‘ CEUA 47807’ (CEUA: 1 male, 1 female, 2 dissected). ‘ CEUA 47804’ (donated to UNAB: 3414 – 1 male, 1 dissected). <b>Type locality.</b> Colombia, Caldas, Supía, Quebrada Piedras. <b>Etymology.</b> Named in reference to the distinct shape of the spermatheca which resembles a ‘bent horn’, through the combination of the Greek word <i>salpinx</i> signifying ‘trumpet’ and the Latin word <i>flexus</i> which means ‘bent’ (Brown, 1956). <b>Natural history.</b> Specimens of <i>Perelleschus salpinflexus</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) have been abundantly collected on the eastern flange of the northern portion of the Central Cordillera in Colombia, towards the Magdalena Valley. Individuals of <i>P. salpinflexus</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona- Duque (2013) were collected together with those of <i>P. spinothylax</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) at all reported localities except for Amalfi, Remedios and Sup´&amp;imath;a in the Antioquia and Caldas Departments, respectively. In addition, <i>P. salpinflexus</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) is sympatric with <i>P. variabilis</i> Franz &amp; O’Brien sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) – a species previously recorded only in Ecuador – in Remedios, Antioquia, where adults of the two species were collected on the same inflorescence. <i>P. salpinflexus</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) and <i>P. spinothylax</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque (2013) develop in the reddish pulp of <i>Carludovica palmata</i> Ruiz &amp; Pavón [non-focal] infructescences, were they feed and pupate without (significantly) damaging the seeds (Fig. 35). At San Carlos and San Rafael, Antioquia, parasitoid wasps of the family Braconidae [non-focal] (Helconinae [non-focal]: cf. <i>Nealiolus</i> Mason [non-focal], and Euphorinae [non-focal]: cf. <i>Holdawayella</i> Loan [non-focal]) emerged from cut <i>Carloduvica palmata</i> [non-focal] infructescences. These wasps were parasitizing the immature stages of the species of <i>Perelleschus</i> sec. Franz &amp; Cardona- Duque (2013). In San Carlos, the adult wasps emerged 2–3 days before natural exposure of the seed packages and were readily visible underneath the cuticle of the weevil larvae.
description: Published as part of <i>Nico M. Franz &amp; Juliana Cardona-Duque, 2013, Description of two new species and phylogenetic reassessment of Perelleschus O'Brien &amp; Wibmer, 1986 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with a complete taxonomic concept history of Perelleschus sec. Franz &amp; Cardona-Duque, 2013, pp. 209-236 in Systematics and Biodiversity 11 (2)</i> on pages 213-218, DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2013.806371, http://zenodo.org/record/270261
description: {"references": ["FRANZ, N. M. 2013. Anatomy of a cladistic analysis. Cladistics 29 (in press).", "TING, P. C. 1936. The mouth parts of the coleopterous group Rhynchophora. Microentomology 1, 93 - 114.", "VELAZQUEZ DE CASTRO, A. J. 1998. Morphology and taxonomy of the genus Sitona Germar, 1817. (I): the metendosternite (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In: COLONNELLII, E., LOUW, S. &amp; OSELLA, G., Eds., Taxonomy, Ecology and Distribution of Curculionoidea (Coleoptera: Polyphaga). Proceedings of a symposium (28 August, 1996, Florence, Italy), XX International Congress of Entomology. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy, pp. 109 - 123.", "ZHERIKHIN, V. V. &amp; GRATSHEV, V. G. 1995. A comparative study of the hind wing venation of the superfamily Curculionoidea, with phylogenetic implications. In: PAKALUK, J. &amp; SLIPINSKI, S. A., Eds., Biology, Phylogeny, and Classification of Coleoptera: Papers celebrating the 80 th birthday of Roy A. Crowson, Volume 2. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 633 - 777.", "FRANZ, N. M. 2006. Towards a phylogenetic system of derelomine flower weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Systematic Entomology 31, 220 - 287.", "THOMPSON, R. T. 1992. Observations on the morphology and classification of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) with a key to major groups. Journal of Natural History 26, 835 - 891.", "WANAT, M. 2007. Alignment and homology of male terminalia in Curculionoidea and other Coleoptera. Invertebrate Systematics 21, 147 - 171.", "BROWN, R. W. 1956. Composition of Scientific Words, Revised Edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA."]}