Anopinella Powell
Creators: name: Brown, John W.
name: Adamski, David
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2003
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Tortricidae
Anopinella

description: ANOPINELLA POWELL
Anopinella Powell 1986: 394; Brown 1991: 7; Brown & Powell 1991: 25; Powell et al. 1995: 142; Razowski & Becker 1999: 416.
Ecuadorica Razowski & Becker 2000: 110. NEW SYNONYMY.
Euadorica; Razowski & Becker 2000: 114. Misspelling in figure legend.
Type species.­ Eulia isodelta Meyrick, 1912, by original designation.
Redescription. Head: Antennal cilia in male ca. 1.3 X flagellomere diameter; short, unmodified in female. Labial palpus porrect, elongate, all segments combined ca. 3 X horizontal diameter of compound eye; segment II expanded distally by scaling to ca. 1.6 X its basal diameter, slightly curved; segment III ca. 0.4 as long as II, exposed. Frons smoothscaled, with overhanging tuft of scales from vertex. Chaetosema present. Ocellus small or absent. Maxillary palpus rudimentary, hidden. Proboscis well developed, presumably functional. Thorax: Male foreleg without hairpencil. Forewing (Fig. 90) length 2.3­2.4 X width; DC length 0.55­0.60 X FW length; DC width 0.21­0.23 X DC length; CuA2 extremely weak; CuP absent; chorda present, reduced basally; M­stem absent. Pattern with large dark triangular blotch at middle of costa with a small rounded white dot near vertex; pale subterminal region; costal strigulae present. Hindwing (Fig. 90) with Sc+R and Rs closely approximate; Rs and M1 closely approximate; M3 and CuA1 connate or shortstalked; CuP represented by a trace; M­stem absent. Abdomen: Dorsal pits absent; no modified corethrogyne scaling in female. Male genitalia with uncus usually slender, variably curved or bent, slightly enlarged preapically, sparsely setose dorsally in distal 0.15­ 0.25. Socius small to moderately large, pendant, usually digitate, sparsely setose; broadly attached to tegumen basally. Gnathos arms usually narrow at base, broadened distally into enlarged, flattened lobes, sometimes spinulose. Transtilla complete, narrow, non­dentate. Valva long, relatively slender (3­ 4 X longer than wide), with large, triangular or subrectangular, dorsally produced basal process, followed distally by a deep, rounded concavity (= subbasal curve); distal portion of valva densely hairy, cucullus­like, with (Isodelta Species Group) or without (Fana Species Group) a strong spur or spine at apicoventral angle, or with dense cluster of spines near midventer of valva (Syraxivora Species Group). Phallus short, moderately stout; frequently a single slender, spine­like cornutus or crease, plus patch(es) of microtrichiae on vesica. Female genitalia with papillae anales narrow, nearly parallel­sided, weakly tapering anterad. Dorsum of eighth tergum frequently with speciesspecific modification. Apophyses anteriores elongate, narrow, bifurcate posteriorly, one arm fusing with eighth tergum and the other with broadened lamella postvaginalis; apophyses posteriores shorter. Sterigma a narrow, membranous band; ostium displaced anteriorly, located at distal 0.33 of seventh sternum. Ductus bursae narrow, elongate, membranous; frail accessory bursae from narrow ductus, arising 0.50­0.95 along length of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae moderately large, irregularly rounded, variably spiculate; ductus seminalis from near middle of corpus bursae, usually surrounded by patch of spiculae.
Distribution and Biology. Anopinella occurs from southern Mexico (a single damaged female representing an undescribed species; AMNH) to Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia; it also is known from Jamaica. It appears to reach its greatest species richness in Central America (Table 1), where it nearly always is restricted to cloud forest habitat at high elevations (i.e, 1100­3000 m). One species has been reared from the fruit of Styrax species (Styracaceae), a second from a fungus gall on Inga longispina (Fabaceae), both in Costa Rica, and a third from the stem of Vernonia (Asteraceae) in Brazil. Based on the limited information available, Anopinella and relatives may be internal feeders in seeds, galls, and stems ­ all species of Apolychrosis have been reared from cones of Pinaceae (Pogue 1986), and the only species of Seticosta reared thus far is a gall maker in the stems of Rubus species (Brown & Nishida 2003).
TABLE 1. Geographic distribution of species of Anopinella by country.
Costa Rica albolinea, arenalana, cafrosana, cartagoa, macrosema, phillipsae, 12
porrasa, powelli, rica, rigidana, styraxivora, transecta
Ecuador aurea, parambana, perblanda, tinalandana 4
Guatemala triquetra, ophiodes, mariana, holandia, sympatrica 5 Diagnosis. Anopinella is superficially and structurally most similar to Apolychrosis, Seticosta, Strophotina, and Punctapinella among described genera. It shares with these genera a similar forewing pattern, long porrect labial palpi, long antennal cilia in the male, and elongate apophyses in the female genitalia. It differs from these genera in the presence of a distally enlarged process of the gnathos; the Isodelta Species Group differs from all other genera except Apolychrosis in the presence of a spine­like seta at the apicoventral angle of the valva. Species of Anopinella are characterized by an elongate, narrow valva, dorsal fusion of the two halves of the tegumen (with loss of the “suture”), loss of the male foreleg hairpencil, and a unique configuration of the bursa copulatrix with a frail accessory bursa arising from the ductus bursae, and the ductus seminalis arising from near the middle of the corpus bursae, typically surrounded by a dense patch of spicules.
Although somewhat divergent from most Anopinella in forewing pattern, Ecuadorica Razowski & Becker appears to represent a junior synonym of Anopinella. Based on features of the male genitalia (e.g., attenuate apex of the valva, distinctively enlarged distal lobes of the gnathos, extremely short socii), Anopinella aurea (Razowski & Becker), new combination, belongs to the Fana Species Group (defined below) and is related to A. phillipsae, new species, and A. larana, new species. The female genitalia of A. aurea are reminiscent of those of A. larana and A. brasiliana, new species. The relationship of A. perblanda (Razowski & Becker), new combination, known only from the holotype female, within Anopinella is less obvious. Alternatively, Ecuadorica, including A. phillipsae, A. larana, and possibly even A. brasiliana, may represent a separate genus distinct from Anopinella. However, we suspect that these species form a clade within Anopinella.
Species Groups. We divide Anopinella into three species groups (Table 2) on the basis of structures of the male and female genitalia. Descriptions of taxa and phylogenetic analyses are based on the species groups identified below.
I. Isodelta Species Group (Figs. 1­16, 34­43). In this group the uncus usually is evenly curved throughout; the distal lobes of the gnathos are flattened laterally and variably spined; the valva is narrow, broadened apically, with the costa nearly straight beyond the subbasal curve; there is a distinct, free, downward­projecting spur or spine at the apicoventral angle of the valva, and small, marginal, spine­like setae are lacking; and the ductus seminalis always originates from a densely spiculate patch near the middle of the corpus bursae.
II. Fana Species Group (Figs. 17­32, 44­54). In this group the uncus usually is strongly bent in the basal one­fourth to one­third; the distal lobes of the gnathos are flattened laterally but not spined; the valva is sightly wider, usually more parallel­sided, with the costa nearly straight or angled dorsad in the distal one­third to one­fourth; there is no spine from the apicoventral angle, but there usually are small marginal spine­like setae; and the ductus seminalis usually originates from a densely spiculate patch near the middle of the corpus bursae, but sometimes on the side opposite of the patch.
III. Styraxivora Species Group (Figs. 33, 55). In this group the uncus is relatively straight, weakly curved in the distal portion; the distal lobes of the gnathos are flattened dorsoventrally; the valva is long, slender, lanceolate, attenuate apically, with the costa straight; there is a cluster of 6­8 spines from a lobe near the mid­venter of the valva; and the ductus seminalis originates from a densely spiculate patch near the middle of the corpus bursae.
TABLE 2. Taxa used in phylogenetic analysis.
Terminal taxon Included species
Homosacta Species Group (Seticosta) homosacta (Meyrick), sagmatica (Meyrick),
arachnogramma (Meyrick), aeolozona (Meyrick), tridens Razowski, cerussograpta Razowski
Tholeraula Species Group (Seticosta) paranica Razowski & Becker, charagma Razowski
& Becker, tholeraula (Meyrick), punctum
Razowski & Becker, senecta Razowski & Becker
Strophotina chorestis (Razowski & Becker), strophota (Meyrick), curvidagus Brown, niphochondra (Razowski & Becker)
Apolychrosis schwerdfegeri Amsel, ferruginus Pogue, ambogonium Pogue, candidus Pogue, synchysis Pogue
Conchitis Species Group (Punctapinella) chione Razowski & Becker, hysithrona (Meyrick),
conchitis (Meyrick)
Niphastra Species Group (Punctapinella) niphastra (Meyrick), chionocarpa (Meyrick), braziliana Brown, scleroductus Brown, theta Brown, niphochroa (Razowski & Becker)
Isodelta Species Group (Anopinella) isodelta, triquetra, ophiodes, cartagoa, transecta, araguana, razowskii, parambana, rastafariana, arenalana, mariana, carabayana, cafrosana, porrasa, powelli, albolinea
Styraxivora Species Group (Anopinella) styraxivora
Fana Species Group (Anopinella) fana, brasiliana, choko, cuzco, macrosema, phillipsae, aurea, perblanda, peruvensis, tucki, larana, holandia, tinalandana, panamana, sympatrica, rigidana, boliviana, rica
description: Published as part of Brown, John W. & Adamski, David, 2003, Systematic revision of Anopinella Powell (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Euliini) and phylogenetic analysis of the Apolychrosis group of genera, pp. 1-94 in Zootaxa 200 on pages 6-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.156909