Phylloicus lituratus Banks 1920
Creators: name: Rueda Martín, Paola A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Trichoptera
Calamoceratidae
Phylloicus
Phylloicus lituratus

description: Phylloicus lituratus Banks   
(Figs 1–3)  
 Phylloicus lituratus Banks 1920: 350 [Type locality: Colombia, Mariquito; MCZ; male]. — Flint 1967: 19 [male]. — Denning et al. 1983:182 [redescription]. — Prather 2003 [redescription of male and female; review of the genus].   
 Phylloicus “species 1" Flint 1991: 98.   
 Phylloicus priapulus Denning & Hogue 1983 in Denning et al. 1983: 187 [Type locality: Costa Rica, Puntarenas Province, 1.8 miles west of Rincón, Osa Peninsula; Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.]; Prather 2003 [Synonym, review of the genus].   
 This species exhibits a range of minor variation across its geographic distribution and within populations. Prather (2003) decided to treat all specimens as a single species, with the types of P. lituratus and P. priapulus representing extremes of morphology for tergum X and its processes and other specimens representing intermediate variations between these morphotypes.   
 Phylloicus lituratus is distinguished by the wing pattern (Fig. 109 from Prather 2003), the lack of abdominal coremata, and preanal appendages longer than tergum X.   
Two identical metamorphotypes where collected in Salta province (Argentina), no morphological variations could be found. Material from the NMNH was reviewed and the same variations discussed by Prather were observed. Metamorphotypes (Milne 1938) do not have fully developed wings, then, the wing pattern of specimens from Salta province is not available  
 The species was identified as P. lituratus, with both metamorphotypes showing in the male genitalia examples of variations observed by Prather. A short description of the male genitalia is included to record variations that the individuals show in northwestern Argentina.   
 Male genitalia (Fig. 1). Corematic structures absent, terga III–V unmodified. Sternum VII with short, acute anteromesal process. Sternum VIII enclosing base of sternum IX (Fig. 9A from Prather 2003); ventral posteromesal process notched, notch deep and oval (Fig. 1A). Tergum IX without mesal ridge. Preanal appendages slightly longer than tergum X, enlarged apically, bearing long setae (Figs 1B, C: pa). Tergum X without basal lobes; basodorsal process short, digitate and down-curved (Figs 1B, C: dp); basolateral processes slender, nearly as long as basodorsal process (Figs 1B, C: lp); apex of tergum X, in lateral view, rounded; in dorsal view, truncate, slightly elongate (Figs 1B, C: tx). Inferior appendages short, each with basal segment cylindrical; harpago rounded in ventral view (Fig. 1D); in lateral view, harpago acute and triangular (Fig. 1B: ia) with many apical small, strongly curved setae (peg-setae of Prather 2003). Phallobase curved ventrad, with membranous discoidal endotheca and internal ejaculatory duct visible; phallotremal sclerites not distinguishable (Fig. 1E).   
 5th instar larva (Fig. 2). Total length 13 mm (N=7).   
Head: Dark brown, with smooth surface, muscle scars light brown with pattern as in Figs 2A, B, C. Labrum with yellowish anterolateral brushes. Ventral apotome triangular and short, not reaching posterior margin of head (Fig. 2B).  
 Thorax: Pronotum light brown, with pale muscle scars (Fig. 2D). Anterior margin of pronotum bearing 3 pairs of long setae and minor yellowish setae; anterolateral corners elongate in pair of strong sclerotized hooks; posterior margin of pronotum dark (Fig. 2D). Mesonotum with pair of central irregular large sclerites with anteromedial margins strongly sclerotized and sunken, posterior margins not clearly delimited (Fig. 2E). Lateral sclerites (sa 3 sclerites) of mesonotum small, setose and irregular. Metanotum completely membranous. Shape and chaetotaxy of thoracic legs I–III as in Fig. 2F.   
Abdomen: Abdominal segment with gills each having 3 or 4 filaments and distributed as in Fig. 2G.  
 Larval case. Oval, made with leaves, consisting of dorsal and ventral halves fastened together along edges and enclosing central chamber closed at posterior end (Fig. 5A).   
 Pupa (Fig. 3). Total length: 13 mm (n=2). General color yellowish brown.   
Head: Antennae each with stout scape, pedicel cylindrical (Fig. 3A). Mandibles well-developed, symmetrically curved mesad, each four times as long as basal width, with internal margin finely serrated (Fig. 3B).  
Thorax: Pronotum narrow. Mesonotum wide. Metanotum small.  
Abdomen: Lateral line of setae on each side extending from anterior margin of segment IV to VIII, curving ventrally on segment VIII and touching at ventral midline (Fig. 3A). Abdominal segment I with pair of transverse, narrowly rectangular, hook plates near posterior margin, with small teeth directed anterad, and with pair of small round sclerotized plates on posterior margin each bearing two teeth directed posterad (Fig. 3C: I). Abdominal segment II without hook plates (Fig. 3C: II). Abdominal segments III to VIII each with pair of elliptical anterior hook plates, each with two teeth directed posterad (Fig. 3C: III–VIII). Abdominal segment V bearing pair of oval posterior hook plates, with teeth directed anterad (Fig. 3C: V). Abdominal gills each having 3 or 4 filaments and distributed as in Figure 3D.  
Biological notes: Larvae of this species were collected in slowly running water and pools of a stream from Salta province in northwestern Argentina. They were collected with a strainer from deposition microhabitats with accumulations of fallen leaves. The leaves used on the larval cases are the same as those on the bottom of the stream. Therefore, the larvae are camouflaged in the microhabitats where they live and can be differentiated from regular leaves only by watching their almost imperceptible movements.  
 Distribution. Argentina (Salta, new country record) , Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panamá, Venezuela.   
 Material examined. ARGENTINA: Salta: Sta. Victoria, Lipeo, A ° Los Naranjos, S22°25´47", W64°44´20", 1109 m, 13.xi.2004, P. Rueda Martín col., 2 male metamorphotypes, 7 larvae, 4 pupae. COSTA RICA: Alajuela, Reserva Forestal San Ramón, Río Sal Lorencito, and trbs., 10.216N, 84607 W, 13–16.vi. 1988, 980 m, C.M. & O.S. Flint, R. W. Holzenthal cols., NMNH, 1 male. ECUADOR: Napo: puerto Orellana, Río Tiputini, 38°02´00¨N, 76°08´54¨W, 12–26.viii.1999, W.N. Mathis col., NMNH, 1 male. PANAMA: Coclé: Taboga, Taboga Island, 1.ii.1912, Busck, NMNH, 1 male. Darien: Río Tuir at Río Pucuro, 16–17.ii.1985, J. Luton, NMNH, 1 male.
description: Published as part of Rueda Martín, Paola A., 2013, The immature stages of Phylloicus lituratus (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) with new records of Phylloicus and Banyallarga species in northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia, pp. 321-330 in Zootaxa 3669 (3) on pages 322-326, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3669.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/5266674