cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Patterned exceptions in phonology
Creators: name: Zuraw, Kie Ross
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2000

description: Standard Optimality-Theoretic grammars contain only the information necessary to transform inputs into outputs; regularities among inputs are not accounted for. Using the example of Tagalog nasal substitution, this dissertation presents a model of how lexical regularities could be learned, represented in the grammar, used by speakers and listeners, and perpetuated over time. Lexical regularities are represented as low-ranking constraints, their rankings learned through exposure to the lexicon using Boersma's Gradual Learning Algorithm. High-ranked constraints ensure the primacy of listed pronunciations; but when a speaker produces a novel word, these high-ranking constraints are irrelevant and the constraints that encode lexical regularities take over. The subterranean constraints are stochastically ranked; speakers' behavior on novel words probabilistically reflect the lexical regularities. The listener uses the same grammar to produce well-formedness judgments for novel words and to reconstruct inputs from an interlocutors' outputs. The model's well-formedness judgments reproduce the experimental result that although the productivity of nasal substitution on novel words is low, nasal-substituted novel words are judged more acceptable than non-substituted words in certain cases. Bayesian reasoning by the listener favors novel nasal-substituted words--they are disproportionately likely to become listed. A computer simulation of the speech community confirms that although nasal substitution is the minority pronunciation for novel words, a word may eventually enter the lexicon as nasal-substituted. Tagalog vowel raising under suffixation is close to exceptionless in the native vocabulary but quite exceptionful among loanwords. A loan stem's probability of resisting raising is highly influenced by its degree of internal similarity. I propose that internal similarity encourages speakers to construe a word as reduplicated, even without morphosyntactic motivation; raising is blocked because it would disrupt base-reduplicant identity. Alternatives to encoding lexical regularities in the grammar are considered. It is argued that the vowel raising facts are not amenable to an associative-memory account. The qualitative difference between "regulars" and "exceptions" cited by proponents of the Dual-Mechanism model as evidence for leaving lexical regularities out of the grammar reduces to a difference between listed words and synthesized words; this difference can arise through listener reasoning, without a prior qualitative difference.
Prosodic Processes in Language and Music
Creators: name: Schreuder, Maartje
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2006

description: This dissertation makes a comparison of language and music. As composer Lerdahl and linguist Jackendoff show in their 'Generative Theory of Tonal Music', these two cognitive behaviors share aspects, such as hierarchical structure, in which prominent elements are separated from non-prominent elements by means of preference rules and rhythmic and phrasing phenomena. Recent constraint-based approaches to phonology, such as Optimality Theory, show that the similarities are even more striking for phonological and musical analyses.This dissertation shows that music theory may help to solve linguistic issues with which linguistic theory alone finds it hard to deal. Three such issues are investigated experimentally. The first issue is whether speech is just shortened and compressed when people speak faster, with the same rhythmic structure, or whether the speech rhythm changes. The second issue is the question whether recursion can be found in phonology. Are phrasing phenomena such as early accent placement applied repeatedly in embedded phonological phrases? The third issue is major and minor modality in intonation contours of cheerful and sad speech. One of the main findings is that listeners appear sometimes to base their perception on auditory illusions, not always on the sound signal as it is. Listeners hear what they expect to hear. As in music, rhythm is perceived as more regular than it is in reality. The results of this research confirm the assumption that speech and music share many features. Both are 'made of' sound, and both kinds of sound signal are structured by the listener in a similar way.
Stylistic Variation in Spanish Phonology
Creators: name: Morris, Richard E.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 1998

description: This dissertation is an investigation of phonological variation occurring as a function of stylistic choice in Spanish. The main variable processes include glide formation, vowel coalescence, vowel deletion, nasal and lateral place assimilation, nasal neutralization,continuancy assimilation, obstruent devoicing, voicing assimilation,and aspiration. Optimality Theory (OT) is the theoretical framework. Previous generative work on phonological variation in Spanish and other languages has been couched in discussions of "optional" or "variable"rules. More recently, a principle of "floating" constraints (FCs) has been applied to explain inter-speaker variation. The present study develops the FC theory of variation and applies it systematically to the analysis of stylistic data from several dialects of Spanish. It is argued that stylistic variation in Spanish - and indeed in all languages - is the result of variable dominance relations among ranked universal constraints. The primary advantage of the FC model is its ability to account for all speech processes, variable as well as categorical, within a single framework. Under this model, constraints fall into two broadly-defined constraint families, MARKEDNESS and FAITHFULNESS. Data from a variety of Spanish dialects are given to show that when FAITHFULNESS constraints outrank MARKEDNESS constraints, maximally distinctive (careful speech) forms are optimized. When the reverse is true, maximally economical (casual speech) forms are optimized. Forms associated with intermediate speech styles are allowed by the interleaving of FAITHFULNESS and MARKEDNESS constraints, and often represent a "compromise" between careful and casual style.
Aspects of Pit River Phonology
Creators: name: Nevin, Bruce E.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 1998

description: Until recently, it has seemed that the Pit River language ("Achumawi") was reasonably well documented by de Angulo & Freeland (1930), Uldall (1933),and Olmsted (1956, 1957, 1959, 1964, 1966). My own fieldwork in 1970-74 disclosed fundamental inadequacies of these publications, as reported in Nevin (1991). We substantiate this finding, investigate its probable bases,and establish why my own data are not subject to the same difficulties. This may be taken as a cautionary tale about the perils of restating a published grammar. We define a phonemic representation for utterances in the language. We then introduce Optimality Theory (OT), which we apply to a series of problems in the phonological patterning of the language: features of syllable codas, restrictions and alternations involving voiceless release and aspiration, and reduplicative morphology. Appendix A describes the physiology and phonetics of laryngeal phenomena in Pit River, especially epiglottal articulation that has in the past been improperly described as pharyngeal or involving the tongue radix (the feature RTR). Appendix B discusses certain ramifications of aperture features for the sonority hierarchy.
Graphene as a Thermal Interface Material for Concentrated PV
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: The objective of this project is to demonstrate the use of a graphene-based composite as an efficient thermal interface material (TIM) for the heat management of highly concentrated photovoltaics (HCPV) systems. Graphene, a single two-dimensional sheet made of highly packed carbon atoms, has extraordinary thermal conductivity characteristics in the order of 3000-5000 W/mK. Based on preliminary data, a graphene-based composite has the potential to provide a pathway for achieving TIMs with thermal conductivity greater than 1000 W/mK. This is especially important for HCPV systems because they use optics to concentrate sunlight on the photovoltaic material – a configuration that increases electrical output but generates significant heat. Traditionally, TIMs are based on thermal adhesives, greases, gels, pads and phase change material (PCMs). Each of these TIM solutions for thermal management has disadvantages. Most notably, the majority of TIMs consist of a polymer matrix, such as an epoxy or silicone resin, and thermally conductive fillers such as alumina, aluminum, boron nitride, zinc oxide, and silver. In the case of alumina and silver, a 50-70% per volume loading is needed to achieve 1-5W/mK. Unfortunately, for HCPV technologies aiming at concentrating the sun power 1000 times, traditional TIMs are not a suitable solution. This project will investigate the use of a graphene-based TIM for multi-junction solar cells used in HCPV systems. The proposed research has the potential to achieve development of better-performing TIMs (with greater thermal conductivity) that require relatively small amounts of relatively inexpensive materials. Therefore, this work not only will reduce the filler vol% needed to achieve a good joint between the cell and the heat dissipating system but will allow HCPV technologies to go beyond a solar concentration of 1000 times while increasing device efficiency and preventing early degradation of the cell due to overheating. The industry partner, Amonix, is a leader in HCPV systems and performs R&D on solar power in California. This project will be the first research collaboration between Amonix and the Southern California Research Initiative for Solar Energy (SC-RISE) at UC Riverside.
Celidosoma Hardy
Creators: name: Tidon, Rosana
name: Almeida, Jonathan Mendes De
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Drosophilidae
Celidosoma

description: Genus Celidosoma Hardy
Celidosom a Hardy, 1965: 66. Type species, Celidosoma nigrocincta Hardy, OD.
description: Published as part of Tidon, Rosana & Almeida, Jonathan Mendes De, 2016, FAMILY DROSOPHILIDAE, pp. 719-751 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 723, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.63, http://zenodo.org/record/263272
Epizootic bovine abortion experimental vaccine
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: This project is designed to establish proof-of-concept for a candidate vaccine developed to protect cattle against a bovine disease called epizootic bovine abortion (EBA); the disease is also often termed “foothill abortion” as it occurs in the foothill and mountainous regions throughout California (CA) and select regions of Oregon and Nevada adjacent to CA. First described over 60 years ago, EBA is considered the greatest impediment to calf production in the State of CA; the economically devastating nature of this disease was a major player in driving creation of the School of Veterinary Medicine at UC-Davis. Susceptible pregnant cows become infected with the tick-borne bacterium which ends in abortion of the fetus late in gestation. The economic impact is two fold: loss in productivity of the cow for a full year and loss of a marketable calf. No treatment or prevention measures are available for EBA. The bacteria will not grow in synthetic media nor cell cultures. To date, immune-deficient mice (lacking lymphocytes) are the only host that supports replication of this bacterium, other than the developing bovine fetus. We have taken advantage of this discovery and developed a unique approach to creating a candidate vaccine that can be used in a single immunization, prior to breeding, to protect future fetuses from becoming infected. Pilot studies have demonstrated this vaccine to be both safe and extremely effective. We have been working closely with the USDA to pursue licensure of the product. A final hurdle is to provide data on sufficient numbers of animals to satisfy their requirements for proof of both safety and efficacy of this product.
Hemigaleidae Hasse 1879
Creators: name: White, William T.
name: Ko'Ou, Alfred
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Chondrichthyes
Carcharhiniformes
Hemigaleidae

description: Family Hemigaleidae Hasse, 1879
Weasel Sharks
description: Published as part of White, William T. & Ko'Ou, Alfred, 2018, An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of Papua New Guinea, pp. 1-82 in Zootaxa 4411 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4411.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1221878
A Typological Investigation of Dissimilation
Creators: name: Suzuki, Keiichiro
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 1998

description: This dissertation investigates the phenomenon of dissimilation from a theoretical perspective, with special attention to crosslinguistic patterns. After first arguing that the previous accounts based on the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) (Leben 1973, McCarthy 1979, 1986) are not satisfactory, I propose an alternative theory of identity avoidance, GENERALIZED OCP (GOCP) which generalizes the applicability of the traditional OCP to a wider range of phenomena, not just autosegmental (i.e. featural) ones. My proposal asserts that identity avoidance between two elements in sequence is fundamental to linguistic theory, an idea that can be characterized by a universal constraint governing various types of dissimilatory phenomena. This concept is implemented within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993, McCarthy and Prince 1993a,b), which provides the flexibility for constraints to be both violable and rankable. Contrary to the traditional OCP based approach which is bound by various representational properties such as feature geometry and underspecification, the proposed approach abandons this representational dependency in favor of the richly articulated constraint-based system. Based on the data collected from 57 language cases, I then examine the various factors that play a role in dissimilation, including the elements involved, their adjacency relations, and the domain of dissimilation. I demonstrate that the GOCP constitutes a consistent formal apparatus on the one hand, and the versatility to accommodate the complexity of dissimilation patterns on the other. Moreover, it is shown that the present approach formally unifies the characterization of both the similarity effects and blocking effects by directly incorporating Local Conjunction as a uniform mechanism of accounting for the Similarity effect, OCP-subsidiary feature phenomena. As a result, these phenomena need not require novel theoretical devices for each case, but rather are construed as instances of the combination of multiple GOCP constraints.
The Role of the Listener in the Historical Phonology of Spanish and Portuguese: An Optimality-Theoretic Account
Creators: name: Holt, David Eric
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 1997

description: In this dissertation I study the application to historical sound change of a constraint-based approach to phonology. I employ Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993, McCarthy and Prince 1993a,b) in the analysis of the principal changes in syllable structure that developed from Latin to Spanish and Portuguese. I argue that historical sound change is driven by the incorporation of phonetic factors into phonology for reasons of lexicon and grammar optimization, and show that the role of perception and reinterpretation by the listener is crucial in achieving this optimization. Additionally, reanalysis of underlying forms may have profound effects on the constraint hierarchy of the grammar, leading to the step-wise rise of markedness constraints versus faithfulness constraints. Furthermore, several steps in the historical development of certain phenomena of syllable structure and phonological/phonetic forms are best understood as resulting from effects of perception and (re-)interpretation by the hearer. Chapter 1 discusses the need for theoretical approaches to historical change in additional to traditional ones, introduces theoretical machinery (Optimality Theory, lexicon optimization, moraic theory and its relation to sonority) and reviews previous OT approaches to variation and change. In Chapter 2 I show that reanalysis by the listener of phonetic differences leads to loss of vowel length distinctions in Late Latin, initiating massive changes in the distribution of long segments: a constraint disfavoring moraic consonants begins to rise, first reducing obstruent geminates and vocalizing syllable-final velars. Chapter 3 continues to explore results of the loss of phonological vowel length. I first treat the evolution of the seven-vowel system of Late Spoken Latin, and argue that reanalysis of the Latin Stress Rule led to vowel lengthening. Later developments lead to diphthongization of stressed open mid vowels in Old Spanish. I then show that geminate consonants are progressively simplified, with the sonorants now being affected. Reduction leads to /n, l/ in Galician/Portuguese, but palatal /N, L/ in Old Spanish, where merger with Latin /n, l/ would have resulted. Chapter 4 shows that the listener may (mis)interpret one sound for a less marked one based on great acoustic similarity. In the development of Latin _Cl_ clusters to Spanish, Galician and Portuguese _-ch-_, I argue that voicing assimilation yielded a cluster that was interpreted as [tS]. The Uniformity Condition is also reconsidered. Chapter 5 summarizes the results of this study and offers several conclusions about historical sound change in Optimality Theory.
title: Théier :
title: Principes directeurs pour la conduite de l’examen de la distinction, de l’homogénéité et de la stabilité.
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: International Union For The Protection Of New Varieties Of Plants,
Publisher: name: International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants,
Year: 0
Subjects: Plants
New Varieties of Plants
Tea

description: Ces principes directeurs (“principes directeurs d’examen”) visent à approfondir les principes énoncés dans l’introduction générale (document TG/1/3) et dans les documents TGP qui s’y rapportent afin de donner des indications concrètes détaillées pour l’harmonisation de l’examen de la distinction, de l’homogénéité et de la stabilité (DHS) et, en particulier, à identifier des caractères convenant à l’examen DHS et à la production de descriptions variétales harmonisées.
An Effort-Based Approach to Consonant Lenition
Creators: name: Kirchner, Robert Martin
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 1998

description: Despite the pervasiveness of lenition in the sound systems of natural language, this class of patterns has eluded adequate characterization in previous theories of phonology.  Specifically, previous theories have failed to capture formally the phonetic unity of the various lenition processes (e.g. degemination, voicing, spirantization, debuccalization, deletion), or to account for the environments in which lenition typically occurs. I present a unified approach to consonant lenition, wherein particular lenition patterns arise from Optimality Theoretic conflict between a principle of effort minimization (which I style LAZY), and faithfulness to auditory features, in combination with (perceptually-based) fortition constraints, building upon the proposals of Jun (1995) and Flemming (1995). I further demonstrate that this effort-based approach straightforwardly accounts for a number of generalizations, drawn from a survey of 272 grammars:* Geminate stops never lenite unless they concomitantly degeminate.* Unaffricated stops never synchronically spirantize to strident   fricatives.* All else being equal, lenition occurs more readily the greater the openness of the flanking segments (the widely attested pattern of intervocalic lenition being a special case).* Lenition occurs more readily the faster or more casual the speech. The approach is illustrated with case studies of lenition in Tümpisa Shoshone and Florentine Italian.
Hemigaleus Bleeker 1852
Creators: name: White, William T.
name: Ko'Ou, Alfred
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Chondrichthyes
Carcharhiniformes
Hemigaleidae
Hemigaleus

description: Genus Hemigaleus Bleeker, 1852
Weasel Sharks
Hemigaleus Bleeker, 1852: 45. Type species: Hemigaleus macrostoma Bleeker, 1852, by subsequent designation.
description: Published as part of White, William T. & Ko'Ou, Alfred, 2018, An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of Papua New Guinea, pp. 1-82 in Zootaxa 4411 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4411.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1221878
Alignment and Adjacency in Optimality Theory: Evidence from Warlpiri and Arrernte
Creators: name: Berry, Lynn
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 1998

description: The goal of this thesis is to explore alignment and adjacency of constituents in the framework of Optimality Theory. Under the notion of alignment, certain categories, prosodic and morphological, are required to correspond to certain other categories, prosodic or morphological. The alignment of categories is achieved through the operation of constraints which evaluate the well formedness of outputs. The constraints on the alignment of categories and the ranking of these constraints are examined with emphasis on two Australian languages, Warlpiri and Arrernte. The aim is to provide an adequate account in the theory of Optimality of the processes of stress, reduplication and vowel harmony evident in the data. The thesis expands on the range of edges for the alignment of feet. Foot alignment is developed to account for the fact that the edges of intonational phrases, morphemes, and specific morphemes, as well as phonologically specific syllables, play an active role in determining the location of feet. An additional finding is that the location of feet can also be determined by adjacency, resolving conflict between morphological alignment, and ensuring rhythmic harmony. Requirements on adjacency are further supported to account for segmental harmony, where harmony provides evidence for the simultaneous action of segmental and prosodic processes. The analysis provides a unified account of binary and ternary rhythm recommending modifications to alignment of certain categories, thereby laying the groundwork to deal with variation. The account of variation involves relaxing certain constraints. In addition, the notion of rhythm is expanded to account for onset sensitivity to stress, with evidence of this sensitivity found in reduplication and allomorphy. The interaction of prosodic categories with each other and with morphological categories can be directly captured in OT, providing a unified and coherent account of phenomena, some of which were previously seen as exceptions and therefore, unrelated and arbitrary.
Transderivational Identity: Phonological Relations Between Words
Creators: name: Benua, Laura
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 1997

description: This dissertation develops the hypothesis that morphologically-related words are required to be phonologically identical by ranked and violable constraints.  Pairs of surface forms are linked by a transderivational or output-to-output (OO) correspondence relation. Through ranking,constraints on the OO-correspondence relation may force a derived word to deviate from the canonical surface patterns of the language in order to be more like its output base. This theory obviates the traditional analysis that deviant phonology in complex words is the product of cyclic derivation. Given transderivational relations, cyclic effects are produced by constraint interaction in nonprocedural Optimality Theory. Cyclic effects are better understood as misapplication identity effects,similar to the over- and underapplication phenomena observed in a place where they are not properly conditioned) or under apply (fail to apply where properly conditioned) to achieve surface identity of paradigmatically-related words. Constraints that demand identity in paradigms interact directly with phonological markedness constraints and input-output faithfulness requirements. When OO-correspondence constraints take precedence, phonology misapplies.Three case studies are presented. The Austronesian language Sundanese shows an overapplication pattern, and Tiberian Hebrew demonstrates underapplication identity effects. In both cases, paradigmatic identity is achieved at the cost of greater markedness in surface forms. Both of these languages also show that paradigmatic identity is sacrificed when it would produce too marked a structure, providing support for the claim that OO-correspondence constraints are ranked in a fixed, monostratal grammar. The study of English paradigms presents a theory of phonological classhood. Two arbitrarily-defined classes of affixed words participate in different transderivational identity effects.  Each affix class triggers a distinct OO-correspondence relation governed by its own set of faithfulness constraints.  All class-specific phonological behavior follows from the ranking of the two sets of OO-correspondence constraints. In this tranderivational theory, phonology is sensitive to morphology because phonological faithfulness relations hold over paradigmatically-related words. There are no cycles or levels of derivation. Complex words, like simplex words, are derived in a parallel grammar, without any intermediate stages.
An Optimality Theoretic Approach to Navajo Prefixal Syllables
Creators: name: Fountain, Amy Velita
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 1998

description: An Optimality Theoretic Approach to Navajo Prefixal Syllables Amy V. Fountain University of Arizona Navajo is a Southern Athapaskan language spoken by approximately 160,000 people in Arizona and New Mexico.  This dissertation examines the syllable structure alternations in the prefixes of the Navajo verb.  Specifically, the distribution of open and closed syllables in the verbal prefixes are at issue.  This distribution is seen to follow from the interaction of constraints on phonological well-formedness including Markedness, Faithfulness and Alignment constraints, under Optimality Theory.  The dissertation makes the following empirical and theoretical points.  Empirically, the analysis is based on a description of the surface forms of the Navajo verb, without recourse to diachronic or comparative data.  In this respect, the analysis is in line with the kind of reasoning that would have to be undertaken by the language-learner, and which must form some part of the phonological knowledge of native speakers of this language.  Furthermore, the analysis is undertaken without reference to the specialized terminology which permeates linguistic analyses of Navajo in particular, and of the language family in general.  Thus the description and analysis of the data are presented in such a way that a non-specialist in the language family might understand the data and analysis. Theoretically the analysis shows the utility of Optimality Theory in dealing with the complex interactions between morphology and phonology that characterize this language. It is demonstrated that the interaction of cross-linguistically motivated constraints on well-formedness results in the attested surface patterns. It is further argued that this analysis fills out a typological prediction of Optimality Theory by attesting one of the possible rankings of Markedness, Faithfulness and Alignment constraints. The basics of Navajo syllable structure, and of Optimality Theory are presented first, followed by a discussion of the fundamental morphological and phonological properties of the system.  A set of Navajo verbal paradigms is then analyzed and input forms of the morphemes which participate in syllable structure alternations are derived. The Optimality Theoretic analysis is presented, and the dissertation concludes with a discussion of the issues raised, and of a set of alternative analyses of the same data.
Positional Faithfulness
Creators: name: Beckman, Jill N.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 1998

description: There are a variety of phonological asymmetries exhibited by segments which appear in perceptually or psycholinguistically prominent positions such as roots,root-initial syllables, stressed syllables, and syllable onsets. In such positions, segmental or featural contrasts are often maintained, though they may be neutralized in non-prominent positions. Segments in prominent positions frequently trigger phonological processes such as assimilation, dissimilation and vowel harmony; conversely,they often block or resist the application of these processes. The goal of this dissertation is to develop atheory of positional faithfulness which will both generate and explain the range of positional asymmetries attested in natural language phonology.     Chapter 1 introduces the notion of positional privilege, as well as the fundamental aspects of Optimality Theory. Positional faithfulness constraints are introduced and demonstrated in an analysis of onset/coda asymmetries in Catalan voice assimilation. I argue that positional faithfulness provides an explanation for the attested onset/coda asymmetries that is not afforded by licensing alternatives.     Faithfulness in root-initial syllables, a position in which prominence derives largely from psycholinguistic(rather than phonetic) properties, is considered in Chapter2. Particular attention is given to the analysis of vowel harmony in Shona, and to the phonology of consonantal place in Tamil.     Chapter 3 is devoted to the domain of stress, showing once again that positional faithfulness constraints unify and explain a wide range of phonological asymmetries associated with the positional prominence. The core of the chapter is an analysis of nasal harmony in Guarani; vowel reduction in Catalan is also examined.     In Chapter 4, I turn to positional privilege effects which are sensitive to the distinction between root and affix. Such cases provide further support for positional faithfulness theory.     Finally, in Chapter 5, a different type of positional faithfulness effect, that of positional maximization, is examined. I argue that constraints which favor maximal packing of prominent constituents are necessary. Such constraints are crucial in cases of prominence-driven ambisyllabicity, as in Ibibio. Positional Max constraints also account for the appearance of complex syllable margins in prominent positions, though complex margins may be excluded elsewhere in the language.
The Typology of Rounding Harmony:  An Optimality Theoretic Approach
Creators: name: Kaun, Abigail Rhoades
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 1995

description: This thesis explores the typology of rounding harmony within the framework of optimality theory.  A systematic survey of the range of attested rounding harmony phenomena is presented and an analysis of this typology is proposed which invokes constraints based on perceptual and articulatory principles.  A central element of the theory advanced here is the claim that vowel harmony is perceptually-motivated.  Harmony serves to extend the duration of phonetic information which is phonologically important (i.e. distinctive), but which is transmitted by means of relatively subtle acoustic cues.  Evidence from phonetic studies of vowel articulation and vowel perception is cited in support of the comprehensive phonological analysis presented here.  It is demonstrated that the substantive account of the typology of rounding harmony made possible within optimality theory provides a very close fit with the observed typological facts, whereas purely formal, representationally-based phonological theories allow for no principled or adequately restrictive account of this range of facts.
Constraints on patterns of primary and secondary stress
Creators: name: McGarrity, Laura W.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2003

description: This dissertation examines the interaction of various phonological phenomena with stress assignment. In some languages primary and secondary stresses behave identically or symmetrically with respect to a particular process. However, in other languages, only primary stress undergoes the process while secondary stress does not. In these languages, stress assignment is said to be asymmetrical. The goals of this study are two-fold. The first is empirical in nature. A cross-linguistic comparison reveals a typology of languages that exhibit symmetrical and asymmetrical stress patterns. Special emphasis is placed on those languages that demonstrate asymmetries in the behavior of primary and secondary stresses with respect to a wide variety of different phonological phenomena. The second goal is theoretical, analyzing these languages within the constraint-based framework of Optimality Theory. It is shown that asymmetrical stress patterns can be accounted for by referring to constraints that are specific to primary stress. A crucial assumption of this proposal is that constraints may not refer exclusively to secondary stress. Ranking a primary-stress-specific constraint in a stringency relation above a general stress constraint, with an antagonistic constraint ranked intermediately between them, yields an asymmetrical pattern. Due to the nature of the stringency relation – in which violation of the specific constraint implies violation of the general constraint, but not vice versa – there is no ranking of these constraints that will yield a pattern in which a phonological process applies only in secondary stressed syllables. This is a desirable consequence, since, with respect to certain phonological processes – including non finality effects, stressed syllable lengthening, and stress-driven sonority – such patterns are unattested. However, with respect to other phonological processes – e.g., quantity-sensitivity and sonority-driven stress – this type of asymmetrical pattern is attested. It is proposed that the difference between those processes that can apply only in secondary stressed syllables and those that cannot rests in whether stress assignment is process-driven or whether the process is stress-driven. This fundamental dichotomy predicts when such an asymmetrical pattern will be attested and when it will not.
Celidosoma nigrocincta Hardy 1965
Creators: name: Tidon, Rosana
name: Almeida, Jonathan Mendes De
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Drosophilidae
Celidosoma
Celidosoma nigrocincta

description: nigrocincta Hardy, 1965: 67. Type locality: USA, Hawaii, Oahu, Shofield-Waikane Trail, 2000 ft. HT F (BBM). NT, AU Distr.: Colombia (Magdalena (Minca)), Hawaii. Refs.: Hoenigsberg & Lin, 1977: 57.
description: Published as part of Tidon, Rosana & Almeida, Jonathan Mendes De, 2016, FAMILY DROSOPHILIDAE, pp. 719-751 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 723, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.63, http://zenodo.org/record/263272
Hemipristis Agassiz 1843
Creators: name: White, William T.
name: Ko'Ou, Alfred
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Chondrichthyes
Carcharhiniformes
Hemigaleidae
Hemipristis

description: Genus Hemipristis Agassiz, 1843
Snaggletooth Shark
Hemipristis Agassiz, 1843: 237, 302. Type species: Hemipristis serra Agassiz, 1843, by subsequent designation; based on a fossil type species.
description: Published as part of White, William T. & Ko'Ou, Alfred, 2018, An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of Papua New Guinea, pp. 1-82 in Zootaxa 4411 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4411.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1221878
What it Means to be a Loser: Non-optimal Candidates in Optimality Theory
Creators: name: Coetzee, Andries W.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2004

description: In this dissertation I propose a rank-ordering model of EVAL. This model differs from classic OT as follows: In classic OT, EVAL distinguishes the best candidate from the losers, but does not distinguish between different losers. I argue that EVAL imposes a harmonic rank-ordering on the complete candidate set, so that also the losers are ordered relative to each other. I show how this model of EVAL can account for non-categorical phenomena such as variation and phonological processing.  Variation. In variation there is more than one pronunciation for a single input. Grammar determines the possible variants and the relative frequency of the variants. I argue that EVAL imposes a harmonic rank-ordering on the entire candidate set, and that language users can access more than the best candidate from this rank-ordering. However, the accessibility of a candidate depends on its position in the rank-ordering. The higher a candidate appears, the more often it will be selected as output. The best candidate is then the most frequent variant, the second best candidate the second most frequent variant, etc. I apply this model to vowel deletion in Latvian and Portuguese, and  to [t, d]-deletion in English.Phonological processing. Language users rely on grammar in word-likeness judgments and lexical decision tasks. The more well-formed a non-word, the more word like language users will judge it to be. A more well-formed a non-word is considered more seriously as a possible word, and language users will be slower to reject it in a lexical decision task. The rank-ordering model of EVAL accounts for this as follows: EVAL compares non-words and imposes a rank-ordering on them. The higher a non-word occurs in this rank-ordering, the more well-formed it is. Therefore, the higher a non-word occurs, the more word-like it will be judged to be, and the more slowly it will be rejected in lexical  decision tasks. I illustrate this by discussing two sets of experiments on how grammar influences phonological processing. The first set investigates the influence of the OCP on processing in Hebrew, and the second the influence of a constraint on [sCvC]-words in English.
Hemipristis elongata
Creators: name: White, William T.
name: Ko'Ou, Alfred
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Chondrichthyes
Carcharhiniformes
Hemigaleidae
Hemipristis
Hemipristis elongata

description: Hemipristis elongata (Klunzinger, 1871)
Snaggletooth Shark
Dirrhizodon elongatus Klunzinger, 1871: 665. Holotype: SMNS 1640 (dry); probably lost. Type locality: Al-Qusair, Egypt, Red Sea.
Local synonymy: Hemipristis elongatus— Filewood, 1973: 3 (PNG); Kailola, 1987: 20 (Yule Island); Hemipristis elongata— White et al., 2018: 124, figs (PNG).
PNG voucher material: (1 spec.) KFRS E.005 (dried jaws), Hall Sound, Central Province, Oct. 1963.
Remarks: First recorded in PNG by Filewood (1973), presumably based on KFRS E.005. One specimen observed in a prawn trawl vessel freezer in Western Province and two dried fins confirmed as this species photographed from Milne Bay Province during recent surveys.
description: Published as part of White, William T. & Ko'Ou, Alfred, 2018, An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of Papua New Guinea, pp. 1-82 in Zootaxa 4411 (1) on page 30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4411.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1221878
Loanword Adaptation in Mandarin Chinese: Perceptual, Phonological and Sociolinguistic Factors
Creators: name: Miao, Ruiqin
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2005

description: This dissertation is a study of Mandarin Chinese loanword phonology, with focus on phoneme substitution patterns for consonants and processes used in resolving foreign syllable structures which are illicit in Mandarin. The data serving as the basis for analysis are loans borrowed into modern Mandarin from three Indo-European languages, namely English, German and Italian. I investigate the perceptual and phonological factors that regulate the variability of loanword adaptation in Mandarin. In addition, I discuss the influence of sociolinguistic factors on the phonological processes observed in the data. Based on the adaptation patterns in Mandarin, I argue that the recipient language speakers' perceptual knowledge plays a crucial role in loanword phonology and that loanword processes function to create an adapted form that is perceived as sufficiently similar to the source word. I propose a constraint ranking analysis within the Optimality Theoretic framework (Prince & Smolensky 1993, McCarthy & Prince 1993, McCarthy & Prince 1995). Following Steriade's (2002) P-map hypothesis, I conjecture that rankings of various correspondence constraints are projected by the perceptual similarity between the source form and the adapted form. Furthermore, this analysis is tested by data from online loan perception and adaptation experiments, the results of which corroborate the hypothesis that perceptual similarity plays an important role in loanword adaptation.  This research supports cross-linguistic findings about the preference for faithfulness of manner over faithfulness of other features such as voicing and place (e.g. Broselow 1999, Steriade 2002) and the preference for segment preservation over deletion in loan adaptation (e.g. Paradis & LaCharitÃ© 1997, Uffmann 2001, 2004). It enriches our understanding of the role of perceptual similarity and perceptual salience in phonology and their relationship to constraint ranking.
Chymomyza bicoloripes Malloch 1926
Creators: name: Tidon, Rosana
name: Almeida, Jonathan Mendes De
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Drosophilidae
Chymomyza
Chymomyza bicoloripes

description: bicoloripes (Malloch), 1926: 31 (Drosophila). Type locality: Costa Rica, Alajuela, San Mateo, Higuito. HT M (USNM). NT. Distr.: Costa Rica to Bolivia. Colombia (Meta (Villavicencio)). Ref.: Wheeler, 1957: 103; Grimaldi, 1986: 353.
description: Published as part of Tidon, Rosana & Almeida, Jonathan Mendes De, 2016, FAMILY DROSOPHILIDAE, pp. 719-751 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 723, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.63, http://zenodo.org/record/263272
Carcharhinidae D.S.Jordan & Evermann 1896
Creators: name: White, William T.
name: Ko'Ou, Alfred
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Chondrichthyes
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae

description: Family Carcharhinidae Jordan & Evermann, 1896
Requiem Sharks
description: Published as part of White, William T. & Ko'Ou, Alfred, 2018, An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of Papua New Guinea, pp. 1-82 in Zootaxa 4411 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4411.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1221878
An Optimality Theoretic Approach to Variable Consonantal Alternations in Qatari Arabic
Creators: name: Mustafawi, Eiman M.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2006

description: This thesis investigates two variable phonological processes exhibited in Qatari Arabic (QA). One is the affrication of the velar stops [k] and [g] to [tS] and [dZ], a process that has been traditionally assumed to be triggered by adjacency to a front vowel. The other alternation concerns the lenition of /dZ/ to [j], taken to be phonetically unconditioned. Previous studies, however, recognize the existence of a large number of exceptions to these processes.By reconsidering the data in the light of new advancements in phonological theory, affrication and lenition are analyzed as regular processes, and cases that were previously considered to be exceptions to affrication and lenition are accounted for. First I argue for the inclusion of the segments /g/ and /tS/, which are traditionally assumed to derive from an underlying /q/ and /k/, respectively, in the phonemic inventory of QA. I find that affrication can be triggered only by adjacency to [i(:)], to the exclusion of any other segment, within the stem. Also, affrication interacts with pharyngealization, a process that retracts/lowers vowels in a certain domain and removes the required context for affrication to apply. Lenition is argued not to be context-free, as it is blocked in coda position preceded by a non-low vowel, as well as in geminates. Exceptions to lenition are accounted for by employing the notion of prespecification/underspecification. Both processes are subject to OCP restrictions and paradigmatic effects.Typologically, the current study adds QA to the small list of languages in which lenition of an obstruent to a glide applies. It also discusses a unique case of interaction between variation and paradigmatic effects, and it provides evidence for the necessity of the OP model (McCarthy, 2005) in addition to regular OO-faithfulness constraints. This study suggests that the OCP is a synchronically active constraint in Arabic which restricts segmental alternations, in addition to restricting static patterns of phonological representation.The discussion is based on a large amount of data, systematically extracted from a local dictionary and complemented by additional forms provided by the author. The analysis is cast in an optimality theoretic (OT) framework (Prince & Smolensky, 2004), which holds that linguistic forms are the outcome of the interaction among violable universal constraints, and in OT's recent development into a model that accounts for linguistic variation.
Carcharhinus Blainville 1816
Creators: name: White, William T.
name: Ko'Ou, Alfred
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Chondrichthyes
Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Carcharhinus

description: Genus Carcharhinus Blainville, 1816
Whaler Sharks
Carcharhinus (subgenus of Squalus) Blainville, 1816: 121. Type species: Carcharias melanopterus Quoy & Gaimard, 1824, by subsequent designation of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
description: Published as part of White, William T. & Ko'Ou, Alfred, 2018, An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of Papua New Guinea, pp. 1-82 in Zootaxa 4411 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4411.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1221878