cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Surrogacy and the Politics of Commodification
Creators: name: Scott, Elizabeth S.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Surrogate motherhood--Law and legislation
subject: Commodity exchanges
subject: Human reproductive technology--Law and legislation
subject: Surrogate mothers--Moral and ethical aspects
subject: Human reproductive technology--Religious aspects
subject: Human reproductive technology--Social aspects
subject: Feminism
subject: Fertilization in vitro, Human--Law and legislation
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: Section I being the introduction, this essay proceeds as follows. Section II offers a historical account of the legal and social issues surrounding surrogacy over the past twenty years. These issues present the puzzle that the rest of the article seeks to resolve. Section III examines how surrogacy was framed as commodification in the Baby M context. Although opponents of surrogacy had legitimate concerns about unfamiliar uses of reproductive technology, the political and legal responses to this case were to a considerable extent a combination of moral panic and interest-group politics. The vivid drama of Baby M came to symbolize the pernicious threat that commercialization of reproductive technology posed to conventional understandings of the family and of motherhood. Opinion leaders, primarily religious groups and feminists, reinforced the moral panic and formed an unlikely but effective coalition that persisted for several years. Of particular interest is the role of feminists in the political arena and why they ultimately unified in a stance favoring legal prohibition of surrogacy that was in tension with other feminist views about reproductive agency. In section IV, I seek to explain how and why the social and political meanings of surrogacy have changed over the past decade. Several factors have been important: The moral panic has dissipated, as many of the predicted harms have not been realized.  Further, advances in IVF have expanded the use of gestational surrogacy, which, because the surrogate is not genetically related to the baby, was less readily framed as commodification and thus was more palatable than traditional surrogacy. Finally, the interest-group dynamic has changed: women's groups have withdrawn their engagement with the issue, perhaps because their arguments against surrogacy were increasingly adopted by anti-abortion advocates. These conditions have contributed to a political climate in which lawmakers have adopted a pragmatic approach, authorizing surrogacy arrangements while seeking to minimize potential tangible harms. In a liberal society, this stance seems like the correct governmental response to a social practice that some continue to view with concern but about which no consensus exists.
Saint Thomas D’Aquin, Somme Théologique. L’Ordre. Suppl.: Questions 34-40. Traduction française par M J. Gerland, O. P. et J. Lécuyer, C. S. Sp. Notes et appendices par J. Lécuyer, C. S. Sp. Ed. Du Cerf et Desclée et Cie. Vol. de 248 ps. 100x165
Creators: name: G., A.
Publisher: name: Theologica
Year: 1970

description: Theologica, v. 5 n. 2 (1970)
Ks Band Luminosity Evolution of the Asymptotic Giant Branch Population Based on Star Clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Creators: name: Ko, Youkyung
name: Lee, Myung Gyoon
name: Lim, Sungsoon
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a study of Ks band luminosity evolution of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) population in simple stellar systems using star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We determine physical parameters of LMC star clusters including center coordinates, radii, and foreground reddenings. Ages of 83 star clusters are derived from isochrone fitting with the Padova models, and those of 19 star clusters are taken from the literature. The AGB stars in 102 star clusters with log(age) = 7.3 - 9.5 are selected using near-infrared color magnitude diagrams based on 2MASS photometry. Then we obtain the Ks band luminosity fraction of AGB stars in these star clusters as a function of ages. The Ks band luminosity fraction of AGB stars increases, on average, as age increases from log(age) ~ 8.0, reaching a maximum at log(age) ~ 8.5, and it decreases thereafter. There is a large scatter in the AGB luminosity fraction for given ages, which is mainly due to stochastic effects. We discuss this result in comparison with five simple stellar population models. The maximum Ks band AGB luminosity fraction for bright clusters is reproduced by the models that expect the value of 0.7 - 0.8 at log(age) = 8.5 - 8.7. We discuss the implication of our results with regard to the study of size and mass evolution of galaxies.
description: 35 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables; accepted for publication in ApJ
Accurate tight-binding and continuum models for the $π$ bands of bilayer graphene
Creators: name: Jung, Jeil
name: MacDonald, Allan H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We derive an {\em ab initio} $π$-band tight-binding model for $AB$ stacked bilayer graphene based on maximally localized Wannier wave functions (MLWFs) centered on the carbon sites, finding that both intralayer and interlayer hopping is longer in range than assumed in commonly used phenomenological tight-binding models. Starting from this full tight-binding model, we derive two effective models that are intended to provide a convenient starting point for theories of $π$-band electronic properties by achieving accuracy over the full width of the $π$-bands, and especially at the Dirac points, in models with a relatively small number of hopping parameters. The simplified models are then compared with phenomenological Slonczewski-Weiss-McClure type tight-binding models in an effort to clarify confusions that exists in the literature concerning tight-binding model parameter signs.
description: 10 pages, 9 figures
Kalidium foliatum Moq.
Creators: name: Sukhorukov, Alexander P.
name: Kushunina, Maria A.
name: Stepanova, Nina Yu.
name: Kalmykova, Olga G.
name: Golovanov, Yaroslav M.
name: Sennikov, Alexander N.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Caryophyllales
Amaranthaceae
Kalidium
Kalidium foliatum

description: Kalidium foliatum (Pall.) Moq.
Kalidium foliatum (Pall.) Moq. in DC., Prodr. 13 (2): 147 (1849) ≡ Salicornia foliata Pall., Reise 1: 422 (1771).
Native status
Native.
Conservation status
Least Concern (LC).
Currently under legal protection in Orenburg Region because of its rarity and restricted distribution, category 3 (Belov 2019).
EOO 800 km 2, AOO 12 km 2. This species has a restricted occurrence at the northern limit of its distribution. Nevertheless, its populations are confined to saline soils which are not threatened by human activities. For this reason, its further legal protection is considered unnecessary.
Distribution
Orenburg Region: Svetlyi District (Fig. 42).
Previous reports: Knjazev (2009).
The species occurs on saline substrates. It is restricted to the easternmost part of the Region.
The species is distributed in southern Russia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran.
description: Published as part of Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Kushunina, Maria A., Stepanova, Nina Yu., Kalmykova, Olga G., Golovanov, Yaroslav M. & Sennikov, Alexander N., 2024, Taxonomic inventory and distributions of Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae s. l.) in Orenburg Region, Russia, pp. e 121541 in Biodiversity Data Journal 12 on page e121541, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e121541
Ctenodactylus gundi
Creators: name: Honacki, James H.
name: Kinman, Kenneth E.
name: Koeppl, James W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1982
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Rodentia
Ctenodactylidae
Ctenodactylus
Ctenodactylus gundi

description: Ctenodactylus gundi (Rothmann, 1776). In Schloezer, Briefwechsel, p. 339. TYPE LOCALITY: Libya, Gharian, 80 km S. of Tripoli. DISTRIBUTION: N. Morocco to N.W. Libya. COMMENT: Includes massonii; see Misonne, 1974, Part 6:5. ISIS NUMBER: 5301410033001001001.
description: Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Rodentia (Part 6), pp. 560-594 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 594, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353039
description: {"references": ["Misonne, X. 1974. Order Rodentia. Part 6. Pp. 1 - 39, in The mammals of Africa: An identification manual (J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, eds.). [issued 10 Sep 1974]. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., not continuously paginated."]}
title: Towards a Global System of Innovation: the Role of Donors in Immunisation for International Development
Creators: name: Whetham, Charles
Publisher: name: The Open University
Year: 2023

description: This research examines what role donors play with respect to innovation in immunisation for international development. It uses as its conceptual framework the global innovation system (GIS) model to examine the principal donors within the sector. Because the empirical data is in-depth, contextualised, and qualitative, the research design adopted is that of a multiple case-study of donor organisations, using triangulated, mixed-methods qualitative data collection. The examined cases are UNICEF, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Knowledge gaps in the existing literature related to how these donors engage actors and institutions across different spatial levels for innovation; to how donors’ manifold power relations affect this; and to how donor structure and capabilities determine their particular roles in innovation. The research finds strong evidence of an emerging GIS in immunisation for international development. This consists of a global sub-system and a set of sub-systems at the national level, each representing a country receiving development assistance in immunisation. Donors perform four principal roles within this GIS. Firstly, they provide, maintain and extend structural elements of the GIS, especially its networks and linkages between sub-systems. Secondly, donors generate and utilise resources of financial investment, market access and innovation legitimacy for the valuation of innovation. Thirdly, donors coordinate to ensure complementarity in the activities they and other actors provide, which enables effective distributed agency across the GIS. Fourthly, donors navigate the rules, norms and presumptions of the GIS on behalf of partnerships of actors, variously complying, co-opting or contesting them. The relationship is shown between each of these principal roles and the system’s spatial levels, inter-actor power relations and donors’ structure and capabilities. This offers new, detailed understanding to close significantly the previously-identified knowledge gaps.
High Pressure Effects on the Superconductivity in Rare-Earth Doped CaFe2As2
Creators: name: Cargill, Dan
name: Uhoya, Walter
name: Krzysztof, Gofryk
name: Tsoi, Georgiy M.
name: Vohra, Yogesh K.
name: Sefat, Athena S.
name: Weir, S. T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: High-pressure superconductivity in a rare-earth doped Ca0.86Pr0.14Fe2As2 single crystalline sample has been studied up to 12 GPa and temperatures down to 11 K using designer diamond anvil cell under a quasi-hydrostatic pressure medium. The electrical resistance measurements were complemented by high pressure and low temperature x-ray diffraction studies at a synchrotron source. The electrical resistance measurements show an intriguing observation of superconductivity under pressure, with Tc as high as ~51 K at 1.9 GPa, presenting the highest Tc reported in the intermetallic class of 1-2-2 iron-based superconductors. The resistive transition observed suggests a possible existence of two superconducting phases at low pressures of 0.5 GPa: one phase starting at Tc1 ~48 K, and the other starting at Tc2~16 K. The two superconducting transitions show distinct variations with increasing pressure. High pressure low temperature structural studies indicate that the superconducting phase is a collapsed tetragonal ThCr2Si2-type (122) crystal structure. Our high pressure studies indicate that high Tc state attributed to non-bulk superconductivity in rare-earth doped 1-2-2 iron-based superconductors is stable under compression over a broad pressure range.
description: 18 pages, 5 figures, 1 table
Ezechias Convalescens Sev Adplavsvs Ad Anniuersarium Auspicatae Electionis Diem ... Domini Ignatii Ord. SS. P. Benedicti, Antiquissimi Monasterii ad Quercum Inferiorem Praesvlis Vigilantissimi Vtriusque Bauariae Abbatvm Primatis ... oblatus Anno 1763. Die 26. Julii; [1763]
Creators: name: Weiß, Anselmus
name: Schallhamer, Beda ¬von
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2014

description: Lat. Singspiel. - Handschriftlicher Eintrag im Ex. der UB München: Textum hunc composuit ... Dominus P. Beda Schallhamer Wagingensis Salispurgensis ... Modulos Musicos composuit Dominus Frater Anselmus Weiß Riedensis Boius
Vários, Au Service de la parole de Dieu. Mélanges offerts à Monseigneur André-Marie Charrue, évêque de Namur. Ed. Duculot. Vol. XX+546 ps. 160x245. Gembloux 1969
Creators: name: Faria, Manuel Ferreira De
Publisher: name: Theologica
Year: 1970

description: Theologica, v. 5 n. 2 (1970)
BOSHLANG'ICH SINF O'QUVCHILARINING ATROF-MUHITGA EKOLOGIK TARBIYASINI OSHIRISHDA RAQAMLI TEXNOLOGIYALARNING O'RNI
Creators: name: Bovanova, Umida
name: Aytbaeva, Jadra
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025

description: Ushbu maqolada ta’lim tizimida raqamli texnologiyalardan foydalanishning ahamiyati, bu borada davlatimiz tomonidan amalga oshirilayotgan islohotlar, raqamli transformatsiya sharoitida ta’lim tizimini yuksaltirish va shu orqali yoshlarda axloqiy-ma’naviy sifatlarni rivojlantirish boshlang‘ich sinf tabiatshunoslik darslarida ekologik tushunchalarni rivojlantirish mazmuni, o‘qitish metodlari, shakl va vositalarini uyg‘unlashtirish, shuningdek, o‘quvchilarning ekologik madaniyatini oshirish, tabiat go‘zalligini his qilish, uni asrash tuyg‘ularini va shaxsiy hayotiy dunyoqarashni to‘g‘ri shakllantirish jihatlari yoritilgan bo‘lib,  boshlang‘ich sinf o‘quvchilarda ijtimoiy faolligini rivojlantirish jarayonlarini tashkil etish va boshqarishda, sub’ektlarning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari, tashkil etiladigan ijtimoiy funksiyalar aks ettirilgan.
Ab Initio Simulation of Electrical Currents Induced by Ultrafast Laser Excitation of Dielectric Materials
Creators: name: Wachter, Georg
name: Lemell, Christoph
name: Burgdörfer, Joachim
name: Sato, Shunsuke A.
name: Tong, Xiao-Min
name: Yabana, Kazuhiro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We theoretically investigate the generation of ultrafast currents in insulators induced by strong few-cycle laser pulses. Ab initio simulations based on time-dependent density functional theory give insight into the atomic-scale properties of the induced current signifying a femtosecond-scale insulator-metal transition. We observe the transition from nonlinear polarization currents during the laser pulse at low intensities to tunnelinglike excitation into the conduction band at higher laser intensities. At high intensities, the current persists after the conclusion of the laser pulse considered to be the precursor of the dielectric breakdown on the femtosecond scale. We show that the transferred charge sensitively depends on the orientation of the polarization axis relative to the crystal axis suggesting that the induced charge separation reflects the anisotropic electronic structure. We find good agreement with very recent experimental data on the intensity and carrierenvelope phase dependence [A. Schiffrin et al., Nature (London) 493, 70 (2013)].
description: Accepted version
The behavior of the entanglement entropy in interacting quasi-1D systems and its consequences for their efficient numerical study
Creators: name: Moukouri, Samuel
name: Grosfeld, Eytan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method allows an efficient computation of the properties of interacting 1D quantum systems. Two-dimensional (2D) systems, capable of displaying much richer quantum behavior, generally lie beyond its reach except for very small system sizes. Many of the physical properties of 2D systems carry into the quasi-1D case, for which, unfortunately, the standard 2D DMRG algorithm fares little better. By finding the form of the entanglement entropy in quasi-1D systems, we directly identify the reason for this failure. Using this understanding, we explain why a modified algorithm, capable of cleverly exploiting this behavior of the entanglement entropy, can accurately reach much larger system sizes. We demonstrate the power of this method by accurately finding quantum critical points in frustration induced magnetic transitions, which remain inaccessible using the standard DMRG or the Monte Carlo methods.
description: 5 pages, 4 figures, title and abstract changed, references added
Children's Preference in Adjudicated Custody Decisions
Creators: name: Scott, Elizabeth S.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1988
Subjects: subject: Custody of children--Decision making
subject: Domestic relations
subject: Public welfare
subject: Custody of children--Trial practice
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: Part I of this Article examines the trend toward recognizing children's custody preferences. It describes the related debate over whether the child should have a decisional role and, if so, how evidence should be elicited. Part II describes the findings of a study of attitudes and practices of judges who decide custody cases in Virginia. The study was designed to determine whether children's preferences counted in the judicial decision and by what means evidence of these preferences was elicited. In Part III we analyze the findings of the Virginia study and suggest implications for legal policy. We conclude that a short, private judicial interview directed solely at eliciting the preference of the adolescent child who wants to have a voice in the decision represents the optimal accommodation of the conflicting interests of parents and children in custody determinations. We further argue that the implicit legal rule favoring the custodial choice of adolescent children should be adopted as a presumption. The "adolescent preference" rule is consistent with developmental knowledge about adolescence and with the legal trend toward recognition of adolescent autonomy in other settings. Moreover, such a rule encourages private ordering and lends greater certainty to custody decision making for a significant category of cases. In Part IV, we examine the basis of the "adolescent preference" rule and suggest that it is derived from a modern social norm supporting a voice for teenagers in important matters affecting their lives. In general, social norms and customs regarding family roles tend to play a critical role in custody decisions and policies. We suggest that the precision or generality of custody decision rules is positively (and perhaps normatively) linked to the extent of the social consensus about family roles in marriage and divorce. Attending to the function of social norms in custody law may offer a valuable perspective for legal policy.
Magnetoresistance Induced by Rare Strong Scatterers in a High Mobility 2DEG
Creators: name: Bockhorn, L.
name: Gornyi, I. V.
name: Schuh, D.
name: Reichl, C.
name: Wegscheider, W.
name: Haug, R. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We observe a strong negative magnetoresistance at non-quantizing magnetic fields in a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). This strong negative magnetoresistance consists of a narrow peak around zero magnetic field and a huge magnetoresistance at larger fields. The peak shows parabolic magnetic field dependence and is attributed to the interplay of smooth disorder and rare strong scatterers. We identify the rare strong scatterers as macroscopic defects in the material and determine their density from the peak curvature.
description: 5 pages, 4 figures
Gender Politics and Child Custody: The Puzzling Persistence of the Best-Interests Standard
Creators: name: Scott, Elizabeth S.
name: Emery, Robert E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Custody of children--Decision making
subject: Sex role
subject: Children--Legal status, laws, etc.
subject: Family violence
subject: Mental health
subject: Custody of children--Trial practice
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: Part I being the introduction, this article proceeds as follows. Part II describes the deficiencies of the best-interests standard, focusing on the daunting verifiability challenges judges face in applying the standard. Part III explores the political-economy explanation for the persistence of the best-interests standard. It examines the gender war in legislatures, focusing particularly on the repeated battles over joint custody in recent decades. Part IV explores the struggles to elevate the importance of domestic violence and parental alienation respectively as key factors in applying the standard, efforts that create a veneer of determinacy important categories of cases. Part V focuses on the illusion of mental-health expertise as the second key to the entrenchment of the best-interests standard. We challenge the assumption that MHPs enable courts to escape the indeterminacy of best interests and can guide them toward good custody decisions. Part VI proposes substantive and procedural reforms that can improve custody decisionmaking, potentially resulting in arrangements th at conform more closely to the law's policy goal.
Michl, J., Le problème de Jésus. De Jésus de l’Histoire au Christ de la Foi. Ed. Salvator. Vol. de 99 ps. 135x190. Paris 1968
Creators: name: Correia, Francisco Carvalho
Publisher: name: Theologica
Year: 1970

description: Theologica, v. 5 n. 2 (1970)
Trespass, Nuisance, and the Costs of Determining Property Rights
Creators: name: Merrill, Thomas W.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1985
Subjects: subject: Nuisances
subject: Right of property
subject: Trespass--Law and legislation
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: The central thesis is that when the costs of transacting are low, the legal system will gravitate toward rules that determine entitlements at a low cost -- such as the strict liability rule of trespass. The combination of low transaction costs and low entitlement-determination costs will maximize the extent to which conflicts between competing uses of land can be resolved by market transactions. In contrast, when the costs of transacting are apt to be high, the legal system will incline toward rules for the determination of entitlements that are more expensive -- such as the balancing or cost-benefit approach of nuisance. When market mechanisms fail, these more expensive entitlement-determination rules are necessary in order to give judges the needed discretion to adopt what they perceive as the best "compromise" solution (the efficient solution) to land use disputes.

Although I will use this economic model primarily to explain the differences between trespass and nuisance and the sorts of intrusions covered by each action, the model has the potential for broader application. In Section IV, I will survey some other issues involving the rights to exclude, use, and transfer property and will suggest that the relationship between transaction costs and entitlement-determination costs can account for some of the legal doctrine in these areas. Finally, although the main thrust of the article is positive in its orientation, in Section V I will raise some normative issues for those who believe that the legal system should be concerned, at least in part, with the maximization of social utility or wealth. Here, I argue that low-cost mechanical entitlement-determination rules play an important role in facilitating the exchange and modification of property rights -- a role often overlooked by commentators who view them simply as decisional rules to be applied in litigation.
Fabrication and characterization of Fe3O4@SiO2-Imine/Thio-Cu(II) nanomaterial as a novel and efficient magnetically reusable catalyst for the synthesis of N-aryl sulfonamides
Creators: name: Raya, Indah
name: Parra, Rosario Mireya Romero
name: Yasin, Ghulam
name: Jalil, Abduladheem Turki
name: Muzammil, Khursheed
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Mental Health
subject: Virology

description: In this paper, we synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2-Imine/Thio-Cu(II) nanomaterial and studied its catalytic activity in the synthesis of N-aryl sulfonamides via the reaction of various aryl iodides and sulfonamides under eco-friendly conditions. The structure of the Fe3O4@SiO2-Imine/Thio-Cu(II) nanomaterial was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, VSM, AAS, and ICP-OES techniques. Recycling experiments revealed that the Fe3O4@SiO2-Imine/Thio-Cu(II) nanocatalyst could be easily recovered by a simple magnetic separation and recycled at least seven times without deterioration in catalytic activity. High reusability, simple recovery of catalyst, high yields, mild conditions, performance of reactions in water and simple operation are several significant advantages of this methodology.
Compact quantum gates on electron-spin qubits assisted by diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers inside cavities
Creators: name: Wei, Hai-Rui
name: Deng, Fu-Guo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Constructing compact quantum circuits for universal quantum gates on solid-state systems is crucial for quantum computing. We present some compact quantum circuits for a deterministic solid-state quantum computing, including the CNOT, Toffoli, and Fredkin gates on the diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers confined inside cavities, achieved by some input-output processes of a single photon. Our quantum circuits for these universal quantum gates are simple and economic. Moreover, additional electron qubits are not employed, but only a single-photon medium. These gates have a long coherent time. We discuss the feasibility of these universal solid-state quantum gates, concluding that they are feasible with current technology.
description: 12 pages, 6 figures. To appear in
First Amendment Protection for Commercial Advertising: The New Constitutional Doctrine
Creators: name: Merrill, Thomas W.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1976
Subjects: subject: Constitutional law
subject: Commercial law
subject: Advertising laws
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This article argues that after Bigelow and Virginia Board of Pharmacy, the constitutionality of regulations of commercial speech should be assessed in the manner first suggested in Pittsburgh Press. Under this approach, courts should determine whether the speech at issue is commercial speech, then apply either the balancing test associated with commercial speech or the standard of strict scrutiny employed in measuring speech regulations outside the commercial speech context. In making this inquiry, the courts should adopt a definition of commercial speech based upon the reduced first amendment value that the Supreme Court has identified as characteristic of commercial advertising. The proposed definition reflects this lower order of value and the greater durability of commercial advertising: commercial speech is speech referring to a brand name product or service that is not itself protected by the first amendment, issued by a speaker with a financial interest in the sale of the product or service or in the distribution of the speech.

Where the speech involved is within the terms of this definition, courts should review regulations under a balancing test that requires the governmental interests supporting the regulation to outweigh the first amendment value of the speech. In applying this balancing test, courts should consider such factors as whether the speech involved is false or deceptive, whether the regulation singles out advertising with particular content for special treatment, whether the activity advertised is itself illegal, and whether the speaker's incentives to advertise and his access to information about the item advertised make his speech more resistant to the chilling effects of regulation.

This article suggests that a showing of significant governmental interest should be required to sustain total prohibitions of truthful advertising for lawful products and services. Valid community interests in controlling the consumption of undesirable commercial products will not be frustrated by this requirement. As the court of appeals observed in Chrestensen v. Valentine, even if complete suppression of advertising for a particular product is unwarranted, less restrictive methods of regulating commercial advertising may be available to vindicate the government's interests. The Supreme Court's ill-considered ruling in Chrestensen obscured this insight, but three decades later the Court has seen its wisdom.
Study of co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cocoa beans in Brazil by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
Creators: name: Abreu, Daiane Cássia Pereira
name: Vargas, Eugenia Azevedo
name: da Silva Oliveira, Fabiano Aurelio
name: Uetanabaro, Ana Paula Trovatti
name: Pires, Polyane Novais
name: Bazzana, Matheus Julien Ferreira
name: Saczk, Adelir Aparecida
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: In this study, 135 samples of cocoa beans collected in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest regions of Brazil were analysed to evaluate the possible co-occurrence of 34 mycotoxins. The results indicate that 42% of the cocoa samples exhibited quantifiable levels for 11 mycotoxins: aflatoxins (AFs) B1, B2 and G1; ochratoxin A; citrinin; cyclopiazonic acid; tenuazonic acid; paxilline; sterigmatocystin; zearalenone and fumonisin B2. Of the samples, 18% exhibited the co-occurrence of up to six mycotoxins. No toxins belonging to the groups of trichothecenes or ergot alkaloids were detected. Contingency analysis of the incidence of mycotoxins did not show significant differences between the two regions evaluated. Seven samples were contaminated with AFs, while only one contained ochratoxin A above 10 μg kg−1. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by proficiency testing for ochratoxin A, where satisfactory Z-scores were obtained.
A New Perspective on the Radio Active Zone at The Galactic Center - Feedback from Nuclear Activities
Creators: name: Zhao, Jun-Hui
name: Morris, Mark R.
name: Goss, W. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Based on our deep image of Sgr A using broadband data observed with the Jansky VLA at 6 cm, we present a new perspective of the radio bright zone at the Galactic center. We further show the radio detection of the X-ray Cannonball, a candidate neutron star associated with the Galactic center SNR Sgr A East. The radio image is compared with the Chandra X-ray image to show the detailed structure of the radio counterparts of the bipolar X-ray lobes. The bipolar lobes are likely produced by the winds from the activities within Sgr A West, which could be collimated by the inertia of gas in the CND, or by the momentum driving of Sgr A*; and the poloidal magnetic fields likely play an important role in the collimation. The less-collimated SE lobe, in comparison to the NW one, is perhaps due to the fact that the Sgr A East SN might have locally reconfigured the magnetic field toward negative galactic latitudes. In agreement with the X-ray observations, the time-scale of ~ $1\times10^4$ yr estimated for the outermost radio ring appears to be comparable to the inferred age of the Sgr A East SNR.
description: 4 pages 2 figures, IAU 303 proceedings
Synthesis of ursane-derived isothiocyanates and study of their reactions with series of amines and ammonia
Creators: name: Popov, Sergey A.
name: Qi, Zhiwen
name: Wang, Chengzhang
name: Shults, Elvira E.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: Based on ursolic acid, 3 compounds with isothiocyanate groups located at different distances from C-17 of the triterpenoid core have been synthesized through ursane-derived primary amines. To obtain terpene hybrids with thioureas and N,S-containing heterocycles, series of amines and ammonia were reacted with novel isothiocyanates. In the reactions with propargylamine, 3 triterpenoid hybrids with 4,5-dihydrothiazol-2-yl-amine have been selectively obtained in 81%–91% yields. Isothiocyanates containing several bonds between the -CNS group and the triterpenoid backbone reacted with (1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl)methanamines, as well as with ammonia, to form thiourea derivatives (78%–94%). The nor-compound with a -CNS group at C-17 of the triterpenoid was the least reactive due to deactivation by a donor terpene branched substituent and reacted readily only with sufficiently strong nucleophiles, such as primary and secondary aliphatic amines. The reaction of the nor-derivative of isothiocyanate 7 with ammonia at elevated temperature led to the unexpected formation of 3β-acetoxy-28-norurs-12-en-17-yl-amine, the precursor of isothiocyanate, as the main product (82%).
title: Tobias Junior Seu Applausus Musicus; [ca. 1760]
title: Domino Ignatio Ord. SS. P. Benedicti Antiquissimi Monasterii ad Quercum Inferiorem Bavariae Inferioris Abbati ... Utriusque Bavariae Abbatum Primati ... Ad Festum Onomasticum ... Oblatus
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Maichl, Franz Xaver
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2014

description: Verf. ermittelt
Salicornia perennans Willd.
Creators: name: Sukhorukov, Alexander P.
name: Kushunina, Maria A.
name: Stepanova, Nina Yu.
name: Kalmykova, Olga G.
name: Golovanov, Yaroslav M.
name: Sennikov, Alexander N.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Caryophyllales
Amaranthaceae
Salicornia
Salicornia perennans

description: Salicornia perennans Willd.
Salicornia perennans Willd., Sp. Pl. 1: 24 (1797).
= Salicornia prostrata Pall., Ill. Pl.: 8, tab. 3 (1803).
– Salicornia europaea auct.: Ryabinina (1998).
– Salicornia herbacea auct.: Iljin (1930).
Native status
Native
Conservation status
Least Concern (LC).
EOO 63,000 km 2, AOO 60 km 2. The species is common in the southern districts and may be found sporadically occurring elsewhere.
Distribution
Orenburg Region (southern districts): Adamovka, Belyaevka, Dombarovka, Gai, Kuvandyk, Kvarkeno, Novoorsk, Pervomaiskii, Sol' - Iletsk, Svetlyi, Yasnyi Districts, Orenburg City (Fig. 43).
Previous reports: Iljin (1930), Ryabinina (1998), Knjazev (2009).
The species occurs on saline sites. It is common in the Region.
The species is distributed in arid regions of Eurasia.
description: Published as part of Sukhorukov, Alexander P., Kushunina, Maria A., Stepanova, Nina Yu., Kalmykova, Olga G., Golovanov, Yaroslav M. & Sennikov, Alexander N., 2024, Taxonomic inventory and distributions of Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae s. l.) in Orenburg Region, Russia, pp. e 121541 in Biodiversity Data Journal 12 on page e121541, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e121541
Negative differential resistance and effect of defects and deformations in MoS2 armchair nanoribbon MOSFET
Creators: name: Sengupta, Amretashis
name: Mahapatra, Santanu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this work we present a study on the negative differential resistance behavior and the impact of various deformations {like ripples, twist, wrap} and defects like vacancies and edge roughness on the electronic properties of short-channel MoS2 armchair nanoribbon MOSFETs. The effect of deformation {3 to 7 degree twist or wrap and 0.3 to 0.7 Ang rippling amplitude} and defects on a 10 nm MoS2 ANR FET is evaluated by the density functional tight binding theory and the non-equilibrium Green`s function approach. We study the channel density of states, transmission spectra and the ID VD characteristics of such devices under the varying conditions, with focus on the negative differential resistance behavior. Our results show significant change in the NDR peak to valley ratio and the NDR window with such minor intrinsic deformations, especially with the rippling.
Spectroscopic signatures of crystal momentum fractionalization
Creators: name: Essin, Andrew M.
name: Hermele, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider gapped Z2 spin liquids, where spinon quasiparticles may carry fractional quantum numbers of space group symmetry. In particular, spinons can carry fractional crystal momentum. We show that such quantum number fractionalization has dramatic, spectroscopically accessible consequences, namely enhanced periodicity of the two-spinon density of states in the Brillouin zone, which can be detected via inelastic neutron scattering. This effect is a sharp signature of certain topologically ordered spin liquids and other symmetry enriched topological phases. Considering square lattice space group and time reversal symmetry, we show that exactly four distinct types of spectral periodicity are possible.
description: 6 pages; v2: added reference; v3: improved introduction, typos corrected; v4: added reference
Study on a nano-porous gold/polyamidoamine (NPG/PAMAM)-based electrochemical aptamer biosensor for the detection of ochratoxin a in the red wine
Creators: name: Wensi, Zhang
name: Chuanjin, Cui
name: Chen, Hongshuo
name: Xuechao, Zhang
name: Junhui, Du
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: Space Science
Biotechnology
Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: In this study, a novel electrochemical aptamer sensor for detecting ochratoxin A (OTA) was constructed. First, a gold-copper alloy film was prepared via electrochemical deposition, and copper was selectively dissolved in constant potential mode for obtaining the nano-porous gold modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (NPG/SPCE). Then, 2-mercaptoethylamine was dropped on the NPG/SPCE surface and Au-S covalent bonds were formed for immobilizing the metal. Glutaraldehyde as cross-linking agent was added, which resulted in immobilization and attachment of PAMAM to the 2-mercaptoethylamine through the dehydration condensation reaction. During the preparation process, the nano-porous gold and PAMAM-modified layers were characterized by SEM, XRD, and IR spectroscopy, respectively. The characterization results showed that the nano-porous gold and PAMAM composite films were successfully modified. Finally, the OTA aptamer was cross-linked with PAMAM by glutaraldehyde to complete construction of the Apt/PAMAM/NPG/SPCE sensor. The electrochemical performance of this sensor was tested in ochratoxin A solutions with the DPV method. The results showed that the sensor’s reproducibility, stability, and specificity were good. The spiked recoveries in red wine ranged from 99.65%∼101.6%, with a linear range of 0.5 ng/mL∼20 ng/mL and a minimum detection limit of 0.141 ng/mL. Thus, the novel biosensor may provide a promising tool for the trace detection of OTA.
Property as Modularity
Creators: name: Merrill, Thomas W.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Real property
subject: Intellectual property
subject: Modularity (Engineering)
subject: Right of property
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: Professor Henry Smith’s Property as the Law of Things urges a return to an older conception of property as rights with respect to things — and justifies this in terms of a very new conception of property based on modularity. I fully agree with his emphasis on the centrality of things in the law of property, the in rem nature of property, the primacy of exclusion rights, and the importance of information costs in understanding the structure of the property system. My reaction to the idea that property systems can be understood in terms of modularity is largely positive with reservations. The modularity model is an advance on the simple “optimal standardization” idea we jointly developed for explaining the numerus clausus or limited number of forms of property. One of the mysteries associated with the numerus clausus is that the same piece of property is governed by very different rules in terms of degree of standardization depending on who the relevant audience happens to be. The proverbial Blackacre presents a simple rule of exclusion insofar as the audience of strangers is concerned, a complex of formal rules when potential transactors enter the picture, and a potentially limitless diversity of rules and norms when the relevant audience consists of insiders such as co-owners. The modularity model Smith sketches provides a functional account that helps explain this important structural feature of the property system. Nevertheless, I have my reservations about whether modularity — or perhaps any structural metaphor — offers a fully adequate picture of property. Structural metaphors can help us better understand the form of property rights. But structural metaphors fail to capture the powerful set of incentives built into systems of private property — the feature of ownership that drives owners to want to rearrange the modules to make them more valuable and to want to work harder to extract as much value from the existing arrangement of modules. This incentivizing effect is a function of the exclusion right that lies at the heart of property. Exclusion does more than minimize information costs for third parties. Even more importantly, it gives the owner residual managerial authority and residual accessionary rights — the rights to sow and to reap what has been sown. The modularity model ignores or at best fails to highlight this feature of property, which is central to understanding the power and persistence of this institution.
The Property/Contract Interface
Creators: name: Merrill, Thomas W.
name: Smith, Henry E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Property
subject: Contracts
subject: Bailments
subject: Landlord and tenant
subject: Securities
subject: Trusts and trustees
subject: Real property
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: This Article explores the distinction between in personam contract rights and in rem property rights. It presents a functional explanation for why the legal system utilizes these two modalities of rights, grounded in the pattern of information costs associated with each modality. To test this theory, the Article examines four legal institutions that fall along the property/contract interface -- bailments, landlord-tenant law, security interests, and trusts -- in order to determine how the legal doctrine varies as the underlying situation shifts from in personam, to in rem, to certain relations intermediate between these poles. With respect to each institution, we generally find that in personam relations are governed by flexible default rules; in rem relations are governed by bright-line rules that impose immutable and standardized obligations; intermediate relations, as befits their intermediate level of information costs, feature a type and degree of standardization beyond pure contract but short of pure property.
Chemical Kinetics on Extrasolar Planets
Creators: name: Moses, Julianne I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Chemical kinetics plays an important role in controlling the atmospheric composition of all planetary atmospheres, including those of extrasolar planets. For the hottest exoplanets, the composition can closely follow thermochemical-equilibrium predictions, at least in the visible and infrared photosphere at dayside (eclipse) conditions. However, for atmospheric temperatures < ~2000 K, and in the uppermost atmosphere at any temperature, chemical kinetics matters. The two key mechanisms by which kinetic processes drive an exoplanet atmosphere out of equilibrium are photochemistry and transport-induced quenching. We review these disequilibrium processes in detail, discuss observational consequences, and examine some of the current evidence for kinetic processes on extrasolar planets.
description: submitted to Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A in February 2013
Effects of relativistic kinematics in heavy ion elastic scattering
Creators: name: Dan-Yang, Pang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Relativistic corrections to the reaction kinematic parameters were made for elastic scattering of \nuc{6}{Li}, \nuc{12}{C} and \nuc{40}{Ar} from \nuc{40}{Ca}, \nuc{90}{Zr}, and \nuc{208}{Pb} targets at incident energies between 20 and 100 MeV/nucleon. Results of optical model calculations show that the effects of such corrections are important in describing the angular distributions of elastic scattering cross sections for heavy ion scattering at incident energies as low as around 40 MeV/nucleon. The effects on the total reaction cross sections on the other hand, were found to be small within the energy range studied when the optical model potential is fixed.
description: Submitted to 'Chinese Physics C'