Pararculanus Poppius 1912
Creators: name: Namyatova, Anna A.
name: Cassis, Gerasimos
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Miridae
Pararculanus

description: PARARCULANUS POPPIUS   
Figures 7, 16 AB–AI, 20M–P, 24  
 Pararculanus Poppius, 1912: 189 (gen. nov.; type species: Pararculanus piperis Poppius, 1912 by monotypy); Poppius, 1912: 176 (key to gen.); Bergroth, 1922: 56 (cat.); China, 1944: 175 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 39 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 139 (cat.); Schmitz, 1968: 101 (key to gen.); Schuh, 1995: 522 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).   
 Diagnosis: Pararculanus can be separated from genera with a row of punctures on clavus and R + M by the following characters: the structure of head, i.e. distance between eye and pronotum subequal to eye diameter; distance between antennal fossae subequal to diameter of antennal fossa; frons swollen, not bearing tubercles or outgrowths (as in Fig. 10A); gula three times as long as buccula; LS III three times as long as wide; calli fused with each other; outer margins of hemelytra straight; metasternum protruding to abdominal segment II in triangular outgrowth (fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); coils in ductus seminis indistinct; phallobase with pair of long outgrowths supporting ductus seminis (Fig. 16 AB, AF); and absence of small tubercles on posterior wall of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 20 PN, P).   
 Redescription: Male: Body length 6–8 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 7). Three species, placed in this genus, differ in coloration. P. ghesquierei mostly pale brown with reddish or pale brown areas, P. piperis mostly brown to dark brown, with pale cuneus and markings on head and pronotum, pleura and abdomen yellow to pale brown, ASI sometimes reddish; P. madagascariensis mostly reddish with yellow areas. TEXTURE. Body mostly smooth; head without wrinkles, tubercles or flattened areas; pronotum and scutellum impunctate, without tubercles, sometimes with wrinkles; pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, striations on lateral margin of scutellum and rows of punctures on clavus and on R + M present (as in fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Body clothed with simple setae, mostly pale, dark on appendages; head and pronotum with suberect setae, sometimes very rare; thoracic pleura with rare short and adpressed setae; hemelytron densely covered with short adpressed setae; appendages and abdomen with suberect setae, some of them as long as width of hind tibia; femora without rows of small black spinules; tibiae regularly setose; rows of spinules on tibia present (as in fig. 18D in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum slightly longer than or subequal to eye diameter (as in Fig. 10A); transverse depression delimiting occipital region distinct or indistinct; longitudinal depression on vertex absent or very short; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head, c. 0.25× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa almost subequal to or slightly longer than antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen, without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression (as in Fig. 10A); anterior view of head c. 1.3–1.4× as wide as high; eye almost twice as long as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa round, diameter subequal to third part of eye height, only slightly raised (as in fig. 3A in Namyatova et al., in press); inferior margin of fossa placed above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed near inferior margin of antennal fossa, delimited with depression; head slightly to distinctly swollen dorsally in lateral view; gula slightly convex, c. 3–4× times as long as buccula length. Labium. Length varying from reaching anterior margin of mesosternum to reaching middle of mesosternum; LSI twice as long as wide; LSII c. 2.5–4× as long as wide, as long as or slightly longer than LSI; LSIII c. 2–3× as long as wide, slightly shorter or longer than LSII; LSIV c. 4–6× as long as wide, c. 1.5–3× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Slightly surpassing base of cuneus or reaching apex of cuneus; ASI c. 0.7–0.9× as long as head width, widened medially (as in fig. 8D in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 3–4× as long as ASI, c. 1.3–1.6× as long as length of head and pronotum combined; ASIII c. 0.5–0.6× as long as ASII, ASIV subequal to half of ASIII length; ASII–IV filiform. Thorax. Collar distinct, fused or not fused with calli posteriorly, flat (as in Fig. 10A); calli fused with each other, depression, delimiting callosite region posteriorly distinct medially (as in Fig. 10A); humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated (as in Fig. 10A); posterior margin of pronotum slightly concave or sinuate; scutellum almost flat, acute apically, without outgrowth, medial ridge or depression; metepimeron enlarged, twice as long as wide, angulate and subtriangular (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection on to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Almost not tapering posteriorly, costal margin straight; claval commissure c. 1.7–2.2× as long as scutellum, straight; R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline; corium not raised posteriorly; cuneus twice as long as wide, subequal to or slightly longer than pronotum length, its medial margin almost straight; membrane cell distinctly surpassing apex of scutellum, forming right or acute angle (as in fig. 13A in Namyatova et al., in press), c. 1.3–1.4× as long as pronotum length; auxiliary vein absent or very short; distance from cell to apex of membrane subequal to or slightly shorter than half of cell length. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora slightly swollen apically, straight; tibiae without swellings; foretibia as long as head and pronotum combined; segment I of hind tarsus slightly longer than segment II and subequal to segment III, or all segments subequal in length (as in fig. 19A in Namyatova et al., in press); apical third of claw curved; basal tooth on claw more than twice as long as wide, concave (as in Fig. 13K). Genitalia (Fig. 16 AB– AI). Genital capsule longer than wide, without outgrowth(s); left paramere distinctly r-shaped, c. 2.5– 3× as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore bowl-shaped, with long outgrowths, supporting ductus seminis; ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, as long as phallotheca length, without coils, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad, occupying entire dorsal part, rounded apically, without outgrowths or ridge; endosoma with single long v-shaped spicule or with field of small spicules.   
 Female: Body length 8–10 mm. Mostly similar to male, but body generally larger (Fig. 7). Genitalia (Fig. 20M– P). DLP with two longitudinal sclerotized rings or with pair of concave sclerites close to posterior margin and single suboval sclerite anteriorly; membrane with or without striations, without additional sclerites; lateral oviducts widely separated, placed in anterior half of DLP, close to or at distance from lateral margins of DLP; spermathecal gland placed slightly above or slightly below midpoint of DLP; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix without tubercles or they very shallow, without sclerites, membrane on posterior wall flat or raised at each side; base of second valvula straight or slightly concave; and, ventral wall membranous.   
 Distribution: Known from tropical Africa and Madagascar (Fig. 24).   
 Host plants: The type specimens were recorded from Piper capense (Piperaceae) (Poppius, 1912).
description: Published as part of Namyatova, Anna A. & Cassis, Gerasimos, 2016, Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world, pp. 36-136 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1) on pages 110-111, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, http://zenodo.org/record/5356719