Archaeological Monitoring and Sampling During Emergency Flood Repair Construction, Waimanalo and Inoaole Streams, Bellows Air Force Station, Waimanalo, Ko`olaupoko District, Island of Oahu, Hawaii
Creators: name: Kanalei Shun
Publisher: name: Archaeological Associates Oceania
Year: 1993
Subjects: subject: 15998 (Fips Code)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/73136/15998-fips-code
subject: United States of America (Country)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/384/united-states-of-america-country
subject: Bellows Air Force Station
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/79858/bellows-air-force-station
subject: Waimanalo Stream
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/79905/waimanalo-stream
subject: Inoaole Stream
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/79962/inoaole-stream
subject: North America (Continent)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/2890/north-america-continent
subject: Hawaii (State / Territory)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/2027/hawaii-state-territory
subject: Waimanalo Valley
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/79963/waimanalo-valley
subject: Prehistoric
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/culture-keyword/120/prehistoric
subject: Historic
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/culture-keyword/25/historic
subject: Bellows Dune Site
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/24179/bellows-dune-site
subject: Bellows Field Archaeological Area
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/24180/bellows-field-archaeological-area
subject: 50-80-15-511
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/24181/50-80-15-511
subject: Archaeological Feature
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/339/archaeological-feature
subject: Pit
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/355/pit
subject: Roasting Pit / Oven / Horno
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/357/roasting-pit-oven-horno
subject: Flood Damage
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/77840/flood-damage
subject: Bellows Air Force Station Emergency Flood Repair Construction Project
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/150670/bellows-air-force-station-emergency-flood-repair-construction-project
subject: Flood Control
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/2002/flood-control
subject: Emergency Flood Repair
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/164615/emergency-flood-repair
subject: Reconnaissance / Survey
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/investigation-type/7/reconnaissance-survey
subject: Site Evaluation / Testing
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/investigation-type/10/site-evaluation-testing

description: A program of archaeological test excavations and construction backhoe monitoring was undertaken in conjunction with the Bellows Air Force Station Waimanalo and Inoaole Streams Flood Control Project. The purpose of the program was to identify and test the intact cultural deposits identified on the north banks of Waimanalo Stream and in any other area within the flood control project. No cultural deposit was observed along Inoaole Stream and, in fact, none were expected as archival research documented the recent rechanneling of the stream. Thus, all deposits in the area of Inoaole Stream would consist of modern fill. Two controlled test excavations units and two stratigraphic trenches were excavated along the Waimanalo Stream banks project area where at least three prehistoric intact subsurface cultural deposits were previously identified. Charcoal from the lowest of these cultural layers had been radiocarbon dated to A.D. 245-625 and around the 15 century A.D. The present program identified 3 layers containing cultural material. A radiocarbon date of A.D. 1410-1635 was from the base of the lowest layer. Another radiocarbon date, A.D. 430-905, was obtained from a charcoal concentration in an obviously alluvial riverbank deposit located at a bend of Waimanalo Stream, upstream from the location of the cultural deposits. The latter date suggests that the inland portions of Waimanalo valley was being exploited fairly early in prehistory, possible for slash and burn type of agricultural activities. Pollen sample taken from the alluvial deposit identified the presence of several shrub/small tree in the area prehistorically as well as pollen of Jussieua, a plant commonly associated with taro fields.