Glandulocaudini
Creators: name: Menezes, Naéreio A.
name: Weitzman, Stanley H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1990
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Characiformes
Characidae

description: Key to the Species of the Glandulocaudini
Although this key employs many characters that are apparently synapomorphic at their level of use, the key is not a hypothesis of phylogeny for any of the included taxa except for the Glandulocaudini diagnosed in the ﬁrst half (la) of the ﬁrst couplet. Because the primary purpose of this key is to identify species, we use any appropriate character that either clusters and/ or distinguishes species. Thus, except for couplet la where the characters are synapomorphies, a given character may be either a plesiomorphy, a synapomorphy or an autapomorphy at its point of use. At this time we lack corroborated polarity hypotheses for many of the characters that are not associated with the secondary sexual features of adult males and our hypotheses for the secondary sexual characters cannot be considered well-supported. Homoplastic characters are used where they serve the purpose of the key. The reader should note that when using couplet 4, many maturing males of species of Mimagoniates that have a well-developed caudal pump chamber when fully mature, will key to 4a rather than 4b (where they belong) because of the incomplete development of the specimen’s caudal fin-ray pump. This will often be the case in relatively small and some moderate sized specimens even in the presence of apparently active testes.
1a. Adult males and females with modiﬁed caudal-ﬁn squamation extending posteriorly onto caudal ﬁn from base of ventral portion of dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe; principal caudal-ﬁn rays ll and 12 of adult males somewhat bowed or curved ventrally, these and adjacent rays modiﬁed into a chamber or support for a chamber of a ﬁn-ray pump organ in some species (compare Figs. 2-6). Glandulocaudini (2)
1b. Adult males and females without modiﬁed caudal-ﬁn squamation or, if such scales present, then these derived from both caudal-ﬁn lobes, only from ventral caudal-ﬁn lobe or primarily from terminal lateral-line scale; principal caudal-ﬁn rays ll and 12 of adult males straight or if modified, not bowed ventrally (as in Fig. 6) or modiﬁed into a ﬁn-ray pump organ (as in Figs. 2-5) although they may provide origins for muscular and ligamentous attachments to a scale-diaphragm pump mechanism other tetragonopterine or glandulocaudine characid groups
2a. Caudal ﬁn-ray pump absent in all sexes at all ages (see Fig. 6); hypertrophied glandular tissue widespread along caudal-ﬁn rays, especially those of ventral caudal-ﬁn lobe, but most dense along proximal portions of rays 11 and 12; more than 1 hook on each anterior anal-ﬁn ray that bears hooks Glandulocauda (3)
2b. Caudal ﬁn-ray pump present in mature males, modiﬁed primarily from caudal-ﬁn rays 10- 12, sometimes relatively simple and represented by expanded, ﬁattened anterior portions of ray halves, sometimes by an anterior ﬁn-ray pump chamber; hypertrophied glandular tissue conﬁned to area immediately around and on caudal pump region of gland (see Figs. 2, 5); no more than 1 hook on any anal-ﬁn ray that bears hooks. Mimagoniates (4)
3 a. Branched anal-ﬁn rays 20-23; perforated lateral line scales 11-21; scale rows between dorsal-ﬁn on'- gin and anal-ﬁn origin 14- 17; scale rows around caudal peduncle 17- 18, usually 18; dorsal-fm origin somewhat anterior to vertical line drawn from anal-ﬁn origin. Glandulocauda melanogenys Eigenmann (upper rio Tietê, in São Paulo, Brazil)
3 b. Branched anal-ﬁn rays 15- 18; perforated lateral-line scales 4-6; scale rows between dorsal-ﬁn origin and anal-ﬁn origin 11- 13; scale rows around caudal peduncle 16; dorsal-ﬁn origin somewhat posterior to vertical line drawn from anal-ﬁn origin Glandulocauda melanopleura Eigenmann (upper rio Iguaçu, in Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil)
4 a. Caudal ﬁn-ray pump little developed in males of completed sexual maturity and without obvious pump chamber enclosed by modiﬁed proximal portions of caudal-ﬁn ray halves 1 1 and 12; ray halves of this region of these rays modiﬁed into expanded, ﬂattened structures parallel to one another; these modiﬁed ray halves of each side of caudal ﬁn developed so that a groove exists between them; groove and accompanying hypertrophied glandular tissue constitute a primitive pump organ (see Figs. 2, 3) (5)
4b. Caudal fin-ray pump well-developed in males of completed sexual maturity, consisting of bilateral chambers, one on each side of ﬁn and each chamber enclosed by ﬁattened expanded portions of ray halves of rays 11 and 12; pump chamber with an obvious posterior opening, lateral slit and anterior opening (see Figs. 4, 5) (6)
5. Branched anal-ﬁn rays 23-29, usually 25-27, rarely 28 or 29; scales in lateral series (including lateral line scales) 36-41, usually 37-40; scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and anal-ﬁn origin 16- 18; dorsal-ﬁn origin at vertical line drawn from base of second or third branched anal-ﬁn ray; mid-lateral dark body stripe of adult males diffuse, poorly developed, often not apparent; body depth approximately 2.7 to 3.3 in SL Mimagoniates inequalis (Eigenmann) dos Patos and lagoa Mirim, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and northeastern Uruguay)
5 b. Branched anal-ﬁn rays 30-36; scales in lateral series 41-48; scale rows between dorsal-ﬁn origin and anal-ﬁn origin 13- 15; dorsal-ﬁn origin at line drawn vertically from base of seventh to ninth branched anal-ﬁn rays; lateral dark body stripe of adult males nearly black, clearly distinct; body depth at dorsal-ﬁn origin about 4.0 to 4.5 times in SL. Mimagoniates barberi Regan (tributaries of rio Paraguay in parts of Brazil and Paraguay)
6 a. Hooks absent on all principal caudal-ﬁn rays of adult males (see Figs. 3,11,12) (7)
6 b. Hooks present on at least principal caudal-ﬁn rays 10 and 1 l of adult males, hooks also frequently present on ray 12 (see Figs. 5, 21) (8)
7 a. Lateral series scales 49-56; scale rows between dorsal-ﬁn and anal-ﬁn origins 16- 18; body depth of adult males 3.4-3.8 in SL; in wild caught specimens body silvery blue, when black horizontal stripe present, located at and partly dorsal to mid-lateral region of body ﬁom tip of snout to central caudal-ﬁn rays, stripe diffuse and broad and often obscured by silvery blue coloration posteriorly and by silvery pigment anteriorly; stripe rarely clearly deﬁned M. sylvicola, new species (tributaries of Atlantic Ocean in southern Bahia, Brazil)
7 b. Lateral series scales 37-44; scale rows between dorsal-ﬁn and anal-ﬁn origins 12- 15; body depth of adult males 3.8-5.1 in SL; in wild caught specimens body mahogany brown, especially dorsally, with dark brown, nearly black, horizontal lateral body stripe below mid-region of body prominent and extending from tip of lower jaw, posteriorly ventral to eye, across opercle and body sides just ventral to mid body region onto caudal peduncle and across central portion of caudal ﬁn Mimagoniates lateralis (Nichols) (tributaries of Atlantic Ocean from Santos, São Paulo south to Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil)
8 a. Branched anal-ﬁn rays 23-29, usually 24-26; branched dorsal-ﬁn rays 8-12, rarely 8; scale rows between dorsal-ﬁn origin and anal-ﬁn origin 17-22, usually 19-20; scale rows around caudal peduncle 19-23, usually 20-22; branched dorsal-ﬁn rays 8-12, rarely 8; very small hooks on caudal-ﬁn rays 1 1- 12 of fully adult males (Fig. 21); dorsal-ﬁn origin at vertical line drawn from anal-ﬁn origin or from base of 2 to 4 rays posterior to anal-ﬁn origin Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species (tributaries to Atlantic Ocean of southern Santa Catarina and northern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)
8 b. Branched anal-ﬁn rays 26-33, usually 28- 31; branched dorsal-ﬁn rays 7-9, rarely 9; scale rows between dorsal-ﬁn origin and anal-ﬁn origin 14- 17, usually 15- 16; scale rows around caudal peduncle 15- 18; numerous strong hooks on at least caudal-ﬁn rays 11- 12 (sometimes 7-12) of fully adult males (see Fig. S); dorsal-ﬁn origin at a vertical line drawn from base of branched anal-ﬁn rays 5 or 6 Mimagoniates microlepis (Steindachner) (tributaries to Atlantic Ocean from southern Bahia south to northern Rio Grande do Sul, also in upper rio Iguaçu, Paraná)
description: Published as part of Menezes, Naéreio A. & Weitzman, Stanley H., 1990, TWO NEW SPECIES OF MIMAGONIA TES (TELEOSTEI: CHARACIDAE: GLANDULOCAUDINAE), THEIR PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY AND A KEY TO THE GLANDULOCAUDIN FISHES OF BRAZIL AND PARAGUAY, pp. 380-426 in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 103 (2) on pages 383-386, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11050899