cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Cosmic rays across the star-forming galaxy sequence. I: Cosmic ray pressures and calorimetry
Creators: name: Crocker, Roland M.
name: Krumholz, Mark R.
name: Thompson, Todd A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In the Milky Way, cosmic rays (CRs) are dynamically important in the interstellar medium, contribute to hydrostatic balance, and may help regulate star formation. However, we know far less about the importance of CRs in galaxies whose gas content or star formation rate differ significantly from those of the Milky Way. Here we construct self-consistent models for hadronic CR transport, losses, and contribution to pressure balance as a function of galaxy properties, covering a broad range of parameters from dwarfs to extreme starbursts. While the CR energy density increases from $\sim 1$ eV cm$^{-3}$ to $\sim 1$ keV cm$^{-3}$ over the range from sub-Milky Way dwarfs to bright starbursts, strong hadronic losses render CRs increasingly unimportant dynamically as the star formation rate surface density increases. In Milky Way-like systems, CR pressure is typically comparable to turbulent gas and magnetic pressure at the galactic midplane, but the ratio of CR pressure to gas pressure drops to $\sim 10^{-3}$ in dense starbursts. Galaxies also become increasingly CR calorimetric and gamma-ray bright in this limit. The degree of calorimetry at fixed galaxy properties is sensitive to the assumed model for CR transport, and in particular to the time CRs spend interacting with neutral ISM, where they undergo strong streaming losses. We also find that in some regimes of parameter space hydrostatic equilibrium discs cannot exist, and in Paper II of this series we use this result to derive a critical surface in the plane of star formation surface density and gas surface density beyond which CRs may drive large-scale galactic winds.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 23 pages, 10 figures. Changes from v1 include a new bibliography of symbols and a new appendix
Measuring the Inconsistency of Large Language Models in Preferential Ranking
Creators: name: Zhao, Xiutian
name: Wang, Ke
name: Peng, Wei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Despite large language models' (LLMs) recent advancements, their bias and hallucination issues persist, and their ability to offer consistent preferential rankings remains underexplored. This study investigates the capacity of LLMs to provide consistent ordinal preferences, a crucial aspect in scenarios with dense decision space or lacking absolute answers. We introduce a formalization of consistency based on order theory, outlining criteria such as transitivity, asymmetry, reversibility, and independence from irrelevant alternatives. Our diagnostic experiments on selected state-of-the-art LLMs reveal their inability to meet these criteria, indicating a strong positional bias and poor transitivity, with preferences easily swayed by irrelevant alternatives. These findings highlight a significant inconsistency in LLM-generated preferential rankings, underscoring the need for further research to address these limitations.
description: In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Towards Knowledgeable Language Models (KnowLLM 2024)
Q-Markov random probability measures and their posterior distributions
Creators: name: Balan, Raluca
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 60G57; 60J25

description: In this paper, we use the Markov property introduced in Balan and Ivanoff (J. Theor. Probab. 15, 2002, 553-588) for set-indexed processes and we prove that a Markov prior distribution leads to a Markov posterior distribution. In particular, by proving that a neutral to the right prior distribution leads to a neutral to the right posterior distribution, we extend a fundamental result of Doksum (Ann. Probab. 2,1974, 183-201) to arbitrary sample spaces.
description: 22 pages
Measurements of $ψ(2S)$ decays into $ϕπ^0$, $ϕη$, $ϕη^{'}$, $ωη$, and $ωη^{'}$
Creators: name: BES Collaboration
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Decays of the $ψ(2S)$ into Vector plus Pseudoscalar meson final states have been studied with 14 million $ψ(2S)$ events collected with the BESII detector. Branching fractions of $ψ(2S) \rarϕη$, $ϕ\etap$, and $ω\etap$, and upper limits of $ψ(2S) \rar ϕ\piz$ and $ωη$ are obtained: $B(ψ(2S) \rarϕη) = (3.3\pm 1.1 \pm 0.5) \times 10^{-5}$, $B(ψ(2S) \rarϕ\etap) = (3.1\pm 1.4 \pm 0.7)\times 10^{-5}$, and $B(ψ(2S) \rarω\etap) = (3.2^{+2.4}_{-2.0} \pm 0.7) \times 10^{-5}$; and $B(ψ(2S) \rarϕ\piz) < 0.40 \times 10^{-5}$, and $B(ψ(2S) \rarωη) < 3.1 \times 10^{-5}$ at the 90 % C.L.. These results are used to test the pQCD ``12% rule''.
description: 7 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables
Matrix Cosmology
Creators: name: Freedman, Daniel Z.
name: Gibbons, Gary W.
name: Schnabl, Martin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Some speculative preliminary ideas relating matrix theory and cosmology are discussed.
description: 17 pages. Slightly extended version of the talk given by G. W. Gibbons at the Mitchell Institute Conference on Cosmology; v2: references added
Relations between cloning and the universal NOT from conservation laws
Creators: name: van Enk, S. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss certain relations between cloning and the NOT operation that can be derived from conservation laws alone. Those relations link the limitations on cloning and the NOT operation possibly imposed by {\em other} laws of Nature. Our result is quite general and holds both in classical and quantum-mechanical worlds, for both optimal and suboptimal operations, and for bosons as well as fermions.
description: 3 pages, almost equal to published version
SOME URBAN FACTS OF LIFE: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND POLICY
Creators: name: Ruel, Marie T.
name: Haddad, Lawrence James
name: Garrett, James L.
name: Ruel, Marie T.
name: Haddad, Lawrence James
name: Garrett, James L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: Food Security and Poverty

description: This review of recent literature explores the challenges to urban food and nutrition security in the rapidly urbanizing developing world. The premise of the manuscript is that the causes of malnutrition and food insecurity in urban and rural areas are different due primarily to a number of phenomena that are unique to or exacerbated by urban living. These areas include (1) a greater dependence on cash income; (2) weaker informal safety nets; (3) greater labor force participation of women and its consequences for child care; (4) lifestyle changes, particularly diet and exercise patterns; (5) greater availability of public services, but questionable access by the poor; (6) greater exposure to environmental contamination; and (7) governance by a new, possibly nonexistent, set of property rights. The main focus is on identifying what is different about urban areas, so as to better frame the program and policy responses.
ARE URBAN POVERTY AND UNDERNUTRITION GROWING? SOME NEWLY ASSEMBLED EVIDENCE
Creators: name: Haddad, Lawrence James
name: Ruel, Marie T.
name: Garrett, James L.
name: Haddad, Lawrence James
name: Ruel, Marie T.
name: Garrett, James L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: Food Security and Poverty

description: The population of the developing world is becoming more urban. Are poverty and undernutrition beginning to relocate to urban areas as well? We use survey data on poverty (from 8 countries) and on child undernutrition (from 14 countries) to address this question. Using data from the past 15-20 years, we find that in a majority of countries the absolute number of poor and undernourished individuals living in urban areas has increased, as has the share of poverty and undernourishment coming from urban areas. Given these trends and the current stock of knowledge as to the levels, determinants, and solutions to urban poverty and undernutrition, we argue for more research on these issues.
2020 Global reassessment of the neutrino oscillation picture
Creators: name: de Salas, P. F.
name: Forero, D. V.
name: Gariazzo, S.
name: Martínez-Miravé, P.
name: Mena, O.
name: Ternes, C. A.
name: Tórtola, M.
name: Valle, J. W. F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present an updated global fit of neutrino oscillation data in the simplest three-neutrino framework. In the present study we include up-to-date analyses from a number of experiments. Concerning the atmospheric and solar sectors, we give updated analyses of DeepCore and SNO data, respectively. We have also included the latest electron antineutrino data collected by the Daya Bay and RENO reactor experiments, and the long-baseline T2K and NO$ν$A measurements. These new analyses result in more accurate measurements of $θ_{13}$, $θ_{12}$, $Δm_{21}^2$ and $|Δm_{31}^2|$. The best fit value for the atmospheric angle $θ_{23}$ lies in the second octant, but first octant solutions remain allowed at $\sim2.4σ$. Regarding CP violation measurements, the preferred value of $δ$ we obtain is 1.08$π$ (1.58$π$) for normal (inverted) neutrino mass ordering. The global analysis prefers normal neutrino mass ordering with 2.5$σ$. This preference is milder than the one found in previous global analyses. The new results should be regarded as robust due to the agreement found between our Bayesian and frequentist approaches. Taking into account only oscillation data, there is a weak/moderate preference for the normal neutrino mass ordering of $2.00σ$. While adding neutrinoless double beta decay from the latest Gerda, CUORE and KamLAND-Zen results barely modifies this picture, cosmological measurements raise the preference to $2.68σ$ within a conservative approach. A more aggressive data set combination of cosmological observations leads to a similar preference, namely $2.70σ$. This very same cosmological data set provides $2σ$ upper limits on the total neutrino mass corresponding to $\sumν<0.12$ ($0.15$)~eV for normal (inverted) neutrino mass ordering.
description: 35 pages, 15 figures, 3 tables, version 2 includes updated analyses of reactor and accelerator data, matches version accepted for publication in JHEP
Formation of Omega Centauri by Tidal Stripping of a Dwarf Galaxy
Creators: name: Ideta, Makoto
name: Makino, Junichiro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have investigated whether or not a tidal stripping scenario can reproduce the observed surface-brightness profile of omega Centauri using N-body simulations. Assuming that the progenitor of omega Centauri is a dwarf elliptical galaxy, we model it with a King model with a core radius being the same as that of omega Centauri. A dark matter halo of the dwarf is not taken into account. We consider two different models of the Milky Way potential: a singular isothermal sphere and a three-component model. The progenitor dwarf is expressed as an N-body system, which orbits in the fixed Galactic potential. The dwarf lost more than 90 per cent of its mass during the first few pericenter passages. Thereafter, the mass remains practically constant. The final surface-density profile is in good agreement with the observational data on omega Centauri, if the pericenter distance of the orbit of the progenitor dwarf is around 500 pc. This value is within the error bar of the current proper motion data on omega Centauri and Galactic parameters. Although our simulation is limited to a King-like progenitor dwarf without a dark matter halo, it strongly suggests that the current density profile of omega Centauri is nicely reproduced by a tidal stripping scenario, in other words, that omega Centauri can plausibly be identified with a stripped dwarf elliptical.
description: 15 pages, 2 tables, 4 figures. ApJL accepted
WORKING WOMEN IN AN URBAN SETTING: TRADERS, VENDORS, AND FOOD SECURITY IN ACCRA
Creators: name: Levin, Carol E.
name: Maxwell, Daniel G.
name: Armar-Klemesu, Margaret
name: Ruel, Marie T.
name: Morris, Saul Sutkover
name: Ahiadeke, Clement
name: Levin, Carol E.
name: Maxwell, Daniel G.
name: Armar-Klemesu, Margaret
name: Ruel, Marie T.
name: Morris, Saul Sutkover
name: Ahiadeke, Clement
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: Food Security and Poverty
Labor and Human Capital

description: Data collected from a 1997 household survey carried out in Accra, Ghana, are used to look at the crucial role that women play as income earners and in securing access to food in urban areas. One-third of the households surveyed are headed by women. For all households, women's labor force participation is high, with 75 percent of all households having at least one working woman. The high number of female-headed households and the large percent of working women in the sample provide a good backdrop for looking at how women earn and spend income differently than men in an urban area. Livelihood strategies for both men and women are predominantly labor based and dependent on social networks. For all households in the sample, food is still the single most important item in the total budget. Yet, important and striking differences between men and women's livelihoods and expenditure patterns exist. Compared to men, women are less likely to be employed as wage earners, and more likely to work as street food vendors or petty traders. Women earn lower incomes, but tend to allocate more of their budget to basic goods for themselves and their children, while men spend more on entertainment for themselves only. Despite lower incomes and additional demands on their time as housewives and mothers, female-headed households, petty traders, and street food vendors have the largest percentage of food secure households. Women may be achieving household food security, but at what cost? This paper explores differences in income, expenditure, and consumption patterns in an effort to answer this question, and suggests ways that urban planners and policymakers can address special concerns of working women in urban areas.
Mirror Ritual: Human-Machine Co-Construction of Emotion
Creators: name: Rajcic, Nina
name: McCormack, Jon
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: J.5; I.2; H.1.2; H.5.2

description: Mirror Ritual is an interactive installation that challenges the existing paradigms in our understanding of human emotion and machine perception. In contrast to prescriptive interfaces, the work's real-time affective interface engages the audience in the iterative conceptualisation of their emotional state through the use of affectively-charged machine generated poetry. The audience are encouraged to make sense of the mirror's poetry by framing it with respect to their recent life experiences, effectively `putting into words' their felt emotion. This process of affect labelling and contextualisation works to not only regulate emotion, but helps to construct the rich personal narratives that constitute human identity.
description: Paper presented at ACM TEI Conference 2020 Arts Track, Sydney Australia
Non-steady-state double-resonant extremely asymmetrical scattering of waves in periodic gratings
Creators: name: Gramotnev, Dmitri K.
name: Nieminen, Timo A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Double-resonant extremely asymmetrical scattering (DEAS) is a strongly resonant type of Bragg scattering in two joint or separated uniform gratings with different phases. It is characterised by a very strong increase of the scattered and incident wave amplitudes inside and between the gratings at a resonant phase shift between the gratings. DEAS is realised when the first diffracted order satisfying the Bragg condition propagates parallel to the grating boundaries, and the joint or separated gratings interact by means of the diffractional divergence of the scattered waves from one grating into another. This Letter develops a theory of non-steady-state DEAS of bulk TE electromagnetic waves in holographic gratings, and investigates the process of relaxation of the incident and scattered wave amplitudes to their steady-state values inside and outside the gratings. Typical relaxation times are determined. Physical explanation of the predicted effects is presented.
description: 10 pages, 5 figures
Abschätzung der Wertschöpfungspotenziale im ländlichen Raum durch Biokraftstoffe am Beispiel Nordrhein-Westfalens
Creators: name: Breuer, Thomas
name: Holm-Muller, Karin
name: Breuer, Thomas
name: Holm-Muller, Karin
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: biofuel
subject: development of rural areas
subject: income effects

description: To enhance the use of biofuels is stated priority of EU and German energy policy. Reasons given for this priority inter alia include positive income effects for the rural areas. This paper uses the example of North Rhine-Westphalia to investigate rural areas’ possibilities to profit from the added value of bio fuel production. It is shown that the main channel of income generation is based on stabilized demand for agricultural products. Taking into account recent policy shifts in Germany there remain few chances to participate in the added value of downstream production steps. In addition, due to considerable support for biogas plants maize production considerably reduces areas consecrated to bio fuel production.
Sauter-Schwinger effect in a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superconductor
Creators: name: Solinas, Paolo
name: Amoretti, Andrea
name: Giazotto, Francesco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: From the sixties a deep and surprising connection has followed the development of superconductivity and quantum field theory. The Anderson-Higgs mechanism and the similarities between the Dirac and Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations are the most intriguing examples. In this last analogy, the massive Dirac particle is identified with a quasiparticle excitation and the fermion mass energy with the superconducting gap energy. Here we follow further this parallelism and show that it predicts an outstanding phenomenon: the superconducting Schwinger effect (SSE). As in the quantum electrodynamics Schwinger effect, where an electron-positron couple is created from the vacuum by an intense electric field, we show that an electrostatic field can generate two coherent excitations from the superconducting ground-state condensate. Differently from the dissipative thermal excitation, these form a new macroscopically coherent and dissipationless state. We discuss how the superconducting state is weakened by the creation of this kind of excitations. In addition to shed a different light and suggest a method for the experimental verification of the Schwinger effect, our results pave the way to the understanding and exploitation of the interaction between superconductors and electric fields.
description: 12 pages, 3 figures
The role of the `monopole' instability in the evolution of 2D turbulent free shear layers
Creators: name: Suryanarayanan, Saikishan
name: Brown, Garry
name: Narasimha, Roddam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The role of instability in the growth of a 2D, temporally evolving, `turbulent' free shear layer is analyzed using vortex-gas simulations that condense all dynamics into the kinematics of the Biot-Savart relation. The initial evolution of perturbations in a constant-vorticity layer is found to be in accurate agreement with the linear stability theory of Rayleigh. There is then a stage of non-universal evolution of coherent structures that is closely approximated not by Rayleigh stability theory, but by the Karman-Rubach-Lamb linear instability of monopoles, until the neighboring coherent structures merge. After several mergers, the layer evolves eventually to a self-preserving reverse cascade, characterized by a universal spread rate found by Suryanarayanan et al. (Phys.Rev.E 89, 013009, 2014) and a universal value of the ratio of dominant spacing of structures ($Λ_f$) to the layer thickness ($δ_ω$). In this universal, self-preserving state, the local amplification of perturbation amplitudes is accurately predicted by Rayleigh theory for the locally existing `base' flow. The model of Morris et al. (Proc.Roy.Soc. A 431, 219-243, 1990.), which computes the growth of the layer by balancing the energy lost by the mean flow with the energy gain of the perturbation modes (computed from an application of Rayleigh theory), is shown, however, to provide a non-universal asymptotic state with initial condition dependent spread-rate and spectra. The reason is that the predictions of the Rayleigh instability, for a flow regime with coherent structures, are valid only at the special value of $Λ_f/δ_ω$ achieved in the universal self-preserving state.
Vibrational Origin of Exchange Splitting and Chirality Induced Spin Selectivity
Creators: name: Fransson, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Electron exchange and correlations emerging from the coupling between ionic vibrations and electrons are addressed. Spin-dependent electron-phonon coupling originates from the spin-orbit interaction, and it is shown that such electron-phonon coupling introduces exchange splitting between the spin channels in the structure. By application of these results to a model for a chiral molecular structure mounted between metallic leads, the chirality induced spin selectivity is found to become several tens of percents using experimentally feasible parameters.
description: Six pages, one figure -- submitted
Comprehensive review of plunge pool performance at four of BC Hydro dam sites and assessment of scour extent
Creators: name: Monfette, Maryse
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The plunge pool performance at four of BC Hydro dam sites is reviewed. The sites of Peace Canyon Dam, Seven Mile Dam, Portage Mountain Project, and Revelstoke Dam are described in terms spillway design, plunge pool geology, and historical spillway outflows. The main factors susceptible to affect plunge pool scour are examined and the importance of each is established through a comparative analysis between sites. The spillway layout affects the plunge pool scour development mainly through the design unit discharge and total head drop for a given outflow and reservoir level. The plunge pool scour configuration is affected by the prevailing geological conditions. The magnitude of spillway flows appears predominant over the frequency and duration of spills. Observations support the concept of equilibrium conditions. A total of 14 sets of scour data were assembled from the review of plunge pool performance at the four sites of study. This information was used to evaluate the conventional methods of scour assessment such as hydraulic model studies and empirical equations in comparison with a new approach called the Erodibility Index Method. Ten well-known empirical formulas were tested. The Erodibility Index Method was applied methodically to the four sites of study and a sensitivity analysis was performed. The results of downstream scour tests from small-scale model studies were comparable to prototype observations in one of the four study cases. The empirical equations were seen to provide on average conservative values for design, but the great variability in results for a single data set and the inconsistency of a given formula from one site to another are problematic. The expression by Damle (1966) was seen to give the best combination of precision and accuracy with a standard error of estimate of 16 ft. The performance of the Erodibility Index Method in the assessment of maximum scour depth was disappointing and did not outclass the conventional methods. The Erodibility Index Method was characterized by a tendency for underestimation and a standard error of estimate of 53 ft. The main weakness of the approach is that the vertical distribution of power available for scour in the plunge pool is essentially related to the submerged jet velocity profile which do not reflect the changing magnitude of spillway discharges.
Spin-crossover induced ferromagnetism and layer stacking-order change in pressurized 2D antiferromagnet MnPS$_3$
Creators: name: Zhang, Hanxing
name: Ni, Caoping
name: Zhang, Jie
name: Zou, Liangjian
name: Zeng, Zhi
name: Wang, Xianlong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: High-pressure properties of MnPS$_3$ are investigated by using the hybrid functional, we report a spin-crossover pressure of 35 GPa consisting with experimental observation (30 GPa), less than half of existing report (63 GPa) using the Hubbard U correction. Interestingly, a spin-crossover induced antiferromagnetism-to-ferromagnetism transition combined with stacking-order change from monoclinic to rhombohedral are founded, and the ferromagnetism origins from the partially occupied $t_{2g}$ orbitals. Different from previous understanding, the Mott metal-insulator transition of MnPS$_3$ does not occur simultaneously with the spin-crossover but in pressurized low-spin phase.
description: 20 pages, 6 figures and 1 table
Additional file 5 of Climate change implications for the distribution of the babesiosis and anaplasmosis tick vector, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
Creators: name: Marques, Roberta
name: Krüger, Rodrigo F.
name: A. Townsend Peterson
name: Melo, Larissa F. De
name: Vicenzi, Natália
name: Jiménez-García, Daniel
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Molecular Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 5. Suitability forRhipicephalus(Boophilus)microplusin 2050 under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 according to the best ecological niche model.
Testing one-loop galaxy bias: Power spectrum
Creators: name: Eggemeier, Alexander
name: Scoccimarro, Román
name: Crocce, Martin
name: Pezzotta, Andrea
name: Sánchez, Ariel G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We test the regime of validity of one-loop galaxy bias for a wide variety of biased tracers. Our most stringent test asks the bias model to simultaneously match the galaxy-galaxy and galaxy-mass spectrum, using the measured nonlinear matter spectrum from the simulations to test one-loop effects from the bias expansion alone. In addition, we investigate the relevance of short-range nonlocality and halo exclusion through higher-derivative and scale-dependent noise terms, as well as the impact of using co-evolution relations to reduce the number of free fitting parameters. From comparing validity and merit of these assumptions we find that a four-parameter model (linear, quadratic, cubic nonlocal bias, and constant shot noise) with fixed quadratic tidal bias provides a robust modeling choice for the auto power spectrum of the less massive halos in our set of samples and their galaxy populations (up to $k_{\mathrm{max}} = 0.35\,h/\mathrm{Mpc}$ for a sample volume of $6\,(\mathrm{Gpc}/h)^3$). For the more biased tracers it is most beneficial to include scale-dependent noise. This is also the preferred option when considering combinations of the auto and cross power spectrum, which might be relevant in joint studies of galaxy clustering and weak lensing. We also test the use of perturbation theory to account for matter loops through gRPT, EFT and the hybrid approach RESPRESSO. While all these have similar performance, we find the latter to be the best in terms of validity and recovered mean posterior values, in accordance with it being based partially on simulations.
description: 30 pages, 12 figures; v2: includes gRPT expressions and some minor edits, matches published version
Distortions in a multi-level co-financing system: the case of the agri-environmental programme of Saxony-Anhalt
Creators: name: Kirschke, Dieter
name: Hager, Astrid
name: Jechlitschka, Kurt
name: Wegener, Stefan
name: Kirschke, Dieter
name: Hager, Astrid
name: Jechlitschka, Kurt
name: Wegener, Stefan
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: agri-environmental programmes
subject: co-financing
subject: federalism
subject: interactive programming
subject: policy-making

description: In this paper we analyse the impact of the EU multi-level cofinancing system on regional policy-making and priority setting taking the case of the agri-environmental programme of Saxony-Anhalt. The implications of several co-financing scenarios are analysed and compared to respective lump-sum transfers using an interactive linear programming approach. The results reveal how regional choices on agri-environmental measures are influenced by the co-financing system leading to distortions. The extent of these distortions depends on the specific regional preferences and restrictions.
On the nature of near-threshold bound and virtual states
Creators: name: Matuschek, Inka
name: Baru, Vadim
name: Guo, Feng-Kun
name: Hanhart, Christoph
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Physical states are characterised uniquely by their pole positions and the corresponding residues. Accordingly, in those parameters also the nature of the states should be encoded. For bound states (poles on the real $s$-axis below the lowest threshold on the physical sheet) there is an established criterion formulated originally by Weinberg in the 1960s, which allows one to estimate the amount of compact and molecular components in a given state. We demonstrate in this paper that this criterion can be straightforwardly extended to shallow virtual states (poles on the real $s$-axis below the lowest threshold on the unphysical sheet) which should be classified as molecular. We argue that predominantly non-molecular or compact states exist either as bound states or as resonances (poles on the unphysical sheet off the real energy axis) but not as virtual states. We also discuss the limitations of the mentioned classification scheme.
description: 12 pages, 8 figures
Analyse des verbraucherorientierten Qualitätsurteils mittels assoziativer Verfahren am Beispiel von Schweinefleisch und Kartoffeln
Creators: name: Bruhn, Maike
name: Grebitus, Carola
name: Bruhn, Maike
name: Grebitus, Carola
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: food quality
subject: cognitive structure
subject: memory schemata
subject: quality of pork and potatoes

description: Consumers’ quality judgement depends on their knowledge concerning certain quality attributes. Against this background this paper presents the results of a consumer survey conducted in 2004. We focus on measuring consumers’ cognitive structures regarding pork and potatoes. On this account we apply a free-association technique and a variation of concept mapping. Our analysis shows that consumers’ cognitive structures are quite complex and heterogeneous. Product characteristics such as ‘taste’ and ‘fat content’ dominate consumers’ knowledge. To predict the eating quality of pork consumers prefer intrinsic quality cues. In contrast to that extrinsic quality cues are used to predict the origin of the given product. With regard to potatoes the intrinsic quality cue ‘appearance’ as well as the extrinsic quality cue ‘kind’ are used to predict the palatability. This knowledge enables marketers to invent consumer-oriented marketing activities.
Unter welchen Umständen würden deutsche Landwirte gentechnisch veränderten Raps anbauen? Ein Discrete-Choice-Experiment
Creators: name: Breustedt, Gunnar
name: Muller-Scheessel, Jorg
name: Meyer-Schatz, Henrika Marie
name: Breustedt, Gunnar
name: Muller-Scheessel, Jorg
name: Meyer-Schatz, Henrika Marie
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Farm Management
subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: adoption
subject: Discrete Choice Experiment
subject: genetically modified oilseed rape
subject: multinomial probit model
subject: online survey

description: We examine the factors affecting the willingness of German farmers to adopt genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape after the pending commercial release of GM varieties. The analysis is based mainly on a web-based Discrete Choice Experiment with 217 oilseed rape growers in Germany. The determinants of adoption were estimated with the use of a multinomial probit model. Results indicate a significant impact of economic determinants on the adoption willingness: the difference in gross margins between GM and conventional rape, the probability and level of liability for damage caused by cross-pollination, and the length of the waiting period before a farmer can return to conventional rape are all highly significant. Among the farm characteristics, farm size increases the willingness to adopt, while the share of oilseed rape grown has a negative impact. Two social factors decrease the willingness to adopt: negative attitude of neighbouring farmers towards GM oilseed rape and whether at least one of the farmer’s children is younger than 16. Personal characteristics such as degree of innovativeness and the level of education increase the willingness to grow GM rape, while the existence (or otherwise) of a successor, farmer’s age, and his or her degree of cooperativeness are not significant. For a successful market launch of GM oilseed rape, our findings suggest the need to identify strategies for farmers to minimize cross-pollination. A successful market launch should thus not only rely on the availability of profitable GM varieties; it should rather be complemented by a communication offensive to influence farmers’ attitude towards genetic engineering, as well as the provision of technical advice as to how cross pollination can be kept to a minimum.
Dynamical Symmetry Breaking on a Cylinder in Magnetic Field
Creators: name: Gamayun, A. V.
name: Gorbar, E. V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study dynamical symmetry breaking on a cylinder in external magnetic field parallel to the axis of cylinder when magnetic field affects the dynamics of fermions only through the Aharonov-Bohm phase. We find that unlike other previously studied cases magnetic field in our case counteracts the generation of dynamical fermion mass which decreases with magnetic field. There exists also a purely kinematical contribution to the fermion gap which grows linearly with magnetic field. Remarkably, we find that the total fermion gap, which includes both the dynamical and kinematical contributions, always increases with magnetic field irrespectively the values of coupling constant and the radius of cylinder. Thus, although the dynamical mass is suppressed, external magnetic field does enhance the total fermion gap in the spectrum.
description: 8 pages, 2 figures;comments and references added
Merging 1D and 3D genomic information: Challenges in modelling and validation
Creators: name: Merlotti, Alessandra
name: Rosa, Angelo
name: Remondini, Daniel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Genomics (q-bio.GN)
subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Genome organization in eukaryotes during interphase stems from the delicate balance between non-random correlations present in the DNA polynucleotide linear sequence and the physico/chemical reactions which shape continuously the form and structure of DNA and chromatin inside the nucleus of the cell. It is now clear that these mechanisms have a key role in important processes like gene regulation, yet the detailed ways they act simultaneously and, eventually, come to influence each other even across very different length-scales remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we recapitulate some of the main results concerning gene regulatory and physical mechanisms, in relation to the information encoded in the 1D sequence and the 3D folding structure of DNA. In particular, we stress how reciprocal crossfeeding between 1D and 3D models may provide original insight into how these complex processes work and influence each other.
description: This review article contains 15 pages and 12 figures. It is part of a series of invited contribution for the Special Issue "Transcriptional Profiles and Regulatory Gene Networks" (June 2020) published in the journal "Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms"
Additional file 6 of Climate change implications for the distribution of the babesiosis and anaplasmosis tick vector, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
Creators: name: Marques, Roberta
name: Krüger, Rodrigo F.
name: A. Townsend Peterson
name: Melo, Larissa F. De
name: Vicenzi, Natália
name: Jiménez-García, Daniel
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Molecular Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 6. Suitability forRhipicephalus(Boophilus)microplusin 2070 under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 according to the best ecological niche model.
Effects of Increased Biofuels on the U.S. Economy in 2022
Creators: name: Gehlhar, Mark J.
name: Somwaru, Agapi
name: Gehlhar, Mark J.
name: Somwaru, Agapi
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Bioenergy
subject: economywide
subject: ethanol
subject: petroleum
subject: trade
subject: macroeconomic factors
subject: RFS-2

description: Achieving greater energy security by reducing dependence on foreign petroleum is a goal of U.S. energy policy. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) calls for a Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS-2), which mandates that the United States increase the volume of biofuel that is blended into transportation fuel from 9 billion gallons in 2008 to 36 billion gallons by 2022. Long-term technological advances are needed to meet this mandate. This report examines how meeting the RFS-2 would affect various key components of the U.S. economy. If biofuel production advances with cost-reducing technology and petroleum prices continue to rise as projected, the RFS-2 could provide economywide benefits. However, the actual level of benefits (or costs) to the U.S. economy depends importantly on future oil prices and whether tax credits are retained in 2022. If oil prices stabilize or decline from current levels and tax credits are retained, then benefits to the economy would diminish.
On the cavity evolution and the Rayleigh--Plesset equation in superfluid helium
Creators: name: Nemirovskii, Sergey K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: On the basis of the two-fluid hydrodynamics, an analogue of the famous Rayleigh-Plesse equation for the dynamics of a spherical bubble in superfluid helium is obtained. The mass flow velocity $v$ and the velocity of the normal component $v_{n}$ were chosen as independent variables. Due to the two-fluid nature of HeII, the cross terms in the evolution equation for the boundary position $\ R(t)$ appeared, which were absent in classical Rayleigh-Plesset equation in ordinary fluids. One of them renormilizes the coefficient in front of $(dR/dt)^{2}$. Another additional term formally coinciding with the viscous term, describes the attenuation of the boundary oscillations. This "extra-damping" term, greatly exceeding the usual viscous term, leads to a significant difference in the dynamics of cavity compared to HeI. In particular, this results in the interesting effect of abnormal suppression of oscillations of the vapor--liquid boundary observed in many works. There is also an additional term proportional to the squared velocity of the normal component, which is independent of the derivative $dR/dt$, and can be included in the pressure drop. Its physical meaning is that it describes a "Bernoulli" -like pressure created by the flow of a normal component. The obtained result declares that some results on the dynamics of the cavity in superfluid helium should be reviewed
description: 8 pages
Prediction by Machine Learning Analysis of Genomic Data Phenotypic Frost Tolerance in Perccottus glenii
Creators: name: Fan, Lilin
name: Chai, Xuqing
name: Tian, Zhixiong
name: Qiao, Yihang
name: Wang, Zhen
name: Zhang, Yifan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Analysis of the genome sequence of Perccottus glenii, the only fish known to possess freeze tolerance, holds significant importance for understanding how organisms adapt to extreme environments, Traditional biological analysis methods are time-consuming and have limited accuracy, To address these issues, we will employ machine learning techniques to analyze the gene sequences of Perccottus glenii, with Neodontobutis hainanens as a comparative group, Firstly, we have proposed five gene sequence vectorization methods and a method for handling ultra-long gene sequences, We conducted a comparative study on the three vectorization methods: ordinal encoding, One-Hot encoding, and K-mer encoding, to identify the optimal encoding method, Secondly, we constructed four classification models: Random Forest, LightGBM, XGBoost, and Decision Tree, The dataset used by these classification models was extracted from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database, and we vectorized the sequence matrices using the optimal encoding method, K-mer, The Random Forest model, which is the optimal model, achieved a classification accuracy of up to 99, 98 , Lastly, we utilized SHAP values to conduct an interpretable analysis of the optimal classification model, Through ten-fold cross-validation and the AUC metric, we identified the top 10 features that contribute the most to the model's classification accuracy, This demonstrates that machine learning methods can effectively replace traditional manual analysis in identifying genes associated with the freeze tolerance phenotype in Perccottus glenii.
description: 18 pages
Mehr-Ebenen-Modelle in der Analyse agrarstruktureller Entwicklungen – Methodik und Implikationen
Creators: name: Margarian, Anne
name: Margarian, Anne
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: structural change
subject: multi-level-model
subject: mixed model
subject: hierarchical causation
subject: endogenous restrictions

description: Until now empirical analyses have not succeeded in the determination of a general upon agreed bunch of the most important driving forces of structural change in agriculture beyond the level of the national economy. It will be argued that the sometimes contradictory results of different studies are caused by the endogenous dynamics of structural change as well as by mixing up different levels of causality. The influence of single causes, therefore, is not necessarily characterised by linearity, symmetry and independence of other causes, of the location or of time. Multi-level-models are being presented as a method with the capability to cope with these problems by modelling hierarchical relations and dynamics in time simultaneously. The flexibility of the method as well as its capability to generate new insights will be demonstrated on the example of a panel analysis for the explanation of regional differences in structural change of agriculture.
Less is More - Genetic Optimisation of Nearest Neighbour Classifiers
Creators: name: Ramos, Vitorino
name: Muge, Fernando
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: I.2; I.5

description: The present paper deals with optimisation of Nearest Neighbour rule Classifiers via Genetic Algorithms. The methodology consists on implement a Genetic Algorithm capable of search the input feature space used by the NNR classifier. Results show that is adequate to perform feature reduction and simultaneous improve the Recognition Rate. Some practical examples prove that is possible to Recognise Portuguese Granites in 100%, with only 3 morphological features (from an original set of 117 features), which is well suited for real time applications. Moreover, the present method represents a robust strategy to understand the proper nature of the images treated, and their discriminant features. KEYWORDS: Feature Reduction, Genetic Algorithms, Nearest Neighbour Rule Classifiers (k-NNR).
description: 9 pages, 7 figures, Author at http://alfa.ist.utl.pt/~cvrm/staff/vramos/ref_13.html
Opt-in of the agricultural sector to the European trading scheme for greenhouse gas emissions – a proposal and its possible effects
Creators: name: Perez Dominguez, Ignacio
name: Holm-Muller, Karin
name: Perez Dominguez, Ignacio
name: Holm-Muller, Karin
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: climate gas emissions
subject: emission trading
subject: abatement costs
subject: agricultural policy
subject: modelling

description: In light of international discussions on a possible opt-in of the agricultural sector to the current European emission trading system for greenhouse gases, the objective of this article is to present a feasible implementation strategy for a market of emission permits in European agriculture and to simulate its economic effects within the regionalised agricultural sector model CAPRI. With this purpose, we compare the effects of a 15% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from European agriculture with and without a trading scheme. Our findings suggest that if significant emission abatement is to be achieved in the agricultural sector, efficiency gains from expanding the current emission trading scheme to this sector can be appreciable. An additional finding of this paper is that under the current protective measures in the CAP and in the absence of a successful WTO reform round, emission reduction does not result in a net income loss for the agricultural sector due to the ‘quota effect’ caused by the isolation of European agricultural markets from world markets.