Calamus parutan Fernando. A, Leaf 2014, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Fernando, Edwino S.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy

description: Calamus parutan Fernando, sp. nov.
Type:— INDONESIA. East Java, Sukamade, Betiri Nature Reserve, lowland forest, hillslope, 50 m, 21 May 1973, Dransfield 3534 (holotype K!, isotype BO!).
Related to Calamus burckianus Beccari (1902: 198) in the Calamus erinaceus group of sect. Podocephalus, but differing in its fruit with only one seed, and in the shorter (up to ½ times) fruiting rachilla.
Clustering, robust rattan climbing to 30 m or more; stem with sheaths 4–5 cm diameter, without sheaths to 2.5 cm; internodes 20–22 cm. Leaf sheaths very densely covered with whorls of broad-based laminar spines; the laminar spines to 4 cm long and 3 mm wide at the base, usually lacerate or with side branches, the whorls interspersed with shorter and narrower laminar spines; ocrea present, to 2.5 cm long, spiny and ciliate on the outside, smooth towards the inside; knee prominent, armed as the leaf sheath. Leaf cirrate, 4–4.5 m long, including petiole 20–40 cm long and cirrus 1.5–2 m long; petiole to 2.5 cm wide, to 1.1 cm thick, ± semi-circular in cross-section near the base, relatively flat and densely spiny on the adaxial surface, convex on the abaxial surface and armed with scattered short spines; cirrus armed with reflexed, rigid spines aggregated into grapnels; rachis angular, convex below, 1.5 cm wide, 1 cm thick, yellowish, armed as the petiole, clawed below; leaflets 65–75 on each side of the rachis, arranged regularly and spaced 2–3.5 cm apart, semi-pendulous, linear-lanceolate, hairy along the two side costae on the adaxial surface and along mid-costa on the abaxial surface, the hairs to 2.2 cm long; proximal leaflets to 32 × 0.8 cm; mid-lamina leaflets 40–48.5 × 2–2.2 cm; apical leaflets 13.5–20 × 0.8–1 cm; young leaves reddish. Staminate inflorescence branching to 3 or sometimes 4 orders, to 80 cm long, with up to 21 partial inflorescences; each partial inflorescence to 17 cm long, decreasing in length distally along the main axis; rachilla up to 2 cm long. Pistillate inflorescence as the staminate but generally shorter, to 40–70 cm long, branching to 2 orders, with 6–7 partial inflorescences, the first borne 4.5 cm above the base; peduncle to 16 cm long, flattened and 1.5 cm wide at base, smooth; prophyll 5–9 cm long, 0.8 cm wide at the base, tightly tubular, smooth, to 1.1 cm wide near the mouth, with a triangular limb to 1.5 cm long; partial inflorescences 18–37 cm long, each with 14–23 rachillae; stalk of partial inflorescences to 5 cm long; secondary bracts 1.5 × 0.4 cm, tubular, smooth; rachillae 5–10 cm long, including 2 cm pedicel, 0.3 cm wide, spaced to 1.5–2 cm apart along the axis. Pistillate flower not known. Fruit globose, 0.9 × 0.8 cm, distichously arranged along the rachila, each with up to 20–23 vertical rows of scales, the scales furrowed along centre, dull yellow, lightly brown-bordered; seed 1, plano-convex, 6 × 5 mm, surface rugose; endosperm homogenous. (Figure 2).
Distribution and habitat: —Endemic to Indonesia (East Java and Bali). In low elevation dry scrub forests.
Local names and uses: — rotan sepet (East Java), penjalin manis, penyalin wara (Bali).
Etymology: —The specific epithet parutan is the Indonesian term for coconut grater for which the petioles of this species are sometimes used by the village people in East Java and Bali.
Additional specimens examined: — INDONESIA. East Java: Sukamade, Betiri Nature Reserve, 100 m, Warsita Mahyar 14 (BO!, K!); Jember, Gunung Watangan, 150 m, Versteegh 4881 (BO!), Versteegh 4882 (BO!), Versteegh 4885 (BO!); Panarukan, Versteegh 4892 (BO!); Gunung Baluran, 07 March 1940, Versteegh 4893 (BO!), 25 April 1940, Versteegh 4915 (BO!). Bali: Cakik, Gilimanuk, Suaka, Margasatwa, 19 May 1973, Dransfield 3519 (BO!, L!); Gunung Kelalakan, R. Maier Sarip 98 (BO!), 20 July 1918, R. Maier Sarip 120 (BO!).
Notes. Specimens belonging to Calamus parutan have been previously referred to in Calamus burckianus Beccari (1902: 198). Calamus parutan, however, is distinct in its shorter fruiting rachilla and fruit with only one seed, compared to twice as long fruiting rachilla and three seeds in Calamus burckianus. The type of Calamus burckianus, Teysmann s.n. (holotype LE!, isotype FI!), were from plants in cultivation in West Java. Dransfield 1199 (BO!, K!), a more recent specimen from Tasikmalaya in West Java is probably closest to Calamus burckianus in its fruiting rachillae to 15 cm long and young fruits with three seeds. Two other recent collections in West Java, Dransfield 1162 (BH!, BO!) also from Tasikmalaya and Dransfield 1051 (BO!, K!) from Sukabumi are referrable to Calamus burckianus.
description: Published as part of Fernando, Edwino S., 2014, Three new species in Calamus sect. Podocephalus (Arecaceae: Calamoideae) from the Philippines, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea, pp. 69-76 in Phytotaxa 166 (1) on pages 72-74, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.166.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5138216