cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Numerical study of the enlarged O(5) symmetry of the 3-D antiferromagnetic RP2 spin model
Creators: name: Fernandez, L. A.
name: Martin-Mayor, V.
name: Sciretti, D.
name: Tarancon, A.
name: Velasco, J. L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate by means of Monte Carlo simulation and Finite-Size Scaling analysis the critical properties of the three dimensional O(5) non linear sigma model and of the antiferromagnetic RP2 model, both of them regularized on a lattice. High accuracy estimates are obtained for the critical exponents, universal dimensionless quantities and critical couplings. It is concluded that both models belong to the same Universality Class, provide that rather non standard identifications are made for the momentum-space propagator of the RP2 model. We have also investigated the phase diagram of the RP2 model extended by a second-neighbor interaction. A rich phase diagram is found, where most phase transitions are first order.
description: 3 postscript figures
Generalized Dirac monopoles in non-Abelian Kaluza-Klein theories
Creators: name: Cotăescu, Ion I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A method is proposed for generalizing the Euclidean Taub-NUT space, regarded as the appropriate background of the Dirac magnetic monopole, to non-Abelian Kaluza-Klein theories involving potentials of generalized monopoles. Usual geometrical methods combined with a recent theory of the induced representations governing the Taub-NUT isometries lead to a general conjecture where the potentials of the generalized monopoles of any dimensions can be defined in the base manifolds of suitable principal fiber bundles. Moreover, in this way one finds that apart from the monopole models which are of a space-like type, there exists a new type of time-like models that can not be interpreted as monopoles. The space-like models are studied pointing out that the monopole fields strength are particular solutions the Yang-Mills equations with central symmetry producing the standard flux of $4π$ through the two-dimensional spheres surrounding the monopole. Examples are given of manifolds with Einstein metrics carrying SU(2) monopoles.
description: 32 pages
Industrial manufacturing and characterization of multiscale CFRP laminates made from prepregs containing graphene-related materials
Creators: name: Rodriguez-Garcia, Veronica
name: Gomez, Julio
name: Cristiano, Francesco
name: Gude, Maria R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The introduction of graphene-related materials (GRMs) in carbon fibre-reinforced polymers (CFRP) has been proved to enhance their mechanical and electrical properties. However, methodologies to produce the 3-phase materials (multiscale composites) at an industrial scale and in an efficient manner are still lacking. In this paper, multiscale CFRP composites containing different GRMs have been manufactured following standard procedures currently used in the aerospace industry with the aim to evaluate its potential application. Graphite nanoplateletelets (GNPs), in situ exfoliated graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have been dispersed into an epoxy resin to subsequently impregnate aeronautical grade carbon fibre tape. The resulting prepregs have been used for manufacturing laminates by hand lay-up and autoclave curing at 180 °C. Abroad characterization campaign has been carried out to understand the behaviour of the different multiscale laminates manufactured. The degree of cure, glass transition temperature and degradation temperature have been evaluated by thermal evolution techniques. Similarly, their mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, in-plane shear, interlaminar shear and mode I interlaminar fracture toughness) have been analysed together with their electrical conductivity. The manufacturing process resulted appropriated for producing three-phase laminates and their quality was as good as in conventional CFRPs. The addition ofGOand rGO resulted in an enhancement of the in-plane shear properties and delamination resistance while the addition ofGNPimproved the electrical conductivity.
[Letter from Max Weber]
Creators: name: Weber, Max
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1906

description: Reply to a request for information about the printing of photographs of Lithothamnia from the Siboga-Expedition. Information about the chance to use the same firm to print the Lithothamnia photographs for the Monograph.
description: Handwritten on the letter: Roelöffzen, Hübner en van Santen.
Universal Uncertainty Principle in the Measurement Operator Formalism
Creators: name: Ozawa, Masanao
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Heisenberg's uncertainty principle has been understood to set a limitation on measurements; however, the long-standing mathematical formulation established by Heisenberg, Kennard, and Robertson does not allow such an interpretation. Recently, a new relation was found to give a universally valid relation between noise and disturbance in general quantum measurements, and it has become clear that the new relation plays a role of the first principle to derive various quantum limits on measurement and information processing in a unified treatment. This paper examines the above development on the noise-disturbance uncertainty principle in the model-independent approach based on the measurement operator formalism, which is widely accepted to describe a class of generalized measurements in the field of quantum information. We obtain explicit formulas for the noise and disturbance of measurements given by the measurement operators, and show that projective measurements do not satisfy the Heisenberg-type noise-disturbance relation that is typical in the gamma-ray microscope thought experiments. We also show that the disturbance on a Pauli operator of a projective measurement of another Pauli operator constantly equals the square root of 2, and examine how this measurement violates the Heisenberg-type relation but satisfies the new noise-disturbance relation.
description: 11 pages. Based on the author's invited talk at the 9th International Conference on Squeezed States and Uncertainty Relations (ICSSUR'2005), Besancon, France, May 2-6, 2005
At the intersection : migrant students' Canadian identities and the social studies curriculum
Creators: name: Horton, Todd Arthur
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: This study examines the diverse ways students perceive Canada, Canadians, and themselves as Canadians, in an effort to contribute to ongoing theory-building about Canadian identity. This study also evaluates social studies curriculum documents and textbooks in order to gain insights that could contribute to ongoing efforts for improvement of such resources. This is done by using students' Canadian identity as an entry point to analysis of a social studies curriculum document and three textbooks. Fifteen students from a Vancouver secondary school are selected as instrumental case studies. Using multiple forms of data collection including questionnaires, individual and group interviews, their perceptions are thematically categorized into three dimensions that form Canadian identity (sentiment, citizenship, and values). Each dimension is further sub-divided into a number of features. The dimensions and features are also used as organizers for text analysis of British Columbia's grade eleven social studies Integrated Resource Package (IRP) and three textbooks suggested as resources for grade eleven social studies. Using "reflect", "expand", and "enhance" as sensitizing concepts, the text analysis focuses on whether or not the IRP and textbooks offer the potential for students to engage their perceptions. Findings suggest that students have an overall positive perception of Canada, Canadians, and themselves as Canadians in all three dimensions, particularly with regard to sentiment. However, students' perceptions are also laced with significant tensions, particularly with regard to citizenship and values. Findings also suggest that the IRP and textbooks do reflect and expand students' perceptions and consequently offer the potential for engagement, but that textbooks largely do not enhance students' ability to confront tensions. The results of this study underscore the complex nature of Canadian identity and the need to be sensitive to diverse conceptions of Canada and what it means to be Canadian. Further, it contributes to ongoing efforts to improve the potential of curricula and textbooks to engage students more fully in constructing their Canadian identities. Recommendations are offered for further research.
Robust Front-End for Multi-Channel ASR using Flow-Based Density Estimation
Creators: name: Kim, Hyeongju
name: Lee, Hyeonseung
name: Kang, Woo Hyun
name: Kim, Hyung Yong
name: Kim, Nam Soo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Sound (cs.SD)
subject: Audio and Speech Processing (eess.AS)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: For multi-channel speech recognition, speech enhancement techniques such as denoising or dereverberation are conventionally applied as a front-end processor. Deep learning-based front-ends using such techniques require aligned clean and noisy speech pairs which are generally obtained via data simulation. Recently, several joint optimization techniques have been proposed to train the front-end without parallel data within an end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) scheme. However, the ASR objective is sub-optimal and insufficient for fully training the front-end, which still leaves room for improvement. In this paper, we propose a novel approach which incorporates flow-based density estimation for the robust front-end using non-parallel clean and noisy speech. Experimental results on the CHiME-4 dataset show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional techniques where the front-end is trained only with ASR objective.
description: 7 pages, 3 figures
Solutions for 10,000 Eclipsing Binaries in the Bulge Fields of OGLE II Using DEBiL
Creators: name: Devor, Jonathan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have developed a fully-automated pipeline for systematically identifying and analyzing eclipsing binaries within large datasets of light curves. The pipeline is made up of multiple tiers which subject the light curves to increasing levels of scrutiny. After each tier, light curves that did not conform to a given criteria were filtered out of the pipeline, reducing the load on the following, more computationally intensive tiers. As a central component of the pipeline, we created the fully automated Detached Eclipsing Binary Light curve fitter (DEBiL), which rapidly fits large numbers of light curves to a simple model. Using the results of DEBiL, light curves of interest can be flagged for follow-up analysis. As a test case, we analyzed the 218699 light curves within the bulge fields of the OGLE II survey and produced 10862 model fits. We point out a small number of extreme examples as well as unexpected structure found in several of the population distributions. We expect this approach to become increasingly important as light curve datasets continue growing in both size and number.
description: Accepted for publication in ApJ, 36 pages, 15 figures, 5 tables. See http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~jdevor/DEBiL.html for high-resolution figures and further information
Bargaining on Ecological Main Structures for Natural Pest Control: Modelling Land Use Regulations as Common Property Management
Creators: name: Nuppenau, Ernst-August
name: Nuppenau, Ernst-August
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Common property management
subject: institution
subject: crop risk
subject: bio-diversity

description: In this paper we argue that the loss of bio-diversity hould be of concern for farmers, though it seems to be of little or no concern to them at the moment. As diversity is a component of nature that controls the growth of pests, a loss of bio-diversity means increased exposure to pests, danger of crop failures and, in the long run, lower average yields and profits. So far farmers buy costly pesticides for compensating the reduction of bio-diversity. We argue that institutional problems are the reason why farmers are not concerned with bio-diversity, and show that under pure private property rights farmers have interest in pesticides and not in bio-diversity as a measure of crop protect because they have perhaps to devote land to the natural eco-system. In contrast, public policy which is assumed to make bio-diversity improvements, and this policy may pay off. Note, the prerequisite for improved in biodiversity through the establishment of an ecological main structure (EMS), may reveres this trend. We show that joint efforts in a community of farmers can result in building up an adequate size of nature elements in landscapes (an EMS) for maintaining the bio-diversity. These nature elements shall allow, in parts, a more sustainable performance of pest control than chemical control. The public control instrument is the EMS size. For this, in the paper, we extend the institution economics model of Rausser and Zusman (1992) on productive governments to bio-diversity.
The nature of the X-ray halo of the plerion G21.5-0.9 unveiled by XMM-Newton and Chandra
Creators: name: Bocchino, F.
name: van der Swaluw, E.
name: Chevalier, R.
name: Bandiera, R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The nature of the radio-quiet X-ray halo around the plerionic SNR G21.5-0.9 is under debate. On the basis of spatial and spectral analysis of a large Chandra and XMM-Newton dataset of this source, we have developed a self-consistent scenario which explains all the observational features. We found that the halo is composed by diffuse extended emission due to dust scattering of X-rays from the plerion, by a bright limb which traces particle acceleration in the fast forward shock of the remnant, and by a bright spot (the ``North Spur'') which may be a knot of ejecta in adiabatic expansion. By applying a model of interaction between the PWN, the SNR and supernova environment, we argue that G21.5-0.9 progenitor may be of Type IIP or Ib/Ic, and that the remnant may be young (200-1000 yr).
description: 11 pages, 10 figures, accepted by A&A, also avalaible at http://www.astropa.unipa.it/Library/OAPA_preprints/fb2870.ps.gz
Existence and symmetry of solutions to 2-D Schrödinger-Newton equations
Creators: name: Cao, Daomin
name: Dai, Wei
name: Zhang, Yang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Primary: 35J20, Secondary: 35Q40, 35B09, 35B06

description: In this paper, we consider the following 2-D Schrödinger-Newton equations \begin{eqnarray*} -Δu+a(x)u+\fracγ{2π}\left(\log(|\cdot|)*|u|^p\right){|u|}^{p-2}u=b{|u|}^{q-2}u \qquad \text{in} \,\,\, \mathbb{R}^{2}, \end{eqnarray*} where $a\in C(\mathbb{R}^{2})$ is a $\mathbb{Z}^{2}$-periodic function with $\inf_{\mathbb{R}^{2}}a>0$, $γ>0$, $b\geq0$, $p\geq2$ and $q\geq 2$. By using ideas from \cite{CW,DW,Stubbe}, under mild assumptions, we obtain existence of ground state solutions and mountain pass solutions to the above equations for $p\geq2$ and $q\geq2p-2$ via variational methods. The auxiliary functional $J_{1}$ plays a key role in the cases $p\geq3$. We also prove the radial symmetry of positive solutions (up to translations) for $p\geq2$ and $q\geq 2$. The corresponding results for planar Schrödinger-Poisson systems will also be obtained. Our theorems extend the results in \cite{CW,DW} from $p=2$ and $b=1$ to general $p\geq2$ and $b\geq0$.
Land Transactions in the North of Vietnam: A Modelling Approach
Creators: name: Van Hung, Pham
name: MacAulay, T. Gordon
name: Van Hung, Pham
name: MacAulay, T. Gordon
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Land transactions
subject: modelling
subject: knapsack problem
subject: Vietnam

description: The use of mathematical models to describe the interactions of variables is useful in modern management. In this paper, a 'mixed' model combining the knapsack problem, a household model and a form of spatial equilibrium model into a modelling framework is developed. The impacts of changes in off-farm wage rates, transaction costs in the rental market, the output prices of paddy crops, and land transactions were examined in the model. The simulation has led to the conclusion that the real benefits to farm households from land consolidation may not be apparent until the real opportunity cost of farm labour begins to rise. In addition, a reform policy in the administrative sector which encourages, not only the process of land accumulation and the rental market to be more active, but also farmers to involve themselves more actively in farming will improve their well-being. Moreover, a policy which allows farmers to freely cultivate other annual crops (cash crops) instead of rice and corn may be important and it should be considered in the future.
Mean-field theories for disordered electrons: Diffusion pole and Anderson localization
Creators: name: Janis, V.
name: Kolorenc, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss conditions to be put on mean-field-like theories to be able to describe fundamental physical phenomena in disordered electron systems. In particular, we investigate options for a consistent mean-field theory of electron localization and for a reliable description of transport properties. We argue that a mean-field theory for the Anderson localization transition must be electron-hole symmetric and self-consistent at the two-particle (vertex) level. We show that such a theory with local equations can be derived from the asymptotic limit to high spatial dimensions. The weight of the diffusion pole, i. e., the number of diffusive states at the Fermi energy, in this mean-field theory decreases with the increasing disorder strength and vanishes in the localized phase. Consequences of the disclosed behavior for our understanding of vanishing of electron diffusion are discussed.
description: REVTeX4, 11 pages, no figures
Large scale simulation of pressure induced phase-field fracture propagation using Utopia
Creators: name: Zulian, Patrick
name: Kopaničáková, Alena
name: Nestola, Maria Giuseppina Chiara
name: Fink, Andreas
name: Fadel, Nur Aiman
name: Vandevondele, Joost
name: Krause, Rolf
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Non-linear phase field models are increasingly used for the simulation of fracture propagation models. The numerical simulation of fracture networks of realistic size requires the efficient parallel solution of large coupled non-linear systems. Although in principle efficient iterative multi-level methods for these types of problems are available, they are not widely used in practice due to the complexity of their parallel implementation. Here, we present Utopia, which is an open-source C++ library for parallel non-linear multilevel solution strategies. Utopia provides the advantages of high-level programming interfaces while at the same time a framework to access low-level data-structures without breaking code encapsulation. Complex numerical procedures can be expressed with few lines of code, and evaluated by different implementations, libraries, or computing hardware. In this paper, we investigate the parallel performance of our implementation of the recursive multilevel trust-region (RMTR) method based on the Utopia library. RMTR is a globally convergent multilevel solution strategy designed to solve non-convex constrained minimization problems. In particular, we solve pressure-induced phase-field fracture propagation in large and complex fracture networks. Solving such problems is deemed challenging even for a few fractures, however, here we are considering networks of realistic size with up to 1000 fractures.
description: CCF Trans. HPC (2021)
Impact of productive associations in microcredits demand in small coffee producers of Peru
Creators: name: Paredes, Eduardo
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 120505 Regional Analysis and Development
subject: FOS: Social and economic geography
subject: 70108 Sustainable Agricultural Development
subject: FOS: Other agricultural sciences
subject: 140202 Economic Development and Growth
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: 160505 Economic Development Policy
subject: FOS: Political science

description: The credit demand in the agriculture has remained low despite of the increase of credit access in this sector. Therefore, there is a demand problem that could be caused by low productivity and little returns. Some argue that these two factors could grow due to the productive associations. Motivated by understanding the economic behavior of the small farmers, this research seeks to estimate the impact of these organizations in credit demand. The group that will be analyzed is the small coffee producers in Peru. The propensity score matching is the econometric model that has been chosen to be used for analysis, and the data has been taken from the IV National Census of Agriculture. The results show that the small coffee farmers that are associated increase 2.21 times the odds of demanding credit compared to those with similar characteristics that are not associated. Consistent with the theory, productive associations have a positive, significant and causal effect in the credit demand of the small coffee farmers of the provinces mentioned.
Reconstructing Supersymmetry at ILC/LHC
Creators: name: Blair, G. A.
name: Freitas, A.
name: Martyn, H. -U.
name: Polesello, G.
name: Porod, W.
name: Zerwas, P. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Coherent analyses of experimental results from LHC and ILC will allow us to draw a comprehensive and precise picture of the supersymmetric particle sector. Based on this platform the fundamental supersymmetric theory can be reconstructed at the high scale which is potentially close to the Planck scale. This procedure will be reviewed for three characteristic examples: minimal supergravity as the paradigm; a left-right symmetric extension incorporating intermediate mass scales; and a specific realization of string effective theories.
description: published in Proceedings of the Ustron Conference 2005; technical LaTeX problem corrected
Thermodynamics of the Near-Extremal NS5-brane
Creators: name: Harmark, T.
name: Obers, N. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider the thermodynamics of the near-extremal NS5-brane in type IIA string theory. The central tool we use is to map phases of six-dimensional Kaluza-Klein black holes to phases of near-extremal M5-branes with a transverse circle in eleven-dimensional supergravity. By S-duality these phases correspond to phases of the near-extremal type IIA NS5-brane. One of our main results is that in the canonical ensemble the usual near-extremal NS5-brane background, dual to a uniformly smeared near-extremal M5-brane, is subdominant to a new background of near-extremal M5-branes localized on the transverse circle. This new stable phase has a limiting temperature, which lies above the Hagedorn temperature of the usual NS5-brane phase. We discuss the limiting temperature and compare the different behavior of the NS5-brane in the canonical and microcanonical ensembles. We also briefly comment on the thermodynamics of near-extremal Dp-branes on a transverse circle.
description: 22 pages, 6 figures. v2: Added clarifying remarks on relation to previous work on thermodynamics of NS5-brane. Refs added
Dr. Albert Schweitzer: "Mein Wort an die Menschen" - Engagement gegen den Atomkrieg
Creators: name: (:Unkn) Unknown
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Albert Schweitzer
subject: Friedensnobelpreis
subject: Ethik
subject: Gewaltfreiheit
subject: Atomwaffen
subject: Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben
subject: Frieden
subject: Mahatma Gandhi
subject: 100 Philosophie und Psychologie::170 Ethik::170 Ethik
subject: 300 Sozialwissenschaften::370 Bildung und Erziehung::374 Erwachsenenbildung
subject: 300 Sozialwissenschaften::320 Politikwissenschaft::320 Politikwissenschaft

description: Am 23. April 1957 ließ Dr. Albert Schweitzer über Radio Oslo seinen „Appell an die Menschheit“ verbreiten. Der Aufruf zur atomaren Abrüstung wurde von vielen weiteren Radiostationen übernommen und bereits einen Tag später, am 24. April 1957, in der „New York Times“ veröffentlicht. Diese Ausstellung wurde 60 Jahre danach angefertigt, und erstmalig vom 24. April bis zum 24. September 2017 in der Peace Gallery des Anti-Kriegs-Museums (Berlin) präsentiert. Sie wurde von der Stiftung Deutsches Albert-Schweitzer-Zentrum Frankfurt/Main als Friedensausstellung bereits an vielen Orten gezeigt. Diese Ausstellung mit Texten von Dr. Albert Schweitzer thematisiert sein Engagement: 1.) gegen den Krieg prinzipiell, 2.) gegen Atomwaffen und den Atomkrieg, 3.) für die Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben.
Changes in Management Can Improve Returns from Cambodian Upland Crops
Creators: name: Farquharson, Robert J.
name: Sareth, Chea
name: Somrangchittra, Chapho
name: Martin, Robert J.
name: Haigh, Bruce M
name: Scott, J. Fiona
name: Sopheap, Ung
name: Farquharson, Robert J.
name: Sareth, Chea
name: Somrangchittra, Chapho
name: Martin, Robert J.
name: Haigh, Bruce M
name: Scott, J. Fiona
name: Sopheap, Ung
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Upland crops
subject: Cambodia
subject: technology
subject: economics
subject: simulation
subject: risk

description: Farming systems research for wet-season non-rice upland crops in Cambodia is being conducted with the overall aim of poverty reduction and food security for farmers in the Provinces of Battambang and Kampong Cham. Some of these cash crops exhibit low and variable incomes, especially when grown in the early wet season. Cambodian farmers may borrow money to buy crop inputs and often sell their produce to companies and traders from neighbouring countries, hence they are price takers. Some new crop technologies are evaluated which relate to soil and crop fertility management interacting with climatic factors. The DSSAT crop simulation model is used to predict outcomes from alternative management strategies. Bio-economic analyses are conducted to assess the likely appeal of these technologies to Cambodian farmers in a return-on-investment context. The results show that management to adjust the nitrogen fertility available to corn, the use of rhizobium in soybean, and a delay in planting early-wet-season corn may all show substantial financial benefits. Further research and an associated farmer demonstration program involving local extension officers are recommended.
Market Access and Rural Poverty in Tanzania
Creators: name: Minot, Nicholas
name: Minot, Nicholas
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Food Security and Poverty
subject: poverty
subject: market access
subject: Tanzania
subject: economic reforms

description: Economic reforms in Tanzania have resulted in low inflation and solid economic growth, but many observers question whether the standard of living of ordinary Tanzanians has improved. Furthermore, there is a strong suspicion that the benefits have been concentrated among the urban population and among rural households with good market access, leaving remote rural households behind. In this paper, we demonstrate a new approach to measuring poverty trends over time. First, the relationship between poverty and household characteristics is estimated using household budget survey data. Second, this relationship is applied to the same characteristics in Demographic and Health Surveys, four of which have been carried out in Tanzania. The results suggest that the headcount poverty rate has declined by almost 9 percentage points over 1991-2003. The percentagepoint decline has been similar in rural and urban areas. Although remote rural areas tend to be poorer than other rural areas, there is no evidence that remote areas have gained any less than other rural areas in terms of poverty reduction.
Figure S1 and Table S1. Brachiopod-dominated communities and depositional environment of the Guanshan Konservat–Lagerstätte, Wuding County, eastern Yunnan
Creators: name: Feiyang Chen
name: Brock, Glenn A.
name: Zhiliang Zhang
name: Laing, Brittany
name: Xinyi Ren
name: Zhifei Zhang
Publisher: name: Geological Society of London
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Geology
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences

description: Figure S1 and Table S1.
Ultrafast Backbone Protonation in Channelrhodopsin-1 Captured by Polarization Resolved Fs Vis-pump - IR-Probe Spectroscopy and Computational Methods
Creators: name: Stensitzki, Till
name: Adam, Suliman
name: Schlesinger, Ramona
name: Schapiro, Igor
name: Heyne, Karsten
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: photoisomerization
subject: retinal
subject: optogenetics
subject: vibrational spectroscopy
subject: QM/MM calculations
subject: protein dynamics
subject: counter-ion
subject: proton transfer
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::530 Physik::530 Physik

description: Channelrhodopsins (ChR) are light-gated ion-channels heavily used in optogenetics. Upon light excitation an ultrafast all-trans to 13-cis isomerization of the retinal chromophore takes place. It is still uncertain by what means this reaction leads to further protein changes and channel conductivity. Channelrhodopsin-1 in Chlamydomonas augustae exhibits a 100 fs photoisomerization and a protonated counterion complex. By polarization resolved ultrafast spectroscopy in the mid-IR we show that the initial reaction of the retinal is accompanied by changes in the protein backbone and ultrafast protonation changes at the counterion complex comprising Asp299 and Glu169. In combination with homology modelling and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) geometry optimization we assign the protonation dynamics to ultrafast deprotonation of Glu169, and transient protonation of the Glu169 backbone, followed by a proton transfer from the backbone to the carboxylate group of Asp299 on a timescale of tens of picoseconds. The second proton transfer is not related to retinal dynamics and reflects pure protein changes in the first photoproduct. We assume these protein dynamics to be the first steps in a cascade of protein-wide changes resulting in channel conductivity
Pōniuā'ena: A Luminous $z=7.5$ Quasar Hosting a 1.5 Billion Solar Mass Black Hole
Creators: name: Yang, Jinyi
name: Wang, Feige
name: Fan, Xiaohui
name: Hennawi, Joseph F.
name: Davies, Frederick B.
name: Yue, Minghao
name: Banados, Eduardo
name: Wu, Xue-Bing
name: Venemans, Bram
name: Barth, Aaron J.
name: Bian, Fuyan
name: Boutsia, Konstantina
name: Decarli, Roberto
name: Farina, Emanuele Paolo
name: Green, Richard
name: Jiang, Linhua
name: Li, Jiang-Tao
name: Mazzucchelli, Chiara
name: Walter, Fabian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report the discovery of a luminous quasar, J1007+2115 at $z=7.515$ ("Pōniuā'ena"), from our wide-field reionization-era quasar survey. J1007+2115 is the second quasar now known at $z>7.5$, deep into the reionization epoch. The quasar is powered by a $(1.5\pm0.2)\times10^9$ $M_{\odot}$ supermassive black hole (SMBH), based on its broad MgII emission-line profile from Gemini and Keck near-IR spectroscopy. The SMBH in J1007+2115 is twice as massive as that in quasar J1342+0928 at $z=7.54$, the current quasar redshift record holder. The existence of such a massive SMBH just 700 million years after the Big Bang significantly challenges models of the earliest SMBH growth. Model assumptions of Eddington-limited accretion and a radiative efficiency of 0.1 require a seed black hole of $\gtrsim 10^{4}$ $M_{\odot}$ at $z=30$. This requirement suggests either a massive black hole seed as a result of direct collapse or earlier periods of rapid black hole growth with hyper-Eddington accretion and/or a low radiative efficiency. We measure the damping wing signature imprinted by neutral hydrogen absorption in the intergalactic medium (IGM) on J1007+2115's Ly$α$ line profile, and find that it is weaker than that of J1342+0928 and two other $z\gtrsim7$ quasars. We estimate an IGM volume-averaged neutral fraction $\langle x\rm_{HI}\rangle=0.39^{+0.22}_{-0.13}$. This range of values suggests a patchy reionization history toward different IGM sightlines. We detect the 158 $μ$m [C II] emission line in J1007+2115 with ALMA; this line centroid yields a systemic redshift of $z=7.5149\pm0.0004$ and indicates a star formation rate of $\sim210$ $M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ in its host galaxy.
description: 9 pages, 4 figures, ApJL in press
Marketing Liquid Sugar
Creators: name: Poats, Frederick J.
name: Poats, Frederick J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1953
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: Production Economics
subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods

description: Excerpt from the report Introduction: This study was made to determine costs of handling liquid sugar from the refiner to the user, and in-plant savings realized by users. A measure of maximum market potential for liquid sugar has been estimated by comparing present distribution data with total sugar use in industries suited to liquid sugar. Also, attention has been given to advantages other than costs, as well as the disadvantages, of using liquid sugar, and the competitive relationship between liquid sugar and other sweeteners. The marketing of sugar in dry-bulk lots also is discussed. This information is prepared particularly for liquid-sugar producers and users, both present and potential, and, it is hoped, will be an aid in a more orderly transition to the newer technology of bulk handling.
Self-regulated black hole accretion, the M-sigma relation, and the growth of bulges in galaxies
Creators: name: Begelman, Mitchell C.
name: Nath, Biman B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We argue that the velocity dispersions and masses of galactic bulges and spheroids are byproducts of the feedback that regulates rapid black hole growth in protogalaxies. We suggest that the feedback energy liberated by accretion must pass through the accreting material, in an energy-conserving flux close-in and a momentum-conserving flux further out. If the inflowing gas dominates the gravitational potential outside the Bondi radius, feedback from Eddington-limited accretion drives the density profile of the gas to that of a singular isothermal sphere. We find that the velocity dispersion associated with the isothermal potential, sigma, increases with time as the black hole mass M grows, in such a way that M is proportional to sigma^4. The coefficient of this proportionality depends on the radius at which the flow switches from energy conserving to momentum conserving, and gives the observed M-sigma relation if the transition occurs at ~100 Schwarzschild radii. We associate this transition with radiative cooling and show that bremsstrahlung, strongly boosted by inverse Compton scattering in a two-temperature (T_p >> T_e) plasma, leads to a transition at the desired radius. According to this picture, bulge masses M_b are insensitive to the virial masses of their dark matter haloes, but correlate linearly with black hole mass. Our analytic model also explains the M_b-sigma (Faber-Jackson) relation as a relic of black hole accretion. The model naturally explains why the M-sigma relation has less scatter than either the M-M_b (Magorrian) or the Faber-Jackson relation. It suggests that the M-sigma relation could extend down to very low velocity dispersions, and predicts that the relation should not evolve with redshift.
description: 6 pages, no figures, submitted to Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
The EU's Import Regime for Oranges - Much Ado about Nothing?
Creators: name: Goetz, Linde
name: Grethe, Harald
name: Goetz, Linde
name: Grethe, Harald
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: trade preferences
subject: oranges
subject: tariff rate quota
subject: entry price

description: EU imports of oranges are restricted not only by ad valorem tariffs but also by the entry price system establishing a minimum import price. In addition, the EU applies a comprehensive system of trade preferences. The hypothesis of this paper is that, in contrast to its complexity, the effectiveness of the EU import system for oranges is low with respect to its goals, i.e. protecting EU producers on the one hand an d creating imports from preference receiving countries on the other. The comparison of import prices for oranges from extra-EU countries with the EU entry price shows that the former are about 40% higher than the latter on average. Also, it is pointed out that at least 72% of extra-EU orange imports during the EU harvest season en ter the EU tariff free. As a conclusion, the contribution of the import regime to the protection of EU producers is low. Concordantly, the preferential entry price is not utilized by orange preference receiving countries. Besides, although orange quotas increased from 1991 to 2003, actual exports from Mediterranean countries and thus quota filling rates have decreased o ver the same period. It is shown that EU trade preferences for oranges were not decisive for the development of Mediterranean countries' orange exports to the EU. In the light of the low effectiveness of the entry price system for oranges along with high transaction costs involved, its abolishment should be co nsidered. Yet, results cannot be generalized, even not for citrus fruit, as is demonstrated for mandarins.
Hearing cultural heritage : using music in public exhibition, education, and programming
Creators: name: Bowers, Caroline Chloe Floy
name: 0000-0001-5653-9310
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 2020
Subjects: Music
Musicology
Museum studies
Public musicology
Exhibition
Public programming
Cultural heritage

description: This project examines music-related exhibitions, collections, and programming initiatives at the National Museum of African American Culture (NMAAHC) in Washington, D.C. and the Mexican American Cultural Center (MACC) in Austin, Texas, to understand how differing cultural heritage institutions engage with music and the performing arts. By using interviews of cultural heritage workers at each organization and engaging with existing scholarship concerning material culture in musicology and museology, the study will consider how each institution’s mission, audience, collection scope, size, and access to resources affect their approach to music history. By examining two contrasting institutions with divergent cultural motivations and institutional traits, this project ultimately seeks to show that a wide variety of cultural heritage institutions throughout the United States can overcome the challenges posed by music and performing arts material in order to successfully integrate music history into exhibitions and public programming of cultural history.
Melting and crystallization of Sn, Bi and Pb nanoparticles in contact with Al
Creators: name: Bogatyrenko, S. I.
name: Dukarov, S. V.
name: Kolendovsky, M. M.
name: Kryshtal, A. P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The results of studies of supercooling upon crystallization value of Bi, Sn and Pb nanosized particles on the Al substrate and between the Al layers have been presented. It has been shown the efficiency of usage of layered film systems for investigation of the limiting supercooling in particle-matrix systems with an eutectic type of interaction between components. The obtained results have been discussed and compared with literature data. ----- Predstavleny rezultaty issledovanij pereohlazhdenij pri kristallizacii nanorazmernyh chastic Bi, Sn i Pb na Al podlozhke i mezhdu sloyami alyuminiya. Pokazana effektivnost ispolzovaniya sloistyh plenochnyh sistem dlya issledovaniya predelnogo pereohlazhdeniya v sistemah chastica-matrica s evtekticheskim tipom vzaimodejstviya mezhdu komponentami. Poluchennye rezultaty obsuzhdeny i sopostavleny s literaturnymi dannymi.
description: in Russian
Chiral dynamics from the hadronic string: general formalism
Creators: name: Andrianov, A. A.
name: Espriu, D.
name: Prats, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: QCD at long distances can be described by the chiral Lagrangian. On the other hand there is overwhelming evidence that QCD and all non-abelian theories admit an effective string description. Here we review a derivation of the (intrinsic) parity-even chiral Lagrangian by requiring that the propagation of the QCD string takes place on a background where chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken. Requiring conformal invariance leads to the equation of motion of the chiral Lagrangian. We then proceed to coupling the string degrees of freedom to external gauge fields and we recover in this way the covariant equations of motion of the gauge-invariant chiral Lagrangian at p^2 order. We consider next the parity-odd part (Wess-Zumino-Witten) action and argue that this require the introduction of the spin degrees of freedom (absent in the usual effective action treatment). We manage to reproduce the Wess-Zumino-Witten term in 2D in an unambiguous way. In 4D the situation is considerably more involved. We outline the modification of boundary interaction that is necessary to induce the parity-odd part of the chiral Lagrangian.
description: 22 pages, 4 tables, acknowledgments and more refs. added
Electrochemical alcohols oxidation mediated by N-hydroxyphthalimide on nickel foam surface
Creators: name: Behrouzi, Leila
name: Bagheri, Robabeh
name: Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza
name: Song, Zhenlun
name: Chernev, Petko
name: Dau, Holger
name: Najafpour, Mohammad Mahdi
name: Kaboudin, Babak
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Electrochemical alcohols oxidation
subject: scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
subject: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)
subject: X-ray diffraction (XRD)
subject: X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)
subject: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
subject: spectroelectrochemistry
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::530 Physik::530 Physik

description: Alcohol to aldehyde conversion is a critical reaction in the industry. Herein, a new electrochemical method is introduced that converts 1 mmol of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones in the presence of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI, 20 mol%) as a mediator; this conversion is achieved after 8.5 h at room temperature using a piece of Ni foam (1.0 cm2) and without adding an extra-base or a need for high temperature. Using this method, 10 mmol (1.08 g) of benzyl alcohol was also successfully oxidized to benzaldehyde (91%) without any by-products. This method was also used to oxidize other alcohols with high yield and selectivity. In the absence of a mediator, the surface of the nickel foam provided oxidation products at the lower yield. After the reaction was complete, nickel foam (anode) was characterized by a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and spectroelectrochemistry, which pointed to the formation of nickel oxide on the surface of the electrode. On the other hand, using other electrodes such as Pt, Cu, Fe, and graphite resulted in a low yield for the alcohol to aldehyde conversion.
Groundwater Entrepreneurs in China: Selling Water to Meet the Demand for Water
Creators: name: Zhang, Lijuan
name: Wang, Jinxia
name: Huang, Jikun
name: Rozelle, Scott
name: Zhang, Lijuan
name: Wang, Jinxia
name: Huang, Jikun
name: Rozelle, Scott
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Groundwater markets
subject: Emergence
subject: Characteristics
subject: Determinants
subject: northern China

description: The overall goal of our paper is to better understand the development of groundwater markets in northern China. In particular, we focus on the factors that determine the development of groundwater markets in our attempt to explain their 'breadth' and 'depth.' Based on a survey of 24 randomly sampled villages and 50 randomly sampled tubewells in two provinces (Hebei and Henan Province) in 2001 and a field survey of 68 randomly sampled villages in 4 provinces (Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi) of northern China in 2004, our results show that groundwater markets in northern China have emerged and are developing rapidly. Our results show that groundwater markets in northern China are informal and localized. The markets have developed in a way in which they appear somewhat similar to markets that are found in South Asia. However, groundwater markets differ from markets in South Asia in other ways-water sellers discriminate in pricing and they almost always work on a spot-market, cash basis (that is, there are no share or labor sharing arrangements as found in South Asia). Econometric results show that the privatization of tubewells is one of the most important driving factors that encourage the development of groundwater markets. Increasing water and land scarcity are also major determinants that induce the development of groundwater markets.