Moniligaster barwelli Beddard 1886
Creators: name: Blakemore, Robert
name: Kupriyanova, Elena
name: Grygier, Mark
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Annelida
Clitellata
Haplotaxida
Moniligastridae
Moniligaster
Moniligaster barwelli

description: Type-species: <i>Moniligaster barwelli</i> Beddard, 1886 from Manila, by original designation. <b>Genus diagnosis</b> (amended slightly from Michaelsen, 1900: 114; Stephenson, 1923, 1930; Gates, 1962, 1972; Blakemore, 2002, 2008a): Small to giant [̴ 1,000 mm e.g. <i>Drawida hattamimizu,</i> <i>D. grandis</i> (Bourne, 1887)] terrestrial earthworms. Setae lumbricine [said to have a “ <i>smooth body without setae</i> ” in <i>D. zhangetalia</i> Blakemore, 2006 nom. nov. pro <i>D. cheni</i> Zhang et al., 2006 (non <i>D. cheni</i> Gates, 1935)]. Dorsal pores absent or intermittently present (e.g. in some <i>D. barwelli</i>, and cf. <i>D. japonica</i> RJB pers. obs.). Spermathecal pores at 7/8 (spermathecae without Y-shaped “ <i>dichotomously branched glands</i> ” of <i>Moniligaster</i> Perrier, 1872). Clitellum includes segments 10–13 but its exact extent often obscure. Male pores usually in or near 10/11 and female pores in or near 11/12. A pair of testes and male funnels typically in intraseptal sacs of 9/10. Short or sessile pseudo-prostates associated with male atria. Ovaries and oviducts typically in 11 with a pair of ovisacs extending posteriorly from septum 11/12. Last hearts in 9. Several, i.e., two to eight (or exceptionally nine in <i>D. hattamimizu</i>) moniliform intestinal gizzards within segments 11–27 [or 27–34 in <i>D. nilamburensis</i> (Bourne, 1894)]. Holoic (and sometimes vesiculate) with blood capillaries on the nephridia. Oesophageal gizzards, calciferous glands, and intestinal caeca absent. <b>Taxonomic Note:</b> Gender of the name <i>Drawida</i> – after the ‘Dravidians’ of Southern India / Sri Lanka – was not initially stated, but Easton (1984: 111), citing ICZN articles (now ICZN, 1999: Art. 30.1.4), proposed to continue its treatment as a Latinized feminine noun. <b>Distribution:</b> Indo-Oriental region, very widespread: “ Drawida <i>has a self-acquired range which may only be exceeded by that of the Lumbricidae, and is larger than that of the</i> Pheretima s. lat. <i>domain, consequently it is expected to yield proportionately more species... Possibly,</i> Drawida <i>alone may prove to have the greater number of species</i> ” (Gates 1972: 238–239). However, currently only about 200 nominal taxa are known (cf. 670 holarctic Lumbricidae versus 940 or so valid species of oriental pheretimoids in the family Megascolecidae - Blakemore 2007a, 2008a). Described by Stephenson (1923: 118, 124, Chart 1) as “ <i>one of the large Indian genera</i> ”, its centres of diversity appears to lie in Sri Lanka, southern India, the eastern Himalayas, and Myanmar. At least one supposed native, <i>Drawida ghilarovi</i> Gates, 1969 from Russia in south-east Siberia, is listed in the Red Data Book for that region (Anon. 1997). The type, <i>Drawida barwelli</i>, was first recorded as an exotic from Australia by Blakemore (1994, 1999), from China (Hainan) by Blakemore (2007a, 2008a), and is a new Japanese record as “ D. <i>cf.</i> barwelli ” in the present study (from Kurotsu and Inazu, Shiga-ken - Biwako samples 4 and 5, collected from rice paddies, 17.VI.2009 by RJB &amp; MJG). Relatively few species, apart from the cosmopolitan <i>D. barwelli</i>, are peregrine: <i>D. japonica</i> (Michaelsen, 1892) has been reported from the western Indian Himalayas, Yunnan and Szechuan in China, Japan, and Korea, and is also found on Taiwan (also cf. <i>D. ramnadana</i> Michaelsen, 1907 from south India), but Gates (1972) was of the opinion that some records of <i>D. japonica</i> outside Japan / Korea were misidentifications. This latter possibility is briefly investigated herein as part of further studies (Blakemore in prep.) on its relationship with <i>D. barwelli</i> proper.
description: Published as part of <i>Blakemore, Robert, Kupriyanova, Elena &amp; Grygier, Mark, 2010, Neotypification of Drawida hattamimizu Hatai, 1930 (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrili, Moniligastridae) as a model linking mtDNA (COI) sequences to an earthworm type, with a response to the ' Can of Worms' theory of cryptic species, pp. 1-29 in ZooKeys 41 (4)</i> on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.41.374, http://zenodo.org/record/576648
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