Deinotherium giganteum Kaup 1829
Creators: name: Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie
name: Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar
name: Zhang, Zhaoqun
name: Watabe, Mahito
name: Kaakinen, Anu
name: Fortelius, Mikael
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Proboscidea
Deinotheriidae
Deinotherium
Deinotherium giganteum

description: Deinotherium giganteum Kaup, 1829 (Fig. 5 A-R)
LOCALITY. — Quarry 3, Ivand district, north of Tabriz (Iran).
MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Postcranials, including proximal part of ulna (HMNH-IV 135; Fig. 5 A-C, Table 2); proximal part of radius (HMNH-IV 115; Fig. 5 P-R, Table 2); proximal part of tibia (HMNH- IV119; Fig. 5 D-F, Table 2); calcaneus (HMNH-IV 118; Fig. 5 G-I, Table 2); unciform (HMNH-IV 117; Fig. 5 J- L, Table 2) and one metapodial (HMNH-IV 114; Fig. 5 M-O, Table 2).
DESCRIPTION
The proximal part of an ulna is preserved (Fig. 5 A-C). The tuber olecrani is partly damaged, but shows a slight extension in the medial part. The processus coronoideus medialis and lateralis are round and of approximately the same size. The processus anconaeus is slightly higher than the tuber olecrani. The cross section of the shaft is triangular. The proximal part of a single radius is present (Fig. 5 P-R). The shape of the caput radii is sub-triangular. The articular circumference is damaged.
The tibia includes only one proximal part (Fig.5 D- F). In the proximal view, only the condylus lateralis and medialis are visible.
Calcaneus is an almost complete specimen with minor damage (Fig. 5 G-I). The tuber calcanei is higher than it is wide. Proximally, there are three facets, two of which are partly preserved. The lateral facet is not preserved. The two astragalus facets are separated by sulcus calcanei. The larger astragalus facet is rounded and the smaller one is on the sustentaculum tali and is partly broken. On the dorsal of the sustentaculum tali, parts of a navicular facet are preserved.
The unciform is nearly complete and has a triangular outline (Fig. 5 J-L). The proximal facet is triangular and concave. The distal side has one triangular concave facet and another elongated facet. The third facet is destroyed.
COMPARISON
The morphologies of postcranial skeletons in deinotheriids bear notable similarities (Huttunen 2002). From the postcranial elements described here, the proximal condyle of the ulna from Ivand is very well preserved and allows us to compare it to other deinotheriid specimens from other localities. Figure 6B shows the bivariate plots of the proximal width of the ulna against the width at process olecrani in IV135 and specimens from Maragheh (MN12, NW Iran), Saloniki and Pikermi (MN12, Greece), and Unterzolling (Germany). The plot illustrates that the Ivand material, though slightly smaller in proportion, is close to both Deinotherium giganteum from Pikermi and an undetermined specimen from Maragheh. The ulna of the Ivand specimen is obviously larger than the ulna of Choerolophodon pentelici (Gaudry & Lartet, 1856) from Saloniki, Greece and of Prodeinotherium bavaricum (Meyer, 1831) from Unterzolling (Huttunen & Göhlich 2002). Therefore, based on this comparison, and since Deinotherium giganteum is the largest of the Late Miocene mammals inNW Iran, previously recorded from Maragheh, we assign the very large postcrani - als from the Ivand locality to this species.
Order ARTIODACTYLA Owen, 1848
description: Published as part of Ataabadi, Majid Mirzaie, Mohammadalizadeh, Jafar, Zhang, Zhaoqun, Watabe, Mahito, Kaakinen, Anu & Fortelius, Mikael, 2011, Late Miocene large mammals from Ivand (Northwestern Iran), pp. 709-728 in Geodiversitas 33 (4) on page 718, DOI: 10.5252/g2011n4a7, http://zenodo.org/record/4597129