cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Xiruana tribarrense Oliveira & Brescovit, 2015, new species
Creators: name: Oliveira, Luiz Fernando M.
name: Brescovit, Antonio D.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Anyphaenidae
Xiruana
Xiruana tribarrense

description: Xiruana tribarrense new species
Figs 14 A–B; 16B
Type material. Female holotype from Foz do Córrego Três Barras, Rio Guarani, Três Barras do Paraná (25°25’08”S; 53°10’51”W), Paraná, Brazil, 20–26.II.1993, A. B. Bonaldo leg., deposited in MCN 22942.
Etymology. The specific name, from Brazilian Portuguese, is a gentilic adjective designating those born in the municipality of Três Barras do Paraná.
Diagnosis. Females of Xiruana tribarrense n. sp. differ from those of all other species in the genus by the epigynal plate with the posterior border narrowed and extremely broad (Fig. 14 A).
Description. Female (MCN 22942). Coloration as in X. hirsuta. Total length 5.59, carapace length 2.5, width 2.0. Clypeus height 0.06. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.1, ALE 0.10, PME 0.12, PLE 0.12; AME– AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.14, PME–PLE 0.08, ALE–PLE 0.04. Chelicerae 1.2 long, with four promarginal teeth and five retromarginal denticles. Leg measurements: Leg I—femur 2.1/ patella 1.0/ tibia 2.1/ metatarsus 1.8/ tarsus 0.9/ total 7.9; II—2.0/ 0.9/ 1.9/ 1.5/ 0.8/ 7.1; III—1.7/ 0.7/ 1.2/ 1.5/ 0.5/ 5.6; IV—2.5/ 0.8/ 1.9/ 2.6/ 0.6/ 8.4. Leg spination: I—tibia v2-2 -0, p0, r0, metatarsus v2 -0-0, p0, r0; II—tibia v1-2 -0, p0-1-0, r0, metatarsus v2 -0-0, p0, r0; III—tibia v1-2 -2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; IV—tibia v1-2 -2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Abdomen: length 3.1, epigastric furrow 1.0 from tracheal spiracle, spiracle 1.5 from base of spinnerets. Epigynum: copulatory ducts long and curved anteriorly; seminal receptacles clearly separated from the globose spermathecae; fertilization ducts longer than spermathecae width (Figs 14 A, B).
Male. Unknown.
Other material examined. Only the holotype.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality (Fig. 16 B).
description: Published as part of Oliveira, Luiz Fernando M. & Brescovit, Antonio D., 2015, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spider genus Xiruana Brescovit 1997 (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae), pp. 201-229 in Zootaxa 3980 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3980.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/242229
Xiruana cocha Oliveira & Brescovit, 2015, new species
Creators: name: Oliveira, Luiz Fernando M.
name: Brescovit, Antonio D.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Anyphaenidae
Xiruana
Xiruana cocha

description: Xiruana cocha new species
Figs 14 C–D; 16B
Type material. Female holotype from Cocha Shinguito (05°08’00”S; 74°45’00”W), Loreto, Peru, 16.V.1990, T. Erwin et al. leg., deposited in MUSM.
Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.
Diagnosis. The females of Xiruana cocha n. sp. resemble those of X. gracilipes by the shape of the epigynal plate, but differ by the broader anterior border and, internally, by the copulatory ducts strongly curved distally (Figs 14 C, D).
Description. Female (Holotype). Coloration as in X. hirsuta. Total length 6.7, carapace length 2.4, width 2.0. Clypeus height 0.08. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.1, ALE 0.12, PME 0.12, PLE 0.1; AME–AME 0.06, AME–ALE 0.04, PME–PME 0.14, PME–PLE 0.06, ALE–PLE 0.04. Chelicerae 1.1 long, with four promarginal teeth and four retromarginal denticles. Leg measurements: Leg I—femur 2.1/ patella 0.9/ tibia 2.2/ metatarsus 1.7/ tarsus 0.9/ total 7.8; II—2.0/ 0.9/ 1.9/ 1.5/ 0.6/ 6.9; III—1.6/ 0.7/ 1.7/ 1.1/ 0.5/ 5.6; IV—2.4/ 0.4/ 2.1/ 2.5/ 0.6/ 8.0. Leg spination: I—tibia v2-2 -0, p0, r0, metatarsus v2 -0-0, p0, r0; II—tibia v1-2 -0, p0-1-0, r0, metatarsus v2 -0-0, p0, r0; III—v1-2-2, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; IV—tibia v1-2 -2, p1-1-1, r1-1-1. Abdomen: length 4.3, epigastric furrow 1.0 from tracheal spiracle, spiracle 2.5 from base of spinnerets. Epigynum: fertilization ducts longer than the width of the globose spermathecae; seminal receptacles with inconspicuous ducts, inserted medially on copulatory ducts (Figs 14 C, D).
Male. Unknown.
Other material examined. PERU. Loreto: Río Samiria (44°42’00”S; 74°18’00”W), 1♀, 16.V.1990, T. Erwin et al. leg. (MUSM).
Distribution. Known only from Loreto, Peru (Fig. 16 B).
description: Published as part of Oliveira, Luiz Fernando M. & Brescovit, Antonio D., 2015, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spider genus Xiruana Brescovit 1997 (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae), pp. 201-229 in Zootaxa 3980 (2) on pages 225-226, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3980.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/242229
Pristomyrmex bicolor Emery
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex
Pristomyrmex bicolor

description: Pristomyrmex bicolor Emery, 1900
Material examined: Luzon: Laguna Pr., Mt. Banahaw, above Kinabuhayan, trail to Crystalino, 24.XI.1995, leg. J. Kodada & R. Rigova, det. Wang M., 1 [worker] (NHMW).
Diagnosis of worker: TL 4.5 - 6.2 mm. Clypeus dorsally with strong median carina, ventrally variably modified, but always without distinct central tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with diastema. Dorsum of head rugoreticulate, of alitrunk smooth. Pronotal spines very long (PSL1> 0.35, usually> 0.40), much longer than propodeal spines. First gastral tergite without setae.
Previous records from the Philippines: Palawan (Binaluan) [types of P. taurus] (Stitz 1925); Luzon: Laguna (Mt. Banahaw) (Wang 2003).
General distribution: Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Philippines (Wang 2003).
Notes: The worker from Mt. Banahaw is the single specimen of P. bicolor known from east of the Wallace' and Dickerson's Lines, which delimit the Pleistocenic Sunda Shelf area to the east. It differs from other material examined (including a syntype of P. bicolor) in a completely smooth pronotum and agrees in that characteristic with the type of P. taurus Stitz, 1925 from Palawan (synonymy and discussion see Wang 2003: p. 425); also see discussion.
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 60
Pristomyrmex brevispinosus Emery
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex
Pristomyrmex brevispinosus

description: Pristomyrmex brevispinosus Emery, 1887
No material from the Philippines examined.
Diagnosis of worker: TL 3.0 - 4.3 mm. Clypeus dorsally with median carina, ventrally with distinct central tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with diastema. Dorsum of head (at least behind eyes) and alitrunk rugoreticulate. Pronotal spines tooth-like (PSL1 0.06 - 0.12) subequal in length or slightly shorter than propodeal spines. First gastral tergite without setae.
Previous records from the Philippines: Mindanao: Bukidnon (Malaybalay) (Wang 2003).
General distribution: Japan (Y amane & Terayama 1999); Taiwan, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi (Wang 2003).
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 60
Pristomyrmex collinus Wang
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex
Pristomyrmex collinus

description: Pristomyrmex collinus Wang, 2003
Material examined: Luzon: Laguna Pr., Los Banos, Mt. Makiling, 13. - 18.XI.1992, leg. H. Zettel (# 1), det. Wang M., 1 [worker] (CZW); Laguna Pr., Los Banos, Mt. Makiling, Mud Spring, 23. - 24.I.1999, leg. H. Zettel (# 167), 1 [worker] (CZW); Laguna Pr., Mt. Banahaw, above Kinabuhayan, trail to Crystalino, 24.XI.1995, leg. J. Kodada & R. Rigova, det. Wang M., 3 [worker] (NHMW); Camarines Sur Pr., Lake Buhi area, nr. Itbog, Twin Falls, 22.III.1998, leg. H. Zettel (# 164), 3 [worker] (CZW); Tablas: San Agustin, Dubduban, Busai Falls, 23. - 25.XI.1994, leg. H. Zettel (# 70), det. Wang M., 1 [worker] (CZW); Mindanao: Surigao del Norte Pr., 40 km S Surigao, Songkoy Spring, 8.II.2000, leg. S. Schoedl (# 11), 1 [worker] (NHMW).
Diagnosis of worker: TL 3.3 - 3.9 mm. HW 0.77 - 0.94. Clypeus ventrally with central tooth. Antennal scrobe absent. Masticatory margin of mandible with diastema. Dorsum of head and alitrunk smooth and punctate, with sparse, relatively short setae. Pronotal spines tooth-like, subequal in length to propodeal spines. Anterior face of petiolar node distinctly separated from dorsal surface of peduncle. First gastral tergite without setae.
Previous records from the Philippines: Luzon: Laguna (Los Banos, Mt. Makiling, Mt. Banahaw), Romblon Prov: Tablas (San Agustin), Panay (without further information), Negros Oriental (Cuernos de Negros, Dumaguete [type locality]) (Wang 2003). - Luzon: Camarines Sur (Mt. Isarog Natural Park) (Alpert & al. 2006).
General distribution: endemic to Philippines.
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on pages 60-61
Pristomyrmex costatus Wang
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex
Pristomyrmex costatus

description: Pristomyrmex costatus Wang, 2003
No material from the Philippines examined.
Diagnosis of worker: TL 4.1 - 4.6 mm. Clypeus dorsally with strong median carina, ventrally without central tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with diastema. Dorsum of head and alitrunk rugoreticulate. Pronotal spines moderately long (PSL1 0.19 - 0.27), distinctly longer than propodeal spines. First gastral tergite without setae.
Previous records from the Philippines: Mindanao: Davao (Mt. McKinley) (Wang 2003).
General distribution: Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Borneo, Philippines (Wang 2003).
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 61
Pristomyrmex
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex

description: Pristomyrmex curvulus Wang, 2003
No material examined.
Diagnosis of worker: TL 4.6 - 5.3 mm. Clypeus dorsally with median carina, ventrally with transverse ridge. Masticatory margin of mandible with diastema. Dorsum of head and alitrunk smooth and punctate. Pronotal spines very long (PSL1> 0.35), longer than long propodeal spines (PSL2> 0.11). First gastral tergite without setae.
Previous records from the Philippines: Negros Oriental (Cuernos de Negros, Dumaguete [type locality]) (Wang 2003).
General distribution: endemic to Philippines.
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 61
Pristomyrmex divisus Wang
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex
Pristomyrmex divisus

description: Pristomyrmex divisus Wang, 2003
No material examined.
Diagnosis of worker: TL 3.0 - 3.4 mm. Eye of moderate size, 8 - 10 ommatidia in longest row. Frontal carina short, not extending to level of posterior margin of eye. Lateral portions of clypeus not reduced. Masticatory margin of mandible with diastema. Dorsum of head foveolate, of alitrunk smooth and with some rugae. Pronotal spines absent, propodeal spines long. Petiole with long peduncle not clearly separated from short and high node.
Previous records from the Philippines: Negros Oriental (Dumagete [type locality]) (WANG 2003).
General distribution: endemic to Philippines.
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 62
Pristomyrmex
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex

description: Pristomyrmex flatus Wang, 2003
No material examined.
Diagnosis of worker: TL 3.7 - 4.2 mm. HW 0.98 - 1.04. Clypeus dorsally with indistinct median carina (only posteriorly indicated), ventrally with weak medial tubercle. Masticatory margin of mandible with diastema. Dorsum of head and alitrunk smooth, on head sparsely punctate. Pronotal spines tooth-like, propodeal spines slightly longer. Anterior face of petiolar node not separated from dorsal surface of peduncle. First gastral tergite without setae.
Previous records from the Philippines: Luzon: Ilocos Norte (Banqui = "Bauqui" [type locality]) (Wang 2003).
General distribution: endemic to Philippines.
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 62
Pristomyrmex hirsutus Wang
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex
Pristomyrmex hirsutus

description: Pristomyrmex hirsutus Wang, 2003
No material examined.
Diagnosis of worker: TL 5.8 mm. Clypeus dorsally with reduced median carina, ventrally with small tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with long diastema. Dorsum of head and alitrunk rugoreticulate. Pronotal spines short (PSL1 c. 0.10), propodeal spines tooth-like. Petiole with high, dorsally rounded node. First gastral tergite with numerous, evenly distributed, erect or suberect setae.
Previous records from the Philippines: Mindanao: Misamis Oriental ("Mt. Balatukan SW Gingoon" [type locality]) (Wang 2003).
General distribution: endemic to Philippines.
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 62
Pristomyrmex longispinus Wang
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex
Pristomyrmex longispinus

description: Pristomyrmex longispinus Wang, 2003
Material examined: Negros: Negros Oriental Pr., Cuernos de Negros, Valencia, Apolong, Casaroro Falls, 25. - 26.X.2004, leg. C. Pangantihon (# P400), 5 (CZW); ibid., 25. - 26.X.2004, leg. H. Zettel (# 400), 2 (NHMW); ibid., 9. - 13.III. 2005, leg. H. Zettel (# 420), 2 (CZW); ibid., 26.III.2006, leg. H. Zettel & C. Pangantihon (# 451), 6 (CZW).
Diagnosis of worker: TL 4.5 - 5.7 mm. Clypeus dorsally without median carina, ventrally with transverse ruga. Masticatory margin of mandible with diastema. Dorsum of head and alitrunk smooth, on head sparsely punctate. Pronotal spines very long (PSL1 0.40 - 0.50) about twice as long as propodeal spines (PSL2 0.18 - 0.26). Petiolar node not separable from peduncle. First gastral tergite without setae.
Previous records from the Philippines: Negros Oriental (Cuernos de Negros, Dumaguete [type locality]) (Wang 2003).
General distribution: endemic to Philippines.
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 62
Pristomyrmex picteti Emery
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex
Pristomyrmex picteti

description: Pristomyrmex picteti Emery, 1893
Material examined: Luzon: Laguna Pr., Los Banos, Mt. Makiling, 150 - 600 m, 13. - 14.XI.1993, leg. H. Zettel (# 21), det. Wang M., 1 dealate gyne (CZW). Leyte: Leyte Pr., N Tacloban, Babatngon, Busay Falls, 28.I.2000, leg. H. Zettel (# 220), 1 alate gyne (CZW); Leyte Pr., Baybay, Mt. Pangasugan, Calbiga-a River, 50 - 200 m, 12.II.2000, leg. H. Zettel (# 236), 1 [worker] (CZW).
Diagnosis of worker: TL 4.1 - 5.9 mm. Eyes very small, with 3 - 4 ommatidia in longest row. Clypeus dorsally with median carina, ventrally with transverse ruga. Masticatory margin of mandible without diastema. Dorsum of head and alitrunk foveolate. Pronotal spines absent, propodeal spines relatively short. Node of petiole longer than high, well separated from peduncle.
Previous records from the Philippines: Palawan (Binaluan) (Stitz 1925); - Luzon: Ilocos Norte (Banqui = "Bauqui"), Rizal (Montalban), Laguna (Los Banos, Mt. Makiling, Mt. Banahaw); Palawan (Binaluan, Puerto Princesa); Negros Oriental (Cuernos de Negros, Dumaguete); Mindanao: Davao (Mt. Apo) (Wang 2003); - Luzon: Camarines Sur (Mt. Isarog Natural Park) (Alpert & al. 2006).
General distribution: Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Philippines, New Guinea (Wang 2003).
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 62
Pristomyrmex pulcher Wang
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex
Pristomyrmex pulcher

description: Pristomyrmex pulcher Wang, 2003
No material examined.
Diagnosis of worker: TL 2.7 - 3.1 mm. Lateral portions of clypeus not reduced. Masticatory margin of mandible with diastema, basal margin with broad tooth. Dorsum of head and alitrunk rugoreticulate. Pronotal spines absent, propodeal spines long. Petiole almost triangular in lateral view, peduncle not clearly separated from node. Tibiae yellow.
Previous records from the Philippines: Camiguin (without further information) (Alpert & al. 2006).
General distribution: Malay Peninsula (Wang 2003), Philippines (Alpert & al. 2006).
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 63
Pristomyrmex punctatus
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex
Pristomyrmex punctatus

description: Pristomyrmex punctatus (F. Smith, 1860)
Material examined: Marinduque: 1 km N Sihi, Malinao Spring, 16.11.1998, leg. H. Zettel (# 139), 1 [worker] (NHMW). Camote s: Pacijan Island, San Francisco, Northern Poblacion, Lake Danao, 27.11.2001, leg. H. Zettel (# 281), 1 [worker] (CZW); Leyte: Leyte Prov., Hilusig, 14.II.2000, leg. H. Zettel (# 238), 1 [worker] (CZW). Bohol: Loboc, bank of Loboc River at Loboc Falls, 27.XI.2005, leg. C. Pangantihon (# P424a), 23 [worker] (CZW, NHMW); same locality and date, leg. H. Zettel (# 424a), 4 [worker] (NHMW). Mindanao: Surigao del Norte, 40 km S Surigao, Songkoy Spring, 8.II.2000, leg. H. Zettel (# 231), 16 [worker] (CZW); same locality and date, leg. S. Schoedl (# 11), 6 [worker] (NHMW); Surigao del Norte, SW Bacuag, Payapag, "Little Baguio" Waterfalls, 6.II.2000, leg. H. Zettel (# 228), 1 [worker] (CZW).
Diagnosis of worker: TL 2.6 - 3.3 mm. Lateral portions of clypeus reduced. Masticatory margin of mandible with diastema, basal margin with or without inconspicuous tooth. Dorsum of head and alitrunk rugoreticulate. Pronotal spines absent, propodeal spines long. Petiole with peduncle not clearly separated from node. Tibiae brown or reddish.
Previous records from the Philippines: Mindoro Occidental (San JosÃ), Samar (without further information), Mindanao: Agusan (Talacogon) (Wang 2003).
General distribution: southern and central China, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Borneo, Philippines, New Guinea (Wang 2003).
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 63
Pristomyrmex quadridens Emery
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex
Pristomyrmex quadridens

description: Pristomyrmex quadridens Emery, 1897
Material examined: Leyte: Baybay, Leyte State University, c. 50 m, Lago-Lago River, 19.III.2005, leg. H. Zettel & C. Pangantihon (# 421), 44 [worker] (CZW, NHMW, USC).
First record for the Philippines!
Diagnosis of worker: TL 3.3 - 4.1 mm. Clypeus ventrally with median tooth. Masticatory margin of mandible with diastema. Dorsum of head and alitrunk smooth and sparsely foveolate; foveae on head large. Pronotal spines tooth-like about as long as propodeal spine. First gastral tergite without setae.
General distribution: Previously known from New Guinea and some nearby islands (Ceram, Ambon, etc.); Wang (2003: fig. 162) postulated an allopatric distribution of P. quadridens and the closely related species P. brevispinosus, which is also recorded from the Philippines. As shown in this study, the two species have an overlapping distribution in the region "Greater Mindanao".
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 63
Pristomyrmex simplex Wang
Creators: name: Zettel, H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pristomyrmex
Pristomyrmex simplex

description: Pristomyrmex simplex Wang, 2003
Material examined: Luzon: Laguna Pr., Mt. Banahaw, above Kinabuhayan, trail to Crystalino, 24.XI.1995, leg. J. Kodada & R. Rigova, det. Wang M., 1 [worker] (NHMW).
Diagnosis of worker: TL 2.4 - 2.7 mm in types from New Guinea, 3.0 mm in Philippine specimen. Eyes small. Anterior clypeus margin with medial denticle and pair of strong lateral teeth. Masticatory margin of mandible without diastema. Dorsum of head and alitrunk foveolate. Pronotal spines absent, propodeal spines tooth-like. Petiolar node high, well separated from short peduncle.
Remarks: The single worker from the Philippines is considerably larger than the type specimens from New Guinea and was not included in the type material by Wang (2003).
Previous records from the Philippines: Luzon: Laguna (Mt. Banahaw) (Wang 2003).
General distribution: New Guinea, Philippines (Wang 2003).
description: Published as part of Zettel, H., 2006, On the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the Philippine Islands: I. The genus Pristomyrmex Mayr, 1866., pp. 59-68 in Myrmecologische Nachrichten 8 on page 65
Allium sativum L
Creators: name: Fiorito, Serena
name: Epifano, Francesco
name: Preziuso, Francesca
name: Taddeo, Vito Alessandro
name: Genovese, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Liliopsida
Asparagales
Amaryllidaceae
Allium
Allium sativum

description: 5.1.1. Allium sativum L
Garlic is well known for its properties both as a medicinal and a food plant. Polysaccharides from different parts of this species are endowed for their capacity to positively modulate the immune response to microbial and viral infections (Sabater Molina et al., 2009) and as a powerful natural remedy for the cure of metabolic syndrome (Wang and Ng, 1999). The effect of the introduction of Se into the carbohydrate skeleton of garlic polysaccharides have been investigated for the first time in 2014 by Qiu and coworkers. These authors obtained a library of 9 Se-P samples in low yield (18.1%–37.6%) but good Se content (6.2 mg /g - 12.5 mg /g). All polymers were preliminarily tested for their effects in vitro on bioavailability and proliferation rate in chicken peripheral lymphocytes by the MTT test in the concentration range 0.195 –3.125 μg/mL. The 3 Se-Ps with the highest content in Se (12.5 mg /g, 11.3 mg /g, and 10.4 mg /g) displayed at all doses assayed the best effects being able to increase lymphocytes proliferation by 43.9%, 52.2%, and 57.9% respectively. It is noteworthy that all polymers of the synthesized library provided better results than the native polysaccharide. The most effective Se-Ps were subsequently tested in vivo in chickens previously vaccinated with ND vaccine. Se-Ps were administered i.m. for 3 days and the overall duration of the experiment was 4 weeks. Key parameters like lymphocyte proliferation, serum antibody titer, IFN-γ, and IL-2 concentrations were measured. The Se-P with a content of Se of 11.3 mg /g in all cases gave the best results. Lymphocyte proliferation increased by 45.2% respect to untreated vaccinated control animals, the antibody titer increased in a dose-dependent manner until day 21 and remain virtually equal until the end of the experiment (day 28). For what concerns IFN-γ and IL-2, concentrations values for the 3 Se-Ps were higher respect to controls and native polysaccharide but practically the same between them. Two years later the same research group applied an alternative method for the selenylation of garlic polysaccharides, using acetic acid instead of nitric acid as the promoter of the in-situ formation of H 2 SeO 3, as well as SeOCl 2, but obtaining no appreciable increases either in yields or Se contents. These last compounds were tested in a similar way as in 2014 confirming the results obtained in the first investigations.
description: Published as part of Fiorito, Serena, Epifano, Francesco, Preziuso, Francesca, Taddeo, Vito Alessandro & Genovese, Salvatore, 2018, Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties, pp. 1-10 in Phytochemistry 153 on page 3, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.008, http://zenodo.org/record/10483984
Chuanminshen violaceum M. L. Sheh & R. H. Shan
Creators: name: Fiorito, Serena
name: Epifano, Francesco
name: Preziuso, Francesca
name: Taddeo, Vito Alessandro
name: Genovese, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Apiales
Apiaceae
Chuanminshen
Chuanminshen violaceum

description: 5.2.2. Chuanminshen violaceum M.L. Sheh & R.H. Shan
C. violaceum is a medicinal plant widespread in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Hubei. Its use is encoded in the Chinese traditional medicine practice. The polysaccharide fraction from this plant species is claimed to have positive modulatory effects on the immune system (Feng et al., 2015). Selenylation of polysaccharides from this species has been accomplished in 2016 by Feng and coworkers to obtain a single sample for which however no data about the Se content and yield have been reported. Subsequently the synthesized Se-P was tested for its capacity to enhance immune functions in vitro and in vivo. First the effects on cell bioavailability were assayed on mice splenic lymphocytes. No cytotoxic activity up to a dose of 175 μg/mL were revealed. It is also noteworthy to underline that during this test an appreciable increase of the cell proliferation rate and production of IL-4 and IFN-γ were observed. These latter values were higher than those recorded for the group of cells treated with concanavalin A used as the reference. In vivo tests were carried out using ICR female mice pretreated with rHBsAg, and then administered the Se-P at a dose of 500 μg/mL by a daily subcutaneous injection for 2 weeks. At the end of the experiment (4 weeks) the following biochemical parameters were measured: induction of rHBsAg-specific IgG and effects on T cells proliferation, helper T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and NK cells. Respect to only vaccinated animals and animals treated with the native polysaccharide, a stronger enhancement of rHBsAg IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b contents have been recorded. Administration of the Se-P increased T cells proliferation rate although not at levels comparable to those induced by concanavalin A. The production of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ by CD4 + and CD8 + T cells was by far higher than all other groups of animals. As a parallelism Se-P treatment led to an increase and enforcement of the rHBsAg specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes capacity. In fact, the percentage of antigen-specific lysis of target cells in the Se-P group was 75.7%, while for mice treated with the parent polymer and in vaccinated only animals were 60.8% and 34.3% respectively. A similar pattern was recorded for NK cells.
description: Published as part of Fiorito, Serena, Epifano, Francesco, Preziuso, Francesca, Taddeo, Vito Alessandro & Genovese, Salvatore, 2018, Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties, pp. 1-10 in Phytochemistry 153 on page 4, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.008, http://zenodo.org/record/10483984
Panax ginseng C. A. Mey
Creators: name: Fiorito, Serena
name: Epifano, Francesco
name: Preziuso, Francesca
name: Taddeo, Vito Alessandro
name: Genovese, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Apiales
Araliaceae
Panax
Panax ginseng

description: 5.3.1. Panax ginseng C.A. Mey
Polysaccharides from P. ginseng, among the most widely known and used medicinal plant, have been already shown promising anti-proliferative effects against several cancer cell lines (Sun, 2011). In 2017, Liao and coworkers synthesized a Se-P deriving from an aqueous extract of ginseng roots obtaining a Se content of 1.54 mg /g. The growth inhibitory effects of this Se-P were first investigated in vitro using the HL-60 (human leukemia) cell line. Cells were incubated for 24–72 h with increasing concentrations of the Se-P in the range 25–400 μg/mL. The best results have been obtained after 48 h with applied doses of 50 μg/ mL, 100 μg/mL, and 200 μg/mL leading to a reduction of surviving cells in the range 34.2%–53.6%. These concentration levels were then selected to perform further tests. The next parameter evaluated was the release of LDH, well established to be a signal of apoptotic induction and progress. The administration of Se-P provided a dose-dependent increase of LDH release. HL-60 cells were also morphologically examined. The group treated with the Se-P at 200 μg/mL was characterized by cell shrinkage, condensed nuclei, and fragmented cell membranes. Furthermore, the induction of apoptosis occurred at a mithochondrial level with changes in the trans -membrane potential, activation of pro-caspase 9, in turn leading to cleavage of caspase 9, caspase 3, and PARP, to a dose-dependent increase of the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and in the mean time a decrease of the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2.
description: Published as part of Fiorito, Serena, Epifano, Francesco, Preziuso, Francesca, Taddeo, Vito Alessandro & Genovese, Salvatore, 2018, Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties, pp. 1-10 in Phytochemistry 153 on page 4, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.008, http://zenodo.org/record/10483984
Epimedium grandiflorum C. Morren
Creators: name: Fiorito, Serena
name: Epifano, Francesco
name: Preziuso, Francesca
name: Taddeo, Vito Alessandro
name: Genovese, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Ranunculales
Berberidaceae
Epimedium
Epimedium grandiflorum

description: 5.4.1. Epimedium grandiflorum C. Morren
E. grandiflorum (bishop's hat) is a plant used in the Chinese traditional medicine and the polysaccharide fraction of which represents the main biologically active component (Liang et al., 2012). In 2016 Li and coworkers synthesized a library of 9 Se-Ps samples from polysaccharides extracted from roots of this species getting yields in the range 19.5%–36.5% and Se contents of 2.65 mg /g - 21.89 mg /g. Subsequently, the immune-enhancing capacities, expressed as the extent of chicken peripheral lymphocytes proliferation, were measured using doses from 0.098 μg/mL to 1.563 μg/mL (Li et al., 2016). The Se-P having a Se content of 7.2 mg /g displayed the best activity, leading to the highest degree of proliferation (25.5%) and was then selected to perform further tests. The same pattern was recorded in in vivo assays using ND vaccinated 1-day old White Roman male chickens fed with the Se-P dissolved in water for 28 days. The best increase of proliferation rate was observed after 2 weeks of treatment (50.1%).
description: Published as part of Fiorito, Serena, Epifano, Francesco, Preziuso, Francesca, Taddeo, Vito Alessandro & Genovese, Salvatore, 2018, Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties, pp. 1-10 in Phytochemistry 153 on page 5, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.008, http://zenodo.org/record/10483984
Isatis tinctoria L
Creators: name: Fiorito, Serena
name: Epifano, Francesco
name: Preziuso, Francesca
name: Taddeo, Vito Alessandro
name: Genovese, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Brassicales
Brassicaceae
Isatis
Isatis tinctoria

description: 5.5.1. Isatis tinctoria L
I. tinctoria (dyer's woad) is a well known medicinal plant used since ancient times. Polysaccharides from this species are able to enhance the immune response and in general to exert a beneficial immunomodulatory effect (Han et al., 2011). Li and coworkers synthesized a library of 9 Se-Ps samples from polysaccharides extracted from roots of this species with yields ranging from 16.7% to 27.3% and Se content of 2.65 mg /g - 12.87 mg /g (Li et al., 2016). The Se-P with the highest Se content was found to increase lymphocyte proliferation rate by 19.0% and was then selected to accomplish in vivo studies following the same pharmacological model as reported in the previous paragraph. The proliferation rate increased up to 41.7% at day 28.
description: Published as part of Fiorito, Serena, Epifano, Francesco, Preziuso, Francesca, Taddeo, Vito Alessandro & Genovese, Salvatore, 2018, Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties, pp. 1-10 in Phytochemistry 153 on page 5, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.008, http://zenodo.org/record/10483984
Codonopsis pilosula Nannf
Creators: name: Fiorito, Serena
name: Epifano, Francesco
name: Preziuso, Francesca
name: Taddeo, Vito Alessandro
name: Genovese, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Asterales
Campanulaceae
Codonopsis
Codonopsis pilosula

description: 5.6.1. Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf
Roots of C. pilosula (poor's man ginseng or dang shen) represent a well-known therapeutic remedy part of the Chinese herbal medicine practice. Its extracts share the same properties of P. ginseng. The polysaccharide fraction of this species has been reported to exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects (Chu et al., 2016). From an extract of roots of C. pilosula in 2014 Chen and coworkers obtained a library of 9 Se-Ps with a very low Se content ranging from 94 μg/g to 478 μg/g. The selenylated polymer with highest content of Se was assayed as a growth inhibitory agent against a panel of three human cancer cell lines, namely HeLa (cervical cancer), BGC823 (gastric cancer), and A549 (lung carcinoma) in the concentration range 25–400 μg/mL. A dose-dependent effect, higher than the native polysaccharide, was noted. The best inhibitory activity was recorded towards A549 cells, but no reference drugs have been used. Thus, it is hard to refer about the effectiveness of Se-Ps from C. pilosula as in vitro anti-cancer agents.
description: Published as part of Fiorito, Serena, Epifano, Francesco, Preziuso, Francesca, Taddeo, Vito Alessandro & Genovese, Salvatore, 2018, Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties, pp. 1-10 in Phytochemistry 153 on page 5, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.008, http://zenodo.org/record/10483984
Capparis spinosa L
Creators: name: Fiorito, Serena
name: Epifano, Francesco
name: Preziuso, Francesca
name: Taddeo, Vito Alessandro
name: Genovese, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Brassicales
Capparaceae
Capparis
Capparis spinosa

description: 5.7.1. Capparis spinosa L
Capparis spinosa is a well characterized and worldwide used food plant with several beneficial effects for human health, part of which attributable to its polysaccharide fraction (Mazarei et al., 2017). In 2012 Ji and coworkers synthesized a library of 17 samples of Se-Ps featured by a Se content in the range 2.44–5.54 mg /g. The polymer with the highest content of Se was assayed as an in vitro growth inhibitory agent against SGC-7901 (human gastric carcinoma) cell line by the MTT test in concentrations ranging from 50 μg/mL to 400 μg/mL and over a period of 72 h. A dose- and time-dependent effect was recorded: after 72 h and at the highest dose applied the growth inhibitory effect reached 70% while the one of the native polymer was only nearly 20%. The value obtained for the Se-P was comparable to the one revealed at the same time by doxorubicin (32 μg/mL) used as the reference.
description: Published as part of Fiorito, Serena, Epifano, Francesco, Preziuso, Francesca, Taddeo, Vito Alessandro & Genovese, Salvatore, 2018, Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties, pp. 1-10 in Phytochemistry 153 on page 5, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.008, http://zenodo.org/record/10483984
Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch
Creators: name: Fiorito, Serena
name: Epifano, Francesco
name: Preziuso, Francesca
name: Taddeo, Vito Alessandro
name: Genovese, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Asterales
Asteraceae
Artemisia
Artemisia sphaerocephala

description: 5.8.1. Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch
A. sphaerocephala is a plant endemic of Mongolia and widely used in this area as food. Polysaccharides from this plant have been reported to possess anti-oxidant activity (Wang et al., 2009). In 2012 Wang and coworkers synthesized a library of 6 Se-Ps using the extract of the whole plant as starting material with a Se content ranging from 0.17 mg /g to 1.7 mg /g. These samples were preliminarily tested in vitro as scavengers of DPPH radical and superoxide anions and for their reducing power, and ability to chelate ferrous ions. All Se-Ps synthesized showed a dose-dependent anti-oxidant capacity in the range 0.1–10 mg /mL. The native polysaccharide exhibited much lower values. On the other hand, a low chelating ability and reducing power were observed. These results were complemented by anti-tumor studies accomplished in 2016 by the same research group (Wang et al., 2016). The Se-P exhibiting the highest effect in in vitro assays was selected and seen to effectively inhibit the growth of HeLa (cervical cancer), A549 (lung carcinoma), and HepG2 (human hepatoma) cancer cell lines in a dose dependent-manner in the concentration range 25–500 μg/mL. Finally, in 2017 Wang and coworkers reported the first synthesis of Se-Ps from A. sphaerocephala assisted by microwaves. However, although yields were very high (72.1%–94.9%), the Se content was rather low (<264 μg/g). The 7 samples obtained were then screened as growth inhibitory agents against H1650 cancer cell line (human non-small cell lung cancer), but the best effect recorded was modest (32.4% and 39.8% growth inhibition at 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL respectively).
description: Published as part of Fiorito, Serena, Epifano, Francesco, Preziuso, Francesca, Taddeo, Vito Alessandro & Genovese, Salvatore, 2018, Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties, pp. 1-10 in Phytochemistry 153 on page 5, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.008, http://zenodo.org/record/10483984
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz
Creators: name: Fiorito, Serena
name: Epifano, Francesco
name: Preziuso, Francesca
name: Taddeo, Vito Alessandro
name: Genovese, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Asterales
Asteraceae
Atractylodes
Atractylodes macrocephala

description: 5.8.2. Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz
A. macrocephala (Bai Zhu) is a plant used in the traditional herbal Chinese medicine. Its polysaccharide fraction is endowed to exert anti-cancer effects (Li et al., 2014a; b). In 2015 Liu and coworkers obtained a library of 9 Se-Ps in low to modest yields (19.5%–31.7%) but quite good Se content (6.1 mg /g - 12.2 mg /g) (Liu et al., 2015b). All samples were preliminarily assayed for their capacity to boost lymphocytes proliferation using 5 doses in the range 0.391 μg/mL - 625 μg/mL 6 out of 9 Se-Ps enhanced the proliferation rate from 18.2% to 34.9%, while the native polysaccharide showed a 10.7% as the best percentage. The most active samples were then selected to accomplish in vivo tests using White Roman chickens vaccinated with ND vaccine. Se-Ps were injected i.m. at a concentration of 1 mg /kg for the first 3 days of the experiments. Biochemical parameters measured included lymphocyte proliferation rate, antibody serum titer, production of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-6 and were recorded every week along the 4 weeks of duration of the experiment. All parameters increased in the range 45%–60%.
description: Published as part of Fiorito, Serena, Epifano, Francesco, Preziuso, Francesca, Taddeo, Vito Alessandro & Genovese, Salvatore, 2018, Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties, pp. 1-10 in Phytochemistry 153 on page 5, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.008, http://zenodo.org/record/10483984
Astragalus membranaceus Bunge
Creators: name: Fiorito, Serena
name: Epifano, Francesco
name: Preziuso, Francesca
name: Taddeo, Vito Alessandro
name: Genovese, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Fabales
Fabaceae
Astragalus
Astragalus membranaceus

description: 5.10.1. Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge
A. membranaceus (huang qi) is a plant described in the Chinese herbal medicine traditions. Its polysaccharide fraction is well known to enforce the immune responses and to exert a marked neurprotective effect (Huang et al., 2017). In 2013 Ji and coworkers (2013b) obtained the Se-P from a root aqueous extract and subsequently tested it as a growth inhibitory agent in vitro against MCF-7 (human breast cancer) in the concentration range from 6.25 μg/mL to 200 μg/mL. The recorded IC 50 value was 14.52 μg/mL and the best inhibitory rate at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h were 50.0%, 76.2%, and 84.7% respectively. Anyway, authors did not refer about effects of the native polysaccharide and did not use any reference drug.
description: Published as part of Fiorito, Serena, Epifano, Francesco, Preziuso, Francesca, Taddeo, Vito Alessandro & Genovese, Salvatore, 2018, Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties, pp. 1-10 in Phytochemistry 153 on page 6, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.008, http://zenodo.org/record/10483984
Hedysarum polybotrys Hand.
Creators: name: Fiorito, Serena
name: Epifano, Francesco
name: Preziuso, Francesca
name: Taddeo, Vito Alessandro
name: Genovese, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Fabales
Fabaceae
Hedysarum
Hedysarum polybotrys

description: 5.10.2. Hedysarum polybotrys Hand.-Mazz
Roots of H. polybotrys represent a well known therapeutic remedy of the Chinese herbal medicine practice, especially as an anti-diabetic agent (Hu et al., 2010). In 2015 Wei and coworkers synthesized a library of 4 Se-Ps from polysaccharides of this species extracted from roots with a Se content in the range from 1.04 mg /g to 3.29 mg /g. These authors subsequently tested all samples for their scavenging properties towards superoxide, hydroxyl, and DPPH radicals and for their reducing power. The scavenging activity was strictly related to the Se content of the polymer (40.9%–63.2%) and in all cases the effect observed was by far lower than that recorded for ascorbic acid (80.3%). The same pattern has been seen for the reducing power. The most effective Se-P was then selected to perform further studies as a neuroprotective agent against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by amyloid β protein in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line applying doses in the range 5–40 μg/mL. Administration of the Se-P led to restore cell viability in a dose-dependent manner (54.8%–86.4%). Also, morphological changes induced by amyloid β protein were dramatically ameliorated. Finally, treatment with the Se-P prevented apoptosis and nuclear fragmentation.
description: Published as part of Fiorito, Serena, Epifano, Francesco, Preziuso, Francesca, Taddeo, Vito Alessandro & Genovese, Salvatore, 2018, Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties, pp. 1-10 in Phytochemistry 153 on page 6, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.008, http://zenodo.org/record/10483984
Lilium spp
Creators: name: Fiorito, Serena
name: Epifano, Francesco
name: Preziuso, Francesca
name: Taddeo, Vito Alessandro
name: Genovese, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Liliopsida
Liliales
Liliaceae
Lilium
Lilium spp

description: 5.11.1. Lilium spp
The term “Lily” indicates a mixture of dry leaves of three species belonging to the Liliaceae family: Lilium lancifolium Thunb., L. brownii var. viridulum Baker, and L. pumilum Delile. This phytopreparation is part of the Chinese herbal medicine tradition and used as an immunomodulatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic remedy. In 2016 Hou and coworkers synthesized a library of 9 samples with Se content ranging from 11.77 mg /g to 39.8 mg /g and yields from 22.6% to 41.3%. All samples were then assayed for their capacity to enhance the immune response recording the extent of chicken peripheral lymphocytes proliferation applying doses ranging from 0.391 μg/mL to 6.25 μg/mL. The observed increase of this parameter was however modest (+15%) although higher than the native polysaccharide. The best effect was shown by the Se-P with the highest content of Se and then the same was selected to perform in vivo studies using 14-days old White Roman chickens vaccinated with ND vaccine. The biochemical parameters measured were peripheral lymphocytes proliferation, serum antibody titer, and production of IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ. The dose applied was 2 mg /kg administered i.m. for 3 days. Recordings were made every week along a period of 4 weeks. Se-P provided a marked increase of cell proliferation rate (40%–60%, 2-fold and about 4-fold respect to animals treated with the native polysaccharide and only with the vehicle). On the other hand virtually no differences were noted for the release of both ILs and IFN-γ.
description: Published as part of Fiorito, Serena, Epifano, Francesco, Preziuso, Francesca, Taddeo, Vito Alessandro & Genovese, Salvatore, 2018, Selenylated plant polysaccharides: A survey of their chemical and pharmacological properties, pp. 1-10 in Phytochemistry 153 on page 6, DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.008, http://zenodo.org/record/10483984