Investigating multiple elves and halos above strong lightning with the fluorescence detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory
Creators: name: Collaboration, Pierre Auger
name: Abdul Halim, Adila
name: Abreu, Pedro
name: Aglietta, Marco
name: Allekotte, Ingomar
name: Almeida Cheminant, Kévin
name: Almela, Alejandro
name: Aloisio, Roberto
name: Alvarez-Muniz, Jaime
name: Ammerman Yebra, Juan
name: Anastasi, Gioacchino Alex
name: Anchordoqui, Luis A.
name: Andrada, Belén
name: Andringa, Sofia
name: Aramo, Carla
name: Araújo Ferreira, Paulo Ricardo
name: Arnone, Enrico
name: Arteaga Velazquez, Juan Carlos
name: Asorey, Hernán Gonzalo
name: Assis, Pedro
name: Avila, Gualberto
name: Avocone, Emanuele
name: Badescu, Alina Mihaela
name: Bakalova, Alena
name: Balaceanu, Alexandru
name: Barbato, Felicia
name: Bartz Mocellin, Adriel
name: Bellido, Jose A.
name: Berat, Corinne
name: Bertaina, Mario Edoardo
name: Bhatta, Gopal
name: Bianciotto, Marta
name: Biermann, Peter L.
name: Binet, Virginia
name: Bismark, Kathrin
name: Bister, Teresa
name: Biteau, Jonathan
name: Blazek, Jiri
name: Bleve, Carla
name: Blümer, Johannes
name: Bohacova, Martina
name: Boncioli, Denise
name: Bonifazi, Carla
name: Bonneau Arbeletche, Luan
name: Borodai, Nataliia
name: Brack, Jeffrey
name: Brichetto Orchera, P. Gabriel
name: Briechle, Florian Lukas
name: Bueno, Antonio
name: Buitink, Stijn
name: Buscemi, Mario
name: Büsken, Max
name: Bwembya, Anthony
name: Caballero-Mora, Karen S.
name: Cabana-Freire, Sergio
name: Caccianiga, Lorenzo
name: Caracas, Ioana
name: Caruso, Rossella
name: Castellina, Antonella
name: Catalani, Fernando
name: Cataldi, Gabriella
name: Cazon, Lorenzo
name: Cerda, Marcos
name: Cermenati, Alessandro
name: Chinellato, Jose Augusto
name: Chudoba, Jiří
name: Chytka, Ladislav
name: Clay, Roger W.
name: Cobos Cerutti, Agustín
name: Colalillo, Roberta
name: Coleman, Alan
name: Coluccia, Maria Rita
name: Conceição, Rúben
name: Condorelli, Antonio
name: Consolati, Giovanni
name: Conte, Matteo
name: Convenga, Fabio
name: Correia Dos Santos, Diego
name: Costa, Pedro J.
name: Covault, Corbin
name: Cristinziani, Markus
name: Cruz Sanchez, Carlo Salvattore
name: Dasso, Sergio
name: Daumiller, Kai
name: Dawson, Bruce R.
name: De Almeida, Rogerio M.
name: De Jesus, Joaquin
name: De Jong, Sijbrand J.
name: De Mello Neto, João
name: De Mitri, Ivan
name: De Oliveira, Jaime
name: De Oliveira Franco, Danelise
name: De Palma, Francesco
name: De Souza, Vitor
name: De Vito, Emanuele
name: Del Popolo, Antonino
name: Deligny, Olivier
name: Denner, Nikolas
name: Deval, Luca
name: Di Matteo, Armando
name: Dobre, Madalina
name: Dobrigkeit, Carola
name: D'Olivo, Juan Carlos
name: Domingues Mendes, Luis Miguel
name: Dos Anjos, Joao
name: Dos Anjos, Rita Cassia
name: Ebr, Jan
name: Ellwanger, Fiona H.
name: Emam, Mohamed
name: Engel, Ralph
name: Epicoco, Italo
name: Erdmann, Martin
name: Etchegoyen, Alberto
name: Evoli, Carmelo
name: Falcke, Heino
name: Farmer, John
name: Farrar, Glennys R.
name: Fauth, Anderson
name: Fazzini, Norberto
name: Feldbusch, Fridtjof
name: Fenu, Francesco
name: Fernandes, Alexandra
name: Fick, Brian
name: Figueira, Juan Manuel
name: Filipcic, Andrej
name: Fitoussi, Thomas
name: Flaggs, Benjamin
name: Fodran, Tomáš
name: Fujii, Toshihiro
name: Fuster, Alan
name: Galea, Cristina
name: Galelli, Claudio
name: García, Beatriz
name: Gaudu, Chloé
name: Gemmeke, Hartmut
name: Gesualdi, Flavia
name: Gherghel-Lascu, Alexandru
name: Ghia, Piera Luisa
name: Giaccari, Ugo
name: Giammarchi, Marco
name: Glombitza, Jonas
name: Gobbi, Fabian
name: Gollan, Fernando
name: Golup, Geraldina
name: Gómez Berisso, Mariano
name: Gómez Vitale, Primo F.
name: Gongora, Juan Pablo
name: González, Juan Manuel
name: Gonzalez, Nicolas Martin
name: Goos, Isabel
name: Gora, Dariusz
name: Gorgi, Alessio
name: Gottowik, Marvin
name: Grubb, Trent D.
name: Guarino, Fausto
name: Guedes, Germano
name: Guido, Eleonora
name: Hahn, Steffen Traugott
name: Hamal, Petr
name: Hampel, Matías Rolf
name: Hansen, Patricia María
name: Harari, Diego
name: Harvey, Violet M.
name: Haungs, Andreas
name: Hebbeker, Thomas
name: Hojvat, Carlos
name: Hörandel, Jörg R.
name: Horvath, Pavel
name: Hrabovsky, Miroslav
name: Huege, Tim
name: Insolia, Antonio
name: Isar, Paula Gina
name: Janecek, Petr
name: Johnsen, Jeffrey A.
name: Jurysek, Jakub
name: Kääpä, Alex
name: Kampert, Karl-Heinz
name: Keilhauer, Bianca
name: Khakurdikar, Abha
name: Kizakke Covilakam, Varada Varma
name: Klages, Hans
name: Kleifges, Matthias
name: Knapp, Felix
name: Kunka, Norbert
name: Lago, Bruno L.
name: Langner, Niklas
name: Leigui De Oliveira, Marcelo Augusto
name: Lema-Capeans, Yago
name: Lenok, Vladimir
name: Letessier-Selvon, Antoine
name: Lhenry-Yvon, Isabelle
name: Lo Presti, Domenico
name: Lopes, Luis
name: Lu, Lu
name: Luce, Quentin
name: Lundquist, Jon Paul
name: Machado Payeras, Allan
name: Majercakova, Margita
name: Mandat, Dusan
name: Manning, Bradley C.
name: Mantsch, Paul
name: Marafico, Sullivan
name: Mariani, Federico Maria
name: Mariazzi, Analisa
name: Maris, Ioana Codrina
name: Marsella, Giovanni
name: Martello, Daniele
name: Martinelli, Sara
name: Martínez Bravo, Oscar
name: Martins, Miguel A.
name: Mastrodicasa, Massimo
name: Mathes, Hermann-Josef
name: Matthews, James
name: Matthiae, Giorgio
name: Mayotte, Eric William
name: Mayotte, Sonja
name: Mazur, Peter
name: Medina-Tanco, Gustavo
name: Meinert, Janning
name: Melo, Diego
name: Menshikov, Alexander
name: Merx, Carmen
name: Michal, Stanislav
name: Micheletti, Maria Isabel
name: Miramonti, Lino
name: Mollerach, Silvia
name: Montanet, François
name: Morejon, Leonel
name: Morello, Carlo
name: Müller, Ana L.
name: Mulrey, Katharine
name: Mussa, Roberto
name: Muzio, Marco Stein
name: Namasaka, Wilson M.
name: Negi, Shefali
name: Nellen, Lukas
name: Nguyen, Khoa
name: Nicora, Gabriela
name: Niculescu-Oglinzanu, Mihai
name: Niechciol, Marcus
name: Nitz, Dave
name: Nosek, Dalibor
name: Novotný, Vladimír
name: Nozka, Libor
name: Nucita, Achille
name: Nunez, Luis A.
name: Oliveira, Cainã
name: Palatka, Miroslav
name: Pallotta, Juan
name: Panja, Shayoni
name: Parente, Gonzalo
name: Paulsen, Therese
name: Pawlowsky, Jannis
name: Pech, Miroslav
name: Pękala, Jan
name: Pelayo, Rodrigo
name: Pereira, Luiz Augusto
name: Pereira Martins, Edyvania Emily
name: Perez Armand, Johnnier
name: Pérez Bertolli, Carmina
name: Perrone, Lorenzo
name: Petrera, Sergio
name: Petrucci, Camilla
name: Pierog, Tanguy
name: Pimenta, Mário
name: Platino, Manuel
name: Pont, Bjarni
name: Pothast, Mart
name: Pourmohammad Shahvar, Mohsen
name: Privitera, Paolo
name: Prouza, Michael
name: Puyleart, Andrew
name: Querchfeld, Sven
name: Rautenberg, Julian
name: Ravignani, Diego
name: Reininghaus, Maximilian
name: Ridky, Jan
name: Riehn, Felix
name: Risse, Markus
name: Rizi, Vincenzo
name: Rodrigues De Carvalho, Washington
name: Rodriguez, Ezequiel
name: Rodriguez Rojo, Jorge Rubén
name: Roncoroni, Matías J.
name: Rossoni, Simone
name: Roth, Markus
name: Roulet, Esteban
name: Rovero, Adrian
name: Ruehl, Philip
name: Saftoiu, Alexandra
name: Saharan, Mohit
name: Salamida, Francesco
name: Salazar, Humberto Ibarguen
name: Salina, Gaetano
name: Sanabria Gomez, Jose
name: Sánchez, Federico Andrés
name: Santos, Edivaldo Moura
name: Santos, Eva
name: Sarazin, Fred
name: Sarmento, Raul
name: Sato, Ricardo
name: Savina, Pierpaolo
name: Schäfer, Christoph M.
name: Scherini, Viviana
name: Schieler, Harald
name: Schimassek, Martin
name: Schimp, Michael
name: Schlüter, Felix
name: Schmidt, David
name: Scholten, Olaf
name: Schoorlemmer, Harm
name: Schovanek, Petr
name: Schröder, Frank G.
name: Schulte, Josina
name: Schulz, Tobias
name: Sciutto, Sergio J.
name: Scornavacche, Marina
name: Segreto, Alberto
name: Sehgal, Srijan
name: Shivashankara, Shima Ujjani
name: Sigl, Guenter
name: Silli, Gaia
name: Sima, Octavian
name: Simon, Frank
name: Smau, Raluca
name: Smida, Radomir
name: Sommers, Paul
name: Soriano, Jorge F.
name: Squartini, Ruben
name: Stadelmaier, Maximilian
name: Stanca, Denis
name: Stanič, Samo
name: Stasielak, Jaroslaw
name: Stassi, Patrick
name: Strähnz, Simon
name: Straub, Maximilian
name: Suárez-Durán, Mauricio
name: Suomijarvi, Tiina
name: Supanitsky, A. Daniel
name: Svozilikova, Zuzana
name: Szadkowski, Zbigniew
name: Tapia, Alex
name: Taricco, Carla
name: Timmermans, Charles
name: Tkachenko, Olena
name: Tobiska, Petr
name: Todero Peixoto, Carlos J.
name: Tomé, Bernardo
name: Torrès, Zoé
name: Travaini, Andres
name: Travnicek, Petr
name: Trimarelli, Caterina
name: Tueros, Matias Jorge
name: Unger, Michael
name: Vaclavek, Lukáš
name: Vacula, Martin
name: Valdés Galicia, Jose F.
name: Valore, Laura
name: Varela, Enrique
name: Vásquez-Ramírez, Adriana
name: Veberic, Darko
name: Ventura, Cynthia
name: Vergara Quispe, Indira D.
name: Verzi, Valerio
name: Vicha, Jakub
name: Vink, Jacco
name: Vlastimil, Jilek
name: Vorobiov, Serguei
name: Watanabe, Clara Keiko Oliveira
name: Watson, Alan
name: Weindl, Andreas
name: Wiencke, Lawrence
name: Wilczyński, Henryk
name: Wittkowski, David
name: Wundheiler, Brian
name: Yue, Babobiao
name: Yushkov, Alexey
name: Zapparrata, Orazio
name: Zas, Enrique
name: Zavrtanik, Danilo
name: Zavrtanik, Marko
Publisher: name: Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA)
Year: 2023

description: ELVES are being studied since 2013 with the twenty-four FD Telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory, in the province of Mendoza (Argentina), the world’s largest facility for the study of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. This study exploits a dedicated trigger and extended readout. Since December 2020, this trigger has been extended to the three High levation Auger Telescopes (HEAT), which observe the night sky at elevation angles between 30 and 60 degrees, allowing a study of ELVES from closer lightning. The high time resolution of the Auger telescopes allows us to upgrade reconstruction algorithms and to do detailed studies on multiple ELVES. The origin of multiple elves can be studied by analyzing the time difference and the amplitude ratio between flashes and comparing them with the properties of radio signals detected by the ENTLN lightning network since 2018. A fraction of multi-ELVES can also be interpreted as halos following ELVES. Halos are disc-shaped light transients emitted at 70-80 km altitudes, appearing at the center of the ELVES rings, due to the rearrangement of electric charges at the base of the ionosphere after a strong lightning event.