Microtus (Microtus) arvalis
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Rodentia
Cricetidae
Microtus
Microtus arvalis

description: Microtus (Microtus) arvalis (Pallas 1778)
[Mus] arvalis Pallas 1778, Nova Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord.: 78.
Type Locality: Russia, Leningrad Oblast, Pushkin-town (as restricted by neotype selection by Malygin and Yatsenko, 1986; formerly as " Germany," e.g., Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951).
Vernacular Names: Common Vole.
Synonyms: Microtus (Microtus) albus (Bechstein 1801); Microtus (Microtus) arvensis (Schinz 1840); Microtus (Microtus) angularis Miller 1908; Microtus (Microtus) assimilis (Rörig and Börner 1905); Microtus (Microtus) assimilis Miller 1912; Microtus (Microtus) asturianus Miller 1908; Microtus (Microtus) ater (de Sélys Longchamps 1845); Microtus (Microtus) brevirostris Ognev 1924; Microtus (Microtus) calypsus Montagu 1923; Microtus (Microtus) campestris (Blasius 1853); Microtus (Microtus) caucasicus Satunin 1896; Microtus (Microtus) cimbricus Stein 1931; Microtus (Microtus) contigua (Rörig and Börner 1905); Microtus (Microtus) corneri Hinton 1910; Microtus (Microtus) cunicularius (Ray 1847); Microtus (Microtus) depressa (Rörig and Börig 1905); Microtus (Microtus) depressa Miller 1912; Microtus (Microtus) duplicatus Rörig and Börner 1905; Microtus (Microtus) duplicatus Miller 1912; Microtus (Microtus) flava (Fatio 1905); Microtus (Microtus) fulva (Fatio 1869); Microtus (Microtus) fulvus Geoffroy 1803; Microtus (Microtus) fulvus (Miller 1912); Microtus (Microtus) galliardi (Fatio 1905); Microtus (Microtus) ghalgai (Krassovsky 1929); Microtus (Microtus) grandis Martino and Martino 1948; Microtus (Microtus) gudauricus Ognev 1929; Microtus (Microtus) hawelkae Bolkay 1925; Microtus (Microtus) heptneri Hamar 1963; Microtus (Microtus) hyrcania Goodwin 1940; Microtus (Microtus) igmanensis Bolkay 1919; Microtus (Microtus) incertus (de Sélys Longchamps 1841); Microtus (Microtus) incognitus Stein 1931; Microtus (Microtus) iphigeniae Heptner 1946; Microtus (Microtus) khorkoutensis Goodwin 1940; Microtus (Microtus) macrocranius Ognev 1924; Microtus (Microtus) meldensis Delost 1955; Microtus (Microtus) meridianus Miller 1908; Microtus (Microtus) mystacinus (de Filippi 1865); Microtus (Microtus) obscurus (Eversmann 1841); Microtus (Microtus) orcadensis Millais 1904; Microtus (Microtus) oyaensis Heim de Balsac 1940; Microtus (Microtus) principalis (Rörig and Börig 1905); Microtus (Microtus) principalis Miller 1912; Microtus (Microtus) rhodopensis Heinrich 1936; Microtus (Microtus) ronaldshaiensis Hinton 1913; Microtus (Microtus) rousiensis Hinton 1913; Microtus (Microtus) rufescentefuscus (Schinz 1845); Microtus (Microtus) ruthenus Ognev 1950; Microtus (Microtus) sandayensis Millais 1905; Microtus (Microtus) sarnius Miller 1909; Microtus (Microtus) simplex (Rörig and Börig 1905); Microtus (Microtus) simplex Miller 1912; Microtus (Microtus) terrestris (Schrank 1798); Microtus (Microtus) transcaucasicus Ognev 1924; Microtus (Microtus) transuralensis Serebrennikov 1929; Microtus (Microtus) variabilis (Rörig and Börner 1905); Microtus (Microtus) variabilis Miller 1912; Microtus (Microtus) vulgaris (Desmarest 1822); Microtus (Microtus) westrae Miller 1908.
Distribution: NE Portugal and C and N Spain (Brunet-Lecomte, 1991; Castien and Gosalbez, 1992; Gonzalez-Esteban et al., 1995) through France, Belgium, Netherlands (Jonkers, 1992, mapped distributional changes between 1850 and 1988), Germany (Dolch et al., 1994), Switzerland (Hausser, 1995; Maurizio, 1994), N Italy (Amori et al., 1999; Bigini and Turini, 1995; Cantini, 1991, Paolucci et al., 1993), Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic (Andĕra and Červený, 1994; Šmaha, 1996), Slovakia (Danko, 1994; Kminiak, 1996; Mošanský, 1994; Stanko, 1995; Stanko and Mošanský, 1994, 2000; Stanko et al., 1994, 2000), Poland, the Baltic region (Miljutin, 1997, 1998; Timm et al., 1998), and Denmark (but not most of Fennoscandia), and eastward to C and S Urals in Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, and Orenburg districts in Russia (Gileva et al., 1996); south through Slovenia (Kryštufek, 1991), Serbia and Montenegro (Petrov, 1991), Romania, N and W Bulgaria; east through Russia from Krym (Crimea) and E Ukraine through Siberia to the upper Yenesei River; south through NW Mongolia, NW China (NW Xinjiang; Zhang et al., 1997), the Altai Mtns and Kazhakstan (Kovalskaya, 1994), to the Caucasus, N and E Turkey (Kryštufek and Vohralík, 2001; Pamukoglu and Albayrak, 1996), NW Iran and east through the Elburz Mtns to N Khorassan Prov. of NE Iran (Lay, 1967; type series of khorkoutensis and holotype of hyrcania; see below). Also insular populations on the Orkney Isls (Channel Isls, but not the British Isles), and Yeu (France).
Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc) as M. arvalis and M. obscurus.
Discussion: Subgenus Microtus, arvalis species group (Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995 a; Zagorodnyuk, 1990). Most closely related to M. levis (formerly rossiaemeredionalis), M. transcaspicus, and M. ilaeus (Meyer et al., 1996). Phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome b sequences reinforces the strong alliance between M. arvalis and M. levis (Conroy and Cook, 2000 a).
Monograph edited by Sokolov and Bashenina (1994) encapsulates karyology, geographic distribution, taxonomy, morphology, ecology, and contrasts with M. levis (as rossiaemeridionalis). So broadly a distributed species has spawned numerous karyotypic studies on chromosomal variation, genomic mapping, and interspecific comparisons (Baskevich, 1996 b; Burgos et al., 1989; Gileva et al., 1996; Mazurok et al., 1996 a; Mitev and Mitev, 1991 c; Zima and Kral, 1984 a; Zima et al., 1997 a). Morphological variation among samples from NE Spain documented by Gosalbez and Sans-Coma (1977). Distribution in Portugal, Spain and France and morphometric discrimination from species of Microtus and Chionomys within the region documented by Madureira (1983). Kooij et al. (1997) identified dentaries extracted from owl pellets collected in France, Germany, and the Netherlands as either M. arvalis or M. agrestis by multivariate analyses, and Brunet-Lecomte et al. (1996) documented differences in m1s between the two species. Molar variability of German samples and its significance documented by Kapischke (1997). Berry (1996) provided an excellent taxonomic review of populations on the Orkney Isls; Ligtvoet and Wijngaarden (1994) traced the rapid colonization by M. arvalis of a Netherlands landbridge island recently rejoined to the mainland and displacement of its indigenous occupant, M. oeconomus.
Goodwin (1940) described khorkoutensis (Khorkout Range near Dasht, NE Iran) as a subspecies of M. arvalis, and Corbet (1978 c) questionably included it in M. transcaspicus (also in arvalis species group). Goodwin’s holotype (AMNH 88764) and referred specimens (AMNH 88762, 88763) are much too small for transcaspicus and differ in size and qualitative features from the only other vole in the region, M. paradoxus (socialis species group). Our comparisons indicate that cranial and external characteristics of khorkoutensis fit within the range of variation in M. arvalis.
Goodwin (1940) also described hyrcania (Gouladah, NE Iran) as a distinct species, but Musser and Carleton (1993) and Kryštufek and Kefelioğlu (2002) erroneously placed it in M. socialis. The holotype and only known specimen, however, lacks the woolly and buffy brownish gray upperparts of M. socialis (soft and brownish in hyrcania), its white front and hind feet (brown in hyrcania), short tail (longer in hyrcania), larger cranium and relatively larger bullae (small bullae in hyrcania). Although a young adult, its external and skull features are nearly identical to those of a young adult khorkoutensis. Both it and hyrcania morphologically resemble specimens of M. arvalis from W Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, not the larger, white-footed and short-tailed M. socialis from Kazakhstan and NW Iran.
The taxon obscurus is either included in M. arvalis (e.g., Baskevich, 1996 b; Corbet, 1978 c; Gromov and Erbajeva, 1995; Meyer et al., 1996, 1997; Mezhzherin et al., 1993; Pavlinov and Rossolimo, 1987, 1998; Pavlinov et al., 1995 a) or treated as a separate species based primarily on chromosomal morphology and hybridization results (Malygin and Luis, 1996; Zagorodnyuk, 1991 a, b; and cited references). True arvalis has 2n = 46, FN = 84, that currently identified as M. obscurus or the " obscurus " form of M. arvalis has 2n = 46, FN = 72 or 74, and their hybrids demonstrate low fertility (Malygin and Luis, 1996). In Europe and N Russia, obscurus ranges to the east and south of the distribution of M. arvalis (see map in Zagorodnyuk, 1991 a), and Meyer et al. (1997) documented their close approach to one another, separated by only 24 kms in Russia. Golenishchev et al. (2001) have uncovered a natural but narrow intergradation zone in which gene flow between the two parapatric karyomorphs approximates that among populations of the same karyotype.
Some synonyms listed and much of the southern and eastern distribution outlined for M. arvalis by Ellerman and Morriscon-Scott (1951) and Corbet (1978 c) actually refer to M. levis (formerly rossiaemeridionalis); see that account.
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Rodentia - Family Cricetidae, pp. 955-1189 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 2, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 991, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316535