Dracophyes González-Casarrubios & Pardos & Sørensen & Arbizu & Sánchez 2022, gen. nov.
Creators: name: González-Casarrubios, Alberto
name: Pardos, Fernando
name: Sørensen, Martin V.
name: Arbizu, Pedro Martínez
name: Sánchez, Nuria
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Kinorhyncha
Allomalorhagida
Anomoirhaga
Dracoderidae
Dracophyes

description: Dracophyes gen. nov.   
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:79AACE6E-EC4D-45E0-8FE8-  
A6F5256E8E75  
 3.2.1. Type species   
 Type by original designation: Dracoderes chaac Landers et al., 2022.   
 Species composition: Dracophyes toyoshioae comb. nov. (Yamasaki, 2015), Dracophyes chaac comb. nov. (Landers et al., 2022) and Dracophyes cepedai sp. nov.   
 3.2.2. Diagnosis Dracoderidae with very wide sternal plates on anterior segments,   
abruptly narrowing from segment 8, giving the trunk a conspicuous obovate appearance. Acicular spines with distinct, subcuticular anchor-like structures on segments 1 to 9.  
Dorsal spines always present on segments 1 to 9; dorsal spines from segment 2 alternating laterally displaced to paradorsal positions on most anterior segments, but soon progressively becoming even more lateral to subdorsal positions from towards the posterior trunk segments. Males with two pairs of minute, poorly sclerotized penile spines.  
 3.2.3. Etymology   
 The genus name is derived from Greek δρ ά κων (drako, dragon), and from Greek φυης (phyes), a commonly used suffix in many allomalorhagid genus names.   
 According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, and to avoid misunderstanding between the two genera within Dracoderidae in future contributions, we suggest that the new genus is abbreviated as Dp. and Dracoderes be abbreviated as Dd.   
 3.3. Description of the new species   
 D. cepedai sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:47396BA9-7A45-4F2E-9791-   
5738B90C488B  
 3.3.1. Synonymy   
 Dracoderes toyoshioae (in S´anchez et al., 2019) and Dracoderes sp. 1 (in S´anchez et al., 2022).   
 3.3.2. Diagnosis   
 Dracophyes with acicular spines in dorsal position on segments 1 to 9; spine present in middorsal position on segment 1, paradorsal on segments 2 and 3, and subdorsal positions on segments 4 to 9. Ventral acicular spines thin and flexible, present in ventrolateral position on segment 1, lateroventral position on segments 2 to 4 and 6 to 9, and in lateral accessory position on segment 5. All acicular spines of dorsal and lateral series with intracuticular structures, either anchor-like for the dorsal spines or groove-like for the ventral ones. Tubes in lateroventral position on segment 5 and in lateral accessory position on segments 2 and 8. Type 2 glandular cell outlets in lateroventral position on segment 10. Lateral terminal spines slender, extremely long (ca 133% of the trunk length).   
 3.3.3. Etymology   
The species is named after Dr Diego Cepeda, highly esteemed colleague and enthusiast of the family Dracoderidae, for his contribution to the Kinorhyncha knowledge throughout years.  
 3.3.4. Material examined   
 Holotype: Adult female, collected on August 3, 2015 at the Peru Basin (South East Pacific Ocean): 07 ◦ 07.54 ′ S; 088 ◦ 27.03 ′ W at 4160 m depth; mounted in Fluoromount G ®, deposit at Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin under accession number: ZMB12292.   
 Additional material: Adult male, collected on August 7, 2015 15 at the Peru Basin (South East Pacific Ocean): 07 ◦ 04.42 ′ S; 088 ◦ 27.86 ′ W at 4152 m depth; mounted in Fluoromount G ®. The specimen was lost during the remounting process and is no longer available for examination; all original images are stored in Museum für Naturkunde and available for download.   
 3.3.5. Description   
Adult with head, neck, and a trunk with 11 cuticular segments. See Table 1 for measurements and Table 2 for summary of the spines, tubes, glandular cell outlets, nephridiopores and sensory spots position.  
Head. Retractable mouth cone and introvert. None of the examined specimens had the introvert everted, hence no details on these structures can be provided.  
Neck. Nine rectangular to trapezoidal sclerotized placids, four dorsal and five ventral, articulated at their bases with the segment 1 (Fig. 2A – B; 4A). Midventral placid wide (ca 25 μm wide at base) (Fig. 2A), paraventral placids trapezoidal (10–11 μm wide at bases), closely adjacent to each other, lateroventral ones broader (ca 22–23 μm wide at bases); dorsal placids rectangular, well-separated, with cuticular folds in gaps between laterodorsal and subdorsal (ca 18–19 μm wide at bases) placids (Fig. 2B).  
Trunk. Composed of 11 segments (Fig. 2A – B; 3A, E; 5A – B, F). Anterior segments relatively wide, but narrow at segment 7, and even more abruptly at segment 8, giving the trunk an obovate appearance. Segment 1 consists of a complete cuticular ring, remaining segments with one tergal and two sternal plates (Fig. 2A – B; 3A, E; 5A – B, F).  
Acicular spines very long, showing conspicuous intracuticular structures at their bases: dorsal spines with an anchor-like intracuticular structure, with two tips pointing anteriorly; lateral spines with a groove-like intracuticular structure, with the tips pointing obliquely (Fig. 2A – B; 3B – D, F; 4A – F; 5C – E, G). Type 1 glandular cell outlets as minute, rounded perforations in several positions throughout the segments (Fig. 2A – D; 3B, C, F; 4A – F; 5C). Long cuticular hairs distributed across segments 1–10, regularly spaced through transversal bands of semicircular ridges, giving a characteristic ornamentation as half circle garlands (Fig. 2A – D; 3C – D). Segment 1 with two transverse bands in the posterior half of the segment. Segments 2–9 with two longitudinal bands, with 8–10 ventral hairs, emerging from ventrolateral to ventromedial position. Segment 10 with three dorsal bands and two ventral ones, each with eight hairs. Segment 11 without cuticular hairs (Fig. 2A – D; 3F; 4E – F; 5H). Primary pectinate fringe short, finely serrated, slightly longer on the tergal plates; secondary pectinate fringe not detected (Fig. 2A – D; 4E).  
Segment 1. Unpaired acicular spine in middorsal position, and long, flexible, ones in ventrolateral positions. Type 1 glandular cell outlets in paradorsal and ventromedial positions. Sensory spots in subdorsal, laterodorsal, lateral accessory and ventromedial positions. Sensory spots consisting of a large, rounded anterior opening and two additional, minute posterior pores (Fig. 2A – B; 3B; 4A – B; 5C).  
Segment 2. Unpaired acicular spine displaced to paradorsal position, and acicular spines in lateroventral positions. Long tubes in lateral accessory positions (Fig. 2B; 4B). Type 1 glandular cell outlets in paradorsal and paraventral positions. Sensory spots in subdorsal, ventrolateral and ventromedial positions. Sensory spots on this and following segments are small, with V-shaped intracuticular structures (Fig. 2A – B; 4A – B).  
Segment 3. Unpaired acicular spine displaced to paradorsal position, and acicular spines in lateroventral positions. Type 1 glandular cell outlets in paradorsal and paraventral positions. Sensory spots in subdorsal, laterodorsal, midlateral and ventrolateral positions (Fig. 2A – B; 4A – D).  
Segment 4. Unpaired acicular spine displaced to subdorsal position, and acicular spines in lateroventral positions. Type 1 glandular cell outlets as on the preceding segment. Sensory spots in subdorsal, laterodorsal, midlateral, ventrolateral and ventromedial positions (Fig. 2A – B; 4A – D).  
Segment 5. Unpaired acicular spine displaced to subdorsal position, but more lateral than on preceding segment; acicular spines in lateral accessory positions. Tubes in lateroventral positions. Type 1 glandular cell outlets as on the preceding segment. Sensory spots in subdorsal, laterodorsal, midlateral and ventrolateral positions (Fig. 2A – B; 3D; 4C – D; 5D).  
Segment 6. Unpaired acicular spine displaced to subdorsal position, but more lateral than on preceding segment; acicular spines in lateroventral position. Dorsal type 1 glandular cell outlets from this segment and onwards are arranged asymmetrically as an unpaired paradorsal outlet in the side opposite to the spine and another unpaired subdorsal outlet near the spine; ventral glandular cell outlets as in the preceding segment. Sensory spots in subdorsal, laterodorsal, midlateral, ventrolateral and ventromedial positions (Fig. 2A – B; 3D; 4C – D; 5D).  
Segment 7. Unpaired acicular spine displaced to subdorsal position, but more lateral than on preceding segment; acicular spines in lateroventral positions. Type 1 glandular cell outlets as on the preceding segment; dorsal ones switched to the opposite sides, following the spine. Sensory spots in subdorsal, laterodorsal, midlateral and ventrolateral positions (Fig. 2A – B; 3D; 4C – F; 5G).  
Segment 8. Unpaired acicular spine displaced to subdorsal position, but more lateral than on preceding segment; acicular spines in lateroventral positions. Tubes in lateral accessory position. Type 1 glandular cell outlets as on the preceding segment; dorsal ones switched to the opposite sides, following the spine. Paired sensory spots in subdorsal, laterodorsal, ventrolateral and ventromedial positions (Fig. 2A – B; 3C; 4C – F; 5E, G).  
Segment 9. Unpaired acicular spine displaced to subdorsal position, but more lateral than on preceding segment; acicular spines in lateroventral positions. Nephridiopores as small apertures in lateral accessory positions (Fig. 3C). Type 1 glandular cell outlets as on the preceding segment; dorsal ones switched to the opposite sides, following the spine. Sensory spots in subdorsal, laterodorsal, midlateral, ventrolateral and ventromedial positions (Fig. 2A – B; 3C, F; 4E – F).  
Segment 10. Without acicular spines or tubes. Type 2 glandular cell outlets in lateroventral positions and type 1 glandular cell outlets as on the preceding segment; dorsal ones switched to the opposite sides. Sensory spots in subdorsal and ventrolateral positions (Fig. 2A – D; 3C; 4E – F).  
Segment 11. Long, slender, lateral terminal spines, exceeding the length of the trunk (ca 133% of the trunk length) with a large, apparently hollow central cavity near the bases (Fig. 2A – E; 5A – B, F). Males with two pairs of sexually dimorphic short, flexible, penile spines in lateral accessory positions (Fig. 2C; 5H). Two pairs of sensory spots in subdorsal positions, one pair on the anterior part of the tergal plate and one pair on the tips of the tergal extensions. Wide, triangular tergal extensions with fringed edges (Fig. 2B, D; 3F; 4E; 5A, H).
description: Published as part of González-Casarrubios, Alberto, Pardos, Fernando, Sørensen, Martin V., Arbizu, Pedro Martínez & Sánchez, Nuria, 2022, Dracophyes cepedai gen. et sp. nov., a new Dracoderidae genus and species (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida) from the Peru Basin, pp. 145-153 in Zoologischer Anzeiger (Zool. Anz.) (Zool. Anz.) 301 on pages 146-148, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.10.004, http://zenodo.org/record/10375243