Cycloperiella violacea Larré & Almeida & Vieira 2024, n. comb.
Creators: name: Larré, Igor R. N. M.
name: Almeida, Ana C. S.
name: Vieira, Leandro M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Bryozoa
Gymnolaemata
Cheilostomatida
Stomachetosellidae
Cycloperiella
Cycloperiella violacea

description: Cycloperiella violacea (Canu & Bassler, 1928) n. comb.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9D516B88-C750-46F9-87A1-86F24BFE3F0B
(Figs 2, 3)
Aptonella violacea Canu & Bassler, 1928: 83, pl. 5, Figs 5 –8.
Material examined. Lectotype (designated here): USNM 8556, Aptonella violacea F. Canu & R. Bassler det., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, collected in 1877 by Steamer Norseman stn. 347, 21º 48’ 00’’ S, 40º 03’ 00’’ W, 128 m. Additional specimens: UFPE 3002, UFPE 3003, UFPE 3008, UFPE 3009, UFPE 3010, UFPE 3011, UFPE 3012, UFPE 3013, UFPE 3014, UFPE 3015, UFPE 3016, UFPE 3017, UFPE 3018, UFPE 3019, UFPE 3020, UFPE 3021, Bacia Potiguar, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, collected by Petrobras in 2000–2011, 04º 49’ 00’’ S – 05º 10’ 00’’ S, 36º 10’ 00’’ W – 36º 50’ 00’’ W, unknown depth; UFPE 3004, Rec stn. 156, Pernambuco, Brazil, 08º 19’ 09’’ S, 34º 38’ 08’’ W, 68, 61 m; UFPE 3005, GEOMAR X stn. 047, Bahia, Brazil, 17º 44’ 00’’ S, 37º 21’ 00’’ W, 82 m; UFPE 3006, Canopus stn. 78, Pernambuco, Brazil, collected in 1965–1966, 08º 34’ 00’’ S, 34º 44’ 00’’ W, 58 m; UFPE 3007.1, SALD stn. 1767, Pará, Brazil, collected in 1967, 01º 32’ 30’’ N, 47º 24’ 30’’ W, 63 m; UFPE 3134.2, UFPE 3135.2, Canopus stn. 6, Ceará, Brazil, collected in 1965–1966, 02º 11’ 00’’ S, 39º 53’ 00’’ W, 60–65 m; UFPE 3145.2, Akaroa stn. 73, Alagoas, Brazil, collected in 1965, 10º 02’ 45’’ S, 35º 43’ 00’’ W, 90 m.
Redescription. Colonies with purplish or reddish cystid (Fig. 3A), with an encrusting uni- to multilaminar growth form. Autozooids (Figs 2A, B; 3B, C) hexagonal or irregularly polygonal, longer than wide (0.502–0.624– 0.762 mm long, n = 18, SD = 0.066; 0.358–0.443– 0.559 mm wide, n = 18, SD = 0.056), arranged in a quincuncial pattern and defined by distinct sutures (Fig. 2A, B). Lepralioid frontal wall, slightly nodular, with 20 to 30 small pseudopores, except in the area around the orifice; distinct marginal pores, generally fewer in number, larger, and sometimes elongated (Fig. 2C, D); Internal frontal wall without ring scar (Fig. 3F). Primary orifice often cormidial (0.120–0.140– 0.156 mm long, n = 18, SD = 0.011; 0.127–0.142– 0.165 mm wide, n = 18, SD = 0.009), with an arched distal and a concave proximal region; a pair of triangular proximolateral condyles slightly directed toward the proximal region and a lunula present in the distal half, extending to the condyles (Fig. 2C, D). Secondary orifice thin and slightly raised, generally located around the lateral and distal border of the orifice (Figs 2C, D; 3D, E). A single or paired adventitious avicularium may be present (Figs 2D; 3D, E), usually latero-oral and rarely placed in variable positions (0.081–0.108– 0.141 mm long, n = 8, SD = 0.021; 0.040–0.052– 0.060 mm wide, n = 8, SD = 0.006), with complete crossbar, rostrum acute and usually obliquely directed upward or toward the middle of the zooid. Ovicelled zooids with a well-developed peristome forming a U-shaped pseudosinus (Figs 2D; 3C, E). Ovicell hyperstomial, globular, acleithral, with a cormidial ooecium generally divided into three sections forming a Y-shaped suture, slightly nodular (0.278–0.307– 0.340 mm long, n = 5, SD = 0.026; 0.370–0.386– 0.399 mm wide, n = 5, SD = 0.012), with calcified endooecium and pseudoporous ectooecium (Figs 2C, D; 3E).
Remarks. Among all congeners, Cy. violacea n. comb. differs from Cy. rubra in the number and size of frontal pseudopores (20–30 and small in Cy. violacea n. comb., but about 20 and larger in Cy. rubra), presence of adventitious avicularia (absent in Cy. rubra), and primary orifice with a proximal margin U-shaped (almost straight in Cy. rubra). Cycloperiella rosacea is morphologically distinct from Cy. violacea n. comb. in the colony form (Cy. rosacea can form erect colonies, whereas Cy. violacea n. comb. is always encrusting), number of frontal pseudopores (up to 40 in the illustration of Cy. rosacea and 20–30 pseudopores in Cy. violacea n. comb.) and length of the primary orifice (about 0.140 mm in Cy. violacea n. comb. and about 0.180 mm in Cy. rosacea) (Osburn 1947). Unfortunately, the type of Cy. rosacea lacks a redescription to allow for a better comparison of the species with Cy. violacea n. comb. However, both the original description and illustration offer adequate details to differentiate the two species.
The material collected by Hastings (1930) from Gorgona Island (Colombia) and reported as A. violacea was described as having smaller zooids and opercula (zooids ranging from 0.430 to 0.540 mm in length), unlike the type of Cy. violacea n. comb., where zooids range from 0.502 to 0.762 mm. This material requires reevaluation using SEM, and it may represent a distinct species. Specimens from Ghana, as reported by Cook (1985), exhibit zooid orifice with a nearly straight proximal margin (U-shaped in the Brazilian material) and avicularia with a longer and narrower rostrum (short and acute in the type specimen), suggesting a distinct species. An additional image of the specimens from Ghana provided by D.P. Gordon (http://bryozoa.net/cheilostomata/gigantoporidae/ cosciniopsis _violacea.html) reveals a calcified ectooecium only at the margins of the ovicell. This indicates that it is not Cycloperiella nor Cosciniopsis.
Distribution. Cycloperiella violacea n. comb. was originally described from Rio de Janeiro and Bahia (Canu & Bassler 1928). In this study, its occurrence is expanded to Alagoas, Ceará, Pernambuco, and Rio Grande do Norte (Potiguar Basin). This species is usually found encrusting hard substrates such as rhodoliths.
description: Published as part of Larré, Igor R. N. M., Almeida, Ana C. S. & Vieira, Leandro M., 2024, On some colorful bryozoans from Brazil: reevaluation of Aptonella violacea Canu & Bassler, 1928 and a new species of Cosciniopsis Canu & Bassler, 1927, pp. 245-260 in Zootaxa 5506 (2) on pages 249-251, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5506.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/13746887