cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
High-resolution, 3D radiative transfer modeling : I. The grand-design spiral galaxy M51
Creators: name: De Looze, Ilse
name: Fritz, Jacopo
name: Baes, Maarten
name: Bendo, George J.
name: Cortese, Luca
name: Boquien, Médéric
name: Boselli, Alessandro
name: Camps, Peter
name: Cooray, Asantha
name: Cormier, Diane
name: Davies, Jon I.
name: De Geyter, Gert
name: Hughes, Thomas M.
name: Jones, Anthony P.
name: Karczewski, Oskar L.
name: Lebouteiller, Vianney
name: Lu, Nanyao
name: Madden, Suzanne C.
name: Rémy-Ruyer, Aurélie
name: Spinoglio, Luigi
name: Smith, Matthew W. L.
name: Viaene, Sebastien
name: Wilson, Christine D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Context: Dust reprocesses about half of the stellar radiation in galaxies. The thermal re-emission by dust of absorbed energy is considered driven merely by young stars and, consequently, often applied to trace the star formation rate in galaxies. Recent studies have argued that the old stellar population might anticipate a non-negligible fraction of the radiative dust heating. Aims: In this work, we aim to analyze the contribution of young (< 100 Myr) and old (~ 10 Gyr) stellar populations to radiative dust heating processes in the nearby grand-design spiral galaxy M51 using radiative transfer modeling. High-resolution 3D radiative transfer (RT) models are required to describe the complex morphologies of asymmetric spiral arms and clumpy star-forming regions and model the propagation of light through a dusty medium. Methods: In this paper, we present a new technique developed to model the radiative transfer effects in nearby face-on galaxies. We construct a high-resolution 3D radiative transfer model with the Monte-Carlo code SKIRT accounting for the absorption, scattering and non-local thermal equilibrium (NLTE) emission of dust in M51. The 3D distribution of stars is derived from the 2D morphology observed in the IRAC 3.6 μm, GALEX FUV, Hα and MIPS 24 μm wavebands, assuming an exponential vertical distribution with an appropriate scale height. The dust geometry is constrained through the far-ultraviolet (FUV) attenuation, which is derived from the observed total-infrared-to-far-ultraviolet luminosity ratio. The stellar luminosity, star formation rate and dust mass have been scaled to reproduce the observed stellar spectral energy distribution (SED), FUV attenuation and infrared SED. (abridged)
description: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics, 23 pages, 15 figures
Glycocalyx Restricts Adenoviral Vector Access to Apical Receptors Expressed on Respiratory Epithelium In Vitro and In Vivo: Role for Tethered Mucins as Barriers to Lumenal Infection
Creators: name: Pickles, R. J.
name: Bergelson, J. M.
name: Wagner, D.
name: Stonebraker, J. R.
name: O'Neal, W. K.
name: Boucher, R. C.
name: Lefensty, R. W.
name: Gendler, S. J.
name: Burns, K.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: Inefficient adenoviral vector (AdV)-mediated gene transfer to the ciliated respiratory epithelium has hindered gene transfer strategies for the treatment of cystic fibrosis lung disease. In part, the inefficiency is due to an absence of the coxsackie B and adenovirus type 2 and 5 receptor (CAR) from the apical membranes of polarized epithelia. In this study, using an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium, we show that providing a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked AdV receptor (GPI-CAR) at the apical surface did not significantly improve AdV gene transfer efficiency because the lumenal surface glycocalyx limited the access of AdV to apical GPI-CAR. The highly glycosylated tethered mucins were considered to be significant glycocalyx components that restricted AdV access because proteolytic digestion and inhibitors of O-linked glycosylation enhanced AdV gene transfer. To determine whether these in vitro observations are relevant to the in vivo situation, we generated transgenic mice expressing GPI-CAR at the surface of the airway epithelium, crossbred these mice with mice that were genetically devoid of tethered mucin type 1 (Muc1), and tested the efficiency of gene transfer to murine airways expressing apical GPI-human CAR (GPI-hCAR) in the presence and absence of Muc1. We determined that AdV gene transfer to the murine airway epithelium was inefficient even in GPI-hCAR transgenic mice but that the gene transfer efficiency improved in the absence of Muc1. However, the inability to achieve a high gene transfer efficiency, even in mice with a deletion of Muc1, suggested that other glycocalyx components, possibly other tethered mucin types, also provide a significant barrier to AdV interacting with the airway lumenal surface.
Identification of Epstein-Barr Virus RK-BARF0-Interacting Proteins and Characterization of Expression Pattern
Creators: name: Raab-Traub, N.
name: Kusano, S.
name: Thornburg, N. J.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BamHI A transcripts are a family of transcripts that are differentially spliced and can be detected in multiple EBV-associated malignancies. Several of the transcripts may encode proteins. One transcript of interest, RK-BARF0, is proposed to encode a 279-amino-acid protein with a possible endoplasmic reticulum-targeting sequence. In this study, the properties of RK-BARF0 were examined through identification of cellular-interacting proteins through yeast two-hybrid analysis and characterization of its expression in EBV-infected cells and tumors. In addition to the interaction previously identified with cellular Notch, it was determined that RK-BARF0 also bound cellular human I-mfa domain-containing protein (HIC), epithelin, and scramblase. An interaction between RK-BARF0 and Notch or epithelin induced proteasome-dependent degradation of Notch and epithelin but not of HIC or scramblase. Low levels of endogenous Notch expression in EBV-positive cell lines may correlate with RK-BARF0 expression. However, a screen of EBV-positive cell lines and tumors with an affinity-purified α-RK-BARF0 antiserum did not consistently detect RK-BARF0. These data suggest that while RK-BARF0 may have important cellular functions during EBV infection, and while the phenotype of EBV-positive cells suggest its expression, RK-BARF0 levels may be too low to detect.
Ferrimagnetism in the double perovskite Ca2FeOsO6: a density functional study
Creators: name: Wang, Hongbo
name: Zhu, Shasha
name: Ou, Xuedong
name: Wu, Hua
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using density functional calculations, we find that the newly synthesized Ca$_2$FeOsO$_6$ has the high-spin Fe$^{3+}$ ($3d^5$)-Os$^{5+}$ ($5d^3$) state. The octahedral Os$^{5+}$ ion has a large intrinsic exchange splitting, and its $t_{2g\uparrow}^3$ configuration makes the spin-orbit coupling ineffective. Moreover, there is a strong antiferromagnetic (AF) coupling between the neighboring Fe$^{3+}$ ($S$ = 5/2) and Os$^{5+}$ ($S$ = -3/2), but the AF couplings within both the fcc Fe$^{3+}$ and Os$^{5+}$ sublattices are one order of magnitude weaker. Therefore, a magnetic frustration is suppressed and a stable ferrimagnetic (FiM) ground state appears. This FiM order is due to the virtual hopping of the $t_{2g}$ electrons from Os$^{5+}$ ($t_{2g\downarrow}^3$) to Fe$^{3+}$ ($t_{2g\uparrow}^3e_{g\uparrow}^2$). However, if the experimental bended Fe$^{3+}$-O$^{2-}$-Os$^{5+}$ exchange path gets straight, the $e_g$ hopping from Fe$^{3+}$ ($t_{2g\uparrow}^3e_{g\uparrow}^2$) to Os$^{5+}$ ($t_{2g\uparrow}^3$) would be facilitated and then a ferromagnetic (FM) coupling would occur.
description: 5 pages, 5 figures
title: The acute and chronic Oomen feeding test – adapted methods and further options
Creators: name: Lückmann, Johannes
name: Schmitzer, Stephan
Publisher: name: Julius Kühn-Institut
Year: 2018

description: Julius-Kühn-Archiv, 462 (Hazards of pesticides to bees : 13th International Symposium of the ICP-PR Bee Protection Group ; 18. - 20. October 2017, València (Spain) - Proceedings -)
Induction of Id1 and Id3 by Latent Membrane Protein 1 of Epstein-Barr Virus and Regulation of p27/Kip and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 in Rodent Fibroblast Transformation
Creators: name: Raab-Traub, N.
name: Everly, D. N.
name: Mainou, B. A.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), the Epstein-Barr virus oncoprotein, activates NF-κB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling. To determine global transcriptional changes induced by LMP1 in epithelial cells, genomic analysis of C33A cells stably expressing LMP1 was performed. Relatively few genes were induced by LMP1. Expression of two members of the Id (inhibitor of differentiation) family of proteins, Id1 and Id3, was induced in the presence of LMP1 and confirmed by mRNA and protein in C33A and Rat-1 cells. In Rat-1 foci transformed by LMP1, Id1 protein was also increased. Id proteins are known negative regulators of E-box proteins that positively regulate p16 and potentially other cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (cdki's). In LMP1-expressing Rat-1 cells, cdki p27 was specifically downregulated. Decreased p27 was correlated with increased levels of Cdk2 and increased levels of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein. This study describes new properties of LMP1 that likely contribute to transformation and oncogenesis.
Initial Cleavage of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 GagPol Precursor by Its Activated Protease Occurs by an Intramolecular Mechanism
Creators: name: Everitt, L. E.
name: Choudhury, S.
name: Kaplan, A. H.
name: Dunn, B. M.
name: Pettit, S. C.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: Processing of the GagPol polyprotein precursor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a critical step in viral assembly and replication. The HIV-1 protease (PR) is translated as part of GagPol and is both necessary and sufficient for precursor processing. The PR is active only as a dimer; enzyme activation is initiated when the PR domains in two GagPol precursors dimerize. The precise mechanism by which the PR becomes activated and the subsequent initial steps in precursor processing are not well understood. However, it is clear that processing is initiated by the PR domain that is embedded within the precursor itself. We have examined the earliest events in precursor processing using an in vitro assay in which full-length GagPol is cleaved by its embedded PR. We demonstrate that the embedded, immature PR is as much as 10,000-fold less sensitive to inhibition by an active-site PR inhibitor than is the mature, free enzyme. Further, we find that different concentrations of the active-site inhibitor are required to inhibit the processing of different cleavage sites within GagPol. Finally, our results indicate that the first cleavages carried out by the activated PR within GagPol are intramolecular. Overall, our data support a model of virus assembly in which the first cleavages occur in GagPol upstream of the PR. These intramolecular cleavages produce an extended form of PR that completes the final processing steps accompanying the final stages of particle assembly by an intermolecular mechanism.
Air- and water-stable halide perovskite nanocrystals protected with nearly-monolayer carbon nitride for CO2 photoreduction and water splitting
Creators: name: Laishram, Devika
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 30201 Bioinorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 30402 Biomolecular Modelling and Design
subject: 30101 Analytical Spectrometry
subject: 30199 Analytical Chemistry not elsewhere classified
subject: 30601 Catalysis and Mechanisms of Reactions

description: Halide perovskites are exciting candidates for broad-spectrum photocatalysts but have the problem of ambient stability. Protective shells of oxides and polymers around halide perovskite nano- and micro-crystals provide a measure of chemical and photochemical resilience but the photocatalytic performance of perovskites is compromised due to low electron mobility in amorphous oxide or polymer shells and rapid charge carrier recombination on the surface. Herein an in situ surface passivation and stabilization of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals was achieved using monolayered graphenic carbon nitride (CNM). Extensive characterization of carbon nitride protected CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (CNMBr) indicated spherical CsPbBr3 nanoparticles encased in a few nm thick g-C3N4 sheets facilitating better charge separation via percolation/tunneling of charges on conductive 2D nanosheets. The CNMBr core-shell nanocrystals demonstrated enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance and photocurrent reaching up to 1.55 mA cm−2. The CNMBr catalyst was successfully deployed for CO2 photoreduction giving carbon monoxide and methane as the reaction products.
Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 Is Associated with Epstein-Barr Virus-Transformed Central Nervous System Lymphoma and Has Oncogenic Properties
Creators: name: Del Valle, L.
name: Zhang, L.
name: Zhang, J.
name: Der, C. J.
name: Lambert, Q.
name: Pagano, J. S.
name: Khalili, K.
name: Miklossy, J.
name: Zhou, Y.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7) is implicated in the regulation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency. EBV transforms primary B cells, and the major EBV oncoprotein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1), is required for the process. LMP-1 both induces the expression of IRF-7 and activates the IRF-7 protein by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Here we report that the expression of IRF-7 is increased in EBV-immortalized B lymphocytes compared with that in primary B cells. IRF-7 was phosphorylated and predominantly localized in the nucleus in the immortalized cells. The expression of IRF-7 was detected in 19 of 27 specimens of primary lymphomas of the human central nervous system by immunohistochemical analysis. The association between LMP-1 and IRF-7 was statistically highly significant for these specimens. An appreciable amount of the IRF-7 expressed in lymphoma cells was localized in the nucleus. Furthermore, IRF-7 promoted the anchorage-independent growth of NIH 3T3 cells. LMP-1 and IRF-7 showed additive effects on the growth transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. IRF-7-expressing NIH 3T3 cells formed tumors in athymic mice. Thus, IRF-7 has oncogenic properties and, along with LMP-1, may mediate or potentiate the EBV transformation process in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated lymphomas.
JNK Regulates the Release of Proapoptotic Mitochondrial Factors in Reovirus-Infected Cells
Creators: name: Meintzer, S. M.
name: Clarke, P.
name: Johnson, G. L.
name: Moffitt, L. A.
name: Tyler, K. L.
name: Richardson-Burns, S. M.
name: Wang, Y.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: Reovirus-induced apoptosis is associated with activation of the proapoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the JNK-associated transcription factor c-Jun. Here we show that reovirus-induced apoptosis and activation of caspase 3 are inhibited in cells deficient in MEK kinase 1, an upstream activator of JNK in reovirus-infected cells. Inhibition of JNK activity following reovirus infection delays the release of proapoptotic mitochondrial factors and the subsequent onset of apoptosis. In contrast, reovirus-induced apoptosis is not blocked by infection with adenovirus expressing dominant-negative c-Jun, and c-Jun activation does not correlate with apoptosis in reovirus-infected cells. This is the first report demonstrating that JNK is associated with regulation of mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis following viral infection.
Lytic Induction Therapy for Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive B-Cell Lymphomas
Creators: name: Kenney, S. C.
name: Hong, G.
name: Feng, W.-h.
name: Delecluse, H.-J.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: A novel therapy for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive tumors involves the intentional induction of the lytic form of EBV infection combined with ganciclovir (GCV) treatment. Virally encoded kinases (thymidine kinase and BGLF4) which are expressed only during the lytic form of infection convert GCV (a nucleoside analogue) into its active, cytotoxic form. However, tightly latent EBV infection in B cells has made it difficult to identify drugs that can be used clinically to induce lytic viral infection in B-cell lymphomas. Here we demonstrate that gemcitabine and doxorubicin (but not 5-azacytidine, cis-platinum, or 5-fluorouracil) induce lytic EBV infection in EBV-transformed B cells in vitro and in vivo. Gemcitabine and doxorubicin both activated transcription from the promoters of the two viral immediate-early genes, BZLF1 and BRLF1, in EBV-negative B cells. This effect required the EGR-1 motif in the BRLF1 promoter and the CRE (ZII) and MEF-2D (ZI) binding sites in the BZLF1 promoter. GCV enhanced cell killing by gemcitabine or doxorubicin in lymphoblastoid cells transformed with wild-type EBV, but not in lymphoblastoid cells transformed by a mutant virus (with a deletion in the BZLF1 immediate-early gene) that is unable to enter the lytic form of infection. Most importantly, the combination of gemcitabine or doxorubicin and GCV was significantly more effective for the inhibition of EBV-driven lymphoproliferative disease in SCID mice than chemotherapy alone. In contrast, the combination of zidovudine and gemcitabine was no more effective than gemcitabine alone. These results suggest that the addition of GCV to either gemcitabine- or doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy regimens may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs for EBV-driven lymphoproliferative disease in patients.
Optimization and improvement of Halbach cylinder design
Creators: name: Bjørk, R.
name: Bahl, C. R. H.
name: Smith, A.
name: Pryds, N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper we describe the results of a parameter survey of a 16 segmented Halbach cylinder in three dimensions in which the parameters internal radius, $r_{\mathrm{\scriptsize{in}}}$, external radius, $r_{\mathrm{\scriptsize{ex}}}$, and length, $L$, have been varied. Optimal values of $r_{\mathrm{\scriptsize{ex}}}$ and $L$ were found for a Halbach cylinder with the least possible volume of magnets with a given mean flux density in the cylinder bore. The volume of the cylinder bore could also be significantly increase by only slightly increasing the volume of the magnets, for a fixed mean flux density. Placing additional blocks of magnets on the end faces of the Halbach cylinder also improved the mean flux density in the cylinder bore, especially so for short Halbach cylinders with large $r_{\mathrm{\scriptsize{ex}}}$. Moreover magnetic cooling as an application for Halbach cylinders was considered. A magnetic cooling quality parameter, $Λ_{\mathrm{cool}}$, was introduced and results showed that this parameter was optimal for long Halbach cylinders with small $r_{\mathrm{\scriptsize{ex}}}$. Using the previously mentioned additional blocks of magnets can improve the parameter by as much as 15% as well as improve the homogeneity of the field in the cylinder bore.
description: 10 pages, 15 figures
Search for strong gravitational lensing effect in the current GRB data of BATSE
Creators: name: Li, Chun-Yu
name: Li, Li-Xin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Because gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) trace the high-z Universe, there is an appreciable probability for a GRB to be gravitational lensed by galaxies in the universe. Herein we consider the gravitational lensing effect of GRBs contributed by the dark matter halos in galaxies. Assuming that all halos have the singular isothermal sphere (SIS) mass profile in the mass range $10^{10} h^{-1} M_\odot < M < 2\times 10^{13} h^{-1}M_\odot $ and all GRB samples follow the intrinsic redshift distribution and luminosity function derived from the Swift LGRBs sample, we calculated the gravitational lensing probability in BATSE, Swift/BAT and Fermi/GBM GRBs, respectively. With an derived probability result in BATSE GRBs, we searched for lensed GRB pairs in the BATSE 5B GRB Spectral catalog. The search did not find any convincing gravitationally lensed events. We discuss our result and future observations for GRB lensing observation.
description: 18 pages, 8 figures
Mitosis-Specific Hyperphosphorylation of Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 2 Suppresses Its Function
Creators: name: Shackelford, J.
name: Yue, W.
name: Davenport, M. G.
name: Pagano, J. S.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) is a key gene expressed in EBV type III latent infection that can transactivate numerous promoters, including those for all the other type III viral latency genes as well as cellular genes responsible for cell proliferation. EBNA-2 is essential for EBV-mediated immortalization of primary B lymphocytes. We now report that EBNA-2, a phosphoprotein, is hyperphosphorylated specifically in mitosis. Evidence that the cyclin-dependent kinase p34cdc2 may be involved in this hyperphosphorylation includes (i) coimmunoprecipitation of EBNA-2 and p34cdc2, suggesting physical association; (ii) temporal correlation between hyperphosphorylation of EBNA-2 and an increase in p34cdc2 kinase activity; and (iii) ability of purified p34cdc2/cyclin B1 kinase to phosphorylate EBNA-2 in vitro. Hyperphosphorylation of EBNA-2 appears to suppress its ability to transactivate the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) promoter by about 50%. The association between EBNA-2 and PU.1 is also decreased by about 50% in M-phase-arrested cells, as shown by coimmunoprecipitation from cell lysates, suggesting that hyperphosphorylation of EBNA-2 impairs its affinity for PU.1. Finally, endogenous LMP-1 mRNA levels in M phase are around 55% of those in asynchronously growing cells. These results suggest that regulation of gene expression during type III latency may be regulated in a cell-cycle-related manner.
Multiple V1/V2 env Variants Are Frequently Present during Primary Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Creators: name: Swanstrom, R.
name: Eron, J. J.
name: Fiscus, S. A.
name: Ritola, K.
name: Hicks, C. B.
name: Kitrinos, K. M.
name: Nelson, J. A. E.
name: Pilcher, C. D.
name: Hoffman, N. G.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exists as a complex population of multiple genotypic variants in persons with chronic infection. However, acute HIV-1 infection via sexual transmission is a low-probability event in which there is thought to be low genetic complexity in the initial inoculum. In order to assess the viral complexity present during primary HIV-1 infection, the V1/V2 and V3 variable regions of the env gene were examined by using a heteroduplex tracking assay (HTA) capable of resolving these genotypic variants. Blood plasma samples from 26 primary HIV-1-infected subjects were analyzed for their level of diversity. Half of the subjects had more than one V1/V2 viral variant during primary infection, indicating the frequent transmission of multiple variants. This observation is inconsistent with the idea of infrequent transmission based on a small transmitting inoculum of cell-free virus. In chronically infected subjects, the complexity of the viral populations was even greater in both the V1/V2 and the V3 regions than in acutely infected subjects, indicating that in spite of the presence of multiple variants in acute infection, the virus does pass through a genetic bottleneck during transmission. We also examined how well the infecting virus penetrated different anatomical compartments by using the HTA. Viral variants detected in blood plasma were compared to those detected in seminal plasma and/or cerebral spinal fluid of six individuals. The virus in each of these compartments was to a large extent identical to virus in blood plasma, a finding consistent with rapid penetration of the infecting variant(s). The low-probability transmission of multiple variants could be the result of transient periods of hyperinfectiousness or hypersusceptibility. Alternatively, the inefficient transfer of a multiply infected cell could account for both the low probability of transmission and the transfer of multiple variants.
Norovirus Capture with Histo-Blood Group Antigens Reveals Novel Virus-Ligand Interactions
Creators: name: Vinje, J.
name: Moe, C. L.
name: Harrington, P. R.
name: Baric, R. S.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: Noroviruses are genetically diverse, uncultivable, positive-sense RNA viruses and are the most common cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis in humans in the United States. Recent studies of norovirus attachment in vitro by using recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) suggest that various norovirus strains exhibit different patterns of attachment to ABH histo-blood group antigens, which are carbohydrate epitopes present in high concentrations on mucosal cell surfaces of the gut. However, attachment of live norovirus strains to histo-blood group antigens has not been investigated to date. Utilizing a newly designed magnetic bead-virus capture method, we characterized histo-blood group antigen attachment properties of various norovirus strains obtained from clinical stool specimens to compare the attachment properties of wild-type virus and VLPs and to further map norovirus attachment. Consistent with previous reports using VLPs, various strains of noroviruses exhibited different patterns of attachment to histo- blood group antigens. Norwalk virus bound specifically to H type 1, H type 3, and Leb. Two genogroup II noroviruses, one representing the Toronto genotype and the other from a novel genotype, bound specifically to Leb. A Desert Shield-like strain did not attach to H types 1, 2, or 3, H type 1 and 3 precursors, Lea, or Leb. Surprisingly, wild-type Snow Mountain virus (SMV) attached specifically to H type 3, which contradicted previous findings with SMV VLPs. On further investigation, we found that stool components promote this attachment, providing the first known observation that one or more components of human feces could promote and enhance norovirus attachment to histo-blood group antigens.
La filantropia scientifica nel secolo XIX e la figura di Josephine Shaw Lowell
Creators: name: Genco, Laura
Publisher: name: Universita degli studi di Salerno
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: SPS/07 SOCIOLOGIA GENERALE
subject: Filantropia
subject: America
subject: Povertà

description: 2007 - 2008
description: This thesis deals with the response implemented by private organizations to the problem of urban poverty that accompanied the rapid economic and social transformations in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century. In those years, industrial expansion was accompanied by the increase of urbanization, internal migration, with massive displacement from the countryside to the city, international migration, especially from Europe, by periodic economic crises and greater visibility of the labour movement with the rise of industrial unions. This context was characterized by the introduction of new models of philanthropic action, aiming at responding to the problems of large segments of the population, often without any guaranteed living wage. These models represented the only answer to the pressing and extended social problem of poverty and were articulated in innovative forms, capable of generating a growing demand for scientific knowledge of the phenomenon. In particular, we focus on an innovative meaning of philanthropy proposed by social workers: philanthropy which, until then, had had a spontaneous and charitable character, inspired by a moral-religious sentiment, became gradually more and more scientific, trying to meet criteria of effectiveness and efficiency. Therefore, we analyze the development of the “Charity Organization Society” which led to a rationalization of the charity and the development and institutionalization of the social work. In those years informed by the spirit of reform and characterized by the increasing participation of women working as philanthropists, the figure of Josephine Shaw Lowell is particularly interesting for her prominent role played within the COS. Lowell, besides being a prominent social worker, also influenced the debate on poverty, giving a significant contribution to the emergence of the issue of the marginalized and the importance of legislation in order to offer a systematic and more specific framework and tackle the issue of urban poverty. [edited by Author]
The Hector Survey: integral field spectroscopy of 100,000 galaxies
Creators: name: Bland-Hawthorn, Joss
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In March 2013, the Sydney--AAO Multi-object Integral field spectrograph (SAMI) began a major survey of 3400 galaxies at the AAT, the largest of its kind to date. At the time of writing, over a third of the targets have been observed and the scientific impact has been immediate. The Manga galaxy survey has now started at the SDSS telescope and will target an even larger sample of nearby galaxies. In Australia, the community is now gearing up to deliver a major new facility called Hector that will allow integral field spectroscopy of 100 galaxies observed simultaneously. By the close of the decade, it will be possible to obtain integral field spectroscopy of 100,000 galaxies over 3000 square degrees of sky down to r=17 (median). Many of these objects will have HI imaging from the new ASKAP radio surveys. We discuss the motivation for such a survey and the use of new cosmological simulations that are properly matched to the integral field observations. The Hector survey will open up a new and unique parameter space for galaxy evolution studies.
description: Bland-Hawthorn, J. 2014, in IAU Symp. 309, "Galaxy in 3D across the Universe", B. L. Ziegler, F. Combes, H. Dannerbauer, M. Verdugo, Eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press), in press (8 pages, 5 figures)
On the study of phase and dimensionally controlled titania nanostructures synthesis at sub-zero temperatures
Creators: name: Laishram, Devika
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: 30402 Biomolecular Modelling and Design
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 30101 Analytical Spectrometry
subject: 30199 Analytical Chemistry not elsewhere classified
subject: 30601 Catalysis and Mechanisms of Reactions

description: The present studies are about surfactant free simple synthesis for titania (TiO2) nanostructures, by which morphology and phase can be tuned through temperature variation. The formation of oval shaped nanocrystals and nanorods at different temperatures are attributed to the phase transformation between anatase and rutile by one-step chemical reaction involving titanium tetraisopropoxide and aqueous ethyl alcohol. Categorically, two different morphologies of TiO2 were observed with respect to variation in temperature with nanorods formation at − 20 °C and − 10 °C and oval shape formation at − 40 °C and − 30 °C with higher surface area. Crystalline nature and size of nano-TiO2 were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The energy gap of TiO2 nanoparticles were determined by optical absorption measurement and found to be in the range of ~ 2.92 to 3.02 eV with an indirect band nature.
Deception with Side Information in Biometric Authentication Systems
Creators: name: Kang, Wei
name: Cao, Daming
name: Liu, Nan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Information Theory (cs.IT)
subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In this paper, we study the probability of successful deception of an uncompressed biometric authentication system with side information at the adversary. It represents the scenario where the adversary may have correlated side information, e.g.,~a partial finger print or a DNA sequence of a relative of the legitimate user. We find the optimal exponent of the deception probability by proving both the achievability and the converse. Our proofs are based on the connection between the problem of deception with side information and the rate distortion problem with side information at both the encoder and decoder.
description: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Surface fluorination of α-Fe2O3 using selectfluor for enhancement in photoelectrochemical properties
Creators: name: Laishram, Devika
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 30201 Bioinorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 30101 Analytical Spectrometry
subject: 30199 Analytical Chemistry not elsewhere classified
subject: 30601 Catalysis and Mechanisms of Reactions
subject: 30401 Biologically Active Molecules
subject: 30403 Characterisation of Biological Macromolecules

description: Fluorinated α-Fe2O3 nanostructures are synthesized via a facile hydrothermal route using Selectfluor™ (F-TEDA) as a fluorinating as well as growth directing agent. The addition of incrementally increasing amount of F-TEDA to Fe precursor under hydrothermal conditions resulted in preferential growth of α-Fe2O3 along (110) orientation with respect to (104) direction by ~ 35%, the former being important for enhanced charge transport. On increasing fluorination, the heirarchical dendritic-type α-Fe2O3 changes to a snow-flake type structure (F-TEDA-20%) anisotropically growing along the six directions however, at higher F-TEDA concentrations (≥ 30%), loosely held particulate aggregates are seen to be formed. The X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) suggest the maximum fluorinarion of α-Fe2O3 at 1.21 at% in 30% F-TEDA. Further, optical absorption studies reveal reduction in optical band gap from 2.10 eV in case of pristine to 1.95 eV for fluorinated α-Fe2O3. A photoanode made by taking 20% fluorinated α-Fe2O3 in a ratio of 10:90 with respect to TiO2 (P-25) showed improved performance in dye sensitized solar cells with an increase in efficiency by ~16% in comparision to that of pristine Fe2O3 and TiO2. Furthermore, anode consisting of thin films of fluorinated α-Fe2O3 on FTO also exhibit enhanced current density on illumination of ~100 W/m2. The increase in photoelectrochemical activity seems to be due to the combination of two factors namely preferential growth of α-Fe2O3 along (110) direction resulting in an improved charge transfer efficiency and reduced recombination losses due to the presence of fluorine.
Potential Selection of LMP1 Variants in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Creators: name: Edwards, R. H.
name: Sitki-Green, D.
name: Moore, D. T.
name: Raab-Traub, N.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: Seven distinct sequence variants of the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) have been identified by distinguishing amino acid changes in the carboxy-terminal domain. In this study the transmembrane domains are shown to segregate identically with the distinct carboxy-terminal amino acid sequences. Since strains of LMP1 have been shown to differ in abundance between blood and throat washes, nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) from areas of endemicity and nonendemicity with matching blood were analyzed by using a heteroduplex tracking assay to distinguish LMP1 variants. Striking differences were found between the compartments with the Ch1 strain prevalent in the NPCs from areas of endemicity and nonendemicity and the B958 strain prevalent in the blood of the endemic samples, whereas multiple strains of LMP1 were prevalent in the blood of the nonendemic samples. The possible selection against the B958 strain appearing in the tumor was highly significant (P < 0.0001). Sequence analysis of the full-length LMP1 variants revealed changes in many of the known and computer-predicted HLA-restricted epitopes with changes in key positions in multiple, potential epitopes for the specific HLA of the patients. These amino acid substitutions at key positions in the LMP1 epitopes may result in a reduced cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte response. These data indicate that strains with specific variants of LMP1 are more likely to be found in NPC. The predominance of specific LMP1 variants in NPC could reflect differences in the biologic or molecular properties of the distinct forms of LMP1 or possible immune selection.
The BRRF1 Early Gene of Epstein-Barr Virus Encodes a Transcription Factor That Enhances Induction of Lytic Infection by BRLF1
Creators: name: Morrison, T. E.
name: Hong, G. K.
name: Sergeant, A.
name: Delecluse, H.-J.
name: Feng, W.-H.
name: Gruffat, H.
name: Kenney, S. C.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: The switch from the latent to the lytic form of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is mediated by expression of the viral immediate-early (IE) proteins, BZLF1 (Z) and BRLF1 (R). An EBV early protein, BRRF1 (Na), is encoded by the opposite strand of the BRLF1 intron, but the function of this nuclear protein in the viral life cycle is unknown. Here we demonstrate that Na enhances the R-mediated induction of lytic EBV infection in 293 cells latently infected with a recombinant EBV (R-KO) defective for the expression of both R and Na. Na also enhances R-induced lytic infections in a gastric carcinoma line (AGS) carrying the R-KO virus, although it has no effect in a Burkitt lymphoma line (BL-30) stably infected with the same mutant virus. We show that Na is a transcription factor that increases the ability of R to activate Z expression from the R-KO viral genome in 293 cells and that Na by itself activates the Z promoter (Zp) in EBV-negative cells. Na activation of Zp requires a CRE motif (ZII), and a consensus CRE motif is sufficient to transfer Na responsiveness to the heterologous E1b promoter. Furthermore, we show that Na enhances the transactivator function of a Gal4-c-Jun fusion protein but does not increase the transactivator function of other transcription factors (including ATF-1, ATF-2, and CREB) known to bind CRE motifs. Na expression in cells results in increased levels of a hyperphosphorylated form of c-Jun, suggesting a mechanism by which Na activates c-Jun. Our results indicate that Na is a transcription factor that activates the EBV Zp IE promoter through its effects on c-Jun and suggest that Na cooperates with BRLF1 to induce the lytic form of EBV infection in certain cell types.
General and mechanistic optimal relationships for tensile strength of doubly convex tablets under diametrical compression
Creators: name: Razavi, Sonia M.
name: Gonzalez, Marcial
name: Cuitino, Alberto M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose a general framework for determining optimal relationships for tensile strength of doubly convex tablets under diametrical compression. This approach is based on the observation that tensile strength is directly proportional to the breaking force and inversely proportional to a non-linear function of geometric parameters and materials properties. This generalization reduces to the analytical expression commonly used for flat faced tablets, i.e., Hertz solution, and to the empirical relationship currently used in the pharmaceutical industry for convex-faced tablets, i.e., Pitt's equation. Under proper parametrization, optimal tensile strength relationship can be determined from experimental results by minimizing a figure of merit of choice. This optimization is performed under the first-order approximation that a flat faced tablet and a doubly curved tablet have the same tensile strength if they have the same relative density and are made of the same powder, under equivalent manufacturing conditions. Furthermore, we provide a set of recommendations and best practices for assessing the performance of optimal tensile strength relationships in general. Based on these guidelines, we identify two new models, namely the general and mechanistic models, which are effective and predictive alternatives to the tensile strength relationship currently used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Measuring the Shape of Star-Forming Protocluster Galaxies: Probing the Morphology-Density Relation at z ~ 2.3 in MAMMOTH Protoclusters
Creators: name: Golden-Marx, Emmet
name: Cai, Zheng
name: Shi, Dongdong
name: Wang, Xin
name: Lemaux, Brian
name: Shah, Ekta
name: Haussler, Boris
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: protoclusters
morphology

description: Low-z galaxy clusters are characterized by large populations of red, bulge-dominated, elliptical galaxies. As we probe progressively higher redshifts, however, we find that the populations within clusters include an increasing number of star-forming, disk-like galaxies. To fully understand galaxy evolution within high-z clusters and protoclusters and the role that environment plays in transforming high-z star-forming galaxies into low-z red sequence galaxies, we need to measure how the morphology, color, size, and distribution of protocluster galaxies change as protoclusters virialize and evolve into clusters. While many high-z red sequence galaxies are found in clusters/protoclusters out to z ~ 2, the point when the protocluster environment impacts galaxy morphology remains an open question. To probe the morphology-density relation, we present an analysis of a large sample of galaxies in two MAMMOTH protoclusters at z ~ 2.3. Using HST/WFC3 F160W imaging, we measure the morphology of H-alpha and Lyman-alpha emitting galaxies. By comparing these measurements to both the local environment and measuring the median Sersic index of protocluster galaxies with respect to the field, we determine whether the protocluster environment impacts morphology at z ~ 2.3, or if the morphology-density relations solidifies later in our protoclusters. Additionally, we measure a higher fraction of merging systems in protoclusters, pointing towards the importance of protoclusters in elliptical galaxy formation. We probe the impact of the star formation rate in these galaxies on the morphology for our merging and non-merging galaxies to determine environmental differences and what role the higher merger fraction within the protocluster environment plays in the formation of massive cluster elliptical galaxies. As we enter the JWST era, understanding the role the protocluster environment plays in galaxy pre-processing is vital for completing the picture of cluster galaxy evolution.
The C-Mer Gene Is Induced by Epstein-Barr Virus Immediate-Early Protein BRLF1
Creators: name: Webster-Cyriaque, J.
name: Li, Y.
name: Kenney, S.
name: Hong, G. K.
name: Mahajan, N. P.
name: Earp, H. S.
name: Bhende, P.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: BRLF1 (R) is one of two Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immediate-early proteins that mediate the switch from the latent to the lytic form of viral replication. In this report, we show that R induces expression of the cellular C-mer gene in a variety of cell lines. C-mer expression was detected in lymphoblastoid cells immortalized with wild-type EBV but not in lymphoblastoid cells immortalized with an EBV that had BRLF1 deleted. Oral hairy leukoplakia tongue tissue, which contains the lytic form of EBV replication, also has enhanced C-mer expression. C-mer is a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by the ligand Gas6. C-mer is required for phagocytosis of apoptotic debris by monocytes/macrophages and retinal pigment epithelial cells and is capable of producing an antiapoptotic signal. Modulation of the C-mer signal transduction cascade by a variety of different approaches did not alter the ability of R to induce lytic EBV gene transcription. Therefore, C-mer activation may be important for some other aspect of lytic EBV infection.
Boosting photocatalytic activity using carbon nitride based 2D/2D van der Waals heterojunctions
Creators: name: Laishram, Devika
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 30201 Bioinorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 30199 Analytical Chemistry not elsewhere classified
subject: 30101 Analytical Spectrometry
subject: 30402 Biomolecular Modelling and Design
subject: 30601 Catalysis and Mechanisms of Reactions

description: The surging demand for energy and staggering pollutants in the environment have geared the scientific community to explore sustainable pathways that are economically feasible and environmentally compelling. In this context, harnessing solar energy using semiconductor materials to generate charge pairs to drive photoredox reactions has been envisioned as a futuristic approach. Numerous inorganic crystals with promising nanoregime properties investigated in the past decade have yet to demonstrate practical application due to limited photon absorption and sluggish charge separation kinetics. Two-dimensional semiconductors with tunable optical and electronic properties and quasi-resistance-free lateral charge transfer mechanisms have shown great promise in photocatalysis. Polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is among the most promising candidates due to fine-tuned band edges and the feasibility of optimizing the optical properties via materials genomics. Constructing a two-dimensional (2D)/2D van der Waals (vdW) heterojunction by allies of 2D carbon nitride sheets and other 2D semiconductors has demonstrated enhanced charge separation with improved visible photon absorption, and the performance is not restricted by the lattice matching of constituting materials. With the advent of new 2D semiconductors over the recent past, the 2D/2D heterojunction assemblies are gaining momentum to design high performance photocatalysts for numerous applications. This review aims to highlight recent advancements and key understanding in carbon nitride based 2D/2D heterojunctions and their applications in photocatalysis, including small molecules activation, conversion, and degradations. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective discussing the key challenges and opportunity areas for future research.