cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Backreaction and Stochastic Effects in Single Field Inflation
Creators: name: Levasseur, Laurence Perreault
name: McDonough, Evan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The formalism of stochastic inflation is a powerful tool for analyzing the backreaction of cosmological perturbations, and making precise predictions for inflationary observables. We demonstrate this with the simple $m^2ϕ^2$ model of inflation, wherein we obtain an effective field theory for IR modes of the inflaton, which remains coupled to UV modes through a classical noise. We compute slow-roll corrections to the evolution of UV modes (i.e. quantum fluctuations), and track this effect from the UV theory to the IR theory, where it manifests as a correction to the classical noise. We compute the stochastic correction to the spectral index of primordial perturbations, finding a small effect, and discuss models in which this effect can become large. We extend our analysis to tensor modes, and demonstrate that the stochastic approach allows us to recover the standard tensor tilt $n_T$, plus corrections.
description: 24 pages, 5 figures
Momentum Control with Hierarchical Inverse Dynamics on a Torque-Controlled Humanoid
Creators: name: Herzog, Alexander
name: Rotella, Nicholas
name: Mason, Sean
name: Grimminger, Felix
name: Schaal, Stefan
name: Righetti, Ludovic
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Hierarchical inverse dynamics based on cascades of quadratic programs have been proposed for the control of legged robots. They have important benefits but to the best of our knowledge have never been implemented on a torque controlled humanoid where model inaccuracies, sensor noise and real-time computation requirements can be problematic. Using a reformulation of existing algorithms, we propose a simplification of the problem that allows to achieve real-time control. Momentum-based control is integrated in the task hierarchy and a LQR design approach is used to compute the desired associated closed-loop behavior and improve performance. Extensive experiments on various balancing and tracking tasks show very robust performance in the face of unknown disturbances, even when the humanoid is standing on one foot. Our results demonstrate that hierarchical inverse dynamics together with momentum control can be efficiently used for feedback control under real robot conditions.
description: 21 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables in Autonomous Robots (2015)
Dust extinction map of the Galactic plane based on the VVV survey data
Creators: name: Zhang, Miaomiao
name: Kainulainen, Jouni
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Dust extinction is one of the most reliable tracers of the gas distribution in the Milky Way. The near-infrared (NIR) Vista Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) survey enables extinction mapping based on stellar photometry over a large area in the Galactic plane. We devise a novel extinction mapping approach, XPNICER, by bringing together VVV photometric catalogs, stellar parameter data from StarHorse catalogs, and previously published Xpercentile and PNICER extinction mapping techniques. We apply the approach to the VVV survey area, resulting in an extinction map that covers the Galactic disk between 295 and 350 degrees at longitude and -2 to 2 degrees at latitude, and the Galactic bulge between -10 and 5 degrees at latitude. The map has 30 arcseconds spatial resolution and it traces extinctions typically up to about 10-20 mag of visual extinction and maximally up to Av~30 mag. We compare our map to previous dust based maps, concluding that it provides a high-fidelity extinction-based map, especially in its ability to recover both the diffuse dust component of the Galaxy and moderately extincted giant molecular cloud regions. The map is especially useful as independent, extinction-based data on the Galactic dust distribution and applicable for a wide range of studies from individual molecular clouds to the studies of the Galactic stellar populations.
description: accepted by MNRAS, 37 pages
First detection of silicon-bearing molecules in $η$ Car
Creators: name: Bordiu, C.
name: Rizzo, J. R.
name: Bufano, F.
name: Quintana-Lacaci, G.
name: Buemi, C.
name: Leto, P.
name: Cavallaro, F.
name: Cerrigone, L.
name: Ingallinera, A.
name: Loru, S.
name: Riggi, S.
name: Trigilio, C.
name: Umana, G.
name: Sciacca, E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present ALMA band 6 observations of the luminous blue variable Eta Car, obtained within the ALMAGAL program. We report SiO J=5-4, SiS J=12-11 and SiN N=5-4 emission in the equatorial region of the Homunculus nebula, constituting the first detection of silicon- and sulphur-bearing molecules in the outskirts of a highly evolved, early-type massive star. SiO, SiS and SiN trace a clumpy equatorial ring that surrounds the central binary at a projected distance of 2 arcsec, delineating the inner rims of the butterfly-shaped dusty region. The formation of silicon-bearing compounds is presumably related to the continuous recycling of dust due to the variable wind regime of Eta Car, that destroys grains and releases silicon back to gas phase. We discuss possible formation routes for the observed species, contextualizing them within the current molecular inventory of Eta Car. We find that the SiO and SiS fractional abundances in localised clumps of the ring, $6.7\times10^{-9}$ and $1.2\times10^{-8}$ respectively, are exceptionally lower than those measured in C- and O-rich AGB stars and cool supergiants; while the higher SiN abundance, $3.6\times10^{-8}$, evidences the nitrogen-rich chemistry of the ejecta. These abundances must be regarded as strict upper limits, since the distribution of H2 in the Homunculus is unknown. In any case, these findings shed new light onto the peculiar molecular ecosystem of Eta Car, and establish its surroundings as a new laboratory to investigate the lifecycle of silicate dust in extreme astrophysical conditions.
description: 17 pages, 7 figures. Accepted in ApJL
Niche Construction, Cumulative Culture and The Social Transmission of Expertise
Creators: name: Sterelny, Kim
Publisher: name: PaleoAnthropology
Year: 2022

description: This paper defends the following main claims: (i) in the discussion of cumulative culture, the importance of specific causal recipes has been overstated,and the imortance of broad-channel skills, and skills not tied to specific motor procedures has been understated; (ii) by the late Pleistocene, and probably earlier, hominin lives depended on broad channel skills and expertise. (iii) critical skills included those requiring specific physical procedures (toolmaking, hide preparation (and the preparation and use of other soft materials) but also more cognitive skills like tracking, local natural history, navigation. (iv) As these more cognitive skills are not ied to distinctive motor sequuencs, in-principle they cannot be learned by observing and reproducing the motor sequences of models. Even for those skills that do encompass specific physical skills, imitation of a model’s specific motor sequences is at most only one aspect of skill acquisition. The importance of imitation and other copying has been much over-stated in discussions of cumulative culture. (v) Rather than imitation or some other form of copying, the crucial cognitive capacity required for cumulative culture is the ability to integrate information streams from multiple social and physical channels. (vi) The reliable transmission of the cognitive capital of one forager generation to the next is supported by an adaptive, efficient learning niche.
description: PaleoAnthropology, Vol. 2023 No. 2 (2023): PaleoAnthropology
Scalar Curvature and Projective Compactness
Creators: name: Cap, Andreas
name: Gover, A. Rod
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: Primary 53A20, 53B21, 53B10, Secondary 35N10, 53A30, 58J60

description: Consider a manifold with boundary, and such that the interior is equipped with a pseudo-Riemannian metric. We prove that, under mild asymptotic non-vanishing conditions on the scalar curvature, if the Levi-Civita connection of the interior does not extend to the boundary (because for example the interior is complete) whereas its projective structure does, then the metric is projectively compact of order 2; this order is a measure of volume growth toward infinity. The result implies a host of results including that the metric satisfies asymptotic Einstein conditions, and induces a canonical conformal structure on the boundary. Underpinning this work is a new interpretation of scalar curvature in terms of projective geometry. This enables us to show that if the projective structure of a metric extends to the boundary then its scalar curvature also naturally and smoothly extends.
description: Final version to be published in J. Geom. Phys. Includes minor typo corrections and a new summarising corollary. 10 pages
Radiation pressure-driven outflows from dusty AGN
Creators: name: Arakawa, N.
name: Fabian, A. C.
name: Ferland, G. J.
name: Ishibashi, W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Radiation pressure-driven outflows from luminous accreting supermassive black holes are an important part of active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. The effective Eddington limit, based on absorption of radiation by dust, not electron scattering, is revealed in the plane of AGN absorption column density $N_{\mathrm{H}}$ as a function of Eddington fraction $λ_{\mathrm{Edd}} = L_{\mathrm{bol}}/L_{\mathrm{Edd}}$, where a lack of objects is seen in the region where the effective limit is exceeded. Here, we conduct radiation simulation using the CLOUDY code to deduce the radiative force applied onto dusty gas at the nucleus and compare to the gravitational force to reveal the outflow region and its boundary with long-lived absorption clouds. We also investigate how the outflow condition is affected by various AGN and dust properties and distribution. As expected, the dust abundance has the largest effect on the $N_{\mathrm{H}} - λ_{\mathrm{Edd}}$ diagram since the higher the abundance, the more effective the radiative feedback, while the impact of the inner radius of the dusty gas shell, the shell width and the AGN spectral shape are relatively negligible. The presence of other central masses, such as a nuclear star cluster, can also make the feedback less effective. The AGN spectral energy distribution depends on the mass of the black hole and its spin. Though the effects of the AGN SED on the diagram are relatively small, the fraction of ionizing ultraviolet (UV) photons from the blackbody accretion disc is affected more by black hole mass than spin, and can influence the efficiency of radiation pressure.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS; 11 pages, 7 figures
RaDiO: an efficient spatiotemporal radiation diagnostic for particle-in-cell codes
Creators: name: Pardal, M.
name: Sainte-Marie, A.
name: Reboul-Salze, A.
name: Fonseca, R. A.
name: Viera, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This work describes a novel radiation algorithm designed to capture the three-dimensional, space-time resolved electromagnetic field structure emitted by large ensembles of charged particles. % in particle-in-cell (PIC) codes. The algorithm retains the full set of degrees of freedom that characterize electromagnetic waves by employing the Liénard-Wiechert fields to retrieve radiation emission. Emitted electric and magnetic fields are deposited in a virtual detector using a temporal interpolation scheme. This feature is essential to accurately predict field amplitudes and preserve the continuous character of radiation emission, even though particle dynamics is known only in a discrete set of temporal steps. Our algorithm retains and accurately captures, by design, full spatial and temporal coherence effects. We demonstrate that our numerical approach recovers well known theoretical radiated spectra in standard scenarios of radiation emission. We show that the algorithm is computationally efficient by computing the full spatiotemporal radiation features of High Harmonic Generation through a plasma mirror in a Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulation.
The Wadi Madamagh (Petra Region, Jordan) Late Upper Paleolithic and Initial/Early Epipaleolithic Lithic Components
Creators: name: Olszewski, Deborah I.
name: Al-Nahar, Maysoon
name: Schyle, Daniel
name: Byrd, Brian F.
name: Parow-Souchon, Hannah
Publisher: name: PaleoAnthropology
Year: 2022

description: Wadi Madamagh is a key site for the Late Upper Paleolithic and the Initial/Early Epipaleolithic in the Petra region of Jordan. First excavated in 1956 by Diana Kirkbride, it was subsequently tested in 1983, and excavated by two separate teams in the summer and fall of 2011. The approaches to classifying and describing the lithic industries thus have varied as a result of different technological and typological systems used by the various teams, as well as the accumulating regional data for these two temporal periods over the more than six decades since Kirkbride’s excavations. Several of the authors (DIO, MN, DS, and BFB) were responsible for these separate lithic analyses and the 1983 (DS) and 2011 (DIO, MN, DS) excavations. Here, we examine our previous lithic analyses for Wadi Madamagh and then integrate these into a single set of analyses to produce a unified description for the Late Upper Paleolithic and Initial/Early Epipaleolithic at this site. Recently obtained calibrated radiocarbon dates for the two occupations at Wadi Madamagh suggest that there is little temporal separation, although the lithic industries are distinctively different. We assess these two lithic components from Wadi Madamagh in the context of the Petra region (Sabra 4-Palmview 3, Sabra 3 North, Taibeh, and Sabra 3 South). Finally, we examine the Late Upper Paleolithic and Initial/Early Epipaleolithic at Wadi Madamagh from the perspective of the eastern (inland) Levant using comparisons to the two well-investigated regions of the Wadi al-Hasa and the Azraq Basin to the northeast.
description: PaleoAnthropology, Vol. 2023 No. 1 (2023): PaleoAnthropology
Deformation of the Dirac Equation
Creators: name: Faizal, Mir
name: Kruglov, Sergey I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: General Physics (physics.gen-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper, we will first clarify the physical meaning of having a minimum measurable time. Then we will combine the deformation of the Dirac equation due to the existence of minimum measurable length and time scales with its deformation due to the doubly special relativity. We will also analyse this deformed Dirac equation in curved spacetime, and observe that this deformation of the Dirac equation also leads to a non-trivial modification of general relativity. Finally, we will analyse the stochastic quantization of this deformed Dirac equation on curved spacetime.
description: 16 pages, 0 figures, Accepted for publication in Int. J. Mod. Phys. D
A puzzling 2-hour X-ray periodicity in the 1.5-hour orbital period black widow PSR J1311-3430
Creators: name: De Luca, Andrea
name: Marelli, Martino
name: Mereghetti, Sandro
name: Salvaterra, Ruben
name: Mignani, Roberto
name: Belfiore, Andrea
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Time-domain analysis of an archival XMM-Newton observation unveiled a very unusual variability pattern in the soft X-ray emission of PSR J1311-3430, a black widow millisecond pulsar in a tight binary (P_B=93.8 min) with a very low-mass (M~0.01 Msun) He companion star, known to show flaring emission in the optical and in the X-rays. A series of six pulses with a regular recurrence time of ~124 min is apparent in the 0.2-10 keV light curve of the system, also featuring an initial, bright flare and a quiescent phase lasting several hours. The X-ray spectrum does not change when the pulses are seen and is consistent with a power law with photon index Gamma~1.6, also describing the quiescent emission. The peak luminosity of the pulses is of several 10^32 erg/s. Simultaneous observations in the U band with the Optical Monitor onboard XMM and in the g' band from the Las Cumbres Observatory do not show any apparent counterpart of the pulses and only display the well-known orbital modulation of the system. We consider different hypotheses to explain the recurrent pulses: we investigate their possible analogy with other phenomena already observed in this pulsar and in similar systems and we also study possible explanations related to the interaction of the energetic pulsar wind with intrabinary material, but we found none of these pictures to be convincing. We identify simultaneous X-ray observations and optical spectroscopy as a possible way to constrain the nature of the phenomenon.
description: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics as a Letter
Community Niches and Evolution of Generalist Primates: A Preliminary Assessment of Plio-Pleistocene Cercopithecidae in Africa
Creators: name: Smail, Irene
Publisher: name: PaleoAnthropology
Year: 2022

description: Niche construction theory has increasingly received attention in paleoanthropology as a new focus for considering the evolutionary consequences of hominin tool-use and cultural adaptation starting in the Pleistocene. Modern humans excel at dramatic landscape modification, allowing us to regulate the effects of natural selection on our own species while simultaneously imposing novel selective forces on other living organisms. The long-standing effects of this current and past niche construction by our species makes it challenging to explore the timing and effects of hominin behavioral adaptations using modern analogues alone. In this paper I employ a community ecological approach to address evolutionary trends within a group of generalist primates—the Cercopithecidae—from Pliocene and early Pleistocene localities in Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Africa. Principal component analysis is used to model the dental ecomorphological niches of fossil cercopithecid species and taxocenes (a closely related subset of the faunal community), along with a comparative sample of extant cercopithecids from sub-Saharan Africa. Differences in the dental morphological niches of modern cercopithecid taxocenes can be attributed to variation in habitat conditions. Taxocenes appear more similar at local scales and co-occurring cercopithecids are relatively evenly dispersed in their dental morphological niche space, suggesting that they are able to maximize their available niches while avoiding competition within these taxocenes. Fossil taxocenes in eastern Africa (Hadar, Shungura, and Koobi Fora formations) also tend to occupy similar niches to one another and exhibit minimal spatial or temporal variation in their dental morphological niches. These eastern African taxocenes are distinct from those in South Africa (Makapansgat, Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai), both in their overall niche positions and in measures of dispersion. Despite high species richness, cercopithecid taxocenes in the early Pleistocene of South Africa occupied restricted niches with more closely packed species, a pattern with no modern African analogue. The loss of this South African niche and an overall niche shift between early Pleistocene and modern cercopithecid taxocenes in Africa likely reflects a combination of climatic and habitat factors along with increasing impacts from tool-using hominins during the later Pleistocene. These results provide an important comparative pattern for considering how Pliocene hominins may have responded to environmental and habitat variation. Further, given the challenges of interpreting hominin behavioral evolution during this period, community paleoecological approaches like the one taken here can be useful for identifying changes in other mammalian groups in response an expanded hominin niche.
description: PaleoAnthropology, Vol. 2023 No. 2 (2023): PaleoAnthropology
Electronic conductance of twisted bilayer nanoribbon flakes
Creators: name: Pelc, M.
name: Morell, E. Suárez
name: Brey, L.
name: Chico, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the transport properties of a twisted bilayer graphene flake contacted by two monolayer nanoribbons which act as leads. We analyze the conductance in terms of the spectra of the bilayer nanoribbon and the monolayer contacts. The low-energy transport properties are governed by the edge states with AB stacking. Remarkably, the electronic conductance in this energy region does not depend much on the relative position of the leads, in contrast with that of bilayer flakes with more symmetric stackings. We attribute this feature to the localization of these low-energy states in the AB edge regions of the flake, having a much smaller weight at the junctions between the flake and the nanoribbon leads.
TOI-3884 b: A rare 6-R$_{\oplus}$ planet that transits a low-mass star with a giant and likely polar spot
Creators: name: Almenara, J. M.
name: Bonfils, X.
name: Forveille, T.
name: Astudillo-Defru, N.
name: Ciardi, D. R.
name: Schwarz, R. P.
name: Collins, K. A.
name: Cointepas, M.
name: Lund, M. B.
name: Bouchy, F.
name: Charbonneau, D.
name: Díaz, R. F.
name: Delfosse, X.
name: Kidwell, R. C.
name: Kunimoto, M.
name: Latham, D. W.
name: Lissauer, J. J.
name: Murgas, F.
name: Ricker, G.
name: Seager, S.
name: Vezie, M.
name: Watanabe, D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite mission identified a deep and asymmetric transit-like signal with a periodicity of 4.5 days orbiting the M4 dwarf star TOI-3884. The signal has been confirmed by follow-up observations collected by the ExTrA facility and Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope, which reveal that the transit is chromatic. The light curves are well modelled by a host star having a large polar spot transited by a 6-R$_{\oplus}$ planet. We validate the planet with seeing-limited photometry, high-resolution imaging, and radial velocities. TOI-3884 b, with a radius of $6.00 \pm 0.18$ R$_{\oplus}$, is the first sub-Saturn planet transiting a mid-M dwarf. Owing to the host star's brightness and small size, it has one of the largest transmission spectroscopy metrics for this planet size and becomes a top target for atmospheric characterisation with the James Webb Space Telescope and ground-based telescopes.
description: 13 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in A&A Letters
Self-force from reconstructed metric perturbations: numerical implementation in Schwarzschild spacetime
Creators: name: Merlin, Cesar
name: Shah, Abhay G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a first numerical implementation of a new scheme by Pound et al. that enables the calculation of the gravitational self-force in Kerr spacetime from a reconstructed metric-perturbation in a radiation gauge. The numerical task of the metric reconstruction essentially reduces to solving the fully separable Teukolsky equation, rather than having to tackle the linearized Einstein's equations themselves. The method offers significant computational saving compared to existing methods in the Lorenz gauge, and we expect it to become a main workhorse for precision self-force calculations in the future. Here we implement the method for circular orbits on a Schwarzschild background, in order to illustrate its efficacy and accuracy. We use two independent methods for solving the Teukolsky equation, one based on a direct numerical integration, and the other on the analytical approach of Mano, Suzuki, and Takasugi. The relative accuracy of the output self-force is at least $10^{-7}$ using the first method, and at least $10^{-9}$ using the second; the two methods agree to within the error bars of the first. We comment on the relation to a related approach by Shah et al., and discuss foreseeable applications to more generic orbits in Kerr spacetime.
description: Minor corrections
Experimental Characterization of the Pyridine:Acetylene Co-crystal and Implications for Titan's Surface
Creators: name: Czaplinski, Ellen C.
name: Vu, Tuan H.
name: Cable, Morgan L.
name: Choukroun, Mathieu
name: Malaska, Michael J.
name: Hodyss, Robert
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Titan, Saturn's largest moon, has a plethora of organic compounds in the atmosphere and on the surface that interact with each other. Cryominerals such as co-crystals may influence the geologic processes and chemical composition of Titan's surface, which in turn informs our understanding of how Titan may have evolved, how the surface is continuing to change, as well as the extent of Titan's habitability. Previous work has shown that a pyridine:acetylene (1:1) co-crystal forms under specific temperatures and experimental conditions; however, this has not yet been demonstrated under Titan-relevant conditions. Our work here demonstrates that the pyridine:acetylene co-crystal is stable from 90 K, Titan's average surface temperature, up to 180 K under an atmosphere of N2. In particular, the co-crystal forms via liquid-solid interactions within minutes upon mixing of the constituents at 150 K, as evidenced by distinct, new Raman bands and band shifts. XRD results indicate moderate anisotropic thermal expansion (about 0.5% - 1.1%) along the three principal axes between 90-150 K. Additionally, the co-crystal is detectable after being exposed to liquid ethane, implying stability in a residual ethane "wetting" scenario on Titan. These results suggest that the pyridine:acetylene co-crystal could form in specific geologic contexts on Titan that allow for warm environments in which liquid pyridine could persist, and as such, this cryomineral may preserve evidence of impact, cryovolcanism, or subsurface transport in surface materials.
description: 12 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables
The Cultural Contribution to Evolvability
Creators: name: Lala, Kevin
name: O'Brien, Michael J.
Publisher: name: PaleoAnthropology
Year: 2022

description: Abstract. Evolvability is an emerging and synthetic topic that is making an impact in a variety of evolutionary fields. Although several definitions of evolvability have earned currency, most share a focus on the capacity or potential of systems to evolve. The suggestion that this capacity depends in part on the complexity of the focal organism’s development, and hence that different organisms evolve in fundamentally different ways, is a key point of contention in debates over the importance of evolutionary developmental biology and the merits of an extended evolutionary synthesis. Here we sketch the important contributions that human and nonhuman cultural processes make to the capacity to evolve and suggest that the cultural contribution to evolvability is key to understanding human and hominin evolution. Keywords: adaptation, culture, evolvability, extended synthesis, learning, niche construction
description: PaleoAnthropology, Vol. 2023 No. 2 (2023): PaleoAnthropology
Reconceiving Paleoanthropology in the Era of the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
Creators: name: Goodrum, Matthew
Publisher: name: PaleoAnthropology
Year: 2022

description: The Modern Synthesis was not widely adopted by paleoanthropologists until the 1950s, but the perception has been that this event had important theoretical and methodological consequences for the study of hominid evolution. This paper presents a general historical overview of the state of evolutionary theory within paleoanthropology during the early twentieth century, the key events that led to the integration of the Modern Synthesis into paleoanthropology, and the major consequences this had. Among the most important effects were the rejection of Neo-Lamarckian and orthogenetic mechanisms to explain hominid evolution. The Modern Synthesis emphasized genetics, the centrality of natural selection as the driving force of evolution, the notion that populations are highly variable, and that evolution produced gradually evolving lineages where the boundary between ancestor and descendant species is fuzzy. The Modern Synthesis encouraged the reform of hominid taxonomy, which resulted in the dramatic reduction of hominid taxa, and influenced hominid phylogeny through such ideas as the single species hypothesis. However, historians of science and paleoanthropologists have raised questions regarding the specific influences of the Modern Synthesis and the extent to which major developments in paleoanthropological theory and practice since 1950 should be attributed to the Modern Synthesis or to a more complex range of developments.
description: PaleoAnthropology, Vol. 2023 No. 2 (2023): PaleoAnthropology
Acoustic radiation force and torque on nonspherical objects
Creators: name: Jerome, Thomas Samuel
name: 0000-0002-6743-6007
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 2022
Subjects: Acoustic radiation force
Acoustic radiation torque
Nonlinear acoustics
Physical acoustics

description: This dissertation presents two theories for acoustic radiation force and torque on nonspherical objects. Developed first is a semi-analytical theory for acoustic radiation force and torque on compressible spheroids. The analytical framework generalizes a previous theory for radiation force on a sphere, and expresses the radiation force and torque on objects of arbitrary shape and composition in terms of products of coefficients in spherical wave expansions of the incident and scattered fields. The theory applies to homogeneous compressible spheroids of arbitrary aspect ratio, size, and specific acoustic impedance. Boundary conditions are satisfied using spheroidal coordinates and spheroidal wave functions to obtain a system of equations for the coefficients in the expansions of the scattered and transmitted fields. The spheroidal wave expansion coefficients are related analytically to the required spherical wave expansion coefficients. Results are presented for radiation force and torque exerted on compressible and rigid prolate spheroids by progressive and standing plane wave incidence. Developed second is the Born approximation of acoustic radiation force and torque, which applies to soft objects of arbitrary shape and allows for inhomogeneous material properties. The Born approximation expresses the radiation force and torque as integrals over the volume of the object. The approximation is shown to be accurate for objects with sizes up to the order of a wavelength subject to two restrictions. First, the compressibility and density of the object must be similar to the corresponding properties of the surrounding fluid, such that scattering from the object is weak, and second, the incident field must be sufficiently distinct from a progressive plane wave that the dominant contribution to acoustic radiation force is provided by gradients of the time-averaged potential and kinetic energy densities. Simplified analytical solutions and numerical results are obtained for objects with a variety of shapes and material property distributions, including homogeneous and inhomogeneous spheres, cylinders, prolate spheroids, and a canonical representation of a red blood cell. Results reveal effects of the geometry, orientation, and material inhomogeneity of an object on the acoustic radiation force and torque. The theory is validated for spheres and prolate spheroids in a standing plane wave, and for spheres in standing and progressive spherical wave fields.
On the origin of the dichotomy of stellar activity cycles
Creators: name: Bonanno, Alfio
name: Corsaro, Enrico
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The presence of possible correlations between stellar rotation rate $Ω$ and the frequency of the activity cycle $ω_\mathrm{cyc}$ is still much debated. We implement a new Bayesian classification algorithm based on a simultaneous regression analysis of multiple scaling laws and we demonstrate the existence of two different scalings in the $\log_{10} ω_\mathrm{cyc}$ -- $\log_{10} Ω$ plane for an extended Mt.~Wilson sample of 67 stars. Thanks to metallicity measurements obtained from both ESA Gaia and high-resolution spectroscopy, we argue that the origin of this dichotomy is likely related to the chemical composition: stars whose magnetic cycle frequency increases with rotation rate are less metallic than stars whose magnetic cycle frequency decreases with stellar rotation rates. On the contrary, no clear difference in chromospheric magnetic activity indicators characterizes the two branches.
description: 7 pages, 2 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Contact e-mails: alfio.bonanno@inaf.it, enrico.corsaro@inaf.it
First class models from linear and nonlinear second class constraints
Creators: name: Dehghani, Mehdi
name: Mardaani, Maryam
name: Monemzadeh, Majid
name: Nejad, Salman Abarghouei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Two models with linear and nonlinear second class constraints are considered and gauged by embedding in an extended phase space. These models are the free non-relativistic particle on a hyperplane and hyper sphere in configuration space. For the first model we construct its gauged corresponding by the condition of converting second class system to first class one, directly. In contrast the first class system related to the free particle on hyper sphere is derived by the BFT embedding procedure, where its steps are infinite. We give a practical formula for gauging linear and some of the nonlinear second class systems, based on the simplified BFT method. As a result of the gauging two models, we show that in the conversion of second class to the first class constraints the minimum number of phase space degrees of freedom for both systems is a pair of phase space coordinate. This pair for first system is a coordinate and its momentum conjugate, but Poisson structure of embedded non-relativistic particle on hyper sphere is a non-trivial one. We derive infinite correction terms for the Hamiltonian of the nonlinear constraints. The summation is done and constructs an interacting gauged Hamiltonian. We find an open algebra for three first class objects of the embedded nonlinear system.
description: minor corrections, some refs added, final version accepted for publication in Mod. Phys. Lett. A
Evaluation report of the effectiveness of the Ziron Pulse Nutrition ToolKit
Creators: name: Munthali, Bertha Mkandawire
name: Kiage, Beatrice
name: Stewart, Derek
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Micronutrient
Deficiency
Zinc
Iron
beans
biofortify
Nutrition
toolkit

description: As part of the projecyt ZIRON Pulse: Upscaling adoption and exploitation of a wide diversity of Iron and Zinc-rich beans by rural populations in Africa, mirconutrient deficies were the traget probelem to be addressed. Micronutrient deficiencies are a major public health problem affecting large parts of the world’s population. Biofortification, the process of enhancing the micronutrient content in plants by plant breeding has been proven to fill the nutrient gap, especially in hard-to-reach populations. Biofortified crops are steadily being introduced, and the scale of many biofortification programs is increasing. However, there are still gaps concerning the nutrition and health benefits of biofortified beans including myths and misconceptions that hinder their utilization in the community.
 The Nutrition toolkit was developed to address these nutrition and health information gaps that had been identified from a formative research that was done in Kiambu, Nyeri and Meru counties of Kenya. The evaluation was conducted using Focus group discussions (FGD) and in-depth interviews to collect information related to knowledge, attitude, and practices on biofortified beans, and bean processing
 methods adopted by the communities, sources of information on biofortified beans, availability of biofortified beans, recipes tried at home, barriers to biofortified bean consumption and what consumers like most about biofortified beans. This information was gathered in order to evaluate the performance of the nutrition toolkit in terms of addressing gaps identified in formative research.
 Structured interview data collection was conducted using tablet computers and open data kit (ODK) software. FGD data was recorded, transcribed, coded and summarized into themes.
SDSS IV MaNGA: Bar pattern speed in Milky Way Analogue galaxies
Creators: name: Garma-Oehmichen, Luis
name: Hernández-Toledo, Héctor
name: Aquino-Ortíz, Erik
name: Martinez-Medina, Luis
name: Puerari, Ivanio
name: Cano-Díaz, Mariana
name: Valenzuela, Octavio
name: Vázquez-Mata, José Antonio
name: Géron, Tobias
name: Martínez-Vázquez, Luis Artemio
name: Lane, Richard
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Most secular effects produced by stellar bars strongly depend on the pattern speed. Unfortunately, it is also the most difficult observational parameter to estimate. In this work, we measured the bar pattern speed of 97 Milky-Way Analogue galaxies from the MaNGA survey using the Tremaine-Weinberg method. The sample was selected by constraining the stellar mass and morphological type. We improve our measurements by weighting three independent estimates of the disc position angle. To recover the disc rotation curve, we fit a kinematic model to the H$_α$ velocity maps correcting for the non-circular motions produced by the bar. The complete sample has a smooth distribution of the bar pattern speed ($Ω_{Bar}=28.14^{+12.30}_{-9.55}$ km s$^{-1}$ kpc $^{-1}$), corotation radius ($R_{CR} = 7.82^{+3.99}_{-2.96}$ kpc) and the rotation rate ($\mathcal{R} = 1.35^{+0.60}_{-0.40}$). We found two sets of correlations: (i) between the bar pattern speed, the bar length and the logarithmic stellar mass (ii) between the bar pattern speed, the disc circular velocity and the bar rotation rate. If we constrain our sample by inclination within $30 \degree < i < 60 \degree$ and relative orientation $20\degree<|PA_{disc}-PA_{bar} |<70\degree$, the correlations become stronger and the fraction of ultra-fast bars is reduced from 20\% to 10\% of the sample. This suggest that a significant fraction of ultra-fast bars in our sample could be associated to the geometric limitations of the TW-method. By further constraining the bar size and disc circular velocity, we obtain a sub-sample of 25 Milky-Way analogues galaxies with distributions $Ω_{Bar}=30.48^{+10.94}_{-6.57}$ km s$^{-1}$ kpc$^{-1}$, $R_{CR} = 6.77^{+2.32}_{-1.91}$ kpc and $\mathcal{R} = 1.45^{+0.57}_{-0.43}$, in good agreement with the current estimations for our Galaxy.
description: 19 pages, 20 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Assessing phenotypic correlation through the multivariate phylogenetic latent liability model
Creators: name: Cybis, Gabriela B.
name: Sinsheimer, Janet S.
name: Bedford, Trevor
name: Mather, Alison E.
name: Lemey, Philippe
name: Suchard, Marc A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: Applications (stat.AP)
subject: Methodology (stat.ME)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Understanding which phenotypic traits are consistently correlated throughout evolution is a highly pertinent problem in modern evolutionary biology. Here, we propose a multivariate phylogenetic latent liability model for assessing the correlation between multiple types of data, while simultaneously controlling for their unknown shared evolutionary history informed through molecular sequences. The latent formulation enables us to consider in a single model combinations of continuous traits, discrete binary traits and discrete traits with multiple ordered and unordered states. Previous approaches have entertained a single data type generally along a fixed history, precluding estimation of correlation between traits and ignoring uncertainty in the history. We implement our model in a Bayesian phylogenetic framework, and discuss inference techniques for hypothesis testing. Finally, we showcase the method through applications to columbine flower morphology, antibiotic resistance in Salmonella and epitope evolution in influenza.
description: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/15-AOAS821 in the Annals of Applied Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aoas/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
Reduced relative entropy techniques for a priori analysis of multiphase problems in elastodynamics
Creators: name: Giesselmann, Jan
name: Pryer, Tristan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We give an a priori analysis of a semi-discrete discontinuous Galerkin scheme approximating solutions to a model of multiphase elastodynamics which involves an energy density depending not only on the strain but also the strain gradient. A key component in the analysis is the reduced relative entropy stability framework developed in [Gie14]. We prove optimal bounds for the strain in an appropriate norm and suboptimal bounds for the velocity.
description: 21 pages, 2 tables
Reduced relative entropy techniques for a posteriori analysis of multiphase problems in elastodynamics
Creators: name: Giesselmann, Jan
name: Pryer, Tristan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We give an a posteriori analysis of a semi-discrete discontinuous Galerkin scheme approximating solutions to a model of multiphase elastodynamics, which involves an energy density depending not only on the strain but also the strain gradient. A key component in the analysis is the reduced relative entropy stability framework developed in [Giesselmann 2014]. This framework allows energy type arguments to be applied to continuous functions. Since we advocate the use of discontinuous Galerkin methods we make use of two families of reconstructions, one set of discrete reconstructions [Makridakis and Nochetto 2006] and a set of elliptic reconstructions [Makridakis and Nochetto 2003] to apply the reduced relative entropy framework in this setting.
description: 23 pages, 5 tables, 2 figures, 8 subfigures
A possible solution to the second entanglement paradox
Creators: name: Aerts, Diederik
name: de Bianchi, Massimiliano Sassoli
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Entangled states are in conflict with a general physical principle which expresses that a composite entity exists if and only if its components also exist, and the hypothesis that pure states represent the actuality of a physical entity, i.e., its 'existence'. A possible way to solve this paradox consists in completing the standard formulation of quantum mechanics, by adding more pure states. We show that this can be done, in a consistent way, by using the extended Bloch representation of quantum mechanics, recently introduced to provide a possible solution to the measurement problem. Hence, with the solution proposed by the extended Bloch representation of quantum mechanics, the situation of entangled states regains full intelligibility.
description: 7 pages
A posteriori analysis of discontinuous Galerkin schemes for systems of hyperbolic conservation laws
Creators: name: Giesselmann, Jan
name: Makridakis, Charalambos
name: Pryer, Tristan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this work we construct reliable a posteriori estimates for some discontinuous Galerkin schemes applied to nonlinear systems of hyperbolic conservation laws. We make use of appropriate reconstructions of the discrete solution together with the relative entropy stability framework. The methodology we use is quite general and allows for a posteriori control of discontinuous Galerkin schemes with standard flux choices which appear in the approximation of conservation laws. In addition to the analysis, we conduct some numerical benchmarking to test the robustness of the resultant estimator.
description: 20 pages, 3 tables
Properties of atomic hydrogen gas in the Galactic plane from THOR 21-cm absorption spectra: a comparison with the high latitude gas
Creators: name: Basu, Arghyadeep
name: Roy, Nirupam
name: Beuther, Henrik
name: Syed, Jonas
name: Ott, Jürgen
name: Soler, Juan D.
name: Stil, Jeroen
name: Rugel, Michael R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The neutral hydrogen 21 cm line is an excellent tracer of the atomic interstellar medium in the cold and the warm phases. Combined 21 cm emission and absorption observations are very useful to study the properties of the gas over a wide range of density and temperature. In this work, we have used 21 cm absorption spectra from recent interferometric surveys, along with the corresponding emission spectra from earlier single dish surveys to study the properties of the atomic gas in the Milky Way. In particular, we focus on a comparison of properties between lines of sight through the gas disk in the Galactic plane and high Galactic latitude lines of sight through more diffuse gas. As expected, the analysis shows a lower average temperature for the gas in the Galactic plane compared to that along the high latitude lines of sight. The gas in the plane also has a higher molecular fraction, showing a sharp transition and flattening in the dust - gas correlation. On the other hand, the observed correlation between 21 cm brightness temperature and optical depth indicates some intrinsic difference in spin temperature distribution and a fraction of gas in the Galactic plane having intermediate optical depth (for 0.02 < $τ$ < 0.2) but higher spin temperature, compared to that of the diffuse gas at high latitude with the same optical depth. This may be due to a small fraction of cold gas with slightly higher temperature and lower density present on the Galactic plane.
description: 6 pages, 5 figures, submitted and accepted for publication in MNRAS