cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Wrońskian algebra and Broadhurst-Roberts quadratic relations
Creators: name: Zhou, Yajun
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Number Theory (math.NT)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 11B68, 33C10, 34M35 (Primary) 81T18, 81T40 (Secondary)

description: Through algebraic manipulations on Wrońskian matrices whose entries are reducible to Bessel moments, we present a new analytic proof of the quadratic relations conjectured by Broadhurst and Roberts, along with some generalizations. In the Wrońskian framework, we reinterpret the de Rham intersection pairing through polynomial coefficients in Vanhove's differential operators, and compute the Betti intersection pairing via linear sum rules for on-shell and off-shell Feynman diagrams at threshold momenta. From the ideal generated by Broadhurst--Roberts quadratic relations, we derive new non-linear sum rules for on-shell Feynman diagrams, including an infinite family of determinant identities that are compatible with Deligne's conjectures for critical values of motivic $L$-functions.
description: (v1) i+59 pages. Continuation of arXiv:1711.01829v2, reinterpretation and generalization of Fres\'an-Sabbah-Yu (arXiv:2005.11525v2, arXiv:2006.02702v1). (v2) i+55 pages. Notations upgraded and ancillary file updated. (v3) i+55 pages. For the penultimate paragraph in Sect. 4.2, there are minor notational changes and related updates in the ancillary file WronskianAlgebra_v3.nb
Land Use and Remedy Selection: Experience from the Field - The Abex Site
Creators: name: Mazurek, Janice V.
name: Hersh, Robert
name: Mazurek, Janice V.
name: Hersh, Robert
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1997
Subjects: Land Economics/Use

description: As the United States Congress debates revisions to the federal Superfund law, one of the most important topics of discussion is the degree to which cleanups at Superfund sites should be based on their expected future land use. This discussion has engaged the Superfund community for several years. Despite this apparent interest in linking cleanup with land use, however, surprisingly little analysis has been done on what role land use already plays in selecting remedies. RFF researchers have addressed the shortfall with case studies at three Superfund sites--Abex Corporation in Portsmouth, Virginia, Industri-Plex in Woburn, Massachusetts, and Fort Ord near Monterey, California--where land use has played a prominent role in the remedy selection process. Each of the case studies includes a description of: the contamination at the site; the different stakeholders involved in the remedy selection process; and the influence that land use considerations have had on this process.
BUDJET TASHKILOTLARIDA NOMODDIY AKTIVLAR HISOBINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
Creators: name: Xusainov, Xasan
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Ushbu maqolada budjet tashkilotlarida nomoddiy aktivlar hisobini yuritishning ahamiyati va bu borada ular duch keladigan muammolar o‘rganiladi. Mavjud adabiyotlarni o‘rganib, biz nomoddiy aktivlarning samarali hisobiga to‘sqinlik qiladigan asosiy muammolarni aniqlaymiz va ushbu kamchiliklarni bartaraf etishda kerakli strategiyalarni ishlab chiqamiz.
THE WORLD ACCORDING TO CHILDREN WRITERS(A Cultural Analysis on the Kecil-Kecil Punya Karya (Children Writers) series: Indonesian Children Books Written by Children)
Creators: name: Rd. Safrina Noorman
name: Rahayu, Lina Meilinawati
name: Nafisah, Nia
name: Imperiani, Ernie Diyahkusumaning Ayu
Publisher: name: Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Year: 2014
Subjects: children's literature,children's world construction,hybridity,globalization,and ideology

description: 1, 1, RANGSIT JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL STUDIES
Public Support for Pollution Fee Policies for Motor Vehicles: Survey Results
Creators: name: Krupnick, Alan J.
name: Harrington, Winston
name: Alberini, Anna
name: Krupnick, Alan J.
name: Harrington, Winston
name: Alberini, Anna
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1996
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: mobile sources
subject: survey
subject: emissions fees

description: In this paper we report on the results of a telephone survey conducted in Southern California during August and September 1996. The purpose of the survey was to inform respondents about a set of rather complex pricing policies designed to reduce motor vehicle emissions and to estimate respondent support for those policies. After receiving extensive information about these policies, respondents were polled on whether they would support, i.e., vote for, any or all of these options. The pollution fee survey elicited support for a plan that levied a fee on vehicles in the region, depending on the vehicle's emissions per mile and on the miles driven. The sample was then split in two, with half the respondents being told that a portion of the revenues would be returned to the public in the form of reductions in motor vehicle fees or sales tax reductions, and half told that these returns would be made in the form of coupons. Nearly 40 percent of respondents agreed to support the base plan (42 percent of those expressing an opinion). More than 50 percent supported the fees with rebates, including support of 54 percent when all the available revenues are returned to the public (57 percent of the sample expressing an opinion). Support for the coupon policy was intermediate between the base and rebate policies, attracting 42 percent of the sample (45 percent of those expressing an opinion). Statistical analyses were performed on the data to explain the voting patterns observed. Generally, the levels of support were significantly affected by the design features of the plans, such as the size of the fee paid and the rebate, as well as by a host of socio-demographic and perceptual variables, such as ethnicity, age, political affiliation, expected efficacy of the policy, and the degree to which air pollution affects the respondent or his or her family. Examination of these statistical results may be useful in the development of pollution fee programs to present to the public, as well as in the design of public information campaigns and the allocation of marketing resources to win support for these programs.
General, Strong Impurity-Strength Dependence of Quasiparticle Interference
Creators: name: Hong, Seung-Ju
name: Lihm, Jae-Mo
name: Park, Cheol-Hwan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Quasiparticle interference (QPI) patterns in momentum space are often assumed to be independent of the strength of the impurity potential when compared with other quantities, such as the joint density of states. Here, using the $T$-matrix theory, we show that this assumption breaks down completely even in the simplest case of a single-site impurity on the square lattice with an $s$ orbital per site. Then, we predict from first-principles, a very rich, impurity-strength-dependent structure in the QPI pattern of TaAs, an archetype Weyl semimetal. This study thus demonstrates that the consideration of the details of the scattering impurity including the impurity strength is essential for interpreting Fourier-transform scanning tunneling spectroscopy experiments in general.
description: main manuscript: 8 pages, 6 figures, Supplementary Information: 3 pages, 6 figures
Spitzer Imaging of i'-drop Galaxies: Old Stars at z~6
Creators: name: Eyles, Laurence
name: Bunker, Andrew
name: Stanway, Elizabeth
name: Lacy, Mark
name: Ellis, Richard
name: Doherty, Michelle
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present new evidence for mature stellar populations with ages >100Myr in massive galaxies (M_stellar>10^10M_sun) seen at a time when the Universe was less than 1Gyr old. We analyse the prominent detections of two z~6 star-forming galaxies (SBM03#1 & #3) made at wavelengths corresponding to the rest-frame optical using the IRAC camera onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope. We had previously identified these galaxies in HST/ACS GOODS images of Chandra Deep Field South through the "i-drop" Lyman break technique, and subsequently confirmed spectroscopically with the Keck telescope. The new Spitzer photometry reveals significant Balmer/4000Ang discontinuities, indicative of dominant stellar populations with ages >100Myr. Fitting a range of population synthesis models (for normal initial mass functions) to the HST/Spitzer photometry yields ages of 250-650Myr and implied formation redshifts z~7.5-13.5 in presently-accepted world models. Remarkably, our sources have best-fit stellar masses of 1.3-3.8x10^10M_sun (95% confidence) assuming a Salpeter initial mass function. This indicates that at least some galaxies with stellar masses >20% of those of a present-day L* galaxy had already assembled within the first Gyr after the Big Bang. We also deduce that the past average star formation rate must be comparable to the current observed rate (SFR_UV~5-30M_sun/yr), suggesting that there may have been more vigorous episodes of star formation in such systems at higher redshifts. Although a small sample, limited primarily by Spitzer's detection efficiency, our result lends support to the hypothesis advocated in our earlier analyses of the Ultra Deep Field and GOODS HST/ACS data. The presence of established systems at z~6 suggests long-lived sources at earlier epochs (z>7) played a key role in reionizing the Universe.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS (minor corrections made)
The Simons Observatory: Metamaterial Microwave Absorber (MMA) and its Cryogenic Applications
Creators: name: Xu, Zhilei
name: Chesmore, Grace E.
name: Adachi, Shunsuke
name: Ali, Aamir M.
name: Bazarko, Andrew
name: Coppi, Gabriele
name: Devlin, Mark
name: Devlin, Tom
name: Dicker, Simon R.
name: Gallardo, Patricio A.
name: Golec, Joseph E.
name: Gudmundsson, Jon E.
name: Harrington, Kathleen
name: Hattori, Makoto
name: Kofman, Anna
name: Kiuchi, Kenji
name: Kusaka, Akito
name: Limon, Michele
name: Matsuda, Frederick
name: McMahon, Jeff
name: Nati, Federico
name: Niemack, Michael D.
name: Sutariya, Shreya
name: Suzuki, Aritoki
name: Teply, Grant P.
name: Thornton, Robert J.
name: Wollack, Edward J.
name: Zannoni, Mario
name: Zhu, Ningfeng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Controlling stray light at millimeter wavelengths requires special optical design and selection of absorptive materials that should be compatible with cryogenic operating environments. While a wide selection of absorptive materials exists, these typically exhibit high indices of refraction and reflect/scatter a significant fraction of light before absorption. For many lower index materials such as commercial microwave absorbers, their applications in cryogenic environments are challenging. In this paper, we present a new tool to control stray light: metamaterial microwave absorber tiles. These tiles comprise an outer metamaterial layer that approximates a lossy gradient index anti-reflection coating. They are fabricated via injection molding commercially available carbon-loaded polyurethane (25\% by mass). The injection molding technology enables mass production at low cost. The design of these tiles is presented, along with thermal tests to 1 K. Room temperature optical measurements verify their control of reflectance to less than 1\% up to 65$\circ$ angles of incidence, and control of wide angle scattering below 0.01\%. The dielectric properties of the bulk carbon-loaded material used in the tiles is also measured at different temperatures, confirming that the material maintains similar dielectric properties down to 3 K.
description: 10 pages, 11 figures, published in Applied Optics, selected as "Editor's pick"
Wash-In Leptogenesis
Creators: name: Domcke, Valerie
name: Kamada, Kohei
name: Mukaida, Kyohei
name: Schmitz, Kai
name: Yamada, Masaki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a leptogenesis mechanism based on the standard type-I seesaw model that successfully operates at right-handed-neutrino masses as low as a few 100 TeV. This mechanism, which we dub "wash-in leptogenesis", does not require any CP violation in the neutrino sector and can be implemented even in the regime of strong wash-out. The key idea behind wash-in leptogenesis is to generalize standard freeze-out leptogenesis to a nonminimal cosmological background in which the chemical potentials of all particles not in chemical equilibrium at the temperature of leptogenesis are allowed to take arbitrary values. This sets the stage for building a plethora of new baryogenesis models where chemical potentials generated at high temperatures are reprocessed to generate a nonvanishing B-L asymmetry at low temperatures. As concrete examples, we discuss wash-in leptogenesis after axion inflation and in the context of grand unification.
description: 5 pages + references and appendix, 1 figure, 2 tables. v2: matches version published in PRL
Algebraic vortex liquid in spin-1/2 triangular antiferromagnets: Scenario for Cs_2CuCl_4
Creators: name: Alicea, Jason
name: Motrunich, Olexei I.
name: Fisher, Matthew P. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Motivated by inelastic neutron scattering data on Cs_2CuCl_4, we explore spin-1/2 triangular lattice antiferromagnets with both spatial and easy-plane exchange anisotropies, the latter due to an observed Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Exploiting a duality mapping followed by a fermionization of the dual vortex degrees of freedom, we find a novel "critical" spin-liquid phase described in terms of Dirac fermions with an emergent global SU(4) symmetry minimally coupled to a non-compact U(1) gauge field. This ``algebraic vortex liquid" supports gapless spin excitations and universal power-law correlations in the dynamical spin structure factor which are consistent with those observed in Cs_2CuCl_4. We suggest future neutron scattering experiments that should help distinguish between the algebraic vortex liquid and other spin liquids and quantum critical points previously proposed in the context of Cs_2CuCl_4.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures; minor revisions, momenta in Fig. 2 corrected
Correlative X ray imaging at ESRF beamline ID21: challenges, developments and recent applications
Creators: name: Castillo-Michel, Hiram
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023

description: ID21 is a beamline dedicated to X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in the tender X-ray range (2-11keV), this energy range allows detecting important nutrient elements (P, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) as well as rare earths and pollutants (Cd, Ag, Ce, La, Gd). A brand-new X -ray nanoscope is being installed at the beamline to complement the existing microscope, and it will be soon available to users. It will offer enhanced capabilities for nano-XRF mapping, nano XAS and hyperspectral XRF mapping. This new state-of-the-art instrument will offer higher lateral resolution (down to 100 nm) with better XRF detection capacities (sub-ppm), higher acquisition speed, an improved cryogenic sample environment, preserving user-friendless thanks to a new graphical user interface. The GUI allows users to import images from other microscopy platforms to navigate their samples and perform correlative analysis with X-rays. This presentation will highlight present and future capabilities at ID21 for the nanoscience user community. Some examples of research done at ID21 will be used to illustrate sample preparation protocols, and data acquisition and analysis strategies.
Thresholds for Carcinogens: A Review of the Relevant Science and Its Implications for Regulatory Policy
Creators: name: Wilson, James D.
name: Wilson, James D.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1996
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: regulation
subject: cancer
subject: science policy

description: Regulation of carcinogens in the United States has been based on a "no threshold" policy. This makes the assumption there exists no level of exposure for which the possibility of causing harm is truly zero. The alternative "threshold" policy assumes that there exists some level of exposure at which no harm will come to anyone in a population so exposed. The no-threshold policy made sense when adopted, thirty or more years ago, since the science then available was not able to distinguish between these two opposing hypotheses, and "no threshold" provides more margin of safety. Since then, our understanding of biological processes related to birth and growth of cancer has greatly expanded. We now understand that two different biological processes can enlarge cancer risk. Increasing the rate at which cells divide is one of these; increasing the rate at which mutations occur, independently of cell division (mitotic) rate, is another. It is known that mitotic rate is under close physiologic control, operated through a complex system including a variety of intercellular messenger molecules. Functions controlled so as to be kept within certain limits in the face of external stressors must by definition exhibit a threshold in their response to small changes in such external stress. It is only necessary to demonstrate the existence of physiologic control to show that the threshold must exist. Thus there will be a threshold in the response to any nonmutagenic ("mitogenic") carcinogens. For classical mutagenesis as well, the weight of evidence favors the conclusion that thresholds exist. Evidence for "no threshold" has almost no weight, either because of the limits on our ability to measure response at very low levels of mutagenic stimulus, or because it springs from an unacknowledged tautology. Conversely, there is evidence of moderate weight, primarily that cancer rates are not elevated in areas of high background radiation flux, that the mutation rate is under active physiologic control. This expanded knowledge allows more reliable guidance for policy makers. First, policy should distinguish between "mitogenic" and "mutagenic" carcinogens, those that act predominantly by increasing the rate at which cells in certain tissues divide, and those that act directly on DNA. Mitogenic carcinogens should receive the same treatment as "noncarcinogens." At EPA, at least, policies are changing to reflect this understanding. Mutagenic carcinogens should be regulated using the "de minimus" approach FDA and EPA use for all cases other than direct food additives and pesticide residues. This approach relies on the concept of a "practical threshold," and provides very adequate protection of public health.
Determination of $α_{S}$ beyond NNLO using event shape averages
Creators: name: Kardos, Adam
name: Somogyi, Gábor
name: Verbytskyi, Andrii
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider a method for determining the QCD strong coupling constant using fits of perturbative predictions for event shape averages to data collected at the LEP, PETRA, PEP and TRISTAN colliders. To obtain highest accuracy predictions we use a combination of perturbative ${\cal{O}}(α_{S}^{3})$ calculations and estimations of the ${\cal{O}}(α_{S}^{4})$ perturbative coefficients from data. We account for non-perturbative effects using modern Monte Carlo event generators and analytic hadronization models. The obtained results show that the total precision of the $α_{S}$ determination cannot be improved significantly with the higher order perturbative QCD corrections alone, but primarily requires a deeper understanding of the non-perturbative effects.
description: 29 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables, journal version
Summer diet selection by snowshoe hares
Creators: name: Seccombe-Hett, Pippa Elizabeth
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The primary objective of this study was to identify the plant species included in the diets of male snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) during the summer months. Snowshoe hare selection for and against each plant species was assessed by comparing the relative use and availability of each plant species. The secondary objective was to examine several hypotheses of what influenced the selection of those species individually and within an integrated modeling framework. Three hypotheses were examined, i) Hares might select plants with high nutritional content (of energy or protein), ii) Hares might select plants to avoid or minimize deleterious plant secondary compounds (i.e. tannins and alkaloids), iii) Hares might select plants that minimize their risk of predation. The hare diet during the summer consists of five main plant species: Betula glandulosa, Festuca altaica, Lupinus arcticus, Salix spp. and Shepherdia canadensis, although a number of other species were occasionally included. Nutritionally, hares select for plant species with high protein content and avoid toxic effects from secondary compounds by ingesting a diverse diet. Hares are not consistently found associated with any particular vegetation types, although they prefer habitats with both a dense understory and an abundance of preferred food species. Although some support was generated for all of the hypotheses of diet selection, no single hypothesis explained all of the observed patterns of diet selection. A linear programming foraging model combined with optimization techniques was thus used to examine the interactions between the variables. Overall, the model is successful in integrating the conflicting hypotheses of hare foraging. It appears that hares change their diet selection response to conflicting goals such as reproductive condition and risk of predation. The model suggests that the interaction between plant protein and chemical defense compounds are the primary determinants of hare diet.
Spin-valley collective modes of the electron liquid in graphene
Creators: name: Raines, Zachary M.
name: Fal'ko, Vladimir I.
name: Glazman, Leonid I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We develop the theory of collective modes supported by a Fermi liquid of electrons in pristine graphene. Under reasonable assumptions regarding the electron-electron interaction, all the modes but the plasmon are over-damped. In addition to the $SU(2)$ symmetric spin mode, these include also the valley imbalance modes obeying a $U(1)$ symmetry, and a $U(2)$ symmetric valley spin imbalance mode. We derive the interactions and diffusion constants characterizing the over-damped modes. The corresponding relaxation rates set fundamental constraints on graphene valley- and spintronics applications.
description: 7 pages + 12 pages 1 figure supplemental material
Torts and the Protection of "Legally Recognized" Interests
Creators: name: Hoffmann, Sandra A.
name: Hanemann, W. Michael
name: Hoffmann, Sandra A.
name: Hanemann, W. Michael
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: torts
subject: property rights
subject: liability
subject: compensation
subject: damages
subject: insurance

description: The law of torts plays an important role in completing the legal property rights system by defining the extent to which property is protected from harm. It does this by defining the kinds of interests that will be recognized and protected from harm by the courts, the duty of care owed these recognized interests by others, and the manner in which they will be protected through monetary compensation, restitution, or injunction. Together, these three elements of torts define a right in the "bundle of rights" that constitute property. In this paper, we develop a systematic approach to formalizing the nature of the property rights protected by tort law. We use this approach to reexamine the literature on compensation for nonpecuniary damages. This reexamination demonstrates how recognizing tort's role in defining property rights and having a way of formalizing these rights can provide deeper insight into old questions torts scholarship.
Deep Learning in EEG: Advance of the Last Ten-Year Critical Period
Creators: name: Gong, Shu
name: Xing, Kaibo
name: Cichocki, Andrzej
name: Li, Junhua
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Deep learning has achieved excellent performance in a wide range of domains, especially in speech recognition and computer vision. Relatively less work has been done for EEG, but there is still significant progress attained in the last decade. Due to the lack of a comprehensive and topic widely covered survey for deep learning in EEG, we attempt to summarize recent progress to provide an overview, as well as perspectives for future developments. We first briefly mention the artifacts removal for EEG signal and then introduce deep learning models that have been utilized in EEG processing and classification. Subsequently, the applications of deep learning in EEG are reviewed by categorizing them into groups such as brain-computer interface, disease detection, and emotion recognition. They are followed by the discussion, in which the pros and cons of deep learning are presented and future directions and challenges for deep learning in EEG are proposed. We hope that this paper could serve as a summary of past work for deep learning in EEG and the beginning of further developments and achievements of EEG studies based on deep learning.
description: Accepted for publication in the IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems
Follow-up observations of binary ultra-cool dwarfs
Creators: name: Bouy, H.
name: Martin, E. L.
name: Brandner, W.
name: Forveille, T.
name: Delfosse, X.
name: Huelamo, N.
name: Basri, G.
name: Girard, J.
name: Osorio, M. -R. Zapatero
name: Stumpf, M.
name: Ghez, A.
name: Valdivielso, L.
name: Marchis, F.
name: Burgasser, A. J.
name: Cruz, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Astrometric observations of resolved binaries provide estimates of orbital periods and will eventually lead to measurement of dynamical masses. Only a few very low mass star and brown dwarf masses have been measured to date, and the mass-luminosity relation still needs to be calibrated. We have monitored 14 very low mass multiple systems for several years to confirm their multiplicity and, for those with a short period, derive accurate orbital parameters and dynamical mass estimates. We have used high spatial resolution images obtained at the Paranal, Lick and HST observatories to obtain astrometric and photometric measurements of the multiple systems at several epochs. The targets have periods ranging from 5 to 200 years, and spectral types in the range M7.5 - T5.5. All of our 14 multiple systems are confirmed as common proper motion pairs. One system (2MASSW J0920122+351742) is not resolved in our new images, probably because the discovery images were taken near maximum elongation. Six systems have periods short enough to allow dynamical mass measurements within the next 15 to 20years. We estimate that only 8% of the ultracool dwarfs in the solar neighborhood are binaries with separations large enough to be resolved, and yet periods short enough to derive astrometric orbital fits over a reasonable time frame with current instrumentation. A survey that doubles the number of ultracool dwarfs observed with high angular resolution is called for to discover enough binaries for a first attempt to derive the mass-luminosity relationship for very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs.
description: 13 pages, 6 Tables, 4 Figures, Accepted for A&A, reference pb corrected
Who Pays for Energy Efficiency Standards?
Creators: name: Fischer, Carolyn
name: Fischer, Carolyn
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: energy efficiency
subject: appliance
subject: standards
subject: price discrimination

description: Policies to promote energy efficiency in household appliances have different impacts, depending on the structure of market supply. If provision is perfectly competitive, markets will offer the variety of energy efficiency levels that consumers demand. However, if producers can price discriminate, using energy intensity to help segment consumer demand, consumers of low-end appliances are offered too little energy efficiency so that high-end consumers can be charged more for efficient appliances. Minimum energy efficiency standards can then improve welfare. We also consider average intensity standards, energy prices, and innovation and identify important differences in their effects on energy intensity, welfare, and consumers, depending on market structures. To evaluate the role for policy, one must know not only how consumers value energy efficiency in their decision-making, but also how producers respond to those values.
A Tridomain Model for Potassium Clearance in Optic Nerve of Necturus
Creators: name: Zhu, Yi
name: Xu, Shixin
name: Eisenberg, Robert S.
name: Huang, Huaxiong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 92C05 92C37 35Q92

description: The accumulation of potassium in the narrow space outside nerve cells is a classical subject of biophysics that has received much attention recently. It may be involved in potassium accumulation \textcolor{black}{including} spreading depression, perhaps migraine and some kinds of epilepsy, even (speculatively) learning. Quantitative analysis is likely to help evaluate the role of potassium clearance from the extracellular space after a train of action potentials. Clearance involves three structures that extend down the length of the nerve: glia, extracellular space, and axon and so need to be described as systems distributed in space in the tradition used for electrical potential in the `cable equations' of nerve since the work of Hodgkin in 1937. A three-compartment model is proposed here for the optic nerve and is used to study the accumulation of potassium and its clearance. The model allows the convection, diffusion, and electrical migration of water and ions. We depend on the data of Orkand et al to ensure the relevance of our model and align its parameters with the anatomy and properties of membranes, channels, and transporters: our model fits their experimental data quite well. The aligned model shows that glia has an important role in buffering potassium, as expected. The model shows that potassium is cleared mostly by convective flow through the syncytia of glia driven by osmotic pressure differences. A simplified model might be possible, but it must involve flow down the length of the optic nerve. It is easy for compartment models to neglect this flow. Our model can be used for structures quite different from the optic nerve that might have different distributions of channels and transporters in its three compartments. It can be generalized to include a fourth (distributed) compartment representing blood vessels to deal with the glymphatic flow into the circulatory system.
description: 35 pages, 13 figures
Photoconduction in Alq3
Creators: name: Ray, Debdutta
name: Patankar, Meghan P.
name: Periasamy, N.
name: Narasimhan, K. L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Photoelectronic properties of Alq3 were studied by photoconductivity measurements in thin film, sandwich (ITO/Alq3/LiF/Al) devices. We find that the photocurrent is dominated by bulk generation of carriers for incident photon energies greater than 2.75 eV. The quantum efficiency of photocarrier generation has been measured from carrier collection measurements to be about 10%. The quantum efficiency is largely independent of electric field. This enables a direct measurement of the electric field dependence of mobility using photoconductivity measurements, which is used for quantitative analysis of the dark forward current in these devices. Photoconductivity measurements were also used to obtain (μ_{0n} τ_n) product which can be used as a measure of material quality. For Alq3, we find that the value of (μ_{0n} τ_n) product was between 3x10^{-15} cm^2/V to 8x10^{-15} cm^2/V for different samples. In forward bias, at high field the photocurrent shows saturation accompanied by a phase shift. These effects are attributed to space charge effects in the device.
description: 12 figures
Comparative Risk Projects: A Methodology for Cross-Project Analysis of Human Health Risk Rankings
Creators: name: Konisky, David M.
name: Konisky, David M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: comparative risk analysis
subject: human health risk rankings
subject: environmental health priorities
subject: cross-project analysis

description: Public agencies at all levels of government have conducted comparative risk projects to inform environmental priority-setting efforts. Using the analytic policy tool, comparative risk analysis (CRA), most projects have ranked environmental problems in terms of the relative risks they pose to human health and other endpoints. Differences in project design complicate cross-project analysis of the risk ranking results. This paper discusses important project design variations that complicate cross-project analysis and presents a methodology that provides a simple, straightforward approach for comparing risk ranking results that overcomes some of these project-specific idiosyncrasies. The methodology provides a mechanism to help practitioners of CRA determine how their risk ranking results compare with other projects. The paper also illustrates how the methodology can be applied to develop a consolidated ranking of the most often ranked environmental health problems. Thirty-nine completed human health CRAs are analyzed to determine which ten environmental problems have most often been cited in comparative risk projects as posing the most significant threats to human health.
Crystal Truncation Rods from Miscut Surfaces with Alternating Terminations
Creators: name: Ju, Guangxu
name: Xu, Dongwei
name: Thompson, Carol
name: Highland, Matthew J.
name: Eastman, Jeffrey A.
name: Walkosz, Weronika
name: Zapol, Peter
name: Stephenson, G. Brian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Miscut surfaces of layered crystals can exhibit a stair-like sequence of terraces having periodic variation in their atomic structure. For hexagonal close-packed and related crystal structures with an αβαβ stacking sequence, there have been long-standing questions regarding how the differences in adatom attachment kinetics at the steps separating the terraces affect the fractional coverage of α vs. β termination during crystal growth. To demonstrate how surface X-ray scattering can help address these questions, we develop a general theory for the intensity distributions along crystal truncation rods (CTRs) for miscut surfaces with a combination of two terminations. We consider half-unit-cell-height steps, and variation of the coverages of the terraces above each step. Example calculations are presented for the GaN (0001) surface with various reconstructions. These show which CTR positions are most sensitive to the fractional coverage of the two terminations. We compare the CTR profiles for exactly oriented surfaces to those for vicinal surfaces having a small miscut angle, and investigate the circumstances under which the CTR profile for an exactly oriented surface is equal to the sum of the intensities of the corresponding family of CTRs for a miscut surface.
description: 15 pages, 15 figures, Supplemental with 9 tables specifying coordinates of the 9 reconstructions examined. v2 has edits for clarity, addition of supplemental. (arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2007.05083)
Effective field theory for He-IV
Creators: name: Carmona, J. M.
name: Jimenez, S.
name: Polonyi, J.
name: Tarancon, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We introduce an effective scalar field theory to describe the He-IV phase diagram, which can be considered as a generalization of the XY model which gives the usual lambda-transition. This theory results from a Ginzburg-Landau Hamiltonian with higher order derivatives, which allow to produce transitions between the superfluid, normal liquid and solid phases of He-IV. Mean field and Monte Carlo analyses suggest that this model is able to reproduce the main qualitative features of He-IV phase transitions.
Pflüger, Peter Michael (hrsg.): Religiöse Erfahrung im Ausbruch aus den Traditionen Band 26
Creators: name: Boeckler, Richard
Publisher: name: Ökumenische Rundschau
Year: 2025

description: Ökumenische Rundschau, Bd. 26 Nr. 2 (1977): Ökumenische Rundschau, Band 26, Heft 2
Enhanced flux pinning in YBa2Cu3O7-d films by nano-scaled substrate surface roughness
Creators: name: Ye, Zuxin
name: Si, W. D.
name: Li, Qiang
name: Hu, Y.
name: Johnson, P. D.
name: Zhu, Y.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Nano-scaled substrate surface roughness is shown to strongly influence the critical current density Jc in YBCO films made by pulse-laser-deposition on the crystalline LaAlO3 substrates consisting of two separate twin-free and twin-rich regions. The nano-scaled corrugated surface was created in the twin-rich region during the deposition process. Using magneto-optical imaging techniques coupled with optical and atomic force microscopy, we observed an enhanced flux pinning in the YBCO films in the twin-rich region, resulted in \~30% increase in Jc, which was unambiguously confirmed by the direct transport measurement.
description: 16 pages, 3 figures, accepted by Applied Physics Letters
THE RESPONSE OF CEREALS TRADERS TO AGRICULTURAL MARKET REFORM IN MALI
Creators: name: Dembele, Niama Nango
name: Staatz, John M.
name: Dembele, Niama Nango
name: Staatz, John M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: The purpose of this chapter is to analyze how Malian traders of coarse grains (millet, maize, and sorghum) have reacted to the cereals market reforms since 1981. The focus is on the coarse grains trade because these cereals historically have comprised the majority of the cereals consumed by Malians and because the response of the rice sector to the reforms is discussed elsewhere in this book (Diarra and Staatz 1999; Dimithè 1999). Dioné (this volume) discusses coarse-grain farmers' response to the reforms, so that topic is only discussed briefly here. The chapter draws heavily on a large body of research carried out by Malian, North American and European researchers since 1985 and on a recent evaluation of the PRMC in which the authors participated (Dembélé, Traoré, and Staatz 1999; Shields, Staatz, and Dembélé 1999; Egg, 1999).
A Compact Apparatus for Muon Lifetime Measurement and Time Dilation Demonstration in the Undergraduate Laboratory
Creators: name: Coan, Thomas
name: Liu, Tiankuan
name: Ye, Jingbo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: Physics Education (physics.ed-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe a compact apparatus that automatically measures the charge averaged lifetime of atmospheric muons in plastic scintillator using low-cost, low-power electronics and that measures the stopping rate of atmospheric muons as a function of altitude to demonstrate relativistic time dilation. The apparatus is designed for the advanced undergraduate physics laboratory and is suitable for field measurements.
description: 5 pages, 2 figures
Violating the Leggett-Garg inequalities with classical light
Creators: name: Chevalier, Hadrien
name: Paige, A. J.
name: Kwon, Hyukjoon
name: Kim, M. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In an endeavour to better define the distinction between classical macroscopic and quantum microscopic regimes, the Leggett-Garg inequalities were established as a test of macroscopic-realistic theories, which are commonly thought to be a suitable class of descriptions for classical dynamics. The relationship between their violation and non-classicality is however not obvious. We show that classical states of light, which in the quantum optical sense are any convex sums of coherent states, may not satisfy the Leggett-Garg inequalities. After introducing a simple Mach-Zehnder setup and showing how to obtain a violation with a single photon using negative measurements, we focus on classical states of light, in particular those of low average photon number. We demonstrate how one can still perform negative measurements with an appropriate assignment of variables, and show that the inequalities are violable with coherent states. Finally, we abandon initial phase reference and demonstrate that the violation is still possible, in particular with thermal states of light, and we investigate the effect of intermediate dephasing.
description: -Minor changes in abstract and introduction. -Added a comprehensive table with all possible cases for clarity. -Corrected result for thermal state. 10 pages, 5 figures
STATUS OF AGRICULTURAL MARKET CONSOLIDATION AND CONCENTRATION TESTIMONY AT MICHIGAN SENATE AGRICULTURAL PRESERVATION TASK FORCE HEARING
Creators: name: Raper, Kellie Curry
name: Raper, Kellie Curry
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: Industrial Organization

description: Today is a time of dynamic structural change in the agri-food system that brings new challenges to producers. This change is not unique to any particular production sector within the system, nor is it restricted to one level within the agri-food marketing chain. This testimony describes the current status of concentration and consolidation in agri-food markets. In addition, it presents discussion regarding the driving forces behind this structural change, as well a brief discussion of implications for the future.
Dairy Animal Ratios From Michigan Annual Financial Analyses
Creators: name: Nott, Sherrill B.
name: Nott, Sherrill B.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Agricultural Finance
Livestock Production/Industries

description: Year end financial analyses from 158 Michigan dairy farms for 2001 were studied to see if useful information about numbers of animals could be derived. It was found that 121 farms had records adequate to calculate turn over and cull rates. The average turn over rate for cows averaged 37 %. The median turn over rate was 35 %. The turn over rate exceeded 42 % on 30 % of the farms. A scatter diagram indicated lower turn over rates might be weakly associated with net farm income per cow. About 8 % of the farms had problems in reporting bull calf sales or other disposition. Nearly 11 % of the farms appeared to not be actually making animal counts at year end.
Spectral analysis of the background in ground-based, long-slit spectroscopy
Creators: name: Zagury, Frederic
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This paper examines the variations, because of atmospheric extinction, of broad-band visible spectra, obtained from long-slit spectroscopy, in the vicinity of some stars, nebulae, and one faint galaxy.
description: 12 figures
Supermarkets, New-Generation Wholesalers, Tomato Farmers, and NGOs in Nicaragua
Creators: name: Balsevich, Fernando
name: Berdegue, Julio A.
name: Reardon, Thomas
name: Balsevich, Fernando
name: Berdegue, Julio A.
name: Reardon, Thomas
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Based on a survey of 145 tomato farmers and interviews with supermarket chains, NGOs, wholesalers, and farmer organizations in 2004, this paper examines the determinants and effects of farmers' participation in supermarket channels, with and without assistance from NGOs in "business linkage" programs. It finds that absent that assistance, the farmers that work with supermarket chains tend to be the "upper tier" of small farmers, better capitalized with various assets. The smaller and less-capitalized farmers that work with supermarkets tend to do so in association with NGO assistance. Despite higher input expenditures and entry requirements, farmers in the supermarket chain earn more. The paper discusses the issue of whether this development program approach is sustainable and can be upscaled, and wrestles with the tradeoff of helping poor farmers gain access to dynamic markets, of making it affordable at a larger scale by national governments with tight budgets, and at the same time field programs that are market-sustainable and market-responsive.
Steady-state stabilization due to random delays in maps with self-feedback loops and in globally delayed-coupled maps
Creators: name: Marti, Arturo C.
name: Ponce, Marcelo
name: Masoller, Cristina
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD)
subject: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the stability of the fixed-point solution of an array of mutually coupled logistic maps, focusing on the influence of the delay times, $τ_{ij}$, of the interaction between the $i$th and $j$th maps. Two of us recently reported [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 94}, 134102 (2005)] that if $τ_{ij}$ are random enough the array synchronizes in a spatially homogeneous steady state. Here we study this behavior by comparing the dynamics of a map of an array of $N$ delayed-coupled maps with the dynamics of a map with $N$ self-feedback delayed loops. If $N$ is sufficiently large, the dynamics of a map of the array is similar to the dynamics of a map with self-feedback loops with the same delay times. Several delayed loops stabilize the fixed point, when the delays are not the same; however, the distribution of delays plays a key role: if the delays are all odd a periodic orbit (and not the fixed point) is stabilized. We present a linear stability analysis and apply some mathematical theorems that explain the numerical results.
description: 14 pages, 13 figures, important changes (title changed, discussion, figures, and references added)