Intelligent Energy Efficient Localisation in Wireless Sensor Networks
Creators: name: Farooq-I-Azam, Muhammad
Publisher: name: Lancaster University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Localisation
Wireless Sensor Networks
positioning
Location estimation
Localisation error
Positioning error
Error analysis
Trilateration error
Analytical model
localisation error model
localisation error analysis
ripple localisation algorithm
Internet of Things

description: A wireless sensor network comprises of tiny sensor nodes which communicate
      
      with each other through radio frequency communication links. In many
      
      applications of wireless sensor networks, the sensor nodes collect data or
      
      detect an event and report it to a central node for further processing.
      
      Location information of the node is sent with the data else it may not
      
      be useful. Therefore, a sensor node should know its geographic position
      
      coordinates. Localization solutions, such as GPS are not feasible due to
      
      their energy cost and size. Hence, sensor nodes estimate their positions
      using
      
      an algorithm. This thesis focuses on the localization of sensor nodes and
      
      related key issues, such as performance evaluation of localization
      algorithms,
      
      development of analytical model and analysis of localization error.
      Firstly,
      
      this thesis proposes three new novel metrics which can be used for the
      
      performance evaluation of three dierent aspects of localization
      algorithms.
      
      Alongside, we also present a comprehensive review of metrics which are
      
      used in literature for the measurement and characterization of
      localization
      
      errors. Secondly, we present an intelligent algorithm which we call ripple
      
      localization algorithm. The algorithm is distributed, energy ecient and
      
      does not require additional hardware for range estimation. The algorithm
      
      also provides control over localization granularity which makes it
      suitable
      
      for wide range of wireless sensor network and localization applications.
      
      Simulation results show that the algorithm gives good performance and
      
      localization accuracy even under irregular radio conditions. Thirdly, we
      give
      
      a new technique for solving multilateration equations and show that the
      
      overdetermined system of equations resulting from multilateration can be
      
      reduced to a pair of simultaneous equations which can then be solved using
      
      conventional techniques, such as Cramer's rule. Fourthly, we develop
      and
      
      present an analytical model of localization error resulting from
      trilateration. The multilateration solution technique and analytical model
      are veried using
      
      simulation. Finally, we analyze trilateration errors in short range
      wireless
      
      networks, such as wireless sensor networks and internet of things where
      the
      
      distance estimation errors are sometimes comparable to the actual
      distances.
      
      We investigate the minimum and maximum values of localization errors in
      
      these networks. We also derive a number of other useful results. For
      example,
      
      we show that the localization error due to positive range estimation
      errors
      
      equal to the actual distances is 3 times the localization error resulting
      from
      
      the same magnitude of negative range estimation errors. All the results
      are
      
      tested and verified using a comprehensive set of simulation experiments.