Pentamera Ayres 1852
Creators: name: Solis-Marin, Francisco Alonso
name: Alvarado, Juan Jose
name: Conejeros-Vargas, Carlos Andres
name: Caballero-Ochoa, Andrea Alejandra
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Holothuroidea
Dendrochirotida
Phyllophoridae
Pentamera

description: Key to the Pentamera species from the Eastern Pacific (modified from Lambert 1998; Prata & Christoffersen 2016).
1 Tube feet with supporting tables......................................................................... 2
- Tube feet lacking supporting tables......................................... Pentamera chierchiae (Ludwig, 1887)
2 Cylindrical form. Oval to elongated tables with four central holes and a short two-pillared spire table. Tube feet supporting tables with a tall spire.................................................................................. 3
- U-shaped to curved body form, podia in five bands. Circular to triangular tables, more than four central holes and a short to tall two-pillared spire. Tube feet supporting tables with a short to medium-size spire................................... 4
3 Mean length of body wall tables 50 to 99 μm; width of spire at base 25 to 49 μm. Temperate distribution (California, USA).................................................................... Pentamera charlottae Deichmann, 1938
- Mean length of body wall tables less than 50 μm; width of spire at base less than 25 μm. Tropical distribution (Costa Rica)......................................................................... Pentamera beebei Deichmann, 1938
4 Moderate calcareous ring, oval tables with four central holes in the body wall..................................... 5
- Long calcareous ring, triangular, rounded or acorn-shaped tables with ladder-shaped spire in the body wall.............. 6
5 Small oval buttons with two central and up to eight marginal knobs in body wall, tentacles with round to oblong plates with perforations and knobs.............................................. Pentamera montereyensis Deichmann, 1938
- Body wall with thick oval, knobbed plates with meshwork of bumps covering one side, without buttons, tentacles with oblong reticulate plates...................................................... Pentamera trachyplaca (H.L. Clark, 1924)
6 Body wall without triangular ossicles..................................................................... 7
- Body wall with triangular ossicles........................................................................ 8
7 Crowded layer of acorn-like cups with two-pillared, tapering spire rising from a cup-shaped base.............................................................................................. Pentamera zacae Deichmann, 1938
- Without a crowded layer of acorn-like cups with two-pillared, tapering spire rising from a cup-shaped base.............. 9
8 Large, oval to triangular plates, rarely star-shaped tables, supporting tables with moderate spire, introvert with oval plates with serrated edge and blunt spines on surface.............................. Pentamera pseudocalcigera Deichmann, 1938
- Circular to triangular or star-shaped tables with a wide central spire, supporting tables with low bumpy spire, introvert with elongated to oval plates with numerous bumps and raised central holes.................. Pentamera rigida Lambert, 1998
9 Circular to oval tables, with smooth margin................................................................ 10
- Elongated tables, with wavy margin......................................... Pentamera constricta (Ohshima, 1915)
10 Introvert with plates and/or rosettes...................................................................... 11
- Introvert with tables...................................................... Pentamera pediparva Lambert, 1998
11 Ossicles of body wall in one layer....................................................................... 12
- Ossicles of body wall in two layers....................................... Pentamera lissoplaca (H.L. Clark, 1924)
12 Tentacles with rosettes only................................................ Pentamera chiloensis (Ludwig, 1887)
- Tentacles with plates only, or plates and rosettes............................................................ 13
13 Tentacles with elongated diamond-shaped plates with two large central holes, some with bumps or low pillar arch............................................................................. Pentamera populifera (Stimpson, 1864)
- Tentacles with plates and rosettes....................................................................... 14
14 Ossicles of body wall with tables with stout spire (diameter of the disk 70–100 μm), ending in a few teeth............................................................................. Pentamera pseudopopulifera Deichmann, 1938
- Ossicles of body wall with tables with ladder-shaped spire (diameter of the disk 30–50 μm)...... Pentamera fonsecae n. sp.
description: Published as part of Solis-Marin, Francisco Alonso, Alvarado, Juan Jose, Conejeros-Vargas, Carlos Andres & Caballero-Ochoa, Andrea Alejandra, 2020, Pentamera fonsecae n. sp. a new species of sea cucumber from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Thyonidae), pp. 581-588 in Zootaxa 4878 (3) on pages 586-587, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4878.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4425512