Xysma dominicum Antropov 1995
Creators: name: Genaro, Julio A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Crabronidae
Xysma
Xysma dominicum

description: Xysma dominicum Antropov 1995: 115. Male.
(Fig. 1, 4, 6)
Description of the female. Body length 2.6–3.0 mm. Fore wing length 1.5–1.7 mm (n = 5).
Integument coloration. Black except the following areas yellow: flagellum, clypeus, mandible except apex, propleuron, pronotum, pronotal lobe, legs, including coxae; and tegula. Some terga and sterna laterally and apically reddish brown. Wings clear, hyaline throughout, veins pale yellow, stigma light reddish brown.
Pubescence. Inconspicuous; with scattered short pale hairs throughout, densest on mandibles, legs, and posterior metasomal segments, especially T5 and T6.
Surface sculpture. Weak except propodeum strongly sculptured. Frons, vertex, gena, pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum, and mesepisternum coriaceous. Gena with scattered, irregular punctures. Basal area of propodeum with striae diverging laterally; two parallel longitudinal carinulae enclosing short transverse parallel striae medially; striated laterally with subparalled striae, some of which extend to the lateral margin of the propodeum (Fig. 3, 5). Posterior surface of propodeum with median groove, laterally striated, some branched; mostly coriaceous towards the ventral area. First tergum polished; terga microstriate or microcoriaceous, micropunctate. Sterna shiny and glabrous.
Structure. Medial clypeal lobe convex with broad apical emargination; inner eye orbits slightly converging above; vertex prominent. Gena slightly broader than eye. Front legs with spines of tarsus not forming tarsal rake. Wings venation as in Fig. 6.
Differential diagnosis. Xysma dominicum is more closely related to Central American species than to the North American species [X. ceanothae (Viereck)]. It differs from X. ceanothae through its densely sculptured head and mesosoma, longer pronotal collar, and basal area of propodeum without a longitudinal medial carina. Xysma panamense Antropov and Cambra has the pronotal collar not emarginate medially, the basal area of propodeum with weaker striate lateral portions, and the carina bordering the propodeal posterior side is dorsally interrupted. Conversely, in X. dominicum, the pronotal collar emarginates, has stronger striate lateral portions in the basal area of propodeum, and the carina bordering the propodeal posterior side is entire, dorsally.
Association of female with male of Xysma dominicum
Male body length 2.7 mm. Forewing length 1.7 mm (Fig. 2, 3 and 5).
In terms of secondary sexual characteristics, females differ from males most notably in that only the clypeus of the face is yellow (Fig. 1), whereas in males the entire lower half of the face and genal area are yellow (Fig. 2, 5). Males have 13 antennal segments (females with 12) and seven exposed metasomal terga (females with six).
Specimens examined. PUERTO RICO, Guánica, Ponce, x.1998, coll. J. A. Genaro (3 females, NMNH; 2 females and 1 male, JAG); DOMINICA, W. I. S. Chiltern Est [ate]., 20.ii.1965, coll. W. W. Wirth (male holotype, NMNH).
Distribution. Puerto Rico and Dominica (Fig. 8).
Nesting behavior
The nests were built in a shaded vertical bank, consisting of a white clay-like substrate, which was very loose. Other Hymenoptera, including the bees Anthophora tricolor (Fabricius) and Lasioglossum sp. and the wasp Liris sp., nested in this area.
Females of Xysma constantly overflew the nesting area, keeping their body almost vertical (with the metasoma down), with zigzag movements before entering the nest. They generally landed a few centimeters from the entrance before walking inside, although at other times they flew in directly. The females remained inside the nests when resting and perhaps during the night. There was internal closure, made with soil, during the time that females remained inside the nest.
Females grabbed the prey with their mandibles, holding them by one of the forelegs or neck, with the ventral region facing upwards. The prey consisted of immature thrips (Thysanoptera).
The average diameter of the entrance was 2.5 mm (n=8, range=2.0– 3.2 mm, SD=0.5). Nests were short, with an approximate depth of 3 cm (n=4), with the entrance on the same plane as the substrate. The absence of a foretarsal rake and pygidial plate means that females are poorly equipped for digging, but in this case the friable substrate perhaps facilitated excavation.
Due to a shortage of time and the difficulty of digging in this substrate, little attention was paid to the excavation of the nests without knowing the number of cells they possibly contained. Cocoons were stuck to the substrate, and usually observed attached together (in twos, threes and sometimes fours) (Fig. 7). Cocoon size ranged from 2.8 to 3.1 mm (x=3.0 mm, SD=0.1, n=5).
It seems that the females covered the cells with some substance, likely silk; it is known that other members of the subtribe Spilomenina: Spilomena Shuckard, Arpactophilus F. Smith and Microstigmus Ducke use silk in nesting (Matthews and Naumann 2002).
Species of subtribe Spilomenina (of which Xysma is also a member) are of considerable interest as they include some of the few apoid wasps that exhibit a high degree of social behavior and because adult females are able to spin silk from specialized setae on the sixth tergum, which they use in nest construction (Melo 1997; Serrão and de Oliveira 2000; Ohl and Bennett 2009; Breitkreuz et al. 2016).
These observations are consistent with what little has been published on the nesting behavior of Xysma species (Krombein 1958; Bohart and Menke 1976).
description: Published as part of Genaro, Julio A., 2019, First record of Xysma dominicum Antropov, 1995 (Hymenoptera: Pemphredonidae) in Puerto Rico, the Antilles, and notes on the nesting behavior, pp. 1-6 in Insecta Mundi 717 (717) on pages 2-3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3674909