cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Quantum control gates with weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity
Creators: name: Lin, Qing
name: Li, Jian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper, with the weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity, we first present a special experimental scheme called C-path gate with which the realization of all possible bipartite POVMs of two-photon polarization states can be simpler and nearly deterministic. Following the same technique, the schemes of the realization of quantum control gates have been proposed, including the CNOT gate (1/2), Fredkin gate (1/8), Toffoli gate (2/23), CU gate and even MCU gate. All these gates are scalable with the certain probabilities which are larger than those gates in linear optics. Less resource are required and the structures of these gates are so simple that we think they are feasible with current technology and may be useful for the realization of universal computation in optics.
description: 12 pages, 4 figures
Methylene addition to some 7-norbornadienyl derivatives
Creators: name: Haywood-Farmer, John S.
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: The synthesis of exo-antl-tricyclo [3,2,1,02,4] octan-8-ol (V) and exo-anti-8-methoxy-tricyclo [3,2,1,02,4] octane (VI) was carried out by the cuprous chloride catalysed reaction of diazoraethane with anti-7-norbornenol (IV). The methyl ether (VI) was previously thought to be the endo isomer of (V). Methylene addition to the syn double bond of 7-norbornadienyl acetate (III) was accomplished using the above method to give a 5 to 1 mixture of exo-syn-tricyclo [3,2,1,02,4] oct-6-ene-8- acetate (VII) and endo-syn-tricyclo [3,2,1,02,4] oct-6-ene-8- acetate (VIII). These two acetates were inseparable but the corresponding alcohols exo-syn-tricyclo [3,2,1,02,4] oct-6-ene-8-ol (X) and endo-syn-tricyclo [3,2,1,02,4] oct-6-ene-8-ol (XI), formed by reduction of the acetate mixture with lithium aluminum hydride, could be separated by gas-liquid partition chromatography. The stereochemistry of these two products was determined by the multiplicity and by the chemical shift of the olefinic proton signals in their proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Catalytic reduction of these two alcohols gave exo-syn-tricyclo [3,2,1,02,4] octan-8-ol (XIII) and endo-syn-trlcyclo [3,2,1,02,4] octan-8-ol (XIV). From the diazomethane-7-norbornadienyl acetate reaction a diadduct acetate, tetracyclo [3,3,1,02,4,06,8]nonan-9-acetate (IX), was also obtained which reduced to the alcohol tetracyclo [3,3,1,02,4,06,8] nonan-9-ol (XII). The stereochemistry of these diadducts was not determined. Acetolysis studies on the p-bromobenzene- sulfonyl (brosylate) derivative of exo-anti-tricyclo [3,2,1,02,4]octan-8-ol (V) at 200° indicate that the reaction proceeds by formation of a carbonium ion at C8, which then rearranges, destroying the cyclopropyl group. Although unchanged (V) could be obtained by lithium aluminum hydride reduction of about 80% solvolysed brosylate at 200°, none of the products of complete solvolysis could be identified.
Twisted Lattice Gauge Theory: Membrane Operators, Three-loop Braiding and Topological Charge
Creators: name: Huxford, Joe
name: Nguyen, Dung Xuan
name: Kim, Yong Baek
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: 3+1 dimensional topological phases can support loop-like excitations in addition to point-like ones, allowing for non-trivial loop-loop and point-loop braiding statistics not permitted to point-like excitations alone. Furthermore, these loop-like excitations can be linked together, changing their properties. In particular, this can lead to distinct three-loop braiding, involving two loops undergoing an exchange process while linked to a third loop. In this work, we investigate the loop-like excitations in a 3+1d Hamiltonian realization of Dijkgraaf-Witten theory through direct construction of their membrane operators, for a general finite Abelian group and 4-cocycle twist. Using these membrane operators, we find the braiding relations and fusion rules for the loop-like excitations, including those linked to another loop-like excitation. Furthermore, we use these membrane operators to construct projection operators that measure the topological charge and show that the number of distinct topological charges measured by the 2-torus matches the ground state degeneracy of the model on the 3-torus, explicitly confirming a general expectation for topological phases. This direct construction of the membrane operators sheds significant light on the key properties of the loop-like excitations in 3+1 dimensional topological phases.
description: 35 pages + 29 pages supplemental material, 37 figures, v2: arXiv metadata corrected
An X-ray Spectral Model for Compton-Thick Toroidal Reprocessors
Creators: name: Murphy, K. D.
name: Yaqoob, T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The central engines of both type 1 and type 2 AGNs are thought to harbor a toroidal structure that absorbs and reprocesses high-energy photons from the central X-ray source. If the reprocessor is Compton-thick, the calculation of emission-line and continuum spectra that are suitable for direct fitting to X-ray data is challenging because the reprocessed emission depends on the spectral shape of the incident continuum, which may not be directly observable. We present new Monte-Carlo calculations of Green's functions for a toroidal reprocessor that provide significant improvements over currently available models. The Green's function approach enables the construction of X-ray spectral fitting models that allow arbitrary incident spectra as part of the fitting process. The calculations are fully relativistic and have been performed for column densities that cover the Compton-thin to Compton-thick regime, for incident photon energies up to 500 keV. The reprocessed continuum and fluorescent line emission due to Fe Ka, Fe Kb, and Ni Ka are treated self-consistently, eliminating the need for ad hoc modeling that is currently common practice. We find that the spectral shape of the Compton-thick reflection spectrum in both the soft and hard X-ray bands in our toroidal geometry is different compared to that obtained from disk models. A key result of our study is that a Compton-thick toroidal structure that subtends the same solid angle at the X-ray source as a disk can produce a reflection spectrum that is ~6 times weaker than that from a disk. This highlights the widespread and erroneous interpretation of the so-called "reflection-fraction" as a solid angle, obtained from fitting disk-reflection models to Compton-thick sources without regard for proper consideration of geometry. (Abridged)
description: 19 pages, 11 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Additional file 2: of Exosomal tRNA-derived small RNA as a promising biomarker for cancer diagnosis
Creators: name: Zhu, Lei
name: Li, Jiao
name: Gong, Youling
name: Wu, Qingbin
name: Tan, Shuangyan
name: Sun, Dan
name: Xu, Xiaomin
name: Zuo, Yuanli
name: Zhao, Yun
name: Wei, Yu-Quan
name: Wei, Xia-Wei
name: Peng, Yong
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biochemistry
Space Science
Medicine
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
Developmental Biology
Cancer

description: Materials and Methods. (DOCX 43 kb)
An Accelerated Pipeline for Multi-label Renal Pathology Image Segmentation at the Whole Slide Image Level
Creators: name: Leng, Haoju
name: Deng, Ruining
name: Asad, Zuhayr
name: Womick, R. Michael
name: Yang, Haichun
name: Wan, Lipeng
name: Huo, Yuankai
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Deep-learning techniques have been used widely to alleviate the labour-intensive and time-consuming manual annotation required for pixel-level tissue characterization. Our previous study introduced an efficient single dynamic network - Omni-Seg - that achieved multi-class multi-scale pathological segmentation with less computational complexity. However, the patch-wise segmentation paradigm still applies to Omni-Seg, and the pipeline is time-consuming when providing segmentation for Whole Slide Images (WSIs). In this paper, we propose an enhanced version of the Omni-Seg pipeline in order to reduce the repetitive computing processes and utilize a GPU to accelerate the model's prediction for both better model performance and faster speed. Our proposed method's innovative contribution is two-fold: (1) a Docker is released for an end-to-end slide-wise multi-tissue segmentation for WSIs; and (2) the pipeline is deployed on a GPU to accelerate the prediction, achieving better segmentation quality in less time. The proposed accelerated implementation reduced the average processing time (at the testing stage) on a standard needle biopsy WSI from 2.3 hours to 22 minutes, using 35 WSIs from the Kidney Tissue Atlas (KPMP) Datasets. The source code and the Docker have been made publicly available at https://github.com/ddrrnn123/Omni-Seg.
GCBF+: A Neural Graph Control Barrier Function Framework for Distributed Safe Multi-Agent Control
Creators: name: Zhang, Songyuan
name: So, Oswin
name: Garg, Kunal
name: Fan, Chuchu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Distributed, scalable, and safe control of large-scale multi-agent systems is a challenging problem. In this paper, we design a distributed framework for safe multi-agent control in large-scale environments with obstacles, where a large number of agents are required to maintain safety using only local information and reach their goal locations. We introduce a new class of certificates, termed graph control barrier function (GCBF), which are based on the well-established control barrier function theory for safety guarantees and utilize a graph structure for scalable and generalizable distributed control of MAS. We develop a novel theoretical framework to prove the safety of an arbitrary-sized MAS with a single GCBF. We propose a new training framework GCBF+ that uses graph neural networks to parameterize a candidate GCBF and a distributed control policy. The proposed framework is distributed and is capable of taking point clouds from LiDAR, instead of actual state information, for real-world robotic applications. We illustrate the efficacy of the proposed method through various hardware experiments on a swarm of drones with objectives ranging from exchanging positions to docking on a moving target without collision. Additionally, we perform extensive numerical experiments, where the number and density of agents, as well as the number of obstacles, increase. Empirical results show that in complex environments with agents with nonlinear dynamics (e.g., Crazyflie drones), GCBF+ outperforms the hand-crafted CBF-based method with the best performance by up to 20% for relatively small-scale MAS with up to 256 agents, and leading reinforcement learning (RL) methods by up to 40% for MAS with 1024 agents. Furthermore, the proposed method does not compromise on the performance, in terms of goal reaching, for achieving high safety rates, which is a common trade-off in RL-based methods.
description: 20 pages, 15 figures; Accepted by IEEE Transactions on Robotics (T-RO)
The spectrum of an open vertex model based on the U_q[SU(2)] at roots of unity
Creators: name: Martins, M. J.
name: Melo, C. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the exact solution of an $N$-state vertex model based on the representation of the $U_q[SU(2)]$ algebra at roots of unity with diagonal open boundaries. We find that the respective reflection equation provides us one general class of diagonal $K$-matrices having one free-parameter. We determine the eigenvalues of the double-row transfer matrix and the respective Bethe ansatz equation within the algebraic Bethe ansatz framework. The structure of the Bethe ansatz equation combine a pseudomomenta function depending on a free-parameter with scattering phase-shifts that are fixed by the roots of unity and boundary variables.
description: 21 pages
Relative price level developments in the Baltic economies and lessons to learn from the crises. Suhteline hinnatase Balti riikide majandustes ja kriisikogemused
Creators: name: Angerma, Meelis
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2012

description: Estonia and other Baltic countries experienced speculative boom in years 2004-2008. The boom resulted in rapidly rising relative price level or real exchange rate. Euro wages are used as proxies for bilateral real exchange rates. Rapid reversal of capital inflow created instantly short-term real exchange rate overvaluation. The data shows that some other developing countries, like Poland and Russia let their price level to adjust through depreciation of nominal exchange rate. Estonia and other Baltic countries decided to go through adjustment with deflation of prices and wages. This contributed to higher unemployment rate and GDP loss. The most positive way out appears to be restoration of foreign investors interest in local economy and raising equilibrium real exchange rate reducing likely real exchange rate overvaluation. The other important implication was that local businessmen and other individuals were too much risk-takers for volatile emerging market economy.
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 19, No 2 (2011)
Constrained Hamiltonian Systems and Physics-Informed Neural Networks: Hamilton-Dirac Neural Networks
Creators: name: Kaltsas, Dimitrios A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The effectiveness of the Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) for learning the dynamics of constrained Hamiltonian systems is demonstrated using the Dirac theory of constraints for regular systems with holonomic constraints and systems with non-standard Lagrangians. By utilizing Dirac brackets, we derive the Hamilton-Dirac equations and minimize their residuals, incorporating also energy conservation and the Dirac constraints, using appropriate regularization terms in the loss function. The resulting PINNs, referred to as Hamilton-Dirac Neural Networks (HDNNs), successfully learn constrained dynamics without deviating from the constraint manifold. Two examples with holonomic constraints are presented: the nonlinear pendulum in Cartesian coordinates and a two-dimensional, elliptically restricted harmonic oscillator. In both cases, HDNNs exhibit superior performance in preserving energy and constraints compared to traditional explicit solvers. To demonstrate applicability in systems with singular Lagrangians, we computed the guiding center motion in a strong magnetic field starting from the guiding center Lagrangian. The imposition of energy conservation during the neural network training proved essential for accurately determining the orbits of the guiding center. The HDNN architecture enables the learning of parametric dependencies in constrained dynamics by incorporating a problem-specific parameter as an input, in addition to the time variable. Additionally, an example of semi-supervised, data-driven learning of guiding center dynamics with parameter inference is presented.
FOCJ as model for financing the Estonian general education. FOCJ-mudel Eesti üldhariduse rahastamiseks
Creators: name: Friedrich, Peter
name: Reiljan, Janno
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2012

description: The share of GDP used for financing education in Estonia is somewhat lower in comparison to the EU average, the nominal amount of per capita education funds is much more lower due to a low level of economic development. Moreover, because of thin population per square km many small schools exist in Estonia without a sufficient number of pupils, which makes the education system more costly. We consider two different basic strategies to improve the situation. 
The current strategy of financing Estonian general education refers mainly to the prevailing educational and spatial organization. This strategy is not based on a fair equal treatment of cases. Therefore a new strategy of improvement of education financing system is discussed. It is based on the idea of Functional Overlapping Competitive Jurisdictions (FOCJ). The municipalities voluntarily form FOCJ that are operating schools. In this way municipalities may form a school jurisdiction that can negotiate with central government institutions for the loan and the school equipment etc. A municipality can act individually or the FOCJ negotiates for the municipal members in total. Theories of FOCJ-establishment, FOCJ-contribution determination and FOCJ-negotiations with central government are demonstrated. The FOCJ can supplement positively the first strategy of reform.
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 19, No 2 (2011)
Klimawandel - Handlungsempfehlungen für Planende 2 (D / F / I)
Creators: name: Büttner, Sina
name: Stampfli, Janine
name: Domingo Irigoyen, Silvia
name: Settembrini, Gianrico
name: Schrader, Björn
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021

description: Kein Abstract vorhanden
description: + ID der Publikation: hslu_85898 + Art des Beitrages: Leitfaden + Sprache: Deutsch + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2021-11-02 16:38:38
Additional file 3: of Exosomal tRNA-derived small RNA as a promising biomarker for cancer diagnosis
Creators: name: Zhu, Lei
name: Li, Jiao
name: Gong, Youling
name: Wu, Qingbin
name: Tan, Shuangyan
name: Sun, Dan
name: Xu, Xiaomin
name: Zuo, Yuanli
name: Zhao, Yun
name: Wei, Yu-Quan
name: Wei, Xia-Wei
name: Peng, Yong
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Hematology
subject: Virology

description: Table S1. List of tsRNA in exosome from cell culture medium for RT-qPCR. Table S2. List of 46 differentially expressed tsRNAs in plasma exosome between liver cancer patients and healthy donors. Table S3. List of differentially expressed tsRNA in patients for RT-qPCR. Table S4. Primers for reverse transcription and quantitative PCR. (DOCX 41 kb)
Higher moments of net-charge multiplicity distributions in Au + Au collisions in PHENIX experiment at RHIC
Creators: name: Garg, Prakhar
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: phenix
multiplicity
centrality
cumulants
qgp

description: This thesis attempts a systematic study of higher moments of net-charge multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions measured by PHENIX detector at 7.7 GeV,19.6 GeV, 27 GeV, 39 GeV, 62.4 GeV and 200 GeV center of mass energies per nucleon pair. Our model based study clearly indicates that the value of the observables related to net-charge and net-strangeness strongly depends on the experimental kinematic and charge state acceptances.
Simultaneous Measurement of Half-Life and Spectral Shape of $^{115}$In $β$-decay with an Indium Iodide Cryogenic Calorimeter
Creators: name: Pagnanini, L.
name: Benato, G.
name: Carniti, P.
name: Celi, E.
name: Chiesa, D.
name: Corbett, J.
name: Dafinei, I.
name: Di Domizio, S.
name: Di Stefano, P.
name: Ghislandi, S.
name: Gotti, C.
name: Helis, D. L.
name: Knobel, R.
name: Kostensalo, J.
name: Kotila, J.
name: Nagorny, S.
name: Pessina, G.
name: Pirro, S.
name: Pozzi, S.
name: Puiu, A.
name: Quitadamo, S.
name: Sisti, M.
name: Suhonen, J.
name: Kuznetsov, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Current bounds on neutrino Majorana mass are affected by significant uncertainties in the nuclear calculations for neutrinoless double-beta decay. A key issue for a data-driven improvement of the nuclear theory is the actual value of the axial coupling constant $g_A$, which can be investigated through forbidden $β$-decays. We present the first measurement of 4$^{th}$-forbidden $β$-decay of $^{115}$In with a cryogenic calorimeter based on Indium Iodide. Exploiting the enhanced spectral shape method for the first time to this isotope, our study accurately determines simultaneously spectral shape, $g_A$, and half-life. The Interacting Shell Model, which best fits our data, indicates a half-life for this decay at $T_{1/2}=(5.26\pm0.06) \times 10^{14}$,yr.
Competition for people as drivers of future economic growth: European people’s attitudes towards migration. Konkurents inimeste kui tulevase majanduskasvu käivitajate järele: eurooplaste hoiakuid immigratsiooni suhtes selgitavad tegurid
Creators: name: Halapuu, Vivika
name: Paas, Tiiu
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2012

description: The paper follows an argument that the key elements of global competition are no longer trade of goods and services and flows of capital, but the competition for people. We claim that economic growth is driven by educated and innovative people, who prefer to live and migrate to countries that are diverse, tolerant and open to newcomers. Countries should compete for educated and diverse people and therefore a positive attitude to migration is an important argument for future economic growth. We analysed peoples’ attitudes to migration in 23 European countries based on the micro-data of the European Social Survey fourth round database. The outcomes of the empirical analysis show that European peoples’ attitudes toward immigrants vary depending on 1) personal characteristics of the respondents; 2) country’s characteristics; 3) peoples’ attitudes towards countries’ institutions. The results of the study provide empirical evidence based grounds for development of policy measures for improving peoples’ attitudes to immigration and to ethnically diverse human capital that support future economic growth.
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 19, No 2 (2011)
An Urban Network in its Landscape
Creators: name: Arnoux, Mathieu
Publisher: name: Rural History Yearbook
Year: 2022

description: A densely populated and wealthy centre of textile production in medieval Europe, Normandy, certainly merits the attention of economic historians. Looking at the province‘s urban network at the time, we find numerous agglomerations that can be perceived as towns for various reasons, without institutional unity among them. Norman towns often lacked features that are assumed to define town status in the historiography of other regions, like a strong municipal organisation. Furthermore, though these towns were important for textile production and trade, significant trade activities for both local and foreign markets took place also in rural areas. The Norman market network thus comprised towns as well as rural agglomerations. For the rural economic activities, the bourgs ruraux were most important. These settlements usually spread around seigniorial establishments like castles or abbeys. These bourgs with their markets specialised in the more profitable final phases of productive processes. In particular, the recovery from the destruction suffered in the course of Hundred Years War brought about an adaption of the economic structures, creating proto-industrial structures in the rural areas.
description: Rural History Yearbook, Bd. 6 (2009): Zwischen Land und Stadt. Wirtschaftsverflechtungen von ländlichen und städtischen Räumen in Europa 1300–1600
Boundary orbit strata and faces of invariant cones and complex Olshanskii semigroups
Creators: name: Alldridge, Alexander
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Complex Variables (math.CV)
subject: Group Theory (math.GR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 22E60, 32M15, 22A15, 52A05

description: Let D=G/K be an irreducible Hermitian symmetric domain. Then G is contained in a complexification, and there exists a closed complex subsemigroup, the so-called minimal Olshanskii semigroup, of the complexification characterised by the fact that all holomorphic discrete series representations of G extend holomorphically to it. Parallel to the classical theory of boundary strata for the symmetric domain D, due to Koranyi and Wolf, we give a detailed and complete description of the K-orbit type strata of the minimal Olshanskii semigroup, as K-equivariant fibre bundles. They are given by the conjugacy classes of faces of the minimal invariant cone in the Lie algebra of G.
description: 34 pages
Kohn-Sham-Proca equations for ultrafast exciton dynamics
Creators: name: Dewhurst, J. K.
name: Gill, D.
name: Shallcross, S.
name: Sharma, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A long standing problem in time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) has been the absence of a functional able to capture excitonic physics under laser pump conditions. Here we introduce a Kohn-Sham-Proca scheme that we demonstrate reproduces both linear response excitonic effects in the absorption in excellent agreement with experiment for a wide range of materials, but also captures excitonic physics in the highly non-linear regime of ultrafast laser pumping, in particular laser fluence dependent "bleaching" (i.e. reduction) of the excitonic weight and the appearance of excitonic side bands. The approach is a procedural functional -- the Kohn-Sham and Proca equations are simultaneously time propagated -- allowing the straight-forward inclusion of, for example, lattice and spin degrees of freedom into excitonic physics.
description: 4 page 3 figures
Systematic differences of retail exchange rate spreads in some EU countries: the banks against financial integration. Valuutade jaekursside kursivahede süstemaatilised erinevused mõnedes Euroopa Liidu riikides: pangad versus finantsintegratsioon
Creators: name: Listra, Enn
name: Rahu, Katrin
name: Vaiser, Niina
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2012

description: An important policy goal in European Union has been integration of markets and economic convergence. The aim of this exploratory paper is to study pricing of currency exchange services based on bid-ask spreads in commercial banks and the policy implications of the delayed integration of banking markets. The currency rate spreads in different bank groups and countries are compared with each other. The main results of the study are that statistically significant differences exist in the spreads set by banking groups in different countries. All banking groups in the sample offer more favorable rates in Western countries indicating that the pricing policy of bank groups may be discriminatory. Further research is needed to understand the extent and the mechanism of it and to determine which policy measures may help to overcome the problem.
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 19, No 2 (2011)
Quintessence and phantom cosmology with non-minimal derivative coupling
Creators: name: Saridakis, Emmanuel N.
name: Sushkov, Sergey V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate cosmological scenarios with a non-minimal derivative coupling between the scalar field and the curvature, examining both the quintessence and the phantom cases in zero and constant potentials. In general, we find that the universe transits from one de Sitter solution to another, determined by the coupling parameter. Furthermore, according to the parameter choices and without the need for matter, we can obtain a Big Bang, an expanding universe with no beginning, a cosmological turnaround, an eternally contracting universe, a Big Crunch, a Big Rip avoidance and a cosmological bounce. This variety of behaviors reveals the capabilities of the present scenario.
description: 8 pages, 8 figures
Economic benefit of maximum truck weight regulation change for Estonian forest sektor. Veokite täismassi regulatsiooni muutmise majanduslikud mõjud eesti metsatööstuse sektorile
Creators: name: Lukason, Oliver
name: Ukrainski, Kadri
name: Varblane, Urmas
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2012

description: Current paper is focused on analysing the economic benefit of increasing maximum allowed truck weight for Estonian forest sector. It is producing economic benefits to the firms of forest sector in two broad areas. The change in truck weight limit regulation is causing the reduction of transportation costs for forest sector firms. Increase of the truck weight limit from current 44 up to 60 tonnes is going to reduce the share of transportation costs in roundwood material prices from 17.7% to 14.2%.
Secondly, the growth of demand for roundwood as the result of decreasing transportation costs was determined. Using own and cross elasticities between road and rail transportation, the apparent domestic consumption is expected to grow in the range from 0.7 – 4.6 % depending on the change of regulation from 44 to 60 tonnes, whereas in the most probable situation (change from 52 to 60 tonnes) the growth in apparent domestic consumption is 0.3 − 1.1%.
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 19, No 2 (2011)
Incentives to retire imposed by old-age pension policy in Estonia. Eesti vanaduspensionipoliitika mõjud pensionilejäämise ajenditele
Creators: name: Medijainen, Mikk
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2012

description: The paper analyses the incentives that Estonian state pension scheme imposes on retirement incentives. The specific focus is on actuarial neutrality and benefit equivalence of adjustments for early and late reitrement.The benefit adjustments for early and deferred retirement set in current legislation are established as not actuarially neutral and they do not assure benefit equivalence. They impose an incentive to postpone retirement for too long – assuming rational behaviour the effective retirement ages should be way above statutory retirement age if current legislation is not amended. Assuming a real discount rate of 3%, the rational effective retirement ages would lie at 70 in 2016 and 72 in 2026. Not legislating benefit adjustments that assure benefit equivalence could bring along adverse effects, such as higher than expected replacement rates and thereby higher than expected overall costs.
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 19, No 2 (2011)
Mottness collapse and statistical quantum criticality
Creators: name: Zaanen, J.
name: Overbosch, B. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We forward here the case that the anomalous electron states found in cuprate superconductors and related systems are rooted in a deeply non-classical fermion sign structure. The collapse of Mottness as advocated by Phillips and supported by recent DCA results on the Hubbard model is setting the necessary microscopic conditions. The crucial insight is due to Weng who demonstrated that in the presence of Mottness the fundamental workings of quantum statistics changes and we will elaborate on the effects of this Weng statistics with an emphasis on characterizing these further using numerical methods. The pseudogap physics of the underdoped regime appears as a consequence of the altered statistics and the profound question is how to connect this by a continuous quantum phase transition to the overdoped regime ruled by normal Fermi-Dirac statistics. Proof of principle follows from Ceperley's constrained path integral formalism where states can be explicitly constructed showing a merger of Fermi-Dirac sign structure and scale invariance of the quantum dynamics.
description: 27 pages, 4 figures, submitted to theme issue of Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A
Pacific Labour Mobility: Removing the Gender Blinkers
Creators: name: Ball, Rochelle
name: Bailey, Rochelle
name: Haley, Nicole
name: Keen, Meg
Publisher: name: Canberra, ACT : Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University
Year: 2015

description: To date, women’s participation in the SWP and New Zealand’s Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) scheme has been low (Bailey 2014; Chattier 2015). Increasing women’s participation in these schemes is crucial if development gains are to be maximised. In this, the second in a series of In Briefs that consider women’s participation in the SWP, we examine what might be done to address the existing gender imbalances.
A phase transition between positional and semantic learning in a solvable model of dot-product attention
Creators: name: Cui, Hugo
name: Behrens, Freya
name: Krzakala, Florent
name: Zdeborová, Lenka
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Many empirical studies have provided evidence for the emergence of algorithmic mechanisms (abilities) in the learning of language models, that lead to qualitative improvements of the model capabilities. Yet, a theoretical characterization of how such mechanisms emerge remains elusive. In this paper, we take a step in this direction by providing a tight theoretical analysis of the emergence of semantic attention in a solvable model of dot-product attention. More precisely, we consider a non-linear self-attention layer with trainable tied and low-rank query and key matrices. In the asymptotic limit of high-dimensional data and a comparably large number of training samples we provide a tight closed-form characterization of the global minimum of the non-convex empirical loss landscape. We show that this minimum corresponds to either a positional attention mechanism (with tokens attending to each other based on their respective positions) or a semantic attention mechanism (with tokens attending to each other based on their meaning), and evidence an emergent phase transition from the former to the latter with increasing sample complexity. Finally, we compare the dot-product attention layer to a linear positional baseline, and show that it outperforms the latter using the semantic mechanism provided it has access to sufficient data.
Economic causes and consequences of international migration of labor. Wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen der internationalen Arbeitsmigration
Creators: name: Palat, Milan
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2012

description: Migration waves in Europe in the past century had diverse causes but currently prevailing purposes for migration are of economic origin. International labour migration is mainly promoted by economic interests. This paper puts together important facts regarding motivation to labour migration and provides explanations of their impacts on the macroeconomic level. Understanding of broader migration patterns and identification of key determinants of migration described in this paper may allow the evaluation of applied migration policies and the determination of macro- and microeconomic benefits and costs of international labour migration. 
A partial objective of the practical part of the paper is to evaluate relationships between the rate of migration and the unemployment rate in countries of the Visegrad group using adequate quantitative methods. To determine parameters of a regression function were used methods of regression and correlation analysis including testing the statistical significance. Based on these results, the existence of correlation is evident between the crude rate of net migration and the unemployment rate in the Czech Republic and Hungary but calculated correlation indices in Poland and Slovakia were evaluated as statistically insignificant which can be attributed to higher structural problems of those two economies.
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 19, No 2 (2011)
Pairing state at an interface of Sr$_2$RuO$_4$: parity-mixing, restored time-reversal symmetry, and topological superconductivity
Creators: name: Tada, Yasuhiro
name: Kawakami, Norio
name: Fujimoto, Satoshi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate pairing states realized at the (001) interface of a spin-triplet superconductor Sr$_2$RuO$_4$ on the basis of microscopic calculations. Because of a Rashba-type spin-orbit interaction induced at the interface, strong parity-mixing of Cooper pairs between a spin-singlet state and a spin-triplet state occurs in this system. There are also strong inter-band pair correlations between the spin-orbit split bands, in spite of the considerably large spin-orbit splitting. This is due to frustration between the spin-orbit interaction and pairing interactions. In this pairing state, time-reversal symmetry is restored, in contrast to the bulk Sr$_2$RuO$_4$ which is believed to be a chiral $p+ip$ superconductor with broken time-reversal symmetry. It is demonstrated that, because of these features, the pairing state at the interface is a promising candidate for the recently proposed time-reversal invariant topological superconductor.
description: Submitted to New. J. Phys. a focus issue on "Superconductors with Exotic Symmetries"; amended version as accepted for publication
Economic crisis and economic policy in Estonia 2007-2010 . Majanduskriis ja majanduspoliitika Eestis 2007-2010
Creators: name: Raju, Olev
Publisher: name: MATTIMAR OÜ
Year: 2012

description: Estonia suffered the deepest economic crisis of its history in 2007-2010; also, the crisis was one of the most troublesome ones among the member states of EU and among the industrialized countries worldwide. The paper deals with main indicators describing the size and dynamics of the crisis and with the economic politics of government in the period. The latter one can be characterized by delay in giving estimation to economic processes and the lack of means against the crisis. At the same time government erected task to join euro at any price. The economic reactions were centred on it. The taxes were lifted and the costs were cut down in order to balance the budget at the highest peak of the crisis, it was done also in the middle of the budget year. All the criteria to join euro were succeeded to fulfil for a certain period (today the inflation is much higher again), but the difficulties of the crisis were magnified. The paper doesn’t give prognosis for the development of Estonian economy in euro zone, neither does it give any variances of economic politics for next years.
description: Estonian Discussions on Economic Policy, Vol 19, No 2 (2011)
Effects of mobility in a population of Prisoner's Dilemma players
Creators: name: Meloni, S.
name: Buscarino, A.
name: Fortuna, L.
name: Frasca, M.
name: Gomez-Gardenes, J.
name: Latora, V.
name: Moreno, Y.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We address the problem of how the survival of cooperation in a social system depends on the motion of the individuals. Specifically, we study a model in which Prisoner's Dilemma players are allowed to move in a two-dimensional plane. Our results show that cooperation can survive in such a system provided that both the temptation to defect and the velocity at which agents move are not too high. Moreover, we show that when these conditions are fulfilled, the only asymptotic state of the system is that in which all players are cooperators. Our results might have implications for the design of cooperative strategies in motion coordination and other applications including wireless networks.
description: 4 pages with 4 figures. APS format. Final version to be published in PRE
A Triangular Tessellation Scheme for the Adsorption Free Energy at the Liquid-Liquid Interface: Towards Non-Convex Patterned Colloids
Creators: name: de Graaf, Joost
name: Dijkstra, Marjolein
name: van Roij, Rene
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We introduce a new numerical technique, namely triangular tessellation, to calculate the free energy associated with the adsorption of a colloidal particle at a flat interface. The theory and numerical scheme presented here are sufficiently general to handle non-convex patchy colloids with arbitrary surface patterns characterized by a wetting angle, e.g., amphiphilicity. We ignore interfacial deformation due to capillary, electrostatic, or gravitational forces, but the method can be extended to take such effects into account. It is verified that the numerical method presented is accurate and sufficiently stable to be applied to more general situations than presented in this paper. The merits of the tessellation method prove to outweigh those of traditionally used semi-analytic approaches, especially when it comes to generality and applicability.
description: 21 pages, 11 figures, 0 tables
Klimawandel - Handlungsempfehlungen für Planende 1 (D / F / I)
Creators: name: Büttner, Sina
name: Stampfli, Janine
name: Domingo Irigoyen, Silvia
name: Settembrini, Gianrico
name: Schrader, Björn
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021

description: Kein Abstract vorhanden
description: + ID der Publikation: hslu_85897 + Art des Beitrages: Leitfaden + Sprache: Deutsch + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2021-11-02 16:39:06
Jet transport coefficients by elastic and radiative scatterings in the strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma
Creators: name: Grishmanovskii, Ilia
name: Soloveva, Olga
name: Song, Taesoo
name: Greiner, Carsten
name: Bratkovskaya, Elena
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We extend the investigation on jet transport coefficients within the effective Dynamical QuasiParticle Model (DQPM) -- constructed for the description of non-perturbative QCD phenomena of the strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma (sQGP) in line with the lattice QCD equation-of-state -- by accounting for inelastic $2\to 3$ reactions with gluon radiation additionally to the elastic scattering of partons. The elastic and inelastic reactions are calculated explicitly within leading-order Feynman diagrams with effective propagators and vertices from the DQPM by accounting for all channels and their interferences. We present the results for the jet transport coefficients such as the transverse momentum transfer squared $\hat{q}$ per unit length as well as the energy loss $ΔE = dE/dx$ per unit length in the sQGP and investigate their dependence on the temperature $T$ and momentum of the jet parton depending on the choice of the strong coupling constant $α_s$ in thermal, jet parton and radiative vertices. For the latter we consider different scenarios used in the literature and find a very strong dependence of $\hat q$ and $ΔE$ on the choice of $α_s$. Moreover, we explore the relation of $\hat{q}/T^3$ to the ratio of specific shear viscosity to entropy density $η/s$ and show that the ratio $T^3/\hat{q}$ to $η/s$ has a strong $T$ dependence -- especially when approaching to $T_c$ -- on the choice of $α_s$ in scattering vertices.
Protecting subspaces by acting on the outside
Creators: name: Busch, Jonathan
name: Beige, Almut
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Many quantum control tasks aim at manipulating the state of a quantum mechanical system within a finite subspace of states. However, couplings to the outside are often inevitable. Here we discuss strategies which keep the system in the controlled subspace by applying strong interactions onto the outside. This is done by drawing analogies to simple toy models and to the quantum Zeno effect. Special attention is paid to the constructive use of dissipation in the protection of subspaces.
description: 16 pages, 10 figures
From Data Creator to Data Reuser: Distance Matters
Creators: name: Borgman, Christine L.
name: Groth, Paul T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: Digital Libraries (cs.DL)
subject: Information Retrieval (cs.IR)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Sharing research data is necessary, but not sufficient, for data reuse. Open science policies focus more heavily on data sharing than on reuse, yet both are complex, labor-intensive, expensive, and require infrastructure investments by multiple stakeholders. The value of data reuse lies in relationships between creators and reusers. By addressing knowledge exchange, rather than mere transactions between stakeholders, investments in data management and knowledge infrastructures can be made more wisely. Drawing upon empirical studies of data sharing and reuse, we develop the metaphor of distance between data creator and data reuser, identifying six dimensions of distance that influence the ability to transfer knowledge effectively: domain, methods, collaboration, curation, purposes, and time and temporality. We explore how social and socio-technical aspects of these dimensions may decrease -- or increase -- distances to be traversed between creators and reusers. Our theoretical framing of the distance between data creators and prospective reusers leads to recommendations to four categories of stakeholders on how to make data sharing and reuse more effective: data creators, data reusers, data archivists, and funding agencies. 'It takes a village' to share research data -- and a village to reuse data. Our aim is to provoke new research questions, new research, and new investments in effective and efficient circulation of research data; and to identify criteria for investments at each stage of data and research life cycles.
description: 41 pages, single-spaced, consisting of Title information, Abstract, 26 page narrative, 1 box, 1 figure, 1 table, 16 pages references. Original work
Invited Paper: Initial Steps Toward a Compiler for Distributed Programs
Creators: name: Hellerstein, Joseph M.
name: Laddad, Shadaj
name: Milano, Mae
name: Power, Conor
name: Samuel, Mingwei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: Databases (cs.DB)
subject: Programming Languages (cs.PL)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In the Hydro project we are designing a compiler toolkit that can optimize for the concerns of distributed systems, including scale-up and scale-down, availability, and consistency of outcomes across replicas. This invited paper overviews the project, and provides an early walk-through of the kind of optimization that is possible. We illustrate how type transformations as well as local program transformations can combine, step by step, to convert a single-node program into a variety of distributed design points that offer the same semantics with different performance and deployment characteristics.