cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Synanthedon Hubner
Creators: name: Liang, Jia-Yuan
name: Hsu, Yu-Feng
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Sesiidae
Synanthedon

description: Synanthedon Hübner
Synanthedon Hübner [1819]:129.
Type species: Sphinx oestriformis Rottemburg 1775 (= Sphinx vespiformis Linnaeus 1761), subsequent designation by Newman in Westwood 1840:89.
Conopia Hübner [1819]:129.
Type species: Sphinx stomoxiformis Hübner 1790, subsequent designation by Bartel 1912:376.
Aegeria auct. (sensu Curtis 1825:53) [nec Aegeria [Fabricius in Illiger] 1807]
Type species: Sphinx culiciformis Linnaeus 1758.
Pyrrhotaenia Grote 1875:174.
Type species: Pyrrhotaenia floridensis Grote 1875 (= Aegeria sapygaeformis Walker 1856), by monotypy.
Vespamima Beutenmüller 1894:87.
Type species: Bembecia sequoiae Edwards 1881, original designation.
Sanninoidea Beutenmüller 1896:126.
Type species: Aegeria exitiosa Say 1823, subsequent designation by Beutenmüller 1901:266.
Thamnosphecia Spuler 1910:308.
Type species: Sphinx culiciformis Linnaeus 1758, original designation.
Montezumia Dampf 1930:179.
Type species: Montezumia cardinalis Dampf 1930, by monotypy; preoccupied by Saussure 1852 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).
Ramosia Engelhardt 1946:22.
Type species: Sesia bibionipennis Boisduval 1869, original designation.
Sylvora Engelhardt 1946:77.
Type species: Trochilium acerni Clemens 1860, original designation.
Tipulia Králícek & Povolný 1977:82.
Type species: [Sphinx] tipuliformis Clerck 1759, original designation.
The genus Synanthedon has been recorded from all zoogeographical regions; however, some tropical species may belong to other genera (Bradley 1968). It is morphologically very diverse, including a number of species groups. Many of which may be poorly defined, and modern revision of the genus is still lacking. Species of Synanthedon are characterized by the morphology of the male genitalia (length of tegumen-uncus 4.0−4.9X saccus; scopula short, about 3/ 4X length of tegumen-uncus), famale genitalia (antrum short, funnel shaped) as well as wing venation (crossvein of hindwing shifted distally at about 3/5 of anterior transparent areas).
description: Published as part of Liang, Jia-Yuan & Hsu, Yu-Feng, 2015, A review of clearwing moths in the tribe Synanthedonini, with descriptions of six new species from Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), pp. 535-555 in Zootaxa 4044 (4) on page 548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4044.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/243567
Synanthedon mushana Matsumura 1931
Creators: name: Liang, Jia-Yuan
name: Hsu, Yu-Feng
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Sesiidae
Synanthedon
Synanthedon mushana

description: Synanthedon mushana (Matsumura 1931)
Conopia mushana Matsumura 1931: 1014.
Synanthedon mushana; Heppner 1981: 32; Arita 1986.
Holotype. ♀, " Formosa, Musha, 1919, V 18−VI 15, T.Okuni, J.Sonan,K. Miy., M. Yosh", " C. mushana Mats. " [hand writing], " Type Matsumura" [red label], genitalia on slide no. 1315, mounted by Y. ARITA 1986.
Biology. The larvae host plant is unknown.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Taiwan.
This species was known only from the unique female type, and its genitalia was examined by Arita (1986), who concluded that S. mushana and P. formosicola are similar to each other in terms of external morphology and female genitalia. The sole distinction is that a white marking is present on antennae of S. mushana, whereas it is absent on antennae of P. formosicola. Whether S. mushana is conspecific to P. formosicola remains an unsolved question and awaits for further clarification.
description: Published as part of Liang, Jia-Yuan & Hsu, Yu-Feng, 2015, A review of clearwing moths in the tribe Synanthedonini, with descriptions of six new species from Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), pp. 535-555 in Zootaxa 4044 (4) on page 552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4044.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/243567
Helina Robineau-Desvoidy 1830
Creators: name: Patitucci, Luciano Damián
name: Mulieri, Pablo Ricardo
name: Mariluis, Juan Carlos
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Lonchaeidae
Helina

description: Helina Robineau-desvoidy, 1830
Diagnosis to Helina species of Andean-Patagonian forests. Black species, with grey or brownish-yellow pollinosity [except H. viola with metallic blue color]; presutural acrostichal setae differentiated; dorsocentral setae 2+3-4; prealar present; katepisternal setae 2+2; prosternum and anepimeron bare; veins bare; lower calypter glossiform; legs black, yellow or black and yellow; fore tibia with 1 or 2 median setae on posterior surface; calcar absent.
To avoid lengthy and redundant descriptions, the characters listed below, present in all species of Helina described in this article, will not be repeated in each description. Male. Head: frontal vitta black; gena with black setae; inner vertical setae convergent and outer vertical setae divergent; antenna in lateral view inserted at the midlevel of the eye; palpus filiform. Thorax: intra-alar setae 1+2; supra-alar setae 1+2; notopleuron bare; scutellum with long and strong lateral and apical setae; proepisternals 2, the anterior one smaller; proepimerals 2; katepisternals 2+2; anepimeron, katepimeron and meron bare; prosternum bare. Wing: veins bare; lower calypter glossiform; halter and knob yellow. Abdomen: Sternite 1 bare. Female. Head: interfrontal cruciate setae absent. Terminalia: intersegmental membrane without microtrichiae. Tergites 6 and 7 divided into 2 enlarged parallel scletotized plates. Sternites 6 and 7 with one central plate; sternite 8 with 2 parallel sclerotized plates, with setulae on the distal margin. Three spermathecae.
description: Published as part of Patitucci, Luciano Damián, Mulieri, Pablo Ricardo & Mariluis, Juan Carlos, 2016, Taxonomic review of the species of Helina R. - D. (Diptera: Muscidae) from Andean-Patagonian forests, pp. 281-313 in Zootaxa 4150 (3) on page 285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/265618
Helina viola Malloch 1934
Creators: name: Patitucci, Luciano Damián
name: Mulieri, Pablo Ricardo
name: Mariluis, Juan Carlos
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Lonchaeidae
Helina
Helina viola

description: Helina viola Malloch, 1934
(Fig. 15 E)
For a complete list of references, see the catalog by Carvalho et al. (2005). Information subsequent to this catalog: Löwerberg-Neto et al. 2011 (biogeography); Löwerberg-Neto & Carvalho 2013 (checklist).
Remarks. Malloch (1934) described H. viola from a single female specimen from Lago Gutierrez, Río Negro, Argentina. This species is distinguished from other Helina species recorded in the region by the metallic coloration. We have not included the redescription of this species because we did not observe or collect any specimen.
Biology. Unknown.
Distribution (Fig. 15 E). ARGENTINA. Rio Negro.
description: Published as part of Patitucci, Luciano Damián, Mulieri, Pablo Ricardo & Mariluis, Juan Carlos, 2016, Taxonomic review of the species of Helina R. - D. (Diptera: Muscidae) from Andean-Patagonian forests, pp. 281-313 in Zootaxa 4150 (3) on page 308, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/265618
Caenolestidae Trouessart 1898
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae

description: Caenolestidae Trouessart 1898
Caenolestidae Trouessart 1898, Cat. Mamm. Viv. Foss., Vol. 2, 5: 1205.
Genera: 3 genera with 6 species:
Genus Caenolestes Thomas 1895 (4 species with 5 subspecies)
Genus Lestoros Oehser 1934 (1 species)
Genus Rhyncholestes Osgood 1924 (1 species with 2 subspecies)
Discussion: Reviewed by Marshall (1980) and Bublitz (1987).
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Caenolestes Thomas 1895
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae
Caenolestes

description: Caenolestes Thomas 1895
Caenolestes Thomas 1895, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 16: 367.
Type Species: Hyracodon fuliginosus Tomes 1863
Synonyms: Hyracodon Tomes 1863.
Species and subspecies: 4 species with 5 subspecies:
Species Caenolestes caniventer Anthony 1921
Species Caenolestes condorensis Albuja and Patterson 1996
Species Caenolestes convelatus Anthony 1924
Subspecies Caenolestes convelatus subsp. convelatus Anthony 1924
Subspecies Caenolestes convelatus subsp. barbarensis Bublitz 1987
Species Caenolestes fuliginosus (Tomes 1863)
Subspecies Caenolestes fuliginosus subsp. fuliginosus Tomes 1863
Subspecies Caenolestes fuliginosus subsp. centralis Bublitz 1987
Subspecies Caenolestes fuliginosus subsp. obscurus Thomas 1895
Discussion: Coenolestes Thomas, 1917, is an incorrect subsequent spelling of Caenolestes Thomas.
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Caenolestes caniventer Anthony 1921
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae
Caenolestes
Caenolestes caniventer

description: Caenolestes caniventer Anthony 1921
Caenolestes caniventer Anthony 1921, Am. Mus. Novit., 20: 6.
Type Locality: Ecuador, El Oro, "El Chiral.".
Vernacular Names: Gray-bellied Caenolestid.
Distribution: SW Ecuador and NW Perú.
Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Caenolestes condorensis Albuja and Patterson 1996
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae
Caenolestes
Caenolestes condorensis

description: Caenolestes condorensis Albuja and Patterson 1996
Caenolestes condorensis Albuja and Patterson 1996, J. Mammal., 77: 42.
Type Locality: Ecuador, Morona-Santiago, "Achupallas.".
Vernacular Names: Andean Caenolestid.
Distribution: Cordillera del Cóndor of SE Ecuador.
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Caenolestes convelatus Anthony 1924
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae
Caenolestes
Caenolestes convelatus

description: Caenolestes convelatus Anthony 1924
Caenolestes convelatus Anthony 1924, Am. Mus. Novit., 120: 1.
Type Locality: Ecuador, Pichincha, "Las Maquinas, Western Andes 7000 feet [2134 m] altitude, on trail from Aloag to Santo Domingo de los Colorados.".
Vernacular Names: Northern Caenolestid.
Subspecies::
Subspecies Caenolestes convelatus subsp. convelatus Anthony 1924
Subspecies Caenolestes convelatus subsp. barbarensis Bublitz 1987
Distribution: W Colombia and NW Ecuador.
Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Caenolestes convelatus subsp. convelatus Anthony 1924
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae
Caenolestes
Caenolestes convelatus
Caenolestes convelatus subsp. convelatus anthony 1924

description: Caenolestes convelatus subsp. convelatus Anthony 1924
Caenolestes convelatus subsp. convelatus Anthony 1924, Am. Mus. Novit., 120: 1.
Type Locality: Ecuador, Pichincha, "Las Maquinas, Western Andes 7000 feet [2134 m] altitude, on trail from Aloag to Santo Domingo de los Colorados.".
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Caenolestes fuliginosus
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae
Caenolestes
Caenolestes fuliginosus

description: Caenolestes fuliginosus (Tomes 1863)
[Hyracodon] fuliginosus Tomes 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863: 51.
Type Locality: " Ecuador.".
Vernacular Names: Dusky Caenolestid.
Subspecies::
Subspecies Caenolestes fuliginosus subsp. fuliginosus Tomes 1863
Subspecies Caenolestes fuliginosus subsp. centralis Bublitz 1987
Subspecies Caenolestes fuliginosus subsp. obscurus Thomas 1895
Distribution: Colombia, Ecuador, and NW Venezuela.
Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Caenolestes fuliginosus subsp. fuliginosus Tomes 1863
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae
Caenolestes
Caenolestes fuliginosus
Caenolestes fuliginosus subsp. fuliginosus tomes 1863

description: Caenolestes fuliginosus subsp. fuliginosus Tomes 1863
Caenolestes fuliginosus subsp. fuliginosus Tomes 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863: 51.
Type Locality: " Ecuador.".
Synonyms: Caenolestes fuliginosus subsp. tatei Anthony 1923.
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Lestoros Oehser 1934
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae
Lestoros

description: Lestoros Oehser 1934
Lestoros Oehser 1934, J. Mammal., 15: 240.
Type Species: Orolestes inca Thomas 1917
Synonyms: Cryptolestes Tate 1934; Orolestes Thomas 1917.
Species and subspecies: 1 species:
Species Lestoros inca (Thomas 1917)
Discussion: Lestoros Oehser is a replacement name for Cryptolestes Tate, which in turn was a replacement name for Orolestes Thomas, and automatically takes the same type species as that designated by Thomas for Orolestes.
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Lestoros inca
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae
Lestoros
Lestoros inca

description: Lestoros inca (Thomas 1917)
[Orolestes] inca Thomas 1917, Smithson. Misc. Coll., 68 (4): 3.
Type Locality: Perú, Cuzco, "Torontoy.".
Vernacular Names: Incan Caenolestid.
Synonyms: Lestoros gracilis (Bublitz 1987).
Distribution: S Andean Perú and adjacent Bolivia.
Conservation: IUCN – Lower Risk (lc).
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Rhyncholestes Osgood 1924
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae
Rhyncholestes

description: Rhyncholestes Osgood 1924
Rhyncholestes Osgood 1924, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 14: 170.
Type Species: Rhyncholestes raphanurus Osgood 1924
Species and subspecies: 1 species with 2 subspecies:
Species Rhyncholestes raphanurus Osgood 1924
Subspecies Rhyncholestes raphanurus subsp. raphanurus Osgood 1924
Subspecies Rhyncholestes raphanurus subsp. continentalis Bublitz 1987
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Rhyncholestes raphanurus Osgood 1924
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae
Rhyncholestes
Rhyncholestes raphanurus

description: Rhyncholestes raphanurus Osgood 1924
Rhyncholestes raphanurus Osgood 1924, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 14: 170.
Type Locality: Chile, Biobio, "mouth of Rio Inio, south end of Chiloé Island.".
Vernacular Names: Long-nosed Caenolestid.
Subspecies::
Subspecies Rhyncholestes raphanurus subsp. raphanurus Osgood 1924
Subspecies Rhyncholestes raphanurus subsp. continentalis Bublitz 1987
Distribution: SC Chile including Chiloé Isl and adjacent Argentina.
Conservation: IUCN – Vulnerable.
Discussion: See Patterson and Gallardo (1987, Mammalian Species, 286).
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Rhyncholestes raphanurus subsp. raphanurus Osgood 1924
Creators: name: Wilson, Don E.
name: Reeder, DeeAnn
Publisher: name: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Paucituberculata
Caenolestidae
Rhyncholestes
Rhyncholestes raphanurus
Rhyncholestes raphanurus subsp. raphanurus osgood 1924

description: Rhyncholestes raphanurus subsp. raphanurus Osgood 1924
Rhyncholestes raphanurus subsp. raphanurus Osgood 1924, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ., Zool. Ser., 14: 170.
Type Locality: Chile, Biobio, "mouth of Rio Inio, south end of Chiloé Island.".
description: Published as part of Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn, 2005, Order Paucituberculata, pp. 19-20 in Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore :The Johns Hopkins University Press on page 19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7316519
Paragona Staudinger 1892
Creators: name: Kononenko, Vladimir S.
name: Han, Hui-Lin
name: Yu, Alexej
name: V, Ато
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Noctuidae
Paragona

description: Genus Paragona Staudinger, 1892
Paragona Staudinger, 1892, in Romanoff N.M (ed.), Mémories sur les Lépidoptéres. 6: 557. Type-species: Acidalia multisignata Christoph, 1881, by monotypy.
Staudinger 1892 (Quadrifinae); Warren 1914 (Noctuinae); Inoue & Sugi 1958 (Catocalinae); Sugi 1982 (Catocalinae); Nye 1975 (Ophiderinae); Poole 1989 (Ophiderinae).
Diagnosis. Wingspan 17–22 mm. Small sized moths, resembling Geometridae. Antennae of male serrate; labial palps relatively short, directed forward, covered by dense hairs; hindwing with developed wing pattern, reflecting the pattern of forewing; M2 on hindwing developed. Some species have well expressed patches of metallic-shining scales on dorso-lateral side of abdomen. In male genitalia, uncus moderate or widened, relatively short, straight; juxta bifurcate; valva variable in shape, in some species with costa, apically separate from membrane of valva; harpe present, short; distal part of valva membranous or sclerotized, pointed or with rounded extension. Aedeagus rather large, coecum expressed; vesica without or with 2 small cornuti. In female genitalia, papillae anales wide, quadrangular; anterior apophyses reduced; antrum often with antevaginal plate; ductus bursae rather short, wide; corpus bursae with incrustation of small spines. The genus includes four species distributed in the Manchurian subregion of the Palaearctic and partly in the Oriental region. The generic assignment of three species described in Paragona by Viette (1956, 1958) from Madagascar seems to be doubtful.
Notes. The systematic position of the genus is unclear. Earlier authors placed it to Noctuinae (sensu Hampson 1926), to Catocalinae (sensu Sugi 1982) or to Ophiderinae (sensu Nye 1975), however, the concept, nomenclature and composition of these subfamilies has changed considerably (Lafontaine & Fibiger 2005; Fibiger & Lafontaine 2006; Holloway 2005, 2008, 2009; Lafontaine & Schmidt 2010). We tentatively place the genus Paragona in the subfamily Aventiinae (sensu Holloway 2009) by some characters of structure of male (long sacculus, reduced harpe, shape of valva with costa apically separated from membrane of valva) and female genitalia(reduced anterior apophyses and presence of small pouches on 8 sternite, laterally of ostium), The closest related genera are Prolophota Hampson, 1896 (type species Prolophota trigonifera Hampson, 1896) and Anatatha Hampson, 1926 (type species Catada nigrisigna Hampson, 1895) of the subfamily Aventiinae (sensu Holloway 2009).
description: Published as part of Kononenko, Vladimir S., Han, Hui-Lin, Yu, Alexej & V, Ато, 2010, A review of the Eastern Palaearctic genera Paragona Staudinger, 1892 and Paragabara Hampson, 1926 with description of two new species and a new genus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Aventiinae, Hypeninae), pp. 51-68 in Zootaxa 2679 on page 52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199269
Paragona inchoata Wileman 1911
Creators: name: Kononenko, Vladimir S.
name: Han, Hui-Lin
name: Yu, Alexej
name: V, Ато
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Noctuidae
Paragona
Paragona inchoata

description: Paragona inchoata (Wileman, 1911)
(Figs. 3, 19, 31)
Acidalia inchoata Wileman, 1911, Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1911: 335. Type-locality: Japan: Yamato, Yoshino [BMNH, London].
Material examined. South Korea: 1 male, Korea, Isl. Wando, 15.vi.2003 (coll. Weon G.-J.) (KNA); China: 3 male, Prov. Guizhou, Huangguoshu, 24–26.ix.2008 (Han, H.L., Wang Y.) (NEFU); 1 male, “Chekiang, West Tien-mu-shan” [Zhejiang Mt. West Tianmushan], 1600 m, 23.ix.1932 (H. Höne); 1 male, “Linping Sudchina” [Prov. Guangdong, near Guangzhou], 4.iv.1923 (H. Höne); 1 male, “Prov. Hunan, Hoengshan” Mt. Hengshan], 13.v.1933 (H. Höne) (ZFMK); 1 female, Taiwan, County Taichung, 1200 m, Kukuan Reservoir, 24 15' 0 6''N, 121 0 5'90''E, 22.iv.1997 (L. Peregovics & A. Kun) (HNHM).
Diagnosis. P. inchoata (Fig. 3) externally differs from its allied by slimmer habitus, more monotonous grey wing colour, clear thin, whitish postmedial line, pales subterminal field and less distinct reniform and discal spot on fore and hind wings. Metallic-shining scales expressed only on base of abdomen. In male genitalia (Fig. 19) tegumen with prominent lateral extensions; uncus thin, tipped; valva rather narrow, long, curved and rounded apically; vinculum very narrow, clasper in diagonal position, with moderate finger-like harpe; digitus short, finger-like, deposited in apical part of ventral margin of valva. Aedeagus strongly curved apically. In female genitalia (Fig. 31) papillae anales thinner apophyses anterior and posterior thinner and longer than in its congeners; antevaginal plate present; ductus bursae long, sclerotized; bursa copulatrix ovoid, from caudal part for 3/4 of length covered with small spine-like signa.
Distribution. (Fig. 38). Sino-Pacific. South and central Korea (Kononenko et al. 1998; Kononenko & Han 2007), Japan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima Isl.); China, first record: (Provinces Guizhou, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hunan, Taiwan).
Notes. The species is newly reported from Taiwan and mainland China.
description: Published as part of Kononenko, Vladimir S., Han, Hui-Lin, Yu, Alexej & V, Ато, 2010, A review of the Eastern Palaearctic genera Paragona Staudinger, 1892 and Paragabara Hampson, 1926 with description of two new species and a new genus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Aventiinae, Hypeninae), pp. 51-68 in Zootaxa 2679 on pages 54-55, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199269
Paragona cleorides Wileman 1911
Creators: name: Kononenko, Vladimir S.
name: Han, Hui-Lin
name: Yu, Alexej
name: V, Ато
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Noctuidae
Paragona
Paragona cleorides

description: Paragona cleorides Wileman, 1911
(Figs. 4, 20)
Paragona cleorides Wileman, 1911, Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1911: 266. Type-locality: Japan, Sapporo, Jozanke [BMNH, London].
Material examined. 7 males, Japan, Hokkaido, Odaira. 26–29.vii.1954 (coll. P. Savolainen) (ZMHU).
Distribution. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu).
Diagnosis. P. cleorides (Fig. 4) differs from its allies by paler ground colour and rusty medial field on fore and hindwing. Head and thorax ash-grey with intrusion of black scales; ground colour of wing pale yellowish - ash-grey, darker in costal and basal areas; medial field of fore and hind wings rusty-brownish; antemedial line expressed as black dash in costal area; postmedial line thin, dentate, continue as thin line on hindwing; subterminal field grey, somewhat darker background; subterminal line thin, pale yellowish-grey, bordered outside with diffused blackish streaks; terminal area pale yellowish-grey, terminal line thin, blackish; cilia pale-yellowish grey mixed with dark grey, formed by long scales. Orbicular as indistinct pale spot; reniform distinct, blackish, comma-like. Hindwing pattern reflect those of forewing, with rusty-brown medial field, thin blackish antemedial line and wide diffused postmedial and subterminal lines. Male genitalia (Fig. 20) conspicuously differ from allied species. Uncus short, tegumen shorter than vinculum, with moderate peniculus; subscaphium sclerotized, juxta separated for two plates. Valva short, wide at base, in distal third constricted, extended in apex; sacculus very narrow and long; harpe absent; digitus as short finger-like apical extension in distal part of valva; apical part of valva with wide rounded plate formed from costa and angled extension of sacculus. Aedeagus short, strong, with sclerotized spines on apex; vesica globular, bearing two strong, moderate cornuti on wide base. Female unknown.
Distribution. (Fig. 40). Japanese endemic. Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu) (Sugi 1982).
description: Published as part of Kononenko, Vladimir S., Han, Hui-Lin, Yu, Alexej & V, Ато, 2010, A review of the Eastern Palaearctic genera Paragona Staudinger, 1892 and Paragabara Hampson, 1926 with description of two new species and a new genus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Aventiinae, Hypeninae), pp. 51-68 in Zootaxa 2679 on page 55, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199269
Paragona dubia Wileman 1916
Creators: name: Kononenko, Vladimir S.
name: Han, Hui-Lin
name: Yu, Alexej
name: V, Ато
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Noctuidae
Paragona
Paragona dubia

description: Paragona dubia Wileman, 1916
(Figs. 7, 8)
Paragona dubia Wileman, 1916, Entomologist, 49:82. Type-locality: Taiwan, Anping. Holotype male, BMNH, London.
Notes. The species was described from a single male from Taiwan and placed in the genus Paragona by Wileman (1916). It is known to us only by the illustration of the type by Wang (1994: 56) (Figs. 7, 8). Judging from the photo of the holotype, P. dubia could belong to the genus Paragona, however it is not conspecific with any other revised species. The further revision of the type and additional material is necessary to clarify the systematic position of P. dubia.
description: Published as part of Kononenko, Vladimir S., Han, Hui-Lin, Yu, Alexej & V, Ато, 2010, A review of the Eastern Palaearctic genera Paragona Staudinger, 1892 and Paragabara Hampson, 1926 with description of two new species and a new genus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Aventiinae, Hypeninae), pp. 51-68 in Zootaxa 2679 on page 56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199269
Paragona Staudinger 1892
Creators: name: Kononenko, Vladimir S.
name: Han, Hui-Lin
name: Yu, Alexej
name: V, Ато
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Noctuidae
Paragona

description: Checklist of Paragona Staudinger, 1892
As well as the species discussed above, Viette (1956, 1958) described and placed three species from Madagascar in the genus Paragona. Their systematic position there is doubtful and requires revision.
Paragona cognata (Staudinger, 1892)
Paragona multisignata (Christoph, 1881) Paragona inchoata (Wileman, 1911)
Paragona cleorides Wileman, 1911
Paragona nemorata Kononenko & Han, sp. n.
Incertae sedis
Paragona dubia Wileman, 1916
Entomologist, 49:82. Type-locality: Taiwan, Anping [BMNH, London].
Paragona aureoviridis Viette, 1958
Mémories de l ˏ Institut Scientifique des Madagascar (E)9: 171. Type-locality: South Madagascar, 12 km NO Sakaraha [MNHN, Paris].
Paragona gloriosa Viette, 1956
Mémories de l ˏ Institut Scientifique des Madagascar (E)7: 120. Type-locality: South Madagascar, Analavelona Massif. [MNHN, Paris].
Paragona viridicincta Viette, 1956
Mémories de l ˏ Institut Scientifique des Madagascar (E)7: 119. Type-locality: South Madagascar, Andohahelo Massif [MNHN, Paris].
description: Published as part of Kononenko, Vladimir S., Han, Hui-Lin, Yu, Alexej & V, Ато, 2010, A review of the Eastern Palaearctic genera Paragona Staudinger, 1892 and Paragabara Hampson, 1926 with description of two new species and a new genus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Aventiinae, Hypeninae), pp. 51-68 in Zootaxa 2679 on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199269
Paragabara Hampson 1926
Creators: name: Kononenko, Vladimir S.
name: Han, Hui-Lin
name: Yu, Alexej
name: V, Ато
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Noctuidae
Paragabara

description: Checklist of Paragabara Hampson, 1926
Paragabara flavomacula (Oberthür, 1880) Paragabara ochreipennis Sugi, 1962
Paragabara curvicornuta Kononenko & Matov, sp. n. Paragabara acygonia (Hampson, 1898)
Paragabara biundata Hampson, 1926
Paragabara pectinata (Leech, 1900)
description: Published as part of Kononenko, Vladimir S., Han, Hui-Lin, Yu, Alexej & V, Ато, 2010, A review of the Eastern Palaearctic genera Paragona Staudinger, 1892 and Paragabara Hampson, 1926 with description of two new species and a new genus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Aventiinae, Hypeninae), pp. 51-68 in Zootaxa 2679 on page 60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199269
Remmigabara Kononenko, Han, Yu & V, 2010, gen. n.
Creators: name: Kononenko, Vladimir S.
name: Han, Hui-Lin
name: Yu, Alexej
name: V, Ато
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Noctuidae
Remmigabara

description: Remmigabara, gen. n.
Type-species: Paragabara secunda Remm, 1983, Entomologicheskoe obozrenie 62 (3): 596, fig. 7 (Russia, Primorye terr., Tigrovoi).
Diagnosis. Wingspan 26–28 mm. Antennae of male filiform; labial palps much shorter than in Paragabara, directed obliquely upward, covered with dense yellow scales, their 3rd segment short; palps, head and collar covered with yellow-orange scales, forming characteristic “cap”; on head; M2 on hindwing developed; forewing characteristically concave from apex to mid part; wing ground colour magenta-brown, pattern formed by oblique pale lines shadowed with dark; hindwing uniform magenta-grey. In male genitalia, uncus straight, tegumen half the length of vinculum; scaphium sclerotized, transtilla long, juxta band-like; valva narrow with distinct, well separated elongated club-like cucullus; costa with acute extension in the middle, sacculus elongated, tapered, wall of sacculus with asymmetrical extensions. Aedeagus curved, vesica relatively short, with two short diverticula, without cornuti. In female genitalia, papillae anales short, anterior and posterior apophyses equal in length, antrum broad, cup-like, ductus bursae short, corpus bursae elongated, proximally extended.
Notes. The taxonomic placement of the Manchurian genus Remmigabara is unresolved and we tentatively associate Remmigabara with the subfamily Aventiinae (sensu Holloway 2009), due to the shape and pattern of fore wing, the presence of an orange-yellow “cup” on the vertex, the structure of the labial palps and the female genitalia. The male genitalia, however, has unique structures not found yet in Aventiinae. It may be that Remmigabara is allied to Britha Walker, [1866] 1865 (type species: Britha biguttata Walker, [1866] 1865 [India to Taiwan and Australia]); at least Japanese Britha inambitiosa (Leech, 1900) (Figs. 16, 28) shows some similarity to Remmigabara in external characters and male genitalia. Monotypic, distributed in Manchurian subregion of the Palaearctic.
description: Published as part of Kononenko, Vladimir S., Han, Hui-Lin, Yu, Alexej & V, Ато, 2010, A review of the Eastern Palaearctic genera Paragona Staudinger, 1892 and Paragabara Hampson, 1926 with description of two new species and a new genus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Aventiinae, Hypeninae), pp. 51-68 in Zootaxa 2679 on page 66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199269
Remmigabara secunda Remm 1983, comb. n.
Creators: name: Kononenko, Vladimir S.
name: Han, Hui-Lin
name: Yu, Alexej
name: V, Ато
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Noctuidae
Remmigabara
Remmigabara secunda

description: Remmigabara secunda (Remm, 1983), comb. n.
(Figs. 15, 27, 36)
Paragabara secunda Remm, 1983 Entomologicheskoe obozrenie 62 (3): 596, fig. 7 (Type-locality: [Russia], Primorye terr.: Tigrovoi [ZM Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia]).
Types. Holotype: male, Russia, Primorye terr. Tigrovyi [ZM Tartu University, Estonia]. Other material examined: Russia: 1 male South Primorye terr., Ussuriisky distr., upper reach of Suputinka river, 6.vii.1933, leg. A. Kurentsov [ZISP]; 1 male, Khavbarovsk terr., Juish Autonomy region, Oblichje, 10–12.vii. 1996 (V. Kononenko); 1 male, 1 female, Primorye terr., Sikhote-Alin range, Chuguevsky distr., Zavetnoe, 21–14.vii. 2002 (V. Kononenko) [IBSS]. China: 4 males, N China, Prov. Liaoning, Dandong 7–9 vii 2007 (J.W. Li); 1 male, 1 female, Beijing, Baihuashan 17–18.vii 2008 (Wang H.L.) [NEFU].
Diagnosis. Externally, R. secunda (Fig. 15) resembles the Japanese species Britha inambitiosa (Leech, 1900) (Figs. 16, 28). However, it differs in orange-yellow head, magenta-brown ground colour and wing pattern. Labial palps, frons and vertex covered with yellow-orange scales. Forewing with pointed apex. Outer margin of forewing from apex to mid part with gradual cut, from the mid part to tornal angle oblique. Forewing magenta-brown, darker in costal and subapical parts, wing pattern formed by oblique pale magentagreyish crosslines shadowed by darker magenta-brown; hindwing unicolorous, magenta-greyish, with traceable diffuse subterminal line. Male and female genitalia (Figs. 27, 36) as described for the genus.
Distribution and biology. (Fig. 46). Manchurian–continental, nemoral. Far East (S Khabarovsk and Primorye terr.), Korea, N China. (Kononenko 1990, 2005; Kononenko et al. 1998; Kononenko & Han 2007). Mesophilous species, inhabits meadows in rich mixed forest with Pinus koraiensis at elevation 300–400 m and broad-leaved deciduous forest. The moth flies from VI to VII. The larva and its foodplants are unknown.
Notes. The species is reported from China for the first time.
description: Published as part of Kononenko, Vladimir S., Han, Hui-Lin, Yu, Alexej & V, Ато, 2010, A review of the Eastern Palaearctic genera Paragona Staudinger, 1892 and Paragabara Hampson, 1926 with description of two new species and a new genus (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Aventiinae, Hypeninae), pp. 51-68 in Zootaxa 2679 on page 67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199269
Anthidiellum Cockerell
Creators: name: Eardley, Connal
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Megachilidae
Anthidiellum

description: Anthidiellum Cockerell
Dianthidium (Anthidiellum) COcKERELL 1904: 3. TyPE SPEcIES: Trachusa strigata PANZER, By ORIgINAL DESIgNAtION. Anthidiellum COcKERELL: ARMBUStER AND StEINER 1992: 310–312.
In all Anthidiellum the distal end of the mandibles, when closed, are more or less parallel with the long axis of the face, and Afrotropical species have three to four teeth. The subantennal suture is bowed outwards and the scutoscutellar suture is open and shiny. In males, the distal margin of the sixth tergum is suppressed and translucent. Pycnanthidium females have a unique wide hind basitarsus. In both sexes, the preoccipital carina is confined to the area behind the vertex. In Chloranthidiellum, it continues laterally to the malar area.
The males can be separated by the sterna. In females, however, colour seems to be the only separating character, and it is unreliable.
description: Published as part of Eardley, Connal, 2018, Taxonomic revision of the sub-Saharan Anthidiellum Cockerell (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini), pp. 201-250 in Zootaxa 4402 (2) on page 203, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4402.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1208804
Anthidiellum (Chloranthidiellum) Mavromoustakis
Creators: name: Eardley, Connal
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Megachilidae
Anthidiellum

description: Anthidiellum (Chloranthidiellum) Mavromoustakis
Anthidiellum (Chloranthidiellum) MAVROMOUStAKIS 1963: 491. TyPE SPEcIES: Anthidium flavescens (FRIESE), By ORIgINAL DESIgNAtION.
Anthidiellum SENSU StRIctO IS cHARActERIZED By T2-T5 BEINg LOBAtE LAtERALLy, IN DORSAL VIEW. IN Chloranthidiellum, tHE tRANSLUcENt ORANgE, DIStAL MARgINS OF tHE MEtASOMAL tERgA ARE SUPPRESSED MAKINg tHE yELLOW REgION OF tHE tERgA PROtRUDE SLIgHtLy LAtERALLy, BUt tHEy ARE NOt LOBAtE. THE HOLOtyPE OF A. eritrinum WAS StUDIED AND NONE OF tHE MEtASOMAL tERgA ARE LOBAtE. ALSO, tHE ORIgINAL DEScRIPtION OF A. eritrinum (FRIESE 1915) MAKES NO MENtION OF A LOBAtE MEtASOMA. THEREFORE, PAStEELS (1984) ERRONEOUSLy PLAcED Anthidiellum eritrinum (FRIESE) INtO Anthidiellum SENSU StRIctO. Anthidiellum eritrinum IS HERE MOVED tO tHE SUBgENUS Chloranthidiellum. THUS, ONLy tWO SUBgENERA OF Anthidiellum ARE KNOWN FROM tHE AFROtROPIcAL REgION.
Anthidiellum eritrinum AND A. pamae ARE tHE ONLy tWO SPEcIES IN tHIS SUBgENUS. THEREFORE, tHEy ARE MOSt cLOSELy RELAtED tO ONE ANOtHER, UNItED By tHE WELL DEVELOPED PREOccIPItAL cARINA.
Diagnosis. Preoccipital carina extends across posterior vertex and gena (nearly reaching mandible base); omaulus lamellate; S4 concave posteromesally, distal edge mesolateral fringe with 4–5 black setae; S5 straight, distal fringe with short black setae, never interrupted mesally.
Alternately, as in Pycnanthidium pamae, the preoccipital carina is indistinct and laterally confined to the upper gena, and the omaullus is carinate. The distal sterna of the male are devoid of fringes.
description: Published as part of Eardley, Connal, 2018, Taxonomic revision of the sub-Saharan Anthidiellum Cockerell (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini), pp. 201-250 in Zootaxa 4402 (2) on page 204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4402.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1208804
Anthidiellum (Pycnanthidium) Krombein
Creators: name: Eardley, Connal
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Megachilidae
Anthidiellum

description: Anthidiellum (Pycnanthidium) Krombein
Pycnanthidium KROMBEIN, 1951: 292. TyPE SPEcIES: Pycnanthidium solomonis KROMBEIN, 1951, By ORIgINAL DESIgNAtION. Pygnanthidium [!] KROMBEIN: MAVROMOUStAKIS 1963: 4 91–492.
Anthidiellum mediale, A. somaliense, A. zebra, A. absonulum, A. spilognathum, A. otavicum and A. polyochrum apparently form a species-group, within Pycnanthidium, unified by the shape of the female clypeus; convex upper edge (Fig. 1a), lower epistomal suture projection to opposite inner antennal socket edge (Fig. 1a), and more or less continuous male S5 distal fringe albeit narrow (Figs 9d, 10e, 13j, 16i). Within this species-group, except for A. mediale in which the lateral scutum is uniquely declivous, it is not possible for me to say which species are more closely related to one another. On the other hand, A. apicatum, A. bipectinatum and A. sternale are united, as a species-group, by a more or less straight upper clypeal edge and only lateral fringes on the male S5. Similar to the first species-group, it is not possible for me to say which of these species are more closely related. The species that could not be confidently identified, namely A. nigripes, A. bulawayense, A. o richalscopatum and A. tegwaniense, and A. nigripes’ synonym, rhodesianum, apparently belong to this species-group.
Diagnosis. The preoccipital carina is never distinct on the genae, only slightly developed behind upper genae; the omaulus is carinate. In A. Chloranthidiellum, this carina is entirely distinctly developed and the omaulus is laminate. The male T6–T7 medioposterior spine is unique; S4 is variable but the distal edge never has mesolateral fringes of 4–5 black setae, as in A. Chloranthidiellum, and S5 variable.
description: Published as part of Eardley, Connal, 2018, Taxonomic revision of the sub-Saharan Anthidiellum Cockerell (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini), pp. 201-250 in Zootaxa 4402 (2) on pages 211-212, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4402.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1208804
Anthidiellum (Pycnanthidium) polyochrum Mavromoustakis
Creators: name: Eardley, Connal
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Megachilidae
Anthidiellum
Anthidiellum polyochrum

description: Anthidiellum (Pycnanthidium) polyochrum Mavromoustakis
(Figs 24–25)
Anthidiellum polyochrum MAVROMOUStAKIS, 1937B: 266–267, FEMALE HOLOtyPE (SAMC, EXAMINED) KAROSS, NEAR FRANZFONtEIN, KAOKOVELD, NAMIBIA.
Anthidiellum (Pygnanthidiellum) polyochrum MAVROMOUStAKIS: MIcHENER AND GRISWOLD 1994: 301.
Diagnosis. This small distinct species can be identified by the unique, completely glabrous and shiny vertical surface of the propodeum. In all other Afrotropical Anthidiellum, the propodeum has either some integument sculpture or punctuation. The outer surface of the hind tibia is black circumscribed by yellow. This coloration also occurs in A. absonulum. In all other species, it is black, yellow or yellow circumscribed by orange.
Description. Female. Integument black with limited pale yellow maculation on ventral clypeus, lower paraocular area, lateral supraclypeus and interantennal socket area; lateral vertex, pronotal lobe, lateral scutum, posterolateral scutellum, outer, proximal surfaces of tibiae, outer surface of hind basitarsus (circumscribed by black); lateral T1–T2, mediolateral T3–T5, most T6 (lateral and anterior black); distal margins of T1–T5 black; metasomal venter blackish; scopa very pale yellow (Fig. 24a–c). Lengths: face 1.7 mm; scutum 1.3 mm; forewing 3.8 mm; body 4.2 mm. Structure. Head. Epistomal suture convex above (Fig. 1a); lower epistomal suture projection adjacent to opposite inner antennal socket edge (Fig. 1a); preoccipital area rounded; omaulus carinate; hind basitarsus more or less parallel sided, narrow (length 2x width) (Fig. 24c); propodeum coarsely striate dorsolaterally, vertical surface with small punctate area dorsomedially, remainder glabrous and shiny; distal margins of T1–T5 impunctate.
Male. Unknown.
Distribution (Fig. 25). Anthidiellum polyochrum is endemic to Namibia.
Material examined. Type material. Female holotype of Anthidiellum polyochrum: ‘Kaross S.W.A. Mus. Exped. ii.1925, South African Museum Cape Town No. 43, Type, Anthidiellum polyochrum ♀ my. G. Mavromoustakis det., Anthidiellum polyochrum Mavros J. Pasteels det. 1963, SAM–HYM B004322’, SAMC.
Additional material. Namibia. Erongo Mountains, Omaruru, 3.iii.2001, D. Baldock (1♀ SANC).
description: Published as part of Eardley, Connal, 2018, Taxonomic revision of the sub-Saharan Anthidiellum Cockerell (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini), pp. 201-250 in Zootaxa 4402 (2) on pages 231-232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4402.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1208804
XUFYONA IQTISODIYOT KO'LAMINI KAMAYTIRISHDA SOLIQ SIYOSATI
Creators: name: Bozorov, Islom
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Ushbu ilmiy maqolada xufyona iqtisodiyotning ta'rifi, uning sabablari va soliq siyosatining bu jarayondagi o‘rni tahlil qilinadi. Xufyona iqtisodiyot, rasmiy soliq tizimlaridan va mehnat bozoridan chetda qolgan iqtisodiy faoliyatlarni o‘z ichiga oladi. Yuqori soliq stavkalari, soliq tizimiga ishonchsizlik va soliq idoralarining zaifligi kabi omillar xufyona iqtisodiyotning kengayishiga olib keladi. Soliq siyosatining optimallashtirilishi, soliq stavkalarining pasaytirilishi, tizimni soddalashtirish va soliq idoralarining samaradorligini oshirish orqali xufyona iqtisodiyotning kamaytirilishi mumkin. Maqola xufyona iqtisodiyotning kamaytirilishi uchun soliq siyosatining qanday ahamiyatga ega ekanligini tahlil qilib, iqtisodiy barqarorlikni ta'minlashga qaratilgan takliflar beradi.