Plumularia gaimardi
Creators: name: Schuchert, Peter
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Cnidaria
Hydrozoa
Leptothecata
Plumulariidae
Plumularia
Plumularia gaimardi

description: Plumularia gaimardi   
 Material of the present study included also the sample of Ritchie (1909), which according to Billard (1909) matches exactly the type specimen of P. gaimardi (Lamouroux, 1824). Most of the other material is mentioned in Millard (1957, 1975).   
 The taxonomic history of this species and its possible identity with P. lagenifera or P. setacea has already been outlined in the introduction. The South African P. setacea- like samples with a curved hydrothecal wall (Fig. 12) were first assigned to P. lagenifera by Broch (1914) and subsequently by Millard (1957; 1975), although Billard (1909) showed that the correct name for this South African morphotype is P. gaimardi (Lamouroux, 1824). Plumularia gaimardi and P. setacea are clearly distinct species as both morphotypes occur sympatrically in the same environment (Millard, 1975; own material listed below). Plumularia gaimardi resembles P. lagenifera, but both nominal species should be considered distinct. Plumularia gaimardi is distinguishable by the often recurved neck of the female gonotheca (Fig. 13A 1) and the thickened abcauline wall of the hydrotheca (Fig. 12, lower two rows). Measurements (table 1, summaries) allow a distinction using the variables cs (length of abcauline segments), ah (position of apophysis), and as (length of ahydrothecate segments). The PC analysis clearly separated the South African material from Pacific P. lagenifera and P. setacea (Fig. 11). Preliminary molecular data (Moura et al. 2011) also indicates that samples of P. lagenifera from the NE Pacific and South Africa belong to separate lineages.   
 The South African P. lagenifera -like hydroids and Pacific P. lagenifera are thus distinguishable and because of their widely disjunct occurrence they should be attributed to separate species. Here, I suggest that the name P. gaimardi (Lamouroux, 1824) is used for South African P. lagenifera -like hydroids. Although the type material for P. gaimardi is lost (see above), Billard (1909) found it identical to a sample described and depicted by Ritchie (1909), which was included in the present analysis. It is identical with the form having shallow hydrothecae (Fig. 12, rows A and B). Millard (1975) found that her samples comprised two rather distinct forms, although intermediate ones connected them. One is the form with shallow hydrotheca conforming with P. gaimardi, the other form has larger plumes and deep hydrothecae (Fig. 12, column D). It was interesting to note that where the substrate was still identifiable, the morphotype with shallow hydrotheca was always found on laminarian fronds, while the other forms occurred on a variety of other substrata (red algae, shells). There was also a notable difference in the male gonotheca. The morphotype with shallow hydrotheca had a broad, flattened male gonothecawith a distinct, recurved neck (Fig. 13 G 1–G 3), while the other morphotype had a more tubular form and often lacked a neck (Fig. 13B 1, 13D1–13D2). Thus, in contradistinction to the opinion of Millard (1975), the South African material could nevertheless be composed of two distinct species, albeit with intergrading morphologies. However, not enough material, especially of the intermediate forms, has been analysed yet to allow a definitive conclusion. More detailed morphological, ecological and population genetic studies of the South African P. gaimardi are clearly needed.
description: Published as part of Schuchert, Peter, 2013, The status of Plumularia lagenifera Allman, 1885 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) and related species, pp. 101-124 in Zootaxa 3613 (2) on pages 112-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5278227