Cydia tonosticha
Creators: name: Pereira, Cristiano Marcondes
name: Lemes, José Ricardo Assmann
name: Marinoni, Luciane
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Tortricidae
Cydia
Cydia tonosticha

description: Morphology of the immatures
Egg: Flat and oval, firmly adhered to the leaf surface (Fig. 39), Average diameter + standard deviation = 0.70 ± 0.001 mm, n = 5.
Larva: Semiprognathous; there is only one morphotype without hypermetamorphic development, buccal apparatus of chewing type. At least four instars were identified through head capsule measurements.
Last instar: Average total length + standard deviation = 6.96 ± 0.16 mm; n = 5. Average head capsula length + standard deviation = 1.6 ± 0.004 mm; n = 5. Head brown, slightly flattened dorsoventrally, with deep epicranial notch. Fronto-clypeus triangular. Labrum bilobated, with rounded edges and bearing five pair of short setae (Figs 7, 11). Mandibles with four well-developed cusps, having one pair of setae on proximal base. Maxilla three-segmented, with prominent basal segment bearing a pair of setae, and medium segment bearing one seta. Labial palpi short (Fig 8, 9). Labium with tubular spinneret having a pair of setae on proximal base (Figs 8, 9, 12). Antenna two-segmented, with eight apical sensilla, one of them distinctively filiform and longer (Figs 7, 10). Six circular stemmata, three proximal, one lateral, two at antenna base (Figs 6, 7, 13). Head chaetotaxy of the last instar exhibits the typical pattern described for Tortricidae (Patocka and Turcani 2005) (Fig. 1).
Thorax and abdomen cylindric, body creamy white in preserved material, bearing filiform setae, and integument sculptured with microtrichiae, except dorsally on T1 and A10. T1: bearing a light brown dorsal prothoracic shield, divided longitudinally (Figs 5, 6). A pair of lateral spiracles without elevated peritreme (Fig. 14). T1, T2, T3: legs present, with five well-developed setae on coxa, two on tibia, five on tarsus, all with a hook-shaped apical claw (Figs 8, 15); anterior base of coxae darker.
Thorax chaetotaxy of the last instar (Fig. 1): prothoracic shield with six pairs of setae. Dorsal group (D) bisetose; D1 short and D2 long. Extra dorsal group (XD) bisetose; both the same length. Subdorsal group (SD) bisetose; SD1 long and SD2 short. Lateral group (L) trisetose in pinnacle lateral to spiracle; L1 longer than others. Subventral group (SV) bisetose, inside the pinnacle; SV1 longer than SV2. Ventral group (V) unisetose, short, on the pinaculum. T2-3: Dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, subventral and ventral groups on pinacula. Dorsal group (D) bisetose; D2 longer than D1. Subdorsal group (SD) bisetose; SD1 longer than SD2. Lateral group (L) trisetose; L1 longer than others; L1 and L 2 in a pinnacle, and L 3 in other. Subventral group (SV) unisetose; SV1 long. Ventral group (V) unisetose, short, on pinacula.
Abdominal segments from A1 to A9 similar; A10 with a rounded anal shield (Figs 17, 21). Spiracles rounded, laterally present on A1-A8, without elevated peritreme; spiracle A8 similar in size to that of the prothorax and larger than those of A1-7. Pseudopodia present on A3-6 and A10; A3-6 crochet arranged in uniordinal circles (Figs 16, 18); A10 crochet arranged in uniordinal transverse bands (Figs 17, 19, 20).
Abdominal chaetotaxy of the last instar (Fig. 1): A1- A8: Dorsal, subdorsal, lateral, subventral and ventral groups inside pinnacles. Dorsal group (D) bisetose; D1 dorsal and D2 dorsolateral, in different pinnacles, D2 longer than D1. Subdorsal group (SD) unisetose, near and above spiracle, except on A8 where it is located lateral to the spiracle. Lateral group (L) trisetose; L1 and L 2 in one pinnacle under the spiracle, and L 3 in other pinnacle more ventral; L1 shorter than others. Subventral group (SV) with all setae about the same length; A1 bisetose, A2-A6 trisetose, A7 bisetose, and A8 unisetose. Ventral group (V) A1-A8 unisetose; with all setae about the same length. A9: Pinnacles of both D2 of each side united dorsally. D1 on the same pinnacle of SD1; SD1 longer than other setae. Lateral group (L) trisetose; L1 longer than others. Subventral group (SV) unisetose, long. Ventral group (V) unisetose, short. A10: Dorsal group (D) and subdorsal group (SD) bisetose; all setae long inside a very conspicuous anal shield. Lateral group (L) trisetose, all setae inside a large pinnacle. Subventral group (SV) trisetose, at proleg base Subventral group (SV) trisetose, at proleg base. Ventral group (V) unisetose.
Pupa: Average length + standard deviation = 6,74 ± 0.13 mm, n = 5. Obtect (Figs 2, 3, 4). Body brown and cylindrical (Fig. 4).
Head: front and clypeus smooth; cocoon cutter prominent and subtriangular (Figs 23, 24, 25, 26 27). Antennae not reaching the apex of the mesothoracic legs in length. Labrum subtriangular and narrow, with two pair of setae (Figs 23, 25, 26). Maxillae well developed. Maxillary palpi cuneiform. Labial palpi half the length of maxillae (Fig. 23).
Thorax: Pronotum as a narrow plate dorsally (Fig. 22). Forewings covering abdominal segments A1-A 3 in ventral view (Fig. 3); hindwing concealed by the forewings; prothoracic and mesothoracic legs broad, visible ventrally (Fig. 3); metathoracic legs mostly covered by the forewings, except the apex that reaches the abdominal segment A4.
Abdomen: Abdominal segments from A2 to A7 with two transversal rows of spines dorsally, the anterior one with spines slightly bigger than the posterior, A2 with rows less prominent than others (Fig. 29); A8 with only one row of spines (Figs 30, 34). One dorsolateral pair seta in the segments T2-T3; one dorsal pair of setae from A1 to A7; A8 with two dorsal pairs of dorsal setae. Abdominal spiracles without elevated peritreme, well developed in A2-7 (Fig. 30), vestigial in A8 (Fig. 34), all of them bearing one supraspiracular seta (Fig. 30), two pairs of subspiracular setae present from A4 to A7; microsetae ventrally present from A5 to A8 (Figs 28, 31). Terminus bearing four spines dorsally, and one pair of spines lateroventrally (Figs 32, 33, 34); cremaster with one pair of dorsal setae, one pair of lateral setae and two pairs ventral setae.
Life history
Native to the Atlantic Forest Biome, C. leptophylla is a widely spread species of Fabaceae. Mainly due to its ornamental appearance, it is commonly used in afforestation and urban decoration of streets and parks (Figs 35, 36). The species also has an ecological importance and is used to restore degraded areas. In natural environments, it occurs in secondary formations, mainly in mixed rainforest regions (Lorenzi 2002). The plant has indehiscent pods, which do not expose their seeds in both periods (pre and post dispersive) (Figs 36, 37); such pods are rigid and highly resistant, normally reaching more than 40 cm in length and harbor dozens of seeds (Fig. 37).
Adults of C. tonosticha (Fig. 38) oviposit on the pods of C. leptophylla (Fig. 39) in both dispersive periods. The larvae (Fig. 41) initially pierce and feed on the pod and its internal tissues and later pierce the seed coat, then accessing the endosperm and other structures (Figs 40, 41). Dissection of pods facilitate the observation of where seeds have been or not predated (Fig. 42).
In the last instar, the larva weaves the cocoon inside the pod, where it was previously occupied by the seed that was preyed upon (Fig. 42). The cocoon has a circular operculum (Fig. 42) which, before the emergence of the adult, is opened by the pupa (Fig. 43). In this process, the exuvia is partially protracted out of the opening in the pod (Fig. 44).
description: Published as part of Pereira, Cristiano Marcondes, Lemes, José Ricardo Assmann & Marinoni, Luciane, 2024, Description of the immature stages and natural history of the generalist seed feeder moth Cydia tonosticha (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), pp. 1-9 in Zoologia (e 24035) (e 24035) 41 on pages 2-5, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e24035, http://zenodo.org/record/14704907