Ludens labens Zhang & Cong & Grishin 2023, new species
Creators: name: Zhang, Jing
name: Cong, Qian
name: Grishin, Nick V.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae
Ludens
Ludens labens

description: Ludens labens Grishin, new species   
https://zoobank.org/ 7B83772E-AFB1-4A3F-995A-363407AD85FC  
(Fig. 7 part, 185–186, 421–422)  
 Definition and diagnosis. Phylogenetic trees reveal that several specimens from Panama identified as Ludens ludens (Mabille, 1891) (type locality in Panama, syntype sequenced as NVG-15036B04) are not monophyletic with it and show prominent genetic differentiation from it (Fig. 7): e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 8.4% (55 bp), and therefore represent a new species. This new species is sister to the species pair L. ludens and Ludens petrovna (Schaus, 1902) (type species Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) (Fig. 7). This new species keys to Ludens ludens (J.7) that included L. petrovna as its synonym in Evans (1955) but differs from these species by the lack of postdiscal spots that connect yellow veins on the ventral hindwing (Fig. 186), longer harpe than in L. ludens that is more similar to L. petrovna, shorter (compared to the length of costa) “thumb”-like expansion of the ampulla, and more concave ventral margin of harpe in lateral view (Fig. 422). Due to the cryptic nature of this species, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly216.51.3:T66C, aly890.73.2:C99T, aly890.73.2:G111A, aly600.14.2:G80A, aly 1493.4.5:C60T, and COI barcode:T118A, T163A, C346A, A391T, A565G.   
 Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-19017B12, GenBank OR837707, 658 base pairs: AACATTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCAGGAATATTAGGTACATCATTAAGAATATTAATTCGTACTGAATTAGGTAATCCAGGATCTTTAATT GGAGATGATCAAATTTATAACACTATTGTAACAGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATGGTAATACCAATTATAATTGGCGGATTCGGTAATT GATTAGTCCCATTAATATTAGGAGCCCCAGATATAGCTTTTCCTCGTATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGAATATTACCCCCATCATTAACATTATTAAT TTCAAGAAGAATTGTAGAAAATGGTGCAGGAACAGGATGAACTGTATATCCCCCACTTTCATCCAATATTGCACATCAAGGATCCTCTGTTGATTTA GCTATTTTCTCCCTTCATTTAGCAGGAATTTCTTCTATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATCACCACTATTATTAATATACGAATTAAAAACCTATCTT TCGATCAAATACCTTTATTTGTATGATCTGTAGGTATTACAGCTTTATTATTATTATTATCATTACCTGTTCTAGCTGGGGCCATTACTATACTTTT AACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACTTCATTTTTTGATCCTGCTGGAGGGGGGGACCCTATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT   
 Type material. Holotype: ♂ deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), illustrated in Fig. 185–186, bears the following four rectangular labels, three white: [PANAMA: Darien | Cana 1200m | 7°56′N 77°43′W | 22 September 1982 | leg. G.B.Small], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-19017B12 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [USNMENT | {QR Code} | 01532848], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Ludens | labens Grishin]. Paratype: 1♂ NVG-20054D07 Panama: Panama Province, Cerro Jefe, elevation ca. 880 m, GPS 9.2242, -79.3758, 17-Feb-2014, J. R. MacDonald leg. [MEM].   
 Type locality. Panama: Darien Province, Cana, elevation 1200 m, GPS 7.9333, -77.7167.   
 Etymology. In Latin, ludens means playful. An antonym for play is work. In Latin, labor means work, and the name derived from this word, similarly to ludens, is labens, which actually means slipping, gliding, or flowing. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.   
 Distribution. Panama.
description: Published as part of Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian & Grishin, Nick V., 2023, Supplementary Materials and Appendix, pp. 1-115 in Insecta Mundi 2023 (26) on page 76, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10396362