Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Creators: name: Lazaridis, Iosif
name: Patterson, Nick
name: Mittnik, Alissa
name: Renaud, Gabriel
name: Mallick, Swapan
name: Kirsanow, Karola
name: Sudmant, Peter H.
name: Schraiber, Joshua G.
name: Castellano, Sergi
name: Lipson, Mark
name: Berger, Bonnie
name: Economou, Christos
name: Bollongino, Ruth
name: Fu, Qiaomei
name: Bos, Kirsten I.
name: Nordenfelt, Susanne
name: Li, Heng
name: de Filippo, Cesare
name: Prüfer, Kay
name: Sawyer, Susanna
name: Posth, Cosimo
name: Haak, Wolfgang
name: Hallgren, Fredrik
name: Fornander, Elin
name: Rohland, Nadin
name: Delsate, Dominique
name: Francken, Michael
name: Guinet, Jean-Michel
name: Wahl, Joachim
name: Ayodo, George
name: Babiker, Hamza A.
name: Bailliet, Graciela
name: Balanovska, Elena
name: Balanovsky, Oleg
name: Barrantes, Ramiro
name: Bedoya, Gabriel
name: Ben-Ami, Haim
name: Bene, Judit
name: Berrada, Fouad
name: Bravi, Claudio M.
name: Brisighelli, Francesca
name: Busby, George
name: Cali, Francesco
name: Churnosov, Mikhail
name: Cole, David E. C.
name: Corach, Daniel
name: Damba, Larissa
name: van Driem, George
name: Dryomov, Stanislav
name: Dugoujon, Jean-Michel
name: Fedorova, Sardana A.
name: Romero, Irene Gallego
name: Gubina, Marina
name: Hammer, Michael
name: Henn, Brenna
name: Hervig, Tor
name: Hodoglugil, Ugur
name: Jha, Aashish R.
name: Karachanak-Yankova, Sena
name: Khusainova, Rita
name: Khusnutdinova, Elza
name: Kittles, Rick
name: Kivisild, Toomas
name: Klitz, William
name: Kučinskas, Vaidutis
name: Kushniarevich, Alena
name: Laredj, Leila
name: Litvinov, Sergey
name: Loukidis, Theologos
name: Mahley, Robert W.
name: Melegh, Béla
name: Metspalu, Ene
name: Molina, Julio
name: Mountain, Joanna
name: Näkkäläjärvi, Klemetti
name: Nesheva, Desislava
name: Nyambo, Thomas
name: Osipova, Ludmila
name: Parik, Jüri
name: Platonov, Fedor
name: Posukh, Olga
name: Romano, Valentino
name: Rothhammer, Francisco
name: Rudan, Igor
name: Ruizbakiev, Ruslan
name: Sahakyan, Hovhannes
name: Sajantila, Antti
name: Salas, Antonio
name: Starikovskaya, Elena B.
name: Tarekegn, Ayele
name: Toncheva, Draga
name: Turdikulova, Shahlo
name: Uktveryte, Ingrida
name: Utevska, Olga
name: Vasquez, René
name: Villena, Mercedes
name: Voevoda, Mikhail
name: Winkler, Cheryl
name: Yepiskoposyan, Levon
name: Zalloua, Pierre
name: Zemunik, Tatijana
name: Cooper, Alan
name: Capelli, Cristian
name: Thomas, Mark G.
name: Ruiz-Linares, Andres
name: Tishkoff, Sarah A.
name: Singh, Lalji
name: Thangaraj, Kumarasamy
name: Villems, Richard
name: Comas, David
name: Sukernik, Rem
name: Metspalu, Mait
name: Meyer, Matthias
name: Eichler, Evan E.
name: Burger, Joachim
name: Slatkin, Montgomery
name: Pääbo, Svante
name: Kelso, Janet
name: Reich, David
name: Krause, Johannes
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: We sequenced genomes from a $\sim$7,000 year old early farmer from Stuttgart in Germany, an $\sim$8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg, and seven $\sim$8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from southern Sweden. We analyzed these data together with other ancient genomes and 2,345 contemporary humans to show that the great majority of present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who were most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians and contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that EEF had $\sim$44% ancestry from a "Basal Eurasian" lineage that split prior to the diversification of all other non-African lineages.