Podonomus itatiaia Shimabukuro, Pepinelli & Trivinho-Strixino, 2017, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Shimabukuro, Erika Mayumi
name: Pepinelli, Mateus
name: Trivinho-Strixino, Susana
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Chironomidae
Podonomus
Podonomus itatiaia

description: Podonomus itatiaia sp. nov.
Type material. Holotype: male adult with pupal exuvia, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro State, Itatiaia, Pico das Agulhas Negras, first–order stream/ madicolous habitat, 22°22′55.2″S / 44°40′40.8″W, 2.419 m a.s.l. 10.vii.2012., leg. M. Pepinelli (N1-31, LEIA-UFSCar).
Etymology. Refers to the name of the type –locality: Itatiaia. The specific epithet is treated as a noun in apposition.
Diagnostic characters. The new species can be separated from other Podonomus species by the combination of the following characters. Male: complete absence of subapical lobe and also without any trace of swelling; gonostylus long (66 µm) and relatively slender, entirely covered by microtrichia; R4+5 straight; antennal plume normally developed. Pupae: large ventral lamella on segment II; five sinuous setae on each side of anal lobe; lateral processes of all segments straight; presenting two equal distal macrosetae at each side of the anal lobe; presence of a large anal spur distally in anal lobe.
Descriptions. Male (n = 1). Total length 1.28 mm. Wing length 1.18 mm. Total length/wing length. 1.08. Wing length/length of profemur 2.4.
Colouration: Black; wings light brown; legs uniformly dark brown
Head. Antenna with 14 flagellomeres, AR 0.4. Presence of scapal setae (46 µm long) and strong setae under pedicel 100 µm long. Last flagellomere 46 µm long; XIII flagellomere: 138 µm long. Temporal setae 19. Clypeus with 4 setae. Palp segment lengths (II–V in µm): 43, 92, 51, 63 µm. Third palpomere with 4 sensilla clavata, 12–25 µm long. Eyes bare.
Thorax (Figure 5a). 21 acrostichals, 6 antepronotals, 28 dorsocentrals, 20 prealars, scutellum with 4 setae, 4 prescutellars.
Wing. Membrane with a patch of perpendicular setae on r cell (Figure 1 b). r1 cell 83 µm wide, r4+5 cell 118 µm wide. R with 20 setae. R1 with 2. R4+5 straight and without setae. Brachiolum with 4 and squama with 5 setae.
Legs. Spur of fore-tibia 42 µm long (Figure 5b. 1). Spurs of mid tibia 23 µm and 27 µm long (Figure 5b. 2). Spurs of hind tibia 36 µm and 69 µm long (Figure 5b. 3). Long setae on tibiae 160 µm long. Tibial comb with 8 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 4.
Hypopygium (Figure 5c). Gonocoxite 138 µm long. Phallapodeme 83 µm long; transverse sternapodeme 49 µm long. Gonostylus 66 µm long (Figure 5d); subapical lobe and swelling absent; P, x and y setae present but not conspicuous; short apical lobe 6 µm long, tooth (t setae) of normal type 12 µm.
Pupa (n = 1). Total length 1.84 mm. Exuviae brown.
Cephalothorax. Frontal setae as in Figure 5e. Thoracic horn (Figure 5f) 263 µm long and 162 µm maximum width. Plastron plate square-shaped 143 µm long, respiratory atrium 155 µm long. Dc1 35 µm long, Dc2 29 µm long, Dc3 42 µm long. Sa 11 µm long. Longest median antepronotal 28 µm long. Lateral antepronotal 22 µm long. Precorneals 5 µm long. Distance between Dc1 and Dc2 8 µm, between Dc2 and Dc3 58 µm, between Dc3 and Sa 129 µm.
Abdomen. TI bare (Figure 5g), TII–TVIII with fine and small spinules sparsely distributed. TII–TVII presenting two small patches of shagreen with coarse spinules. TIX with anterior shagreen. SI–SII bare (Figure 5h); presence of lamella on SII (Figure 5h). SIII–SVIII with fine, sparse median spinules; SIX with anterior spinules. Segment VIII with 7 L setae. Lengths (in µm) of L1 to L7 as: 362, 355, 354, 354, 323, 292, 315. Anal lobe 208 µm long with 5 sinuous setae (Figure 5i). Two distal macrosetae on anal lobe with similar size, 41.5 and 46.1 µm long. Anal spur 9 µm long.
Notes on distribution and biology of the species. P. itatiaia sp. nov. is only known from the type –locality, a madicolous habitat located at 2400 m a.s.l. in Pico das Agulhas Negras. This is the third highest mountain in southeastern Brazil, after Pico das Bandeiras and Pedra da Mina, and the fourth highest in the country, reaching 2790 m a.s.l. in its summit.
Taxonomic discussion. The male of P. itatiaia sp. nov. resembles Podonomus inermis Brundin,1966, Podonomus nordenskjoldi Brundin, 1966 and Podonomus quito Roback, 1970, due to the complete absence of subapical lobe and swelling, and the elongated shape of the gonostylus. However, P. itatiaia sp. nov. differs from P. inermis by the format of R4+5, which is not S–shaped, and by the markedly smaller size of the wing; the species also differs from P. nordenskjoldi by the normally developed antennal plume. The differentiation from P. quito is possible due to the size of the gonocoxite and gonostylus, which are longer in P. itatiaia sp. nov. Since the P. quito male was described based on a pharate pupae, a detailed comparison is precluded by the lack of information on some structures, for example wings and legs. A preliminary comparison of female leg sizes suggests that the legs of P. itatiaia sp. nov. may be distinctly longer than P. quito.
On the other hand, the differences between P. itatiaia sp. nov. and P. quito become more evident when comparing the morphology of the pupa. P itatiaia sp. nov. possesses a shorter and wider respiratory atrium, squareshaped plastron plate, and only 5 sinuous setae on anal lobe, while P. quito presents a thinner and larger respiratory atrium, approximately with the same size as the thoracic horn, an oval plastron plate, and 14 sinuous setae on anal lobe. The pupa of P. itatiaia sp. nov. is completely different from all the pupae described by Brundin, sharing most similarities with P. pepinellii Roque & Trivinho-Strixino, 2004 and P. mina sp. nov. It differs from P. pepinellii by the shape of plastron plate, which is conical in P. pepinellii and square-shape in P. itatiaia sp. nov., by equal–sized megasetae in anal lobe, and by the larger size of anal spur. The pupae of P. itatiaia sp. nov. can be differentiated from P. mina sp. nov. by the absence of abruptly curvature in the distal margin of the respiratory atrium in the former.
P. itatiaia sp. nov. also does not fit completely in any Podonomus group species created by Brundin (1966). The male well fits in the albinervis group, because it does not present any trace of swelling or subapical lobe in his gonostylus, but this placement is discarded by morphological features of the pupae. The known pupae from albinervis group possesses 11–30 sinuous setae on anal lobe, while P. itatiaia sp. nov. only 5, and also the appearance of the cephalic horn is completely different from those observed in albinervis pupae.
Unfortunately, DNA barcoding analysis of P. itatiaia sp. nov. was precluded by the limited material available (only one specimen). Future sampling and molecular studies are necessary in order to compare P. itatiaia sp. nov. with other Podonomus spp.
description: Published as part of Shimabukuro, Erika Mayumi, Pepinelli, Mateus & Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, 2017, Two new species of Podonomus Philippi (Diptera: Chironomidae: Podonominae) from mountains of Southeastern Brazil, pp. 155-166 in Zootaxa 4290 (1) on pages 163-165, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4290.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/828955