Hypocera Lioy 1864
Creators: name: Brown, Brian V.
name: Amorim, Dalton De Souza
name: Kung, Giar-Ann
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Phoridae
Hypocera

description: HYPOCERA GROUP   
45. Lumen of hind coxa: (0) large, (1) extremely reduced (Fig. 45A–F).  
 The lumen of the hind coxa in platypezids is large, as in most other brachyceran families, occupying more than half of the posterior face of the coxa. As noted above, there is an amazing amount of change in the shape of the hind coxa during the evolution of the phorids and this is just a first effort to convert the variation into discrete character states amenable to phylogenetic analysis. The size of the lumen in the sciadocerines, chonocephalines and termitoxeniines (Fig. 45A) is still large, even though smaller than in platypezids. The shape of the coxa (and the lumen) in Javanoxenia is relatively conserved, but in Termitophilomyia there are some changes. In the metopinines there is considerable variation in the shape of the hind coxa. Brownphora sinefurca (Fig. 45B) has a general shape of the coxa and the lumen similar to that of Javanoxenia (Fig. 45A) in terms of plesiomorphy, but Apodicrania diverges considerably from that condition (Fig. 45C). Within the phorines, most genera have a wide lumen (Fig. 45D, E), while some genera (Fig. 45F) have the lumen considerably reduced. The taxonomic distribution of the apomorphic state corresponds to the Borophaga group of genera as defined by Brown (1992), including the genus Hypocera.   
46. Posterior anepisternum crest: (0) slender, (1) wide (Fig. 46A–F).  
 A slender anepisternum posterior crest is seen in chonocephalines, termitoxeniines, metopinines and most phorines (Fig. 46A–D). In Borophaga, Peromitra, Stichillus and Trineurocephala, the posterior crest is wide (Fig. 46E, F). In Peromitra, Stichillus (Fig. 46F) and Trineurocephala there is a longitudinal rugosity in the crest, which is smooth in Borophaga, a character not used here.   
ADDITIONAL CHARACTERS DISCUSSED BY BROWN (1992, 2007):  
47. Wing cell cua and vein CuA: (0) present, (1) absent.  
48. Tibial setae: (0) present, (1) absent.  
49. Fork of m: (0) basal to dm-m, (1) apical to dm-m (Fig. 13).  
50. Hind tarsomere 1: (0) relatively cylindrical, (1) greatly enlarged, flattened.  
The monophyly of the Platypezidae was discussed extensively by Chandler (2001).  
 51. Vein Sc: (0) ending freely, (1) fused to R 1.   
52. Stigma: (0) present, (1) absent.  
53. Radial veins: (0) thin, like other wing veins, (1) thickened.  
54. Male frons: (0) narrowed, (1) broad like that of female.  
55. Number of sclerites between male tergite 6 and genitalia: (0) one, (1) none.  
56. Hind tarsomere 1: (0) lacking setal palisades, (1) with setal palisades.  
 Disney (2001) proposed this character as a synapomorphy of Phoridae, including Sciadocerinae, but it also occurs in Ironomyia.   
57. Ejaculatory apodeme: (0) present, (1) absent or invisible.  
58. Female spermatheca: (0) sclerotized, (1) white.  
59. Male first flagellomere in sciadocerines: (0) small, (1) greatly enlarged.  
60. Empodia: (0) present, (1) absent.  
61. Male genitalia: (0) symmetrical, (1) asymmetrical.  
62. Proscutellum: (0) present, (1) absent.  
63. Fork of R veins: (0) long, (1) short.  
64. Modern frontal setation of phorids (ventral interfrontal setae present): (0) present, (1) absent.  
65. Femora: (0) with large setae, (1) lacking large setae.  
66. Testes: (0) brown, (1) white.  
67. Second pair of supra-antennal setae: (0) absent, (1) present.  
68. Supra-antennal setae: (0) reclinate, (1) proclinate.  
69. Epandrium/hypandrium: (0) separate, (1) anteriorly fused.  
70. Scutum: (0) with longer setae in more or less distinct longitudinal rows, (1) with dense, short setulae dorsally. This character was discussed by Brown (2007).  
71. Female tergite 7 in Metopininae and Phorinae: (0) present, (1) absent. This character was discussed by Brown (1992).  
72. Male frons: (0) relatively broad, (1) greatly narrowed ventrally.  
 This character is synapomorphic for Chonocephalinae. A somewhat similar narrowing is found in the unrelated phorine genus Ceratusa.   
73. Derived states of Termitoxeniinae: (0) absent, (1) present.  
74. Dufour’s mechanism: (0) absent, (1) present.  
75. Hypandrium: (0) lacking rounded spinuli, (1) with rounded spinuli.  
76. Supra-antennal setae of hypocerines: (0) present, (1) absent.  
77. Male sternites within hypocerines: (0) absent, (1) present.  
78. Phallus shape in hypocerines: (0) rounded, (1) greatly elongate.  
79. Sternite 7 of female: (0) short, (1) posteriorly extended.  
80. Male antenna: (0) rounded, (1) elongate conical.  
81. Hypandrium with rounded apical lobe: (0) absent, (1) present.  
82. Tip of surstyli: (0) lacking peg-like setae, (1) bearing peg-like setae.  
83. Right hypandrial lobe: (0) subequal to left, (1) greatly enlarged.  
84. Frons with strong dorsal ridge: (0) absent, (1) present.  
85. Number of scutellar setae: (0) four, (1) six or more.  
86. Female limuloid: (0) absent, (1) present.  
87. Female proboscis in hypocerines: (0) relatively small, (2) greatly elongate.  
88. Hind tibia in hypocerines: (0) lacking strong anteroapical seta, (1) with strong anteroapical seta present.  
These characters give additional resolution to the tree and, in some cases, additional robustness to the hypotheses of monophyly of clades within the metopinines and the phorines.
description: Published as part of Brown, Brian V., Amorim, Dalton De Souza & Kung, Giar-Ann, 2015, New morphological characters for classifying Phoridae (Diptera) from the structure of the thorax, pp. 424-485 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173 (2) on pages 474-479, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12208, http://zenodo.org/record/5333617