cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Investigating the gating mechanism of the large conductance mechanosensitive channel by SDSL and EPR spectroscopy
Creators: name: Kapsalis, Charalampos
Publisher: name: University of St Andrews
Year: 2020
Subjects: Mechanosensitive channels
Large conductance
MscL
Electron paramagnetic resonance
EPR
Site-directed spin labelling
Electrophysiology

description: Mechanosensation is the ability of cells to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli deriving from their environment. Despite being a fundamental cellular response though, the molecular basis of mechanotransduction is still largely unknown. The mechanosensitive (MS) channel of large conductance, MscL, is expressed by all prokaryotes, it is the MS channel with the highest pressure activation threshold and acts as a last resort safety valve. It responds to the lateral tension of the membrane and, by opening its pore of ≈35Å, it rapidly allows solutes to exit the cell in order to rescue it from lysis during severe hypoosmotic shock. Despite its importance and abundance, the gating and activation mechanism of MscL has not been elucidated. Thus, in the main project presented, MscL’s gating mechanism is investigated as a means to gain insight on the mode of mechanosensation itself. Activation of the channel through site-directed spin labelling (SDSL) reveals that the nano-pockets, transmembrane hydrophobic crevices of the protein, are crucial for the activation of MscL. SDSL at the nano-pockets’ entrance hinders lipid acyl chains from penetrating them and this causes the channel to adopt a more expanded state, as demonstrated by EPR spectroscopy, which is more prone to opening, as revealed by single-molecule electrophysiology. Since MscL is only found in prokaryotes, manipulation of its gating mechanism could lead to the channel being used as a novel form of antibiotic target. Moreover, due to its large pore, it could also be utilized in nanotechnological applications for targeted drug delivery.
Additional file 1 of “Helping fill that gap:” a qualitative study of aging in place after disaster through the lens of home-based care providers
Creators: name: Bell, Sue Anne
name: Krienke, Lydia K.
name: Dickey, Sarah
name: De Vries, Raymond G.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Cancer
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1. Focus Group Interview Guide
Agrilus praetextus Bourgoin 1922
Creators: name: Jendek, Eduard
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Buprestidae
Agrilus
Agrilus praetextus

description: Agrilus praetextus Bourgoin
 Agrilus praetextus Bourgoin, 1922: 23. Lectotype by present designation, ♀, MNHN: “Cho Ganh [h] \ Agrilus praetextus Bourgoin [h] Type [h] [red ink] \ MUSÉUM PARIS 1935 Coll. A. Théry [p]”. A single paralectotype from the same locality is deposited in BMNH. The exact number of syntypes is unknown.
description: Published as part of Jendek, Eduard, 2005, Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the genus Agrilus Curtis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilini), pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 1073 (1) on page 16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1073.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5050739
The stochastic behavior of a molecular switching circuit with feedback
Creators: name: Krishnamurthy, Supriya
name: Smith, Eric
name: Krakauer, David
name: Fontana, Walter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Molecular Networks (q-bio.MN)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Background: Using a statistical physics approach, we study the stochastic switching behavior of a model circuit of multisite phosphorylation and dephosphorylation with feedback. The circuit consists of a kinase and phosphatase acting on multiple sites of a substrate that, contingent on its modification state, catalyzes its own phosphorylation and, in a symmetric scenario, dephosphorylation. The symmetric case is viewed as a cartoon of conflicting feedback that could result from antagonistic pathways impinging on the state of a shared component. Results: Multisite phosphorylation is sufficient for bistable behavior under feedback even when catalysis is linear in substrate concentration, which is the case we consider. We compute the phase diagram, fluctuation spectrum and large-deviation properties related to switch memory within a statistical mechanics framework. Bistability occurs as either a first-order or second-order non-equilibrium phase transition, depending on the network symmetries and the ratio of phosphatase to kinase numbers. In the second-order case, the circuit never leaves the bistable regime upon increasing the number of substrate molecules at constant kinase to phosphatase ratio. Conclusions: The number of substrate molecules is a key parameter controlling both the onset of the bistable regime, fluctuation intensity, and the residence time in a switched state. The relevance of the concept of memory depends on the degree of switch symmetry, as memory presupposes information to be remembered, which is highest for equal residence times in the switched states. Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Artem Novozhilov (nominated by Eugene Koonin), Sergei Maslov, and Ned Wingreen.
description: Version published in Biology Direct including reviewer comments and author responses, 28 pages, 7 figures
A Culturally Sensitive Test to Evaluate Nuanced GPT Hallucination
Creators: name: McIntosh, Timothy
name: Liu, Tong
name: Susnjak, Teo
name: Watters, Paul
name: Ng, Alex
name: Halgamuge, Malka N
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2024
Subjects: classificationCode: 4602
subject: Artificial intelligence
classificationCode: 4603
subject: Computer vision and multimedia computation
classificationCode: 4611
subject: Machine learning

description: No description supplied
Universal Wait-Free Memory Reclamation
Creators: name: Nikolaev, Ruslan
name: Ravindran, Binoy
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In this paper, we present a universal memory reclamation scheme, Wait-Free Eras (WFE), for deleted memory blocks in wait-free concurrent data structures. WFE's key innovation is that it is completely wait-free. Although some prior techniques provide similar guarantees for certain data structures, they lack support for arbitrary wait-free data structures. Consequently, developers are typically forced to marry their wait-free data structures with lock-free Hazard Pointers or (potentially blocking) epoch-based memory reclamation. Since both these schemes provide weaker progress guarantees, they essentially forfeit the strong progress guarantee of wait-free data structures. Though making the original Hazard Pointers scheme or epoch-based reclamation completely wait-free seems infeasible, we achieved this goal with a more recent, (lock-free) Hazard Eras scheme, which we extend to guarantee wait-freedom. As this extension is non-trivial, we discuss all challenges pertaining to the construction of universal wait-free memory reclamation. WFE is implementable on ubiquitous x86_64 and AArch64 (ARM) architectures. Its API is mostly compatible with Hazard Pointers, which allows easy transitioning of existing data structures into WFE. Our experimental evaluations show that WFE's performance is close to epoch-based reclamation and almost matches the original Hazard Eras scheme, while providing the stronger wait-free progress guarantee.
Bose-Einstein Condensation in Competitive Processes
Creators: name: Shimazaki, Hideaki
name: Niebur, Ernst
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: General Finance (q-fin.GN)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: We introduce an irreversible discrete multiplicative process that undergoes Bose-Einstein condensation as a generic model of competition. New players with different abilities successively join the game and compete for limited resources. A player's future gain is proportional to its ability and its current gain. The theory provides three principles for this type of competition: competitive exclusion, punctuated equilibria, and a critical condition for the distribution of the players' abilities necessary for the dominance and the evolution. We apply this theory to genetics, ecology and economy.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures, submitted to PRL
Energy gain by laser-accelerated electrons in a strong magnetic field
Creators: name: Arefiev, A.
name: Gong, Z.
name: Robinson, A. P. L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The manuscript deals with electron acceleration by a laser pulse in a plasma with a static uniform magnetic field $B_*$. The laser pulse propagates perpendicular to the magnetic field lines with the polarization chosen such that $({\bf{E}}_{laser} \cdot {\bf{B}}_*) = 0$. The focus of the work is on the electrons with an appreciable initial transverse momentum that are unable to gain significant energy from the laser in the absence of the magnetic field due to strong dephasing. It is shown that the magnetic field can initiate an energy increase by rotating such an electron, so that its momentum becomes directed forward. The energy gain continues well beyond this turning point where the dephasing drops to a very small value. In contrast to the case of purely vacuum acceleration, the electron experiences a rapid energy increases with the analytically derived maximum energy gain dependent on the strength of the magnetic field and the phase velocity of the wave. The energy enhancement by the magnetic field can be useful at high laser amplitudes, $a_0 \gg 1$, where the acceleration similar to that in the vacuum is unable to produce energetic electrons over just tens of microns. A strong magnetic field helps leverage an increase in $a_0$ without a significant increase in the interaction length.
Tri-Hamiltonian Structures of The Egorov Systems
Creators: name: Pavlov, M. V.
name: Tsarev, S. P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The description of the Egorov hydrodynamic type systems is presented in language of conservation laws. Under extra conditions of semisimplicity and homogeneity tri-Hamiltonian structures of such systems are described. Even and odd cases are related with flat and metric of constant curvature, respectively. Some important and well-known examples like averaged by Whitham approach and dispersionless limits of vector NLS and vector LSR are investigated.
description: 15 pages
Interpretable Self-Attention Temporal Reasoning for Driving Behavior Understanding
Creators: name: Liu, Yi-Chieh
name: Hsieh, Yung-An
name: Chen, Min-Hung
name: Yang, Chao-Han Huck
name: Tegner, Jesper
name: Tsai, Yi-Chang James
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Performing driving behaviors based on causal reasoning is essential to ensure driving safety. In this work, we investigated how state-of-the-art 3D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) perform on classifying driving behaviors based on causal reasoning. We proposed a perturbation-based visual explanation method to inspect the models' performance visually. By examining the video attention saliency, we found that existing models could not precisely capture the causes (e.g., traffic light) of the specific action (e.g., stopping). Therefore, the Temporal Reasoning Block (TRB) was proposed and introduced to the models. With the TRB models, we achieved the accuracy of $\mathbf{86.3\%}$, which outperform the state-of-the-art 3D CNNs from previous works. The attention saliency also demonstrated that TRB helped models focus on the causes more precisely. With both numerical and visual evaluations, we concluded that our proposed TRB models were able to provide accurate driving behavior prediction by learning the causal reasoning of the behaviors.
description: Submitted to IEEE ICASSP 2020; Pytorch code will be released soon
1D Bose Gases in an Optical Lattice
Creators: name: Köhl, Michael
name: Stöferle, Thilo
name: Moritz, Henning
name: Schori, Christian
name: Esslinger, Tilman
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report on the study of the momentum distribution of a one-dimensional Bose gas in an optical lattice. From the momentum distribution we extract the condensed fraction of the gas and thereby measure the depletion of the condensate and compare it with a theorical estimate. We have measured the coherence length of the gas for systems with average occupation $\bar{n}>1$ and $\bar{n}<1$ per lattice site.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures
Hume's theory of obligation : morality between nature and artifice
Creators: name: Qi, Xiao
Publisher: name: The University of St Andrews
Year: 2025
Subjects: David Hume
Obligation
Justice
Moral sentimentalism
Convention
Moral psychology
Theory of property
Duty

description: Hume’s account of obligation has been widely discussed in the literature, but many aspects of his conception of obligation, including its definition, taxonomy, and scope, are still subjects of interpretative controversy. Some scholars read his concept of moral obligation as denoting a determining motive in regard to moral values, while some read it as identical to the approbation of virtue which cannot motivate by itself. I argue against both views in this thesis. The primary concern of Hume’s account of obligation, in my reading, is not with motivation but with accommodating moral obligation in a virtue-centred moral theory. For him, the sentiment of moral obligation is a specific form of disapprobation, and it has different features when felt about ‘natural virtues’ like benevolence and ‘artificial virtues’ like justice. Noteworthily, for justice, considerations about law and obligation precede those about character, which makes justice an anomalous case for Hume’s virtue-centred theory, and he develops an account of the conventional origin of justice to explain its law-regulated features. The idea of obligation, on this account, arises from principles in human nature in a social and historical process but has features in tension with such principles’ natural inclinations. In Chapter 1, I delineate the basic features of Hume’s conception of obligation from both positive and negative perspectives. Chapter 2 discusses his taxonomy of obligation in the light of its relationship to natural law theories. Chapter 3 examines the nature, origin, and scope of the sentiment of moral obligation. Chapter 4 explores how concerns about features of the obligation to justice motivate Hume to propose a distinction between natural and artificial virtues. Then, Chapter 5 discusses how Hume constructs a genealogical account to explain the anomalous features of justice, and Chapter 6 explores whether and how this account can do its job.
Void Formation: Does the Void-in-Cloud Process Matter?
Creators: name: Chan, Hei Yin Jowett
name: Chiba, Masashi
name: Ishiyama, Tomoaki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the basic properties of voids from high resolution, cosmological N-body simulations of Λ-dominated cold dark matter (ΛCDM) models, in order to compare with the analytical model of Sheth and van de Weygaert (SvdW) for void statistics. For the subsample of five dark matter simulations in the ΛCDM cosmology with box sizes ranging from 1000 Mpc/h to 8 Mpc/h, we find that the standard void-in-cloud effect is too simplified to explain several properties of identified small voids in simulations. (i) The number density of voids is found to be larger than the prediction of the analytical model up to 2 orders of magnitude below 1 Mpc/h scales. The Press-Schechter model with the linear critical threshold of void δ_v = -2.71, or a naive power law, is found to provide an excellent agreement with the void size function, suggesting that the void-in-cloud effect does not suppress as much voids as predicted by the SvdW model. (ii) We then measured the density and velocity profiles of small voids, and find that they are mostly partially collapsing underdensities, instead of being completely crushed in the standard void-in-cloud scenario. (iii) Finally, we measure the void distributions in four different tidal environments, and find that the void-in-void effect alone can explain the correlation between distribution and environments, whereas the void-in-cloud effect is only weakly influencing the abundance of voids, even in filaments and clusters.
description: 10 pages, 7 figures
Probing Supersymmetry with Neutral Current Scattering Experiments
Creators: name: Kurylov, A.
name: Ramsey-Musolf, M. J.
name: Su, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We compute the supersymmetric contributions to the weak charges of the electron and proton in the framework of Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. We also consider the ratio of neutral current to charged current cross sections, R_nu and R_nubar at nu (nubar)-nucleus deep inelastic scattering, and compare the supersymmetric corrections with the deviations of these quantities from the Standard Model predictions implied by the recent NuTeV measurement.
description: 4 pages, contribution to the proceedings of CIPANP 2003 (May, 2003), New York City
Inclusion in early childhood classrooms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Creators: name: AlWadaani, Nada Zal
Publisher: name: The University of British Columbia
Year: 2014

description: The inclusion of children with special needs in regular classrooms has a significant impact on children’s social, emotional, and cognitive development. Generating an inclusive classroom climate can help children with special needs to improve their skills, overcome the challenges associated with disabilities, and develop a sense of belonging to their schools and communities. In the KSA, inclusion programs are still underdeveloped and need additional improvement. There is a clear absence of genuine inclusion programs that welcome children with special needs and enable them to go beyond their disabilities. In this project I draw on sociocultural theory and cognitive social theory to support the implementation of authentic inclusion programs in the KSA. I also examine the need for genuine inclusion programs in the KSA and suggest a model that can support the implementation of genuine inclusion programs.
Diversity and structure of Bettongia tropica: using population genetics to guide reintroduction and help prevent the extinction of an endangered Australian marsupial
Creators: name: Todd, SJ
name: McKnight, Donald
name: Congdon, BC
name: Pierson, J
name: Fischer, M
name: Abell, S
name: Koleck, J
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2023
Subjects: classificationCode: 31
subject: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
classificationCode: 41
subject: Environmental sciences
classificationCode: 310307
subject: Population ecology

description: Conservation translocations can restore populations and prevent extinction of threatened species. Sourcing adequate genetic diversity is an essential consideration when planning reintroductions, because it influences individual fitness and long-term persistence of populations, yet available populations of threatened species may lack diversity. We estimated population genetic parameters for one of Australia’s most threatened mammals, the northern bettong, Bettongia tropica, to select source populations for reintroduction. Individuals from sites across the species’ extant range in the Wet Tropics of north Queensland were genotyped, using 6,133 informative SNPs. We found that samples clustered into four populations: an isolated northern population at Mt Spurgeon and three connected southern populations in the Lamb Range. Most of the species’ genetic diversity was dispersed across the Lamb Range populations in approximately equal proportions. Populations showed an isolation-by-distance effect, even over short distances within continuous habitat. Admixture of populations was high at distances < 7 km but low at distances > 11 km, and there was asymmetrical gene flow between the two closest neighboring populations. All populations had small effective sizes and experienced drift, but connectivity appears to have mitigated drift and stabilized population sizes within the Lamb Range. The Mt Spurgeon population had a very small effective population size and low genetic diversity. We use our findings to weigh up the risks and benefits of mixing sources for reintroduction, and we recommend a mixed source approach. We do not currently recommend sourcing individuals from Mt Spurgeon and conservation efforts to preserve this population are urgently required.
$J/ψ$ production and nuclear effects for d+Au and p+p collisions in PHENIX
Creators: name: de Cassagnac, Raphaël Granier
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: PHENIX has measured $J/ψ$ production at backward, central and forward rapidities both in p+p and d+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV during the third run of the RHIC collider. From the p+p collisions, we measure the total J/$ψ$ cross section. From the d+Au collisions, we compute the nuclear modification factor versus transverse momentum, rapidity and centrality. All results presented here are preliminary.
description: 4 pages, 4 figures
Additional file 1 of CSR reporting by Chinese and Western MNEs: patterns combining formal homogenization and substantive differences
Creators: name: Ervits, Irina
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 1 : Appendix.
The impact on consumers and cattle producers of changes in beef processing costs
Creators: name: Mullen, John Denis
name: Mullen, John Denis
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1985
Subjects: Livestock Production/Industries

description: The objective of this study has been to examine the impact of changes in beef processing costs on US beef producers and consumers under market conditions representative of the 1980's. Competitive equilibrium in the beef sub-sector was modelled as a series of log linear differential supply and demand equations for two inputs, cattle and marketing inputs, and two products, retail beef and byproducts. Particular attention has been paid to estimating the elasticity of substitution between inputs and to examining its role in the distribution of total economic surplus gains. If the beef sub-sector switched from boxed beef technology to tray-ready beef, the supply of marketing inputs is estimated to decline by five percent, resulting in an annual surplus gain of $836.7 million which is almost two percent of the value of the products of the sub-sector. Modelling the switch in technologies as an input supply shift was found to be equivalent to modelling it as biased technical change. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. The relationship between the elasticities of demand, input supply and input substitution are crucial to the distribution of total surplus gains. The share of cattle producers of total gains fell from 71 percent to 55 percent as the elasticity of substitution increased from zero to 0.1. The large share to producers is explained by a supply of cattle that is inelastic relative to demand in the short run. As the supply of cattle became more elastic in supply, the share of producers soon fell below 50 percent and was less than 10 percent in the long run. The supply of marketing inputs was assumed to be highly elastic which meant that the suppliers of these inputs received little of the increase in surplus. An important implication of the study is that once input substitution is allowed, the share of the market participants in the gains from increased efficiency in the sub-sector depend not only on relative demand and supply elasticities but also on whether the efficiecy gains occur at the farm or processing level.
description: PhD granted from Texas A&M University
Broadband Electrical Action Sensing Techniques with conducting wires for low-mass dark matter axion detection
Creators: name: Tobar, Michael Edmund
name: McAllister, Ben T.
name: Goryachev, Maxim
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Due to the inverse Primakoff effect it has been shown that when axions interact with a DC magnetic B-field the resulting electrical action will produce an AC electromotive force which oscillates at the Compton frequency of the axion, and may be modeled as an oscillating effective impressed magnetic current boundary source. We use this result to calculate the sensitivity of new experiments to low-mass axions using the quasi-static technique. First, we calculate the current induced in an electric dipole antenna (straight conducting wire) when the DC B-field is spatially constant and show that it has a sensitivity proportional to the axion mass. Following this we extend the topology by making use of the full extent of the spatially varying DC B-field. This extension is achieved by transforming the 1D conducting wire to a 2D winding, to fully link the effective magnetic current boundary source and thus couple to the full axion induced electrical action. In this case the conductor becomes a coil winding where the voltage induced across the winding increases proportionally to the number of windings. We investigate two different topologies: The 1st uses a single winding, and couples to the effective short circuit current generated in the winding, which is read out using a sensitive low impedance SQUID amplifier: The 2nd uses multiple windings, with every turn effectively increasing the the voltage output proportional to the winding number. The read out of this configuration is optimised by implementing a cryogenic low-noise high input impedance voltage amplifier. The end result is a new Broadband Electrical Action Sensing Techniques with orders of magnitude improved sensitivity, which is linearly proportional to the axion photon coupling and capable of detecting QCD dark matter axions.
description: Final accepted journal version. Two misconceptions fixed as required by referee compared to last version. Additions are in color, red for one point of misconception and blue for the other point
Μελέτη του θεσμικού πλαισίου των μηχανισμών υποχρεωτικών επιστροφών και εκπτώσεων (clawback και rebate) στην Ελλάδα
Creators: name: Κωνσταντινίδου. Ελένη Ηλία
Publisher: name: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Year: 2021
Subjects: Υποχρεωτικές επιστροφές
Υποχρεωτικές εκπτώσεις
Δαπάνες υγείας και φαρμάκου
Κλειστός προϋπολογισμός για το φάρμακο
Clawback
Rebate
Expenses on healthcare and medicine
Specific (closed) budget for medicine

description: Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η ανασκόπηση του θεσμικού πλαισίου εφαρμογής των πρακτικών των υποχρεωτικών επιστροφών (clawback) και εκπτώσεων (rebate) στην Ελλάδα. Οι συγκεκριμένες πρακτικές, σε συνδυασμό με τον κλειστό προϋπολογισμό για το φάρμακο, αποτελούν εργαλεία εξορθολογισμού και ελέγχου της κρατικής δαπάνης για την υγεία και το φάρμακο και εφαρμόζονται και σε άλλες χώρες της Ε.Ε., αλλά και παγκοσμίως. Με βάση τη βιβλιογραφία φαίνεται πως η εφαρμογή των εν λόγω μέτρων έγινε βεβιασμένα στην Ελλάδα λόγω της ύφεσης και της οικονομικής κρίσης που εμφανίστηκε το 2008. Ως αποτέλεσμα, δημιουργήθηκαν μία σειρά προβλημάτων τόσο στη φαρμακοβιομηχανία, όσο και σε ιδιώτες παρόχους υπηρεσιών υγείας και φαρμάκων. Η μεταρρύθμιση και οι αλλαγές στο θεσμικό πλαίσιο κρίνεται αναγκαία, μέχρι να βρεθεί το σωστό μίγμα διαχείρισης της κατάστασης, ώστε να ανταποκρίνεται στα ελληνικά δεδομένα και να συνυπάρξουν ο εξορθολογισμός των δαπανών, με υψηλής ποιότητας περίθαλψη και θεραπεία για τους ασθενείς. Αυτά τα προβλήματα, όπως και οι επιμέρους προτάσεις για την επίλυσή τους αναλύονται σε ξεχωριστό κεφάλαιο.
description: The purpose of this dissertation is to review the institutional framework of clawback and rebate in Greece. These practices, combined with a closed (specific) budget for medicine, are tools for rationalizing and controlling government expenses on healthcare and medicine and they are applied in other E.U. countries too, as well as globally. Based on the literature, it seems that the implementation of these measures was rushed in Greece due to the recession and the financial crisis that occurred in 2008. As a result, many problems occurred in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as in private providers of health services and medicines. Reformation of the institutional framework is considered necessary, until the right mix of management of the situation is found, in order to correspond to the particular case of Greece. The main goal is rationalization of the expenses, with high quality care and treatment for the patients at the same time. These problems, as well as specific proposals for solving them, are analyzed in a separate chapter.
Simultaneous detection of an intrinsic absorber and a compact jet emission in the X-ray binary IGR J17091-3624 during a hard accretion state
Creators: name: Gatuzz, E.
name: Trigo, M. Díaz
name: Miller-Jones, J. C. A.
name: Migliari, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a detailed analysis of three XMM-Newton observations of the black hole low-mass X-ray binary IGR~J17091-3624 taken during its 2016 outburst. Radio observations obtained with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) indicate the presence of a compact jet during all observations. From the best X-ray data fit results we concluded that the observations were taken during a transition from a hard accretion state to a hard-intermediate accretion state. For Observations 1 and 2 a local absorber can be identified in the EPIC-pn spectra but not in the RGS spectra, preventing us from distinguishing between absorption local to the source and that from the hot ISM component. For Observation 3, on the other hand, we have identified an intrinsic ionized static absorber in both EPIC-pn and RGS spectra. The absorber, observed simultaneously with a compact jet emission, is characterized by an ionization parameter of 1.96< log(ξ) <2.05 and traced mainly by Ne X, Mg XII, Si XIII and Fe XVIII.
description: 13 pages, 10 figures
Additional file 1 of Increased complement activation 3 to 6 h after trauma is a predictor of prolonged mechanical ventilation and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: a prospective observational study
Creators: name: Rognes, Ingrid Nygren
name: Pischke, Søren Erik
name: Ottestad, William
name: Røislien, Jo
name: Berg, Jens Petter
name: Johnson, Christina
name: Eken, Torsten
name: Mollnes, Tom Eirik
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Developmental Biology

description: Additional file 1. Methods.
Η Άνδρος στο Διαδίκτυο: Οι Προοπτικές του Εναλλακτικού Τουρισμού
Creators: name: Καφετζή, Μαρία Νικολάου
Publisher: name: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Year: 2021
Subjects: Άνδρος
Διαδίκτυο
Εναλλακτικές Μορφές Τουρισμού
Andros
Internet
Alternative Tourism

description: Ο τουρισμός συνδέεται στενά με την πρόοδο των Τεχνολογιών Πληροφορίας και Επικοινωνίας (ΤΠΕ) για πάνω από 30 χρόνια, καθώς η χρήση τους τον έχει μετασχηματίσει παγκοσμίως. Στην συγκεκριμένη διπλωματική εργασία ερευνήθηκε ο βαθμός ενσωμάτωσης των ΤΠΕ στις επιχειρήσεις/οργανισμούς/φορείς που βρίσκονται στην Άνδρο και σχετίζονται με τις εναλλακτικές μορφές του τουρισμού. Αρχικά, στην εισαγωγή γίνεται πρώτα μια βιβλιογραφική αναφορά για τον νησιωτικό τουρισμού και τις εναλλακτικές του μορφές, αναλύοντας το πώς το διαδίκτυο και το e-marketing βοηθούν στην προώθησή του. Στην συνέχεια, αναλύονται βασικά στοιχεία της Άνδρου που αποτελεί τη μελέτη περίπτωσης αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας. Στην έρευνα, αναζητήθηκαν ιστότοποι στο διαδίκτυο και σελίδες στο μέσο κοινωνικής δικτύωσης Facebook που ασχολούνται με τον εναλλακτικό τουρισμό στο νησί και αξιολογήθηκαν σύμφωνα με τη βιβλιογραφία. Η ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων και η δημιουργία των γραφημάτων του ερευνητικού μέρους έγινε με την χρήση του προγράμματος Excel. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας έδειξαν ότι οι επιχειρήσεις/οργανισμούς/φορείς στην Άνδρο που ασχολούνται με τον εναλλακτικό τουρισμό δεν έχουν αξιοποιήσει τα πλεονεκτήματα των Τ.Π.Ε. καθώς η χρήση τους είναι μικρή. Γι’ αυτό, προτάθηκε η άμεση χρήση περισσότερων χαρακτηριστικών/κριτηρίων στους ιστοτόπους τους ώστε προσελκύσει πελάτες (παλαιούς και νέους). Επιπλέον, μελλοντικά, η έρευνα θα μπορούσε να επεκταθεί και σε ένα άλλο μέσο κοινωνικής δικτύωσης, το Instagram, που το τελευταίο διάστημα προβάλλεται περισσότερο.
description: Tourism has been closely linked to ICT, for over 30 years, as their use has transformed it worldwide. In this thesis was investigated the degree of integration of ICT in companies / organizations located in Andros and related to alternative forms of tourism. First, in the introduction, is made a bibliographical reference to the tourism of island and its alternative forms, analyzing how the internet and e-marketing help in its promotion. Then, are analyzed basic elements of Andros, which is the case study of this thesis. The survey looked for websites and Facebook pages on the island that deal with alternative tourism and evaluated them according to the literature. The analysis of the results and the creation of the graphs at the research part was done using the Excel program. The results showed that the companies / organizations in Andros that deal with alternative tourism have not utilized the advantages of ICT. Therefore, it was suggested that more criteria be used directly on their sites to attract customers (old and new). In addition, in the future, the research could be extended to another social media, Instagram, which has recently become more popular.
Future Prospective of China's Agricultural Policy
Creators: name: Chung, Chunggil
name: Chung, Chunggil
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy

description: After Deng Xiaoping Administration, China achieved splendid developments in various spheres such as political, economic, and social areas. In particular, the production volition of farmers and productivity in the agricultural area were greatly improved by the reform measures such as lowering prices of farm products, introducing the responsibility system of production, and demolishing people's communes. At the present in time, agricultural reform in China was evaluated as successful. Market economy adopted made agriculture developed. The rapid increase in agricultural production was able to terminate the shortage of supply. Also, many changes occurred in the rural areas. Adjusting industrial structure in the rural areas, Chinese government make agriculture diversified from simple cultivation to various areas such as agriculture, forestry, fishery, and stock-farming and furthermore oriented toward the industries.
A dynamic analysis of resilience in Uganda
Creators: name: D’Errico, Marco
name: Di Giuseppe, Stefania
name: D’Errico, Marco
name: Di Giuseppe, Stefania
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2016
Subjects: Food Security and Poverty
Agricultural and Food Policy

description: Resilience is, nowadays, one of the keywords in the policy debate on development. Measuring resilience and how it varies over time is dramatically important for policy makers and people living in risk-prone environments. This paper applies econometric techniques for estimating household resilience using the so-called Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis (RIMA) recently proposed by FAO (2013). It then adopts transition matrices to estimate how resilience changes over time. Finally, multinomial logit and bivariate probit models are estimated to identify the main drivers of change.
description: FAO Document Repository: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5473e.pdf
Numerical renormalization group study of two-level Kondo effect: Discovery of new fixed point
Creators: name: Kojima, M.
name: Yotsuhashi, S.
name: Miyake, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The model of two-level Kondo effect is studied by the Wilson numerical renormalization group method. It is shown that there exist a new type of weak-coupling fixed point other than the strong-coupling fixed point found by Vladar and Zawadowski two decades ago by means of the one-loop and two-loop renormalization group methods.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures, SCES'02 at Krakow
Heavy quarkonia in a bulk viscous medium
Creators: name: Thakur, Lata
name: Haque, Najmul
name: Hirono, Yuji
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the properties of heavy quarkonia in a quark-gluon plasma in the presence of bulk viscous effects. Within the hard thermal loop approximation at one-loop, the dielectric permittivity of quark-gluon plasma is computed, where the bulk viscous effect enters through the deformation of the distribution functions of thermal quarks and gluons. Based on the modified dielectric permittivity, we compute the in-medium heavy quark potential, that includes non-pertubative string-like terms as well as the perturbative Coulombic term. We discuss how the bulk viscous effect modifies the real and imaginary parts of the in-medium potential. Several prescriptions are examined as to how to include the string-like non-perturbative potentials. Using the deformed potential, we compute the wave functions, binding energies, and decay widths of heavy quarkonia in a bulk viscous medium, and study their sensitivity to the strength of the bulk viscous effect. An estimate of the melting temperatures is given.
description: 29 pages, 13 figures, v2, published version
Rainforest litter invertebrates decimated by high severity burns during Australia's gigafires
Creators: name: Gibb, Heloise
name: Grubb, Joshua
name: Black, Dennis
name: Porch, N
name: Decker, Orsolya
name: McGeoch, Melodie
name: Deane, David
name: Murphy, Nicholas
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2023
Subjects: classificationCode: 31
subject: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
classificationCode: 410205
subject: Fire ecology
classificationCode: 41
subject: Environmental sciences
classificationCode: 310307
subject: Population ecology

description: Climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme fires. In 2019–2020, extreme fires burned 97 000 km2 of native vegetation in south-eastern Australia, affecting many areas of rainforest, which has historically burned less frequently. One year post-fires, we surveyed litter macroinvertebrates in 52 temperate rainforest sites. Sites had experienced increasing levels of fire severity (unburnt, medium severity and high severity). We asked how fire severity affected: (1) litter macroinvertebrate habitats; (2) the abundance of litter macroinvertebrate taxa per unit area; and (3) abundance relative to litter habitat (volumetric density). We also estimated the loss of litter macroinvertebrates across rainforests in the study region. High severity burns supported only a fifth of the litter volume and canopy cover as unburnt sites, lower soil moisture and higher herb cover. Medium burns were intermediate. Macroinvertebrate abundance declined with burn severity: high severity burns supported only 26% of the abundance in unburnt sites; medium severity burns supported 80% of that in unburnt sites. Patterns were similar for all taxa, with millipedes declining most. High severity fires resulted in up to 1.90 million fewer macroinvertebrates per hectare; 0.53 million fewer per hectare of medium burn rainforest. Across the study region, we estimate that 60 billion fewer litter macroinvertebrates persisted in temperate rainforests alone. Volumetric densities of many litter macroinvertebrate taxa in high severity burns were marginally higher than in unburnt sites, suggesting nutrients may be more available post-fire, or that persisting individuals become concentrated in the leaf litter. For less desiccation-tolerant groups (e.g., amphipods), density declines with increasing severity may reflect the combined impact of low soil moisture and reduced litter cover. Many taxa persisted following high severity fires, but declines were substantial, and taxa differed in their vulnerability. Longer-term monitoring is required to understand the recovery trajectory and impacts on ecological function.
Agricultural transformation of middle-income Asian economies: diversification, farm size and mechanization
Creators: name: Dawe, David
name: Dawe, David
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2015
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy
Farm Management

description: The agricultural sector of Asian middle-income countries is changing rapidly in line with an overall structural transformation of the economy brought on by economic growth. This paper discusses the changes in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam related to mechanization, farm size and crop and product diversification. Mechanization appears to be proceeding quickly in many, but not all, of these countries, although there are not enough good data to indicate how rapidly it is proceeding. There are also data and conceptual issues with regards to farm size. Despite these issues, there appears to be little evidence to suggest that farm sizes are increasing rapidly, and indeed there are strong reasons to suspect that Asian farm sizes will remain quite small for the foreseeable future. Dietary diversification might seem to dictate crop diversification, but this is only correct at the global level ' at the national level, international trade can substitute for crop diversification in achieving dietary diversification. These six countries seem cognizant of their comparative advantage, with international trade expanding rapidly for commodities such as oilseeds and vegetable oils, fruits and vegetables, and dairy products. Thus, crop diversification is taking place in geographically diverse countries such as China, but not at all in smaller countries like Malaysia. Despite the lack of crop diversification in some countries, there has generally been strong product diversification into livestock and aquaculture, especially the latter. In the future, if these countries are to make sure that their farms are competitive and efficient and contribute to poverty alleviation among smallholders, it will be important for governments to provide key public goods and make difficult decisions regarding international trade and the appropriate degree of price and production support for farmers.
description: FAO Document Repository: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5106e.pdf
The Redshift Distribution of Near-IR Selected Galaxies in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey as a Test of Galaxy Formation Scenarios
Creators: name: Somerville, Rachel S.
name: Moustakas, Leonidas A.
name: Mobasher, Bahram
name: Gardner, Jonathan P.
name: Cimatti, Andrea
name: Conselice, Christopher
name: Daddi, Emanuele
name: Dahlen, Tomas
name: Dickinson, Mark
name: Eisenhardt, Peter
name: Lotz, Jennifer
name: Papovich, Casey
name: Renzini, Alvio
name: Stern, Daniel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The redshift distribution of near-IR selected galaxies is often used to attempt to discriminate between the classical view of galaxy formation, in which present-day luminous galaxies were assembled at early times and evolve due to the passive aging of their stellar populations, and that of hierarchical structure formation, in which galaxies were assembled more recently via the merging of smaller objects. We carry out such a test here, by computing the distribution of photometric redshifts of K_AB<22 galaxies in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Field Survey GOODS Southern Field, and comparing the results with predictions from a semi-analytic model based on hierarchical structure formation, and a classical `passive evolution' model. We find that the redshift distributions at z ~1.5, the hierarchical model shows a deficit of galaxies, while the passive model predicts an excess. We investigate the nature of the observed galaxies in the redshift range where the models diverge, and find that the majority have highly disturbed morphologies, suggesting that they may be merger-induced starbursts. While the hierarchical model used here does not produce these objects in great enough numbers, the appearance of this population is clearly in better qualitative agreement with the hierarchical picture than with the classical passive evolution scenario. We conclude that the observations support the general framework of hierarchical formation, but suggest the need for new or modified physics in the models.
description: 5 pages, 2 figures. To appear in the GOODS special edition of ApJ Letters. GOODS data and all GOODS collaboration papers may be found at http://www.stsci.edu/science/goods/
Collective modes of an Anisotropic Quark-Gluon Plasma II
Creators: name: Romatschke, Paul
name: Strickland, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We continue our exploration of the collective modes of an anisotropic quark gluon plasma by extending our previous analysis to arbitrary Riemann sheets. We demonstrate that in the presence of momentum-space anisotropies in the parton distribution functions there are new relevant singularities on the neighboring unphysical sheets. We then show that for sufficiently strong anisotropies that these singularities move into the region of spacelike momentum and their effect can extend down to the physical sheet. In order to demonstrate this explicitly we consider the polarization tensor for gluons propagating parallel to the anisotropy direction. We derive analytic expressions for the gluon structure functions in this case and then analytically continue them to unphysical Riemann sheets. Using the resulting analytic continuations we numerically determine the position of the unphysical singularities. We then show that in the limit of infinite contraction of the distribution function along the anisotropy direction that the unphysical singularities move onto the physical sheet and result in real spacelike modes at large momenta for all "out-of-plane" angles of propagation.
description: 13 pages, 8 figures