Pulvinaria kuwacola Kuwana 1907
Creators: name: Tanaka, Hirotaka
name: Kamitani, Satoshi
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Coccidae
Pulvinaria
Pulvinaria kuwacola

description: Pulvinaria kuwacola Kuwana, 1907
(Figs 8–9)
[Japanese name: Kuwa-wata-kaigaramushi]
Pulvinaria kuwacola Kuwana 1907: 188; Takahshi 1956: 24; Kawai 1972: 16; Kawai 1980, 155; Ben-Dov 1993: 268; Kawai 2003: 317, 609, 831, 841, 897.
Pulvinaria hydrangeae Steinweden 1946: 7, syn. nov.
Pulvinaria fujisana Kanda 1960: 121, syn. nov.
Material examined. Neotype (here designated): JAPAN / Tokyo / Fuchu-shi / Saiwai-cho / on Morus australis / 10.v.1972 / coll. S. Kawai; mounted singly (KTUA)
Other material. JAPAN: Shizuoka Prefecture, Mt. Fuji, Takigahara, on Fujizakura [Cerasus incisa], 23, vi.1944, 1 adult female mounted singly (1 of the syntypes of P. fujisana syn. nov., OMNH); same data as the neotype, 2 adult females mounted together on a slide (KTUA); Aichi Prefecture, Nagoya-shi, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya Women’s University, on Hydrangea macrophylla, 4.v.2001, 6 adult females mounted singly (3 ELKU, 3 EUMJ); Chiba Prefecture, Matsudo-shi, Matsudo, on Diospyros kaki, 24.iv.2003, 4 adult females mounted singly (2 ELKU, 2 EUMJ); Chiba Prefecture, Matsudo-shi, Matsudo, Chiba University, on Cornus florida, 23.iv.2004, 4 adult females mounted singly (2 ELKU, 2 EUMJ); Fukuoka Prefecture, Buzen-shi, Hachiya, on Cornus florida, 18. iv.2021, coll. H. Tanaka, 4 adult females mounted singly (2 ELKU, 2 EUMJ). USA: California, San Mateo, on Hydrangea hortensis (Hydrangea macrophylla), 23.vi.1935, 2 adult females (2 of the syntypes of P. hydrangeae syn. nov., UCD).
Redescription. Live appearance: Body of adult female elongate oval, usually moderately convex; dorsal surface yellowish brown with irregular greyish dark area and sometimes a slightly lighter yellowish brown longitudinal stripe (Fig. 8), changing entirely to yellowish orange during oviposition; with no wax on dorsum before oviposition period; ovisac short, about 2–3 times as long as body; posterior part of body uplifted slightly by ovisac.
Slide-mounted adult female (n=24). Body elongate oval, 4.5 (2.5–5.2) mm long, 3.2 (1.5–4.0) mm wide, stigmatic clefts discernible but shallow; anal cleft approximately 1/5–1/9 times body length.
Dorsum. Derm membranous, dermal areolations well developed. Dorsal setae spiniform, frequent, scattered throughout dorsum, each 7–8 (5–11) µm long, with a well-developed basal socket. Preopercular pores each oval to circular, 2–3 µm in diameter, barely sclerotised and often difficult to see and count, with 30 (3–56) anterior to anal plates. Tubular ducts and microducts frequent throughout, each situated within an areolation (Fig. 9 DA); microducts noticeably more numerous than tubular ducts, ratio of number of tubular ducts to that of microducts about 0.1 (0.05–0.67): 1. Dorsal submarginal tubercles absent. Anal plates together quadrate; each plate 139–142 (139–168) µm long, 84–86 (70–98) µm wide, with a well-developed supporting bar, a slightly convex posterolateral margin and 4 apical setae. Ano-genital fold with 2 (1–3) pairs of setae along anterior margin and 2 (2 or 3) pairs laterally. Anal ring bearing 7 (6–8, mostly 6) setae. Eyespots present in marginal area.
Margin. Marginal setae each with a well-developed basal socket, apex usually simple pointed but occasionally branched; each seta 20–64 (11–71) µm long, each side with 9–12 (9–21) setae between anterior and posterior stigmatic clefts. Stigmatic clefts shallow, each with 3 (0–4, mostly 3) stigmatic spines, median spine 84 (50–97) µm long, approximately 1.5–4 times as long as a lateral spine.
Venter. Derm membranous. Multilocular pores each 6–9 µm wide, with 5–8 (4–9, mostly 7) loculi, present around genital opening and on medial areas of preceding 4 or 5 abdominal segments; a small group also present lateral to each meso- and metacoxa and occasionally also laterad to each procoxa. Spiracular disc pores each 4–6 µm wide, mostly each with 5 loculi, present in bands 1–5 (1–6) pores wide between margin and each spiracle; anterior bands each containing 36–48 (27–62) pores, posterior bands each with 53–55 (43–79) pores. Microducts scattered throughout venter. Tubular ducts of 3 types: type I each with a large outer ductule (about 3–5 µm wide and 8–18 µm long), a stout inner ductule (about 2–4 µm wide and 9–16 µm long) and a well-developed flower-shaped terminal gland, present in postero-medial area of head, medial areas of all thoracic and anterior abdominal segments, also in inner submarginal areas of head, thoracic, and anterior abdominal segments; type II tubular ducts each with a rather small outer ductule (2–4 µm wide and 5–14 µm long) ending in a shallow cup-shaped invagination leading to a narrower inner ductule (<1–2 µm wide and 8–22 µm long) with a well-developed terminal gland, mostly occurring in medial areas of posterior abdominal segments and inner submarginal areas of head, thoracic and abdominal segments; type III ducts similar to type II, but each with a short, filamentous inner ductule (<1 µm wide and 2–12 µm long) and a minute terminal gland, present intermixed with type I and type II ducts in inner submarginal areas of head, thorax and abdomen and in a broad submarginal band on head, thorax, and abdomen, forming a complete submarginal ring. Posteriormost 3 abdominal segments each with 1 pair of long ventral setae present in medial area. With 4 (3 or 4) pairs of long setae present between antennae, 2 (0–2) pairs of long setae present on area mesad of procoxae and occasionally with 1 pair of long setae present on medial area of some thoracic and anterior abdominal segments; other setae short and fine, distributed throughout venter. Spiracles normal for the genus; peritreme widths: anterior spiracle 52–58 (52–74) µm, posterior spiracle 63–64 (60–106) µm. Legs well developed, each with a completely articulated tibio-tarsal joint and an articulatory sclerosis; claw without a denticle; both claw digitules rather broad and slightly shorter than thin tarsal digitules. Hind trochanter + femur 310–317 (310–410) µm long, hind tibia 204–206 (194–260) µm long, and hind tarsus 100–104 (80–117) µm long. Antennae each 8 (6–8, mostly 8) segmented, 403–404 (403–555) µm long. Labium 82 (69–130) µm long, 131 (120–152) µm wide.
Host plants in Japan. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica (Kawai 1980), Cannabaceae: Celtis sinensis (Kawai 1980), Cornaceae: Cornus controversa (Kawai 1972, 1980), C. florida, Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki (Kawai 1980, 2003), Euphorbiaceae: Mallotus japonicus (Kawai 1972, 1980), Hydrangeaceae: Hydrangea macrophylla (Kawai 1972, 1980, 2003, Steinweden 1946), Magnoliaceae: Magnolia kobus (Kawai 1972, 1980), M. liliiflora (Kawai 1972, 1980), Malvaceae: Tilia japonica (Kawai 1980), Moraceae: Morus spp. (Kawai 1972, 1980, 2003 as Mulberry, Kuwana 1907 as Mulberry), Oleaceae: Fraxinus japonica (Kawai 1972, 1980), Rosaceae: Cerasus incisa (Kanda 1960), Cerasus spp. (Kawai 1972, 2003), Cerasus x yedoensis (Kawai 1980), Malus halliana (Kawai 1980), Padus buergeriana (Kawai 1980), Pseudocydonia sinensis (Kawai 1980), Sapindaceae: Acer buergerianum (Kawai 1980), A. diabolicum (Kawai 1980), Acer spp. (Kawai 2003), Aesculus turbinata (Kawai 1972, 1980), Viburnaceae: Viburnum dilatatum (Kawai 1980), V. odoratissimum (Kawai 1972, 1980).
Remarks. Pulvinaria kuwacola is similar to P. photiniae Kuwana, 1907 in having: (i) eyespots located in marginal area of the dorsum, and (ii) ventral type III tubular ducts forming a complete submarginal ring. However, it differs from P. photiniae in the following characteristics (character states of P. photiniae in brackets): (i) having seven loculi in each multilocular pore (having mostly eight or nine loculi in each multilocular pore), and (ii) dorsal microducts more numerous than dorsal tubular ducts (dorsal tubular ducts more numerous than dorsal microducts). Pulvinaria kuwacola is also similar to P. nipponica in having (i) eyespots located in the marginal area of the dorsum and (ii) ventral type III tubular ducts forming a complete submarginal ring. However, it differs from P. nipponica in having preopercular pores (P. nipponica lacks preopercular pores). Important diagnostic morphological character states for P. kuwacola and a comparison with the type species of the genus, P. vitis, are summarised in Table 1. Pulvinaria kuwacola can be separated from other Pulvinaria species described in this study, and P. vitis, by the presence of dorsal tubular ducts, absence of dorsal submarginal tubercles, the condition of dermal areolation, location of eyespots, body shape, multilocular pore distribution, type III ventral tubular duct distribution, number of loculi in each multilocular pore, number of preopercular pores, and ratio of number of dorsal tubular ducts: number of dorsal microducts.
In the present study we found that P. kuwacola, P. hydrangeae Steinweden, 1946 and P. fujisana Kanda, 1960 show the same morphology and thus can be considered to be the same species. Thus, we propose P. hydrangeae Steinweden, 1946 syn. nov. and P. fujisana Kanda, 1960 syn. nov. as new junior synonyms of P. kuwacola. According to Steinweden (1946), P. hydrageae can be separated from related species by the presence of a “sub-discal seta” on each anal plate. However, the “sub-discal” setal position and its size on the type specimen of P. hydrangeae, and an apical seta in the most lateral area of each anal plate in P. kuwacola specimens examined, were almost same so we concluded that they showed the same morphology.
The morphology of adult female P. kuwacola described here mostly agrees well with the redescription by Takahashi (1956). However, the present description differs slightly from that of Takahashi (1956) as follows (character states of Takahasi’s redescription in parenthesis): (i) marginal setae between the stigmatic clefts on each side numbering 9–21 (16–18 setae present between the stigmatic clefts on each side); (ii) preopercular pores numbering 3–56 (referred to as dorsal median pores, 27–48); (iii) marginal setae each 11–71 μm long (28–60 μm); and (iv) body 2.5–5.2 mm long (4.0–5.0 mm long). These morphological discrepancies are probably due to intraspecific morphological variation or the quality of the microscopes.
The original description of the species presented by Kuwana (1907) was mostly based on highly variable morphological characters (e.g. proportions of the lengths of antennal segments, body length, and number of anal ring setae) that have little taxonomic value. We have searched for type specimens of this species for over 10 years in almost all of the Coccomorpha collections in Japan, but none could be found, and it is therefore concluded that all of Dr. Kuwana’s type specimens of P. kuwacola have been lost. The authors believe that the designation of a neotype of this species is necessary because the original description of the species is not informative, there exist highly similar species (P. nipponica and P. photiniae), and the type material has been lost. One of the specimens used in the redescription above and collected from the original host plant (Morus sp.) in Tokyo, which is the type locality of the species, was designated as the neotype of P. kuwacola for the purpose of taxonomic stability. The morphology of the type specimen is almost consistent with the original description.
description: Published as part of Tanaka, Hirotaka & Kamitani, Satoshi, 2021, Redescriptions of six Japanese species of the genus Pulvinaria (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) with four new synonymies, pp. 51-75 in Zootaxa 5071 (1) on pages 63-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5071.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5723349