The Roosevelt Rural Sites Study, Volume 2: Prehistoric Rural Settlements in the Tonto Basin, Part 1
Creators: name: Molina, Maria
Publisher: name: SRI Press
Year: 1994
Subjects: subject: Mazatzal Mountains
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/76814/mazatzal-mountains
subject: Sierra Ancha
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/76813/sierra-ancha
subject: Salt River
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/127/salt-river
subject: Theodore Roosevelt Dam
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/76810/theodore-roosevelt-dam
subject: Roosevelt Lake
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/76332/roosevelt-lake
subject: Hohokam pre-Classic period
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/temporal-keyword/141/hohokam-pre-classic-period
subject: Archaic
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/temporal-keyword/5629/archaic
subject: Hohokam Early Classic period
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/temporal-keyword/145/hohokam-early-classic-period
subject: Sacaton Phase
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/temporal-keyword/214/sacaton-phase
subject: Gila Phase
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/temporal-keyword/5625/gila-phase
subject: Hohokam
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/culture-keyword/21/hohokam
subject: Salado
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/culture-keyword/70/salado
subject: AZ U:8:224(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/13869/az-u8224asm
subject: AR-03-12-06-1464(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8007/ar-03-12-06-1464usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-835(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8008/ar-03-12-06-835usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-838(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8009/ar-03-12-06-838usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1590(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8010/ar-03-12-06-1590usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1592(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8011/ar-03-12-06-1592usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-182(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8012/ar-03-12-06-182usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-318(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8013/ar-03-12-06-318usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1551(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8014/ar-03-12-06-1551usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1554(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8015/ar-03-12-06-1554usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1558(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8016/ar-03-12-06-1558usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-918(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8017/ar-03-12-06-918usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-942(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8018/ar-03-12-06-942usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1560(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8019/ar-03-12-06-1560usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1561(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8020/ar-03-12-06-1561usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1562(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8021/ar-03-12-06-1562usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1568(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8022/ar-03-12-06-1568usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1574(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8023/ar-03-12-06-1574usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1576(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8024/ar-03-12-06-1576usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1578(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8025/ar-03-12-06-1578usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1579(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8026/ar-03-12-06-1579usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1580(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8027/ar-03-12-06-1580usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-457(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8028/ar-03-12-06-457usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1584(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8029/ar-03-12-06-1584usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-111(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8030/ar-03-12-06-111usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-742(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8031/ar-03-12-06-742usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-959(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8032/ar-03-12-06-959usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-971(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8033/ar-03-12-06-971usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-1171(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8034/ar-03-12-06-1171usfs
subject: AR-03-12-06-972(USFS)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8035/ar-03-12-06-972usfs
subject: Bald Eagle Hill
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8037/bald-eagle-hill
subject: Grapevine Spring
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8038/grapevine-spring
subject: Marina Hill
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8039/marina-hill
subject: Porter Springs Marina
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8040/porter-springs-marina
subject: Vineyard Point
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/8042/vineyard-point
subject: Riser Site
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/3819/riser-site
subject: AZ U:8:178(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/11146/az-u8178asm
subject: AZ U:8:12(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18573/az-u812asm
subject: AZ U:8:181(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18574/az-u8181asm
subject: AZ U:8:185(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18575/az-u8185asm
subject: AZ U:8:187(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18576/az-u8187asm
subject: AZ U:8:190(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18577/az-u8190asm
subject: AZ U:8:192(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18578/az-u8192asm
subject: AZ U:8:194(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18579/az-u8194asm
subject: AZ U:8:195(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18580/az-u8195asm
subject: AZ U:8:196(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18581/az-u8196asm
subject: AZ U:8:202(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18582/az-u8202asm
subject: AZ U:8:211(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18583/az-u8211asm
subject: AZ U:8:213(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18584/az-u8213asm
subject: AZ U:8:215(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18585/az-u8215asm
subject: AZ U:8:219(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18586/az-u8219asm
subject: AZ U:8:221(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18587/az-u8221asm
subject: AZ U:8:223(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18588/az-u8223asm
subject: AZ U:8:225(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18589/az-u8225asm
subject: AZ U:8:229(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18590/az-u8229asm
subject: AZ U:8:233(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18591/az-u8233asm
subject: AZ U:8:234(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18592/az-u8234asm
subject: Grapevine Vista
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/545/grapevine-vista
subject: AZ U:8:235(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18593/az-u8235asm
subject: AZ U:8:236(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18594/az-u8236asm
subject: AZ U:8:239(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18595/az-u8239asm
subject: AZ U:8:241(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18596/az-u8241asm
subject: AZ U:8:508(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18597/az-u8508asm
subject: AZ U:8:509(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18598/az-u8509asm
subject: AZ U:8:510(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18599/az-u8510asm
subject: AZ U:8:511(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18600/az-u8511asm
subject: AZ U:8:52(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18601/az-u852asm
subject: AZ U:8:78(ASM)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-name/18602/az-u878asm
subject: Funerary and Burial Structures or Features
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/301/funerary-and-burial-structures-or-features
subject: Resource Extraction / Production / Transportation Structure or Features
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/272/resource-extraction-production-transportation-structure-or-features
subject: Agricultural or Herding
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/273/agricultural-or-herding
subject: Isolated Burial
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/305/isolated-burial
subject: Agricultural Field or Field Feature
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/274/agricultural-field-or-field-feature
subject: Archaeological Feature
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/339/archaeological-feature
subject: Field House
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/595/field-house
subject: Artifact Scatter
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/340/artifact-scatter
subject: Checkdam
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/596/checkdam
subject: Hearth
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/343/hearth
subject: Domestic Structure or Architectural Complex
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/251/domestic-structure-or-architectural-complex
subject: Midden
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/347/midden
subject: Settlements
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/252/settlements
subject: Encampment
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/253/encampment
subject: Hamlet / Village
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/254/hamlet-village
subject: Hunting / Trapping
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/286/hunting-trapping
subject: Trash Midden
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/351/trash-midden
subject: Domestic Structures
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/256/domestic-structures
subject: Hunting Blind
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/288/hunting-blind
subject: House
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/259/house
subject: Pit
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/355/pit
subject: Quarry
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/293/quarry
subject: Roasting Pit / Oven / Horno
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/357/roasting-pit-oven-horno
subject: Rock Alignment
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/site-type/360/rock-alignment
subject: Shell
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/14/shell
subject: Ceramic
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/1/ceramic
subject: Chipped Stone
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/2/chipped-stone
subject: Fauna
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/4/fauna
subject: Ground Stone
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/7/ground-stone
subject: Human Remains
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/9/human-remains
subject: Macrobotanical
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/material-type/10/macrobotanical
subject: Agriculture
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/468/agriculture
subject: Rural Settlement
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/98535/rural-settlement
subject: Tonto Basin Prehistory
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/other-keyword/108122/tonto-basin-prehistory
subject: Data Recovery / Excavation
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/investigation-type/5/data-recovery-excavation
subject: Site Evaluation / Testing
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/investigation-type/10/site-evaluation-testing

description: The Roosevelt Rural Sites Study (RRSS) was one of three data recovery mitigative studies that the Bureau of Reclamation funded to investigate the prehistory of the Tonto Basin in the vicinity of Theodore Roosevelt Dam. The series of investigations constituted Reclamation's program for complying with historic preservation legislation as it applied to the raising and modification of Theodore Roosevelt Dam. Reclamation contracted with Statistical Research, Inc., to conduct this study. The RRSS was a two-year mitigative data recovery designed to study small habitation, agricultural, and resource-processing sites, which are located away from the main centers of prehistoric habitation in the Tonto Basin, and to contribute to an ongoing synthetic study of Tonto Basin prehistory. The specific research focus of the RRSS in Reclamation's overall compliance program was the evolution of prehistoric rural land-use systems in the Tonto Basin. Twenty-nine prehistoric sites grouped into six study areas located in the bajada zone surrounding the lake on lands administered by the Tonto National Forest comprise the data base for this study. The RRSS Volume 2, the second of three volumes, presents the results of two phases of archaeological data recovery at the sites selected by Reclamation to provide the primary data base for the RRSS. The original data base consisted of 29 prehistoric sites grouped in six study areas located in the bajada zone surrounding the lake, on lands administered by the Tonto National Forest. This number was reduced to 27 after 2 sites were deleted from further consideration following the first phase of data recovery. Many of these sites, however, contained multiple components representing either different ages or settlement classes. Eight farmsteads and small hamlets ranging in age from the Sacaton phase (around A.D. 1000–1150) to the Roosevelt phase (around A.D. 1250–1350) were intensively investigated. All represented short-term occupations of less than 100 years by groups of one to three households. The majority of the sites consisted of temporarily or seasonally occupied field houses dating to the Miami (A.D. 1150–1250), Roosevelt, and possibly Gila (A.D. 1350–1450) phases of the Classic period. In addition, three Classic period sites were associated with run-off control and water conservation technology. The two larger sites contained many rock piles, checkdams, and linear borders associated with roasting pits and mescal knives. The field houses and agricultural sites reveal that the bajada zone was utilized for corn and agave cultivation. Residence was small in scale, short-term, and primarily limited to the lower edge of the bajada overlooking the floodplain terraces. This land-use pattern was apparently initiated in the early Sedentary period and climaxed in the Roosevelt phase of the Classic period. Traces of an earlier Archaic and later Apache occupation was evidenced at several sites, although little could be determined in regard to the nature of land use during these periods. The chapters in this volume document the field excavations and present the results of the analyses of material culture and faunal and human remains. This volume concludes with an analysis of rural settlement classes that synthesizes the project data with those from previous studies of small Formative period sites in the region and a preliminary reconstruction of Formative period land-use patterns. The third and final volume presents the results of archaeobotanical, soil, and paleoclimatic analyses. These results are examined, along with those from Volume 2, in an interpretive framework derived from an examination of records pertaining to ethnographic, ethnohistoric, and historic land use in central Arizona.