Solanum (sect. Gonatotrichum) Bitter
Creators: name: Stern, Stephen
name: Bohs, Lynn
name: Giacomin, Leandro
name: Stehmann, João
name: Knapp, Sandra
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Solanales
Solanaceae
Solanum

description: SOLANUM section GONATOTRICHUM Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 230. 1912. —TYPE species: <i>Solanum gonatotrichum</i> Bitter (= <i>Solanum turneroides</i> Chodat). Herbs or shrubs, sometimes rhizomatous, lacking prickles. Stems nearly glabrous to densely pubescent with straight or geniculate, unbranched and/or stellate hairs. Leaves simple, the blades chartaceous to membranaceous, elliptic to elliptic-ovoid to cordiform, glabrous to densely pubescent with straight or geniculate, unbranched and/or stellate hairs, the base rounded to obtuse to truncate or cordate, often decurrent into petiole, the margins entire and often ciliate, the apex acute; petioles sparsely to densely pubescent. Inflorescence nearly sessile, extra-axillary or subopposite the leaves, unbranched, with 1– 6 (12) flowers, the axes sparsely to densely pubescent; pedicels articulated at the base. Flowers 5-merous, perfect, actinomorphic or zygomorphic due to heteranthery. Calyx campanulate to spreading, sparsely to densely pubescent, the lobes linearlanceolate to broadly triangular, erect to reflexed at anthesis, not to slightly accrescent in fruit. Corolla white to pale pink or purple, membranaceous, stellate to rotate with abundant interpetalar tissue, glabrous adaxially, glabrous to sparsely pubescent abaxially, mostly on apex and main veins. Stamens equal or one stamen borne on an elongated filament to twice the length of the others, the filaments short to greatly elongated, glabrous, inserted in corolla tube near its base; anthers connivent, yellow, sagittate at the base, poricidal at the tips, the pores directed distally, not (or rarely) opening into longitudinal slits. Ovary glabrous to sparsely pubescent; style equal to or exserted beyond stamens, cylindrical, glabrous, the stigma capitate. Fruit a globose to ovoid berry, obtuse at apex, glabrous, green to white or purplish-black when ripe, the pericarp thin, the mesocarp watery and held under pressure, dehiscing explosively at maturity. Seeds somewhat flattened, often with raised ridges on outer margin. A KEY TO THE SPECIES Of <i>SOLANUM</i> SECTION <i>GONATOTRICHUM</i> 1. Plants usually woody (occasionally herbaceous), 0.5 – 1.5 m tall; hairs predominantly stellate; sympodia 3-foliate toplurifoliate; peduncle 3–8 mm............................................................................. 5. <i>S. lignescens</i> Fernald 1 '. Plants herbaceous from a slightly woody base or woody in few cases (<i>S. hoffmanseggii</i>), 0.3 –0.6 (0.8) m tall; hairs simple; sympodia 2-foliate; peduncle absent or nearly so...................................................................... 2 2. Cauline hairs exclusively geniculate (bent at a 90 ° angle between first and second cells), at least on the older parts of the stems, and lying flat along stems................................................................................. 3 3. New growth densely pubescent with simple hairs, these lying flat along stem but lacking a strong 90 ° bend (see Figs. 1A, B); corollas 1–2.5 cmin diameter, white to purple; flowers heterantherous with one filament longer than the rest, 2–5 mm long; mature fruits 10–20 mm in diameter, the fruit wall thickened at apex resultingindehiscenceatproximalendnearcalyx...................................................... 8. <i>S. turneroides</i> Chodat 3 '. Hairs strictly geniculate with a strong 90 ° bend; corollas 0.5 – 1.3 (–1.5) cm in diameter, white; flowers homantherous or very weakly heterantherous (only faintly noticeable in live plants and barely visible in dried specimens), all filaments equal or nearly so, 1–2 mm long; mature fruits up to 12 mm in diameter, thefruitwallnotthickenedatapex...................................................................................... 4 4. Plants subshrubs, 50– 80 cm tall; leaves lanceolate, more than three times longer than wide; plants of Amazonian Brazil (Pará and Tocantins)........................................................ 4. <i>S. hoffmanseggii</i> Sendtn. 4 '. Plants herbaceous, rarely woody, often rhizomatous, under 40 cm tall; leaves elliptic to elliptic-ovate, less than three times longer than wide; widespread species of Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia and thexericaxisof Brazil (Bahia, Goiásand Mato Grossodo Sul).......................................... 7. <i>S. olympicum</i> Hassl. 2 '. Caulinehairsstraight, notgeniculate, andnotlyingflatalongstems............................................................... 5 5. Corollas 1 –2.5 cm in diameter; flowers heterantherous with one filament longer than the rest, 2–5 mm long; maturefruits 10 –20 mmindiameter..................................................................................... 6 6. Leaves typically 1.5 –3.5 (4) cm long; abaxial surface of calyx and pedicels with long multicellularglandularhairs (ca. 0.5 mmlong); plantsofeast-centralBahia, Brazil........ 3. <i>S. evolvuloides</i> Giacomin &amp; Stehmann 6 '. Leaves typically 3.5–8 cm long; abaxial surface of calyx and pedicels with exclusively eglandular hairs; plantsof Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, andBrazil (MatoGrossodoSulandSãoPaulo)............. 8. <i>S. turneroides</i> Chodat 5 '. Corollas 1–1.7 cmin diameter; flowers homantherous, allfilaments equal, 1–2 mm long; maturefruits 5–12 mmindiameter........... 7 7. Plants much-branched and spreading from a slightly woody base; leaves cordate, with small glandular hairs on both sides; plants of northeastern Argentina (Provs. Misiones and Corrientes) and southern Brazil (RioGrandedoSul)....................................................................... 1. <i>S. adscendens</i> Sendtn. 7 '. Plants not or few-branched, the base typically not woody; leaves elliptic to elliptic-ovoid, the base rounded to obtuse, with exclusively eglandular hairs on both sides; plants of North and Central America and coastal Ecuador..................... 8 8. Plants arising from a single base, rarely rhizomatous; abaxial surface of leaves densely pubescent; seeds with swollen margins and a pronounced notch where connected to placenta; plants ofsouthwesternUSAandwidelydistributedfromMexicothroughCostaRica....................... 2. <i>S. deflexum</i> Greenm. 8 '. Plants always rhizomatous; abaxial surface of leaves nearly glabrous to sparsely pubescent; seeds uniformly flattened throughout without a prominent notch where connected to placenta; plantsofcoastalEcuador..................................................................... 6. <i>S. manabiense</i> S.Stern
description: Published as part of <i>Stern, Stephen, Bohs, Lynn, Giacomin, Leandro, Stehmann, João &amp; Knapp, Sandra, 2013, A Revision of Solanum Section Gonatotrichum, pp. 470-496 in Systematic Botany 38 (2)</i> on pages 474-476, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X666624, http://zenodo.org/record/6334548
description: {"references": ["Stern, S. and L. Bohs. 2012. An explosive innovation: phylogenetic relationships of Solanum section Gonatotrichum (Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 8: 83 - 98."]}