Frontonia lynni Long & Song & Gong & Hu & Ma & Zhu & Wang 2005, n. sp.
Creators: name: Long, Hongan
name: Song, Weibo
name: Gong, Jun
name: Hu, Xiaozhong
name: Ma, Honggang
name: Zhu, Mingzhuang
name: Wang, Mei
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2005
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Protozoa
Ciliophora
Oligohymenophorea
Hymenostomatida
Frontoniidae
Frontonia
Frontonia lynni

description: Frontonia lynni n. sp. (Figs. 1­3; Table 1)   
 Diagnosis: Marine Frontonia about 100–210 x 70–150 µm in vivo, body shape ellipsoidal, dorsoventrally strongly flattened of about 3:1 with conspicuously small buccal cavity. 71– 83 somatic, three vestibular and five postoral kineties. Peniculi 1 and 2 each with four rows, whereas peniculus 3 has five ciliary rows. Macronucleus ellipsoidal. Single contractile vacuole, equatorially located on the right margin. Extrusomes spindle­shaped.   
 Type location: A mesotrophic sand beach (salinity 26 ‰) in Qingdao (36°08 N, 120°43), China.   
 Type specimens: One holotype with silver nitrate impregnated specimens is deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, UK with registration number 2005:24:12. Two paratypes with silver nitrate impregnated specimens are deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, OUC (slides number: 2004111501­1, 2004111501­2).   
 Dedication: We dedicate this species to Prof. Dr. Denis H. Lynn, University of Guelph, Canada, a world­famous protozoologist, who has greatly contributed to the ciliate taxonomy and systematics.   
 Description: Size highly variable, in vivo about 100–210 × 70–150 µm, but mostly 130–170 µm in length; ratio of length: width about 3:2. Body shape constant, ellipsoidal in outline when viewed from ventral or dorsal; right margin straight while left margin slightly convex (Figs. 1 A­C; 3A, 3B). Both ends broadly rounded. Dorsoventrally conspicuously flattened about 3:1 (Fig. 1G). Macronucleus ellipsoidal, positioned at body center; micronucleus spherical, adjacent to macronucleus (Fig. 1I). One contractile vacuole, about 20 µm in diameter, positioned equatorially and conspicuously right of median. Extrusomes spindle­shaped, about 6 µm long, densely arranged in cortex (Figs. 1D; 3B, 3C, 3K). Cytoplasm transparent, colorless to slightly grey­yellowish, usually filled with many food vacuoles (> 10 µm in diameter), as well as dark granules and crystals (3­5 µm across) (Figs. 1C; 3B), containing bacteria, diatoms and other small ciliates (Figs. 1A; 3J). Somatic cilia about 8 µm long. Movement mostly by gliding back and forth on substrate; when swimming, moderately rapid with rotation around the long axis of the cell.   
Buccal cavity small and shallow, triangular in outline, occupying about 1/7 of body length (Figs. 1A, 1B, 1J, 1K; 3C). Three short vestibular kineties (VK1–3) run from anterior vertex of cavity to postoral suture, with densely arranged kinetosomes (Figs. 1H, 1J; 3C, 3H). Three inconspicuous peniculi deeply located on the left wall of cavity: peniculi 1 and 2 (P1, 2) about equally long, positioned close to each other, parallel to the edge of the left vestibular wall and each composed of four rows of kinetosomes; peniculus 3 (P3) slightly curved to right, composed of five relatively shorter kineties, of which two are complete, another two are slightly shortened and the leftmost one is about half the length of the two on the right (Figs. 1J; 3E).  
Single­rowed paroral membrane (PM) on the right edge of the buccal cavity runs from the anterior of the buccal overture to the posterior edge. Anterior portion of argentophilic line (AL) positioned parallel to paroral membrane (Figs. 1J; 3E).  
As with its congeners, silverline system as quadrangular cortical meshes that can be observed after silver nitrate impregnation (Figs. 1E; 3I).  
Abbreviations: CV = coefficiency of variation in %, Max = maximum, Mean = arithmetic mean, Min = minimum, n = number of individuals examined, SD = standard deviation, SE = standard error of arithmetic mean.
description: Published as part of Long, Hongan, Song, Weibo, Gong, Jun, Hu, Xiaozhong, Ma, Honggang, Zhu, Mingzhuang & Wang, Mei, 2005, Frontonia lynni n. sp., a new marine ciliate (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hymenostomatida) from Qingdao, China, pp. 57-64 in Zootaxa 1003 (1) on pages 58-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1003.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5048751