Additional file 1 of Identification of factors associated with residual malaria transmission using school-based serological surveys in settings pursuing elimination
Creators: name: Rakotondramanga, Jean Marius
name: Vigan-Womas, Inès
name: Steinhardt, Laura C.
name: Harimanana, Aina
name: Ravaoarisoa, Elisabeth
name: Rasoloharimanana, Tsikiniaina L.
name: Razanatsiorimalala, Seheno
name: Wesolowski, Amy
name: Randrianarivelojosia, Milijaona
name: Roche, Benjamin
name: Garchitorena, Andres
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1: Method S1. Two-component gaussian mixture model; Method S2. Environmental and remotely sensed data processing; Method S3. Mixed-effects binomial logistic regression model frameworks and selection; Table S1. List of environmental and climatic data; Table S2. Univariable and multivariable P. falciparum exposure (PfAMA1 Ab response) model of individual-, household- and fokontany-level covariates, using mixed-effect logistic regression at district and commune level; Figure S1. Cut-off value for PfAMA1 Ab seropositivity (dashed-red line) by using two finite Gaussian mixture models and the serological data (for children and adult participants, n = 12,770) described in Steinhardt et al. [11]; Figure S2. Fokontany neighbour definition by maximum distance, using Great Circle distance around 17 km between two contiguous fokontany; Figure S3. Malaria infection prevalence by RDT versus PfAMA1 Ab seroprevalence detected high clusters fokontany across districts. High clusters fokontany are the combination of “High-High” or “Low–High” clusters; that represent fokontany with expected values (prevalence or seroprevalence) matching with the weighted mean of each fokontany’s neighbours, or those with abnormally high expected but low expected values, respectively; Figure S4. Weighted global Moran’I statistics versus simulated random distribution of logit scale of (A) malaria infection prevalence by RDT (I = 0.24), and (B) PfAMA1 Ab seroprevalence (I = 0.59); Figure S5. Moran Scatterplots of clusters and hotspots of (A) malaria infection prevalence by RDT, and (B) PfAMA1 Ab seroprevalence; Figure S6. Pearson’s correlation scatterplot and peer’s significance of P. falciparum infection prevalence by RDT, PfAMA1 Ab seroprevalence and quantitative environmental and climatic covariates. Levels of significance are marked with (***) for p &lt; 0.001, (**) for p &lt; 0.01, and (*) for p &lt; 0.05. Lagged values of temperature and vegetation at 2 and 3 months were less correlated to malaria infection prevalence by RDT and PfAMA1 Ab seroprevalence than one-month lag at fokontany-level; Figure S7. Pearson’s correlation scatterplot and peers of P. falciparum infection prevalence by RDT, PfAMA1 Ab seroprevalence and quantitative environmental and climatic covariates associations. There was high correlation between multiple pairs of covariates such as {NDVI, EVI, forests, woodlands, or grasslands/cereals}, {LST day, LST night, elevation, woodlands or grasslands/cereals} and {grasslands/cereals, wet/croplands/mosaics}; Table S5. Univariable and multivariable P. falciparum infection model at individual-, household- and fokontany-level covariates using mixed-effect logistic regression at district and commune level; Figure S8. P. falciparum exposure (PfAMA1 Ab response) model residuals diagnostics of normality at fokontany-level. No significant deviance to normal distribution was observed in PfAMA1 Ab seroprevalence model residuals using Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test (p = 0.3); Figure S9. Spatial autocorrelation of residuals diagnostics using Moran’s I index of non-spatial P. falciparum exposure (PfAMA1 Ab response) model at fokontany-level; Table S6. Sub-model for $$\le$$ ≤ 5 years old children (seroprevalence = 2.6% [5 of 194]), only variables included in the all participants Ab response model were included: univariable P. falciparum exposure (PfAMA1 Ab response) model of individual- and fokontany-level covariates, using binomial logistic regression.