Ursus arctos Linnaeus 1758
Creators: name: W. Christopher Wozencraft
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1993
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Ursidae
Ursus
Ursus arctos

description: <i>Ursus arctos</i> Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:47. TYPE LOCALITY: "sylvis Europae frigidae" restricted by Thomas (1911a) to, "Northern Sweden." DISTRIBUTION: Formerly, NW Africa, all of the Palearctic from W Europe, Near and Middle East through N Himalayas to W and N China and Chukot (Russia); Hokkaido (Japan); W North America, north from N Mexico. STATUS: CITES - Appendix I as U. <i>arctos</i> (Mexico, Bhutan, China, and Mongolia populations), <i>U. a. isabellinus,</i> and <i>U. a. pruinosus;</i> otherwise Appendix II. U.S. ESA - Endangered as <i>U. a. arctos</i> in Italy, <i>U. a. nelsoni</i> in Mexico, and <i>U. a. pruinosus;</i> Threatened as <i>U. a. horribilis</i> in the USA (48 conterminous states); IUCN - Extinct as <i>U. a. nelsoni.</i> SYNONYMS: <i>absarokus</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>alascensis</i> Merriam, 1896; <i>albus</i> Gmelin, 1788; <i>alexandrae</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>alpinus</i> Fischer, 1814; <i>andersoni</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>annulatus</i> Billberg, 1827; <i>apache</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>argenteus</i> Billberg, 1827; <i>arizonae</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>atnarko</i> Merriam, 1918; aureus Fitzinger, 1855; <i>badius</i> Schrank, 1798; <i>baikalensis</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>bairdi</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>beringiana</i> Middendorff, 1853; <i>bisonophagus</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>bosniensis</i> Bolkay, 1925; <i>brunneus</i> Billberg, 1827; <i>cadaverinus</i> Eversmann, 1840; <i>californicus</i> Merriam, 1896; <i>canadensis</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>candescens</i> Hamilton-Smith, 1827; <i>caucasicus</i> Smirnov, 1919; <i>caurinus</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>cavifrons</i> Heude, 1901; <i>chelan</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>chelidonias</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>cinereus</i> Desmarest, 1820; <i>collaris</i> Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilarie, 1824; <i>colusus</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>crassodon</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>crassus</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>cressonus</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>crowtheri</i> Schinz, 1844; <i>dalli</i> Merriam, 1896; <i>dusorgus</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>eltonclarki</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>ereunetes</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>eulophus</i> Merriam, 1904; <i>euryrhinus</i> Nilsson, 1847; <i>eversmanni</i> Gray, 1864; <i>eximius</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>falciger</i> Reichenbach, 1836; <i>ferox</i> Temminck, 1844; <i>formicarius</i> Billberg, 1828;/mscms Gmelin, 1788; <i>grandis</i> Gray, 1864; <i>griseus</i> Kerr, 1792; <i>gyas</i> Merriam, 1902; <i>henshawi</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>holzworthi</i> Merriam, 1929; <i>hoots</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>horriaeus</i> Baird, 1858; <i>horribilis</i> Ord, 1815; <i>hylodromus</i> Elliot, 1904; <i>idahoensis</i> Meriam, 1918; <i>imperator</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>impiger</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>innuitus</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>inopinatus</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>insularis</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>internationalis</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>isabellinus</i> Horsfield, 1826; <i>jeniseensis</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>kadiaki</i> Kleinschmidt, 1911; <i>kenaiensis</i> Merriam, 1904; <i>kennerleyi</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>kidderi</i> Merriam, 1902; <i>klamathensis</i> Meriam, 1914; <i>kluane</i> Meriam, 1916; <i>kodiaki</i> Kleinschmidt, 1911; <i>kolymensis</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>kwakiutl</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>lagomyiarius</i> Przewalski, 1883; <i>lasiotus</i> Gray, 1867; <i>lasistanicus</i> Satunin, 1913; <i>latifrons</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>leuconyx</i> Severtzov, 1873; <i>macfarlani</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>machetes</i> Elliot, 1903; <i>macrodon</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>magister</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>major</i> Nilsson, 1820; <i>mandchuricus</i> Heude, 1898; <i>marsicanus</i> Altobello, 1921; <i>melanarctos</i> Heude, 1898; <i>mendocinensis</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>meridionalis</i> Middendorff, 1851; <i>merriamii</i> J. A. Allen, 1902; <i>middendorffi</i> Merriam, 1896; <i>minor</i> Nilsson, 1820; <i>mirabilis</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>mirus</i> Meriam, 1918; <i>myrmephagus</i> Billberg, 1827; <i>navaho</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>neglectus</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>nelsoni</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>niger</i> Gmelin, 1788; <i>normalis</i> Gray, 1864; <i>nortoni</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>norvegicus</i> Fischer, 1829; <i>nuchek</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>ophrus</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>orgiloides</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>orgilos</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>oribasus</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>pallosi</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>pamirensis</i> Ognev, 1924; <i>pellyensis</i> Meriam, 1918; <i>persicus</i> Lönnberg, 1925; <i>perturbons</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>pervagor</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>phaeonyx</i> Merriam, 1904; <i>piscator</i> Pucheran, 1855; <i>planiceps</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>polonicus</i> Gray, 1864; <i>pruinosus</i> Blyth, 1854; <i>pulchellus</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>pyrenaicus</i> Fischer, 1829; <i>richardsoni</i> Swainson, 1838; <i>rogersi</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>rossicus</i> Gray, 1864; <i>rufus</i> Borkhausen, 1797; <i>rungiusi</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>russelli</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>sagittalis</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>scandinavicus</i> Gray, 1864; <i>schmitzi</i> Matschie, 1917; <i>selkirki</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>shanorum</i> Thomas, 1906; <i>sheldoni</i> Merriam, 1910; <i>shirasi</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>shoshone</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>sibiricus</i> Gray, 1864; <i>sitkeenensis</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>sitkensis</i> Merriam, 1896; <i>smirnovi</i> Lönnberg, 1925; <i>stenorostris</i> Gray, 1864; <i>syriacus</i> Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1828; <i>tahltanicus</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>texensis</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>toklat</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>townsendi</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>tularensis</i> Merriam, 1918; <i>tundrensis</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>ursus</i> Boddaert, 1772; <i>utahensis</i> Merriam, 1914; <i>warburtoni</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>washake</i> Merriam, 1916; <i>yesoensis</i> Lydekker, 1897. COMMENTS: Reviewed by Couturier (1954), Rausch (1963a), Kurtén (1973), and Hall (1984). Ognev (1931) and Allen (1938) recognized If. <i>pruinosus</i> as distinct; not followed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Gao (1987), and Strognov (1962). Lönnberg (1923b) believed that differences between <i>pruinosus</i> and <i>arctos</i> warranted subgeneric distinction as <i>(Mylarctos) pruinosus;</i> however, this was not supported by Pocock's (1932a) thorough revision.
description: Published as part of <i>W. Christopher Wozencraft, 1993, Order Carnivora, pp. 279-348 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press</i> on pages 338-339, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7359191
description: {"references": ["Thomas, O. 1911 a. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1911: 120 - 158.", "Desmarest, A. G. 1820, 1822. Mammalogie ou description des espece de mammiferes. Encyclopedie Methodique. Agasse, Paris, 555 pp., 66 plates.", "Schinz, H. R. 1844 - 1845. Systematisches verzeichniss aller bis jetzt bekannten Saugethiere, oder, Synopsis mammalium, nach dem Cuvier' schen system. Solothurn, Jent und Gassmann, 2 vols.", "Gray, J. E. 1864 [1865]. A revision of the genera and species of viverrine animals (Viverridae) founded on the collection in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1864: 502 - 579.", "Kerr, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus; class I: Mammalia. London, J. Murray &amp; R. Faulder, 664 pp.", "Allen, J. A. 1902. Mammal names proposed by Oken in his \" Lehrbuch der Zoologie \". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 16: 373 - 379.", "Lonnberg, E., and N. Gyldenstolpe. 1925. Vertebrata. 2. Preliminary diagnoses of seven new mammals. Arkiv for Zoologi, 17 B, 5: 1 - 6.", "Couturier, M. A. J. 1954. L'Ours brun (Ursus arctos) L. Grenoble, 904 pp.", "Rausch, R. L. 1963 a. Geographic variation in size in North American brown bears, Ursus arctos L., as indicated by condylobasal length. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 41: 33 - 45.", "Kurten, B. 1973. Transberingian relationships of Ursus arctos Linne (brown and grizzly bears). Commentationes Biologicae, 65: 1 - 10.", "Hall, E. R. 1984. Geographic variation among brown and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in North America. Special Publication, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, 13: 1 - 16.", "Ognev, S. I. 1931. Zveri vostochnoi Evropy i severnoi Azii: Khishchnye mlekopitayushchie [Mammals of eastern Europe and northern Asia: Carnivorous mammals]. Glavnauka, Moscow, 2: 1 - 776 (in Russian).", "Allen, G. M. 1938 - 1940. The mammals of China and Mongolia [Natural History of Central Asia (W. Granger, ed.)]. Central Asiatic Expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 11: pt. 1: 1 - 620 [1938]; pt. 2: 621 - 1350 [1940].", "Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp.", "Gao Yao-ting (ed.). 1987. [Fauna Sinica, Mammalia: Carnivora]. Science Press, Academia Sinica, Beijing, 377 pp. (in Chinese).", "Lonnberg, E. 1923 b. Remarks on some Palaearctic bears. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1923: 85 - 95.", "Pocock, R. I. 1932 a. The black and brown bears of Europe and Asia. Part I. European and Asiatic representatives of the brown bear. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 35 (4): 771 - 823."]}