Apogonini Gunther 1859
Creators: name: Mabuchi, Kohji
name: Fraser, Thomas H.
name: Song, Hayeun
name: Azuma, Yoichiro
name: Nishida, Mutsumi
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Apogonidae

description: Tribe Apogonini Günther 1859
Type genus Apogon Lacepède 1801
Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae: dorsal fin VI+I,9; anal fin II,8; developed gill rakers 9–19; posttemporal edge smooth or weakly serrate; anterior nare with low rim and flap; preopercle smooth on ridge, serrate to smooth on vertical edge, horizontal edge an unossified large flap; head and body with ctenoid or cycloid scales; pored lateral-line scales 23–25, scales with one pore above center and one below central pore; intestine and stomach pale (except two species); head and body reddish with or without blackish markings or head and body brownish without bars or stripes, both color patterns may be translucent in some species.
Other characteristics. one supernumerary spine; branched first segmented dorsal and anal ray; ctenoid or cycloid scales on predorsal, cheek, breast, two pelvic scales, and body; cycloid scale on opercle and onto base of caudal fin; pored lateral-line scales simple with one pore on upper side and one on lower side; pectoral fin-rays 11–16; 0–3 supraneurals; pored lateral-line scales from posttemporal to base of caudal fin; caudal fin forked or rounded; 9+8 segmented principal caudal rays, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; teeth on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, all villiform (except one species canine-like on premaxilla and dentary) or absent on palatine; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid present, reduced or absent; anterior ceratohyal notched; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8–9 epineurals; uroneurals absent; three epurals; five free hypurals, 1–2 fused and 3–4 fused, 1–2 fused and 3–4 fused to terminal centrum; free parhypural; low crest on PU2.
Distribution. Apogon sensu stricto is found in all tropical regions, Zapogon Fraser 1972 in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, Phaeoptyx Fraser & Robins 1970 and Paroncheilus Smith 1964 in the Eastern and Western Atlantic Ocean and Astrapogon Fowler 1907 confined to the Western Atlantic Ocean.
Remarks. This tribe contains five genera, Astrapogon, Apogon sensu stricto, Phaeoptyx, Paroncheilus and Zapogon, corresponding to the clade II in the molecular trees (Figs. 2–6, Table 4). Members have a large, unossified preopercular flap (a proposed synapomorphy), simple pore arrangement on lateral-line scales, six first dorsal spines and color patterns. Monophyly of Apogon sensu stricto (H10) was, however, statistically rejected by AU test (Table 6). In the molecular trees, Apogon sensu stricto was divided into three (Apogon -1, 2, and 3) or two (Apogon -1 and 2+3) lineages. One of the two or three lineages, Apogon -1, was sister to the clade including all the other members of this tribe. This basal dichotomy agrees with geographic distributions: species of the former clade (Apogon -1) distributed in Indo-Pacific Basin and those of the latter clade basically in Atlantic Basin with a small group of Apogon -3 within it occurring in Eastern Pacific. These molecular results suggest that species of Apogonini have been firstly separated between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific regions and then an Atlantic species invaded to Eastern Pacific. Asperapogon Smith 1961 is an available name for some or all of the Indo-Pacific species (Apogon -1) as a genus or subgenus. A morphological diagnosis for Asperapogon awaits determination of species composition. Type species of Apogon is Apogon ruber Lacepède 1801, a synonym of A. imberbis (Linnaeus 1758) from the Eastern Atlantic Basin and the Mediterranean Sea. No other subfamilies or tribes occur in the Atlantic Basin or Eastern Pacific.
description: Published as part of Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro & Nishida, Mutsumi, 2014, Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters, pp. 151-203 in Zootaxa 3846 (2) on pages 178-179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928545