cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Study 2
Creators: name: McMillan, Gail
name: Milyavskaya, Marina
Publisher: name: Open Science Framework
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Social Psychology
subject: Behavioral Economics
subject: Economics
subject: Social and Behavioral Sciences
subject: Psychology
subject: FOS: Psychology

description: • This study aims to examine the relationship between motivation quality (e.g. autonomous motivation or controlled motivation) and subjective value for cognitive effort (subjective effort value). • Effort discounting is the process by which the objective value of a reward is subjectively devalued (i.e. discounted) given the effort required to attain the reward (Mitchell 2004; Sugiwaka and Okouchi 2004). • Subjective effort value in this study is operationalized in two different ways: o DV1 - Subjective effort value discounting questionnaires: The first way of assessing cognitive effort discounting was a task where participants read and summarized information, then completed questionnaires that present participants with a series of hypothetical choices between a smaller, immediate reward requiring no effort and a larger, delayed reward that requires different levels of effort on the reading and summarizing task (e.g. receive $20 now, without effort, or receive $50 in 4 hours after reading and summarizing 30 paragraphs) (Green and Myerson 2004).  In this study we evaluated subjective effort value at two reward magnitudes: • Small ($30) and large ($100)  There were also three effort magnitudes: • Small (65 paragraphs), medium (135 paragraphs), and large (200 paragraphs). o DV 2 - Cognitive Effort Discounting Task: The second was a more general assessment of the degree of effort discounting related to cognitive effort using the Cognitive Effort Discounting Task (Westbrook, Kester & Braver, 2013) which includes the n-back task as the cognitive task. o For both tasks, the indifference point (the point at which the individual would rather choose the larger reward given the effort required) is converted to a discounting rate. Participants are presented with several magnitudes of reward and effort (in the form of n-back load level) over several trials. • Motivation quality will be operationalized in three different ways: o Intrinsic task motivation – intrinsic motivation for a cognitively demanding task o Autonomous motivation (intrinsic motivation, identified motivation, integrated motivation) and controlled motivation (introjected motivation, extrinsic motivation) for cognitively demanding schoolwork o Autonomous motivation (intrinsic motivation, identified motivation, integrated motivation) and controlled motivation (introjected motivation, extrinsic motivation) for cognitively demanding leisure activities • Some additional analysis will be undertaken to determine whether participants perceived the different levels of effort magnitude to differ in subjective mental demand, subjective effort, and frustration. In addition, experience of the task (e.g. subjective mental demand, subjective effort, frustration) may be predicted by motivation. This will also be examined.
Collective Interactions in an Array of Atoms Coupled to a Nanophotonic Waveguide
Creators: name: Zoubi, Hashem
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A lattice of trapped atoms strongly coupled to a one-dimensional nanophotonic waveguide is investigated in exploiting the concept of polariton as the system natural eigenstate. We apply a bosonization procedure, which was presented separately by P. W. Anderson and V. M. Agranovich, to transform excitation spin-half operators into interacting bosons, and which shown here to confirm the hard-core boson model. We derive polariton-polariton kinematic interactions and study them by solving the scattering problem. In using the excitation-photon detuning as a control parameter, we examine the regime in which polaritons behave as weakly interacting photons, and propose the system for realizing superfluidity of photons. We implement the kinematic interaction as a mechanism for nonlinear optical processes that provide an observation tool for the system properties, e.g. the interaction strength produces a blue shift in pump-probe experiments.
description: 12 pages, 12 figures
Virtus Honorata Quam Reverendissimo Nobili Et Amplissimo Domino Domino Joanni Celeberrimi Monasterii B. V. Ad Scotos Abbati Nec Non Sac. Caesar. Maiestatis Consiliario In faustißimam Inaugurationem Accinnuit Conventus Lambacensis; [1670]
Creators: name: Schmitzberger, Johannes
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2016

description: Kupfertitel: Virtus Honorata Quam Rmo Nobili & Amplmo Dno Dno Ioanni Mnrij B. V. ad Scotos Abbati &c In faustißimam Inauguraoe accinnuit Convent[us] Lambac. - Johann Schmitzberger: 1669–1683 Abt der Benediktinerabtei Unserer Lieben Frau zu den Schotten in Wien. - Erscheinungsjahr nach der Datierung am Ende der Widmung: Lambaci die 30 Aprilis, 1670. - Vorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: Salisburgi, Ex Typographeo Joannis Baptistae Mayr, Typographi Aulico-Academici
Cold gas properties of the Herschel Reference Survey. I. 12CO(1-0) and HI data
Creators: name: Boselli, A.
name: Cortese, L.
name: Boquien, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present new 12CO(1-0) observations of 59 late-type galaxies belonging to the Herschel Reference Survey (HRS), a complete K-band-selected, volume-limited (15
description: Accepted for publication on A&A; data available on the HEDAM database: http://hedam.lam.fr/; new corrected version of Table 12 (HI data)
Fromia monilis
Creators: name: Amjad, Farah
name: Ahusan, Mohamed
name: Amir, Hana
name: de Villiers, Nina M
name: Gress, Erika
name: Mah, Christopher L
name: Naeem, Shafiya
name: Rico-Seijo, Nuria
name: Samaai, Toufiek
name: Afzal, Maryiam S
name: Woodall, Lucy C
name: Stefanoudis, Paris V
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Asteroidea
Valvatida
Goniasteridae
Fromia
Fromia monilis

description: Fromia monilis (Perrier, 1869)
Materials
Type status: Other material. Occurrence: occurrenceID: D1A131B2-BF70-5FDA-9246-EE36F7AD26D8; Taxon: scientificName: Fromia monilis; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Asteroidea; order: Valvatida; family: Goniasteridae; genus: Fromia; scientificNameAuthorship: (Perrier, 1869); Location: waterBody: Indian Ocean; country: Maldives; locality: North Male’, Vaavu, Addu; minimumDepthInMeters: 2; maximumDepthInMeters: 61; locationRemarks: Nekton Maldives Mission; Identification: identifiedBy: Farah Amjad, Paris Stefanoudis, Christopher Mah; dateIdentified: 2022, 2023; identificationRemarks: Identified only from imagery; Event: samplingProtocol: Submersible OR Remotely Operated Vehicle OR Snorkel; Record Level: basisOfRecord: Human observation
Notes
Five long tapered arms with small central disc. Marginal plates distinct and well developed with lighter cream colouration. Pattern on mid-line of arms in similar colour to the marginal plates. Approximately 7 cm in the longest dimension. Colouration of body and central disc bright to deep red tones (Fig. 252).
description: Published as part of Amjad, Farah, Ahusan, Mohamed, Amir, Hana, de Villiers, Nina M, Gress, Erika, Mah, Christopher L, Naeem, Shafiya, Rico-Seijo, Nuria, Samaai, Toufiek, Afzal, Maryiam S, Woodall, Lucy C & Stefanoudis, Paris V, 2024, An underwater imagery identification guide for shallow, mesophotic and deep-sea benthos in Maldives, pp. e 120128 in Biodiversity Data Journal 12 on page e120128, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e120128
Galactic Stellar Populations in the Era of SDSS and Other Large Surveys
Creators: name: Ivezic, Zeljko
name: Beers, Timothy C.
name: Juric, Mario
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Studies of stellar populations, understood to mean collections of stars with common spatial, kinematic, chemical, and/or age distributions, have been reinvigorated during the last decade by the advent of large-area sky surveys such as SDSS, 2MASS, RAVE, and others. We review recent analyses of these data that, together with theoretical and modeling advances, are revolutionizing our understanding of the nature of the Milky Way, and galaxy formation and evolution in general. The formation of galaxies like the Milky Way was long thought to be a steady process leading to a smooth distribution of stars. However, the abundance of substructure in the multi-dimensional space of various observables, such as position, kinematics, and metallicity, is by now proven beyond doubt, and demonstrates the importance of mergers in the growth of galaxies. Unlike smooth models that involve simple components, the new data reviewed here clearly show many irregular structures, such as the Sagittarius dwarf tidal stream and the Virgo and Pisces overdensities in the halo, and the Monoceros stream closer to the Galactic plane. These recent developments have made it clear that the Milky Way is a complex and dynamical structure, one that is still being shaped by the merging of neighboring smaller galaxies. We also briefly discuss the next generation of wide-field sky surveys, such as SkyMapper, Pan-STARRS, Gaia and LSST, which will improve measurement precision manyfold, and comprise billions of individual stars. The ultimate goal, development of a coherent and detailed story of the assembly and evolutionary history of the Milky Way and other large spirals like it, now appears well within reach.
description: 109 pages, 23 figures. Prettier figures in the published (ARA&A) version
Crocidura susiana Redding and Lay 1978
Creators: name: Honacki, James H.
name: Kinman, Kenneth E.
name: Koeppl, James W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1982
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Soricidae
Crocidura
Crocidura susiana

description: Crocidura susiana Redding and Lay, 1978. Z. Saugetierk., 43:307. TYPE LOCALITY: Iran, Khuzistan Province, 8 km S.S.W. of Dezful (32° 19' N. and 48° 21 ' E.). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from vicinity of Dezful (S.W. Iran).
description: Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001
Einstein@Home discovery of four young gamma-ray pulsars in Fermi LAT data
Creators: name: Pletsch, H. J.
name: Guillemot, L.
name: Allen, B.
name: Anderson, D.
name: Aulbert, C.
name: Bock, O.
name: Champion, D. J.
name: Eggenstein, H. B.
name: Fehrmann, H.
name: Hammer, D.
name: Karuppusamy, R.
name: Keith, M.
name: Kramer, M.
name: Machenschalk, B.
name: Ng, C.
name: Papa, M. A.
name: Ray, P. S.
name: Siemens, X.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report the discovery of four gamma-ray pulsars, detected in computing-intensive blind searches of data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT). The pulsars were found using a novel search approach, combining volunteer distributed computing via Einstein@Home and methods originally developed in gravitational-wave astronomy. The pulsars PSRs J0554+3107, J1422-6138, J1522-5735, and J1932+1916 are young and energetic, with characteristic ages between 35 and 56 kyr and spin-down powers in the range $6\times10^{34}$ - $10^{36}$ erg s$^{-1}$. They are located in the Galactic plane and have rotation rates of less than 10 Hz, among which the 2.1 Hz spin frequency of PSR J0554+3107 is the slowest of any known gamma-ray pulsar. For two of the new pulsars, we find supernova remnants coincident on the sky and discuss the plausibility of such associations. Deep radio follow-up observations found no pulsations, suggesting that all four pulsars are radio-quiet as viewed from Earth. These discoveries, the first gamma-ray pulsars found by volunteer computing, motivate continued blind pulsar searches of the many other unidentified LAT gamma-ray sources.
description: To appear in Astrophysical Journal Letters
Astrosarkus idipi Mah 2003
Creators: name: Amjad, Farah
name: Ahusan, Mohamed
name: Amir, Hana
name: de Villiers, Nina M
name: Gress, Erika
name: Mah, Christopher L
name: Naeem, Shafiya
name: Rico-Seijo, Nuria
name: Samaai, Toufiek
name: Afzal, Maryiam S
name: Woodall, Lucy C
name: Stefanoudis, Paris V
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Asteroidea
Valvatida
Oreasteridae
Astrosarkus
Astrosarkus idipi

description: Astrosarkus idipi Mah, 2003
Materials
Type status: Other material. Taxon: scientificName: Astrosarkus idipi; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Asteroidea; order: Valvatida; family: Oreasteridae; genus: Astrosarkus; scientificNameAuthorship: Mah, 2003; Location: waterBody: Indian Ocean; country: Maldives; locality: Addu; minimumDepthInMeters: 83; maximumDepthInMeters: 91; locationRemarks: Nekton Maldives Mission; Identification: identifiedBy: Farah Amjad, Paris Stefanoudis, Christopher Mah; dateIdentified: 2022, 2023; identificationRemarks: Identified only from imagery; Event: samplingProtocol: Submersible OR Remotely Operated Vehicle OR Snorkel; Record Level: basisOfRecord: Human observation
Notes
Body heavily inflated with large central disc and short arms. Arms with rounded margins and more pointy at the tips. Approximately 32 cm in the longest dimension. Colouration in red tones and peach with patchy pattern throughout the surface. This is a colour variant of the species described in more detail in Mah 2023 (Fig. 253).
description: Published as part of Amjad, Farah, Ahusan, Mohamed, Amir, Hana, de Villiers, Nina M, Gress, Erika, Mah, Christopher L, Naeem, Shafiya, Rico-Seijo, Nuria, Samaai, Toufiek, Afzal, Maryiam S, Woodall, Lucy C & Stefanoudis, Paris V, 2024, An underwater imagery identification guide for shallow, mesophotic and deep-sea benthos in Maldives, pp. e 120128 in Biodiversity Data Journal 12 on page e120128, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e120128
Crocidura tarfayensis Vesmanis and Vesmanis 1979
Creators: name: Honacki, James H.
name: Kinman, Kenneth E.
name: Koeppl, James W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1982
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Soricidae
Crocidura
Crocidura tarfayensis

description: Crocidura tarfayensis Vesmanis and Vesmanis, 1979. Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden, 36(2):47. ' TYPE LOCALITY: Morocco, Agadir Prov., 8 km S. Tarfaya, 27° 50' N., 12° 30' W. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality from a single specimen. COMMENT: RH questions the validity of this species.
description: Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001
Effective potential for SU(2) Polyakov loops and Wilson loop eigenvalues
Creators: name: Smith, Dominik
name: Dumitru, Adrian
name: Pisarski, Robert
name: von Smekal, Lorenz
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We simulate SU(2) gauge theory at temperatures ranging from slightly below $T_c$ to roughly $2T_c$ for two different values of the gauge coupling. Using a histogram method, we extract the effective potential for the Polyakov loop and for the phases of the eigenvalues of the thermal Wilson loop, in both the fundamental and adjoint representations. We show that the classical potential of the fundamental loop can be parametrized within a simple model which includes a Vandermonde potential and terms linear and quadratic in the Polyakov loop. We discuss how parametrizations for the other cases can be obtained from this model.
description: 16 pages, 39 figures
Choriaster granulatus Lutken 1869
Creators: name: Amjad, Farah
name: Ahusan, Mohamed
name: Amir, Hana
name: de Villiers, Nina M
name: Gress, Erika
name: Mah, Christopher L
name: Naeem, Shafiya
name: Rico-Seijo, Nuria
name: Samaai, Toufiek
name: Afzal, Maryiam S
name: Woodall, Lucy C
name: Stefanoudis, Paris V
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Asteroidea
Valvatida
Oreasteridae
Choriaster
Choriaster granulatus

description: Choriaster granulatus Lütken, 1869
Materials
Type status: Other material. Taxon: scientificName: Choriaster granulatus; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Asteroidea; order: Valvatida; family: Oreasteridae; genus: Choriaster; scientificNameAuthorship: Lütken, 1869; Location: waterBody: Indian Ocean; country: Maldives; locality: Vaavu, Huvadhu, Fuvahmulah, Addu; minimumDepthInMeters: 26; maximumDepthInMeters: 60; locationRemarks: Nekton Maldives Mission; Identification: identifiedBy: Farah Amjad, Paris Stefanoudis, Christopher Mah; dateIdentified: 2022, 2023; identificationRemarks: Identified only from imagery; Event: samplingProtocol: Submersible OR Remotely Operated Vehicle OR Snorkel; Record Level: basisOfRecord: Human observation
Notes
Large inflated central disc with short compact and cylindrical arms. Arms rounded and cylindrical at the tips. Approximately 24 cm in the longest dimension. Colouration pink, orange and peach tones with distinctly lighter colouration tips of arms (Fig. 254).
description: Published as part of Amjad, Farah, Ahusan, Mohamed, Amir, Hana, de Villiers, Nina M, Gress, Erika, Mah, Christopher L, Naeem, Shafiya, Rico-Seijo, Nuria, Samaai, Toufiek, Afzal, Maryiam S, Woodall, Lucy C & Stefanoudis, Paris V, 2024, An underwater imagery identification guide for shallow, mesophotic and deep-sea benthos in Maldives, pp. e 120128 in Biodiversity Data Journal 12 on page e120128, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e120128
Panegyricus In Conjugale Foedvs Singvlari Dei Immortalis Providentia Initvm Inter ... Dn. Petrum, D. G. Regem Portugalliæ Et Algarbiorum, Citra Et Ultra Mare, In Africa, Dominvm Gvineæ, Conqvisitionis, Navigationis, Et Commercii Æthiopiæ, Arabiæ, Persiæ Indiæque, &c. &c. Et ... Dn. Mariam Sophiam Elisabetham, D. G. Reginam Portugalliæ Et Algarbiorum, Citra Et Ultra Mare, In Africa, Dominam Guineæ, Conqvisitionis, Navigationis Et Commercii Æthiopiæ, Arabiæ, Persiæ, Indiæque, Natam Principem Electoralem Palatinam, Bojoariæ, Jvliaci, Cliviæ Et Montivm Ducem, Comitam Veldentii, Spanhemii, Marcæ, Ravenspvrgi Et Moersiæ, Dominam Ravensteinii, &c. &c. ... Dn. Philippi Wilhelmi, D. G. Comitis Palatini Ad Rhenum, S. R. I. Archi-Thesaurarii Et Principis Electoris, Boioariæ, Ivliaci, Cliviæ Et Montivm Ducis ... Filiam Electoralem, Inter Sollennes Gratvlationes Et Applavsvs Festos In Academia Heidelbergensi Nomine Pvblico Scriptvs Et Dictvs A Joh. Lavrentio Crollio, D. h. t. Pro-Rectore. Die IV Jvlii Anno M DC XXCVII.; 1687
Creators: name: Crollius, Johann Lorenz
name: Peter II., Portugal, König
name: Maria Sophia Elisabeth Portugal, Königin
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2016

description: Vorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: Heidelbergae, imprimebat Joh. David. Bergmann. VValt Haeres, Elect. & Acad. Typogr. - Widmungsempfänger: König Pedro II. von Portugal (1648-1706), Marie Sophie Elisabeth von der Pfalz, Königin von Portugal (1666-1699)
Culcita schmideliana
Creators: name: Amjad, Farah
name: Ahusan, Mohamed
name: Amir, Hana
name: de Villiers, Nina M
name: Gress, Erika
name: Mah, Christopher L
name: Naeem, Shafiya
name: Rico-Seijo, Nuria
name: Samaai, Toufiek
name: Afzal, Maryiam S
name: Woodall, Lucy C
name: Stefanoudis, Paris V
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Asteroidea
Valvatida
Oreasteridae
Culcita
Culcita schmideliana

description: Culcita schmideliana (Bruzelius, 1805)
Materials
Type status: Other material. Taxon: scientificName: Culcita schmideliana; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Asteroidea; order: Valvatida; family: Oreasteridae; genus: Culcita; scientificNameAuthorship: (Bruzelius, 1805); Location: waterBody: Indian Ocean; country: Maldives; locality: North Male’, Vaavu; minimumDepthInMeters: 2; maximumDepthInMeters: 5; locationRemarks: Nekton Maldives Mission; Identification: identifiedBy: Farah Amjad, Paris Stefanoudis, Christopher Mah; dateIdentified: 2022, 2023; identificationRemarks: Identified only from imagery; Event: samplingProtocol: Submersible OR Remotely Operated Vehicle OR Snorkel; Record Level: basisOfRecord: Human observation
Notes
Five short arms with a large central disc. Body shape pentagonal with a heavily inflated appearance. Pentagonal-shaped with minimal concaves on edge. Inflated body with compact arms and a large central disc. Spinelets evident. Approximately 20 cm in the longest dimension. Colouration appears blotchy with dark and light grey tones (Fig. 255).
description: Published as part of Amjad, Farah, Ahusan, Mohamed, Amir, Hana, de Villiers, Nina M, Gress, Erika, Mah, Christopher L, Naeem, Shafiya, Rico-Seijo, Nuria, Samaai, Toufiek, Afzal, Maryiam S, Woodall, Lucy C & Stefanoudis, Paris V, 2024, An underwater imagery identification guide for shallow, mesophotic and deep-sea benthos in Maldives, pp. e 120128 in Biodiversity Data Journal 12 on page e120128, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e120128
Time Series of wear test for roller-type pitch bearings of wind turbines
Creators: name: Stammler, Matthias
Publisher: name: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: wind energy
subject: test program
subject: blade bearing
subject: DDC::600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::620 Ingenieurwissenschaften::629 Andere Fachrichtungen der Ingenieurwissenschaften

description: This data set contains time series and additional information for a test program for pitch bearings of wind turbines. The program covers two distinct operational scenarios: the standstill of the bearing under rated speed and the active pitch cycles caused by the IPC. It is designed for rollerr-type pitch bearings, but can be applied to toher pitch bearings as well. It bases upon the aero-elastic simulation time series (see links).
Crocidura tenuis
Creators: name: Honacki, James H.
name: Kinman, Kenneth E.
name: Koeppl, James W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1982
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Soricidae
Crocidura
Crocidura tenuis

description: Crocidura tenuis (Muller, 1839). In Temminck, Verhandl. Nat. Gesch. Nederland Overz. Bezitt., Zool., 1:26, 50. TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia, Timor. DISTRIBUTION: Timor. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403007005125001.
description: Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001
A Random Laser as a Dynamical Network
Creators: name: Höfner, M.
name: Wünsche, H. -J.
name: Henneberger, F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The mode dynamics of a random laser is investigated in experiment and theory. The laser consists of a ZnCdO/ZnO multiple quantum well with air-holes that provide the necessary feedback. Time-resolved measurements reveal multimode spectra with individually developing features but no variation from shot to shot. These findings are qualitatively reproduced with a model that exploits the specifics of a dilute system of weak scatterers and can be interpreted in terms of a lasing network. Introducing the phase-sensitive node coherence reveals new aspects of the self-organization of the laser field. Lasing is carried by connected links between a subset of scatterers, the fields on which are oscillating coherently in phase. In addition, perturbing feedback with possibly unfitting phases from frustrated other scatterers is suppressed by destructive superposition. We believe that our findings are representative at least for weakly scattering random lasers. A generalization to random laser with dense and strong scatterers seems to be possible when using a more complex scattering theory for this case.
description: 17 pages, 6 figures
More on Comparison Between First Geometric-Arithmetic Index and Atom-Bond Connectivity Index
Creators: name: Raza, Zahid
name: Bhatti, Akhlaq Ahmad
name: Ali, Akbar
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: The first geometric-arithmetic (GA) index and atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index are molecular structure descriptors which play a significant role in quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies. Das and Trinajstić [\textit{Chem. Phys. Lett.} \textbf{497} (2010) 149-151] showed that $GA$ index is greater than $ABC$ index for all those graphs (except $K_{1,4}$ and $T^{*}$, see Figure 1) in which the difference between maximum and minimum degree is less than or equal to 3. In this note, it is proved that $GA$ index is greater than $ABC$ index for line graphs of molecular graphs, for general graphs in which the difference between maximum and minimum degree is less than or equal to $(2δ-1)^{2}$ (where $δ$ is the minimum degree and $δ\geq2$) and for some families of trees. Thereby, a partial solution to an open problem proposed by Das and Trinajstić is given.
description: 10 pages, 2 tables, 1 figure, revised version
Linckia undetermined
Creators: name: Amjad, Farah
name: Ahusan, Mohamed
name: Amir, Hana
name: de Villiers, Nina M
name: Gress, Erika
name: Mah, Christopher L
name: Naeem, Shafiya
name: Rico-Seijo, Nuria
name: Samaai, Toufiek
name: Afzal, Maryiam S
name: Woodall, Lucy C
name: Stefanoudis, Paris V
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Asteroidea
Valvatida
Ophidiasteridae
Linckia
Linckia undetermined

description: Linckia sp. indet.
Materials
Type status: Other material. Taxon: scientificName: Linckia sp.; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Asteroidea; order: Valvatida; family: Ophidiasteridae; genus: Linckia; Location: waterBody: Indian Ocean; country: Maldives; locality: Vaavu, Huvadhu, Addu; minimumDepthInMeters: 10; maximumDepthInMeters: 62; locationRemarks: Nekton Maldives Mission; Identification: identifiedBy: Farah Amjad, Paris Stefanoudis, Christopher Mah; dateIdentified: 2022, 2023; identificationRemarks: Identified only from imagery; Event: samplingProtocol: Submersible OR Remotely Operated Vehicle OR Snorkel; Record Level: basisOfRecord: Human observation
description: Published as part of Amjad, Farah, Ahusan, Mohamed, Amir, Hana, de Villiers, Nina M, Gress, Erika, Mah, Christopher L, Naeem, Shafiya, Rico-Seijo, Nuria, Samaai, Toufiek, Afzal, Maryiam S, Woodall, Lucy C & Stefanoudis, Paris V, 2024, An underwater imagery identification guide for shallow, mesophotic and deep-sea benthos in Maldives, pp. e 120128 in Biodiversity Data Journal 12 on page e120128, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e120128
Secure quantum weak oblivious transfer against individual measurements
Creators: name: He, Guang Ping
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In quantum weak oblivious transfer, Alice sends Bob two bits and Bob can learn one of the bits at his choice. It was found that the security of such a protocol is bounded by $2P_{Alice}^{\ast }+P_{Bob}^{\ast }\geq 2$, where $P_{Alice}^{\ast }$ is the probability with which Alice can guess Bob's choice, and $P_{Bob}^{\ast }$ is the probability with which Bob can guess both of Alice's bits\ given that he learns one of the bits with certainty. Here we propose a protocol and show that as long as Alice is restricted to individual measurements, then both $P_{Alice}^{\ast }$ and $P_{Bob}^{\ast }$ can be made arbitrarily close to 1/2, so that maximal violation of the security bound can be reached. Even with some limited collective attacks, the security bound can still be violated. Therefore, although our protocol still cannot break the bound in principle when Alice has unlimited cheating power, it is sufficient for achieving secure quantum weak oblivious transfer in practice.
description: Published version
title: Household participation in livelihood diversification choices and its effects on household income of smallholder farmers in Boloso Sore District of Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia
Creators: name: Tekle Leza
Publisher: name: Journal of Science and Inclusive Development, Wolaita Sodo University
Year: 2019

description: Rural households in many different contexts have been found to diversify their income sources allowing them to spread their risks and to ease consumption. Generating diversified incomes for a majority of the rural poor is an essential component of a successful rural development strategy. This study examined participation in livelihood diversification choice and its effect on household income in Boloso Sore District of Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Multistage sampling technique was employed and 270 households were selected for the study. Data analyses were carried out by using descriptive statistics and econometric model. Multinomial logit model was used to identify factors influencing households’ participation in livelihood diversification choices while effects on the household income were analysed by using two-limit Tobit model. The result showed that agricultural activities were the most important source of income for rural households in contributing 72% of total household income with the remaining 28% originating from nonagricultural activities. Multinomial logit model output revealed that age of household head, market distance, members in cooperatives determined participation in livelihood choices significantly and negatively while educational level, economically active members at home, sex, training, owning mobile phone had positively determined participation in livelihood choices. Besides, two-limit Tobit result revealed that age, family size and farm size determined level of income diversification significantly and negatively while educational level, economically active members at home, sex, frequency of extension visit and credit access had positively determined level of income diversification. The findings imply that these factors need to be considered by policy makers in the planning of agricultural and non-agricultural initiatives in the study area.

Keywords: Household income, Multinomial logit model, Participation decision, two-limits Tobit model, Wolaita, Ethiopia.
Crocidura tephra Setzer 1956
Creators: name: Honacki, James H.
name: Kinman, Kenneth E.
name: Koeppl, James W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1982
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Soricidae
Crocidura
Crocidura tephra

description: Crocidura tephra Setzer, 1956. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 106:466. TYPE LOCALITY: Sudan, Equatoria Prov., Torit. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.
description: Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001
Strain and composition dependence of the orbital polarization in nickelate superlattices
Creators: name: Wu, M.
name: Benckiser, E.
name: Haverkort, M. W.
name: Frano, A.
name: Lu, Y.
name: Nwankwo, U.
name: Brück, S.
name: Audehm, P.
name: Goering, E.
name: Macke, S.
name: Hinkov, V.
name: Wochner, P.
name: Christiani, G.
name: Heinze, S.
name: Logvenov, G.
name: Habermeier, H. -U.
name: Keimer, B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A combined analysis of x-ray absorption and resonant reflectivity data was used to obtain the orbital polarization profiles of superlattices composed of four-unit-cell-thick layers of metallic LaNiO3 and layers of insulating RXO3 (R=La, Gd, Dy and X=Al, Ga, Sc), grown on substrates that impose either compressive or tensile strain. This superlattice geometry allowed us to partly separate the influence of epitaxial strain from interfacial effects controlled by the chemical composition of the insulating blocking layers. Our quantitative analysis reveal orbital polarizations up to 25%. We further show that strain is the most effective control parameter, whereas the influence of the chemical composition of the blocking layers is comparatively small.
description: 9 pages, 8 figures
Christophori Varsevicii C. C. Ad Serenissimum utriusque Bauariae Ducem Guilhelmum V. Oratio; 1600
Creators: name: Warszewicki, Krzysztof
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2016

description: Bibliogr. Nachweis: VD16 W 1227. - Vorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: Avgvstae Vindelicorum typis Michaelis Mangeri. M. DC.
Heralded Quantum Entanglement between Distant Matter Qubits
Creators: name: Yang, W-J
name: Wang, Xiang-Bin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose a scheme to realize heralded quantum entanglement between two distant matter qubits using two $Λ$ atom systems. Our proposal does not need any photon interference. We also present a general theory of outcome state of non-monochromatic incident light and finite interaction time.
description: 6 pages, 6 figures
Micropyga undetermined
Creators: name: Amjad, Farah
name: Ahusan, Mohamed
name: Amir, Hana
name: de Villiers, Nina M
name: Gress, Erika
name: Mah, Christopher L
name: Naeem, Shafiya
name: Rico-Seijo, Nuria
name: Samaai, Toufiek
name: Afzal, Maryiam S
name: Woodall, Lucy C
name: Stefanoudis, Paris V
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Micropygoida
Micropygidae
Micropyga
Micropyga undetermined

description: Micropyga sp. indet.
Materials
Type status: Other material. Taxon: scientificName: Micropyga sp.; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Echinoidea; order: Micropygoida; family: Micropygidae; genus: Micropyga; Location: waterBody: Indian Ocean; country: Maldives; locality: Laamu, Huvadhu, Addu; minimumDepthInMeters: 246; maximumDepthInMeters: 490; locationRemarks: Nekton Maldives Mission; Identification: identifiedBy: Farah Amjad, Paris Stefanoudis; dateIdentified: 2022, 2023; identificationRemarks: Identified only from imagery; Event: samplingProtocol: Submersible OR Remotely Operated Vehicle OR Snorkel; Record Level: basisOfRecord: Human observation
description: Published as part of Amjad, Farah, Ahusan, Mohamed, Amir, Hana, de Villiers, Nina M, Gress, Erika, Mah, Christopher L, Naeem, Shafiya, Rico-Seijo, Nuria, Samaai, Toufiek, Afzal, Maryiam S, Woodall, Lucy C & Stefanoudis, Paris V, 2024, An underwater imagery identification guide for shallow, mesophotic and deep-sea benthos in Maldives, pp. e 120128 in Biodiversity Data Journal 12 on page e120128, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e120128
Crocidura thalia Dippenaar 1980
Creators: name: Honacki, James H.
name: Kinman, Kenneth E.
name: Koeppl, James W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1982
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Soricidae
Crocidura
Crocidura thalia

description: Crocidura thalia Dippenaar, 1980. Ann. Transvaal Mus., 32: 138-147. TYPE LOCALITY: Ethiopia, N.W. Bale Prov., Gedeb Mts., S.E. Dodola, 2600 m. DISTRIBUTION: Ethiopian highlands. COMMENT: Member of the luna—fumosa species complex.
description: Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001
Orbital-resolved vortex core states in FeSe Superconductors: calculation based on a three-orbital model
Creators: name: Wang, Q. E.
name: Zhang, F. C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study electronic structure of vortex core states of FeSe superconductors based on a t$_{2g}$ three-orbital model by solving the Bogoliubov-de Gennes(BdG) equation self-consistently. The orbital-resolved vortex core states of different pairing symmetries manifest themselves as distinguishable structures due to different quasi-particle wavefunctions. The obtained vortices are classified in terms of the invariant subgroups of the symmetry group of the mean-field Hamiltonian in the presence of magnetic field. Isotropic $s$ and anisotropic $s$ wave vortices have $G_5$ symmetry for each orbital, whereas $d_{x^2-y^2}$ wave vortices show $G^{*}_{6}$ symmetry for $d_{xz/yz}$ orbitals and $G^{*}_{5}$ symmetry for $d_{xy}$ orbital. In the case of $d_{x^2-y^2}$ wave vortices, hybridized-pairing between $d_{xz}$ and $d_{yz}$ orbitals gives rise to a relative phase difference in terms of gauge transformed pairing order parameters between $d_{xz/yz}$ and $d_{xy}$ orbitals, which is essentially caused by a transformation of co-representation of $G^{*}_{5}$ and $G^{*}_{6}$ subgroup. The calculated local density of states(LDOS) of $d_{x^2-y^2}$ wave vortices show qualitatively similar pattern with experiment results. The phase difference of $\fracπ{4}$ between $d_{xz/yz}$ and $d_{xy}$ orbital-resolved $d_{x^2-y^2}$ wave vortices can be verified by further experiment observation.
Radiative Levitation of Silicon in the Atmospheres of Two Hyades DA White Dwarfs
Creators: name: Chayer, P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The presence of silicon at the surface of the two Hyades DA white dwarfs WD 0421+162 and WD 0431+126 requires mechanisms that counteract the effects of the downward diffusion. Radiative levitation calculations indicate that the silicon abundance observed in WD 0431+126 corresponds to the abundance supported by radiative levitation. Detailed time-dependent diffusion calculations that take into account radiative levitation and accretion indicate that accretion with rates of dM/dt(Si) < 1.00E4 g/s could also be present without disrupting the abundance supported by radiative levitation. In the case of WD 0421+162, accretion with a rate of dM/dt(Si) = 1.25E5 g/s must be invoked, because its observed silicon abundance is larger than the abundance supported by radiative levitation. This accretion rate is lower than the accretion rate given by the accretion-diffusion model, because the radiative levitation slows down the downward diffusion of silicon. The silicon abundances observed in the two Hyades white dwarfs cannot be interpreted solely in terms of accretion. The interpretation of the silicon abundances must take into account the interplay between radiative levitation and accretion.
description: 5 pages, 2 figures, accepted to MNRAS
Asymptotics of determinants of Hankel matrices via non-linear difference equations
Creators: name: Basor, Estelle L.
name: Chen, Yang
name: Haq, Nazmus S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 15B52, 33C47, 34E05, 42C05, 47B35

description: E. Heine in the 19th century studied a system of orthogonal polynomials associated with the weight $\left[x(x-α)(x-β)\right]^{-\frac{1}{2}}$, $x\in[0,α]$, $0-1,\;β\in \mathbb{R}, $$ satisfy second order non-linear difference equations. The large $n$ expansion based on the difference equations when combined with known asymptotics of the leading terms of the associated Hankel determinant yields a complete asymptotic expansion of the Hankel determinant. The Painlevé equation is also discussed as well as the generalization of the linear second order differential equation found by Rees.
description: 47 pages, 1 table. V2: 49 pages, 1 table, Minor typos and formatting issues corrected
Down Converter Device Combining Rare-Earth Doped Thin Layer and Photonic Crystal for c-Si Based Solar Cell
Creators: name: Deschamps, Thierry
name: Drouard, Emmanuel
name: Peretti, Romain
name: Lalouat, Loïc
name: Fourmond, Erwann
name: Fave, Alain
name: Guille, Antoine
name: Pereira, António
name: Moine, Bernard
name: Seassal, Christian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The aim of the study is to develop ultra-compact structures enabling an efficient conversion of single high energy photon (UV) to two lower energy photons (IR). The proposed structure combines rare-earths doped thin layer allowing the down-conversion process with a photonic crystal (PhC), in order to control and enhance the down-conversion using optical resonances. On the top of the rare-earths doped layer, a silicon nitride (SiN) 2D planar PhC is synthesized. For that, SiN is first deposited by PECVD. After holographic lithography and reactive ion etching, a periodic square lattice of holes is generated on the SiN layer. The PhC topographical parameters as well as the layers thickness are optimized using Finite-Difference-Time-Domain simulations. The design and realization of such PhC-assisted down-converter structures is presented. Optical simulations demonstrate that the PhC leads to the establishment of resonant modes located in the underneath doped layer, allowing a drastic enhancement of the absorption of the rare-earth ions without disturbing the transmission in the visible and near-IR parts of the spectrum, hence demonstrating the relevance of such an approach.
description: 28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Paris : France (2013)
Clypeaster undetermined
Creators: name: Amjad, Farah
name: Ahusan, Mohamed
name: Amir, Hana
name: de Villiers, Nina M
name: Gress, Erika
name: Mah, Christopher L
name: Naeem, Shafiya
name: Rico-Seijo, Nuria
name: Samaai, Toufiek
name: Afzal, Maryiam S
name: Woodall, Lucy C
name: Stefanoudis, Paris V
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Echinoidea
Clypeasteroida
Clypeasteridae
Clypeaster
Clypeaster undetermined

description: Clypeaster sp. indet.
Materials
Type status: Other material. Taxon: scientificName: Clypeaster sp.; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Echinodermata; class: Echinoidea; order: Clypeasteroida; family: Clypeasteridae; genus: Clypeaster; Location: waterBody: Indian Ocean; country: Maldives; locality: Vaavu, Addu; minimumDepthInMeters: 26; maximumDepthInMeters: 251; locationRemarks: Nekton Maldives Mission; Identification: identifiedBy: Farah Amjad, Paris Stefanoudis; dateIdentified: 2022, 2023; identificationRemarks: Identified only from imagery; Event: samplingProtocol: Submersible OR Remotely Operated Vehicle OR Snorkel; Record Level: basisOfRecord: Human observation
description: Published as part of Amjad, Farah, Ahusan, Mohamed, Amir, Hana, de Villiers, Nina M, Gress, Erika, Mah, Christopher L, Naeem, Shafiya, Rico-Seijo, Nuria, Samaai, Toufiek, Afzal, Maryiam S, Woodall, Lucy C & Stefanoudis, Paris V, 2024, An underwater imagery identification guide for shallow, mesophotic and deep-sea benthos in Maldives, pp. e 120128 in Biodiversity Data Journal 12 on page e120128, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.12.e120128
Crocidura theresae Heim de Balsac 1968
Creators: name: Honacki, James H.
name: Kinman, Kenneth E.
name: Koeppl, James W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1982
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Soricomorpha
Soricidae
Crocidura
Crocidura theresae

description: Crocidura theresae Heim de Balsac, 1968. Mammalia, 32:398. TYPE LOCALITY: Upper Guinea, Nzerekore. DISTRIBUTION: Ghana to Guinea. COMMENT: Probably a synonym of foxi (RH).
description: Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001
Dark Energy from Quantum Uncertainty of Distant Clock
Creators: name: Luo, M. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: General Physics (physics.gen-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The observed cosmic acceleration was attributed to an exotic dark energy in the framework of classical general relativity. The dark energy behaves very similar with vacuum energy in quantum mechanics. However, once the quantum effects are seriously taken into account, it predicts a completely wrong result and leads to a severe fine-tuning. To solve the problem, the exact meaning of time in quantum mechanics is reexamined. We abandon the standard interpretation of time in quantum mechanics that time is just a global parameter, replace it by a quantum dynamical variable playing the role of physical clock. We find that synchronization of two spatially separated clocks can not be precisely realized at quantum level. There is an intrinsic quantum uncertainty of distant clock time, which implies an apparent vacuum energy fluctuation and gives an observed dark energy density $ρ_{de}=\frac{6}πL_{P}^{-2}L_{H}^{-2}$ at tree level approximation, where $L_{P}$ and $L_{H}$ are the Planck and Hubble scale cutoffs. The fraction of the dark energy is given by $Ω_{de}=\frac{2}π$, which does not evolve with the internal clock time. The "dark energy" as a quantum cosmic variance is always seen comparable with the matter energy density by an observer using the internal clock time. The corrected distance-redshift relation of cosmic observations due to the distant clock effect are also discussed, which again gives a redshift independent fraction $Ω_{de}=\frac{2}π$. The theory is consistent with current cosmic observations.
description: 7 pages, no figure; v2:added discussion on distance-redshift relation; v3:improved discussion on distance-redshift relation, an independent calculation to the redshift variance over redshift squared is given, dark energy fraction agrees with 2/pi; v4:typos corrected, updated to the final version published in Journal of High Energy Physics, Volume 2015, Issue 6
Anomalous Frequency Trends in MoS2 Thin Films Attributed to Surface Effects
Creators: name: Luo, Xin
name: Zhao, Yanyuan
name: Zhang, Jun
name: Xiong, Qihua
name: Quek, Su Ying
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The layered dichalcogenide MoS2 has many unique physical properties in low dimensions. Recent experimental Raman spectroscopies report an anomalous blue shift of the in-plane E2g1 mode with decreasing thickness, a trend that is not understood. Here, we combine experimental Raman scattering and theoretical studies to clarify and explain this trend. Special attention is given to understanding the surface effect on Raman frequencies by using a force constants model based on first-principles calculations. Surface effects refer to the larger Mo-S force constants at the surface of thin film MoS2, which results from a loss of neighbours in adjacent MoS2 layers. Without surface effects, the frequencies of both out-of-plane A1g and in-plane E2g1 modes decrease with decreasing thickness. However, the E2g1 mode blue shifts while the A1g mode red shifts once the surface effect is included, in agreement with the experiment. Our results show that competition between the thickness effect and the surface effect determines the mechanical properties of two-dimensional MoS2, which we believe applies to other layered materials.