cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Patents and the Regress of Useful Arts
Creators: name: Torrance, Dr. Andrew W.
name: Tomlinson, Dr. Bill
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2009

description: Patent systems are often justified by an assumption that innovation will be spurred by the prospect of patent protection, leading to the accrual of greater societal benefits than would be possible under non-patent systems. However, little empirical evidence exists to support this assumption. One way to test the hypothesis that a patent system promotes innovation is to simulate the behavior of inventors and competitors experimentally under conditions approximating patent and non-patent systems. Employing a multi-user interactive simulation of patent and non-patent (commons and open source) systems (―PatentSim‖), this study compares rates of innovation, productivity, and societal utility. PatentSim uses an abstracted and cumulative model of the invention process, a database of potential innovations, an interactive interface that allows users to invent, patent, or open source these innovations, and a network over which users may interact with one another to license, assign, buy, infringe, and enforce patents. Data generated thus far using PatentSim suggest that a system combining patent and open source protection for inventions (that is, similar to modern patent systems) generates significantly lower rates of innovation (p<0.05), productivity (p<0.001), and societal utility (p<0.002) than does a commons system. These data also indicate that there is no statistical difference in innovation, productivity, or societal utility between a pure patent system and a system combining patent and open source protection. The results of this study are inconsistent with the orthodox justification for patent systems. However, they do accord well with evidence from the increasingly important field of user and open innovation. Simulation games of the patent system could even provide a more effective means of fulfilling the Constitutional mandate “to promote the Progress of . . . useful Arts” than does the orthodox assumption that technological innovation can be encouraged through the prospect of patent protection.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 10: 2008-2009
An investigation into Ionic Liquids, their physicochemcial properties, and corrosion of industrially relevant metals
Creators: name: Borrill, Charlotte
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2023

description: Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been identified as a promising sustainable alternative to volatile organic compounds as solvents in industry. Although they have been widely applied in research, ILs are still not employed regularly on a large scale. A crucial reason for this is the relatively unexplored chemistry of IL corrosion. This study investigated the physicochemical properties of three 1-alkyl-3-methylimid azolium chloride ILs (n=0,4,8) in aqueous solution. CuCl2 and ZnCl2 complexation in IL solution and corrosion caused by the IL solutions were also analysed. It was concluded that there are three regimes of behaviour in solution, at low concentrations IL behaviour is salt like. As concentration increases ion pairs form and further IL addition causes a hydrogen bonding network to develop. Protic IL solutions demonstrated higher conductivity, higher density, and reduced viscosity compared to aprotic Ils. When metal chlorides are dissolved, at low water concentrations distorted tetrahedral Cu-hydroxychloro complexes and IL-complexed ZnCl4 2 are the major complexes in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4C1im]Cl) solutions and betaine hydrochloride ([Bet]HCl) solutions. As IL concentration decreases both metals form octahedral hydrated complexes. For all solutions with greater than 0.5 mol% IL, Cu and Zn corrosion rates are higher than the acceptable industrial limit. Protic ILs have significantly higher corrosion rates than Aprotic ILs, particularly for Zn. For Cu corrosion behaviours were dominated by Cl concentration, whereas for Zn pH was also a significant factor, demonstrating that IL cation can have a significant impact on corrosion rate. The work has presented a holistic investigation of IL solution properties and their contribution to corrosion mechanisms. Cl K-Edge XANES experiments have demonstrated a novel technique for investigating the hydrogen bonding in IL solutions. It has provided a framework for future investigation, highlighting the importance of establishing fundamental chemistry before IL corrosion can be understood and predicted.
Barrier functions in the subdifferential theory
Creators: name: Ivanov, Milen
name: Zlateva, Nadia
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 49J52, 47H05, 52A41

description: We present a new method for proving Correa-Jofré-Thibault theorem that monotonicity of subdifferential implies convexity of the function.
 This new method is based on barrier functions. Barrier functions help overcome some of the main technical difficulties when working with lower semicontinuous functions.
Filtered instanton Floer homology and the homology cobordism group
Creators: name: Nozaki, Yuta
name: Sato, Kouki
name: Taniguchi, Masaki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Geometric Topology (math.GT)
subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: For any $s \in [-\infty, 0] $ and oriented homology 3-sphere $Y$, we introduce a homology cobordism invariant $r_s(Y)\in (0,\infty]$. The values $\{r_s(Y)\}$ are included in the critical values of the $SU(2)$-Chern-Simons functional of $Y$, and we show a negative definite cobordism inequality and a connected sum formula for $r_s$. As applications, we obtain several new results on the homology cobordism group. First, we give infinitely many homology 3-spheres which cannot bound any definite 4-manifold. Next, we show that if the 1-surgery of $S^3$ along a knot has the Frøyshov invariant negative, then all positive $1/n$-surgeries along the knot are linearly independent in the homology cobordism group. In another direction, we use $\{r_s\}$ to define a filtration on the homology cobordism group which is parametrized by $[0,\infty]$. Moreover, we compute an approximate value of $r_s$ for the hyperbolic 3-manifold obtained by $1/2$-surgery along the mirror of the knot $5_2$.
description: 58 pages, 14 figures, to appear in J. Eur. Math. Soc
title: Post-populist Populism: Democracy’s victory over populism?
Creators: name: Roznai, Yaniv
name: Kohen, ʿAmiḥai
Publisher: name: Fachinformationsdienst für internationale und interdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: 342

description: Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional
title: Der blinde Fleck: Der Beitrag des Strafverfassungsrechts zum organisierten Klimaprotest
Creators: name: Jahn, Matthias
name: Wenglarczyk, Fynn
Publisher: name: Fachinformationsdienst für internationale und interdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: 342

description: Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional
Speed Measurement Method for Digital Control System
Creators: name: Brock, Stefan
name: Zawirski, Krzysztof
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: 80309 Software Engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: Computer Engineering

description: In the paper a modified digital speed measurement method is proposed. The method has a good static accuracy, like well known other measurement procedures, but its advantage consists in a constant sampling period. The method is implemented on single chip microcontroller. Experimental results proved good properties of the proposed concept.
The Fog Development Kit: A Development Platform for SDN-based Edge-Fog Systems
Creators: name: Powell, Colton
name: Desiniotis, Christopher
name: Dezfouli, Behnam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Networking and Internet Architecture (cs.NI)
subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: With the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), fog computing has emerged to help traditional cloud computing in meeting scalability demands. Fog computing makes it possible to fulfill real-time requirements of applications by bringing more processing, storage, and control power geographically closer to end-devices. However, since fog computing is a relatively new field, there is no standard platform for research and development in a realistic environment, and this dramatically inhibits innovation and development of fog-based applications. In response to these challenges, we propose the Fog Development Kit (FDK). By providing high-level interfaces for allocating computing and networking resources, the FDK abstracts the complexities of fog computing from developers and enables the rapid development of fog systems. In addition to supporting application development on a physical deployment, the FDK supports the use of emulation tools (e.g., GNS3 and Mininet) to create realistic environments, allowing fog application prototypes to be built with zero additional costs and enabling seamless portability to a physical infrastructure. Using a physical testbed and various kinds of applications running on it, we verify the operation and study the performance of the FDK. Specifically, we demonstrate that resource allocations are appropriately enforced and guaranteed, even amidst extreme network congestion. We also present simulation-based scalability analysis of the FDK versus the number of switches, the number of end-devices, and the number of fog-devices.
Nilpotent orbits of height 2 and involutions in the affine Weyl group
Creators: name: Gandini, Jacopo
name: Frajria, Pierluigi Moseneder
name: Papi, Paolo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: Representation Theory (math.RT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 14M17, 14M27, 17B08

description: Let G be an almost simple group over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic zero, let g be its Lie algebra and let B be a Borel subgroup of G. Then B acts with finitely many orbits on the variety N_2 of the nilpotent elements in g whose height is at most 2. We provide a parametrization of the B-orbits in N_2 in terms of subsets of pairwise orthogonal roots, and we provide a complete description of the inclusion order among the B-orbit closures in terms of the Bruhat order on certain involutions in the affine Weyl group of g.
description: v2: 28 pages, 1 table. Minor revision. To appear in Indag. Math
title: Kommentierung zu Art. 91 StPO
Creators: name: Betschmann, Simon
name: Niessner, Florian
name: Steiner, Simone
Publisher: name: Fachinformationsdienst für internationale und interdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: 340

description: Strafprozessordnung (StPO): Onlinekommentar
A Recursive Formula for Osculating Curves
Creators: name: Muratore, Giosuè
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Primary 14N10, Secondary 14N15, 14N35

description: Let $X$ be a smooth complex projective variety. Using a construction devised to Gathmann, we present a recursive formula for some of the Gromov-Witten invariants of $X$. We prove that, when $X$ is homogeneous, this formula gives the number of osculating rational curves at a general point of a general hypersurface of $X$. This generalizes the classical well known pairs of inflexion (asymptotic) lines for surfaces in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ of Salmon, as well as Darboux's $27$ osculating conics.
description: Notation, small modification in Introduction, Prop. 4.1 and Lemma 5.2
Should The United States Designate Specialist Patent Trial Judges?
Creators: name: Gitter, Donna M.
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2009

description: The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit currently reverses from one-third to nearly one-half of all U.S. district court patent claim construction decisions. Because claim construction often determines the outcome of patent litigation, the high appellate claim construction reversal rate contributes to significant uncertainty among inventors and investors. Congress is currently considering legislation, H.R. 628, which will designate specialist district court patent judges to reduce this unacceptably high reversal rate. This Article concludes that designation of specialist patent trial judges among the federal district court judiciary is likely to reduce the high appellate claim construction reversal rate, based upon an empirical analysis of the appellate claim construction reversal rate in England, which has specialized patent tribunals. Part I of the Article examines proposed U.S. legislation that would designate specialized patent trial judges. Part II analyzes the patent claim construction process in the United States, enumerating the challenges faced by generalist U.S. district court judges charged with deciding highly complex patent litigation actions. Part III then examines the English patent claim construction process, drawing numerous parallels between patent litigation in the United States and England that render the English system a valid comparator when considering the respective appellate claim construction reversal rates in the two jurisdictions. Part IV presents empirical results that strongly support the notion that designation of specialist patent trial judges in the United States could indeed decrease the appellate claim construction reversal rate, thereby affording certainty to patent litigants and investors. Part V then explains why the approach proposed in H.R. 628 is superior to the current English system of specialized patent trial courts.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 10: 2008-2009
Optical observation of quasiperiodic Heisenberg antiferromagnets in two dimensions
Creators: name: Inoue, Takashi
name: Yamamoto, Shoji
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We calculate magnetic Raman spectra of Heisenberg antiferromagnets on the two-dimensional Penrose lattice. We follow the Shastry-Shraiman formulation of Raman scattering in a strongly correlated Hubbard system and obtain the second- and fourth-order effective Raman operators. The second-order Raman intensity comes from the E2 mode, and it is invariant under an arbitrary rotation of polarization vectors. The fourth-order Raman intensities consist of A1 and A2, as well as E2, modes and therefore yield strong polarization dependence. In particular, the A2 mode intensity directly detects the dynamical spin-chirality fluctuations. Employing linearly and circularly polarized lights, we can separately extract every irreducible representation from the observations. We further discuss effects of magnon-magnon interactions on the magnetic Raman scattering. Our theory provides a reasonable explanation for the two-magnon scattering process.
description: 7 pages, 5 figures
Contract Formation in an Internet Age
Creators: name: Rawls, Amelia
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2009

description: Should the “mailbox” doctrine of contract acceptances be applied in technological contexts far beyond the nineteenth century context for which it was established? Among modern contracting parties, the e-mail inbox has largely replaced the postal mailbox and the near-instantaneous process of electronic communication can mimic the characteristics of a face-to-face discussion. Such technological advancements of the late-twentieth and twenty-first centuries pose a challenge to the doctrinal and normative rationales articulated by the Adams v. Lindsell court and other early “mailbox” rule advocates. Moreover, the advent of electronic communication has implications even for application of the ―”mailbox” precedent within the framework of postal and other traditional communication systems. Only a receipt-based contracting precedent, applied to technologies both new and old, can properly enhance inter-jurisdictional legal uniformity and incentivize efficient contracting behavior.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 10: 2008-2009
A Method of Speed Control during Over-ground Walking: Using a Digital Light-Emitting Diode Light Strip
Creators: name: Huang, Liang
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2013
Subjects: Applied Computer Science

description: The purpose of this report was to introduce the design of a portable, inexpensive and
programmable digital light-emitting diode (LED) system to control overground walking speed. The
system includes a custom-made 10 meters digital LED strip and a digital microcontroller. By
controlling the duration time of the power supply to each LED unit, a visible running lights signal can
provide a visual cue for speed control.
TRIPS, eBay, and Denials of Injunctive Relief
Creators: name: Mace, Andrew
name: Mace, Andrew
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2009

description: In eBay, Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C., the Supreme Court held that decisions to grant injunctive relief must accord with the traditional principles of equity, thereby invalidating the practice of generally granting permanent injunctions to patentees upon finding infringement. Under eBay, denials of permanent injunctive relief might become more common, as courts instead opt to award an ongoing royalty. Because TRIPS contains provisions—primarily Article 31—that specify the conditions under which compulsory licenses for patents may be granted, an increase in denials of injunctive relief in favor of an ongoing royalty (creating, in essence, a compulsory license) in the U.S. requires review as to whether the U.S. is out of compliance with these provisions. This Note 1) examines the primary provisions relating to compulsory licensing in TRIPS; 2) studies differences of opinion regarding the nature of compulsory licenses and which understanding is appropriate for TRIPS based on a review of the Agreement‘s text and drafting history, historical practices, and policy; 3) examines eBay and subsequent cases denying permanent injunctive relief; 4) analyzes where eBay and TRIPS may conflict and attempts to resolve the differences; and 5) suggests strategies that U.S. courts might adopt to be TRIPS compliant with respect to compulsory licensing. This Note concludes that the U.S. faces a dilemma irrespective of Article 31‘s ultimate interpretation: if eBay is TRIPS compliant, developing countries can cite the case as precedent for implementing their own compulsory licensing systems with their own notions of equity and the public interest; if eBay is not TRIPS compliant, the U.S. may be brought before the TRIPS Dispute Settlement Body, the result of which would be a loosening of TRIPS compulsory licensing requirements or a re-tightening of the U.S. patent law injunctive relief. Absent a Dispute Settlement Body panel report interpreting Article 31, the WTO should issue a ministerial declaration to clarify the meaning and scope of Article 31 as it did for public health in the Doha Declaration.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 10: 2008-2009
Number and Sales of Food and Beverage Retailers
Creators: name: Hiemstra, Stephen J.
name: Hiemstra, Stephen J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1965
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Excerpts from the report: The number of food stores (establishments) decreased 17 percent between 1954 and 1963, according to the Census of Business. During this time, total sales of these stores increased by 44 percent. Part of the sales increase was due to price increases; retail prices of food for use at home increased 7 percent. Also, the proportion of sales of nonfood items has increased relative to food sales. Sales of alcoholic beverages and other nonfood items by food stores increased from 14.9 percent of total sales in 1954 to 22.5 percent in 1963, based on annual surveys conducted by Food Field Reporter. About three-fourths of all establishments classified as food stores are grocery stores. Remaining food stores have decreased in number faster than have the grocery stores, except for the retail bakeries. Retail bakeries was the only specialty food store group to show an increase in sales over the 1954-63 period, but its sales were up only half as much as sales by grocery stores. As a result, part of the large increase in sales by grocery stores was a substitution for food sales by other food stores. The number of eating places increased 15 percent between 1954 and 1963 and their sales rose 59 percent. These strong uptrends are consistent with the tendency for away-from-home eating to increase at a more rapid pace than food purchased for home use from food stores. Also, prices have risen faster. Food away from home rose in price by 27 percent during the 9-year period. Among eating places, caterers and limited-line places of refreshment increased in number and size more rapidly than did restaurants, lunchrooms, and cafeterias.
description: Reprinted from the National Food Situation, NFS- 112, May 1965, by the Economic and Statistical Analysis Division, Economic Research Service.
Patent Insurance
Creators: name: Fuentes, J. Rodrigo
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2009

description: Even though businesses insure against myriad risks, patent litigation is often excluded from their general commercial liability insurance policy. Companies understand that patent litigation is an expensive ordeal, and some opt for specialized patent insurance. However, most businesses do not carry such protection because it is too costly. This is unfortunate because some studies suggest that patent insurance fosters research and development among small-to-medium sized enterprises. Following this finding, the European Commission called on CJA Consultants to study the feasibility of a mandatory, EU-wide patent insurance scheme in early 2003. In 2006, CJA Consultants concluded that such a scheme was feasible. This Note analyzes the mandatory patent insurance scheme proposed by CJA Consultants and considers whether a similar scheme could be implemented in the United States. First, the Note provides a background on patent insurance. Then, actual policy specimens from a patent insurer are analyzed to explain the differing types of insurance, their costs, and their shortcomings. Ultimately, the CJA Consultants‘ proposal is analyzed and compared to the identified shortcomings. The Note concludes that a mandatory U.S. patent insurance scheme would fail.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 10: 2008-2009
Inverse Function Theorem in Fréchet Spaces
Creators: name: Ivanov, Milen
name: Zlateva, Nadia
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 49J53, 47H04, 54H25

description: We consider the classical Inverse Function Theorem of Nash and Moser from the angle of some recent development by Ekeland and the authors.
 Geometrisation of tame estimates coupled with certain ideas coming from Variational Analysis when applied to a directionally differentiable function, produce very general surjectivity result and, if injectivity can be ensured, Inverse Function Theorem with the expected Lipschitz-like continuity of the inverse.
 We also present a brief application to differential equations.
description: This is revised version. Implicit Mapping Theorem and an application to ODE were added
Relation Between Medieval Renaissance and Today's Open Knowledge Dissemination
Creators: name: Ganguly, Subhajit
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2013
Subjects: Science Policy

description: Time has shown us how zero control by a handful of individuals over the society and complete control of the community, as a whole, over itself brings about positive changes. Less the control by individuals or groups and more the control of the complete set of individuals, more is the positive change. The history of the printing press is a case in point. While history made a mockery of the control-freaks, it proved right the few individuals, who believed in the intellectual capacity of the masses. Intellectual Nazism should be a thing of the past and we should move away from such self-defeating practices.
Predictability and Patentable Processes
Creators: name: Schuster, William Michael
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2009

description: Throughout the past two centuries, the U.S. patent system has defined the scope of (potentially) patentable processes by proscribing patents on fundamental principles (including abstract ideas, laws of nature, and natural phenomena). Unfortunately, such a description of patentable subject matter led to ambiguity and unpredictability in the application of the patent laws. In 2008, the Federal Circuit addressed this uncertainty by promulgating a new standard to describe the ambit of patentable processes: a process may constitute patentable subject matter if (1) it utilizes a particular machine or apparatus, or (2) it transforms an object into a different state or thing. This Article describes how the Federal Circuit’s new standard furthers the underlying policy goal of all patent laws: the incentivization of innovation. Specifically, this paper argues that this new rule presents a simple and easy to apply standard that will increase the predictability of the patent laws. In the presence of such predictability, prospective inventors and investors are more likely to engage in research and development, thus leading to increased inventive activity.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 11: 2009-2010
Telescope Bibliometrics 101
Creators: name: Grothkopf, Uta
name: Lagerstrom, Jill
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Astronomy

description: During recent years, bibliometric studies have become increasingly important in evaluating individual scientists, institutes, and entire observatories. In astronomy, often librarians are involved in maintaining publication databases and compiling statistics for their institutions. In this talk, we present a look behind the scenes to understand who is interested in bibliometric statistics, which methodologies astronomy librarians apply, and what features next-generation bibliographies may include.
EAPS: Edge-Assisted Predictive Sleep Scheduling for 802.11 IoT Stations
Creators: name: Sheth, Jaykumar
name: Miremadi, Cyrus
name: Dezfouli, Amir
name: Dezfouli, Behnam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Networking and Internet Architecture (cs.NI)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: The broad deployment of 802.11 (a.k.a., WiFi) access points and significant enhancement of the energy efficiency of these wireless transceivers has resulted in increasing interest in building 802.11-based IoT systems. Unfortunately, the main energy efficiency mechanisms of 802.11, namely PSM and APSD, fall short when used in IoT applications. PSM increases latency and intensifies channel access contention after each beacon instance, and APSD does not inform stations about when they need to wake up to receive their downlink packets. In this paper, we present a new mechanism---edge-assisted predictive sleep scheduling (EAPS)---to adjust the sleep duration of stations while they expect downlink packets. We first implement a Linux-based access point that enables us to collect parameters affecting communication latency. Using this access point, we build a testbed that, in addition to offering traffic pattern customization, replicates the characteristics of real-world environments. We then use multiple machine learning algorithms to predict downlink packet delivery. Our empirical evaluations confirm that when using EAPS the energy consumption of IoT stations is as low as PSM, whereas the delay of packet delivery is close to the case where the station is always awake.
Geolocation and Federalism on the Internet
Creators: name: King, Kevin F.
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2009

description: Conventional wisdom dictates that the Internet is a medium in which federalism is destined to fail. By virtue of its decentralized design, the Internet naturally resists regulation by a diverse set of government actors. Indeed, courts have reasoned that federalism on the Internet is either technologically impossible or constitutionally prohibited. The emergence of geolocation technologies, which make it possible to quickly, cheaply, and accurately identify an Internet user’s location, challenges this dominant understanding and opens the door to new approaches that could radically alter the way electronic commerce is governed. To illustrate this point, this Article explores the ways that such technologies could be used to make Internet gambling regulation more responsive to longstanding federalism principles. As demonstrated below, geolocation technologies have the potential to make Internet gambling law both more effective and more efficient by enabling each state to enforce its own substantive regulations.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 11: 2009-2010
Forced Preservation
Creators: name: Dore, Michael H.
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2009

description: To be admissible under the hearsay rule’s business records exception set out in Federal Rule of Evidence 803(6), the record in question must have been “kept in the ordinary course of a regularly conducted business activity.” Many electronic records, however, remain in a company’s files only because the company had a duty to preserve them once it reasonably anticipated litigation or a government subpoena. The company otherwise typically would have deleted those electronically stored data in the regular operation of its business to make room on its burdened servers. This Article argues that such presumptive deletion undermines the trustworthiness and reliability of a business record, and thus the rationale of Rule 803(6). Courts should therefore focus on the unique elements of the creation and preservation of electronic evidence, and consider whether a company truly kept the record at issue in the course of business, or simply because a duty to preserve required it.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 11: 2009-2010
Skip to Secure: Securing Cyber-physical Control Loops with Intentionally Skipped Executions
Creators: name: Adhikary, Sunandan
name: Koley, Ipsita
name: Ghosh, Sumana
name: Ghosh, Saurav Kumar
name: Dey, Soumyajit
name: Mukhopadhyay, Debdeep
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: We consider the problem of provably securing a given control loop implementation in the presence of adversarial interventions on data exchange between plant and controller. Such interventions can be thwarted using continuously operating monitoring systems and also cryptographic techniques, both of which consume network and computational resources. We provide a principled approach for intentional skipping of control loop executions which may qualify as a useful control theoretic countermeasure against stealthy attacks which violate message integrity and authenticity. As is evident from our experiments, such a control theoretic counter-measure helps in lowering the cryptographic security measure overhead and resulting resource consumption in Control Area Network (CAN) based automotive CPS without compromising performance and safety.
description: 9 pages
Invariant Hermitian forms on vertex algebras
Creators: name: Kac, Victor G.
name: Frajria, Pierluigi Möseneder
name: Papi, Paolo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Representation Theory (math.RT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We study invariant Hermitian forms on a conformal vertex algebra and on their (twisted) modules. We establish existence of a non-zero invariant Hermitian form on an arbitrary $W$-algebra. We show that for a minimal simple $W$-algebra $W_k(\mathfrak g,θ/2)$ this form can be unitary only when its $\tfrac{1}{2}\mathbb Z$-grading is compatible with parity, unless $W_k(\mathfrak g,θ/2)$ "collapses" to its affine subalgebra.
description: Latex file, 33 pages; minor revision. To appear in Communications in Contemporary Mathematics
BioExcel Webinar #7 - PRODIGY, a web server to predict binding affinities in protein-protein complexes
Creators: name: Vangone, Anna
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: webinar

description: PRODIGY (PROtein binDIng enerGY prediction) web server predicts of the binding affinities in protein-protein complexes. PRODIGY implements a simple but robust descriptor of binding affinity based only on structural properties of protein-protein complexes, that are introduced in Vangone & Bonvin, eLife (2015). Using the protein-protein binding affinity benchmark of Kastritis et al. 2011 we showed that the number of interfacial contacts (ICs) correlates with the experimental binding affinity. This information, combined with properties of the non-interacting surface (NIS) which have been shown to influence binding affinity (Kastritis at el. (2014)), has led to one of the best performing predictor so far reported on such a large and heterogeneous set of data.
3D simulations of photochemical hazes in the atmosphere of hot Jupiter HD 189733b
Creators: name: Steinrueck, Maria E
name: Showman, Adam P.
name: Lavvas, Panayotis
name: Koskinen, Tommi
name: Tan, Xianyu
name: Zhang, Xi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Photochemical hazes have been suggested as candidate for the high-altitude aerosols observed in the transmission spectra of many hot Jupiters. We present 3D simulations of the hot Jupiter HD 189733b to study how photochemical hazes are transported by atmospheric circulation. The model includes spherical, constant-size hazes particles that gravitationally settle and are transported by the winds as passive tracers, with particle radii ranging from 1 nm to 300 $μ$m. We identify two general types of haze distribution based on particle size: In the small-particle regime (<30 nm), gravitational settling is unimportant, and hazes accumulate in two large mid-latitude vortices centered on the night side that extend across the morning terminator. Therefore, small hazes are more concentrated at the morning terminator than at the evening terminator. In the large-particle regime (>30 nm), hazes settle out quickly on the nightside, resulting in more hazes at the evening terminator. For small particles, terminator differences in haze mass mixing ratio and temperature considered individually can result in significant differences in the transit spectra of the terminators. When combining both effects for HD189733b, however, they largely cancel out each other, resulting in very small terminator differences in the spectra. Transit spectra based on the GCM-derived haze distribution fail to reproduce the steep spectral slope at short wavelengths in the current transit observations of HD 189733b. Differing optical properties of hazes, hotter temperatures at low pressures because of heating by hazes, enhanced sub-grid-scale mixing, or star spots might explain the mismatch between the model and observations.
description: This version incorporates the corrected versions of equations (7) and (8), as described in the correction published in July 2024, available at \url{https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/531/3/3444/7691150}
A New Perspective to Node Influence Evaluation in Complex Network Using Subgraph Tr-Centrality
Creators: name: Amshi, Auwal Tijjani
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Social and Information Networks (cs.SI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: There is great significance in evaluating a node's Influence ranking in complex networks. Over the years, many researchers have presented different measures for quantifying node interconnectedness within networks. Therefore, this paper introduces a centrality measure called Tr-centrality which focuses on using the node triangle structure and the node neighborhood information to define the strength of a node, which is defined as the summation of Gruebler's Equation of the node's one-hop triangle neighborhood to the number of all the edges in the subgraph. Furthermore, we socially consider it as the local trust of a node. To verify the validity of Tr-centrality [1], we apply it to four real-world networks with different densities and shapes, and Tr-centrality has proven to yield better results.
description: 4 pages,5 figures
Carroll, J. J. (2013). Key Theories from Critical Medical Anthropology for Public Health Research. Part I: Starting with Foucault: cultures of medicine and meanings of illness
Creators: name: Andreeva, Tatiana
name: Carroll, Jennifer J.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Anthropology
subject: FOS: Sociology

description: This article summarizes four significant theoretical concepts from the field of Critical Medical Anthropology in two parts: in the first part, biopower/discipline and explanatory models; in the second, structural violence, and identity politics and biological citizenship. The four subjects reviewed here have been chosen for their importance to our understanding of human behaviors related to health and illness, as well as for the impact that they can have on theory, research, and practice in the field of public health. These critical theories can provide new ways of thinking about professional roles, medical decisions, disease diagnosis and etiology, treatment adherence, prevention messaging, and all sorts of health-related behaviors and systems of understanding. They can also help public health researchers shed light on the human beliefs and activities that shape patterns of disease within and across populations. Whether a research question is being formulated or research findings are being analyzed, the critical social theories outlined here can foster a more holistic understanding of the human element in any public health project. KEYWORDS: social anthropology; medical anthropology; social theory; qualitative research; public health; illness; explanatory models; structural violence; identity; biopower; Foucault.
Sensifi: A Wireless Sensing System for Ultra-High-Rate Applications
Creators: name: Li, Chia-Chi
name: Ramanna, Vikram K.
name: Webber, Daniel
name: Hunter, Cole
name: Hack, Tyler
name: Dezfouli, Behnam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Networking and Internet Architecture (cs.NI)
subject: Operating Systems (cs.OS)
subject: Performance (cs.PF)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are being used in various applications such as structural health monitoring and industrial control. Since energy efficiency is one of the major design factors, the existing WSNs primarily rely on low-power, low-rate wireless technologies such as 802.15.4 and Bluetooth. In this paper, we strive to tackle the challenges of developing ultra-high-rate WSNs based on 802.11 (WiFi) standard by proposing Sensifi. As an illustrative application of this system, we consider vibration test monitoring of spacecraft and identify system design requirements and challenges. Our main contributions are as follows. First, we propose packet encoding methods to reduce the overhead of assigning accurate timestamps to samples. Second, we propose energy efficiency methods to enhance the system's lifetime. Third, we reduce the overhead of processing outgoing packets through network stack to enhance sampling rate and mitigate sampling rate instability. Fourth, we study and reduce the delay of processing incoming packets through network stack to enhance the accuracy of time synchronization among nodes. Fifth, we propose a low-power node design for ultra-high-rate applications. Sixth, we use our node design to empirically evaluate the system.
Unitarity of minimal $W$-algebras
Creators: name: Kac, Victor G.
name: Frajria, Pierluigi Möseneder
name: Papi, Paolo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Representation Theory (math.RT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We obtain a complete classification of minimal simple unitary $W$-algebras.
description: This paper has been superseded by ArXiv:2208.02101, where we begin a systematic study of unitary representations of minimal W-algebras. As a special case, we classify unitary minimal W-algebras, fixing a gap in the proof of Theorem 6.4
Romance del valiente Santa Cruz: Digital edition
Creators: name: Leblanc Elina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Spanish literature
Digital edition
XML-TEI

description: Digital edition of a Spanish pliego de cordel, published by the Andalusian printer José María Moreno (19th c.). It contains the XML-TEI file of the edition, as well as the files that led to this edition, i.e. the digital facsimiles (raw and retouched), and the transcription produced by the OCR tool Transkribus (PAGE-XML). This digital edition is a part of the research project Desenrollando el cordel / Untangling the cordel / Démêler le cordel (2020-2022), led by the professor Constance Carta at the University of Geneva and supported by the philanthropic Sandoz-Monique de Meuron Family Foundation.
Romance del valiente Santa Cruz: Digital edition
Creators: name: Leblanc Elina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Spanish literature
Digital edition
XML-TEI

description: Digital edition of a Spanish pliego de cordel, published by the Andalusian printer José María Moreno (19th c.). It contains the XML-TEI file of the edition, as well as the files that led to this edition, i.e. the digital facsimiles (raw and retouched), and the transcription produced by the OCR tool Transkribus (PAGE-XML). This digital edition is a part of the research project Desenrollando el cordel / Untangling the cordel / Démêler le cordel (2020-2024), led by professor Constance Carta at the University of Geneva and supported by the philanthropic Sandoz-Monique de Meuron Family Foundation.
Romance del valiente Santa Cruz: Digital edition
Creators: name: Leblanc Elina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Spanish literature
Digital edition
XML-TEI

description: Digital edition of a Spanish pliego de cordel, published by the Andalusian printer José María Moreno (19th c.). It contains the XML-TEI file of the edition, as well as the files that led to this edition, i.e. the digital facsimiles (raw and retouched), and the transcription produced by the OCR tool Transkribus (PAGE-XML). This digital edition is a part of the research project Desenrollando el cordel / Untangling the cordel / Démêler le cordel (2020-2024), led by the professor Constance Carta at the University of Geneva and supported by the philanthropic Sandoz-Monique de Meuron Family Foundation.
Enumeration of rational contact curves via torus actions
Creators: name: Muratore, Giosuè
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 14N10, 14C17, 53D12 (Primary) 14N35, 14Q99, 14L30 (Secondary)

description: We prove that some Gromov-Witten numbers associated to rational contact (Legendrian) curves in any contact complex projective space with arbitrary incidence conditions are enumerative. Also, we use Bott formula on the Kontsevich space to find the exact value of those numbers. As an example, the numbers of rational contact curves of low degree in $\mathbb{P}^{3}$ and $\mathbb{P}^{5}$ are computed. The results are consistent with existing results.
description: 17 pages, 3 tables
Supplementary material for "The Kinetic Ion-Temperature-Gradient-driven instability and its localisation"
Creators: name: Rodriguez Urretavizcaya, Eduardo
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Nuclear fusion

description: Scripts to make plots and analyse data, and supplementary material for the work presented in the article titled "The Kinetic Ion-Temperature-Gradient-driven instability and its localisation", co-authored by E. Rodriguez (author of this material) and A. Zocco.
A Review of results on axially symmetric Navier-Stokes equations, with addendum by X. Pan and Q. S. Zhang
Creators: name: Zhang, Qi S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 35Q30, 76N10

description: In this paper, we give a brief survey of recent results on axially symmetric Navier-Stokes equations (ASNS) in the following categories: regularity criterion, Liouville property for ancient solutions, decay and vanishing of stationary solutions. Some discussions also touch on the full 3 dimensional equations. Two results, closing of the scaling gap for ASNS and vanishing of homogeneous D solutions in 3 dimensional slabs will be described in more detail. In the addendum, two new results in the 3rd category will also be presented, which are generalizations of recently published results by the author and coauthors.
description: published review paper
The Devil in the Details
Creators: name: Dzeguze, Andrew B.
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2009

description: In KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc., the Supreme Court took it upon itself to comment on the supposed knowledge and capacities of a “person having ordinary skill in the art” as used in 35 U.S.C. § 103. This phrase is a key component of analyzing whether patents are “obvious” and lack sufficient value to justify the award of a patent. The perspective of a “person of ordinary skill in the art” is also used in virtually every meaningful standard in the field of patent law. Despite this significance, the Court felt no need to engage in any sort of structural or statutory analysis of the phrase. Instead, the Court at several points suggested that a “person having ordinary skill in the art” would have qualities that are not apparent from the plain language of the statute – such as creativity and insight beyond their immediate field. It may be that the Court did not realize that its statements regarding “persons having ordinary skill in the art” have significant implications both for patent cases involving obviousness and several other areas of the law. Therefore, this article seeks to fill the gaps left by the Court. By way of background, there is a discussion of the origins and evolution of the United States patent system and the development of the concept of “obviousness” over time. An effort at statutory construction of these terms is then made. The meanings so derived are then compared with the Court‘s statements in KSR to determine how (or if) they are consonant with precedent. Finally, as KSR is the law of the land, several potential results of a widespread implementation of the Court‘s views are posited so that the decision‘s full impact can be appreciated.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 10: 2008-2009
title: Die Gräueltaten der Hamas, Israels Reaktion und das völkerrechtliche Primat zum Schutz der Zivilbevölkerung
Creators: name: Asseburg, Muriel
name: Wiese, Lisa
Publisher: name: Fachinformationsdienst für internationale und interdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: 342

description: Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional