Rhinolophus rex G. M. Allen 1923
Creators: name: Burgin, Connor
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus rex

description: 47. King Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> <i>Rhinolophus rex</i> French: Rhinolophe roi <i>I</i> <b>German:</b> Königshufeisennase / <b>Spanish:</b> Herradura real <b>Other common names:</b> Bourret's Horseshoe Bat <i>(paradoxolophus)</i> Taxonomy. <i>Rhinolophus</i> rexG. M. Allen, 1923, “ Wanhsien, Szechwan <i>Province</i>, China.” <i>Rhinolophus rex</i> is in the <i>macrotis</i> species group and sister to the clade that includes the. <i>macrotis</i> complex and. <i>siamensis.</i> <i>Rhinolophus paradoxolophus</i> was generally recognized as a species distinct from. <i>rex,</i> but the two taxa are now considered a single species based on genetic data. Nevertheless, they are distinguishable based on size and call frequency, despitnot forming <i>fully</i> monophyletic groups. Additional morphometric studies are needed across the entire distributions of both taxa to <i>clarify</i> their taxonomic relationships. Two subspecies recognized. <b>Subspecies and</b> Distribution. . <i>r. rex</i> G. M. Allen, 1923 - S &amp; SE China (Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, and Guangdong). . <i>r. paradoxolophus</i> Bourret, 1951 — SE China (E Guangxi and probably E Yunnan), E Myanmar, N Thailand, N &amp; C Laos, and N &amp; C Vietnam. <b>Descriptive notes.</b> Head-body 47-50 mm, tail 19- 6-38 mm, ear 26-39 mm, hindfoot 7-3—10- 1 mm, forearm 53-63 mm; weight 8-15 <i>g</i>. “Bourret’s Horseshoe Bat” <i>(.</i> r. <i>paradoxolophus</i> <i>)</i> is primarily distinguished by its smaller skull and forearm size. Dorsal pelage is light cinnamon-buff or dark brown; venter is generally paler and more grayish. There is no orange morph. Males lack <i>axillary</i> tufts. Ears are extremely large, with well-developed antitragus. Noseleaf has very short subtriangular lancet, with broadly rounded tip, nearly concealed by fur; connecting process is low, convex, and slopes from base <i>of</i> lancet to sella; sella is very long, wide, and tongue-shaped, its tip is broadly blunt and <i>narrowest</i> at base, and there is longitudinal median depression extending almost to top of sella; intemarial cup is very broad and extends laterally over much of horseshoe and covers nostrils; and horseshoe is very wide at 9-12- 5 mm, covers muzzle, and has no lateral leaflets and <i>very</i> deep median emargination. There are three medial grooves on lower lip. Skull is large, elongated, and narrow (zygomatic width is considerably smaller than mastoid width); median nasal swellings are prominent and elliptical, protruding anteriorly beyond rostral wall; lateral compartments are elongated; sagittal crest is very low; frontal depression is clearly well developed; and supraorbital crests are moderately developed. P2 is small and completely in tooth row, separating <i>C</i> 1 and P4; P3 is minute to small and in tooth row, varyingly separating or allowing P2 and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60. Habitat. Mainly primary tropical lowland forests and often <i>associated</i> with limestone formations at elevations of 370-1329 m. King Horseshoe Bats seem to prefer moist forests, but individuals in Thailand were found in <i>dry</i> pine forests with <i>Pinus merkusii</i> (Pinaceae) and <i>Shorea</i> (Dipterocarpaceae), and they were collected in limestone caves surrounded <b>by</b> secondary pine forest and sesame cultivar at 1320 m. <b>Food and Feeding.</b> The King Horseshoe Bat apparently hunts flying insects around trees and bushes. Breeding. Pregnant King Horseshoe Bats were captured in April, and lactating females were captured in May-July in Vietnam. Litter size is one. <b>Activity patterns.</b> King Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, forage throughout the night, and roost during the day. Individuals have been found in torpor during the day. They hibernate in winter in at least south-central China, although probably not in the southern part of the distribution. King Horseshoe Bats roost mainly in caves (particularly limestone caves) but probably also in buildings. Call shape is <b>FM</b> /CF/ <b>FM</b>, and peak call frequencies have been recorded at 22-25 kHz in Laos, 27-5-29-5 kHz in Vietnam, and 26-8 kHz in Guizhou, China. Call duration has been recorded at 60-5 milliseconds and 67-5 milliseconds in Vietnam. <b>Movements, Home range and Social organization.</b> No information. <b>Status and</b> Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on <i>The</i> IUCN <i>Red List.</i> Bourret’s Horseshoe Bat has been assessed separately and is also classified as Least Concern. The King Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> is considered widespread and relatively common throughout its distribution. Records continue to expand its distribution. It seems to cope well in secondary habitats and agricultural settings but might be threatened by pesticide use and cave tourism. General deforestation also seems to be a major threat because it forages heavily in forest habitats. <b>Bibliography.</b> Bates, Bumrungsri &amp; Csorba (2008 <i>a</i>), Csorba et <i>al.</i> (2003), Eger &amp; Fenton (2003), Francis (2008 <i>a</i>), urey, Mackie &amp; Racey (2009), Mao Xiuguang <i>et</i> al. (2007), Oo Sai-Sein-Lin et al. (2017), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Smith, Johnston, Jones &amp; <i>Rossiter</i> (2008b), Sun Keping <i>et al.</i> (2008), Tu Vuong Tan, Hassanin <i>et al.</i> (2017), Wu Hui <i>et al.</i> (2015), WuYi &amp;Thong Vu Dinh (2011), Zhang <i>Libiao</i>, Jones <i>et al.</i> (2009), <i>Zhang</i> Lin <i>et al.</i> (2018), <i>Zhao</i> Huihua, Zhang Shuyi, Zhou Jiang &amp; Liu Zimin (2002), Zhao Huihua, Zhang Shuyi, <i>Zuo Mingxue</i> &amp; Zhou Jiang (2003).
description: Published as part of <i>Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, pp. 280-332 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on page 302, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525