cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Seeding the second star -- II. CEMP star formation enriched from faint supernovae
Creators: name: Chiaki, Gen
name: Wise, John H.
name: Marassi, Stefania
name: Schneider, Raffaella
name: Limongi, Marco
name: Chieffi, Alessandro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars are the living fossils holding records of chemical enrichment from early generations of stars. In this work, we perform a set of numerical simulations of the enrichment from a supernova (SN) of a first generation of metal-free (Pop III) star and the gravitational collapse of the enriched cloud, considering all relevant cooling/heating processes and chemical reactions as well as the growth of dust grains. We adopt faint SN models for the first time with progenitor masses $M_{\rm PopIII} = 13$--$80 \ {\rm M}_{\bigodot}$, which yield C-enhanced abundance patterns (${\rm [C/Fe]} = 4.57$--$4.75$) through mixing and fallback of innermost layers of the ejecta. This model also considers the formation and destruction of dust grains. We find that the metals ejected by the SN can be partly re-accreted by the same dark matter minihalo, and carbon abundance of the enriched cloud $A({\rm C}) = 3.80$--$5.06$ is lower than the abundance range of observed CEMP stars ($A({\rm C}) \gtrsim 6$) because the mass of the metals ejected by faint SNe is smaller than normal core-collapse SNe due to extensive fallback. We also find that cloud fragmentation is induced by gas cooling from carbonaceous grains for $M_{\rm PopIII} = 13 \ {\rm M}_{\bigodot}$ even with the lowest iron abundance ${\rm [Fe/H]} \sim -9$. This leads to the formation of low-mass stars, and these ``giga metal-poor'' stars can survive until the present-day Universe and may be found by future observations.
description: 19 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Correlations and confinement in non-planar two-dimensional dimer models
Creators: name: Sandvik, A. W.
name: Moessner, R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study classical hard-core dimer models on the square lattice with links extending beyond nearest-neighbors. Numerically, using a directed-loop Monte Carlo algorithm, we find that, in the presence of longer dimers preserving the bipartite graph structure, algebraic correlations persist. While the confinement exponent for monomers drifts, the leading decay of dimer correlations remains 1/r^2, although the logarithmic peaks present in the dimer structure factor of the nearest-neighbour model vanish. By contrast, an arbitrarily small fraction of next-nearest-neighbor dimers leads to the onset of exponential dimer correlations and deconfinement. We discuss these results in the framework of effective theories, and provide an approximate but accurate analytical expression for the dimer correlations.
description: 8 pages. Supersedes cond-mat/0312097
Discussing Privacy and Surveillance on Twitter: A Case Study of COVID-19
Creators: name: Dev, Jayati
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: Social and Information Networks (cs.SI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Technology is uniquely positioned to help us analyze large amounts of information to provide valuable insight during widespread public health concerns, like the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In fact, information technology companies like Apple and Google have recently launched tools for contact tracing-the ability to process location data to determine the people who have been in contact with a possible patient, in order to contain the spread of the virus. While China and Singapore have successfully led the effort, more and more countries are now implementing such surveillance systems, raising potential privacy concerns about this long term surveillance. For example, it is not clear what happens to the information post-pandemic because people are more likely to share their information during a global crisis without governments having to elaborate on their data policies. Digital Ethnography on Twitter, which has over 330 million users worldwide, with a majority in the United States where the pandemic has the worst effects provides a unique opportunity to learn about real-time opinions of the general public about current affairs in a rather naturalistic setting. Consequently, it might be useful to highlight the privacy concerns of users, should they exist, through analysis of Twitter data and information sharing policies during unprecedented public health outbreaks. This will allow governments to protect their citizens both during and after health emergencies.
Zero field ESR of magnetic impurities in superconductors : a novel technique for measuring magnetic penetration depth and application to high Tc YBa2Cu3O7-[delta]
Creators: name: Pereg-Barnea, Tamar
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The Meissner effect in superconductors is characterized by an exponential decay of externally applied magnetic fields into the sample with a length scale A, that is called the magnetic penetration depth. λ is directly related to the superfluid density of the superconductor and is therefore one of the most important probes of the intrinsic properties of superconductors. This work describes the development of a new technique for measuring the penetration depth at microwave frequencies and low temperatures. The surprising combination of two seemingly unrelated experiments has led to a direct method of measuring the magnetic penetration depth in the London limit of high T[sub c] superconductors. Samples of high T[sub c] YBCO with uniform doping of magnetic ions (Gd[sub x]Y[sub 1-x]Ba₂Cu₃0 ₇-[sub δ] where x ~ 1.28%) were prepared. The magnetic ions embedded in the superconductor serve as magnetic field probes through a zero field Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) experiment. Measurement of the imaginary part of the magnetic susceptibility, x"(ω), through the sample's microwave surface resistance, reveals relatively sharp ESR transitions with integrated intensity that is proportional to the number of ions that are exposed to the field. With a uniform ion distribution, the number of ions that are exposed to the field is proportional to the penetration depth λ. The spectrum of x”(ω) is obtained from surface resistance measurement in a bolometric apparatus. Our new method was successfully applied to overdoped and optimally doped YBCO samples and absolute values of the a-b plane penetration depth at T = 1.2 are given.
title: Parameter Identification of PMSM with Considering Nonlinearity of the Inverter
Creators: name: Liu, Tao
Publisher: name: UNSPECIFIED
Year: 2021

description: Electrical parameters of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) vary with the load condition, magnetic saturation, and temperature. When the parameters change greatly from their initial values, the performance of the PMSM drive system can be significantly degraded or even failed. Because of this phenomenon, precise on-line parameter identification of PMSMs is essential to ensure a high-performance drive system. However, the accuracy of the parameter identification methods is affected by the nonlinearity of the inverter, because the inverter nonlinearity results in error between the actual output voltages measured at the terminals of the machine and the reference values. The main objective of this research work is to develop suitable online identification algorithms adopted for machine parameters, where the inverter nonlinearity effect is analyzed and compensated. The inverter nonlinearity curves dependent on stator currents are measured offline and then used as a look-up table for the online identification process. The proposed identification algorithms based upon recursive least squares method (RLS) and model reference adaptive control (MRAC) are presented and compared. Experimental results show that both the methods ensure fast convergence and can be implemented in required real-time performance systems. Based on the steady-state equations in the d-and q-axis, the algorithms are capable of simultaneously estimating stator resistance and inductance. For the implementation of the proposed algorithms, an AC drive system consisting of control and power boards is designed. On the control board, a structure of DSP (digital signal processor)+FPGA (field-programmable gate array) is adopted, in which the DSP conducts the control algorithm while the FPGA undertakes tasks involving signal processing, including current/voltage sensing and encoding of rotor position. On the power board, a conventional two-level voltage source inverter is integrated, where the space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) is applied for generating the switching signals. The proposed algorithms are implemented on the designed drive system, which is verified to be effective and reliable via experimental results.
Multiband Polarimetric Imaging of HR 4796A with the Gemini Planet Imager
Creators: name: Arriaga, Pauline
name: Fitzgerald, Michael P.
name: Duchêne, Gaspard
name: Kalas, Paul
name: Millar-Blanchaer, Maxwell A.
name: Perrin, Marshall D.
name: Chen, Christine H.
name: Mazoyer, Johan
name: Ammons, Mark
name: Bailey, Vanessa P.
name: Barman, Trafis S.
name: Bulger, Joanna
name: Chilcote, Jeffrey K.
name: Cotten, Tara
name: De Rosa, Robert J.
name: Doyon, Rene
name: Esposito, Thomas M.
name: Follette, Katherine B.
name: Gerard, Benjamin L.
name: Goodsell, Stephen
name: Graham, James R.
name: Greenbaum, Alexandra Z.
name: Hibon, Pascale
name: Hom, Justin
name: Hung, Li-Wei
name: Ingraham, Patrick
name: Konopacky, Quinn M.
name: Macintosh, Bruce A.
name: Maire, Jérôme
name: Marchis, Franck
name: Marley, Mark S.
name: Marois, Christian
name: Metchev, Stanimir
name: Nielsen, Eric L.
name: Oppenheimer, Rebecca
name: Palmer, David W.
name: Patience, Jenny
name: Poyneer, Lisa A.
name: Pueyo, Laurent
name: Rajan, Abhijith
name: Rameau, Julien
name: Rantakyrö, Fredrik T.
name: Ruffio, Jean-Baptiste
name: Savransky, Dmitry
name: Schneider, Adam C.
name: Sivaramakrishnan, Anand
name: Song, Inseok
name: Soummer, Remi
name: Thomas, Sandrine
name: Wang, Jason J.
name: Ward-Duong, Kimberly
name: Wolff, Schuyler G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: HR4796A hosts a well-studied debris disk with a long history due to its high fractional luminosity and favorable inclination lending itself well to both unresolved and resolved observations. We present new J- and K1-band images of the resolved debris disk HR4796A taken in the polarimetric mode of the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI). The polarized intensity features a strongly forward scattered brightness distribution and is undetected at the far side of the disk. The total intensity is detected at all scattering angles and also exhibits a strong forward scattering peak. We use a forward modelled geometric disk in order to extract geometric parameters, polarized fraction and total intensity scattering phase functions for these data as well as H-band data previously taken by GPI. We find the polarized phase function becomes increasingly more forward scattering as wavelength increases. We fit Mie and distribution of hollow spheres grain (DHS) models to the extracted functions. We find that while it is possible to describe generate a satisfactory model for the total intensity using a DHS model, but not with a Mie model. We find that no single grain population of DHS or Mie grains of arbitrary composition can simultaneously reproduce the polarized fraction and total intensity scattering phase functions, indicating the need for more sophisticated grain models.
description: Accepted for publication in AJ. 3 tables, 11 figures
Additional file 3 of Automated quantification of myocardial tissue characteristics from native T1 mapping using neural networks with uncertainty-based quality-control
Creators: name: Puyol-Antón, Esther
name: Ruijsink, Bram
name: Baumgartner, Christian F.
name: Pier-Giorgio Masci
name: Sinclair, Matthew
name: Konukoglu, Ender
name: Razavi, Reza
name: King, Andrew P.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Additional file 3 Figure 1.
Formation of Planetary Populations III: Core Composition & Atmospheric Evaporation
Creators: name: Alessi, Matthew
name: Inglis, Julie
name: Pudritz, Ralph E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The exoplanet mass radius diagram reveals that super Earths display a wide range of radii, and therefore mean densities, at a given mass. Using planet population synthesis models, we explore the key physical factors that shape this distribution: planets' solid core compositions, and their atmospheric structure. For the former, we use equilibrium disk chemistry models to track accreted minerals onto planetary cores throughout formation. For the latter, we track gas accretion during formation, and consider photoevaporation-driven atmospheric mass loss to determine what portion of accreted gas escapes after the disk phase. We find that atmospheric stripping of Neptunes and sub-Saturns at small orbital radii ($\lesssim$0.1AU) plays a key role in the formation of short-period super Earths. Core compositions are strongly influenced by the trap in which they formed. We also find a separation between Earth-like planet compositions at small orbital radii $\lesssim$0.5AU and ice-rich planets (up to 50\% by mass) at larger orbits $\sim$1AU. This corresponds well with the Earth-like mean densities inferred from the observed position of the low-mass planet radius valley at small orbital periods. Our model produces planet radii comparable to observations at masses $\sim$1-3M$_\oplus$. At larger masses, planets' accreted gas significantly increases their radii to be larger than most of the observed data. While photoevaporation, affecting planets at small orbital radii $\lesssim$0.1AU, reduces a subset of these planets' radii and improves our comparison, most planets in our computed populations are unaffected due to low FUV fluxes as they form at larger separations.
description: 28 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Additional file 1 of Epidemiological profile of pain and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug use in collegiate athletes in the United States
Creators: name: S. Christopher
name: B. A. Tadlock
name: B. J. Veroneau
name: C. Harnish
name: N. K. P. Perera
name: A. M. Knab
name: S. Vallabhajosula
name: Bullock, G. S.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Ecology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1: Appendix A. Survey questions used to collect pain and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use data
A robust modeling framework for energy analysis of data centers
Creators: name: Lei, Nuoa
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: Applications (stat.AP)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Global digitalization has given birth to the explosion of digital services in approximately every sector of contemporary life. Applications of artificial intelligence, blockchain technologies, and internet of things are promising to accelerate digitalization further. As a consequence, the number of data centers, which provide the services of data processing, storage, and communication services, is also increasing rapidly. Because data centers are energy-intensive with significant and growing electricity demand, an energy model of data centers with temporal, spatial, and predictive analysis capability is critical for guiding industry and governmental authorities for making technology investment decisions. However, current models fail to provide consistent and high dimensional energy analysis for data centers due to severe data gaps. This can be further attributed to the lack of the modeling capabilities for energy analysis of data center components including IT equipment and data center cooling and power provisioning infrastructure in current energy models. In this research, a technology-based modeling framework, in hybrid with a data-driven approach, is proposed to address the knowledge gaps in current data center energy models. The research aims to provide policy makers and data center energy analysts with comprehensive understanding of data center energy use and efficiency opportunities and a better understanding of macro-level data center energy demand and energy saving potentials, in addition to the technological barriers for adopting energy efficiency measures.
Additional file 2 of Epidemiological profile of pain and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug use in collegiate athletes in the United States
Creators: name: S. Christopher
name: B. A. Tadlock
name: B. J. Veroneau
name: C. Harnish
name: N. K. P. Perera
name: A. M. Knab
name: S. Vallabhajosula
name: Bullock, G. S.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Ecology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 2: Appendix B. Missing Data
Longitudinal effects of evidence-based physical education in Maltese children
Creators: name: Fenech, Amanda
name: Chockalingam, N.
name: Formosa, C.
name: Alfred, G.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Background:Malta is an obesogenic country with low levels of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) reported amongst Maltese children. Schools play a significant cost-effective role in delivering and encouraging physical activity and thus contributing to population health. So far, there were no specific school-based physical activity interventions in Malta. This creates a public health action gap. The study will assess the feasibility of Maltese children engaging in MVPA in more than 50% of Physical Education lesson time through an evidence-based PE curriculum. Its longitudinal effects on school children's anthropometric factors, cardiorespiratory fitness and biomechanical variables are evaluated.Methods:One-hundred twenty 9-to-10-year-old children, attending state primary schools, participated in a time-series study design over one scholastic year. The intervention group (n = 76) had Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK) PE curriculum. The control group (n = 44) was taught the national PE curriculum. The functional outcome measures included vertical jump height and posturography. Lesson MVPA levels were measured with the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT). Other measurements included: BMI z-scores, waist circumference and resting heart rate (RHR).Results:Achievement of >50% of PE lesson time in MVPA intensity is feasible through an evidence-based PE curriculum (60.43% from a baseline of 36.43% in intervention group vs 39.06% from a baseline of 39.89% in control). The intervention group reported improvements in BMI z-scores (p = 0.007; CI = 0.02, 0.15), RHR (p = 0.009; CI = 1.10, 7.46), balance parameters and jump height (p = 0.020; CI = −2.42, −0.23).Conclusions:MVPA levels were successfully increased through the evidence-based physical education curriculum with resultant positive health effects. Force platform analysis allows objective fitness monitoring in schoolchildren. This study recommends the integration of evidence-based PE curricula as a public health initiative against childhood obesity.
The Lipkin Model in the su(M+1)-Algebra for Many-Fermion System and its Counterpart in the Schwinger Boson Representation
Creators: name: Providencia, C.
name: da Providencia, J.
name: Tsue, Y.
name: Yamamura, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Following the Schwinger boson representation for the su(M+1)- and the su(N,1)-algebra presented by two of the present authors (J. da P. and M. Y.) and Kuriyama, a possible counterpart of the Lipkin model in the su(M+1)-algebra formulated in the fermion space is presented. The free vacuum, which plays a fundamental role in the conventional treatment of the Lipkin model, is generalized in a quite natural way, and further, the excited state generating operators such as the particle-hole pairs are also given in a natural scheme. As concrete examples, the cases of the su(2)-, su(3)- and the su(4)-algebra are discussed. Especially, the case of the su(4)-algebra is investigated in detail in relation to the nucleon pairing correlations and the high temperature superconductivity.
description: 22 pages, 1 figure, using PTPTeX style
Extended Super BMS Algebra of Celestial CFT
Creators: name: Fotopoulos, Angelos
name: Stieberger, Stephan
name: Taylor, Tomasz R.
name: Zhu, Bin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study two-dimensional celestial conformal field theory describing four-dimensional ${\cal N}=1$ supergravity/Yang-Mills systems and show that the underlying symmetry is a supersymmetric generalization of BMS symmetry. We construct fermionic conformal primary wave functions and show how they are related via supersymmetry to their bosonic partners. We use soft and collinear theorems of supersymmetric Einstein-Yang-Mills theory to derive the OPEs of the operators associated to massless particles. The bosonic and fermionic soft theorems are shown to form a sequence under supersymmetric Ward identities. In analogy with the energy momentum tensor, the supercurrents are shadow transforms of soft gravitino operators and generate an infinite-dimensional supersymmetry algebra. The algebra of $\mathfrak{sbms}_4$ generators agrees with the expectations based on earlier work on the asymptotic symmetry group of supergravity. We also show that the supertranslation operator can be written as a product of holomorphic and anti-holomorphic supercurrents.
description: 44 pages. v2: subsec. 7.4 added, typos fixed
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUNDS IN NORTH DAKOTA
Creators: name: Bangsund, Dean A.
name: Leistritz, F. Larry
name: Bangsund, Dean A.
name: Leistritz, F. Larry
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1997
Subjects: Community/Rural/Urban Development

description: In the early 1990s, many North Dakota trade centers took a proactive role in economic development by adopting local option sales taxes to generate funds to provide gap and incentive financing for primary sector businesses. The goals of these regional development funds are generally to create jobs, expand the tax base, and increase local economic activity. Information was gathered from seven of the regional development funds in North Dakota to evaluate their job creation and funding activities. Regional development funds in Dickinson, Grand Forks, Jamestown, Minot, Valley City, Wahpeton, and Williston collectively used $21.9 million in support of 4,485 jobs from 1988 through 1995. The average investment by the regional development funds per job supported during that period was $4,900. The average employment created per business assisted was over 18 full-time jobs. The success rate for businesses assisted was about 90 percent. Factors important to cooperative economic development projects between the regional development funds and neighboring communities include local community support for the business project, financial participation from local bank and community, and business and civic involvement in the project. The success of the regional development funds was largely the result of strong support in the trade centers for economic development initiatives, risk minimization on business ventures, and access to and involvement with other local and state economic development resources. Note: Figure 1 on page 16 is not included in the machine readable file- -contact the authors for more information.
Sparse Models of Natural Language Text
Creators: name: Yogatama, Dani
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 2025
Subjects: classificationCode: 460208
subject: Natural language processing
classificationCode: 46
subject: Information and computing sciences

description: In statistical text analysis, many learning problems can be formulated as a minimization of a sum of a loss function and a regularization function for a vector of parameters (feature coefficients). The loss function drives the model to learn generalizable patterns from the training data, whereas the regularizer plays two important roles: to prevent the models from capturing idiosyncrasies of the training data (overfitting) and to encode prior knowledge about the model parameters. When learning from high-dimensional data such as text, it has been empirically observed that relatively few dimensions are relevant to the predictive task (Forman, 2003). How can we capitalize on this insight and choose which dimensions are relevant in an informed and principled manner? Sparse regularizers provide a way to select relevant dimensions by means of regularization. However, past work rarely encodes non-trivial prior knowledge that yields sparse solutions through a regularization function. This thesis investigates the applications of sparse models—especially structured sparse models—as a medium to encode linguistically-motivated prior knowledge in textual models to advance NLP systems. We explore applications of sparse NLP models in temporal models of text, word embeddings, and text categorization. Sparse models come with their own challenges, since new instantiations of sparse models often require a specialized optimization method. This thesis also presents opti mization methods for the proposed instantiations of sparse models. Therefore, the goals of this thesis are twofold: (i) to show how sparsity can be used to encode linguistic in formation in statistical text models, and (ii) to develop efficient learning algorithms to solve the resulting optimization problems
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF THE CATTLE FEEDING INDUSTRY IN THE NORTHERN PLAINS AND WESTERN LAKES STATES
Creators: name: Duncan, Marvin R.
name: Taylor, Richard D.
name: Saxowsky, David M.
name: Koo, Won W.
name: Duncan, Marvin R.
name: Taylor, Richard D.
name: Saxowsky, David M.
name: Koo, Won W.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1997
Subjects: subject: Production Economics
subject: Agribusiness
subject: cattle feeding
subject: Northern Plains
subject: economies of scale
subject: cooperative ownership
subject: entrance strategies

description: The five-state study area of the Northern Plains and Western Lakes States, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin, has adequate feed supplies and feeder cattle to markedly increase cattle feeding. Feed costs in these states have historically been lower than in the Southern Plains States. However, higher transportation costs appear to offset that advantage. Close access to slaughter plants in these states could offset that transportation disadvantage. Backgrounding of cattle appears to be quite profitable and cattle feeding, especially in larger sized feedlots, can be profitable. However, the cattle feeding industry has an increasing level of excess capacity. To be successful, new feedlots in the Northern Plains and Western Lakes States would need cost efficiencies to offset higher production costs, compared to Nebraska and Kansas, or would need to produce for a niche market unaffected by the lower operating costs of already established feedlots in the Central and Southern Plains States. Finally, a range of strategies are available in developing value-added cattle production in the Northern Plains and Western Lakes States. These strategies embody differing levels of capital investment, and involve different levels of risk and profitability.
Spin Wave Generation via Localized Spin-Orbit Torque in an Antiferromagnet-Topological Insulator Heterostructure
Creators: name: Xu, Xinyi
name: Semenov, Yuriy G.
name: Kim, Ki Wook
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The spin-orbit torque induced by a topological insulator (TI) is theoretically examined for spin wave generation in a neighboring antiferromagnetic thin film. The investigation is based on the micromagnetic simulation of Néel vector dynamics and the analysis of transport properties in the TI. The results clearly illustrate that propagating spin waves can be achieved in the antiferromagnetic thin-film strip through localized excitation, traveling over a long distance. The oscillation amplitude gradually decays due to the non-zero damping as the Néel vector precesses around the magnetic easy axis with a fixed frequency. The frequency is also found to be tunable via the strength of the driving electrical current density. While both the bulk and the surface states of the TI contribute to induce the effective torque, the calculation indicates that the surface current plays a dominant role over the bulk counterpart except in the heavily degenerate cases. Compared to the more commonly applied heavy metals, the use of a TI can substantially reduce the threshold current density to overcome the magnetic anisotropy, making it an efficient choice for spin wave generation. The Néel vector dynamics in the nano-oscillator geometry are examined as well.
Additional file 1 of Association of CYP19A1 and CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus risk in the Chinese Han population
Creators: name: Yafeng Yang
name: Wang, Ping
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Sequences of oligonucleotide primers used to analysis gene polymorphisms. Supplementary Table 2. Frequency distributions of the allele and genotype of SNPs in CYP19A1 and CYP1A2. Supplementary Table 3. Association analysis on clinical indexes of T2DM and CYP19A1 rs1062033 polymorphisms
All-genus calculation of Wilson loops using D-branes
Creators: name: Drukker, Nadav
name: Fiol, Bartomeu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The standard prescription for calculating a Wilson loop in the AdS/CFT correspondence is by a string world-sheet ending along the loop at the boundary of AdS. For a multiply wrapped Wilson loop this leads to many coincident strings, which may interact among themselves. In such cases a better description of the system is in terms of a D3-brane carrying electric flux. We find such solutions for the single straight line and the circular loop. The action agrees with the string calculation at small coupling and in addition captures all the higher genus corrections at leading order in alpha'. The resulting expression is in remarkable agreement with that found from a zero dimensional Gaussian matrix model.
description: 29 pages, LeTeX, one colour figure. v2: citation corrected. v3: minor typo
Fibration symmetries uncover the building blocks of biological networks
Creators: name: Morone, Flaviano
name: Leifer, Ian
name: Makse, Hernan A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Molecular Networks (q-bio.MN)
subject: Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an)
subject: Genomics (q-bio.GN)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A major ambition of systems science is to uncover the building blocks of any biological network to decipher how cellular function emerges from their interactions. Here, we introduce a graph representation of the information flow in these networks as a set of input trees, one for each node, which contains all pathways along which information can be transmitted in the network. In this representation, we find remarkable symmetries in the input trees that deconstruct the network into functional building blocks called fibers. Nodes in a fiber have isomorphic input trees and thus process equivalent dynamics and synchronize their activity. Each fiber can then be collapsed into a single representative base node through an information-preserving transformation called 'symmetry fibration', introduced by Grothendieck in the context of algebraic geometry. We exemplify the symmetry fibrations in gene regulatory networks and then show that they universally apply across species and domains from biology to social and infrastructure networks. The building blocks are classified into topological classes of input trees characterized by integer branching ratios and fractal golden ratios of Fibonacci sequences representing cycles of information. Thus, symmetry fibrations describe how complex networks are built from the bottom up to process information through the synchronization of their constitutive building blocks.
Evidence for a universal length scale of dynamic charge inhomogeneity in cuprate superconductors
Creators: name: Mihailovic, D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Time-resolved optical experiments can give unique information on the characteristic length scales of dynamic charge inhomogeneity on femtosecond timescales. From data on the effective quasiparticle relaxation time r in La2-xSrxCuO4 and Nd2-xCexCuO4 we derive the temperature- and doping- dependence of the intrinsic phonon escape length le, which, under certain circumstances, can be shown to be a direct measure of charge inhomogeneity. Remarkably, a common feature of both p and n-type cuprates - which has important consequences for superconductivity - is that as T  Tc from above, the escape length approaches the zero-temperature superconducting coherence length, le  s(0). In close vicinity of Tc, le appears to follow the critical behaviour of the Ginsburg-Landau coherence length, GL(T). In the normal state le is found to be in excellent agreement with the mean free path lm obtained from the resistivity data. The data on le also agree well with the data on structural coherence lengths ls obtained from neutron scattering experiments, implying the existence of complex intrinsic textures on different length scales which may have a profound effect on the functional properties of these materials.
description: To appear in Physical Review Letters
Additional file 2 of Automated quantification of myocardial tissue characteristics from native T1 mapping using neural networks with uncertainty-based quality-control
Creators: name: Puyol-Antón, Esther
name: Ruijsink, Bram
name: Baumgartner, Christian F.
name: Pier-Giorgio Masci
name: Sinclair, Matthew
name: Konukoglu, Ender
name: Razavi, Reza
name: King, Andrew P.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Additional file 2 Figure A2.
FINANCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NORTH DAKOTA FARMS, 1995-1997
Creators: name: Swenson, Andrew L.
name: Swenson, Andrew L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Agricultural Finance
subject: Farm financial management
subject: farm management
subject: farm income
subject: liquidity
subject: solvency
subject: profitability
subject: repayment capacity
subject: financial efficiency
subject: financial benchmarks
subject: tenure
subject: North Dakota

description: The performance of over 550 North Dakota farms, 1995-1997, is summarized using 16 financial measures. Farms are categorized by geographic region, farm type, farm size, gross cash sales, farm tenure, net farm income, debt-to-asset, and age of farmer to analyze relationships between financial performance and farm characteristics. There was severe deterioration of financial performance in 1997 because of poor crop profitability. Livestock farm performance was weak, but improved from 1996. Median net farm income was $14,290 in 1997 compared to $31,603 in 1996. Three out of ten farms had negative net farm income and 57 percent of all farms were not able to make scheduled term debt payments.
FEASIBILITY OF A SHEEP COOPERATIVE FOR GRAZING LEAFY SPURGE - SUMMARY
Creators: name: Sell, Randall S.
name: Nudell, Daniel J.
name: Bangsund, Dean A.
name: Leistritz, F. Larry
name: Faller, Timothy
name: Sell, Randall S.
name: Nudell, Daniel J.
name: Bangsund, Dean A.
name: Leistritz, F. Larry
name: Faller, Timothy
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Farm Management
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Agribusiness
subject: Leafy Spurge
subject: Cooperative
subject: Weed Control
subject: Sheep Grazing
subject: Economics

description: This report presents an economic feasibility study of a 5,000 head, cooperatively owned, sheep operation for leafy spurge control. The objectives were 1) determine the return on investment of the cooperative, 2) determine the proposed structure of the cooperative, and 3) ascertain the amount of capital investment required by members in the cooperative. Three sheep flock management alternatives were initially considered for the cooperative. These were 1) winter lambing, 2) spring lambing, and 3) fall lambing. The fall lambing scenario was determined to be infeasible because of logistics associated with gathering and transportation of pregnant ewes and lack of grazing pressure on leafy spurge throughout the grazing season. The total capital investment per ewe for the winter lambing scenario was more than the spring lambing scenario - - $301 and $216, respectively. The expected net income generated by the winter lambing scenario was negative. The minimum break-even lamb selling price or lambs sold per ewe for the winter lambing scenario was $84.10/cwt and 1.33, respectively. The spring lambing scenario returned $124,000 annually. The minimum breakeven lamb selling price or lambs sold per ewe for the spring lambing scenario was $59.51/cwt and 0.94, respectively. The expected return on investment (50% equity) for cooperative members with the spring lambing scenario, assuming a 50-acre leafy spurge infestation in a 100-acre pasture and new fence, was 16 percent (stocking rate of 1 ewe and lambs per acre of leafy spurge). While these returns are not a guarantee of success for the spring lambing alternative, they do provide an indication of the potential that such a cooperative may have.
A Fast, Simple, Robust Algorithm for Coronal Temperature Reconstruction
Creators: name: Plowman, Joseph
name: Caspi, Amir
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe a new algorithm for reconstruction of Differential Emission Measures (DEMs) in the solar corona. Although a number of such algorithms currently exist, they can have difficulty converging for some cases, and can be complex, slow, or idiosyncratic in their output (i.e., their inversions can have features that are a result of the inversion code and instrument response, not of the solar source); we will document some of these issues in this paper. The new algorithm described here significantly reduces these drawbacks and is particularly notable for its simplicity; it is reproduced here, in full, on a single page. After we describe the algorithm, we compare its performance and fidelity with some prevalent methods. Although presented here for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) data, the algorithm is robust and extensible to any other wavelengths (e.g., X-rays) where the DEM treatment is valid.
description: 20 Pages with Appendices, 8 Figures, Submitted to ApJ
BIODIVERSITY AND NATURE-BASED TOURISM: THE POTENTIAL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN UGANDA
Creators: name: Naidoo, Robin
name: Adamowicz, Wiktor L.
name: Naidoo, Robin
name: Adamowicz, Wiktor L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Land Economics/Use
Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: The benefits of nature-based tourism to biodiversity conservation are often presumed but rarely quantified. The relative value placed on attributes of nature parks is unknown, as is the contribution of biodiversity to tourists' willingness to visit a particular protected area. We surveyed tourists and foreign residents in Uganda to determine how preferences for particular protected areas are formed. We evaluated tourists' demand for elevated biodiversity levels (increased numbers of bird species seen), relative to other protected areas attributes. As the number of bird species increased, tourists demonstrated increased willingness to visit a protected area, independently of all other factors. We used these results to evaluate a revenue-maximising park management strategy, and consider how revenues from nature-based tourism compare to those from local agricultural land-uses.
Choice Environment, Market Complexity and Consumer Behavior: A Theoretical and Empirical Approach for Incorporating Decision Complexity into Models of Consumer Choice
Creators: name: Swait, Joffre
name: Adamowicz, Wiktor L.
name: Swait, Joffre
name: Adamowicz, Wiktor L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Institutional and Behavioral Economics
subject: choice modeling
subject: random utility
subject: choice context

description: Most empirical models of consumer choice assume that the decision-maker assesses all alternatives and information in a perfect information processing sense. The complexity of the choice environment, the ability of the individual to make complex decisions and the effect of choice context on the decision strategy, are generally not considered in statistical model development. One of the reasons for this omission is that theoretical literature on choice complexity and imperfect ability to choose has not been translated into empirical methods that permit such considerations in econometric analysis. In this paper we outline a theoretical model that considers task complexity, effort applied by the consumer, ability to choose, and choice. We then construct a measure of task complexity and incorporate this in a random utility model. We employ this model in the analysis of a number of data series. Our findings suggest that task complexity does affect inferences about choice model parameters and that context effects, like complexity, have a systematic effect on the parameters of econometric models of choice. Not accounting for complexity or context effects will result in significant bias in the estimated preference parameters.
58. Einstein crosses
Creators: name: Perryman, Michael
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022

description: Amongst the 500,000 quasars being observed by Gaia, and the several hundred showing multiple gravitationally lensed images, we take a more detailed look at the curious quadruple-imaged quasars, how they arise, how they are being discovered in the Gaia data, and what they might tell us about black holes, dark matter, and the Hubble constant.
Electronic structure, electron-phonon coupling and superconductivity of isotypic noncentrosymmetric crystals Li$_2$Pd$_3$B and Li$_2$Pt$_3$B
Creators: name: Bose, S. K.
name: Zijlstra, E. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Electronic structure of recently discovered isotypic ternary borides Li$_2$Pd$_3$B and Li$_2$Pt$_3$B, with noncentrosymmetric crystal structures, is studied with a view to understanding their superconducting properties. Estimates of the Fermi-surface averaged electron-phonon matrix element and Hopfield parameter are obtained in the rigid ion approximation of Gaspari and Gyorffy [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 28} (1972) 801]. The contribution of the lithium atoms to the electron-phonon coupling is found to be negligible, while both boron and palladium atoms contribute equally strongly to the Hopfield parameter. There is a significant transfer of charge from lithium, almost the entire valence charge, to the B-Pd(Pt) complex. The electronic structure and superconducting properties of Li$_2$Pd$_3$B, thus, can be understood from the viewpoint of the compound being composed of a connected array of B-Pd tetrahedra decoupled from the backbone of Li atoms, which are connected by relatively short bonds. Our results suggest that conventional s-wave electron-phonon interaction without explicit consideration of SO coupling can explain qualitatively the observed $T_c$ in Li$_2$Pd$_3$B. However, such an approach is likely to fail to describe superconductivity in Li$_2$Pt$_3$B.
description: 14 pages, 4 figures An erroneous statement following Eq. 6 in version 1 has been deleted. A statement regarding the possible inadequacy of Eq. 6 has been added following Eq. 6. At two places in the discussion Refs. 37,39 has been changed to 37-39, as it should be
Cost and Efficiency in Alberta Dairy Production
Creators: name: Richards, Timothy J.
name: Jeffrey, Scott R.
name: Richards, Timothy J.
name: Jeffrey, Scott R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1996
Subjects: Livestock Production/Industries

description: This study investigates the relationships between farm size, milk yield, cost of production, and technical efficiency in the Alberta dairy industry. Estimates of a stochastic production frontier are obtained with two alternative methods; an iterative "average frontier: (AF) procedure and a maximum-likelihood composed error (CE) term method. An index of technical efficiency is calculated for every herd in the sample, with the AF method resulting in an average efficiency ratio of 85 percent, and the CE method producing an average efficiency ratio of 83 percent. Regressions of production cost on milk output, herd size, and efficiency are used to test for the effects of size economies, yield economies, and technical efficiency on production cost. These results suggest that herd expansion, on average, would lower the average cost of production throughout the province. Romain and Lambert use a similar method in a study of Quebec and Ontario dairy farmers which shows a limited potential to exploit economies of herd size. While not a formal test of the similarity of the two industries, the results of this study indicate a significant difference between the optimal structure of dairy production in Alberta and Quebec. Such regional differences will have important implications for the possible reapportionment of the national milk market, whether by regulatory or free-market mechanisms.