Dense Nuclear Matter Equation of State from Heavy-Ion Collisions
Creators: name: Sorensen, Agnieszka
name: Agarwal, Kshitij
name: Brown, Kyle W.
name: Chajęcki, Zbigniew
name: Danielewicz, Paweł
name: Drischler, Christian
name: Gandolfi, Stefano
name: Holt, Jeremy W.
name: Kaminski, Matthias
name: Ko, Che-Ming
name: Kumar, Rohit
name: Li, Bao-An
name: Lynch, William G.
name: McIntosh, Alan B.
name: Newton, William G.
name: Pratt, Scott
name: Savchuk, Oleh
name: Stefaniak, Maria
name: Tews, Ingo
name: Tsang, ManYee Betty
name: Vogt, Ramona
name: Wolter, Hermann
name: Zbroszczyk, Hanna
name: Abbasi, Navid
name: Aichelin, Jörg
name: Andronic, Anton
name: Bass, Steffen A.
name: Becattini, Francesco
name: Blaschke, David
name: Bleicher, Marcus
name: Blume, Christoph
name: Bratkovskaya, Elena
name: Brown, B. Alex
name: Brown, David A.
name: Camaiani, Alberto
name: Casini, Giovanni
name: Chatziioannou, Katerina
name: Chbihi, Abdelouahad
name: Colonna, Maria
name: Cozma, Mircea Dan
name: Dexheimer, Veronica
name: Dong, Xin
name: Dore, Travis
name: Du, Lipei
name: Dueñas, José A.
name: Elfner, Hannah
name: Florkowski, Wojciech
name: Fujimoto, Yuki
name: Furnstahl, Richard J.
name: Gade, Alexandra
name: Galatyuk, Tetyana
name: Gale, Charles
name: Geurts, Frank
name: Gramegna, Fabiana
name: Grozdanov, Sašo
name: Hagel, Kris
name: Harris, Steven P.
name: Haxton, Wick
name: Heinz, Ulrich
name: Heller, Michal P.
name: Hen, Or
name: Hergert, Heiko
name: Herrmann, Norbert
name: Huang, Huan Zhong
name: Huang, Xu-Guang
name: Ikeno, Natsumi
name: Inghirami, Gabriele
name: Jankowski, Jakub
name: Jia, Jiangyong
name: Jiménez, José C.
name: Kapusta, Joseph
name: Kardan, Behruz
name: Karpenko, Iurii
name: Keane, Declan
name: Kharzeev, Dmitri
name: Kugler, Andrej
name: Fèvre, Arnaud Le
name: Lee, Dean
name: Liu, Hong
name: Lisa, Michael A.
name: Llope, William J.
name: Lombardo, Ivano
name: Lorenz, Manuel
name: Marchi, Tommaso
name: McLerran, Larry
name: Mosel, Ulrich
name: Motornenko, Anton
name: Müller, Berndt
name: Napolitani, Paolo
name: Natowitz, Joseph B.
name: Nazarewicz, Witold
name: Noronha, Jorge
name: Noronha-Hostler, Jacquelyn
name: Odyniec, Grażyna
name: Papakonstantinou, Panagiota
name: Paulínyová, Zuzana
name: Piekarewicz, Jorge
name: Pisarski, Robert D.
name: Plumberg, Christopher
name: Prakash, Madappa
name: Randrup, Jørgen
name: Ratti, Claudia
name: Rau, Peter
name: Reddy, Sanjay
name: Schmidt, Hans-Rudolf
name: Russotto, Paolo
name: Ryblewski, Radoslaw
name: Schäfer, Andreas
name: Schenke, Björn
name: Sen, Srimoyee
name: Senger, Peter
name: Seto, Richard
name: Shen, Chun
name: Sherrill, Bradley
name: Singh, Mayank
name: Skokov, Vladimir
name: Spaliński, Michał
name: Steinheimer, Jan
name: Stephanov, Mikhail
name: Stroth, Joachim
name: Sturm, Christian
name: Sun, Kai-Jia
name: Tang, Aihong
name: Torrieri, Giorgio
name: Trautmann, Wolfgang
name: Verde, Giuseppe
name: Vovchenko, Volodymyr
name: Wada, Ryoichi
name: Wang, Fuqiang
name: Wang, Gang
name: Werner, Klaus
name: Xu, Nu
name: Xu, Zhangbu
name: Yee, Ho-Ung
name: Yennello, Sherry
name: Yin, Yi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The nuclear equation of state (EOS) is at the center of numerous theoretical and experimental efforts in nuclear physics. With advances in microscopic theories for nuclear interactions, the availability of experiments probing nuclear matter under conditions not reached before, endeavors to develop sophisticated and reliable transport simulations to interpret these experiments, and the advent of multi-messenger astronomy, the next decade will bring new opportunities for determining the nuclear matter EOS, elucidating its dependence on density, temperature, and isospin asymmetry. Among controlled terrestrial experiments, collisions of heavy nuclei at intermediate beam energies (from a few tens of MeV/nucleon to about 25 GeV/nucleon in the fixed-target frame) probe the widest ranges of baryon density and temperature, enabling studies of nuclear matter from a few tenths to about 5 times the nuclear saturation density and for temperatures from a few to well above a hundred MeV, respectively. Collisions of neutron-rich isotopes further bring the opportunity to probe effects due to the isospin asymmetry. However, capitalizing on the enormous scientific effort aimed at uncovering the dense nuclear matter EOS, both at RHIC and at FRIB as well as at other international facilities, depends on the continued development of state-of-the-art hadronic transport simulations. This white paper highlights the essential role that heavy-ion collision experiments and hadronic transport simulations play in understanding strong interactions in dense nuclear matter, with an emphasis on how these efforts can be used together with microscopic approaches and neutron star studies to uncover the nuclear EOS.
description: White paper prepared for the 2023 Long Range Plan. v3: Updated version as published in Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. Note: the published version does not include the executive summary; in the updated arXiv version, the executive summary is included as an appendix. v4: Corrected list of authors