Apodera angatakere angatakere (Brehm 1928
Creators: name: Duckert, Clément
name: Blandenier, Quentin
name: McKeown, Michelle
name: Hohaia, Holden
name: Luketa, Stefan
name: Wilmshurst, Janet
name: Lara, Enrique
name: Mitchell, Edward A. D.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Protozoa
Amoebozoa
Lobosa
Arcellinida
Nebelidae
Apodera
Apodera angatakere

description: Taxonomic status of <i>Apodera angatakere</i> (<i>Nebela penardi)</i> <i>Apodera angatakere</i> was first briefly reported as <i>Nebela penardi</i> in a publication focusing mostly on copepods (Brehm, 1928). Only two drawings were shown (Figure 2D) and no indication of size or scale was provided. Brehm had sent a moss sample containing testate amoebae to Eugène Penard who described the finding as follows: “It is similar to <i>Nebela vas</i> Certes (now <i>Apodera vas</i>), but differs therefrom in that the shell possesses a broad, hollow, and characteristic keel, which is always present and might well be regarded as a sufficient character to distinguish a new species. Ihave not been able to identify it with any known species.” (Brehm, 1928). As a result, Brehm proposed to name the species <i>Nebela penardi</i>. To our knowledge there is no further mention of this species in the scientific literature and the species has been overlooked since then. Notably, Deflandre did not mention it in his 1936 monograph of the genus <i>Nebela</i> (Deflandre, 1936). Moreover, at the time of its description, the name <i>Nebela penardi</i> Brehm, 1928 was preoccupied by <i>Nebela penardi</i> Heinis, 1914. It is therefore a junior homonym of this species, which implies that <i>Nebela penardi</i> Brehm was unavailable and thus invalid. As there is no known synonym for this taxon, we therefore rename it in agreement with ICZN article 60.3, and as we transfer it to a new genus both a new generic name and a new species epithet are required. Furthermore, as a side note, Heinis (Heinis, 1914) used the name <i>Nebela penardi</i> to erroneously rename a taxon that, according to Deflandre (1936), corresponds to <i>Nebela martiali</i> (now <i>Certesella martiali</i>). <i>Nebela penardi</i> Heinis is therefore a junior synonym of <i>Certesella martiali</i>. Avery similar species was described under the name <i>Nebela kenyana</i> by Didier Chardez from mountain lakes in Kenya at over 4000 m a.s.l. (Chardez, 1982). This species has a similar size and overall morphology including a hollow keel surrounding the fundus of the test and a distinct neck with swollen sides. However, it lacks the characteristic constriction at the base of the neck which defines <i>Apodera</i> and, in that, it is more similar to genus <i>Padaungiella</i>. Choice of a species name—an iterative process involving the M&amp;amacr;ori Language Commission The choice of a name was an iterative process involving all authors in collaboration with Te Taura Whiri Ite Reo M&amp;amacr;ori. We aimed to find a species name that would be appropriate for the organism and ideally reflect the specific morphology which could be described in general words as a flattened gourd with a constriction at the base of the neck and a hollow “keel.” We also aimed to represent the Mauri (life force) of this unique species that was named by M&amp;amacr;ori for them as kaitiaki (guardian) of Aotearoa (New Zealand). The options considered were: 1. An amoeba with a hard shell. According to the Reed Dictionary of Modern M&amp;amacr;ori, the word “amoeba” is translated as “p&amp;umacr;ora hurik&amp;emacr;” and a “hard shell” is translated as “anga.” Combining the two with the word “whai” meaning “in possession of” leads to the name “P&amp;umacr;ora hurik&amp;emacr; whaianga.” 2. Considering that a shelled amoeba is analogous to a miniature snail, the second option was “A snail with a keellike shell.” Snail and keel being respectively translated as “ngata” and “takere,” this would then form “Ngata anga whaitakere.” 3. An amoeba with a keel-like hull: P&amp;umacr;ora anga whaitakere. 4. An amoeba with a keel: P&amp;umacr;ora whaitakere. 5. Ashell with a keel: Anga whaitakere. The fifth option was chosen both for the way it sounded and the fact that the name would describe well the morphology of the amoeba. However, in a final discussion, Mr. Ngahiwi Apanui from the M&amp;amacr;ori Language Commission suggested that the “whai” could be dropped to shorten the name. The final chosen name was then «Angatakere», to be pronounced ae&amp;eng;aetɑkɛrɛ (AN-GAH-TAH-KEH-REH). Implications for biodiversity estimates and conservation It is estimated that 10% of the New Zealand mainland was covered by wetlands before human arrival around 780 cal. Yr BP (Ausseil et al., 2011; McGlone, 2009), and while testate amoebae were too small to be recognized by M&amp;amacr;ori until the introduction of the microscope, the wetland habitats that supported these organisms were highly valued by M&amp;amacr;ori for centuries, as mahinga kai/hauanga kai (food gathering areas), rongo&amp;amacr; (gathering plants for medicinal use) and for material resources. Wetland extent was minimally affected by early M&amp;amacr;ori settlers, although extensive deforestation of dryland forest by burning transformed the landscape (Argiriadis et al., 2018; McWethy et al., 2010; Perry et al., 2014). Wetland loss rapidly accelerated after European arrival in the 1800s, largely for agricultural development, and is now only 10% of the original extent (Ausseil et al., 2011). It is estimated that the 250,000 ha of wetlands that remain are under increasing pressure from drainage, area loss, fragmentation, grazing, fire, pollution, and climate change (Meyer et al., 2013; Robertson et al., 2019). The fact that we can still find novel diversity or diversity that has been very poorly described in such habitats makes them even more precious and worthier of conservation. Describing the still mostly unknown diversity of protists requires a major effort in basic taxonomy (Heger et al., 2014). The magnitude of land-use changes and natural habitat destruction occurring throughout the world and the now well-established existence of restricted geographical distribution patterns in free-living protists (Foissner, 2008) implies that a large proportion of protist diversity will likely disappear before it can be described, and thus the conservation of protists should indeed be a priority (Cotterill et al., 2008; Qin et al., 2016). <i>Apodera angatakere</i> is a highly conspicuous genus of testate amoeba and has to date only been found in New Zealand. Large species are more likely to have restricted geographical distribution as shown empirically for terrestrial and subaquatic testate amoebae in the southern temperate and Antarctic zones (Wilkinson, 1994), at the global scale (Wilkinson, 2001; Yang et al., 2010) and confirmed by an atmospheric circulation modeling study (Wilkinson et al., 2012). Given its large size it is likely an endemic taxon and as such could represent the first documented microbial species for which New Zealand has a conservation responsibility at the global scale. <i>Apodera angatakere</i> could therefore be considered as a flagship species for microbial biogeography and conservation. Todiscover, or not to discover: that is the question Columbus thought he had discovered a new world hitherto unknown to Europeans. But it was later established that the Vikings had already made this discovery before him. And of course, the sheer notion of this major discovery disregarded the fact that native populations had already colonized the Americas millennia before Europeans were even able to conceive of the idea of sailing across the ocean. This history is mirrored in the story of <i>Apodera angatakere</i>: Just like Columbus one of us (EM) thought he had discovered a new species only to be brought to the attention by another one of us (SL) that it had been previously described in a publication on microcrustaceans which had escaped the attention of previous researchers studying testate amoebae in New Zealand. But just as the Vikings did not establish a permanent settlement in America, Brehm's discovery was lost to science, or almost so. The microbial world remains unknown for most of the people but charismatic groups such as testate amoebae are useful as messengers of the invisible dimension of nature's wonders and our impact on the biosphere. The fact that <i>A</i>. <i>angatakere</i> is known only from New Zealand and is restricted to ecosystems that have been almost entirely destroyed since European colonization is a perfect illustration of the fact that many species are being lost before we even have a chance to describe them. Taxonomic actions Taxonomic summary: Amorphea Adl et al. 2021 Amoebozoa Lühe 1913, sensu Cavalier-Smith 1998 Tubulinea Smirnov et al. 2005 Elardia Kang et al. 2017 Arcellinida Kent 1880 Difflugina Meisterfeld 2002, sensu Kosakyan et al., 2016 Hyalospheniformes Lahr et al., 2019 Hyalospheniidae (Schultze 1877) Kosakyan et Lara 2012 <i>Apodera angatakere</i> (Brehm, 1928) Mitchell, Blandenier &amp; Duckert 2021 1928 <i>Nebela penardi</i> Brehm Icon: Brehm, 1928 Fig. 52 <i>Description:</i> Test composed of two clearly distinct parts, a subcircular, oval, or ellipsoidal, compressed posterior part (body) and a neck. The two parts separated by a deep constriction around the entire base of the neck. Sides of the neck straight to slightly concave with a bulge at the base in broad view. The margins of the neck sometimes compressed. Body almost circular. Dimensions based on 63 specimens: 53 individuals from Taranaki Maunga, North Island, four from the Old Ghost Road, South Island, and six from the Keppler Track, South Island: Length (min.– average–max.): 186–208–226 µm, width: 120–148–167 µm, pseudostome: 39–44–50 µm. Circa 80 µm in breadth. <i>Etymology:</i> In the M&amp;amacr;ori language “angatakere” can be translated to “a keeled shell,” referring to the conspicuous keel present on the outline of the test. <i>Neotype:</i> Brehm did not preserve any specimen, and the original type material is only represented by two simple drawings without indication of size. Because small variations in the morphology of the test can be used to distinguish closely related species, only high magnification microphotographs can be used to accurately represent a species and reliably distinguish it from taxa yet to be described (Duckert et al., 2020; Kosakyan et al., 2016). For this reason, we designate the specimen in pictures Figure 2E as the neotype. As we were unable to find unfractured tests at the previous type locality (Margaret's tarn, Mt. Rolleston near Arthur's pass, New Zealand South Island) the neotype has been designated among a population from Taranaki Maunga, New Zealand's North Island. However, tests from the previous type locality and the ones from Taranaki Maunga were similar in all points. Apermanent slide has been deposited at the Natural History Museum of Neuchâtel (Switzerland) with the ID 95-1. <i>New type locality:</i> Ahukawakawa swamp, along the Pouakai crossing trail, on the saddle between Taranaki Maunga and Pouakai Hut, New Zealand's North Island. Coord: −39.255058°, 174.043106°, Elevation: 921 m a.s.l. <i>Geographical distribution:</i> Known from New Zealand North and South Islands and Auckland Island. Likely also Campbell and Chatham Islands. We did not find it in Macquarie Island where all <i>Apodera</i> specimens lacked the characteristic hollow keel. <i>Habitat: Sphagnum</i> and brown mosses in peatlands and alpine wetlands in New Zealand's North and South Islands, mosses in low <i>Metrosideros</i> forest (Auckland Island). <i>Remarks:</i> We did not succeed in obtaining DNA sequences from material collected from the previous type locality (Margaret's tarn, Mt. Rolleston near Arthur's pass, New Zealand South Island) and found only fractured test unfit to be designated as the neotype, we thus chose a specimen from Taranaki Maunga, New Zealand's North Island as the neotype. Given that 13 distinct molecular clades were recorded within <i>Hyalosphenia papilio</i>, a common but smaller species commonly found in Holarctic <i>Sphagnum</i> peatlands (Heger et al., 2013; Singer et al., 2019), it is possible that several cryptic or pseudo-cryptic species exist within <i>A</i>. <i>angatakere</i> and that specimens from Margaret's tarn constitute a distinct species. If this were the case a new species would need to be described from Margaret's tarn, New Zealand South Island with its own type locality. The Auckland Island record is based only on microscopic observation (not illustrated) and is considered valid given the characteristic morphology. Nevertheless, it would need to be further confirmed by molecular data. Three COI gene sequences of <i>Apodera angatakere</i> and <i>Apodera vas</i> (352–655 bp) were deposited in GenBank under the number MZ615186–MZ615188 and MZ615189–MZ615191, respectively. <i>ZooBank registration number:</i> urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:921D8CE1-EF0F-4839-B264-97ED438B5694.
description: Published as part of <i>Duckert, Clément, Blandenier, Quentin, McKeown, Michelle, Hohaia, Holden, Luketa, Stefan, Wilmshurst, Janet, Lara, Enrique &amp; Mitchell, Edward A. D., 2021, Superficially described and ignored for 92 years, rediscovered and emended: Apodera angatakere (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida: Hyalospheniformes) is a new flagship testate amoeba taxon from Aotearoa (New Zealand), pp. 1-13 in The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology (e 12867) (e 12867) 68 (6)</i> on pages 8-10, DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12867, http://zenodo.org/record/5643763
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