Phymatoceropsis Rohwer 1916
Creators: name: Liston, Andrew
name: Mutanen, Marko
name: Heidemaa, Mikk
name: Blank, Stephan M.
name: Kiljunen, Niina
name: Taeger, Andreas
name: Viitasaari, Matti
name: Vikberg, Veli
name: Wutke, Saskia
name: Prous, Marko
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Tenthredinidae
Phymatoceropsis

description: Phymatoceropsis Rohwer, 1916 Phymatoceropsis Rohwer, 1916: 107-109. Type species: Phymatoceropsis fulvocincta Rohwer, 1916, by original designation. Dicrostema Benson, 1952: 97-98, 101. Type species: Selandria gracilicornis Zaddach, 1859, by original designation. Smith (1969): synonymy with Paracharactus. syn. nov. Description. Antennal flagellomeres proportionately narrow; flagellomere 1 3.2-4.7 × as long as distal width; the basal flagellomeres not widening distally, and setae normal (not long and coarse as in <i>Phymatocera</i>). Outer orbit with pronounced groove behind nearly whole length of eye. Postgenal carina developed slightly below eye (clearly in <i>P. sibiricola</i>, but very weakly in <i>P. gracilicornis</i>). Posterior of mesoscutellum with some conspicuous pits. Epicnemium variably developed, e.g. present in <i>P. sibiricola</i>, absent in <i>P. gracilicornis</i>. Claws with a small to minute inner tooth. Stub of 2A + 3A (Astatus analis) of fore wings straight, curved towards anterior, or furcate at apex; hind wing with enclosed cell M. Diagnosis. <i>Phymatoceropsis</i> can be distinguished from <i>Rhadinoceraea</i> by its proportionately narrower flagellomeres (flagellomere 1 3.2-4.7 × as long as distal width in <i>Phymatoceropsis</i>, 2.6-3.1 × as long as distal width in <i>Rhadinoceraea</i>); basal flagellomeres not distally widened (widened in <i>Rhadinoceraea</i>); outer orbit with pronounced groove behind whole length of eye (in <i>Rhadinoceraea</i>, if a groove is present, then this is behind only part of the eye. <i>Phymatoceropsis</i> differs from <i>Lagonis</i> in its mainly smooth mesepisternum (upper mesepisternum of <i>Lagonis</i> with numerous, large, crater-like pits). <i>Phymatoceropsis</i> can be separated from <i>Paracharactus</i> (based on North American species and the European <i>P. hyalinus</i>) by the mesoscutellum having at least a row of deep, well-defined pits on the posterior part (mesoscutellum entirely without pits in <i>Paracharactus</i>). Although in all examined specimens of <i>Phymatoceropsis</i> the stub of 2A + 3A of the fore wing is apically furcate (as is also usual in <i>Rhadinoceraea</i>), and in most specimens of various Nearctic <i>Paracharactus</i> and the European <i>P. hyalinus</i> (Konow, 1886) (Konow 1886a) the apex of 2A + 3A is straight, in some individuals of Nearctic <i>Paracharactus</i> species, as already noted by Smith (1969), it is furcate / curved strongly upwards, e.g. in <i>P. rudis</i> (Norton, 1861). Comments. The phylogeny of the Blennocampinae (Fig. 27) requires additional study, including analysis of genetic data obtained from a larger number of taxa. The large number of genus names currently in use as valid (Taeger et al. 2010 listed over 100), and their often weak morphological characterization, lead us to suspect that significant “oversplitting” may have occurred. However, at present it seems reasonable to retain <i>Phymatoceropsis</i> as valid, and to place <i>P. sibiricola</i> and <i>P. gracilicornis</i> there. The synonymy of <i>Phymatoceropsis</i> and <i>Dicrostema</i> is based on the close genetic similarity of the type species of <i>Dicrostema</i> to <i>Phymatoceropsis sibiricola</i>, and because these two species possess the same combination of characters exhibited by other <i>Phymatoceropsis</i> species, including its type species. The host plant ranges of lineages of the Phymatocerini may correlate to a certain degree with their phylogeny. As far as is known, <i>Rhadinoceraea</i> species are attached to Iridaceae and Liliaceae (Smith 1969), and <i>Phymatoceropsis</i> species to Adoxaceae, i.e. <i>P. gracilicornis</i> on <i>Adoxa</i>, and <i>P. japonica</i> and <i>P. sibiricola</i> on <i>Sambucus</i>. Interestingly, <i>Sambucus</i> species are also the hosts of <i>Lagonis nevadensis</i>, and <i>L. opacicollis</i>, which genetically also group with <i>Phymatoceropsis</i>, albeit with weak statistical support (Fig. 27). Unfortunately, the hosts of <i>Paracharactus</i> species are not known for certain. Smith (1969) reasoned that North American species might be attached to <i>Carex</i>, based on a tentative identification of a larva, whereas Lacourt (1985) speculated that the West Palaearctic <i>P. hyalinus</i> feeds on <i>Ranunculus aconitifolius</i> and <i>R. platanifolius</i>, without presenting any supporting data or observations. On the other hand, Okutani (1967) recorded the East Palaearctic <i>Paracharactus leucopodus</i> Rohwer, 1910 from <i>Smilax</i> (Liliales, Smilacaceae), but confirmation of this would be desirable. Both European <i>Phymatoceropsis</i> species are univoltine, as are probably nearly all Phymatocerini. Possible exceptions are <i>Eurhadinoceraea ventralis</i> (Severin 1997) and <i>Phymatocera aterrima</i> (Chevin and Silvestre de Sacy 2001), but the prolonged phenological periods of activity recorded for these species may be the result of polymodal emergence of adults, rather than true plurivoltinism.
description: Published as part of <i>Liston, Andrew, Mutanen, Marko, Heidemaa, Mikk, Blank, Stephan M., Kiljunen, Niina, Taeger, Andreas, Viitasaari, Matti, Vikberg, Veli, Wutke, Saskia &amp; Prous, Marko, 2022, Taxonomy and nomenclature of some Fennoscandian Sawflies, with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera, Symphyta), pp. 151-218 in Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 69 (2)</i> on page 151, DOI: 10.3897/dez.69.84080
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