Timescales of magma residence and transport underneath Iceland
Creators: name: Mutch, Euan James Forsyth
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Iceland
subject: Magma
subject: Volcanology
subject: Petrology
subject: Geology
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Earth Sciences
subject: Olivine
subject: Plagioclase
subject: Spinel
subject: DFENS
subject: Timescales
subject: Basalt
subject: FEniCS
subject: MulitNest
subject: Crust
subject: Mantle
subject: Modelling
subject: SIMS
subject: EPMA
subject: Finite element
subject: Bayesian inversion
subject: Laki
subject: Borgarhraun
subject: Skuggafjöll
subject: Bárðarbunga
subject: Grímsvötn
subject: Geothermobarometry
subject: Mineral
subject: Picrite
subject: Theistareykir
subject: Tephra
subject: Lava
subject: Mush
subject: Zoning
subject: Eruption
subject: Disequilibrium
subject: Crystal clocks
subject: EBSD
subject: BSE
subject: EDS
subject: QEMSCAN
subject: Tholeiite
subject: Volcano
subject: Magma residence
subject: Magma ascent
subject: Magma storage
subject: Geospeedometry
subject: Igneous
subject: Diffusion chronometry
subject: Mafic

description: The focus of this thesis is the development and application of a new method of diffusion chronometry known as DFENS (Diffusion chronometry using Finite Elements and Nested Sampling). This method combines a flexible finite element numerical model with a nested sampling Bayesian inversion to provide robust uncertainty estimates and account for observations from multiple elements within a single phase, or multiple phases. In this thesis, the DFENS methodology is applied to three eruptions from Iceland with different compositions and storage depths in order to characterise the timescales of pre-eruptive residence and transport: the Skuggafjöll eruption, Bárðarbunga volcanic system; the Borgahraun eruption, Theistareykir volcanic system; and the Laki eruption, Grímsvötn volcanic sytem. These findings are then synthesised within an Icelandic and global framework. The Skuggafjöll eruption contains zoned macrocrysts of olivine and plagioclase that record a shared magamatic history of growth from trace element depleted melts followed by sequestration in a crystal mush environment and then entrainment into a trace element enriched melt prior to eruption. Equilibrated plagioclase core Mg profiles suggest storage in a mush that was colder than the original primitive liquid, but hotter than the final carrier liquid. Olivine and plagioclase DFENS models indicate that mush disaggregation and mixing took place approximately 1 year before eruption. Petrological observations have shown the monognetic Borgarhraun eruption was fed by mixed primary magmas that ponded near the Moho (approximately 24 km depth). Diffusion chronometry conducted on olivine macrocrysts show that crystal entrainment into the carrier-liquid took place approximately 13 days before eruption with some crystals having residence times of less than 5 days. This is the first estimate of Moho to surface transport times anywhere on the global spreading ridge system and implies a rapid connection between the lower and upper crust with melt transport rates of 0.01 to 0.06 m s$^{-1}$. Spinel crystals contained in Borgarhraun wehrlite nodules are zoned in Cr and Al. The core composition and degree of disequilibrium observed in the spinel crystals within each nodule correlates with their size suggesting diffusion is responsible for the zoning. Diffusive exchange in these spinels is primarily driven by cooling and exchange with the interstitial mush liquid. 2D diffusion modelling of Cr-Al exchange in the spinels indicates that the crystal mush was stored for approximately 1500 years. This is the first direct estimate of the storage times of primary magmas in the lower crust and for active basaltic mushes in general. The Laki eruption contains several populations of plagioclase crystals within its crystal cargo. Those with oscillatory zoned mantles and high-anorthite cores are equilibrated in terms of their Mg content and indicate storage in a mush environment that was colder than the final carrier liquid. Large equilibrated crystals of 3 mm diameter indicate minimum storage times under these conditions of 2100 years. Crystals with simpler zoned mantles have Mg core disequilibria that record diffusion timescales of 60 to 150 years before eruption. It is likely that the Laki crystal cargo was incrementally assembled over a protracted period of time. Diffusion timescales of final entrainment for olivine and plagioclase macrocrysts from different eruptive fissures are typically less than 20 days, which is shorter than the average interval between eruptive episodes, and supports the concept of pulsed mush disaggregation throughout the eruption. Combined, the observations and modelling results of this thesis suggest there is a dichotomy in the temporal evolution of basaltic systems. Long-term crystal storage in colder mush environments on the order of hundreds to thousands of years throughout the crust are interspersed with periods of rapid magma transport (days to weeks).
description: Funded by a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Cambridge Doctoral Training Partnership studentship awarded to Euan J. F. Mutch (NE/L002507/1).