Felicia douglasii J. C. Manning & Magee 2018, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Manning, J. C.
name: Magee, A. R.
name: Boatwright, J. S.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Asterales
Asteraceae
Felicia
Felicia douglasii

description: Felicia douglasii J.C.Manning & Magee, sp. nov.
Type: South Africa, Eastern Cape, Willowmore (3323): Baviaanskloof Mountains, Speekhout farm, ‘ Die watergat’, on steep rocky slopes either side of the waterfall and rock pool, 835 m, (− DB), 8 Oct 2016, D. Euston-Brown 5035 (NBG, holo.).
Erect, single-stemmed, diffusely twiggy shrub to 1.5 m, stems slen- der, well-branched above, branches ascending, leafy distally but leafless below, young branches puberulous-scabridulous, 0.7–1.0 mm diam., maroon. Leaves alternate, spreading to slightly deflexed, petiolate, blade narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 9–20 × 2–4 mm, apiculate-uncinate, subglabrous but glandular-puberulous adaxially along midrib, sometimes only towards base, margins recurved, scabridulous, obscurely trinerved from base, midrib impressed above and raised beneath, lateral veins inconspicuous, thinly leathery, apple green above but paler beneath, petiole 2–4 mm long. Capitula 1 to 3 in small terminal and axillary corymbs clustered at the branch tips forming corymbose synflorescences of up to ±20 capitula, peduncles filiform, 10–17 mm long, puberulous, maroon; involucre campanulate, ± 4 mm diam., involucral bracts 4-seriate, lanceolate, glabrous but ciliate distally and apically, uni-nerved with resinous vittae, inner two series 3–4 × 0.5–0.8 mm, margins narrowly hyaline, outer two series much smaller, 1–2 mm long. Ray fl orets 7 to 11, female-fertile, limb narrowly elliptic, white or pale pink with pale blue reverse, 5–6 × 1.5 mm. Disc fl orets numerous, hermaphrodite, corolla whitish with purple throat and yellow lobes, ± 3 mm long, lower part of tube sparsely puberulous, ± 1.5 mm long, upper part glabrous, ±1.0 mm long, lobes recurved, 0.5 mm long, glabrous or with a few glandular hairs. Anther bases obtuse, apical appendages narrowly lanceolate. Style branches with short triangular appendage. Cypselas obovate, 2.0–2.5 × 1.0– 1.5 mm, glabrous, glossy dark reddish brown, margins thickened and sometimes paler; pappus bristles numerous, subequal, ± 3 mm long, barbellate, deciduous, whitish. Flowering time: September to October. (Fig. 1).
Distribution and ecology: Felicia douglasii is currently known from three populations in the Kouga and Baviaanskloof Mountains (Fig. 2) at the eastern end of the Core Cape Floristic Region in the Eastern Cape, South Africa (Manning and Goldblatt, 2012). It is an element of Kouga Sandstone Fynbos and Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006), and the plants seem to prefer steep, well shaded, south- or southeast-facing slopes, on or at the base of rock slabs or cliffs, which form seepages after good rains. The collection from the Kouga Mountains is from near the top of the mountain at 1059 m altitude, in mesic mountain fynbos with Protea neriifolia R.Br. and Leucadendron eucalyptifolium H. Buek ex Meisn. abundant. The Bosrug collection in the Baviaanskloof Mountains is also from high in the mountains at 1082 m altitude, in a sheltered gully in more arid fynbos with Leucadendron nobile I. Williams, Protea repens (L.) L. and Protea lorifolia (Knight) Fourc. abundant. The Speekhout collection is from slightly lower altitude near the bottom of the mountain at 835 m altitude in the transition zone between Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos and Albany Thicket, on a steep south-facing slope in a sheltered gully, adjacent to a perennial mountain stream. The single-stemmed habit of the species is typical of plants that regenerate from seed.
Diagnosis and relationships: Felicia douglasii is a single stemmed, upright shrub to 1.5 m tall, with the leaves crowded at the end of the branches and the lower parts leafless, giving the plants a rather diffuse, twiggy look (Fig. 1A). The leaves are spreading or slightly deflexed and shortly petiolate with a narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate blade 9–20 × 2–4 mm, apiculate-uncinate with recurved, scabridulous margins but otherwise subglabrous although glandular-puberulous adaxially along the midrib, sometimes only towards base. The inflorescence is diagnostic for the species, with relatively small capitula in lax terminal and axillary corymbs clustered at the ends of the branches (Fig. 1B, C & E). The rays are white or pale pink with a pale blue reverse, and the disc florets are distinctive in having a purple throat and yellow lobes (Fig. 1D). The characteristic purple throat is present even in bud, and is thus not related to ageing of the florets. The cypselas are glabrous and smooth, and dark reddish brown in colour, with subequal, deciduous pappus bristles (Fig. 1F).
Four other species of Felicia are known with glabrous ray and disc cypselas, viz. F. aethiopica (Burm.f.) Bolus & Wolley-Dod ex Levyns, F. ebracteata Grau, F. ferulacea Compton and F. venusta S. Moore, but all are small shrubs up to 50 cm high with moderately large, solitary capitula with a biseriate involucre (Grau, 1973).
The relationships of Felicia douglasii are unclear. The shrubby habit, alternate leaves, and multiseriate involucre are plesiomorphic in Felicia but the corymbose synflorescences are unique for the genus, in which the capitula are ±solitary and only rarely somewhat aggregated at the ends of the branches, notably in sect. Anhebecarpaea DC. The glabrous cypselas are also unusual. Most species of Felicia have variously pubescent or sericeous cypselas, and species with glabrous cypselas are found in just two shrubby sections in the genus, viz.sect. Anhebecarpaea [F. echinata (Thunb.) Nees, F. nordenstamii Grau and F. westae (Fourc.) Grau] and sect. Felicia [F. aethiopica (Burm.f.) Bolus & Wolley-Dod ex Levyns, F. ebracteata Grau, F. ferulacea Compton and F. venusta S.Moore]. It is therefore possible that the relationships of F. douglasii lie with one of these two sections, although there are no evident close allies in either section.
The three species of sect. Anhebecarpaea have glabrous ray cypselas but scabridulous disc cypselas, and the section is further characterised by its imbricate foliage and large capitula aggregated in subcorymbose clusters at the branch tips, and persistent pappus on the cypselas. The capitula in F. douglasii are relatively small and the pappus is deciduous, posing problems for its inclusion here. Sect. Felicia, with 28 species, is rather broadly circumscribed without any evident apomorphies, and F. douglasii could be accommodated here, largely by default.
Felicia douglasii cannot be included in any of the other sections recognised by Grau (1973) due to significant morphological incongruences in habit (sects. Dracontium Grau, Lignofelicia Grau and Longistylus Grau), involucre (sect. Neodetris Grau) or style branches (sect. Longistylus). The white or pale pink rays with a pale blue reverse and the glabrous cypselas of F. douglasii are suggestive of the small genus Polyarrhena Cass. (Grau 1970), but that genus is diagnosed by an apomorphic apical collar on the cypselas which is lacking in F. douglasii. The distinctive varicoloured disc florets with purple throat and yellow lobes are not recorded in either Felicia or Polyarrhena, and molecular evidence will likely prove critical for clarifying the relationships of F. douglasii.
Conservation notes: The three known populations of the species, one in the Kouga Mountains and two in the Baviaanskloof Mountains, are estimated to number between 100 and 200 plants. However, we suspect that the inaccessibility of the habitat is the main reason for the species not having been collected before, and additional populations are likely to occur elsewhere as the habitat is quite prevalent in both mountain ranges. There has been very little disturbance by alien invasions or other factors, and we suggest that the species should be listed as Rare on the national red list (Raimondo et al. 2009) since there are no perceived threats.
2.2. Additional specimens seen
South Africa. EASTERN CAPE. 3323 (Willowmore): Baviaanskloof Mountains, Speekhout farm, “Die water gat”, on steep rocky slopes either side of the waterfall and rock pool, 835 m, (− DB), 14 Feb 2016 [fruit dispersed], D. Euston-Brown 4540 (NBG). 3324 (Steytlerville): Baviaanskloof Mountains, Bosrug 4 × 4 track to radio mast, below first shale band in SE facing gully, 1082 m, (–CA), 12 Oct 2016, D. Euston-Brown 5064 (NBG); Kouga Mountains, east of Kougakop, 200 m east from the top of Groot Kommandokloof, on the 4X4 track, 1059 m, (− CA), 25 Sept 2011, D. Euston-Brown 1357 (NBG); 20 Dec 2011 [fruit already dispersed], D. Euston-Brown 1696 (NBG).
description: Published as part of Manning, J. C., Magee, A. R. & Boatwright, J. S., 2018, Felicia douglasii (Asteraceae-Astereae), a distinctive new species from the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa ☆ *, pp. 188-191 in South African Journal of Botany 114 on pages 189-190, DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2017.11.005, http://zenodo.org/record/10496503