Argestes angolaensis George, 2008, sp. nov.
Creators: name: George, Kai Horst
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2008
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Maxillopoda
Harpacticoida
Argestidae
Argestes
Argestes angolaensis

description: Argestes angolaensis sp. nov.
Figures 2–14
Locus typicus. Northern Angola Basin, #346 (16°17.0’S, 05°27.0’E, depth: 5389m). Holotype (#346/5­12) (i.e. station 346, replicate no. 5, MUC core no. 12): female, placed on 11 slides, coll. nos. SMF 32027/1­11. Seven paratypes (PT) were put on slides and used for species description: PT1 (#346/8­1): female, coll. no. SMF 32028, PT2 (#346/8­2): female, coll. no. SMF 32029, PT3 (#346/8­7): female, fixed on 10 slides, coll. nos. SMF 32030/1­10, PT 4 (#346/8­5): female, put on 10 slides, coll. nos. SMF 32031/1­10, PT5 (#346/8­1): female, coll. no. SMF 32032, PT6 (#346/6­1): male, placed on 3 slides, coll. nos. SMF 32033/1­3, PT7 (#346/ 7­10): male, fixed on 8 slides, coll. no. SMF 32034/1­8. The remaining 90 specimens are preserved in alcohol and distributed in eight vials with respect to the corresponding MUC cores, coll. nos. SMF 32035–SMF 32042.
Female.
Habitus (Fig. 2 A, B) slender, body length including FR of approximately 545µm. Cphth less than 1/3 of total body length. Whole body densely covered with small spinules, except the P5­bearing thoracic somite, the second and the third abdominal somite, and the telson, which show fewer but bigger spinules. Body with several remarkably long sensilla arising from tubercles. In particular, the sensilla of the P5­bearing thoracic somite and abdominal somites are very long.
Telson (Fig. 3) as large as 2 preceding abdominal somites together, almost square from lateral view, but tapering slightly from dorsal/ventral view. Ventrally with a pair of small tube pores at inner margin close to FR, and with some strong spinules near the proximal margin. Anal operculum small, with row of spinules at its distal margin and accompanied by 2 sensillate tubercles.
FR (Fig. 3) long and slender, varying remarkably in length (cf. Figs 2 B, 3), and covered with many spinules of different sizes. All 7 setae concentrated at terminal part: I and II subterminally on outer margin, I smaller than II. III ventrally at terminal margin. IV and V largest setae, inserting terminally. VI as long as III, arising at the inner terminal margin. VII dorsally, arising from knob­like projection. Setae I–III and VI in many specimens of “rat­tail” appearance.
A1 (Fig. 4) 7­segmented, fifth segment smallest, all segments with several bare and bipinnate setae. Second segment at its posterior margin with few long spinules. Aes on fourth segment, arising together with 2 setae from protrusion. Sixth segment terminally with 1 very long bipinnate seta. Seventh segment terminally with small aes, and at posterior terminal margin with remarkable long seta. All segments covered with small spinules.
Setal formula: 1/1; 2/9; 3/7; 4/4 + aes; 5/2; 6/3; 7/11 + aes.
A2 (Figs 5 A, A’) with allobasis and 1­segmented exp bearing 1 bare seta and 3 long spinules. Enp and allobasis covered with small spinules. Enp laterally with 2 bipinnate setae, the second subterminal with tube pore. Terminally, enp carries 5 geniculate setae and 1 unipinnate seta. Subterminally with long tube pore, fused with longest seta.
Md (Fig. 6) with gnathobase (Fig. 6 A, A’) formed by several tooth­like projections. Subterminal seta not discernible. Md palp (Fig. 6 B) strong, covered with spinules, basis with 2 bipinnate setae. Enp 1segmented, with 1 outer bipinnate seta, additionally with 3 subterminal and 2 terminal bipinnate setae. Exp smaller than enp, with 1 outer and 2 terminal bipinnate setae.
Mxl (Fig. 5 B, B’) with distinct exp. Precoxal arthrite terminally with 6 spines, subterminally with another spine. At its proximal margin with 1 unipinnate seta, and on its surface with 2 bare setae. Coxa terminally with 3 setae. Basis terminally with 2 setae. Enp represented by 1 bare seta. Exp long and spinulose, terminally with 2 multipinnate setae.
Mx (Fig. 5 C) unfortunately broken at its distal part that is therefore not described. Syncoxa with 2 endites, the proximal one bearing 1 bare seta. Distal endite with 3 setae, the biggest one fused to segment, bipinnate. Basis fused to syncoxa, with 3 setae. Enp distinct, with 2 bare setae.
Mxp (Fig. 5 D) prehensile, syncoxa slightly shorter than basis, with many spinules of different sizes, distally with 2 long multipinnate setae. Basis covered with small spinules, additionally with 2 rows of long spinules. Enp produced into long unipinnate claw, with 1 bare seta at its base.
P1 (Fig. 7) with 3­segmented exp and enp. Coxa considerably bigger than basis, with several spinules and 1 row of setules at its outer margin. Intercoxal sclerite transversely long and bow­like. Basis with inner and outer spine, covered with small spinules and long setules at its inner margin. Both exp and enp covered with small spinules on anterior side. Exp1 without, exp2 with inner seta. Exp3 with 5 setae/spines, three of which are subterminal with tube pores. Enp1 and 2 with 1 inner seta each, enp3 with 2 terminal setae, the longer one subterminally with tube pore, and 1 outer spine. For setal formula see table 1.
P2–P4 (Figs. 8–10) with 3­segmented exps and enps. Coxae approximately 2.5 times bigger than bases, showing decreasing covering with small spinules from P2 to P4. Each coxa on outer side with 3 strong spinules. Bases much broader than long, exps and enps turned outwardly. Bases with outer spines, at inner margin with long setules, covered with small spinules as in coxae. Appendages covered with small spinules, in most specimens showing a decrease from P2 to P4 (but cf. Fig. 10 B: female P4!). Setation of exp and enp as in table 1. Exp3 as long as exp1 and exp2 together. Enps showing increasing length of segments, enp1 being the shortest, and enp3 the longest segment. As shown in Fig. 10 B, few females show a variability in the setation of P4 exp3 (as also in the covering with spinules). Instead of only 1, it bears 2 inner setae, the first being considerably smaller than the second.
TABLE 1: Argestes angolaensis sp. nov., female, setation of P1–P4 (no. outer spines in roman numbers).
P5 (Fig. 11 A) benps fused together, forming a single plate. Outer basal seta arising from moderately produced setophore. Endopodal lobe strongly reduced, represented by 1 longer biplumose and 1 shorter bare seta. Exp distinct, long and slender, with 2 outer, 2 terminal, and 1 inner seta. Additionally, outer distal margin with extremely long tube pore.
GF (Fig. 11 B) strongly cuticularized, with several small and long spinules surrounding the gonoporus. P6 reduced, detectable as paired small processes without setae, flanking the GF.
Male.
Habitus (Fig. 12 A, 13) smaller than female, body length including FR approximately 480µm. Coverage of body with small cuticular spinules not reaching density as in female. Tubercles bearing sensilla longer than in female.
A1 (Fig. 14 A, B) haplocer, 10­segmented. All segments except fifth and tenth with small spinules. Sixth segment with strong aes. Eighth segment additionally with tooth­like spinule. Ninth segment terminally with strong seta (broken in Fig. 14 B).
Setal formula: 1/1; 2/1; 3/6; 4/5; 5/2; 6/6+aes; 7/2; 8/3; 9/1; 10/11+aes.
P4 (Fig. 12 B) sexually dimorphic. General shape as in female, but exp3 always bears 2 well­developed inner setae.
P5 (Fig 11 C) exp distinct, shorter than in female, with 6 setae and 1 long tube pore. Benps fused, with 1 small seta.
Remarks. With 98 adult individuals, Argestes angolaensis sp. nov. was by far the most abundant argestid taxon collected in the Angola Basin during DIVA 1 expedition in 2000. The high number of collected specimens, usually a highly uncommon occurrence for deep­sea sampling, provides a good insight into the intraspecific morphological variability, which certainly exists, but whose study is not the object of the present contribution. However, comparison of the specimens revealed remarkable variability in body and furcal length (male bodies varying between 380 and 480µm length), in body ornamentation (density and size of spinules covering body and appendages), and even in setation (cf. P4 exp, Fig. 10 B). Nevertheless, an assignment of the corresponding specimens to different new species seems rather implausible, because the mentioned variability shows a quite heterogeneous distribution over the individuals, preventing the recognition of any morphological pattern. Moreover, all specimens share a series of apomorphic characteristics (cf. discussion), justifying their allocation into one single species. Taking into account similar conditions in other taxa e.g. Ancorabolidae (George 2006; George, personal observation), it has to be stated, that intraspecific variability in deep­sea Harpacticoida is greatly underestimated.
description: Published as part of George, Kai Horst, 2008, Argestes angolaensis sp. nov. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Argestidae) from the Angola Basin (Southeast Atlantic), and the phylogenetic characterization of the taxon Argestes Sars, including the redescription of A. mollis Sars, 1910, and A. reductus (Itô, 1983) *, pp. 223-262 in Zootaxa 1866 on pages 225-240, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.183720