Solanum linnaeanum Hepper and P. M. L. Jaeger
Creators: name: McQuate, Grant T.
name: Liquido, Nicanor J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Solanales
Solanaceae
Solanum
Solanum linnaeanum

description: Solanum linnaeanum Hepper and P.M. L. Jaeger   
GRIN Nomen number: 316356  
 Family: Solanaceae   
 Common Name: apple-of-Sodom (English), black-spine nightshade (English), poison-apple (English), Sodom-apple (English), sodomsäpple (Swedish).   
 Native: AFRICA - South Tropical Africa: Mozambique; Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: South Africa – Eastern Cape; Western Cape.   
 Naturalized: AFRICA - Macaronesia: Portugal - Azores; Madeira Islands; Northeast Tropical Africa: Eritrea; AUSTRALASIA - Australia: Australia; New Zealand: New Zealand; EUROPE - Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bulgaria; Former Yugoslavia; Greece; Italy; Southwestern Europe: France - Corsica; Portugal; Spain; PACIFIC - North-Central Pacific: United States - Hawaii; Southwestern Pacific: Fiji, New Caledonia.   
 Field Infestation: Harris et al. 2003 (“ Solanum sodomeum L.”): From May 1991 to December 1992 and through 1995, a total of 7,557 fruits (194.4 kg) was collected on the Kalaupapa peninsula on the island of Molokai. 323 adult flies were recovered for an overall infestation rate of 2.12 B. latifrons per kg of fruit.   
 Liquido et al. 1992: Larval infestations of B. latifrons were found in S. linnaeanum at Kealakekua, Naalehu, Pahala, Puuwaawaa, South Point, Waimea, and Waikaloa on Hawaii Island. No infestation rate data given.   
 Liquido et al. 1994 (“ Solanum sodomeum L.”): From July 1990 to October 1992, a total of 9,853 fruits (101.1 kg) was collected on Hawaii Island. Bactrocera latifrons was recovered from 85 of 114 collections (74.6%) with overall infestation rate of 26.4 B. latifrons per kg of fruit. From July 1990 to October 1992, a total of 5,451 fruits (66.8 kg) was collected on Maui Island. Bactrocera latifrons was recovered from 56 of 100 collections (56.0%) with overall infestation rate of 7.40 B. latifrons per kg of fruit.   
 Mwatawala et al. (2009) (“ Solanum sodomeum L.”): Mostly after October 2006, a total of 338 fruits (9.50 kg) was collected in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Bactrocera latifrons was recovered from 14 out of 23 collections (61%) with an overall average infestation rate of 11.76 emerged adults per kg fruit.   
 Mziray et al. 2010b (“ Solanum sodomeum ”): From March 2007 to March 2008, a total of 336 fruits (8.09 kg) was collected from the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Bactrocera latifrons was recovered in 19 of 37 collections (51.35%) with an overall infestation rate of 8.78 B. latifrons per kg of fruit (13.2 flies per kg infested fruits).   
 Peck and McQuate 2004: In July 1999, a total of 304 fruits (5.5 kg) was collected on Maui Island (Hawaii, U.S.A.). Bactrocera latifrons was recovered with a median infestation rate of 81.0 B. latifrons per kg of fruit.   
 Uchida and Ramadan 1992: Adult B. latifrons were reared from fruits collected by G. K. Uchida and A. Arakaki in Kilohana, Molokai on June 20. 1990 (first B. latifrons record from the island of Molokai, Hawaii).   
 Uchida et al. 1992: Adult B. latifrons (tentatively identified by J. W. Beardsley, and later confirmed by D. E. Hardy) were reared from fruits collected by M. Kido, R. Messing, M. M. Ramadan, and G. K. Uchida southwest of Ulupalakua near Puu Mahoe, at about 1900 feet elevation (East Maui, Hawaii) on 7 May, 1990 (1 st Maui record for B. latifrons).   
 Listing Only: Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009; Matsuyama et al. 2007.
description: Published as part of McQuate, Grant T. & Liquido, Nicanor J., 2013, Annotated World Bibliography of Host Fruits of Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), pp. 1-61 in Insecta Mundi 2013 (289) on pages 29-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5175793