Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. Observ. Mycol.
Creators: name: Kim, Chang Sun
name: Jo, Jong Won
name: Kwag, Young-Nam
name: Sung, Gi-Ho
name: Han, Jae-Gu
name: Shrestha, Bhushan
name: Oh, Soon-Ok
name: Kim, Sang-Yong
name: Shin, Chang-Ho
name: Han, Sang-Kuk
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Fungi
Basidiomycota
Agaricomycetes
Agaricales
Agaricaceae
Lycoperdon
Lycoperdon perlatum

description: Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. Observ. Mycol. (Lipsiae) 1: 4 (1796), Fig. 6   
Description:—Basidiomata 25–35 mm diam., 25–40 mm high,subglobose, pyriform to turbinate, umbonate,pseudostipe usually well developed, numerous rhizomorphs attached to substrate. Exoperidium echinate, spines deciduous with age; whitish when young, brown to dark brown when old, especially at the umbo; surface reticulate after fall of the spines. Endoperidium yellowish brown, papery, covered with reticulate pattern. Gleba olive brown to yellowish brown at maturity, pulverulent. Subgleba grayish yellow to yellowish. Solitary to gregarious.  
 Basidiospores 4.1–4.7 × 3.8–4.5 μm, length/width ratio 1.0–1.1 (n = 30), globose to subglobose, faintly ornamented to verrucose (B–C in the sense of Demoulin 1972a, b), short pedicel present (<0.8 μm long), pale yellow to brown in 3% KOH. Basidia not observed. Capillitium of Lycoperdon - type; eucapillitial threads 3.8–4.8 μm diameter, thick-walled (up to 1.7 μm), elastic, aseptate, straight to subundulate, occasional dichotomous branching, occasionally irregular pores present, yellow to pale brownish in 3% KOH; paracapillitial threads present, 2.4–4.0 μm diam., thin-walled (up to 0.6 μm thick), hyaline in 3% KOH, straight to subundulate, septate. Exoperidium composed of sphaerocysts or cylindrical shaped cells, sometimes irregularly shaped cells, 18–48 μm diam., thick-walled (up to 3.0 μm thick), hyaline to yellowish in 3% KOH. Endoperidium composed of tightly interwoven hyphal elements, containing inflated elements resembling sphaerocysts with reticulate patterns, hyaline in 3% KOH.   
Habitat:—On rich humus and needle litter in conifer or mixed conifer-hardwood forests.  
 Examined specimen:— CHINA. Xinjiang Prov., Changji, Fu Kang-shi, Mt. Tianshan, Heaven Pool Scenic Area, coll. Han et al., 15 July 2013 (KA13-0555), deposited in KH; KOREA. Gangwon Province, Gangneung-si, Daegwanryeong Natural Recreation Forest, coll. Han et al., 09 June 2012 (KA12-0186), deposited in KH; Gyeonggi Province, Pocheon-si, Gwangneung Forest, coll. Han et al., 26 July 2012 (KA12-0871), 12 September 2012 (KA12- 1435), 25 July 2013 (KA13-0608), 26 Jul. 2013 (KA13-0619, KA13-0646), 16 September 2013 (KA13-1188, KA13- 1148), 30 September 2013 (KA13-1270), 14 October 2013 (KA13-1542), Yangpyeong-gun, Saneum Natural Recreation Forest, coll. Han et al., 19 September 2012 (KA12-1506), deposited in KH.   
 Comments:—This species is the type species of Lycoperdon and a well-known cosmopolitan species (Sarasini 2005; Bates et al. 2009). Generally, L. perlatum is characterized by the conical spines of the exoperidum, reticulate endoperidum, pyriform substipitate basidiomata, and echinulate basidiospores (Breitenbach & Kränzlin 1986; Bastes et al. 2009). However, previously reported descriptions of this species are highly variable in characteristics, such as distinct color tone and ornamentation of the exoperidium, basidiomata size, and subgleba and sterile base shape and extension. Therefore, Cortez et al. (2013) suggested that future phylogenetic studies would reveal a complex of morphologically closely related taxa worldwide. Our phylogenetic study showed that Korean, Japanese, Chinese, and European L. perlatum grouped with strong support values (PP/MPBS = 1.0/100), but American L. perlatum did not cluster with this group and was related to the L. marginatum clade (Fig. 1). Morphological comparison between Korean, European (maybe belong to true L. perlatum), and American L. perlatum (maybe a different species of Lycopderdon) revealed almost identical microscopic characteristics, just slightly different in the size of the basidiospores (Table 2) and clearly distinguished ITS sequences (Fig. 1). According to Demoulin (1972a), Larsson & Jeppson (2008) and Bates et al. (2009), L. perlatum is related to L. nigrescens —they have a reticulate endoperidum in common. However, they are clearly distinguished by ITS sequences and ornamentation of basidiospores (see Demoulin 1972a).
description: Published as part of Kim, Chang Sun, Jo, Jong Won, Kwag, Young-Nam, Sung, Gi-Ho, Han, Jae-Gu, Shrestha, Bhushan, Oh, Soon-Ok, Kim, Sang-Yong, Shin, Chang-Ho & Han, Sang-Kuk, 2016, Two new Lycoperdon species collected from Korea: L. albiperidium and L. subperlatum spp. nov., pp. 101-115 in Phytotaxa 260 (2) on pages 111-112, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.260.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/13668872