Taraxacum collinum DC
Creators: name: Kirschner, Jan
name: Štěpánek, Jan
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Asterales
Asteraceae
Taraxacum
Taraxacum collinum

description: <b> The problematic interpretation of the name <i>Taraxacum collinum</i></b> One of the most frequently used names referred to <i>Taraxacum</i> sect. <i>Dissecta</i> is <i>T. collinum</i> DC. As regards its interpretation, the situation is seemingly favourable: the original material is rich and well preserved, it is in good agreement with the protologue, the name appears with detailed descriptions in the relevant literature. However, a closer examination of these sources reveals a less optimistic picture. <b> Taraxacum collinum <i>in the literature</i></b> In the first instance, <i>Leontodon collinus</i> Turczaninow appeared in a paper edited by Besser that included a checklist of plants in the Baikal Lake region provided by Turczaninow (Besser 1834: 18). <i>Leontodon collinus</i> was not published validly at that place, as it was a <i>nomen nudum</i> (Art. 38.1 of the ICN, Turland <i>et al.</i> 2018). In the early 1830’s, Turczaninow distributed duplicates of his collections to prominent contemporary botanists, and it was Candolle (1838) who used the epithet <i>collinus</i> and published the name <i>T. collinum</i>. Then the latter name appeared in Turczaninow (1842). However, two works, important for the <i>Taraxacum</i> taxonomy, did not accept <i>T. collinum</i> (Ledebour 1846, Handel-Mazzetti 1907), the former having included it in a rather unclear <i>T. caucasicum</i>, the latter in <i>Taraxacum dissectum</i>. As a consequence, the name <i>T. collinum</i> was seldom used in the literature of the second half of the 19 th, and the first decades of the 20 th centuries. It was B. K. Schischkin who restarted the study of <i>Taraxacum</i> in the Soviet Union in the 1930’s. He adopted <i>T. collinum</i> in Krylov (1949) and provided a detailed description (it was the first time when the flower colour was given as whitish). Schischkin (1964, with a substantial contribution of N. N. Tzvelev) also included <i>T. collinum</i>, with a more detailed description principally based on the previous one. Since then, the name <i>T. collinum</i> appeared in many important floras and checklists (Tzvelev 1987, Krasnikov 1997 etc.). <b>The protologue</b> The majority of characters listed in the protologue (Fig. 32) are taxonomically relevant in modern terms. Mature leaves subglabrous, scape subequalling leaves, distally arachnoid, phyllaries not corniculate, outer ones ovate-lanceolate, appressed, with ± ciliate margin, and achenes spinulose above, much shorter than beak, these are the main features. Implicitly, basing on the comparison with the diagnoses of other taxa included in the <i>Prodromus</i>, the achene colour is unclear, either light greyish or somehow reddish (see the specimen 4a), and the border to the outer phyllaries probably is narrow and inconspicuous. The flower colour, on the same basis, is “standard”, i.e. yellow. There are two varieties, the nominate one (without the explicit recognition) with ± runcinate leaves, the other one, <i>T. collinum</i> var. <i>integrifolium</i> Candolle (1838: 149), with undivided leaves. For the nominate variety, the following syntype references are given: 1, “in collibus siccis Dahuriae” 2. “insulis fl. Lena” For <i>T. collinum</i> var. <i>integrifolium</i>, there are two syntypes referred to: 3. “ad Ochotsk” 4. “in ins. Augera [sic!, meaning Angara] legit cl. Turczaninow”. In both cases, Candolle stated he had seen herbarium specimens “(v. s.)”, i. e. <i>vidi specimina</i>. The reference to <i>Leontodon salinus</i> auct. (Ledebour) is not considered here because Candolle himself listed it with doubts. <b>Original material</b> The specimens cited in the protologue were all found in the De Candolle herbarium (G-DC) in Geneva, Switzerland, and they represent syntypes. They were invariably collected by Turczaninow and annotated as “ <i>Leontodon collinus</i> mihi”, usually with a locality data, sometimes without it. In addition, there are important sets of duplicates distributed by Turczaninow to other botanists, here considered as isosyntypes. The following list of specimens may be compiled: <b>1. “in collibus siccis” [Dahuriae]</b> a. G-DC, no. det. 18913 “in collibus siccis ubique”, 1828, (M. [= misit] Turczaninow a Irkoutsk 1830), two slightly different plants b, c, d, e. G-DC, no. det. 18913 (plants stored in an envelope attached to this herbarium sheet) f. LE, no. det. 6093 “in siccis prope Ircutiam et cetera 1830”, received from Turczaninow under the name <i>Leontodon collinus</i> by C. A. Meyer in 1838 g. LE, no. det. 6094 “in collibus siccis 1833, Turcz.”, as <i>Leontodon collinus</i> mihi, annotated by N. Tzvelev as “Isotypus! vel Typus!” in 1985. h. MW, no. det. 20479 “ <i>Leontodon collinus</i> Turcz., Ircutia 1833 ” i. G, no. det. 18934 “Ircut. M. Turczaninow” [transcribed label], this specimen reached the herbarium G in 1909. j. P 00691594, photo vid.! “ Ircutia, in collibus siccis 1828, Turcz.”, ded. [=dedit] Turczaninow 1840. k. K! “ Ircutia, 1830 [Turczaninow]” l. K! “In siccis prope Ircutiam atc., 1829 [Turczaninow]” <b>2. “fl. Lena”</b> a. G-DC, no. det. 18913 “Ad Lenam”, 1835, as <i>Leontodon collinus</i> mihi, m. Turczaninow in 1836 <b>3. “ad Ochotsk”</b> a. G-DC [sine no. det.] Ochotsk, 1835 (M. [=misit] Turczaninow 1836 [a plant without scapes]) <b>4. “in ins. Augera”</b> [= Angara] a. G-DC, no. det. 18914 “In insula Angarae ex adverso fabricae Telmensis”, 1830, Turcz. (M. [= misit] Turczaninow 1833] – the only plant with (unripe) achenes in the whole original material. A candidate to become the lectotype of <i>T. collinum</i> var. <i>integrifolium</i>. The locality is situated near the village of Tel’ma (where formerly a glass factory was situated) down the river N. of Irkutsk (approximately at 52°42’26”N, 103°44’57”E). b. P 691588 (photo!) “In insulis Angarae”, 1829, Turcz. (sent by Turczaninow to Schultz-Bip. in 1840). A single plant with shallowly lobed to undivided leaves, corresponding to <i>T. collinum</i> var. <i>integrifolium</i>. <b>5.</b> G-DC [sine no. det.] A specimen in G-DC, preserved in a separate envelope under the name “ <i>Leontodon collinus</i> Turcz.!” but without any label. <b>Characterization of individual forms</b> The original material of <i>T. collinum</i> var. <i>collinum</i> is represented by small, even dwarf, plants in the stage of early flowering. They share ± appressed, narrowly, indistinctly bordered outer phyllaries, subglabrous leaves, and sparsely arachnoid scapes, often overtopping inflorescence. Unfortunately, they also share the absence of achenes (De Candolle himself did not see any achenes of his var. <i>collinum</i>, and the protologue description of achenes probably is derived from the plants of his <i>T. collinum</i> var. <i>integrifolium</i> (syntype 4a in the above survey). They probably almost all (with the exception of the syntype 1e, see above) belong to <i>T.</i> sect. <i>Dissecta.</i> On the other hand, the plants belonging to the original material considerably vary in taxonomically relevant characters, such as the shape of outer phyllaries, presence / absence of pollen, stigma colour and leaf shape, to an extent indicating that more than one agamospermous taxon is involved. The following Table 2 gives a survey of morphological forms ascertained in the original material. They may or may not represent separate taxa. <b>Possible interpretation</b> The main problem of the original material is the fact that none of the above five forms can be defined by means of all character complexes relevant in the <i>Taraxacum</i> taxonomy (flower characters, vegetative traits, outer phyllaries and achenes). In particular, the absence of achenes, very variable within <i>T.</i> sect. <i>Dissecta</i>, makes any interpretation difficult. The most common form among the syntypes (II), characterized by ovate-lanceolate outer phyllaries with a narrow border, pale stigmas and the probable absence of pollen, is otherwise absent from the material evaluated in the present revision.
description: Published as part of <i>Kirschner, Jan &amp; Štěpánek, Jan, 2023, A taxonomic revision of Taraxacum sect. Dissecta, a continental steppe group common in Siberia and adjacent regions of Central Asia, pp. 1921-1935 in Phytotaxa 590 (1)</i> on pages 1921-1935, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.590.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7780271
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