Spatio-temporal approaches to analyzing pedestrian fatalities: The case of Cali, Colombia
Creators: name: Lani Fox
name: Serre, Marc L.
name: Lippmann, Steven J.
name: Rodríguez, Daniel A.
name: Shrikant I. Bangdiwala
name: Gutiérrez, María Isabel
name: Escobar, Guido
name: Villaveces, Andrés
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Biological Sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Earth and Environmental Sciences
subject: Biotechnology

description: ABSTRACT<b><i>Objective:</i></b> Injuries among pedestrians are a major public health concern in Colombian cities such as Cali. This is one of the first studies in Latin America to apply Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) methods to visualize and produce fine-scale, highly accurate estimates of citywide pedestrian fatalities. The purpose of this study is to determine the BME method that best estimates pedestrian mortality rates and reduces statistical noise. We further utilized BME methods to identify and differentiate spatial patterns and persistent versus transient pedestrian mortality hotspots.<b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this multi-year study geocoded pedestrian mortality data from the Cali Injury Surveillance System (2008 to 2010) and census data were utilized to accurately visualize and estimate pedestrian fatalities. We investigated the effects of temporal and spatial scale addressing issues arising from the rarity of pedestrian fatality events using three BME methods (Simple Kriging, Poisson Kriging and Uniform Model Bayesian Maximum Entropy). To reduce statistical noise while retaining a fine spatial and temporal scale data were aggregated over 9 month incidence periods and censal sectors. Based on a cross-validation of BME methods Poisson Kriging was selected as the best BME method. Finally, the spatio-temporal and urban built environment characteristics of Cali pedestrian mortality hotspots were linked to intervention measures provided in Mead et al's 2014 pedestrian mortality review.<b><i>Results:</i></b> The BME space-time analysis in Cali resulted in maps displaying hot spots of high pedestrian fatalities extending over small areas with radii 0.25 to 1.1km and temporal durations of 1 month to three years. Mapping the spatio-temporal distribution of pedestrian mortality rates identified high priority areas for prevention strategies. The BME results allow us to identify possible intervention strategies according to the persistence and built environment of the hotspot, for example through enforcement or long-term environmental modifications.<b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> BME methods provide useful information on the time and place of injuries and can inform policy strategies by isolating priority areas for interventions, contributing to intervention evaluation, and helping to generate hypotheses and identify the preventative strategies which may be suitable to those areas (e.g. street level methods: pedestrian crossings, enforcement interventions; or citywide approaches: limiting vehicle speeds). This specific information is highly relevant for public health interventions as it provides the ability to target precise locations.