cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Statistik und Intelligenz – eine wechselvolle Beziehung
Creators: name: Weiß, Christel
Publisher: name: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online
Year: 2021

description: In diesem Beitrag wird das wechselvolle Beziehungsgeflecht „Statistik und Intelligenz“ untersucht. Es wird dargelegt, wie sich Statistik und Intelligenz gegenseitig beeinflussen. Einerseits werden statistische Methoden benötigt, um das Phänomen „Intelligenz“ messen zu können. Andererseits setzt die Entwicklung derartiger Methoden seitens Mathematikern oder Stochastikern Klugheit, Verstand und Scharfsinn voraus. Ferner wird aufgezeigt, welche Macht Daten inhärent ist, und welche Herausforderungen Statistiker und Fachvertreter (die Studien initiieren und durchführen) zu bewältigen haben, um den darin verborgenen Informationsgehalt aufzudecken, die Ergebnisse der Datenanalyse adäquat zu interpretieren und konsequent umzusetzen.
description: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online, Bd. 6 (2021): Intelligenz – Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen
Künstliche Intelligenz und Algorithmen – Wahrer Fortschritt oder doch nur digitale Alchemie?
Creators: name: Heuveline, Vincent
name: Stiefel, Viola
Publisher: name: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online
Year: 2021

description: Vom Schachcomputer über das selbstfahrende Auto bis hin zu den großen Science-Fiction-Erfolgen im medialen Bereich – KI ist heutzutage omnipräsent. Ausgehend von der Frage nach der Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Maschine beschäftigt sich dieser Beitrag zunächst mit der Unterscheidung zwischen starker KI, die primär in der cineastischen Welt beheimatet ist, und schwacher KI, unter die heute alle tatsächlichen KI-Systeme fallen. Der Aspekt des Lernens und die Rolle von Algorithmen hierbei sind von eminenter Bedeutung für die Erforschung und Weiterentwicklung der bis dato vorhandenen KI-Systeme. Auf Basis künstlicher neuronaler Netze lernen Computer beispielsweise, Katzen- von Hundebildern zu unterscheiden. Doch können der KI auch gewichtigere Entscheidungen übergeben werden? Und wie trifft der Algorithmus mathematisch betrachtet eine Entscheidung? Was passiert, wenn die Daten, mit denen der Computer lernt, fehlerbehaftet sind? Die Konsequenzen aus diesen Überlegungen eröffnen zweifelsohne eine nicht ausschließlich für die Forschung, sondern für die gesamte Gesellschaft relevante Bandbreite von neuen Themenstellungen, die mit dem zunehmenden Einsatz von KI immer zentraler werden.
description: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online, Bd. 6 (2021): Intelligenz – Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen
Additional file 3 of MicroRNA-3613-3p functions as a tumor suppressor and represents a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer
Creators: name: Chen, Chong
name: Pan, Yundi
name: Bai, Lipeng
name: Chen, Huilin
name: Duan, Zhaojun
name: Si, Qin
name: Zhu, Ruizhe
name: Chuang, Tsung-Hsien
name: Luo, Yunping
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 3: Supplementary Figure 3. Proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells and apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. A) Proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with miR-3613-3p or control mimic was analyzed by CCK-8 assay. B) Apoptosis of MCF-7 cells transfected with miR-3613-3p or control mimic was analyzed by flow cytometry.
Computational Model to Analyze Calcium Imbalances in Cells Affected by Alzheimer's Disease
Creators: name: RIYA DEV
name: Ullah, Aman
Publisher: name: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research
Year: 2022

description: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive memory impairment. It steadily erodes a person's ability to learn, think, and communicate. In 2019, over 50 million people were living with AD globally, and it is projected that this will increase to 82 million by 2030 and to 152 million by 2050.One proposed mechanism for causing neuronal cell death in AD is beta-amyloid. Amyloid beta accumulations at the intracellular level can cause an increase in the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Calcium is a critical signaling molecule that is released in the form of puffs from intracellular stores such as the ER. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) is an ion channel that releases Ca2+.when activated by inositol trisphosphate (IP3). This is crucial for sustaining calcium levels in the cytosol. In this study, a simplified two-state model of the IP3R, which obtains predictions of Ca2+ levels in different parameters, was used to quantitatively reproduce statistics of calcium puffs in normal and AD-affected cells. This research applied the IP3R stochastic model which consequently investigated Ca2+ levels. We used results from the experimental data by using computational modeling to validate these changes and checked the alterations' effects on Ca2+ releases. Abnormalities in calcium regulation have been observed in several neurodegenerative diseases. We hope this research will contribute to the existing research on the causes of Alzheimer's disease and lead to a cure.
description: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research, Vol. 3 (2021)
Additional file 1 of Intercellular crosstalk in adult dental pulp is mediated by heparin-binding growth factors Pleiotrophin and Midkine
Creators: name: Jiravejchakul, Natnicha
name: Abe, Gabriela L.
name: Loza, Martin
name: Park, Soyoung
name: Matangkasombut, Ponpan
name: Sasaki, Jun-Ichi
name: Imazato, Satoshi
name: Diez, Diego
name: Standley, Daron M.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Hematology
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1.
RNA-Sequence Analysis of the mdx Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Creators: name: BHAVYA BODDU
name: Ullah, Aman
Publisher: name: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research
Year: 2022

description: Muscular dystrophy is a spectrum of disorders known to be caused by mutated genes which code for functional muscle proteins, thus causing muscle deterioration. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of these rare conditions that can cause muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass due to a lack of functioning dystrophin, a muscle protein that connects muscle fibers to the extracellular matrix. Our study compared the diaphragms of mdx and mdx/PtencKO mice to those of wildtype mice, looking for alterations in gene expression using RNA-sequence analysis. Mdx is one of the most prevalent mutations used to study DMD in mice, and previous research has shown that inhibiting PTEN reduces muscle deterioration. This led us to assume that mdx/PtencKO mice will be more similar to wildtype mice in terms of gene expression than mdx mice. To put this to the test, we performed an RNA-sequence analysis in Galaxy, a web-based platform commonly used in biomedical data analysis, followed by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in R Studio.
description: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research, Vol. 3 (2021)
Intelligente Algorithmen und Gleichungen? – Eine Annäherung an die Intelligenz mathematischer Konzepte
Creators: name: Stiehl, Thomas
name: Marciniak-Czochra, Anna
Publisher: name: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online
Year: 2021

description: Dieser Text befasst sich mit der Frage, ob es mathematische Intelligenz gibt und was diese sein könnte. Anhand von einfachen Lehrbuch-Beispielen und Anwendungen aus der aktuellen Forschung begibt er sich auf die Suche nach Parallelen und Unterschieden zwischen der mathematischen Intelligenz und ihrem menschlichen Gegenstück. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf der sog. mechanistischen Modellierung. Sie erlaubt es, komplexe Sachverhalte mit Hilfe mathematischer und computergestützter Verfahren zu untersuchen und trägt auf diese Weise zu einem tieferen, quantitativen Verständnis verschiedenster Begebenheiten bei.
description: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online, Bd. 6 (2021): Intelligenz – Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen
Additional file 1 of Bangpungtongsung-san for patients with major depressive disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled phase II clinical trial
Creators: name: Kim, Yunna
name: Choi, Yujin
name: Lee, Mi Young
name: Cho, Seung-Hun
name: Jung, In Chul
name: Kang, Dong-Hoon
name: Yang, Changsop
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: 60506 Virology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 1. SPIRIT checklist.
Characterizing Interactions Between PD-1 and PD-L1 in Cell-Based Models of Ovarian Cancer and Investigating the Effect of Chemotherapy on Cancer-Derived Exosomes
Creators: name: SIRI NIKKU
name: Haymond, Amanda
Publisher: name: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research
Year: 2022

description: Cancer cells gain immunosuppressive abilities when exploiting immune checkpoint pathways by upregulating proteins such as PD-L1 to avoid T-cell detection. PD-L1 binds to PD-1 on the surface of T-cells, resulting in deactivated T-cells that do not attack the cancer cell. However, current drugs targeting this vulnerability are expensive, have poor tissue penetration, and can have reduced efficacy in the presence of soluble PD-L1. Our research goal is to design a peptide inhibitor to bind to either PD-1 or PD-L, blocking the interaction and preventing T-cell deactivation so the immune system will attack cancer cells. Furthermore, we will examine the soluble protein content of cancer-derived exosomes to better understand their role in modulating responses to checkpoint therapy. To test the peptides, we have been developing a co-culture model system consisting of a PD-1 positive cell line (Jurkat T-cells) and a PD-L1 positive line (1A9.and OVCAR8). Stimulation with phytohemagglutinin-L (PHA-L) shows strong induction of PD-1 on the Jurkat T line. We also show the presence of PD-L1 on the surface of the OVCAR8 cell line. Furthermore, examination of OVCAR8 extracellular vesicles (EV) shows not only PD-L1 but also LC3B and CD63 proteins. Interestingly, levels of these proteins fluctuate following cisplatin treatment. Future work will involve testing the peptides in the co-culture model with and without EV pre-treatment to evaluate EV effect on peptide potency.
description: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research, Vol. 3 (2021)
Observation of Temperature-Induced Crossover to an Orbital-Selective Mott Phase in A$_{x}$Fe$_{2-y}$Se$_2$ (A=K, Rb) Superconductors
Creators: name: Yi, Ming
name: Lu, Donghui
name: Yu, Rong
name: Riggs, Scott
name: Chu, Jiun-Haw
name: Lv, Bing
name: Liu, Zhongkai
name: Lu, Minghui
name: Cui, Yongtao
name: Hashimoto, Makoto
name: Mo, Sung-Kwan
name: Hussain, Zahid
name: Chu, Ching-Wu
name: Fisher, Ian
name: Si, Qimiao
name: Shen, Zhi-Xun
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this work, we study the A$_{x}$Fe$_{2-y}$Se$_2$ (A=K, Rb) superconductors using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. In the low temperature state, we observe an orbital-dependent renormalization for the bands near the Fermi level in which the dxy bands are heavily renormliazed compared to the dxz/dyz bands. Upon increasing temperature to above 150K, the system evolves into a state in which the dxy bands have diminished spectral weight while the dxz/dyz bands remain metallic. Combined with theoretical calculations, our observations can be consistently understood as a temperature induced crossover from a metallic state at low temperature to an orbital-selective Mott phase (OSMP) at high temperatures. Furthermore, the fact that the superconducting state of A$_{x}$Fe$_{2-y}$Se$_2$ is near the boundary of such an OSMP constraints the system to have sufficiently strong on-site Coulomb interactions and Hund's coupling, and hence highlight the non-trivial role of electron correlation in this family of iron superconductors.
Investigating Viral Entry Routes and the Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the Central Nervous System
Creators: name: KRISHNA PAHWA
name: SAUMAN DAS
name: ELIZABETH MCCLOUGH
name: Fatah Kashanchi
Publisher: name: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research
Year: 2022

description: Despite initially being thought to solely affect the respiratory tract, it is becoming increasingly evident that SARS-CoV-2 affects both the respiratory tract and the CNS. To address the relative deficit of information about this phenomenon, we reviewed several articles relating to the possible mechanisms of CNS viral invasion and the subsequent effects. The 4 review and 4 research articles analyzed in this review were obtained from PubMed using the keywords COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and CNS. Multiplexed bead assay for cytokine profiling, virus titration, and de-identified electronic health records (EHR) data analysis were used to obtain the results discussed in this review. The virus titration results showed that direct SARS-CoV-2 invasion into the CNS was rarely based on replication efficiency analysis. However, additional data showed that antiviral cytokines are induced by SARS-CoV-2. The results indicated that cytokine storms and their corresponding neuroinflammation may be the primary cause of neurological symptoms. After analyzing EHR data related to specific CNS symptoms, we observed that the severity of early CNS symptoms was indicative of the severity of COVID-19. We concluded that targeting the cytokine storm triggered by infection may be an ideal target of treatment in patients with severe neurological symptoms. Furthermore, by analyzing early CNS symptoms on a case-by-case basis, treatment could be tailored to be more efficient for patients, rather than approaching all infections with a similar holistic approach.
description: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research, Vol. 3 (2021)
Evaluating the Viability of Saliva-based Sampling in COVID-19 Diagnostic Tests Compared to Nasopharyngeal (NP) and Oropharyngeal Swabs (OP)
Creators: name: JASMINE LAOUDI
name: Dr. Fatah Kashanchi
name: Mahla Dehbandi
Publisher: name: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research
Year: 2022

description: School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University When treating COVID-19, detecting the virus early on and isolating the infected patients play an important role in controlling the outbreak as it has infected almost 200 million people with over 4 million deaths worldwide. In addition, limiting viral exposure to healthcare workers is a major priority. Currently, nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs are utilized the most for diagnostic tests. However, both swabs require the use of an RT-qPCR test, which needs advanced laboratory equipment, limiting the accessibility of tests. The purpose of this study is to determine whether saliva is a viable sample for diagnosing COVID-19 as it allows for quick, accessible self-performed tests. This was done by comparing NP + OP swab samples/other common sampling methods with saliva samples through Point of Care, RT-PCR, and Serological COVID-19 diagnostic tests for detection rate, sensitivity and other parameters. NP swabs and saliva contained similar viral loads as they were positively correlated (r = 0.8029), but saliva samples maintained their viral load for 7 days while the NP swabs did not. Saliva samples also had higher detection rates (92.3% vs. 73.8%) and sensitivity (95.0% vs. 72.2%) than NP + OP swab samples through the RT-qPCR diagnostic test. Further study and research is needed to solidify the accuracy of the use of saliva for testing, but it is still an alternative to the NP+OP swab detection due to its greater sensitivity and higher detection rate.
description: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research, Vol. 3 (2021)
Somatochlora arctica
Creators: name: Bazzi, Gaia
name: Galimberti, Andrea
name: Foglini, Claudio
name: Bani, Luciano
name: Bazzi, Lionello
name: Bonvicini, Piero
name: Brembilla, Roberto
name: Brigo, Massimo
name: Cavenaghi, Alberto
name: Colombo, Giuseppe
name: Della Pieta, Cesare
name: Galliani, Carlo
name: Guarnaroli, Ettore
name: Larroux, Nicola
name: Monti, Alessandro
name: Orioli, Valerio
name: Ornaghi, Francesco
name: Pilon, Nicola
name: Pirotta, Giuliana
name: Radaelli, Giovanni
name: Tessa, Giulia
name: Assandri, Giacomo
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Odonata
Corduliidae
Somatochlora
Somatochlora arctica

description: Somatochlora arctica (Zetterstedt, 1840)
Native status
R
Conservation status
erl: LC; irl: NT
Notes
Flight period: II July - II August
In the study area, the species was discovered in 2021 at the Camaggiore fen, Vendrogno (1160 m a.s.l.; P. Bonvicini obs., Fig. 3 e), where a small breeding population was subsequently confirmed to exist. This is likely the only suitable biotope for the species in the three provinces, the closest known sites of presence being in the nearby, but more climatically and environmentally favourable, Orobic Alps (Riservato et al. 2014a).
description: Published as part of Bazzi, Gaia, Galimberti, Andrea, Foglini, Claudio, Bani, Luciano, Bazzi, Lionello, Bonvicini, Piero, Brembilla, Roberto, Brigo, Massimo, Cavenaghi, Alberto, Colombo, Giuseppe, Della Pieta, Cesare, Galliani, Carlo, Guarnaroli, Ettore, Larroux, Nicola, Monti, Alessandro, Orioli, Valerio, Ornaghi, Francesco, Pilon, Nicola, Pirotta, Giuliana, Radaelli, Giovanni, Tessa, Giulia & Assandri, Giacomo, 2023, Odonate diversity of a highly urbanised region: An annotated checklist of the damselflies and dragonflies (Insecta, Odonata) of Lario and Brianza (Lombardy, N Italy), pp. 111358 in Biodiversity Data Journal 11 on page 111358, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.11.e111358
Metakognitive Kurzsichtigkeit – Hindernis für intelligentes Verhalten und Versäumnis der Evolution?
Creators: name: Fiedler, Klaus
name: Ermark, Florian
name: Salmen, Karolin
Publisher: name: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online
Year: 2021

description: In der kognitiven Psychologie gilt als intelligent, wer sich besonders rational verhält. Nach einer kleinen Einführung in die Psychologie des Urteilens und Entscheidens, die seit Jahrzehnten eine Schlüsselrolle für die Theoriebildung und die empirische Untersuchung der Kognitionsforschung spielt, vermitteln wir zunächst einen Eindruck von der pessimistischen Sicht auf die Rationalität menschlichen Verhaltens, die aus dem Forschungsprogramm der beiden einflussreichen Forscher Daniel Kahneman und Amos Tversky hervorgegangen ist. Als Erklärung der vielen Verstöße gegen mathematische und logische Regeln infolge von „Heuristics and Biases“ wird gewöhnlich Herbert Simon’s Idee der „bounded Rationality“ angeführt. In diesem Kapitel soll eine alternative Erklärung, die traditionell weniger Beachtung gefunden hat, aufgezeigt werden: „Metacognitive Myopia“ (metakognitive Kurzsichtigkeit) ist eine Schwäche in der metakognitiven Überwachungs- und Kontrollfunktion, die unser Denken reguliert. Während zahlreiche kognitive Täuschungen und Fehlurteile immer wieder auftreten und unvermeidbar sind, muss eine umfassende Erklärung irrationalen Verhaltens auch erklären, warum primär auftretende Verzerrungen und Illusionen nicht durch metakognitive Überwachung entdeckt und korrigiert werden, trotz Feedback, Aufklärung und vielfacher Hilfestellung. Das unkritische und oftmals naive Festhalten an offenkundig nicht-gültigen Informationen ist Gegenstand der Forschung über metakognitive Kurzsichtigkeit.
description: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online, Bd. 6 (2021): Intelligenz – Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen
Entwicklung der Intelligenz im Zusammenhang mit der Nutzung digitaler Medien
Creators: name: Lindenberg, Katajun
name: Basten, Ulrike
Publisher: name: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online
Year: 2021

description: Die psychologische Forschung beschäftigt sich zunehmend mit den Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Nutzung digitaler Spiele und der Intelligenzentwicklung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Befunde der biologisch-psychologischen Kognitionsforschung zur Wirkung von Gaming auf Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse und exekutive Funktionen sowie die Befunde der klinisch-psychologischen Wissenschaft zu kognitiven Entwicklungseinbußen durch eine süchtige Videospielnutzung integriert. Für spezifische kognitive Fähigkeiten wie Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit, Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle und räumliche Kognition sind positive Effekte von Videospielen gut belegt. Medien-Multitasking dagegen wird mit schwächeren exekutiven Funktionen in Zusammenhang gebracht und beeinträchtigt die Leistung in parallel durchgeführten Aufgaben. Häufiges Gaming führt zu strukturellen Veränderungen im mesolimbischen Belohnungssystems, die sich auch bei Menschen mit einer süchtigen Videospielnutzung finden. Solche hirnstrukturellen Veränderungen werden mit einer Sensitivierung des Belohnungssystems und der Aufrechterhaltung süchtigen Computerspielverhaltens in Verbindung gebracht, das mit Entwicklungseinbußen und reduzierten akademischen Leistungen assoziiert ist. Zur Integration der Befunde aus den Bereich Kognition und Sucht wird ein Modell zur wechselseitigen Beeinflussung von Intelligenz und Mediennutzung vorgestellt, in dem Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle, Belohnungssensitivität sowie ein Entscheidungsprozess, der erwartete positive gegen mögliche negative Verhaltenskonsequenzen abwägt, als vermittelnde Faktoren postuliert werden. Wir nehmen an, dass eine hohe Belohnungssensitivität und niedrige Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle Risikofaktoren für ungünstiges Mediennutzungsverhalten darstellen, das unproduktives Medien-Multitasking, exzessives Gaming und süchtige Videospielnutzung sowie Leistungseinbußen aufgrund der Vernachlässigung anderer Lebensbereiche (Schule, Studium, Beruf) einschließt. Auf der anderen Seite stellen eine moderate Belohnungssensitivität sowie eine hohe Fähigkeit zur Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle Schutzfaktoren dar, die den zielgerichteten Einsatz digitaler Medien und die kontrollierte Nutzung begünstigen. Wir gehen davon aus, dass die Intelligenz eine wichtige Rolle für das individuelle Muster der Mediennutzung und ihre Folgen spielt.
description: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online, Bd. 6 (2021): Intelligenz – Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen
Interpersonelle Intelligenz
Creators: name: Herpertz, Sabine C.
Publisher: name: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online
Year: 2021

description: Die Interpersonale Intelligenz wurde auf dem Hintergrund von Gardners Theorie der multiplen Intelligenzen konzipiert. Auch wenn sie empirisch nie validiert wurde, so finden sich wesentliche Aspekte sowohl im populär gewordenen Konzept der „Emotionalen Intelligenz“ als auch im modernen, neurowissenschaftlich unterbauten Empathiekonzept wieder. Alle genannten Konzepte unterscheiden eine (meta)kognitive und eine emotionale Komponente. Erstere meint Prozesse der reflektierten Perspektivübernahme, d. h. inferentiell Anderen mentale Zustände zuschreiben und sie auch antizipieren zu können. Diese, eng an exekutive Denkfunktionen und sprachliche Ausdrucksfähigkeit gebundene Fähigkeit wird auch als ‚theory-of-mind‘ oder Mentalisierung bezeichnet. Die emotionale Komponente meint Prozesse des Teilens von Emotionen, sprich des reflexiv-intuitiven Mitfühlens, an der Emotionserkennung und Emotionsspiegelung beteiligt sind. Erstere Fähigkeit ist in phylogenetisch jüngeren kortikalen Mittellinienstrukturen und temporo-parietalen Arealen repräsentiert, letztere Fähigkeit in evolutionär früher entstandenen Arealen u. a. des sensomotorischen Cortex und der vorderen Inselregion, die auch im Falle der eigenen Erfahrung von Emotionen involviert sind. Beide Fähigkeiten werden in der engen Interaktion mit den frühen Bezugspersonen erlernt; Prozesse der geteilten Aufmerksamkeit, wie sie beim Kleinkind schon beobachtet werden können, entwickeln sich weiter zum Mentalisierungsvermögen, Prozesse der spiegelbildlichen Nachahmung von affektiven und sensomotorischen Zuständen, die bereits beim Säugling zu beobachten sind, zum intuitiven, verkörperten Verständnis der Emotionen anderer. Die Messung von Leistungen Interpersonaler Intelligenz ist inzwischen in beruflichen Assessment-Verfahren weit verbreitet, nicht zuletzt für den ärztlichen Beruf. Empathietraining ist eine psychotherapeutische Technik für solche psychischen Störungen, bei denen Empathiemangel zu erheblichen Problemen im zwischenmenschlichen Alltag führt.
description: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online, Bd. 6 (2021): Intelligenz – Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen
Intelligenz: Die psychologische Sicht
Creators: name: Funke, Joachim
Publisher: name: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online
Year: 2021

description: In diesem Beitrag wird ein kleiner Ausschnitt der psychologischen Forschung zum Thema „Menschliche Intelligenz“ dargestellt. Intelligenz ist ein zentrales Konstrukt der modernen Psychologie, um Unterschiede in der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit von Menschen zu beschreiben. Etwas breitere Konzeptionen sehen die Anpassung des Menschen an seine Umwelt und die Gestaltung der Umwelt zu unserem Vorteil als zentrales Element intelligenten Handelns. Es wird ein kurzer Überblick über verschiedene Konzeptionen von Intelligenz gegeben. Auch die „dunkle Seite“ der Intelligenz (das zerstörerische Potential) wird angesprochen. Die Besonderheiten menschlicher im Vergleich zu künstlicher Intelligenz werden betont.
description: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online, Bd. 6 (2021): Intelligenz – Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen
Orthetrum cancellatum
Creators: name: Bazzi, Gaia
name: Galimberti, Andrea
name: Foglini, Claudio
name: Bani, Luciano
name: Bazzi, Lionello
name: Bonvicini, Piero
name: Brembilla, Roberto
name: Brigo, Massimo
name: Cavenaghi, Alberto
name: Colombo, Giuseppe
name: Della Pieta, Cesare
name: Galliani, Carlo
name: Guarnaroli, Ettore
name: Larroux, Nicola
name: Monti, Alessandro
name: Orioli, Valerio
name: Ornaghi, Francesco
name: Pilon, Nicola
name: Pirotta, Giuliana
name: Radaelli, Giovanni
name: Tessa, Giulia
name: Assandri, Giacomo
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Odonata
Libellulidae
Orthetrum
Orthetrum cancellatum

description: Orthetrum cancellatum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Native status
R
Conservation status
erl: LC; irl: LC
Notes
Flight period: III April - II October
Common and widespread in the study area, especially at low and medium elevations, although dispersing individuals can be found up to ca. 1220 m a.s.l. It occurs in a wide range of habitats, such as small, medium and large lakes, watering ponds, mature marshlands, rivers and ditches.
description: Published as part of Bazzi, Gaia, Galimberti, Andrea, Foglini, Claudio, Bani, Luciano, Bazzi, Lionello, Bonvicini, Piero, Brembilla, Roberto, Brigo, Massimo, Cavenaghi, Alberto, Colombo, Giuseppe, Della Pieta, Cesare, Galliani, Carlo, Guarnaroli, Ettore, Larroux, Nicola, Monti, Alessandro, Orioli, Valerio, Ornaghi, Francesco, Pilon, Nicola, Pirotta, Giuliana, Radaelli, Giovanni, Tessa, Giulia & Assandri, Giacomo, 2023, Odonate diversity of a highly urbanised region: An annotated checklist of the damselflies and dragonflies (Insecta, Odonata) of Lario and Brianza (Lombardy, N Italy), pp. 111358 in Biodiversity Data Journal 11 on page 111358, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.11.e111358
Wenn die Intelligenz beeinträchtigt ist
Creators: name: Rappold, Gudrun A.
Publisher: name: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online
Year: 2021

description: Das vergangene Jahrzehnt zeichnete sich durch eine Fülle von Entdeckungen aus, die zur Aufklärung und zum Verständnis von Neuroentwicklungsstörungen führten, darunter geistige Retardierung und Autismus-Spektrum-Störung. Diese Erfolge waren durch methodische Weiterentwicklungen in der Array-Diagnostik und durch Next-Generation-Sequenzierung möglich geworden. Über die Hälfte aller Neuroentwicklungsstörungen konnte dadurch ursächlich aufgeklärt werden. Eine Früherkennung dieser tiefgreifenden Entwicklungsstörungen in den frühen Stadien der Gehirnentwicklung ist von großer Bedeutung, um wirksame Behandlungsschritte einzuleiten. Ein vertieftes Verständnis der neurobiologischen Prozesse der identifizierten Gene und ihrer Stoffwechselwege ist auch notwendig, um die Entwicklung und Funktion der neuronalen Netzwerke und Verschaltungen besser zu verstehen.
description: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online, Bd. 6 (2021): Intelligenz – Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen
Additional file 2 of Intercellular crosstalk in adult dental pulp is mediated by heparin-binding growth factors Pleiotrophin and Midkine
Creators: name: Jiravejchakul, Natnicha
name: Abe, Gabriela L.
name: Loza, Martin
name: Park, Soyoung
name: Matangkasombut, Ponpan
name: Sasaki, Jun-Ichi
name: Imazato, Satoshi
name: Diez, Diego
name: Standley, Daron M.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Hematology
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 2: Supplementary Fig. 1.
Towards on convolutions on configuration spaces. II. Spaces of locally finite configurations
Creators: name: Finkelshtein, Dmitri
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 82C22, 42A85, 42A82, 60K35

description: In the second part of the paper we consider a convolution of probability measures on spaces of locally finite configurations (subsets of a phase space) as well as their connection with the convolution of the corresponding correlation measures and functionals. In particular, the convolution of Gibbs measures is studied. We describe also a connection between invariant measures with respect to some operator and properties of the corresponding image of this operator on correlation functions.
description: 24 pages
Therapeutics and Vaccines in the Fight Against COVID-19
Creators: name: HARRISH GANESH
name: ALEX KASHANCHI
name: Fatah Kashanchi
name: Williams, Anastasia
Publisher: name: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research
Year: 2022

description: The urgency of the COVID-19 pandemic created a high demand for quick, effective, and economical solutions. We analyzed four papers that investigated potential therapeutics and vaccines against COVID-19. Here, we report the chief results of these papers. Saffo et al. (2021) showed that when the immunosuppressant tocilizumab was given to 54 of 130 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in critical condition, no significant difference in survival rate after 30 days was observed between the experimental and control cohorts. Kaku et al. (2021) isolated anti-prototypic monoclonal antibodies from two convalescentCOVID-19 patients and tested their potency against novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. Neutralizing activity was maintained against B.1.1.7 and mink cluster 5, but it was reduced against B.1.351 and P.1. Li et al. (2021) collected 1,782 plasma samples from convalescent COVID-19 patients to analyze the natural IgG response. Although a significant decrease in IgG titer was shown after 4 months, the antibodies remained detectable for 12 months. Polack et al. (2020) placed the Pfizer mRNA COVID-19 vaccine under clinical trials in November 2020 and recorded the side effects and efficacy over two months. Although many mild side effects were reported, the vaccine efficacy was shown to be 95%. These data must be validated by future studies with improved experimental design and sample size. The papers published from these colleagues are a prime example of how current and future science draws strength and direction from prior scientific knowledge.
description: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research, Vol. 3 (2021)
Additional file 11 of MicroRNA-3613-3p functions as a tumor suppressor and represents a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer
Creators: name: Chen, Chong
name: Pan, Yundi
name: Bai, Lipeng
name: Chen, Huilin
name: Duan, Zhaojun
name: Si, Qin
name: Zhu, Ruizhe
name: Chuang, Tsung-Hsien
name: Luo, Yunping
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 11: Supplementary Figure 11. The description of binding sites of miR-3613-3p with its targets. A) The description of binding sites of miR-3613-3p with the 3′-UTR of SMS, PAFAH1B2 or PDK3. B) The description of binding sites of miR-3613-3p with the lncRNAs NEAT1 or SNHG16.
title: Modernità nelle Americhe
Creators: name: Pravadelli, Veronica
Publisher: name: RomaTrE-Press
Year: 2016

description: La modernità è un topos fondamentale della cultura occidentale, e in particolare è una categoria fondativa per la configurazione del continente americano e del suo rapporto con l’Europa; e al legame fra le Americhe e la modernità sono dedicati gli interventi raccolti in questo volume. Il saggio introduttivo è dedicato all’esplicitazione del rapporto fra modernità e modernismo, fra dimensione sociale e culturale, fra teoria e storia. Il volume è poi dedicato a una riflessione multidisciplinare su questo snodo teorico così essenziale, che permette di interpretare il Novecento americano sotto nuove prospettive. In particolare, è affrontato il rapporto fra urbanistica, urbanizzazione, cinema e modernità, attraverso saggi con prospettive teoriche diverse e casi di studio provenienti dall’intero continente. Si prosegue poi nella riflessione fra teoria, politica ed estetica, andando a considerare il rapporto fra modernità e linguaggi letterari e cinematografici. Infine, il volume si concentra sulla dimensione più prettamente filosofica, non dimenticando di fare riferimento anche alla complessità degli scenari geoeconomici della globalizzazione.
Coenagrion puella
Creators: name: Bazzi, Gaia
name: Galimberti, Andrea
name: Foglini, Claudio
name: Bani, Luciano
name: Bazzi, Lionello
name: Bonvicini, Piero
name: Brembilla, Roberto
name: Brigo, Massimo
name: Cavenaghi, Alberto
name: Colombo, Giuseppe
name: Della Pieta, Cesare
name: Galliani, Carlo
name: Guarnaroli, Ettore
name: Larroux, Nicola
name: Monti, Alessandro
name: Orioli, Valerio
name: Ornaghi, Francesco
name: Pilon, Nicola
name: Pirotta, Giuliana
name: Radaelli, Giovanni
name: Tessa, Giulia
name: Assandri, Giacomo
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Odonata
Coenagrionidae
Coenagrion
Coenagrion puella

description: Coenagrion puella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Native status
R
Conservation status
erl: LC; irl: LC
Notes
Flight period: III March - I August
Common and widespread throughout the whole study area, it occurs in marshlands, lakes, ponds, wet meadows, rivers and ditches, from the lowlands to medium elevation in the mountains, with records up to 1562 m a.s.l. The species is scarcer in the central and eastern Monza and Brianza Province, possibly due to massive urbanisation that compromised its habitats.
description: Published as part of Bazzi, Gaia, Galimberti, Andrea, Foglini, Claudio, Bani, Luciano, Bazzi, Lionello, Bonvicini, Piero, Brembilla, Roberto, Brigo, Massimo, Cavenaghi, Alberto, Colombo, Giuseppe, Della Pieta, Cesare, Galliani, Carlo, Guarnaroli, Ettore, Larroux, Nicola, Monti, Alessandro, Orioli, Valerio, Ornaghi, Francesco, Pilon, Nicola, Pirotta, Giuliana, Radaelli, Giovanni, Tessa, Giulia & Assandri, Giacomo, 2023, Odonate diversity of a highly urbanised region: An annotated checklist of the damselflies and dragonflies (Insecta, Odonata) of Lario and Brianza (Lombardy, N Italy), pp. 111358 in Biodiversity Data Journal 11 on page 111358, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.11.e111358
Additional file 3 of Intercellular crosstalk in adult dental pulp is mediated by heparin-binding growth factors Pleiotrophin and Midkine
Creators: name: Jiravejchakul, Natnicha
name: Abe, Gabriela L.
name: Loza, Martin
name: Park, Soyoung
name: Matangkasombut, Ponpan
name: Sasaki, Jun-Ichi
name: Imazato, Satoshi
name: Diez, Diego
name: Standley, Daron M.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Hematology
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 3: Supplementary Fig. 2.
Intelligenz: Evolutionsbiologische Grundlagen und Perspektiven
Creators: name: Holstein, Thomas
Publisher: name: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online
Year: 2021

description: Obwohl der Begriff Intelligenz mittlerweile in den verschiedensten Bereichen verwandt wird, um die Entstehung komplexer Kausalitäten zu erklären, wird Intelligenz hier primär als die Fähigkeit neuronaler Systeme verstanden, Probleme in kognitiven Entscheidungsprozessen zu lösen. Kognition und intelligentes Verhalten sind daher primäre Objekt, aber nicht Subjekt der zufallsgetriebenen biologischen Evolution. – Aktuelle Arbeiten aus der Neurobiologie und vergleichenden Genomforschung haben jetzt gezeigt, wie, ausgehend von einfachen neuronalen Systemen, in allen Großgruppen des Tierreichs Formen entstanden sind, die in der Lage sind, vergleichbar komplexe Probleme in kognitiven Prozessen zu lösen. Diese Kognition beruht zwar auf den gleichen zellulären Grundelementen (Neuronen), wird aber in zum Teil ganz unterschiedlich gestalteten zentralnervösen Strukturen (Gehirne) realisiert. Durch den Vergleich der Nervensysteme von Tieren, die zu höheren intelligenten Sinnesleistungen fähig sind, werden jetzt erste gemeinsame Eigenschaften und Prinzipien offenkundig, welche Voraussetzung für die Entstehung höherer intelligenter Systeme sind (z. B. die Verschaltungsdichte, aber nicht Zahl neuronaler Elemente). Sie sind wahrscheinlich auch Constraints in der Entwicklung künstlicher intelligenter Systeme.
description: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online, Bd. 6 (2021): Intelligenz – Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen
ZZ+jet production via gluon fusion at the LHC
Creators: name: Campanario, Francisco
name: Li, Qiang
name: Rauch, Michael
name: Spira, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Pair production of Z bosons in association with a hard jet is an important background for Higgs particle or new physics searches at the LHC. The loop-induced gluon-fusion process gg > ZZg contributes formally only at the next-to-next-to-leading order. Nevertheless, it can get enhanced by the large gluon flux at the LHC, and thus should be taken into account in relevant experimental searches. We provide the details and results of this calculation, which involves the manipulation of rank-5 pentagon integrals. Our results show that the gluon-fusion process can contribute more than 10% to the next-to-leading order QCD result and increases the overall scale uncertainty. Moreover, interference effects between Higgs and non-Higgs contributions can become large in phase-space regions where the Higgs is far off-shell.
description: 13 pages, 7 figures
Incorporating Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channels into a Computational Model of Calcium Concentration in T-Lymphocytes
Creators: name: VICKY CHEN
name: Saleet Jafri
Publisher: name: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research
Year: 2022

description: The vital process of intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) signaling in T-lymphocytes control complex immune responses, and disruptions can cause autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. The activation of T-cells is fine-tuned by various pathways interacting with membrane potential, messengers, and other enzymes that eventually trigger intracellular calcium release. In cardiac and skeletal muscle, ryanodine receptors (RyR) are crucial to the release of calcium, facilitating contractions and relaxations of striated muscle cells. However, RyR also plays an important role in human T-cell activation, regulating calcium release in activated T-cells through bidirectional coupling of calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels. The mechanism of RyR has been demonstrated in vitro, but it is important to explore this system quantitatively to describe various interactions and modulations in the T-cell. We modified an existing T-cell model simulating the activation of CRAC channels with intracellular components, adding RyR1, RyR2, and RyR3 isoforms. Our model simulated the role of RyR in an activated and resting T-cell, potentially providing a tool to modulate immune responses in humans.
description: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research, Vol. 3 (2021)
Intelligenz im Tierreich
Creators: name: Wink, Michael
Publisher: name: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online
Year: 2021

description: Unter den Rabenvögeln, Papageien, Delfinen, Neuwelt- und Altweltaffen und vor allem den Menschenaffen gibt es viele Arten, die sich durch besondere Intelligenzleistungen ausweisen. Offenbar können sie Zusammenhänge erkennen, Pläne machen und innovative Lösungen finden. Das zeigt sich beim Herstellen und Nutzen von Werkzeugen, um Nüsse, Muscheln, Schnecken oder Vogeleier zu öffnen. Stöckchen und Drähte werden eingesetzt, um versteckte Beute zu sondieren und aufzuspießen. Menschenaffen setzen Zweige ein, um Ameisen oder Termiten aus ihrem Bau zu angeln oder an Honig zu gelangen. Viele Arten erfinden überraschende Tricks, um clever an unerschlossene Nahrungsquellen zu gelangen. Diese Tricks werden in den Tierpopulationen durch Tradierung weitergegeben. Viele Tiere zeigen erstaunliche kognitive Leistungen (Problemlösungen, Gedächtnis, Orientierung) und soziale Intelligenz. Die Annahme, dass nur wir Menschen intelligente Wesen sind, Werkzeuge benutzen und unser Verhalten planen, ist damit eindeutig überholt. Offenbar wurden die Gene für Intelligenz viel früher entwickelt und sind weit verbreitet. Da wir Menschen über die größte Anzahl an Neuronen in unserem Gehirn verfügen, besitzen wir eine besonders eindrucksvolle kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit. Wir verfügen zudem über Sprechvermögen als Alleinstellungsmerkmal und können damit Innovationen besonders schnell tradieren.
description: Heidelberger Jahrbücher Online, Bd. 6 (2021): Intelligenz – Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen
Modeling the Effect of Gene Expression Variation on T cell Activation and Differentiation
Creators: name: VAIBHAV GURUNATHAN
name: Saleet Jafri
Publisher: name: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research
Year: 2022

description: Cells have different ion channels in the plasma membrane that are crucial for proper immune response. These ion channels open in response to specific signals to allow specific ions to pass through in the process of facilitated diffusion. This project explores the effect of ion channel expression variation on the T cell responses. A computational model allows for the development and analysis of the cells in a controlled environment. To complete this project, Fortran code was manipulated at different levels to understand activation levels. Then, L type levels were analyzed to understand how they impact the responses. With this, figures were generated to represent the decrease of calcium levels after a sudden increase. This represents the calcium levels after ion channels opening and closing. In order to develop the model, the parameters represented different pump rates and ion channel conductances needed to be created. Accurately modeling the cells increases understanding of T cell heterogeneity in the immune response. This research creates the potential to understand how T cells and differentiate based on the calcium levels, which is through to control naive T cell differentiation into other important mature T cell types.
description: Journal of Student-Scientists' Research, Vol. 3 (2021)
Sympetrum fonscolombei
Creators: name: Bazzi, Gaia
name: Galimberti, Andrea
name: Foglini, Claudio
name: Bani, Luciano
name: Bazzi, Lionello
name: Bonvicini, Piero
name: Brembilla, Roberto
name: Brigo, Massimo
name: Cavenaghi, Alberto
name: Colombo, Giuseppe
name: Della Pieta, Cesare
name: Galliani, Carlo
name: Guarnaroli, Ettore
name: Larroux, Nicola
name: Monti, Alessandro
name: Orioli, Valerio
name: Ornaghi, Francesco
name: Pilon, Nicola
name: Pirotta, Giuliana
name: Radaelli, Giovanni
name: Tessa, Giulia
name: Assandri, Giacomo
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Odonata
Libellulidae
Sympetrum
Sympetrum fonscolombei

description: Sympetrum fonscolombei (Selys, 1840)
Native status
R
Conservation status
erl: LC; irl: LC
Notes
Flight period: I May - III November
Common and widespread in the study area, from the lowlands up to ca. 1600 m a.s.l. It occurs in a wide variety of lentic and lotic habitats; migrating individuals can be observed far away from breeding sites, even within urban areas and at mountain grasslands. The apparent absence from the northern Como Province is likely due to lack of data for this area.
description: Published as part of Bazzi, Gaia, Galimberti, Andrea, Foglini, Claudio, Bani, Luciano, Bazzi, Lionello, Bonvicini, Piero, Brembilla, Roberto, Brigo, Massimo, Cavenaghi, Alberto, Colombo, Giuseppe, Della Pieta, Cesare, Galliani, Carlo, Guarnaroli, Ettore, Larroux, Nicola, Monti, Alessandro, Orioli, Valerio, Ornaghi, Francesco, Pilon, Nicola, Pirotta, Giuliana, Radaelli, Giovanni, Tessa, Giulia & Assandri, Giacomo, 2023, Odonate diversity of a highly urbanised region: An annotated checklist of the damselflies and dragonflies (Insecta, Odonata) of Lario and Brianza (Lombardy, N Italy), pp. 111358 in Biodiversity Data Journal 11 on page 111358, DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.11.e111358
Additional file 5 of MicroRNA-3613-3p functions as a tumor suppressor and represents a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer
Creators: name: Chen, Chong
name: Pan, Yundi
name: Bai, Lipeng
name: Chen, Huilin
name: Duan, Zhaojun
name: Si, Qin
name: Zhu, Ruizhe
name: Chuang, Tsung-Hsien
name: Luo, Yunping
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 5: Supplementary Figure 5. Frequency of cancer stem cells in MDA-MB-231 cells. A) Plot result of extreme limiting dilution analysis for MDA-MB-231 sphere formation. B) Frequency of CSCs was estimated based on MDA-MB-231 sphere formation assay.