Retrospective Analysis of The Relationship of Trauma Severity Score (ISS) and Mandibula Fracture Severity in Patients With Mandibular Fracture
Creators: name: Sezgin, Haydar
name: Durgun, Hasan Mansur
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Mandible Fracture
Trauma
Maxillofacial trauma
Trauma Score

description: <strong>Objective:</strong> In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the clinical characteristics, the way the trauma occurred, the etiology, the status of the trauma in children and adults, the type, location, and number of the fracture, and the trauma (ISS) score of patients who applied to the emergency department due to mandibular trauma. <strong>Material-Method:</strong> The records of 188 patients who were admitted to the Dicle University Emergency Department between January 2017 and December 2021 due to mandibular fracture were reviewed retrospectively. SPSS v26.0 statistical program was used in the analysis of the obtained data. <strong>Results:</strong> 73% of the patients were male (n=138), 27% were female (n=50). 52% (n=97) were in the pediatric age group. Causes of traumas: 13% in-vehicle traffic accident (AITK), 9% non-vehicle traffic accident (ADTC), 12% assasults, 14% simple fall, 6% firearm injury (ASY), 28% fall from height. About half of the patients (49%) had isolated mandible fractures. In the remaining half, there was one or more accompanying pathologies with mandibular fracture. These are respectively; Facial trauma (28%), extremity trauma (23%), Chest trauma (22%), head and neck trauma (13%), abdominal trauma (7%), and other traumas (6%). 41% of patients had a single fracture. 40% had two fractures, 15% had three fractures, and 4% had four or more fractures. Mandibular fractures were most common in the condyle and parasymphis regions. These were followed by the corpus and angulus, and 80% were displaced fractures. The mean trauma score of the patients was recorded as 15.78 ± 13.92. Surgery was performed in 76% of the patients. Two patients died before they could be operated. Regression analysis revealed that WBC, ISS score, and displaced fractures were risk factors for going to surgery. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Patients with higher ISS scores had higher morbidity, mortality, and surgical need. In cases where ISS score is high and there are multiple traumas, it should be alerted.
description: {"references": ["Abdullah, W. A., Al-Mutairi, K., Al-Ali, Y., Al-Soghier, A., &amp; Al-Shnwani, A. (2013). Patterns and etiology of maxillofacial fractures in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. The Saudi dental journal, 25(1), 33\u201338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2012.10.004", "Adekeye EO. The pattern of fractures of the facial skeleton in Kaduna, Nigeria. A survey of 1,447 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1980;49:491 5", "Agnihotri A, Prabhu S, Thomas S. A comparative analysis of the efficacy of cortical screws as lag screws and miniplates for internal fixation of mandibular symphyseal region fractures: a randomized prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;43(1):22\u201328", "Ajmal S, Khan MA, Jadoon H, Malik SA. Management protocol of mandibular fractures at Pakistan Institute Of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2007; 19(3): 51-55.", "Akleyin, E., Polat, Y., &amp; Yavuz, Y. (2022). Three-Year Dentition Follow-up of a Paediatric Case with Malignant Infantile Osteopetrosis: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Clinical Trials and Experimental Investigations, 1(2), 47\u201364. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6994773", "Al-Tairi N., Al-Radom J. Prevalence and Etiology of Pediatric Maxillofacial Fractures in a Group of Yemeni Children and Adolescents. Open J. Stomatol. 2021;11:179\u2013187. doi: 10.4236/ojst.2021.115015", "Amano O, Doi T, Yamada T, Sasaki A, Sakiyama K, Kanegae H, et al. Meckel's cartilage: Discovery, embryology and evolution\u2014Overview of the specificity of Meckel's cartilage. Journal of Oral Biosciences. 2010;52:125\u2013135", "Ansari S, Akhdar F, Mandoorah M, Moutaery K. Causes and effects of road traffic accidents in Saudi Arabia. Public Health. 2000;114:37\u20139. doi: 10.1038/sj.ph.1900610.", "Arslan E.D., Solakoglu A.G., Komut E., Kavalci C., Yilmaz F., Karakilic E., Durdu T., Sonmez M. Assessment of maxillofacial trauma in emergency department. World J. Emerg. Surg. 2014;9:13", "Arslan, S., Guzel, M., Turan, C., Doganay, S., Dogan, A. H. M. E. T., &amp; Aslan, A. (2014). Management and treatment of liver injury in children. ULUSAL TRAVMA VE ACIL CERRAHI DERGISI-TURKISH JOURNAL OF TRAUMA &amp; EMERGENCY SURGERY, 20(1).", "Arslan, S., Okur, M. H., Basuguy, E., Aydogdu, B., Zeytun, H., Cal, S., ... &amp; Azizoglu, M. (2021). Crystallized phenol for treatment of pilonidal sinus disease in children: a comparative clinical study. Pediatric Surgery International, 37(6), 807-813", "Aydogdu, B., Arslan, S., Zeytun, H., Arslan, M. S., Basuguy, E., \u0130\u00e7er, M., ... &amp; Otcu, S. (2016). Predicting pseudocyst formation following pancreatic trauma in pediatric patients. Pediatric surgery international, 32(6), 559-563", "Baber, A. (2022). The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological state of healthcare workers around the world: A review. The Injector, 1(1), 16\u201330. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6501610", "Basuguy, E., Okur, M. H., Arslan, S., Aydo\u011fdu, B., Akdeniz, S., &amp; Azizo\u011flu, M. (2020). \u00c7ocuklarda torakoport yard\u0131ml\u0131 laparoskopik apendektomi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z. Dicle T\u0131p Dergisi, 47(3), 727-734", "Bereket C, \u015eener \u0130, \u015eenel E, \u00d6zkan N, Yilmaz N. Incidence of mandibular fractures in black sea region of Turkey. J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7:e410\u20133. doi: 10.4317/jced.52169.", "Blanksma, N. G., T. M. G. J. Van Eijden, and W. A. Weijs. \"Electromyographic heterogeneity in the human masseter muscle.\" Journal of dental research 71.1 (1992): 47-52.", "Bohluli, B., Mohammadi, E., Oskui, I. Z., &amp; Moharamnejad, N. (2019). Treatment of mandibular angle fracture: Revision of the basic principles. Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi, 22(2), 117\u2013119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2019.01.005", "Champy M, Lodde J P. [Osteosynthesis of the external orbital cavity using screwed plates. Therapeutic indications and results] Rev Otoneuroophtalmol. 1976;48(4):243\u2013248.", "Chidyllo SA, Marschall MA. Teeth in the line of a mandible fracture: Which should be performed first, extraction or fixation? Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;90:135\u2013136.", "Demir, Y., &amp; Mermutluo\u011flu, \u00c7., (2022). Leptospirosis Case Accompanying Covid-19. Journal of Clinical Trials and Experimental Investigations, 1(2), 65\u201368. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6980315", "Ding, Q., Fu, Z. Z., Yue, J., Xu, Y. X., Xue, L. F., &amp; Xiao, W. L. (2021). Virtual Surgical Planning and Three-Dimensional Printing to Aid the Anatomical Reduction of an Old Malunited Fracture of the Mandible. The Journal of craniofacial surgery, 32(7), e647\u2013e649. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000007653", "Falchi, D., Bak\u0131r, A. C., Risteski, T., Abu Tziam, H., Y\u00fcksel, S., &amp; Inal Azizo\u011flu, S. (2022). Diagnostic Value of The Ischemia Modified Albumin and Pentraxin 3 In Pediatric Appendicitis: A Meta Analysis. Journal of Clinical Trials and Experimental Investigations, 1(1), 1\u20139. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6857498", "Dingman RO, Natvig P. Surgery of facial fractures: Saunders; New York 1964", "Ellis E III, Miles B A. Fractures of the mandible: a technical perspective. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;120(7) 02:76S\u201389S", "Ellis E III. A prospective study of 3 treatment methods for isolated fractures of the mandibular angle. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68(11):2743\u20132754", "Ellis E III. A study of 2 bone plating methods for fractures of the mandibular symphysis/body. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(7):1978\u20131987", "Ellis E III. An algorithm for the treatment of noncondylar mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72: 939\u2013949", "Ellis E III. Discussion: which factors are associated with open reduction of adult mandibular condylar injuries? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;137(6):1822\u20131823", "Ellis E III. Management of fractures through the angle of the mandible. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2009;21(2):163\u2013174", "Fasola AO, Nyako EA, Obiechina AE, Arotiba JT. Trends in the characteristics of maxillofacial fractures in Nigeria. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:1140\u20133. doi: 10.1016/S0278-2391(03)00671-2.", "Ferreira P C, Amarante J M, Silva P N. et al. Retrospective study of 1251 maxillofacial fractures in children and adolescents. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115(6):1500\u20131508.", "Ferreira P., Marques M., Pinho C., Rodrigues J., Reis J., Amarante J. Midfacial fractures in children and adolescents: A review of 492 cases. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2004;42:501\u2013505. doi: 10.1016/S0266-4356(04)00128-7.", "Florentino, V., Abreu, D. F., Ribeiro, N., Silva, L. F., Gondin, R. F., Mello, M., &amp; Aguiar, A. (2020). Surgical Treatment of Bilateral Atrophic Mandible Fracture. The Journal of craniofacial surgery, 31(8), e753\u2013e755. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000006630", "Frimpong, P., Nguyen, T., Sodnom-Ish, B., Nimatu, E. S., Dampare, N., Rockson, R., Awuah, S. B., Amponsah, E. K., Newton, C., &amp; Kim, S. M. (2021). Incidence and management of mandibular fractures in a low-resource health facility in Ghana. Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 47(6), 432\u2013437. https://doi.org/10.5125/jkaoms.2021.47.6.432", "Gutta, Rajesh, et al. \"Outcomes of mandible fracture treatment at an academic tertiary hospital: a 5-year analysis.\" Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 72.3 (2014): 550-558.", "G\u00fczel, M., Arslan, S., Turan, C., &amp; Do\u011fanay, S. (2015). Management of renal injury in children. Annali Italiani di Chirurgia, 86(3), 246-251", "Haug R.H., Foss J. Maxillofacial injuries in the pediatric patient. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2000;90:126\u2013134. doi: 10.1067/moe.2000.107974.", "Jaber, M.A., AlQahtani, F., Bishawi, K., Thomas Kuriadom, S. 2020. Patterns of maxillofacial injuries in the Middle East and North Africa: a systematic review. Int. Dent. J. doi: 10.1111/idj.12587", "Jin KS, Lee H, Sohn JB, Han YS, Jung DU, Sim HY, et al. Fracture patterns and causes in the craniofacial region: an 8-year review of 2076 patients. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;40:29. doi: 10.1186/s40902-018-0168-y.", "Jose A., Nagori S.A., Agarwal B., Bhutia O., Roychoudhury A. Management of maxillofacial trauma in emergency: an update of challenges and controversies. J. Emerg. Trauma Shock. 2016;9:73\u201380", "Kao, R., Rabbani, C. C., Patel, J. M., Parkhurst, S. M., Mantravadi, A. V., Ting, J. Y., Sim, M. W., Koehler, K., &amp; Shipchandler, T. Z. (2019). Management of Mandible Fracture in 150 Children Across 7 Years in a US Tertiary Care Hospital. JAMA facial plastic surgery, 21(5), 414\u2013418. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamafacial.2019.0312", "Keser \u015eahin, H. H., Ba\u015f, Y., &amp; \u015eenel, E. (2022). Analysis of cytokine and COVID-19 associated cytokine storm researches in scientific literature: A bibliometric study. The Injector, 1(1), 2\u201315. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6501571", "Kheirallah M, Mate\u0144ko D. [The epidemiological analysis of mandibular fractures in the material of I Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of Warsaw University in the years 1988-1992] Czas Stomatol. 1994;2:123\u20137. Polish", "Kheirallah, M., Almeshaly, H. 2016. Epidemiological analysis of mandibular fractures in KSA, Conference Paper", "Kim S.H., Lee S.H., Cho P.D. Analysis of 809 facial bone fractures in a pediatric and adolescent population. Arch. Plast. Surg. 2012;39:606\u2013611. doi: 10.5999/aps.2012.39.6.606.", "Klyuev, S. A., Asharur , R. M., Goremykin, I. V., Masevkin, V. G., Shintaev, T. K., &amp; Azizo\u011flu, M. (2022). Two Types of Gastric Volvulus In Children: Case Reports And Review of The Literature. Journal of Clinical Trials and Experimental Investigations, 1(1), 10\u201316. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6857722", "Klyuev, S. A., Goremykin, I. V., Masevkin, V. G., Gorodkov, S. Y., Nikolaev, A. V., Shintaev, T. K., &amp; Azizo\u011flu, M. Acute Gastric Dilation With Necrosis: Case Report And Literature Review. Journal of Clinical Trials and Experimental Investigations, 1(2), 32\u201346. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7007932", "Koolstra, Jan Harm. \"Dynamics of the human masticatory system.\" Critical reviews in oral biology &amp; medicine 13.4 (2002): 366-376", "Kyzas PA, Saeed A, Tabbenor O. The treatment of mandibular condyle fractures: A meta-analysis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2012;40:e438\u2013e452.", "Layton S, Dickenson AJ, Norris S. Maxillofacial fractures: a study of recurrent victims. Injury. 1994;25:523\u20135. doi: 10.1016/0020-1383(94)90094-9", "Lee, S. J., Park, E. S., Nam, S. M., Choi, C. Y., Shin, H. S., &amp; Kim, Y. B. (2019). Surgical Treatment of Mandible Fracture Using Unsintered Hydroxyapatite/Poly L-Lactide Composite Fixation System. The Journal of craniofacial surgery, 30(8), 2573\u20132575. https://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0000000000006030", "Mittal G, Mittal SR. Mandibular fractures at veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Government Medical Science and Research Institute, Garhwal region, Uttarakhand, India: A retrospective study. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2013;3:161-5", "Mori-Akiyama Y, Akiyama H, Rowitch DH, de Crombrugghe B. Sox9 is required for determination of the chondrogenic cell lineage in the cranial neural crest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003;100:9360\u20139365", "Morris, Christopher, et al. \"Mandibular fractures: an analysis of the epidemiology and patterns of injury in 4,143 fractures.\" Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 73.5 (2015): 951-e1", "Morrow, B. T., Samson, T. D., Schubert, W., &amp; Mackay, D. R. (2014). Evidence-based medicine: Mandible fractures. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 134(6), 1381\u20131390. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000000717", "Mukherjee C.G., Mukherjee U. Maxillofacial trauma in children. Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 2012;5:231\u2013236. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1174", "Nelson, Gregory J. Three dimensional computer modeling of human mandibular biomechanics. Diss. University of British Columbia, 1986.", "Nishioka G J, Van Sickels J E. Transoral plating of mandibular angle fractures: a technique. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988;66(5):531\u2013535.", "Ogundare BO, Bonnick A, Bayley N. Pattern of mandibular fractures in an urban major trauma center. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:713\u20138. doi: 10.1053/joms.2003.50118", "Oikarinen VJ, Lindquist C. The frequency of facial bone fractures in patients with multiple injuries sustained in traffic accidents. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1975;71:53 7", "Olayemi AB, Adeniyi AO, Samuel U, Emeka OA. Pattern, severity, and management of cranio-maxillofacial soft-tissue injuries in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2013;6:235\u201340. doi: 10.4103/0974-2700.120362.", "Owusu J A, Bellile E, Moyer J S, Sidman J D. Patterns of pediatric mandible fractures in the United States. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2016;18(1):37\u201341.", "Parada C, Li J, Iwata J, Suzuki A, Chai Y. CTGF mediates Smad-dependent transforming growth factor \u03b2 signaling to regulate mesenchymal cell proliferation during palate development. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2013;33:3482\u20133493.", "Parada, C., &amp; Chai, Y. (2015). Mandible and Tongue Development. Current topics in developmental biology, 115, 31\u201358. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.023", "Parkins G, Boamah MO, Avogo D, Ndanu T, Nuamah IK. Maxillofacial and concomitant injuries in multiple injured patients at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana. West Afr J Med. 2014;33:51\u20135", "Pickrell, B. B., &amp; Hollier, L. H., Jr (2017). Evidence-Based Medicine: Mandible Fractures. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 140(1), 192e\u2013200e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003469", "Pickrell, B. B., Serebrakian, A. T., &amp; Maricevich, R. S. (2017). Mandible Fractures. Seminars in plastic surgery, 31(2), 100\u2013107. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1601374", "Pleicikiene, G., and Algimantas Surna. \"Human masticatory system from a biomechanical perspective: a review.\" Stomatologija 6.3 (2004): 81-84.", "Priya K. et al., ANALYSIS OF THE OUTCOME OF MANDIBLE FRACTURE MANAGEMENT, thesis August 2015. THE TAMIL NADU M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY", "Richany SF, Bast TH, Anson BJ. The development of the first branchial arch in man and the fate of Meckel's cartilage. Quarterly Bulletin of Northwestern University Medical School. 1956;30:331\u2013355.", "Shankar, Ashwini Naveen, et al. \"The pattern of the maxillofacial fractures\u2013a multicentre retrospective study.\" Journal of cranio-maxillofacial surgery 40.8 (2012): 675-679.", "Shivani Jain , Shipra Gupta. Titanium Miniplates versus Intraosseous Wires as Methods of Fixation of Mandibular Fractures: A Clinical Study. Indian J Stomatol 2011;2(4):238-44", "Siy R W, Brown R H, Koshy J C, Stal S, Hollier L H Jr. General management considerations in pediatric facial fractures. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22(4):1190\u20131195.", "Str\u00f6m C, Nordenram A, Fischer K. Jaw fractures in the County of Kopparberg and Stockholm 1979-1988. A retrospective comparative study of frequency and cause with special reference to assault. Swed Dent J. 1991;15:285\u20139", "Subhashraj K, Ramkumar S, Ravindran C. Pattern of mandibular fractures in Chennai, India. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;46:126 7", "\u021aen\u021b, P. A., Juncar, R. I., Moca, A. E., Moca, R. T., &amp; Juncar, M. (2022). The Etiology and Epidemiology of Pediatric Facial Fractures in North-Western Romania: A 10-Year Retrospective Study. Children (Basel, Switzerland), 9(7), 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9070932", "Tuovinen., \"A retrospective analysis of 279 patients with isolated mandibular fractures treated with titanium miniplates\". J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994; 52(9): 931-6.", "Weijs, W. A., and B. Hillen. \"Relationship between the physiological crosssection of the human jaw muscles and their cross-sectional area in computer tomograms.\" Cells Tissues Organs 118.3 (1984): 129-138.", "West, G. H., Griggs, J. A., Chandran, R., Precheur, H. V., Buchanan, W., &amp; Caloss, R. (2014). Treatment outcomes with the use of maxillomandibular fixation screws in the management of mandible fractures. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 72(1), 112\u2013120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2013.08.001", "Wilson IF, Lokeh A, Benjamin CI, et al. Prospective comparison of panoramic tomography (zonography) and helical computed tomography in the diagnosis and operative management of mandibular fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107:1369\u20131375", "Wolfswinkel E M, Weathers W M, Wirthlin J O, Monson L A, Hollier L H Jr, Khechoyan D Y. Management of pediatric mandible fractures. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2013;46(5):791\u2013806", "Xu, W. L., et al. \"Review of the human masticatory system and masticatory robotics.\" Mechanism and Machine Theory 43.11 (2008): 1353-1375.", "Y\u00fcksel, H., Kaplan, \u0130., Toprak, G., Evliyao\u011flu, O., Ku\u015f, S., Azizo\u011flu, M., &amp; Mete, N. (2014). A questionnaire study among nurses: awareness of blood and urine sample collection procedures. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), 52(8), e159-e161.", "Zargar M, Khaji A, Karbakhsh M, Zarei MR. Epidemiologystudy of facial injuries during a 13 month of trauma registry in Tehran. Indian J Med Sci 2004;58:109 14."]}