cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Diurnal Patterns of the Bi-Directional Reflectance of Fresh-Water Ice
Creators: name: Leshkevich, George A.
name: Deering, Donald W.
name: Eck, Thomas
name: Ahmad, Suraiya P.
Publisher: name: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2017

description: To improve the interpretation of surface cryospheric albedo from satellite sensor data, diurnal measurements of the spectral bi-directional reflectance of a commonly-found fresh-water ice type were made, from which hemispherical reflectance can be derived. The purpose of this study is to document its clear-sky, bi-directional reflectance characteristics in the visible (650–670 nm) and near-infrared (810–840 nm) region, assess the diurnal nature of the reflectance, and quantify the surface anisotropy. Bi-directional reflectances of the re-frozen slush ice measured show a spectral dependence and change significantly with solar zenith angle. Considerable variation occurs at each view angle and among view angles throughout the day. Although diurnal reflectance patterns were similar in both bands, magnitudes varied greatly, being highest in the visible and lowest in the near-infrared region. With the exception of peak saturated (specular) values in the forward scatter direction, bi-directional reflectance was generally highest in the morning when the surface and the illumination were most diffuse in character. The exitance (?N) computed from nadir radiance (N) is compared to the measured hemispheric exitance (M). The ?N/M ratios, an index of anisotropy, reveal an anisotropy that increases with increasing solar zenith angle and is more pronounced in the near-infrared region.
The Parton Branching evolution package uPDFevolv2
Creators: name: Jung, Hannes
name: Lelek, A.
name: Moral Figueroa, Keila
name: Taheri Monfared, S.
Publisher: name: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Year: 2024
Subjects: parton: density
collinear
evolution equation
programming
transverse momentum dependence
DGLAP equation
numerical methods

description: uPDFevolv2 is a software package designed for evolving collinear and Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD) parton densities using the DGLAP evolution equation. A comprehensive description of both the theoretical framework and technical implementation is given, accompanied by a detailed guide on program usage, focusing on customizable parameters. This report is as a technical release note for uPDFevolv version 2.5.03.
MERS-CoV nsp1 regulates autophagic flux via mTOR signaling and dysfunctional lysosomes
Creators: name: Feng, Yujie
name: Pan, Zhaoyi
name: Wang, Zhihui
name: Lei, Zhengyang
name: Yang, Songge
name: Zhao, Huajun
name: Wang, Xueyao
name: Yu, Yating
name: Han, Qiuju
name: Zhang, Jian
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: Autophagy, a cellular surveillance mechanism, plays an important role in combating invading pathogens. However, viruses have evolved various strategies to disrupt autophagy and even hijack it for replication and release. Here, we demonstrated that Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) non-structural protein 1(nsp1) induces autophagy but inhibits autophagic activity. MERS-CoV nsp1 expression increased ROS and reduced ATP levels in cells, which activated AMPK and inhibited the mTOR signaling pathway, resulting in autophagy induction. Meanwhile, as an endonuclease, MERS-CoV nsp1 downregulated the mRNA of lysosome-related genes that were enriched in nsp1-located granules, which diminished lysosomal biogenesis and acidification, and inhibited autophagic flux. Importantly, MERS-CoV nsp1-induced autophagy can lead to cell death in vitro and in vivo. These findings clarify the mechanism by which MERS-CoV nsp1-mediated autophagy regulation, providing new insights for the prevention and treatment of the coronavirus.
title: Gerste :
title: Richtlinien für die Durchführung der Prüfung auf Unterscheidbarkeit, Homogenität und Beständigkeit.
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Unas)
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2018

description: Zweck dieser Richtlinien („Prüfungsrichtlinien“) ist es, die in der Allgemeinen Einführung (Dokument TG/1/3) und deren verbundenen TGP-Dokumenten enthaltenen Grundsätze in detaillierte praktische Anleitung für die harmonisierte Prüfung der Unterscheidbarkeit, der Homogenität und der Beständigkeit (DUS) umzusetzen und insbesondere geeignete Merkmale für die DUS-Prüfung und die Erstellung harmonisierter Sortenbeschreibungen auszuweisen.
title: Немецкий язык: вводный курс = Deutsch: Vorkurs
Creators: name: ELS IPR BOOKS
Publisher: name: Профобразование
Year: 2024

description: Практикум содержит комплекс упражнений, которые помогают освоить основные правила чтения и произношения на немецком языке, ознакомиться с основами построения немецких предложений и базовыми клише. Издание предназначено для студентов всех профессий и специальностей среднего профессионального образования, изучающих дисциплину «Иностранный язык (немецкий)». Издание рекомендовано Экспертным советом Федерального учебно-методического объединения в системе среднего профессионального образования по укрупненной группе профессий, специальностей «Машиностроение».
Real-time monitoring of South American smoke particle emissions and transport using a coupled remote sensing/box-model approach
Creators: name: Reid, Jeffrey S.
name: Prins, Elaine M.
name: Westphal, Douglas L.
name: Schmidt, Christopher C.
name: Richardson, Kim A.
name: Christopher, Sundar A.
name: Eck, Thomas
name: Reid, Elizabeth A.
name: Curtis, Cynthia A.
name: Hoffman, Jay P.
Publisher: name: AGU
Year: 2004

description: Since August 2000, the Wild fire Automated Biomass Burning Algorithm (WF_ABBA) has been generating half-hourly fire hot spot analyses for the Western Hemisphere using GOES satellites to provide the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) with near-real-time fire products. These are used to generate smoke particle fluxes for aerosol transport forecasting to benefit the scientific, weather, and regulatory communities. In South America, fire hot-spot analysis is shown to be adequate for generating real-time smoke source functions for aerosol forecast models. We present smoke coverage and flux estimates based on the WF_ABBA and NAAPS products. Modeled fluxes of emissions for 2001–2002 are ?25 + 10 Tg yr?1, similar to previous estimates. Correlations of optical depth with MODIS and AERONET show good agreement with observations. Comparisons of NAAPS aerosol fields with MODIS also show potential clear sky and other biases as smoke is transported into the Atlantic Ocean and the ITCZ.
In-Situ and Remotely-Sensed Observations of Biomass Burning Aerosols at Doi Ang Khang, Thailand during 7-SEAS/BASELInE 2015
Creators: name: Sayer, Andrew
name: Hsu, N. Christina
name: Hsiao, Ta-Chih
name: Pantina, Peter
name: Kuo, Ferret
name: Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng
name: Holben, Brent N.
name: Janjai, Serm
name: Chantara, Somporn
name: Wang, Sheng-Hsiang
name: Loftus, Adrian M.
name: Lin, Neng-Huei
name: Tsay, Si-Chee
Publisher: name: Aerosol and Air Quality Research
Year: 2016

description: The spring 2015 deployment of a suite of instrumentation at Doi Ang Khang (DAK) in northwestern Thailand enabled the characterization of air masses containing smoke aerosols from burning predominantly in Myanmar. Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun photometer data were used to validate Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Collection 6 ‘Deep Blue’ aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals; MODIS Terra and Aqua provided results of similar quality, with correlation coefficients of 0.93–0.94 and similar agreement within expected uncertainties to global-average performance. Scattering and absorption measurements were used to compare surface and total column aerosol single scatter albedo (SSA); while the two were well-correlated, and showed consistent positive relationships with moisture (increasing SSA through the season as surface relative humidity and total columnar water vapor increased), in-situ surface-level SSA was nevertheless significantly lower by 0.12–0.17. This could be related to vertical heterogeneity and/or instrumental issues. DAK is at ~1,500 m above sea level in heterogeneous terrain, and the resulting strong diurnal variability in planetary boundary layer depth above the site leads to high temporal variability in both surface and column measurements, and acts as a controlling factor to the ratio between surface particulate matter (PM) levels and column AOD. In contrast, while some hygroscopic effects were observed relating to aerosol particle size and Ångström exponent, relative humidity variations appear to be less important for the PM:AOD ratio here.
Global Estimates of Fine Particulate Matter using a Combined Geophysical-Statistical Method with Information from Satellites, Models, and Monitors
Creators: name: Van Donkelaar, Aaron
name: Martin, Randall V.
name: Brauer, Michael
name: Hsu, N. Christina
name: Kahn, Ralph A.
name: Levy, Robert C.
name: Lyapustin, Alexei
name: Sayer, Andrew
name: Winker, David M.
Publisher: name: ACS
Year: 2016

description: We estimated global fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) concentrations using information from satellite-, simulation- and monitor-based sources by applying a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to global geophysically based satellite-derived PM₂.₅ estimates. Aerosol optical depth from multiple satellite products (MISR, MODIS Dark Target, MODIS and SeaWiFS Deep Blue, and MODIS MAIAC) was combined with simulation (GEOS-Chem) based upon their relative uncertainties as determined using ground-based sun photometer (AERONET) observations for 1998–2014. The GWR predictors included simulated aerosol composition and land use information. The resultant PM₂.₅ estimates were highly consistent (R² = 0.81) with out-of-sample cross-validated PM₂.₅ concentrations from monitors. The global population-weighted annual average PM₂.₅concentrations were 3-fold higher than the 10 μg/m³ WHO guideline, driven by exposures in Asian and African regions. Estimates in regions with high contributions from mineral dust were associated with higher uncertainty, resulting from both sparse ground-based monitoring, and challenging conditions for retrieval and simulation. This approach demonstrates that the addition of even sparse ground-based measurements to more globally continuous PM₂.₅ data sources can yield valuable improvements to PM₂.₅ characterization on a global scale.
The response of stratospheric constituents to a solar eclipse, sunrise, and sunset
Creators: name: Herman, Jay
Publisher: name: Maryland Shared Open Access Repository
Year: 1964

description: The combination of measurements and detailed stratospheric modeling of time-dependent events can be used to confirm chemical mechanisms and their laboratory rate constants or to deduce additional atmospheric properties such as the temperature structure. Sunset, sunrise, and a solar eclipse are events that are characterized by a relatively strong forcing function of brief duration. For these time scales, the detailed time-dependent photochemical and vertical diffusion equations can be solved to predict the variations of minor constituents that are physically important and accessible to current measurement techniques. Careful simultaneous solutions of these equations have shown a significant daytime variation of ozone down to altitudes of about 30 km that can affect the interpretation of spectral absorption type experiments. The calculated sunset variations of [NO] and [HO] show a log linear concentration decay for limited time periods that can be readily converted into atmospheric temperatures by using known reaction rates up to about 70-km altitude. Measurements of the time-dependent behavior of [NO] and [NO2] during the eclipse of February 26, 1979, are expected to be made from the U2 aircraft at 20-km altitude. If the measurements have sufficient sensitivity, they can be used along with the model predictions to confirm some laboratory chemical rate constants and to estimate the [ClO]/[ClNO3] ratio at 20-km altitude.
Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning, urban, and desert dust aerosols
Creators: name: Eck, Thomas
name: Holben, B. N.
name: Reid, J. S.
name: Dubovik, O.
name: Smirnov, A.
name: O'Neill, N. T.
name: Slutsker, I.
name: Kinne, S.
Publisher: name: AGU
Year: 1999

description: The Angstrom wavelength exponent ?, which is the slope of the logarithm of aerosol optical depth (?a) versus the logarithm of wavelength (?), is commonly used to characterize the wavelength dependence of ?a and to provide some basic information on the aerosol size distribution. This parameter is frequently computed from the spectral measurements of both ground-based sunphotometers and from satellite and aircraft remote sensing retrievals. However, spectral variation of ? is typically not considered in the analysis and comparison of values from different techniques. We analyze the spectral measurements of ?a from 340 to 1020 nm obtained from ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network radiometers located in various locations where either biomass burning, urban, or desert dust aerosols are prevalent. Aerosol size distribution retrievals obtained from combined solar extinction and sky radiance measurements are also utilized in the analysis. These data show that there is significant curvature in the ln ?a versus ln ? relationship for aerosol size distributions dominated by accumulation mode aerosols (biomass burning and urban). Mie theory calculations of ? for biomass burning smoke (for a case of aged smoke at high optical depth) agree well with observations, confirming that large spectral variations in ? are due to the dominance of accumulation mode aerosols. A second order polynomial fit to the ln ?a versus ln ? data provides excellent agreement with differences in ?a of the order of the uncertainty in the measurements (?0.01-0.02). The significant curvature in ln ?a versus ln ? for high optical depth accumulation mode dominated aerosols results in ? values differing by a factor of 3–5 from 340 to 870 nm. We characterize the curvature in ln ?a versus ln ? by the second derivative ?? and suggest that this parameter be utilized in conjunction with ? to characterize the spectral dependence of ?a. The second derivative of ln ?a versus ln ? gives an indication of the relative influence of accumulation mode versus coarse mode particles on optical properties.
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF MSMEs THROUGH DIGITAL MARKETING ON SUMBA ISLAND, EAST NUSA TENGGARA
Creators: name: Merlyn Kurniawati
name: Yosefina K.I.D.D. Dhae
name: Ni Putu Nursiani
name: Paulina Y. Amtiran
name: Reyner F. Makatita
name: Sekar Chornelia Bandi
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Digital Marketing, MSMEs, Sumba Island, Traditional Marketing, Qualitative.

description: Abstract

Despite their crucial role in the Indonesian economy, Sumba Island's MSMEs must catch up in digital marketing, relying heavily on traditional methods like physical storefronts. This qualitative research study reveals limited adoption of digital tools due to lack of awareness, perceived technical difficulty, and poor internet access. To bridge this digital divide and enhance their resilience, the government should prioritize ongoing digital marketing education and training programs through the Office of Cooperatives and MSMEs, empowering Sumba's MSMEs to navigate the digital landscape and unlock their growth potential.
SOLAR RADIATION OBSERVATIONS AT THE GROUND-BASED RADIATION MONITORING COMPLEX IN REP. of MOLDOVA
Creators: name: Aculinin, Alexandr
name: Smicov, Vladimir
name: Holben, Brent
name: Smirnov, Alexander
name: Eck, Thomas
name: Policarpov, Albert
name: Graciov, Vitaly
name: Balan, George
Publisher: name: Maryland Shared Open Access Repository
Year: 2024

description: Description of the ground-based solar radiation monitoring complex is presented. Complex comprises a set of the state-of-the-art solar radiation sensors, automatic sun-tracking unit and electronics, sunphotometer, portable hand-held ozonometer, and automatic weather station. Total ozone content in column of atmosphere, solar broadband irradiances from UV-B to the far IR, spectral aerosol optical thickness (AOT), retrieved column integrated aerosol optical and microphysical characteristics, and main surface meteorological elements are measured at this ground station. AOT observations are fulfilled within the frame of the global Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) program under supervision of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Radiometric and ozone data are submitted to the World Radiation Data Centre (WRDC) and World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC). Some preliminary results of AOT, shortwave solar radiation, total ozone content, and main meteorological elements acquired at the ground based solar radiation monitoring station are presented.
Analysis of the weekly cycle of aerosol optical depth using AERONET and MODIS data
Creators: name: Xia, Xiangao
name: Eck, Thomas
name: Holben, Brent N.
name: Phillippe, Goloub
name: Chen, Hongbin
Publisher: name: AGU
Year: 2008
Subjects: aeronet
Aerosol optical depth
weekend effect

description: Multi-year Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol optical depth (AOD) data are used to study AOD weekly variations at the global scale. A clear weekly cycle of AOD is observed in the United States (U.S.) and Central Europe. AOD during the weekday is larger than that during the weekend in 36 out of 43 AERONET sites in the U.S. The average U.S. weekend effect (the percent difference in AOD during the weekday and the weekend) is 3.8%. A weekly periodicity with lower AODs on Sunday and Monday and higher AODs from Wednesday until Saturday is revealed over Central Europe and the average weekend effect there is 4.0%. The weekly cycle in urban sites is greater than that in rural sites. AOD during the weekday is also significantly larger than that during the weekend in urban AERONET sites in South America and South Korea. However, a reversed AOD weekly cycle is observed in the Middle East and India. AODs on Thursday and Friday, the “weekend” for Middle East cultures, are relatively lower than AODs on other days. There is no clear weekly variation of AOD over eastern China. The striking feature in this region is the occurrence of much higher AOD on Sunday and this phenomenon is independent of season. The analysis of MODIS aerosol data is in good agreement with that of AERONET data.
Downwelling solar irradiance in the biomass burning region of the southern Amazon: Dependence on aerosol intensive optical properties and role of water vapor
Creators: name: Rosário, Nilton E.
name: Yamasoe, Marcia A.
name: Brindley, Helen
name: Eck, Thomas
name: Schafer, Joel
Publisher: name: AGU
Year: 2011
Subjects: aerosols
Amazon basin
biomass burning
solar radiation

description: The sensitivity of solar irradiance at the surface to the variability of aerosol intensive optical properties is investigated for a site (Alta Floresta) in the southern portion of the Amazon basin using detailed comparisons between measured and modeled irradiances. Apart from aerosol intensive optical properties, specifically single scattering albedo (?o?) and asymmetry parameter (g?), which were assumed constant, all other relevant input to the model were prescribed based on observation. For clean conditions, the differences between observed and modeled irradiances were consistent with instrumental uncertainty. For polluted conditions, the agreement was significantly worse, with a root mean square difference three times larger (23.5 Wm?2). Analysis revealed a noteworthy correlation between the irradiance differences (observed minus modeled) and the column water vapor (CWV) for polluted conditions. Positive differences occurred mostly in wet conditions, while the differences became more negative as the atmosphere dried. To explore the hypothesis that the irradiance differences might be linked to the modulation of ?o? and g? by humidity, AERONET retrievals of aerosol properties and CWV over the same site were analyzed. The results highlight the potential role of humidity in modifying ?o? and g? and suggest that to explain the relationship seen between irradiances differences via aerosols properties the focus has to be on humidity-dependent processes that affect particles chemical composition. Undoubtedly, there is a need to better understand the role of humidity in modifying the properties of smoke aerosols in the southern portion of the Amazon basin.
Validation and uncertainty estimates for MODIS Collection 6 “Deep Blue” aerosol data
Creators: name: Sayer, Andrew
name: Hsu, N. C.
name: Bettenhausen, C.
name: Jeong, M.-J.
Publisher: name: AGU
Year: 2013
Subjects: AERONET
aerosol
Collection 6
Deep Blue
MODIS
validation

description: The “Deep Blue” aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval algorithm was introduced in Collection 5 of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) product suite, and complemented the existing “Dark Target” land and ocean algorithms by retrieving AOD over bright arid land surfaces, such as deserts. The forthcoming Collection 6 of MODIS products will include a “second generation” Deep Blue algorithm, expanding coverage to all cloud-free and snow-free land surfaces. The Deep Blue dataset will also provide an estimate of the absolute uncertainty on AOD at 550 nm for each retrieval. This study describes the validation of Deep Blue Collection 6 AOD at 550 nm (?M) from MODIS Aqua against Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data from 60 sites to quantify these uncertainties. The highest quality (denoted quality assurance flag value 3) data are shown to have an absolute uncertainty of approximately (0.086+0.56?M)/AMF, where AMF is the geometric air mass factor. For a typical AMF of 2.8, this is approximately 0.03+0.20?M, comparable in quality to other satellite AOD datasets. Regional variability of retrieval performance and comparisons against Collection 5 results are also discussed.
The inter-comparison of major satellite aerosol retrieval algorithms using simulated intensity and polarization characteristics of reflected light
Creators: name: Kokhanovsky, A. A.
name: Deuzé, J. L.
name: Diner, D. J.
name: Dubovik, O.
name: Ducos, F.
name: Emde, C.
name: Garay, M. J.
name: Grainger, R. G.
name: Heckel, A.
name: Herman, M.
name: Katsev, I. L.
name: Keller, J.
name: Levy, R.
name: North, P. R. J.
name: Prikhach, A. S.
name: Rozanov, V. V.
name: Sayer, Andrew
name: Ota, Y.
name: Tanré, D.
name: Thomas, G. E.
name: Zege, E. P.
Publisher: name: EGU
Year: 2010

description: Remote sensing of aerosol from space is a challenging and typically underdetermined retrieval task, requiring many assumptions to be made with respect to the aerosol and surface models. Therefore, the quality of a priori information plays a central role in any retrieval process (apart from the cloud screening procedure and the forward radiative transfer model, which to be most accurate should include the treatment of light polarization and molecular-aerosol coupling). In this paper the performance of various algorithms with respect to the of spectral aerosol optical thickness determination from optical spaceborne measurements is studied. The algorithms are based on various types of measurements (spectral, angular, polarization, or some combination of these). It is confirmed that multiangular spectropolarimetric measurements provide more powerful constraints compared to spectral intensity measurements alone, particularly those acquired at a single view angle and which rely on a priori assumptions regarding the particle phase function in the retrieval process.
Effect of MODIS Terra radiometric calibration improvements on Collection 6 Deep Blue aerosol products: Validation and Terra/Aqua consistency
Creators: name: Sayer, Andrew
name: Hsu, N. C.
name: Bettenhausen, C.
name: Jeong, M.-J.
name: Meister, G.
Publisher: name: AGU
Year: 2015
Subjects: aerosol
calibration
deep blue
modis
terra

description: The Deep Blue (DB) algorithm's primary data product is midvisible aerosol optical depth (AOD). DB applied to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements provides a data record since early 2000 for MODIS Terra and mid-2002 for MODIS Aqua. In the previous data version (Collection 5, C5), DB production from Terra was halted in 2007 due to sensor degradation; the new Collection 6 (C6) has both improved science algorithms and sensor radiometric calibration. This includes additional calibration corrections developed by the Ocean Biology Processing Group to address MODIS Terra's gain, polarization sensitivity, and detector response versus scan angle, meaning DB can now be applied to the whole Terra record. Through validation with Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data, it is shown that the C6 DB Terra AOD quality is stable throughout the mission to date. Compared to the C5 calibration, in recent years the RMS error compared to AERONET is smaller by ?0.04 over bright (e.g., desert) and ?0.01–0.02 over darker (e.g., vegetated) land surfaces, and the fraction of points in agreement with AERONET within expected retrieval uncertainty higher by ?10% and ?5%, respectively. Comparisons to the Aqua C6 time series reveal a high level of correspondence between the two MODIS DB data records, with a small positive (Terra-Aqua) average AOD offset <0.01. The analysis demonstrates both the efficacy of the new radiometric calibration efforts and that the C6 MODIS Terra DB AOD data remain stable (to better than 0.01 AOD) throughout the mission to date, suitable for quantitative scientific analyses.
Cross-calibration of S-NPP VIIRS moderate-resolution reflective solar bands against MODIS Aqua over dark water scenes
Creators: name: Sayer, Andrew
name: Hsu, N. Christina
name: Bettenhausen, Corey
name: Holz, Robert E.
name: Lee, Jaehwa
name: Quinn, Greg
name: Veglio, Paolo
Publisher: name: EGU
Year: 2017

description: The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is being used to continue the record of Earth Science observations and data products produced routinely from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements. However, the absolute calibration of VIIRS's reflected solar bands is thought to be biased, leading to offsets in derived data products such as aerosol optical depth (AOD) as compared to when similar algorithms are applied to different sensors. This study presents a cross-calibration of these VIIRS bands against MODIS Aqua over dark water scenes, finding corrections to the NASA VIIRS Level 1 (version 2) reflectances between approximately +1 and -7 % (dependent on band) are needed to bring the two into alignment (after accounting for expected differences resulting from different band spectral response functions), and indications of relative trending of up to ~ 0.35 % per year in some bands. The derived calibration gain corrections are also applied to the VIIRS reflectance and then used in an AOD retrieval, and they are shown to decrease the bias and total error in AOD across the mid-visible spectral region compared to the standard VIIRS NASA reflectance calibration. The resulting AOD bias characteristics are similar to those of NASA MODIS AOD data products, which is encouraging in terms of multi-sensor data continuity.
A method for determining D-region electron-density profiles utilizing a capacitive impedance rocket probe
Creators: name: Herman, Jay
Publisher: name: Maryland Shared Open Access Repository
Year: 1964

description: An analysis of a capacitive impedance probe for measuring electron density in the lower ionosphere is presented. The method employed accounts for the effects of the ion sheath surrounding the rocket probe and the collisions of oscillating electrons with neutral particles. The applicability of the method and theory developed is illustrated by utilizing indicated ionospheric models to determine typical impedance characteristics of the probe.
COMMIT in 7-SEAS/BASELInE: Operation of and Observations from a Novel, Mobile Laboratory for Measuring In-Situ Properties of Aerosols and Gases
Creators: name: Pantina, Peter
name: Tsay, Si-Chee
name: Hsiao, Ta-Chih
name: Loftus, Adrian M.
name: Kuo, Ferret
name: Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng
name: Sayer, Andrew
name: Wang, Sheng-Hsiang
name: Lin, Neng-Huei
name: Hsu, N. Christina
name: Janjai, Serm
name: Chantara, Somporn
name: Nguyen, Anh X.
Publisher: name: Aerosol and Air Quality Research
Year: 2016

description: Trace gases and aerosols (particularly biomass-burning aerosols) have important implications for air quality and climate studies in Southeast Asia (SEA). This paper describes the purpose, operation, and datasets collected from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s (NASA/GSFC) Chemical, Optical, and Microphysical Measurements of In-situ Troposphere (COMMIT) laboratory, a mobile platform designed to measure trace gases and optical/microphysical properties of naturally occurring and anthropogenic aerosols. More importantly, the laboratory houses a specialized humidification system to characterize hygroscopic growth/enhancement, a behavior that affects aerosol properties and cloud-aerosol interactions and is generally underrepresented in the current literature. A summary of the trace gas and optical/microphysical measurements is provided, along with additional detail and analysis of data collected from the hygroscopic system during the 2015 Seven South-East Asian Studies (7-SEAS) field campaign. The results suggest that data from the platform are reliable and will complement future studies of aerosols and air quality in SEA and other regions of interest.
GEWEX cloud assessment: A review
Creators: name: Stubenrauch, Claudia
name: Rossow, William B.
name: Kinne, Stefan
name: Ackerman, Steve
name: Cesana, Gregory
name: Chepfer, Hélène
name: Di Girolamo, Larry
name: Getzewich, Brian
name: Guignard, Anthony
name: Heidinger, Andy
name: Maddux, Brent
name: Menzel, Paul
name: Minnis, Patrick
name: Pearl, Cindy
name: Platnick, Steven
name: Poulsen, Caroline
name: Riedi, Jérôme
name: Sayer, Andrew
name: Sun-Mack, Sunny
name: Walther, Andi
name: Winker, Dave
name: Zeng, Shen
name: Zhao, Guangyu
Publisher: name: AIP
Year: 2013

description: RADIATION PROCESSES IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN (IRS2012): Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium (IRC/IAMAS), 6–10 August 2012, Dahlem Cube, Free University, Berlin
description: Clouds cover about 70% of the Earth's surface and play a dominant role in the energy and water cycle of our planet. Only satellite observations provide a continuous survey of the state of the atmosphere over the entire globe and across the wide range of spatial and temporal scales that comprise weather and climate variability. Satellite cloud data records now exceed more than 25 years; however, climatologies compiled from different satellite datasets can exhibit systematic biases. Questions therefore arise as to the accuracy and limitations of the various sensors. The Global Energy and Water cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Cloud Assessment, initiated in 2005 by the GEWEX Radiation Panel, provides the first coordinated intercomparison of publicly available, global cloud products (gridded, monthly statistics) retrieved from measurements of multi-spectral imagers (some with multi-angle view and polarization capabilities), IR sounders and lidar. Cloud properties under study include cloud amount, cloud height (in terms of pressure, temperature or altitude), cloud radiative properties (optical depth or emissivity), cloud thermodynamic phase and bulk microphysical properties (effective particle size and water path). Differences in average cloud properties, especially in the amount of high-level clouds, are mostly explained by the inherent instrument measurement capability for detecting and/or identifying optically thin cirrus, especially when overlying low-level clouds. The study of long-term variations with these datasets requires consideration of many factors. The monthly, gridded database presented here facilitates further assessments, climate studies, and the evaluation of climate models.
Cloud-Screening and Quality Control Algorithms for the AERONET Database
Creators: name: Smirnov, A.
name: Holben, B. N.
name: Eck, Thomas
name: Dubovik, O.
name: Slutsker, I.
Publisher: name: Elsevier
Year: 2000

description: Automatic globally distributed networks for monitoring aerosol optical depth provide measurements of natural and anthropogenic aerosol loading, which is important in many local and regional studies as well as global change research investigations. The strength of such networks relies on imposing a standardization of measurement and processing, allowing multiyear and large-scale comparisons. The development of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) for systematic ground-based sunphotometer measurements of aerosol optical depth is an essential and evolving step in this process. The growing database requires the development of a consistent, reproducible, and system-wide cloud-screening procedure. This paper discusses the methodology and justification of the cloud-screening algorithm developed for the AERONET database. The procedure has been comprehensively tested on experimental data obtained in different geographical and optical conditions. These conditions include biomass burning events in Brazil and Zambia, hazy summer conditions in the Washington DC area, clean air advected from the Canadian Arctic, and variable cloudy conditions. For various sites our screening algorithm eliminates from ?20% to 50% of the initial data depending on cloud conditions. Certain shortcomings of the proposed procedure are discussed.
Estimating marine aerosol particle volume and number from Maritime Aerosol Network data
Creators: name: Sayer, Andrew
name: Smirnov, A.
name: Hsu, N. C.
name: Munchak, L. A.
name: Holben, B. N.
Publisher: name: EGU
Year: 2012

description: As well as spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD), aerosol composition and concentration (number, volume, or mass) are of interest for a variety of applications. However, remote sensing of these quantities is more difficult than for AOD, as it is more sensitive to assumptions relating to aerosol composition. This study uses spectral AOD measured on Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN) cruises, with the additional constraint of a microphysical model for unpolluted maritime aerosol based on analysis of Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) inversions, to estimate these quantities over open ocean. When the MAN data are subset to those likely to be comprised of maritime aerosol, number and volume concentrations obtained are physically reasonable. Attempts to estimate surface concentration from columnar abundance, however, are shown to be limited by uncertainties in vertical distribution. Columnar AOD at 550 nm and aerosol number for unpolluted maritime cases are also compared with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, for both the present Collection 5.1 and forthcoming Collection 6. MODIS provides a best-fitting retrieval solution, as well as the average for several different solutions, with different aerosol microphysical models. The "average solution" MODIS dataset agrees more closely with MAN than the "best solution" dataset. Terra tends to retrieve lower aerosol number than MAN, and Aqua higher, linked with differences in the aerosol models commonly chosen. Collection 6 AOD is likely to agree more closely with MAN over open ocean than Collection 5.1. In situations where spectral AOD is measured accurately, and aerosol microphysical properties are reasonably well-constrained, estimates of aerosol number and volume using MAN or similar data would provide for a greater variety of potential comparisons with aerosol properties derived from satellite or chemistry transport model data. However, without accurate AOD data and prior knowledge of microphysical properties, such attempts are fraught with high uncertainties.
title: Arroz :
title: Directrices para la ejecución del examen de la distinción, la homogeneidad y la estabilidad.
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Unas)
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2020

description: La finalidad de estas directrices (“directrices de examen”) es elaborar los principios que figuran en la Introducción General (documento TG/1/3) y sus documentos TGP conexos, con objeto de que sirvan de orientación práctica y detallada para el examen armonizado de la distinción, homogeneidad y estabilidad (DHE) y en particular, para identificar los caracteres apropiados para el examen DHE y producir descripciones armonizadas de variedades.
Lake Valley Firehouse, south Lake Tahoe, California solar energy system performance evaluation, March 1981-Jun 1981
Creators: name: Eck, Thomas
Publisher: name: Osti
Year: 1981

description: The Lake Valley Firehouse is a small fire station in California whose active solar energy system is equipped with 572 square feet of liquid flat-plate collectors, a 1200-gallon storage tank, and an auxiliary propane-gas hydronic boiler. The system is designed to supply 50% of the heating and 50% of the hot water, but was found to supply 49% of the space heating and 42% of the hot water for an overall solar fraction of 48%. Other data given include the solar savings ratio, conventional fuel savings, system performance factor, and solar system coefficient of performance. Performance data are presented for the collector, storage, domestic hot water, and space heating subsystems as well as for the overall system. The system energy flow, operation, solar energy utilization, and solar system availability are discussed. Also included are data on the system operating energy, energy savings, and weather conditions. The system, performance evaluation techniques, sensor technology, and site history, problems, and changes in the system are described, and typical data for a month are given. (LEW)
title: Основы конструкции автомобилей
Creators: name: ELS IPR BOOKS
Publisher: name: Профобразование
Year: 2024

description: В учебном пособии представлены основные сведения об автомобилях и общие требования, предъявляемые к ним. Описаны узлы автомобиля с пояснением принципа их работы и устройства существующих конструкций, показаны векторы развития описываемых частей. Для узлов и агрегатов приведены общепринятые классификации с указанием преимуществ и недостатков различных типов конструкций. Учебное пособие предназначено для изучения дисциплины «Устройство автомобилей» по профессии «Мастер по ремонту и обслуживанию автомобилей» и по специальностям среднего профессионального образования «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобильного транспорта», «Эксплуатация транспортного электрооборудования и автоматики (по видам транспорта, за исключением водного)», «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт двигателей, систем и агрегатов, автомобилей».
A review of biomass burning emissions part II: intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles
Creators: name: Reid, J. S.
name: Koppmann, R.
name: Eck, Thomas
name: Eleuterio, D. P.
Publisher: name: EGU
Year: 2005

description: The last decade has seen tremendous advances in atmospheric aerosol particle research that is often performed in the context of climate and global change science. Biomass burning, one of the largest sources of accumulation mode particles globally, has been closely studied for its radiative, geochemical, and dynamic impacts. These studies have taken many forms including laboratory burns, in situ experiments, remote sensing, and modeling. While the differing perspectives of these studies have ultimately improved our qualitative understanding of biomass-burning issues, the varied nature of the work make inter-comparisons and resolutions of some specific issues difficult. In short, the literature base has become a milieu of small pieces of the biomass-burning puzzle. This manuscript, the second part of four, examines the properties of biomass-burning particle emissions. Here we review and discuss the literature concerning the measurement of smoke particle size, chemistry, thermodynamic properties, and emission factors. Where appropriate, critiques of measurement techniques are presented. We show that very large differences in measured particle properties have appeared in the literature, in particular with regards to particle carbon budgets. We investigate emissions uncertainties using scale analyses, which shows that while emission factors for grass and brush are relatively well known, very large uncertainties still exist in emission factors of boreal, temperate and some tropical forests. Based on an uncertainty analysis of the community data set of biomass burning measurements, we present simplified models for particle size and emission factors. We close this review paper with a discussion of the community experimental data, point to lapses in the data set, and prioritize future research topics.
Multi-band automatic sun and sky scanning radiometer system for measurement of aerosols
Creators: name: Holben, B. N.
name: Eck, Thomas
name: Slutsker, I.
name: Tanre, D.
name: Buis, J. P.
name: Setzer, A.
name: Vermote, E.
name: Reagan, J. A.
name: Kaufman, Y. A.
Publisher: name: CNES
Year: 1994
Subjects: Earth Resources And Remote Sensing

description: ISPRS Societe Internationale (Commission de VII - Groupe Photogrammetrie de Travail et1), Sixieme Symposium International, MESURES PHYSIQUES ET SIGNATURES EN TELEDETECTIOM/PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS AHD SIGNATURES IN REMOTE SENSING, ACTES PROCEEDINGS, 17-21 janvier 1994 - Val d'lsere - France
description: A weather resistant automatic scanning Sun photometer system is assessed and demonstrated as practical for measurements of aerosol concentrations and properties at remote sites. Interfaced with a transmitter using the Geostationary Data Collection System (GDCS), the data are processed in near real time. The processing allows a time dependence of the aerosols and water vapor and an ongoing assessment of the health and calibration of the instruments. The system's automatic data acquisition, transmission, and processing offer immediate application to atmospheric monitoring and modeling on a regional to global scale and validation of satellite retrievals. It is estimated that under normal circumstances the retrieved aerosol optical thickness has a network wide accuracy of +/- 0.02 from 340 nm to 1020 nm, water vapor +/- 0.2 cm and size distribution from 0.1 to 3 micrometers.
The lognormal distribution as a reference for reporting aerosol optical depth statistics; Empirical tests using multi-year, multi-site AERONET Sunphotometer data
Creators: name: N. T., O'Neill
name: Ignatov, A.
name: Holben, B. N.
name: Eck, Thomas
Publisher: name: AGU
Year: 2000

description: Aerosol optical depth data representative of various types of aerosols was employed to empirically demonstrate that the lognormal probability distribution is a better reference for reporting optical depth statistics than a normal probability distribution.
How Well Can Aerosol Measurements from the Terra Morning Polar Orbiting Satellite Represent the Daily Aerosol Abundance and Properties?
Creators: name: Kaufman, Y. J.
name: Holben, B. N.
name: Tanre, D.
name: Slutzker, I.
name: Eck, Thomas
name: Smirnov, A.
name: Einaudi, Franco
Publisher: name: Maryland Shared Open Access Repository
Year: 2000
Subjects: Environment Pollution

description: The Terra mission, launched at the dawn of 1999, and Aqua mission to be launched soon, will possess innovative measurements of the aerosol daily spatial distribution, distinguish between dust, smoke and regional pollution and measure aerosol radiative forcing of climate. Their polar orbit gives daily global coverage, however measurements are acquired at specific time of the day. To what degree can present measurements from Terra taken between 10:00 and 11:30 AM local time, represent the daily average aerosol forcing of climate? Here we answer this question using 7 years of data from the distributed ground based 50-70 instrument Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) This (AERONET) half a million measurement data set shows that Terra aerosol measurements represent the daily average values within 5%. The excellent representation is found for large dust particles or small aerosol particles from Fires or regional pollution and for any range of the optical thickness, a measure of the amount of aerosol in the atmosphere.
A comprehensive workflow for allele-specific immune gene quantification and expression analysis in single-cell RNA-seq data
Creators: name: Al Ajami, Ahmad
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: All data in this repo are part of the paper "A comprehensive workflow for allele-specific immune gene quantification and expression analysis in single-cell RNA-seq data".

This includes: data and intermediate files.

They are used to generate the figures in the paper.
ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ НЕМЕЦКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Creators: name: Бегматов, Мухтор
name: Мамбетниязова, Алмагул
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: В данном тезисе речь идет о типах словообразования в современном немецком языке и способах их образования. Словообразование — это один из ключевых способов расширения лексического состава языка и установления взаимосвязей между различными частями речи. Изучая словообразование как процесс создания новых производных слов, можно определить влияние творческой деятельности человека на активизация непродуктивных моделей, на создание новых деривационных элементов, на словотворчество разных видов.
Tropical Intercontinental Network of Aerosol Observations
Creators: name: Holben, Brent N.
name: Tanré, Didier
name: Eck, Thomas
name: Lavenu, François
name: Reagan, John A.
name: Setzer, Alberto
Publisher: name: Optica
Year: 1991
Subjects: Remote sensing
Aerosols
Near infrared
Optical properties
Atmospheric correction
Rayleigh scattering

description: Optical Remote Sensing of the Environment, 18–21 November Williamsburg, Virginia, United States
description: A new generation of portable sunphotometers will be used to monitor aerosol concentration and optical properties diurnally and annually in West Africa and South America beginning in 1992.
title: ÐÐ·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð± ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÐ¾ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð°Ð½Ð³Ð»Ð¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ·ÑÐºÐ°
title: Peer assessment as a tool to facilitate interaction between students in english lessons
Creators: name: ÐÐ°Ð³Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°, ÐÐ¾Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ð°
name: ÐÐ°Ð½ÑÐ¹ÐºÐ¸Ð½Ð°, ÐÐ°ÑÐ°Ð»ÑÑ
name: Ð¨Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¾Ð²ÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
Publisher: name: ÐÐÐÐÐ¢ÐÐ¥-ÐÐ ÐÐ¡Ð¡
Year: 2024
Subjects: Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ
Ð°Ð»ÑÑÐµÑÐ½Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ðµ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ
Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ²ÑÐ·Ñ
ÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¸ÑÑÑÑÐµÐµ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ
ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ñ
peer assessment
alternative assessment
feedback
assessment criteria
formative assessment
facilitation

description: Ð¡ÑÐ°ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ²ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð° Ð¸Ð·ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ð° Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÐ¾ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð°Ð½Ð³Ð»Ð¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ·ÑÐºÐ°. ÐÐ¿ÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð° Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¸ÑÑÑÑÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑÐ¿ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ²ÑÐ·Ð¸ Ð¸ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐ»ÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÐ¿ÐµÐ²Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸ÑÑÑ. ÐÐ·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¾ Ð² ÐºÐ°ÑÐµÑÑÐ²Ðµ Ð²ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑÐµÐ»ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð° Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸ÑÑÑ Ð² Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐµÑÑÐµ Ð¸Ð·ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð½Ð³Ð»Ð¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ·ÑÐºÐ°.
description: The article is devoted to studying the effectiveness of peer assessment as a teaching method in English lessons. The importance of formative assessment is identified to provide continuous feedback to improve studentsâ performance. Peer assessment is proposed as an auxiliary approach to increasing studentsâ engagement in the process of learning the English language.