cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Using Apportionment To Rein In The Georgia-Pacific Factors
Creators: name: Bensen, Eric E.
name: White, Danielle M.
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2008

description: In a dramatic departure from well-established patent damages law, which would confine a reasonable royalty to a portion of the profit contributed by the infringed patent, current Federal Circuit precedent permits a reasonable royalty on an even relatively insignificant component to exceed not only the profit attributable to that component, but, in some cases, the entire profit on the product. That precedent ignores the history of the reasonable royalty award, which originated as merely a substitute for an “established” or market rate royalty for the patent. Just as the real-life negotiations leading to an established royalty would result in the licensor and licensee splitting the profit attributable to the licensed patent, a reasonable royalty should leave the infringer with a portion of the profit attributable to the patented invention as compensation for its labor, risk, and investment. The Federal Circuit’s precedent also ignores long-standing apportionment principles, which, if properly applied, would not permit a patentee to derive a reasonable royalty from the unpatented features of an infringing product. Unbound as they are from their economic and legal foundations, royalty awards have, not surprisingly, become arbitrary and often punitive. This article argues that to rein in reasonable royalty awards, restore them to their historical role, and ensure that they are consistent with long-standing principles of patent damages law, (i) apportionment should be the threshold question in every reasonable royalty analysis, and (ii) only factors relevant to approximating a fair market price for the patent should be used to determine the “reasonable” royalty. By treating apportionment as a threshold question, courts can ensure that the resulting reasonable royalty award is properly confined to a portion of the profit attributable to the patent. By looking only to factors relevant to approximating a fair market price, as opposed to an individually negotiated price, courts can ensure that reasonable royalties stay true to their original purpose and avoid reliance on the more subjective Georgia-Pacific factors that give experts so much opportunity for obfuscation. While reasonable people will still be able to disagree about the merits of any particular award, following the steps we describe will ensure that reasonable royalty awards are not punitive, but rather, well-grounded in economic and legal reality.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 9: 2007-2008
Exporting Trust With Data
Creators: name: Yuen, Sunni
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2008

description: Personal data privacy has recently surfaced as a prominent issue in offshore outsourcing. Concern about the security of data transferred to offshore outsourcing destinations with weak or non-existent information privacy laws has enabled a new industry of trustmark providers, which offer accreditation and monitoring services to companies that seek self-regulation with respect to data privacy. However, a uniform international approach is vital to ensure that a minimal level of protection attaches to data transferred in the outsourcing business. Through its “adequacy requirement,” the European Union Data Directive has emerged as the predominant working model of a uniform standard for cross-border data transfer privacy protection. Yet a fully international adoption of the Directive has been frustrated by sovereignty concerns, differing cultural perceptions of privacy, and bargaining power disparity. This has enabled the United States to negotiate a bypass of the adequacy requirement altogether. An audited self-regulatory trustmark industry would be a more effective approach that preserves the United States’ sector-specific and self-regulatory system. Businesses wishing to outsource would apply and receive certification from a trustmark provider, which would guarantee that the business has undertaken contractual mechanisms and implemented internal practices to comply with the EU Data Directive standard of data protection. The trustmark providers would audit such businesses for continual compliance, and in turn be subject to regulation by a single agency under European Commission oversight.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 9: 2007-2008
title: Kommentierung zu Art. 110 BV
Creators: name: Bueno, Nicolas
name: Bellazrak-Dinari, Yasmin
Publisher: name: Fachinformationsdienst für internationale und interdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: 340

description: Bundesverfassung (BV): Onlinekommentar
Hack, Mash, & Peer
Creators: name: Brito, Jerry
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2008

description: In order to hold government accountable for its actions, citizens must know what those actions are. To that end, they must insist that government act openly and transparently to the greatest extent possible. In the twenty-first century, this entails making its data available online and easy to access. If government data is made available online in useful and flexible formats, citizens will be able to utilize modern Internet tools to shed light on government activities. Such tools include mashups, which highlight hidden connections between different data sets, and crowdsourcing, which makes light work of sifting through mountains of data by focusing thousands of eyes on a particular set of data. Today, however, the state of government’s online offerings is very sad indeed. Some nominally publicly available information is not online at all, and the data that is online is often not in useful formats. Government should be encouraged to release public information online in a structured, open, and searchable manner. To the extent that government does not modernize, however, we should hope that private third parties build unofficial databases and make these available in a useful form to the public.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 9: 2007-2008
Forensic DNA Phenotyping
Creators: name: Koops, Bert-Jaap
name: Schellekens, Maurice
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2008

description: Forensic DNA phenotyping is an interesting new investigation method: crime-scene DNA is analyzed to compose a description of the unknown suspect, including external and behavioral features, geographic origin and perhaps surname. This method is allowed in some countries but prohibited in a few others. Most countries have not yet taken a stance on this. This article addresses the question to what extent this investigation method should be allowed. The relevant regulatory issues are analyzed: the right of people not to know what their DNA tells about propensities for diseases or other propensities, data protection and privacy, stigmatization and discrimination, and the “slippery slope” argument. These are serious issues indeed, but their importance should not be overestimated. Current literature and legislatures seem overcautious. Phenotyping should be allowed for externally perceptible traits, such as hair color, and for non-sensitive behavioral traits, like left- handedness or a propensity for smoking. It should not be allowed for many propensities for diseases and for sensitive other information like a propensity for homosexuality or aggressiveness. The middle category of somewhat but not too sensitive traits could be allowed, for example, for early apparent medical disorders, like albinism or teenage-onset alcoholism. Ethnic origin and surname phenotyping are also compatible with fundamental rights, provided measures are taken to contain the risk of discrimination. It is also worth considering informing the suspect only of the fact of forensic phenotyping, leaving it to the suspect himself to request the test results.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 9: 2007-2008
Streaming approximation resistance of every ordering CSP
Creators: name: Singer, Noah G.
name: Sudan, Madhu
name: Velusamy, Santhoshini
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Data Structures and Algorithms (cs.DS)
subject: Computational Complexity (cs.CC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: An ordering constraint satisfaction problem (OCSP) is defined by a family $\mathcal{F}$ of predicates mapping permutations on $\{1,\ldots,k\}$ to $\{0,1\}$. An instance of Max-OCSP($\mathcal{F}$) on $n$ variables consists of a list of constraints, each consisting of a predicate from $\mathcal{F}$ applied on $k$ distinct variables. The goal is to find an ordering of the $n$ variables that maximizes the number of constraints for which the induced ordering on the $k$ variables satisfies the predicate. OCSPs capture well-studied problems including `maximum acyclic subgraph' (MAS) and "maximum betweenness".
 In this work, we consider the task of approximating the maximum number of satisfiable constraints in the (single-pass) streaming setting, when an instance is presented as a stream of constraints. We show that for every $\mathcal{F}$, Max-OCSP($\mathcal{F}$) is approximation-resistant to $o(n)$-space streaming algorithms, i.e., algorithms using $o(n)$ space cannot distinguish streams where almost every constraint is satisfiable from streams where no ordering beats the random ordering by a noticeable amount. This space bound is tight up to polylogarithmic factors. In the case of MAS our result shows that for every $ε>0$, MAS is not $(1/2+ε)$-approximable in $o(n)$ space. The previous best inapproximability result, due to Guruswami and Tao (APPROX'19), only ruled out $3/4$-approximations in $o(\sqrt n)$ space.
 Our results build on a recent work of Chou, Golovnev, Sudan, Velingker, and Velusamy (STOC'22), who provide a tight, linear-space inapproximability theorem for a broad class of "standard" (i.e., non-ordering) constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) over arbitrary (finite) alphabets. We construct a family of appropriate standard CSPs from any given OCSP, apply their hardness result to this family of CSPs, and then convert back to our OCSP.
description: 21 pages, 1 figure. Abstract abridged. Appeared in APPROX'21 and Computational Complexity
Asking For Money Back-Chilling Commercialization Or Recouping Public Trust In The Context Of Stem Cell Research?
Creators: name: Herder, Matthew
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2008

description: As publicly funded institutions have increasingly embraced the goal of commercializing scientific research, concerns about private appropriation have become familiar refrain. One commonly suggested remedy is to create some kind of “recoupment” provision whereby the State, on behalf of the public, receives a certain percentage of profits realized. The Bayh-Dole Act originally included a recoupment provision but it was deleted by a legislative committee. Countries around the globe attempting to emulate Bayh-Dole have, whether by design or default, reinforced the underlying logic against recoupment, which is essentially as follows: obligations to provide direct financial returns undermine the commercialization process and therefore threaten what the public cares about most, i.e. the production of new goods. Despite regular controversies over alleged windfalls to industry, this logic has continued to prevail—until now. The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) has recently issued two intellectual property policies applicable to non-profit and for-profit grant recipients respectively, each of which contains mechanisms to recoup a portion of the public’s tax dollar investment. Why? This Article aims to explore that question by: one, further explaining the curious history in which the wisdom against recoupment came to prevail; two, probing the details of CIRM’s intellectual property policies and examining the arguments for and against the recoupment formulae they establish; and three, revealing the limits of what is actually known about whether such mechanisms exert a chilling effect on the commercialization process, and whether or not a direct financial return is what the public values most. In the end, the value of recoupment may be best conceived of in democratic terms: as one means of attempting to balance a host of conflicting views, and preserving public trust as the many promises of biotechnology become increasingly integral to nation-building strategies and our lives.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 9: 2007-2008
Local mirror symmetry via SYZ
Creators: name: Gammage, Benjamin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Symplectic Geometry (math.SG)
subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this note, we explain how mirror symmetry for basic local models in the Gross-Siebert program can be understood through the non-toric blowup construction described by Gross-Hacking-Keel. This is part of a program to understand the symplectic geometry of affine cluster varieties through their SYZ fibrations.
description: 14 pages. v2: Added details on polarizations, pushout of categories, and Liouville homotopy
What's in a Copyright?
Creators: name: Allen, Aden
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2008

description: For years, Congress and the Judiciary have wrestled with the problem of how to properly protect intellectual property rights while balancing them against the common good. One of the most active areas is that of indirect liability. The Patent Act of 1952 expressly codified liability for inducement and contributory infringement. However, the Copyright Act of 1976 failed to do the same. What should be made of Congress’ codification of indirect liability in patent but not copyright law? This Note will argue that indirect liability for copyright infringement can be derived from the 1976 Act’s use of the phrase “to authorize” when describing the exclusive rights of a copyright holder. This Note will consider the development of indirect liability in patent and copyright law, and compare the jurisprudence of America with that of Australia and England. Borrowing from the English and Australian copyright systems, this Note proposes that an appropriate authorization test would hold a party liable for (1) failing to take reasonable and effective measures to curtail infringement while (2) not enabling copyright owners to monitor infringement themselves. An additional authorization test would hold a party liable for granting or purporting to grant the authority to do an act exclusively reserved to the copyright owner. To highlight potential uses and effects of an authorization standard, this Note reviews the Supreme Court’s Grokster decision and compares two recent Ninth Circuit decisions. The Note concludes that the proposed authorization standard comports with the Copyright Act of 1976. However, the Note also suggests the need for Congress to provide greater guidance in the area.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 9: 2007-2008
QuicSDN: Transitioning from TCP to QUIC for Southbound Communication in SDNs
Creators: name: Kumar, Puneet
name: Dezfouli, Behnam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Networking and Internet Architecture (cs.NI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In Software-Defined Networks (SDNs), the control plane and data plane communicate for various purposes, such as applying configurations and collecting statistical data. While various methods have been proposed to reduce the overhead and enhance the scalability of SDNs, the impact of the transport layer protocol used for southbound communication has not been investigated. Existing SDNs rely on TCP (and TLS) to enforce reliability and security. In this paper, we show that the use of TCP imposes a considerable overhead on southbound communication, identify the causes of this overhead, and demonstrate how replacing TCP with QUIC can enhance the performance of this communication. We introduce the quicSDN architecture, enabling southbound communication in SDNs via the QUIC protocol. We present a reference architecture based on the standard, most widely used protocols by the SDN community and show how the controller and switch are revamped to facilitate this transition. We compare, both analytically and empirically, the performance of quicSDN versus the traditional SDN architecture and confirm the superior performance of quicSDN.
Quantification of Banach-Saks properties of higher orders
Creators: name: Silber, Zdeněk
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 46B20, 46B50

description: We investigate possible quantifications of Banach-Saks sets and weak Banach-Saks sets of higher orders and their relations to other quantities. We prove a quantitative version of the characterization of weak $ξ$-Banach-Saks sets using $\ell_1^{ξ+1}$-spreading models and a quantitative version of the relation of $ξ$-Banach-Saks sets, weak $ξ$-Banach-Saks sets, norm compactness and weak compactness. We further introduce a new measure of weak compactness. Finally, we provide some examples showing the limitations of these quantifications.
Existence and Stability of Localized Patterns in the Population Models with Large Advection and Strong Allee Effect
Creators: name: Kong, Fanze
name: Wei, Juncheng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 35B99 (Primary), 35B36 (Secondary)

description: The strong Allee effect plays an important role on the evolution of population in ecological systems. One important concept is the Allee threshold that determines the persistence or extinction of the population in a long time. In general, a small initial population size is harmful to the survival of a species since when the initial data is below the Allee threshold the population tends to extinction, rather than persistence. Another interesting feature of population evolution is that a species whose movement strategy follows a conditional dispersal strategy is more likely to persist. In other words, the biased movement can be a benefit for the persistence of the population. The coexistence of the above two conflicting mechanisms makes the dynamics rather intricate. However, some numerical results obtained by Cosner et. al. (SIAM J. Appl. Math., Vol. 81, No. 2, 2021) show that the directed movement can invalidate the strong Allee effect and help the population survive. To study this intriguing phenomenon, we consider the pattern formation and local dynamics for a class of single species population models of that is subject to the strong Allee effect. We first rigorously show the existence of multiple localized solutions when the directed movement is strong enough. Next, the spectrum analysis of the associated linear eigenvalue problem is established and used to investigate the stability properties of these interior spikes. This analysis proves that there exists not only unstable but also linear stable steady states. Then, we extend results of the single equation to coupled systems, and also construct several non-constant steady states and analyze their stability. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the theoretical results.
description: 47 pages, 10 figures; revised according to reports and published
Thiolated chitosan as mucoadhesive polymers for buccal drug delivery
Creators: name: Wipada Samprasit
Publisher: name: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences KKU MSU UBU
Year: 2016
Subjects: thiolated chitosan, mucoadhesive polymer, buccal drug delivery

description: Isan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12, 4, 1-13
title: Verfassungsblatt: 2023/7
Creators: name: :None
Publisher: name: Verfassungsblog gGmbH
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Verfassungsrecht
subject: constitutional law
subject: Verfassungspolitik
subject: constitutional policy
subject: 340

description: Verfassungsblatt, vol. 1 (2023), no. 7, p. 1065
Super-localized Orthogonal Decomposition for high-frequency Helmholtz problems
Creators: name: Freese, Philip
name: Hauck, Moritz
name: Peterseim, Daniel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 65N12, 65N15, 65N30, 35J05

description: We propose a novel variant of the Localized Orthogonal Decomposition (LOD) method for time-harmonic scattering problems of Helmholtz type with high wavenumber $κ$. On a coarse mesh of width $H$, the proposed method identifies local finite element source terms that yield rapidly decaying responses under the solution operator. They can be constructed to high accuracy from independent local snapshot solutions on patches of width $\ell H$ and are used as problem-adapted basis functions in the method. In contrast to the classical LOD and other state-of-the-art multi-scale methods, the localization error decays super-exponentially as the oversampling parameter $\ell$ is increased. This implies that optimal convergence is observed under the substantially relaxed oversampling condition $\ell \gtrsim (\log \tfracκ{H})^{(d-1)/d}$ with $d$ denoting the spatial dimension. Numerical experiments demonstrate the significantly improved offline and online performance of the method also in the case of heterogeneous media and perfectly matched layers.
description: 21 pages, 7 figures
On the Global Convergence of Particle Swarm Optimization Methods
Creators: name: Huang, Hui
name: Qiu, Jinniao
name: Riedl, Konstantin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 65C35, 65K10, 90C26, 90C56, 35Q90, 35Q83

description: In this paper we provide a rigorous convergence analysis for the renowned particle swarm optimization method by using tools from stochastic calculus and the analysis of partial differential equations. Based on a time-continuous formulation of the particle dynamics as a system of stochastic differential equations, we establish convergence to a global minimizer of a possibly nonconvex and nonsmooth objective function in two steps. First, we prove consensus formation of an associated mean-field dynamics by analyzing the time-evolution of the variance of the particle distribution. We then show that this consensus is close to a global minimizer by employing the asymptotic Laplace principle and a tractability condition on the energy landscape of the objective function. These results allow for the usage of memory mechanisms, and hold for a rich class of objectives provided certain conditions of well-preparation of the hyperparameters and the initial datum. In a second step, at least for the case without memory effects, we provide a quantitative result about the mean-field approximation of particle swarm optimization, which specifies the convergence of the interacting particle system to the associated mean-field limit. Combining these two results allows for global convergence guarantees of the numerical particle swarm optimization method with provable polynomial complexity. To demonstrate the applicability of the method we propose an efficient and parallelizable implementation, which is tested in particular on a competitive and well-understood high-dimensional benchmark problem in machine learning.
description: 28 pages, 4 figures
Hadamard Inverse Function Theorem Proved by Variational Analysis
Creators: name: Ivanov, Milen
name: Zlateva, Nadia
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We present a proof of Hadamard Inverse Function Theorem by the methods of Variational Analysis, adapting an idea of I. Ekeland and E. Sere.
On subspaces whose weak* derived sets are proper and norm dense
Creators: name: Silber, Zdeněk
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 46B10, 46B20

description: We study long chains of iterated weak* derived sets, that is sets of all weak* limits of bounded nets, of subspaces with the additional property that the penultimate weak* derived set is a proper norm dense subspace of the dual. We extend the result of Ostrovskii and show, that in the dual of any non-quasi-reflexive Banach space containing an infinite-dimensional subspace with separable dual, we can find for any countable successor ordinal α a subspace, whose weak* derived set of order α is proper and norm dense.
New approaches for studying conformal embeddings and collapsing levels for $W$--algebras
Creators: name: Adamovic, Drazen
name: Frajria, Pierluigi Moseneder
name: Papi, Paolo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Representation Theory (math.RT)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Quantum Algebra (math.QA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper we prove a general result saying that under certain hypothesis an embedding of an affine vertex algebra into an affine $W$--algebra is conformal if and only if their central charges coincide. This result extends our previous result obtained in the case of minimal affine $W$-algebras. We also find a sufficient condition showing that certain conformal levels are collapsing. This new condition enables us to find some levels $k$ where $W_k(sl(N), x, f )$ collapses to its affine part when $f$ is of hook or rectangular type. Our methods can be applied to non-admissible levels. In particular, we prove Creutzig's conjecture on the conformal embedding in the hook type $W$-algebra $W_k(sl(n+m), x, f_{m,n})$ of its affine vertex subalgebra. Quite surprisingly, the problem of showing that certain conformal levels are not collapsing turns out to be very difficult. In the cases when $k$ is admissible and conformal, we prove that $W_k(sl(n+m), x, f_{m,n})$ is not collapsing. Then, by generalizing the results on semi-simplicity of conformal embeddings from our previous papers, we find many cases in which $W_k(sl(n+m), x, f_{m,n})$ is semi-simple as a module for its affine subalgebra at conformal level and we provide explicit decompositions.
description: 30 pages, Latex file, revised version, to appear in IMRN
Hexagonal network of photocurrent enhancement in few-layer graphene/InGaN quantum dot junctions
Creators: name: Cheng, Guanghui
name: Jin, Zijing
name: Zhao, Chunyu
name: Zhou, Chengjie
name: Li, Baikui
name: Wang, Jiannong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Strain in two-dimensional (2D) materials has attracted particular attention owing to the remarkable modification of electronic and optical properties. However, emergent electromechanical phenomena and hidden mechanisms, such as strain-superlattice-induced topological states or flexoelectricity under strain gradient, remain under debate. Here, using scanning photocurrent microscopy, we observe significant photocurrent enhancement in hybrid vertical junction devices made of strained few-layer graphene and InGaN quantum dots. Optoelectronic response and photoluminescence measurements demonstrate a possible mechanism closely tied to the flexoelectric effect in few-layer graphene, where the strain can induce a lateral built-in electric field and assist the separation of electron-hole pairs. Photocurrent mapping reveals an unprecedentedly ordered hexagonal network, suggesting the potential to create a superlattice by strain engineering. Our work provides insights into optoelectronic phenomena in the presence of strain and paves the way for practical applications associated with strained 2D materials.
Emergence of electric-field-tunable interfacial ferromagnetism in 2D antiferromagnet heterostructures
Creators: name: Cheng, Guanghui
name: Rahman, Mohammad Mushfiqur
name: He, Zhiping
name: Allcca, Andres Llacsahuanga
name: Rustagi, Avinash
name: Stampe, Kirstine Aggerbeck
name: Zhu, Yanglin
name: Yan, Shaohua
name: Tian, Shangjie
name: Mao, Zhiqiang
name: Lei, Hechang
name: Watanabe, Kenji
name: Taniguchi, Takashi
name: Upadhyaya, Pramey
name: Chen, Yong P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Van der Waals (vdW) magnet heterostructures have emerged as new platforms to explore exotic magnetic orders and quantum phenomena. Here, we study heterostructures of layered antiferromagnets, CrI3 and CrCl3, with perpendicular and in-plane magnetic anisotropy, respectively. Using magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy, we demonstrate out-of-plane magnetic order in the CrCl3 layer proximal to CrI3, with ferromagnetic interfacial coupling between the two. Such an interlayer exchange field leads to higher critical temperature than that of either CrI3 or CrCl3 alone. We further demonstrate significant electric-field control of the coercivity, attributed to the naturally broken structural inversion symmetry of the heterostructure allowing unprecedented direct coupling between electric field and interfacial magnetism. These findings illustrate the opportunity to explore exotic magnetic phases and engineer spintronic devices in vdW heterostructures.
Electrically tunable moiré magnetism in twisted double bilayers of chromium triiodide
Creators: name: Cheng, Guanghui
name: Rahman, Mohammad Mushfiqur
name: Allcca, Andres Llacsahuanga
name: Rustagi, Avinash
name: Liu, Xingtao
name: Liu, Lina
name: Fu, Lei
name: Zhu, Yanglin
name: Mao, Zhiqiang
name: Watanabe, Kenji
name: Taniguchi, Takashi
name: Upadhyaya, Pramey
name: Chen, Yong P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Moiré superlattices in van der Waals structures can be used to control the electronic properties of the material and lead to emergent correlated and topological phenomena. Its first demonstration in van der Waals magnets exhibited noncollinear states and domain structures with, however, limited manipulation. Here we report electrically tunable moiré magnetism in twisted double bilayers - that is, a bilayer plus a bilayer with a twist angle between them - of layered antiferromagnet CrI3. Using magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy, we observe the coexistence of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic order with nonzero net magnetization - a hallmark of moiré magnetism. Such magnetic state extends over a wide range of twist angles (with transitions at around 0° and above 20°) and exhibits a nonmonotonic temperature dependence. We further demonstrate voltage-assisted magnetic switching. The observed nontrivial magnetic states and unprecedented control by twist angle, temperature and electrical gating are supported by the simulated phase diagram of the moiré magnetism.
Automatic Census of Mussel Platforms Using Sentinel 2 Images
Creators: name: Martin-Rodriguez, Fernando
name: Isasi-de-Vicente, Fernando
name: Fernández-Barciela, Monica
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: I.4

description: Mussel platforms are big floating structures made of wood (size is normally about 20x20 meters or even a bit larger) that are used for aquaculture, id EST: growing mussels in appropriate marine waters. These structures are very typical in Galician estuaries. Being interesting to produce a periodic census of these structures that would allow knowing their number and positions, as well as changes on those parameters; Satellites that obtain periodic images for earth observation are a natural election for this issue. This paper describes a preliminary application able to construct automatically such a census using Sentinel 2 images (Copernicus Project). Copernicus satellites are run by European Space Agency (ESA) and the produced images are freely distributed on the internet. Sentinel 2 images have thirteen frequency bands and are updated each five days. In our application, we use remote sensing normalized (differential) indexes and artificial Neural Networks applied to multiband data. Different methods are described and tested. Finally, results are presented.
description: 4 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables
A CAD Framework for Simulation of Network Level Attack on Platoons
Creators: name: Koley, Ipsita
name: Adhikary, Sunandan
name: Rohit, Rohit
name: Dey, Soumyajit
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Recent developments in the smart mobility domain have transformed automobiles into networked transportation agents helping realize new age, large-scale intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The motivation behind such networked transportation is to improve road safety as well as traffic efficiency. In this setup, vehicles can share information about their speed and/or acceleration values among themselves and infrastructures can share traffic signal data with them. This enables the connected vehicles (CVs) to stay informed about their surroundings while moving. However, the inter-vehicle communication channels significantly broaden the attack surface. The inter-vehicle network enables an attacker to remotely launch attacks. An attacker can create collision as well as hamper performance by reducing the traffic efficiency. Thus, security vulnerabilities must be taken into consideration in the early phase of the development cycle of CVs. To the best of our knowledge, there exists no such automated simulation tool using which engineers can verify the performance of CV prototypes in the presence of an attacker. In this work, we present an automated tool flow that facilitates false data injection attack synthesis and simulation on customizable platoon structure and vehicle dynamics. This tool can be used to simulate as well as design and verify control-theoretic light-weight attack detection and mitigation algorithms for CVs.
The Disclosure of Source Code in Software Patents
Creators: name: Canfield, Kenneth
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2006

description: Decisions by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the Supreme Court have granted patent protection to software, a discipline once thought ineligible, and the number of software patents has skyrocketed. Software differs from more traditional patentable subject areas because software inventions are implemented through code, or logical instructions, rather than through physical structure. The eligibility of software raises two interesting questions: Do existing disclosure requirements require applicants to disclose their code? If not, should the disclosure of code be required under a new disclosure requirement? This note discusses how the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the Federal Circuit have concluded that the current disclosure requirements of written description, enablement, and best mode generally do not require the disclosure of code. However, it argues that worthy justifications exist for requiring disclosure under the written description and best mode requirements. This note thus proposes a new requirement to disclose code due to the nature of software development, and examines the potential consequences of such a disclosure requirement.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 7: 2005-2006
A Small Matter Of Regulation
Creators: name: Bowman, Diana M.
name: Hodge, Graeme A.
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2007

description: Rapid technological advances and commercialisation within the emerging field of nanotechnology will challenge traditional regulatory regimes. Yet while the promising nanotechnology phenomenon has attracted extensive scientific and commercial interest, there has been only limited debate on the associated regulatory and legal aspects. This paper examines the current domestic and international regulatory frameworks into which nanotechnology is now being thrust. Using the context of the world’s leading public sector investors, the United States and Japan, as well as Australia and the United Kingdom, the effectiveness of these regulatory frameworks is investigated. The paper argues that current national frameworks relevant for nanotechnology contain visible gaps. Furthermore, these regulatory fissures are magnified at the international level. As an example, the paper examines the role of the World Trade Organisation’s Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement and its applicability as one important regulatory mechanism in the commercialisation of nanotechnology. This paper concludes that if we can now learn from past regulatory successes and failures, nanotechnology offers a unique opportunity to re-evaluate the efficacy of current regulatory regimes, thereby circumventing some of the primary regulatory difficulties experienced with earlier technological advances.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 8: 2006-2007
Morphing Attack Potential
Creators: name: Ferrara, Matteo
name: Franco, Annalisa
name: Maltoni, Davide
name: Busch, Christoph
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In security systems the risk assessment in the sense of common criteria testing is a very relevant topic; this requires quantifying the attack potential in terms of the expertise of the attacker, his knowledge about the target and access to equipment. Contrary to those attacks, the recently revealed morphing attacks against Face Recognition Systems (FRSs) can not be assessed by any of the above criteria. But not all morphing techniques pose the same risk for an operational face recognition system. This paper introduces with the Morphing Attack Potential (MAP) a consistent methodology, that can quantify the risk, which a certain morphing attack creates.
description: This paper is a preprint of a paper accepted by IEEE International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF 2022). When the final version is published, the copy of record will be available at the IEEE Xplore in proceedings IEEE International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF), Salzburg, Austria, April 2022
A Hard Pill To Swallow
Creators: name: De La Rosa, Alfredo
Publisher: name: Science and Technology Law Review
Year: 2007

description: Recently the Federal Circuit has adopted a sweeping new rule of inherent anticipation that essentially bars the patenting of metabolites and other biological degradations of chemical compounds. This new rule, adopted in Schering v. Geneva, could substantially affect both the willingness and the ability of pharmaceutical companies to develop in vivo metabolites, and other biological compositions. This result may occur because pharmaceutical companies cannot be assured that patent protection will be available for these discoveries. This paper explores the evolution of the doctrine of inherent anticipation, the manner in which the Federal Circuit has chosen to address this issue in relation to pharmaceuticals, and makes suggestions that will allow pharmaceutical companies to receive a return on their research while also protecting the public’s need for generic alternatives of pharmaceutical compositions to quickly come to market.
description: Science and Technology Law Review, Vol 8: 2006-2007
Inverting Ray-Knight identities on trees
Creators: name: Li, Xiaodan
name: Zheng, Yushu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Primary 60K35, 60J55, Secondary 60G55, 60J27, 60J65

description: In this paper, we first introduce the Ray-Knight identity and percolation Ray-Knight identity related to loop soup with intensity $α(\ge 0)$ on trees. Then we present the inversions of the above identities, which are expressed in terms of repelling jump processes. In particular, the inversion in the case of $α=0$ gives the conditional law of a Markov jump process given its local time field. We further show that the fine mesh limits of these repelling jump processes are the self-repelling diffusions \cite{Aidekon} involved in the inversion of the Ray-Knight identity on the corresponding metric graph. This is a generalization of results in \cite{2016Inverting,lupu2019inverting,LupuEJP657}, where the authors explore the case of $α=1/2$ on a general graph. Our construction is different from \cite{2016Inverting,lupu2019inverting} and based on the link between random networks and loop soups.
description: 33 pages, 2 figures
Terahertz field-driven magnon upconversion in an antiferromagnet
Creators: name: Zhang, Zhuquan
name: Gao, Frank Y.
name: Chien, Yu-Che
name: Liu, Zi-Jie
name: Curtis, Jonathan B.
name: Sung, Eric R.
name: Ma, Xiaoxuan
name: Ren, Wei
name: Cao, Shixun
name: Narang, Prineha
name: von Hoegen, Alexander
name: Baldini, Edoardo
name: Nelson, Keith A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Tailored light excitation and nonlinear control of lattice vibrations have emerged as powerful strategies to manipulate the properties of quantum materials out of equilibrium. Generalizing the use of coherent phonon-phonon interactions to nonlinear couplings among other types of collective modes would open unprecedented opportunities in the design of novel dynamic functionalities in solids. For example, the collective excitations of magnetic order -- magnons -- can carry information with little energy dissipation, and their coherent and nonlinear control would provide an attractive route to achieve collective-mode-based information processing and storage in forthcoming spintronics and magnonics. Here, we discover that intense terahertz (THz) fields can initiate processes of magnon upconversion mediated by an intermediate magnetic resonance. By using a suite of advanced spectroscopic tools, including a newly demonstrated two-dimensional (2D) THz polarimetry technique enabled by single-shot detection, we unveil the unidirectional nature of coupling between distinct magnon modes of a canted antiferromagnet. Calculations of spin dynamics further suggest that this coupling is a universal feature of antiferromagnets with canted magnetic moments. These results demonstrate a route to inducing desirable energy transfer pathways and THz-induced coupling between coherent magnons in solids and pave the way for a new era in the development of ultrafast control of magnetism.
Exploring The Resilience of Control Execution Skips against False Data Injection Attacks
Creators: name: Koley, Ipsita
name: Adhikary, Sunandan
name: Dey, Soumyajit
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Modern Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are often designed as networked, software-based controller implementations which have been found to be vulnerable to network-level and physical level attacks. A number of research works have proposed CPS-specific attack detection schemes as well as techniques for attack resilient controller design. However, such schemes also incur platform-level overheads. In this regard, some recent works have leveraged the use of skips in control execution to enhance the resilience of a CPS against false data injection (FDI) attacks.
 In this paper, we provide an analytical discussion on when and how skipping a control execution can improve the resilience of the system against FDI attacks while maintaining the control performance requirement. We also propose a methodology to synthesize such optimal control execution patterns. To the best of our knowledge, no previous work has provided any quantitative analysis about the trade-off between attack resilience and control performance for such aperiodic control execution. Finally, we evaluate the proposed method on several safety-critical CPS benchmarks.
Vision Transformers: From Semantic Segmentation to Dense Prediction
Creators: name: Zhang, Li
name: Lu, Jiachen
name: Zheng, Sixiao
name: Zhao, Xinxuan
name: Zhu, Xiatian
name: Fu, Yanwei
name: Xiang, Tao
name: Feng, Jianfeng
name: Torr, Philip H. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The emergence of vision transformers (ViTs) in image classification has shifted the methodologies for visual representation learning. In particular, ViTs learn visual representation at full receptive field per layer across all the image patches, in comparison to the increasing receptive fields of CNNs across layers and other alternatives (e.g., large kernels and atrous convolution). In this work, for the first time we explore the global context learning potentials of ViTs for dense visual prediction (e.g., semantic segmentation). Our motivation is that through learning global context at full receptive field layer by layer, ViTs may capture stronger long-range dependency information, critical for dense prediction tasks. We first demonstrate that encoding an image as a sequence of patches, a vanilla ViT without local convolution and resolution reduction can yield stronger visual representation for semantic segmentation. For example, our model, termed as SEgmentation TRansformer (SETR), excels on ADE20K (50.28% mIoU, the first position in the test leaderboard on the day of submission) and performs competitively on Cityscapes. However, the basic ViT architecture falls short in broader dense prediction applications, such as object detection and instance segmentation, due to its lack of a pyramidal structure, high computational demand, and insufficient local context. For tackling general dense visual prediction tasks in a cost-effective manner, we further formulate a family of Hierarchical Local-Global (HLG) Transformers, characterized by local attention within windows and global-attention across windows in a pyramidal architecture. Extensive experiments show that our methods achieve appealing performance on a variety of dense prediction tasks (e.g., object detection and instance segmentation and semantic segmentation) as well as image classification.
description: Extended version of CVPR 2021 paper arXiv:2012.15840 Published on International Journal of Computer Vision (2024)