Samples.docx
Creators: name: Dahihandekar, Chinmayee
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: Dental materials and equipment
Dental therapeutics, pharmacology and toxicology

description: An observational cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in the Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge in Sharad Pawar Dental College &amp; Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India to evaluate and correlate shades of Indian Human Skin with a custom made silicone shade guide for Indian population to be used in rehabilitation of maxillofacial defects. Room temperature vulcanising medical grade silicone, Technovent (Figure No.:1) was selected as the base material for the shade guide and facial prosthesis owing to its superiority over conventional acrylic resin and polyvinyl chloride. The colours of human skin are merely due to presence of three coloring pigments present namely, carotene, Haemoglobin and Melanin. The Spectrophotometric studies has enabled us to divide the shade of human skin into three types with the Hues corresponding to those of the above three pigments Carotene (C), Haemoglobin (H) and Melanin (M). For the purpose of fabrication of a shade tab the following Core Hues were related and subdivided according to their decreasing amount of Values. Once the shade tabs were made the skin on the colour of the patients with defect was correlated with the tab. The patients were instructed about the study and were consented to particicpate in the same. Fabrication of shade tabs - A total of 21 shade tabs each with measurements of 10 mm x 3 mm were fabricated using the stainless steel mould (Figure No.2) which was specially fabricated for this purpose. The silicon elastomer was mixed in a conventional way and a Digital Balance was used to weigh the pigments. Each drop of Pigment which was dispensed weighed around 0.03 gm. Corresponding Intrinsic Silicon Pigments (Figure No.:3) were used to obtain the corresponding shade tabs. Further tabs were created by mixing the Core Pigments. Carotene- Melanin ( CM ), Melanin-Haemoglobin ( MH ), Haemoglobin-Carotene ( HC ) and Haemoglobin-Melanin-Carotene ( MHC ) which is the maximum combination possible (Figure no. 4). Further shade tabs were created by decreasing the amounts of the pigments by 50% consistently from the previous shade and they were arranged in the descending order and were numbered from 1 to 3 respectively. The pigmented silicon was packed and poured in the mould spaces which was closed with a lid and tightened with screws and cured for period of 30 mins. The pigmented silicon was retrieved from the moulds and finished with the help of a fine grit stone. file:///C:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif file:///C:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif Figure No.:1 – Technovent Silicone Figure No.:2 – Intrinsic stains elastomer file:///C:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif Figure .: 3 – Stainless Steel Mould file:///C:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif Figure No.:4 – Seven Core Pigments Sample size and selection- A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 random Indians aged between 19-25 years of age for skin color matching using the skin tab inclusive of male and female participants in the ratio of 1:1. A Convenience sampling was done to include the volunteering patients in the study. Accordingly the patients were informed about the evaluation and consent was obtained. Other criteria on which the patient was dependent was that the patient should be devoid of any type of skin disease, post surgical scars, any deformity of the facial skin , history of burn injury of face or history of bleaching recently. The patients which were selected for the study were also advised to maintain abstinence of the use of skin products 2 hours prior to the evaluation. Patients with known systemic disorders which can cause Hypopigmentation or Hyperpigmentation or patients which complain of recent skin tanning or patients with a history of radiation therapy were excluded. The patients who were not willing to participate in the study were excluded. Evaluation of color matching- The fabricated skin shade tab was selected according to the skin shade of the patient and was kept in close approximation to the skin of the patient. Care was taken to evaluate the shade of the skin of the patient in natural daylight conditions. Evaluation was done independently by two other experienced Dental Professionals. The evaluators for the study underwent thorough check up for colour deficiency. The selected evaluators underwent the “Ishihra colour test (Pseudo Isochromatic Plate (PIP) Colour Vision Test)” and were reported with physiologic vision. Scores for the individual group were noted by all the evaluators on the customised sheet. The depiction of colour for patients was done three times to avoid errors. The colour which was matched at the very first sight was identified at that very instant. Time was not Prolonged for colour matching as it might fatigue the eyes. The colour matching was assessed visually on the basis of a score sheet with the use of a scoring system. The interpretation of the scoring record was as follows: 1. Total mismatch and unacceptable. 2. Almost same and acceptable. 3. Adequate colour match and satisfactory. 4. Accurate colour match. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics were done (Table No. 1). The data is represented in number and percentages. A total of 100 subjects fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. There were no cases (0.0%) with total mismatch and unacceptable. Seventy (70.0%) cases had accurate colour match, 27 (27.0%) had adequate colour match and was satisfactory and only 3 (3.0%) had almost same and were acceptable. Software used was Microsoft Excel for Mac OS High Sierra 10.13. <strong>Table 1: </strong>Matching grades of custom-made silicone shade guide to Indian human skin shades <strong>Grades</strong> <br> <strong>N</strong> <br> <strong>%</strong> Total mismatch and unacceptable <br> 0 <br> 0.0 Almost same and acceptable <br> 3 <br> 3.0 Adequate colour match and satisfactory <br> 27 <br> 27.0 Accurate colour match <br> 70 <br> 70.0 Total <br> 100 <br> 100.0 file:///C:/Users/hp/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif <strong>Table 1: </strong>Matching grades of custom-made silicone shade guide to Indian human skin shades RESULTS The statistics revealed that the color matching for 70% of the analysed cases showed accurate match. The statistical analysis has made the revelation that the shade guide can be used to effect for shade matching with intrinsic stains for fabrication of Maxillofacial Prosthesis. About 3% of the patients showed almost same and acceptable shade match. About 27% of the patients showed adequate colour match and satisfaction. No patient showed total mismatch and unacceptable skin shade selection.