cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Probing primordial non-Gaussianity with Fast Radio Bursts
Creators: name: Reischke, Robert
name: Hagstotz, Steffen
name: Lilow, Robert
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are astrophysical transients of currently unknown origin, and so far several events have been detected at extragalactic distances. The dispersion measure (DM) of the radio signal is a probe of the integrated electron density along the line of sight and therefore allows to map the electron distribution within the large-scale structure. Since a fraction of electrons gets expelled from galaxies by feedback, they are anticorrelated with halos at large scales and hence the angular DM correlations show a scale-dependent bias caused by primordial non-Gaussianity. Although the signal is weaker than in other probes like galaxy clustering, FRBs can potentially probe considerably larger volumes. We show that while studying the FRB clustering signal requires very large samples, correlations in the DM are cosmic-variance limited on large angular scales with only $\sim 10^{3-4}$ events. A tomographic analysis of the angular DM correlation function can constrain the local primordial bispectrum shape parameter $f_\mathrm{NL}$ to a precision down to ${f_\mathrm{NL}}\sim \mathcal{O}(1)$ depending on assumptions about the FRB redshift distribution and the astrophysical feedback on large scales. This makes FRBs a competitive probe to constrain inflationary physics.
description: 9 pages, 5 figures
Willingness to Pay for Legal Visas: A Case Study of Agricultural Workers in Southern California
Creators: name: Sengupta, Bonu
name: Hegde, S. Aaron
name: Sengupta, Bonu
name: Hegde, S. Aaron
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Labor and Human Capital

description: This paper presents a case study of a sample of Mexican agricultural workers in Southern California based on primary data collected by the authors from rural areas around Bakersfield. The ultimate aim of this study is to characterize and explore more deeply the complex array of variables that enter the migration decision of a typical worker in this region, and analyze the interrelationships between these variables. The administered survey was designed to accommodate questions that attempt to elicit responses about preferences in addition to those with easily quantifiable answers. This paper presents a descriptive summary of the survey results followed by the two main empirical questions and the results of the inquiry that constitute the main innovation of this work: i) to empirically estimate and analyze a "home premium": the non pecuniary benefit of being in Mexico and its possible determinants and ii) empirically estimate what factors affect the willingness to pay for annual legal visas among the undocumented workers in the region. The second question is an interesting and topical one because of the current debate about a possible temporary guest worker program. However, this paper does not take a policy perspective to the question but simply attempts to estimate the relative importance of different sources of the possible benefit of legalization to an undocumented worker. The data suggest that a significant home premium exists that is not significantly different between migrants of the two statuses, nor does it diminish with years spent in the U.S. The analysis of WTP suggests that the perceived benefit of legal status to a migrant comes mainly from a perception of higher wages in this status and through a perceived reduction in the average unemployment spell when first entering the U.S. by becoming legal.
Scalar absorption: Black holes versus wormholes
Creators: name: Junior, Haroldo C. D. Lima
name: Benone, Carolina L.
name: Crispino, Luís C. B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the absorption of massless scalar waves in a geometry that interpolates between the Schwarzschild solution and a wormhole that belongs to the Morris-Thorne class of solutions. In the middle of the interpolation branch, this geometry describes a regular black hole. We use the partial wave approach to compute the scalar absorption cross section in this geometry. Our results show that black holes and wormholes present distinctive absorption spectra. We conclude, for instance, that the wormhole results are characterized by the existence of quasibound states which generate Breit-Wigner-like resonances in the absorption spectrum.
description: 10 pages, 13 figures. Accepted for publication in Physical Review D
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TOURISM TERMS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES
Creators: name: Turgunboyeva, Maftuna
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Tourism is a thriving global industry that relies heavily on effective communication between people of different linguistic backgrounds. In this article, we will analyze and compare the linguistic features of terms commonly used in tourism in Uzbek and English languages. Understanding these linguistic nuances is crucial for facilitating smooth communication and promoting cultural exchange within the tourism sector.
Consistency Check on Volume and Triad Operator Quantisation in Loop Quantum Gravity I
Creators: name: Giesel, Kristina
name: Thiemann, Thomas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The volume operator plays a pivotal role for the quantum dynamics of Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG). It is essential in order to construct Triad operators that enter the Hamiltonian constraint and which become densely defined operators on the full Hilbert space even though in the classical theory the triad becomes singular when classical GR breaks down. The expression for the volume and triad operators derives from the quantisation of the fundamental electric flux operator of LQG by a complicated regularisation procedure. In fact, there are two inequivalent volume operators available in the literature and, moreover, both operators are unique only up to a finite, multiplicative constant which should be viewed as a regularisation ambiguity. Now on the one hand, classical volumes and triads can be expressed directly in terms of fluxes and this fact was used to construct the corresponding volume and triad operators. On the other hand, fluxes can be expressed in terms of triads and therefore one can also view the volume operator as fundamental and consider the flux operator as a derived operator. In this paper we examine whether the volume, triad and flux quantisations are consistent with each other. The results of this consistency analysis are rather surprising. Among other findings we show: 1. The regularisation constant can be uniquely fixed. 2. One of the volume operators can be ruled out as inconsistent. 3. Factor ordering ambiguities in the definition of triad operators are immaterial for the classical limit of the derived flux operator. The results of this paper show that within full LQG triad operators are consistently quantized. In this paper we present ideas and results of the consistency check. In a companion paper we supply detailed proofs.
description: 21 pages, 5 figures
First detection of a VHE gamma-ray spectral maximum from a Cosmic source: H.E.S.S. discovery of the Vela X nebula
Creators: name: al., Aharonian et
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Vela supernova remnant (SNR) is a complex region containing a number of sources of non-thermal radiation. The inner section of this SNR, within 2 degrees of the pulsar PSR B0833-45, has been observed by the H.E.S.S. gamma-ray atmospheric Cherenkov detector in 2004 and 2005. A strong signal is seen from an extended region to the south of the pulsar, within an integration region of radius 0.8 deg. around the position (RA = 08h 35m 00s, dec = -45 deg. 36' J2000.0). The excess coincides with a region of hard X-ray emission seen by the ROSAT and ASCA satellites. The observed energy spectrum of the source between 550 GeV and 65 TeV is well fit by a power law function with photon index = 1.45 +/- 0.09(stat) +/- 0.2(sys) and an exponential cutoff at an energy of 13.8 +/- 2.3(stat) +/- 4.1(sys) TeV. The integral flux above 1 TeV is (1.28 +/- 0.17 (stat) +/- 0.38(sys)) x 10^{-11} cm^{-2} s^{-1}. This result is the first clear measurement of a peak in the spectral energy distribution from a VHE gamma-ray source, likely related to inverse Compton emission. A fit of an Inverse Compton model to the H.E.S.S. spectral energy distribution gives a total energy in non-thermal electrons of ~2 x 10^{45} erg between 5 TeV and 100 TeV, assuming a distance of 290 parsec to the pulsar. The best fit electron power law index is 2.0, with a spectral break at 67 TeV.
description: 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics letters
Fair Colorful k-Center Clustering
Creators: name: Jia, Xinrui
name: Sheth, Kshiteej
name: Svensson, Ola
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Data Structures and Algorithms (cs.DS)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: F.2.2

description: An instance of colorful k-center consists of points in a metric space that are colored red or blue, along with an integer k and a coverage requirement for each color. The goal is to find the smallest radius \r{ho} such that there exist balls of radius \r{ho} around k of the points that meet the coverage requirements. The motivation behind this problem is twofold. First, from fairness considerations: each color/group should receive a similar service guarantee, and second, from the algorithmic challenges it poses: this problem combines the difficulties of clustering along with the subset-sum problem. In particular, we show that this combination results in strong integrality gap lower bounds for several natural linear programming relaxations. Our main result is an efficient approximation algorithm that overcomes these difficulties to achieve an approximation guarantee of 3, nearly matching the tight approximation guarantee of 2 for the classical k-center problem which this problem generalizes.
description: 19 pages, 5 figures. A preliminary version of this work was presented at the 21st Conference on Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization (IPCO 2020)
A Supermarket-Level Analysis of Demand for Breakfast Cereals: A Random Coefficients Approach
Creators: name: Chidmi, Benaissa
name: Lopez, Rigoberto A.
name: Cotterill, Ronald W.
name: Chidmi, Benaissa
name: Lopez, Rigoberto A.
name: Cotterill, Ronald W.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Demand and Price Analysis

description: This paper applies the BLP approach to the demand for ready-to-eat cereals (RTECs) at the supermarket-chain level in Boston using IRI monthly data. The Random Coefficient Model is used to estimate the demand for 37 brands of RTECs at the leading supermarkets in the Boston area. The empirical results provide a wealth of consumer behavior information, including own- and cross-price elasticites for 37 brands of RTECs at four leading supermarkets in Boston. The demand for RTECs is generally price elastic (ranging between -3 and -8). Consumers respond positively and strongly to promotion, negatively and strongly to price, calories and fiber, and weakly to sugar content. Income has a strong interactive effect with product characteristics and thus is a useful variable for market segmentation. In comparison, the results with the more commonly used Logit model indicate significantly lower price elasticities, provide a limited window on consumer behavior, and yield predicted brand and supermarket market shares that are quite divergent from observed values.
The Star Clusters of the Small Magellanic Cloud: Structural Parameters
Creators: name: Hill, Andrew
name: Zaritsky, Dennis
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present structural parameters for 204 stellar clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud derived from fitting King and Elson, Fall, & Freeman model profiles to the V-band surface brightness profiles as measured from the Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey images. Both King and EFF profiles are satisfactory fits to the majority of the profiles although King profiles are generally slightly superior to the softened power-law profiles of Elson, Fall, and Freeman and provide statistically acceptable fits to ~90% of the sample. We find no correlation between the preferred model and cluster age. The only systematic deviation in the surface brightness profiles that we identify is a lack of a central concentration in a subsample of clusters, which we designate as "ring" clusters. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the clusters in the SMC are significantly more elliptical than those in the Milky Way. However, given the mean age difference and the rapid destruction of these systems, the comparison between SMC and MW should not directly be interpreted as either a difference in the initial cluster properties or their subsequent evolution. We find that cluster ellipticity correlates with cluster mass more strongly than with cluster age. We identify several other correlations (central surface brightness vs. local background density, core radius vs. tidal force, size vs. distance) that can be used to constrain models of cluster evolution in the SMC.
description: 14 pgs., accepted for publication in AJ
True trees are dense
Creators: name: Bishop, Christopher J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Complex Variables (math.CV)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 30C62

description: We show that any compact, connected set $K$ in the plane can be approximated by the critical points of a polynomial with two critical values. Equivalently, $K$ can be approximated in the Hausdorff metric by a true tree in the sense of Grothendieck's dessins d'enfants.
description: 25 pages, 15 figures
Creating textual communities : Anglican and Methodist missionaries and print culture in British Columbia, 1858-1914
Creators: name: Edwards, Gail
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Throughout the second half of the long nineteenth century, from the 1850s through 1914, Anglican and Methodist missionaries in British Columbia were actively involved in the reproduction and transference of Eurocentric cultural and religious norms in their remote communities. Missionaries were charged with preaching the Word, translating the Word, and encouraging their convert communities to adopt particular norms of behaviour and ways of presenting and representing the self. They were particularly concerned with inculcating literacy and creating textual communities of worshippers who would engage directly in the Protestant practice of reading and meditating on the Scripture. At the same time, they were also responsible for reporting on their work in the mission field to a metropolitan readership in order to stimulate interest and support for the work. In this study, I first locate Anglican and Methodist missionaries within the broad frameworks of denominational theology, missiology, and ecclesiology, and within the space, time and place of British Columbia between the late 1850s and 1914. I consider the structural differences between Anglican and Methodist missionary societies, and explore the differences within each denomination that shaped missionary practices in the field. I examine the critical role of education in the formation of missionaries, and identify the ways in which their educational trajectories shaped their interaction with print culture. I then explore three different areas of the missionaries' interaction with print culture and the artefacts of print. I first look at writing practices of missionaries, and the denominational structures that encouraged particular textual relationships, considering the role of missionaries as creators of text, and the role of missionary publications in the dissemination of information about the mission field. I then examine the role of missionaries as promoters of particular forms of textuality among Native convert communities, and consider the role of missionaries in the creation and dissemination of translations into Native languages. I next turn to the consumption of print and the role of missionaries in promoting reading and textuality as a means of reordering social relations. Finally, I raise questions for further research.
On the Google-Fame of Scientists and Other Populations
Creators: name: Bagrow, James P.
name: ben-Avraham, Daniel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the fame distribution of scientists and other social groups as measured by the number of Google hits garnered by individuals in the population. Past studies have found that the fame distribution decays either in power-law [arXiv:cond-mat/0310049] or exponential [Europhys. Lett., 67, (4) 511-516 (2004)] fashion, depending on whether individuals in the social group in question enjoy true fame or not. In our present study we examine critically Google counts as well as the methods of data analysis. While the previous findings are corroborated in our present study, we find that, in most situations, the data available does not allow for sharp conclusions.
description: 6 pages, 1 figure, to appear in the proceedings of the 8th Granada seminar on Computational Physics
ORCID: Adopting the Global in the National
Creators: name: Wijnbergen, Ivo
name: Cheng, Chieh-Chih Estelle
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Persistent Identifiers
PID Infrastructure
Open Science
Japan
APAC
Consortia
DataCite
ORCID
AXIES
JaLC
JST

description: This event had the theme ‘As local as necessary, as international as possible’. It focussed on strengthening the Japanese persistent identifier (PID) community and fostering linkages between Japan PID infrastructure and the wider community in the Asia–Pacific (APAC) region and globally.

The agenda provided an orientation of PIDs and related services, as well as insights about ORCID and DataCite in the APAC region and the activities of our Consortia. Participants learnt about use cases of PID implementation in research workflows in Japan (and APAC), and how implementation has aligned with organizational goals: showcasing success stories and challenges.

Bringing people together for stimulating conversations around points of interest to the community that are not possible virtually, the event was an opportunity to meet others with an interest in the adoption of PIDs and Open Science principles.

This event was co-hosted by ORCID and DataCite alongside the Academic eXchange for Information Environment and Strategy and the Japan Link Center, who respectively lead ORCID’s and DataCite’s Consortia in Japan. It was supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency. The event was co-located with the International Symposium on Data Science 2023 held on 11–15 December 2023 at the Science Council of Japan in Tokyo.
The 2mrad horizontal crossing angle IR layout for a TeV ILC
Creators: name: Appleby, R.
name: Angal-Kalinin, D.
name: Bambade, P.
name: Mouton, B.
name: Napoly, O.
name: Payet, J.
name: Seryi, A.
name: Nosochkov, Y.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The current status of the 2mrad crossing angle layout for the ILC is reviewed. The scheme developed in the UK and France is described and the performance discussed for a TeV machine. Secondly, the scheme developed at SLAC and BNL is then studied and modified for a TeV machine. We find that both schemes can handle the higher energy beam with modifications, and share many common features.
description: The proceedings of the 2005 International Linear Collider Workshop, March 2005. 4 pages, 5 figures
Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization
Creators: name: Bartlett, James G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy is our richest source of cosmological information; the standard cosmological model was largely established thanks to study of the temperature anisotropies. By the end of the decade, the Planck satellite will close this important chapter and move us deeper into the new frontier of polarization measurements. Numerous ground--based and balloon--borne experiments are already forging into this new territory. Besides providing new and independent information on the primordial density perturbations and cosmological parameters, polarization measurements offer the potential to detect primordial gravity waves, constrain dark energy and measure the neutrino mass scale. A vigorous experimental program is underway worldwide and heading towards a new satellite mission dedicated to CMB polarization.
description: Review given at TAUP 2005; References added; Additional references
IP Geolocation Underestimates Regressive Economic Patterns in MOOC Usage
Creators: name: Ganelin, Daniela
name: Chuang, Isaac
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: Networking and Internet Architecture (cs.NI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Massive open online courses (MOOCs) promise to make rigorous higher education accessible to everyone, but prior research has shown that registrants tend to come from backgrounds of higher socioeconomic status. We study geographically granular economic patterns in about 76,000 U.S. registrations for about 600 HarvardX and MITx courses between 2012 and 2018, identifying registrants' locations using both IP geolocation and user-reported mailing addresses. By either metric, we find higher registration rates among postal codes with greater prosperity or population density. However, we also find evidence of bias in IP geolocation: it makes greater errors, both geographically and economically, for users from more economically distressed areas; it disproportionately places users in prosperous areas; and it underestimates the regressive pattern in MOOC registration. Researchers should use IP geolocation in MOOC studies with care, and consider the possibility of similar economic biases affecting its other academic, commercial, and legal uses.
General and partial equilibrium analysis of the impact of the Central America Free Trade Agreement on the U.S. rice sector
Creators: name: Durand-Morat, Alvaro
name: Wailes, Eric J.
name: Durand-Morat, Alvaro
name: Wailes, Eric J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: The market conditions proposed by CAFTA are likely to positively impact the U.S. rice sector. Despite the differences in the impact of the agreement, both analytical approaches, namely, partial and general equilibrium modeling, yield results in the same direction. The small difference in the results from both approaches suggests low income and cross-sectoral effects between the U.S. rice sector and other segments of the economy. U.S. rice production is likely to expand to meet an increasing international demand for this commodity. The U.S. rice milling industry should also expect benefits from CAFTA, expanding by 1 percent in the general equilibrium model and up to 8 percent in the partial equilibrium framework.
ECONOMIC REPLACEMENT OF A HETEROGENEOUS HERD
Creators: name: Boys, Kathryn A.
name: Li, Ning
name: Preckel, Paul V.
name: Schinckel, Allan P.
name: Foster, Kenneth A.
name: Boys, Kathryn A.
name: Li, Ning
name: Preckel, Paul V.
name: Schinckel, Allan P.
name: Foster, Kenneth A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: A model was developed and used to determine the optimal slaughter weights of pigs with heterogeneous growth raised in a 1,000 head barn and marketed in truckload groups. Explicitly recognizing the heterogeneity of pig weights and marketing the herd over time in truckload batches can substantially increase profit.
Perturbations of operators similar to contractions and the commutator equation
Creators: name: Badea, Catalin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 47A50

description: Let $T$ and $V$ be two Hilbert space contractions and let $X$ be a linear bounded operator. It was proved by C. Foias and J.P. Williams that in certain cases the operator block matrix $R(X;T,V)$ (defined in the text) is similar to a contraction if and only if the commutator equation $X = TZ-ZV$ has a bounded solution $Z$. We characterize here the similarity to contractions of some operator matrices $R(X;T,V)$ in terms of growth conditions or of perturbations of $R(0;T,V)=T\oplus V$.
description: 26 pages, Preprint version
Simulation of Conventional Droop Controller for Islanding DGs
Creators: name: Nasirian, Khodakhast
name: Taheri, Hadi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: A microgrid is a new concept that has changed the power systems dramatically. It is a combination of Distributed Generation Resources (DGR) like Biomass, PV systems, Wind energy, Fuel cell, Diesel Generator, and so on with different types of loads (residential or commercial). Microgrids can work in two modes: autonomous and Interconnected. In the Islanding situation, the loads will be supported by DGR and without connecting to upstream utility grids. Controlling power electronic Interfaces between sources and loads has been an important task between the researchers. Several different strategies have been presented by researchers. Droop control strategy is one of the which has its pros and cons. In this paper, the conventional droop strategy has been explained in detail and formulated. The Simulation results are taken from MATLAB/SIMULINK to show the capability of the control strategy.
description: EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD) May 2020
FARM PROGRAM PAYMENTS AND FARM SIZE
Creators: name: Atwood, Joseph A.
name: Helmers, Glenn A.
name: Shaik, Saleem
name: Atwood, Joseph A.
name: Helmers, Glenn A.
name: Shaik, Saleem
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Land Economics/Use

description: A simultaneously determined model for farm size and government payments along with the incorporation of a recursive impact of government payments and agricultural returns was used to examine farm size changes nationally and regionally. The results clearly demonstrated resource substitution influences, differences in the nonfarm economy, and agricultural returns in explaining farm size.
Five-body calculation of resonance and scattering states of pentaquark system
Creators: name: Hiyama, E.
name: Kamimura, M.
name: Hosaka, A.
name: Toki, H.
name: Yahiro, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Scattering problem of the $uudd{\bar s}$ system, in the standard non-relativistic quark model of Isgur-Karl, is solved for the first time, by treating the large five-body modelspace including the $NK$ scattering channel accurately with the Gaussian expansion method and the Kohn-type coupled-channel variational method. The two-body interaction that reproduces observed properties of ordinary baryons and mesons is applied to the pentaquark system with no additional adjustable parameter. The five-body wave function calculated has the correct asymptotic form in its the scattering-channel component and describes $qq$ and $q{\bar q}$ correlations properly. The $NK$ scattering phase shift calculated shows no resonance in the energy region of the reported pentaquark $Θ^+(1540)$, that is, at 0-500 MeV above the $NK$ threshold ($1.4-1.9$ GeV in mass). The phase shift does show two resonances just above 500 MeV: a broad ${1/2}^+$ resonance with a width of $ Γ\sim~110$ MeV located at $\sim~520$ MeV ($\sim~2.0$ GeV in mass) and a sharp ${1/2}^-$ resonance with $Γ=$0.12 MeV at 540 MeV. Properties of these states are discussed.
description: 7pages, 6figures, Physics Letter B(2006), in press
Compliance with International Food Safety Standards in Kenya's Green Bean Industry: A Paired Case Study of Small and Large Family Farms
Creators: name: Okello, Julius Juma
name: Swinton, Scott M.
name: Okello, Julius Juma
name: Swinton, Scott M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Food safety standards
subject: farmer compliance
subject: transaction costs
subject: principal-agent
subject: economies of size

description: This study uses two farm case studies to explore how Kenyan green bean farmers are meeting European food safety standards. For green bean farmers, the standards increase the fixed costs and the transactions costs of producing beans; the standards also alter how bean quality is assessed. Both the small and the large farm use contracts to protect their specific investments in complying with the standards. However, while the large farm invests in improved facilities using its own equity, the small farm uses a marketing group to spread investment costs and reduce the transaction cost to buyers of monitoring the performance of small units. Green bean buyers face the asymmetric information problem of creating incentives for farmers to comply voluntarily with hard-to-observe production practice requirements. The buyers have responded by using closely monitored contracts, the threat of contract termination, and variable product pricing to induce compliance with the standards. The combined result of producer and buyer behavior has been to increase the scale of green bean production in Kenya. Small farms that band together in cooperative groups have succeeded in collectively attaining the scale economies needed to remain viable.
Central extensions and reciprocity laws on algebraic surfaces
Creators: name: Osipov, D. V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Number Theory (math.NT)
subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We consider an algebraic surface. For an irreducible curve on this surface and for a point on this curve one can associate an artinian ring, which is a sum of two-dimensional local fields. An example of two-dimensional local field is iterated Laurent series. We consider an integer value symbol on a two-dimensional local field. This symbol appears for the description of non-ramified coverings of two-dimensional local fields and for the description of intersection index of divisors on surfaces by adeles. We interpret this symbol as the commutator of lifting of elements in the central extension of the multiplicative group of two-dimensional local field. We prove the reciprocity laws around the points and along the projective curves on the surface. The proof uses the adelic ring on the surface and is similar to the Tate method for the residue of differentials on a projective curve.
description: submitted to "Matematicheskiy Sbornik"
Meat Packing and Processing Facilities in the Non-Metropolitan Midwest: Blessing or Curse?
Creators: name: Artz, Georgeanne M.
name: Orazem, Peter F.
name: Otto, Daniel M.
name: Artz, Georgeanne M.
name: Orazem, Peter F.
name: Otto, Daniel M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Community/Rural/Urban Development

description: Growth in the meat packing and processing industry in the Midwestern United States has generated a significant amount of debate regarding the costs and benefits of this type of economic development. This research employs 1990-2000 proprietary data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Longitudinal Database (LDB) to investigate the effects of this industry on social and economic outcomes in non-metropolitan counties of twelve Midwestern states. The empirical specification uses a difference-in-differences specification to measure the effect of industry growth on local economic growth, government expenditures, and crime. Propensity score matching is used as a check on possible non-random placement of meat packing and processing plants. Results suggest that as the meat packing industry's share of a country's total employment and wage bill rises, total employment growth increases. However, employment growth in other sectors slows, as does local wage growth. There is some evidence that slower wage growth swamps the employment growth so that aggregate income grows more slowly. We find no evidence that growth in the industry changes the growth rates for crime or government spending.
Why Nicaraguan Peasants Remain in Agricultural Production Cooperatives
Creators: name: Lerman, Zvi
name: Ruben, Ruerd
name: Lerman, Zvi
name: Ruben, Ruerd
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Agribusiness

description: Many Nicaraguan peasants remain members in agricultural production cooperatives despite the change in the policy environment that now supports parcellation of cooperative lands into individual holdings. Institutional factors, such as uncertainty of land ownership rights and difficulties with resolution of cooperative debt, are found to play a dominant role in keeping Nicaraguan peasants in cooperatives.
NRQCD results on the MILC extra coarse ensemble
Creators: name: Allison, I. F.
name: Davies, C. T. H.
name: Gray, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present preliminary results using NRQCD to describe heavy quarks on the MILC 2+1 flavour dynamical extra coarse ensemble. We calculate the spectra of low lying states in bottomonium to complement earlier results on the finer MILC ensembles. We then exploit the coarseness of the lattices to calculate charm propagators using NRQCD. These are used to examine the charmonium spectrum and to calclate the mass of the $B_c$ using NRQCD. Finally we look breifly at the $B_d$ and $B_s$ systems using the imporoved staggered formalism to describe the light valence quarks.
description: 6 pages, Talk presented at Lattice 2005 (Heavy Quarks), Dublin, 25-30 July 2005
WHO DOMINATES THE U.S. SOYBEAN INDUSTRY: PRODUCERS, CONSUMERS, OR AGRIBUSINESES?
Creators: name: Song, Baohui
name: Marchant, Mary A.
name: Xu, Shuang
name: Song, Baohui
name: Marchant, Mary A.
name: Xu, Shuang
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: Crop Production/Industries

description: Globally the U.S. is the number one producer, consumer and exporter of soybeans. Nationally, U.S. soybean production value ranks second among all agricultural bulk commodities, having a significant impact on U.S. farm incomes. U.S. soybeans have been a subsidized commodity since 1941 and the 2002 Farm Bill provides soybeans for the first time direct government and counter-cyclical payments. Using welfare economics, this research explores the political economy of U.S. soybean subsidy policies. Results indicate that in aggregate terms consumer interests dominate and in per capita terms producer interests dominate in the U.S. soybean industry. 4
description: Replaced with revised version of paper 08/11/04.
FACTOR DEMAND IN THE SAWMILL INDUSTRY OF THE LAKE STATES
Creators: name: McQueen, James R.G.
name: Potter-Witter, Karen
name: McQueen, James R.G.
name: Potter-Witter, Karen
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: Agribusiness

description: This study examined the production structure of the sawmilling industry of the Lake States (Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin) in order to determine elasticities of substitution and elasticities of demand. A homogeneous translog cost function was estimated using pooled time-series data for the period 1963-1996 with inputs labor, materials and capital. Based on the model selection process, the estimated model imposes constant returns to scale and allows for nonunitary elasticities of substitution amongst the inputs. The hypothesis of constant returns to scale could not be rejected at the 1% level. This was common for studies of the sawmill industry but seems particularly common to regions where the industry was made up primarily of small mills. Constant returns to scale in a mature sawmill industry would lead to the outcome of mills of similar size as all economies of scale have been exhausted and the industry has settled into an equilibrium firm size near the minimum of the long run average cost curve. Nevertheless, this does not explain why the average mill size in the Lake States is small compared to the Pacific Northwest and Southeastern U.S. Results for the Allen Partial Elasticity of Substitution (AES) indicate that labor and materials were inelastic substitutes with an elasticity of 0.76 while labor and capital were elastic complements with an elasticity of -1.38. Materials and capital were also inelastic substitutes and had an elasticity of substitution of 0.80. The labor/materials elasticity of substitution is high compared to almost all studies of softwood lumber producing regions. The Morishima Elasticity of Substitution (MES) results indicate that labor/materials, materials/labor, materials/capital, capital/materials and labor/capital were inelastic substitutes with the greatest substitutability between labor/materials. The MES for capital/labor was -0.017 indicating a complementary relationship. The own-price elasticities of demand were all inelastic and negative indicating downward sloping demand curves. All other elasticities were inelastic and indicate that materials was a substitute for labor and capital but labor and capital were complements. Changes in the price of materials had a relatively large, but inelastic, effect on the demand for capital with a cross-price elasticity of 0.51. Changes in the price of labor also had a relatively large effect on the demand for capital, but in a complementary fashion, with an elasticity of -0.44. Changes in the price of materials had a greater effect on the demand for labor than the other way around with cross-price elasticities of 0.48 and 0.24, respectively.
THE SS-AAEA QUIZBOWL: SUCCESS IN AND OUT OF THE CLASSROOM A THREE YEAR STUDY
Creators: name: Popp, Jennie S. Hughes
name: Popp, Jennie S. Hughes
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession

description: A three year study of the Quizbowl participants and advisers reveals perceptions on how beneficial preparation for and participation in the SS-AAEA Quizbowl are in successfully completing related course work in eight areas of economics at their universities and how funding impacts performance. Additionally responses indicate overall satisfaction with Quizbowl event.
Neurotrauma: 2021 update
Creators: name: Perl, Daniel P.
Publisher: name: Free Neuropathology
Year: 2021

description: Despite the interruptions and restrictions to the progress of science that the COVID-19 pandemic has introduced, 2020 was marked by a number of important advances in the field of neurotrauma. Here, I will highlight what I believe are among the most important contributions. This year there were notable advances towards providing clinically useful information on neurotrauma outcome through the use of fluid biomarkers. I also introduce fascinating approaches to studying the role of microglia in nervous system repair and neuroinflammatory mechanisms leading to dysfunction through the use of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitors, especially Plexxikon 5622 (PLX5622). Oral administration of this compound is able to deplete microglial elements and then, following withdrawal from the drug, a new population of microglia then repopulates the brain. Use of this approach in traumatic brain injury experimental models has produced important insights into the pathogenetic role of microglia in responding to this process. Important new data on the nature and distribution of tau involvement of neurons and astrocytes in cases of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) also appeared suggesting differences and similarities to Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, the use of tau-specific PET scan ligands in at-risk populations has suggested that this approach may be able to identify cases with CTE. Lastly, we note the death in the past year of a major contributor to the field of neurotrauma neuropathology, Professor J. Hume Adams.
description: Free Neuropathology, Bd. 2 (2021)
A QUAIDS MODEL OF JAPANESE MEAT DEMAND
Creators: name: Xi, Jing
name: Mittelhammer, Ronald C.
name: Heckelei, Thomas
name: Xi, Jing
name: Mittelhammer, Ronald C.
name: Heckelei, Thomas
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: Demand and Price Analysis

description: This paper makes a contribution to the application of nonlinear simultaneous equations estimation and nonparametric Bootstrapping techniques. The nonlinear demand model estimation work in this paper is in the context of the newly developed Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model, and provides substantive results in terms of both model estimation technique and empirical economic findings. For the first time, bootstrapping is used in this highly nonlinear modeling environment to estimate variability in demand model parameter estimates and associated demand elasticities. The application relates to Japanese consumer behavior relative to Wagyu Beef, Imported Beef, Pork, Chicken, and Fish demand, and the empirical results are highly relevant to U.S. exporters. The paper provides evidence of the substantially increased flexibility of the new model of consumer demand, and also illustrates the utility of using bootstrapping, as opposed to relying only on derivative based asymptotic approximations, for assessing the reliability of estimated results.
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE FOR COTTON AND TOMATO PRODUCTION IN CALIFORNIA
Creators: name: Klonsky, Karen
name: Mitchell, Jeffrey
name: Klonsky, Karen
name: Mitchell, Jeffrey
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: Farm Management

description: The preliminary four year results suggest that establishing and harvesting processing tomatoes and cotton with conservation tillage systems is possible given some equipment modification and that yields may be maintained relative to standard tillage in CT crop residue environments.
Consistency Check on Volume and Triad Operator Quantisation in Loop Quantum Gravity II
Creators: name: Giesel, Kristina
name: Thiemann, Thomas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper we provide the techniques and proofs for the resuls presented in our companion paper concerning the consistency check on volume and triad operator quantisation in Loop Quantum Gravity.
description: 67 pages, 6 figures, 36 pages paper, 31 pages appendix
A BIO-ECONOMIC MODEL OF WETLAND PROTECTION ON PRIVATE LANDS
Creators: name: Whitten, Stuart M.
name: Bennett, Jeffrey W.
name: Whitten, Stuart M.
name: Bennett, Jeffrey W.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: Land Economics/Use

description: Wetland ecosystems on privately owned farms such as those on the Murrumbidgee River Floodplain in the state of New South Wales, Australia provide a mix of potentially valuable outputs to their owners and the wider community. The mix of values generated is dependent on the biophysical status of the wetlands, which in-turn, is dependent on the land management in and around these multiple-output ecosystems. Despite the range of private and public values generated, management decisions are based primarily on the private values that landowners receive. These private land management decisions also affect social values. Hence, there is potentially a demand for public policy to influence decisions based on the social values wetlands generate. This paper is predicated on the principle that good policy is reliant on information about wetland values. We present an integrated bio-economic model of wetland management that incorporates the biological and economic impacts at a landscape scale. The model reflects the multiple private and social values generated by wetlands and the dynamic nature of the trade-offs between these values. A number of broad policy conclusions for wetland management in Australia are generated from the outputs of the bio-economic model.
Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence
Creators: name: Mohamed, Shakir
name: Png, Marie-Therese
name: Isaac, William
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: This paper explores the important role of critical science, and in particular of post-colonial and decolonial theories, in understanding and shaping the ongoing advances in artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is viewed as amongst the technological advances that will reshape modern societies and their relations. Whilst the design and deployment of systems that continually adapt holds the promise of far-reaching positive change, they simultaneously pose significant risks, especially to already vulnerable peoples. Values and power are central to this discussion. Decolonial theories use historical hindsight to explain patterns of power that shape our intellectual, political, economic, and social world. By embedding a decolonial critical approach within its technical practice, AI communities can develop foresight and tactics that can better align research and technology development with established ethical principles, centring vulnerable peoples who continue to bear the brunt of negative impacts of innovation and scientific progress. We highlight problematic applications that are instances of coloniality, and using a decolonial lens, submit three tactics that can form a decolonial field of artificial intelligence: creating a critical technical practice of AI, seeking reverse tutelage and reverse pedagogies, and the renewal of affective and political communities. The years ahead will usher in a wave of new scientific breakthroughs and technologies driven by AI research, making it incumbent upon AI communities to strengthen the social contract through ethical foresight and the multiplicity of intellectual perspectives available to us; ultimately supporting future technologies that enable greater well-being, with the goal of beneficence and justice for all.
description: 28 Pages. Accepted, to appear in: Philosophy and Technology (405), Springer. Submitted 16 January, Accepted 26 May 2020
Coincidence Problem in an Oscillating Universe
Creators: name: Yang, Guangcan
name: Wang, Anzhong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We analyze an oscillating universe model in brane world scenario. The oscillating universe cycles through a series of expansions and contractions and its energy density is dominated by dust matter at early-time expansion phase and by phantom dark energy at late-time expansion phase. We find that the period of the oscillating universe is not sensitive to the tension of the brane, but sensitive to the equation-of-state parameter $w$ of the phantom dark energy, and the ratio of the period to the current Hubble age approximately varies from 3 to 9 when the parameter $w$ changes from -1.4 to -1.1. The fraction of time that the oscillating universe spends in the coincidence state is also comparable to the period of the oscillating universe. This result indicates that the coincidence problem can be significantly ameliorated in the oscillating universe without singularity.
description: latex, 3 figures, to appear in Gen. Relativ. Grav