Colletes sulcatus Vachal 1909
Creators: name: Ferrari, Rafael R.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Colletidae
Colletes
Colletes sulcatus

description: Colletes sulcatus Vachal, 1909
(Figs. 58A–F)
Colletes sulcatus Vachal, 1909: 58; Toro 1999: 24; Moure & Urban 2002: 21; Moure et al. 2007: 688; Montalva & Ruz 2010: 22; Ascher & Pickering 2017.
Lectotype ♂ (examined) designated by Moure & Urban (2002: 21). {MNHP}.
Colletes araucariae Friese, 1910: 649, 1912: 367; Claude-Joseph 1926: 125; Jaffuel & Pirion 1926: 363; Ruiz & Stuardo 1935: 322; Ruiz 1944: 203; Stephen 1954: 161; Torchio 1965: 183; Roig-Alsina 1991: 259; Toro 1999: 26; Moure & Urban 2002: 3; Moure et al. 2007: 678; Montalva & Ruz 2010: 21; Ascher & Pickering 2017. [new synonymy] Lectotype ♀ (examined) designated by Moure & Urban (2002: 3). {ZMB}.
Diagnosis. Females are recognizable by the diagnostic combination of malar area ~1.3x as long as basal depth of mandible, mesoscutal pubescence with pale-yellow hairs only, posterior hind tibial spur ciliate, and T1 minutely punctate and covered with appressed hairs. Males are similar to females, but they have malar area ~2.2x as long as basal depth of mandible and T1 finely and moderately densely punctate and not covered with appressed hairs.
Colletes sulcatus is very similar to C. longiceps, but their females can be differentiated by the clypeal midlongitudinal area deeply depressed in the former (clypeal mid-longitudinal area not depressed in the latter); and posterior hind tibial spur ciliate in C. sulcatus (spur pectinate in C. longiceps). The males can be distinguished by the paraocular area with pale-yellow and black hairs intermixed, in C. sulcatus (paraocular area with pale-yellow hairs only, in C. longiceps); and mesepisternal interspaces smooth in C. sulcatus (mesepisternal interspaces rugulose in C. longiceps).
Redescription. FEMALE (Figs. 58A, 58C, 58E): Dimensions (mm): Approximate body length 7.8–8.8; head width 3.0–3.4; head length 2.5–2.8; intertegular distance 2.6–3.0; forewing length 6.4–7.0.
Colouration: Black except dark-brown on tegula, vein C of forewing, tarsomeres 4–5 (except distal 1/4 of distitarsi pale-brown), ventrally reflexed lateral areas of T1–T4, lateral margin of S6. Pale-brown on wing veins (except vein C of forewing), stigma, proximal half of tarsal claws. Reddish-brown on distal half of tarsal claws; marked on distal 1/3 of mandible. Yellow on tibial spurs, marginal zones of metasomal sterna.
Structure: Labrum medially concave; concavity margined by lateral ridges. Clypeal mid-longitudinal area evenly deeply depressed; depression narrow (0.4x MOD) on upper 1/4, broad (0.9x MOD) on middle 2/4; adjacent lateral area convex; apicomedial ridge absent. Malar area ~1.3x as long as basal depth of mandible (42:33). F1 ~1.3x as long as its apical width (31:24). UID:LID (67:62). Genal area concave behind upper summit of compound eyes in lateral view. Dorsolateral angle of pronotum modified into a spine. Horizontal surface of metapostnotum ~0.5x as long as metanotum (25:48); metapostnotal pits well-delimited; posterior transverse carina straight and complete. Posteromedial surface of front coxa bearing short spine (0.4x MOD). Posterior hind tibial spur ciliate. Hind basitarsus ~ 3x longer than broad (45:14). Outer rami of hind tarsal claws ~ 2x as long as inner rami (15:8). Posterolateral area of S6 flat and bearing ridge; marginal zone depressed.
Pubescence: Pale-yellow, plumose, erect, moderately long on lateral slopes of clypeus and supraclypeal area, interantennal area, pronotal lobe, mesoscutum, scutellum, ventral surface of mid trochanter, ventral margin of mid femur, S1; such hairs long on genal area (except very long near proboscidial fossa), metanotum, mesepisternum, metepisternum, anteroventral surface of front trochanter and femur, ventral surface of hind trochanter; very long on upper margin of lateral surface of propodeum. Paraocular, frontal and vertexal areas with pale-yellow and black hairs intermingled. Pale-yellow, suberect, short setae on dorsal surface of front and mid tibiae; such setae thick on ventral surface of mid and hind tarsi (thickest towards distal margin). Pale-yellow, erect, moderately long setae on dorsal surface of mid and hind basitarsi and hind tibiae; such setae long on posterior surface of front basitarsus and posterior margin of mid and hind basitarsi. Pale-yellow, suberect, very long hairs, which are branched only apically on anterior surface of hind femur and tibia. T1–T5 covered with pale-yellow, dense appressed hairs; T1–T2 also with plumose, erect, long hairs (except shorter on T2); T3–T5 also with pale-yellow, erect, moderately short setae (intermingled with black ones on T5). S2 with pale-yellow, erect, moderately short hairs, which are branched only apically. S3–S5 with pale-yellow, suberect, short setae restricted to posterior 1/3; marginal zone of S3 with plumose hairs; S6 with fulvous setae restricted to lateral margin.
Surface sculpture: Clypeal mid-longitudinal depression with very sparse fine punctures; adjacent convex area longitudinally striate; integument shiny throughout. Malar area moderately coarsely punctate medially; finely punctate near eye; substrigulate near mandible. Supraclypeal area rugulose but somewhat shiny. Paraocular area densely punctate; moderately finely punctate below (except coarser towards antennal socket and supraclypeal area); finely punctate above; interspaces smooth throughout. Frontal area densely and moderately coarsely punctate; interspaces smooth. Vertexal area with minute punctures intermingled with moderately fine ones; punctation moderately dense (except dense near ocellus); interspaces smooth and shiny. Mesosomal integument smooth throughout. Mesoscutum moderately coarsely and moderately densely punctate (except sparsely punctate on mid-posterior area). Scutellum coarsely and densely punctate (except posterior 1/3 punctures crowded and moderately coarse). Metanotum punctures crowded and moderately fine. Mesepisternum coarsely and moderately densely punctate (except densely punctate near scrobe). Metepisternum rugose above; obliquely striate medially; smooth below. Lateral surface of propodeum sparsely and moderately finely punctate; interspace smooth on anterior half; rugulose elsewhere. Upper area of vertical surface of metapostnotum transversely striate medially. Metasomal terga minutely punctate; interspaces smooth throughout. Metasomal sterna sparsely and finely punctate on posterior 2/3 (except S6 evenly moderately finely punctate); interspaces imbricate.
MALE (Figs. 58A, 58C, 58E). As in female, except for usual secondary sexual characteristics and as follows:
Dimensions (mm): Approximate body length 6.9–7.7; head width 2.9–3.2; head length 2.4–2.6; intertegular distance 2.2–2.5; forewing length 6.1–6.7.
Colouration: Tegula black. Wing veins dark-brown (except vein R of forewing black). Distitarsi dark- brown throughout. S6 black throughout.
Structure: Clypeal mid-longitudinal area evenly shallowly depressed; depression narrow (0.5x MOD) on upper half, broad (0.8x MOD) on lower half. Malar area ~2.2x as long as basal depth of mandible (45:20). F1 ~1.3x as long as its apical width (26:25). UID:LID (68:56). Dorsolateral angle of pronotum triangular acute. Horizontal surface of metapostnotum ~0.6x as long as metanotum (23:41). Posteromedial surface of front coxa without spine. Hind basitarsus ~4.3x longer than broad (52:12). Outer rami of hind tarsal claws ~1.5x as long as inner rami (14:9). Posterolateral area of S6 without ridge; marginal zone not depressed. S7, S8 and genital capsule as in Figs. 59A, 59B, 59C, respectively.
Pubescence: Setae on dorsal surface of mid and hind basitarsi moderately long. Appressed hairs on T1–T5 restricted to marginal zones. Disc of S2 with plumose hairs. Setae on discs of S3–S6 evenly distributed; marginal zones of S3–S5 with a band of plumose, erect, short hairs (except moderately short on S3).
Surface sculpture: Clypeal mid-longitudinal depression densely punctate; adjacent convex area smooth; striation restricted to lower margin. Supraclypeal area with a few moderately fine punctures; interspaces smooth. Vertexal area densely punctate. Scutellum moderately finely punctate. Anterior 1/3 of lateral surface of propodeum densely punctate. Upper area of vertical surface of metapostnotum smooth. Metasomal terga finely and sparsely punctate. S6 finely punctate.
Material studied. Primary type specimens: Lectotype ♂ of C. sulcatus— “ Chili; 63 ”. “MUSEUM PARIS; Chili; COLL. O. SICHEL 1867”. “ Colletes ♂; sulcatus; Vach.”. “TYPE”. “ Colletes; sulcatus; Vach”. “LECTOTYPE; Colletes sulcatus ♂; Vachal, 1909; labelled R. Ferrari, 2017”. {MNHP}. Lectotype ♀ of C. araucariae —“CHILE; CONCEPC.; 7.III 1908; P HERBST”. “ Colletes; araucariae; 1909 Friese det.”. “Type”. “Coll.; Friese”. “LECTOTYPE; Colletes araucariae; Friese, 1910; lab. Melo, 2015”. “http://coll.mfn-berlin.de/u/; 58f9b3”. {ZMB}.
Secondary type specimens: Paralectotypes ♂♂ of C. sulcatus — CHILE— 1863, 4♂♂, {MNHP}.
Additional specimens: CHILE — Region IV: 7km N of Los Vilos, (-31.849, -71.493), 75m, 11/x/2003, [M.Irwin], 1♂, {BBSL}. Coquimbo, (-29.961, -71.330), 4m, [Gay], 1♀, {MNHP}. Guampulla, (-30.429, -70.977), 565m, 19/x/2001, [Packer & Fraser], 1♀, {PCYU}. Islon, (-29.896, -71.190), 94m, 28/xi/1955, [R. Wagenknecht], 1♀, {KUNHM}. La Serena, (-29.896, -71.253), 15m, 23/i/1955, [R. Wagenknecht], 1♀ 2♂♂, {KUNHM}; idem, except 19/xi/1955, 1♀; idem, except 8/xii/1955, 1♀. Los Vilos, (-31.918, -71.511), 18m, 4/x/2013, [L. Packer], 6♂♂, {PCYU}; idem, except 11/v/2010, [Packer & Fraser], 1♂; idem, except (-31.744, -71.500), 40m, 12/xi/2002, [Grixti & Zayed], 1♂. Quebrada Seca, (-30.561, -71.447), 229m, 11/x/2002, [Grixti & Zayed], 2♂♂, {PCYU}.
Range. Chile (Region IV). See also Fig. 46C.
Biogeographic distribution. Central Chilean sub-region (Coquimban province). Central Chilean species distributed at altitudes of 0–600m a.s.l.
DNA barcode. Available. BOLD: AAO3474 (4♂♂). Distance from the nearest neighbour (C. gilvus): 9.36– 9.98%.
Floral hosts. Loasaceae— Loasa tricolor Ker Gawl (this study). The following records were originally attributed to C. araucariae by Toro (1999): Leguminosae— Adesmia sp.; Loasaceae— Huidobria fruticosa Phil. [as Loasa fruticosa (Phil.) Urb. & Gilg]; Malvaceae— Cristaria integerrima Phil. (as C. foliosa Phil.).
Comments. This is an uncommon species with seemingly restricted geographic range within Chile.
Examination of the lectotypes of C. sulcatus (male) and C. araucariae (female) indicate that the latter is a junior synonym of the former. This is an interesting case where a commonly mentioned nominal taxon in the literature happens to be a synonym of a nearly completely neglected one (see the synonymy list, above).
description: Published as part of Ferrari, Rafael R., 2017, Taxonomic revision of the species of Colletes Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Colletinae) found in Chile, pp. 1-137 in Zootaxa 4364 (1) on pages 110-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4364.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1116008