cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Numerical Analysis of the Impact of Environmental Conditions on the BIPV Systems, an Overview of BIPV Modelling in the SOPHIA Project
Creators: name: Assoa, Y.B.
name: Zamini, S.
name: Sprenger, W.
name: Misara, S.
name: Pellegrino, M.
name: Astigarraga Erleaga, A.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: PV Systems
Large PV Power Plants and Distributed PV: System Aspects and Grid Connection

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4143-4149
description: The advantage of BIPV systems is to obtain multifunctional building envelope by adding functions
such as weather impact protection in addition to electro-technical properties. Based on the results of the BIPV task of
SOPHIA research program, the main purpose of this work is to analyze the thermal related electrical behaviour of
BIPV systems according to environmental conditions.
Various steady state and dynamic numerical models have been realized by the partners. CEA INES developed in
TRNSYS software a 2D steady-state model of PV modules integrated into roof. AIT uses different approaches of
modeling: a stochastic volumetric path tracing of spectral light, infrared and visible absorption and emission of
surfaces, local average of illumination respecting local climate, surrounding buildings.
Fraunhofer ISE realized a steady-state temperature model for BIPV systems, including the dependence on the cell
operation mode. In order to evaluate all relevant aspects in BIPV applications, a real-time power balance model has
been developed at Fraunhofer IWES in holistic approach. In order to evaluate the accuracy and the relevance of
numerical models, they present an overview and an analysis of the existing optical, thermal and electrical models.
MIDeepSeg: Minimally Interactive Segmentation of Unseen Objects from Medical Images Using Deep Learning
Creators: name: Luo, Xiangde
name: Wang, Guotai
name: Song, Tao
name: Zhang, Jingyang
name: Aertsen, Michael
name: Deprest, Jan
name: Ourselin, Sebastien
name: Vercauteren, Tom
name: Zhang, Shaoting
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Segmentation of organs or lesions from medical images plays an essential role in many clinical applications such as diagnosis and treatment planning. Though Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have achieved the state-of-the-art performance for automatic segmentation, they are often limited by the lack of clinically acceptable accuracy and robustness in complex cases. Therefore, interactive segmentation is a practical alternative to these methods. However, traditional interactive segmentation methods require a large amount of user interactions, and recently proposed CNN-based interactive segmentation methods are limited by poor performance on previously unseen objects. To solve these problems, we propose a novel deep learning-based interactive segmentation method that not only has high efficiency due to only requiring clicks as user inputs but also generalizes well to a range of previously unseen objects. Specifically, we first encode user-provided interior margin points via our proposed exponentialized geodesic distance that enables a CNN to achieve a good initial segmentation result of both previously seen and unseen objects, then we use a novel information fusion method that combines the initial segmentation with only few additional user clicks to efficiently obtain a refined segmentation. We validated our proposed framework through extensive experiments on 2D and 3D medical image segmentation tasks with a wide range of previous unseen objects that were not present in the training set. Experimental results showed that our proposed framework 1) achieves accurate results with fewer user interactions and less time compared with state-of-the-art interactive frameworks and 2) generalizes well to previously unseen objects.
description: 17 pages, 16 figures
Response and flux of information in extended non-equilibrium dynamics
Creators: name: Sarra, Camilla
name: Baldovin, Marco
name: Vulpiani, Angelo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It is well known that entropy production is a proxy to the detection of non-equilibrium, i.e. of the absence of detailed balance; however, due to the global character of this quantity, its knowledge does not allow to identify spatial currents or fluxes of information among specific elements of the system under study. In this respect, much more insight can be gained by studying transfer entropy and response, which allow quantifying the relative influence of parts of the system and the asymmetry of the fluxes. In order to understand the relation between the above-mentioned quantities, we investigate spatially asymmetric extended systems. First, we consider a simplified linear stochastic model, which can be studied analytically; then, we include nonlinear terms in the dynamics. Extensive numerical investigation shows the relation between entropy production and the above-introduced degrees of asymmetry. Finally, we apply our approach to the highly nontrivial dynamics generated by the Lorenz '96 model for Earth oceanic circulation.
description: 9 pages, 6 figures
Efficient ion blocking in gaseous detectors and its application to gas-avalanche photomultipliers sensitive in the visible-light range
Creators: name: Lyashenko, A. V.
name: Breskin, A.
name: Chechik, R.
name: Santos, J. M. F. Dos
name: Amaro, F. D.
name: Veloso, J. F. C. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A novel concept for ion blocking in gas-avalanche detectors was developed, comprising cascaded micro-hole electron multipliers with patterned electrodes for ion defocusing. This leads to ion blocking at the 10^{-4} level, in DC mode, in operation conditions adequate for TPCs and for gaseous photomultipliers. The concept was validated in a cascaded visible-sensitive gas avalanche photomultiplier operating at atmospheric pressure of Ar/CH_{4} (95/5) with a bi-alkali photocathode. While in previous works high gain, in excess of 10^{5}, was reached only in a pulse-gated cascaded-GEM gaseous photomultiplier, the present device yielded, for the first time, similar gain in DC mode. We describe shortly the physical processes involved in the charge transport within gaseous photomultipliers and the ion blocking method. We present results of ion backflow fraction and of electron multiplication in cascaded patterned-electrode gaseous photomultiplier with K-Cs-Sb, Na-K-Sb and Cs-Sb visible-sensitive photocathodes, operated in DC mode.
description: Proceeding paper to 10-th International Conference On Instrumentation For Colliding Beam Physics, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia, February 28 - March 5, 2008, Submitted to NIMA, 5 pages, 7 figures
Scattering of spin-polarized electron in an Aharonov--Bohm potential
Creators: name: Khalilov, V. R.
name: Ho, Choon-Lin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The scattering of spin-polarized electrons in an Aharonov--Bohm vector potential is considered. We solve the Pauli equation in 3+1 dimensions taking into account explicitly the interaction between the three-dimensional spin magnetic moment of electron and magnetic field. Expressions for the scattering amplitude and the cross section are obtained for spin-polarized electron scattered off a flux tube of small radius. It is also shown that bound electron states cannot occur in this quantum system. The scattering problem for the model of a flux tube of zero radius in the Born approximation is briefly discussed.
description: 11 pages, no figures. Minor typos corrected
Instanton Solution in Tachyon Cosmology
Creators: name: Okuyama, Kazumi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We find an exact classical solution in Euclidean gravity coupled to a scalar field with a particular form of potential commonly used in tachyon cosmology. This solution represents a tunneling between two vacua.
description: 7 pages, 1 figure
Optimisation of multifractal analysis using box-size scaling
Creators: name: Rodriguez, Alberto
name: Vasquez, Louella J.
name: Roemer, Rudolf A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study various box-size scaling techniques to obtain the multifractal properties, in terms of the singularity spectrum f(alpha), of the critical eigenstates at the metal-insulator transition within the 3-D Anderson model of localisation. The typical and ensemble averaged scaling laws of the generalised inverse participation ratios are considered. In pursuit of a numerical optimisation of the box-scaling technique we discuss different box-partitioning schemes including cubic and non-cubic boxes, use of periodic boundary conditions to enlarge the system and single and multiple origins for the partitioning grid are also implemented. We show that the numerically most reliable method is to divide a system of linear size L equally into cubic boxes of size l for which L/l is an integer. This method is the least numerically expensive while having a good reliability.
description: 6 pages, 4 figures
Detailed characterization of laboratory magnetized super-critical collisionless shock and of the associated proton energization
Creators: name: Yao, W.
name: Fazzini, A.
name: Chen, S. N.
name: Burdonov, K.
name: Antici, P.
name: Béard, J.
name: Bolaños, S.
name: Ciardi, A.
name: Diab, R.
name: Filippov, E. D.
name: Kisyov, S.
name: Lelasseux, V.
name: Miceli, M.
name: Moreno, Q.
name: Nastasa, V.
name: Orlando, S.
name: Pikuz, S.
name: Popescu, D. C.
name: Revet, G.
name: Ribeyre, X.
name: d'Humières, E.
name: Fuchs, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous in the Universe and are held responsible for the production of non-thermal particles and high-energy radiation. In the absence of particle collisions in the system, theoretical works show that the interaction of an expanding plasma with a pre-existing electromagnetic structure (as in our case) is able to induce energy dissipation and allow for shock formation. Shock formation can alternatively take place when two plasmas interact, through microscopic instabilities inducing electromagnetic fields which are able in turn to mediate energy dissipation and shock formation. Using our platform where we couple a fast-expanding plasma induced by high-power lasers (JLF/Titan at LLNL and LULI2000) with high-strength magnetic fields, we have investigated the generation of magnetized collisionless shock and the associated particle energization. We have characterized the shock to be collisionless and super-critical. We report here on measurements of the plasma density, temperature, the electromagnetic field structures, and particle energization in the experiments, under various conditions of ambient plasma and B-field. We have also modeled the formation of the shocks using macroscopic hydrodynamic simulations and the associated particle acceleration using kinetic particle-in-cell simulations. As a companion paper of \citet{yao2020laboratory}, here we show additional results of the experiments and simulations, providing more information to reproduce them and demonstrating the robustness of our interpreted proton energization mechanism to be shock surfing acceleration.
Gauge Invariant Exact Renormalization Group and Perfect Actions in the Open Bosonic String Theory
Creators: name: Sathiapalan, B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The exact renormalization group is applied to the world sheet theory describing bosonic open string backgrounds to obtain the equations of motion for the fields of the open string. Using loop variable techniques the equations can be constructed to be gauge invariant. Furthermore they are valid off the (free) mass shell. This requires keeping a finite cutoff. Thus we have the interesting situation of a scale invariant world sheet theory with a finite world sheet cutoff. This is possible because there are an infinite number of operators whose coefficients can be tuned. This is in the same sense that "perfect actions" or "improved actions" have been proposed in lattice gauge theory to reproduce the continuum results even while keeping a finite lattice spacing.
description: 19 pages, Latex
Elliptical hole pockets in the Fermi surfaces of unhydrated and hydrated sodium cobalt oxides
Creators: name: Laverock, J.
name: Dugdale, S. B.
name: Duffy, J. A.
name: Wooldridge, J.
name: Balakrishnan, G.
name: Lees, M. R.
name: Zheng, G. -q.
name: Chen, D.
name: Lin, C. T.
name: Andrejczuk, A.
name: Itou, M.
name: Sakurai, Y.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The surprise discovery of superconductivity below 5K in sodium cobalt oxides when hydrated with water has caught the attention of experimentalists and theorists alike. Most explanations for its occurence have focused heavily on the properties of some small elliptically shaped pockets predicted to be the electronically dominant Fermi surface sheet, but direct attempts to look for them have instead cast serious doubts over their existence. Here we present evidence that these pockets do indeed exist, based on bulk measurements of the electron momentum distribution in unhydrated and hydrated sodium cobalt oxides using the technique of x-ray Compton scattering.
Impact of the Rear Surface Roughness on Industrial-Type PERC Solar Cells
Creators: name: Kranz, C.
name: Wyczanowski, S.
name: Dorn, S.
name: Weise, K.
name: Klein, C.
name: Bothe, K.
name: Dullweber, T.
name: Brendel, R.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Improvements

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 557-560
description: Screen-Printed PERC solar cells are a promising candidate for next-generation industrial-type solar cells. Industrial PERC cell process flows typically involve wet chemical polishing of the rear side in order to reduce the surface roughness and to improve the conversion efficiency. In this paper, we show that Al2O3/SiNx passivation stacks achieve an excellent surface recombination velocity below 10 cm/s even for small polishing removal of 5 μm
corresponding to rough surfaces. In contrast, SiOx/SiNy passivation stacks exhibit a strong increase of the surface
recombination velocity up to 30 cm/s for rough surfaces. Accordingly, we find that the efficiency of PERC solar cells with Al2O3/SiNx rear passivation is almost independent of the polishing etch depth with best efficiencies up to 19.7% for 7.5 μm polishing removal whereas the efficiency of SiOx/SiNy rear passivated PERC cells strongly decreases for rougher surfaces.
Life Cycle Analysis of High-Performance Monocrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Systems: Energy Payback Times and Net Energy Production Value
Creators: name: Fthenakis, V.M.
name: Betita, R.
name: Shields, M.
name: Vinje, R.
name: Blunden, J.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: PV - a Major Electricity Source
Sustainability Aspects

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4667-4672
description: This paper summarizes a comprehensive life cycle analysis based on actual process data from the
manufacturing of Sunpower 20.1% efficient modules in the Philippines and other countries. Higher efficiencies are
produced by innovative cell designs and material and energy inventories that are different from those in the
production of average crystalline silicon panels. On the other hand, higher efficiencies result to lower system
environmental footprints as the system area on a kW basis is smaller. It was found that high efficiencies result to a net
gain in environmental metrics (i.e., Energy Payback Times, GHG emissions) in comparison to average efficiency c-Si
modules. The EPBT for the Sunpower modules produced in the Philippines and installed in average US or South
European insolation is only 1.4 years, whereas the lowest EPBT from average efficiency c-Si systems is ~1.7 yrs. To
capture the advantage of high performance systems beyond their Energy Payback Times, we introduced the metric of
Net Energy Production Value (NEPV), which shows the solar electricity production after the system has “paid-off”
the energy used in its life-cycle. The SunPower modules are shown to produce 45% more electricity than average
efficiency (i.e., 14%) c-Si PV modules.
Statistical analyses of long-term variability of AGN at high radio frequencies
Creators: name: Hovatta, T.
name: Tornikoski, M.
name: Lainela, M.
name: Lehto, H. J.
name: Valtaoja, E.
name: Torniainen, I.
name: Aller, M. F.
name: Aller, H. D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a study of variability time scales in a large sample of Active Galactic Nuclei at several frequencies between 4.8 and 230 GHz. We investigate the differences of various AGN types and frequencies and correlate the measured time scales with physical parameters such as the luminosity and the Lorentz factor. Our sample consists of both high and low polarization quasars, BL Lacertae objects and radio galaxies. The basis of this work is the 22 GHz, 37 GHz and 87 GHz monitoring data from the Metsahovi Radio Observatory spanning over 25 years. In addition,we used higher 90 GHz and 230 GHz frequency data obtained with the SEST-telescope between 1987 and 2003. Further lower frequency data at 4.8 GHz, 8 GHz and 14.5 GHz from the University of Michigan monitoring programme have been used. We have applied three different statistical methods to study the time scales: The structure function, the discrete correlation function and the Lomb-Scargle periodogram. We discuss also the differences and relative merits of these three methods. Our study reveals that smaller flux density variations occur in these sources on short time scales of 1-2 years, but larger outbursts happen quite rarely, on the average only once in every 6 years. We do not find any significant differences in the time scales between the source classes. The time scales are also only weakly related to the luminosity suggesting that the shock formation is caused by jet instabilities rather than the central black hole.
description: 19 pages, 12 figures, Accepted for publication in A&A
Magnetic anisotropy and exchange interactions of two-dimensional FePS$_3$, NiPS$_3$ and MnPS$_3$ from first principles calculations
Creators: name: Olsen, Thomas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The van der Waals bonded transition metal phosphorous trichalcogenides FePS$_3$, NiPS$_3$ and MnPS$_3$ have recently attracted renewed attention due to the possibility of exfoliating them into their monolayers. Although the three compounds have similar electronic structure, the magnetic structure differs due to subtle differences in exchange and magnetic anisotropy and the materials thus comprise a unique playground for studying different aspects of magnetism in 2D. Here we calculate the exchange and anisotropy parameters of the three materials from first principles paying special attention to the choice of Hubbard parameter U. We find a strong dependence of the choice of U and show that the calculated Néel temperature of FePS$_3$ varies by an order of magnitude over commonly applied values of U for the Fe $d$-orbitals. The results are compared with parameters fitted to experimental spin-wave spectra of the bulk materials and we find excellent agreement between the exchange constants when a proper value of U is chosen. However, the anisotropy parameters are severely underestimated by DFT and we discuss possible origins of this discrepancy.
description: 9 pages
What does really mean the "barrier distribution function" derived from backward angle quasi-elastic scattering
Creators: name: Zagrebaev, V. I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The so called "barrier distribution" derived from quasi-elastic backscattering of heavy ions gives us, in fact, an information about the "reaction threshold distribution". For light nuclear systems these distributions are quite close, but for heavy ones (when interaction of nuclei becomes more and more complicated and the potential barrier can disappear at all) they may significantly differ. The same should hold also for weakly bound neutron rich projectiles, for which the neutron transfer and break-up reaction channels play an important role at near-barrier energies. This is not a terminology problem but important finding, because experiments on measurement of the backward angle quasi-elastic scattering for deriving the "barrier distributions" for heavy nuclear systems (which may be used for the production of superheavy elements) are planned to be performed in several laboratories.
description: 1 page
Mixed Hodge Structures and Renormalization in Physics
Creators: name: Bloch, Spencer
name: Kreimer, Dirk
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We relate renormalization in perturbative quantum field theory to the theory of limiting mixed Hodge structures using parametric representations of Feynman graphs.
description: 48 pages, more expository details added, typos corrected
Fast and Precise PV Module Performance Prediction from Simple Indoor Measurements
Creators: name: Merten, J.
name: Razongles, G.
name: Sicot, L.
name: Martin, J.-L.
name: Beccavin, J.
name: Villaume, J.
name: Brock, C.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
PV Modules

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 3302-3305
description: PV modules of identical power do not produce the same energy. Cause is the different sensivity of each technology on temperature, solar spectrum, incident angle, and overall value of the solar irradiance. However, system installers need information in order to choose the best module technology. A simple method has been developed to compute the energy production of PV modules specific to any site. This method is being transferred to CERTISOLIS, which, beside the standard measurements required for module certification, will also be able to offer their clients a prediction of module productivity. This method is applied to commercial sample modules. The irradiance effect and the temperature effect are clearly separated, and the overall productivity of these modules is ranked. For two sample modules, a difference of 5% has been found in yearly energy productivity.
Shear-Induced Chaos
Creators: name: Lin, Kevin K.
name: Young, Lai-Sang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Dynamical Systems (math.DS)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Guided by a geometric understanding developed in earlier works of Wang and Young, we carry out some numerical studies of shear-induced chaos. The settings considered include periodic kicking of limit cycles, random kicks at Poisson times, and continuous-time driving by white noise. The forcing of a quasi-periodic model describing two coupled oscillators is also investigated. In all cases, positive Lyapunov exponents are found in suitable parameter ranges when the forcing is suitably directed.
Complex vector fields and hypoelliptic partial differential operators
Creators: name: Altomani, Andrea
name: Hill, C. Denson
name: Nacinovich, Mauro
name: Porten, Egmont
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: Complex Variables (math.CV)
subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 35H20 (Primary), 35H10, 32V20 (Secondary)

description: We prove a subelliptic estimate for systems of complex vector fields under some assumptions that generalize the essential pseudoconcavity for $CR$ manifolds and Hörmander's bracket condition for real vector fields. Applications are given to prove the hypoellipticity of first order systems and second order partial differential operators. Finally we describe a class of compact homogeneous CR manifolds for which the distribution of $(0,1)$ vector fields satisfies a subelliptic estimate. v2: minor revision, to appear in Ann. Inst. Fourier
description: 39 pages
Potential-Induced Degradation - Comparison of Different Test Methods and Low Irradiance Performance Measurements
Creators: name: Mathiak, G.
name: Schweiger, M.
name: Herrmann, W.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
PV Modules

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 3157-3162
description: Potential-induced degradation (PID) can cause high yield loss in PV systems. Both the industry and customers
have therefore requested standardized test methods for evaluating the sensitivity of PV modules to PID effects. Based on the
results of a round-robin test with 3 module manufacturers and 4 test institutes, we developed a procedure for detecting PIDsensitive
modules with aluminium foil fully covering the glass and frame at 25°C. Working group IEC TC82 WG2 for the
standard IEC 62804 draft discusses an alternative test method involving a climatic chamber test at 60°C and 85% relative
humidity.
The aim of this work is to compare the different test methods and to arrive at a standard test procedure for numerous module
types. Electroluminescence imaging at different module currents and low irradiance measurements provide early detection
and characterization of the PID effects on degraded modules from the field and in the laboratory.
Observation of a Strong Open-Circuit Voltage Enhancement in a Super-Lattice Solar Cell under Concentration: A Potential Scenario for a High Efficiency Single Junction Cell
Creators: name: Wang, Y.
name: Watanabe, K.
name: Fujii, H.
name: Sodabanlu, H.
name: Sugiyama, M.
name: Nakano, Y.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Material Studies, New Concepts and Ultra-High Efficiency
New Materials, Cells and Modules

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 41-43
description: A super-lattice (SL) solar cell has been proposed and demonstrated to adjust the current density of the
sub-cell for a optimized tandem cell . To explore the potential as a high efficiency single-junction cell, a SLs cell was
tested under optical concentration. Compared with a conventional multiple quantum wells (MQWs) cell and a
reference GaAs cell, the SLs cell presented a promising enhancement in open-circuit voltage with increasing
concentration ratio. A SLs solar cell could exhibit its best performance under a concentration condition. Compared
with a bulk p-i-n cell, the SLs cell can exhibit a higher efficiency by the combination of an open-circuit voltage
almost as large as the bulk cell and a larger short-circuit current.
Interplay between entanglement and crosslinking in determining mechanical behaviors of polymer networks
Creators: name: Liu, Yuhao
name: Xian, Weikang
name: He, Jinlong
name: Li, Ying
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Plant Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: In polymer physics, the concept of entanglement refers to the topological constraints between long polymer chains that are closely packed together. Both theory and experimentation suggest that entanglement has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of polymers. This indicates its promise for materials design across various applications. However, understanding the relationship between entanglement and mechanical properties is complex, especially due to challenges related to length scale constraints and the difficulties of direct experimental observation. This research delves into how the polymer network structure changes when deformed. We specifically examine the relationship between entanglement, crosslinked networks, and their roles in stretching both entangled and unentangled polymer systems. For unentangled polymers, our findings underscore the pivotal role of crosslinking bond strength in determining the system’s overall strength and resistance to deformation. As for entangled polymers, entanglement plays a pivotal role in load bearing during the initial stretching stage, preserving the integrity of the polymer network. As the stretching continues and entanglement diminishes, the responsibility for bearing the load increasingly shifts to the crosslinking network, signifying a critical change in the system’s behavior. We noted a linear correlation between the increase in entanglement and the rise in tensile stress during the initial stretching stage. Conversely, the destruction of the network correlates with a decrease in tensile stress in the later stage. The findings provide vital insights into the complex dynamics between entanglement and crosslinking in the stretching processes of polymer networks, offering valuable guidance for future manipulation and design of polymer materials to achieve desired mechanical properties.
High-Efficiency Industrial-Type PERC Solar Cells Applying ICP AlOx as Rear Passivation Layer
Creators: name: Dullweber, T.
name: Siebert, M.
name: Veith-Wolf, B.
name: Kranz, C.
name: Schmidt, J.
name: Brendel, R.
name: Roos, B.F.P.
name: Dippell, T.
name: Schwabedissen, A.
name: Peters, S.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Improvements

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 672-675
description: Passivated emitter and rear cells (PERC) are considered to be the next generation of industrial-type
screen-printed silicon solar cells. However, today there exist only few deposition methods for rear passivation layers
which meet both, the high-throughput and low-cost requirements of the PV industry in combination with high-quality
surface passivation properties. In this paper, we evaluate and optimize a novel deposition technique for AlOx
passivation layers applying an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition
(PECVD) process. The ICP AlOx deposition process enables high deposition rates of up to 5 nm/s as well as excellent
surface recombination velocities below 10 cm/s after firing. When applied to PERC solar cells the ICP AlOx layer is
capped with a PECVD SiNy layer. We achieve independently confirmed conversion efficiencies of up to 20.1% for
large-area (15.6x15.6 cm2) PERC solar cells processed at ISFH with screen-printed metal contacts and ICP
AlOx/SiNy rear side passivation on standard boron-doped Czochralski-grown silicon wafers. The internal quantum
efficiency reveals an effective rear surface recombination velocity Srear of (90 ± 30) cm/s and an internal rear
reflectance Rb of (91 ± 1)% which demonstrates the excellent rear surface passivation of the ICP AlOx/SiNy layer
stack. PERC solar cells processed in the Q-Cells Research Line achieve efficiencies up to 19.6% with ICP AlOx/SiNy
rear passivation which is comparable to the reference process at Q-Cells.
Recent Developments on Kaon Condensation and Its Astrophysical Implications
Creators: name: Brown, Gerald E.
name: Lee, Chang-Hwan
name: Rho, Mannque
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss three different ways to arrive at kaon condensation at n_c = 3 n_0 where n_0 is nuclear matter density: (1) Fluctuating around the n=0 vacuum in chiral perturbation theory, (2) fluctuating around n_VM near the chiral restoration density n_chi where the vector manifestation of hidden local symmetry is reached and (3) fluctuating around the Fermi liquid fixed point at n_0. They all share one common theoretical basis, "hidden local symmetry." We argue that when the critical density n_c < n_chi is reached in a neutron star, the electrons turn into K^- mesons, which go into an S-wave Bose condensate. This reduces the pressure substantially and the neutron star goes into a black hole. Next we develop the argument that the collapse of a neutron star into a black hole takes place for a star of M = 1.5 M_sun. This means that Supernova 1987A had a black hole as result. We also show that two neutron stars in a binary have to be within 4% of each other in mass, for neutron stars sufficiently massive that they escape helium shell burning. For those that are so light that they do have helium shell burning, after a small correction for this they must be within 4% of each other in mass. Observations support the proximity in mass inside of a neutron star binary. The result of strangeness condensation is that there are 5 times more low-mass black-hole, neutron-star binaries than double neutron-star binaries although the former are difficult to observe.
description: 42 pages, latex, 6 figures
Architectural Quality and Photovoltaic Products
Creators: name: Scognamiglio, A.
name: Farkas, K.
name: Frontini, F.
name: Maturi, L.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: PV Systems
PV and Architecture

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4169-4176
description: Thanks to a new energy consciousness, driven also by European energy policies and national feed in tariffs,
photovoltaic surfaces are becoming part of the image of our cities and landscapes. Unfortunately, despite the increasing in the use
of Photovoltaics (PV) in the recent past, its architectural quality still seems not always satisfying. In a number of cases, PV is
conceived just as a technical device (like an air conditioning splitter) to produce electricity, and no space is left for any
architectural concerning. This condition challenges the understanding between the community of designers and of energy experts,
but there is still a big gap between the two communities. Very often it seems that the solution of the problem could be the
development of “innovative” photovoltaic products designed for buildings, and, in fact, a number of European funding
programmes, in the last years have been supporting the development of such new products. In this paper the authors start to
investigate the relationship between the architectural quality of the buildings where PV has been applied, and the typology of the
photovoltaic products that have been used. The aim is to define new research topics for the implementation of the use of PV in
buildings. To go deeper into the topic, the paper refers to selected case studies from all over the world, that have been chosen by
different experts in the context of International Energy Agency (IEA), in particular in the framework of the SHC-Task 41 “Solar
energy and Architecture”. The preliminary result of this investigation (focusing on four case studies) will be the starting point for
further analysis to be done once the whole work of the Task 41 will be finalized.
Tensor Operators in Noncommutative Quantum Mechanics
Creators: name: Amorim, Ricardo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Some consequences of promoting the object of noncommutativity ${\mathbf θ}^{ij}$ to an operator in Hilbert space are explored. Consequently, a consistent algebra involving the enlarged set of canonical operators is obtained, which permits us to construct theories that are dynamically invariant under the action of the rotation group. In this framework it is also possible to give dynamics to the noncommutativity operator sector, resulting in new features.
description: 11 pages, Latex,typos and references added. Version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Letters
System Engineering and Design of LSC-PV for Outdoor Lighting Applications
Creators: name: Viswanathan, B.
name: Reinders, A.
name: De Boer, D.K.G.
name: Ras, A.
name: Zahn, H.
name: Desmet, L.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: PV Systems
Off-grid Applications

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4273-4279
description: Solar photovoltaic outdoor lighting applications usually comprise flat plate PV modules mounted on
top of a light pole. In our paper instead, it is thought of to design the light pole as a luminescent solar concentrator
photovoltaic (LSC-PV) module with solar cell strips and hence reduce costs of silicon solar cells because
concentration effects reduce the area and costs of PV cells when compared to conventional PV modules. In our
project different types of LSC-PV systems were simulated, studied and analyzed. We evaluated the performance of
LSC-PV elements in flat and cylindrical bent shapes, fit for applications in the pole. The modules were made using
commercially available PMMA plastic and contained red lumogen dye throughout the bulk. An important parameter
determining the functionality of LSC-PV modules is the optical collection efficiency and modules having values
sufficiently above 1 are considered to be economically and optically viable for use in electricity generation. From
experiments for a flat LSC-PV with PV cells ate the back and mirrors on non-covered edges, the optical collection
efficiency, concentration and electrical conversion efficiency that we have obtained are 19%, 1.9 and 2.9%
respectively for a gain of 10. Similarly for a similar arrangement of half-bent LSC-PV shape, optical collection
efficiency, concentration and electrical conversion efficiency are 15%, 1 and 2.4% respectively for a gain of 6.7.The
losses in bent LSC-PVs are higher than those in the flat (increase of 52.5%), however bent LSC-PVs systems are
expected to perform well on both sunny and cloudy days. Critical design parameters affecting LSC-PV systems have
been studied and the outcome is expected to result in an optimized design shown by illustrations in our paper.
Computer simulation of model cohesive powders: influence of assembling procedure and contact laws on low consolidation states
Creators: name: Gilabert, Francisco
name: Roux, Jean-Noel
name: Castellanos, Antonio
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The structure and mechanical properties of a simple two-dimensional model of a cohesive powder are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Micromechanical ingredients involve elasticity, friction, a short range attraction and, possibly, rolling resistance (RR) in contacts. The microstructure of the cohesive packing varies according to the assembling procedure, from rather densely packed if isolated particles are directly compressed to much looser if the formation of large aggregates is allowed prior to compression. A crucial parameter is the ratio P*= Pa/F0 of applied pressure P, acting on grains of diameter $a$, to maximum tensile contact force F0. At low P* the final structure depends on the level of velocity fluctuations at the early stages of cluster aggregation. With RR the coordination number approaches 2 in the limit of low initial velocities or large rolling friction. The force network generally comprises small hyperstatic clusters with forces of the order of F0, joined by nearly unstressed, barely rigid arms. As P* grows, it quickly rearranges into force chain-like patterns. Density correlations witness a fractal structure, with dimension Df, up to some density-dependent blob size. WIth RR Df coincides with the ballistic aggregation result, despite a possibly different connectivity. Possible effects of some parameters on material strength are evoked.
description: 31 pages Only 26 pages in the published PRE paper, but figures look better in THIS version !
Fundamental entropic processes in the theory of optical thermodynamics
Creators: name: Efremidis, Nikolaos K.
name: Christodoulides, Demetrios N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the statistical behavior of multimoded optical systems under equilibrium conditions. We investigate the role of variations of the system parameters in the thermodynamic description and derive, an optical analogue of the first law of thermodynamics, a generic expression for the work done to the system, and an optical Gibbs-Duhem equation. To demonstrate these effects, we focus in the case of two-dimensional photonic lattices. We study the conditions under which the entropy in such waveguide arrays can be considered as extensive. In this respect, small deviations from the extensive character of the entropy give rise to stress and strain terms. We examine how the conservation laws in such array configurations are affected by variations in the system parameters, and furthermore, we analyze the respective thermodynamic processes (isentropic and Joule-type expansions).
description: 12 pages, 2 figures
Construction of weakly CUD sequences for MCMC sampling
Creators: name: Tribble, Seth D.
name: Owen, Art B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Computation (stat.CO)
subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 62F15 (Primary) 11K45, 11K41 (Secondary)

description: In Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling considerable thought goes into constructing random transitions. But those transitions are almost always driven by a simulated IID sequence. Recently it has been shown that replacing an IID sequence by a weakly completely uniformly distributed (WCUD) sequence leads to consistent estimation in finite state spaces. Unfortunately, few WCUD sequences are known. This paper gives general methods for proving that a sequence is WCUD, shows that some specific sequences are WCUD, and shows that certain operations on WCUD sequences yield new WCUD sequences. A numerical example on a 42 dimensional continuous Gibbs sampler found that some WCUD inputs sequences produced variance reductions ranging from tens to hundreds for posterior means of the parameters, compared to IID inputs.
description: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/07-EJS162 the Electronic Journal of Statistics (http://www.i-journals.org/ejs/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
Alterations in fast and slow-twitch muscles of genetically dystrophic mice with special reference to parvalbumin
Creators: name: Johnson, Marjorie Isabelle
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2010

description: Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease which affects the morphology, physiology and biochemical nature of the muscle fiber. This study was designed to examine the progressive effects of muscular dystrophy on the differentiation process of skeletal muscle. Chapter 1 examines the neonatal development of muscle spindles and their intrafusal fibers in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of genetically dystrophic mice according to histochemical, quantitative, and ultrastructural parameters. Despite alterations in the surrounding extrafusal fibers, muscle spindles and their intrafusal fibers appeared enzymatically and histologically unaffected in incipient stages of murine dystrophy. In the second chapter the distribution and concentration of parvalbumin (PV), a calcium-binding protein, in 32 and 2-week-old dystrophic mice was mapped by immunohistochemical and biochemical procedures. The number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive fibers was significantly reduced in the adult dystrophic EDL but slightly increased in the adult dystrophic soleus. No differences between strains were observed in the 2-week samples. These findings were supported by routine myosin ATPase histochemistry. Parvalbumin was isolated on SDS-PAGE gels and the concentration of PV was estimated by a RIA. These results confirmed the immunohistochemical data in that PV content was dramatically reduced in the adult dystrophic EDL and significantly increased in the dystrophic soleus. No changes were detected in the samples of the 2-week-old muscles. The similarity in the distribution and content of PV between the fast and slow dystrophic muscles at 32 weeks of age suggests an alteration in the distribution and phenotypic expression of fiber types in muscular dystrophy and supports the hypothesis that dystrophy alters the normal differentiation process of skeletal muscle.
Usability of Compact Array Spectroradiometers for the Traceable Classification of Pulsed Solar Simulators
Creators: name: Sperfeld, P.
name: Dzafic, D.
name: Plag, F.
name: Haas, F.
name: Kröber, C.
name: Albert, H.
name: Nevas, S.
name: Pape, S.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
Standardisation

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 3060-3065
description: In order to classify solar simulators, it is necessary to determine, among other things, the spectral
irradiance. Array spectroradiometers are often used for this purpose. These instruments have to comply with certain
requirements in order to reproduce reliable measurement results. Several array spectroradiometers were therefore
examined as to these requirements. Some of the influences of the measuring systems' technical data on the
measurement results will be demonstrated. Among these are observations concerning the stability of calibration as
well as the linearity and stray light properties of the examined instruments. We will show that the classification of
pulsed solar simulators under laboratory conditions can yield significant differences in the results depending on the
measuring systems used. We will identify the effects that can have a critical influence on the measurement
uncertainty. The outlook of this work is the manageability of array spectroradiometers in practice-oriented
applications.