Stemonosudis elongata
Creators: name: Ho, Hsuan-Ching
name: Huang, Chih-Hsiung
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Aulopiformes
Paralepididae
Stemonosudis
Stemonosudis elongata

description: Stemonosudis elongata (Ege, 1933)
Figs. 1‒2; Table 1
Macroparalepis elongatus Ege, 1933:233
(type locality: southwest of Sri Lanka, Indian Ocean). Ege, 1957:36, fig. 8-5.
Stemonosudis elongata (Ege, 1933): Harry, 1953:242 (new combination). Rofen, 1966:423 (in Key). Post, 1972:153 (list). Mundy, 2005:207 (list).
Specimens examined. Holotype of Macroparalepis elongatus: ZMUC P. 2318729 (117 mm SL), Dana station 3908, 4°28’N, 82°13’E, Southeast of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), depth about 300 meters (1000 meters wire out), 22 Nov. 1929. Non-types. AMS 41990-003 (1, 136), 13°46’30’’S, 148°05’49’’E, Queensland, Australia, Coral Sea, MIDOC plankton tow, 200 m, 9 May 1997. CSIRO H 2543-11 (1, 272), FRV Southern Surveyor, sta. SS0191/3, 20°07’48.0”S, 112°55’06.0”E ‒20°07’48.0”S, 112°56’18.0”E, 854‒868 m, Engel highrise demersal trawl, 23 Jan. 1991. MNHN 2000-0452 (2, 292‒351), Halipro 2 expedition, sta. bt40, 25°42’S, 167°00’E, New Caledonia, Coral Sea, South Pacific Ocean, 1070‒1170 m, 14 Nov. 1996. MNHN 1964-0617 (1, 178), 15°40’1.2’’S, 46°19’58.8’’E, Madagascar, Western Indian Ocean, coll. Crosnier. NMV A 26574 -016 (1, 139), R / V Alis, 23°34’17’’S, 167°15’19’’E ‒21°32’21’’S, 167°13’47’’E, between New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands, 97 m, 16 Aug. 2011.
Diagnosis. A species of Stemonosudis with a very slender body; very long anal-fin base, with 49‒51 rays; anterior nostril above posterior end of maxilla; VFO at about middle of the fish, prepelvic length 46.8‒51.4% SL; DFO at about middle of V‒A, V‒D 48.5‒57.1% V‒A; usually 1 or 2 small, stout teeth on each gill raker; prehaemal vertebrae 48‒49, total vertebrae 115‒121; total lateral-line scales 102‒108; caudal peduncle long, its length about 3 times eye diameter; body uniformly dark brown to black in adults (Harry, 1953; Ege, 1957; this study).
Description of holotype. The holotype is a young specimen; its body became fragile after long-term preservation. Data provided in Ege (1957) are adopted and provided in Table 1.
Body rather thin and slender. Ventral adipose fin weakly developed on abdominal ridge and well developed between anus and AFO. DFO well behind VFO and anus; DFO at about midpoint of V‒A; anus clearly behind tip of pelvic fin, before midpoint of V‒D. Peritoneal sections faded. Caudle peduncle long, the posterior end of anal fin base well in front of base of lower procurrent rays, by about 1 eye diameter.
Posterior end of maxilla about 1 eye diameter before anterior margin of eye; nostrils close to eye, anterior margin of anterior nostril at about same vertical above posterior end of maxilla, posterior margin of posterior nostril about half eye diameter before anterior margin of eye and slightly behind posterior end of maxilla. Eye small, its diameter about 5 times in snout length.
Teeth few, some probably lost. Gill rakers weakly developed. Lateral line runs to about above two-thirds of anal-fin base length from the anal fin origin. Anterior tip of lower jaw with a small fleshy tissue. Fin ray numbers same as original description. Other information not available due to the condition of the specimen.
Description of adults and young specimens. Based mainly on 3 adult specimens (MNHN 2000-0452 and CSIRO H 2543-11), with additional information of the other three young specimens, where different.
Dorsal-fin rays 10 (9‒10 in young specimens); pectoral-fin rays 13 (12‒13); pelvic-fin rays 9‒10; anal-fin rays 49‒50. Vertebrae: prepelvic 44‒45 (42‒43, n=2), prehaemal 48‒49; caudal 70‒73 (66, n=1); predorsal 55‒57 (54, n=2); preanal 67‒69 (64‒65); and total vertebrae 119‒121 (115, n=2). Gill rakers: upper limb 15 and lower limb 51‒56 (25‒27 on ceratobranchial, 26‒28 on hypobranchial); total 66‒71; not available in young specimens. Lateralline scales: prepelvic 42‒45; predorsal 52‒57; preanal 64‒68; total 102‒108, 89‒95 large scales + 11‒15 very small scales on posterior portion (ca. 90‒99, scales lost distally).
Body very slender and compressed (rather thin in young specimens). Caudal peduncle slender, its length 2.8 (3.5, n=1) times eye diameter. Abdomen with well-developed fresh ridge between pectoral and pelvic fins, with weakly developed ventral adipose fin; ventral adipose fin well developed on margin between anus and anal fin. Anus slightly behind tip of appressed pelvic fin, clearly before dorsal-fin origin and situated at about midpoint of V‒A.
Head very slender, slightly less than the trunk, wider than rest of body, pointed anteriorly. Mouth terminate, large; mouth gape extends to about a vertical through anterior margin of eye; lower jaw barely upturned at tip, with a small fleshy tissue at tip. Eye moderately large (relatively small in young specimens). Snout long, bluntly pointed anteriorly (relatively short and pointed in smaller specimens). Suborbital bones narrow, not expanded. Interorbital space moderately broad and flattened, interorbital width 1.4‒1.6% SL (1.2‒1.4% in young specimens); ridges on dorsal surface of head and snout.
Posterior end of maxilla extends to about one eye diameter before anterior margin of eye (ca. 1.5 in young specimens). Anterior nostril right above and posterior nostril slightly behind tip of maxilla, about one eye diameter before anterior margin of eye (about 1.5 in young specimens). Most of head, including snout, jaw, cheek, operculum covered by regular sensory canals, but not on superclethrum (not clear in smaller specimens).
Gill filaments present on all four gill arches. Fourth arch mostly connected to the gill wall by a membrane. Pseudobranchs present, with anterior half within a deep pocket.
Dorsal-fin origin well behind middle of body, far behind pelvic-fin origin and at about midpoint of V‒A. Pectoral fin well above the chest, the uppermost ray slightly lower than level of lower margin of eye; a small pocket behind pectoral-fin base. Pelvic-fin at about middle of the body, its origin well in front of that of dorsal-fin origin; a small axial scale behind pelvic-fin base. Anus situated slightly but clearly behind tip of adpressed pelvic fin, far in front of DFO. Anal fin originating at posterior portion of body, preanal-length 69.1‒70.5% SL. Anal-fin base very long, 22.7‒25.7% SL. Adipose fin above rear portion of anal-fin base, well in front of caudal-fin base, its base about same length as eye diameter.
Two or 3 small fangs at tip of upper jaw, followed by single row of numerous small, stout, retrorse teeth along upper jaw, gradually smaller on posterior portion. Vomerine teeth absent. Two rows of fangs on palatine, anterior teeth enlarged, forming 5 (3 or 4 in smaller specimens) tooth pairs, those of inner row long and depressible with knife-like tip, outer row much shorter, recurved and fixed, followed by single row of small and pointed teeth. Front of lower jaw with 2 slightly enlarged fangs, followed by two rows of fangs, forming tooth pairs, those in outer row fixed and smaller than those in inner row, which are knife-like and depressible. Teeth on tongue small, arranged in two rows at middle. Tongue surrounded by broad flap.
Gill rakers present on epibranchial, ceratobanchial and hypobanchial; shield shaped, usually bearing 1 or 2 stout teeth on each gill raker, tips extend slightly outside margin of gill arch (1 small tooth on each raker in young specimens); tiny teeth on fifth ceratobranchial forming a scattered patch; on pharyngeal arch forming a small, narrow patch in about 3 or 4 rows. Pharyngeal teeth relatively short, forming a long patch in about 4 rows. Teeth assumed absent on fifth ceratobranchial (small teeth present in young specimens).
Body naked except for lateral line which is covered by scales; lateral line incomplete, ending at about two-thirds of caudal-fin base length (to middle of base in young specimens, but with scales lost distally). Luminous organ and duct absent.
Coloration. The 351 mm specimen has a uniformly black body, including mouth cavity and gill chamber, peritoneal membranes; anterior portion of tongue pale. The 292 mm and 272 specimens are uniformly dark brown. Young specimens with dorsum dark brown and ventral half of body pale to light brown; all fins covered loose melanophores. Peritoneal sections present in juveniles and young specimens, absent in adults.
Distribution. Previously recorded in Indo-Pacific Ocean off east Africa, Philippines, Fiji, Hawaii, Marquesas, based on holotype and post-larvae (Ege, 1957) and newly recorded from Madagascar, Australia (Western Australia and Queensland) and New Caledonia in this study. The adults were collected at depths of 854‒868 m and 1070‒1170 m, respectively, whereas young specimens were collected from depths 97‒ 300 m.
Remarks. Although the abdominal cavity of two larger specimens were removed and their gonads not available for examination, both are recognized as adults because their body sizes are similar to the adults of other species in the subfamily Lestidinae (largest records reaching 200‒350 mm SL, Ho, pers. obs.) and the uniform brown to black color is similar to the adults of several other species of Lestidinae. Both specimens are in good condition but with their bodies twisted (Fig. 1). The young specimens (including holotype) are in poor condition with parts of the body damaged and bent or twisted. As a result, some of the body proportions and meristic data are not available, or values are approximate (Table 1).
description: Published as part of Ho, Hsuan-Ching & Huang, Chih-Hsiung, 2022, First adult record, redescription and distribution of Stemonosudis elongata (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae), pp. 131-137 in Zootaxa 5189 (1) on pages 132-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5189.1.15, http://zenodo.org/record/7119343