cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Law in Regression? Impacts of Quantitative Research on Law and Regulation
Creators: name: Donald, David C.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2015

description: Quantitative research (“QR”) has undeniably improved the quality of law- and rulemaking, but it can also present risks for these activities. On the one hand, replacing anecdotal assertions regarding behavior or the effects of rules in an area to be regulated with objective, statistical evidence has advanced the quality of regulatory discourse. On the other hand, because the construction of such evidence often depends on bringing the complex realities of both human behavior and rules designed to govern it into simple, quantified variables, QR findings can at times camouflage complexity, masking real problems. Deceptively objective findings can in this way prevent the kind of deep, difficult, granular investigation a problem needs. This Article examines the methodology of QR, highlighting points where objectivity and verifiability can be threatened. It discusses a number of case studies where common patterns emerge in the interaction between QR and policymaking. These include the displacement of qualitative problems with inaccurate quantification, the release of powerful, statistical or otherwise quantitative “sound bites” that immediately move policy but are later found to be incorrect, deflating like a “bubble,” and the abdication of governance duties by regulators in favor of quantitative indicia like the performance benchmarks of an “efficient market.” These case studies reveal a particularly troubling tension between the strength of QR in reaching generalized findings and the uniquely context-specific nature and operation of most laws and regulations. This Article recommends a number of measures to improve the use of QR in policymaking, including increasing the transparency of data generation and analysis within the academic community, putting more emphasis on interdisciplinary creation and validation of findings, using certain cautionary disclosure when making “public offerings” of quantitative findings, and holding policymakers more strictly to their statutory mandates, even if not complementary with quantitative analysis.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2015 No. 2
Temperature dependence of the excitation spectrum in the charge-density-wave ErTe$_3$ and HoTe$_3$ systems
Creators: name: Pfuner, F.
name: Lerch, P.
name: Chu, J. -H.
name: Kuo, H. -H.
name: Fisher, I. R.
name: Degiorgi, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We provide optical reflectivity data collected over a broad spectral range and as a function of temperature on the ErTe$_3$ and HoTe$_3$ materials, which undergo two consecutive charge-density-wave (CDW) phase transitions at $T_{CDW1}$= 265 and 288 K and at $T_{CDW2}$= 157 and 110 K, respectively. We observe the temperature dependence of both the Drude component, due to the itinerant charge carriers, and the single-particle peak, ascribed to the charge-density-wave gap excitation. The CDW gap progressively opens while the metallic component gets narrow with decreasing temperature. An important fraction of the whole Fermi surface seems to be affected by the CDW phase transitions. It turns out that the temperature and the previously investigated pressure dependence of the most relevant CDW parameters share several common features and behaviors. Particularly, the order parameter of the CDW state is in general agreement with the predictions of the BCS theory.
Pade Theory applied to the vacuum polarization of a heavy quark
Creators: name: Masjuan, P.
name: Peris, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The vacuum polarization of a quark, when considered in terms of the external momentum q^2, is a function of the Stieltjes type. Consequently, the mathematical theory of Pade Approximants assures that the full function, at any finite value of q^2 away from the physical cut, can be reconstructed from its low-energy power expansion around q^2=0. We illustrate this point by applying this theory to the vacuum polarization of a heavy quark and obtain the value of the constant K^(2) governing the threshold expansion at order O(alpha_s^2).
description: 9 pages, 4 figures
The Data Security Governance Conundrum
Creators: name: Davis, Thad A.
name: Wong, Michael Li-Ming
name: Paterson, Nicola M.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2015

description: Data breaches and cyber attacks continue to represent increasingly sophisticated threats to corporations of all shapes and sizes. Recent, high-profile data losses and vulnerabilities have prompted heightened regulator, enforcement agency, plaintiff, and public scrutiny of boardroom preparedness. This Article examines the cybersecurity and cyber attack landscape and identifies core dilemmas that boardrooms face in the current environment. It also explores the various approaches, and examines recent watershed case law on the data breach question. This Article draws guiding principles for compliance from more established regulatory schemes to inform best practices guidance and a flexible, scalable corporate data and cyber-compliance framework.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2015 No. 2
Regulatory Dissent and Judicial Review
Creators: name: Roniger, Luke N.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2015

description: The Administrative Procedure Act provides the statutory procedure by which federal agencies must consider and adopt regulations and lays out the standard of judicial review that should be applied to properly adopted agency rules. SEC rules have faced increased hostility—or at least increased scrutiny—from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (D.C. Circuit), which often issues the final judicial decision for agency regulations. Indeed, cases like Business Roundtable v. SEC (Business Roundtable II), 647 F.3d 1144, 1148 (D.C. Cir. 2011)––in which the D.C. Circuit struck down an SEC rule––constitute a significant shift in the standard of judicial review for agency regulations. As the D.C. Circuit appears willing to review not just the process by which regulations are adopted, but also the actual content of such regulations, the bases for the court’s decisions—i.e., the factors the court considers in reviewing regulations—are increasingly important. Specifically, a reviewing court’s ability to endorse the dissenting opinions of minority members of a regulatory commission poses particular problems to that commission’s quasi-legislative activity in promulgating rules. In the wake of Business Roundtable II, where a court’s review of agency procedures is increasingly morphing into substantive review, judicial endorsement of minority views effectively displaces the policy choices of the majority members of regulatory agencies. In other words, when a court’s rejection of an agency rule is a product of judicial reliance on the dissenting opinions of the minority commissioners, the court essentially provides a rubber stamp for what was the minority (and losing) position on the commission. This Note explores how this result conflicts with basic principles of separation of powers, injures the institutional legitimacy of both the SEC and the courts, and threatens the efficacy of a primary financial regulator at a time when the U.S. economy is most in need of effective financial regulation.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2015 No. 1
Giant interfacial spin-Hall angle from Rashba-Edelstein effect revealed by the spin-Hall Hanle processes
Creators: name: Li, Jing
name: Comstock, Andrew H.
name: McConnell, Aeron
name: Sun, Dali
name: Xu, Xiaoshan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Rashba-Edelstein effect (REE), which generates interfacial spin polarization and subsequent spin current, is a compelling spin-charge conversion mechanism for spintronics applications, since it is not limited by the elemental spin-orbit coupling. In this work, we demonstrate REE at Pt/ferroelectric interfaces using the recently elucidated spin-Hall Hanle effects (SHHE), in which a Larmor precession of spin polarization in a diffusion process from the interface manifest as magnetoresistance and Hall effect. We show that REE leads to a three-fold enhancement of the effective spin Hall angle in ferroelectric interface Pt/h-LuFeO3 compared to that of Pt /Al2O3, although the difference in the spin relaxation time is negligible. Modeling using SHHEs involving REE as an additional source of interfacial polarization suggests that REE can lead to an interfacial spin Hall angle (~0.3) that is one order of magnitude larger than the bulk value of Pt. Our results demonstrate that a ferroelectric interface can produce large spin-charge conversion and that SHHEs are a sensitive tool for characterizing interfacial spin transport properties.
The AR/VR Technology Stack: A Central Repository of Software Development Libraries, Platforms, and Tools
Creators: name: Roberts, Jasmine
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Software Engineering (cs.SE)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: A comprehensive repository of software development libraries, platforms, and tools specifically to the domains of augmented, virtual, and mixed reality.
The Implied Antitrust Immunity Analysis of Credit Suisse v. Billing
Creators: name: Lee, Morgan
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2015

description: Since 1945 the McCarran-Ferguson Act has exempted the “business of insurance” from the federal antitrust laws to “the extent that such business is not regulated by State law.” This Note questions whether the ongoing attempts by members of Congress to repeal the antitrust exemption for the business of insurance is good policy. In assessing the implications of repeal, this Note analyzes whether the addition of federal antitrust enforcement would be compatible with the increasingly regulated health insurance industry. As a case study, this Note applies the implied antitrust immunity framework developed by the Supreme Court in Billing v. Credit Suisse to Massachusetts’ insurance regulations. This Note argues that the implied immunity doctrine, in seeking to determine how Congress would have intended two regulatory systems to interact, can function as a prudential tool to aid Congress when it seeks to either alter the reach of the antitrust laws or create regulations that assume the function of the antitrust laws.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2015 No. 1
Ferrofluidity in a two-component dipolar Bose-Einstein Condensate
Creators: name: Saito, Hiroki
name: Kawaguchi, Yuki
name: Ueda, Masahito
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It is shown that the interface in a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in which one component exhibits a dipole-dipole interaction spontaneously forms patterns similar to those formed in a magnetic liquid subject to a magnetic field. A hexagonal pattern, hysteretic behavior, and soliton-like structure are numerically demonstrated. A phenomenon similar to the labyrinthine instability is also found. These phenomena may be realized using a 52Cr BEC. The periodic density modulation in the superfluid ground state offers evidence of supersolidity.
description: 4 pages, 6 figures
Solving the Puzzle of Charter Schools
Creators: name: Liu, Elaine
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2015

description: Contributing to the controversy over charter schools are empirical studies, such as the Center for Research on Education Outcomes National Charter School Study 2013, that find that charter schools have mixed results, with some seeing better student achievement outcomes relative to traditional public schools, and others seeing worse. This Note argues that developing a new framework to understand differences in state charter school laws based on their underlying purposes helps explain the significant variation across states in charter school performance. Based on a state-by-state analysis of charter school legislation, this Note finds that states with charter school laws generally fall into three categories: (1) “gap-closing”; (2) “libertarian-oriented”; and (3) “mixed.” The first category includes states with laws that promote charter schools focused on improving outcomes for disadvantaged and underachieving students. The second category includes states with laws that promote charter schools as a means to provide parents and local communities, rather than the government, with more choices and greater control in education. The third category encompasses those states where charter school legislation promotes both of these purposes. Furthermore, results indicate that gap-closing states generally enjoy better charter school performance outcomes than do libertarian-oriented states, and that the typical charter school law of gap-closing states differs significantly from that of libertarian-oriented states. As such, this Note proposes that states can maximize charter school student achievement by adopting features that are characteristic of gap-closing states’ charter school laws—e.g., greater restrictions on entrance into the charter school market and greater oversight of both charter school authorizers and charter schools themselves.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2015 No. 1
Transparência e integridade das publicações na Ciência Aberta
Creators: name: Principe, Eloísa
name: Rode, Sigmar de Mello
name: Galleti, Silvia
name: Lopes, Carlos
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021

description: Apresentação realizada na sessão Painel da 12ª Conferência Luso-Brasileira de Ciência Aberta, formato híbrido, de 13 a 15 de outubro de 2021.
Generalized quasi-Keplerian solution for eccentric, non-spinning compact binaries at 4PN order and the associated IMR waveform
Creators: name: Cho, Gihyuk
name: Tanay, Sashwat
name: Gopakumar, Achamveedu
name: Lee, Hyung Mok
Publisher: name: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Year: 2021

description: We derive fourth post-Newtonian (4PN) contributions to the Keplerian-type parametric solution associated with the conservative dynamics of eccentric, non-spinning compact binaries. The solution has been computed while ignoring certain zero-average, oscillatory terms arising due to 4PN tail effects. We provide explicit expressions for the parametric solution and various orbital elements in terms of the conserved energy, angular momentum and symmetric mass ratio. Canonical perturbation theory (along with the technique of Pade approximant) is used to incorporate the 4PN nonlocal-in-time tail effects within the action-angles framework. We then employ the resulting solution to obtain an updated inspiral-merger-ringdown (IMR) waveform that models the coalescence of non-spinning, moderately eccentric black hole binaries, influenced by arXiv:1709.02007. Our updated waveform is expected to be valid over similar parameter range as the above reference. We also present a related waveform which makes use of only the post-Newtonian equations and thus is valid only for the inspiral stage. This waveform is expected to work for a much larger range of eccentricity ($e_t \lesssim 0.85$) than our full IMR waveform (which assumes circularization of the binaries close to merger). We finally pursue preliminary data analysis studies to probe the importance of including the 4PN contributions to the binary dynamics while constructing gravitational waveform templates for eccentric mergers.
A Search for X-ray/UV Correlation in the Reflection-Dominated Seyfert 1 Galaxy Mrk 1044
Creators: name: Barua, Samuzal
name: Adegoke, Oluwashina K.
name: Misra, Ranjeev
name: Pawar, Pramod
name: Jithesh, V.
name: Medhi, Biman J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Correlated variability between coronal X-rays and disc optical/UV photons provides a very useful diagnostic of the interplay between the different regions around an active galactic nucleus (AGN) and how they interact. AGN that reveal strong X-ray reflection in their spectra should normally exhibit optical/UV to X-ray correlation consistent with reprocessing -- where the optical/UV emission lag behind the X-rays. While such correlated delay has been seen in some sources, it has been absent in others. \rm{Mrk~1044} is one such source that has been known to reveal strong X-ray reflection in its spectra. In our analysis of three long \textit{XMM-Newton} and several \textit{Swift} observations of the source, we found no strong evidence for correlation between its UV and X-ray lightcurves both on short and long time scales. Among other plausible causes for the non-detection, we posit that higher X-ray variability than UV and strong general relativistic effects close to the black hole may also be responsible. We also present results from the spectral analysis based on \textit{XMM-Newton} and \textit{NuSTAR} observations, which show the strong soft X-ray excess and iron K$α$ line in the 0.3--50 keV spectrum that can be described by relativistic reflection.
description: Accepted for Publication in APJ, 13 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables
Comment on "Evidence for parity violation in gravitational Fields" (DESY 18-171)
Creators: name: Behnke, Ties
name: List, Jenny
name: Sobloher, Blanka
name: Schmitt, Stefan
Publisher: name: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Year: 2021

description: 7 pp. (2021).
description: A recent publication (DESY 18-171) claimed evidence for parityviolating effects, following an analysis of helicity-dependent energyspectra recorded with the HERA transverse polarimeter.This note is trying to highlight two of the weak points of theanalysis. Firstly, the claim of DESY 18-171 is made withoutpresenting a calculation of the Compton cross section inpresence of the stated parity violating effects. Secondly, the fitparametrisation given in DESY 18-171 is ill-defined, such that the fitis underconstrained. It is thus concluded that the analysis can not betrusted and the conclusions drawn on "Evidence for parity violation''are invalid.
New 9.9-GHz methanol masers
Creators: name: Voronkov, M. A.
name: Caswell, J. L.
name: Ellingsen, S. P.
name: Sobolev, A. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) has been used to make the first extensive search for the class I methanol masers at 9.9 GHz. In total, 48 regions of high-mass star formation were observed. In addition to masers in W33-Met (G12.80-0.19) and G343.12-0.06 (IRAS 16547-4247) which have already been reported in the literature, two new 9.9-GHz masers have been found towards G331.13-0.24 and G19.61-0.23. We have determined absolute positions (accurate to roughly a second of arc) for all the detected masers and suggest that some class I masers may be associated with shocks driven into molecular clouds by expanding HII regions. Our observations also imply that the evolutionary stage of a high-mass star forming region when the class I masers are present can outlast the stage when the class II masers at 6.7 GHz are detectable, and overlaps significantly with the stage when OH masers are active.
description: accepted for publication in MNRAS, 14 pages, 3 figures, 4 tables
Estimation of redshift and associated uncertainty of Fermi/LAT extra-galactic sources with Deep Learning
Creators: name: Gharat, Sarvesh
name: Borthakur, Abhimanyu
name: Bhatta, Gopal
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: With the advancement of technology, machine learning-based analytical methods have pervaded nearly every discipline in modern studies. Particularly, a number of methods have been employed to estimate the redshift of gamma-ray loud active galactic nuclei (AGN), which are a class of supermassive black hole systems known for their intense multi-wavelength emissions and violent variability. Determining the redshifts of AGNs is essential for understanding their distances, which, in turn, sheds light on our current understanding of the structure of the nearby universe. However, the task involves a number of challenges such as the need for meticulous follow-up observations across multiple wavelengths and astronomical facilities. In this study, we employ a simple yet effective deep learning model with a single hidden layer having $64$ neurons and a dropout of 0.25 in the hidden layer, on a sample of AGNs with known redshifts from the latest AGN catalog, 4LAC-DR3, obtained from Fermi-LAT. We utilized their spectral, spatial, and temporal properties to robustly predict the redshifts of AGNs as well quantify their associated uncertainties, by modifying the model using two different variational inference methods. We achieve a correlation coefficient of 0.784 on the test set from the frequentist model and 0.777 and 0.778 from both the variants of variational inference, and, when used to make predictions on the samples with unknown redshifts, we achieve mean predictions of 0.421, 0.415 and 0.393, with standard deviations of 0.258, 0.246 and 0.207 from the models, respectively.
description: Accepted: MNRAS
Supplementary Information from Bayesian uncertainty quantification for data-driven equation learning
Creators: name: Martina-Perez, Simon
name: Simpson, Matthew J.
name: Baker, Ruth E.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Statistics
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 10109 Ordinary Differential Equations, Difference Equations and Dynamical Systems
subject: 10110 Partial Differential Equations
subject: 10302 Numerical Solution of Differential and Integral Equations

description: Equation learning aims to infer differential equation models from data. While a number of studies have shown that differential equation models can be successfully identified when the data are sufficiently detailed and corrupted with relatively small amounts of noise, the relationship between observation noise and uncertainty in the learned differential equation models remains unexplored. We demonstrate that for noisy datasets there exists great variation in both the structure of the learned differential equation models as well as their parameter values. We explore how to exploit multiple datasets to quantify uncertainty in the learned models, and at the same time draw mechanistic conclusions about the target differential equations. We showcase our results using simulation data from a relatively straight-forward agent-based model (ABM) which has a well-characterized partial differential equation description that provides highly accurate predictions of averaged ABM behaviours in relevant regions of parameter space. Our approach combines equation learning methods with Bayesian inference approaches so that a quantification of uncertainty can be given by the posterior parameter distribution of the learned model.
Surface magnetism in the pulsating RV Tauri star R Scuti
Creators: name: Georgiev, Stefan
name: Lèbre, Agnès
name: Josselin, Eric
name: Mathias, Philippe
name: Konstantinova-Antova, Renada
name: Sabin, Laurence
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 85-02

description: We present the surface magnetic field conditions of the brightest pulsating RV Tauri star, R Sct. Our investigation is based on the longest spectropolarimetric survey ever performed on this variable star. The analysis of high resolution spectra and circular polarization data give sharp information on the dynamics of the atmosphere and the surface magnetism, respectively. Our analysis shows that surface magnetic field can be detected at different phases along a pulsating cycle, and that it may be related to the presence of a radiative shock wave periodically emerging out of the photosphere and propagating throughout the stellar atmosphere.
description: 16 pages, 14 figures
Gold(I) catalyst supported by poly(methylene phosphine)-co-styrene in the hydroamination of alkynes with arylamines
Creators: name: Woods, Nolton Takashi
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: This thesis outlines the use of a phosphorus containing copolymer as a ligand for gold-catalyzed hydroaminations. Specifically, the phosphine moieties within the backbone of a random copolymer of styrene (S) and methylenephosphine (MP), PMP-co-PS function as P-ligands for gold(I) to afford a pre-catalyst. In Chapter 2, the use of the phosphorus-containing copolymer PMP-co-PS as a ligand for gold(I) is described. The activity of the acquired pre-catalyst PMP(AuCl)-co-PS in the intermolecular hydroamination of alkynes with arylamines (H₂NAr, Ar=Ph,4-NO₂Ph,etc.) is compared with the activity of model pre-catalysts (i.e., Ph₃PAuCl and MesP(AuCl)CHPh₂). Abstraction of the chloride from gold(I) using AgOTf was required for each pre-catalyst to obtain the active catalyst. In hydroaminations of phenylacetylene with arylamines employing pre-catalyst PMP(AuCl)-co-PS and following the above activation process selectively affords the Markovnikov products in good yields. In hydroaminations of diphenylacetylene with arylamines as substrates, the polymer-supported pre-catalyst was not as active; however, moderate yields of the imine and enamine product(s) were formed. Importantly, the polymer support allowed for the isolation of the catalyst from the products. The recovered catalyst could be recycled in additional cycles without the addition of fresh catalyst or AgOTf. It was determined that reducing the amount of gold(I) present to phosphorus in the polymer-supported pre-catalyst resulted in the improved stability of the active catalyst with sustained yields in the recycling reactions. In conclusion, PMP-co-PS was shown to be an effective support in gold catalysis that could be recovered and recycled for further use.
Stock Market Law and the Accuracy of Public Companies’ Stock Prices
Creators: name: Haeberle, Kevin
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2015

description: The social benefits of more accurate stock prices—that is, stock-market prices that more accurately reflect the future cash flows that companies are likely to produce—are well established. But it is also thought that market forces alone will lead to only a sub-optimal level of stock-price accuracy—a level that fails to obtain the maximum net social benefits, or wealth, that would result from a higher level. One of the principal aims of federal securities law has therefore been to increase the extent to which the stock prices of the most important companies in our economy (public companies) contain information about firms’ prospects so that society generates more wealth. Indeed, enhancing the accuracy of these prices in this way is perhaps the primary justification for the corporate disclosure, fraud, and insider-trading rules that make up the traditional core of federal securities law. Yet, important price-accuracy effects of a distinct area of the field (the law governing the market in which stocks are traded) have been overlooked. This Article theorizes that a set of central, yet little-noticed, stock-market rules is resulting in society producing a lower level of stock-price accuracy than it otherwise might. The Article therefore provides examples of ways in which the laws governing stock trading can be altered to increase stock-price accuracy. And it urges regulators to consider whether such alternations might be socially desirable in one of two ways: by enhancing the current level of stock-price accuracy in a manner that results in net social benefits, or by providing society with a lower-cost means than those associated with existing disclosure, fraud, and insider-trading laws for obtaining that current level. Accordingly, the Article theorizes that regulators have a fourth main securities-law tool (stock-market law) for increasing the accuracy of public companies’ stock prices, and sets forth a cost-benefit framework to help them determine whether it can be used to achieve one of the chief goals of securities law: obtaining a socially optimal level of stock-price accuracy.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2015 No. 1
The Interior Structure, Composition, and Evolution of Giant Planets
Creators: name: Fortney, Jonathan J.
name: Nettelmann, Nadine
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss our current understanding of the interior structure and thermal evolution of giant planets. This includes the gas giants, such as Jupiter and Saturn, that are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, as well as the "ice giants," such as Uranus and Neptune, which are primarily composed of elements heavier than H/He. The effect of different hydrogen equations of state (including new first-principles computations) on Jupiter's core mass and heavy element distribution is detailed. This variety of the hydrogen equations of state translate into an uncertainty in Jupiter's core mass of 18 M_Earth. For Uranus and Neptune we find deep envelope metallicities up to 0.95, perhaps indicating the existence of an eroded core, as also supported by their low luminosity. We discuss the results of simple cooling models of our solar system's planets, and show that more complex thermal evolution models may be necessary to understand their cooling history. We review how measurements of the masses and radii of the ~50 transiting extrasolar giant planets are changing our understanding of giant planets. In particular a fraction of these planets appear to be larger than can be accommodated by standard models of planetary contraction. We review the proposed explanations for the radii of these planets. We also discuss very young giant planets, which are being directly imaged with ground- and space-based telescopes.
description: Space Science Reviews, in press. Review based on work presented at the ISSI Workshop "Planetary Magnetism," in Bern, Switzerland, 1-5 September 2008
The Institutional Appetite for “Quack Corporate Governance”
Creators: name: Davis, Alicia J.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2015

description: This Article offers evidence that higher quality internal corporate governance is associated with higher levels of ownership by institutional investors. This finding is consistent with the idea that institutions have greater reason than individual investors to prefer well-governed firms, but surprising given the substantial empirical evidence that casts doubt on the efficacy of internal governance mechanisms. The study described in this Article also finds that higher quality external governance is associated with lower proportions of ownership by certain types of institutional investors, also a somewhat surprising result given available empirical evidence on the positive relationship between external governance and firm performance. After largely dismissing competing explanations for these findings, I conclude that institutional investors, as a group, generally prefer internal governance mechanisms over external governance mechanisms or have a higher tolerance for low-quality external governance than for low-quality internal governance. I argue that these preferences are reasonable and suggest that when debating the efficacy of governance mechanisms, the preferences of informed, sophisticated investors be afforded greater weight than is currently the case.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2015 No. 1
Member FMIC: Credit-Risk Sharing Within and Without an FMIC-Based Housing Finance System
Creators: name: Niles, Samuel P.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2015

description: Everyone agrees that the current chapter in the life of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac should end. Less clear is what comes next. Starting in the latter half of 2013, the Senate Banking Committee has explored legislation that would transform the economic and regulatory landscape of housing finance in the United States. S. 1217, the Senate Proposal introduced last summer by Senators Bob Corker (R-TN) and Mark Warner (D-VA), and revised this year by Banking Committee Chairman Tim Johnson (D-SD) and Ranking Member Mike Crapo (R-ID), seeks to replace Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and their regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Agency, with a “Federal Mortgage Insurance Corporation” (“FMIC”), an explicit government guarantor of conforming U.S. mortgages. The Senate Proposal would maintain a strong federal presence in housing finance but would require that private capital, through risk-sharing mechanisms, absorb the first 10% of losses. Although the proposal is unlikely to pass Congress in the gridlocked 2014 election season, it carries substantial bipartisan support going into the next Congress. This Note explores the Senate Proposal, focusing closely on two crucial features of the proposed regulatory operation of the FMIC system: the credit-risk sharing mechanisms that the FMIC would employ and the supervision and legal duties of market participants both inside and outside the FMIC apparatus. Primarily, this Note concludes that credit-linked note deal structures provide the most efficient and prudentially safe and sound method of transferring first-loss credit risk from the FMIC to private parties. Secondarily, this Note concludes that the Senate Proposal should also include features to hasten the return of the purely private-label securitization market, such as the placement of an enhanced legal duty on private-label securitization trustees. These conclusions address broad housing finance concepts and will remain germane to the debate no matter the fate of the Banking Committee’s proposed legislation.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 3
Paläoökologische Untersuchungen in den quartären Sedimenten von Duttendorf (Oberösterreich)
Creators: name: Starnberger, Reinhard
name: Terhorst, Birgit
name: Rähle, Wolfgang
name: Peticzka, Robert
name: Haas, Jean Nicolas
Publisher: name: Quartär – Internationales Jahrbuch zur Erforschung des Eiszeitalters und der Steinzeit
Year: 2021

description: Quartär – Internationales Jahrbuch zur Erforschung des Eiszeitalters und der Steinzeit, Bd. 55 (2008): Quartär. Internationales Jahrbuch zur Eiszeitalter- und Steinzeitforschung
Asymptotics of the whispering gallery-type in the eigenproblem for the Laplacian in a revolutional domain diffeomorphic to a solid torus
Creators: name: Sergeev, Sergey
name: Minenkov, Dmitri
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: Dynamical Systems (math.DS)
subject: Spectral Theory (math.SP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 35J05, 35B40, 35C20, 35P20, 81Q20

description: We consider the eigenproblem for the Laplacian inside a three-dimensional revolutional domain diffeomorphic to a solid torus and construct asymptotic eigenvalues and eigenfunctions (quasimodes) of the whispering gallery-type. The whispering gallery-type asymptotics are localized near the boundary of the domain, and an explicit analytic representations in terms of Airy functions is constructed for such asymptotics. There are several different scales in the problem, which makes it possible to apply the procedure of adiabatic approximation in the form of operator separation of variables to reduce the initial problem to one-dimensional problems up to the small correction. We also discuss the relation between the constructed whispering gallery-type asymptotics and classical billiards in the corresponding domain, in particularly, such asymptotics correspond to almost integrable billiards with proper degeneracy. We illustrate the results in the case when a revolutional domain is obtained by rotation of the triangle with rounded wedges.
Intrastate Crowdfunding
Creators: name: Pei, Matthew A.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2015

description: Crowdfunding is the practice of raising small amounts of money from a large number of people over the Internet. Until now, businesses trying to raise capital over crowdfunding sites such as Kickstarter have solicited contributions by offering rewards instead of a possible return, which allows them to avoid federal securities laws. However, after proposed SEC rules are finalized, it will be legal for issuers to sell securities–such as equities and interest-bearing debt–over crowdfunding platforms without incurring the expense of registration. The new federal crowdfunding exemption has been the subject of considerable debate and anticipation in both the media and scholarly literature. However, securities-based crowdfunding is already legal in several states so long as the issuers offer and sell securities only to in-state residents. This Note engages in the first sustained comparison of the state and federal exemptions. It claims that although the state exemptions offer issuers access to a smaller pool of potential investors, they present a viable, lower-cost alternative to the federal exemption because they subject issuers to significantly fewer regulatory expenses. It further claims that in spite of their less stringent requirements, certain features of the state exemptions can help to promote investor protection by encouraging the participation of large investors. This Note concludes by offering four recommendations for improving both the state and federal laws, in each case urging that the exemptions draw on the best aspects of one another.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 3
Improving photon blockade, entanglement and mechanical-cat-state generation in a generalized cross-Kerr optomechanical circuit
Creators: name: Solki, Hossein
name: Motazedifard, Ali
name: Naderi, Mohammad Hossein
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose a feasible experimental scheme to improve the few-photon optomechanical effects, including photon blockade and mechanical-Schrodinger cat-state generation, as well as photon-phonon entanglement in a tripartite microwave optomechanical circuit. The system under consideration is formed by a single-Cooper-pair transistor, a microwave LC resonator, and a micromechanical resonator. Our scheme is based on an additional higher-order (generalized) nonlinear cross-Kerr type of coupling, linearly dependent on photon number while quadratically dependent on mechanical phonon one, which can be realized via adjusting the gate charge of the Cooper-pair transistor. We show, both analytically and numerically, that the presence of both cross-Kerr and generalized cross-Kerr nonlinearities not only may give rise to the enhancement of one- and two-photon blockades as well as photon induced tunneling but can also provide more controllability over them. Furthermore, it is shown that in the regime of zero optomechanical coupling, with the aid of generalized cross-Kerr nonlinearity, one can generate multi-components mechanical superposition states which exhibit robustness against system dissipations. We also study the steady-state entanglement between the microwave and mechanical modes, the results of which signify the role of generalized cross-Kerr nonlinearity in enhancing the entanglement in the regime of large-red detuning. The proposed generalized cross-Kerr optomechanical system can be found potential applications in microwave quantum sensing, quantum telecommunication, and quantum information protocols.
Speaking Up: The Challenges to Section 501(c)(3)’s Political Activities Prohibition in a Post-Citizens United World
Creators: name: Lepow, Hannah
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2015

description: Following the Supreme Court’s decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, there is still one type of corporation that cannot engage in political speech: the nonprofit corporation. Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code prevents nonprofit corporations that hold tax-exempt status from participating in “any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for political office.” But recent events show a growing call to reform this provision, referred to as the political activities prohibition. These events include new First Amendment developments, charities allegedly flouting the prohibition in recent elections, the 2013 IRS targeting scandal, and finally a notice of proposed rulemaking promulgated by the IRS and the Treasury Department in 2013 that could change the political activity regulations for both section 501(c)(3) and section 501(c)(4) organizations. This Note responds to these recent events and discusses the purpose and structure of the political activities prohibition, both within section 501(c)(3) and in connection with section 501(c)(4). The Note then examines different constitutional challenges to the political activities prohibition, including First Amendment and selective prosecution challenges stemming from the IRS’ alleged haphazard enforcement of the prohibition. This Note concludes that the political activities prohibition should not be eliminated, but advocates implementing several laws and agency policies to ensure even enforcement of the prohibition.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 3
The post-Newtonian motion around an oblate spheroid: the mixed orbital effects due to the Newtonian oblateness and the post-Newtonian mass monopole accelerations
Creators: name: Iorio, Lorenzo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: When a test particle moves about an oblate spheroid, it is acted upon, among other things, by two standard perturbing accelerations. One, of Newtonian origin, is due to the quadrupole mass moment $J_2$ of the orbited body. The other one, of the order of $\mathcal{O}\left(1/c^2\right)$, is caused by the static, post-Newtonian field arising solely from the mass of the central object. Both of them concur to induce \textrm{indirect}, \textrm{mixed} orbital effects of the order of $\mathcal{O}\left(J_2/c^2\right)$. They are of the same order of magnitude of the \textrm{direct} ones induced by the post-Newtonian acceleration arising in presence of an oblate source, not treated here. We calculate these less known features of motion in their full generality in terms of the osculating Keplerian orbital elements. Subtleties pertaining the correct calculation of their mixed net \textrm{precessions} per orbit to the full order of $\mathcal{O}\left(J_2/c^2\right)$ are elucidated. The obtained results hold for arbitrary orbital geometries and for any orientation of the body's spin axis $\mathbf{\hat{k}}$ in space. The method presented is completely general, and can be extended to any pair of post-Keplerian accelerations entering the equations of motion of the satellite, irrespectively of their physical nature.
description: LaTex2e, no Figures, no Tables, 20 pages. Version accepted for publication in General Relativity and Gravitation
D1.1 Design of infrastructure architecture and subsystems
Creators: name: Warren, Dan
name: Elmokashfi, Ahmed
name: Cattoni, Andrea F.
name: Gonzalez, Andres J.
name: Hecker, Artur
name: Parada, Carlos
name: Politis, Christos
name: Tranoris, Christos
name: Kalogiros, Costas
name: Lopez, Diego R.
name: Kritharidis, Dimitrios
name: Silvey, Duncan
name: Michelinakis, Foivos
name: Darzanos, George
name: Stamoulis, George
name: Lønsethagen, Håkon
name: Ishan Vaishnavi
name: Joao Rodrigues
name: Carapinha, Jorge
name: Ordonez-Lucena, Jose
name: Eichinger, Joseph
name: Mahmood, Kashif
name: Chartsias, Konstantinos
name: Katsaros, Konstantinos
name: Liolis, Konstantinos
name: Stamatis, Konstantinos
name: Gharba, Mohammed
name: Abboud, Osama
name: Serrano, Pablo
name: Grønsund, Pål
name: Papaioannou, Panagiotis
name: Puneet Gupta
name: Khalili, Ramin
name: Trvisonno, Riccardo
name: Lagerholm, Robert
name: Jackson, Shane
name: Tom-Kristian Berg
name: Theodorou, Vasileios
name: Marques, Victor
name: Wint Yi Poe
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: 5G, Architecture

description: To allow 5G-VINNI Facility Sites to implement their networks with some degree of consistency, and with the potential for inter-operability and interconnection between Facility Sites, a common architecture for 5G-VINNI is defined. This draws heavily on pre-existing work from Standards, as well as from previous 5G-PPP projects. This document is produced ahead of implementation, and so is to some extent a description of the expectations for implementing a standards compliant facility. Future versions will reflect this as a starting point, but also include lessons learned during implementation.
The Systemic Risk Paradox
Creators: name: Chang, Felix B.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2015

description: Consolidation in the financial industry threatens competition and increases systemic risk. Recently, banks have seen both high-profile mergers and spectacular failures, prompting a flurry of regulatory responses. Yet consolidation has not been as closely scrutinized for clearinghouses, which facilitate trading in securities and derivatives products. These nonbank intermediaries can be thought of as middlemen who collect deposits to ensure that each buyer and seller has the wherewithal to uphold its end of the deal. Clearinghouses mitigate the credit risks that buyers and sellers would face if they dealt directly with each other. Yet here lies the dilemma: large clearinghouses reduce credit risk, but they heighten systemic risk since the collapse of one such entity threatens the entire financial system. While regulators have tackled the systemic risks posed by large banks, the systemic risks of these nonbank intermediaries have received less attention. In fact, financial reform has spurred clearinghouse growth and consolidation. This Article examines the paradoxical treatment of regulators toward the systemic risks of clearinghouses and banks. It explores two fundamental questions: Why does the paradox exist, and who benefits from it? This Article borrows from antitrust to offer a framework for ensuring that the entities that control a large clearinghouse (large, heavily regulated banks) do not abuse that clearinghouse’s market dominance.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 3