Boneia bidens Jentink 1879
Creators: name: Don E. Wilson
name: Russell A. Mittermeier
Publisher: name: Lynx Edicions
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Pteropodidae
Boneia
Boneia bidens

description: 78.
Manado Fruit Bat
Boneia bidens
French: Roussette de Jentink / German: Manado-Flughund / Spanish: Boneia de Manado
Other common names: Manado Rousette
Taxonomy. Boneia bidens Jentink, 1879,
“ Celebes [= Sulawesi, Indonesia], Boné [= near Gerontalo].”
Boneia has long been considered a subgenus of Rousettus, but recent molecular phylogenies indicate that itis a valid genus in the Harpyionycterinae clade, related to Harpyionycterss Monotypic.
Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Manado, Lembeh, and Buton Is.
Descriptive notes. Head-body 185 mm, tail 22-24 mm, ear 23-26 mm, hindfoot 30-31 mm, forearm 94-103 mm; weight 142-194 g. The Manado Fruit Bat is Rousette-like, with long muzzle, sparse hair, and short nostrils. Eyes are moderately large, with brown irises. Ears are relatively long, with narrowly rounded-off tips; antitragus is small. Head pelage is brown, darker on crown; hairs on nape are spread, golden buffy in males with tuft ofrigid, unctuous hairs on neck side, ocherous at bases; dorsal pelage is relatively long and adpressed and reaches knees; and rump is tinged with russet-brown. Uropatagium is half furred, wide, joined to dorsal side of relatively long tail; calcar is short. Chin and throat are sparsely haired; chest, belly, and flanks are drab, lightly washed in brown. Wing membranes are grayish brown, from sides of back and inserted onto first toes; index claw is present. Skull has pronounced basicranial deflection; rostrum is relatively thin and long; premaxillae are thin and concave anteriorly, with single incisor in middle and projecting edentulous tips; forehead is gently sloping; orbit is large; zygomatic root is level with upper alveolar line; zygoma is thin anteriorly, arched, and thicker behind orbit; braincase is domed; and occiput projects slightly backward. Dorsally, rostrum is long and straight; nasals protrude slightly; paranasal recesses are inflated and reach level of small postorbital foramina; postorbital process has triangular base and is long and decurved pointing posterolaterally and slightly ventrally; there is no postorbital constriction in females and slight constriction in males; temporal lines are low and parallel; braincase is oval; and nuchal crest is inconspicuous. Ventrally, rostrum is broad anteriorly; premaxillae are separated in front, without palatine processes; palate is flat and rectangular; tooth rows are subparallel; post-dental palate is moderately short; end of palate is slightly concave; small spine is joined to thin sphenoidal crest; ectotympanic is small and wide; and entotympanic is not ossified. Mandible is straight and long, with widened symphysis; coronoid is very low and sloping; condyle is below level of lower alveolar line; and angle is weak and indistinct. There are six interdental palatal ridges; anterior four are arched, smooth, and undivided; next two are divided at midline and serrated; and two or three post-dental ridges are divided and serrated. Dental formula isl 1/2, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 32. I is tiny (1' absent); C' is long, slender, grooved anteriorly, and larger in males; P' is small, almost peg-like; posterior cheekteeth are generally small and very low to flat; occlusal outline is oval to rectangular; and cusps are poorly differentiated. I, is much smaller than I; C, is small but heavy, widely separated, and strongly slanted laterally; P, is moderately large, with low cusps; posterior cheekteeth are small, very low, and narrow; occlusal outline is rectangular; M, is minute, occasionally missing on one or both sides. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 53 (FNa = 50), with four pairs of metacentric, seven pairs submetacentric, and three pairs telocentric autosomes and one additional unpaired autosome. X-chromosome is submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is telocentric.
Habitat. Lowland to upper montane rainforests and marsh forests at elevations of 200-2100 m.
Food and Feeding. Long rostrum, widened anteriorly, broad symphysis, weak dentition, and deflected skull suggest the Manado Fruit Bat has a diet based on flower products and soft fruit.
Breeding. Pregnant Manado Fruit Bats with small, single embryos were caught in June-July.
Activity patterns. Manado Fruit Bats roost in caves.
Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Manado Fruit Bat is gregarious.
Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List (as Rousettus bidens). Populations of the Manado Fruit Bat are not fragmented but are estimated to be decreasing (30% over the next ten years) due to hunting for bushmeat in Sulawesi and changes in land use (logging and conversion to agriculture). It occurs in several protected areas such as Bogani Nani Wartabone (Dumoga Bone) National Park.
Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2011), Amador et al. (2018), Andersen (1912b), Bergmans (1994), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Giannini, Almeida et al. (2006), Helgen, Kingston et al. (2008), Maryanto et al. (2011), Mubarok et al. (2018).
description: Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Pteropodidae, pp. 16-162 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 106, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6448815