Rhopyscelis Cruza &amp; Sallesb &amp; Hamada 2020, gen. n.
Creators: name: Cruz, Paulo Vilela
name: Salles, Frederico Falcão
name: Hamada, Neusa
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Ephemeroptera
Baetidae
Rhopyscelis

description: <i>Rhopyscelis</i>gen. n. ZooBank: http://zoobank.org/ 46753411-F21E-45AE-BC10-8397138F68A4 Type species: <i>Varipes singuil</i> Nieto 2004 (original designation) <i>Etymology.</i> The generic name is an arbitrary combination of the Greek words <i>rhop</i> (brush) and <i>scelis</i> (leg), an allusion to the many long femoral setae on both species allocated to the new genus. The gender is feminine. <i>Composition.</i> <i>Rhopyscelis singuil</i> (Nieto 2004) <b>comb. n.</b> (type species) and <i>Rhopyscelis caldensis</i> (Gutiérrez, Dias &amp; Salles 2013) <b>comb. n.</b> <i>Diagnosis.</i> <b>Male imago.</b> 1) forewing hyaline (Fig. 30 in Nieto 2004); 2) marginal intercalary veins paired (Fig. 30 in Nieto 2004); 3) hind wing absent; 4) subgenital plate without apical spine (Fig. 31 in Nieto 2004); 5) first segment of forceps with inner projection (Fig. 31 in Nieto 2004); 6) last segment of forceps rod-like (Fig. 31 in Nieto 2004). <b>Mature nymph.</b> 1) prostheca of right mandible slender and bifid (Fig. 34 in Nieto 2004); 2) mandibular incisors partially fused (Fig. 34 in Nieto 2004); 3) inner set of incisors at right angle to the outer set; 4) distomedial projection of labial palp segment II rounded (Fig. 7 in Gutiérrez et al. 2013; Fig. 37 in Nieto 2004); 5) segment III of labial palp conical (apex broadly pointed) (Fig. 7 in Gutiérrez et al. 2013; Fig. 37 in Nieto 2004); 6) trochanter inserted along entire base of femur (Fig. 15; Fig. 11 in Gutiérrez et al. 2013; Fig. 38 in Nieto 2004); 7) many long thin femoral setae (Figs. 19–22); 8) vestigial transverse row of long setae on proximal third of forefemur (Figs. 19 and 20); 9) mid and hind femora with transversal row of long setae on proximal third (Figs. 20 and 22); 10) sockets of transverse row of setae on the mid and hind femora not touching each other (Figs. 23); 11) two rows of denticles on foreclaw apically directed (Figs. 25–27); 12) hind wing pads absent; 13) gill I-VII not racquetshaped; 14) abdominal terga surface creased, without scale-like setae/socket. <i>Description</i> <b>Male imago. Head.</b> Dorsal portion of compound eyes oval (Fig. 29 in Nieto 2004); stalk in lateral view of dorsal portion of compound eye divergent. <b>Thorax.</b> Forewing hyaline with paired marginal intercalary veins (Fig. 30 in Nieto 2004); length of each intercalary vein 0.5 × distance between adjacent longitudinal veins (Fig. 30 in Nieto 2004). Hind wing absent. <b>Abdomen.</b> Genitalia (Fig. 31 in Nieto 2004). Forceps segment II narrow medially; segment III rod-like. <b>Mature nymph. Head.</b> Frons with two longitudinal keels. Antenna with spines and simple setae. Labrum (Fig. 32 in Nieto 2004; Fig. 2 in Gutiérrez et al. 2013) with bifid setae on distoventral arc; bifid setae on distomedial arc; mediodorsal arc of setae present and extending laterally; and absence of pair of denticles on the medial emargination. Right mandible (Fig. 34 in Nieto 2004; Fig. 4 in Gutiérrez et al. 2013) with external margin convex; prostheca slender and bifid; incisors partially fused; and inner set of incisors at right angle with outer set. Left mandible (Fig. 33 in Nieto 2004; Fig. 3 in Gutiérrez et al. 2013) with external margin of mandibles convex; prostheca stout; molars with constriction; incisors partially fused; inner set of incisors at right angle with outer set. Maxilla (Fig. 36 in Nieto 2004; Fig. 6 in Gutiérrez et al. 2013) innerdorsal margin with two rows of setae; first dentiseta more robust than others; first dentiseta not coupling with canine at base (Fig. 10); palp with two segments. Labium (Fig. 37 in Nieto 2004; Fig. 7 in Gutiérrez et al. 2013) with elongate mentum; base of glossa not overlapping the base of paraglossa; paraglossa subtriangular; distomedial projection of labial palp segment II rounded; segment III of labial palp conical (apex broadly pointed). <b>Thorax.</b> Hind wing pad absent. Legs (Fig. 22) with trochanter insert- ed along entire base of femur; many long and thin setae on femora; vestigial transverse row of long setae on proximal third of forefemur; mid and hind femora with transverse row of long setae on proximal third; sockets of setae on the mid and hind transverse rows not touching each other; two rows of denticles on the claws; foreclaw denticles apically directed; denticles triangular. <b>Abdomen.</b> Gills on segment I–VII without folds, gill I not racquet-shaped; posterior margin of terga with spines; abdominal terga surface creased, without scale-like setae/socket; terminal filament subequal in length than cerci; caudal filaments with spines on each segment. <i>Distribution:</i> Argentina and Colombia. <b>Comments</b> Considering the topology, the position of (<i>P. caldensis</i> + <i>V. singuil</i>) corroborated its placement in <i>Varipes</i> as subgenus or a new genus; in a broad sense, Gen. A could also belong to <i>Varipes</i>. However, evaluating the stability of the clades, <i>Varipes</i> (narrow sense) + (<i>P. caldensis</i> + <i>V. singuil</i>) is a weakly supported clade, while (<i>P. caldensis</i> + <i>V. singuil</i>) and <i>Varipes</i> have high values of the indices and, in the case of <i>Varipes</i>, a large number of synapomorphies. Gen. A + (<i>P. caldensis</i> + <i>V. singuil</i>) + <i>Varipes</i>) is a weakly supported clade, while Gen. A, (<i>P. caldensis</i> + <i>V. singuil</i>) and <i>Varipes</i> are three well-supported groups. Analytical settings were varied to verify the robustness of these monophyletic groups (see Materials and Methods section). All topologies resulting from these exploratory searches recovered Gen. A, (<i>P. caldensis</i> + <i>V. singuil</i>), <i>Rivudiva</i>, <i>Varipes</i>, and <i>Paracloeodes</i> as well-supported and stable monophyletic groups. In addition to the highly stable monophyletic groups and the understanding that the long setae state is an independent acquisition between groups, a large number of generic characteristics was obtained in morphological analyses (some of them treated as characters and states in the matrix). Those attributed to <i>P. caldensis</i> and <i>V. singuil</i> have proved to be very effective in differentiating both of these species, not only from <i>Varipes</i>, but also from all other Neotropical and Nearctic genera as follows: scape and pedicel without scale-like tubercles in <i>P. caldensis</i> + <i>V. singuil</i>, while present in <i>Varipes</i>; mandibular incisors partially fused in <i>P. caldensis</i> + <i>V. singuil</i>, while fused in <i>Varipes</i>; inner set of incisors at right angle to the outer set in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>, while in the same plane in <i>Varipes</i>; maxilla with the first dentiseta with the same robustness as the others and with its basal projection not coupling with canine in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>, while the first dentiseta is more robust than the others and with base coupling with canine in <i>Varipes</i>; segment III of labial palp semi conical (apex broadly pointed) in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>, while globose in <i>Varipes</i>; base of glossa not overlapping base of paraglossa in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>, while overlapping in <i>Varipes</i>; lingua with distomedial projection in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>, while absent in <i>Varipes</i>; dorsal margin of femora parallel to ventral in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>, while convex in <i>Varipes</i>; trochanter inserted along entire base of femur in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>, while at the base of femur in <i>Varipes;</i> vestigial transverse row of long setae on proximal third of forefemur in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>, while not vestigial in <i>Varipes</i>; mid and hind femora with transverse row of long setae on proximal third with sockets not touching each other in <i>P.caldensis + V. singuil</i>, while touching each other in <i>Varipes;</i> tibio-patelar suture with length equal or less than one third of tibia in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>, while equal or more than a half of tibia in <i>Varipes</i>; claws with triangular and apically directed denticles starting at base in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>, while conical, perpendicular and starting at medial third in <i>Varipes</i>; gill I symmetrical in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>, while racquet-shaped in <i>Varipes</i>. <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i> could also be confused with the Nearctic genus <i>Kirmaushenkreena</i> McCafferty, mainly based on long setae on forefemur and claws with symmetrical rows of denticles (key of Waltz &amp; Burian, 2008). The genus <i>Kirmaushenkreena</i> can be differentiated from <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>, among other characteristics, by the presence of a subapical pair of setae on claws, while is absent in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i>; the first dentiseta with its base coupling with canine, while not coupling in <i>P.caldensis + V. singuil</i>; and transverse row of setae on femora absent, while present in <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil.</i> Taking into account the phylogenetic position, the number of synapomorphies, clade stability, and the great number of generic characteristics that differentiate the <i>P. caldensis + V. singuil</i> clade from other genera in the Nearctic and Neotropical realms, we propose this clade as a new genus, <i>Rhopyscelis</i> <b>gen. n.</b>, described and diagnosed above.
description: Published as part of <i>Cruz, Paulo Vilela, Salles, Frederico Falcão &amp; Hamada, Neusa, 2020, A cladistic approach for generic delimitation of Paracloeodes Day, Rivudiva Lugo-Ortiz &amp; McCafferty, and Varipes Lugo-Ortiz &amp; McCafferty (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), pp. 256-275 in Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution 51 (2)</i> on pages 269-272, DOI: 10.1163/1876312X-00002199, http://zenodo.org/record/3786794
description: {"references": ["Nieto, C. (2004) Redescription of Varipes (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), with the description of new species from Bolivia and Argentina. Aquatic Insects 26: 161 - 173.", "Gutierrez, Y., Dias, L. G. &amp; Salles, F. F. (2013) Paracloeodes caldensis (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae), an atypical new species from the Colombian Andes. Zootaxa 3721: 291 - 295.", "Waltz, R. D. &amp; Burian, S. K. (2008) Ephemeroptera. In: Merritt, R. W., Cummins, K. W. &amp; Berg, M. B. (Eds.), An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. Kendall / Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 181 - 236."]}