cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ACCURACY OF TASK COMPLETION TIME ESTIMATES
Creators: name: THOMAS, KEVIN EDWARD
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2004

description: Whilst considerable research has found that people tend to underestimate their task completion times (e.g., Buehler et al., 1994), factors that might influence the accuracy of temporal predictions have received little empirical treatment. The research presented in this thesis identified two distinct factors that mediated time estimation accuracy and bias. One factor was task duration, whereas the other factor was the person’s prior experience of the task. There was evidence that having prior experience of performing all or a substantial part of the same task enabled participants to more accurately estimate its duration. Additionally, predictions were more accurate when participants viewed tasks before making time estimates. Contrary to the theory of the planning fallacy (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979), these findings suggest that people do take account of their previous task performance, and use such distributional information to good effect. However, there was evidence of time prediction bias when unrelated tasks were completed beforehand, suggesting that erroneous information about previous task performance was used when making a subsequent estimate. The directional nature of time estimation bias was also highlighted in the present research. In general, there was some evidence of temporal overestimation on tasks with a duration of up to four or five minutes, whereas participants tended to underestimate their completion times on tasks that took between eight and 16 minutes to complete. These findings indicate that task duration influences the direction in which time estimates are biased (i.e., under or overestimation), with the temporal underestimation indicative of the planning fallacy occurring on tasks of at least eight minutes' duration. The present research has potential implications for task duration estimation in everyday life, and outlines conditions under which prediction bias can be reduced. The present findings are discussed in relation to the theory of the planning fallacy and the potential role of cognitive judgemental heuristics in determining temporal misestimation.
Rhinolophus acuminatus Peters 1871
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus acuminatus

description: 163. Rhinolophus acuminatus Peters, 1871
Common name: Acuminate Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. In Myanmar, recorded in Tanintharyi Region (Proposed Lenya NP; Grindley 2019) and Bago Region (Nyaungkharshay village, Daik Oo Township; Bates et al. 2004a).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on pages 168-169, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield 1823
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus affinis

description: 164. Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823
Common name: Intermediate Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. In Myanmar, recorded in Tanintharyi, Bago and Sagaing Regions, Kachin and Shan States (Bates et al. 2004a, 2021; Grindley 2019).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 169, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
COGNITIVE APPRAISALS IN OBESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER & OTHER ANXIETY DISORDERS
Creators: name: MacCallam, Jackie
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1997

description: This research applied ideas from the cognition-emotion literature to some of the theories in the OCD literature, and in so doing took'Va multi-dimensional approach to the understanding of OCD. The aim of the study was to explore the nature of 'emotionalcognitive profiles'^ of people with OCD,. and to compare these 'profiles' with those of people with other anxiety disorders and people from a non-clinical population.. Participants from the three groups i.e. an OCD group, ah anxiety group and a non-clinical group were asked to rate a number of appraisal dimensions, in response to four vignettes. There were 10 participants in each group (N=30). The vignettes were constructed to evoke feelings of anxiety, guilt, anger and pride. The responses of each group were then compared. The results showed that when anxiety is evoked, both people suffering with OCD and people suffering with other anxiety disorders, perceived more personal responsibility and more harm to self than the non-clinical group. The OCD group also seemed to perceive more personal responsiblity in the situation of guilt, which provoked discussion about the nature and role of guilt and responsibility in the aetiology and maintenance of this disorder. The results also led to some debate about the relationship between anxiety, depression and OCD and finally, a formulation of OCD was proposed. The formulation was an attempt to incorporate thinking from both cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives and to draw together some of the theories and models of OCD, which had been discussed in the study.
Rhinolophus coelophyllus Peters 1867
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus coelophyllus

description: 165. Rhinolophus coelophyllus Peters, 1867
Common name: Croslet Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Laos, Malaysia and Thailand. In Myanmar, recorded in Mon State (Mawlamyine Township), Mandalay Region (Patheingyi Township), Sagaing Region and possibly in Northern area (Bates et al. 2004a; Shein and Sein 2013).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 169, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
THE ROLE OF TACTILE SENSATION MEDIATED BY THE INFRAORBITAL BRANCH OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V) ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR OF MALE AND FEMALE RATS
Creators: name: MALINEK, VLASTIMIL
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1997

description: This thesis examines Beach's hypothesis that the sexual behaviour of male rats is under multisensory control and is resistant to the loss of tactile information from the vibrissae. The loss of perioral sensation was found to profoundly disrupt sexual behaviour in sexually inexperienced males tested with females showing five ascending levels of precopulatory behaviour. Males did not copulate with females displaying presenting, presenting and hopping, hopping and darting levels of proceptive behaviour. However, males paired with darting females displaying the highest level level of proceptive behaviour did copulate in the presence of perioral anapsis caused by intramystacial injection of lidocaine. Injection of lidocaine intraperitoneally and intramasseterically showed that this effect was not due to systemic toxicity. Prior sexual experience was found to attenuate the effect of perioral anapsis and males given three prior copulatory trials copulated with presenting females in the presence of perioral perioral anapsis. Males given one prior copulatory trial also copulated with presenting females in the presence of perioral anapsis. These results complement recent research which has called for a revision of the multisensory hyopothesis and indicate that trigeminally mediated tactile information from the vibrissae plays an important role in the initiation of sexual behaviour in the naive male rat.
REFLECTIONS ON VOICES
Creators: name: McClelland, Lynn
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1997

description: Voice hearing (auditory hallucinations) is associated with multiple problems : disturbed behaviour, anxiety, depression, social stigma, and suicide ( Siris 1991 , Barnes et al. 1989, Caldwell & Gottesman 1990). Traditionally voices are seen as a symptom of schizophrenia , psychosis, and mental illness, even though recent estimates of prevalence are 2-4% of the population (Siris 1990, Tien et al. 1993). This view has been challenged by research that has shown that there are many different experiences of voices, positive and negative, and that they are not confined to particular diagnoses or clinical populations (Romme & Escher 1989, Bentall 1990). The aetiology of voice hearing is still unknown and to date a comprehensive cognitive model has yet to be elaborated. This study explores the role of metacognition in the maintenance of distress about voices and offers an alternative to the prevailing cognitive account of voices suggested by Chadwick & Birchwood (1994). Morrison, Haddock & Tarrier 's(1995) idea that voices arise because of particular metacognitive beliefs concerning intrusive thoughts is also explored. Using multiple regression analysis this study has shown that metacognitive factors can be used to make a fairly good prediction of levels of distress about voices (Rsq. = 0.64, F=9.64, p<0.001). Important elements of metacognition that were highlighted by the analysis were fears of madness as a result of hearing voices, degree of personal responsibility taken for thoughts in general, degree of responsibility for voices, perceived abnormality of hearing voices for others, desired positivity of thoughts in general, and perceived weak-mindedness. The presence of malevolent content and anxiety were also found to be important in giving a comprehensive account of distress associated with voices. Methodological limitations, theoretical contributions and implications for future research are discussed. The idea of a metacognitive therapy for voices is introduced.
Rhinolophus lepidus Blyth 1844
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus lepidus

description: 166. Rhinolophus lepidus Blyth, 1844
Common name: Blyth ’ s Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand and Vietnam. In Myanmar, recorded in Kachin, Kayah and Rakhine States, Mandalay, Sagaing and Bago Regions (Bates et al. 2004a, 2021; Pearch et al. 2003).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 169, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Rhinolophus macrotis Blyth 1844
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus macrotis

description: 167. Rhinolophus macrotis Blyth, 1844
Common name: Big-eared Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Eastern Myanmar (recorded in Naga and Shwe Oo Min Caves, Shan State; Bates et al. 2004a).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 169, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Anisodontea scabrosa D. M. Bates 1969
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Anisodontea
Anisodontea scabrosa

description: Malva capensis Linnaeus var. scabrosa (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, ed. 2, 2: 967. 1763.
["Habitat in Aethiopia."] Cent. II Pl.: 27 (1756). RCN: 5045.
 Basionym: Malva scabrosa L. (1756).
 Lectotype (Bates in Gentes Herb. 10: 239, f. 4. 1969): [icon] " Malva Africana frutescens flore rubro" in Commelin, Hort. Med. Amstelod. Pl. Rar. 2: 171, t. 86. 1701.
 Current name:  Anisodontea scabrosa  (L.) D.M. Bates (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 653, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Investigating the processing style account of the effects of Naval processing on face recognition performance
Creators: name: Weston, Nicola Jane
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2006

description: Engaging in Navon processing prior to face recognition influences recognition performance (Macrae & Lewis, 2002; Perfect, 2003; Weston & Perfect, 2005). Past research has shown that global Navon processing can improve face recognition accuracy whereas local Navon processing impairs it. One explanation, and the dominant one in the literature, is that the Navon letter task elicits holistic and featural processing styles which map onto the holistic and featural processing used in face recognition. However, this theory has not been extensively tested in the literature. This thesis investigates whether processing style can explain the effects caused by the Navon letter task, examining the effects across a variety of recognition tasks such as the composite face task (Young, He'llawell & Hay, 1987) and the change detection task (Leder & Bruce, 2000). In addition, the effects of Navon processing were examined across different recognition tests such as forced choice, old / new and matching presentation formats. Furthermore, the processing style account of Navon processing is based on the Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP) account of memory (Roediger, 1990). With regards to face recognition this theory suggests that performance depends upon the similarity between encoding and retrieval processes. Therefore, the experiments presented in this thesis also examined the influence of Navon processing on retrieval from memory following manipulations at encoding. The results of nine experiments showed that the effects of Navon processing were not consistent across all experimental situations and that the magnitude of the effect depends upon a number of factors such as the encoding task used, the task used at retrieval and the style of the Navon letters. Whilst some results were consistent with the processing style theory, other findings were not. Therefore, alternative explanations based on spatial frequency and hemispheric asymmetries are provided for the Navon effect.
Rhinolophus microglobosus Csorba and Jenkins 1998
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus microglobosus

description: 170. Rhinolophus microglobosus Csorba and Jenkins, 1998
Common name: Indo-Chinese Horseshoe Bat, Vietnamese Brown Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Cambodia, China, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. In Myanmar, recorded in Kachin State (Nanti Hill Forest, Bhamo Township), Mandalay Region (Sanite cave, Wetwun Village, Pyin Oo Lwin), Mon State (Indian Single Rock Temple Cave) (Soisook et al. 2008).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 169, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Modiola caroliniana G. Don
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Modiola
Modiola caroliniana

description: Malva caroliniana Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 688. 1753.
"Habitat in Carolina." RCN: 5046.
 Lectotype (Paul & Nayar in Fasc. Fl. India 19: 183. 1988): Herb. Linn. No. 870.15 (LINN; iso- S).
 Current name:  Modiola caroliniana  (L.) G. Don (Malvaceae).
 Note: Paul & Nayar’s typification (30 Mar 1988) narrowly pre-dates that of Fryxell (in Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 306. 13 Dec 1988) who chose the same type.
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 653, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Rhinolophus malayanus Bonhote 1903
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus malayanus

description: 168. Rhinolophus malayanus Bonhote, 1903
Common name: Malayan Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar (recorded in Kachin, Shan, Kayin and Mon States, Mandalay and Tanintharyi Regions; Bates et al. 2004a; Grindley 2019; Shein and Sein 2013; Struebig et al. 2005).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 169, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Visual and verbal processing in reasoning
Creators: name: Brooks, Philip Graham
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1984

description: This programme of research, involving seven experiments, investigates Evans' (1980a; 1980b) revised version of the Dual Process theory of reasoning (Wason and Evans, 1975). A Type 2 process is characterised as verbal-rational and a Type I process as non-verbal and non-logical. Evans links the processes to two statistical components of observed reasoning performance. The Type I process reflects non-logical response biases and the Type 2 process reflects attention to the logical nature of the task. Six experiments employ a concurrent articulation (with or without a short-term memory load) methodology devised by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) for investigating their Working Memory model. Four experiments apply this technique to conditional reasoning tasks in an attempt to disrupt the verbal Type 2 process. Some weak evidence for the revised Dual Process theory is found. There is a tendency, marked in only one experiment, for concurrent articulation to inhibit logical performance, whilst having little effect on response biases. Unexpectedly, articulation conditions (without memory load) are characterised by faster responding than silent conditions. The results are inconsistent with Hitch and Baddeley's (1976) data and several features of their Working Memory model. Two further experiments repeat and extend their work. A number of important theoretical implications are discussed in the light of recent revisions to their theory (eg. Baddeley, 1983). A possible connection is drawn between Type I and Type 2 processes and dual memory codes (Paivio, 1971; 1983) and thought systems (Paivio, 1975) of a verbal and visual nature. The hypothesis that Type I processes may be associated with visual mechanisms is tested by introducing a factor into three experiments to induce use of a visual code. This does not affect the Type 1 process but facilitates lo3ical performance. These results are discussed in relation to the revised Dual Process theory. An explanation in terms of a recent tricoding model for processing of pictures and words (Snodgrass, 1980; 1984) is suggested.
COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING AND LEARNING DISABILITY: AN EVALUATION
Creators: name: BALDREY, SARAH PATRICIA
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1994

description: The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the use of computer-assisted learning with people who have severe and profound learning disabilities. Theories of learning are central to our understanding of learning disability and contributions from the cognitive and behavioural schools are reviewed and related to methods of education and training for people with learning disabilities. This framework provides a rationale for understanding the premises of computer-assisted learning. A review of the literature reveals a lack of evidence for the efficacy of computer-assisted learning. Evaluation studies to date appear to be characterised by a lack of a methodologically sound framework. An evaluation survey of software designated for use with people with severe learning disabilities is presented which finds that much educational software lacks a sound grounding in established and effective principles of learning and teaching, although its use is still supported by instructors. Thus, the need for empirical research investigating the use and efficacy of computer-assisted learning in learning disability is identified. Psychological models provide an appropriate method of such an inquiry, though methodological problems inherent in evaluative research with a special population appear to act as a barrier to the development of effective knowledge in the area. Within these limitations, three experiments are presented. The first compares conventional teaching with computer-assisted teaching. The computer was as effective as the teacher, though the conventional measures of achievement used were not sensitive to any differences between the two methods. The second developed a more finegrain analysis which revealed a difference between the quality of participants' interaction with computer and teacher instruction. Specifically, attentional behaviour was increased in the computer-taught condition, yet there was no concomitant increase in learning. The reliance of educational software on sensory reinforcement was postulated as underlying the ability of computer-assisted learning to maintain attention to the task. The third experiment directly addressed the ability of three different sensory reinforcers typical of those found in educational software to support learning a simple discrimination task. It was found that sensory reinforcers were not effective in supporting learning, though they did maintain attention and performance on the task. It is suggested that the multiple modalities used by software may interfere adversely with the coding of relevant information involved in the discrimination of stimulus dimensions and that this may account for the discrepancy between measures of performance and measures of learning on computer-assisted tasks.
Rhinolophus marshalli Thonglongya 1973
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus marshalli

description: 169. Rhinolophus marshalli Thonglongya, 1973
Common name: Marshall ’ s Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: China, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Southeastern Myanmar (recorded in Naga Cave, Shan State and Saddan-Sin Cave, Mon State; Bates et al. 2004a).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 169, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Rhinolophus pearsonii Horsfield 1851
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus pearsonii

description: 171. Rhinolophus pearsonii Horsfield, 1851
Common name: Pearson ’ s Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar (recorded in Shan, Mon and Kachin States; Bates et al. 2004a).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 169, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
LEARNING AND INSTRUCTIONAL SUCCESS IN PEOPLE WITH A MENTAL HANDICAP
Creators: name: Strand, Stephen Charles
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1989

description: Learning - the process by which new skills and behaviours are acquired - is a central concept in the understanding of mental handicap. Discrimination learning Is specifically identified as an essential pre-requlslte for the acquisition of a variety of more complex behaviours and skills. Many studies have reported that severely mentally handicapped persons show a relative inability to profit from unstructured learning experiences, and frequently fail to learn discriminations trained through simple differential reinforcement (trial-and-error training). Programmed training procedures are identified as important vehicles to facilitate the discrimination learning of severely mentally handicapped children. An initial study is reported that confirms the superiority of programmed over trial-and-error discrimination training, and demonstrates this superiority is maintained over a series of similar discrimination tasks. The results also demonstrate that stimulus fading procedures can be successfully implemented using micro-computer technology, and that 'errorless' learning can be effected through the sequencing and fading of trainer prompts. However, programmed procedures are not invariably effective in teaching discriminations to developmentally impaired persons, and failures to learn following programmed training are not infrequently reported. In a series of studies, some of the basic procedural parameters underlying diverse programmed techniques were evaluated as determinants of the development (or lack of development) of appropriate stimulus controL Increasing the salience of S+, whether through manipulation of S+ or S-, was shown to be more effective than increasing the salience of S-. Further, congruence between prompt and training cue dimensions was shown to be a significant variable affecting the outcome of training. The effectiveness of programmed procedures was also shown to interact with task difficulty. Finally, wide individual differences in learning within the population of severely mentally handicapped persons have frequently been reported, and were also observed in the present research. In a final study, individual differences in some basic cognitive abilities and aspects of classroom behaviour were assessed and shown to be significantly correlated with discrimination performance. The results are related to the literature on compound conditioning (e.g., Kamin, 1968) and theories of discrimination learning (Terrace, 1966; Rescorla & Wagner, 1972; Zeaman and House, 1963, 1979), and suggest the importance of attentlonal processes in discrimination learning. Lastly, some educational implications of the results are discussed.
STAFF RESPONSES TO CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR: AN EVALUATION OF BEHAVIOUR ANALYTIC CONCEPTS AND INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
Creators: name: BATHURST, NEIL
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1997

description: This research project is divided into two studies. Study 1 considers the proposition that where the challenging behaviours of learning disabled people are sensitive to social reinforcement, the responses of unit staff may be counter-habilitative. This was investigated using a questionnaire-based self-report study involving 43 unit staff. The questionnaires covered staff emotional reactions to, attributions for and responses to challenging behaviours. In addition key aspects of the staff sub-culture were considered. Results confirmed the possible counter-habilitative nature of staff responses. These responses appeared to be influenced by both contingency effects related to high levels of stress and counter -habilitative beliefs within staff sub-cultures. Study 2 had two aims. First, to gather qualitative data with regard to both contingency and sub-culture effects. Secondly, to evaluate a training package designed to ameliorate counter-habilitative influences upon staff responses. The qualitative data gathered was strongly suggestive of an interaction between contingency and culture effects, reinforced by aspects of the wider service culture. Key issues appeared to be high levels of stress related to challenging behaviours, highly counter-habilitative beliefs in which staff feel that they have to 'deal with anything' and a perceived lack of support from the wider service itself For example, only a minority of staff had access to a consistent debriefing procedure. The training package proved to be largely ineffective in changing key counter-habilitative beliefs and responses. It is argued that future intervention strategies and research may need to consider wider service issues if habilitative changes are to be acheived. The implications of these findings for clinical psychologists working with learning disability services are also discussed.
Malvastrum coromandelianum Garcke
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Malvastrum
Malvastrum coromandelianum

description: Malva coromandeliana Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 687. 1753.
"Habitat in America?" RCN: 5040.
 Lectotype (Borssum Waalkes in Blumea 14: 152. 1966): Herb. Linn. No. 870.3 (LINN).
 Current name:  Malvastrum coromandelianum  (L.) Garcke (Malvaceae).
 Note: See discussion by Merrill (in Philipp. J. Sci., C, 7: 240. 1912) of the Clifford and Plukenet entries, who concluded that the name should stay with Malvastrum, though he did not make an explicit typification. The type designated by Borssum Waalkes is illustrated (though the image has been reversed) by Hill (in Rhodora 84: 326, f. 64. 1982).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 653, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Rhinolophus perniger Hodgson 1843
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus perniger

description: 172. Rhinolophus perniger Hodgson, 1843
Common name: Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bat Myanmar name:
Distribution: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. In Myanmar, recorded in Tanintharyi Region, Shan, Chin and Kachin States (Bates et al. 2004a, 2021; Grindley 2019).
Remarks: Taxonomic status of this species is currently uncertain and it was previously recognized as a subspecies of R. luctus (Wilson and Mittermeier 2019).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 169, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
From Placebo to self-help: Investigating retention, outcome and mechanisms in self-directed gratitude interventions
Creators: name: Geraghty, Adam William Alfred
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2010

description: The research presented in this thesis explored unguided self-help therapy, primarily using a gratitude technique. Psychological mechanisms that underlie the placebo response may also play a primary role in beneficial response to unguided selfhelp therapy. Retention (whether participants completed the intervention), outcome (whether the technique effectively reduced symptoms), and mechanisms (the psychological processes which antecede outcome and retention), were investigated with participants engaging in procedures to improve a diverse range of symptoms, namely, mood, sleep disturbance, body dissatisfaction, depression and anxiety. Studies one and two investigated the role of two placebo mechanisms, response expectancy and motivational concordance, as predictors of outcome following a gratitude technique. Response expectancy contributed to outcome to a greater extent in a laboratory setting, whereas motivational concordance explained greater outcome variance in a real-world setting. Studies three, four and five compared a gratitude technique to a problemfocused technique and a wait list control. Across all three studies, being randomly allocated to a gratitude technique resulted in greater retention than being a llocated to a problem-focused technique. Use of a gratitude technique resulted in equivalent significant reductions in body dissatisfaction (Study three), depression (Study four) and worry (Study five), compared to a problem-focused cognitive restructuring technique, and was significantly more effective than being on a waitlist in all three studies. There was some evidence that different mechanisms affect outcome and retention. Placebo theory and the contextual model of psychotherapy provide useful insight into the factors that affect outcome and retention in self-help therapy.
Rhinolophus pusillus Temminck 1834
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus pusillus

description: 173. Rhinolophus pusillus Temminck, 1834
Common name: Least Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam. In Myanmar, recorded in Shan State (Nant Khun Village, Tone Khan Village and Taung Pauk Village), Kachin State (Hai Bum, Myitkyina), Bago, Patheingyi Township, Sagaing and Tanintharyi Regions (Bates et al. 2004a; Grindley 2019; Shein and Sein 2013).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 169, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
RETRIEVAL, ACTION AND THE REPRESENTATION OF DISTANCE IN COGNITIVE MAPS
Creators: name: BUGMANN, DAVI VANN
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2003

description: This thesis examines the context effects on retrieval, and the influence of action on the representation of distance in cognitive maps. It is proposed that bias in distance estimation is a function of the contexts of retrieval that trigger the representation of action in memory during evaluation tasks. The proposal is consistent with embodied cognition evidence that suggests that actions are implicitly a part of the representation, and will be naturally extracted as part of the retrieval process. The experimental work presented examines two different contextual cues; the frequency of visitation to landmarks, and the importance of activity performed at landmarks. Each cue primes differently the conceptualisation of landmarks prior to making distance estimation. This priming facilitates memory access, which fleshes out relevant spatial information from cognitive maps that are used in distance estimation and route description. This proposal was examined in a series of four experiments that employed structured interviews. Participants had to rate landmarks based on frequency of visitation criteria or importance of activity criteria, or both. They then made verbal distance estimations and route descriptions. The results found implicate the involvement of action representation. The involvement of action in cognitive process was empirically investigated in three further experiments. A new methodology was developed featuring the use of a blindfold, linguistic descriptions, and control of actual movements. Blindfolded participants learned new environments through verbal descriptions by imagining themselves walking in time with the metronome beats. During turns, they were carefully moved. Following instructions, they performed an action at mid-route. Their memories for the newly learned environments were tested through recalls and measured again with the metronome beats. The results found were consistent with explanations based on network-map theory. They implicate attentional processes as an intrinsic part of the cognitive mechanism, and the strings of the network-map as the actual motor program that executes the movement. These results are discussed in relation to the nature of cognitive maps.
EXPLORATION OF RELEVANCE EFFECTS IN REASONING
Creators: name: VENN, SIMON FRANCIS
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2003

description: The study examines possible underlying mechanisms that may be responsible for generally observed biased response patterns in two conditional reasoning tasks: the Wason selection task and the conditional inference evaluation task. It is proposed that memory processes that may account for priming phenomenon, may also account for the phenomena of matching bias and double-negation effects in reasoning. A new mental activation model is proposed, based on distributed theories of memory, which models relevance effects of the problem materials by way of a simple algorithm. The model is seen to parsimoniously predict previous general response patterns found using the two reasoning tasks and makes unusual predictions concerning the size of the concepts used in the reasoning problems. The findings show that matching bias can occur between materials that do not lexically match but correlate on a semantic basis, which clarifies a previously uncertain area in the literature. It is also shown that previously deemed 'irrelevant' or mismatching cards on the selection task can interfere with the perceived relevance of matching cards if they are semantically related. The findings also show a weak but significant effect of concept size on matching bias in the inference task, supporting the proposed mental activation model. Issues concerning the notion of relevance perceptions being measured by particular response choices are raised with respect to both the selection and inference tasks.
Rhinolophus rex G. M. Allen 1923
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus rex

description: 174. Rhinolophus rex G. M. Allen, 1923
Common name: King Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: China, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Eastern Myanmar (recorded in Kalaw, Shan State; Oo et al. 2017a).
Remarks: The first record by Oo et al. 2017a is regarded as the first country record of Rhinolophus paradoxolophus and represent its considerable western range extension. R. paradoxolophus was generally recognized as a species distinct from R. rex but the two taxa are now considered a single species based on genetic data (Tu et al. 2023; Wilson and Mittermeier 2019).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 170, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
EXPRESSED EMOTION IN PARENTS OF BEHAVIOURALLY DISTURBED LEARNING DISABLED CHILDREN
Creators: name: STURT, CATHERINE ELLEN
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1993

description: Expressed emotion (EE) represents a measure of the emotional quality of the relationship between a key caregiver and relative, where the latter is experiencing a psychiatric or medical condition, and with implications for the course of this condition. To the author's knowledge, despite the salience of behavioural disturbance for families with learning disabled children, no published study has specifically investigated the relationship between parental EE and child behavioural disturbance. The current study focused on a comparison of high and low EE households with regards to child behavioural disturbance, parental stress and coping, and service and respite care usage. Forty parents were interviewed with a modified Camberwell Family Interview. The results showed no significant difference between high and low EE groups with regards to child behavioural disturbance, parental coping as related to factors such as social support and familial resources, and service and respite care usage. High EE parents reported significantly higher levels of stress and significantly less use of support and advice outside the family system than low EE parents. The findings conflict with conclusions from EE research e.g . with learning disabled adolescents, dementia and non-learning disabled children, which have demonstrated a relationship between EE and behavioural disturbance, but concur with studies, mainly with regards to schizophrenia, which have found that level of EE is independent of behavioural disturbance. Thus level of EE in the current study appears principally to reflect parental characteristics as opposed to child-related characteristics. The results suggest that a focus on parental psychological needs in relation to both the emotional quality of the parent-child relationship, and the care of the child more generally, might be more appropriate for both parents and children, as opposed to a traditional child-centric service delivery . Further research is required to elucidate the relationship between EE and behaviour, and there is value in exploring the relationship between EE and behaviour over time, within a longitudinal design. Indeed, the scope for further study of EE in the area of learning disability is tremendous, and the inherent modifiability of the EE construct renders it an appealing guide in terms of service development and outcome evaluation.
Rhinolophus rouxii Temminck 1835
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus rouxii

description: 175. Rhinolophus rouxii Temminck, 1835
Common name: Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Vietnam and Myanmar (Taungoo Township; Lal 1981 and Kawthaung and Myeik; Nyo 2005).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 170, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
Rhinolophus shameli Tate 1943
Creators: name: Thu, Aye Myat
name: Lwin, Ye Htet
name: Quan, Rui-Chang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus shameli

description: 176. Rhinolophus shameli Tate, 1943
Common name: Shamel ’ s Horseshoe Bat
Myanmar name:
Distribution: Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar (recorded in Shan State, Mandalay and Sagaing Regions; Bates et al. 2004a; Nyo 2005).
description: Published as part of Thu, Aye Myat, Lwin, Ye Htet & Quan, Rui-Chang, 2024, Mammals of Myanmar: an annotated checklist, pp. 147-197 in Mammalia (Warsaw, Poland) (Warsaw, Poland) 88 (3) on page 170, DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2023-0098, http://zenodo.org/record/13913939
PERCEIVED SIMILARITY BETWEEN COMPLEX SOUNDS: THE CONTRIBUTION OF ACOUSTIC, DESCRIPTIVE AND CATEGORICAL FEATURES
Creators: name: ALDRICH, KIRSTEEN M
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 2005

description: The thesis identifies some of the most salient acoustic and descriptive features employed in listeners' representations of sounds focussing on similarity judgements. A range of descriptive data (including word pair and imagery/word use) was collected alongside acoustic measures for the sound stimuli employed. The sounds employed were initially all abstract in nature but environmental sounds were included in later experiments. A painwise comparison task and a grouping task were employed to collect (dis)similarity data for multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analyses. These provided visual output that represented the sounds' perceived similarities. Following participants' similarity judgements correlational techniques identified which of the acoustic and descriptive features helped to explain the dimensions identified by the MDS. Results across all nine experiments indicated that both acoustic and descriptive features contributed to listeners' similarity judgements and that the influence of these varied for the different sound sets employed. Familiarity with the sounds was identified as an additional feature that played a key role in the way participants used the available information in their grouping decisions. There was also a clear indication that the category to which a sounds source object belonged was making an important contribution to the similarity judgements for sounds rated as familiar. The work highlights a complex and variable relationship in the use of descriptive and acoustic features. Further the work has investigated the similarities and differences in participants' judgements depending on the data collection technique used i.e. pairwise comparison or grouping task. These findings have implications for the development of future models of auditory cognition. The thesis suggests that the perception of sound with particular reference to similarity is a complex interplay of features that goes far beyond understanding acoustic features alone.
Malva crispa Linnaeus 1759
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Malva
Malva crispa

description: Malva crispa (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 2: 1147. 1759.
"Habitat in Syria." RCN: 5054.
 Basionym: Malva verticillata var. crispa L. (1753).
Type not designated.
Original material: as basionym.
 Current name:  Malva crispa  (L.) L. (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 653, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971