Kinnecaris linesae Karanovic & Cooper 2011, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Karanovic, Tomislav
name: Cooper, Steven J. B.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Hexanauplia
Harpacticoida
Parastenocarididae
Kinnecaris
Kinnecaris linesae

description: Kinnecaris linesae sp. nov.   
(Figs. 20–22)  
 Type locality. Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line A, Wirraway Bore, 27.097464˚ S 119.760755 ˚E.   
 Type material. Holotype male dissected on one slide (WAM C47210); allotype female dissected on one slide (WAM C47211); one paratype male and one paratype female on one SEM stub in toto (WAM C47212); one paratype female destroyed for DNA sequences (amplification unsuccessful); two paratype females dissected on one slide each (WAM C47213 and C47214); four paratype females in alcohol (WAM C 47215); all collected at type locality, leg. T. Karanovic & G. Perina, 15 March 2010, seLN8504. Additional paratypes: three males + three females + two copepodid in alcohol, collected at type locality, leg. T. Karanovic & S. Callan, 18 March 2010, seLN8558. Additional paratype female in alcohol, collected at type locality, leg. P. Bell & S. Callan, 15 November 2009.   
 Other material examined. One female destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification successful; see Fig. 23); 2 males in alcohol (WAM C47216); Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line E, bore YYHHC0118 A, 27.0354526˚ S 119.7159141 ˚E, leg. S. Callan & G. Perina, 22 September 2010, seLN100379.   
One female destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification successful; see Fig. 23); one male and one female in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line E, bore YYHHC0103 B, 27.035571˚ S 119.717257 ˚E, leg. S. Callan & G. Perina, 22 September 2010, seLN100387.  
 Description. Male (based on holotype and four paratypes). Total body length from 312 to 354 µm (330 µm in holotype). Surface of integument of all somites extremely smooth, without minute spinules or cuticular pits (Fig. 21). Colour, naupliar eye, rostrum, body segmentation, and pore and sensilla pattern of all somites as in Kinnecaris lakewayi (see above). Habitus (Fig. 21A) cylindrical and slender, without any demarcation between prosome and urosome in dorsal or lateral view; prosome/urosome ratio about 0.74; greatest width from dorsal view hard to establish. Body length/width ratio about 8.4; cephalothorax about as wide as genital somite. Integument relatively weakly sclerotized, smooth, without rows of minute spinules; large spinules present only on third urosomite ventrally (Fig. 21A). Cephalothorax with clearly visible double dorsal cuticular window posteriorly; fourth and fifth urosomites each with pair of oval lateral cuticular windows (Fig. 21A).   
 Cephalothorax about 1.5 times as long as wide in dorsal view; representing about 19% of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented as in K. lakewayi, as well as tergites and pleuras of free pedigerous somites. Genital somite (Fig. 21A) ornamented with three pairs of sensilla on posterior margin and one pair of ventro-lateral very small cuticular pores in anterior part; spermatophore visible inside in holotype and two paratypes, similar size to that in K. lakewayi.   
Third urosomite (Fig. 21A) ornamented with two rows of four large spinules ventrally and with six posterior sensilla.  
Fourth urosomite (Fig. 21A) ornamented with two ventral rows of large spinules at middle, in front of relatively small, but clearly visible, lateral cuticular windows; additionally ornamented with six posterior sensilla.  
Fifth (preanal) urosomite (Fig. 21) with larger lateral cuticular windows but without any ornamentation.  
Anal somite (Figs. 20A, 21A, G) 1.3 times as long as preanal somite (more than in any other species described here), ornamented with pair of large dorsal sensilla at base of anal operculum, lateral pair of large cuticular pores (one pore on each side) in anterior half, two lateral pairs of minute cuticular pores close to posterior margin, and ventral pair of slightly larger cuticular pores, at base of caudal rami; no spinules of any size on outer surface. Anal operculum well developed, unornamented on outer surface, with row of slender spinules on inner surface, with smooth and nearly straight distal margin, reaching posterior end of anal somite, representing 67% of somite width. Anal sinus widely opened, with two diagonal rows of slender spinules on ventral side and transverse row of spinules on dorsal side (below anal operculum).  
 Caudal rami (Figs. 20A, 21G) parallel, with space between them about 1.3 times one ramus width, about 3.1 times as long as greatest width (dorsal view) and 0.7 times as long as anal somite, generally cylindrical in anterior half, but somewhat tapering in distal half and with diagonal distal margin (inner corner being much more produced than outer corner in dorsal or ventral view; arrowed in Fig. 20A), slightly inflated at midlength in lateral view; base about as wide as rest of ramus. Armature and ornamentation as in K. lakewayi, but lateral setae inserted more posteriorly (at about 3/4 of ramus’ length) and principal apical seta with straight tips.   
 Antennula (Fig. 21B, C), antenna (Fig. 21A), mouth appendages (Fig. 21D), and first two pairs of swimming legs (Fig. 21A) very similar to those in K. lakewayi.   
 Third swimming leg (Fig. 21E) also generally similar to K. lakewayi but apophysis much larger, not bilobate, with very broad distal part (more than in any other species described here), with slightly concave distal margin and apical tip at about same level as inner distal corner; ornamentation same as in K. lakewayi, including longitudinal row of large spinules on outer margin of first exopodal segment distally; exopodal spine about 1.2 times as long as apophysis, but unlike in other species bent inwards at 90° angle, its distal tip touching distal margin of apophysis.   
 Fourth swimming leg (Fig. 21F) with nine very long spinules on basis at base of endopod, both similar to K. lined; endopod spiniform with five small spinules along distal quarter of outer margin, not arranged in scoop-like structure. First exopodal segment with several very long spinules on posterior surface at about midlength. Apical seta on third exopodal segment about as long as entire exopod and about three times as long as outer spine.   
 Fifth leg (Fig. 21A) without any difference from that in K. lakewayi, except for absence of cuticular pits.   
 Sixth legs (Fig. 21A) as in K. lakewayi.   
Female (based on allotype and several paratypes). Body length from 322 to 364 µm (343 µm in allotype). Habitus, ornamentation of prosomites (Fig. 22A), colour, and naupliar eye similar to those in male, except genital and first abdominal somite fused into double-somite and middle part slightly less slender, as well as absence of large spinules on urosome. Prosome/urosome ratio 0.8; greatest width from dorsal view hard to establish; body length/width ratio about 8.2; cephalothorax 1.1 times as wide as genital double-somite.  
 Genital double-somite (Figs. 20B, 22A, C) about 1.1 times as long as wide in dorsal view, without any trace of subdivision except for pair of ancestral dorso-lateral sensilla in anterior half; additionally ornamented with six posterior sensilla; no rows of large spinules dorso-laterally (condition arrowed in Fig. 20B). Genital complex (Fig. 22C) as in K. lakewayi, with outer distal corners of genital operculum (fused sixth legs) produced into short and sharp spiniform processes.   
Third urosomite (Figs. 20B, 22A) similar to that of male, without any ventro-lateral large spinules (condition arrowed in Fig. 20B), and with clearly visible small lateral cuticular windows.  
Fourth (preanal), and fifth (anal) urosomites (Fig. 20B) also very similar to those of male, without any large or small spinules, except those in anal sinus.  
Caudal rami (Fig. 20B, 22B) very similar to those of male, although slightly inflated at middle from lateral view (arrowed in Fig. 20B).  
 Antennula (Figs. 20C, 22A) very similar to that in K. lakewayi, with only slightly shorter proximal aesthetasc (arrowed in Fig. 20C).   
 Antenna (Fig. 20D), mouth appendages (Figs. 20E, F, 22D), first swimming leg (Fig. 22A, D), second swimming leg (Fig. 20G, H), and exopod of fourth swimming leg (Fig. 22A) very similar to those of male and almost without any difference from those of K. lakewayi.   
Endopod of second swimming leg (Fig. 20G, H) about seven times as long as wide, its apical seta very slender and only half as long as segment.  
 Third swimming leg (Fig. 20I) similar to K. lakewayi, but with proportionately shorter apical seta on second segment (arrowed in Fig. 20I) and more strongly expressed cuticular plates on praecoxa and coxa.   
Endopod of fourth swimming leg (Fig. 20J) about seven times as long as wide, half as long as first exopodal segment, armed with short bipinnate element apically, ornamented with six spinules along distal margin, at base of apical seta. Exopod similar to that of male, but without large spinules on posterior surface of first exopodal segment.  
Fifth leg (Figs. 20B, 22C) similar to that of male, but slightly more elongated, with narrower distal part; cuticular window visible (although not well defined) with scanning electron microscope, but not visible with light microscope.  
Sixth legs (Fig. 22C) vestigial, fused into simple bilobate cuticular plate, covering gonopore, unornamented and unarmed; outer distal corners produced into short and sharp spiniform processes, but significantly shorter than inner lobes.  
 Etymology. The species name comes from the two bore lines where it was collected (lines A and E; see fig. 23), but should be treated as comprising an arbitrary combination of letters that can be treated as a Latin word and may be conceived as a noun in apposition to the generic name.   
 Variability. Body length of males ranges from 312 to 354 µm (337 µm average; n = 5), while in females it ranges from 322 to 364 µm (344 µm average; n = 13). No other significant forms of variability or asymmetry were observed. The shape of the apohysis of the male third leg (Fig. 21E) is extremely conservative, as is the somite ornamentation (or the lack of it).   
 Remarks. This species differs from all other eight Australian congeners by the absence of all spinules on all somites in female, including those on the third urosomite ventrally (arrowed in Fig. 20B); the only spinules left are those on the male third urosomite ventro-laterally (Fig. 21A). It also has the shortest caudal rami of all Australian species, with diagonal distal margin in ventral view (Fig. 21G), as well as an extremely broad distal part of the third leg apophysis in male (Fig. 21E). Cuticle is extremely smooth in this species, without any cuticular pits. The only other Australian Kinnecaris Jakobi, 1972 that lacks cuticular pits is K. solitaria (Karanovic, 2004), which is unfortunately still only known after females, so the male characters cannot be compared. The latter species, however, can easily be distinguished from K. linesae sp. nov. by the reduced number of lateral caudal setae, longer caudal rami, presence of minute spinules on the anal somite, and presence of large spinules on the third urosomite. Molecular data (Fig. 23) suggest that K. linesae is more closely related to K. uranusi sp. nov. (and one undescribed species from line P: K. sp.) than to K. linel sp. nov. or to K. lined sp. nov. Morphological data do not support this relationship, and differences between K. linesae and K. uranusi are numerous, while the latter species is morphologically very similar to K. linel (see above).
description: Published as part of Karanovic, Tomislav & Cooper, Steven J. B., 2011, Molecular and morphological evidence for short range endemism in the Kinnecaris solitaria complex (Copepoda: Parastenocarididae), with descriptions of seven new species 3026, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 3026 (1) on pages 46-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3026.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5280632