cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
How Effective is Micro Harm Reduction in Reducing Macro Harm?
Creators: name: Caulkins, Jonathan
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Information Systems
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 160510 Public Policy
subject: FOS: Political science

description: MacCoun (1996) distinguishes between micro and macro harm reduction and notes that reducing micro harm (harm per unit of use) may or may not reduce macro (aggregate) harm depending on its effect on use. We present a simple model that relates micro and macro harm through five parameters: price, quantity, elasticity of demand, elasticity of supply, and the social cost of drug use. Parameterizing the relationship for the US cocaine market in 1992 suggests that about 75% of the apparent benefit of reducing micro harm experienced by users would be offset by increases in use. This suggests that reducing micro harm experienced by users has merit but that reducing the costs drugs impose on non-users may merit greater attention, since reducing those costs carries no risk of being offset by increases in use.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among nursing students of the University of Palermo: results from an online survey
Creators: name: Provenzano, Sandro
Publisher: name: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
Year: 2021

description: Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices towards Sars-CoV-2 among nursing students of University of Palermo during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This is cross-sectional study. A survey was provided to all nursing students and consisted of two parts: demographics and Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) survey. A multivariate linear regression model was used and adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR) are presented. Results: 575 students were interviewed and their mean age was 22.3. The overall score indicates good knowledge (p=0.046) and good practices among the four courses of study (p=0.038). Multivariate linear regression showed that Attitude score (ẞ=-0.29; p=0.024) and Knowledge score (ẞ=0.10; p=0.026) adjusted for age, gender, year of study, perceived economic status, perceived health status were significantly associated with Practice score. Conclusion: Our results suggest that proper health education is useful for encouraging optimistic attitudes and maintaining safe practices among future category of nurses.
description: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 62 No. 2 (2021): 2021622
Fragility of the A-type AF and CE Phases of Manganites: An Exotic Insulator-to-Metal Transition Induced by Quenched Disorder
Creators: name: Alvarez, G.
name: Aliaga, H.
name: Sen, C.
name: Dagotto, E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using Monte Carlo simulations and the two eg-orbital model for manganites, the stability of the CE and A-type antiferromagnetic insulating states is analyzed when quenched disorder in the superexchange JAF between the t2g localized spins and in the on-site energies is introduced. At vanishing or small values of the electron-(Jahn-Teller)phonon coupling, the previously hinted "fragility" of these insulating states is studied in detail, focusing on their charge transport properties. This fragility is here found to induce a rapid transition from the insulator to a (poor) metallic state upon the introduction of disorder. A possible qualitative explanation is presented based on the close proximity in energy of ferromagnetic metallic phases, and also on percolative ideas valid at large disorder strength. The scenario is compared with previously discussed insulator-to-metal transitions in other contexts. It is argued that the effect unveiled here has unique properties that may define a new class of giant effects in complex oxides. This particularly severe effect of disorder must be present in other materials as well, in cases involving phases that arise as a compromise between very different tendencies, as it occurs with striped states in the cuprates.
description: 13 pages, 17 figures, RevTex 4, submitted for publication
Time-Response Functions of Mechanical Networks with Inerters and Causality
Creators: name: Makris, Nicos
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Classical Physics (physics.class-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This paper derives the causal time-response functions of three-parameter mechanical networks that have been reported in the literature and involve the inerter-a two-node element in which the force-output is proportional to the relative acceleration of its end-nodes. This two-terminal device is the mechanical analogue of the capacitor in a force-current/velocity-voltage analogy. The paper shows that all frequency-response functions that exhibit singularities along the real frequency axis need to be enhanced with the addition of a Dirac delta function or with its derivative depending on the strength of the singularity. In this way the real and imaginary parts of the enhanced frequency response functions are Hilbert pairs; therefore, yielding a causal time-response function in the time domain. The integral representation of the output signals offers an attractive computational alternative given that the constitutive equations of the three-parameter networks examined herein involve the third derivative of the nodal displacement which may challenge the numerical accuracy of a state-space formulation when the input signal is only available in digital form as in the case of recorded seismic accelerograms.
Can laboratory tests at the time of admission guide us to the prognosis of patients with COVID-19?
Creators: name: Akhavizadegan, Hamed
name: Hosamirudsari, Hadiseh
name: Alizadeh, Mahboobeh
name: Alimohamadi, Yousef
name: Karbakhsh Davari, Mojgan
name: Akbarpour, Samaneh
name: Nakhostin-Ansari, Amin
name: Foroughi, Alireza
name: Mansuri, Fariba
name: Faraji, Neda
name: Nasiri, Zohreh
Publisher: name: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
Year: 2021

description: Introduction: To enhance the COVID-19 patients’ care and to optimize utilizing medical resources during the pandemic, relevant biomarkers are needed for prediction of the disease’s progression, the current study was aimed to determine the factors that effect on mortality of COVID-19 patients who admitted in Baharloo hospital in Iran. Methods: in the current retrospective study, 56 patients who were died because of COVID-19 infection were randomly selected from those who were admitted to Baharloo hospital. One patient who was diagnosed with COVID-19 and had recovered from it matched with each non-survived patient in the term of age. Laboratory tests of all these patients at the time of admission were recorded and compared. All analyses performed using spss version 22 by considering α:0.05 as a significant level. Results: There was no statistical difference in the age and gender distribution between the two groups (p>0.05). The prevalence of diabetes among survived patients was 37.5% and among non-survived patients was 26.8% and there was no statistical difference between two groups about this comorbidity (p:0.22). Also, there was no statistical difference in the prevalence of hypertension and coronary heart diseases between two groups (p>0.05). Lymphocyte percentage, Blood oxygen level, and platelet (PLT) count was significantly higher in patients who had recovered (P<0.05). Conclusions: LDH level, Lymphocyte percentage, PLT count, and blood Oxygen saturation have associations with severe forms of COVID-19 infection and can be used as predictors to assess the patients who are suspected of infection with COVID-19 at the time of admission.
description: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 62 No. 2 (2021): 2021622
Linear sound waves in poroelastic materials: Simple mixture vs. Biot's model
Creators: name: Wilmanski, Krzysztof
Publisher: name: Weierstrass Institute
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Bulk waves
subject: porous media
subject: geophysics.
subject: 74J10
subject: 76S05
subject: 74L05

description: The work contains the comparison of speeds and attenuations of P1-, S-, and P2-waves in poroelastic materials obtained within Biot's model and simple mixture model.
Granular materials flow like complex fluids
Creators: name: Kou, Binquan
name: Cao, Yixin
name: Li, Jindong
name: Xia, Chengjie
name: Li, Zhifeng
name: Dong, Haipeng
name: Zhang, Ang
name: Zhang, Jie
name: Kob, Walter
name: Wang, Yujie
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Granular materials such as sand, powders, foams etc. are ubiquitous in our daily life, as well as in industrial and geotechnical applications. Although these disordered systems form stable structures if unperturbed, in practice they do relax because of the presence of unavoidable external influences such as tapping or shear. Often it is tacitly assumed that for granular systems this relaxation dynamics is similar to the one of thermal glass-formers, but in fact experimental difficulties have so far prevented to determine the dynamic properties of three dimensional granular systems on the particle level. This lack of experimental data, combined with the fact that in these systems the motion of the particles involves friction, makes it very challenging to come up with an accurate description of their relaxation dynamics. Here we use X-ray tomography to determine the microscopic relaxation dynamics of hard granular ellipsoids that are subject to an oscillatory shear. We find that the distribution function of the particle displacement can be described by a Gumbel law with a shape parameter that is independent of time and the strain amplitude $γ$. Despite this universality, the mean squared displacement of a tagged particle shows power-laws as a function of time with an exponent that depends on $γ$ and the time interval considered. We argue that these results are directly related to the existence of the microscopic relaxation mechanisms that involve friction and memory effects. These observations demonstrate that on the particle level the dynamical behavior of granular systems is qualitatively different from the one of thermal glass-formers and instead more similar to the one of complex fluids. Thus we conclude that granular materials can relax even when the driving is weak, an insight which impacts our understanding of the nature of granular solids.
description: Submitted version; final version is here: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24062
Thermal Particle and Photon Production in Pb+Pb Collisions with Transverse Flow
Creators: name: Cleymans, J.
name: Redlich, K.
name: Srivastava, D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1996
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Particle and photon production is analyzed in the presence of transverse flow using two approximations to describe the properties of the hadronic medium, one containing only $π, ρ, ω$, and $η$ mesons (simplified equation of state) and the other containing hadrons and resonances from the particle data table. Both are considered with and without initial quark gluon plasma formation. In each case the initial temperature is fixed by requiring $dN_{ch}/dy \sim$ 550 in the final state. It is shown that most observables are very sensitive to the equation of state. This is particularly evident when comparing the results of the simplified equation of state in the scenarios with and without phase transition. The hadronic gas scenario leads to a substantially higher rate for the $p_T$-distribution of all particles. In the complete equation of state with several hundreds of hadronic resonances, the difference between the scenarios with and without phase transition is rather modest. Both photon and particle spectra, in a wide $p_T$ range, show very similar behavior. It is therefore concluded that from the $p_T$ spectra it will be hard to disentangle quark gluon plasma formation in the initial state. It is to be stressed however, that there are conceptual difficulties in applying a pure hadronic gas equation of state at SPS-energies. The phase transition scenario with a quark gluon plasma present in the initial state seems to be the more natural one.
description: 9 pages RevTeX figures in postscript format
The limit behavior of the evolution of Tsallis entropy in self-gravitating systems
Creators: name: Zheng, Yahui
name: Du, Jiulin
name: Liang, Faku
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this letter, we study the limit behavior of the evolution of Tsallis entropy in self-gravitating systems. The study is carried out under two different situations, drawing the same conclusion. No matter in the energy transfer process or in the mass transfer process inside the system, when nonextensive parameter q is more than unity, the total entropy is bounded; on the contrary, when this parameter is less than unity, the total entropy is unbounded. There are proofs in both theory and observation that the q is always more than unity. So the Tsallis entropy in self-gravitating system generally exhibits a bounded property. This indicates the existence of global maximum of Tsallis entropy. It is possible for self-gravitating systems to evolve to thermodynamically stable states.
Large scale localization of a spatial version of Neveu's branching process
Creators: name: Fleischmann, Klaus
name: Wachtel, Vitali
Publisher: name: Weierstrass Institute
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Neveu's continuous-state branching
subject: infinite mean branching superprocess
subject: large scale concentration in one point
subject: log-Laplace product formula
subject: small epsilon asymptotics
subject: 60J80
subject: 60G57

description: Recently a spatial versions of Neveu's (1992) continuous-state branching process was constructed by Fleischmann and Sturm (2004). This superprocess with infinite mean branching behaves quite differently from usual supercritical spatial branching processes. In fact, at macroscopic scales, the mass renormalized to a (random) probability measure is concentrated in a single space point which randomly fluctuates according to the underlying symmetric stable motion process.
Additional file 5 of Potential function of CbuSPL and gene encoding its interacting protein during flowering in Catalpa bungei
Creators: name: Wang, Zhi
name: Zhu, Tianqing
name: Ma, Wenjun
name: Fan, Erqin
name: Lu, Nan
name: Ouyang, Fangqun
name: Wang, Nan
name: Yang, Guijuan
name: Kong, Lisheng
name: Qu, Guanzheng
name: Zhang, Shougong
name: Wang, Junhui
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Ecology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 5: Tables S3. Details of CbuSPL9 was predicted to be a target of miR156.
Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors among Active College Students in Kuwait Relative to Gender Status
Creators: name: Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa
Publisher: name: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
Year: 2021

description: Objectives: To determine the prevalence of physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviors (SB) and sleep duration and the associations between those variables among Kuwaiti Physical Education (PE) College students. Methods: A total of 418 participants (220 females) were randomly selected from the Basic Education College in the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training in Kuwait. Body weight and height were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. A validated questionnaire was used to assess lifestyle behaviors. Results: Based on BMI classification, the prevalence of overweight or obesity among males (34.9%) was significantly higher than that of females (16.7%). However, the mean (SD) of body fat percentage using bioelectrical impedance analysis was 21.3 (9.0) for males and 32.3 (7.7) for females. The proportions of highly active (>1200 METs-min/week) males (85.9%) and females (64.3%) were significantly (p<0.005) different. The participants exceeding 3 hours of screen viewing time/day and insufficient sleep duration (<7 hours/night) were 76.8% and 65.1%, respectively, with no gender differences. Logistic regression, adjusted for confounders, showed that highly active PE students had a higher proportion of SB. However, neither sleep duration nor body fat percentage exhibited any significant difference relative to PA. Conclusions: Despite having high PA, Kuwaiti PE College students had a high prevalence of SB and insufficient sleep. Gender differences were found in PA but not in screen time or sleep duration. Efforts toward reducing SB and insufficient sleep among Kuwaiti PE College students are needed to reduce unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and promote health and well‑being.
description: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 62 No. 2 (2021): 2021622
How Effective Is Micro Harm Reduction At Reducing Macro Harm?
Creators: name: Caulkins, Jonathan P.
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Information Systems
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 160510 Public Policy
subject: FOS: Political science

description: MacCoun (1996) distinguishes between micro and macro harm reduction and notes that reducing micro harm (harm per unit of use) may or may not reduce macro (aggregate) harm depending on its effect on use. We present a simple model that relates micro and macro harm through five parameters: price, quantity, elasticity of demand, elasticity of supply, and the social cost of drug use. Parameterizing the relationship for the US cocaine market in 1992 suggests that about 75% of the apparent benefit of reducing micro harm experienced by users would be offset by increases in use. This suggests that reducing micro harm experienced by users has merit but that reducing the costs drugs impose on non-users may merit greater attention, since reducing those costs carries no risk of being offset by increases in use.
Origin of the high energy proton component below the geomagnetic cutoff in near earth orbit
Creators: name: Derome, L.
name: Buenerd, M.
name: Barrau, A.
name: Bouchet, A.
name: Menchaca-Rocha, A.
name: Thuillier, T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The high flux proton component observed by AMS below the geomagnetic cutoff can be well accounted for by assuming these particles to be secondaries originating from the interaction of Cosmic Ray protons with the atmosphere. Simulation results are reported
description: 7 pages, Latex, 4 Postscript figures. Final version (minor corrections) for Physics Letters. B
Fermi Coordinates and Penrose Limits
Creators: name: Blau, Matthias
name: Frank, Denis
name: Weiss, Sebastian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose a formulation of the Penrose plane wave limit in terms of null Fermi coordinates. This provides a physically intuitive (Fermi coordinates are direct measures of geodesic distance in space-time) and manifestly covariant description of the expansion around the plane wave metric in terms of components of the curvature tensor of the original metric, and generalises the covariant description of the lowest order Penrose limit metric itself, obtained in hep-th/0312029. We describe in some detail the construction of null Fermi coordinates and the corresponding expansion of the metric, and then study various aspects of the higher order corrections to the Penrose limit. In particular, we observe that in general the first-order corrected metric is such that it admits a light-cone gauge description in string theory. We also establish a formal analogue of the Weyl tensor peeling theorem for the Penrose limit expansion in any dimension, and we give a simple derivation of the leading (quadratic) corrections to the Penrose limit of AdS_5 x S^5.
description: 25 pages
Small animal whole body imaging with metamaterial-inspired RF coil
Creators: name: Zubkov, Mikhail
name: Hurshkainen, Anna
name: Brui, Ekaterina
name: Glybovski, Stanislav
name: Gulyaev, Mikhail
name: Anisimov, Nikolai
name: Volkov, Dmitry
name: Pirogov, Yury
name: Melchakova, Irina
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: Medical Physics (physics.med-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Preclinical magnetic resonance imaging often requires the entire body of an animal to be imaged with sufficient quality. This is usually performed by combining regions scanned with small coils with high sensitivity or long scans using large coils with low sensitivity. Here, a metamaterial-inspired design employing of a parallel array of wires operating on the principle of eigenmode hybridization is used to produce a small animal whole-body imaging coil. The coil field distribution responsible for the coil field of view and sensitivity is simulated in an electromagnetic simulation package and the coil geometrical parameters are optimized for the chosen application. A prototype coil is then manufactured and assembled using brass telescopic tubes and copper plates as distributed capacitance, its field distribution is measured experimentally using B1+ mapping technique and found to be in close correspondence with simulated results. The coil field distribution is found to be suitable for whole-body small animal imaging and coil image quality is compared with a number of commercially available coils by whole-body living mice scanning. Signal to noise measurements in living mice show outstanding coil performance compared to commercially available coils with large receptive fields, and rivaling performance compared to small receptive field and high-sensitivity coils. The coil is deemed suitable for whole-body small animal preclinical applications.
description: 11 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables
The Linear Sigma-Model in the 1/N-Expansion via Dynamical Boson Mappings and Applications to $ππ$-Scattering
Creators: name: Aouissat, Z.
name: Schuck, P.
name: Wambach, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1996
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a non-perturbative method for the study of the O(N+1)-version of the linear sigma-model. Using boson-mapping techniques, in close analogy to those well-known for fermionic systems, we obtain a systematic 1/N-expansion for the Hamiltonian which is symmetry-conserving order by order. The leading order for the Hamiltonian is evaluated explicitly and we apply the method to $ππ$-scattering, in deriving the T-matrix to leading order.
description: 28 pages, Latex, (with minor corrections to some misprints in the appendix of the old version)
Maternal risk factors for low birth weight infants: A nested case-control study of rural areas in Kurdistan (western of Iran)
Creators: name: Khazaei, Zaher
name: Moradi, Ghobad
name: Zokaeii, Mehdi
name: Goodarzi, Elham
Publisher: name: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
Year: 2021

description: Infant mortality is among the most important indicators of health and development in global communities. One of the causes of neonatal mortality is low birth weight. This study aims at evaluating the risk factors for LBW in infants.This study was carried out using a nested case-control study in rural areas of Kurdistan province in western Iran in 2015. The selection of case and control groups was based on the nesting using the risk set sampling approach. In total, 182 and 364 subjects were selected for the case group and the control group respectively. Data analysis was performed using the Stata-12 software with the point and spatial estimation of OR using the conditional logistic regression method.The multivariate logistic regression analysis performed shows that the maternal gestational age, the mother’s health history during pregnancy, any medication abuse by the mother, any mental stress during pregnancy, are LBW risk factors (P <0.05). Prevention of LBW is possible by identifying effective factors and performing appropriate interventions in infants with low birth weight. The causes of LBW in global communities are changing rapidly. Mothers with the risk factors reported in this study should be identified and specially treated.
description: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 62 No. 2 (2021): 2021622
Thermal X-ray composites as an effect of projection
Creators: name: Petruk, O.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A new possibility to explain the nature of thermal X-ray composites (TXCs), i.e. a class of supernova remnants (SNRs) with a thermal X-ray centrally-filled morphology within a radio shell, as a projection effect of the 2- or 3-dimensional shell-like SNR evolved in a nonuniform medium with scale-height <10 pc is proposed. Both X-ray and radio morphologies, as well as the basic theoretical features of this kind of SNR and the surrounding medium, are considered. Theoretical properties of a shell-like SNR evolved at the edge of a molecular cloud correspond to the observed properties of TXCs if the gradient of the ambient density does not lie in the projection plane and the magnetic field is nearly aligned with the line of sight. So, at least a part of objects from the class may be interpreted within the framework of the considered effect. The proposed model suggests that SNRs with barrel-like radio and centrally-brightened thermal X-ray morphologies should exist. The model allows us to consider TXCs as prospective sources of proton origin gamma-rays.
description: 7 pages, 4 figures; added one figure, few subsections and references, corrected typos; accepted for publication in A&A
Optimal control of a semilinear PDE with nonlocal radiation interface conditions
Creators: name: Meyer, Christian
name: Philip, Peter
name: Tröltzsch, Fredi
Publisher: name: Weierstrass Institute
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Optimal control
subject: semilinear elliptic equations
subject: nonlocal interface conditions
subject: boundedness of solutions
subject: 49K20
subject: 35J65
subject: 49J20
subject: 80M50

description: We consider a control constrained optimal control problem governed by a semilinear elliptic equation with nonlocal interface conditions. These conditions occur during the modeling of diffuse-gray conductive-radiative heat transfer. The problem arises from the aim to optimize the temperature gradient within crystal growth by the physical vapor transport (PVT) method. Based on a minimum principle for the semilinear equation as well as L-infinity estimates for the weak solution, we establish the existence of an optimal solution as well as necessary optimality conditions. The theoretical results are illustrated by results of numerical computations.
Numerical bifurcation analysis of traveling wave model of multisection semiconductor lasers
Creators: name: Radziunas, Mindaugas
Publisher: name: Weierstrass Institute
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Numerical bifurcation analysis
subject: traveling wave model
subject: mode approximations
subject: quality of pulsations
subject: 37L65
subject: 35B32
subject: 78M25
subject: 65P30
subject: 42.55.Px
subject: 05.45.-a

description: Traveling wave equations are used to model the dynamics of multisection semiconductor lasers. To perform a bifurcation analysis of this system of 1-D partial differential equations its low dimensional approximations are constructed and considered. Along this paper this analysis is used for the extensive study of the pulsations in a three section distributed feedback laser. Namely, stability of pulsations, different bifurcation scenaria, tunability of the pulsation frequency and its locking by the frequency of electrical modulation are considered. All these pulsation qualities are highly important when applying lasers in optical communication systems.
Dual-Layer Conscious/Subconscious AI Architecture (Chomskyan/Searlean Split)
Creators: name: Nguyen, Phi Son
name: Ng, Mers
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025

description: We propose a novel AI cognitive architecture that explicitly separates conscious and subconscious processing layers, inspired by a “Chomskyan/Searlean” dichotomy. In our design, the subconscious layer handles fast, grammar-like generative processes (reflecting Chomsky’s emphasis on innate syntactic structures), while the conscious layer handles slower, semantic and self-aware reasoning (reflecting Searle’s emphasis on meaning and biological grounding). This two-tier model is situated relative to existing theories: we contrast it with Global Workspace Theory (GWT) and System 1/System 2 (dual-process) models from cognitive science. We describe the architecture’s components and their interactions, propose experimental paradigms to evaluate its behavior, and analyze expected outcomes. We also critically consider whether this split should align with an Epistemological Building Blocks model (progressing through Existence → Change → Abstraction → Meta-Abstraction). We explore two variants of the architecture—a lightweight/reactive variant relying mostly on fast subsystems, and a deep/reflective variant with a heavily engaged conscious layer—and discuss their trade-offs. Overall, this work aims to ground AI design in cognitive theory, seeking advantages in flexibility and understanding while acknowledging practical risks and alternative approaches
Logarithmic superdiffusion in two dimensional driven lattice gases
Creators: name: Krug, Joachim
name: Neiss, Robert A.
name: Schadschneider, Andreas
name: Schmidt, Johannes
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The spreading of density fluctuations in two-dimensional driven diffusive systems is marginally anomalous. Mode coupling theory predicts that the diffusivity in the direction of the drive diverges with time as $(\ln t)^{2/3}$ with a prefactor depending on the macroscopic current-density relation and the diffusion tensor of the fluctuating hydrodynamic field equation. Here we present the first numerical verification of this behavior for a particular version of the two-dimensional asymmetric exclusion process. Particles jump strictly asymmetrically along one of the lattice directions and symmetrically along the other, and an anisotropy parameter $p$ governs the ratio between the two rates. Using a novel massively parallel coupling algorithm that strongly reduces the fluctuations in the numerical estimate of the two-point correlation function, we are able to accurately determine the exponent of the logarithmic correction. In addition, the variation of the prefactor with $p$ provides a stringent test of mode coupling theory.
description: 14 pages, 4 figures
Case Fatality Rate of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Creators: name: Sepandi, Mojtaba
name: Alimohamadi, Yousef
name: Hailu Tola, Habteyes
name: Abbasi-Ghahramanloo, Abbas
name: Janani, Majid
Publisher: name: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
Year: 2021

description: Objective: The ongoing novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality due to its contagious nature and absence of vaccine and treatment. Although there are considerable primary studies that reported extremely variable case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19, there is no review study that attempted to estimate CFR of COVID-19. The current systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to estimate the pooled CFR of COVID-19. Methods: Electronic databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched to retrieve the eligible primary studies that reported CFR of COVID-19. Keywords: ("COVID-19"OR "COVID-2019" OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2"OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" OR "2019-nCoV" OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "2019nCoV" OR (("Wuhan" AND ("coronavirus" OR "coronavirus")) AND (2019/12[PDAT] OR 2020[PDAT]))) AND ("mortality "OR "mortality" OR ("case" AND "fatality" AND "rate") OR "case fatality rate") were used as free text and MeSH term in searching process. Random-effects model used to estimate the CFR in this study. I2 statistic, Cochran’s Q test and T2 were used to assess the available heterogeneity between included studies. Results: The overall pooled CFR of COVID 19 was 10.0 %( 95% CI: 8.0-11.0); P<0.001; I2 = 99.7). The pooled CFR of COVID 19 in general population was 1.0% (95% CI: 1.0–3.0); P<0.001; I2 = 94.3), while in hospitalized patients was 13.0 % (95% CI: 9.0–17.0); P<0.001, I2 = 95.6). The pooled CFR in patients admitted in intensive care unit (ICU) was 37.0 % (95% CI: 24.0–51.0); P<0.001, I2 = 97.8) and in patients older than 50 years was 19.0 % (95% CI: 13.0–24.0); P<0.001; I2 = 99.8). Conclusion: The present review results highlighted the need of transparency in testing and reporting policies and denominators used in CFR estimation. It is also necessary reporting the cases age, sex and the comorbidity distribution of all patients which important in comparing the CFR among different segments of population.
description: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 62 No. 2 (2021): 2021622
Theory of carrier mediated ferromagnetism in dilute magnetic oxides
Creators: name: Calderon, M. J.
name: Sarma, S. Das
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We analyze the origin of ferromagnetism as a result of carrier mediation in diluted magnetic oxide semiconductors in the light of the experimental evidence reported in the literature. We propose that a combination of percolation of magnetic polarons at lower temperature and Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida ferromagnetism at higher temperature may be the reason for the very high critical temperatures measured (up to ~700 K).
description: 10 pages, 3 figures; formulae and references added, discussion extended
Household Demand for Employer-Based Health Insurance
Creators: name: Abraham, Jean Marie
name: Vogt, William B.
name: Gaynor, Martin
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Information Systems
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 160510 Public Policy
subject: FOS: Political science

description: We use the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to estimate a model of household demand for employer-based health insurance, explicitly investigating differences in behavior between households with two potential sources of coverage and those with one source. Own and cross-price elasticities are estimated for three types of health plans, including exclusive provider organizations, any provider organizations, and mixed provider organizations. We find that the premium, family size, income, and wealth significantly affect demand. Our elasticity estimates reveal an overall, small behavioral response to changes in price with respect to health plan switching and take-up. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings with respect to employer benefit design.
Janus within Janus
Creators: name: Hirano, Shinji
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We found a simple and interesting generalization of the non-supersymmetric Janus solution in type IIB string theory. The Janus solution can be thought of as a thick AdS_d-sliced domain wall in AdS_{d+1} space. It turns out that the AdS_d-sliced domain wall can support its own AdS_{d-1}-sliced domain wall within it. Indeed this pattern persists further until it reaches the AdS_2-slice of the domain wall within self-similar AdS_{p (2
description: 15 pages, 6 figures, v2 references added. v3 eq.(3.33) corrected
Useful Bases for Problems in Nuclear and Particle Physics
Creators: name: Keister, B. D.
name: Polyzou, W. N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1996
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A set of exactly computable orthonormal basis functions that are useful in computations involving constituent quarks is presented. These basis functions are distinguished by the property that they fall off algebraically in momentum space and can be exactly Fourier-Bessel transformed. The configuration space functions are associated Laguerre polynomials multiplied by an exponential weight, and their Fourier-Bessel transforms can be expressed in terms of Jacobi polynomials in $Λ^2/(k^2 + Λ^2)$. A simple model of a meson containing a confined quark-antiquark pair shows that this basis is much better at describing the high-momentum properties of the wave function than the harmonic-oscillator basis.
description: 12 pages LaTeX/revtex, plus 2 postscript figures
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Tobacco Smoking in Women Aged 15-54 in Iran: A multilevel model
Creators: name: Goodarzi, Elham
name: Moradi, Ghobad
name: Khosravi, Ardeshir
Publisher: name: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
Year: 2021

description: Significant evidence suggests an inverse relationship between socioeconomic status and tobacco smoking, where inequality is visible among different social and economic strata. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and economic and social inequalities in tobacco smoking in women aged 15-54 in Iran. This study is a cross-sectional study. Sampling in this study was a randomized clustered multistage sampling with equal clusters. A total of 35,305 women aged 15-55 enrolled in the study. Data analysis was in two stages. In the first stage, the social and economic inequalities were investigated using the concentration index and concentration curve method, and in the second method, and multilevel method was used to identify the determinants. The prevalence of tobacco smoking in women was 12.24%. The concentration index for smoking was CI = -0.07 [95% CI (-0.09, -0.05)], which represents smoking in people with low socioeconomic status. The results of the multilevel analysis indicated that the marital status of people over the age of 35 and the economic class was related to smoking in women. Inequality in tobacco smoking in women is to the interest of the well-off group, and this inequality varies in different provinces. Marital status, place of residence, age and socioeconomic status of women are factors influencing the prevalence of tobacco smoking in women, and these issues should be noticed to reduce inequalities.
description: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 62 No. 2 (2021): 2021622
A posteriori error estimation and adaptive strategy for the control of MsFEM computations
Creators: name: Chamoin, Ludovic
name: Legoll, Frederic
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We introduce quantitative and robust tools to control the numerical accuracy in simulations performed using the Multiscale Finite Element Method (MsFEM). First, we propose a guaranteed and fully computable a posteriori error estimate for the global error measured in the energy norm. It is based on dual analysis and the Constitutive Relation Error (CRE) concept, with recovery of equilibrated fluxes from the approximate MsFEM solution. Second, the estimate is split into several indicators, associated to the various MsFEM error sources, in order to drive an adaptive procedure. The overall strategy thus enables to automatically identify an appropriate trade-off between accuracy and computational cost in the MsFEM numerical simulations. Furthermore, the strategy is compatible with the offline/online paradigm of MsFEM. The performances of our approach are demonstrated on several numerical experiments.
Herina pusilla Rondani 1869
Creators: name: Sforzi, Alessandra
name: Sommaggio, Daniele
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Ulidiidae
Herina
Herina pusilla

description: Herina pusilla Rondani, 1869
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: 1869a: 23 (key), 27 (description).
 TYPE LOCALITY: “ ad Niceam [Nice (France)]”.
 TYPE MATERIAL: 1 ♂, syntype (MRSN): Herina Desv pusilla Rond., Nizza, ♂.
CURRENT STATUS: doubtful species of Otitidae (Soós 1984c: 59).
 REMARKS: Rondani (1869a: 27) described Herina pusilla without specifying the number, the sex or the length of the specimens, from material received from L. Bellardi. We also found one syntype in this study.
description: Published as part of Sforzi, Alessandra & Sommaggio, Daniele, 2021, Catalog of the Diptera types described by Camillo Rondani, pp. 1-438 in Zootaxa 4989 (1) on page 385, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4989.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4980621
Undetectable Werner states using linear Bell inequalities
Creators: name: Luo, Ming-Xing
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Bell inequality serves as an important method to detect quantum entanglement, a problem which is generally known to be NP-hard. Our goal in this work is to detect Werner states using linear Bell inequality. Surprisingly, we show that Werner states of almost all generalized multipartite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states cannot be detected by homogeneous linear Bell inequalities with dichotomic inputs and outputs of each local observer. The main idea is to estimate the largest violations of Werner states in the case of general linear Bell inequalities. The presented method is then applied to Werner states of all pure states to show a similar undetectable result. Moreover, we provide an accessible method to determine undetectable Werner states for general linear Bell inequality including sub-correlations. The numeric algorithm shows that there are nonzero measures of Werner states with small number of particles that cannot be detected by general linear Bell inequalities.
description: 23 pages
Tabla Comparativa sobre regulación de campañas electorales en 13 países de América Latina con elecciones en 2020 y 2021
Creators: name: Observatorio de Reformas Políticas en América Latina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Freidenberg, Flavia. Dir., 2023, “Tabla Comparativa sobre regulación de campañas electorales en 13 países de América Latina con elecciones en 2020 y 2021”. Observatorio de Reformas Políticas en América Latina (1978-2023). Ciudad de México: Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas (IIJ-UNAM) y Washington, D.C.: Secretaría para el Fortalecimiento de la Democracia de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (SFD/OEA), V1.
The association between various indicators of hospital capacity, age category, and the number of screening tests performed with case fatality rate and recovery rate during a COVID-19 disease pandemic
Creators: name: Rahim, Fakher
name: Abdullatif Khafaie, Morteza
name: Saki Malehi, Amal
Publisher: name: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene
Year: 2021

description: Background: The COVID-19-related deaths are growing rapidly around the world, especially in Europe and the United States. Purpose: In this study we attempt to measure the association of these variables with case fatality rate (CFR) and recovery rate (RR) using up-to-date data from around the world. Methods: Data were collected from eight global databases. According to the raw data of countries, the CFR and RR and their relationship with different predictors was compared for countries with 1000 or more cases of COVID-19 confirmed cases. Results: There were no significant correlation between the CFR and number of hospital beds per 1000 people, proportion of population aged 65 and older ages, and the number of CT per one million inhabitants. Furthermore, based on the continents-based subgroup univariate regression analysis, the population (R2=0.37, P=0.047), GPD (R2=0.80, P<0.001), number of ICU Beds per 100,000 people (R2=0.93, P=0.04), and number of CT per one million inhabitants (R2=0.78, P=0.04) were significantly correlated with CFR in America. Moreover, the income-based subgroups analysis showed that the GPD (R2=0.30, P=0.001), number of ICU Beds per 100,000 people (R2=0.23, P=0.008), and the number of ventilator (R2=0.46, P=0.01) had significant correlation with CFR in high-income countries. Conclusion: The level of country’s preparedness, testing capacity, and health care system capacities also are among the important predictors of both COVID-19 associated mortality and recovery. Thus, providing up-to-date information on the main predictors of COVID-19 associated mortality and recovery will hopefully improve various countries hospital resource allocation, testing capacities, and level of preparedness.
description: Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 62 No. 2 (2021): 2021622
High and Low Frequency Oscillations in Drug Epidemics
Creators: name: Caulkins, Jonathan
name: Gragnani, Alessandra
name: Feichtinger, Gustav
name: Tragler, Gernot
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Information Systems
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 160510 Public Policy
subject: FOS: Political science

description: We extend the two-dimensional model of drug use introduced in Behrens et al. [1999, 2000, 2002] by introducing two additional states that model in more detail newly initiated (“light”) users’ response to the drug experience. Those who dislike the drug quickly “quit” and briefly suppress initiation by others. Those who like the drug progress to ongoing (“moderate”) use, from which they may or may not escalate to “heavy” or dependent use. Initiation is spread contagiously by light and moderate users, but is moderated by the drug’s reputation, which is a function of the number of unhappy users (recent quitters + heavy users). The model reproduces recent prevalence data from the U.S. cocaine epidemic reasonably well, with one pronounced peak followed by decay toward a steady state. However, minor variation in parameter values yields both long-run periodicity with a period akin to the gap between the first U.S. cocaine epidemic (peak ~1910) and the current one (peak ~1980), as well as short-run periodicity akin to that observed in data on youthful use for a variety of substances. The combination of short- and long-run periodicity is reminiscent of the elliptical burstors described by Rubin and Terman [2002]. The existence of such complex behavior including cycles, quasi periodic solutions, and chaos is proven by means of bifurcation analysis.