Translation Services
Creators: name: Subhajit Panda
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Translation Services, Translation, Machine Translation, Types Of Translation, Library Services

description: <strong>TRANSLATION SERVICES</strong>


	<strong>Introduction</strong>
	<strong>Historical background (Demand arises)</strong>
	<strong>Meaning</strong>
	<strong>Definition</strong>
	<strong>Need for Translation Service</strong>
	<strong>Objectives of Translation Services</strong>
	<strong>Types of Translation Services</strong>
	<strong>Differences between </strong><strong>W</strong><strong>ritten and </strong><strong>O</strong><strong>ral </strong><strong>T</strong><strong>ranslation</strong>
	<strong>Translation Process and Translator</strong>
	<strong>Translation Methods</strong>
	<strong>Translation Services in S &amp; T</strong>
	<strong>Translation Centers</strong>
	<strong>Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA</strong>
	<strong>Translation Activities in Humanities and Social Sciences in India</strong>
	
	<strong>Machine Translation</strong>
	
	
	<strong>Types of Machine Translation</strong>
	
	<strong>MT Systems for Mainframe, Personal Computers (PC) and the Internet</strong>
	<strong>Machine Translation Research in India</strong>
	<strong>Library’s Role in Facilitating Translations</strong>
	
	<strong>Summary</strong>
	


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<strong>1.</strong><strong> Introduction</strong><strong> :-</strong>

               Before discussing Translation Services we have to understand the meaning of the word “Translation”.

The meaning of Translation is,     

→ The process of translating words or text from one language into another.

→ A written or spoken rendering of the meaning of a word or text in another language.

 

 Today, literature is being published in various forms, subjects and languages. Literature, especially in the field of science and technology is published in so many languages. The scientists would also like to know what has been published in languages which is not known to them. They, therefore need a service to get such literature translated into a language known to them.

 

<strong>2. </strong><strong>Historical background (Demand arises)</strong><strong> :- </strong>Progress of science depends on the access to published science and technology(S&amp;T) literature. Published scientific literature serves as a foundation for further research in any area of scientific research. Access to this literature is, therefore,a fundamental right of researchers anywhere in the world. However, this is not true in practice. Over 50% of  the scientific literature is published in languages other than English. The English speaking researchers do not have access to this literature unless it is translated in English. This problem was realised more acutely after the World War II, when government sponsored research got stimulus and great momentum. The seven major languages in which bulk of S&amp;T literature published were English, Russian, German, French, Japanese and Chinese. No country, however advanced, could afford to ignore scientific information produced in other countries. So there has been a great demand from researchers for translation of research results published in languages other than English. Many documentation Centers and special libraries attached to R&amp;D organisations started providing translation service to their scientists on demand. The demand for translation was particularly more for the journal articles. The major abstracting services cover S&amp;T literature published in languages other than English. These abstracting services provide abstracts in English of the articles published in other languages, so that scientists can judge the relevance of the article and get it translated if required. Similarly, for French and Russian speaking scientists, the major abstracting services in S&amp;T are ‘PASCAL’ and ‘FRANCIS’ from INISTCNRS, France in French language and ‘Refratrivnyl Zhurnal’ from VINITI, erstwhile Russia in Russian language.

When erstwhile USSR launched the world’s first space satellite, the U.S. government looked for all sorts of explanations.One reason given for apparent Russian success was that Soviet scientists used the western literature, while western scientists did not use the Russian literature because they could not handle the Russian language. To solve this problem, the National Science Foundation undertook a large scale programme in support of ‘cover-to-cover’ translation of Russian publications. In India too <em>NISCAIR</em> (Formerly INSDOC) has been providing translation service from many foreign languages in English to the scientists since its inception in 1952.

Translation of the documents is carried out by the translators. For scientific translations, a translator should have a good knowledge of both the languages as well as of the subject to understand the terminology of the given subject. Earlier most of the translation work was done by the human translators. With the advent of computers, research in machine translation (MT) started by 1950s. Machine translation is the application of computers to the task of translating text from one natural language to another. During the last 70 years of research in machine translation has resulted in large number of MT systems for mainframe computer, personal computers and for the Internet.

 

 

<strong>3. Meaning :-</strong> Translation is conversion of one language into another language but retaining the original sense. The original language is known as the Source Language and the translation of document in another language i.e in Target Language.

 

<strong>4. Definition :-</strong> According to Rondom House Dictionary, “translation is to turn (something written or spoken) from one language into another.”

 

 

<strong>5. </strong><strong>Need for Translation Service</strong><strong> :-</strong> Language is one of the barriers in the free flow of information. Due to language barriers, communication between two scientist of different countries of different languages becomes very difficult.

                                            Literature          →→→→ ←←←←            Language

                                                                     World of Knowledge                

As per an estimate by the National Lending Library of Great Britain, about half of world’s literature is published in a language other than the English Language, especially in the field of science and technology. It is quite impossible for any scientists to study all language and read the published literature in their area of specialisation. Persons like researchers, scientists, engineers and other scholars make use of translation service for their work. As they may not have the proficiency in more than one or two languages, there is need of translation services. Researchers also need translation of research papers which they came across in the course of literature search.

 

 

<strong>6. </strong><strong>Objectives of Translation Services</strong><strong> :-</strong> Some of the main objectives of translation services are as follow:


	to provide a document in user language
	to save the time of researchers, scientists and other scholars
	to promote the use of documents
	to promote cultural understanding
	Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with international organisations, agencies etc.


 

<strong>7.</strong><strong> Types of Translation Services</strong><strong> :-</strong> Translation may be of following types

 


	Cover to Cover (anticipatory service) translation → It is the translation of all the contents of the documents.
	Selective translation → The translation of the major points of the documents or selective part of the documents.
	Oral explanation/translation of the contents of the documents


 

 

<strong>a)</strong> A <strong>Cover-to-Cover Translation</strong> is a complete translation of the document. It is generally confined to worth while journals. Such journals should be selected by National Translation Centre (NTS) in consultation with the subject specialist engaged in various R &amp; D work in various institutions.

The main <strong>advantages</strong> of cover-to-cover translation is that it ensure the availability of important scientific literature irrespective of language barriers. It also eliminates the hit miss selection of articles.

One of the <strong>drawbacks</strong> of cover-to-cover translation is time lag. Time lag is the gap between publishing of a journal in its original language and its translated version. Some times, it ranges from six months to one year or even more.

 

 

<strong>b)</strong> A <strong>Selective Translation</strong>, as the name indicates, is a translation of selected parts of a document. This can include translations of tables of contents, lead paragraphs, abstracts, conclusions , or the sections of key interest.

 

When is a Selective Translation appropriate?

 

A selective translation is appropriate when :

→ We want to know the general content of a document, yet there are time constraints and/or we have to operate under a limited budget;

→ We are certain which parts of the document you want translated, and can indicate this clearly on the copy you provide to us. Only the indicated segments are then translated;

→ We know broadly what the document is about, but need to extract only certain information from it.

→ We define what we want to know on the relevant subject matter, and we will identify and translate the appropriate sections.

 

<strong>Advantages</strong> of a Selective Translation:

Cost Effective: Selective translations represent a considerable cost saving over full translations and offer you maximum value for money, as you pay only for the information you actually need.

Time Saving: Selective Translations are produced much more quickly than full translations.

Translation Upgrades: Upgrade to a full translation later is available, if required.

 

<strong>Be Careful!</strong> The decision as to what sections to translate often relies heavily on your own, or the translator’s judgment. There is a risk that important sections may be omitted. When requesting a selective translation, please indicate clearly what the relevant subject matter is, or which segments of the document you would like to be translated.

 

 

<strong>c)</strong> A <strong>Oral Translation</strong> is included in the services of almost every translation agency. Interpretation is required at conferences, meetings and in any event involving people that speak different languages. Interpretation is often put in the context of conference interpreting as it is most often used at conferences. It must be remembered that oral translation is provided by an interpreter and written translation by a translator.

Types of interpretation


	Consecutive interpreting - Speaker's text is interpreted usually by time slots of 5 to 15 minutes, depending on the difficulty of the text, interpreting by shorter phases is also called parroting. Consecutive interpretation requires no special equipment; interpreters use their notes taken during the speech.
	Simultaneous interpreting - Interpretation is performed at interpreter's booth simultaneously with the speaker's presentation and the text in the target language reaches the listeners through special headphones. There are normally at least two interpreters in the interpreter’s booth since one interpreter cannot interpret for more than half an hour on a continuous basis.
	Whispered interpreting - Similar to simultaneous interpretation in that the interpretation takes place simultaneously with the speaking, but is characterised by no requirement of special equipment and the interpretation is whispered to only a few people.
	Written text interpreting - In this case not spoken text is interpreted, instead, the source-language text is read from sheet and interpretation is given orally.
	Sign language interpreting - As the name says the text is either interpreted into or from sign language in order to ensure the linguistic equality of all parties involved. In Estonia, this type of interpreting is provided by Estonian Association of Sign Language Interpreters.


 

 

<strong>8. </strong><strong>Differences between </strong><strong>W</strong><strong>ritten and </strong><strong>O</strong><strong>ral </strong><strong>T</strong><strong>ranslation </strong>


	Written Translation → Cover to Cover and Selective Translation
	Oral Translation


Even though both deal with putting texts into a different language, written translation and interpretation differ in various aspects. The most evident differences among others are:

<strong>Recorded or not</strong>

Interpreter interprets once and nobody will hear, read or analyse it again. Written translation, however, is recorded, it can be repeatedly read, amended, analysed, retranslated, etc.

<strong>Tools</strong>

Interpreter’s tools are mainly the source text and his or her own knowledge, while it is also important to guess what the speaker might say next. Translator, however, can use various dictionaries, other texts on the same subject and also expert advice and instructions. As the time for contemplation is very scarce in the case of simultaneous interpreting, interpreters may fall into difficulties when trying to convey e.g. jokes or idioms, as the detection of equivalents may require more time that is available in the interpretation process.

<strong>Time for contemplation</strong>

Simultaneous and whispered interpreting leaves minimum time to think, one must react immediately when the speaker has begun a sentence. Consecutive interpreting offers a bit more time, for interpreting is slightly delayed. Written translation provides as much time as stipulated by the deadline, and, as a rule, translator has time to go over the translation.

<strong>Team work</strong>

This only applies to simultaneous interpretation where each booth has two or three interpreters that help each other if necessary. Translators, however, mostly work alone, although they may consult with specialists, etc.

<strong>Client feedback </strong>

In case of interpretation client is present and able to comment after interpretation on the merits and drawbacks of specific interpretation. In the case of translation the feedback does not occur immediately, and it may happen that client gives no feedback at all.

 

<strong>9. </strong><strong>Translation Process and Translator</strong><strong> :-</strong> Translation is the process of transferring the information contents of the text in one language (L1) into another language (L2). The former (L1) is called the ‘<strong>Source Language (SL)</strong>’ and the latter (L2) is called the ‘<strong>Target Language (TL)</strong>’. In the translation process, the language expert analyses the given text in the source language from various view points including meaning, grammatical structure of the sentence(s), terminology, etc. and comprehends the information contents of the sentence(s). The more accurate the comprehension of the information contents of the sentence(s), the more precise will be its transfer in target language. If the translator fails to understand the message communicated by the source language, the information transferred into target language will either be distorted or inadequate. A translator, therefore, should have sufficient knowledge of the source language as well as of the target language. In addition, s/he should be a subject expert to understand the terminology of the given subject. Each discipline has its own peculiar jargons and terms and a good translator should have in depth knowledge of these terms in both the languages. Thus, subject knowledge is an essential requirement, specifically for translating S&amp;T documents.

<br>
<strong>10. </strong><strong>Translation Methods</strong><strong> :- </strong>The appropriate method of translating any text depends on the material to be translated. The Translation Methods are generally of two types, Literal Translation and Literary Translation.

Material in science, technology and social sciences is translated adhering to the contents of the original. This is known as <strong>Literal Translation</strong>. Literal translation is utilised for factual type of materials such as commercial correspondence, legal materials, technical materials as well as scholarly materials in the pure and applied sciences and social sciences.

Whereas translation of materials in humanities such as novels, plays, poetry, films, television, radio, motion picture scripts and vocal music texts, etc. is <strong>Literary Translation</strong>.

 

Literal and Literary method of translation differs from each other in some ways -


	The style and techniques of expressing feelings are more important in case of Literary Translation then Literal.
	Second difference is the delivery of material in target language. Translation of literary material is destined for mass consumption. On the other hand scientific, technical, legal and commercial materials are intended for the specialists in a given field.
	The other major difference is that science and technology translations are done once, while literary classics (such as novels, religious books like Bible, Bhagwat Gita, etc.) are repeatedly translated.


 

 

<strong>11. </strong><strong>Translation Services in S &amp; T</strong><strong> :-</strong> Various disciplines of science and technology (S&amp;T) as well as newer interdisciplinary areas such as environmental studies, medical electronics, biotechnology, etc. are more in numbers than those in humanities and social sciences. Advances in these fields occur much more rapidly a
description: Translation Service - An Important Service Of Library Organization
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