cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Towards a precision calculation of $N_{\rm eff}$ in the Standard Model II: Neutrino decoupling in the presence of flavour oscillations and finite-temperature QED
Creators: name: Bennett, Jack J.
name: Buldgen, Gilles
name: de Salas, Pablo F.
name: Drewes, Marco
name: Gariazzo, Stefano
name: Pastor, Sergio
name: Wong, Yvonne Y. Y.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present in this work a new calculation of the standard-model benchmark value for the effective number of neutrinos, $N_{\rm eff}^{\rm SM}$, that quantifies the cosmological neutrino-to-photon energy densities. The calculation takes into account neutrino flavour oscillations, finite-temperature effects in the quantum electrodynamics plasma to ${\cal O}(e^3)$, where $e$ is the elementary electric charge, and a full evaluation of the neutrino--neutrino collision integral. We provide furthermore a detailed assessment of the uncertainties in the benchmark $N_{\rm eff}^{\rm SM}$ value, through testing the value's dependence on (i)~optional approximate modelling of the weak collision integrals, (ii)~measurement errors in the physical parameters of the weak sector, and (iii)~numerical convergence, particularly in relation to momentum discretisation. Our new, recommended standard-model benchmark is $N_{\rm eff}^{\rm SM} = 3.0440 \pm 0.0002$, where the nominal uncertainty is attributed predominantly to errors incurred in the numerical solution procedure ($|δN_{\rm eff}| \sim10^{-4}$), augmented by measurement errors in the solar mixing angle $\sin^2θ_{12}$ ($|δN_{\rm eff}| \sim10^{-4}$).
description: 31 pages, 7 figures. Version accepted for publication in JCAP
Evaluating Farming Practices: Use of Health and Ecological Risk Concepts
Creators: name: Hayashi, Kiyotada
name: Hayashi, Kiyotada
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Farm Management

description: Methodologies for evaluating farming practices are reviewed to provide systematic perspectives on agri-environmental issues in which diversified research topics have been discussed. As a representative method for selecting farm management systems, multicriteria analysis is surveyed and difficulties in weighting procedure are outlined. To resolve the difficulties, applicability of risk concepts for health and ecological issues is examined. After clarifying relationships between farming practices and their environmental impacts by a mapping technique, problems with valuations of human health and the environment are investigated. Since a common measure is difficult to obtain, problems with weighting are revisited and a dilemma in applying economic evaluation methods and decision analytic approaches is discussed.
Additional file 7 of Implementing a Medicines at Transitions Intervention (MaTI) for patients with heart failure: a process evaluation of the Improving the Safety and Continuity Of Medicines management at Transitions of care (ISCOMAT) cluster randomised controlled trial
Creators: name: Powell, Catherine
name: Ismail, Hanif
name: Breen, Liz
name: Fylan, Beth
name: Alderson, Sarah L
name: Gale, Chris P
name: Gardner, Peter
name: Silcock, Jonathan
name: Cundill, Bonnie
name: Farrin, Amanda
name: Mason, Ellen
name: Moreau, Lauren
name: Alldred, David P
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: Medicine
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Cancer
Science Policy

description: Additional file 7.
Evaluasi Jurnal : Menuju Reakreditasi Dengan Instrumen Baru ARJUNA 2021
Creators: name: Akbar, Muh. Firyal
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Jurnal
ARJUNA

description: Materi ini dibawakan dalam kegiatan Review Persiapan Akreditasi Jurnal Administrasi Negara Politeknik STIA LAN Makassar, Selasa Tgl 7 Desember 2021
Entanglement and quantum phase transition in quantum mixed spin chains
Creators: name: Li, Shang-Bin
name: Xu, Zhao-Xing
name: Dai, Jian-Hui
name: Xu, Jing-Bo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The ground entanglement and thermal entanglement in quantum mixed spin chains consisting of two integer spins 1 and two half integer spins 1/2 arrayed as ${1/2}-{1/2}-1-1$ in a unit cell with antiferromagnetic nearest-neighbor couplings $J_1$($J_2$) between the spins of equal (different) magnitudes, are investigated by adopting the log-negativity. The ground entanglement transition found here is closely related with the valence bond state transition, and the thermal entanglement near the critical point is calculated and shown that two distinct behaviors exist in the nearest neighbor same kind of spins and different kind of spins, respectively. The potential application of our results on the quantum information processing is also discussed.
description: 5 pages, 4 figures, RevTex4, A minor correction is added into the figure caption
Grammatical elicitation: Classifiers with quantifiers, short narrative
Creators: name: Calmo Jerónimo, Brenda
name: Lemon, Tyler
Publisher: name: California Language Archive, University of California, Berkeley
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: mvj

description: Grammatical elicitation to see if there is something like a universal quantifier, and, if so, whether it shows the same behavior with regards to bound and unbound possessors and classifiers (no classifier for a bound possessor, classifier for an unbound possessor). A short narrative was also elicited to see where classifiers are first used.
A food-based habitat-selection model for grizzly bears in Kluane National Park, Yukon
Creators: name: McCormick, James Edward
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: I examined the relationship between plant food abundance and diet, and habitat selection by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Alsek River Valley, Kluane National Park (KNP) in 1995 and 1996. I built a simple model that combined how much food was present in each bear habitat type (BHT) with how prevalent that food was in the diet of grizzly bears to produce a habitat food value (HFV) for each BHT. I tested the effectiveness of the model using habitat selection data from radio-collared grizzly bears. I designed this model to make a priori predictions of selection of BHTs by grizzly bears. The model combined the relative food abundances from each BHT with the respective seasonal food values to produce a HFV for each BHT. I calculated the relative abundance of 10 grizzlybear plant foods within 8 BHTs from 478 food abundance plots. Diet was inferred from an analysis of scats collected in KNP. Four dietary seasons were distinguished based on shifts in plant foods eaten. I calculated a food value by dietary season for each plant food based on relative consumption of that food within that season. BHTs were ranked by HFV within each season and these ranks represented predicted habitat selection by grizzly bears. I tested the utility of this model by comparing actual habitat selection with the predictions of my model. Actual selection of BHTs by grizzly bears was measured from aerial locations (n=365) of radio-collared grizzly bears and then ranked within each dietary season. I compared the ranks of actual habitat selection (grizzly bear telemetry locations) to the ranks of predicted habitat selection (HFVs). HFVs were successful predictors of grizzly bear habitat selection. This simple food-based model may be used by Park managers to minimise human disturbance of grizzly bears in the Alsek valley by restricting human activity in areas of high grizzly bear food value.
Segmentation Analysis of Grocery Shoppers in Alabama
Creators: name: Mukiibi, Michael L.
name: Bukenya, James O.
name: Mukiibi, Michael L.
name: Bukenya, James O.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety

description: Using survey responses from over 500 responses, this paper conducts a market segmentation of grocery shoppers in Alabama. By employing cluster analysis technique, Alabama grocery shoppers are segmented into three different groups based on the relative importance of factors that describe their shopping experiences.
Deep Ensemble of Weighted Viterbi Decoders for Tail-Biting Convolutional Codes
Creators: name: Raviv, Tomer
name: Schwartz, Asaf
name: Be'ery, Yair
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Information Theory (cs.IT)
subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Tail-biting convolutional codes extend the classical zero-termination convolutional codes: Both encoding schemes force the equality of start and end states, but under the tail-biting each state is a valid termination. This paper proposes a machine-learning approach to improve the state-of-the-art decoding of tail-biting codes, focusing on the widely employed short length regime as in the LTE standard. This standard also includes a CRC code. First, we parameterize the circular Viterbi algorithm, a baseline decoder that exploits the circular nature of the underlying trellis. An ensemble combines multiple such weighted decoders, each decoder specializes in decoding words from a specific region of the channel words' distribution. A region corresponds to a subset of termination states; the ensemble covers the entire states space. A non-learnable gating satisfies two goals: it filters easily decoded words and mitigates the overhead of executing multiple weighted decoders. The CRC criterion is employed to choose only a subset of experts for decoding purpose. Our method achieves FER improvement of up to 0.75dB over the CVA in the waterfall region for multiple code lengths, adding negligible computational complexity compared to the circular Viterbi algorithm in high SNRs.
Gravitational Collapse of Circularly Symmetric Stiff Fluid with Self-Similarity in 2+1 Gravity
Creators: name: Miguelote, A. Y.
name: Tomimura, N. A.
name: Wang, Anzhong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Linear perturbations of homothetic self-similar stiff fluid solutions, $S[n]$, with circular symmetry in 2+1 gravity are studied. It is found that, except for those with $n = 1$ and $n = 3$, none of them is stable and all have more than one unstable mode. Hence, {\em none of these solutions can be critical}.
description: latex file, 1 figure; last version to appear in Prog. Theor. Phys
From Product Inspection to Total Quality Management in the Food Supply Chain
Creators: name: Gottlieb-Petersen, Christian
name: Knudsen, Susanne
name: Gottlieb-Petersen, Christian
name: Knudsen, Susanne
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety

description: The problem of defining, implementing and inspecting quality assurance schemes for all types of primary agricultural products is described and various examples from Denmark and other European countries are mentioned. The trends as to requirements, management and documentation as well as assessment are discussed from a European point of view. The authors suggest Total Quality Management in a form adapted to the food supply chain.
Additional file 1 of Mental health on two continua: mental wellbeing and common mental disorders in a community-based cross-sectional study with women in urban informal settlements in India
Creators: name: Kanougiya, Suman
name: Daruwalla, Nayreen
name: Osrin, David
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: Mental Health

description: Supplementary Material 1
Optimal Length of Leys in an Area with Winter Damage Problems – Optimal Economic Lengths of Leys
Creators: name: Hegrenes, Agnar
name: Lien, Gudbrand D.
name: Hardaker, J. Brian
name: Hegrenes, Agnar
name: Lien, Gudbrand D.
name: Hardaker, J. Brian
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Farm Management

description: The optimal economic life cycle of grass leys with winter damage problems in northern Norway and the threshold of winter damage before it is profitable to re-seed grasses are investigated. The loss in profit of a sub-optimal strategy compared to an optimal strategy is briefly discussed. An infinite horizon stochastic dynamic programming model including a normally distributed yield process with possibilities for discrete downward jumps is developed. The jump process reflects the sudden drop in production after winter damage. Normally the yield of ley increases the first few years after a year with downward jump, and this dynamic is included in the model. The transition probabilities used in the model are estimated with Monte Carlo simulation. Our result show that, in the case of winter damage of 50% or more compared to fields without winter damage, it is optimal to replace the ley immediately. If the winter damage is limited to 20-40% of the yield of fields without winter damage, the replacement decision depends on the age of the ley and the current yield level. It does not always pay to replace immediately mildly winter damaged fields that are still producing high yields. It does not pay to replace a ley if there has been no winter damage since establishment and if the relative yield level is ‘satisfactory’ at least until the first episode of winter damage occurs.
Nonlinear Hydromagnetic Wave Support of a Stratified Molecular Cloud II: A Parameter Study
Creators: name: Kudoh, Takahiro
name: Basu, Shantanu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We use numerical simulations to study the effect of nonlinear MHD waves in a stratified, self-gravitating molecular cloud that is bounded by a hot and tenuous external medium. In a previous paper, we had shown the details of a standard model and studied the effect of varying the dimensionless amplitude. In this paper, we present the results of varying two other important free parameters: beta_0, the initial ratio of gas to magnetic pressure at the cloud midplane, and the dimensionless frequency of driving. Furthermore, we present the case of a temporally random driving force. Our results demonstrate that a very important consideration for the actual level of turbulent support against gravity is the ratio of driving wavelength lambda_0 to the the size of the initial non-turbulent cloud; maximum cloud expansion is achieved when this ratio is close to unity. The best consistency with the observational correlation of magnetic field strength, turbulent line width, and density is achieved by cloud models with beta_0 approx 1. We also calculate the spatial power spectra of the turbulent clouds, and show that significant power is developed on scales larger than the scale length H_0 of the initial cloud, even if the input wavelength of turbulence lambda_0 approx H_0. The cloud stratification and resulting increase of Alfven speed toward the cloud edge allows for a transfer of energy to wavelengths significantly larger than lambda_0. This explains why the relevant time scale for turbulent dissipation is the crossing time over the cloud scale rather than the crossing time over the driving scale.
description: 35 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ, a preprint with fine figures at http://yso.mtk.nao.ac.jp/~kudoh/publist_e.html
Reduce the Nitrogen Loss and Maintain the income – The Economics of Manure Handling
Creators: name: Jacobsen, Brian H.
name: Jacobsen, Brian H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Farm Management
subject: Cost of slurry storage
subject: cost of manure application
subject: marginal value of Nitrogen

description: In this paper, an economic analysis of different ways to cover the slurry tank and apply the slurry to the field has been carried out. It is found that covering slurry tanks with either straw or a floating lid is profitable. New field application techniques have become more profitable since an N-norm of 10% under the economic optimum was adopted in Denmark. This has increased the shadow price of nitrogen. When applying animal manure, injection is a profitable alternative to trailing hoses in spring crops before sowing and in many forage crops, as it gives higher yields and sometimes also higher protein content. Injection of animal manure can in some cases eliminate the negative economic effect of a nitrogen norm. There are no clear advantages of using injection in winter crops, but it is a technique that more Danish farms will use in the years to come. The paper finishes by outlining different whole manure chain systems where for example separation techniques will be analysed further. Theses systems are constructed in order to ensure that the nutrients are maintained in the different links of the N-chain.
Deconfinement critical point of lattice QCD with $N_{\rm f}=2$ Wilson fermions
Creators: name: Cuteri, Francesca
name: Philipsen, Owe
name: Schön, Alena
name: Sciarra, Alessandro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The ${\rm SU}(3)$ pure gauge theory exhibits a first-order thermal deconfinement transition due to spontaneous breaking of its global $Z_3$ center symmetry. When heavy dynamical quarks are added, this symmetry is broken explicitly and the transition weakens with decreasing quark mass until it disappears at a critical point. We compute the critical hopping parameter and the associated pion mass for lattice QCD with $N_f=2$ degenerate standard Wilson fermions on $N_τ\in\{6,8,10\}$ lattices, corresponding to lattice spacings $a=0.12\, {\rm fm}$, $a=0.09\, {\rm fm}$, $a=0.07\, {\rm fm}$, respectively. Significant cut-off effects are observed, with the first-order region growing as the lattice gets finer. While current lattices are still too coarse for a continuum extrapolation, we estimate $m_π^c\approx 4 {\rm GeV}$ with a remaining systematic error of $\sim 20\%$. Our results allow to assess the accuracy of the LO and NLO hopping expanded fermion determinant used in the literature for various purposes. We also provide a detailed investigation of the statistics required for this type of calculation, which is useful for similar investigations of the chiral transition.
description: 12 pages, 6 figures, minor changes to match the version published in PRD
Gaussian Process Foreground Subtraction and Power Spectrum Estimation for 21 cm Cosmology
Creators: name: Kern, Nicholas
name: Liu, Adrian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: One of the primary challenges in enabling the scientific potential of 21 cm intensity mapping at the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) is the separation of astrophysical foreground contamination. Recent works have claimed that Gaussian process regression (GPR) can robustly perform this separation, particularly at low Fourier $k$ wavenumbers where the signal reaches its peak signal-to-noise ratio. We revisit this topic by casting GPR foreground subtraction (GPR-FS) into the quadratic estimator formalism, thereby putting its statistical properties on stronger theoretical footing. We find that GPR-FS can distort the window functions at these low k modes, which, without proper decorrelation, make it difficult to probe the EoR power spectrum. Incidentally, we also show that GPR-FS is in fact closely related to the widely studied optimal quadratic estimator. As a case study, we look at recent power spectrum upper limits from the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) that utilized GPR-FS. We pay close attention to their normalization scheme, showing that it is particularly sensitive to signal loss when the EoR covariance is misestimated. This implies possible ramifications for recent astrophysical interpretations of the LOFAR limits, because many of the EoR models ruled out do not fall within the bounds of the covariance models explored by LOFAR. Being more robust to this bias (although not entirely free of it), we conclude that the quadratic estimator is a more natural framework for implementing GPR-FS and computing the 21 cm power spectrum.
description: accepted to MNRAS
Intrinsic Periodicity of Time and Non-maximal Entropy of Universe
Creators: name: Nielsen, Holger B.
name: Ninomiya, Masao
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The universe is certainly not yet in total thermodynamical equilibrium,so clearly some law telling about special initial conditions is needed. A universe or a system imposed to behave periodically gets thereby required ``initial conditions". Those initial conditions will \underline{not} look like having already suffered the heat death, i.e. obtained the maximal entropy, like a random state. The intrinsic periodicity explains successfully why entropy is not maximal, but fails phenomenologically by leading to a \underline{constant}entropy.
description: 8 pages
Additional file 1 of The prognostic role of circulating tumour DNA detected prior to clinical diagnosis of colorectal cancer in the HUNT study
Creators: name: Brenne, Siv Stakset
name: Madsen, Poul Henning
name: Pedersen, Inge Søkilde
name: Hveem, Kristian
name: Skorpen, Frank
name: Krarup, Henrik Bygum
name: Xanthoulis, Athanasios
name: Laugsand, Eivor Alette
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biophysics
Biochemistry
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Pharmacology
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
Cancer

description: Supplementary Material 1.
Numerical self-consistent stellar models of thin disks
Creators: name: Ujevic, Maximiliano
name: Letelier, Patricio S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We find a numerical self-consistent stellar model by finding the distribution function of a thin disk that satisfies simultaneously the Fokker-Planck and Poisson equations. The solution of the Fokker-Planck equation is found by a direct numerical solver using finite differences and a variation of Stone's method. The collision term in the Fokker-Planck equation is found using the local approximation and the Rosenbluth potentials. The resulting diffusion coefficients are explicitly evaluated using a Maxwellian distribution for the field stars. As a paradigmatic example, we apply the numerical formalism to find the distribution function of a Kuzmin-Toomre thin disk. This example is studied in some detail showing that the method applies to a large family of actual galaxies.
description: 12 pages, 9 figures, version accepted in Astronomy & Astrophysics
An accurate and computationally-efficient model for boron implants through an overlying oxide layer into single-crystal (100) silicon
Creators: name: Lim, Hsuan-Yu, 1967-
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 1993
Subjects: subject: Boron
subject: Integrated circuits
subject: Oxides
subject: Silicon crystals
subject: Ion implantation
subject: Thin films
subject: Boron
subject: Integrated circuits
subject: Oxides
subject: Silicon crystals
subject: Ion implantation
subject: Thin films

description: In many of the current implant applications in integrated circuits, a thin overlying amorphous oxide layer is often used to reduce the depth of dopant profiles by reducing the amount of channeling. The oxide layer is believed to randomly scatter a well-collimated (≤ 0.5° divergence) ion beam into a cone-shape angular distribution prior to its entry into the underlying single-crystal silicon. In this manner, most of the ions are scattered away from major axial and planar channels. A computationally-efficient 1-D model for boron implantation into single-crystal silicon through a screen oxide layer was developed. This model is of great interest and importance to the semiconductor industry for understanding process control issues in manufacturing and for guiding technology development. In developing this model, approximately 400 SIMS experimental profiles were obtained. In addition, the UT-MARLOWE Monte Carlo ion implant code was improved to generate boron profiles for part of the implant parameter space. It has been observed that boron implanted profiles are significantly dependent on the implant dose, energy, oxide layer thickness, tilt angle and rotation angle. A curve-fitting software program that uses the Dual Pearson Distribution function was used to extract the nine parameter values which define each profile. The parameters extracted for each profile are arranged into a lookup table where each set of nine parameter values corresponds to the profile for a particular combination of implant dose, energy, tilt angle, rotation angle and oxide thickness. Linear interpolation functions are employed to generate profiles for which there are no explicit set of parameters. This computationally-efficient model is able to generate as-implanted profiles of boron implantation through thin overlying oxides ranging from bare silicon (with a native oxide of approximately I.6nm) to 40nm, implant energies ranging from 15keV to 80keV, doses up to 1x10¹⁶cm⁻², tilt angles ranging from 0°-10°, and rotation angles ranging from 0°-360°. This model is being implemented into SUPREM III, a widely used process simulation program used in the semiconductor industry in order to demonstrate the model. In this manner, the model will allow users to generate, in a highly computationally-efficient manner, accurate 1-D boron profiles as a function of implant dose, energy, oxide thickness, tilt angle and rotation angle
Three-neutron resonance trajectories for realistic interaction models
Creators: name: Lazauskas, R.
name: Carbonell, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Three-neutron resonances are investigated using realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction models. The resonance pole trajectories are explored by first adding an additional interaction to artificially bind the three-neutron system and then gradually removing it. The pole positions for the three-neutron states up to J=5/2 are localized in the third energy quadrant-Im (E)<=0, Re (E)<=0-well before the additional interaction is removed. Our study shows that realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction models exclude any possible experimental signature of three-neutron resonances.
description: 13 pages ; 8 figs ; 5 tables
La ricerca sui vaccini tra brevetti e accesso aperto alla conoscenza scientifica
Creators: name: Caso, Roberto
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Vaccine
Patent
COVID-19
Intellectual Property
Open Science

description: La produzione di vaccini anti-COVID-19 rappresenta, al momento, il dispositivo più rilevante per mettere fine alla pandemia. Il successo della campagna vaccinale mondiale dipende da molti fattori. Tra questi fattori vi sono anche gli strumenti giuridici di controllo esclusivo delle informazioni alla base della tecnologia dei vaccini. Brevetti per invenzione industriale, altre forme di proprietà intellettuale e segreti commerciali divengono oggetto di un’ampia discussione politica, filosofica, storica, economica e giuridica. In particolare, il dibattito dispiegatosi nel primo anno di pandemia da coronavirus mette al centro dell’attenzione i brevetti sui vaccini. Da una parte, vi è chi difende il ruolo dei brevetti e della proprietà intellettuale come strumento irrinunciabile di incentivo all’innovazione. Dall’altra, un movimento di idee e azioni sempre più esteso reclama interventi normativi immediati che conducano i vaccini a essere un bene comune dell’umanità. Occorre competere tra Stati, centri di ricerca e imprese per il controllo esclusivo di conoscenze e tecnologie, o invece occorre cooperare mettendo, innanzitutto, i vaccini in pubblico dominio?
Space-charge effects in the field-assisted thermionic emission from nonuniform cathodes
Creators: name: Sitek, Anna
name: Torfason, Kristinn
name: Manolescu, Andrei
name: Valfells, Agust
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We use computational simulations to study the electron emission and propagation in planar vacuum diodes. We show how space-charge affects thermionic emission from cathodes with two different values of work function that form a checkerboard pattern of finite extent on the cathode surface. We confirm that, for intermediate cathode temperature, the local current density from low work function regions can exceed the space-charge limit for the entire cathode. As the cathode temperature rises space-charge effects lead to homogeneous current density from the interior of the emitting area and a higher current density from its periphery. We show how beam emittance and brightness are affected, and show that the operating temperature for optimal brightness is such that it corresponds to the transition region between source-limited and space-charge limited emission. Finally we show how beam current and beam quality depend on how fine grained the structure of the cathode is.
description: 7 pages, 9 figures
How Will New Farmers Control Farmland
Creators: name: Ibendahl, Gregory A.
name: McCain, Michael
name: Ibendahl, Gregory A.
name: McCain, Michael
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Farm Management

description: The U.S. will soon see many farmers retire and younger farmers taking their place. These younger farmers would prefer to purchase the land rather than rent because of the advantages associated with ownership. However, these farmers need to determine how many acres they need to rent in order to support their purchased land and still provide funds for family living. The model developed here is applied to a typical farm in the Midwest. The results indicate that cash rent is a key element of the model.
Transformational Crisis, Transformational Depression, The Changing Agriculture The Hungarian Case
Creators: name: Halmai, Peter
name: Vasary, Viktoria
name: Halmai, Peter
name: Vasary, Viktoria
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: transformational crisis
subject: transformational depression
subject: EU-adaptation in the agricultural sector

description: Using the expression "transformational crisis" invented by János Kornai and used for the whole national economy the paper intends to define the common characteristics of this transformational crisis evolved in the countries concerned. Besides the paper tries to define and interpret this expression in sector approach just as to further develop it in consideration of agriculture. The eastern enlargement of the EU is considered to be different from the former enlargements when it came to the accession of countries with comparatively consolidated agricultural structure and increasing agricultural output. In Hungary the very source of possible difficulties is to be seeked in the transformational depression. Due to the transformational depression the EU-adaptation led to difficulties in the short run and could lead to difficulties in the long run.
Efficiency of molecular motors at maximum power
Creators: name: Schmiedl, Tim
name: Seifert, Udo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Molecular motors transduce chemical energy obtained from hydrolizing ATP into mechanical work exerted against an external force. We calculate their efficiency at maximum power output for two simple generic models and show that the qualitative behaviour depends crucially on the position of the transition state. Specifically, we find a transition state near the initial state (sometimes characterized as a "power stroke") to be most favorable with respect to both high power output and high efficiency at maximum power. In this regime, driving the motor further out of equilibrium by applying higher chemical potential differences can even, counter-intuitively, increase the efficiency.
description: published in EPL: http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0295-5075/83/3/30005
Recovering Density Fields inside Quasar Proximity Zones at $z\sim 6$
Creators: name: Chen, Huanqing
name: Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The matter density field at $z\sim 6$ is very challenging to probe. One of the traditional probes of the low density IGM that works successfully at lower redshifts is the Lyman-alpha forest in quasar spectra. However, at the end of reionization, the residual neutral hydrogen usually creates saturated absorption, thus much of the information about the gas density is lost. Luckily, in a quasar proximity zone, the ionizing radiation is exceptionally intense, thus creating a large region with non-zero transmitted flux. In this study we use the synthetic spectra from simulations to investigate how to recover the density fluctuations inside the quasar proximity zones. We show that, under ideal conditions, the density can be recovered accurately with a small scatter. We also discuss how systematics such as the quasar continuum fitting and reionization models affect the results. This study shows that by analyzing the absorption features inside quasar proximity zones we can potentially constrain quasar properties and the environments they reside in.
description: 12 pages, 12 figures, comments welcome
Transformation and its Impact on Structural Changes in Polish Agriculture
Creators: name: Przygodzka, Renata
name: Dziemianowicz, Ryta Iwona
name: Przygodzka, Renata
name: Dziemianowicz, Ryta Iwona
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Farm Management
subject: transformation
subject: structural changes(transformations)
subject: agriculture
subject: Poland

description: The following article analyses the structural changes of the Polish agriculture, which have been influenced by the transformation processes. These processes have been caused and influenced by phenomenas of a various scope and impact, but from the point of view of functioning of agricultural farming a few major factors may be outlined. Amongst the mentioned factors one can find: price decontrol and liberalisation, which have influenced the processes of price and agricultural products realisation, international trade realisation, which have "forced" the increase of business competitiveness in the rural areas, liquidation of state owned and monopolized farming institutions, the lack of which has given those areas the push towards individualized entrepreneurship and finally the processes of the privatization of the social agricultural sector, which have caused the flux of land ownership but has also became the cause of potential problems for post-State owned agricultural areas.
Testing Theories of Cooperative Arrangements in Agricultural Markets: Results from Producer Groups in Poland
Creators: name: Banaszak, Ilona
name: Banaszak, Ilona
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: Cooperation
subject: agricultural markets
subject: producer groups
subject: Poland

description: The main question posed in the paper asks why do some cooperative arrangements in agricultural markets survive and succeed and others fail? We define "success" and factors affecting success of cooperation using transaction costs theory and game theory. Transaction costs theory provides insights on comparative advantage of one form of organization versus others and proposes, while game theory focuses on interdependencies between partners entering the arrangements. Data were collected from 62 Polish farmer cooperative organizations called producer groups. The main aim of those organizations was to organize joint sales of output produced individually by their members. Some of the groups were functioning effectively while others that had disbanded or were no longer performing their essential functions. Variables such as the leader's strength, previous business acquaintances, initial selection of members, and number of members have a significant positive impact on the likelihood of success of the researched organizations.
Additional file 1 of Private provider practices and incentives for hypertension management in rural and peri-urban Telangana, India– a qualitative study
Creators: name: Gupte, Samriddhi S
name: Sachdeva, Ashish
name: Kabra, Aman
name: Singh, Bhanu Pratap
name: Krishna, Ashish
name: Pathni, Anupam Khungar
name: Sharma, Bhawna
name: Moran, Andrew
name: Mamindla, Amarendar Reddy
name: Kannuri, Nanda Kishore
name: Deo, Sarang
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: Supplementary Material 1.
Changes in agricultural holdings structure during the transition period in Slovenia
Creators: name: Udovc, Andrej
name: Udovc, Andrej
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: farm structure
subject: transition
subject: socio-economic types of farms
subject: Slovenia.

description: The paper presents the socio-economic restructuring of Slovene agricultural holding due to different transitional processes, such as denationalisation and privatisation, as the biggest property right transformation processes in Slovenia during transition period, as well as agricultural property transactions and will discuss other factors (loss of jobs, unemployment, accession etc) which influenced the recent development. At the end also the future possible development trends in agricultural holdings structure are presented.
Boosting with early stopping: Convergence and consistency
Creators: name: Zhang, Tong
name: Yu, Bin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 62G05, 62G08 (Primary)

description: Boosting is one of the most significant advances in machine learning for classification and regression. In its original and computationally flexible version, boosting seeks to minimize empirically a loss function in a greedy fashion. The resulting estimator takes an additive function form and is built iteratively by applying a base estimator (or learner) to updated samples depending on the previous iterations. An unusual regularization technique, early stopping, is employed based on CV or a test set. This paper studies numerical convergence, consistency and statistical rates of convergence of boosting with early stopping, when it is carried out over the linear span of a family of basis functions. For general loss functions, we prove the convergence of boosting's greedy optimization to the infinimum of the loss function over the linear span. Using the numerical convergence result, we find early-stopping strategies under which boosting is shown to be consistent based on i.i.d. samples, and we obtain bounds on the rates of convergence for boosting estimators. Simulation studies are also presented to illustrate the relevance of our theoretical results for providing insights to practical aspects of boosting. As a side product, these results also reveal the importance of restricting the greedy search step-sizes, as known in practice through the work of Friedman and others. Moreover, our results lead to a rigorous proof that for a linearly separable problem, AdaBoost with ε\to0 step-size becomes an L^1-margin maximizer when left to run to convergence.
description: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/009053605000000255 in the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
On Interacting Higher Spin Bosonic Gauge Fields in BRST-antifield Formalism
Creators: name: Sakaguchi, Makoto
name: Suzuki, Haruya
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We examine interacting bosonic higher spin gauge fields in the BRST-antifield formalism. Assuming that an interacting action $S$ is a deformation of the free action with a deformation parameter $g$, we solve the master equation $(S,S)=0$ from the lower orders in $g$. It is shown that choosing a certain cubic interaction as the first order deformation, we can solve the master equation and obtain an action containing all orders in $g$. The anti-ghost number of the obtained action is less than or equal to two. Furthermore we show that the obtained action is lifted to that of interacting bosonic higher spin gauge fields on anti-de Sitter spaces.
description: 28 pages. typos fixed, published version
Boltzmann Temperature in out-of-equilibrium lattice gas
Creators: name: de Oliveira, Mario J.
name: Petri, Alberto
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the quench of Ising and Potts models via Monte Carlo dynamics, and find that the distribution of the site-site interaction energy has the same form as in the equilibrium case. This form directly derives from the Boltzmann statistics and allows to measure the instantaneous temperature during the systems relaxation. We find that, after an undercritical quench, the system equilibrates in a finite time at the heatbath temperature, while the energy still decreases due to the coarsening process.
description: 14 pages, 9 figures
Additional file 1 of Effect of sequencing platforms on the sensitivity of chemical mutation detection using Hawk-Seq™
Creators: name: Hosoi, Sayaka
name: Hirose, Takako
name: Matsumura, Shoji
name: Otsubo, Yuki
name: Saito, Kazutoshi
name: Miyazawa, Masaaki
name: Suzuki, Takayoshi
name: Masumura, Kenichi
name: Sugiyama, Kei-ichi
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Supplementary Material 1
Signature of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model with Right-Handed Neutrinos in Long Baseline Experiments
Creators: name: Ota, Toshihiko
name: Sato, Joe
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The effective interactions which violate a lepton flavor accompanied with neutrinos (nLFV) are considered. Such a new physics effect is expected to be measured in future neutrino oscillation experiments with long baseline. They are induced by radiative correction in the framework of the minimal supersymmetric standard model with right-handed neutrinos. We numerically evaluate the size of the couplings for nLFV interactions in this framework. The slepton mixing is not only the origin of the lepton flavor violation in the charged lepton sector (cLFV) but also that of the nLFV. We find that the nLFV couplings are strongly correlated with the corresponding cLFV process, and they are constrained at $\mathcal{O}(10^{-5})$ times smaller than the standard four-Fermi couplings.
description: 29 pages, 6 eps files
Experimental validation of collective effects modeling at injector section of x-ray free-electron laser
Creators: name: Zagorodnov, Igor
name: Tomin, Sergey
name: Chen, Ye
name: Brinker, Frank
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider the collective beam dynamics at the injector section of the European XFEL. The results of the measurements for the longitudinal phase space (LPS) of the electron beam are compared with those obtained from numerical modeling. A new approach is proposed for the analysis of the self-field effects in the LPS measurements. It allows to determine accurately the synchronous RF phase in an accelerating module and to subtract properly the RF curvature imprinted in the LPS. A further incorporation with the simulation made it possible to separate the collective effects originating from different sources and thus to quantify, individually, the impact of these effects on the beam dynamics. This includes the space-charge dominated beam dynamics in the RF gun as well as the collective effects dominated by the wake fields after the gun up to the end of the injector section. A new analytical model is also proposed for the short-range wake function of a finite chain of RF cavities and verified by both numerical analysis and experimental results. It is shown that the physical models used in the simulation of the beam dynamics after the gun allow to reduce the absolute error in the modeling of the correlated energy chirp by order of magnitude in comparison with the case when the collective effects after the gun are neglected.
description: 26 pages, 13 figures
Factors of Efficiency Change of Assets on the EU-15 and Hungarian Farms from 1990s
Creators: name: Takacs, Istvan
name: Baranyai, Zsolt
name: Takacs, Emese
name: Takacs, Istvan
name: Baranyai, Zsolt
name: Takacs, Emese
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Farm Management
subject: gross margin
subject: farm number
subject: farm structure
subject: productivity
subject: FADN

description: Efficiency of farm assets is a very important factor of competitive production. It could be in strong correlation with profitability of economic activities. One of the most important factor of the farm assets is the fixed assets, and as a part of it, the equipment as well. An important factor of the farm asset value is the machinery, which depends on the amount of internal resources of farms and external financial resources i.e. governmental subsidies, bank loans. But, as it could be observed during the 1980s and 1990s on the farms of developed countries, the technical development was also a considerable factor of farming. This paper, based on the data of the FADN, and yearbooks of the HCSO, focuses on the investigation of some figures of the European Union for capital efficiency between 1989 and 2003, and compares these experiences with the Hungarian changes on the farms during the 1990s.
An Overview on Optimal Flocking
Creators: name: Beaver, Logan E.
name: Malikopoulos, Andreas A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Multiagent Systems (cs.MA)
subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: The study of robotic flocking has received considerable attention in the past twenty years. As we begin to deploy flocking control algorithms on physical multi-agent and swarm systems, there is an increasing necessity for rigorous promises on safety and performance. In this paper, we present an overview the literature focusing on optimization approaches to achieve flocking behavior that provide strong safety guarantees. We separate the literature into cluster and line flocking, and categorize cluster flocking with respect to the system-level objective, which may be realized by a reactive or planning control algorithm. We also categorize the line flocking literature by the energy-saving mechanism that is exploited by the agents. We present several approaches aimed at minimizing the communication and computational requirements in real systems via neighbor filtering and event-driven planning, and conclude with our perspective on the outlook and future research direction of optimal flocking as a field.
description: 21 pages, 5 figures