cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Climate Change: National and Local Policy Opportunities in China
Creators: name: Teng, Fei
name: Gu, Alun
name: Teng, Fei
name: Gu, Alun
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Climate Change
subject: Local Policy
subject: National Policy
subject: Mitigation
subject: Local Pollution

description: Climate Change poses a wide range of potentially very severe threats in China. This aggravates the existing vulnerability of China and is one of the big challenges faced by the Chinese government. Adaptation programmes and projects are being developed and implemented at national and local level. As China is engaged in heavy investment in infrastructure development as a consequence of the rapid process of development and urbanization, mainstreaming adaptation into such development process is a priority for China. China has also made positive contributions to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through participations in the CDM under the Kyoto Protocol framework. Although mitigation is not a priority at national or local level, it has been integrated into national and local development plans explicitly. This paper addresses the following questions: What is the policy space for climate change mitigation and adaptation policy at national and local level and what is already being done? The three case studies at local level - Beijing, Guangdong and Shanghai - presented here, highlight the local benefits in terms of local pollution of integrating mitigation policies into local development. However, financial constraints usually prevent such a positive policy integration. National policies and international cooperation aiming at bridging the financial gap and promoting technology transfer would help in integrating local pollution control and mitigation efforts in China today.
An infinite family of higher-order difference operators that commute with Ruijsenaars operators of type $A$
Creators: name: Noumi, Masatoshi
name: Sano, Ayako
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 81R12, 33D67

description: We introduce a new infinite family of higher-order difference operators that commute with the elliptic Ruijsenaars difference operators of type $A$. These operators are related with Ruijsenaars' operators through a formula of Wronski type.
description: 13 pages (Some typos were corrected.)
Interaction of European Carbon Trading and Energy Prices
Creators: name: Bunn, Derek W.
name: Fezzi, Carlo
name: Bunn, Derek W.
name: Fezzi, Carlo
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Carbon Emission Trading
subject: Energy Markets
subject: Structural VECM

description: This paper addresses the economic impact of the EU Emission Trading Scheme for carbon on wholesale electricity and gas prices. Specifically, we analyse the mutual relationships between electricity, gas and carbon prices in the daily spot markets in the United Kingdom. Using a structural co-integrated VAR model, we show how the prices of carbon and gas jointly influence the equilibrium price of electricity. Furthermore, we derive the dynamic pass-trough of carbon into electricity price and the response of electricity and carbon prices to shocks in the gas price.
Multisymplectic Hamiltonian Variational Integrators
Creators: name: Tran, Brian
name: Leok, Melvin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Variational integrators have traditionally been constructed from the perspective of Lagrangian mechanics, but there have been recent efforts to adopt discrete variational approaches to the symplectic discretization of Hamiltonian mechanics using Hamiltonian variational integrators. In this paper, we will extend these results to the setting of Hamiltonian multisymplectic field theories. We demonstrate that one can use the notion of Type II generating functionals for Hamiltonian partial differential equations as the basis for systematically constructing Galerkin Hamiltonian variational integrators that automatically satisfy a discrete multisymplectic conservation law, and establish a discrete Noether's theorem for discretizations that are invariant under a Lie group action on the discrete dual jet bundle. In addition, we demonstrate that for spacetime tensor product discretizations, one can recover the multisymplectic integrators of Bridges and Reich, and show that a variational multisymplectic discretization of a Hamiltonian multisymplectic field theory using spacetime tensor product Runge--Kutta discretizations is well-defined if and only if the partitioned Runge--Kutta methods are symplectic in space and time.
description: 45 pages, 9 figures
Tensor network reduced order models for wall-bounded flows
Creators: name: Kiffner, Martin
name: Jaksch, Dieter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We introduce a widely applicable tensor network-based framework for developing reduced order models describing wall-bounded fluid flows. As a paradigmatic example, we consider the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and the lid-driven cavity in two spatial dimensions. We benchmark our solution against published reference data for low Reynolds numbers and find excellent agreement. In addition, we investigate the short-time dynamics of the flow at high Reynolds numbers for the lid driven and doubly-driven cavities. We represent the velocity components by matrix product states and find that the bond dimension grows logarithmically with simulation time. The tensor network algorithm requires at most a few percent of the number of variables parameterizing the solution obtained by direct numerical simulation, and approximately improves the runtime by an order of magnitude compared to direct numerical simulation on similar hardware. Our approach is readily transferable to other flows, and paves the way towards quantum computational fluid dynamics in complex geometries.
description: 12 pages, 6 figures
Research Evaluation as a Policy Design Tool: Mapping Approaches across a Set of Case Studies
Creators: name: Papponetti, Valeria
name: Bucchi, Massimiano
name: Papponetti, Valeria
name: Bucchi, Massimiano
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: Research Evaluation Systems
subject: Management by Results
subject: Evaluative Culture
subject: Research Policy
subject: Policy Planning

description: This paper provides an overview of research evaluation practices across countries. The main aim is to investigate whether research assessment is implemented and to see to what extent its results are used to revise policy strategies, identify new research priorities, allocate financial resources or enhance public understanding of R&D. The paper addresses a set of cases studies, four within Europe (UK, Finland, Italy, and Spain) and two outside (US and Japan). Each case study provides an outline of the strategies devised to improve the domestic science system; offers a map of the main actors of science policy and introduces the main performers of research assessment. A short overview of how evaluation is approached at European level is also given. The study shows that approaches vary significantly from case to case and that it is not always possible to identify a clear research evaluation framework. In some cases, new strategies have been devised to improve the research system and the process of renovation has affected the structure and the role of research assessment. Overall, official documents across countries emphasise that research evaluation is not a means in itself, and call on its use as a policy design tool. However, very few cases of "management by results" can be identified. The success of research evaluation practice is always tied to strong cultural support and it is where research assessment meets with reluctance and mistrust that it yields no fruit. The absence of an "evaluative culture" is the main obstacle to an efficient research evaluation system.
Na content dependence of superconductivity and the spin correlations in Na_{x}CoO_{2}\cdot 1.3H_{2}O
Creators: name: Zheng, Guo-qing
name: Matano, Kazuaki
name: Meng, R. L.
name: Cmaidalka, J.
name: Chu, C. W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report systematic measurements using the ^{59}Co nuclear quadrupole resonance(NQR) technique on the cobalt oxide superconductors Na_{x}CoO_{2}\cdot 1.3H_{2}O over a wide Na content range x=0.25\sim 0.34. We find that T_c increases with decreasing x but reaches to a plateau for x \leq0.28. In the sample with x \sim 0.26, the spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T_1 shows a T^3 variation below T_c and down to T\sim T_c/6, which unambiguously indicates the presence of line nodes in the superconducting (SC) gap function. However, for larger or smaller x, 1/T_1 deviates from the T^3 variation below T\sim 2 K even though the T_c (\sim 4.7 K) is similar, which suggests an unusual evolution of the SC state. In the normal state, the spin correlations at a finite wave vector become stronger upon decreasing x, and the density of states at the Fermi level increases with decreasing x, which can be understood in terms of a single-orbital picture suggested on the basis of LDA calculation.
description: version published in J. Phys. Condens. Matter (references updated and more added)
Every real-rooted exponential polynomial is the restriction of a Lee-Yang polynomial
Creators: name: Alon, Lior
name: Cohen, Alex
name: Vinzant, Cynthia
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Complex Variables (math.CV)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 45B10, 52C23

description: A Lee-Yang polynomial $ p(z_{1},\ldots,z_{n}) $ is a polynomial that has no zeros in the polydisc $ \mathbb{D}^{n} $ and its inverse $ (\mathbb{C}\setminus\overline{\mathbb{D}})^{n} $. We show that any real-rooted exponential polynomial of the form $f(x) = \sum_{j=0}^s c_j e^{λ_j x}$ can be written as the restriction of a Lee-Yang polynomial to a positive line in the torus. Together with previous work by Olevskii and Ulanovskii, this implies that the Kurasov-Sarnak construction of $ \mathbb{N} $-valued Fourier quasicrystals from stable polynomials comprises every possible $ \mathbb{N} $-valued Fourier quasicrystal.
description: Published in Journal of Functional Analysis
Active Disturbance Rejection Control Design with Suppression of Sensor Noise Effects in Application to DC-DC Buck Power Converter
Creators: name: Łakomy, Krzysztof
name: Madonski, Rafal
name: Dai, Bin
name: Yang, Jun
name: Kicki, Piotr
name: Ansari, Maral
name: Li, Shihua
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: The performance of active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) algorithms can be limited in practice by high-frequency measurement noise. In this work, this problem is addressed by transforming the high-gain extended state observer (ESO), which is the inherent element of ADRC, into a new cascade observer structure. Set of experiments, performed on a DC-DC buck power converter system, show that the new cascade ESO design, compared to the conventional approach, effectively suppresses the detrimental effect of sensor noise over-amplification while increasing the estimation/control performance. The proposed design is also analyzed with a low-pass filter at the converter output, which is a common technique for reducing measurement noise in industrial applications.
description: 9 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables
The case for OH suppression at near-infrared wavelengths
Creators: name: Ellis, S. C.
name: Bland-Hawthorn, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We calculate the advances in near-infrared astronomy made possible through the use of fibre Bragg gratings to selectively remove hydroxyl emission lines from the night sky spectrum. Fibre Bragg gratings should remove OH lines at high resolution (R=10,000), with high suppression (30dB) whilst maintaining high throughput (~90 per cent) between the lines. Devices currently under construction should remove 150 lines in each of the J and H bands, effectively making the night sky surface brightness ~4 magnitudes fainter. This background reduction is greater than the improvement adapative optics makes over natural seeing; photonic OH suppression is at least as important as adaptive optics for the future of cosmology. We present a model of the NIR sky spectrum, and show that the interline continuum is very faint (~80 ph/s/m^s/arcsec/micron on the ecliptic plane). We show that OH suppression by high dispersion, i.e. `resolving out' the skylines, cannot obtain the required level of sensitivity to reach the interline continuum due to scattering of light. The OH lines must be suppressed prior to dispersion. We have simulated observations employing fibre Bragg gratings of first light objects, high redshift galaxies and cool, low-mass stars. The simulations are of complete end-to-end systems from object to detector. The results demonstrate that fibre Bragg grating OH suppression will significantly advance our knowledge in many areas of astrophysics, and in particular will enable rest-frame ultra-violet observations of the Universe at the time of first light and reionisation.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Trust and Growth
Creators: name: Dincer, Oguzhan C.
name: Uslaner, Eric
name: Dincer, Oguzhan C.
name: Uslaner, Eric
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: International Development
subject: Trust
subject: Economic Growth

description: Using data from US states, we find a positive relationship between trust and growth. According to our results, a 10 percentage point increase in trust increases the growth rate of per capita income by 0.5 percentage point, growth rate of housing prices by 1.25 percentage points, and the growth rate of employment by 2.5 percentage points over a decade.
Glassy Dynamics in the Adaptive Immune Response Prevents Autoimmune Disease
Creators: name: Sun, Jun
name: Earl, David J.
name: Deem, Michael W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The immune system normally protects the human host against death by infection. However, when an immune response is mistakenly directed at self antigens, autoimmune disease can occur. We describe a model of protein evolution to simulate the dynamics of the adaptive immune response to antigens. Computer simulations of the dynamics of antibody evolution show that different evolutionary mechanisms, namely gene segment swapping and point mutation, lead to different evolved antibody binding affinities. Although a combination of gene segment swapping and point mutation can yield a greater affinity to a specific antigen than point mutation alone, the antibodies so evolved are highly cross-reactive and would cause autoimmune disease, and this is not the chosen dynamics of the immune system. We suggest that in the immune system a balance has evolved between binding affinity and specificity in the mechanism for searching the amino acid sequence space of antibodies.
description: 5 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. Lett
Climate Change, Energy Demand and Market Power in a General Equilibrium Model of the World Economy
Creators: name: Roson, Roberto
name: Bosello, Francesco
name: De Cian, Enrica
name: Roson, Roberto
name: Bosello, Francesco
name: De Cian, Enrica
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Climate Change
subject: Energy
subject: Computable General Equilibrium Models
subject: Imperfect Competition

description: Future energy demand will be affected by changes in prices and income, but also by other factors, like temperature levels. This paper draws upon an econometric study, disentangling the contribution of temperature in the determination of the annual regional demand for energy goods. Combining estimates of temperature elasticities with scenarios of future climate change, it is possible to assess variations in energy demand induced (directly) by the global warming. We use this information to simulate a change in the demand structure of households in a CGE model of the world economy, in a set of assessment exercises. The changing demand structure triggers a structural adjustment process, influencing trade flows, regional competitiveness of industries and regions, and welfare. We also consider the possible existence of imperfect competition in the energy markets, analyzing the impact of changes in energy demand with an alternative model version, in which energy industries are modeled as Cournot oligopolies
$L^p$-$L^q$ boundedness of $(k, a)$-Fourier multipliers with applications to Nonlinear equations
Creators: name: Kumar, Vishvesh
name: Ruzhansky, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Primary 42B10, 42B37 Secondary 42B15, 33C45

description: The $(k,a)$-generalised Fourier transform is the unitary operator defined using the $a$-deformed Dunkl harmonic oscillator.The main aim of this paper is to prove $L^p$-$L^q$ boundedness of $(k, a)$-generalised Fourier multipliers. To show the boundedness we first establish Paley inequality and Hausdorff-Young-Paley inequality for $(k, a)$-generalised Fourier transform. We also demonstrate applications of obtained results to study the well-posedness of nonlinear partial differential equations.
description: 20 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2108.01146
Estimates on path delocalization for copolymers at selective interfaces
Creators: name: Giacomin, Giambattista
name: Toninelli, Fabio Lucio
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 60K35, 82B41, 82B44

description: We consider a directed random walk model of a random heterogeneous polymer in the proximity of an interface separating two selective solvents. This model exhibits a localization/delocalization transition. A positive value of the free energy corresponds to the localized regime and strong results on the polymer path behavior are known in this case. We focus on the interior of the delocalized phase, which is characterized by the free energy equal to zero, and we show in particular that in this regime there are O(log N) monomers in the unfavorable solvent (N is the length of the polymer). The previously known result was o(N). Our approach is based on concentration bounds on suitably restricted partition functions. The same idea allows also to interpolate between different types of disorder in the weak coupling limit. In this way we show the universal nature of this limit, previously considered only for binary disorder.
description: 17 pages, accepted for publication on Probab. Theory Rel. Fields
A Theory of Strategic Diffusion
Creators: name: Goyal, Sanjeev
name: Galeotti, Andrea
name: Goyal, Sanjeev
name: Galeotti, Andrea
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Institutional and Behavioral Economics
subject: Social Interaction
subject: Seeding the Network
subject: Word of Mouth Communication
subject: Diffusion Strategy

description: The important role of friends, neighbors and colleagues in shaping individual choices has been brought out in a number of studies over the years. The presence of significant 'local' influence in shaping individual behavior suggests that firms, governments and developmental agencies should explicitly incorporate it in the design of their marketing and developmental strategies. This paper develops a framework for the study of optimal strategies in the presence of social interaction. We focus on the case of a single player who exerts costly effort to get a set of individuals - engaged in social interaction - to choose a certain action. Our formulation allows for different types of social interaction (ranging from sharing of information to direct adoption externalities) and also allows for the player to have incomplete information concerning the connections among individuals. The analysis starts by showing that incorporating information on social interaction can have large effects on the profits of a player. We then show that an increase in the level and dispersion of social interaction can raise or lower the optimal strategy and profits of the player, depending on the content of the interaction. We then study the value of social network information for the player and find that it depends on the dispersion in social connections. The economic interest of these results is illustrated via a discussion of two economic applications: advertising in the presence of word of mouth communication and seeding a network.
Can galaxy evolution mimic cosmic reionization?
Creators: name: Hassan, Sultan
name: Gronke, Max
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$) emitting galaxies are powerful tools to probe the late stages of cosmic reionization. The observed sudden drop in Ly$α$ fraction at $z>6$ is often interpreted as a sign of reionization, since the intergalactic medium (IGM) is more neutral and opaque to Ly$α$ photons. Crucially, this interpretation of the observations is only valid under the assumption that galaxies themselves experience a minimal evolution at these epochs. By modelling Ly$α$ radiative transfer effects in and around galaxies, we examine whether a change in the galactic properties can reproduce the observed drop in the Ly$α$ fraction. We find that an increase in the galactic neutral hydrogen content or a reduction in the outflow velocity toward higher redshift both lead to a lower Ly$α$ escape fraction, and can thus mimic an increasing neutral fraction of the IGM. We furthermore find that this change in galactic properties leads to systematically different Ly$α$ spectra which can be used to differentiate the two competing effects. Using the CANDELSz7 survey measurements which indicate slightly broader lines at $z\sim 6$, we find that the scenario of a mere increase in the galactic column density towards higher $z$ is highly unlikely. We also show that a decrease in outflow velocity is not ruled out by existing data but leads to more prominent blue peaks at $z>6$. Our results caution the use of Ly$α$ observations to estimate the IGM neutral fraction without accounting for the potential change in the galactic properties, e.g., by mapping out the evolution of Ly$α$ spectral characteristics.
description: Accepted for publication in ApJ
'Almost' Subsidy-free Spatial Pricing in a Multi-dimensional Setting
Creators: name: Weber, Shlomo
name: Dreze, Jacques
name: Le Breton, Michel
name: Savvateev, Alexei
name: Weber, Shlomo
name: Dreze, Jacques
name: Le Breton, Michel
name: Savvateev, Alexei
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Secession-Proofness
subject: Optimal Jurisdictions
subject: Rawlsian Allocation
subject: Hexagonal Partition
subject: Cross-Subsidization

description: Consider a population of citizens uniformly spread over the entire plane, that faces a problem of locating public facilities to be used by its members. The cost of every facility is financed by its users, who also face an idiosyncratic private access cost to the facility. We assume that the facilities' cost is independent of location and access costs are linear with respect to the Euclidean distance. We show that an external intervention that covers 0.19% of the facility cost is sufficient to guarantee secession-proofness or no cross-subsidization, where no group of individuals is charged more than its stand alone cost incurred if it had acted on its own. Moreover, we demonstrate that in this case the Rawlsian access pricing is the only secession-proof allocation.
Dark Patterns and the Legal Requirements of Consent Banners: An Interaction Criticism Perspective
Creators: name: Gray, Colin M.
name: Santos, Cristiana
name: Bielova, Nataliia
name: Toth, Michael
name: Clifford, Damian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: User engagement with data privacy and security through consent banners has become a ubiquitous part of interacting with internet services. While previous work has addressed consent banners from either interaction design, legal, and ethics-focused perspectives, little research addresses the connections among multiple disciplinary approaches, including tensions and opportunities that transcend disciplinary boundaries. In this paper, we draw together perspectives and commentary from HCI, design, privacy and data protection, and legal research communities, using the language and strategies of "dark patterns" to perform an interaction criticism reading of three different types of consent banners. Our analysis builds upon designer, interface, user, and social context lenses to raise tensions and synergies that arise together in complex, contingent, and conflicting ways in the act of designing consent banners. We conclude with opportunities for transdisciplinary dialogue across legal, ethical, computer science, and interactive systems scholarship to translate matters of ethical concern into public policy.
description: 18 pages
The properties of kaonic nuclei in relativistic mean-field theory
Creators: name: Zhong, X. H.
name: Peng, G. X.
name: Li, L.
name: Ning, P. Z.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The static properties of some possible light and moderate kaonic nuclei, from C to Ti, are studied in the relativistic mean-field theory. The 1s and 1p state binding energies of $K^-$ are in the range of $73\sim 96$ MeV and $22\sim 63$ MeV, respectively. The binding energies of 1p states increase monotonically with the nucleon number A. The upper limit of the widths are about $42\pm 14$ MeV for the 1s states, and about $71\pm 10$ MeV for the 1p states. The lower limit of the widths are about $12\pm 4$ MeV for the 1s states, and $21\pm 3$ MeV for the 1p states. If $V_{0}\leq 30$ MeV, the discrete $K^-$ bound states should be identified in experiment. The shrinkage effect is found in the possible kaonic nuclei. The interior nuclear density increases obviously, the densest center density is about $2.1ρ_{0}$.
description: 9 pages, 2 tables and 1 figure, widths are considered, changes a lot
Counting geometric branches via the Frobenius map and $F$-nilpotent singularities
Creators: name: Dao, Hailong
name: Maddox, Kyle
name: Pandey, Vaibhav
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Commutative Algebra (math.AC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 13A35 (Primary) 13D45, 13B40 (Secondary)

description: We give an explicit formula to count the number of geometric branches of a curve in positive characteristic using the theory of tight closure. This formula readily shows that the property of having a single geometric branch characterizes $F$-nilpotent curves. Further, we show that a reduced, local $F$-nilpotent ring has a single geometric branch; in particular, it is a domain. Finally, we study inequalities of Frobenius test exponents along purely inseparable ring extensions with applications to $F$-nilpotent affine semigroup rings.
description: 18 pages, comments welcome! To appear in Nagoya Mathematical Journal
Grid-point and time-step requirements for direct numerical simulation and large-eddy simulation
Creators: name: Yang, Xiang I. A.
name: Griffin, Kevin Patrick
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We revisit the grid-point requirement estimates in Choi and Moin [Phys. Fluid, 24, 011702 (2012)] and establish more general grid-point requirements for direct numerical simulations (DNS) and large-eddy simulations (LES) of a spatially developing turbulent boundary layer. We show that, by allowing the local grid spacing to scale with the local Kolmogorov length scale, the grid-point requirement for DNS of a spatially developing turbulent boundary layer is $N\sim Re_{L_x}^{2.05}$ rather than $N\sim Re_{L_x}^{2.64}$ as suggested by Choi and Moin, where $N$ is the number of grid points and $L_x$ is the length of the plate. In addition to the grid-point requirement, we estimate the time-step requirement for DNS and LES. We show that, for a code that treats the convective term explicitly, the time steps required to get converged statistics are $N_t\sim Re_{L_x}/Re_{x_0}^{6/7}$ for wall-modeled LES and $N_t\sim Re_{L_x}/Re_{x_0}^{1/7}$ for wall-resolved LES and DNS (with different prefactors), where $Re_{x_0}$ is the inlet Reynolds number. The grid-point and time-step requirement estimates allow us to estimate the overall cost of DNS and LES. According to present estimates, the costs of DNS, wall-resolved LES and wall-modeled LES scale as $Re_{L_x}^{2.91}$, $Re_{L_x}^{2.72}$, and $Re_{L_x}^{1.14}$.
description: 11 pages, 4 figures
Starburst galaxies strike back: a multi-messenger analysis with Fermi-LAT and IceCube data
Creators: name: Ambrosone, Antonio
name: Chianese, Marco
name: Fiorillo, Damiano F. G.
name: Marinelli, Antonio
name: Miele, Gennaro
name: Pisanti, Ofelia
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Starburst galaxies, which are known as "reservoirs" of high-energy cosmic-rays, can represent an important high-energy neutrino "factory" contributing to the diffuse neutrino flux observed by IceCube. In this paper, we revisit the constraints affecting the neutrino and gamma-ray hadronuclear emissions from this class of astrophysical objects. In particular, we go beyond the standard prototype-based approach leading to a simple power-law neutrino flux, and investigate a more realistic model based on a data-driven blending of spectral indexes, thereby capturing the observed changes in the properties of individual emitters. We then perform a multi-messenger analysis considering the extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGB) measured by Fermi-LAT and different IceCube data samples: the 7.5-year High-Energy Starting Events (HESE) and the 6-year high-energy cascade data. Along with starburst galaxies, we take into account the contributions from blazars and radio galaxies as well as the secondary gamma-rays from electromagnetic cascades. Remarkably, we find that, differently from the highly-constrained prototype scenario, the spectral index blending allows starburst galaxies to account for up to $40\%$ of the HESE events at $95.4\%$ CL, while satisfying the limit on the non-blazar EGB component. Moreover, values of $\mathcal{O}(100~\mathrm{PeV})$ for the maximal energy of accelerated cosmic-rays by supernovae remnants inside the starburst are disfavoured in our scenario. In broad terms, our analysis points out that a better modeling of astrophysical sources could alleviate the tension between neutrino and gamma-ray data interpretation.
description: 20 pages, 15 figures. v2: updated to published version
Spin amplification, reading, and writing in transport through anisotropic magnetic molecules
Creators: name: Timm, Carsten
name: Elste, Florian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Inelastic transport through a single magnetic molecule weakly coupled to metallic leads is studied theoretically. We consider dynamical processes that are relevant for writing, storing, and reading spin information in molecular memory devices. Magnetic anisotropy is found to be crucial for slow spin relaxation. In the presence of anisotropy we find giant spin amplification: The spin accumulated in the leads if a bias voltage is applied to a molecule prepared in a spin-polarized state can be made exponentially large in a characteristic energy divided by temperature. For one ferromagnetic and one paramagnetic lead the molecular spin can be reversed by applying a bias voltage even in the absence of a magnetic field. We propose schemes for reading and writing spin information based on our findings.
description: 5+ pages with 5 figures
Nutritional food label use: A theoretical and empirical perspective
Creators: name: Drichoutis, Andreas C.
name: Lazaridis, Panagiotis
name: Nayga, Rodolfo M.
name: Drichoutis, Andreas C.
name: Lazaridis, Panagiotis
name: Nayga, Rodolfo M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: label use
subject: nutritional information
subject: health
subject: nutrition knowledge

description: Over the last several years, there has been an increase of several chronic diseases that are linked to dietary and lifestyle factors. Obesity, especially, is rising at an alarming rate in several countries. Due in part to increasing diet related health problems caused, among others, by obesity, nutritional labelling has been regarded as an important topic mainly because it can provide consumers with nutritional information that can be used to make informed and healthier food choices. A number of studies have focused on the empirical perspective of nutritional food label use. None of these studies, however, have focused on developing a theoretical economic model that would adequately describe nutritional food label use based on a utility theoretic framework. We attempt to fill this void by developing a simple theoretical model of nutritional label use in which we incorporate the time a consumer spends in reading food labels as part of his food choice process. The demand equations derived from the model are then empirically tested with data from a large-scale survey that was conducted in Athens, Greece from December 2005 to April 2006. Results suggest the significant role of several variables that flow directly from the theoretical model which, to our knowledge, have not been used in any previous empirical work. These results provide new insights that can be used as a segmentation tool by marketers.
Quasinormal modes and self-adjoint extensions of the Schroedinger operator
Creators: name: Fabris, Júlio C.
name: Richarte, Martín G.
name: Saa, Alberto
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We revisit here the analytical continuation approach usually employed to compute quasinormal modes (QNM) and frequencies of a given potential barrier $V$ starting from the bounded states and respective eigenvalues of the Schroedinger operator associated with the potential well corresponding to the inverted potential $-V$. We consider an exactly soluble problem corresponding to a potential barrier of the Poschl-Teller type with a well defined and behaved QNM spectrum, but for which the associated Schroedinger operator $\cal H$ obtained by analytical continuation fails to be self-adjoint. Although $\cal H$ admits self-adjoint extensions, we show that the eigenstates corresponding to the analytically continued QNM do not belong to any self-adjoint extension domain and, consequently, they cannot be interpreted as authentic quantum mechanical bounded states. Our result challenges the practical use of the this type of method when $\cal H$ fails to be self-adjoint since, in such cases, we would not have in advance any reasonable criterion to choose the initial eigenstates of $\cal H$ which would correspond to the analytically continued QNM.
description: & pages, 1 Figure. Accepted for its publication in Physical Review D
Vancouver area bicycle advocacy groups : approaches and effectiveness
Creators: name: Callister, Beth
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The bicycle has been proven in many European cities and in some North American cities to be a viable transportation alternative to the car, whether used solely for short distance trips or in combination with transit for longer trips. The topic of this thesis is how bicycle advocacy groups work to get decision-makers and policies to recognize and reflect the needs of bicycle users and commuters and to support bicycle ridership as a viable alternative to the private automobile. The theoretical question explored is what elements contribute to effective lobbying on behalf of cyclists in local government decision-making processes! Public policy literature presents case studies of particular interest groups influencing various phases of the decision-making process. These studies tell about how groups have adapted to different political systems and have exercised influence. However, there has been little research into the types and roles of bicycle advocacy groups, with analysis of their effectiveness in local government decision-making processes. It would be useful for bicycle advocates and bicycle planners to know how bicycle advocacy groups can be most effective. Ten local area cycling transportation advocacy groups are described; Better Environmentally Sound Transportation, Vancouver Area Cycling Coalition, British Columbia Cycling Coalition, Downtown Cyclists Network, Burrard Street Working Group, the A M S Bike Co-op, Bicycle People, Critical Mass, People Not Cars, and Dinosaurs Against Fossil Fuels. The influence of six of these groups are examined in detail through interviews with Cheeying Ho (Executive Director, BEST), Richard Campbell (President ,VACC), Francis van Loon (President, BCCC), Guy Wera (Spokesperson, Bicycle People), Scott Nelson (Spokesperson, BSWG), and Ted Buehler (President, Bike Co-op). Additional interviews were conducted with area decisionmakers and planners. The conclusions drawn in this thesis are 1) the combined presence of different types of advocacy groups and approaches increases any one group's influence over policy, 2) the factors that inhibit bicycle advocacy groups' effectiveness and influence tend to be associated more with external factors than to defects of bicycle advocacy groups themselves, and 3) the lack of cycling education and awareness among the public limits the implementation and success of cycling transportation policies.
Point and contact equivalence groupoids of two-dimensional quasilinear hyperbolic equations
Creators: name: Popovych, Roman O.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 35A30 (Primary) 35L72, 35B06 (Secondary)

description: We describe the point and contact equivalence groupoids of an important class of two-dimensional quasilinear hyperbolic equations. In particular, we prove that this class is normalized in the usual sense with respect to point transformations, and its contact equivalence groupoid is generated by the first-order prolongation of its point equivalence groupoid, the contact vertex group of the wave equation and a family of contact admissible transformations between trivially Darboux-integrable equations.
description: 8 pages, minor corrections
Equivariant min-max hypersurface in $G$-manifolds with positive Ricci curvature
Creators: name: Wang, Tongrui
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this paper, we consider a connected orientable closed Riemannian manifold $M^{n+1}$ with positive Ricci curvature. Suppose $G$ is a compact Lie group acting by isometries on $M$ with $3\leq {\rm codim}(G\cdot p)\leq 7$ for all $p\in M$. Then we show the equivariant min-max $G$-hypersurface $Σ$ corresponding to the fundamental class $[M]$ is a multiplicity one minimal $G$-hypersurface with a $G$-invariant unit normal and $G$-equivariant index one. As an application, we are able to establish a genus bound for $Σ$, a control on the singular points of $Σ/G$, and an upper bound for the (first) $G$-width of $M$ provided $n+1=3$ and the actions of $G$ are orientation preserving.
New bosonic hard string scattering amplitudes and extended Gross conjecture in superstring theory
Creators: name: Lai, Sheng-Hong
name: Lee, Jen-Chi
name: Yang, Yi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discover new hard string scattering amplitudes (HSSA) with polarizations orthogonal to the scattering plane in the NS sector of 10D open superstring theory. The corresponding HSSA in the bosonic string theory are of subleading order in energy. In addition, all HSSA are found to be proportional to each other and the ratios among these HSSA are calculated to justify Gross conjecture in 1988 on high energy symmetry of string theory. Moreover, together with these new HSSA, the total number of HSSA calculated in the first massive level of NS sector are found to agree with those of hard polarized fermion string scattering amplitudes (PFSSA) in the R sector calculated recently.
description: 17 pages; V2: Refs added, Accepted by Phys. Lett. B
Attitudes of Chinese consumers towards retail formats
Creators: name: Staack, Tosten
name: Schramm, Matthias
name: Spiller, Achim
name: Staack, Tosten
name: Schramm, Matthias
name: Spiller, Achim
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: Retail and Distribution Management
subject: Consumer Behavior
subject: Store Preferences

description: The Chinese consumer goods market is widely considered to be one of the economic hot spots of the world. China seems to be the market with the largest growth potential within the next decade. Multina - tional retail companies, for example, Wal-Mart, Metro and Carrefour have made large investments to open up this new market. However, parallel to the positive aspects of the market development, foreign retail companies entering the market encounter numerous risks and difficulties. Whereas questions concerned with logistical problems are being discussed more often, analyses focusing on the shopping behavior of Chinese consumers are rare. In this context, the following report provides information on store preferences based on a comprehensive survey of 800 citizens of Wuhan. In detail, the research focuses on decision- making problems of Chinese consumer s and determines their preferences for foreign chain stores on the one hand and for domestic supermarkets and traditional retail formats on the other hand. All in all, traditional wet markets still dominate shopping behaviour. Nevertheless, modern retail outlets are ac - cepted as an alternative, although they are mainly used in addition to the daily shopping at traditional wet markets. However, this research shows that even in a more domestic market - oriented city like Wuhan, traditional shopping patterns are being abandoned and more differentiated shopping patterns are emerging.
Competitiveness of Czech milk sector on the EU market
Creators: name: Bošková, Iveta
name: Bošková, Iveta
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: milk
subject: competitiveness
subject: EU market

description: After two years of enlarged Single Market performance we can trace and evaluate the main trends in European trade development. The contribution is focused on production and realization of Czech milk and milk products after the EU enlargement and should answer the question if the Czech milk sector found the way for continual functioning in the frame of the EU trade zone and the EU single market organisation and which are its´ chances in the near future.
Consumer expectations towards origin-claimed food products. Compensation and acceptance for global trading system
Creators: name: Giraud, Georges
name: Giraud, Georges
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: fair- trade
subject: organic farming
subject: consumer expectations
subject: food

description: Origin- claimed food products mainstream gives diverse features over the world. The food labelling practices based on origin or provenance are frequently developed as a reaction to global trading system: private and NGO's initiatives (Fair Trade), enterprises in UK (Local Foods) and USA (Food Alliance), medals for winners in local exhibitions awards, or public regulation in European Union (PDO, PGI, Organic Farming). These practices claim at reaching consumer expectations. For a consumer who is frequently being uprooted and is stressed by his/her urban environment, the emotional content of where one's food is produced is greater than ever. With a longing for one's home, the consumer becomes an identity seeker. Origin, organic or fair trade food products respond to this need of native tangs revival. Such food products help consumer to identify his/her lost roots, to have recall of exotic holidays, to resist against ethical values' decline and finally to accept globalisation of food trading system. Because of their historical and cultural content, these foods give a meaning to taste. The demand for origin, organic and fair- trade food products is to be found somewhere between lifestyle habits and changes. The future of these products is supported, strangely enough, by the development of novel food products such as fat - or sugar - free foods, restructured meat, alcohol- free wine, and GMOs. The reference to tradition makes modernity tolerable. The arrival of High Tech food products should also result in a demand for compensatory products, and thereby favour those that can help to remove the guilty feelings of ready- to- eat consumers. Therefore, origin- , organic- and fair- trade- labelled foods seem to contribute to the modern food globalisation. The paper focuses on the place of these products within European food consumption. It examines in turn the rare estimation of market share of labelled food products, and their consumers' perception and purchasing behaviour in different sales channels, with a special focus on fair- trade and organic farming. It concludes with consideration of the marketing dynamics, which should be followed in order to favour consumption of origin- claimed food products.