Paracloeodes pacawara Nieto & Salles 2006
Creators: name: Cruz, Paulo Vilela
name: Salles, Frederico Falcão
name: Hamada, Neusa
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Ephemeroptera
Baetidae
Paracloeodes
Paracloeodes pacawara

description: Paracloeodes pacawara Nieto & Salles
(Figures 18–20)
Paracloeodes pacawara Nieto & Salles 2006: 11.
Paracloeodes morellii Emmerich & Nieto 2009: 60. syn. nov.
Diagnoses. Male imago. 1) stigmatic area of forewing hyaline (Fig. 18G); 2) hind wing absent; 3) abdominal terga with one medial mark near anterior margin (Fig. 18C); 4) posterior margin of styliger plate straight, without spine, laterally perfectly coupled with quadrangular projection of forceps segment I (Figs 18E and 18F).
Mature nymph. 1) frons with two fused keels (Figs 19A and 19B); 2) distolateral margin of labrum with bifid setae (Fig. 51B in Nieto & Salles 2006); 3) right mandible incisors cleft (Fig. 53 in Nieto & Salles 2006); 4) distomedial projection of labial palp segment II 2.4–3.0× width of segment III (Fig. 56B in Nieto & Salles 2 006); 5) hind wing pads absent; 6) anterior surface of forefemur with three rows of blunt setae, one near dorsal margin, one near ventral margin, and one medially (Fig. 19E); 7) anterior surface of foretibia without setae (Fig. 19E); 8) anterior surface of foretarsus without setae (Fig. 19E); 9) ventral margin of foretarsus with one row of stout setae (Fig. 19E); 10) tarsal claw 0.4–0.5× length of tarsus (Fig. 19E); 11) cercus with spines on all segments (Fig. 62 in Nieto & Salles 2006); 12) paracercus with spines on all segments; 13) body color pattern as in Figures 18A and 20A–20T.
Description. Male imago. Length. Body 2.7 mm; forewing 2.5 mm; antenna 0.6 mm. Head light brown. Turbinate portion of compound eyes orange (Figs 18B and 18C). Antenna light brown. Dorsal portion of turbinate eyes slightly oval (Fig. 18C); length 1.3× width; stalk height 0.6× height of dorsal portion. Thorax brown. Anteronotal and metascutellar protuberance rounded. Legs light brown. Forewing (Fig. 18G) veins light brown; stigmatic area with two cross veins reaching subcostal vein and two not reaching subcostal vein; marginal intercalary veins paired between C and IMP1, absent between IMP2 and A; length of each intercalary vein 0.4× distance between adjacent longitudinal veins; length of forewing about 2.5× width. Hind wing absent. Abdominal terga (Fig. 18C) with one medial mark near anterior margin; tracheation black. Sterna (Fig. 18D) with four spots. Genitalia (Figs 18E and 18F) with forceps segment I cylindrical, inner margin apically with one quadrangular projection; 0.3× length of segment II; distance between base of forceps 0.5× distance between lateral margins of forceps. Forceps segment III 0.3× length of segment II. Posterior margin of styliger plate straight, without spine, laterally perfectly coupled with quadrangular projection of forceps segment I.
Complementary description. Nymph. Head. Frons with two fused keels (Figs 19A and 19B). Antenna (Fig. 19C) with scape and pedicel subcylindrical and with small spines on pedicel; flagellum with pointed spines and thin and simple setae on apex of each segment. Labrum (Figs 19D and 51 in Nieto & Salles, 2006) dorsally with thin setae scattered over surface; subapical pair of setae near middle distinguishable from others; near distal and distolateral margin with row of five to six long and thin setae; ventrally with submarginal row of setae composed of robust and bifid setae on distal and distolateral margin, lateral margin without setae. Labium (Fig. 56A in Nieto & Salles 2006) glossa shorter than paraglossa, slightly narrowing toward apex, 0.7× length of paraglossa, apically rounded; inner margin dorsally with seven stout setae; apex dorsally with two stout setae; outer margin dorsally with one row of stout setae on apical third; dorsal surface bare; ventral surface scattered with short and thin setae. Paraglossa with three long and stout setae dorsally, apical half of outer margin with one row of five long and stout setae ventrally; dorsal surface with two longitudinal rows of setae, one near outer and other near inner margin; ventral surface with one row of five stout setae near inner margin. Labial palp with segment I 0.75× length of segments II and III combined; segment I with thin setae. Segment II inner margin with short and thin setae, more numerous at apex; outer margin covered with short and thin setae; dorsally covered with thin setae; distomedial projection of labial palp segment II 2.4–3.0× width of segment III. Segment III inner margin with one row of stout setae ventrally and dorsally, length 1.0× width; covered with many thin setae, especially on outer margin. Thorax. Foreleg (Fig. 19E) ratio 1.4:(0.32mm):0.7:0.4. Forefemur with length about 3.4× maximum width; dorsal margin with row of blunt setae (in lateral view they look like stout setae); anterior surface with three rows of blunt setae, one near dorsal margin, one near ventral margin, and one medially; posterior surface without setae. Ventral margin of tibia with one row of stout setae, anterior surface bare. Dorsal margin of tarsus with scarce short simple setae; ventral margin with one row of stout setae; tarsal claw with two rows of minute denticles. Abdomen (Figs 20A– 20T) with hyaline gills; margin with narrow spines intercalating short and thin setae. Tracheae bifid at apex and unpigmented. Gill I subequal in length to segment II; oblong, apically rounded. Gill IV as long as length of segments V to VI combined; oblong, broadly rounded at apex. Gill VII as long as length of segments VIII to IX; oblong, apically rounded.
Comments. Based on morphological analyses of specimens from Bolivia, Brazil and Uruguay, including type specimens, few features can differentiate P. pacawara from P. morellii. The proportions, rows of setae, and types of setae have minimal variations between studied material, with exception of labial palp proportion (width of labial palp distomedial projection / width of segment III). In paratypes of P. pacawara, this proportion is 2.4–2.5×; in specimens from Brazil, the proportion is 2.5–3.0×; and in a paratype of P. morellii, the proportion is 2.5×. Although extreme forms are easily discernible, many specimens exhibited intermediate proportions, and it is impossible to assign all specimens into distinct groups (or correlate with nominal species for that matter) based on the labial palp proportion. When labial proportion was compared with latitude, we observed an increase in this ratio in specimens collected from populations closer to the Equator. Specimens from Roraima state (00°00’00” latitude) have a labial proportion of 3.0, while those from Uruguay have a proportion of 2.5×.
Variations in color pattern were also observed, but all specimens possess—with varying sharpness—one mark on the mid line, near the anterior margin of all abdominal terga, and small spots over the surfaces of the thorax and abdomen. All populations from Brazil have the wing pads color pattern variation mentioned by Emmerich & Nieto (2009) (from Uruguay), not only in female nymphs, but also in male nymphs (Figs 20A–20T).
Based on the absence of strong morphological evidence, P. morellii is proposed as a junior synonym of P. pacawara (= P. morellii, syn. nov.).
This species was collected always from sandy bottomed streams, outside of the Amazon.
Material examined. Four nymphs, one on slide (paratype of P. pacawara), BOLIVIA, Depto. Beni, Prov. Ballivian, Río San Bernardo, 14°45’16”S/ 67°10’07”W, 220 m, 22. v. 2002, Domínguez col., IFML. Three nymphs, one on slide, (P. lilliputian), CUBA, R. Yasuimo, 03.ii.2007, Y. Benifes col., INPA. Two nymphs, BRAZIL, Roraima state, Caroebe, Ramal 37, rio Caroebe, Fazenda Cachoeirinha, 23.iii.2012, 00°57’09.2”N/ 59°37’00.5”W, N. Hamada, P. V. Cruz, G. Dantas, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. One nymph, BRAZIL, Roraima state, BR-170, BR-432, old bridge, turn right after Vila Santa Rita, 28.iii.2012, 02°08’59.9”N/ 60°40’39.9”W, N. Hamada, P. V. Cruz, G. Dantas, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. Six nymph, BRAZIL, Roraima state, São João da Baliza, 24.iii.2012, 01°00’59.7”N/ 59°55’53.1”W, N. Hamada, P. V. Cruz, G. Dantas, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. Three nymphs, BRAZIL, Roraima state, Amajarí, Tepequém, Cachoeira da Barata, 20.iii.2012, 03°47’07.7”N/ 61°45’02.6”W, N. Hamada, P. V. Cruz, G. Dantas, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. One nymph, BRAZIL, Roraima state, Caracaraí, balneário Bem-Querer, 25.iii.2012, 01°55’46.3”S/ 61°00’06.9”W, N. Hamada, P. V. Cruz, G. Dantas, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. Four nymphs, BRAZIL, Ceará state, Morajaú, riacho dos Porcos, 05.vi.2011, 03?23’21.3”S/ 040?41’01.7”W, P. V. Cruz and R. Boldrini cols., INPA. One nymph, BRAZIL, Piauí state, Santa Cruz dos Milagres, rio Tabua, 08.vi.2011, S 06?00’29.0”W/ 041?56’35.8”, N. Hamada, P. V. Cruz, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. One nymph, BRAZIL, Bahia state, Morro Branco, 30.vii.2010, S 12°00’21.1”W/ 39°0.6’07.2” N, Hamada, P. V. Cruz, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. One nymph, BRAZIL, Piauí state, Monsenhor Gil, antes do povoado Olho d’Água, estrada para esquerda, riacho corta a estrada em direção ao rio Poti, 07.vi.2011, 05?33’11.8”S/ 042?30’04.0”W, N. Hamada, P. V. Cruz, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. One nymph, BRAZIL, Ceará state, Tianguá, Viçosa, estrada vicinal, entrada após as sete quedas, estrada para Tianguá, 03.vi.2011, 03?42’44.2”S/ 041?03’25.3”W, N. Hamada, P. V. Cruz, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. Five nymphs, BRAZIL, Piauí state, São João da Fronteira, rio Genipapo, 04°00’13.1”S/ 041°26’54.1”W, 31.v.2011, N. Hamada, P. V. Cruz, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. One nymph, BRAZIL, Piauí state, Valença do Piauí, Barragem Mesa de Pedra, 08.vi.2011, 06?11’31.6”S/ 041?59’35.0”W, N. Hamada, P. V. Cruz, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. Four nymphs, BRAZIL, Piauí state, Monsenhor Gil, Riacho Calça na Mão, village Olho d’Água, 07.vi.2011, 05?34’38.6”S/ 042?29’59.5”W, N. Hamada, P. V. Cruz, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. Two male imagoes reared and three nymphs, BRAZIL, Goiás state, tributário do São Vicente, entre são Domingos e Iaciara (1°Igarapé), 12.vi.2012, 13°28’00.0”S/ 46°22’49.5”W, N. Hamada, P. V. Cruz, R. Boldrini cols., INPA. Six nymphs, BRAZIL, Rondônia state, Teixeirópolis, 03.ix.2012, 10°55’20.4”S/ 62°22’34.7”W, N. Hamada, R. Boldrini, A. S. Fernandes cols., INPA. One male imago reared, BRAZIL, Rondônia state, Colorado do Oeste, Eixo Zero, bridge before the river Hermes, 12.ix.2012, 13°07’34.2’’S/60°23’39.3’’W, N. Hamada, R. Boldrini, A. S. Fernandes cols., INPA. Additional material studied: One nymph on slide (paratype of P. morellii), URUGUAY, Deptos. Rivera-Tacuarembó, R 44, Km 26.5, A° Carpintería, 31°48’28”S/ 55°13’09”W, 121 m, 20.ii.2008, Emmerich & C. Molineri col., IFML.
description: Published as part of Cruz, Paulo Vilela, Salles, Frederico Falcão & Hamada, Neusa, 2018, Contribution to the taxonomy of Paracloeode s Day 1955 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from South America, pp. 1-49 in Zootaxa 4403 (1) on pages 28-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4403.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1211917