The Origin and Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle: Misdirection, Clarification, Theory, and Progress
Creators: name: Reiserer, Randall S.
name: Schuett, Gordon W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy

description: Randall S. Reiserer, Gordon W. Schuett (2016): The Origin and Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle: Misdirection, Clarification, Theory, and Progress. In: Gordon W. Schuett, Martin J. Feldner, Charles F. Smith, Randall S. Reiserer (Eds): Rattlesnakes of Arizona (volume 2). Rodeo, New Mexico: ECO Publishing: 245-274, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2553648
description: {"references": ["Allf, B. C., P. A. D. Durst, and D. W. Pfennig. Behavioral plasticity and the origins of novelty: the evolution of the rattlesnake rattle. http://labs.bio.unc. edu/pfennig/LabSite/Photos_files/2016_Am_Nat.pdf", "Antonio, F. B. 1980. Mating behavior and reproduction in the Eyelash Viper (Bothrops schlegelii) in captivity. Herpetologica 36: 231-233.", "Barber, J. R., and W. E. Conner. 2007. Acoustic mimicry in a predator-prey interaction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 9,331-9,334.", "Barbour, T. 1922. Rattlesnakes and spitting snakes. Copeia 1922: 36-38.", "Blair, C., and S. Sanchez-Ramirez. 2016. Diversity-dependent cladogenesis throughout western Mexico: evolutionary biogeography of rattlesnakes (Viperidae: Crotalinae: Crotalus and Sistrurus). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 97: 145- 154.", "Bostanchi, H., S. C. Anderson, H. G. Kami, and T. J. Papenfuss. 2006. A new species of Pseudocerastes with elaborate tail ornamentation from western Iran (Squamata: Viperidae). Proc. California Acad. Sci. 57: 443-450.", "Campbell, J. A., and W. W. Lamar. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 vols. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.", "Caro, T. 2009. Contrasting coloration in terrestrial mammals. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 364: 537-548.", "Caro, T. 2013. The colours of extant mammals. Seminars in Cell &amp; Developmental Biology 24: 542-552.", "Carroll, S. 2008. Evo-devo and an expanding evolutionary synthesis: a genetic theory of morphological evolution. Cell 134: 25-36.", "Castoe, T. A., and C. L. Parkinson. 2006. Bayesian mixed models and the phylogeny of pitvipers (Serpentes: Viperidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 39: 91-110.", "Chouard, T. 2010. Revenge of the hopeful monster. Nature 463: 864-867.", "Clark, R. W., S. W Dorr, M. D. Whitford, and G. A. Freymiller. 2016. Activity cycles and foraging behaviors of free-ranging Sidewinder Rattlesnakes (Crotalus cerastes): the ontogeny of hunting in a precocial vertebrate. Zoology 119: 196-206.", "Conley, K. E., and S. L. Lindstedt. 1996. Minimal cost per twitch in rattlesnake tail muscle. Nature 383: 71-72.", "Conley, K. E., and S. L. Lindstedt. 2002. Energy-saving mechanisms in muscle: the minimization strategy. J. Exp. Biol. 205: 2,175-2,181.", "Cook, P. M., M. P. Rowe, and R. W. Van Devender. 1994. Allometric scaling and interspecific differences in the rattling sounds of rattlesnakes. Herpetologica 50: 358-368.", "Crother, B. I., J. Boundy, F. T. Burbrink, J. A. Campbell, K. de Queiroz, D. R. Frost, D. M. Green, R. Highton, J. B. Iverson, F. Kraus, R. W. McDiarmid, J. R. Mendelson III, P. A. Meylan, R. A. Pyron, T. W. Reeder, M. E. Seidel, S. G. Tilley, and D. B. Wake. 2012. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in our Understanding. 7th edn. SSAR Herpetol. Circular No. 39.", "Dawkins, R., and J. R. Krebs. 1978. Animal signals: information or manipulation? Pp. 282-309 In J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies (Eds.), Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, United Kingdom.", "Dawkins, R., and J. R. Krebs. 1979. Arms races between and within species. Proc. R. Soc. London B 205: 489-511.", "Drummond, H., and E. R. Gordon. 1979. Luring in the neonate Alligator Snapping Turtle (Macroclemys temminckii): description and experimental analysis. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 50: 136-152.", "Dunning, D.C., and M. Kruger. 1995. Aposematic sounds in African moths. Biotropica 27: 227-231.", "Eberhard, W. G. 2011. Are smaller animals behaviourally limited? Lack of clear constraints in miniature spiders. Anim. Behav. 81: 813-823.", "Eldredge, N. 2015. Eternal Ephemera: Adaptation and the Origin of Species from the Nineteenth Century through Punctuated Equilibria and Beyond. Columbia University Press, New York, New York.", "Eldredge, N., and S. J. Gould. 1972. Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism. Pp. 82-115 In T Schopf (Ed.), Models in Paleobiology. TJM Freeman, San Francisco, California.", "Emlen, D. J. 2014. Animal Weapons: The Evolution of Battle. Henry Holt &amp; Company, New York, New York.", "Endler, J. A. 1986. Natural Selection in the Wild. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.", "Enquist, M., A. Arak, S. Ghirlanda, and C.-A. Wachtmeister. 2002. Spectacular phenomena and limits to rationality in genetic and cultural evolution. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B 357: 1,585-1,594.", "Ereshefsky, M. 2012. Homology thinking. Biol. Phil. 27: 382-400.", "Ernst, C. H., and E. M. Ernst. 2011. Venomous Reptiles of the United States, Canada, and Northern Mexico, Vol. 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.", "Fathinia, B., N. Rastegar-Pouyani, E. Rastegar-Pouyani, F. Todehdehghan, and F. Amiri. 2015. Avian deception using an elaborate caudal lure in Pseudocerastes urarachnoides (Serpentes: Viperidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 36: 223-231.", "Fenolio, D. 2016. Life in the Dark. Illuminating Biodiversity in the Shadowy Haunts of Planet Earth. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.", "Fenwick, A. M. 2012. Beyond Building a Tree: Phylogeny of Pitvipers and Exploration of Evolutionary Patterns. Unpublished dissertation, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.", "Forbes, J. E. 1967. Respiratory activity of vibratory, tail epaxial and mid-body epaxial muscle in Crotalus horridus, Agkistrodon contortrix, and Thamnophis sirtalis. Unpublished thesis, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia.", "Futuyma, D. F. 1998. Evolutionary Biology, 3rd edn. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.", "Garman, S. 1889. On the evolution of the rattlesnake. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 24: 170-182.", "Glaudas, X., T. M. Farrell, and P. G. May. 2005. Defensive behavior of freeranging Pygmy Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius). Copeia 2005: 196-200.", "Gloyd, H. K. 1940. The Rattlesnakes. Genera Sistrurus and Crotalus: A Study in Zoogeography and Evolution. Spec. Publ. Chicago Acad. Sci. 4: 1-270.", "Goldschmidt, R. B. 1940. The Material Basis of Evolution. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.", "Gould, S. J. 1977. Ever Since Darwin. W. W. Norton &amp; Company, New York, New York.", "Gould, S. J. 1980. The Panda's Thumb. W. W. Norton &amp; Company, New York, New York.", "Gould, S. J. 2002. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "Gould, S. J., and E. S. Vrba. 1982. Exaptation-a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology 8: 4-15.", "Grafen, A. 1991. Modelling in behavioural ecology. Pp. 5-31 In J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies (Eds.), Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, United Kingdom.", "Greene, H. W. 1973. Defensive tail display by snakes and amphisbaenians. J. Herpetol. 7: 143-161.", "Greene, H. W. 1988. Anti-predator mechanisms in reptiles. Pp. 1-152 In C. Gans and R. B. Huey (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 16. Alan R. Liss, New York, New York.", "Greene, H. W. 1992. The ecological and behavioral context for pitviper evolution. Pp. 107-117 In J. A. Campbell and E. D. Brodie Jr. (Eds.), Biology of the Pitvipers. Selva, Tyler, Texas.", "Greene, H. W. 1997. Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.", "Greene, H. W., and J. A. Campbell. 1972. Notes on the use of caudal lures by arboreal green pit vipers. Herpetologica 28: 32-34.", "Gutberlet, R. L. Jr., and M. B. Harvey. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of New World pitvipers as inferred from anatomical evidence. Pp. 51-68 In G. W. Schuett, M. Hoggren, M. E. Douglas, and H. W. Greene (Eds.), Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, Utah.", "Gutberlet, R. L. Jr., and M. B. Harvey. 2004. The Evolution of New World Venomous Snakes. Pp. 634-682 In J. A., Campbell and W. W. Lamar (Eds.), The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere, 2 vols. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.", "Hagman, M., B. L. Phillips, and R. Shine. 2008. Tails of enticement: caudal luring by an ambush foraging snake (Acanthophis praelongus, Elapidae). Funct. Ecol. 22: 1,134-1,139.", "Hay, O. P. 1887. The Massasauga and its habits. Am. Nat. 21: 211-218.", "Heatwole, H., and E. Davison. 1976. A review of caudal luring in snakes with notes on its occurrence in the Saharan Sand Viper, Cerastes vipera. Herpetologica 32: 332-336.", "Holen, O. H., and R. A. Johnstone. 2004. The evolution of mimicry under constraints. Am. Nat. 164: 598-613.", "Jackson, R. R., and F. R. Cross. A cognitive perspective on aggressive mimicry. J. Zool. 290: 161-171.", "Jackson, R. R., and R. S. Wilcox. 1990. Aggressive mimicry, prey-specific predatory behaviour and predator recognition in the predator-prey interactions of Portia fimbriata and Euryattus sp. jumping spiders from Queensland. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 26: 111-119.", "Johnstone, R. A. 2002. The evolution of inaccurate mimics. Nature 418: 524-526.", "Kaji, T., J. Keiler, T. Bourguignon, and T. Miura. Functional transformation series and the evolutionary origin of novel forms: evidence from a remarkable termite defensive organ. Evol. Dev. 18: 78-88.", "Kauffeld, C. F. 1943. Growth and feeding of newborn Price's and Green Rock Rattlesnakes. Amer. Midl. Nat. 29: 607-614.", "Kerins, C. T. 1969. A Comparison of the Vibratory Muscle, Tail Epaxial Muscle, and Body Epaxial Muscle Respiratory Activities in Sistrurus miliarius, Coluber constrictor, and Natrix fasciata. Unpublished thesis, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia.", "Klauber, L. M. 1940. A statistical study of the rattlesnakes. VII. The rattle, part 1. Occ. Pap. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 6: 1-62.", "Klauber, L. M. 1972. Rattlesnakes. Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. 2 vols., 2nd edn. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.", "Martins, M., O. A. V. Marques, and I. Sazima. 2002. Ecological and phylogenetic correlates of feeding habits in Neotropical pitvipers of the genus Bothrops. Pp. 307-328 In G. W. Schuett, M. Hoggren, M. E. Douglas, and H. W. Greene (Eds.), Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, Utah.", "Maynard Smith, J. 1982. Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.", "Mayr, E. 1960. The emergence of evolutionary novelties. Pp. 349-380 In S. Tax (Ed.), Evolution after Darwin: The Evolution of Life. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.", "Mayr, E. 1963. Populations, Species, and Evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "Meik, J. M., and A. Pires-daSilva. 2009. Evolutionary morphology of the rattlesnake style. BMC Evol. Biol. 9: 35.", "Moczek, A. P. 2008. On the origins of novelty in development and evolution. BioEssays 30: 432-447.", "Mullin, S J. 1999. Caudal distraction by rat snakes (Colubridae, Elaphe): a novel behavior used when capturing mammalian prey. Great Basin Nat. 59: 361-367.", "Murray, B. A., S. D. Bradshaw, and D. H. Edward. 1991. Feeding behavior and the occurrence of caudal luring in Burton's Pygopodid, Lialis burtonis (Sauria: Pygopodidae). Copeia 1991: 509-516.", "Murphy, J. B. 1976. Pedal luring in the leptodactylid frog, Ceratophrys calcarata Boulenger. Herpetologica 32: 339-341.", "Neill, W. T. 1960. The caudal lure of various juvenile snakes. Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 23: 173-200.", "Nelson, X. J. 2014. Evolutionary implications of deception in mimicry and masquerade. Current Zool. 60: 6-15.", "Nelson, X. J., D. T. Garnett, and C. S. Evans. 2010. Receiver psychology and the design of the deceptive caudal luring signal of the Death Adder. Anim. Behav. 79: 555-561.", "Parellada, X., and X. Santos. 2002. Caudal luring in free-ranging adult Vipera latasti. Amphibia-Reptilia 23: 343-347.", "Parker, G. A. 1979. Sexual selection and sexual conflict. Pp. 123-166 In M. S. Blum and N. A. Blum (Eds.), Sexual Selection and Reproductive Competition in Insects. Academic Press, New York, New York.", "Parker, G. A. 1983 Arms races in evolution: an ESS to the opponent-independent costs game. J. Theor. Biol. 101: 619-648.", "Parker, G. A., and J. Maynard Smith. 1990. Optimality theory in evolutionary biology. Nature 348: 27-33.", "Parkinson, C. L. 1999. Molecular systematics and biogeographical history of pitvipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Copeia 1999: 576-586.", "Pasteur, G. 1982. A classificatory review of mimicry systems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 13: 169-199.", "Pietsch, T. W. 2009. Oceanic Anglerfishes. Extraordinary Diversity in the Deep Sea. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California.", "Pietsch, T. W., and D. B. Grobecker. 1978. The complete angler: aggressive mimicry in an antennariid angler fish. Science 201: 369-370.", "Pietsch, T. W., and D. B. Grobecker. 1987. Frogfishes of the World. Systematics, Zoogeography, and Behavioral Ecology. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.", "Pook, C. E., 1990. Notes on the genus Atheris (family: Viperidae). British Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 32: 31-36.", "Pough, F. H. 1988. Mimicry and related phenomena. Pp. 153-234 In C. Gans and R. B. Huey (Eds.), Biology of the Reptilia, Vol. 16. Alan R. Liss, New York, New York.", "Pycraft, W. P. 1925. Camouflage in Nature. Hutchinson and Co., London, United Kingdom.", "Rabatsky, A. M. 2008. Caudal luring as a precursor in the evolution of the rattle: a test using an ancestral rattlesnake, Sistrurus miliarius barbouri. Pp. 143-154 In W. K. Hayes, K. R. Beaman, M. D. Cardwell, and S. P. Bush (Eds.), The Biology of Rattlesnakes. Loma Linda University Press, Loma Linda, California.", "Rabatsky, A. M., and J. M. Waterman. 2005a. Ontogenetic shifts and sex differences in caudal luring in the Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake, Sistrurus miliarius barbouri. Herpetologica 61: 87-91.", "Rabatsky, A. M., and J. M. Waterman. 2005b. Non-rattling defensive tail display in the Dusky Pygmy Rattlesnake, Sistrurus miliarius barbouri: a previously undescribed behavior. Herpetol. Rev. 36: 236-238.", "Radcliffe, C. W., and T. P. Maslin. 1975. A new subspecies of the Red Rattlesnake, Crotalus ruber, from San Lorenzo Sur Island, Baja California Norte, Mexico. Copeia 1975: 490-493.", "Reiserer, R. S. 2002. Stimulus control of caudal luring and other feeding responses: a program for research on visual perception in vipers. Pp. 361-383 In G. W. Schuett, M. Hoggren, M. E. Douglas, and H. W. Greene (Eds.), Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, Utah.", "Reiserer, R.S., and G. W. Schuett. 2008. Aggressive mimicry in neonates of the Sidewinder Rattlesnake, Crotalus cerastes (Serpentes: Viperidae): stimulus control and visual perception of prey luring. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 95: 81-91.", "Reyes-Velasco, J., J. M. Meik, E. N. Smith, and T. A. Castoe. 2013. Phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic long-tailed rattlesnakes (Crotalus ericsmithi, C. lannomi, and C. stejnegeri). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 69: 524-534.", "Rowe, M. P., R. G. Coss, and D. H. Owings. 1986. Rattlesnake rattles and Burrowing Owl hisses: a case of acoustic Batesian mimicry. Ethology 72: 53- 71.", "Rowe, M. P., T. M. Farrell, and P. G. May. 2002. Rattle loss in Pigmy Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius): causes, consequences, and implications for rattle function and evolution. Pp. 385-404 In G. W. Schuett, M. Hoggren, M. E. Douglas, and H. W. Greene (Eds.), Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, Utah.", "Savitzky, A. H., and B. R. Moon. 2008. Tail morphology in the Western Diamond-Backed Rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox. J. Morphol. 269: 935-944.", "Schuett, G. W., D. L. Clark, and F. Kraus. 1984. Feeding mimicry in the rattlesnake Sistrurus catenatus, with comments on the evolution of the rattle. Anim. Behav. 32: 625-626.", "Schuett, G. W., M. Hoggren, M. E. Douglas, and H. W. Greene (Eds.). 2002. Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, LC, Eagle Mountain, Utah.", "Setser, K., E. Mocino-Deloya, and J. M. Meik. 2011. Rattle button loss in juvenile Ridge-nosed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus willardi): a novel mechanism for the developmental delay of the rattle. J. Herpetol. 45: 333-335.", "Shaw, C. E. 1964. A snake easily ruffled but unrattled. Zoonooz 37: 1-7.", "Sherratt, T. N., and C. D. Beatty 2003. The evolution of warning signals as reliable indicators of prey defense. Am. Nat. 162: 377-389.", "Sisk, N. R., and J. F. Jackson. 1997. Tests of two hypotheses for the origin of the crotaline rattle. Copeia 1997: 485-495.", "Strimple, P. D. 1992. Caudal luring: a discussion on definition and application of the term. Pp. 49-54 In P. D. Strimple and J. L. Strimple (Eds.), Contributions in Herpetology. Cincinnati Mus. Nat. Hist., Cincinnati, Ohio.", "Sweet, S. S. 1985. Geographic variation, convergent crypsis and mimicry in Gopher Snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) and Western Rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis). J. Herpetol. 19: 55-67.", "Tiebout, H. M. III. 1997. Caudal luring by a temperate colubrid snake, Elaphe obsoleta, and its implications for the evolution of the rattle among rattlesnakes. J. Herpetol. 31: 290-292.", "Vane-Wright, R. I. 1976. A unified classification of mimetic resemblances. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 8: 25-56.", "Wagner, G. P. 2015. Evolutionary innovations and novelties: let us get down to business! Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology 256: 75-81", "Wagner, G. P. 2016. What is \"homology thinking\" and what is it for? J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 326B: 3-8.", "Wickler, W. 1968. Mimicry in Plants and Animals. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York.", "Williams, G. C. 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection. A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.", "Willis, L., S. T. Threlkeld, and C. C. Carpenter. 1982. Tail loss patterns in Thamnophis (Reptilia: Colubridae) and the probable fate of injured individuals. Copeia 1982: 98-101.", "Young, B. A. 2003. Snake bioacoustics: toward a richer understanding of the behavioral ecology of snakes. Q. Rev. Biol. 78: 303-325.", "Zimmerman, A. A., and C. H. Pope. 1948. Development and growth of the rattle of rattlesnakes. Fieldiana: Zoology 32: 357-413."]}