cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Spongia equina subsp. cerebriformis var. typica Hyatt 1877
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia equina
Spongia equina subsp. cerebriformis var. typica hyatt, 1877

description: Spongia equina subsp. cerebriformis var. typica Hyatt, 1877
Spongia equina subsp. cerebriformis var. typica Hyatt, 1877: 520, pl. 15 fig.7.
Spongia obscura Wiedenmayer, 1977: 56.
Hyatt’s name is not an available name (as it has a fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5). As proposed above, I assign this material from Florida to Spongia (Spongia) obscura Wiedenmayer, 1977.
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
Evagetes Lepeletier 1845
Creators: name: Enayatnia, Masoumeh
name: Rakhshani, Ehsan
name: Kroupa, Alexander S.
name: Schmid-Egger, Christian
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Pompilidae
Evagetes

description: Genus Evagetes Lepeletier, 1845
Evagetes Lepeletier, 1845:390. Type species: Evagetes bicolor Lepeletier, 1845, by monotypy.
description: Published as part of Enayatnia, Masoumeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Kroupa, Alexander S. & Schmid-Egger, Christian, 2018, Updated catalogue of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) in Iran, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4394 (4) on page 464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1199890
Body image and the acoustic startle reflex
Creators: name: Taylor, Katie Bannon
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: The premise of this work is that body image is a phobic stimulus, and reaction to it may be measured using an acoustic startle reflex (ASR) paradigm. ASR is modulated by fear and body image may provoke a fearful, phobic-like response. This study aimed to determine differences in the modification of ASR produced by viewing self-body images in women with high shape and weight concerns (HSWC; n = 25) versus women with low shape and weight concerns (LSWC; n= 28) assessed with the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ).  Secondly, this project aimed to determine differences in subjective ratings of body image. There were significant differences  between groups in subjective ratings of self-body image. There were no between group differences in ASR to self-body images. Both groups of women exhibited attenuated ASR to self-face and body images, relative to neutral images, possibly indicating an effect of increased attention.  Both groups demonstrated ASR potentiation to negative images. HSWC women also viewed self-body images significanly longer than LSWC women. The discussion focuses on whether ASR is a phobic stimulus for women with body image concerns and whether there are self-attention effects that overide physiological affect measurement.
Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. dendritica Hyatt 1877
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia equina
Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. dendritica hyatt, 1877

description: Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. dendritica Hyatt, 1877
Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. dendritica Hyatt, 1877: 518, pl. 15 fig. 6.
Hyatt’s name is not an available name (as it has a fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5). I propose to assign this material from Nassau, Bahamas to Hippospongia gossypina (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) in accordance with Van Soest (1978: 21).
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
Evagetes crassicornis
Creators: name: Enayatnia, Masoumeh
name: Rakhshani, Ehsan
name: Kroupa, Alexander S.
name: Schmid-Egger, Christian
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Pompilidae
Evagetes
Evagetes crassicornis

description: Evagetes crassicornis (Shuckard, 1837)
Pompilus crassicornis Shuckard, 1837:63.— Great Britain, Type lost.
Distribution in Iran: FARS (FALAHATPISHE et al. 2016), WEST AZERBAIJAN (GHAHARI et al. 2016).
description: Published as part of Enayatnia, Masoumeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Kroupa, Alexander S. & Schmid-Egger, Christian, 2018, Updated catalogue of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) in Iran, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4394 (4) on page 464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1199890
Predictions of protein chemical shifts and protein slow motions
Creators: name: Tang, Sishi
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is one of the most powerful biophysical  techniques for studying biomacromolecules. The advances of NMR techniques are  often facilitated by the development of computational methods for the purpose of data  interpretation and analyses. In this way, more information is extracted from the experimental  measurements and complementary descriptions are given to details elusive to  NMR probes, so that the structural and dynamical behavior of the biomolecule can be  adequately described. Hence the two major goals of this thesis are:  i) To calculate chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) accurately and to understand how  CSA is influenced by the local environment.  ii) To predict and characterize important metastable conformations of proteins probed  in NMR relaxation experiments.  The first aspect is covered by three chapters (Chapter 2 - 4), where CSA calculations  using QM and QM/MM models are described and compared. First, we used a small  fragment (NMA3) model to determine the effect of vibrational motion on the magnitude  and orientation of CSAs. Next, we applied the same model to predict chemical  shift tensors and achieve qualitative agreement with experimental measurements for  the GB1 protein. Later we showed that a more expanded AF-QM/MM (automated  ii  fragment quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical) model is able to provide better  quantitative predictions to chemical shift tensors via an appropriate representation of  environmental effects. Our study is expected to compensate for the lack of direct experimental  measurements of CSAs, and help uncover the rich structural information  hidden in CSA data.  The second aspect is covered by four chapters (Chapter 5 - 8), where we used  the loop motion of triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) as our primary model to study  protein conformational changes. To corroborate the “population shift” theory, conventional  MD simulations was first performed to show that metastable states of TIM  can be induced and stabilized. Then adaptively biased molecular dynamics (ABMD)  simulations were used to predict and characterize the metastable conformations for  monomeric TIM. In order to characterize the free energy landscape of this loop motion  accurately and efficiently, an iterative approach combining ABMD and umbrella sampling  was developed. Subsequently, this approach was applied to understand why  TIM is only active as a dimer from energy and dynamics perspectives. Futhermore,  we extended the ABMD method so that the metastable states of proteins can be predicted  from their essential motions. The details of the methods used to predict and  characterize protein minor conformations are described, providing insights into the  energy and dynamics programmed in protein functions .
Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. porosa Hyatt 1877
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia equina
Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. porosa hyatt, 1877

description: Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. porosa Hyatt, 1877
Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. porosa Hyatt, 1877: 518, pl. 16 fig. 5.
Hyatt’s name is not an available name (as it has a fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5). I propose to assign this material from Nassau, Bahamas to Hippospongia gossypina (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) in accordance with Van Soest (1978: 21).
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
Evagetes ophirus subsp. richteri Wolf 1970
Creators: name: Enayatnia, Masoumeh
name: Rakhshani, Ehsan
name: Kroupa, Alexander S.
name: Schmid-Egger, Christian
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Pompilidae
Evagetes
Evagetes ophirus
Evagetes ophirus richteri wolf, 1970a

description: Evagetes ophirus richteri Wolf, 1970a
Evagetes ophirus richteri Wolf, 1970a:5, ♀.—Southwest Iran, Provinz Khuzistan: Jatrahi-Ufergebiet, 18 km nordöstlich Shadegan (SMNS).
Distribution in Iran: KHUZESTAN (WOLF 1970A—AS Evagetes ophirus richteri WOLF, 1970 A; WOLF et al. 2009).
description: Published as part of Enayatnia, Masoumeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Kroupa, Alexander S. & Schmid-Egger, Christian, 2018, Updated catalogue of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) in Iran, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4394 (4) on page 464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1199890
Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. solitaria Hyatt 1877
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia equina
Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. solitaria hyatt, 1877

description: Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. solitaria Hyatt, 1877
Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. solitaria Hyatt, 1877: 519, pl. 16 fig. 3.
Spongia solitaria; Van Soest 1978: 18, pl. VIII fig. 4, pl. IV fig.1, text-fig. 6.
Hyatt’s name is not an available name (as it has a fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5), and elevation in rank as Van Soest has attempted is similarly invalid (ICZN art. 45.5.1). The combination Spongia solitaria is thus to be considered as authored by Van Soest (1978) (ICZN art. 45.5.1) and his specimen, ZMA Por. 3416, locality Curaçao, approximate coordinates 12°N 69°W, collected by S.J. Mertens, 1887, is the (dried) holotype.
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on pages 25-26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
To branch or not to branch
Creators: name: Sweet, Eric S.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: Neuronal morphology is crucial for normal communication and health and is altered in many disease states. Microtubules are key regulators of neuronal morphology and are key components in transport of molecular cargo. Therefore, regulation of microtubule behavior is very important for establishing proper neuronal morphology and function. Thus, we examined the role of two proteins, PSD-95 and cypin, on microtubule dynamics and structure. First we show that PSD-95, a well-known synaptic protein, negatively regulates dendrite branching through a novel interaction with EB3, a plus-end microtubule-binding protein. Second, we show that cypin, a protein known to positively regulate dendrite branching, alters microtubule behavior and binds to assembled microtubules as well as tubulin heterodimers. We also show that PSD-95 and cypin have opposite but complimentary roles in changing microtubule stability, with cypin increasing and PSD-95 decreasing the stability of microtubules. Finally, we examine the ability of small molecules compounds to modify the cellular functions of cypin. We show that cypin’s guanine deaminase activity and interaction with PSD-95 can be altered by these compounds, affecting cellular behavior.
Evagetes fabrei Smissen 2003
Creators: name: Enayatnia, Masoumeh
name: Rakhshani, Ehsan
name: Kroupa, Alexander S.
name: Schmid-Egger, Christian
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Pompilidae
Evagetes
Evagetes fabrei

description: Evagetes fabrei Smissen, 2003
Evagetes fabrei Smissen, 2003:109, ♀.— Sille, Konya, Turkey (OLL).
Distribution in Iran: ALBORZ (EBRAHIMI et al. 2008), TEHRAN—DAMAVAND (SMISSEN 2003).
Remarks: SMISSEN (2003) EXAMINED THE TyPE SERIES OF Evagetes gusenleitneri WOLF, 1988 AND FOUND TWO SPECIES AMONg THEM. Evagetes gusenleitneri REMAINS A VALID SPECIES AND IS ONLy KNOWN FROM TURKEy, WHEREAS SMISSEN (2003) DESCRIBED SOME PARATyPES OF E. gusenleitneri FROM TURKEy AND IRAN AS E. fabrei NEW SPECIES. SO THE RECORD OF “ E. gusenleitneri ” FROM “ ELBURS, DAMAVAND-GEBIET, POLUR, 2000 M, 23.7.1977, LEg. J. GUSENLEITNER" REFERS TO E. fabrei, AND E. gusenleitneri WAS NOT KNOWN TO IRAN UNTIL NOW. OTHER RECORDS OF E. gusenleitneri AS “ TEHRAN ” (WOLF et al. 2009) ALSO ARE DOUBTFUL AND MUST BE CHECKED.
description: Published as part of Enayatnia, Masoumeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Kroupa, Alexander S. & Schmid-Egger, Christian, 2018, Updated catalogue of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) in Iran, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4394 (4) on page 464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1199890
Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. alba Hyatt 1877
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia equina
Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. alba hyatt, 1877

description: Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. alba Hyatt, 1877
Spongia equina subsp. gossypina var. alba Hyatt, 1877: 519, pl. 15 fig. 4
Hyatt’s name is not an available name (as it has a fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5). I propose to assign this material from Florida and the Bahamas to Hippospongia gossypina (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) in accordance with Van Soest (1978: 21).
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
Structure and dynamics of a highly-invaded plant-pollinator network
Creators: name: Stanko, Maria L.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: Networks of mutualistic interactions such as those between plants and pollinators are characterized by weak, asymmetric interactions organized in a nested pattern, in which the community is anchored by a core of interactions among generalist species.  This characteristic structure contributes to community stability and diversity but may be disrupted by invasion of the network by non-native species.  I used a network approach to characterize the community of interactions in an old field in New Jersey in which a high proportion of the plant species were non-native.  I described the entire plant-pollinator community at Hutcheson Memorial Forest (HMF) and asked whether this network displayed the characteristic structural properties of mutualistic networks.  Next, I examined how the non-native subset of the plant community compared to the native subset in terms of their interactions with pollinators.  Finally, I considered the temporal dynamics of the network for this community by addressing inter-annual and intra-annual changes in network structure and examining how the role of non-native plants changed through time.  Despite the high proportion of non-native plants species in the community, network properties were consistent with those described for other mutualistic networks.  Non-native plants were visited less than native plants, but interactions with pollinators were organized similarly for both groups of plants.   Network structure was consistent between years but varied widely on a monthly scale.  Variation in the role of non-native plants emerged when the network was examined intra-annually.  Non-native plants were subordinate to natives in terms of their importance to the pollinator community during most of the flowering season, except during a lull in native floral abundance, when non-native plants became more important.  Overall, non-native plants as a set displayed a similar range of generalization as the native plant community, suggesting that non-native plants are exploiting the same strategies for participation in the plant-pollinator community as native plants.  The structure of mutualistic networks appears to promote assimilation on non-native species while remaining robust to changes which threaten the stability of the community.
Regulation of bone quality and calcium absorption in obesity and during caloric restriction in women
Creators: name: Sukumar, Deeptha
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: Weight loss (WL) is associated with loss of bone loss due to several factors such as decrease in intake of calcium, true fractional calcium absorption (TFCA),  serum insulin like growth factor -1 (IGF-1) , reduced weight bearing . The aim in this dissertation was to understand whether a higher intake of dietary protein and vitamin D can attenuate bone loss during caloric restriction (CR), and addresses bone quality and altered hormonal milieu in obesity. In the first trial, our goal was to examine how bone responds to CR during a 1 year randomized trial using 2 levels of protein intake with controlled calcium intake of 1.2 g/d in both groups. Forty seven women were randomized to either a normal (18%) or higher (24%) protein intake for 1 year. Our results showed greater loss of BMD at certain sites and lower IGF-1 in the NP compared to HP diet (p <0.05).   The second trial hypothesized that a higher compared to normal vitamin D supplementation will attenuate the decrease in TFCA associated with CR. Eighty four women were supplemented with either 2500 IU/d or 400 IU/d of vitamin D3 for 6 weeks during WL or weight maintenance (WM). TFCA increased with 2500 IU/d D supplementation in the WM-D group by 3.7% (p <0.05) however did not attenuate the decrease in TFCA associated with CR, with the greatest increase in 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) in the WL-D group. These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation does not attenuate the decrease in TFCA associated with CR. The cross sectional study in this dissertation aimed at evaluating bone quality in obesity using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Our results in 211 women showed that obesity is associated with higher trabecular bone and lower cortical BMD. A separate case control clinical study in 111 women shows that high serum PTH in obesity is also associated with higher monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1). This unique effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on MCP-1 is independent of the level of adiposity. Together these studies evaluate nutrient supplementation in attenuating bone loss during CR and help better understand bone quality and higher serum PTH in obesity.
Specificity of Ras Signaling in Breast Cancer
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: In breast cancer, the normal control mechanisms that regulate growth, differentiation and/or cell death become defective. These control mechanisms consist of regulatory proteins on the surface and an inside of cells that send signals to each other via complex protein pathways. Collectively, this is referred to as signal transduction. Breast cancer cells frequently contain regulatory proteins on the external surfaces, such as the Her-2 receptor and EGF receptor, that have become defective or are expressed at abnormally high levels. These defective/over-expressed receptor proteins send continuous signals to a regulatory protein called Ras, and these signals convert Ras from its inactive GDP-bound state to its active GTP-bound state. Breast cancer cells also frequently contain estrogen receptors, and when these receptors bind estrogen, they also send activating signal to Ras. Ras is located on the inner surface of cells, and once it has become activated, it sends activating signals to other regulatory proteins, and thereby initiating downstream signaling cascades that can promote breast cancer cell growth.

 Human cells contain four very similar Ras proteins, H-Ras, N-Ras, K-Ras 4A and K-Ras 4B, but it is currently unknown whether each or only one of these Ras proteins contributes to breast cancer cell growth. The purpose of our studies is to determine whether the Her-2, EGF, and/or estrogen receptors send activating signals to each of the Ras proteins or only one of the Ras proteins.

 For our experiments we will use breast cancer cells over-expressing the Her-2, EGF, or estrogen receptor. cDNAs encoding each of the four Ras proteins will be introduced into these cells by transfection. To determine whether the Her-2, EGF and/or estrogen receptors send activating signals to each or only one of the four Ras proteins, we will assess the relative amounts of GTP vs.GDP bound to each of the Ras proteins in the transfected cells. In addition, we will determine whether there are any differences in two downstream indicators of Ras activation (activation of MAP kinase and cell growth) in these cells.

 Our studies are important, because demonstration that a single Ras protein contributes to breast cancer could provide the rationale for the development of inhibitors specific for that single Ras protein. These inhibitors could potentially help neutralize breast cancer growth in the approximately 30% of human breast cancer containing defective/over-expressed Her-2 or EGF receptors. In addition, these inhibitors might also be helpful in treating the approximately 50+% of breast cancers containing estrogen receptors.
The fat-hippo signaling network and regeneration
Creators: name: Staley, Binnaz Kucuk
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: The Hippo (Hpo) and Fat (Ft) pathways form an interconnected signaling network, which has a crucial role in growth control and is conserved from flies to humans. The Fat/Hippo pathway regulates growth, gene expression and planar cell polarity (PCP) (asymmetry of a cell within the plane of the epithelium), independently from tissue patterning. The inhibition of the pathway results in overgrown organs while cell fate determination is not affected. An ever-increasing amount of research has shown the pathway’s role in many different biological processes, including cancer and regeneration.  We identified a novel gene, lowfat (lft) as a modulator of the Ft signaling pathway. Lft is a conserved cytoplasmic protein that localizes to the sub-apical membranes of cells, where Ft and Dachsous (Ds), two members of the Ft pathway, are normally localized. Ft and Ds protein levels are reduced in lft mutant cells and increased in lft over-expressing cells. Lft can physically interact with the cytoplasmic domains of Ft and Ds, and regulates their levels post-transcriptionally. lft mutants display a characteristic Fat pathway phenotype in the wing that resembles weak mutant alleles of ft or ds. Furthermore, lft can genetically interact with both fat and ds, which results in more severe phenotypes.  We discovered that, in addition to its crucial role in growth control, the Hippo pathway is also required during regenerative response upon damage induction. We used the Drosophila adult midgut, the equivalent of the mammalian small intestine, as our model organ. Homeostasis in the midgut is maintained by intestinal stem cells (ISCs). In response to cell loss caused by infection or expression of apoptotic proteins, ISCs increase the rate of cell proliferation. We showed that Yki, a transcriptional co-activator of the Ft/Hpo pathway, is activated in enterocytes (absorptive cells of the midgut) upon  damage or activation of the damage-sensing Jnk pathway. This leads to a nonautonomous induction of ISC proliferation by regulation of the Jak/Stat pathway. Our data identifies a role for the Hippo pathway in regulating stem cell proliferation and intestinal regeneration upon damage.
Evagetes pectinipes
Creators: name: Enayatnia, Masoumeh
name: Rakhshani, Ehsan
name: Kroupa, Alexander S.
name: Schmid-Egger, Christian
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Pompilidae
Evagetes
Evagetes pectinipes

description: Evagetes pectinipes (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sphex pectinipes Linnaeus, 1758:570.
Distribution in Iran: FARS (FALAHATPISHE et al. 2016), MAZANDARAN (AMIRESMAILI et al. 2011; AMIRESMAILI & BARARI 2012).
description: Published as part of Enayatnia, Masoumeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Kroupa, Alexander S. & Schmid-Egger, Christian, 2018, Updated catalogue of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) in Iran, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4394 (4) on page 464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1199890
Spongia equina subsp. meandriniformis var. barbara sensu Hyatt 1877
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia equina
Spongia equina subsp. meandriniformis var. barbara sensu hyatt, 1877

description: Spongia equina subsp. meandriniformis var. barbara sensu Hyatt, 1877
Spongia equina subsp. meandriniformis var. barbara sensu Hyatt, 1877: 519.
Hyatt’s name is not an available name (as it has a fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5). Hyatt’s name is a misspelling of Spongia meandriformis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 (currently Spongia (Spongia) barbara Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864). I propose to assign this material from Florida and the Bahamas to Spongia (Spongia) barbara (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) in accordance with Van Soest (1978: 16).
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
Spongia lapidescens subsp. mauritiana var. decidua Hyatt 1877
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia lapidescens
Spongia lapidescens subsp. mauritiana var. decidua hyatt, 1877

description: Spongia lapidescens subsp. mauritiana var. decidua Hyatt, 1877
Spongia lapidescens subsp. mauritiana var. decidua Hyatt, 1877: 528.
Hyattella decidua; Von Lendenfeld 1889: 110, pl. 20 fig. 3.
Hyatt’s name is not an available name (as it has a fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5). I propose to assign this material from Mauritius to Hyattella sinuosa (Pallas, 1766) in accordance with Ridley (1884: 592).
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
The A-theory
Creators: name: Sullivan, Meghan
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: A-theories of time postulate a fundamental distinction between the present and other  times. This distinction manifests in what A-theorists take to exist, their accounts  of property change, and their views about the appropriate temporal logic. In this  dissertation, I argue for a particular formulation of the A-theory that dispenses with  change in existence and makes tense operators an optional formal tool for expressing  the key theses. I call my view the minimal A-theory. The first chapter introduces  the debate. The second chapter offers an extended, logic-based argument against  more traditional A-theories. The third and fourth chapters develop my alternative  proposal. The final chapter considers a problem for A-theorists who think the contents  of our attitudes reflect changes in the world.
Spongia lapidescens subsp. mauritiana var. pacifica Hyatta 1877
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia lapidescens
Spongia lapidescens subsp. mauritiana var. pacifica hyatt, 1877

description: Spongia lapidescens subsp. mauritiana var. pacifica Hyatt, 1877
Spongia l apidescens subsp. mauritiana var. pacifica Hyatta, 1877: 528.
Hyattella sinuosa; Von Lendenfeld 1889: 119, pl. 15 fig. 1.
Hyatt’s name is not an available name (as it is the fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5). Lendenfeld’s (1889) assignment to Hyattella sinuosa (Pallas, 1766) is judged to be unlikely, so I propose to assign this material from the Mexican Pacific provisionally to Hyattella aff. hancocki (Dickinson, 1945: 3), a Hyattella species from the Mexican Pacific.
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
Evagetes pontomoravicus
Creators: name: Enayatnia, Masoumeh
name: Rakhshani, Ehsan
name: Kroupa, Alexander S.
name: Schmid-Egger, Christian
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Pompilidae
Evagetes
Evagetes pontomoravicus

description: Evagetes pontomoravicus (Šustera, 1938)
1938. Psammochares pontomoravicus Šustera, 1938:210, ♂.—Moravia [today in Czech Republic].
Distribution in Iran: TEHRAN (WOLF et al. 2009— AS Evagetes pontomoravicus pontomoravicus), WEST AZERBAIJAN (SAKENIN et al. 2010).
description: Published as part of Enayatnia, Masoumeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Kroupa, Alexander S. & Schmid-Egger, Christian, 2018, Updated catalogue of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) in Iran, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4394 (4) on page 464, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1199890
Spongia linteiformis Lamarck 1814
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia linteiformis

description: Spongia linteiformis Lamarck, 1814
(Figs. 2 I-J)
Spongia linteiformis Lamarck, 1814: 456–457.
Cacospongia linteiformis; Topsent 1933: 8, pl. I fig. 8; Fattorusso et al. 1992: 6923 (identified as ‘cf.’).
Not: Spongia linteiformis Esper, 1797: 205, pl. LVIII, figs. 1–2.
Lamarck’s species name is a junior primary homonym of Spongia linteiformis Esper (1797: 205, pl. LVIII) (here reproduced in Fig. 2J), although Lamarck did mention Esper’s name with a question mark. Topsent’s (1933: 8, pl. I fig. 8) redescription and illustration of the type specimen in MNHN, registration not currently known (reproduced here in Fig. 2I) make it amply clear that the two are different species, and also their localities are from different oceans (Lamarck’s specimen was from Puerto Rico, Esper’s from the Indian Ocean). Although the identity of Esper’s sponge is uncertain (it is not even certain that it concerns a sponge), Lamarck’s name must be replaced (ICZN art. 59.1) and I propose Scalarispongia lamarcki nom.nov., because from Topsent’s redescription I deduce that it is a member of genus Scalarispongia Cook & Bergquist, 2000.
Fattorusso et al. (1992) reported biochemical information (unprecedented sesterterpenes) from a specimen from the Bahamas of this species identified with some uncertainty.
According to Topsent (1933: 9), Lamarck’s collection contained two additional specimens labeled Spongia linteiformis, one being Echinochalina favosa (Lamarck, 1814), currently Echinochalina (Echinochalina) barba (Lamarck, 1814), and one (labeled ‘var.’) being Ircinia gigantea Von Lendenfeld, 1888, currently Ircinia irregularis (Poléjaeff, 1884), a species from Australia.
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
Evagetes proximus
Creators: name: Enayatnia, Masoumeh
name: Rakhshani, Ehsan
name: Kroupa, Alexander S.
name: Schmid-Egger, Christian
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Pompilidae
Evagetes
Evagetes proximus

description: Evagetes proximus (Dahlbom, 1845)
Pompilus proximus Dahlbom, 1845:451 (key) ♀ ♂.— Scania [Sweden].
Distribution in Iran: FARS (FALAHATPISHE et al. 2016), NORTHERN IRAN (WOLF 1959); NO LOCALITy CITED (SMISSEN 2003).
description: Published as part of Enayatnia, Masoumeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Kroupa, Alexander S. & Schmid-Egger, Christian, 2018, Updated catalogue of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) in Iran, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4394 (4) on pages 464-465, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1199890
Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. zimocciformis Hyatt 1877
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia officinalis
Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. zimocciformis hyatt, 1877

description: Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. zimocciformis Hyatt, 1877
Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. zimocciformis Hyatt, 1877: 511 (no illustration).
Euspongia officinalis var. mollissima; Von Lendenfeld 1889: 268.
Hyatt’s name is not an available name (as it has a fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5). I propose to assign this material from the Adriatic to Spongia (Spongia) mollissima Schmidt, 1862 in accordance with Von Lendenfeld.
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
Clibanarius virescens
Creators: name: Ririhena, Dharma Arif Nugroho Dwi Listyo Rahayu Rianta Pratiwi Rena Tri Hernawati Ujang Nurhaman John Etry
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Decapoda
Diogenidae
Clibanarius
Clibanarius virescens

description: Clibanarius virescens (Krauss,1843)
(Fig. 7F)
Habitat. Sandy muddy substrate at seagrass bed and rocky shore, intertidal.
Distribution. East coast of Africa to Thailand, Taiwan, Japan, and Fiji. Indonesia: Kalimantan, Lombok, Sulawesi, and Maluku.
Remarks. The yellow or yellowish cream of dactylus of the second and third pereopods, and the green or dark green of the propodus, carpus and merus are characteristic for this species. Morgan (1985) and Yoshikawa et al. (2020) recorded the color variation of this species.
description: Published as part of Ririhena, Dharma Arif Nugroho Dwi Listyo Rahayu Rianta Pratiwi Rena Tri Hernawati Ujang Nurhaman John Etry, 2024, Hermit crabs (Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae, Calcinidae, Diogenidae, Paguridae) from Halmahera Island, North Maluku, Indonesia, pp. 1-24 in Nauplius (e 20240507) (e 20240507) 32 on page 15, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e20240507, http://zenodo.org/record/14668576
Evagetes trispinosus
Creators: name: Enayatnia, Masoumeh
name: Rakhshani, Ehsan
name: Kroupa, Alexander S.
name: Schmid-Egger, Christian
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Pompilidae
Evagetes
Evagetes trispinosus

description: Evagetes trispinosus (Kohl, 1886)
Pompilus trispinosus Kohl, 1886:324, ♀.— Italy, Sardegna (NHMW).
Distribution in Iran: MAZANDARAN (HAUPT 1929A—AS Psammochares proximus zonata HAUPT, 1929A; AMIRESMAILI et al. 2011; AMIRESMAILI & BARARI, 2012 — AS Evagetes pectinipes (LINNAEUS, 1758)), NORTH KHORASAN (WOLF et al. 2009— AS Evagetes trispinosus trispinosus (KOHL, 1886); WOLF 2003).
Remarks: SMISSEN (2003) REgARDED Evagetes trispinosus AS A SUBSPECIES OF E. pectinipes. PROBABLy BOTH TAXA ARE CONSPECIFIC.
description: Published as part of Enayatnia, Masoumeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Kroupa, Alexander S. & Schmid-Egger, Christian, 2018, Updated catalogue of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) in Iran, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4394 (4) on page 465, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1199890
Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. adriatica sensu Hyatt 1877
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia officinalis
Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. adriatica sensu hyatt, 1877

description: Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. adriatica sensu Hyatt, 1877
? Spongia adriatica Schmidt, 1862: 20 (currently Spongia (Spongia) officinalis)
Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. adriatica sensu Hyatt, 1877: 511, pl. 16 figs. 18–19.
Euspongia officinalis var. adriatica; Von Lendenfeld 1889: 267.
Hyatt’s name is not an available name (as it has a fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5). I propose to assign this material from the Adriatic to Spongia (Spongia) officinalis Linnaeus, 1759.
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
Evagetes zonatus
Creators: name: Enayatnia, Masoumeh
name: Rakhshani, Ehsan
name: Kroupa, Alexander S.
name: Schmid-Egger, Christian
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Pompilidae
Evagetes
Evagetes zonatus

description: Evagetes zonatus (Haupt, 1929a)
Psammochares proximus zonata Haupt, 1929a:591, ♀.— Pish-Kuh [Iran] (ZMHU).
Distribution in Iran: MAZANDARAN (HAUPT 1929A; WOLF 1977 — AS Psammochares proximus zonata HAUPT, 1929A).
description: Published as part of Enayatnia, Masoumeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Kroupa, Alexander S. & Schmid-Egger, Christian, 2018, Updated catalogue of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) in Iran, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4394 (4) on page 465, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1199890
Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. mollissima sensu Hyatt 1877
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia officinalis
Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. mollissima sensu hyatt, 1877

description: Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. mollissima sensu Hyatt, 1877
? Spongia mollissima Schmidt, 1862: 23 (currently Spongia (Spongia) mollissima).
Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. mollissima sensu Hyatt, 1877: 511, pl. 16 figs. 18–19.
Euspongia officinalis var. mollissima; Von Lendenfeld, 1889: 268.
Hyatt’s name is not an available name (as it has a fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5). I propose to assign this material from the Adriatic to Spongia (Spongia) mollissima Schmidt, 1862.
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
Ferreola Lepeletier 1845
Creators: name: Enayatnia, Masoumeh
name: Rakhshani, Ehsan
name: Kroupa, Alexander S.
name: Schmid-Egger, Christian
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Pompilidae
Ferreola

description: Genus Ferreola Lepeletier, 1845
Ferreola Lepeletier, 1845. Type species: Ferreola algira Lepeletier, 1845, by monotypy.
description: Published as part of Enayatnia, Masoumeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Kroupa, Alexander S. & Schmid-Egger, Christian, 2018, Updated catalogue of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) in Iran, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4394 (4) on page 465, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1199890
Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. tubuliformis Hyatt 1877
Creators: name: Van Soest, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Spongiidae
Spongia
Spongia officinalis
Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. tubuliformis hyatt, 1877

description: Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. tubuliformis Hyatt, 1877
Spongia officinalis subsp. mediterranea var. tubuliformis Hyatt, 1877: 511, pl. 16 fig. 20.
Euspongia officinalis var. adriatica; Von Lendenfeld 1889: 267.
Hyatt’s name is not an available name (as it has a fourth name, ICZN art. 45.5). I propose to assign this material from the Adriatic to Spongia (Spongia) officinalis Linnaeus, 1759.
description: Published as part of Van Soest, Rob W. M., 2024, Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera, pp. 1-122 in Zootaxa 5398 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10494167
Gonaporus Ashmead 1902
Creators: name: Enayatnia, Masoumeh
name: Rakhshani, Ehsan
name: Kroupa, Alexander S.
name: Schmid-Egger, Christian
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Pompilidae
Gonaporus

description: Genus Gonaporus Ashmead, 1902
Gonaporus Ashmead, 1902:88. Type species: Pompilus gracilis Klug, 1834, by original designation.
description: Published as part of Enayatnia, Masoumeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Kroupa, Alexander S. & Schmid-Egger, Christian, 2018, Updated catalogue of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) in Iran, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4394 (4) on page 465, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1199890
American boredom
Creators: name: Stacey, Chris
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: Americans did not always complain about feeling bored. This dissertation explains how the concept of boredom emerged in the United States and why it became a normative feature of everyday life. Boredom is often conceived as a human emotion, as a constant,transhistorical attribute, consisting of stable, innate traits. This is not the case. A long process of social interactions with discourses representing the experience of boredom, the types of “problems” caused by its effects, and the solutions proposed to eradicate it,resulted in boredom becoming a culturally constructed emotion by the mid-twentieth century. In the late nineteenth century, a discourse about rationalized industry and the social problems caused by the effects of monotony on industrial workers appeared inpopular culture. The “problem of monotony” became intertwined with cultural concerns over the threat or promise of leisure—a set of ideas that by the mid-twentieth century became a capacious category used to explain deviant behavior and simultaneously offer the promise of therapeutic self-fulfillment in consumer culture. As popular and scientific discourses converged in the 1920s with post-World War I cultural trends, many Americans, across all classes, started to believe boredom was a natural aspect of “modern” life and not simply a very human response to repetitive work. Boredom became permanently established in American society as an undesirable experience andwas represented as causing a range of aberrant behaviors requiring adjustment to socialnorms. In the world of work, industrial psychologists sought to increase industrial efficiency and diminish employee unrest. They created a scientific paradigm where boredom was cast as a pathological condition, a set of psychological symptoms overlapping with descriptions of depression. In the 1930s—when social scientists and big business found cost-effective ways to “solve” the pathological problem of boredom— theory and practice were synthesized, and a therapeutic response to tedium became the basis for vast social, economic, and personal changes. Sustained psychological research initiated the medicalization of boredom, the prescription of pharmaceuticals as anantidote, and the use of background music in industry as a form of “therapy” to pacify workers and increase their productivity.
Chlaenius nitidulus
Creators: name: Hoess, René
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Carabidae
Chlaenius
Chlaenius nitidulus

description: Chlaenius nitidulus (Schrank, 1781)
Sachseln (OW), Hanenriet, 469 m, 658.0 /188.9, 3.9.2011: 1 Ind.
Dem CSCF liegen neuere Daten nur aus dem Tessin vor. In der Nordschweiz stammt die letzte Angabe aus dem Jahre 1996. Mit dem vorliegenden Fund ist die Art erstmals auch für die Innerschweiz nachgewiesen.
description: Published as part of Hoess, René, 2016, Interessante Neufunde von Laufkäfern (Coleoptera: Carabidae) aus der Schweiz, pp. 53-67 in Entomo Helvetica 9 on page 60, DOI: 10.5169/seals-986145, http://zenodo.org/record/7901176
Ferreola dentata
Creators: name: Enayatnia, Masoumeh
name: Rakhshani, Ehsan
name: Kroupa, Alexander S.
name: Schmid-Egger, Christian
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Pompilidae
Ferreola
Ferreola dentata

description: Ferreola dentata (Gussakovskij, 1930) #
Platyderes dentatus Gussakovskij, 1930:82, ♀.— Iran (ZIN?).
Distribution in Iran: SISTAN-O BALUCHESTAN (NORTH), SOUTH KHORASAN (GUSSAKOVSKIJ 1932 — AS Platyderes dentatus GUSSAKOVSKIJ, 1930).
description: Published as part of Enayatnia, Masoumeh, Rakhshani, Ehsan, Kroupa, Alexander S. & Schmid-Egger, Christian, 2018, Updated catalogue of Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) in Iran, pp. 451-489 in Zootaxa 4394 (4) on page 465, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4394.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1199890
Boolean model of the restriction point in cell cycle
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: The restriction point in mammalian cell cycle is a checkpoint in G1 phase. Cells that pass through this point are committed to cell division. Mutations in factors contributing to cell cycle arrest at the restriction point are thought to be the main contributors of cancer. We hypothesize that the restriction point is a fixed point in the dynamic system of the interacting proteins and genes involved, and that the mutations leading to the bypass of the checkpoint are destabilizing the fixed point. We propose to build a Boolean model of the regulatory network around the restriction point. We will investigate the dynamic properties of the system, factors and interactions that contribute to the stability of the fixed point, and the perturbations that may destabilize it. Results will be compared with known mutant phenotypes and will be used to suggest testable predictions. A more quantitative understanding of the checkpoint instability would impact cancer research. We ask for one year funding to seed the collaboration and to achieve the above goals. If successful, more effort in modeling and close interaction will experiments will follow, with funding sought after from this or other sources.