cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: Current Analysis of Color Separation of Chiral Enantiomers via Pyrogallol Red Indicator and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and Future Applications for Chiral Identification
Creators: name: Reyes, Sabrina
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Enantiomers
subject: chiral analysis
subject: chiral amines
subject: UV-Vis spectroscopy
subject: Writing Flag Award

description: Chiral substances are extremely important in many pharmaceutical drugs and in a variety of fields; therefore, the reliable identification of chiral enantiomers is equally as important. Unfortunately, the identification of enantiomers from a racemic mixture is challenging as there are many problems with current methods. To help address these issues, the main project objective was to develop efficient methods for identifying the chirality of enantiomers in solution of Pyrogallol Red (PR) indicator, 2-FormylPhenylBoronic Acid (FPBA), and (S)-(-)-1-Phenylethylamine (amine) by using UV-vis spectroscopy analysis. The structure of FPBA allows for rapid formation of both imines and boronate esters with reaction intermediates of amines and vicinal diols respectively. However, FPBA is an achiral sensor and therefore is not sensitive to chiral objects. Bindings between FPBA and PR lead to changes in color and absorbance, and based on the standard that the amine intermediate would transform into an imine, the chirality of the beginning amine can impact the equilibria between the boronic acid, competing indicator, and vicinal diols of the saturated solution. By introducing color and chirality to the system, equilibria between the species in the saturated solution can be exploited to determine enantiomeric excess of a sample via the monitoring of absorbance changes across solution composition/enantiomeric excess. Overall, the data gathered from this project indicates that the saturation point between FPBA and PR has not yet been reached and therefore it is not yet possible to exploit substance equilibria for color discrimination of enantiomers. However, initial data is promising as absorbance and equivalence data did differ across each trial, indicating that the expected reactions are occurring and giving promise that these reactions can continue to be exploited for chiral color analysis.
title: Examining Working Memory and Forgetfulness Through Serial Position Curves
Creators: name: Whitmarsh, Caroline E.
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Working Memory
subject: ADHD
subject: ADHD-Inattentive
subject: Forgetfulness
subject: Articulatory Suppression
subject: Articulatory Loop
subject: Serial Position Effect
subject: Serial Position Curve
subject: Writing Flag Award

description: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Inattentive Presentation (ADHD-Inattentive) is broadly thought to involve deficits in executive functioning. Difficulties maintaining a mastery of one’s physical environment (e.g., frequently losing personal items in public spaces or one’s home) and struggles with daily mental orientation (e.g., remembering one’s schedule or maintaining a mental checklist) are common symptoms of ADHD-Inattentiveness. Taken together, these symptoms describe the general concept of forgetfulness. However, minimal research examining the specific etiology of this forgetfulness exists. The present study sought to examine the relationship between working memory and experiences of inattentive forgetfulness through serial position curves. To accomplish this, participants completed a working memory task modeled after the Baddeley et al. (1984) articulatory loop study, followed by a continuous performance task adapted from the Conners CPT 3 for ADHD assessment. Finally, participants completed a self-report survey regarding their personal experiences with forgetfulness and inattention. Participant performance on the working memory task was used to create serial position curves. Ultimately, negligible differences between the serial position curves of attentive and inattentive groups emerged. As such, the present study suggests that isolated working memory cannot solely account for experiences with inattentive forgetfulness.
Molecular Dynamics Trajectories  Transprotein Electropore Formation
Creators: name: Marracino, Paolo
name: Bernardi, Mario
name: Liberti, Micaela
name: Signore, Federico Del
name: Trapani, Erika
name: Garate, Jose Antonio
name: Burnham, Christian J.
name: Apollonio, Francesca
name: English, Niall J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Molecular Dynamics, human Aquaporin 4, electroporation, electric fields

description: AQP4_MD.conf: NAMD example input file.

AQP_cw_pope_wi.pdb: coordinates  of AQP4 tetramer embedded in an POPC bilayer fully solvated and neutralized.

AQP_cw_pope_wi.psf: topology of AQP4 tetramer embedded in an POPC bilayer fully solvated and neutralized.

par_all27_prot_lipid.prm: CHARMM parameter file.

z+.0.05va.5ns.dcd: Trajectory of electropore formation.

z+.stat_frame1600.0.02va.46ns.dcd: Trajectory of electropore stabilization (holding potential)

z+.stat_frame1700.0.02va.66ns.dcd: Trajectory of electropore stabilization (holding potential)

Naming Convention: field_direction.starting_frame.potential_value(in volts/A).simulated_time.dcd

To load any  dcd file, load first the psf or pdb file in VMD.
Koch, Alois, Johannes Chrysostomus und seine Kenntnisse der antiken Agonistik im Spiegel der in seinen Schriften verwendeten Bilder und Vergleiche
Creators: name: Sebott, Reinhold
Publisher: name: Theologie und Philosophie
Year: 1970

description: Theologie und Philosophie, Bd. 84 Nr. 1 (2009): Theologie und Philosophie, Band 84, Heft 1
title: Epigenetics of SNCA and APOE Genes and Lewy Body Dementia
Creators: name: Yesland, Miiko
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: SNCA
subject: APOE
subject: Methylation
subject: Lewy Body Dementia
subject: Epigenetics
subject: Alpha-Synuclein
subject: Writing Flag Award

description: Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by rapid cognitive decline, Parkinson's-like motor issues, hallucinations and eventually death. Because LBD displays traits similar to other neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), researchers have sought more reliable, specific ways to diagnose LBD. Recent studies have singled out some candidate genes that could serve as potential biomarkers for LBD: SNCA and APOE. Epigenetic modifications, specifically hypomethylation, in SNCA and APOE genes is positively correlated with the development of Lewy Body Dementia, which suggests that these genes could be potential biomarkers to diagnose LBD if their mechanistic contribution to LBD development is better understood.
Disentangling Gold Open Access
Creators: name: Salinas, Daniel Torres
name: Robinson-García, Nicolás
name: Moed, Henk
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Open Access
Gold Open Access
Web of Science
Scientific Communication

description: This chapter focuses on the analysis of current publication trends in gold Open Access (OA). The purpose of the chapter is to develop a full understanding on country patterns, OA journals characteristics and citation differences between gold OA and non-gold OA publications. For this, we will first review current literature regarding Open Access and its relation with its so-called citation advantage. Starting with a chronological perspective we will describe its development, how different countries are promoting OA publishing, and its effects on the journal publishing industry. We will deepen the analysis by investigating the research output produced by different units of analysis. First, we will focus on the production of countries with a special emphasis on citation and disciplinary differences. A point of interest will be identification of national idiosyncrasies and the relation between OA publication and research of local interest. This will lead to our second unit of analysis, OA journals indexed in Web of Science. Here we will deepen on journals characteristics and publisher types to clearly identify factors which may affect citation differences between OA and traditional journals which may not necessarily be derived from the OA factor. Gold OA publishing is being encouraged in many countries as opposed to Green OA. This chapter aims at fully understanding how it affects researchers’ publication patterns and whether it ensures an alleged citation advantage as opposed to non-gold OA publications.
description: Forthcoming in Glanzel, W., Moed, H.F., Schmoch U., Thelwall, M. (2018). Springer Handbook of
Science and Technology Indicators. Springer
Additional file 1 of Effects of local reduction of endogenous α-synuclein using antisense oligonucleotides on the fibril-induced propagation of pathology through the neural network in wild-type mice
Creators: name: Sano, Tatsuhiko
name: Nagata, Tetsuya
name: Ebihara, Satoe
name: Yoshida-Tanaka, Kie
name: Nakamura, Ayako
name: Sasaki, Asuka
name: Shimozawa, Aki
name: Mochizuki, Hideki
name: Uchihara, Toshiki
name: Hasegawa, Masato
name: Yokota, Takanori
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: Medicine
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Neuroscience
Pharmacology
Cancer
Mental Health
Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1. Supplementary Information.
Additional file 1 of Osmolyte-producing microbial biostimulants regulate the growth of Arachis hypogaea L. under drought stress
Creators: name: Eswaran, Sakthi Uma Devi
name: Sundaram, Lalitha
name: Perveen, Kahkashan
name: Bukhari, Najat A.
name: Sayyed, R. Z.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: Supplementary Material 1
Vieweg, Klaus / Welsch, Wolfgang (Hgg.): Hegels Phänomenologie des Geistes
Creators: name: Schmidt, Jochen
Publisher: name: Theologie und Philosophie
Year: 1970

description: Theologie und Philosophie, Bd. 84 Nr. 1 (2009): Theologie und Philosophie, Band 84, Heft 1
Glucose sensing using near infrared spectroscopy
Creators: name: Davison, Nicholas
Publisher: name: Lancaster University
Year: 2024

description: Absorption spectroscopy in the Near Infrared (NIR) region is a promising
 technology for non-invasive glucose sensing. Regular glucose monitoring is
 required to maintain glycaemic control in patients with diabetes, however,
 current glucose sensing methods, mostly based on needle-prick meters or
 subcutaneous sensors, are invasive and unpleasant for patients. NIR offers
 the advantages of strong tissue penetration, a well-developed detector
 technology platform and a method that measures the glucose absorption by
 infrared light. However, the accuracy of any NIR spectroscopy technique
 depends on sensor design factors including the choice of detector, light
 source, sample thickness, data pre-processing method or measurement
 geometry, which can be investigated using a lab-based spectroscopy setup.
 This study aimed to develop an NIR spectroscopy system and then
 investigate the spectra of glucose in solution, intralipid and bovine
 blood in both transmittance

 and reflectance modes. By collecting spectra of samples with a fixed
 glucose concentration difference and applying Partial Least Squares
 regression, the different techniques were evaluated using the Standard
 Error of Prediction (SEP). In aqueous solution, the most prominent glucose
 absorption band was the 1600-1700 nm first CH overtone and the limit of
 detection was 5 mmol/L. Intralipid spectra were dominated by
 glucose-dependant scattering, especially below 1300 nm, as expected by Mie
 scattering theory. Bovine blood spectra were dominated by water and
 haemoglobin, with increased absorbance across the entire spectral range at
 higher glucose concentrations. A type II InGaAs/GaAsSb superlattice
 detector was developed, aiming to target peak responsivity in the glucose
 combination band. The device had a dark current density of 0.137 A cm−2
 and, when collecting spectra from glucose solutions with 100 mmol/L fixed
 step, had an SEP competitive to a commercial extended-InGaAs diode. This
 thesis demonstrates that NIR spectroscopy can to be used for glucose
 sensing and highlights the considerations when designing a non-invasive
 glucose-sensing device.
sj-pdf-1-jcc-10.1177_00220221221134711 – Supplemental material for Family First: Evidence of Consistency and Variation in the Value of Family Versus Personal Happiness Across 49 Different Cultures
Creators: name: Krys, Kuba
name: Chun Yeung, June
name: Haas, Brian W.
name: van Osch, Yvette
name: Kosiarczyk, Aleksandra
name: Kocimska-Zych, Agata
name: Torres, Claudio
name: Selim, Heyla A.
name: Zelenski, John M.
name: Bond, Michael Harris
name: Park, Joonha
name: Lun, Vivian Miu-Chi
name: Maricchiolo, Fridanna
name: Vauclair, Christin-Melanie
name: Poláčková Šolcová, Iva
name: Sirlopú, David
name: Xing, Cai
name: Vignoles, Vivian L.
name: van Tilburg, Wijnand A. P.
name: Teyssier, Julien
name: Sun, Chien-Ru
name: Serdarevich, Ursula
name: Schwarz, Beate
name: Sargautyte, Ruta
name: Røysamb, Espen
name: Romashov, Vladyslav
name: Rizwan, Muhammad
name: Pavlović, Zoran
name: Pavlopoulos, Vassilis
name: Okvitawanli, Ayu
name: Nadi, Azar
name: Nader, Martin
name: Mustaffa, Nur Fariza
name: Murdock, Elke
name: Mosca, Oriana
name: Mohorić, Tamara
name: Barrientos Marroquin, Pablo Eduardo
name: Malyonova, Arina
name: Liu, Xinhui
name: Lee, J. Hannah
name: Kwiatkowska, Anna
name: Kronberger, Nicole
name: Klůzová Kráčmarová, Lucie
name: Kascakova, Natalia
name: Işık, İdil
name: Igou, Eric R.
name: Igbokwe, David O.
name: Hanke-Boer, Diana
name: Gavreliuc, Alin
name: Garðarsdóttir, Ragna B.
name: Fülöp, Márta
name: Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer
name: Esteves, Carla Sofia
name: Domínguez-Espinosa, Alejandra
name: Denoux, Patrick
name: Charkviani, Salome
name: Baltin, Arno
name: Arevalo, Douglas
name: Appoh, Lily
name: Akotia, Charity
name: Adamovic, Mladen
name: Uchida, Yukiko
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: Psychology not elsewhere classified

description: Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jcc-10.1177_00220221221134711 for Family First: Evidence of Consistency and Variation in the Value of Family Versus Personal Happiness Across 49 Different Cultures by Kuba Krys, June Chun Yeung, Brian W. Haas, Yvette van Osch, Aleksandra Kosiarczyk, Agata Kocimska-Zych, Claudio Torres, Heyla A. Selim, John M. Zelenski, Michael Harris Bond, Joonha Park, Vivian Miu-Chi Lun, Fridanna Maricchiolo, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Iva Poláčková Šolcová, David Sirlopú, Cai Xing, Vivian L. Vignoles, Wijnand A. P. van Tilburg, Julien Teyssier, Chien-Ru Sun, Ursula Serdarevich, Beate Schwarz, Ruta Sargautyte, Espen Røysamb, Vladyslav Romashov, Muhammad Rizwan, Zoran Pavlović, Vassilis Pavlopoulos, Ayu Okvitawanli, Azar Nadi, Martin Nader, Nur Fariza Mustaffa, Elke Murdock, Oriana Mosca, Tamara Mohorić, Pablo Eduardo Barrientos Marroquin, Arina Malyonova, Xinhui Liu, J. Hannah Lee, Anna Kwiatkowska, Nicole Kronberger, Lucie Klůzová Kráčmarová, Natalia Kascakova, İdil Işık, Eric R. Igou, David O. Igbokwe, Diana Hanke-Boer, Alin Gavreliuc, Ragna B. Garðarsdóttir, Márta Fülöp, Vladimer Gamsakhurdia, Carla Sofia Esteves, Alejandra Domínguez-Espinosa, Patrick Denoux, Salome Charkviani, Arno Baltin, Douglas Arevalo, Lily Appoh, Charity Akotia, Mladen Adamovic and Yukiko Uchida in Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
Stochastic 3D Modeling of Nanostructured NVP/C Active Material Particles for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Creators: name: Neumann, Matthias
name: Philipp, Tom
name: Häringer, Marcel
name: Neusser, Gregor
name: Binder, Joachim R.
name: Kranz, Christine
Publisher: name: Universität Ulm
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Electron microscopy
subject: Nanostructure
subject: Sodium-ion batteries
subject: Stochastic structure modeling
subject: Structure-property-relationships
subject: DDC 540 / Chemistry & allied sciences

description: A data-driven modeling approach is presented to quantify the influence of morphology on effective properties in nanostructured sodium vanadium phosphate urn:x-wiley:25666223:media:batt202300409:batt202300409-math-0001 / carbon composites (NVP/C), which are used as cathode material in sodium-ion batteries. This approach is based on the combination of advanced imaging techniques, experimental nanostructure characterization and stochastic modeling of the 3D nanostructure consisting of NVP, carbon and pores. By 3D imaging and subsequent post-processing involving image segmentation, the spatial distribution of NVP is resolved in 3D, and the spatial distribution of carbon and pores is resolved in 2D. Based on this information, a parametric stochastic model, specifically a Pluri-Gaussian model, is calibrated to the 3D morphology of the nanostructured NVP/C particles. Model validation is performed by comparing the nanostructure of simulated NVP/C composites with image data in terms of morphological descriptors which have not been used for model calibration. Finally, the stochastic model is used for predictive simulation to quantify the effect of varying the amount of carbon while keeping the amount of NVP constant. The presented methodology opens new possibilities for a ressource-efficient optimization of the morphology of NVP/C particles by modeling and simulation.
Preparing single SiV− center in nanodiamonds for external, optical coupling with access to all degrees of freedom
Creators: name: Häußler, Stefan
name: Hartung, Lukas
name: Fehler, Konstantin G
name: Antoniuk, Lukas
name: Kulikova, Liudmila F
name: Davydov, Valery A
name: Agafonov, Viatcheslav N
name: Jelezko, Fedor
name: Kubanek, Alexander
Publisher: name: Universität Ulm
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Nanodiamonds (NDs)
subject: Color centers in diamond
subject: Silicon-vacancy center
subject: Quantum optics
subject: Hybrid quantum systems
subject: DDC 530 / Physics

description: Abstract Optical coupling enables intermediate- and long-range interactions between distant quantum emitters. Such interaction may be the basic element in bottom-up approaches of coupled spin systems or for integrated quantum photonics and quantum plasmonics. Here, we prepare nanodiamonds carrying single, negatively-charged silicon-vacancy centers for evanescent optical coupling with access to all degrees of freedom by means of atomic force nanomanipulation. The color centers feature excellent optical properties, comparable to silicon-vacancy centers in bulk diamond, resulting in a resolvable fine structure splitting, a linewidth close to the Fourier-Transform limit under resonant excitation and a good polarization contrast. We determine the orbital relaxation time T1 of the orbitally split ground states and show that all optical properties are conserved during translational nanomanipulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the rotation of the nanodiamonds. In contrast to the translational operation, the rotation leads to a change in polarization contrast. We utilize the change in polarization contrast before and after nanomanipulation to determine the rotation angle. Finally, we evaluate the likelihood for indistinguishable, single photon emission of silicon-vacancy centers located in different nanodiamonds. Our work enables ideal evanescent, optical coupling of distant nanodiamonds containing silicon-vacancy centers with applications in the realization of quantum networks, quantum repeaters or complex quantum systems.
Comparative transcriptomics of the garden dormouse hypothalamus during hibernation
Creators: name: Haugg, Elena
name: Borner, Janus
name: Stalder, Gabrielle
name: Kübber-Heiss, Anna
name: Giroud, Sylvain
name: Herwig, Annika
Publisher: name: Universität Ulm
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Differential gene expression
subject: Eliomys quercinus
subject: Euthermia
subject: Hibernation
subject: Metabolism
subject: RNA-Seq
subject: DDC 590 / Animals (Zoology)
subject: DDC 570 / Life sciences

description: Torpor or heterothermy is an energy-saving mechanism used by endotherms to overcome harsh environmental conditions. During winter, the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus) hibernates with multiday torpor bouts and body temperatures of a few degrees Celsius, interrupted by brief euthermic phases. This study investigates gene expression within the hypothalamus, the key brain area controlling energy balance, adding information on differential gene expression potentially relevant to orchestrate torpor. A de novo assembled transcriptome of the hypothalamus was generated from garden dormice hibernating under constant darkness without food and water at 5 °C. Samples were collected during early torpor, late torpor, and interbout arousal. During early torpor, 765 genes were differentially expressed as compared with interbout arousal. Twenty-seven pathways were over-represented, including pathways related to hemostasis, extracellular matrix organization, and signaling of small molecules. Only 82 genes were found to be differentially expressed between early and late torpor, and no pathways were over-represented. During late torpor, 924 genes were differentially expressed relative to interbout arousal. Despite the high number of differentially expressed genes, only 10 pathways were over-represented. Of these, eight were also observed to be over-represented when comparing early torpor and interbout arousal. Our results are largely consistent with previous findings in other heterotherms. The addition of a transcriptome of a novel species may help to identify species-specific and overarching torpor mechanisms through future species comparisons.
Additional file 1 of Modeling the distribution of Aloe ankoberensis and A. debrana under different climate change scenarios in North Shewa Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia
Creators: name: Abebe, Haile
name: Desta, Anteneh Belayneh
name: Dejene, Sintayehu Workneh
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1: Table S1. List of environmental variables used for modeling the distribution of the species.
Ergänzung zu: "Die Frage nach dem vierten Paar. Die kognitive Entwicklung der Neandertaler bis 35.000 Jahre v.h."
Creators: name: Keim, Frank
Publisher: name: Universität Ulm
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Mondphasen
subject: Prähistorische Kognitionsforschung
subject: Pešturina cave (Serbia)
subject: Große Äquivalenz
subject: Mousterian
subject: Serbia
subject: "Eddie the Eagle"
subject: DDC 900 / History
subject: Archaeoastronomy
subject: Mousterian culture
subject: Paleoanthropology
subject: Mondphase
subject: Neandertaler
subject: Archäoastronomie
subject: Moustérien
subject: Paläanthropologie

description: Anhand von Ritzungen auf dem Halswirbelknochen eines Bären werden die Mondphasen und die mentale Substanz des Fundes aufgeklärt. Das Knochenfragment stammt aus der Pešturina Höhle in Serbien, sein Alter wurde mit ca. 44 ka bestimmt. Ob eine Äquivalenz des vierten Mondpaares, eine Große Äquivalenz, behauptet wurde, kann nicht mit letzter Sicherheit gesagt werden, ist aber wahrscheinlich.– Der Beitrag versteht sich als Ergänzung zu: „Die Frage nach dem vierten Paar. Die kognitive Entwicklung der Neandertaler bis 35.000 Jahre v.h.“ (https://doi.org/10.18725/OPARU-54798)
description: On the basis of carvings, found on a cervical vertebra from a cave bear, we analyse the moon phases and the mental substance of the find. The bone fragment comes from the Pešturina cave in Serbia, its age is about 44 ka BP. Whether an equivalence of the fourth pair of moons, a Great equivalence, was claimed cannot be said with absolute certainty, but it is probable– The article isintended as a supplement to: „Die Frage nach dem vierten Paar. Die kognitive Entwicklung der Neandertaler bis 35.000 Jahre v.h.“ (https://doi.org/10.18725/OPARU-54798)
Additional file 1 of Effects of marketing claims on toddler food products on parents’ product preferences, perceptions and purchasing intentions: an online experiment
Creators: name: Dixon, Helen Gwenda
name: Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew
name: Scully, Maree
name: McCann, Jennifer
name: Martin, Jane
name: Morley, Belinda
name: Rhodes, Anthea
name: McAleese, Alison
name: Schmidtke, Andrea
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Science Policy
subject: Mental Health

description: Supplementary Material 1.
O'QUVCHILARDA KASBIY KOMPETENSIYALARNI RIVOJLANTIRISHDA MATEMATIKA FANINING AHAMIYATI.
Creators: name: Axmedova, Mashhura
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Ushbu maqolada kompetensiya, uning mohiyati va turlari, shuningdek matematika fanini o’qitishning kasbiy kompetensiyani rivojlantirishdagi ahamiyati haqida so’z yuritilgan.
From Chaos to Clarity: Elevating Zenodo Metadata for Open Science
Creators: name: Tarocco, Nicola
name: Holmes, Kristi
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025

description: Zenodo is a generalist repository developed under the European OpenAIRE program and operated by CERN. Since its launch over 10 years ago, Zenodo has served as an open and dependable home for global science, enabling researchers to share and preserve research outputs of any size, any format, and from any discipline. Zenodo (the service) is built on InvenioRDM (the software). The InvenioRDM framework serves as a modular and nimble foundation for next-generation features that empower preservation, sharing, discoverability, connection, reuse, and credit for a wide range of digital artifacts and data – enabling best practice workflows to equitably drive knowledge forward. Designed to enable open science, it supports deposit of a wide range of research materials, assigning Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to ensure long-term accessibility and citation.  It supports flexible metadata standards and integrates with ORCID, GitHub, and other services to enrich metadata and facilitate seamless sharing. 

InvenioRDM, the software engine behind Zenodo, provides a scalable, customizable, reliable, and feature-rich infrastructure for Zenodo and dozens of repositories worldwide.  InvenioRDM can constantly evolve through the open source community, ensuring that it stays up to date with research needs and technological advancements. InvenioRDM’s highly flexible metadata model is designed to support diverse disciplines and outputs. Its modular structure allows repositories to customize metadata schemas while maintaining adherence to international standards.  This enables organizations to define discipline-specific fields, controlled vocabularies, and validation rules to capture precise and relevant information about a wide range of outputs, promoting interoperability across systems and repositories.  Machine-readable formats like JSON-LD facilitate metadata harvesting and reuse by external services.  InvenioRDM ensures research outputs are discoverable, citable, and compliant with FAIR principles, enhancing data sharing, discovery, and reuse.  

Zenodo and InvenioRDM leverage the Make Data Count (MDC) standard to provide transparent, standardized, and meaningful metrics for research data.  Views, downloads, and citations can be captured, collected, and displayed in a way that meets community standards for data impact assessment.  This enables reliable insights into how research outputs are accessed and reused, promoting greater visibility, accountability, and understanding of the influence and reach of research data.

Zenodo collaborates with other members of the Generalist Repository Ecosystem Initiative (GREI) on shared features like metadata standards and metrics to benefit the research ecosystem.
Additional file 8 of Histone H3 posttranslational modified enzymes defined neutrophil plasticity and their vulnerability to IL-10 in the course of the inflammation
Creators: name: Piatek, Paweł
name: Namiecinska, Magdalena
name: Lewkowicz, Natalia
name: Kulińska-Michalska, Małgorzata
name: Jabłonowski, Zbigniew
name: Matysiak, Mariola
name: Michlewska, Sylwia
name: Wieczorek, Marek
name: Lewkowicz, Przemysław
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine

description: Supplementary Material 8: Supplementary Table 1 (A, B). The list of target genes in the GO terms:‘Chromatin organisation’, ‘Histone acetyltransferase complex’, and ‘Histone methyltransferase complex’ is divided into logical subsets specific for non-, LPS, TNF, or IL-10-stimulated neutrophils.
sj-docx-1-mdm-10.1177_0272989X231161341 – Supplemental material for Context Matters: Emotional Sensitivity to Probabilities and the Bias for Action in Cancer Treatment Decisions
Creators: name: Lacey, Heather P.
name: Lacey, Steven C.
name: Dayal, Prerna
name: Forest, Caroline
name: Blasi, Dana
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: 111708 Health and Community Services
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 111799 Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified
subject: 160807 Sociological Methodology and Research Methods
subject: FOS: Sociology

description: Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-mdm-10.1177_0272989X231161341 for Context Matters: Emotional Sensitivity to Probabilities and the Bias for Action in Cancer Treatment Decisions by Heather P. Lacey, Steven C. Lacey, Prerna Dayal, Caroline Forest and Dana Blasi in Medical Decision Making
sj-docx-1-pom-10.1177_03057356231155654 – Supplemental material for Reading strategy differences between college choral, band, and jazz musicians: Evidence for musical multiliteracies
Creators: name: Lohmeyer, Aaron
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Education
subject: 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Psychology

description: Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-pom-10.1177_03057356231155654 for Reading strategy differences between college choral, band, and jazz musicians: Evidence for musical multiliteracies by Aaron Lohmeyer in Psychology of Music
sj-pdf-2-vet-10.1177_03009858231162204 – Supplemental material for Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli associated with granulomatous colitis and extraintestinal dissemination in a Sphynx cat
Creators: name: Tuomisto, Laura
name: Kant, Ravi
name: Kiviranta, Anna-Mariam
name: Helkiö, Kukka-Maaria
name: Sironen, Tarja
name: Sukura, Antti
name: Wilkes, Rebecca P.
name: Kegler, Kristel
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: 111599 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 70706 Veterinary Medicine
subject: FOS: Veterinary sciences

description: Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-vet-10.1177_03009858231162204 for Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli associated with granulomatous colitis and extraintestinal dissemination in a Sphynx cat by Laura Tuomisto, Ravi Kant, Anna-Mariam Kiviranta, Kukka-Maaria Helkiö, Tarja Sironen, Antti Sukura, Rebecca P. Wilkes and Kristel Kegler in Veterinary Pathology
sj-docx-1-cpj-10.1177_00099228231160832 – Supplemental material for A Novel IDUA Mutation Causing Ocular Disease in 2 Siblings
Creators: name: Xia, Jiali
name: Liu, Min
name: Luo, Xingli
name: Yang, Hong
name: Yu, Ling
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: Paediatrics

description: Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-cpj-10.1177_00099228231160832 for A Novel IDUA Mutation Causing Ocular Disease in 2 Siblings by Jiali Xia, Min Liu, Xingli Luo, Hong Yang and Ling Yu in Clinical Pediatrics
sj-docx-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X231157145 - Supplemental material for Chemical Constituents From the Marine Microalgae Thraustochytrium pachydermum
Creators: name: Thuy, Nguyen Thi Thu
name: Minh Hien, Hoang Thi
name: Ha, Nguyen Cam
name: Thom, Le Thi
name: Hong, Dang Diem
name: Thinh, Nguyen Van
name: Dan, Nguyen Trong
name: Hoi, Nguyen Dang
name: Loan, Vu Thi
name: Quang, Hoang Duc
name: Hang, Dan Thi Thuy
name: Kiem, Phan Van
name: Dat, Nguyen Tien
name: Nhiem, Nguyen Xuan
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: 111599 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine

description: Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X231157145 for Chemical Constituents From the Marine Microalgae Thraustochytrium pachydermum by Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy, Hoang Thi Minh Hien, Nguyen Cam Ha and Le Thi Thom, Dang Diem Hong, Nguyen Van Thinh, Nguyen Trong Dan, Nguyen Dang Hoi, Vu Thi Loan, Hoang Duc Quang, Dan Thi Thuy Hang, Phan Van Kiem, Nguyen Tien Dat, Nguyen Xuan Nhiem in Natural Product Communications
Additional file 1 of Behavioural and neurodevelopmental characteristics of SYNGAP1
Creators: name: Bednarczuk, Nadja
name: Housby, Harriet
name: Lee, Irene O.
name: Consortium, IMAGINE
name: Skuse, David
name: Wolstencroft, Jeanne
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy
subject: Mental Health
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology

description: Supplementary Material 1.
Additional file 1 of Handwriting speed in juvenile idiopathic arthritis using the detailed assessment of speed of handwriting
Creators: name: Marchak, C. A.
name: James, S.
name: Davidson, I.
name: Brown, J.
name: Houghton, K.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Science Policy
subject: Mental Health

description: Supplementary Material 1
sj-docx-1-inq-10.1177_00469580231159728 – Supplemental material for The Quality of Life of Students With Difficulties Accessing Support
Creators: name: Omodaka, Yusaku
name: Sato, Takeshi
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: 111099 Nursing not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-inq-10.1177_00469580231159728 for The Quality of Life of Students With Difficulties Accessing Support by Yusaku Omodaka and Takeshi Sato in INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing
Supplemental Material Synthesis and characterization of epoxy resin composites modified by reactive polyimide containing hydroxyl groups
Creators: name: Xu, Gang
name: Tan, Liyun
name: Nie, Yong
name: Fang, Xingzhong
name: Chen, Guofei
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: Materials Engineering not elsewhere classified

description: Supplemental Material for Synthesis and characterization of epoxy resin composites modified by reactive polyimide containing hydroxyl groups by Gang Xu, Liyun Tan, Yong Nie, Xingzhong Fang and Guofei Chen in High Performance Polymers
sj-docx-2-nad-10.1177_14550725231188802 - Supplemental material for A survey of international addiction researchers’ views on implications of brain-based explanations of addiction and the responsibility of affected persons
Creators: name: Ochterbeck, Doris
name: Frense, Jennifer
name: Forberger, Sarah
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: Health and Community Services
Medicine
Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified
Sociological Methodology and Research Methods

description: Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-nad-10.1177_14550725231188802 for A survey of international addiction researchers’ views on implications of brain-based explanations of addiction and the responsibility of affected persons by Doris Ochterbeck, Jennifer Frense and Sarah Forberger in Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
Communication between primary and secondary care: deficits and danger
Creators: name: Dinsdale, Elsa
name: Hannigan, Ailish
name: O'Connor, Raymond
name: O’Doherty, Jane
name: Glynn, Liam
name: Casey, Monica
name: Hayes, Peter
name: Kelly, Dervla
name: Cullen, Walter
name: O'Regan, Andrew
Publisher: name: University of Limerick
Year: 2024
Subjects: classificationCode: 42
subject: Health sciences
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Background: Timely and accurate communication between primary and secondary care is essential for delivering high-quality patient care.Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the content contained in both referral and response letters between primary and secondary care and measure this against the recommended national guidelines.Methods: Using an observational design, senior medical students and their general practice supervisors applied practice management software to identify 100 randomly selected adults, aged greater than 50 years, from a generated list of consults over a 2-year period (2013–2015). All data included in referral and response letters for these adults were examined and compared with the gold standard templates that were informed by international guidelines.Results: Data from 3293 referral letters and 2468 response letters from 68 general practices and 17 hospitals were analysed. The median time that had elapsed between a patient being referred and receiving a response letter was 4 weeks, ranging from 1 week for Emergency Department referral letters to 7 weeks for orthopaedic surgery referral letters. Referral letters included the reason for referral (98%), history of complaint (90%) and current medications (82%). Less commonly included were management prior to referral (65%) and medication allergies (57%). The majority of response letters included information on investigations (73%), results (70%) and follow-up plan (85%). Less commonly, response letters included medication changes (30%), medication lists (33%) and secondary diagnoses (13%).Conclusions: Future research should be aimed at developing robust strategies to addressing communication gaps reported in this study.
Supplemental Material - A Scoping Review of Interventions to Improve Occupational Safety and Health of Construction Workers
Creators: name: Hayashi, Hana
name: Li, Yue
name: Sussman, David D.
name: Okuzono, Sakurako
name: Viswanath, Kasisomayajula
name: Kawachi, Ichiro
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified

description: Supplemental Material for A Scoping Review of Interventions to Improve Occupational Safety and Health of Construction Workers by Hana Hayashi, Yue Li, David D. Sussman, Sakurako Okuzono, Kasisomayajula Viswanath and Ichiro Kawachi in American Journal of Health Promotion
Gärtner, Eva-Maria / Kießig, Sebastian / Kühnlein, Marco, "...damit eure Freude vollkommen wird!"
Creators: name: Humml, K.
Publisher: name: Theologie und Philosophie
Year: 1970

description: Theologie und Philosophie, Bd. 93 Nr. 4 (2018): Theologie und Philosophie, Band 93, Heft 4
sj-docx-1-hme-10.1177_23333928231192834 - Supplemental material for Occupational-Related Injuries and Associated Risk Factors Among Healthcare Workers Working in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review
Creators: name: Debelu, Desi
name: Mengistu, Dechasa Adare
name: Tolera, Sina Temesgen
name: Aschalew, Alemayehu
name: Deriba, Wegene
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: Medicine
Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified

description: Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-hme-10.1177_23333928231192834 for Occupational-Related Injuries and Associated Risk Factors Among Healthcare Workers Working in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review by Desi Debelu, Dechasa Adare Mengistu, Sina Temesgen Tolera, Alemayehu Aschalew and Wegene Deriba in Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology
Supplemental Material - Potential prey and conservation implications of the Algerian Nuthatch Sitta ledanti (Vielliard 1976)
Creators: name: Zemouri, Mourad
name: Baba-Ahmed, Mehdi
name: Meddouri, Khaled
name: Hani, Lydia
name: Beldjoudi, Meriem
name: Tighlit, Sabah
name: Khemis, Asma
name: Bougaham, Abdelazize Franck
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: Supplemental Material for ‘Potential prey and conservation implications of the Algerian Nuthatch Sitta ledanti (Vielliard 1976) by Mourad Zemouri, Mehdi Baba-Ahmed, Khaled Meddouri, Lydia Hani, Meriem Beldjoudi, Sabah Tighlit, Asma Khemis and Abdelazize Franck Bougaham in Avian Biology Research
Additional file 1 of The adsorption effect of aquaculture residual feed on heavy metals and its impact on microbial metabolism of feed
Creators: name: Wang, Sufeng
name: Wang, Zijng
name: Zhang, Wen
name: Li, Jingshan
name: Lin, Mingyang
name: Chen, Li
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Ecology

description: Supplementary Material 1.
sj-doc-2-mso-10.1177_20552173231195879 - Supplemental material for Functional connectome fingerprinting and stability in multiple sclerosis
Creators: name: Mantwill, Maron
name: Asseyer, Susanna
name: Chien, Claudia
name: Kuchling, Joseph
name: Schmitz-Hübsch, Tanja
name: Brandt, Alexander U
name: Haynes, John-Dylan
name: Paul, Friedemann
name: Finke, Carsten
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Neuroscience

description: Supplemental material, sj-doc-2-mso-10.1177_20552173231195879 for Functional connectome fingerprinting and stability in multiple sclerosis by Maron Mantwill, Susanna Asseyer, Claudia Chien, Joseph Kuchling, Tanja Schmitz-Hübsch, Alexander U Brandt, John-Dylan Haynes, Friedemann Paul and Carsten Finke in Multiple Sclerosis Journal – Experimental, Translational and Clinical
sj-doc-2-pcr-10.1177_26323524231193042 – Supplemental material for Expectations and barriers to the utilization of specialist palliative care services among persons living with cancer in Ghana: an exploratory qualitative study
Creators: name: Mensah, Adwoa Bemah Boamah
name: Poku, Abena Agyekum
name: Mensah, Kofi Boamah
name: Okyere, Joshua
name: Mikare, Maurice
name: Apiribu, Felix
name: Boakye, Emelia Osei
name: Lamptey, Joe-Nat Clegg
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: Aged Health Care

description: Supplemental material, sj-doc-2-pcr-10.1177_26323524231193042 for Expectations and barriers to the utilization of specialist palliative care services among persons living with cancer in Ghana: an exploratory qualitative study by Adwoa Bemah Boamah Mensah, Abena Agyekum Poku, Kofi Boamah Mensah, Joshua Okyere, Maurice Mikare, Felix Apiribu, Emelia Osei Boakye and Joe-Nat Clegg Lamptey in Palliative Care and Social Practice
Additional file 1 of Delivery rate alters the effects of tire wear particles on soil microbial activities
Creators: name: Zhu, Yanjie
name: Kim, Shin Woong
name: Li, Huiying
name: Rillig, Matthias C.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: Supplementary Material 1. Supplementary figure of photographic processing of tire wear particle sizes to determine average diameter and size range (Fig. S1), scheme of the gradual and abrupt TWPs treatments based on the “week-dose” principle (Fig. S2), experimental design (Fig. S3).
Hammerstein, Gerhard, Die Entwicklung des Naturrechtsgedankens in der katholischen Rechtsphilosophie des 19. Jahrhunderts : Grundlagen und Konzeptionen 1800-1920
Creators: name: Schuster, J.
Publisher: name: Theologie und Philosophie
Year: 1970

description: Theologie und Philosophie, Bd. 93 Nr. 4 (2018): Theologie und Philosophie, Band 93, Heft 4
sj-docx-2-rse-10.1177_07419325231190809 – Supplemental material for Comparing the Cost–Accuracy Ratios of Multiple Approaches to Reading Screening in Elementary Schools
Creators: name: Barrett, Courtenay A.
name: Johnson, Lindy J.
name: Truckenmiller, Adrea J.
name: VanDerHeyden, Amanda M.
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2023
Subjects: Education
Psychology not elsewhere classified
Special Education and Disability

description: Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-rse-10.1177_07419325231190809 for Comparing the Cost–Accuracy Ratios of Multiple Approaches to Reading Screening in Elementary Schools by Courtenay A. Barrett, Lindy J. Johnson, Adrea J. Truckenmiller and Amanda M. VanDerHeyden in Remedial and Special Education
Additional file 1 of Salivary and serum haptoglobin, adenosine deaminase, and immunoglobulin G in growing pigs
Creators: name: Piirainen, Virpi
name: Gutiérrez, Ana M.
name: Heinonen, Mari
name: König, Emilia
name: Valros, Anna
name: Junnikkala, Sami
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Virology

description: Supplementary Material 1
Additional file 1 of Development and validation of clinical implementation methods for patient-reported outcomes in Japanese multi-center palliative care units
Creators: name: Ito, Nao
name: Sato, Azusa
name: Takeuchi, Kana
name: Shigeno, Tomoko
name: Sasaki, Hiroko
name: Aoyama, Maho
name: Miyashita, Mitsunori
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: Hematology
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Cardiology

description: Appendix 1 Barriers to introducing PROs in palliative care units
KΟRPΟRATIV BΟSHQARUVNI TASHKIL ETISHNING IQTISΟDIY MΟHIYATI VA AHAMIYATI
Creators: name: Pulatbekov, Azizbek
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Bu tаdqiqоt tаjribаviy mа’lumоtlаrgа аsоslаnib, аksiyаdоrlik jаmiyаtlаrini bоshqаrish tizimidа sаmаrаdоrlikning muhim kо‘rsаtkichlаrini аniqlаsh vа ulаrni jоriy qilishgа qаrаtilgаn tаhlil, mustаqil birlik vа mаslаhаtlаr bilаn tа’minlаngаn. Bu tаdqiqоtning аsоsiy mаqsаdi аksiyаdоrlik jаmiyаtlаrining bоshqаrish tizimidа sаmаrаdоrlikni tа’minlаsh uchun muhim bо‘lgаn kо‘rsаtkichlаrni аniqlаsh vа ulаrni аmаlgа оshirishdа о‘rinli yо‘nаlishlаrni belgilаshdir. Bu yо‘nаlishlаr bоshqаruv оrgаnlаri vа mаslаhаtchilаr uchun sаmаrаli strаtegiyаlаrni shаkllаntirishdа yоrdаm berishi mаqsаdidа rivоjlаntirilgаn.
Additional file 2 of Identification of co-expressed central genes and transcription factors in acute myocardial infarction and diabetic nephropathy
Creators: name: Li, Bo
name: Zhao, Xu
name: Xie, Wanrun
name: Hong, Zhenzhen
name: Cao, Ye
name: Zhang, Yi
name: Ding, Yan
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Supplementary Material 2.
Schatz, Klaus, Geschichte der Schweizer Jesuiten (1947-1983) = Geschihcte der deutsche Jesuiten
Creators: name: Nebgen, Christoph
Publisher: name: Theologie und Philosophie
Year: 1970

description: Theologie und Philosophie, Bd. 93 Nr. 4 (2018): Theologie und Philosophie, Band 93, Heft 4
TALABALARNING FRAZEOLOGIK KOMPETENSIYASINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISHDA MASHQLAR TIZIMI
Creators: name: Ro'ziboyev, Kuvonchbek
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Mazkur maqolada talabalar frazeologik kompetensiyasini rivojlantirish uchun mashqlar tizimini ishlab chiqish va qo‘llashning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Frazeologik birliklarni o‘rgatishda qiziqarli va samarali mashqlar tizimini joriy etish, talabalarni o‘quv jarayoniga faol jalb qilishda muhim omil hisoblanadi. Maqolada mashqlarning lingvistik, semantik va kommunikativ yo‘nalishlari tahlil qilinib, ular yordamida talabalarning frazeologik birliklarni nutqda to‘g‘ri va samarali qo‘llash ko‘nikmalari rivojlantirilishi yoritiladi. Shuningdek, mashqlar tizimining talabalarning madaniy tafakkurini kengaytirish va ularning ijodiy faoliyatini rivojlantirishga qo‘shadigan hissasi ham o‘rganiladi.
Additional file 1 of Harmol used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus induced keratitis
Creators: name: Xu, Huanhuan
name: Zhou, Nan
name: Huang, Zhenping
name: Wu, Jing
name: Qian, Yajie
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Mental Health
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology

description: Supplementary Material 1.