Pheidole bicarinata
Creators: name: Wilson, E. O.
Publisher: name: Harvard University Press
Year: 2003
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Pheidole
Pheidole bicarinata

description: Pheidole bicarinata Mayr  
Pheidole bicarinata Mayr 1870b: 989. Syn.: Pheidole bicarinata r. vinelandica Forel 1886b: xlv, raised to species level by Naves 1985: 66, n. syn; Pheidole vinelandica var. longula Emery 1895d: 292, n. syn. (types examined by author); Pheidole vinelandica subsp. laeviuscula Emery 1895d: 292, synonymy by Creighton 1950a: 172; Pheidole vinelandica subsp. buccalis Wheeler 1908h: 454, synonymy by Cole 1956c: 114; Pheidole vinelandica subsp. longula var. castanea Wheeler 1915b: 405, unavailable name inomial), referred to vinelandica, hence bicarinata in this treatment, by Creighton 1950a: 171; Pheidole (Allopheidole) vinelandica var. nebracensis Forel 1922b: 92, synonymy by Gregg 1959: 18; Pheidole hayesi M. R. Smith 1924d: 251, synonymy by Creighton 1950a: XIX; Pheidole vinelandica subsp. longula var. huachucana M. R. Smith 195lc: 805, unavailable name (quadrinomial), material referred to buccalis, hence synonymous with bicarinata in the present treatment, by M. R. Smith 1958c: 120.  
Types Naturhist. Mus. Wien.  
Etymology L bicarinata, double-ridged, two-carinal, possibly referring to the carinae of the clypeus.  
diagnosis A member of the " bicarinata complex" belonging to the larger pilifera group, comprising agricola, aurea, bajaensis, barbata, bicarinata, centeotl, cerebrosior, ceres, defecta, macclendoni, marcidula, paiute, pinealis, psammophila, xerophila, yaqui, axi& yucatana, which complex is characterized by the large to very large, forward-set eyes, of both castes; and in the major, the occipital lobes lacking any sculpturing (except in aurea), the posterior half of the head capsule smooth and shiny; and the postpetiolar node seen from above oval, elliptical, or laterally angulate (cornulate in cerebrosior). P. bicarinata is distinguished within the complex by the following combination of traits.  
Major: humerus in dorsal-oblique view dentate to subangulate; propodeal spine moderately long and stout; petiolar node in side view tapered; lateral margins of postpetiolar node seen from above acute-angular; anterior fringe of pronotal dorsum transversely carinulate, remainder mostly smooth and shiny; lateral margins of pronotal dorsum carinulate or not; mesonotal dorsum foveolate and opaque to mostly smooth and shiny; dorsum of propodeum foveolate and opaque and carinulate or not.  
Minor: humerus in dorsal-oblique view obtusely subangulate; petiole variable in size and shape, from small and equilaterally triangular to moderately elongate.  
P. bicarinata is a taxonomically difficult species (or, possibly, complex of closely similar species). It is highly variable, especially geographically, in propodeal and pronotal sculpturing, and as suggested above, in development of the propodeal spine, and in color. The variation among different characters is discordant to some degree, and intermediates within the respective characters occur. I believe it prudent for the present to leave the described infraspecific forms as a single species (I am indebted to Philip S. Ward for valuable information and advice on the variation and status of bicarinata).  
measurements (mm) Major (Brown Co. State Park, Indiana): HW 1.04, HL 1.14, SL 0.54, EL 0.14, PW 0.52. Minor (Brown Co. State Park): HW 0.54, HL 0.58, SL 0.50, EL 0.12, PW 0.34.  
Color Major: body varying geographically, from clear yellow in the western parts of the range to brownish yellow to dark brown in the east.  
Minor: clear yellow to medium brown.  
Range New Jersey to northern Florida and west through Nebraska, Colorado, and Texas to Utah and Nevada.  
Biology P. bicarinata is highly adaptable across its range in both habitat and nest site. In Colorado, Gregg (1963) recorded bicarinata between 1000 and 2100 m, nesting in rotten logs as well as various types of soil beneath stones. The habitats occupied were very diverse, comprising pinyon-cedar and mixed deciduous woodland, canyon-bottom meadows, shortgrass prairie, and sagebrush desert. In Utah and Nevada, bicarinata occurs from sagebrush desert to montane woodland, nesting under stones and pieces of wood, as well as crater nests in open soil (Ingham 1959, 1963; Cole 1966b; Allred and Cole 1979). In western Texas, it has been found in xeric habitats in open soil and under stones, cow dung, a bale of hay, and in cracks in asphalt. Beck et al., studying scavenging ants of Utah, observed workers feeding on dead rodents. Males were found in one Colorado nest in early July. In the eastern United States the species favors sandy soils with some clay content. It is often abundant in open, disturbed grassy areas, such as lawns, golf courses, and abandoned fields (Stefan Cover, personal communication). It is omnivorous in diet, and regularly harvests seeds. Diana E. Wheeler and Frederik Nijhout used bicarinata in their pioneering studies to demonstrate the role of juvenile hormone in the determination of the major and minor subcastes; they traced development through four larval instars (see D. E. Wheeler 1991).  
figure Upper: "typical" bicarinata major. Lower: "typical" bicarinata minor. INDIANA: Brown County State Park (Edward O. Wilson). (Lower propodeum is of " vinelandica " variant major from Calvert Cliffs State Park, Calvert Co., Maryland; see description of other variation in Diagnosis and Color below.) Scale bars = 1 mm.
description: Published as part of Wilson, E. O., 2003, Pheidole in the New World. A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus., Cambridge, MA :Harvard University Press on pages 561-562