Stromateidae
Creators: name: Pastana, Murilo N L
name: Johnson, G David
name: Datovo, Aléssio
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Stromateidae

description: Node 110 = Stromateidae
Stromateus brasiliensis, Pampus cinereus, Peprilus triacanthus and Peprilus paru.
Unambiguous synapomorphies: Character 6 (24– 26> 34–39): number of anal-fin rays increased to 34–39; character 14 (60.1–60.6%> 62.1–63.3%): dorsal-fin base length increased to 62.1–63.3% of SL; character 18 (34.8–37.6%> 52.2%): anal-fin base length increased to 52.2% of SL; character 39 (0> 1): additional basibranchial cartilage located posterior to the fourth basibranchial present; character 56 (0> 1): pelvic fins absent in adults; character 68 (0> 1): number of supernumerary dorsal-fin spines associated with the first dorsal-fin pterygiophore decreased to one; character 107 (0> 1): levator operculi originating from both neurocranium and pectoral girdle; character 166 (0> 1): tooth patches on ventral surface of pharyngeal sac present; character 167 (0> 1): sphincter oesophagi fibres connecting the rear of the dorsal and ventral hemispheres of the pharyngeal sac; character 174 (0> 1): contralateral ligamentous association between basipterygia absent; character 204 (0> 1): fleshy groove at the ventral profile of the body restricted to area around urogenital papilla.
Support: Relative Bremer = 100%.
Remarks: The family Stromateidae (node 110; Fig. 70) is resolved herein as monophyletic based on 11 synapomorphies and a relative Bremer support of 100% (Fig. 69). Previous cladistic studies (Horn, 1984; Doiuchi et al., 2004; Doiuchi & Nakabo, 2006; Miya et al., 2013; Campbell et al., 2018; Friedman et al., 2019) have always recovered a monophyletic Stromateidae with robust support.
Haedrich (1967) referred to Stromateidae as the current ‘zenith’ of stromateiform evolution, in allusion to the number of derived characteristics present in these fishes. He diagnosed the family based on a combination of characteristics that includes, among others, a lack of pelvic fins in adults and pharyngealsac papillae rakers not in bands or folds (Fig. 62A, B), with stellate bases (Figs 58C, 60C, D, 61D) and distributed in both the upper and lower halves of the sac (Fig. 58D). Horn’s (1984) stromateiform phylogeny was the first to test the monophyly of the family and recovered a monophyletic Stromateidae based on four synapomorphies: pharyngeal-sac papillae rakers with a distinct vertical axis, papillae rakers with a stellate base, lachrymals reduced and pelvic fins absent in adults (Horn, 1984: characters 7, 8, 11 and 19, respectively). The phylogeny of Doiuchi et al. (2004) also retrieved a monophyletic Stromateidae, this time based on 11 synapomorphies (Doiuchi et al., 2004: fig. 12). Despite the effort to include all the characters described by Horn’s (1984) and Doiuchi et al. (2004), many of them showed overlapping states when examined on a broader outgroup sampling and had to be excluded from our matrix. Nevertheless, three of the four stromateid synapomorphies listed by Horn (1984; our characters 56, 162 and 164) and four of the 11 listed by Doiuchi et al. (2004; our characters 39, 42, 56 and 66) could be included unambiguously in our dataset. The only character that is common among all three analyses is also the most obvious, i.e. pelvic fin absent in adult stromateids (our character 56). The other common synapomorphy between our study and previous morphological phylogenies is the presence of an extra basibranchial cartilage lying between the proximal portions of ceratobranchials 4 and 5 (Fig. 37), coded herein on character 39, which is modified from Doiuchi et al. (2004: character 19). The characters related to the pharyngeal sac of Stromateidae used by Horn (1984), i.e. pharyngeal-sac papillae rakers elongated and with stellate bases, were recovered herein as synapomorphies for a larger clade (i.e. node 94: Figs 69, 70). Likewise, the synapomorphies of Doiuchi et al. (2004), i.e. toothless palatine and continuous anterior and posterior dorsal fins, are optimized herein as plesiomorphic for the family.
description: Published as part of Pastana, Murilo N L, Johnson, G David & Datovo, Aléssio, 2022, Comprehensive phenotypic phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of stromateiform fishes (Teleostei: Percomorphacea), pp. 841-963 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (3) on page 952, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab058, http://zenodo.org/record/6758614