Mechanical design of the optical modules intended for IceCube-Gen2
Creators: name: IceCube-Gen2
name: Abbasi, Rasha
name: Ackermann, Markus
name: Adams, Jenni
name: Agarwalla, Sanjib
name: Aguilar, Juanan
name: Ahlers, Markus
name: Alameddine, Jean-Marco
name: Amin, Najia Moureen Binte
name: Andeen, Karen
name: Anton, Gisela
name: Arguelles, Carlos
name: Ashida, Yosuke
name: Athanasiadou, Sofia
name: Audehm, Jan
name: Axani, Spencer
name: Bai, Xinhua
name: Balagopal V, Aswathi
name: Baricevic, Moreno
name: Barwick, Steve
name: Basu, Vedant
name: Bay, Ryan
name: Becker Tjus, Julia
name: Beise, Jakob
name: Bellenghi, Chiara
name: Benning, Charlotte
name: BenZvi, Segev
name: Berley, David
name: Bernardini, Elisa
name: Besson, Dave
name: Bishop, Abigail
name: Blaufuss, Erik
name: Blot, Summer
name: Bohmer, Michael
name: Bontempo, Federico
name: Book, Julia
name: Borowka, Jurgen
name: Boscolo Meneguolo, Caterina
name: BOSER, Sebastian
name: Botner, Olga
name: Bottcher, Jakob
name: Bouma, Sjoerd
name: Bourbeau, Etienne
name: Braun, Jim
name: Brinson, Bennett
name: Brostean-Kaiser, Jannes
name: Burley, Ryan T.
name: Busse, Raffaela
name: Butterfield, Delaney
name: Campana, Michael
name: Carloni, Kiara
name: Carnie-Bronca, Erin
name: Cataldo, Maddalena
name: Chattopadhyay, Sharmistha
name: Chau, Thien Nhan
name: Chen, Chujie
name: Chen, Zheyang
name: Chirkin, Dmitry
name: Choi, Seowon
name: Clark, Brian
name: Clark, Rogan
name: Classen, Lew
name: Coleman, Alan
name: Collin, Gabriel
name: Conrad, Janet
name: Cowen, Doug
name: Dasgupta, Basudeb
name: Dave, Pranav
name: Deaconu, Cosmin
name: DE CLERCQ, Catherine
name: De Kockere, Simon
name: DeLaunay, James
name: Delgado Lopez, Diyaselis
name: Deng, Shuyang
name: Deoskar, Kunal
name: Desai, Abhishek
name: Desiati, Paolo
name: Vries, Krijn De
name: Wasseige, Gwenhaël De
name: DeYoung, Tyce
name: Diaz, Alejandro
name: Diaz-Velez, Juan Carlos
name: Dittmer, Markus
name: Domi, Alba
name: Dujmovic, Hrvoje
name: DuVernois, Michael
name: Ehrhardt, Thomas
name: Eller, Philipp
name: Ellinger, Enrico
name: Mentawi, Sharif El
name: Elsässer, Dominik
name: Engel, Ralph
name: Erpenbeck, Hannah
name: Evans, John
name: Evans, Justin
name: Evenson, Paul
name: Fan, Kwok Lung
name: Fang, Ke
name: Farrag, Kareem Ramadan
name: Fazely, Ali
name: Fedynitch, Anatoli
name: Feigl, Nora
name: Fiedlschuster, Sebastian
name: Finley, Chad
name: Fischer, Leander
name: Flaggs, Benjamin
name: Fox, Derek B.
name: Franckowiak, Anna
name: Fritz, Alexander
name: Fujii, Toshihiro
name: Furst, Philipp
name: Gallagher, Jay
name: Ganster, Erik
name: Garcia, Alfonso
name: Gerhardt, Lisa
name: Gernhaeuser, Roman
name: Ghadimi, Ava
name: Giri, Pawan
name: Glaser, Christian
name: Glauch, Theo
name: Glusenkamp, Thorsten
name: Goehlke, Noah
name: Goswami, Sreetama
name: Grant, Darren
name: Gray, Shannon
name: Gries, Oliver
name: Griffin, Sean
name: Griswold, Spencer
name: Guevel, David Joseph
name: Günther, Christoph
name: Gutjahr, Pascal
name: Haack, Christian
name: Haji Azim, Tara
name: Hallgren, Allan
name: Halliday, Robert
name: Hallmann, Steffen
name: Halve, Lasse
name: Halzen, Francis
name: Hamdaoui, Hassane
name: Ha Minh, Martin
name: Hanson, Kael
name: Hardin, John
name: Harnisch, Alexander
name: Hatch, Patrick
name: Haugen, Jim
name: Haungs, Andreas
name: Heinen, Dirk
name: Helbing, Klaus
name: Hellrung, Jonas
name: Hendricks, Brian
name: Henningsen, Felix
name: Henrichs, Jakob
name: Heuermann, Lars Philipp
name: Heyer, Nils
name: Hickford, Stephanie
name: Hidvegi, Attila
name: Hignight, Joshua
name: Hill, Colton
name: Hill, Gary
name: Hoffman, Kara
name: Hoffmann, Benjamin
name: Holzapfel, Killian
name: Hori, Sam
name: Hoshina, Kotoyo
name: Hou, Wenjie
name: Huber, Thomas
name: Huege, Tim
name: Hughes, Kaeli Autumn
name: Hultqvist, Klas
name: Hunnefeld, Mirco
name: Hussain, Raamis
name: Hymon, Karolin
name: In, Seongjin
name: Ishihara, Aya
name: Jacquart, Marc
name: Janik, Oliver
name: Jansson, Matti
name: Japaridze, George
name: Jeong, Minjin
name: Jin, Miaochen
name: Jones, Ben
name: KALEKIN, Oleg
name: Kang, Donghwa
name: Kang, Woosik
name: Kang, Xinyue
name: Kappes, Alexander
name: Kappesser, David
name: Kardum, Leonora
name: Karg, Timo
name: Karl, Martina
name: Karle, Albrecht
name: Katori, Teppei
name: Katz, Ulì
name: Kauer, Matt
name: Kelley, John
name: Khatee Zathul, Arifa
name: Kheirandish, Ali
name: Kiryluk, Joanna
name: Klein, Spencer
name: Kobayashi, Takuro
name: Kochocki, Alina
name: Kolanoski, Hermann
name: Kontrimas, Tomas
name: Kopke, Lutz
name: Kopper, Claudio
name: Koskinen, Jason
name: Koundal, Paras
name: Kovacevich, Michael
name: Kowalski, Marek
name: Kozynets, Tetiana
name: Krauss, Carsten
name: Kravchenko, Ilya
name: Jayakumar, Krishnamoorthi
name: Krupczak, Emmett
name: Kumar, Anil
name: Kun, Emma
name: Neilson, Naoko Kurahashi
name: Lad, Neha Navnitkumar
name: Lagunas Gualda, Cristina
name: Larson, Michael J.
name: Latseva, Silvia
name: Lauber, Frederik Hermann
name: Lazar, Jeffrey
name: Lee, Jiwoong
name: Leonard DeHolton, Kayla
name: Leszczynska, Agnieszka
name: Lincetto, Massimiliano
name: Liu, Qinrui
name: Liubarska, Maria
name: Lohan, Manisha
name: Lohfink, Elisa
name: LoSecco, John
name: Love, Christina
name: Lozano Mariscal, Cristian Jesus
name: Lu, Lu
name: Lucarelli, Francesco
name: Lyu, Yang
name: Madsen, Jim
name: Mahn, Kendall
name: Makino, Yuya
name: Mancina, Sarah
name: Mandalia, Shivesh
name: Marie Sainte, Wenceslas
name: Maris, Ioana Codrina
name: Marka, Szabolcs
name: Marka, Zsuzsa
name: Marsee, Matthew
name: Martinez-Soler, Ivan
name: Maruyama, Reina H.
name: Mayhew, Finn
name: McElroy, Thomas
name: McNally, Frank
name: Mead, James Vincent
name: Meagher, Kevin
name: Mechbal, Sarah
name: Medina, Andres
name: Meier, Maximilian
name: Merckx, Yarno
name: Merten, Lukas
name: Meyers, Zackary
name: Micallef, Jessie
name: Mikhailova, Masha
name: Mitchell, Justin
name: Montaruli, Teresa
name: Moore, Roger
name: Morii, Yasutsugu
name: Morse, Bob
name: Moulai, Marjon
name: Mukherjee, Tista
name: Naab, Richard
name: Nagai, Ryo
name: Nakos, Maxwell
name: Narayan, Ashish
name: Naumann, Uwe
name: Necker, Jannis
name: Negi, Akshima
name: Nelles, Anna
name: Neumann, Miriam
name: Niederhausen, Hans
name: Nisa, Mehr
name: Noell, Andreas
name: Novikov, Alexander
name: Nowicki, Sarah
name: Nozdrina, Alisa
name: Oberla, Eric
name: Pollmann, Anna
name: O'Dell, Vivian
name: Oehler, Marie
name: Oeyen, Bob
name: Olivas, Alex
name: Orsoe, Rasmus
name: Osborn, Jesse
name: O'Sullivan, Erin
name: Papp, Laszlo
name: Park, Nahee
name: Parker, Grant
name: Paudel, Ek Narayan
name: Paul, Larissa
name: Pérez De Los Heros, Carlos
name: Petersen, Troels
name: Peterson, Josh
name: Philippen, Saskia
name: Pieper, Sarah
name: Pinfold, James
name: Pizzuto, Alex
name: Plaisier, Ilse
name: Plum, Matthias
name: Ponten, Axel
name: Popovych, Yuriy
name: Prado Rodriguez, Maria
name: Pries, Brandon
name: Procter-Murphy, Rachel
name: Przybylski, Gerald
name: Pyras, Lilly
name: Rack-Helleis, John
name: Rameez, Mohamed
name: Rawlins, Katherine
name: Rechav, Zoe
name: Rehman, Abdul
name: Reichherzer, Patrick
name: Renzi, Giovanni
name: Resconi, Elisa
name: Reusch, Simeon
name: Rhode, Wolfgang
name: Riedel, Benedikt
name: Riegel, Michael
name: Rifaie, Adam
name: Roberts, Ella
name: Robertson, Sally
name: Rodan, Steven T.
name: Roellinghoff, Gerrit
name: Rongen, Martin
name: Rott, Carsten
name: Ruhe, Tim
name: Ryckbosch, Dirk
name: Safa, Ibrahim
name: Saffer, Julian
name: Salazar-Gallegos, Daniel
name: Sampathkumar, Pranav
name: Sanchez Herrera, Sebastian
name: Sandrock, Alexander
name: Sandstrom, Perry
name: Santander, Marcos
name: Sarkar, Sourav
name: Sarkar, Subir
name: Savelberg, Joelle
name: Savina, Pierpaolo
name: Schaufel, Merlin
name: Schieler, Harald
name: Schindler, Sebastian
name: Schlickmann, Lea
name: Schluter, Berit
name: Schlüter, Felix
name: Schmeisser, Nick
name: Schmidt, Torsten
name: Schneider, Judith
name: Schröder, Frank G.
name: Schumacher, Lisa Johanna
name: Schwefer, Georg
name: Sclafani, Steve
name: Seckel, David
name: Seikh, Mohammad Ful Hossain
name: Seunarine, Suruj
name: Shaevitz, Mike
name: Shah, Riya
name: Sharma, Ankur
name: Shefali, S.
name: Shimizu, Nobuhiro
name: Silva, Manuel
name: Skrzypek, Barbara
name: Smith, Daniel
name: Smithers, Ben
name: Snihur, Robert
name: Soedingrekso, Jan
name: Sogaard, Andreas
name: Soldin, Dennis
name: Soldin, Philipp
name: Sommani, Giacomo
name: Southall, Daniel
name: Spannfellner, Christian
name: Spiczak, Glenn
name: Spiering, Christian
name: Stamatikos, Michael
name: Stanev, Todor
name: Stezelberger, Thorsten
name: Stoffels, Jethro
name: Sturwald, Timo
name: Stuttard, Thomas
name: Sullivan, Greg
name: Taboada, Ignacio
name: Taketa, Akimichi
name: Tanaka, Hiroyuki
name: Ter-Antonyan, Samvel
name: Thiesmeyer, Matthias
name: Thompson, Will
name: Thwaites, Jessie
name: Tilav, Serap
name: Tollefson, Kirsten
name: Tönnis, Christoph
name: Torres, Jorge
name: Toscano, Simona
name: Tosi, Delia
name: Trettin, Alexander
name: Tsunesada, Yoshiki
name: Tung, Chun Fai
name: Turcotte, Roxanne
name: Twagirayezu, Jean Pierre
name: Ty, Bunheng
name: Unland Elorrieta, Martin
name: Upadhyay, Anuj Kumar
name: Upshaw, Karriem
name: Valtonen-Mattila, Nora
name: Vandenbroucke, Justin
name: Eijndhoven, Nick Van
name: Vannerom, David
name: Santen, Jakob Van
name: Vara, Javi
name: Veberic, Darko
name: Veitch-Michaelis, Joshua
name: Venugopal, Megha
name: Verpoest, Stef
name: Vieregg, Abigail G.
name: Vijai, Aishwarya
name: Walck, Christian
name: Weaver, Chris
name: Weigel, Philip
name: Weindl, Andreas
name: Weldert, Jan
name: Welling, Christoph
name: Wendt, Chris
name: Werthebach, Johannes
name: Weyrauch, Mark
name: Whitehorn, Nathan
name: Wiebusch, Christopher
name: Willey, Nathan
name: Williams, Dawn
name: Wissel, Stephanie
name: Witthaus, Lucas
name: Wolf, Annika
name: Wolf, Martin
name: Worner, Gunter
name: Wrede, Gerrit
name: Wren, Steven
name: Xu, Xianwu
name: Yanez, Juan Pablo
name: Yildizci, Emre Burak
name: Yoshida, Shigeru
name: Young, Robert
name: Yu, Felix J.
name: Yu, Shiqi
name: Yuan, Tianlu
name: Zhang, Zelong
name: Zhelnin, Pavel
name: Zierke, Simon
name: Zimmerman, Melany
Publisher: name: Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA)
Year: 2023

description: IceCube-Gen2 is an expansion of the IceCube neutrino observatory at the South Pole that aims to increase the sensitivity to high-energy neutrinos by an order of magnitude. To this end, about 10,000 new optical modules will be installed, instrumenting a fiducial volume of about 8 km3. Two newly developed optical module types increase IceCube’s current sensitivity per module by a factor of three by integrating 16 and 18 newly developed four-inch PMTs in specially designed 12.5-inch diameter pressure vessels. Both designs use conical silicone gel pads to optically couple the PMTs to the pressure vessel to increase photon collection efficiency. The outside portion of gel pads are pre-cast onto each PMT prior to integration, while the interiors are filled and cast after the PMT assemblies are installed in the pressure vessel via a pushing mechanism. This paper presents both the mechanical design, as well as the performance of prototype modules at high pressure (70 MPa) and low temperature (−40∘C), characteristic of the environment inside the South Pole ice.