Papuaneon tualapa Maddison, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Maddison, Wayne P.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Salticidae
Papuaneon
Papuaneon tualapa

description: Papuaneon tualapa Maddison, sp. nov.
Figs 1‒18
Type material. Holotype: male from Tualapa, near Wanakipa, S 5.283 E 142.498, Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, elev. 1000‒1100 m a.s.l., 11‒22 July 2008, forest interior and river side, W. Maddison & Luc Fimo Tuki, WPM#08-008, Specimen #2008PNG-1342; DNA voucher d302. Paratype: female, same data as male, Specimen #2008PNG-0845; DNA voucher JXZ267. These are the only two specimens known.
Etymology. The name of the type locality, treated as a noun in apposition.
Diagnosis. The small broad hirsute body with long macrosetae under the first tibia (almost as long as the tibia), along with the cream clypeus of males and white palps of females, are distinctive among known New Guinea salticids. The embolus resembles that of euophryines in the Bulolia - Coccorchestes clade (Zhang & Maddison 2015), with a small spiral whose axis is parallel to the axis of the palp, but none of those species have this body form.
Description. Male (holotype), Figs 1‒10. Carapace length 1.5; abdomen length 1.5. Chelicera (Fig. 3): vertical, slightly swollen distally. Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 simple tooth. Palp (Figs 4‒6): of standard oval form with the embolus appearing to arise distally at 11‒12:00 in left palp (as if on a clock face). Terminal part of embolus a gentle spiral, though the larger base of the embolus extends fairly deep into the bulb (Fig. 4). Tegular ledge cuts diagonally in front of shoulder of the tegulum (Figs 5‒6). Even in the uncleared palp, a loop of the narrow part of the spermophore is visible through the prolateral proximal face of the tegulum (Fig. 5), similar to that seen in Neon (e.g., Lohmander 1945: fig. 43; Żabka 1997: figs 228, 237; Richardson 2013: fig. 36). Legs: Relative lengths 1>4>3>2. As in Neon, first leg tibia with three pair of long ventral macrosetae, all of which terminate approximately at the end of the tibia. Although the femur apparently lacks the distinct row of macrosetae that the female has, there are one or two ventral prolateral and retrolateral macrosetae. Carapace (Figs 1, 3): High and short, with anterior eye row wider than posterior. Abdomen (Fig. 2) cordate, with long anterior-projecting setae along the anterior edge. Colour in alcohol (Figs 1‒3): Chelicera light brown. Palps black. All legs with femur and ventral surface of tibia dark brown to black, and dark annuli distally on patella, tibia and metatarsus. In addition, the first leg has a dark anteriorlateral surface and a ventral fringe of dark setae about as long as the tibia is deep. Clypeus covered with cream-coloured scales (Fig. 3). Ocular and thoracic regions medium to dark brown, covered sparsely with some black, cream and brown scales. Abdomen grey-brown with indistinct wavy transverse bands. Colour in life (Figs 7‒10): Except for the much brighter cream-coloured clypeus, the rest of the body and appendages are black and dark brown with scattered brown to tan scales, aligned in vague transverse bands.
Female (paratype), Figs 11‒18. Carapace length 1.3; abdomen length 1.4. Chelicera: Promargin with 2 teeth; retromargin with 1 simple tooth. Palp: tarsus swollen, as if a subadult male. Legs: Only a single leg remains on the specimen, the left first leg. Spination on first leg as in male (Fig. 15), except that in addition there is a line of macrosetae on the posterior ventral edge of the first leg femur (Fig. 14). Carapace (Figs 11‒12): as in male. Abdomen: cordate, with long anterior setae as in male. Epigyne with circular openings and spermathecae closely resembling those of Neon (Figs 17‒18). As in Neon (Logunov 1998), the spermatheca is divided into a primary receptacle bearing the fertilization ducts, and a simple-walled bulbous secondary receptacle (Fig. 18), as in Logunov’s (1998) figure 33. Colour in alcohol (Figs 11‒14): Chelicerae light brown. Palp with femur and patella dark, but tibia and tarsus bright white and with long white setae (Figs 11, 13, 15). First leg as in male. Face dark brown with black setae. Carapace and abdomen as in male. Colour in life (Figs 15‒16): Except for the bright white tibia and tarsus of the palp, the rest of the body and appendages are black and dark brown with scattered brown to tan scales, aligned in vague transverse bands.
Phylogeny. Newly-obtained sequences are indicated in Table I. Alignment by MAFFT appeared reasonable and was not modified by hand. PartitionFinder determined the best partitioning scheme was to keep all partitions separate except to group the non-coding portion of 16SND1 with the first codon position of ND1, and to group first and second codon positions of Actin 5C. For all of these, GTR+I+G was determined as the best model, except for Actin 5C third position (GTR+G).
The phylogenetic tree inferred is shown in Fig. 19. Papuaneon is strongly supported as sister to Neon (100% bootstrap support), though the branch separating them is long. As in previous analyses (Maddison et al. 2008, Bodner & Maddison 2012), the five tribes of astioids (Mymarachninae, Neonini, Mopsini, Astiini, Viciriini) are well supported as distinct, but their interrelationships poorly resolved.
The sample of Neon species is small within this analysis, which could lead to concerns that a broader sample might show Papuaneon to be embedded within the full diversity of Neon species. Neon is divided into two subgenera (Lohmander 1944; Logunov 1998), the nominate Neon as well as Dicroneon Lohmander, 1944, differing in the spicular lobe of the embolus (present in Neon), retrolateral tibial apophysis (more slender in Dicroneon), and the secondary receptacle of the spermatheca (typically more elongate in Dicroneon) (see details in Logunov 1998). However, all of the known species of Neon (including Dicroneon) have the embolus arising on the prolateral side of the bulb (Logunov 1998). Among salticids with an embolus that is at least partially movable and counterclockwise-coiling (in the left palp), such as euophryines and marpissoids, the usual condition is for the embolus to arise distally on the bulb (e.g., Maddison 1996, Zhang & Maddison 2015), and this is the condition seen in the relative of neonines, the mopsines. Thus, the prolateral embolus can be considered a synapomorphy delimiting the genus Neon and excluding Papuaneon. In addition, even if some species currently placed in Neon were found to be as or more distantly related to the type species Neon reticulatus than is Papuaneon tualapa, there would be a strong argument for dividing Neon into multiple genera, given the depth of molecular divergence between Papuaneon and the type species (Fig. 19).
description: Published as part of Maddison, Wayne P., 2016, Papuaneon, a new genus of jumping spiders from Papua New Guinea (Araneae: Salticidae: Neonini), pp. 437-443 in Zootaxa 4200 (3) on pages 440-441, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4200.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/187215