cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Mimicking climate warming effects on Alaskan soil microbial communities via gradual temperature increase
Creators: name: Ballhausen, Max-Bernhard
name: Hewitt, Rebecca
name: Rillig, Matthias C.
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Microbial ecology
subject: Soil microbiology
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie::579 Mikroorganismen, Pilze, Algen

description: Climate change can trigger shifts in community structure and may therefore pose a severe threat to soil microbial communities, especially in high northern latitudes such as the Arctic. Arctic soils are covered by snow and ice throughout most of the year. This insulation shields them from high temperature variability and low surface temperatures. If this protective layer thaws, these soils are predicted to warm up at 1.5x to 4x the rate of other terrestrial biomes. In this study, we sampled arctic soils from sites with different elevations in Alaska, incubated them for 5 months with a simulated, gradual or abrupt temperature increase of +5 °C, and compared bacterial and fungal community compositions after the incubation. We hypothesized that the microbial communities would not significantly change with a gradual temperature treatment, whereas an abrupt temperature increase would decrease microbial diversity and shift community composition. The only differences in community composition that we observed were, however, related to the two elevations. The abrupt and gradual temperature increase treatments did not change the microbial community composition as compared to the control indicating resistance of the microbial community to changes in temperature. This points to the potential importance of microbial dormancy and resting stages in the formation of a “buffer” against elevated temperatures. Microbial resting stages might heavily contribute to microbial biomass and thus drive the responsiveness of arctic ecosystems to climate change.
The Economic Impact of Global Climate Change on Mediterranean Rangeland Ecosystems: A Space-for-Time Approach
Creators: name: Fleischer, Aliza
name: Sternberg, Marcelo
name: Fleischer, Aliza
name: Sternberg, Marcelo
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: global climate change
subject: ecosystem
subject: choice modeling
subject: landscape
subject: biomass

description: Global Climate Change (GCC) can bring about changes in ecosystems and consequently in their services value. Here we show that the urban population in Israel values the green landscape of rangelands in the mesic Mediterranean climate region and is willing to pay for preserving it in light of the expected increasing aridity conditions in this region. Their valuation of the landscape is higher than that of the grazing services these rangelands provide for livestock growers. These results stem form a Time-for-Space approach with which we were able to measure changes in biomass production and rainfall at four experimental sites along an aridity gradient.
Effects of density on the oxygen ionisation equilibrium in collisional plasmas
Creators: name: Dufresne, R. P.
name: Del Zanna, G.
name: Badnell, N. R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The ion populations most frequently adopted for diagnostics in collisional plasmas are derived from the density independent, coronal approximation. In higher density, lower temperature conditions, ionisation rates are enhanced once metastable levels become populated, and recombination rates are suppressed if ions recombine into Rydberg levels. As a result, the formation temperatures of ions shift, altering the diagnostics of the plasma. To accurately model the effect of ionisation from metastable levels, new electron impact, ionisation cross sections have been calculated for oxygen, both for direct ionisation and excitation--auto-ionisation of the ground and metastable levels. The results have been incorporated into collisional radiative modelling to show how the ionisation equilibrium of oxygen changes once metastable levels become populated. Suppression of dielectronic recombination has been estimated and also included in the modelling, demonstrating the shifts with density in comparison to the coronal approximation. The final results for the ionisation equilibrium are used in differential emission measure modelling to predict line intensities for many lines emitted by O II-VI in the solar transition region. The predictions show improved agreement by 15-40% for O II, O VI and the inter-combination lines of O III-V, when compared to results from coronal approximation modelling. While there are still discrepancies with observations of these lines, this could, to a large part, be explained by variability in the observations.
description: 15 pages, 11 figures, accepted by MNRAS
An introduction to phase transitions in stochastic dynamical systems
Creators: name: Blythe, R. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We give an introduction to phase transitions in the steady states of systems that evolve stochastically with equilibrium and nonequilibrium dynamics, the latter defined as those that do not possess a time-reversal symmetry. We try as much as possible to discuss both cases within the same conceptual framework, focussing on dynamically attractive `peaks' in state space. A quantitative characterisation of these peaks leads to expressions for the partition function and free energy that extend from equilibrium steady states to their nonequilibrium counterparts. We show that for certain classes of nonequilibrium systems that have been exactly solved, these expressions provide precise predictions of their macroscopic phase behaviour.
description: Pedagogical talk contributed to the "Ageing and the Glass Transition" Summer School, Luxembourg, September 2005. 12 pages, 8 figures, uses the IOP 'jpconf' document class
Dynamics of thin liquid films over a spinning disk
Creators: name: Zhao, Kun
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2020

description: Thin film dynamics over spinning disks is of central importance to a number of scientific research and industrial applications, such as heat/mass transfer, chemical reactions and chip devices. Although they have received a lot of attention in different applications, the key un- derlying dynamics governing the flow are not thoroughly understood, especially in terms of highly non-linear behaviour in free surface flows, in the presence of other physical forces or chemical reactions. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms driving the flow is of utmost importance to both scientific research and industrial applications. In this research the dynamics of a thin film flowing over a rapidly spinning, horizontal disk, in presence of first-order chemical reactions is considered. A set of non-axisymmetric evolution equations for the film thickness, radial and azimuthal flow rates is derived using a boundary- layer (IBL) approximation in conjunction with the Karman-Polhausen approximation for the velocity distribution in the film. Numerical solutions of these highly nonlinear partial dif- ferential equations are obtained from finite difference scheme which reveals the formation of large-amplitude waves that travel from the disk inlet to its periphery. The equations with non- axisymmetric condition were investigated where elimination of azimuthal dependence presents different wave regimes across the disk radius, and three dimensional wave structures over the entire disk. Apart from hydrodynamics, the influence of these waves on the concentration and temperature profiles is analysed for a wide range of system parameters. It is shown that these waves lead to significant enhancement of the rates of heat and mass transfer, as well as chemical reaction due to the mixing associated with the flow. Additionally, due to the time-consuming implementation of the IBL model, the Neural Network (NN) technique is applied based on existing Finite Difference (FD) results, in order to predict the wave dynamics after initial times.The NN is trained on a dataset from various data points in space and time from IBL model, and then used to simulate the evolution of any wave characteristics of interest. Overall, the resulting NN model predicts the evolution of waves reasonably well when compared with the time-consuming finite difference scheme, and reduces the computation time significantly.
title: Ο ρόλος της εκπαίδευσης και η σχέση της με τις κοινωνικοοικονομικές ανισότητες
title: The role of education and its relationship with socio-economic inequalities
titleType: AlternativeTitle
Creators: name: Γιουτλάκης, Γεώργιος
Publisher: name: Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Ανισότητες
subject: Σχολείο
subject: Επιδόσεις
subject: Εκπαιδευτικοί
subject: Inequalities
subject: School
subject: Performance
subject: Teachers

description: Βασικό αντικείμενο διερεύνησης της παρούσας μελέτης, είναι η ανάλυση των απόψεων των εκπαιδευτικών όσον αφορά τις κοινωνικές ανισότητες. Έτσι, διερευνάται ο ρόλος του σχολείου όσον αφορά την διόρθωση ή τη διατήρηση των κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων και η μελέτη των λόγων που συμβάλλουν σε αυτό. Για την υλοποίηση της παρούσας έρευνας, έγινε χρήση της ποσοτικής προσέγγισης και ως μέσο συλλογής των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε το ερωτηματολόγιο. Μέσα από τα αποτελέσματα του ερωτηματολογίου προέκυψε ότι σε πολλές περιπτώσεις το εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα μπορεί να οδηγήσει στη δημιουργία κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων που συνδέονται με τις σχολικές επιδόσεις των παιδιών. Επίσης προέκυψε ότι οι εκπαιδευτικοί χρειάζονται επιπλέον επιμόρφωση έτσι ώστε να μπορέσουν ανταπεξέλθουν στην διαχείριση των κοινωνικών ανισοτήτων και στη δημιουργία προγραμμάτων για την ενίσχυση της διδασκαλίας και των επιδόσεων των μαθητών.
Who can get vaccinated for COVID-19_English
Creators: name: Collaboratory For Health Justice
Publisher: name: University of Illinois at Chicago
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: 111799 Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Quick information on who should consider getting the COVID-19 Moderna and Pfizer vaccines based on their age and health history. Specific questions should be addressed to healthcare providers.
Information last updated February 15, 2021.
ACHIEVING URBAN FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
Creators: name: Garrett, James L.
name: Garrett, James L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
Food Security and Poverty

description: Table of Contents: Overview, by James L. Garrett; An urbanizing world, by Martin Brockerhoff; Rural-urban interdependence, by Cecilia Tacoli; Urbanizing livelihoods and labor markets, by Arjan De Haan; Feeding the cities: food supply and distribution, by Olivio Argenti; The hidden significance of urban agriculture, by Luc J.A. Mougeot; Urbanization and the nutrition transition, by Barry M. Popkin; Urban women: balancing work and childcare, by Partrice L. Engle; Threats to urban health, by Carolyn Stephens; Programming for urban food and nutrition security, by Timothy R. Frankenberger, James L. Garrett, and Jeannie Downen;
OVERCOMING WATER SCARCITY AND QUALITY CONSTRAINTS
Creators: name: Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela
name: Rosegrant, Mark W.
name: Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela
name: Rosegrant, Mark W.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: Table of Contents: Overview, by Ruth S. Meinzen-Dick and Mark W. Rosegrant; Water for food production, by Mark W. Rosegrant and Ximing Cai; Domestic water supply, hygiene, and sanitation, by Hans van Damme; Emerging water quality problems in developing countries, by Wim van der Hoek; Water and rural livelihoods, by Linden Vincent; Water and the environment, by Elroy Bos and Ger Bergkamp; Dams and water storage, by Jeremy Bird and Pamela Wallace; Groundwater: potential and constraints, by Marcus Moench; Water harvesting and watershed management, by John Kerr and Ganesh Pangare; Water pricing: potential and problems, by R. Maria Saleth; Markets for tradable water rights, by Karin E. Kemper; Recognizing water rights, by Franz and Keebet von Benda-Beckmann; Integrated management of water in river basins, by Mark Svendsen; Water, conflict, and cooperation, by Aaron T. Wolf
HEALTH AND NUTRITION: EMERGING AND REEMERGING ISSUES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Creators: name: Flores, Rafael
name: Gillespie, Stuart
name: Flores, Rafael
name: Gillespie, Stuart
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
Health Economics and Policy
International Development

description: Table of Contents: Overview, by Rafael Flores; The global burden of disease, by Alan Lopez; HIV/AIDS, by Anthony Barnett and Gabriel Rugalema; Malaria, by Andrea Egan; Tuberculosis, by Ariel Pablos-Mendez; Intrauterine growth retardation, by Mercedes De Onis; Obesity, by Reynaldo Martorell; Diet-related chronic diseases, by Geoffrey Cannon; Health and Aging, by Noel W. Solomons; Micronutrients, by Lindsay H. Allen; Policy priorities: themes and actions, by Stuart Gillespie;
INTEGRATED ECONOMIC-HYDROLOGIC WATER MODELING AT THE BASIN SCALE: THE MAIPO RIVER BASIN
Creators: name: Rosegrant, Mark W.
name: Ringler, Claudia
name: McKinney, Daene C.
name: Cai, Ximing
name: Keller, Andrew
name: Donoso, Guillermo
name: Rosegrant, Mark W.
name: Ringler, Claudia
name: McKinney, Daene C.
name: Cai, Ximing
name: Keller, Andrew
name: Donoso, Guillermo
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: River basin model
subject: Water policy
subject: Water market

description: Increasing competition for water across sectors increases the importance of the river basin as the appropriate unit of analysis to address the challenges facing water resources management; and modeling at this scale can provide essential information for policymakers in their resource allocation decisions. This paper introduces an integrated economic-hydrologic modeling framework that accounts for the interactions between water allocation, farmer input choice, agricultural productivity, nonagricultural water demand, and resource degradation in order to estimate the social and economic gains from improvement in the allocation and efficiency of water use. The model is applied to the Maipo River Basin in Chile. Economic benefits to water use are evaluated for different demand management instruments, including markets in tradable water rights, based on production and benefit functions with respect to water for the agricultural and urban-industrial sectors.
Paths and directed acyclic graphs
Creators: name: Vasiliauskaite, Vaiva
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2020

description: Network theory studies complex interdependencies, commonly observed in our interconnected world. Many of those networks express an important constraint leading to a characteristic order; examples include publication dates of papers in a citation network, dependency of packages in computer software, and prey species in a food web. If edges respect this order, they exist only if they are directed from one node to a node later in the order and there can be no cycles---we observe a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). So in a DAG a link between two nodes represents an order of the pair, not necessarily their similarity as links are often interpreted in standard network analysis. To better understand these common network topologies, we need to adapt our tools so that they respect the order implicit in a DAG. In this thesis our question is what are the implications of this order on the paths, observed in a network. In particular, we study the relation between network paths and geometric geodesics, the statistics of the longest path, the meaning of centrality, and community detection in DAGs. We demonstrate how the presence of an order of nodes changes the network structure itself, as well as the analysis of it.
Thermodynamic Behavior of Fuzzy Membranes in PP-Wave Matrix Model
Creators: name: Shin, Hyeonjoon
name: Yoshida, Kentaroh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss a two-body interaction of membrane fuzzy spheres in a pp-wave matrix model at finite temperature by considering a fuzzy sphere rotates with a constant radius r around the other one sitting at the origin in the SO(6) symmetric space. This system of two fuzzy spheres is supersymmetric at zero temperature and there is no interaction between them. Once the system is coupled to the heat bath, supersymmetries are completely broken and non-trivial interaction appears. We numerically show that the potential between fuzzy spheres is attractive and so the rotating fuzzy sphere tends to fall into the origin. The analytic formula of the free energy is also evaluated in the large N limit. It is well approximated by a polylog-function.
description: 13 pages, 4 figures, LaTeX
Gravitational wave extraction based on Cauchy-characteristic extraction and characteristic evolution
Creators: name: Babiuc, Maria
name: Szilagyi, Bela
name: Hawke, Ian
name: Zlochower, Yosef
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We implement a code to find the gravitational news at future null infinity by using data from a Cauchy code as boundary data for a characteristic code. This technique of Cauchy-characteristic Extraction (CCE) allows for the unambiguous extraction of gravitational waves from numerical simulations.
description: 11 pages, 5 figures; corrections after referee's comments; add section on Teukolsky wave
CONSUMPTION EFFECTS OF GENETIC MODIFICATION: WHAT IF CONSUMERS ARE RIGHT?
Creators: name: Giannakas, Konstantinos
name: Fulton, Murray E.
name: Giannakas, Konstantinos
name: Fulton, Murray E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies

description: This paper develops a model of differentiated consumers to examine the consumption effects of genetic modification (GM) under alternative labeling regimes and segregation enforcement scenarios. Analytical results show that if consumers perceive GM products as being different than their traditional counterparts, genetic modification affects consumer welfare and, thus, consumption decisions. When the existence of market imperfections in one or more stages of the supply chain prevents the transmission of cost savings associated with the new technology to consumers, genetic modification results in welfare losses for consumers. The analysis shows that the relative welfare ranking of the “no labeling” and “mandatory labeling” regimes depends on: (i) the level of consumer aversion to genetic modification, (ii) the size of marketing and segregation costs under mandatory labeling; (iii) the share of the GM product to total production; and (iv) the extent to which GM products are incorrectly labeled as non-GM products.
Completing HI observations of galaxies II. The Coma Supercluster
Creators: name: Gavazzi, G.
name: O'Neil, K.
name: Boselli, A.
name: van Driel, W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: High sensitivity 21-cm HI line observations, with an rms noise level of \sim 0.5 mJy, were made of 35 spiral galaxies in the Coma Supercluster, using the refurbished Arecibo telescope, which resulted in the detection of 25 objects. These data, combined with the measurements available from the literature, provide the set of HI data for 94% of all late-type galaxies in the Coma Supercluster with an apparent photographic magnitude m_p <15.7 mag. We confirm that the typical scale of HI deficiency around the Coma cluster is 2 Mpc, i.e. one virial radius. Comparing the HI mass function (HIMF) of cluster with non-cluster members of the Coma Supercluster we detect a shortage of high HI mass galaxies among cluster members that can be ascribed to the pattern of HI deficiency found in rich clusters.
description: 16 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables. Accepted for publication on A&A
Gravitational lens time-delay as a probe of a possible time variation of the fine-structure constant
Creators: name: Colaço, L. R.
name: Gonzalez, J. E.
name: Holanda, R. F. L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A new method based on large-scale structure observations is proposed to probe a possible time variation of the fine-structure constant ($α$). Our analyses are based on time-delay of Strong Gravitational Lensing and Type Ia Supernovae observations. By considering a class of runaway dilaton models, where the cosmological evolution of the fine-structure constant is given by $\frac{Δα}α \approx -γ\ln{(1+z)}$, we obtain limits on the physical properties parameter of the model ($γ$) at the level $10^{-2}$ ($1σ$). Although our limits are less restrictive than those obtained by quasar spectroscopy, the approach presented here provides new bounds on the possibility of $\frac{Δα}α \neq 0$ at a different range of redshifts.
description: 9 pages, 4 figures and 1 table - Accepted in The European Physical Journal C
A Catalogue of RR Lyrae Stars from the Northern Sky Variability Survey
Creators: name: Wils, Patrick
name: Lloyd, Christopher
name: Bernhard, Klaus
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A search for RR Lyrae stars has been conducted in the publicly available data of the Northern Sky Variability Survey (NSVS). Candidates have been selected by the statistical properties of their variation; the standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis with appropriate limits determined from a sample 314 known RRab and RRc stars listed in the GCVS. From the period analysis and light curve shape of over 3000 candidates 785 RR Lyrae have been identified of which 188 are previously unknown. The light curves were examined for the Blazhko effect and several new stars showing this were found. Six double-mode RR Lyrae stars were also found of which two are new discoveries. Some previously known variables have been reclassified as RR Lyrae stars and similarly some RR Lyrae stars have been found to be other types of variable, or not variable at all.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Tables 1 and 2 are available here in full, but not in the printed edition
DOES EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT MATTER? PHYSICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF WATER USE IN THE RIVER BASIN
Creators: name: Cai, Ximing
name: Ringler, Claudia
name: Rosegrant, Mark W.
name: Cai, Ximing
name: Ringler, Claudia
name: Rosegrant, Mark W.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Basin water management
subject: Water use efficiency
subject: Irrigation efficiency
subject: Economic efficiency

description: With growing water scarcity and increasing competition across water-using sectors, the need for water savings and more efficient water use has increased in importance in water resources management. Improvement in the physical efficiency of water use is related to water conservation through increasing the fraction of water beneficially used over water applied, while enhancing economic efficiency is a broader concept seeking the highest economic value of water use through both physical and managerial measures. Physical and economic efficiency measures are both useful indicators for water management at the irrigation system and river basin level. However, the relationship between physical efficiency and economic efficiency is not always clear and the values of these measures may indicate different directions for water policy and investments in irrigation. Open research questions include, for example: does enhancement of physical water use efficiency always lead to improved economic water use efficiency? How does the change in responsiveness of water allocation and irrigation technology to economic incentives affect physical and economic irrigation efficiency? What is the impact on physical and economic efficiency of various structural and nonstructural improvements? To explore these issues, an integrated economic-hydrologic river basin model is applied to the Maipo River Basin in Chile. A series of modeling scenarios are defined and policy implications from physical and economic efficiencies for basin-wide irrigation water management are analyzed.
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: A REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS OF ISSUES, POTENTIALS, AND STRATEGIES FOR THE FUTURE
Creators: name: Rosegrant, Mark W.
name: Perez, Nicostrato D.
name: Rosegrant, Mark W.
name: Perez, Nicostrato D.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1997
Subjects: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: This paper analyzes how water resources development and water policy reform can be deployed to address the twin problems of food insecurity and water scarcity in Africa and, in particular, Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper reviews the current status of water supply and demand, and the existing and potential irrigated land base in Africa; reviews the performance of existing irrigation systems and assesses the magnitude of the potential contribution and cost-effectiveness of new irrigation development to future food production in Africa; and explores the potential for water conservation through demand management. Meeting the challenges of food security and water scarcity in Africa will require both selective development and exploitation of new water supplies and comprehensive policy reform that encourages efficient use of existing supplies. The most significant reforms will involve changing the institutional and legal environment in which water is supplied to one that empowers water users to make their own decisions regarding the resource. Irrigation development will not be the main source of food production growth in Africa, but increased investment in irrigation could have an important role in reducing projected cereal import demands. Rehabilitation and improvement of existing irrigation systems can be an attractive option, but projects must be selected carefully.
Exact Ground States and Domain Walls in One Dimensional Chiral Magnets
Creators: name: Ross, Calum
name: Sakai, Norisuke
name: Nitta, Muneto
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We determine exactly the phase structure of a chiral magnet in one spatial dimension with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction and a potential that is a function of the third component of the magnetization vector, $n_3$, with a Zeeman (linear with the coefficient $B$) term and an anisotropy (quadratic with the coefficient $A$) term, constrained so that $2A\leq \vert B\vert$. For large values of potential parameters $A$ and $B$, the system is in one of the ferromagnetic phases, whereas it is in the spiral phase for small values. In the spiral phase we find a continuum of spiral solutions, which are one-dimensionally modulated solutions with various periods. The ground state is determined as the spiral solution with the lowest average energy density. As the phase boundary approaches, the period of the lowest energy spiral solution diverges, and the spiral solutions become domain wall solutions with zero energy at the boundary. The energy of the domain wall solutions is positive in the homogeneous phase region, but is negative in the spiral phase region, signaling the instability of the homogeneous (ferromagnetic) state. The order of the phase transition between spiral and homogeneous phases and between polarized ($n_3=\pm 1$) and canted ($n_3\not=\pm 1$) ferromagnetic phases is found to be second order.
description: 36 pages, 14 figures, JHEP accepted version
Review on Biophysical Modelling and Simulation Studies for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Creators: name: Gomez-Tames, Jose
name: Laakso, Ilkka
name: Hirata, Akimasa
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC)
subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for noninvasively stimulating a brain area for therapeutic, rehabilitation treatments and neuroscience research. Despite our understanding of the physical principles and experimental developments pertaining to TMS, it is difficult to identify the exact brain target as the generated dosage exhibits a non-uniform distribution owing to the complicated and subject-dependent brain anatomy and the lack of biomarkers that can quantify the effects of TMS in most cortical areas. Computational dosimetry has progressed significantly and enables TMS assessment by computation of the induced electric field (the primary physical agent known to activate the brain neurons) in a digital representation of the human head. In this review, TMS dosimetry studies are summarised, clarifying the importance of the anatomical and human biophysical parameters and computational methods. This review shows that there is a high consensus on the importance of a detailed cortical folding representation and an accurate modelling of the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid. Recent studies have also enabled the prediction of individually optimised stimulation based on magnetic resonance imaging of the patient/subject and have attempted to understand the temporal effects of TMS at the cellular level by incorporating neural modelling. These efforts, together with the fast deployment of personalised TMS computations, will permit the adoption of TMS dosimetry as a standard procedure in clinical procedures.
Attenuation of the Electric Potential and Field in Disordered Systems
Creators: name: Singer, A.
name: Schuss, Z.
name: Eisenberg, R. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the electric potential and field produced by disordered distributions of charge to see why clumps of charge do not produce large potentials or fields. The question is answered by evaluating the probability distribution of the electric potential and field in a totally disordered system that is overall electroneutral. An infinite system of point charges is called totally disordered if the locations of the points and the values of the charges are random. It is called electroneutral if the mean charge is zero. In one dimension, we show that the electric field is always small, of the order of the field of a single charge, and the spatial variations in potential are what can be produced by a single charge. In two and three dimensions, the electric field in similarly disordered electroneutral systems is usually small, with small variations. Interestingly, in two and three dimensional systems, the electric potential is usually very large, even though the electric field is not: large amounts of energy are needed to put together a typical disordered configuration of charges in two and three dimensions, but not in one dimension. If the system is locally electroneutral--as well as globally electroneutral--the potential is usually small in all dimensions. The properties considered here arise from the superposition of electric fields of quasi-static distributions of charge, as in nonmetallic solids or ionic solutions. These properties are found in distributions of charge far from equilibrium.
Macroscopic production of highly nuclear-spin-polarized molecules from IR-excitation and photodissociation of molecular beams
Creators: name: Kannis, C. S.
name: Rakitzis, T. P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Pure, highly nuclear-spin-polarized molecules have only been produced with molecular beam-separation methods, with production rates up to ${\sim}3{\times}10^{12}$ s$^{-1}$. Here, we propose the production of spin-polarized molecular photofragments from the IR-excitation and photodissociation of molecular beams, with production rates approaching the tabletop-IR-laser photon fluxes of $10^{21}$ s$^{-1}$. We give details on the production of spin-polarized molecular hydrogen and water isotopes, from formaldehyde and formic acid beams, respectively. Macroscopic quantities of these molecules are important for NMR signal enhancement, and for the needs of a nuclear fusion reactor, to increase the D-T or D-$^{3}$He unpolarized nuclear fusion cross section by ${\sim}50{\%}$.
A continuous family of Exact Dispersive Quasi-Normal Modal (DQNM) Expansions for dispersive photonic structures
Creators: name: Truong, Minh Duy
name: Nicolet, André
name: Demésy, Guillaume
name: Zolla, Frédéric
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In photonics, Dispersive Quasi-Normal Modes (DQNMs) refer to optical resonant modes, solutions of spectral problems associated with Maxwell's equations for open photonic structures involving dispersive media. Since these DQNMs are the constituents determining optical responses, studying DQNM expansion formalisms is the key to model the physical properties of a considered system. In this paper, we emphasize the non-uniqueness of the expansions related to the over-completeness of the set of modes and discuss a family of DQNM expansions depending on continuous parameters that can be freely chosen. These expansions can be applied to dispersive, anisotropic, and even non-reciprocal materials. As an example, we particularly demonstrate the modal analysis on a 2-D scattering model where the permittivity of a silicon object is drawn directly from actual measurement data.
COVID-19 Vaccine FAQs_ Russian
Creators: name: Collaboratory For Health Justice
Publisher: name: University of Illinois at Chicago
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: 111799 Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Russian flyer with FAQs about the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. Information last updated on February 21, 2021.
Core-valence attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules
Creators: name: Golubev, Nikolay V.
name: Vaníček, Jiří
name: Kuleff, Alexander I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Tracing ultrafast processes induced by interaction of light with matter is often very challenging. In molecular systems, the initially created electronic coherence becomes damped by the slow nuclear rearrangement on a femtosecond timescale which makes real-time observations of electron dynamics in molecules particularly difficult. In this work, we report an extension of the theory underlying the attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (ATAS) for the case of molecules, including a full account for the coupled electron-nuclear dynamics in the initially created wave packet, and apply it to probe the oscillations of the positive charge created after outer-valence ionization of the propiolic acid molecule. By taking advantage of element-specific core-to-valence transitions induced by X-ray radiation, we show that the resolution of ATAS makes it possible to trace the dynamics of electron density with atomic spatial resolution.
The weak INTEGRAL bursts GRB040223 and GRB040624: an emerging population of dark afterglows
Creators: name: Filliatre, P.
name: Covino, S.
name: D'Avanzo, P.
name: De Luca, A.
name: Gotz, D.
name: McGlynn, S.
name: McBreen, S.
name: Fugazza, D.
name: Antonelli, A.
name: Campana, S.
name: Chincarini, G.
name: Cucchiara, A.
name: Della Valle, M.
name: Foley, S.
name: Goldoni, P.
name: Hanlon, L.
name: Israel, G.
name: McBreen, B.
name: Mereghetti, S.
name: Stella, L.
name: Tagliaferri, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report here gamma-ray, X-ray and near-infrared observations of GRB040223 along with gamma-ray and optical observations of GRB040624. GRB040223 was detected by INTEGRAL close to the Galactic plane and GRB040624 at high Galactic latitude. Analyses of the prompt emission detected by the IBIS instrument on INTEGRAL are presented for both bursts. The two GRBs have long durations, slow pulses and are weak. The gamma-ray spectra of both bursts are best fit with steep power-laws, implying they are X-ray rich. GRB040223 is among the weakest and longest of INTEGRAL GRBs. The X-ray afterglow of this burst was detected 10 hours after the prompt event by XMM-Newton. The measured spectral properties are consistent with a column density much higher than that expected from the Galaxy, indicating strong intrinsic absorption. We carried out near-infrared observations 17 hours after the burst with the NTT of ESO, which yielded upper limits. Given the intrinsic absorption, we find that these limits are compatible with a simple extrapolation of the X-ray afterglow properties. For GRB040624, we carried out optical observations 13 hours after the burst with FORS 1 and 2 at the VLT, and DOLoRes at the TNG, again obtaining upper limits. We compare these limits with the magnitudes of a compilation of promptly observed counterparts of previous GRBs and show that they lie at the very faint end of the distribution. These two bursts are good examples of a population of bursts with dark or faint afterglows that are being unveiled through the increasing usage of large diameter telescopes engaged in comprehensive observational programmes.
description: 13 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
Physical Constraints of Numbers
Creators: name: Mueckenheim, W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Mathematics (math.GM)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 00A30, 03E99

description: All sciences need and many arts apply mathematics whereas mathematics seems to be independent of all of them, but only based upon logic. This conservative concept, however, needs to be revised because, contrary to Platonic idealism (frequently called "realism" by mathematicians), mathematical ideas, notions, and, in particular, numbers are not at all independent of physical laws and prerequisites.
description: Appendix added
The trajectory of COVID-19 pandemic and handwashing adherence: findings from 14 countries
Creators: name: Szczuka, Zofia
name: Abraham, Charles
name: Baban, Adriana
name: Brooks, Sydney
name: Cipolletta, Sabrina
name: Danso, Ebrima
name: Dombrowski, Stephan U.
name: Keller, Jan
name: Knoll, Nina
name: Schwarzer, Ralf
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Hand hygiene
subject: COVID-19
subject: Morbidity
subject: Mortality
subject: Cross-country
subject: Pandemic
subject: 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::616 Krankheiten

description: Background The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people’s engagement in health behaviors, especially those that protect individuals from SARS-CoV-2 transmission, such as handwashing/sanitizing. This study investigated whether adherence to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) handwashing guidelines (the outcome variable) was associated with the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic, as measured by the following 6 indicators: (i) the number of new cases of COVID-19 morbidity/mortality (a country-level mean calculated for the 14 days prior to data collection), (ii) total cases of COVID-19 morbidity/mortality accumulated since the onset of the pandemic, and (iii) changes in recent cases of COVID-19 morbidity/mortality (a difference between country-level COVID-19 morbidity/mortality in the previous 14 days compared to cases recorded 14–28 days earlier). Methods The observational study (#NCT04367337) enrolled 6064 adults residing in Australia, Canada, China, France, Gambia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Malaysia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Singapore, and Switzerland. Data on handwashing adherence across 8 situations (indicated in the WHO guidelines) were collected via an online survey (March–July 2020). Individual-level handwashing data were matched with the date- and country-specific values of the 6 indices of the trajectory of COVID-19 pandemic, obtained from the WHO daily reports. Results Multilevel regression models indicated a negative association between both accumulation of the total cases of COVID-19 morbidity (B = −.041, SE = .013, p = .013) and mortality (B = −.036, SE = .014 p = .002) and handwashing. Higher levels of total COVID-related morbidity and mortality were related to lower handwashing adherence. However, increases in recent cases of COVID-19 morbidity (B = .014, SE = .007, p = .035) and mortality (B = .022, SE = .009, p = .015) were associated with higher levels of handwashing adherence. Analyses controlled for participants’ COVID-19-related situation (their exposure to information about handwashing, being a healthcare professional), sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, marital status), and country-level variables (strictness of containment and health policies, human development index). The models explained 14–20% of the variance in handwashing adherence. Conclusions To better explain levels of protective behaviors such as handwashing, future research should account for indicators of the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Contrastive Cross-Modal Pre-Training: A General Strategy for Small Sample Medical Imaging
Creators: name: Liang, Gongbo
name: Greenwell, Connor
name: Zhang, Yu
name: Wang, Xiaoqin
name: Kavuluru, Ramakanth
name: Jacobs, Nathan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: A key challenge in training neural networks for a given medical imaging task is often the difficulty of obtaining a sufficient number of manually labeled examples. In contrast, textual imaging reports, which are often readily available in medical records, contain rich but unstructured interpretations written by experts as part of standard clinical practice. We propose using these textual reports as a form of weak supervision to improve the image interpretation performance of a neural network without requiring additional manually labeled examples. We use an image-text matching task to train a feature extractor and then fine-tune it in a transfer learning setting for a supervised task using a small labeled dataset. The end result is a neural network that automatically interprets imagery without requiring textual reports during inference. This approach can be applied to any task for which text-image pairs are readily available. We evaluate our method on three classification tasks and find consistent performance improvements, reducing the need for labeled data by 67%-98%.
description: This work is accepted to the IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics
Surgical quality assurance in randomised controlled trials
Creators: name: Tsai, Yi-Chien
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2020

description: Aim and Objectives Surgical Quality Assurance (SQA) influences outcome measures in randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The aim of this thesis was to develop and implement an objective and reliable SQA process within an RCT. The objectives were (1) to develop a robust method for standardisation, (2) to design a competency assessment process for credentialing expertise, and (3) to implement SQA and evaluate barriers in the COLOR III trial. COLOR III is an international multicentre RCT comparing transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) with laparoscopic approach for rectal cancer. Method A multimethod approach was applied to thoroughly address the study aim. In order to address objective 1, a hierarchical task analysis and 4-round Delphi methodology was applied for standardisation of TaTME. For objective 2, a competency assessment tool (CAT) was developed and its validity and reliability were examined with generalisability theory. Lastly, objective 3 was investigated by implementing SQA in COLOR III. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were used to examine the effectiveness of SQA and barriers to implementation. Results Standardisation was achieved including an operative guide for TaTME. CAT has a matrix of 9 steps and 4 performance qualities; it was shown to be valid and reliable with an overall G-coefficient of 0.883. The SQA system was implemented in COLOR III and barriers of implementation were evaluated. Within the scope of this process a number of mitigating solutions were identified. Conclusion A rigorous iterative approach was applied to develop an objective, and reliable SQA system within a large international multicentre RCT. This system is implemented within the scope of COLOR III and comprises operative guide of standardised TaTME, an objective CAT, defined criteria for trial entry, and a process for monitoring surgical performance during the trial. This PhD serves as a blueprint for the design of SQA in future surgical RCTs.
COVID-19 Vaccine FAQs_Polish
Creators: name: Collaboratory For Health Justice
Publisher: name: University of Illinois at Chicago
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: 111799 Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Polish flyer with FAQs about the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines. Information last updated on February 21, 2021.
Alliance Governance Mechanisms in the Face of Disruption
Creators: name: Keller, Arne
name: Lumineau, Fabrice
name: Mellewigt, Thomas
name: Ariño, Africa
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: alliance governance
subject: contracts
subject: relational governance
subject: alliance post-formation dynamics
subject: 300 Sozialwissenschaften::330 Wirtschaft::330 Wirtschaft

description: Existing academic literature has discussed contracts and relational governance as the key mechanisms that help alliance partners address problems of cooperation and coordination. However, when an alliance undergoes disruption, the nature and extent of such problems may change and therefore the value of these mechanisms may change. This study advances a dynamic perspective on alliance governance by examining the impact of disruption and subsequent adjustment on the value of alliance governance mechanisms. To this end, we longitudinally studied a revelatory case of a research and development alliance in the veterinary drug industry that experienced disruption triggered by an internal restructuring at one of the partner companies. We approached the evidence with a fine-grained typology that builds on two dimensions that underlie governance mechanisms: the means to enforce their ruling principles (contractual versus relational) and the level of codification of these principles (formal versus informal). Based on our findings, we (1) show the significance of this revised typology, which suggests that contractual governance is not necessarily formal and relational governance is not necessarily informal; (2) provide a more systematic discussion of the tradeoffs that the various mechanisms entail and how these are altered through disruption and adjustment dynamics; and (3) analyze how the interplay between different types of governance mechanisms evolves following disruption and adjustment. Overall, our study brings the concept of disruption to the dynamic perspective of alliance governance and highlights the contingent value of alliance governance mechanisms.