Clampia sinica Xu & Ma & Li & Bourland & Petroni & Luo & Song 2022, SP. NOV.
Creators: name: Xu, Wenxin
name: Ma, Jiyang
name: Li, Yuan
name: Bourland, William A.
name: Petroni, Giulio
name: Luo, Xiaotian
name: Song, Weibo
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Clampidae
Clampia
Clampia sinica

description: CLAMPIA SINICA SP. NOV.
Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 894A94B9-FD7C-4E85-AB08-EC470D2DE 78F.
Diagnosis: 100–145 × 30–50 µm in vivo, slender elliptical in shape; cortical granules colourless, spherical and 0.8–1.0 µm across, mainly distributed along cirral rows and dorsal kineties; about 33 adoral membranelles; invariably three frontoventral rows, with the anteriormost cirrus slightly enlarged; generally three short midventral rows, left and right long midventral row composed of about 28 and 40 cirri, respectively; on average six buccal and seven transverse cirri; left and right marginal row composed of about 35 and 37 cirri respectively; limnetic habitat. Etymology: Specific epithet is the feminine Latin adjective sinica, Chinese, refers to the country where this species was discovered.
Type locality: Freshwater fishpond in Honghu (29°57′57.85″N; 113°46′35.17″E), central China (for details, see section ‘Sample collection, observation and terminology’).
Type material: One protargol-impregnated slide (no. XWX201904Y401–01) with the holotype specimen (Figs 3F, 4A, marked with ink circle on the slide) and five paratype slides (no. XWX201904Y401–02, 03, 04, 05, 06) were deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF CLAMPIA SINICA
(FIGS 3A–S, 4A–D; TABLE 1)
Size 100–145 × 30–50 µm in vivo, length to width ratio 3.0–4.5: 1 in vivo (Fig. 3H–M) and 1.7–2.8:1 after protargol staining. Elongated body, elliptical in shape, both ends broadly rounded, posterior end slightly narrowed, body flexible but not contractile (Fig. 3A, B, H–M). Single contractile vacuole, about 17 µm in diameter at end-diastole, located at left body margin slightly behind buccal vertex (Fig. 3E, M, arrow). Cortical granules colourless, spherical, about 0.8– 1.0 µm across, often arranged in small groups near cirri, grouped or scattered along and between cirral rows and dorsal kineties (Fig. 3C, D, N–P). Cytoplasm colourless, usually packed with many lipid droplets (about 1–2 µm across), spheroidal granules (about 1–4 µm across), a few irregularly shaped crystals (about 2–3 × 0.5 µm), other undefined inclusions and several food vacuoles sometimes containing small-sized ciliates (Figs 3R, 4D, arrows). Macronuclear nodules 50–120, scattered throughout cell body (Figs 3G, 4D, arrowhead). Locomotion by swimming while rotating about the main body axis or slow to moderately fast crawling on substrates with body folding or twisting.
Adoral zone question mark-shaped, with 29–36 membranelles, occupies 32–42% of cell length in vivo. Undulating membranes more or less in Oxytricha pattern, paroral and endoral membranes almost equal in length, slightly curved and optically intersected, both diplostichomonad, the paroral membrane begins slightly anterior to the endoral membrane (Figs 3F, 4A, B). Ventral ciliature as follows (Figs 3F, 4A): frontoventral cirri arranged in three short rows, each row usually composed of four or five cirri, with the anteriormost cirrus slightly enlarged, with cilia 10–12 µm long in vivo. On average, six buccal cirri arranged longitudinally to the right of the paroral membrane (Figs 3F, 4A, B). Generally, three short and invariably two long midventral rows (MV). MV n–1 (i.e. the left long midventral row) composed of 22–34 cirri, begins at the level of the posterior end of or slightly above buccal cirral row and terminates at about 85% of cell length. MV n (i.e. the right long midventral row) composed of 28–48 cirri, commences near the distal end of the adoral zone and terminates at the rightmost transverse cirrus. Transverse cirri four to nine, arranged in an oblique pseudorow, with cilia about 16 µm long in vivo, protruding beyond the posterior end of the cell (Figs 3A, B, F, 4A). One left and one right marginal row, extending towards the posterior end of cell, separated by a distinct gap, with cilia about 9–11 µm long in vivo; left marginal row composed of 24–42 cirri and J-shaped, right marginal row with 26–44 cirri (Figs 3F, 4A).
Invariably three dorsal kineties (DK), four out of 21 specimens investigated have two or three extra dorsal bristles to the right of the anterior end of DK3, DK2 and DK3 nearly equal to the whole body length, DK1 slightly shortened anterior end (Figs 3G, 4C). The length of dorsal bristles is about 4 µm in vivo. Caudal cirri are absent.
MORPHOGENESIS OF CLAMPIA SINICA
(FIGS 4E–L, 5A–H)
Seven morphogenetic specimens were observed: one at early stage (Figs 4E, 5A); two at early-middle stage (Figs 4F, 5B–D); one at middle stage (Figs 4G, 5E, F); one at middle-late stage (Fig. 4H–J); and two at late stage (Figs 4K, L, 5G, H). As some key stages, such as early stages between Figure 5A and Figure 5B, were not observed, the origins of some anlagen are not clear.
*All data are based on protargol-stained specimens. Measurements in µm.
†Macronucleus nodules were selected randomly in each individual.
Abbreviations: CV, coefficient of variation in %; M, median; Max, maximum; Mean, arithmetic mean; Min, minimum; N, number of specimens measured; SD, standard deviation.
Stomatogenesis: In the earliest divider observed, several groups of closely spaced basal body patches forming the oral primordium of the opisthe are developed near the rightmost short midventral row and by dedifferentiation of some posterior cirri of MV n–1 (Figs 4E, 5A, arrows). In the early-middle stage, the parental undulating membranes disorganize and develop into the undulating membranes anlage (UMA) in the proter, while the parental adoral zone of membranelles remains unchanged. Simultaneously, in the opisthe, the oral primordium gives rise to new adoral membranelles, to the right of which appears the streak-like UMA (Fig. 5B). Subsequently, the proter’s oral primordium appears near the posterior end of UMA (Fig. 5C, double arrowheads). At the middle stage, in both proter and opisthe, UMA splits longitudinally to form the paroral and endoral membranes (Figs 4G, 5E, arrows), with differentiation commencing at the anterior end to form the leftmost frontoventral row (Figs 4G, 5E, double arrowheads). Simultaneously, the oral primordium of the proter moves to the proximal end of parental adoral zone of membranelles (Fig. 5E, arrowhead). From middle to late stage, the posterior portion of parental adoral zone of membranelles is partly renewed (Fig. 5G, arrow). At the same time, the new adoral zone of membranelles of the opisthe continues to differentiate posteriad and anterior part of the adoral zone bends towards the right (Figs 4I, L, 5E, G).
Frontoventral-transverse cirri: At the early-middle stages, seven to nine streak-like frontoventraltransverse cirral anlagen (FVTA) are formed in both proter and opisthe, of which the two rightmost anlagen are separated from the others (Figs 4F, 5B, C). Posterior portion of the short parental frontoventral rows is likely to take part in the formation of proter’s FVTA. In both proter and opisthe, parental cirri in MV n disaggregate to develop the FVTA n–1 (Fig. 5B, C, arrows), which forms the new MV n–1. The origin of FVTA n (Fig. 5B, C, arrowheads) is not clear and it may develop de novo or, alternatively, it may split off from the FVTA n–1 anlage at an early stage. Subsequently, the streaks broaden, break apart and migrate to their final positions during cytokinesis. Cirri develop as follows: FVTA I (= UMA) forms the leftmost frontoventral row and the new undulating membranes; FVTA II forms the middle frontoventral row, four to seven buccal cirri, and the leftmost transverse cirrus; FVTA III forms the rightmost frontoventral row and one transverse cirrus; FVTA IV to FVTA n–2 each forms one short midventral row and one transverse cirrus, respectively; FVTA n–1 forms MV n–1 and the penultimate transverse cirrus; FVTA n forms MV n and the rightmost transverse cirrus. The absorption of old cirri occurs during the morphogenetic process.
Marginal rows: Two marginal anlagen develop intrakinetally within each parental marginal row (Figs 4G, 5E). These commence asynchronously, i.e. one of the anlagen appears first (Figs 4F, arrowheads, 5C). These anlagen then increase in size and develop into new cirri that eventually replace the old ones in both proter and opisthe (Figs 4G, I, L, 5E, G, H).
Dorsal kineties: Two anlagen develop intrakinetally in each parental row, which then stretch towards both ends of the cell and develop into new structures along with the incorporation or absorption of parental structures (Figs 4J, 5D, F, H). In some dividers, there are two or three extra dorsal bristles (Fig. 5H, arrowheads) near the anterior end of RMA. No caudal cirri were formed during ontogenesis.
Nuclear apparatus: Macronuclear nodules fuse into many masses in the early-middle stage of morphogenesis (Fig. 5D), and then fuse into a single mass (Fig. 5F), which subsequently divides several times to form new structures for both proter and opisthe (Figs 4H, 5H).
description: Published as part of Xu, Wenxin, Ma, Jiyang, Li, Yuan, Bourland, William A., Petroni, Giulio, Luo, Xiaotian & Song, Weibo, 2022, Phylogeny of a new ciliate family Clampidae fam. nov. (Protista: Ciliophora), with notes on morphology and morphogenesis, pp. 88-104 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196 on pages 92-97, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab102, http://zenodo.org/record/7034929