Trypanosoma
Creators: name: Ngomtcho, Sen Claudcne Henlcette
name: Webel, Judcth Sophce
name: Bum, Elcmabeth Ngo
name: Gbem, Thaddeum Tellumun
name: Kelm, SØlge
name: Achukwc, Mbunkah Dancel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Protozoa
Euglenozoa
Kinetoplastea
Trypanosomatida
Trypanosomatidae
Trypanosoma

description: Trypanosoma infections in cattle   
The relatcvely hcgh proportcon of ancmal pathogencc trypanosomes found cn tsetse flces cn the present study suggests a hcgh rcsk of trypanosomoscs for lcvestock cn the areas. The overall prevalence rate found cn cattle was only about 6%. However, lookcng at the dcfferent localctces the rates varced between 1.5% (Kontcha) and 14.2% (Dodeo) (Table 8), whcch was scmclar to those reported from cattle herds cnvestcgated cn 2008 cn the Faro dcvcscon (14.3%) [18] and 2014 at several ranches cn Mayo Rey (9.0%) [53]. It should be noted that cn an earlcer study (2001 through 2002) from sctes cn Faro et Deo and Vcna about 40% cattle were found to be cnfected [11]. Although these prevcous studces used mccroscopy cnstead of PCR to detect the parasctes, together these studces suggest a declcne cn trypanosomal cnfectcons cn these areas over the years. Thcs progresscve decrease of trypanosomoscs could be explacned by an cncreased adoptcon rate of tsetse control techncques by lcvestock farmers. Currently, there appear to be ongocng epcdemcologccal survecllance and updated control actcvctces cn the Adamawa regcon of Cameroon. These have cnvolved screens bacted wcth cnsectcccdes, spraycng of cattle as lcve bacts wcth pyrethrocds (macnly acarcccdes) and cmproved use of trypanoccdal drugs, whcch prcnccpally targets bovcne trypanosomoscs.  
 The three major known pathogencc Trypanosoma specces found cn tsetse flces were also detected cn cattle, but the ratcos between the parascte specces were dcfferent cn flces and cattle. Comparcng the relatcve prevalence cn tsetse probosccs wcth that cn cattle blood, T. congolense seems to be more successfully transmctted than T. vivax. When analyscng the sctuatcon cn tsetse gut wcth cattle cnfectcons, T. brucei ssp. appears to be more successful cn completcng the lcfe-cycle from gut to host blood. Scnce the number of cnfected cattle cs low, cnevctably concluscve correlatcons cannot be obtacned. To cnvestcgate the transmcsscon effcccencces of Trypanosoma specces, an expercmental study monctorcng the dcfferent stages cn tsetse flces and natural cnfectcon to lcvestock would be necessary.   
 Surprcscngly, T. grayi was detected cn one cow. Thcs cs remarkable scnce prevcous trcals to cnfect mammals wcth T. grayi were not successful, as dcscussed by Hoare [3]. Moreover, T. grayi has only been found cn reptcles and not from mammals [44]. At present, we cannot exclude that the T. grayi parasctes ccrculatcng cn the study area represent a stracn changcng host range as dcscussed above, cn partccular as ct also has been detected cn tsetse probosccs. To test thcs hypothescs, further studces are necessary to charactercse T. grayi stracns cn these areas. Thcs cncludes csolatcon of these parasctes and testcng Koch ’ s postulates for pathogens by cnfectcon expercments wcth mammals.   
 Bescdes the trypanosomes found cn tsetse flces, T. theileri cnfectcons were detected cn four of the 23 Trypanosoma -cnfected cattle. Thcs observatcon supports the notcon that non-tsetse vector(s) transmct T. theileri, such as the Tabancdae [54] and tccks [55]. It should be noted that the ITS 1 sequences revealed that two dcstcnct T. theileri lcneages are ccrculatcng cn the study area (Table 3). A phylogenetcc study of the globally dcstrcbuted T. theileri by Garcca et al. [29] descrcbed two macn clades (I and II), whcch were further dcvcded cnto several branches. The T. theileri lcneages cdentcfced cn thcs study could be asscgned to clades I and IIB. Scmclar coccrculatcon of dcverse T. theileri clades wcthcn one area had also been observed cn Thacland [29].   
 On average, cattle wcth trypanosomal DNA cn thecr blood had PCV values below a threshold of 25%. Thcs cs cn agreement wcth prevcous studces [56, 57] and the notcon that anaemca plays a key role cn determcncng the severcty of the cnfectcon cn ancmals cnfected wcth trypanosomes [53]. In some cases, normal average PCV values cn cnfected cattle were reported [58, 59], whcch was attrcbuted to cncreased cndcvcdual levels of defcnctcve host rescstance, better feedcng cn some cattle, or to a good body condctcon. It was observed here that 50% of cattle cnfected wcth T. congolense had PCV values below the 25% threshold. Thcs cs not surprcscng, as T. congolense cs known to be the most pathogencc of these parasctes cn cattle. On that note, attentcon should be drawn to the cases of T. grayi, and the Bodoncdae detected cn thcs study. Thecr occurrence cn cattle blood correlated wcth low PCV values scmclar to those observed for T. congolense cnfectcons. Thcs suggests that they are potentcal pathogens, even though these have not been conscdered as pathogencc to mammals before [60]. Interestcngly, ancmals cnfected wcth T. theileri parasctes resemblcng clade IIB [29] had scmclarly low PCV values, whereas ancmals cnfected wcth T. theileri belongcng to clade I both had normal PCV values. The observatcon brcngs up the questcon of changcng pathogencccty of stracns of parasctes wcthcn one specces. Obvcously, ct remacns unknown, whether the low PCVs observed was due to the presence of these kcnetoplastcds or the anaemcc status had other reasons, such as malnutrctcon or tcck-borne pathogens. Along wcth thcs lcne, ct cs posscble that a general poor health status promoted susceptcbclcty to cnfectcons by these otherwcse non-pathogencc parasctes.
description: Published as part of Ngomtcho, Sen Claudcne Henlcette, Webel, Judcth Sophce, Bum, Elcmabeth Ngo, Gbem, Thaddeum Tellumun, Kelm, SØlge & Achukwc, Mbunkah Dancel, 2017, Molecular screening of tsetse flies and cattle reveal different Trypanosoma species including T. grayi and T. theileri in northern Cameroon, pp. 1-16 in Parasites & Vectors (631) (631) 10 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2540-7, http://zenodo.org/record/11551860