cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
A study on impact of rural college students in E-Learning (Nagapattinam District, Tamilnadu - India)
Creators: name: Pradeepkumar-J, Eugene I.
name: Panchanatham, N.
name: Pradeepkumar-J, Eugene I.
name: Panchanatham, N.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession
subject: E-learning
subject: rural students
subject: rural education

description: Learning should be fast, relevant and integrated into day-to-day work patterns. One way of doing this is through e-learning. E-Learning has created favorable conditions for rural college students to compete with the urban ones. The article examines whether the rural students of Nagapattinam district (Tamilnadu) are having the impact of e-learning. The research is based on sample survey of rural students from the Engineering College and Arts & Science College.
Dairy productivity in the Waikato region, 1994-2007
Creators: name: Cameron, Michael P.
name: Bell, Kendon
name: Cameron, Michael P.
name: Bell, Kendon
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Farm Management
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Productivity Analysis
subject: Productivity
subject: dairy industry
subject: Waikato.

description: The dairy industry is a major contributor to both the New Zealand economy as a whole and to the Waikato regional economy in particular. The industry is experiencing a period of considerable change, with increases in dairy conversion, increased intensification, and increasing use of nitrogen fertilisers, each of which has an associated environmental cost. In this paper the productivity performance of the mature dairy industry in the Waikato region is investigated, using panel data at the sub-regional level from 1994 to 2007. Overall we show that, under a range of specifications, productivity growth independent of increasing land use and herd numbers has been significantly below the four percent industry target. This suggests that, if the four percent goal were to be met in the absence of significant technological progress, further increases in fertiliser use, land use, and/or farming intensity would be required.
Quantum $\mathcal{R}$-matrices as universal qubit gates
Creators: name: Kolganov, Nikita
name: Morozov, Andrey
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the Chern-Simons approach to the topological quantum computing. We use quantum $\mathcal{R}$-matrices as universal quantum gates and study the approximations of some one-qubit operations. We make some modifications to the known Solovay-Kitaev algorithm suitable for our particular problem.
description: 6 pages, 5 figures
Peeling off foregrounds with the constrained moment ILC method to unveil primordial CMB $B$-modes
Creators: name: Remazeilles, Mathieu
name: Rotti, Aditya
name: Chluba, Jens
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Galactic foregrounds are the main obstacle to observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) $B$-mode polarization. In addition to obscuring the inflationary $B$-mode signal by several orders of magnitude, Galactic foregrounds have non-trivial spectral signatures that are partially unknown and distorted by averaging effects along the line-of-sight, within the pixel/beam window, and by various analysis choices (e.g., spherical harmonic transforms and filters). Statistical moment expansion methods provide a powerful tool for modeling the effective Galactic foreground emission resulting from these averaging effects in CMB observations, while blind component separation treatments can handle unknown foregrounds. In this work, we combine these two approaches to develop a new semi-blind component separation method at the intersection of parametric and blind methods, called constrained moment ILC (cMILC). This method adds several constraints to the standard ILC method to de-project the main statistical moments of the Galactic foreground emission. Applications to maps are performed in needlet space and when compared to the NILC method, this helps significantly reducing residual foreground contamination (bias, variance, and skewness) in the reconstructed CMB $B$-mode map, power spectrum, and tensor-to-scalar ratio. We consider sky-simulations for experimental settings similar to those of LiteBIRD and PICO, illustrating which trade-offs between residual foreground biases and degradation of the constraint on $r$ can be expected within the new cMILC framework. We also outline several directions that require more work in preparation for the coming analysis challenges.
description: 21 pages, 11 figures, added appendix, updated to match version accepted by MNRAS
Fast Lightcones for Combined Cosmological Probes
Creators: name: Sgier, Raphael
name: Fluri, Janis
name: Herbel, Jörg
name: Réfrégier, Alexandre
name: Amara, Adam
name: Kacprzak, Tomasz
name: Nicola, Andrina
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The combination of different cosmological probes offers stringent tests of the $Λ$CDM model and enhanced control of systematics. For this purpose, we present an extension of the lightcone generator UFalcon first introduced in Sgier et al. 2019 (arXiv:1801.05745), enabling the simulation of a self-consistent set of maps for different cosmological probes. Each realization is generated from the same underlying simulated density field, and contains full-sky maps of different probes, namely weak lensing shear, galaxy overdensity including RSD, CMB lensing, and CMB temperature anisotropies from the ISW effect. The lightcone generation performed by UFalcon is parallelized and based on the replication of a large periodic volume simulated with the GPU-accelerated $N$-Body code PkdGrav3. The post-processing to construct the lightcones requires only a runtime of about 1 walltime-hour corresponding to about 100 CPU-hours. We use a randomization procedure to increase the number of quasi-independent full-sky UFalcon map-realizations, which enables us to compute an accurate multi-probe covariance matrix. Using this framework, we forecast cosmological parameter constraints by performing a multi-probe likelihood analysis for a combination of simulated future stage-IV-like surveys. We find that the inclusion of the cross-correlations between the probes significantly increases the information gain in the parameter constraints. We also find that the use of a non-Gaussian covariance matrix is increasingly important, as more probes and cross-correlation power spectra are included. A version of the UFalcon package currently including weak gravitational lensing is publicly available.
description: 49 pages, 24 pictures, The UFalcon weak lensing package is available here: $\href{https://cosmology.ethz.ch/research/software-lab/UFalcon.html}{https://cosmology.ethz.ch/research/software-lab/UFalcon.html}$
HST/FGS Trigonometric Parallaxes of M-dwarf Eclipsing Binaries
Creators: name: van Belle, Gerard T.
name: Schaefer, Gail H.
name: von Braun, Kaspar
name: Nelan, Edmund P.
name: Hartman, Zachary
name: Boyajian, Tabetha S.
name: Lopez-Morales, Mercedes
name: Ciardi, David R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) trigonometric parallax observations were obtained to directly determine distances to five nearby M-dwarf / M-dwarf eclipsing binary systems. These systems are intrinsically interesting as benchmark systems for establishing basic physical parameters for low-mass stars, such as luminosity L, and radius R. HST/FGS distances are also one of the few direct checks on Gaia trigonometric parallaxes, given the comparable sensitivity in both magnitude limit and determination of parallactic angles. A spectral energy distribution (SED) fit of each system's blended flux output was carried out, allowing for estimation of the bolometric flux from the primary and secondary components of each system. From the stellar M, L, and R values, the low-mass star relationships between L and M, and R and M, are compared against idealized expectations for such stars. An examination on the inclusion of these close M-dwarf/M-dwarf pairs in higher-order common proper motion (CPM) pairs is analysed; each of the 5 systems has indications of being part of a CPM system. Unexpected distances on interesting objects found within the grid of parallactic reference stars are also presented, including a nearby M dwarf and a white dwarf.
description: 28 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in PASP
The Existence Value of Peat Swamp Forest in Peninsular Malaysia
Creators: name: Mohd Azmi, M.I.
name: Cullen, Ross
name: Bigsby, Hugh R.
name: Awang Noor, A.G.
name: Mohd Azmi, M.I.
name: Cullen, Ross
name: Bigsby, Hugh R.
name: Awang Noor, A.G.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Farm Management
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: SEPPSF
subject: economic value
subject: CVM

description: Forests form the dominant natural ecosystem in Malaysia. About 55% of Malaysian land area is forested and endows a rich diversity of flora and fauna. Peat swamp forests constitute a significant component of forest and account for about 75% of the country’s total wetlands. Many peat swamp forests have already been converted to new land uses including palm oil plantations, agriculture and housing. The south-east Pahang peat swamp forest (SEPPSF), located at Pahang state is the largest peat swamp forest cover in Peninsular Malaysia and is believed to be the mainland Asia’s largest and intact peat swamp forest. It harbours unique flora and fauna, provides benefits and services of national interest and supports the livelihood of the aborigines (Orang Asli) communities. Many of the benefits and services from peat swamp forests are unpriced and this can lead to faulty land use decision making. Non market valuation can provide important information on the value of many currently unpriced items and enable decision makers to consider the opportunity costs of proposed land use changes. Total economic value (TEV), which includes use and non-use values, is a complex method to determine the estimated total benefits for a tropical forest. This study reports on a contingent valuation study of existence value (non-use value) of the SEPPSF. The economic value is based on the mean maximum willingness to pay of the households in Kuantan (the capital city of Pahang state) to conserve the forest.
Particle acceleration and non-thermal emission from galaxy clusters
Creators: name: Brunetti, Gianfranco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The existence and extent of non-thermal phenomena in galaxy clusters is now well established. A key question in our understanding of these phenomena is the origin of the relativistic electrons which may be constrained by the modelling of the fine radio properties of radio halos and of their statistics. In this paper we argue that present data favour a scenario in which the emitting electrons in the intracluster medium (ICM) are reaccelerated in situ on their way out. An overview of turbulent-particle acceleration models is given focussing on recent time-dependent calculations which include a full coupling between particles and MHD waves.
description: 8 pages, 4 Figures, invited talk, to appear in proceedings of the 3rd Korean Astrophysics Workshop "Cosmic Rays and Magnetic Fields in Large Scale Structure", Pusan, Korea, August 2004, eds. H. Kang & D. Ryu, Journal of the Korean Astronomical Society
Using involvement to understand responses to biosecurity
Creators: name: Bewsell, Denise
name: Bigsby, Hugh R.
name: Cullen, Ross
name: Bewsell, Denise
name: Bigsby, Hugh R.
name: Cullen, Ross
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Farm Management
subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Behaviour
subject: involvement
subject: biosecurity
subject: travellers
subject: information processing

description: The effectiveness of biosecurity measures at national borders is influenced by the behaviour and levels of involvement of travellers. Involvement is the importance or relevance of an object or situation to an individual. Involvement helps regulate the way in which people receive and process information and thus influences the extent of information searching for decision making, and information processing and persuasion. In this study, we drew on the concept of involvement to investigate the response of individuals to New Zealand biosecurity requirements. A range of people associated with the agricultural and food processing sectors were surveyed using a five item scale of involvement to measure their level of involvement in biosecurity. The results indicated that most respondents had medium to high levels of involvement. This implies that respondents were motivated to attend to and process information on biosecurity measures. However, not all respondents reported taking note of biosecurity information implying that involvement with biosecurity prompts some initial information processing which may or may not continue over time.
Factors influencing adoption of agroforestry among smallholder farmers in Zambia
Creators: name: Kabwe, Gillian
name: Bigsby, Hugh R.
name: Cullen, Ross
name: Kabwe, Gillian
name: Bigsby, Hugh R.
name: Cullen, Ross
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Agroforestry adoption
subject: smallholder farmers
subject: limitations to adoption
subject: chi-square tests of independence analysis
subject: Zambia

description: Agroforestry technologies have been extensively researched and introduced to smallholder farmers in Zambia for over two decades. Despite the research and extension effort over this period, not many farmers have adopted these technologies. The purpose of this paper is to determine why agroforestry technologies are not being taken up by examining factors that influence the adoption of agroforestry practices. Based on data obtained from 388 farming households, statistical analysis show an association between adoption of both improved fallows and biomass transfer technologies with knowledge of the technology, availability of seed, and having the appropriate skills. In addition some household characteristics are found to be linked to the incidence of adoption. However, the strength of association between these variables is low, giving an indication that there might be other factors at play limiting agroforestry adoption. It is anticipated that these findings will point to other areas beyond the household and community level that need further exploration in order to understand factors limiting agroforestry adoption.
India’s women’s reservation bill : increasing women’s representation through electoral engineering
Creators: name: Sull, Menka
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The Women's Reservation Bill was originally introduced into the Indian Parliament in 1996. It promised a reservation of 33% for women in all legislatures. Since then, the Bill has been introduced and temporarily set aside three times - the last of which occurred in May 2003. All major political parties have supported the Bill regardless of their ideological stance, yet they have not been able to come to a consensus on the exact nature of the reservation. The central question, then, is two-fold: why have politicians and affirmative action theorists advocated reservations as a means to increase the representation of women? Are reservations a useful policy to pursue? In order to answer these questions, it is necessary to examine feminist and affirmative action theories, comparative evidence on quotas, and the nature of electoral and party politics in India. Reservations have been advocated by parties that have electoral gains to be made; conversely, parties that oppose the Women's Reservation Bill are ones that will likely lose votes and seats. The theoretical and comparative evidence suggests reservations are a powerful and useful tool to increase the numbers of women in decision-making institutions. While there may be some problems associated with reservations, they can act as an important step in breaking the male dominance of legislative institutions, particularly when parties and institutions are not conducive to the election of women. Reservations allow for both inclusion and effective participation.
Relativistic Hartree approach with exact treatment of vacuum polarization for finite nuclei
Creators: name: Haga, Akihiro
name: Tamenaga, Setsuo
name: Toki, Hiroshi
name: Horikawa, Yataro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the relativistic Hartree approach with the exact treatment of the vacuum polarization in the Walecka sigma-omega model. The contribution from the vacuum polarization of nucleon-antinucleon field to the source term of the meson fields is evaluated by performing the energy integrals of the Dirac Green function along the imaginary axis. With the present method of the vacuum polarization in finite system, the total binding energies and charge radii of 16O and 40Ca can be reproduced. On the other hand, the level-splittings in the single-particle level, in particular the spin-orbit splittings, are not described nicely because the inclusion of vacuum effect provides a large effective mass with small meson fields. We also show that the derivative expansion of the effective action which has been used to calculate the vacuum contribution for finite nuclei gives a fairly good approximation.
description: 15 pages, 8 figures
Homogeneous Photometry IV: On the Standard Sequence in the Globular Cluster NGC2419
Creators: name: Stetson, Peter B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A new analysis of CCD-based BVRI broad-band photometry for the globular cluster NGC2419 is presented, based on 340 CCD images either donated by colleagues or retrieved from public archives. The calibrated results have been made available through my Web site. I compare the results of my analysis with those of an independent analysis of a subset of these data by Saha et al. (2005, PASP, 117, 37), who have found a color-dependent discrepancy of up to 0.05 mag between their I-band photometry and mine for stars in this cluster. I conclude that a major part of the discrepancy appears to be associated with small (a few hundredths of a second) shutter-timing errors in the MiniMos camera on the WIYN 3.5-m telescope. Smaller contributions to the anomaly likely come from (a) a color-scale error with a maximum amplitude of ~ +/-0.02 mag in my secondary standard list as of September 2004; and (b) statistical effects arising from the previous study's use of a relatively small number of standard-star observations to determine a comparatively large number of fitting parameters in the photometric transformations.
description: Accepted for publication in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
129I and 247Cm in Meteorites Constrain the Last Astrophysical Source of Solar r-process Elements
Creators: name: Côté, Benoit
name: Eichler, Marius
name: Yagüe, Andrés
name: Vassh, Nicole
name: Mumpower, Matthew R.
name: Világos, Blanka
name: Soós, Benjámin
name: Arcones, Almudena
name: Sprouse, Trevor M.
name: Surman, Rebecca
name: Pignatari, Marco
name: Pető, Maria K.
name: Wehmeyer, Benjamin
name: Rauscher, Thomas
name: Lugaro, Maria
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The composition of the early Solar System can be inferred from meteorites. Many elements heavier than iron were formed by the rapid neutron-capture process (r process), but the astrophysical sources where this occurred remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that the near-identical half-lives ($\simeq$ 15.6 Myr) of the radioactive r-process nuclei 129I and 247Cm preserve their ratio, irrespective of the time between production and incorporation into the Solar System. We constrain the last r-process source by comparing the measured meteoritic 129I / 247Cm = 438 $\pm$ 184 to nucleosynthesis calculations based on neutron star merger and magneto-rotational supernova simulations. Moderately neutron-rich conditions, often found in merger disk ejecta simulations, are most consistent with the meteoritic value. Uncertain nuclear physics data limit our confidence in this conclusion.
description: 36 pages, 7 figures, 7 tables
The mass of the nucleon in a chiral quark-diquark model
Creators: name: Nagata, K.
name: Hosaka, A.
name: Abu-Raddad, L. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The mass of the nucleon is studied in a chiral quark-diquark model. Both scalar and axial-vector diquarks are taken into account for the construction of the nucleon state. After the hadronization procedure to obtain an effective meson-baryon Lagrangian, the quark-diquark self-energy is calculated in order to generate the baryon kinetic term as well as the mass of the nucleon. It turns out that both the scalar and axial-vector parts of the self-energy are attractive for the mass of the nucleon. We investigate the range of parameters that can reproduce the mass of the nucleon.
description: 10 pages, 6 figures. Numerical errors are corrected. Accepted to Phys. Rev. C72 (2005) 035208
Effective bowel motion reduction in mouse abdominal MRI using hyoscine butylbromide
Creators: name: Bilreiro, Carlos
name: Fernandes, Francisca F.
name: Andrade, Luísa
name: Chavarrías, Cristina
name: Simões, Rui V.
name: Matos, Celso
name: Shemesh, Noam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medical Physics (physics.med-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Purpose: Bowel motion is a significant source of artifacts in mouse abdominal MRI. Fasting and administration of hyoscine butylbromide (BUSC) have been proposed for bowel motion reduction, but with inconsistent results and limited efficacy assessments. Here, we evaluate these regimes for mouse abdominal MRI at high field. Methods: Thirty-two adult C57BL/6J mice were imaged on a 9.4T scanner with a FLASH sequence, acquired over 90 minutes with ~19s temporal resolution. During MRI acquisition, eight mice were injected with a low-dose and eight mice with a high-dose bolus of BUSC (0.5 and 5 mg/kg, respectively). Eight mice were food deprived for 4.5-6.5h before MRI and another group of 8 mice was injected with saline during MRI acquisition. Two expert readers reviewed the images and classified bowel motion, and quantitative voxel-wise analyses were performed for identification of moving regions. After defining the most effective protocol, high-resolution T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted images were acquired from four mice. Results: High-dose BUSC was the most effective protocol for bowel motion reduction, for up to 45 minutes. Fasting and saline protocols were not effective in suppressing bowel motion. High-resolution abdominal MRI clearly demonstrated improved image quality and ADC quantification with the high-dose BUSC protocol. Conclusion: Our data show that BUSC administration is advantageous for abdominal MRI in the mouse. Specifically, it endows significant bowel motion reduction, with relatively short onset timings after injection (~8.5 minutes) and relatively long duration of the effect (~45 minutes). These features improve the quality of high-resolution images of the mouse abdomen.
description: Carlos Bilreiro and Francisca F. Fernandes contributed equally to this work
Radial Profiles of Star Formation in the Far Outer Regions of Galaxy Disks
Creators: name: Elmegreen, Bruce G.
name: Hunter, Deidre A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Star formation in galaxies is triggered by a combination of processes, including gravitational instabilities, spiral wave shocks, stellar compression, and turbulence compression. Some of these persist in the far outer regions where the column density is far below the threshold for instabilities, making the outer disk cutoff somewhat gradual. We show that in a galaxy with a single exponential gas profile the star formation rate can have a double exponential with a shallow one in the inner part and a steep one in the outer part. Such double exponentials have been observed recently in the broad-band intensity profiles of spiral and dwarf Irregular galaxies. The break radius in our model occurs slightly outside the threshold for instabilities provided the Mach number for compressive motions remains of order unity to large radii. The ratio of the break radius to the inner exponential scale length increases for higher surface brightness disks because the unstable part extends further out. This is also in agreement with observations. Galaxies with extended outer gas disks that fall more slowly than a single exponential, such as 1/R, can have their star formation rate scale approximately as a single exponential with radius, even out to 10 disk scale lengths. Halpha profiles should drop much faster than the star formation rate as a result of the rapidly decreasing ambient density.
description: To appear in ApJ. Available from ftp.lowell.edu/pub/dah/papers/sfouterdisks/
The role of density perturbation on planet formation by pebble accretion
Creators: name: Andama, Geoffrey
name: Ndugu, Nelson
name: Anguma, Simon . K.
name: Jurua, Edward
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Protoplanetary discs exhibit a diversity of gaps and rings of dust material, believed to be a manifestation of pressure maxima commonly associated with an ongoing planet formation and several other physical processes. Hydrodynamic disc simulations further suggest that multiple dust ring-like structures may be ubiquitous in discs. In the recent past, it has been shown that dust rings may provide a suitable avenue for planet formation. We study how a globally perturbed disc affects dust evolution and core growth by pebble accretion. We performed global disc simulations featuring a Gaussian pressure profile, in tandem with global perturbations of the gas density, mimicking wave-like structures, and simulated planetary core formation at pressure minima and maxima. With Gaussian pressure profiles, grains in the inside disc regions were extremely depleted in the first 0.1 Myrs of disc lifetime. The global pressure bumps confined dust material for several million years, depending on the strength of perturbations. A variety of cores formed in bumpy discs, with massive cores at locations where core growth was not feasible in a smooth disc, and small cores at locations where massive cores could form in a smooth disc. We conclude that pressure bumps generated by a planet and/or other physical phenomena can completely thwart planet formation from the inside parts of the disc. While inner disc parts are most favourable for pebble accretion in a smooth disc, multiple wave-like pressure bumps can promote rapid planet formation by pebble accretion in broad areas of the disc.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS
QZE and IZE in a simple approach and the neutron decay
Creators: name: Giacosa, Francesco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss a simple and analytically solvable measurement model which describes the famous Quantum Zeno Effect (QZE) and Inverse Zeno Effect (IZE), that correspond to the slow down and to the increase of the decay rate caused by measurements (or, more in general, by the interaction of an unstable state with the detector and the environment). Within this model one can understand quite general features of the QZE and IZE: by considering an unstable quantum state, such as an unstable particle, whose decay width as function of energy is $Γ(ω)=g^{2}ω^α,$ then -- under quite general assumptions -- the QZE occurs for $α\in(0,1)$, while the IZE for $α\in(-\infty,0)\cup(1,\infty).$ This result is valid also for more realistic measurement models than the one described in this work. We then apply these considerations to the decay of the neutron, for which $α=5.$ Hence, the realization of the IZE for the neutron decay (and for the majority of weak decays) is in principle possible. Indeed, trap experiments find a lifetime that is $8.7\pm2.1$ s shorter than beam experiments, suggesting that the IZE could have taken place.
description: 13 pages. Prepared for the proceedings of the XXVI Cracow Epiphany Conference on LHC Physics: Standard Model and Beyond, 7-10/1/2020, Cracow, Poland
Quantification of plasticity via particle dynamics above and below yield in a 2D jammed suspension
Creators: name: Galloway, K. L.
name: Jerolmack, D. J.
name: Arratia, P. E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Failure of amorphous materials is characterized by the emergence of dissipation. The connection between particle dynamics, dissipation, and overall material rheology, however, has still not been elucidated. Here, we take a new approach relating trajectories to yielding, using a custom built interfacial stress rheometer, which allows for measurement of shear moduli (G',G'') of a dense athermal suspension's microstructure while simultaneously tracking particle trajectories undergoing cyclic shear. We find an increase in total area traced by particle trajectories as the system is stressed well below to well above yield. Trajectories may be placed into three categories: reversibly elastic paths; reversibly plastic paths, associated with smooth limit cycles; and irreversibly plastic paths, in which particles do not return to their original position. We find that above yield, reversibly plastic trajectories are predominantly found near to the shearing surface, whereas reversibly elastic paths are more prominent near the stationary wall. This spatial transition between particles acting as solids to those acting as liquids is characteristic of a 'melting front', which is observed to shift closer to the wall with increasing strain. We introduce a non-dimensional measure of plastic dissipation based on particle trajectories that scales linearly with strain amplitude both above and below yield, and that is unity at the rheological yield point. Surprisingly, this relation collapses for three systems of varying degrees of disorder.
Principal problems in Bose-Einstein condensation of dilute gases
Creators: name: Yukalov, V. I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A survey is given of the present state of the art in studying Bose-Einstein condensation of dilute atomic gases. The bulk of attention is focused on the principal theoretical problems, though the related experiments are also mentioned. Both uniform and nonuniform trapped gases are considered. Existing theoretical contradictions are critically analysed. A correct understanding of the principal theoretical problems is necessary for gaining a more penetrating insight into experiments with trapped atoms and for their proper interpretation.
description: Brief review, 53 pages, 2 figures
Deeper Chandra Follow-up of Cygnus TeV Source Perpetuates Mystery
Creators: name: Butt, Yousaf
name: Drake, Jeremy
name: Benaglia, Paula
name: Combi, Jorge
name: Dame, Thomas
name: Miniati, Francesco
name: Romero, Gustavo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A 50 ksec Chandra observation of the unidentified TeV source in Cygnus reported by the HEGRA collaboration reveals no obvious diffuse X-ray counterpart. However, 240 Pointlike X-ray sources are detected within or nearby the extended TeV J2032+4130 source region, of which at least 36 are massive stars and 2 may be radio emitters. That the HEGRA source is a composite, having as counterpart the multiple point-like X-ray sources we observe, cannot be ruled out. Indeed, the distribution of point-like X-ray sources appears non-uniform and concentrated broadly within the extent of the TeV source region. We offer a hypothesis for the origin of the very high energy gamma-ray emission in Cyg OB2 based on the local acceleration of TeV range cosmic rays and the differential distribution of OB vs. less massive stars in this association.
description: Substantially revised version; incorporates referee suggestions & expanded discussion
Analytical approaches for the management of resistant cytomegalovirus infection
Creators: name: Au, Eugene
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Cytomegalovirus is a member of the herpesviridae family which is prevalent in the human population. Following primary viral infection, cytomegalovirus persists in a latent state, from which the virus can reactivate resulting in renewed shedding. While cytomegalovirus rarely causes disease in the immunocompetent population, infection in newborns and immunocompromised patients can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Current strategies for the management of cytomegalovirus infection utilise drugs such as ganciclovir which inhibit viral DNA polymerase. As with other viruses, incomplete suppression of replication during long-term use of antiviral drugs favours the development of resistance resulting in drug failure. In the management of resistant cytomegalovirus infection, the determination of adequate drug delivery warrants attention, and thus, a sensitive and selective capillary electrophoresis assay for ganciclovir concentration in plasma was developed and validated. The assay utilises solid phase extraction and detection by ultraviolet absorbance, and has a lower limit of quantification of 40 ng/ml. Along with pharmacokinetic monitoring, another consideration in the management of drug resistance is the identification of viral susceptibility, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the effects of ganciclovir on cytomegalovirus DNA. For this investigation, molecular cloning was conducted to produce plasmid-virus DNA, which was used as a quantitative standard in assessing the inhibition of cytomegalovirus DNA replication by ganciclovir in reference and resistant virus strains. In addition to the determination of susceptibility, quantitative polymerase chain reaction can also be applied in the screening of novel antiviral agents against cytomegalovirus, which are required due to continued concerns surrounding antiviral resistance.
Scenario Analysis of New Zealand’s Sheep Meat and Beef Sector Over The Next 10 To 15 Years
Creators: name: Forsyth, Hamish
name: Knutson, Russell
name: Forsyth, Hamish
name: Knutson, Russell
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Farm Management
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Sheep
subject: beef
subject: scenario analysis
subject: strategic analysis

description: This paper identifies and synthesises strategic opportunities and challenges facing New Zealand’s sheep meat and beef sector over the next 10 to 15 years. A Delphi survey draws on the sector’s collective knowledge and identifies areas of consensus and divergence of opinion. Using the results of this survey, as well as looking at other key industry features and mega-trends affecting the sector, four scenarios are developed that portray various possible futures where the industry has adapted or failed to adapt to the challenges and opportunities it is presented with. While the paper concludes that there is a generally positive outlook for the sector it notes that carrying on as normal is unlikely to provide the desired outcomes identified by the sector.
Mali's Agricultural Sector: Trends and Performance
Creators: name: Boughton, Duncan
name: Kelly, Valerie A.
name: Boughton, Duncan
name: Kelly, Valerie A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy
Community/Rural/Urban Development
Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
Food Security and Poverty

description: This selective brief on Mali’s agricultural sector trends and performance focuses on cereal, livestock and fisheries production. We also review recent developments in the fertilizer sector given the importance of sustainable intensification to reduce pressure on natural resources. We begin with a thumbnail sketch of Mali’s agricultural sector.
Study of prompt emission of short gamma ray bursts using multi-color blackbody: a clue to the viewing angle
Creators: name: Iyyani, Shabnam
name: Sharma, Vidushi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The prompt emission of short gamma ray bursts (sGRBs) with known redshifts are analyzed using the model of multi-color blackbody which is interpreted as the emission from a non-dissipative photosphere taking into account a power law jet structure and the viewing geometry of the jet. We find nearly $69\%$ and $26\%$ of the sample are consistent with multi-color blackbody and a pure blackbody model, respectively. Using this interpretation, we infer that nearly $57\% \, (18\%)$ of the sGRBs in our sample are observed within (or along the edge of) the jet core. The sGRB jets are deduced to possess a narrow core with a median $θ_c \sim 3^{\circ}$. This suggests the rate of sGRBs that would be viewed within the jet core to be $1.8 - 26 \, \rm Gpc^{-3} \, yr^{-1}$. The power law index of the decreasing Lorentz factor profile of the jet structure is deduced to be $1.3 - 2.2$. The intrinsic luminosity is found to range between $10^{48} - 10^{53}\, \rm erg/s$. The average values of Lorentz factor and nozzle radius of the sGRB jets are inferred to be $210\, (85)$ and $10^{7.7} \, (10^{9.6}) \, \rm cm$ for the cases when the photosphere forms in the coasting (accelerating) phase respectively. The viability of the inferred values of the different parameters of the GRB outflow and viewing geometry within this physical interpretation enhances the prospect of the photospheric emission model to explain the observed GRB spectrum.
description: 40 pages, 20 figures, 8 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ. Significant revisions have been made in the final version of the manuscript
Ubeidiya Chopping Tool : Core- Aggsbachs Paleolithic Blog.pdf
Creators: name: Katzman, Jean Luc
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 210105 Archaeology of Europe, the Mediterranean and the Levant
subject: FOS: History and archaeology
subject: Anthropology
subject: FOS: Sociology

description: Short Introduction into the Archaeology of Ubeidiya from Aggsbachs Blog
Enhancing Robustness and Immunization in geographical networks
Creators: name: Huang, Liang
name: Yang, Lei
name: Yang, Kongqing
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We find that different geographical structures of networks lead to varied percolation thresholds, although these networks may have similar abstract topological structures. Thus, the strategies for enhancing robustness and immunization of a geographical network are proposed. Using the generating function formalism, we obtain the explicit form of the percolation threshold $q_{c}$ for networks containing arbitrary order cycles. For 3-cycles, the dependence of $q_c$ on the clustering coefficients is ascertained. The analysis substantiates the validity of the strategies with an analytical evidence.
description: 6 pages, 8 figures
Mali’s Food Security Challenges: An Overview
Creators: name: Boughton, Duncan
name: Staatz, John M.
name: Dembele, Niama Nango
name: Boughton, Duncan
name: Staatz, John M.
name: Dembele, Niama Nango
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy
Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
Food Security and Poverty

description: Mali has a high incidence of malnutrition. The fourth Demographic and Health survey reports that in 2006 the incidence of wasting, stunting and underweight children under 5 years of age was 13.8%, 37.9% and 24.5% respectively in rural areas, and 12%, 24% and 25% respectively in urban areas. While malnutrition is found in all regions of Mali, the regions of Timbuktu and Sikasso have higher than average levels for all three indicators, while the region of Kidal has high levels of wasting. For a detailed analysis of food security indicators see Ward (2010).
The max-plus Martin boundary
Creators: name: Akian, Marianne
name: Gaubert, Stephane
name: Walsh, Cormac
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Metric Geometry (math.MG)
subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 31C35 (primary); 49L20; 47A75 (secondary)

description: We develop an idempotent version of probabilistic potential theory. The goal is to describe the set of max-plus harmonic functions, which give the stationary solutions of deterministic optimal control problems with additive reward. The analogue of the Martin compactification is seen to be a generalisation of the compactification of metric spaces using (generalised) Busemann functions. We define an analogue of the minimal Martin boundary and show that it can be identified with the set of limits of ``almost-geodesics'', and also the set of (normalised) harmonic functions that are extremal in the max-plus sense. Our main result is a max-plus analogue of the Martin representation theorem, which represents harmonic functions by measures supported on the minimal Martin boundary. We illustrate it by computing the eigenvectors of a class of translation invariant Lax-Oleinik semigroups. In this case, we relate the extremal eigenvectors to the Busemann points of a normed space.
description: 37 pages; 8 figures v1: December 20, 2004. v2: June 7, 2005. Section 12 added
Achieving Food Security in Mali: Key Issues and Investment Needs
Creators: name: Boughton, Duncan
name: Dembele, Niama Nango
name: Kelly, Valerie A.
name: Staatz, John M.
name: Boughton, Duncan
name: Dembele, Niama Nango
name: Kelly, Valerie A.
name: Staatz, John M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy
Agricultural Finance
Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
Food Security and Poverty
International Development

description: A key role for USAID and its partners is to identify how their resources can best contribute to increasing the capacity of the private and public sectors in Mali to scale up their investments, and increase the impact of those investments, in relation to the food security dimensions of availability, access, utilization and stability. To fulfill this role will involve identifying opportunities presented in the Malian agricultural sector investment plan (PNISA) to address critical needs in each of these dimensions, the types of investment that will best address the needs, and the set of resources and skills that will enable Malian organizations and entrepreneurs to implement those investments successfully and at scale. Even with increased resources, however, it is critically important that the USAID mission make strategic choices about where to focus resources. The scale and depth of rural poverty, and the complex nature of malnutrition, means that resources must be focused to have measureable impacts. The question is for whom, where and how should those resources be focused in the context of Mali’s CAADP compact and investment plan? To stimulate discussion of these questions we first highlight some key challenges and the nature of choices about resource allocation priorities, and then highlight the central role of information to achieve food and nutrition security objectives. We conclude with thoughts on two specific issues: graduating from fertilizer subsidies to free up resources for other investments, and the implications of smallholder heterogeneity for development strategies.
A Mechanism for the Top-Bottom Mass Hierarchy
Creators: name: Hashimoto, Michio
name: Kanemura, Shinya
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss a mechanism to generate hierarchy between masses of the top and bottom quarks without fine-tuning of the Yukawa coupling constants. In the framework of the two-Higgs-doublet model (THDM) with a discrete $Z_2$ symmetry, there exists the vacuum where only the top quark receives the mass of the order of the electroweak symmetry breaking scale $v(\simeq 246 {GeV})$, while the bottom quark remains massless. We show a model in which a small sofb-breaking mass $m_3^2 [\sim v^2/(4π)^2]$ for the $Z_2$ symmetry is generated by the dynamics above the cutoff scale of the THDM. The appearance of $m_3^2$ gives the small mass for the bottom quark, and explain the hierarchy $m_b/m_t \ll 1$.
description: Contribution to the 12th International Conference on Supersymmetry and Unification of Fundamental Interactions (SUSY 2004), June 17-23, 2004, Tsukuba, Japan, talk given by S.K., to appear in the Proceedings
Additional file 5 of Effect of subinhibitory exposure to quaternary ammonium compounds on the ciprofloxacin susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains in animal husbandry
Creators: name: H. Maertens
name: K. Demeyere
name: K. De Reu
name: J. Dewulf
name: D. Vanhauteghem
name: E. Van Coillie
name: Meyer, E.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 5: Figure S2. Example of a FSC-A/SSC-A dot plots to define the total bacterial population (A) and a SSC-A/SSC-H dot plot to exclude doublets and debris (B).