Arteurotia artistella Zhang & Cong & Grishin 2023, new species
Creators: name: Zhang, Jing
name: Cong, Qian
name: Grishin, Nick V.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae
Arteurotia
Arteurotia artistella

description: Arteurotia artistella Grishin, new species   
https://zoobank.org/ 477809F5-8458-48A4-B38E-FEEABD6B998B  
(Fig. 35 part, 36, 37a–c, 38)  
 Definition and diagnosis. Inspection of phylogenetic trees constructed from protein-coding regions in the nuclear genome reveals that specimens identified as Arteurotia tractipennis tractipennis A. Butler and H. Druce, 1872 (type locality in Costa Rica) from the northern parts of its range form a separate and strongly supported clade (e.g., Z chromosome tree, Fig. 35a red) sister to a strongly supported clade of all others (Fig. 35a blue and green). Fst / Gmin statistics for the comparison of the two taxa are 0.40/0.003 suggest that the red clade is a distinct species. Curiously, in mitochondrial genome (Fig. 35b), this new species is sister to the nominotypical A. tractipennis from Central America, and the South American subspecies Arteurotia tractipennis contractipennis Mabille and Boullet, 1916 (type locality in Venezuela) is sister to them both. This incongruence between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes is likely caused by mitochondrial introgression at some point in the past, because Fst between A. t. tractipennis and A. t. contractipennis computed on the Z chromosome is low (0.13) suggesting that they are conspecific. Therefore,the COI barcodes of the new species are more similar to the barcodes of the nominotypical A. tractipennis (0.8%, 5 bp) than to the barcodes of A. t. contractipennis (1.2%, 8 bp). The new species is similar to A. tractipennis (Fig. 37d, e) and differs from it by the apical hyaline forewing spots being closer together, in particular, the spot in the cell R 3 -R 4 is typically closer to the spot in the cell R 4 -R 5 in the new species (Fig. 36, 37a–c) than in A. tractipennis, the apical black patch is usually smaller, and the hindwing androconial patch comes closer to the wing outer margin; long prong (from the ampulla) of the left valva (asymmetric genitalia) is longer and more gracile (Fig. 38). Due to individual variation, this new species is best diagnosed by DNA. A combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in nuclear genome: aly1313.21.3:A339G, aly1603.80.1:T144A, aly1603.29.3:C411T, aly770.4.1:A1470G, and aly925.19.1:C24T, and COI barcode: A34G, A302G, C421C(not T), C505C(not T), and A628A(not G).   
 Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-5485, GenBank OP762110, 658 base pairs:   
TACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGTATTTGATCAGGGATAGTAGGAACATCTTTAAGTATACTTATTCGATCAGAATTAGGAATACCTGGATC TTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACTATCGTAACTGCTCATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTATACCTATCATAATTGG AGGATTCGGAAATTGATTAGTACCCCTTATATTAGGAGCACCTGATATAGCTTTTCCCCGAATAAATAACATAAGATTTTGACTTTTAC CTCCTTCTTTAATATTATTAATTTCAAGAAGTGTTGTAGAAAATGGTGCTGGAACAGGTTGAACTGTTTATCCCCCCCTTTCAGCTAA TATTGCTCATCAAGGATCTTCTGTAGATTTAACTATTTTTTCCCTTCATTTAGCTGGAATTTCCTCTATTTTAGGGGCAATTAATTTTA TTACAACTATTATTAATATACGAATTAATAATTTATCTTTTGATCAAATACCTCTATTCGTATGAGCTGTAGGTATTACTGCTTTACTTTTA TTATTATCTTTACCCGTTTTAGCTGGAGCTATTACCATATTATTAACTGATCGTAATTTAAACACATCTTTTTTTGATCCAGCTGGAGGA GGAGATCCAATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT  
 Type material. Holotype: ♂ deposited in the Texas A&M University Insect Collection, College Station, Texas, USA (TAMU), illustrated in Fig. 36a, 38, bears the following eight rectangular labels, seven white: [FIRST | UNITED STATES | RECORD], [TEXAS: | HIDALGO COUNTY | city of Mission | 10 th Street at | irrigation ditch], [coll. | 2-IX-1972 | N. M. McGuire], [Allyn Museum photo | No. 051079-7-8], [HESPERIIDAE, | Pyrginae: | Arteurotia tractipennis | tractipennis | Butler & H. Druce, 1872 | ♂ det. R.O. Kendall | M. & B. No. 62.5], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-5485 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [genitalia | NVG160110-26 | Nick V. Grishin], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Arteurotia | artistella Grishin]. Paratype: 1♂ Mexico: Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria, Rio San Marcos, ca 1000 ft, GPS 23.9167, −98.8833, J. Kemner leg., 4-Jun-1992, NVG-18059D02, in USNM.   
 Type locality. USA: Texas, Hidalgo Co., Mission.   
 Etymology. The name is for the dense cluster of spots at the forewing apex, from Latin ‘artus’ for narrow, close, fitted, confined, dense and ‘stella’ star. The name is a feminine noun in apposition.   
 English name. Artistarred skipper.   
 Distribution. Presently known from South Texas and Mexico: Tamaulipas. Notably, El Salvador and Costa Rica are inhabited by a different species, A. tractipennis. It is unknown if the two species are sympatric. However, this geographical boundary somewhere in southern Mexico or Guatemala, is not the typical suture zone in Panama or Colombia that separates the faunas of North and South Americas that we see in other cases discussed in this work.
description: Published as part of Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian & Grishin, Nick V., 2023, Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas, pp. 1-58 in Insecta Mundi 2023 (969) on pages 37-39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7710103