cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Use of Decellularized SMILE (Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction) Lenticules for Engineering the Corneal Endothelial Layer: A Proof-of-Concept
Creators: name: Hazra, Swatilekha
name: Akepogu, Jacquelyn
name: Krishna, Supriya
name: Pulipaka, SriRavali
name: Bagga, Bhupesh
name: Ramachandran, Charanya
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biochemistry
Space Science
Medicine
Cell Biology
Biotechnology
Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Cancer

description: To demonstrate the suitability of using decellularized SMILE (Small-incision Lenticule Extraction) lenticules for culturing and transplanting the corneal endothelium (CE). The SMILE lenticules, obtained during refractive surgery, were decellularized by incubating in CE culture medium and fetal bovine serum. Decellularization was confirmed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, DAPI staining, and gel electrophoresis. The amount of DNA per milligram of dry tissue weight was calculated to quantify the residual nuclear content. The transparency of the decellularized lenticules was determined by calculating the modulation transfer function. Immunostaining for stromal collagens and glycosaminoglycan was performed using specific antibodies. Engineered tissue was constructed by culturing the CE cells on lenticules and staining for ZO-1, Na/K ATPase, and N-cadherin. The functionality of the engineered tissues was assessed by transplanting them onto edematous human donor corneas and perfusing for 10 days ex-vivo. The residual DNA per milligram of dry tissue weight was found to be significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) in serum (0.255 µg/mg) and Opti-MEM (0.140 µg/mg) when compared to fresh lenticules (3.9 µg/mg). Decellularization did not alter the arrangement of the collagen fibers or the transparency of the lenticules. CE cells attached and matured to express ZO-1, Na/K ATPase, and N-cadherin at two weeks after seeding. The engineered tissue upon transplantation significantly reduced the corneal edema (p < 0.05) and the transplanted cells remained intact on the SMILE lenticule post-transplantation. This study demonstrates the suitability of using SMILE lenticules decellularized using a simple, chemical-free method for engineering the corneal endothelium for transplantation.
Life cycle synchronization is a viral drug resistance mechanism
Creators: name: Neagu, Iulia A.
name: Olejarz, Jason
name: Freeman, Mark
name: Rosenbloom, Daniel I. S.
name: Nowak, Martin A.
name: Hill, Alison L.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Drug resistance
subject: Viruses--Evolution
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: Computational biology

description: Viral infections are one of the major causes of death worldwide, with HIV infection alone resulting in over 1.2 million casualties per year. Antiviral drugs are now being administered for a variety of viral infections, including HIV, hepatitis B and C, and influenza. These therapies target a specific phase of the virus’s life cycle, yet their ultimate success depends on a variety of factors, such as adherence to a prescribed regimen and the emergence of viral drug resistance. The epidemiology and evolution of drug resistance have been extensively characterized, and it is generally assumed that drug resistance arises from mutations that alter the virus’s susceptibility to the direct action of the drug. In this paper, we consider the possibility that a virus population can evolve towards synchronizing its life cycle with the pattern of drug therapy. The periodicity of the drug treatment could then allow for a virus strain whose life cycle length is a multiple of the dosing interval to replicate only when the concentration of the drug is lowest. This process, referred to as “drug tolerance by synchronization”, could allow the virus population to maximize its overall fitness without having to alter drug binding or complete its life cycle in the drug’s presence. We use mathematical models and stochastic simulations to show that life cycle synchronization can indeed be a mechanism of viral drug tolerance. We show that this effect is more likely to occur when the variability in both viral life cycle and drug dose timing are low. More generally, we find that in the presence of periodic drug levels, time-averaged calculations of viral fitness do not accurately predict drug levels needed to eradicate infection, even if there is no synchronization. We derive an analytical expression for viral fitness that is sufficient to explain the drug-pattern-dependent survival of strains with any life cycle length. We discuss the implications of these findings for clinically relevant antiviral strategies.
Sparrowpots in Greater London
Creators: name: Cooper, Don
Publisher: name: Archaeology Data Service
Year: 2023

description: Medieval Ceramics: Journal of the Medieval Ceramics Research Group, 26-27, 125-130
description: This article describes in detail a redware ceramic bird nesting pot. This unusual form of vessel which was in use over a long period of time between 1527 the earliest known and 1842 the last known record of one being made, occurs mainly in London where over 60 have so far been identified. Its purpose was to enable sparrows to breed so that the fledglings could be taken via a hole in the base of the vessel. Although previously considered to be of Dutch origin, all the London vessels were made locally. As well as sherds found in excavations, the vessels are well attested to in contemporary literature and paintings.
Notions of Möbius inversion
Creators: name: Leinster, Tom
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Category Theory (math.CT)
subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Möbius inversion, originally a tool in number theory, was generalized to posets for use in group theory and combinatorics. It was later generalized to categories in two different ways, both of which are useful. We provide a unifying abstract framework. This allows us to compare and contrast the two theories of Möbius inversion for categories, and advance each of them. Among several side benefits is an improved understanding of the following fact: the Euler characteristic of the classifying space of a (suitably finite) category depends only on its underlying graph.
description: 21 pages. Version 4: minor edits; final journal version
Comparative Assessment of Short-Term Tendon-Scleral Postoperative Inflammation and α-Smooth Muscle Actin Expression following Oral and Topical Diclofenac Administration for Strabismus Surgery in Rabbits
Creators: name: Bani, Anna Puspitasari
name: Putera, Ikhwanuliman
name: Susanto, Eka
name: La Distia Nora, Rina
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Wound healing and fibrosis modulation are considered pivotal for the long-term outcome of strabismus surgery. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including diclofenac sodium, are inflammation suppressive drugs that may modulate wound healing, including postoperative inflammation. This study aimed to compare the effect of oral and 0.1% topical diclofenac sodium on short-term inflammation and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression at the tendon-scleral attachment site following strabismus surgery in an experimental rabbit model. Superior rectus recession was performed in 12 eyes of six New Zealand rabbits. Rabbits were divided into three groups: oral diclofenac 2 × 5 mg/kg for three days (group A), 0.1% diclofenac sodium eye drops 3 times/day for three days (group B), and controls (group C). On postoperative day 14, enucleation was performed. Macroscopic adhesion score, microscopic adhesion score, percentage of postoperative inflammation area (Masson’s trichrome staining), and α-SMA (immunohistochemistry staining) were assessed. Data analysis was performed using a semi-quantitative and quantitative assessment with ImageJ. All groups were compared with reciprocal staining intensity (RSI) values to measure α-SMA expression. All groups showed no difference in macroscopic (p = 0.13) and microscopic adhesion scores (p = 0.28). The percentage of postoperative inflammation area in group B (12.44% (8.63–18.29)) was significantly lower than group A (26.76% (21.38–37.56) p = 0.03) and group C (27.80% (16.42–36.28), p = 0.04). Comparative RSI analysis found that group B had a significantly lower α-SMA expression than group C (174.08 ± 21.78 vs 212.58 ± 12.06, p = 0.04). The results suggest that compared to oral, the administration of topical diclofenac showed a more significant reduction of short-term postoperative inflammation and α-SMA expression at the tendon-scleral attachment site following strabismus surgery.
An inertia 'paradox' for incompressible stratified Euler fluids
Creators: name: Camassa, Roberto
name: Chen, Shengqian
name: Falqui, Gregorio
name: Ortenzi, Giovanni
name: Pedroni, Marco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The interplay between incompressibility and stratification can lead to non-conservation of horizontal momentum in the dynamics of a stably stratified incompressible Euler fluid filling an infinite horizontal channel between rigid upper and lower plates. Lack of conservation occurs even though in this configuration only vertical external forces act on the system. This apparent paradox was seemingly first noticed by Benjamin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 165, 1986, pp. 445-474) in his classification of the invariants by symmetry groups with the Hamiltonian structure of the Euler equations in two dimensional settings, but it appears to have been largely ignored since. By working directly with the motion equations, the paradox is shown here to be a consequence of the rigid lid constraint coupling through incompressibility with the infinite inertia of the far ends of the channel, assumed to be at rest in hydrostatic equilibrium. Accordingly, when inertia is removed by eliminating the stratification, or, remarkably, by using the Boussinesq approximation of uniform density for the inertia terms, horizontal momentum conservation is recovered. This interplay between constraints,action at a distance by incompressibility, and inertia is illustrated by layer-averaged exact results, two-layer long-wave models, and direct numerical simulations of the incompressible Euler equations with smooth stratification.
A Late 15th-Century Manufactory of the Brill/Boarstall Pottery Industry at Ludgershall, Buckinghamshire
Creators: name: Blinkhorn, Paul
name: John Saunders, M
Publisher: name: Archaeology Data Service
Year: 2023

description: Medieval Ceramics: Journal of the Medieval Ceramics Research Group, 26-27, 131-142
description: A desk-top study, evaluation and small excavation on a small site on the northern margins of Ludgershall led to the discovery of a large quantity of kiln waste comprising both pottery and tiles. This indicated the existence of a hitherto unknown production site of the Brill/Boarstall pottery tradition. Its mid to late 15th-century date makes it the only known manufactory of the period at the present time. This report includes a detailed analysis of the pottery, together with illustrations. Also described are two areas of metalling and a possible wall foundation. No kiln structures were discovered during the excavation.
Meson Thermalization in Various Dimensions
Creators: name: Ali-Akbari, Mohammad
name: Ebrahim, Hajar
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In gauge/gravity duality framework the thermalization of mesons in strongly coupled (p+1)-dimensional gauge theories is studied for a general Dp-Dq system, q>=p, using the flavour Dq-brane as a probe. Thermalization corresponds to the horizon formation on the flavour Dq-brane. We calculate the thermalization time-scale due to a time-dependent change in the baryon number chemical potential, baryon injection in the field theory. We observe that for such a general system it has a universal behaviour depending only on the t'Hooft coupling constant and the two parameters which describe how we inject baryons into the system. We show that this universal behaviour is independent of the details of the theory whether it is conformal and/or supersymmetric.
description: 26 pages, 2 figures
title: ÐÐ¾Ð´ÑÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¸Ðº Ð³ÑÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ¿ÐµÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»ÑÐ½ÑÐ¹ Ð´Ð²ÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾ÐµÑÐ½ÑÐ¹ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐ´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ð¹
title: Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ°
titleType: Subtitle
title: Special mobile cargo lift
Creators: name: Ð§Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð², ÐÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ÑÐ°
Publisher: name: Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑ ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
Year: 2024
Subjects: ÐÐ¾Ð´ÑÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¸ ÑÑÑÐ¾Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»ÑÐ½ÑÐµ
Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐµÐ¼Ð° ÐºÐ°Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ñ
Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ Ð²ÑÐ´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ñ
Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑÐºÑÐ¸Ð¸ ÐºÐ°Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ñ
Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐ´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°
Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑÐºÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ñ
cab lifting mechanism
platform extension mechanism
design of the metal structure of the cab
lift movement mechanism
design of the metal structure of the platform

description: Ð ÑÐ¾Ð´Ðµ Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð¸ÑÑÐµÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ Ð±ÑÐ»Ð° ÑÐ¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð° ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑÐºÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐ´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð°ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ° Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐµÐ¼Ð° ÑÑÑÐ¾Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»ÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð³ÑÑÐ·Ð¾Ð². ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ° Ð±ÑÐ»Ð¸ ÑÐ°ÑÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐµÐ¼Ð°, Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ Ð² ÑÐµÐ±Ñ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ð½Ð°ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐ´Ð°ÑÐ¸, ÐºÐ¾Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ñ-ÑÐµÐ´ÑÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ°, Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð°, Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ÐºÐ¾Ð»ÐµÑÐ° Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð², Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ Ð²ÑÐ´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ, Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ Ð² ÑÐµÐ±Ñ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐµÑ ÑÐµÐµÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐ´Ð°ÑÐ¸, ÐºÐ¾Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ñ-ÑÐµÐ´ÑÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ°, Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð°, Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ÐºÐ¾Ð»ÐµÑÐ° Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð², Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐ´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°, Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ Ð² ÑÐµÐ±Ñ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ñ-ÑÐµÐ´ÑÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ°, Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð°, Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ÐºÐ¾Ð»ÐµÑÐ° Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð², Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑÐºÑÐ¸Ð¸ ÐºÐ°Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ñ, Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐ´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ.
description: For the lift, the lifting mechanism was calculated, including the calculation of the cable transmission, wheels and the choice of a gear motor, shaft, axles for wheels and bearings, the extension mechanism, including the calculation of rack and pinion, wheels and the choice of a gear motor, shaft, axles for wheels and bearings, the mechanism of movement of the lift, including the calculation of the calculation of rack and pinion, wheels and the choice of a gear motor, shaft, axles for wheels and bearings, the mechanism of movement of the lift, including the calculation of the wheels and the choice of the gear motor, shaft, under the wheels and bearings were carried out, the calculation and design of the metal structure of the cabin, platform and movement platform were carried out.
Validation of a SNP-based non-invasive prenatal test to detect the fetal 22q11.2 deletion in maternal plasma samples
Creators: name: Ravi, Harini
name: McNeill, Gabriel
name: Goel, Shruti
name: Meltzer, Steven D.
name: Hunkapiller, Nathan
name: Ryan, Allison
name: Levy, Brynn
name: Demko, Zachary P.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Prenatal diagnosis
Blood plasma--Analysis
Pathology
Obstetrics

description: Introduction
Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for aneuploidy using cell-free DNA in maternal plasma has been widely adopted. Recently, NIPT coverage has expanded to detect subchromosomal abnormalities including the 22q11.2 deletion. Validation of a SNP-based NIPT for detection of 22q11.2 deletions demonstrating a high sensitivity (97.8%) and specificity (99.75%) has been reported. We sought to further demonstrate the performance of a revised version of the test in a larger set of pregnancy plasma samples.

Methods
Blood samples from pregnant women (10 with 22q11.2-deletion‒affected fetuses and 390 negative controls) were successfully analyzed using a revised SNP-based NIPT for the 22q11.2 deletion. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were measured.

Results
Sensitivity of the assay was 90% (9/10), and specificity of the assay was 99.74% (389/390), with a corresponding false positive-rate of 0.26%.

Discussion
The data presented in this study add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating the ability of the SNP-based NIPT to detect 22q11.2 deletions with high sensitivity and specificity.
Achieve Handle Level Random Access in Encrypted DNA Archival Storage System via Frequency Dictionary Mapping Coding
Creators: name: cao, ben
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025
Subjects: DNA Storage

description: Summary

Abstract

DNA storage is characterized by high storage density and durability, but the existing DNA storage system has a high latency, and lacks the consideration of data security. In order to improve the availability of DNA storage, this paper proposes that Frequency Dictionary Mapping Coding (FDMC) implements handle-level random access in DNA Archival storage, and a hybrid e-molecular encryption strategy and multi-level error correction algorithm are provided to ensure data security and integrity. The results of the simulation and wet experiments demonstrate that FDMC can achieve handle-level random access in lossless encrypted DNA storage systems, which balances security and robustness. Even in the extreme case of DNA sequence loss of 10%, it can still recover 91.74% of the original data while ensuring storage density above 1.80 bits/nt. In summary, FDMC improves the application range of DNA as a storage medium and bridges the gap between DNA storage and traditional storage modes.
Laser locking to the 199Hg clock transition with 5.4x10^(-15)/sqrt(tau) fractional frequency instability
Creators: name: McFerran, J. J.
name: Magalhaes, D. V.
name: Mandache, C.
name: Millo, J.
name: Zhang, W.
name: Coq, Y. Le
name: Santarelli, G.
name: Bize, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: With Hg atoms confined in an optical lattice trap in the Lamb-Dicke regime, we obtain a spectral line at 265.6 nm in which the full-width at half-maximum is <15Hz. Here we lock an ultrastable laser to this ultranarrow clock transition and achieve a fractional frequency stability of 5.4x10^(-15)/sqrt(tau) for tau<=400s. The highly stable laser light used for the atom probing is derived from a 1062.6 nm fiber laser locked to an ultrastable optical cavity that exhibits a mean drift rate of -6.0x10^(-17) s^(-1) (or -16.9 mHz.s^(-1) at 282 THz) over a five month period. A comparison between two such lasers locked to independent optical cavities shows a flicker noise limited fractional frequency instability of 4x10^(-16) per cavity.
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: A Complementary Strategy for Hypertension Diagnosis and Management in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries
Creators: name: Abdalla, Marwah
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
Cardiology
Hypertension--Diagnosis
Medicine

description: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) can assess out-of clinic blood pressure. ABPM is an underutilized resource in low and middle-income countries but should be considered as a complimentary strategy to clinic blood pressure measurement for the diagnosis and management of hypertension. Potential uses for ABPM in low and middle-income countries include the use of ABPM for the screening of high-risk individuals who have concurrent communicable diseases such as HIV and the use of ABPM in task-shifting healthcare strategies.
Stellar Populations of Lyman Break Galaxies at z=1-3 in the HST/WFC3 Early Release Science Observations
Creators: name: Hathi, N. P.
name: Cohen, S. H.
name: Ryan, R. E.
name: Finkelstein, S. L.
name: McCarthy, P. J.
name: Windhorst, R. A.
name: Yan, H.
name: Koekemoer, A. M.
name: Rutkowski, M. J.
name: O'Connell, R. W.
name: Straughn, A. N.
name: Balick, B.
name: Bond, H. E.
name: Calzetti, D.
name: Disney, M. J.
name: Dopita, M. A.
name: Frogel, J. A.
name: Hall, D. N. B.
name: Holtzman, J. A.
name: Kimble, R. A.
name: Paresce, F.
name: Saha, A.
name: Silk, J. I.
name: Trauger, J. T.
name: Walker, A. R.
name: Whitmore, B. C.
name: Young, E. T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We analyze the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z=1-3 selected using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) UVIS channel filters. These HST/WFC3 observations cover about 50 sq. arcmin in the GOODS-South field as a part of the WFC3 Early Release Science program. These LBGs at z=1-3 are selected using dropout selection criteria similar to high redshift LBGs. The deep multi-band photometry in this field is used to identify best-fit SED models, from which we infer the following results: (1) the photometric redshift estimate of these dropout selected LBGs is accurate to within few percent; (2) the UV spectral slope (beta) is redder than at high redshift (z>3), where LBGs are less dusty; (3) on average, LBGs at z=1-3 are massive, dustier and more highly star-forming, compared to LBGs at higher redshifts with similar luminosities (0.1L*3, a true Lyman break selection at z~2 is essential. The future HST UV surveys, both wider and deeper, covering a large luminosity range are important to better understand LBG properties, and their evolution.
description: Accepted for publication in ApJ (29 pages, 9 figures)
Post-traumatic stress disorder and cardiometabolic disease: improving causal inference to inform practice
Creators: name: Koenen, Karestan C.
name: Sumner, Jennifer A.
name: Gilsanz, Paola
name: Glymour, M. Maria
name: Ratanatharathorn, Andrew
name: Rimm, Eric B.
name: Roberts, Andrea L.
name: Winning, Ashley
name: Kubzansky, Laura D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Psychology
subject: FOS: Psychology
subject: Post-traumatic stress disorder
subject: Cardiovascular system--Diseases
subject: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes

description: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been declared 'a life sentence' based on evidence that the disorder leads to a host of physical health problems. Some of the strongest empirical research - in terms of methodology and findings - has shown that PTSD predicts higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases, specifically cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite mounting evidence, PTSD is not currently acknowledged as a risk factor by cardiovascular or endocrinological medicine. This view is unlikely to change absent compelling evidence that PTSD causally contributes to cardiometabolic disease. This review suggests that with developments in methods for epidemiological research and the rapidly expanding knowledge of the behavioral and biological effects of PTSD the field is poised to provide more definitive answers to questions of causality. First, we discuss methods to improve causal inference using the observational data most often used in studies of PTSD and health, with particular reference to issues of temporality and confounding. Second, we consider recent work linking PTSD with specific behaviors and biological processes, and evaluate whether these may plausibly serve as mechanisms by which PTSD leads to cardiometabolic disease. Third, we evaluate how looking more comprehensively into the PTSD phenotype provides insight into whether specific aspects of PTSD phenomenology are particularly relevant to cardiometabolic disease. Finally, we discuss new areas of research that are feasible and could enhance understanding of the PTSD-cardiometabolic relationship, such as testing whether treatment of PTSD can halt or even reverse the cardiometabolic risk factors causally related to CVD and T2D.
Cosmological applications in Kaluza-Klein theory
Creators: name: Wanas, M. I.
name: Nashed, Gamal G. L.
name: Nowaya, A. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: General Physics (physics.gen-ph)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The field equations of Kaluza-Klein (KK) theory have been applied in the domain of cosmology. These equations are solved for a flat universe by taking the gravitational and the cosmological constants as a function of time t. We use Taylor's expansion of cosmological function, $Λ(t)$, up to the first order of the time $t$. The cosmological parameters are calculated and some cosmological problems are discussed.
description: 14 pages Latex, 5 figures, one table. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:gr-qc/9805018 and arXiv:astro-ph/9805260
Black hole motion in Euclidean space as a diffusion process
Creators: name: Ropotenko, Kostiantyn
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A diffusion equation for a black hole is derived from the Bunster-Carlip equations. Its solution has the standard form of a Gaussian distribution. The second moment of the distribution determines the quantum of black hole area. The entropy of diffusion process is the same, apart from the logarithmic corrections, as the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy.
description: 6 pages, no figures; v.2: a mistake in deriving of the diffusion equation corrected; a relation between the entropy of diffusion process and the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy corrected
Joint Two-Dimensional Resummation in $q_T$ and $0$-Jettiness at NNLL
Creators: name: Lustermans, Gillian
name: Michel, Johannes
name: Tackmann, Frank J.
name: Waalewijn, Wouter J.
Publisher: name: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Year: 2019
Subjects: dimension: 2
resummation: Sudakov
radiation: initial-state interaction
quantum chromodynamics: radiation
initial state
effective field theory
transverse momentum
Drell-Yan process
impact parameter
dilepton

description: We consider Drell-Yan production $pp \to Z/\gamma^* \to \ell^+\ell^-$ with the simultaneous measurement of the $Z$-boson transverse momentum $q_T$ and $0$-jettiness $\mathcal{T}_0$. Since both observables resolve the initial-state QCD radiation, the double-differential cross section in $q_T$ and $\mathcal{T}_0$ contains Sudakov double logarithms of both $q_T/Q$ and $\mathcal{T}_0/Q$, where $Q \sim m_Z$ is the dilepton invariant mass. We simultaneously resum the logarithms in $q_T$ and $\mathcal{T}_0$ to next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic order (NNLL) matched to next-to-leading fixed order (NLO). Our results provide the first genuinely two-dimensional analytic Sudakov resummation for initial-state radiation. Integrating the resummed double-differential spectrum with an appropriate scale choice over either $\mathcal{T}_0$ or $q_T$ recovers the corresponding single-differential resummation for the remaining variable. We discuss in detail the required effective field theory setups and their combination using two-dimensional resummation profile scales. We also introduce a new method to perform the $q_T$ resummation where the underlying resummation is carried out in impact-parameter space, but is consistently turned off depending on the momentum-space target value for $q_T$. Our methods apply at any order and for any color-singlet production process, such that our results can be systematically extended when the relevant perturbative ingredients become available.
title: DEPRECATED: THE ROLE OF CONTENT IN REASONING
Creators: name: MANKTELOW, KENNETH IAN
Publisher: name: University of Plymouth
Year: 1979

description: A programme of research is reported in which the effects of different contents in two deductive reasoning paradigms were investigated. A review of the literature showed that the two main determinants of performance are the logical structure of the task, and non-logical performance variables such as 'matching bias’. Matching is a prime determinant of behaviour in abstract tasks, e.g. Wason's Selection task. This is shown by systematically negating logical rule components. However, a large literature indicates that logical performance is facilitated by using thematic materials.
Out of sight, out of mind? : discourse analysis of street sex trade governance in a small city
Creators: name: Austin, Lorry-Ann Marie
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2012

description: This study utilized socio-cultural discourse analysis grounded in anti-oppressive social work perspectives to explore and develop a narrative account of one small city’s response to the street sex trade. Discourse analysis was used to explore discursive representations of the street sex trade as they related to the governance actions of key players within the small city of Kamloops, British Columbia (BC) between 2002 and 2009. Media texts and civic government meeting minutes were collected and analyzed, revealing that two main responses developed over the time period under analysis (exclusion and rescue). Discursive analysis of these texts revealed that the visibility of the street sex trade motivated policy responses resulting in the complete rejection of the street sex trade in this small city. Further analysis revealed that themes of war and pollution encouraged the development of exclusionary policy responses while rescue policy responses were inspired by representations of the sex worker as a child-like victim. There was a noticeable absence of sex worker generated discourse within this policy debate. While based on different depictions of sex workers and the street sex trade, both policy responses were situated within the overriding visibility discourse and as a result, they both aimed to remove all evidence of a visible street sex trade. In the small city of Kamloops, BC a visible street sex trade was not tolerated as it often is in larger metropolises and policy responses forced it from public view. The complete rejection of the street sex trade in the small city may not be unique to Kamloops and the implications of exclusionary policy respones may increase the violence and marginalization experienced by sex workers in the small city context. Further research exploration is needed to understand the perspectives of sex trade workers and to include their views in the development of civic policy.
Current posttraumatic stress disorder and exaggerated threat sensitivity associated with elevated inflammation in the Mind Your Heart Study
Creators: name: O’Donovan, Aoife
name: Ahmadian, Ashkan J.
name: Neylan, Thomas C.
name: Pacult, Mark A.
name: Edmondson, Donald E.
name: Cohen, Beth E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Post-traumatic stress disorder
Inflammation
C-reactive protein
Fibrinogen
Medicine
Psychiatry

description: OBJECTIVE: Elevated inflammation has been repeatedly observed in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and it may drive the development of both psychiatric symptoms and physical comorbidities. However, it is not clear if elevated inflammation is a feature of both remitted and current PTSD, and little is known about relationships between specific clusters of PTSD symptoms and inflammation. Exaggerated threat sensitivity, as indexed by threat reactivity and avoidance of perceived threats, may be particularly closely associated with inflammation. METHODS: We assessed PTSD symptoms and threat sensitivity using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale in 735 Veterans Affairs patients (35% current PTSD; 16% remitted PTSD) who participated in the Mind Your Heart Study (mean age=59±11; 94% male). High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), white blood cell count (WBC), and fibrinogen were used as indices of inflammation. Analysis of covariance models with planned contrasts were used to examine differences in inflammation by PTSD status, adjusting for age, sex, race, kidney function and socioeconomic status.
BBN constraints on the annihilation of MeV-scale dark matter
Creators: name: Depta, Frederik
name: Hufnagel, Marco
name: Schmidt-Hoberg, Kai
name: Wild, Sebastian
Publisher: name: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Year: 2019

description: Thermal dark matter at the MeV scale faces stringent bounds from a variety of cosmological probes. Here we perform a detailed evaluation of BBN bounds on the annihilation cross section of dark matter with a mass $1\,\text{MeV} \lesssim m_\chi \lesssim 1\,\text{GeV}$. For $p-wave suppressed annihilations, constraints from BBN turn out to be significantly stronger than the ones from CMB observations, and are competitive with the strongest bounds from other indirect searches. We furthermore update the lower bound from BBN on the mass of thermal dark matter using improved determinations of primordial abundances. While being of similar strength as the corresponding bound from CMB, it is significantly more robust to changes in the particle physics model.
Additional file 1 of Dysbiosis of gut microbiota and its correlation with dysregulation of cytokines in psoriasis patients
Creators: name: Zhang, Xinyue
name: Shi, Linjing
name: Sun, Ting
name: Guo, Kun
name: Geng, Songmei
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine

description: Additional file 1: Supplement 1. OTU rank cruve; Supplement 2. Boxplot of alpha diversity; Supplement 3. Alpha diversity test result; Supplement 4. Clinical indices of psoriasis patients.
Risk for Incident Hypertension Associated With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans and the Effect of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment
Creators: name: Burg, Matthew M.
name: Brandt, Cynthia
name: Buta, Eugenia
name: Schwartz, Joseph E.
name: Bathulapalli, Harini
name: Dziura, James
name: Edmondson, Donald E.
name: Haskell, Sally
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Medicine, Psychosomatic
Hypertension--Risk factors
Post-traumatic stress disorder--Treatment
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Veterans--Health and hygiene

description: OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular mortality risk. Neither the prospective relationship of PTSD to incident hypertension risk nor the effect of PTSD treatment on hypertension risk has been established.
METHODS: Data from a nationally representative sample of 194,319 veterans were drawn from the Veterans Administration (VA) roster of United States service men and women. This included veterans whose end of last deployment was from September 2001 to July 2010 and whose first VA medical visit was from October 1, 2001 to January 1, 2009. Incident hypertension was modeled as 3 events: (1) a new diagnosis of hypertension and/or (2) a new prescription for antihypertensive medication, and/or (3) a clinic blood pressure reading in the hypertensive range (≥140/90 mm Hg, systolic/diastolic). Posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis was the main predictor. Posttraumatic stress disorder treatment was defined as (1) at least 8 individual psychotherapy sessions of 50 minutes or longer during any consecutive 6 months and/or (2) a prescription for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication.
RESULTS: Over a median 2.4-year follow-up, the incident hypertension risk independently associated with PTSD ranged from hazard ratio (HR), 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.17; p < .0001) to HR, 1.30 (95% CI, 1.26-1.34; p < .0001). The interaction of PTSD and treatment revealed that treatment reduced the PTSD-associated hypertension risk (e.g., from HR, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.38-1.50; p < .0001] for those untreated, to HR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.15-1.25; p < .0001] for those treated).
CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that reducing the long-term health impact of PTSD and the associated costs may require very early surveillance and treatment.
Energy Magnetization and Thermal Hall Effect
Creators: name: Qin, Tao
name: Niu, Qian
name: Shi, Junren
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We obtain a set of general formulae for determining magnetizations, including the usual electromagnetic magnetization as well as the gravitomagnetic energy magnetization. The magnetization corrections to the thermal transport coefficients are explicitly demonstrated. Our theory provides a systematic approach for properly evaluating the thermal transport coefficients of magnetic systems, eliminating the unphysical divergence from the direct application of the Kubo formula. For an anomalous Hall system, the corrected thermal Hall conductivity obeys the Wiedemann-Franz law.
description: 4 pages main text + 7 pages supplemental text, no figure. The revised version corrects quite a number of typos. The details of the derivation is included in the supplemental text
Far-UVC light prevents MRSA infection of superficial wounds in vivo
Creators: name: Ponnaiya, Brian
name: Buonanno, Manuela
name: Welch, David
name: Shuryak, Igor
name: Randers-Pehrson, Gerhard
name: Brenner, David Jonathan
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Staphylococcus aureus infections
Surgical wound infections
Ultraviolet radiation--Therapeutic use
Phototherapy
Radiation

description: Background
Prevention of superficial surgical wound infections from drug-resistant bacteria such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) currently present major health care challenges. The majority of surgical site infections (SSI) are believed to be caused by airborne transmission of bacteria alighting onto the wound during surgical procedures. We have previously shown that far-ultraviolet C light in the wavelength range of 207–222 nm is significantly harmful to bacteria, but without damaging mammalian cells and tissues. It is important that the lamp be fitted with a filter to remove light emitted at wavelengths longer than 230 nm which are harmful.

Aims
Using a hairless mouse model of infection of superficial wounds, here we tested the hypothesis that 222-nm light kills MRSA alighting onto a superficial skin incisions as efficiently as typical germicidal light (254 nm), but without inducing skin damage.

Methods
To simulate the scenario wherein incisions are infected during surgical procedures as pathogens in the room alight on a wound, MRSA was spread on a defined area of the mouse dorsal skin; the infected skin was then exposed to UVC light (222 nm or 254 nm) followed by a superficial incision within the defined area, which was immediately sutured. Two and seven days post procedure, bactericidal efficacy was measured as MRSA colony formation unit (CFU) per gram of harvested skin whereas fixed samples were used to assess skin damage measured in terms of epidermal thickness and DNA photodamage.

Results
In the circumstance of superficial incisions infected with bacteria alighting onto the wound, 222-nm light showed the same bactericidal properties of 254-nm light but without the associated skin damage.

Conclusions
Being safe for patient and hospital staff, our results suggested that far-UVC light (222 nm) might be a convenient approach to prevent transmission of drug-resistant infectious agents in the clinical setting.
Perceived Stress After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Comparison Between Young and Middle-Aged Women Versus Men
Creators: name: Xu, Xiao
name: Bao, Haikun
name: Strait, Kelly M.
name: Edmondson, Donald E.
name: Davidson, Karina W.
name: Beltrame, John F.
name: Bueno, Hector
name: Lin, Haiqun
name: Dreyer, Rachel P.
name: Brush, John E.
name: Spertus, John A.
name: Lichtman, Judith H.
name: D’Onofrio, Gail
name: Krumholz, Harlan M.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Myocardial infarction--Psychological aspects
Stress (Psychology)
Medicine, Psychosomatic

description: Objective: The aim of the study was to examine how psychological stress changes over time in young and middle-aged patients after experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and whether these changes differ between men and women.

Methods: We analyzed data obtained from 2358 women and 1151 men aged 18 to 55 years hospitalized for AMI. Psychological stress was measured using the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) at initial hospitalization and at 1 month and 12 months after AMI. We used linear mixed-effects models to examine changes in PSS-14 scores over time and sex differences in these changes, while adjusting for patient characteristics and accounting for correlation among repeated observations within patients.

Results: Overall, patients' perceived stress decreased over time, especially during the first month after AMI. Women had higher levels of perceived stress than men throughout the 12-month period (difference in PSS-14 score = 3.63, 95% confidence interval = 3.08 to 4.18, p < .001), but they did not differ in how stress changed over time. Adjustment for patient characteristics did not alter the overall pattern of sex difference in changes of perceived stress over time other than attenuating the magnitude of sex difference in PSS-14 score (difference between women and men = 1.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.32 to 2.16, p < .001). The magnitude of sex differences in perceived stress was similar in patients with versus without post-AMI angina, even though patients with angina experienced less improvement in PSS-14 score than those without angina.

Conclusions: In young and middle-aged patients with AMI, women reported higher levels of perceived stress than men throughout the first 12 months of recovery. However, women and men had a similar pattern in how perceived stress changed over time.
Data Management Plan for One Health European Joint Program
Creators: name: De Waele, Valérie
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: data management plan
One Health EJP
OHEJP
overarching DMP
DMP

description: The present document defines the general One Health European Joint Program (OHEJP) strategy regarding data management in the form of an overarching data management plan (DMP), under conditions that conform with the requirements of Horizon 2020.

The OH-EJP aims at integrating the complementary expertise of partners across Europe in order to prepare common action against infectious health threats. Those threats include zoonotic infections both in animals and humans, and infections or toxin contamination in feed and food.

Due to the heterogeneity of the data that are collected, processed or generated within OHEJP, and due to the level of detail needed, each joint research project (JRP) and joint integrative project (JIP) of OHEJP are also developing project specific DMP’s, using as baseline the present overarching DMP.
full-FORCE: A target-based method for training recurrent networks
Creators: name: DePasquale, Brian David
name: Cueva, Christopher Jose
name: Rajan, Kanaka
name: Escola, Gary Sean
name: Abbott, Larry
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Neurosciences
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: System analysis
subject: Neural networks (Neurobiology)
subject: Learning

description: Trained recurrent networks are powerful tools for modeling dynamic neural computations. We present a target-based method for modifying the full connectivity matrix of a recurrent network to train it to perform tasks involving temporally complex input/output transformations. The method introduces a second network during training to provide suitable “target” dynamics useful for performing the task. Because it exploits the full recurrent connectivity, the method produces networks that perform tasks with fewer neurons and greater noise robustness than traditional least-squares (FORCE) approaches. In addition, we show how introducing additional input signals into the target-generating network, which act as task hints, greatly extends the range of tasks that can be learned and provides control over the complexity and nature of the dynamics of the trained, task-performing network.
Social Potluck : everyone has something to bring to the table
Creators: name: Newman, Gabriel David Sumegi
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2012

description: Social Potluck is an interactive community food storytelling performance project created by Gabriel Newman. Central to the work is the belief that the dinner table is the most important performance venue in our society. By trading meals for stories, Newman collects stories and creates unique and personal performances about and for the participants as a way of building community and celebrating the community‟s ability to practice the oral art of storytelling. Three voices, which represent three perspectives of Gabriel Newman -the artist, the student and the performer -present the findings using stories, anecdotes, photographs and critical theory to articulate the Social Potluck experience.
Toward tight gamma-ray burst luminosity relations
Creators: name: Qi, Shi
name: Lu, Tan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The large scatters of luminosity relations of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have been one of the most important reasons that prevent the extensive applications of GRBs in cosmology. Many efforts have been made to seek tight luminosity relations. With the latest sample of 116 GRBs with measured redshift and spectral parameters, we investigate 6 two-dimensional (2D) correlations and 14 derived three-dimensional (3D) correlations of GRBs to explore the possibility of decreasing the intrinsic scatters of the luminosity relations of GRBs. We find the 3D correlation of $E_{\mathrm{peak}}$--$τ_{\mathrm{RT}}$--$L$ to be evidently tighter (at the $2 σ$ confidence level) than its corresponding 2D correlations, i.e., the $E_{\mathrm{peak}}$--$L$ and $τ_{\mathrm{RT}}$--$L$ correlations. In addition, the coefficients before the logarithms of $E_{\mathrm{peak}}$ and $τ_{\mathrm{RT}}$ in the $E_{\mathrm{peak}}$--$τ_{\mathrm{RT}}$--$L$ correlation are almost exact opposites of each other. Inputting this situation as a prior reduces the relation to $L \propto (E_{\mathrm{peak}}^{'} / τ_{\mathrm{RT}}^{'})^{0.842 \pm 0.064}$, where $E_{\mathrm{peak}}^{'}$ and $τ_{\mathrm{RT}}^{'}$ denote the peak energy and minimum rise time in the GRB rest frame. We discuss how our findings can be interpreted/understood in the framework of the definition of the luminosity (energy released in units of time). Our argument about the connection between the luminosity relations of GRBs and the definition of the luminosity provides a clear direction for exploring tighter luminosity relations of GRBs in the future.
description: 9 pages, 1 figure, 1 table, added discussion and clarification, added references, minor language edit, published in The Astrophysical Journal