2,4-D mediated moderation of aluminum tolerance in <i>Salvinia molesta</i> D. Mitch. with regards to bioexclusion and related physiological and metabolic changes
Creators: name: Dolui, Debabrata
name: Hasanuzzaman, Mirza
name: Fujita, Masayuki
name: Adak, Malay Kumar
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Plant Biology
subject: Virology

description: We examined the efficacy of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D; 500 µM) in enhancing the potential of <i>Salvinia</i> species for tolerance to aluminum (Al) toxicity (240 and 480 µM, seven days). <i>Salvinia</i> showed better efficacy in removal of toxicity of Al by sorption mechanism with changes of bond energy shifting on cell wall residues and surface structure. Plants recorded tolerance to Al concentration (480 µM) when pretreated with 2,4-D through adjustment of relative water content, proline content, osmotic potential, and improved the pigment fluorescence for energy utilization under Al stress. Photosynthetic activities with regards to NADP-malic enzyme and malic dehydrogenase and sugar metabolism with wall and cytosolic invertase activities were strongly correlated with compatible solutes. A less membrane peroxidation and protein carbonylation had reduced ionic loss over the membrane that was studied with reduced electrolyte leakage with 2,4-D pretreated plants. Membrane stabilization was also recorded with higher ratio of K<sup>+</sup> to Na<sup>+</sup>, thereby suggesting roles of 2,4-D in ionic balance. Better sustenance of enzymatic antioxidation with peroxidase and glutathione metabolism reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation and save the plant for oxidative damages. Moreover, gene polymorphism for antioxidant, induced by 2,4-D varied through Al concentrations would suggest an improved biomarker for tolerance. Collectively, analysis and discussion of plant’s responses assumed that auxin herbicide could be a potential phytoprotectant for <i>Salvinia</i> as well as improving the stability to Al toxicity and its bioremediation efficacy. In previous reports, aquatic weeds, particularly, from pteridophytic flora have been exercised, however, in less frequent. Aluminum (Al) toxicity, being a major problem, specifically with respect to cultivated crops like rice and vegetables, is a serious issue in alkaline soil. In context to growth of <i>Salvinia</i> in the areas of low lands where few important crops like rice are frequently cultivated. Therefore, Al toxicity with regards to rice cultivation in low land conditions, which is habitat for <i>Salvinia</i>, could be interesting. Thus, decontamination of low land for salinity with aquatic environment can be remediated with biological materials where <i>Salvinia</i> would be a choice. This would be something new in studies for the aquatic weeds over the existing database. Moreover, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) being a common herbicide in agricultural field that becomes more problematic with metal toxicity is another focus for physiological responses with <i>Salvinia</i>. The adoption and sustainability of <i>Salvinia</i> against 2,4-D may highlight insights for physiological activities would be the biomarker for herbicide toxicity.