Domitius culsu Ballarin 2020, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Ballarin, Francesco
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Nesticidae
Domitius
Domitius culsu

description: <b> <i>Domitius culsu</i> Ballarin sp. nov.</b> Figures 1 A‒G, 2A‒E, 3A‒D. <i>Nesticus speluncarum</i> Brignoli, 1979: 214 (misidentification) <b>Type material. Holotype &amp;male;. ITALY, <i>Toscana</i>: Garfagnana area, Lucca Province, Coreglia Antelminelli Municipality, Tana delle Fate di Coreglia Antelminelli cave, 141/T/LU, 260m a.s.l., 44.046336°N 10.523525°E, 21.VIII.2018, leg. F. Ballarin and D. Avesani (MSNV).</b> <b>Paratypes</b>. Same locality as the holotype, 1&amp;female;, 04.IX.1967, leg. A. Vigna Taglianti (MSNV) (Brignoli 1979, sub <i>Nesticus speluncarum</i>); 1&amp;female;, 15.VIII.2015, leg. F. Ballarin and M. Gaiga (MSNV); 4&amp;female;&amp;female;, 24.VI.2017, (3&amp;female;&amp;female; collected as juveniles and raised in captivity, adults: 20.VIII.2017, 15.IX.2017 and 28.VI.2018 respec- tively), leg. F. Ballarin and R. Ballarin (MSNV); 4&amp;female;&amp;female;, 21.VIII.2018, leg. F. Ballarin and D. Avesani (MSNV, MSNB). a New Sequences. <b>Examined comparative material. <i>Domitius speluncarum</i> (Pavesi, 1873): ITALY: <i>Liguria</i></b> : 1&amp;male;, 1&amp;female;, (topotypes), La Spezia Province, Grotta Bocca Lupara cave, 74/Li/SP, 120m a.s.l., 05.III.1969, leg. P.M. Brignoli (MSNV) (Brignoli, 1971); <i>Toscana</i>: 1&amp;female;, Lucca Province, Garfagnana area, Villa Collemandina Municipality, Canigiano village, Tana di Magnano cave, 162/T/LU, 653m a.s.l., 44.177285°N, 10.38803°E, 03.XI.1967, leg. A. Vigna Taglianti (MSNV) (Brignoli, 1971), 1&amp;female;, 01.VIII.1975, leg. P. Magrini (MSNV), 4&amp;female;&amp;female;, 14.VIII.2015, leg. F. Ballarin and M. Gaiga (MSNV); 1&amp;female;, Forno- volasco (not reported in the label but very likely from Grotta del Vento cave), 700m a.s.l., 16.VI.1970, leg. O. Osella (MSNV) (Brignoli, 1971); 1&amp;female;, Grotta del Buggine cave, 166/T/Lu, 315m a.s.l., 07.X.1967, leg. G. Castellini (MSNV) (Brignoli, 1971); 1&amp;female;, Massa-Carrara, Buca della Freddana cave, 230/T/Ms, 550m a.s.l., 05.VI.1977, leg. C. Bonzano (MSNV) (Brignoli, 1985); 1&amp;female;, Buca del Bacile cave, 226/T/Ms, 10.III.1975, leg. unknown (MSNV) (Brignoli, 1985). <b> <i>Domitius menozzii</i> (di Caporiacco, 1934): ITALY, <i>Liguria</i></b> , 1&amp;male;, 4&amp;female;&amp;female;, north-east of Genova town, Tanna da Vulpe cave, 264/Li/GE, 23.XI.1969, leg. A. Vigna Taglianti (MSNV) (Brignoli, 1971); 2&amp;male;&amp;male;, 2&amp;female;&amp;female;, Creto, Tanna de Fate cave, 17/ Li/GE, 30.X.1971, leg. G. Gardini (MSNV); 2&amp;female;&amp;female; (topotypes), Prati di Bavari locality, Tanna da Suja cave, 5/Li/GE, 582m a.s.l., 44.422894°N, 09.035239°E, 30.V.2013, leg. F. Ballarin, A. Trotta, G. Gardini, and S. Zoia. <b> <i>Domitius sbordonii</i> (Brignoli, 1979): ITALY, <i>Lazio</i></b> , 1&amp;male; (holotype), Frosinone Province, Supino, Valle Serena, Grot- ta della Croce cave, 01.IX.1977 leg. V. Sbordoni (MSNV) (Brignoli, 1979); 1&amp;female; (paratype), 08.II.1976, leg. V. Sbordoni (MSNV) (Brignoli, 1979). <b> <i>Kryptonesticus eremita</i> (Simon, 1880): ITALY, <i>Liguria</i>:</b> 2&amp;male;&amp;male; (sub. <i>Nesticus menozzii</i>), Creto, Tanna de Fate cave, 17/Li/GE, 30.X.1971, leg. G. Gardini (MSNV); <i>Emilia-Romagna:</i> 2&amp;female;&amp;female; Ravenna Province, Riolo Terme, Borgo Rivola, Grotta del Re Tiberio cave, 36/Er/RE. 19.II.1951, Leg. Denis (MSNV) (Zangheri, 1966, sub. <i>Nesticus speluncarum</i>); <b> <i>Toscana</i>:</b> 1&amp;female; Garfagnana area, Lucca Province, Coreglia Antelminelli Municipality, Tana delle Fate di Coreglia Antel- minelli cave, 141/T/LU, 260m a.s.l., 44.046336°N, 10.523525°E, 15.VIII.2015, leg. F. Ballarin and M. Gaiga (MSNV); 3&amp;female;&amp;female;, 24.VI.2017, Leg. F. Ballarin and R. Ballarin (MSNV-MSNVRAr/m 0007); 1&amp;female;, 21.VIII.2018, leg. F. Ballarin and D. Avesani (MSNV); <i>Campania:</i> 1&amp;female;, Avellino Province, Bagnoli Irpino, Mt. Piacentini, Grotta Giovannino cave, 16.VI.1956, leg. S.Ruffo (MSNV) (Kritscher, 1958, sub. <i>Nesticus speluncarum</i>). <b>Etymology</b> The name of the new species is derived from the Etruscan goddess Culsu who, according to the Etruscan mytholo- gy, ruled the cave-like entrance of the underworld. Noun in apposition. Diagnosis Species closely re- lated to D. speluncarum and D. menozzii. Males of D. culsu sp. nov. can be separated from males of all other Italian species of the genus Domitius by the different shape of the apophyses of the para- cymbium (Figs. 1A‒C, 2B,C vs. Fig. 4A‒I). D. culsu sp. nov shows a robust, S-shaped dorsal apophysis 1 in contrast with a large, flat and axe- like Da 1 in D. speluncar- um (Figs. 1A‒C, 2B, C vs. Fig. 4A‒C); a short and stumpy Da 1 in D. me- nozzii (Figs. 1A‒C, 2B, C vs. Fig. 4D‒F) or a long and thread-like Da 1 in D. sbordonii (Figs. 1A‒C, 2B, C vs. Fig. 4G‒I). Addi- tionally, males of D. culsu sp. nov. have a well-de- veloped, triangular medi- an apophysis, absent in males of the other three species (Figs. 1A, 2A vs. Fig. 4A, D, G). Female D. culsu sp. nov. can be easily distin- guished from female D. speluncarum by the nar- rower, trapezoid-shaped median septum with slant- ing edges, in contrast with the larger, lobate Ms with rounded edges in D. spe- luncarum (Figs. 1E, 2D vs. Fig. 5A). Female D. culsu sp. nov. are separated from female D. morisii by the absence of a bulge on the Ms (clearly visible in <i>D. morisii</i>, Figs. 1E, 2D vs. Fig. 5C). Additionally, they can be distinguished by the different shape of copulatory ducts when the vulva is observed dorsally: with a rather uniform diameter in <i>D. culsu</i> sp. nov. and bearing a large, flattened middle trait in <i>D. morisii</i> (Figs. 1G, 2E vs. Fig. 5D). Female <i>D. culsu</i> sp. nov. are easily sepa- rated from those of <i>D. sbordonii</i> by the trapezoid-shaped Ms with slanting edges, in contrast with the squared Ms with vertical edges in <i>D. sbordonii</i> (Figs. 1E, 2D vs. Fig. 5E). They can further be distinguished by the different position of spermathecae, located in the lower half of the vulva and below the vulval pockets in <i>D. culsu</i> sp. nov., in contrast with S located in the upper half of vulva and above Vp in <i>D. sbordonii</i> (Figs. 1G, 2E vs. Fig. 5F). <b>Description. Male (holotype).</b> Total length 4.19. Carapace: 1.81 long, 1.56 wide. Habitus as in Fig. 3A. Carapace uniformly pale yellow with some sparse setae (more reddish while alive, see Fig. 3A). Cephalic region not clearly differentiated from the rest of carapace. Eyes reduced, AM missing, reduced to black maculae. Eye diameters: AM -, AL 0.079, PM 0.080, and PL 0.078. Thoracic grooves and fovea distinct. Mouthparts and sternum uniformly colored as the carapace. Promargin of chelicera with three teeth approximately of the same size, retromargin with several small denticles. Legs uniformly light yellowish. Legs measurements as follows: I 17.40 (4.89, 0.90, 4.78, 4.90, 1.93), II 14.03 (3.92, 0.80, 3.67, 3.76, 1.88), III 10.35 (3.19, 0.69, 2.53, 2.79, 1.15), IV 13.47 (4.34, 0.84, 3.53, 3.49, 1.27). Leg formula: I, II, IV, III. Opisthosoma gray-yellowish colored (lighter than carapace while alive, see Fig. 3A), covered with long hairs. Palp as in Figs. 1 A‒C, 2A-C. Cymbium oval, covered with short, sparse setae, with a tuft of longer hairs in the pro- lateral distal area near the tip. Embolus filamentous, slender in the terminal part. Conductor complex with three distinct processes: Cp 1-3. Cp 1 stocky and roughly triangularly shaped, Cp 2 and Cp 3 located at the distal part of the bulb and diagonally protruding (approx. 2 o’clock seeing the left palp ventrally), their tips curved towards each other (Figs. 1A, C, 2A, C). Median apophysis well-developed, shaped as a long, sharp triangle, heading prolaterally (Figs. 1A, 2A). Para- cymbium large with well-developed, sclerotized dorsal, distal and ventral processes. Two dorsal apophyses, Da 1-2: Da 1 robust and long, ending sharply, S-shaped when the palp is observed dorsally, Da 2 stocky, triangularly-shaped. Distal apophysis triangularly shaped. Ventral apophysis lobate, dorso-ventrally flattened and heading toward the cym- bium (Figs. 1 A‒C, 2A-C). <b>Female (based on 4 paratypes)</b>. Total length 3.65–5.27. Carapace: 1.71–1.98 long, 1.54–1.64 wide. Habitus as in Fig. 3B, C. Carapace uniformly yellowish with some sparse setae (often more reddish while alive, see Fig. 3B). Cephalic region not clearly differentiated from the rest of the prosoma.Eyes reduced, AM strongly reduced and bare- ly visible, reduced to small, dark maculae in some specimens. Eye diameters: AM (when present): 0.032, AL: 0.087, PM: 0.078, and PL: 0.77. Thoracic grooves and fovea distinct. Mouthparts and sternum uniformly colored as in the carapace. Teeth of chelicera as in the male. Legs uniformly light yellowish. Leg measurements as follows: I 17.07 (4.38, 1.01, 4.95, 4.90, 1.83), II 13.69 (4.04, 0.92, 3.57, 3.64, 1.52), III 10.46 (3.43, 0.80, 2.50, 2.56, 1.17), IV 13.89 (4.64, 0.92, 3.59, 3.41, 1.33). Leg formula: I, IV, II, III. Opistho- soma yellowish-gray (often lighter colored than carapace while alive, see Fig. 3B), covered with long hairs. Epigyne as in Figs. 1E, F, 2D, E. Medi- an septum short, not protruding, shaped as an inverted trape- zoid with a narrower base. Vulval pockets and copulatory ducts externally visible by transparence trough the tegument. Copu- latory openings at the lower, lateral side of median septum. Vul- va as in Figs. 1G, 2E. Spermathecae small and round, located in the lower-half of the vulva, below vulval pockets and being partially covered by them. Vulval pockets wide and rounded, sac-shaped, located above spermathecae. Copulatory ducts with a wider diameter in the ventral trait and narrower in the dor- sal trait, rolling up around the lower part of vulval pockets and reaching spermathe- cae with some turns (Figs. 1F, 2E). Insem- ination ducts begin- ning from the lower part of spermathe- cae and following the same course of copu- latory ducts. Distribution Italy, endemic to the northern Apennines. Known only from the type locality; Tana delle Fate di Coreglia Antelminelli cave (Fig. 6). Biospeleological and ecological notes The entrance of Tana delle Fate di Coreglia Antelminelli cave (Italian National Caves Registry number: 141/T/LU; Fig. 3E) opens in the left bank of the narrow valley of Segone Creek in the Province of Lucca (Toscana region) at an elevation of 260 m a.s.l. The cave occurs in the limestone of the Maiolica formation (lower Tithonian‒lower Aptian, ~150–120 Ma), which is particularly rich in flint nodules. After an initial steep slope (approximately 10 m deep), the cave continues with a long and sub-horizontal spatial development and a general NW‒SE orientation (Fig. 3F). It branches with several, sub-circular tunnels as a result of ancient groundwater flows. The cave has an estimated total extension of 1100 m, although the deeper segments are still unexplored, as they are either filled with water or ending with sumps. The inner section is generally humid, with mud often covering the bottoms of the tunnels. The cave hosts a rich sub- terranean fauna including some endemic or locally protected species, e.g. the carnivorous land snail <i>Oxychilus</i> sp. (Gastropoda, Oxychilidae), the cave cricket <i>Dolichopoda laetitiae</i> Minozzi, 1920 (Orthoptera, Rhaphidophoridae), the blind subterranean beetle <i>Duvalius apuanus lanzai</i> Straneo, 1943 (Coleoptera, Trechinae), the Italian cave salamander <i>Speleomantes italicus</i> (Dunn, 1923) (Amphibia, Plethodontidae), and three species of bats: the greater horseshoe bat <i>Rhinolophus ferrumequinum</i> (Schreber, 1774), the lesser horseshoe bat <i>Rhinolophus hipposideros</i> (Bechstein, 1800) (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae), and the common bent-wing bat <i>Miniopterus schreibersii</i> (Kuhl, 1817) (Chiroptera, Miniop- teridae). Other animals known from the cave from the literature (Lanza, 1961) or directly observed by the author include: <i>Octodrilus complanatus</i> (Dugès, 1828), <i>O. hemiandrus (</i> Cognetti, 1901), <i>O. transpadanus</i> (Rosa, 1884), and <i>Aporrectodea rosea</i> (Savigny, 1826) (Anellida, Lumbricidae); <i>Chaetophiloscia cellaria</i> (Dollfus, 1884) (Isopoda, Philosciidae), <i>Androniscus dentiger</i> Verhoeff, 1908, and <i>Spelaeonethes mancinii</i> (Brian, 1913) (Isopoda, Trichoniscidae); <i>Euscorpius carpathicus</i> (Linnaeus, 1767) (Scorpiones, Euscorpiidae); <i>Trogulus</i> sp. (Opiliones, Trogulidae), <i>Ischyropsalis</i> a <i>damii</i> Canestrini, 1873 (Opiliones, Ischyropsalididae); <i>Lithobius tylopus</i> Latzel, 1882 (Chilopoda, Lithobiidae), <i>Gryllomorpha dalmatina</i> (Ocskay, 1832) (Orthoptera, Gryllidae), <i>Hypaena</i> sp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), <i>Stenophylax permistus</i> Mc- Lachlan, 1895 (Tricoptera, Limnephilidae), and a large population of limoniid crane flies (Diptera, Limoniidae). Near the entrance and in the early section of the cave, numerous spiders were also observed: <i>Amaurobius ferox</i> (Walckenaer, 1830), <i>A. pesarinii</i> Ballarin and Pantini, 2017 (Amaurobiidae), <i>Kryptonesticus eremita</i> (Simon, 1880) (Nesticidae), <i>Meta menardi</i> (Latreille, 1804), <i>Metellina merianae</i> (Scopoli, 1763) (Tetragnathidae), <i>Pholcus phalangioides</i> (Fuesslin, 1775) (Pholcidae), and <i>Tegenaria</i> sp. (Agelenidae). The new species was found in the initial segments of the cave, but at some distance from the entrance (Fig. 3F). During summer, when the cave was visited, adults, subadults, and juveniles of <i>D. culsu</i> sp. nov. were observed together, with a substantially higher number of adults and subadults during the month of August. Most of the juveniles collected in the cave and bred in captivity became adults after 2‒3 months of captivity, while it took approximately one year for the youngest specimens to reach sexual maturity. Two different species of nesticid spiders, <i>K. eremita</i> and <i>D. culsu</i> sp. nov., were collected together in the Tana delle Fate di Coreglia Antelminelli cave. These species cover a different spatial distribution within the cave (Fig. 3F), coexisting without overlapping despite occupying approximately the same ecological niche. Cohabitant nesticids, in particular involving <i>D. menozzii</i> or <i>D. speluncarum</i> together with <i>K. eremita</i>, have been previously observed in several occasions in Italian caves, and sometimes collected at short distances from each other (Brignoli, 1971). However, no clear species overlap are reported within the same cave. Such distinct spatial partition can be explained by the different grade of adaptation to the hypogean environment showed by these arachnids. In fact, <i>K. eremita</i> appears to be a less specialized cave-dweller, lacking extreme morphological adaptations to subterranean life. Therefore, it mostly occurs near the entrance of caves or inside artificial tunnels, including, occasionally, shadowed epigean habitats with constant temperature and high relative humidity (Brignoli, 1971 and personal observations by the author). On the other hand, all <i>Domitius</i> species show a greater degree of adaptation to the subterranean habitat, as suggested by reduction of the eyes and body depigmentation. Such strong adaptation allows <i>Domitius</i> to occupy deeper segments of the caves, thus avoiding direct competition with <i>K. eremita</i>. The entrance of Tana delle Fate di Coreglia Antelminelli cave (Italian National Caves Registry number: 141/T/LU; Fig. 3E) opens in the left bank of the narrow valley of Segone Creek in the Province of Lucca (Toscana region) at an elevation of 260 m a.s.l. The cave occurs in the limestone of the Maiolica formation (lower Tithonian‒lower Aptian, ~150–120 Ma), which is particularly rich in flint nodules. After an initial steep slope (approximately 10 m deep), the cave continues with a long and sub-horizontal spatial development and a general NW‒SE orientation (Fig. 3F). It branches with several, sub-circular tunnels as a result of ancient groundwater flows. The cave has an estimated total extension of 1100 m, although the deeper segments are still unexplored, as they are either filled with water or ending with sumps. The inner section is generally humid, with mud often covering the bottoms of the tunnels. The cave hosts a rich sub- terranean fauna including some endemic or locally protected species, e.g. the carnivorous land snail <i>Oxychilus</i> sp. (Gastropoda, Oxychilidae), the cave cricket <i>Dolichopoda laetitiae</i> Minozzi, 1920 (Orthoptera, Rhaphidophoridae), the blind subterranean beetle <i>Duvalius apuanus lanzai</i> Straneo, 1943 (Coleoptera, Trechinae), the Italian cave salamander <i>Speleomantes italicus</i> (Dunn, 1923) (Amphibia, Plethodontidae), and three species of bats: the greater horseshoe bat <i>Rhinolophus ferrumequinum</i> (Schreber, 1774), the lesser horseshoe bat <i>Rhinolophus hipposideros</i> (Bechstein, 1800) (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae), and the common bent-wing bat <i>Miniopterus schreibersii</i> (Kuhl, 1817) (Chiroptera, Miniop- teridae). Other animals known from the cave from the literature (Lanza, 1961) or directly observed by the author include: <i>Octodrilus complanatus</i> (Dugès, 1828), <i>O. hemiandrus (</i> Cognetti, 1901), <i>O. transpadanus</i> (Rosa, 1884), and <i>Aporrectodea rosea</i> (Savigny, 1826) (Anellida, Lumbricidae); <i>Chaetophiloscia cellaria</i> (Dollfus, 1884) (Isopoda, Philosciidae), <i>Androniscus dentiger</i> Verhoeff, 1908, and <i>Spelaeonethes mancinii</i> (Brian, 1913) (Isopoda, Trichoniscidae); <i>Euscorpius carpathicus</i> (Linnaeus, 1767) (Scorpiones, Euscorpiidae); <i>Trogulus</i> sp. (Opiliones, Trogulidae), <i>Ischyropsalis</i> a <i>damii</i> Canestrini, 1873 (Opiliones, Ischyropsalididae); <i>Lithobius tylopus</i> Latzel, 1882 (Chilopoda, Lithobiidae), <i>Gryllomorpha dalmatina</i> (Ocskay, 1832) (Orthoptera, Gryllidae), <i>Hypaena</i> sp. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), <i>Stenophylax permistus</i> Mc- Lachlan, 1895 (Tricoptera, Limnephilidae), and a large population of limoniid crane flies (Diptera, Limoniidae). Near the entrance and in the early section of the cave, numerous spiders were also observed: <i>Amaurobius ferox</i> (Walckenaer, 1830), <i>A. pesarinii</i> Ballarin and Pantini, 2017 (Amaurobiidae), <i>Kryptonesticus eremita</i> (Simon, 1880) (Nesticidae), <i>Meta menardi</i> (Latreille, 1804), <i>Metellina merianae</i> (Scopoli, 1763) (Tetragnathidae), <i>Pholcus phalangioides</i> (Fuesslin, 1775) (Pholcidae), and <i>Tegenaria</i> sp. (Agelenidae). The new species was found in the initial segments of the cave, but at some distance from the entrance (Fig. 3F). During summer, when the cave was visited, adults, subadults, and juveniles of <i>D. culsu</i> sp. nov. were observed together, with a substantially higher number of adults and subadults during the month of August. Most of the juveniles collected in the cave and bred in captivity became adults after 2‒3 months of captivity, while it took approximately one year for the youngest specimens to reach sexual maturity. Two different species of nesticid spiders, <i>K. eremita</i> and <i>D. culsu</i> sp. nov., were collected together in the Tana delle Fate di Coreglia Antelminelli cave. These species cover a different spatial distribution within the cave (Fig. 3F), coexisting without overlapping despite occupying approximately the same ecological niche. Cohabitant nesticids, in particular involving <i>D. menozzii</i> or <i>D. speluncarum</i> together with <i>K. eremita</i>, have been previously observed in several occasions in Italian caves, and sometimes collected at short distances from each other (Brignoli, 1971). However, no clear species overlap are reported within the same cave. Such distinct spatial partition can be explained by the different g
description: Published as part of <i>Ballarin, Francesco, 2020, Domitius Culsu sp. nov. (Araneae, Nestici-dae), a new troglobiont spider from Italy with notes on Italian nesticids of the genus Domitius Ribera, 2018, pp. 82-94 in Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 82 (2)</i> on pages 83-93, DOI: 10.4311/2019lsc0103, http://zenodo.org/record/3925078
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