cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Symmetry-consistent expansion of interaction kernels between rigid molecules
Creators: name: Xu, Jie
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the expansion of interaction kernels between anisotropic rigid molecules. The expansion decouples the correlated orientational variables so that it can be utilized to derive macroscopic models. Symmetries of two types are considered. First, we examine the symmetry of the interacting cluster, including the translation and rotation of the whole cluster, and label permutation within the cluster. The expansion is expressed by symmetric traceless tensors, and the linearly independent terms are identified. Then, we study the molecular symmetry characterized by a point group in $O(3)$. The proper rotations determine what symmetric traceless tensors can appear. The improper rotations decompose these tensors into two subspaces and determine how the tensors in the two subspaces are coupled. For each point group, we identify the two subspaces, so that the expansion consistent with the point group is established.
description: 34 pages
Variational density functional calculations of excited states via direct optimization
Creators: name: Levi, Gianluca
name: Ivanov, Aleksei V.
name: Jónsson, Hannes
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The development of variational density functional theory approaches to excited electronic states is impeded by limitations of the commonly used self-consistent field (SCF) procedure. A method based on a direct optimization approach as well as the maximum overlap method is presented and the performance compared with previously proposed SCF strategies. Excited-state solutions correspond to saddle points of the energy as a function of the electronic degrees of freedom. The approach presented here makes use of a preconditioner determined with the help of the maximum overlap method to guide the convergence on a target nth-order saddle point. The method is found to be more robust and to converge faster than previously proposed SCF approaches for a set of 89 excited states of molecules. A limited-memory formulation of the symmetric rank-one method for updating the inverse Hessian is found to give the best performance. A conical intersection for the carbon monoxide molecule is calculated without resorting to fractional occupation numbers. Calculations on excited states of the hydrogen atom and a doubly excited state of the dihydrogen molecule using a self-interaction corrected functional are presented. For these systems, the self-interaction correction is found to improve the accuracy of density functional calculations of excited states.
Interorganizational factors affecting the delivery of primary care to older Americans.
Creators: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1998

description: OBJECTIVE: To discuss different types and forms of interorganizational linkages involved in the provision of primary care to older Americans, along with their distinguishing characteristics.

RESEARCH STRATEGY: To take advantage of these linkage characteristics. The strategy requires a partnership with health services organizations and providers actually involved in the provision of services along with a planned sequence of activities involving hypotheses and methods development, intervention trials, and finally, demonstration and implementation.

CONCLUSION: Because older Americans are frequent users of health services, their need for continuity and access provides an opportunity to examine changes to the delivery system and to monitor the system's capability for meeting their healthcare needs.
title: Humans of AI3SD: Yingfang Yuan
Creators: name: Pauli, Michelle
name: Yuan, Yingfang (James)
Publisher: name: University of Southampton
Year: 2022
Subjects: AI3SD, Interview

description: This interview forms part of our Humans of AI3SD Series.

In this Humans of AI4SD interview he discusses the challenges involved in graph networks and hyperparameter optimisation, making the most of interdisciplinary research, how AI can speed things up, and his advice for early career researchers.
The effect of hospital volume on the in-hospital complication rate in knee replacement patients.
Creators: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1998

description: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of hospital volume on in-hospital surgical outcomes for knee replacement using six years of Medicare claims data.

DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: The data include inpatient claims for a 100 percent sample of Medicare patients who underwent primary knee replacement during 1985-1990. We supplemented these data with information from HCFA's denominator files, the Area Resource File, and the American Hospital Association survey files.

STUDY DESIGN: We estimated the probability that a patient has an in-hospital complication in the initial hospitalization for the first primary knee replacement, using a Logit model, for three definitions of complication. The models controlled for hospital volume, other hospital characteristics, patient demographics, and patient health status. We tested for the endogeneity of hospital volume.

DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: A panel of two orthopaedic surgeons and two internists reviewed diagnosis codes to determine whether a complication was likely, possible, or due to anemia. After removing the few observations with bad or missing data, the final population has 295,473 observations.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The probability of a likely in-hospital complication declines rapidly from 53 through 107 operations per year, then levels off. Statistical tests imply that hospital volume is exogenous in this patient-level data. Complication rates increased steadily through the study period. Although obesity appeared to lower the probability of a complication, a counterintuitive result, further investigation revealed this to be an artifact of the claims data limit of listing no more than five diagnoses. Controlling for this restriction reversed the effect of obesity.

CONCLUSIONS: Rather than uncontrolled expansion of knee surgery to small hospitals, decentralization to regional centers where at least about 50, and preferably about 100, operations per year are assured appears to be the optimal policy to reduce in-hospital complications.
Unconditionally positivity preserving and energy dissipative schemes for Poisson--Nernst--Planck equations
Creators: name: Shen, Jie
name: Xu, Jie
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 65M12, 35K61, 35K55, 65Z05, 70F99

description: We develop a set of numerical schemes for the Poisson--Nernst--Planck equations. We prove that our schemes are mass conservative, uniquely solvable and keep positivity unconditionally. Furthermore, the first-order scheme is proven to be unconditionally energy dissipative. These properties hold for various spatial discretizations. Numerical results are presented to validate these properties. Moreover, numerical results indicate that the second-order scheme is also energy dissipative, and both the first- and second-order schemes preserve the maximum principle for cases where the equation satisfies the maximum principle.
description: 24 pages, 10 figures
Access and use of medications in HIV disease.
Creators: name: Kirking, D
name: Smith, S
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1999

description: OBJECTIVE: To examine if measures of access to medical care are associated with outpatient use of antiretroviral and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) medications among a cohort of individuals with HIV disease.

DATA SOURCES: Adults who participated in a series of up to six interviews as part of the AIDS Costs and Services Utilization Survey (ACSUS). ACSUS, a panel survey of persons with HIV disease, was undertaken from 1991 through 1992.

STUDY DESIGN: The Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Use provided the conceptual framework for the study. Logistic regression analyses with generalized estimating equations were conducted to determine the effects of predisposing, enabling, and need-for-care factors on the odds of antiretroviral or PCP medication use. The analytic sample consisted of 1,586 respondents whose 7,652 interviews provided the data.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The multivariate analysis showed that being female (OR = 0.76; 95% C.I. = 0.60-0.95), ages 15 to 24 years (OR = 0.64; 95% C.I. = 0.44-0.92), and having a hospitalization (OR = 0.73; 95% C.I. = 0.63-0.84) were associated with lower odds of using antiretrovirals. African American race (OR = 1.30; 95% C.I. = 1.04-1.62), having both public and private insurance (OR = 2.11; 95% C.I. = 1.47-3.03), attending counseling (OR = 1.17; 95% C.I. = 1.02-1.34), having a usual source of care (OR = 1.70; 95% C.I. = 1.38-2.11), and clinical trials participation (OR = 1.52; 95% C.I. = 1.23-1.87) were associated with a higher odds of use. Similar results were obtained for analyses of PCP medication use.

CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic differences exist in access and use of prescription drugs within the ACSUS cohort. The results suggest that women and those ages 15 to 24 years have poor access to some medications that improve survival in HIV disease.
Supplementary Material from Spreading of fake news, competence and learning: kinetic modelling and numerical approximation
Creators: name: Franceschi, Jonathan
name: Pareschi, Lorenzo
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 10299 Applied Mathematics not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 10399 Numerical and Computational Mathematics not elsewhere classified
subject: 10599 Mathematical Physics not elsewhere classified

description: The rise of social networks as the primary means of communication in almost every country in the world has simultaneously triggered an increase in the amount of fake news circulating online. The urgent need for models that can describe the growing infodemic of fake news has been highlighted by the current pandemic. The resulting slowdown in vaccination campaigns due to misinformation and generally the inability of individuals to discern the reliability of information is posing enormous risks to the governments of many countries. In this research using the tools of kinetic theory, we describe the interaction between fake news spreading and competence of individuals through multi-population models in which fake news spreads analogously to an infectious disease with different impact depending on the level of competence of individuals. The level of competence, in particular, is subject to evolutionary dynamics due to both social interactions between agents and external learning dynamics. The results show how the model is able to correctly describe the dynamics of diffusion of fake news and the important role of competence in their containment.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Kinetic exchange models of societies and economies’.
Supplementary document for PHOTOACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY AS A METHOD TO ESTIMATE THE OPTICAL FLUENCE DISTRIBUTION IN TURBID MEDIA - 6526020.pdf
Creators: name: Yip, Lawrence
name: Rascevska, Elina
name: Omidi, Parsa
name: Carson, Jeffrey
Publisher: name: Optica Publishing Group
Year: 2023
Subjects: Uncategorized

description: Supplementary data
New FPT algorithms for finding the temporal hybridization number for sets of phylogenetic trees
Creators: name: Borst, Sander
name: van Iersel, Leo
name: Jones, Mark
name: Kelk, Steven
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Data Structures and Algorithms (cs.DS)
subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: We study the problem of finding a temporal hybridization network for a set of phylogenetic trees that minimizes the number of reticulations. First, we introduce an FPT algorithm for this problem on an arbitrary set of $m$ binary trees with $n$ leaves each with a running time of $O(5^k\cdot n\cdot m)$, where $k$ is the minimum temporal hybridization number. We also present the concept of temporal distance, which is a measure for how close a tree-child network is to being temporal. Then we introduce an algorithm for computing a tree-child network with temporal distance at most $d$ and at most $k$ reticulations in $O((8k)^d5^ k\cdot n\cdot m)$ time. Lastly, we introduce a $O(6^kk!\cdot k\cdot n^2)$ time algorithm for computing a minimum temporal hybridization network for a set of two nonbinary trees. We also provide an implementation of all algorithms and an experimental analysis on their performance.
A longitudinal study of the effects of graduate medical education on hospital operating costs.
Creators: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2001

description: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of graduate medical education sponsorship on hospital operating costs over a seven-year period, to test for a longitudinal association between teaching intensity and cost, and to determine whether the indirect medical education (IME) payment adjustments made under Medicare's Prospective Payment System are appropriate.

DATA SOURCES: Medicare cost and payment data from the Hospital Cost Report Information System and other related HCFA files, from FFY 1989 through 1995. The study population consists of all short-stay hospitals (approximately 5,000) participating in Medicare and receiving case payments by diagnosis-related groups.

STUDY DESIGN: The original cost functions used to develop indirect medical education payment adjustments under PPS are re-estimated with panel data. Specification changes are included based on findings from critiques of the original hospital cost model. Additional variations on the model are explored to test for differences by hospital status, to control for the effect of additional disproportionate share and outlier payments, and to isolate the effects of improved case-mix measurement on model results.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Fixed effects regression produces no evidence of a significant within-hospital association between increased sponsorship of medical residents and increased cost per case. In models designed to capture a cross-sectional association, operating costs are positively related to teaching activity, but the association shows a decline in strength over time. In all years, the strength of the association is significantly greater among hospitals eligible for disproportionate share adjustments and among major teaching hospitals. Controlling for secular trends of increased teaching intensity results in a pattern of declining cross-sectional teaching coefficients that supports a theory that observed teaching effects are the result of unmeasured case severity.

CONCLUSIONS: A significant but declining cost differential is observed between teaching and nonteaching hospitals. The association appears to be related to hospital and patient characteristics that cannot be controlled using currently available case-mix and wage indices. Longitudinal models do not provide evidence to support a payment adjustment formula that allows individual hospitals to recompute their IME adjustment rates as their teaching ratios rise or fall from year to year. Cross-sectional findings suggest that re-estimations of the teaching effect may be appropriate when significant improvements occur in Medicare case-mix measurement.
The role of DNA methylation in pubertal development and timing of sexual reproduction
Creators: name: Geertjan Overbeek
name: Runze, Jana
name: Schulz, Susanne
Publisher: name: OSF Registries
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Family, Life Course, and Society
subject: Social and Behavioral Sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: DNA methylation
subject: child maltreatment
subject: parenting
subject: pubertal development
subject: puberty
subject: sexual reproduction

description: According to life-history theory, any organism will strategically divide resources toward growth, maintenance and reproduction (Ellis, 2004). In a harsh environment, humans might mature earlier to enable earlier reproduction – to secure the transmission of one’s own genes in the next generations (Belsky et al., 1991). Previous research has indeed indicated that harsh family environments, such as chaotic life environments or rejecting, inconsistent parental behavior, and severe stressors can lead to earlier pubertal maturation (in girls) (Belsky et al., 2010; Belsky, Steinberg, et al., 2007; Ellis et al., 1999; Holdsworth & Appleton, 2020; Sheppard et al., 2016). Recently, a two-hit model of accelerated aging has been proposed (Belsky & Shalev 2016), specifying that early adversity does not necessarily lead to earlier sexual reproduction even though it has been found to predict pubertal maturation. Belsky and Shalev hypothesized that a supportive environment during puberty can act as a buffer against early sexual reproduction. Moreover, they hypothesized a potential biological mechanism, wherein early childhood adversity may result in epigenetic changes (i.e. advanced biological age compared to chronological age measured via epigenetic clocks) which might result in earlier pubertal maturation and in earlier sexual reproduction.
Health plan decision making with new medicare information materials.
Creators: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2001

description: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of providing new Medicare information materials on consumers' attitudes and behavior about health plan choice.

DATA SOURCE: New and experienced Medicare beneficiaries who resided in the Kansas City metropolitan statistical area during winter 1998-99 were surveyed. More than 2,000 computer-assisted telephone interviews were completed across the two beneficiary populations with a mean response rate of 60 percent.

STUDY DESIGN: Medicare beneficiaries were randomly assigned to a control group or one of three treatment groups that received varying amounts and types of new Medicare information materials. One treatment group received the Health Care Financing Administrations's pilot Medicare & You 1999 handbook, a second group received the same version of the handbook and a Medicare version of the Consumer Assessment of Health Plans (CAHPS) report, and a third treatment group received the Medicare & You bulletin, an abbreviated version of the handbook.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Results of the study suggest that the federal government's new consumer information materials are having some influence on Medicare beneficiaries' attitudes and behaviors about health plan decision making. Experienced beneficiary treatment group members were significantly more confident with their current health plan choice than control group members, but new beneficiaries were significantly less likely to use the new materials to choose or change health plans than control group members. In general the effects on confidence and health plan switching did not vary across the different treatment materials.

CONCLUSIONS: The 1999 version of the Medicare & You materials contained a message that it is not necessary to change health plans. This message appears to have decreased the likelihood of using the new materials to choose or change plans, whereas other materials to which beneficiaries are exposed may encourage plan switching. Because providing more information to beneficiaries did not result in commensurate increases in confidence levels or rate of health plan switching, factors other than the amount of information, such as how the information is presented, may be more critical than volume.
Supplementary document for PHOTOACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY AS A METHOD TO ESTIMATE THE OPTICAL FLUENCE DISTRIBUTION IN TURBID MEDIA - 6545620.pdf
Creators: name: Yip, Lawrence
name: Rascevska, Elina
name: Omidi, Parsa
name: Carson, Jeffrey
Publisher: name: Optica Publishing Group
Year: 2023
Subjects: Uncategorized
Classical and Physical Optics

description: Supplemental Document
Quasi-entropy by log-determinant covariance matrix and application to liquid crystals
Creators: name: Xu, Jie
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A quasi-entropy is constructed for tensors averaged by a density function on $SO(3)$ using the log-determinant of a covariance matrix. It serves as a substitution of the entropy for tensors derived from a constrained minimization that involves integrals. The quasi-entropy is an elementary function that possesses the essential properties of the original entropy. It constrains the covariance matrix to be positive definite, is strictly convex, and is invariant under rotations. Moreover, when reduced by symmetries, it keeps the vanishing tensors of the symmetry zero. Explicit expressions are provided for axial symmetries up to four-fold, as well as tetrahedral and octahedral symmetries. The quasi-entropy is utilized to discuss phase transitions in several systems. The results are consistent with using the original entropy. Besides, some novel results are presented.
description: 41 pages, 2 figures
Reported response rates to mailed physician questionnaires.
Creators: name: Cummings, S
name: Konrad, T
name: Savitz, L
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2001

description: OBJECTIVE: To examine response rate information from mailed physician questionnaires reported in published articles.

DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Citations for articles published between 1985 and 1995 were obtained using a key word search of the Medline, PsychLit, and Sociofile databases.

STUDY DESIGN: A 5 percent random sample of relevant citations was selected from each year.

DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Citations found to be other than physician surveys were discarded and replaced with the next randomly assigned article. Selected articles were abstracted using a standardized variable list.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The average response rate for mailed physician questionnaires was 61 percent. The average response rate for large sample surveys (> 1,000 observations) was 52 percent. In addition, only 44 percent of the abstracted articles reported a discussion of response bias, and only 54 percent reported any type of follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS: (1) Response rates have remained somewhat constant over time, and (2) researchers need to document the efforts used to increase response rates to mailed physician questionnaires.
Aging-Induced Dynamics for Statically Indeterminate System
Creators: name: Lin, Jr-Jiun
name: Cheng, Chi-Chun
name: Cheng, Yu-Chuan
name: Tsai, Jih-Chiang
name: Hong, Tzay-Ming
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Statically indeterminate systems are experimentally demonstrated to be in fact dynamical at the microscopic scale. Take the classic ladder-wall problem, for instance. Depending on the Young's modulus of the wall, it may take up to twenty minutes before its weight saturates. This finding is shown to be shared by other statically indeterminate systems, such as a granule silo and a beam with three support points. We believe that the aging effect is responsible for this surprising phenomenon because it can be correlated with the evolution of microscopic contact area with the wall and floor. Finally, a heuristic and simple method is introduced that can uniquely determine and analytically solve the saturated weight without invoking detailed material properties.
description: 5 pages, 5 figures
Service delivery and community: social capital, service systems integration, and outcomes among homeless persons with severe mental illness.
Creators: name: Blasinsky, M
name: Randolph, F
name: Rosenheck, R
name: Lam, J
name: Stolar, M
name: Calloway, M
name: Johnsen, M
name: Morrissey, J
name: Goldman, H
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2001

description: OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the influence of features of community social environment and service system integration on service use, housing, and clinical outcomes among homeless people with serious mental illness.

STUDY SETTING: A one-year observational outcome study was conducted of homeless people with serious mental illness at 18 sites.

DATA SOURCES: Measures of community social environment (e.g., social capital) were based on local surveys and voting records. Housing affordability was assessed with housing survey data. Service system integration was assessed through interviews with key informants at each site to document interorganizational transactions. Standardized clinical measures were used to assess clinical and housing outcomes in face-to-face interviews.

RESEARCH DESIGN: Structural equation modeling was used to determine the relationship between (1) characteristics of the social environment (social capital, housing affordability); (2) the level of integration of the service system for persons who are homeless in each community; (3) access to and use of services by individual clients; and (4) successful exit from homelessness or clinical improvement.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Social capital was associated with greater service systems integration, which was associated in turn with greater access to assistance from a public housing agency and to a greater probability of exiting from homelessness at 12 months. Housing affordability also predicted exit from homelessness. Neither environmental factors nor systems integration predicted outcomes for psychiatric problems, substance abuse, employment, physical health, or income support.

CONCLUSION: Community social capital and service system integration are related through a series of direct and indirect pathways with better housing outcomes but not with superior clinical outcomes for homeless people with mental illness. Implications for designing improved service systems are discussed.
Care Through Family
Creators: name: Nursing Development Unit, Children's
name: North, Natasha
name: Leonard, Angela L
name: Bonaconsa, Candice
name: Coetzee, Minette
Publisher: name: University of Cape Town
Year: 2023
Subjects: classificationCode: 321302
subject: Infant and child health

description: The Care Through Family model is a research-based approach to strengthening partnerships between nurses and family caregivers. Mothers are an important resource for hospitalised children in Africa. Many nurses know this and organise nursing care accordingly. This project worked with nurses to describe and document their practice to create an African model of nursing care for hospitalised children.We have also published two open access articles describing the research that underpins the model:North N, Leonard A, Bonaconsa C, Duma T, Coetzee M. (2020). Distinctive nursing practices in working with mothers to care for hospitalised children at a district hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a descriptive observational study. BMC Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-00421-1North N, Sieberhagen S, Bonaconsa C, Leonard A, Coetzee M. (2019). Making children’s nursing practices visible: using visual and participatory techniques to describe family involvement in the care of hospitalised children in southern African settings. International Journal of Qualitative Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919849324In this textbook chapter, we present the model alongside a case study of the Breatheasy Programme pioneered by Sr Jane Booth at the Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital in Cape Town. This programme makes it possible for children with tracheostomies in South Africa to be cared for at home with their families and is one of the case studies that informed development of the Care Through Family model:North N and Coetzee M. (2023). Breatheasy: a Nurse-led ‘Care Through Family’ Service Model. Chapter in Worldwide Successful Pediatric Nurse-Led Models of Care. Springer Nature. Edited by Cecily L. Betz.
New Pathways to the Relic Abundance of Vector-Portal Dark Matter
Creators: name: Fitzpatrick, Patrick J.
name: Liu, Hongwan
name: Slatyer, Tracy R.
name: Tsai, Yu-Dai
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We fully explore the thermal freezeout histories of a vector-portal dark matter model, in the region of parameter space in which the ratio of masses of the dark photon $A^{\prime}$ and dark matter $χ$ is in the range $1 \lesssim m_{A^{\prime}}/m_χ \lesssim 2$. In this region $2 \rightarrow 2$ and $3 \rightarrow 2$ annihilation processes within the dark sector, as well as processes that transfer energy between the dark sector and the Standard Model, play important roles in controlling the thermal freezeout of the dark matter. We carefully track the temperatures of all species, relaxing the assumption of previous studies that the dark and Standard Model sectors remain in thermal equilibrium throughout dark matter freezeout. Our calculations reveal a rich set of novel pathways which lead to the observed relic density of dark matter, and we develop a simple analytic understanding of these different regimes. The viable parameter space in our model provides a target for future experiments searching for light (MeV-GeV) dark matter, and includes regions where the dark matter self-interaction cross section is large enough to affect the small-scale structure of galaxies.
description: 36 pages, 18 figures, comments welcome
Renormalisation of Newton's constant
Creators: name: Falls, Kevin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The problem of obtaining a gauge independent beta function for Newton's constant is addressed. By a specific parameterisation of metric fluctuations a gauge independent functional integral is constructed for the semiclassical theory around an arbitrary Einstein space. The effective action then has the property that only physical polarisations of the graviton contribute, while all other modes cancel with the functional measure. We are then able to compute a gauge independent beta function for Newton's constant in $d$-dimensions to one-loop order. No Landau pole is present provided $N_g < 18$, where $N_g = d(d-3)/2$ is the number of polarisations of the graviton. While adding a large number of matter fields can change this picture, the absence of a pole persists for the particle content of the standard model in four spacetime dimensions.
description: v3: Conforms to PRD version. New section on parameterisation independence of Newtonian potential added. Extended discussion of the beta function in 2 + epsilon dimensions
Gender differences in the determinants of mature entrepreneurship? The case of Germany
Creators: name: Gordo, Laura Romeu
name: Stypińska, Justyna
name: Franke, Annette
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: mature entrepreneurship
subject: self-employed workers
subject: female entrepreneurs
subject: gender
subject: small business
subject: 300 Sozialwissenschaften::300 Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie::301 Soziologie, Anthropologie

description: Mature female entrepreneurs represent a non-traditional model of self-employed workers in both ways: in terms of gender and age. The transition into self-employment for women aged 45 years and older represents a topic of aging research that still tends to be overlooked. Previous studies found ambivalent results for the issue regarding motives and entrepreneurial pathways between former employmen or unemployment–and starting one's own business and the ways in which these entrepreneurial activities are shaped by social differences (such as gender) and biographically accumulated resources and restrictions. This article studies biographical-related factors and motivations that determine what is variously referred to as mature entrepreneurship for men and women aged 45 and above. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), the descriptive analysis explains the main gender differences among people within the target age group who have taken the step into self-employment. The multivariate analysis interrogates the main determinants that govern any increase in the probability of becoming self-employed after the age of 45 and seeks to identify the main differences between women and men in relation to such determinants. The results show substantial gender-based occupational segregation in entrepreneurship patterns in this age group, with men working longer hours on average than women and enjoying higher average earnings. However, the multivariate analysis shows that the main drivers for mature entrepreneurship are similar for both men and women and that necessity represents an important factor for everyone for starting a business.
Issues in Conducting Randomized Controlled Trials of Health Services Research Interventions in Nonacademic Practice Settings: The Case of Retail Pharmacies
Creators: name: Brewer, Nancy
name: Lykens, Michael
name: Weinberger, Morris
name: Marrero, David G.
name: Tierney, William M.
name: Collins, Joyce
name: Harris, Lisa E.
name: Murray, Michael D.
name: Jeffrey Newell, A.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: To describe unexpected challenges and strategies to overcome them when conducting randomized controlled trials (RCT) of health services research interventions in retail pharmacies.
Nurse Staffing and Postsurgical Adverse Events: An Analysis of Administrative Data from a Sample of U.S. Hospitals, 1990-1996
Creators: name: Chunliu, Zhan
name: Peter, J. Gergen
name: Cheryl, Jones
name: Christine, Kovner
name: Jayasree, Basu
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2002

description: To examine the impact of nurse staffing on selected adverse events hypothesized to be sensitive to nursing care between 1990 and 1996, after controlling for hospital characteristics.
Linking to the ERGA Pilot BioProject in European Nucleotide Archive
Creators: name: Alioto, Tyler S.
name: Cartney, Ann M. Mc
name: Shaw, Felix
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023

description: This document contains guidelines to aid participants of the ERGA Pilot Project Pilot Project in linking their genomics data to the ERGA Pilot Project BioProject in the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA).
On Delta for parameterized Curve Singularities
Creators: name: Greuel, Gert-Martin
name: Pfister, Gerhard
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: Commutative Algebra (math.AC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We consider families of parameterizations of reduced curve singularities over a Noetherian base scheme and prove that the delta invariant is semicontinuous. In our setting, each curve singularity in the family is the image of a parameterization and not the fiber of a morphism. The problem came up in connection with the right-left classification of parameterizations of curve singularities defined over a field of positive characteristic. We prove a bound for right-left determinacy of a parameterization in terms of delta and the semicontinuity theorem provides a simultaneous bound for the determinacy in a family. The fact that the base space can be an arbitrary Noetherian scheme causes some difficulties but is (not only) of interest for computational purposes.
Understanding Biased Selection in Medicare HMOs
Creators: name: Mello, Michelle M.
name: Stearns, Sally C.
name: Norton, Edward C.
name: Ricketts, Thomas C.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2003

description: To investigate the extent of favorable health maintenance organization (HMO) selection for a longitudinal cohort of Medicare beneficiaries, examine whether the extent of favorable selection varies with the degree of Medicare HMO market penetration in a county, and explain conflicting findings in the literature on favorable HMO selection.
A New Multi-Energy Neutrino Radiation-Hydrodynamics Code in Full General Relativity and Its Application to Gravitational Collapse of Massive Stars
Creators: name: Kuroda, Takami
name: Takiwaki, Tomoya
name: Kotake, Kei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a new multi-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics code for massive stellar core-collapse in full general relativity (GR). Employing an M1 analytical closure scheme, we solve spectral neutrino transport of the radiation energy and momentum based on a truncated moment formalism. Regarding neutrino opacities, we take into account a baseline set in state-of-the-art simulations, in which inelastic neutrinoelectron scattering, thermal neutrino production via pair annihilation and nucleonnucleon bremsstrahlung are included. While the Einstein field equations and the spatial advection terms in the radiation-hydrodynamics equations are evolved explicitly, the source terms due to neutrino-matter interactions and energy shift in the radiation moment equations are integrated implicitly by an iteration method. To verify our code, we first perform a series of standard radiation tests with analytical solutions that include the check of gravitational redshift and Doppler shift. A good agreement in these tests supports the reliability of the GR multi-energy neutrino transport scheme. We then conduct several test simulations of core-collapse, bounce, and shock-stall of a 15Msun star in the Cartesian coordinates and make a detailed comparison with published results. Our code performs quite well to reproduce the results of full-Boltzmann neutrino transport especially before bounce. In the postbounce phase, our code basically performs well, however, there are several differences that are most likely to come from the insufficient spatial resolution in our current 3D-GR models. For clarifying the resolution dependence and extending the code comparison in the late postbounce phase, we discuss that next-generation Exaflops-class supercomputers are at least needed.
description: 61 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication in ApJS
A Longitudinal Examination of Hospital Registered Nurse Staffing and Quality of Care
Creators: name: Xu, Yihua
name: Harless, David W.
name: McCue, Michael
name: Mark, Barbara A.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: To evaluate previous research findings of the relationship between nurse staffing and quality of care by examining the effects of change in registered nurse staffing on change in quality of care.
Differences in mortality in Switzerland by citizenship during the first and second COVID-19 waves: Analysis of death statistics
Creators: name: Plümecke, Tino
name: Mikosch, Heiner
name: Mohrenberg, Steffen
name: Supik, Linda
name: Bartram, Isabelle
name: Ellebrecht, Nils
name: Zur Nieden, Andrea
name: Schnieder, Laura
name: Schönberger, Hannah
name: Schulze-Marmeling, Charlotte
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: COVID-19
subject: migration
subject: Switzerland
subject: death rates
subject: vulnerable groups
subject: age groups
subject: 300 Sozialwissenschaften::300 Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie::300 Sozialwissenschaften

description: Background: Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, it became apparent that members of marginalized populations and immigrants were also at risk of being hospitalized and dying more frequently from COVID-19. To examine how the pandemic affected underserved and marginalized populations, we analyzed data on changes in the number of deaths among people with and without Swiss citizenship during the first and second SARS-CoV-2 waves. Method: We analyzed the annual number of deaths from the Swiss Federal Statistical Office from 2015 to 2020, and weekly data from January 2020 to May 2021 on deaths of permanent residents with and without Swiss citizenship, and we differentiated the data through subdivision into age groups. Results: People without Swiss citizenship show a higher increase in the number of deaths in 2020 than those who were Swiss citizens. The increase in deaths compared to the previous year was almost twice as high for people without Swiss citizenship (21.8%) as for those with it (11.4%). The breakdown by age group indicates that among people between the ages of 64 and 75, those without Swiss citizenship exhibited an increase in mortality (21.6%) that was four times higher than that for people with Swiss citizenship (4.7%). Conclusion: This study confirms that a highly specialized health care system, as is found in Switzerland, does not sufficiently guarantee that all parts of the population will be equally protected in a health crisis such as COVID-19.
Response of polygenic traits under stabilising selection and mutation when loci have unequal effects
Creators: name: Jain, Kavita
name: Stephan, Wolfgang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: We consider an infinitely large population under stabilising selection and mutation in which the allelic effects determining a polygenic trait vary between loci. We obtain analytical expressions for the stationary genetic variance as a function of the distribution of effects, mutation rate and selection coefficient. We also study the dynamics of the allele frequencies, focussing on short-term evolution of the phenotypic mean as it approaches the optimum after an environmental change. We find that when most effects are small, the genetic variance does not change appreciably during adaptation, and the time until the phenotypic mean reaches the optimum is short if the number of loci is large. However, when most effects are large, the change of the variance during the adaptive process cannot be neglected. In this case, the short-term dynamics may be described by that of a single locus of large effect. Our results may be used to understand polygenic selection driving rapid adaptation.
Communities and Hospitals: Social Capital, Community Accountability, and Service Provision in U.S. Community Hospitals
Creators: name: Lee, Shoou-Yih D.
name: Weiner, Bryan J.
name: Chen, Wendy L.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: The study related community social capital to the level of community accountability and provision of community-oriented services in U.S. community hospitals.
Direct Energy Minimization Based on Exponential Transformation in Density Functional Calculations of Finite and Extended Systems
Creators: name: Ivanov, Aleksei V.
name: Jónsson, Elvar Ö.
name: Vegge, Tejs
name: Jónsson, Hannes
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The energy minimization involved in density functional calculations of electronic systems can be carried out using an exponential transformation that preserves the orthonormality of the orbitals. The energy of the system is then represented as a function of the elements of a skew-Hermitian matrix that can be optimized directly using unconstrained minimization methods. An implementation based on the limited memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno approach with inexact line search and a preconditioner is presented and the performance compared with that of the commonly used self-consistent field approach. Results are presented for the G2 set of 148 molecules, liquid water configurations with up to 576 molecules and some insulating crystals. A general preconditioner is presented that is applicable to systems with fractional orbital occupation as is, for example, needed in the k-point sampling for periodic systems. This exponential transformation direct minimization approach is found to outperform the standard implementation of the self-consistent field approach in that all the calculations converge with the same set of parameter values and it requires less computational effort on average. The formulation of the exponential transformation and the gradients of the energy presented here are quite general and can be applied to energy functionals that are not unitary invariant such as self-interaction corrected functionals.
Direct Observations of Plasma Upflows and Condensation in a Catastrophically Cooling Solar Transition Region Loop
Creators: name: Orange, N. B.
name: Chesny, D. L.
name: Oluseyi, H. M.
name: Hesterly, K.
name: Patel, M.
name: Champey, P. R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Minimal observational evidence exists for fast transition region (TR) upflows in the presence of cool loops. Observations of such occurrences challenge notions of standard solar atmospheric heating models, as well as their description of bright TR emission. Using the {\it EUV Imaging Spectrometer} (EIS) onboard {\it Hinode}, we observe fast upflows ($v_λ$\,$\le$\,$-$10 km s$^{-1}$) over multiple TR temperatures (5.8\,$\le$\,$\log T$\,$\le$ 6.0) at the footpoint sites of a cool loop ($\log T$\,$\le$\,6.0). Prior to cool loop energizing, asymmetric flows of $+$\,5 km s$^{-1}$ and $-$\,60 km s$^{-1}$ are observed at footpoint sites. These flows speeds and patterns occur simultaneously with both magnetic flux cancellation (at site of upflows only) derived from the {\it Solar Dynamics Observatory}'s (SDOs) { \it Helioseismic Magnetic Imager}'s (HMI) line-of-sight magnetogram images, and a 30\% mass in-flux at coronal heights. The incurred non-equilibrium structure of the cool loop leads to a catastrophic cooling event, with subsequent plasma evaporation indicating the TR as the heating site. From the magnetic flux evolution we conclude that magnetic reconnection between the footpoint and background field are responsible for observed fast TR plasma upflows.
description: 10 pages, 8 figures
Cost Shifting to Jails after a Change to Managed Mental Health Care
Creators: name: Morrissey, Joseph P.
name: Domino, Marisa Elena
name: Norton, Edward C.
name: Thakur, Neil
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: To determine whether managed mental health care for Medicaid enrollees in King County, Washington, has led to indirect cost-shifting to substitute treatments, such as jails and state mental hospitals that are free goods to providers.