cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Generalized optical theorems for the reconstruction of Green's function of an inhomogeneous elastic medium
Creators: name: Margerin, Ludovic
name: Sato, Haruo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Geophysics (physics.geo-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This paper investigates the reconstruction of elastic Green's function from the cross-correlation of waves excited by random noise in the context of scattering theory. Using a general operator equation, -the resolvent formula-, Green's function reconstruction is established when the noise sources satisfy an equipartition condition. In an inhomogeneous medium, the operator formalism leads to generalized forms of optical theorem involving the off-shell $T$-matrix of elastic waves, which describes scattering in the near-field. The role of temporal absorption in the formulation of the theorem is discussed. Previously established symmetry and reciprocity relations involving the on-shell $T$-matrix are recovered in the usual far-field and infinitesimal absorption limits. The theory is applied to a point scattering model for elastic waves. The $T$-matrix of the point scatterer incorporating all recurrent scattering loops is obtained by a regularization procedure. The physical significance of the point scatterer is discussed. In particular this model satisfies the off-shell version of the generalized optical theorem. The link between equipartition and Green's function reconstruction in a scattering medium is discussed.
From Exploration to Mastery: The Core of Reinforcement Learning
Creators: name: Anh-Quan, Pham
name: Van-Dinh, Nguyen
Publisher: name: VinUniversity
Year: 2023
Subjects: Reinforcement Learning
Markov Decision Process
Q-Learning
Deep RL
Function Approximation
Policy Gradient
Exploration vs Exploitation
Bandits
Imitation Learning
Autonomous Agents

description: This independent study report offers a comprehensive overview of reinforcement learning (RL), one of the most dynamic areas in artificial intelligence. The work explores foundational concepts such as Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), value functions, and policy optimization, as well as modern techniques including Deep Q-Learning, policy gradients, and imitation learning.

This study presents a structured understanding of both model-based and model-free RL. It covers core challenges such as the exploration-exploitation trade-off, function approximation, generalization, and convergence. Though theoretical in focus, the report includes illustrative examples and mathematical formulations aimed at equipping readers with both clarity and depth in the field of RL.

This work serves as a foundational guide for students, researchers, and practitioners seeking to understand or apply RL techniques to complex decision-making problems in areas like robotics, gaming, finance, and beyond.
The Dynamics of Social Inequalities in the Present World
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Economics
Equality
Income distribution

description: It is apparent that not only are there high levels of inequalities within most countries, but those inequalities have been growing over time. They are much larger today that they were a third of a century ago. It is also clear that there is far from equal opportunity: the life prospects of children of rich and well-educated parents are far better than those with poor and less well-educated parents. Indeed, in the US, it appears that the prospects of a child from an underprivileged family that does well in school are poorer than that of a child from a well-off family that does not perform well in school. At one time, economists and other social scientists tried to justify these inequities through the marginal productivity theory, which says that individuals’ incomes correspond to their social contributions to society. Even a cursory look at the data shows that none of the individuals who have made the greatest contributions to our society, say through the inventions of the laser or the transistor or the discovery of DNA, are among the richest. And among the richest are many who got their money from the exploitation of market power and/or political connections. In this essay, I discuss the dynamics of social inequalities at three levels—the global macro, at the forces shaping the dynamics of the distribution of income across countries; the country-macro, at the forces shaping the dynamics of the distribution of income within a country; and at the micro—the forces shaping the dynamics of individuals’ opportunities. The central thesis of this short paper is that to understand the dynamics of social inequality at any of these levels, though the competitive model may provide a useful benchmark, it is departures from that benchmark that are really driving the changes in inequalities today.
Candidate z~8-9 Galaxies from WFC3 Imaging
Creators: name: Lorenzoni, Silvio
name: Bunker, Andrew
name: Wilkins, Stephen
name: Stanway, Elizabeth
name: Jarvis, Matt
name: Caruana, Joseph
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a search for galaxies at 7.6
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Virial Theorem and Hypervirial Theorem in a spherical geometry
Creators: name: Li, Yan
name: Zhang, Fu-Lin
name: Chen, Jing-Ling
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Virial Theorem in the one- and two-dimensional spherical geometry are presented, in both classical and quantum mechanics. Choosing a special class of Hypervirial operators, the quantum Hypervirial relations in the spherical spaces are obtained. With the aid of the Hellmann-Feynman Theorem, these relations can be used to formulate a \emph{perturbation theorem without wave functions}, corresponding to the Hypervirial-Hellmann-Feynman Theorem perturbation theorem of Euclidean geometry. The one-dimensional harmonic oscillator and two-dimensional Coulomb system in the spherical spaces are given as two sample examples to illustrate the perturbation method.
description: 13 pages 1 fig
Economic Justice in America: Fifty Years After the Kerner Report
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Economics
Income distribution
Racism--Economic aspects
Racism

description: President Trump ran on a platform of “Make America Great Again.” A familiar retort was that America was still great. But it was not as great as it could be. Its greatness arises not so much from its military power, but from its soft power and its economic power. In today’s world, America’s continued racism undermines that soft power and our overall economic performance. The warning of the Kerner Commission is as relevant today as it was then: “Our Nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal.” That kind of society will not be a beacon to the world and that kind of economy will not flourish. Everyone will lose if we continue in that direction. An alternative world is possible. But fifty years of struggle has shown us how difficult it is to achieve that alternative vision.
A de Sitter Farey Tail
Creators: name: Castro, Alejandra
name: Lashkari, Nima
name: Maloney, Alexander
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider quantum Einstein gravity in three dimensional de Sitter space. The Euclidean path integral is formulated as a sum over geometries, including both perturbative loop corrections and non-perturbative instanton corrections coming from geometries with non-trivial topology. These non-trivial geometries have a natural physical interpretation. Conventional wisdom states that the sphere is the unique Euclidean continuation of de Sitter space. However, when considering physics only in the causal patch of a single observer other Euclidean geometries, in this case lens spaces, contribute to physical observables. This induces quantum gravitational effects which lead to deviations from the standard thermal behaviour obtained by analytic continuation from the three sphere. The sum over these geometries can be formulated as a sum over cosets of the modular group; this is the de Sitter analog of the celebrated "black hole Farey tail." We compute the vacuum partition function including the sum over these geometries. Perturbative quantum corrections are computed to all orders in perturbation theory using the relationship between Einstein gravity and Chern-Simons theory, which is checked explicitly at tree and one-loop level using heat kernel techniques. The vacuum partition function, including all instanton and perturbative corrections, is shown to diverge in a way which can not be regulated using standard field theory techniques.
description: 48 pages, 2 figures; v2: minor corrections
Homotopy Algebra Structures on Twisted Tensor Products and String Topology Operations
Creators: name: Miller, Micah
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Algebraic Topology (math.AT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 55P35, 55P50, 55R10, 57R19, 55U99

description: Given a $C_\infty$ coalgebra $C_*$, a strict dg Hopf algebra $H_*$, and a twisting cochain $τ:C_* \rightarrow H_*$ such that $Im(τ) \subset Prim(H_*)$, we describe a procedure for obtaining an $A_\infty$ coalgebra on $C_* \otimes H_*$. This is an extension of Brown's work on twisted tensor products. We apply this procedure to obtain an $A_\infty$ coalgebra model of the chains on the free loop space $LM$ based on the $C_\infty$ coalgebra structure of $H_*(M)$ induced by the diagonal map $M \rightarrow M \times M$ and the Hopf algebra model of the based loop space given by $T(H_*(M)[-1])$. When $C_*$ has cyclic $C_\infty$ coalgebra structure, we describe an $A_\infty$ algebra on $C_* \otimes H_*$. This is used to give an explicit (non-minimal) $A_\infty$ algebra model of the string topology loop product. Finally, we discuss a representation of the loop product in principal $G$-bundles.
description: 33 pages, 19 figures
Lessons from the Financial Crisis and their Implications for Global Economic Policy
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Economics
Econometric models
Financial crises
Economic policy

description: The 2008 global financial crisis was the most traumatic global economic event in three quarters of a century. It followed on a series of crises experienced around the world, including the East Asia crisis, the Mexican crisis, the Russian crisis, and the Latin American crisis. Crises seem to be a part of modern capitalism. Put simply: it is apparent that the post-World War II capitalist system is neither efficient nor stable—and it is increasingly apparent that it is also not equitable, marked as it is with growing inequality. The latter is not a surprise—economic theory never claimed that the distribution of incomes generated by the market would be socially acceptable; but the presumption among Western elites, and many citizens, was that the free market system was efficient and stable. They cited a large body of literature, from Adam Smith on, showing the efficiency of the market. To me, the major lessons of the global financial crisis were that the competitive equilibrium model was discredited, and there is an urgent need to create models and policies based on more realistic analyses of the economy. Had policymakers taken on board the developments in other strands of macro- and monetary economics—already going on before the crisis, but advancing significantly since then—they would have done more to prevent the crisis and would have been in a better position in responding to it. I illustrate this theme by looking at a series of policy positions that were central to macro-management in the years before the crisis. This essay is divided into three sections: In the first, I focus on domestic macro-management; in the second, I focus on macro-management in open economies; and in the third I turn to questions of global governance.
The Physics of the Colloidal Glass Transition
Creators: name: Hunter, Gary L.
name: Weeks, Eric R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: As one increases the concentration of a colloidal suspension, the system exhibits a dramatic increase in viscosity. Structurally, the system resembles a liquid, yet motions within the suspension are slow enough that it can be considered essentially frozen. This kinetic arrest is the colloidal glass transition. For several decades, colloids have served as a valuable model system for understanding the glass transition in molecular systems. The spatial and temporal scales involved allow these systems to be studied by a wide variety of experimental techniques. The focus of this review is the current state of understanding of the colloidal glass transition. A brief introduction is given to important experimental techniques used to study the glass transition in colloids. We describe features of colloidal systems near and in glassy states, including tremendous increases in viscosity and relaxation times, dynamical heterogeneity, and ageing, among others. We also compare and contrast the glass transition in colloids to that in molecular liquids. Other glassy systems are briefly discussed, as well as recently developed synthesis techniques that will keep these systems rich with interesting physics for years to come.
description: 56 pages, 18 figures, Review
Phytoseius guianensis De Leon 1965
Creators: name: Argolo, Poliane Sá
name: Vital Santos, Renata M.
name: Leão Bittencourt, Maria A.
name: Da Silva Noronha, Aloyséia C.
name: De Moraes, Gilberto J.
name: Oliveira, Anibal Ramadan
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Mesostigmata
Phytoseiidae
Phytoseius
Phytoseius guianensis

description: Phytoseius guianensis De Leon, 1965
 Phytoseius (Pennaseius) guianensis De Leon, 1965b: 18.
 Phytoseius guianensis.––Moraes et al., 2004: 239; Chant & McMurtry, 2007: 129. Records in Bahia: Phytoseius guianensis.–– Fiaboe et al., 2007: 6; Moraes & McMurtry, 1983: 144; Moraes et al., 1993: 80.
description: Published as part of Argolo, Poliane Sá, Vital Santos, Renata M., Leão Bittencourt, Maria A., Da Silva Noronha, Aloyséia C., De Moraes, Gilberto J. & Oliveira, Anibal Ramadan, 2017, Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) associated with tropical ornamental plants, with a checklist and a key to the species of Bahia, Brazil, pp. 345-364 in Zootaxa 4258 (4) on page 355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4258.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/570106
Local Electronic Structure around a Single Impurity as a Test of Pairing Symmetry in (K,Tl)Fe$_{x}$Se$_{\rm 2}$ Superconductors
Creators: name: Zhu, Jian-Xin
name: Yu, Rong
name: Balatsky, A. V.
name: Si, Qimiao
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have studied the effect of a single nonmagnetic impurity in the recently discovered (K,Tl)Fe$_x$Se$_2$ superconductors, within both a toy two-band model and a more realistic five-band model. We have found that, out of five types of pairing symmetry under consideration, only the $d_{x^2-y^2}$-wave pairing gives rise to impurity resonance states. The intra-gap states have energies far away from the Fermi energy. The existence of these intra-gap states is robust against the presence or absence of inter-band scattering. However, the inter-band scattering does tune the relative distribution of local density of states at the resonance states. All these features can readily be accessed by STM experiments, and are proposed as a means to test pairing symmetry of the new superconductors.
description: 4+ pages, 4 eps figures, revised version. To appear in Physical Review Letters
Brown representability often fails for homotopy categories of complexes
Creators: name: Modoi, George Ciprian
name: Stovicek, Jan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Category Theory (math.CT)
subject: Algebraic Topology (math.AT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 18G35 (Primary), 16D90, 55U35 (Secondary)

description: We show that for the homotopy category K(Ab) of complexes of abelian groups, both Brown representability and Brown representability for the dual fail. We also provide an example of a localizing subcategory of K(Ab) for which the inclusion into K(Ab) does not have a right adjoint.
description: 9 pages; version 2: minor changes, references added and updated, Remark 11 on the existence of product generators added
Sharp changes of solar wind ion flux and density within and outside current sheets
Creators: name: Khabarova, Olga
name: Zastenker, Georgy
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Analysis of the Interball-1 spacecraft data (1995-2000) has shown that the solar wind ion flux sometimes increases or decreases abruptly by more than 20% over a time period of several seconds or minutes. Typically, the amplitude of such sharp changes in the solar wind ion flux (SCIFs) is larger than 0.5x10^8 cm^-2 s^-1. These sudden changes of the ion flux were also observed by the Solar Wind Experiment (SWE), on board the WIND spacecraft, as the solar wind density increases and decreases with negligible changes in the solar wind velocity. SCIFs occur irregularly at 1 AU, when plasma flows with specific properties come to the Earth's orbit. SCIFs are usually observed in slow, turbulent solar wind with increased density and interplanetary magnetic field strength. The number of times SCIFs occur during a day is simulated using the solar wind density, magnetic field, and their standard deviations as input parameters for a period of 5 years. A correlation coefficient of ~0.7 is obtained between the modelled and the experimental data. It is found that SCIFs are not associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs), corotating interaction regions (CIRs), or interplanetary shocks; however, 85% of the sector boundaries are surrounded by SCIFs. The properties of the solar wind plasma for days with 5 or more SCIF observations are the same as those of the solar wind plasma at the sector boundaries. One possible explanation for the occurrence of SCIFs (near sector boundaries) is magnetic reconnection at the heliospheric current sheet or local current sheets. Other probable causes of SCIFs (inside sectors) are turbulent processes in the slow solar wind and at the crossings of flux tubes.
description: 33 pages, 8 figures, 6 tables, Solar Physics 2011, in press
Orientational order and glassy states in networks of semiflexible polymers
Creators: name: Kiemes, Martin
name: Benetatos, Panayotis
name: Zippelius, Annette
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Motivated by the structure of networks of cross-linked cytoskeletal biopolymers, we study the orientationally ordered phases in two-dimensional networks of randomly cross-linked semiflexible polymers. We consider permanent cross-links which prescribe a finite angle and treat them as quenched disorder in a semi-microscopic replica field theory. Starting from a fluid of un-cross-linked polymers and small polymer clusters (sol) and increasing the cross-link density, a continuous gelation transition occurs. In the resulting gel, the semiflexible chains either display long range orientational order or are frozen in random directions depending on the value of the crossing angle, the crosslink concentration and the stiffness of the polymers. A crossing angle $θ\sim 2π/M$ leads to long range $M$-fold orientational order, e.g., "hexatic" or "tetratic" for $θ=60^{\circ}$ or $90^{\circ}$, respectively. The transition is discontinuous and the critical cross-link density depends on the bending stiffness of the polymers and the cross-link geometry: the higher the stiffness and the lower $M$, the lower the critical number of cross-links. In between the sol and the long range ordered state, we always observe a gel which is a statistically isotropic amorphous solid (SIAS) with random positional and random orientational localization of the participating polymers.
description: 20 pages, added references, minor changes, final version as published in PRE
Phytoseius latinus El-Banhawy 1984
Creators: name: Argolo, Poliane Sá
name: Vital Santos, Renata M.
name: Leão Bittencourt, Maria A.
name: Da Silva Noronha, Aloyséia C.
name: De Moraes, Gilberto J.
name: Oliveira, Anibal Ramadan
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Mesostigmata
Phytoseiidae
Phytoseius
Phytoseius latinus

description: Phytoseius latinus El-Banhawy, 1984
 Phytoseius latinus El-Banhawy, 1984: 141.
 Phytoseius latinus.––Moraes et al., 2004: 217; Chant & McMurtry, 2007: 129. Record in Bahia: Souza et al., 2015: 104.
description: Published as part of Argolo, Poliane Sá, Vital Santos, Renata M., Leão Bittencourt, Maria A., Da Silva Noronha, Aloyséia C., De Moraes, Gilberto J. & Oliveira, Anibal Ramadan, 2017, Phytoseiid mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) associated with tropical ornamental plants, with a checklist and a key to the species of Bahia, Brazil, pp. 345-364 in Zootaxa 4258 (4) on page 355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4258.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/570106
Entanglement classes of symmetric Werner states
Creators: name: Lyons, David W.
name: Walck, Scott N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The symmetric Werner states for $n$ qubits, important in the study of quantum nonlocality and useful for applications in quantum information, have a surprisingly simple and elegant structure in terms of tensor products of Pauli matrices. Further, each of these states forms a unique local unitary equivalence class, that is, no two of these states are interconvertible by local unitary operations.
description: 4 pages, 1 table, additional references in version 2, revised abstract and introduction in version 3, small clarifications for published version in version 4
Distinguishing spins at the LHC using bound state signals
Creators: name: Kahawala, Dilani
name: Kats, Yevgeny
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A pair of new colored particles produced near the threshold can form a bound state and then annihilate into standard model particles. In this paper we show how the bound state signals can distinguish between two scenarios that have similar particle content and interactions but different spins, such as the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) and universal extra dimensions (UED). We find, for example, that bound states of KK gluons (KK gluonia) have an order of magnitude larger cross sections than gluinonia and they may be detectable as resonances in the $b\bar b$, $t\bar t$ or $γγ$ channels if the KK gluon is very light and sufficiently long-lived. KK gluonia can be distinguished from gluinonia by their much larger cross sections and distinct angular distributions. Similarly, KK quarkonia can be distinguished from squarkonia by the size of their diphoton cross section and by their dilepton signals. Since many of our results are largely determined by gauge interactions, they will be useful for many other new physics scenarios as well.
description: 42 pages, 20 figures; v2: added minor clarifications and references; published version
Addressing Inequality: Education for the Information Age
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Economics
Education
Income distribution
Equality

description: Today's economy is markedly different from that when I was a student at Amherst, a little over fifty years ago. Four interrelated changes stand out: we've moved from a manufacturing economy to an economy based on services, knowledge, and innovation; it is a more globalized economy, with movement of people, goods, services, capital, and knowledge across borders beyond anything that we could have imagined; it is a more dynamic economy, with people frequently changing jobs and homes; and it is a far more unequal society. We've become more divided and more polarized, with income disparities that are far greater than they were in the period after World War II.
Report of the High-Level Commission on Carbon Prices
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
name: Stern, Nicholas
name: Duan, Maosheng
name: Edenhofer, Ottmar
name: Giraud, Gaël
name: Heal, Geoffrey M.
name: La Rovere, Emilio Lèbre
name: Morris, Adele
name: Moyer, Elisabeth
name: Pangestu, Mari
name: Shukla, Priyadarshi R.
name: Sokona, Youba
name: Winkler, Harald
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Economics
Carbon dioxide mitigation
Carbon taxes
Environmental impact charges
Environmental policy--Economic aspects

description: The purpose of this Commission is to explore explicit carbon-pricing options and levels that would induce the change in behaviors— particularly in those driving the investments in infrastructure, technology, and equipment—needed to deliver on the temperature objective of the Paris Agreement, in a way that fosters economic growth and development, as expressed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This report does not focus on the estimation and evaluation of the climate change impacts that would be avoided by reducing carbon emissions. While the Commission also covers other policies relevant and important to carbon-pricing design and delivery on the Paris agreement, its primary focus is on pricing. This report has been prepared based on the Commission’s assessment of the available evidence and literature as well as on its members’ judgment, developed through their extensive international policy experience. While the commissioners are in broad agreement on the overall thrust of the arguments presented in the report, they may not necessarily support every single assertion and conclusion.
Universal phase structure of dilute Bose gases with Rashba spin-orbit coupling
Creators: name: Gopalakrishnan, Sarang
name: Lamacraft, Austen
name: Goldbart, Paul M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A Bose gas subject to a light-induced Rashba spin-orbit coupling possesses a dispersion minimum on a circle in momentum space; we show that kinematic constraints due to this dispersion cause interactions to renormalize to universal, angle-dependent values that govern the phase structure in the dilute-gas limit. We find that, regardless of microscopic interactions, (a) the ground state involves condensation at two opposite momenta, and is, in finite systems, a fragmented condensate; and (b) there is a nonzero-temperature instability toward the condensation of pairs of bosons. We discuss how our results can be reconciled with the qualitatively different mean-field phase diagram, which is appropriate for dense gases.
description: 5 pages, 2 figures
"Fourth industrial Revolution", distributed production, end of a world or new cycle? A volatile model.
Creators: name: Liebart, Deborah
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: distributed production, fourth industrial revolution, automation,

description: "In the actual public debate, the prevalent perception seems to be that the substituability of humans by machines reaches a new and unprecedented level. Such fears have been fulled by a study conducted by Frey ans Osborne (2013) that tries to estimate the susceptibility of employment to automation. The study suggests that 47 % of all persons employed in the US are working in jobs that could be performed by computers and algorithms, within the next 10 to 20 years, while Brzeski and Burk (2015) estimate the share of jobs at risk of automation to be as high as 59 % in Germany. Bowles (2014) finds the share of jobs that are susceptible to automation in Europe, to range between 45 to more than 60 %»…

Artificial intelligence to "replace humans " (?), profound socio-economic changes, democratization of the means of production, development of counterfeiting, questioning about intellectual property..., this "fourth industrial Revolution", agile, flexible, redesigns established codes by redefining our perception of work, by reshaping entrepreneurial and consumption models...
Industrial Policy, Learning and Development
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Economics
Industrial policy
Economic development
Learning
Sustainable development

description: Industrial policies have played an important role in successful economic development in countries. Through these policies, governments intervene in the market’s sectoral allocation of resources and choice of technologies. Earlier industrial policies had a narrow remit and made use of a limited number of instruments. This chapter argues that governments should pursue broader objectives and use a wider range of instruments. In particular, it argues that ‘learning’ (including learning by doing and learning to learn) is central to development, that there are intrinsic market failures associated with learning, and that carefully crafted industrial policies can promote both learning and development.
The Measurement of Wealth: Recessions, Sustainability and Inequality
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: Economics
Macroeconomics
Wealth
Economic development
Economics--Statistical methods

description: This chapter considers two central problems in our statistical frameworks which impair the ability to use wealth to assess economic sustainability or the impacts of economic downturns. Some increases in wealth may reflect increased economic rents—in particular, land and exploitation rents—and their capitalized value, unrelated to an increase in the productive capacity of the economy. Another major problem in our wealth accounts is the “missing capital” required to explain the marked decrease in economic output, at the time of the recession and in the years following, that cannot be fully accounted for by a decrease in measured inputs. When account is taken of this missing capital, the adverse effects of austerity appear much greater than suggested by the standard national income accounts.
Characterization of linear friction welded in-service Inconel 718 superalloy
Creators: name: Smith, Mathew MacMaster
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2017

description: The focus of this thesis was to study the suitability of the linear friction welding (LFWing) process to manufacture or repair of Inconel® 718 superalloy (IN 718) aero engine BLISKs. This was achieved by simulating a LFW joint made of virgin (V) and in-service (IS) (from samples extracted from an actual turbine disk) IN 718 material. An in-depth microstructural characterization of the V and IS material in the as-received, as-welded and post weld heat treated (PWHT) conditions was carried out. Quantitative analysis of the phase constituents, such as the δ phase, MC-type carbides, MN-type nitrides and the γ grain size of the as-welded and PWHT samples was performed using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. Mechanical testing also revealed that variation in the γ grain size, as well as the distribution and the volume fraction of the precipitates had a significant impact on the alloy’s hardness and tensile properties. Defect analysis of the as-welded samples revealed that the weld interface was free of oxides, voids, contamination and liquation of secondary phases (e.g., carbides and Laves phases). Grain refinement of the γ grains was observed at the weld interface and was related to the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization during the LFWing process. Quantitative analysis of the residual strains and stresses in the as-received, as-welded and PWHT samples was achieved using the neutron diffraction technique. The results revealed that careful selection of the beam gauge volume and stress-free lattice spacing were essential for accurate stress analysis. The results suggested the residual stress increased in magnitude from the base metal and reached a peak at the weld interface. The peak magnitudes of the residual stresses were below the yield strength of IN 718. The results of this work are of significant importance when developing manufacturing and repair processes for IN 718 material components.
Spectral dependence of photoinduced spin precession in DyFeO3
Creators: name: Iida, Ryugo
name: Satoh, Takuya
name: Shimura, Tsutomu
name: Kuroda, Kazuo
name: Ivanov, B. A.
name: Tokunaga, Yusuke
name: Tokura, Yoshinori
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Spin precession was nonthermally induced by an ultrashort laser pulse in orthoferrite DyFeO3 with a pump-probe technique. Both circularly and linearly polarized pulses led to spin precessions; these phenomena are interpreted as the inverse Faraday effect and the inverse Cotton-Mouton effect, respectively. For both cases, the same mode of spin precession was excited; the precession frequencies and polarization were the same, but the phases of oscillations were different. We have shown theoretically and experimentally that the analysis of phases can distinguish between these two mechanisms. We have demonstrated experimentally that in the visible region, the inverse Faraday effect was dominant, whereas the inverse Cotton-Mouton effect became relatively prominent in the near-infrared region.
description: 27 pages, 8 figures
Understanding the X-ray luminosity function of high mass X-ray binaries
Creators: name: Bhadkamkar, Harshal
name: Ghosh, Pranab
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: High mass X-ray binary luminosity function (XLF) is an important tool for studying binary evolution processes and also the mass loss and consequent evolution in massive stars. We calculate the XLF for neutron star binaries using the standard scenario for formation and evolution of these systems. A one to one relation between primordial binary parameters and the HMXB parameters is established. The probability density function is then transformed using the standard Jacobian formalism. It is shown that the model successfully explains some basic properties of the observed XLF.
description: "Binary Star Evolution: Mass Loss, Accretion, and Mergers". Mykonos, Greece. June 2010
Phases of a two dimensional large N gauge theory on a torus
Creators: name: Mandal, Gautam
name: Morita, Takeshi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider two-dimensional large N gauge theory with D adjoint scalars on a torus, which is obtained from a D+2 dimensional pure Yang-Mills theory on T^{D+2} with D small radii. The two dimensional model has various phases characterized by the holonomy of the gauge field around non-contractible cycles of the 2-torus. We determine the phase boundaries and derive the order of the phase transitions using a method, developed in an earlier work (arxiv:0910.4526), which is nonperturbative in the 'tHooft coupling and uses a 1/D expansion. We embed our phase diagram in the more extensive phase structure of the D+2 dimensional Yang-Mills theory and match with the picture of a cascade of phase transitions found earlier in lattice calculations (arxiv:0710.0098). We also propose a dual gravity system based on a Scherk-Schwarz compactification of a D2 brane wrapped on a 3-torus and find a phase structure which is similar to the phase diagram found in the gauge theory calculation.
description: 28 pages (+ 17 pages of appendix + 6 pages of ref.); 8 figures; (v2) LaTeX Showkeys command deleted; (v3) refs and minor clarifications added; emphasized the new proposal for applying holography to nonsupersymmetric gauge theory; (v4) modified the arguments about holography; (v5) minor corrections, version appeared in PRD
Finite data-size scaling of clustering in earthquake networks
Creators: name: Abe, Sumiyoshi
name: Pasten, Denisse
name: Suzuki, Norikazu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Geophysics (physics.geo-ph)
subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Earthquake network is known to be of the small-world type. The values of the network characteristics, however, depend not only on the cell size (i.e., the scale of coarse graining needed for constructing the network) but also on the size of a seismic data set. Here, discovery of a scaling law for the clustering coefficient in terms of the data size, which is refereed to here as finite data-size scaling, is reported. Its universality is shown to be supported by the detailed analysis of the data taken from California, Japan and Iran. Effects of setting threshold of magnitude are also discussed.
description: 29 pages, 5 figures
Expected properties of the Two-Point Autocorrelation Function of the IGM
Creators: name: Ursino, Eugenio
name: Branchini, Enzo
name: Galeazzi, Massimiliano
name: Marulli, Federico
name: Moscardini, Lauro
name: Piro, Luigi
name: Roncarelli, Mauro
name: Takei, Yoh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent analyses of the fluctuations of the soft Diffuse X-ray Background (DXB) have provided indirect detection of a component consistent with the elusive Warm Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM). In this work we use theoretical predictions obtained from hydrodynamical simulations to investigate the angular correlation properties of the WHIM in emission and assess the possibility of indirect detection with next-generation X-ray missions. Our results indicate that the angular correlation signal of the WHIM is generally weak but dominates the angular correlation function of the DXB outside virialized regions. Its indirect detection is possible but requires rather long exposure times [0.1-1] Ms, large (~1° x1°) fields of view and accurate subtraction of isotropic fore/background contributions, mostly contributed by Galactic emission. The angular correlation function of the WHIM is positive for θ < 5' and provides limited information on its spatial distribution. A satisfactory characterization of the WHIM in 3D can be obtained through spatially resolved spectroscopy. 1 Ms long exposures with next generation detectors will allow to detect ~400 O VII+O VIII X-ray emission systems that we use to trace the spatial distribution of the WHIM. We predict that these observations will allow to estimate the WHIM correlation function with high statistical significance out to ~10 Mpc h^-1 and characterize its dynamical state through the analysis of redshift-space distortions. The detectable WHIM, which is typically associated with the outskirts of virialized regions rather than the filaments has a non-zero correlation function with slope γ = -1.7 \pm 0.1 and correlation length r0 = 4.0 \pm 0.1 Mpc h^-1 in the range r = [4.5, 12] Mpc h^-1. Redshift space distances can be measured to assess the dynamical properties of the gas, typically infalling onto large virialized structures.
description: 17 pages, 2 tables, 11 figures, Final version, accepted for publication on MNRAS
Towards a General Theory of Deep Downturns: Presidential Address from the 17th World Congress of the International Economic Association in 2014
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: Economics
Financial crises
Macroeconomics
Depressions
Monetary policy--Econometric models

description: Joseph Stiglitz examines the theory behind the economic downturns that have plagued our world in recent times. This fascinating three-part lecture acknowledges the failure of economic models to successfully predict the 2008 crisis and explores alternative models which, if adopted, could potentially restore a stable and prosperous economy.
Monopolistic Competition, the Dixit–Stiglitz Model, and Economic Analysis
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Economics
Monopolistic competition
Competition, Imperfect--Econometric models
Macroeconomics

description: I welcome this opportunity to provide a comment for this Special Issue of Research in Economics honoring forty years since the publication of the Dixit-Stiglitz 1977 paper. I have been pleased both by the way that our simple parameterization has provided a tool that others in a variety of sub-disciplines—growth theory, macro-economics, and international trade—have found so useful. In many ways, I am not surprised—indeed, I was aware of some of these possible applications at the time that we wrote the paper. As I noted in the essay I wrote on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of our paper (Stiglitz, 2004), the standard competitive model—where every firm faces demand curves of infinite elasticity—leads to numerous conundrums. For instance, small open economy could quickly restore itself to full employment by a slight adjustment of the exchange rate—it would easily remedy any deficiency of aggregate demand. In almost all sectors of the economy, firms face downward sloping demand curves, and competition is “imperfect.”
Molecular gas in the inner 0.7kpc-radius ring of M31
Creators: name: Melchior, Anne-Laure
name: Combes, Francoise
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The study of the gas kinematic in the central 1.5kpc x 1.5kpc region of M31 has revealed several surprises. The starting point of this investigation was the detection at the IRAM-30m telescope of molecular gas with very large line splittings up to 260km/s within the beam (40 pc). In this region, which is known for its low gas content, we also detect an ionised gas outflow in the circumnuclear region (within 75pc from the centre) extending to the whole area in X-ray. Relying on atomic, ionised, and molecular gas, we account for most observables with a scenario that assumes that a few hundreds Myr ago, M31 underwent a frontal collision with M32, which triggered some star-formation activity in the centre, and this collision explains the special configuration of M31 with two rings observed at 0.7kpc and 10kpc. The inner disc (whose rotation is detected in HI and ionised gas ([NII])) has thus been tilted (inclination: 43deg, PA: 70deg) with respect to the main disc (inclination: 77deg, PA: 35deg). One of the CO velocity components is compatible with this inner disc, while the second one comes from a tilted ring-like material with 40deg inclination and PA=-35deg. The relic star formation estimated by previous works to have occurred more than 100Myr ago could have been triggered by the collision and could be linked to the outflow detected in the ionised gas. Last, we demonstrate that the amplitude of the line splittings detected in CO centred on the systemic velocity with a relatively high spatial resolution (40pc) cannot be accounted for by a possible weak bar that is roughly aligned along the minor axis. Although M31 has a triaxial bulge, there are no bar indicators in the gas component (photometry, no strong skewness of the isovelocities, etc.).
description: 20 pages, 20 figures, Astronomy and Astrophysics, accepted
Growing Inequality: Laws of Nature or Laws of Men?
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Economics
Equality
Income distribution
Capitalism

description: The question I will address in my talk is: Is this growing inequality a result of the laws of nature or the laws of man? Moreover, is it the result of the basic workings of the market, which is a particular institution for organizing our society and the economy? In other words, is growing inequality an inevitable, if unpleasant side effect of progress? Or is it the result of how we have structured markets, of how we have changed the rules of the game in our market economy, in some cases undermining the efficiency of the economy? Is it because there are some underlying forces creating more inequality and we just have not done enough to counter the forces? Or is it because rather than trying to stand against the tide, we have reinforced the effects of nature and we are creating more and more inequality? The central thesis of this lecture is that this growing inequality is largely the result of the laws of man, the result of how we structure the market economy and how we have restructured it in the last third of the century. With that in mind, I argue that inequality has been a choice and, of course, not a choice that we individually have made, but a choice that we collectively have made through our political system.
Examples of groups which are not weakly amenable
Creators: name: Ozawa, Narutaka
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Operator Algebras (math.OA)
subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: Group Theory (math.GR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 43A22, 22D15, 46L10

description: We prove that weak amenability of a locally compact group imposes a strong condition on its amenable closed normal subgroups. This extends non weak amenability results of Haagerup (1988) and Ozawa--Popa (2010). A von Neumann algebra analogue is also obtained.
description: 10 pages; some remarks are clarified (v2)
Superadiabatic theory for Cooper pair pumping under decoherence
Creators: name: Salmilehto, Juha
name: Möttönen, Mikko
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We introduce a method where successive coordinate transformations are applied to decrease the error in the adiabatic master equation resulting from truncation in the local adiabatic parameter. Our method reduces the nonphysical behaviour stemming from the lack of complete positivity. The strong environment-induced relaxation at high Cooper pair pumping frequencies leads to adiabatic ground-state pumping only in the lowest-order approximation. We illustrate the robustness of the frequency where the adiabaticity breaks down using the high-order theory and show the emergence of an optimal environmental coupling strength, for which ideal pumping is preserved for the highest frequency. Finally, we study the effect of quantum interference on the pumped current and give an estimate for the relaxation rate of an experimentally measured system.
description: 12 pages, 6 figures, final version