Stromateoidei
Creators: name: Pastana, Murilo N L
name: Johnson, G David
name: Datovo, Aléssio
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia

description: Node 100 = Stromateoidei (new usage for non-Amarsipidae Stromateiformes)
Icichthys lockingtoni, Tubbia tasmanica, Centrolophus niger, Hyperoglyphe perciformis, Psenopsis cyanea, Psenopsis anomala, Seriolella porosa, Schedophilus sp., Psenes sio, Psenes cyanophrys, Nomeus gronovii, Cubiceps whiteleggii, Cubiceps pauciradiatus, Tetragonurus cuvieri, Ariomma indicum, Ariomma bondi, Ariomma melana, Stromateus brasiliensis, Pampus cinereus, Peprilus triacanthus, Peprilus paru.
Unambiguous synapomorphies: Character 3 (16> 18): number of branched pectoral-fin rays increased to 18; character 41 (0> 1): vomerine teeth present; character 49 (0> 1): fourth upper pharyngeal tooth plate considerably longer than wide; character 108 (0> 1): orbitopectoral branch of the ramus lateralis accessorius (RLA-OP) lateral to the levator operculi; character 117 (0> 1): adductor hyomandibulae insertion advancing onto anterior portion of the endopterygoid; character 124 (0> 1): sphincter oesophagi pars anterior absent; character 129 (1> 0): dorsalis portion of the rectus communis associated with hypobranchial 3; character 130 (0> 1): fibres of the rectus communis disposed between hypobranchial 3 and urohyal; character 136 (0> 1): medial contact between antimeres of pharyngoclavicularis internus present; character 146 (0> 1): anterior border of epaxialis anterolateral section reaching or trespassing the vertical line through the middle of the orbit; character 157 (0> 1): pharyngeal sac present; character 194 (0> 1): interradial membrane of the dorsal fin scaled; character 197 (0> 1) interradial membrane of the anal fin scaled.
Support: Relative Bremer = 64%.
Remarks: The suborder Stromateoidei is herein proposed to encompass all non-amarsipid Stromateiformes, namely the families Centrolophidae, Nomeidae, Tetragonuridae, Ariommatidae and Stromateidae. The monophyly of this clade is supported by 13 morphological synapomorphies and obtained under all searching parameters used in this study. Among the characters supporting node 100, the presence of the pharyngeal sac is obviously the most remarkable synapomorphy of Stromateoidei, because this complex organ is, to our knowledge, unparalleled among vertebrates (Figs 36–41, 52–58). Accordingly, a natural assemblage comprising the pharyngeal sacbearing stromateiform fishes has long been recognized by morphological studies (e.g. Regan, 1902; Gilchrist, 1922; Bühler, 1930; Barnard 1948; Isokawa et al., 1965; Haedrich, 1967; Horn, 1984; Datovo et al., 2014).
Our study aside, a Stromateoidei clade has been recovered within an explicit phylogenetic context only by Horn (1984), wherein it was supported by two synapomorphies: the presence of the pharyngeal sac (our character 53) and the juvenile association with floating objects (our character 206). Of these two characters, only the presence of a pharyngeal sac is corroborated as a synapomorphy for the Stromateoidei. The association between juvenile fishes and gelatinous organisms is broader than reported by Horn (1984), and it has been reported for juvenile amarsipids (Janssen & Harbison, 1981; Harbison, 1993) and for some other non-stromateiform percomorphs (Fig. 65; Supporting Information, Supplementary File S1: Table S3). A character reconstruction of this behaviour (character 206) indicates that it could either be optimized as a synapomorphy for Stromateiformes (node 90; DelTran, i.e. delayed transformation), with parallel acquisitions in bramids, caristiids, carangids and icosteids) or be a synapomorphy for a larger clade (node 76; AccTran, i.e. accelerated transformation), with reversals occurring within carangiforms, scombriforms and other taxa lacking juvenile association with pelagic gelatinous invertebrates.
Another synapomorphy for Stromateoidei is the shared pattern 10 of the RLA, in which its orbitopectoral branch overlies the levator arcus palatini, dilatator operculi and levator operculi muscles (Figs 27, 50, 51; see character 108). The sharing of this innervation pattern has previously been posited as evidence for a possible relationship between stromateoids and the Kyphosidae s.l. (including Scorpididae, Girellidae and Microcanthidae), Oplegnathidae, Kuhliidae, Arripidae, Terapontidae (Freihofer, 1963; Johnson & Fritzsche, 1989; Springer & Johnson, 2004) and Dichistiidae (Leis & Lingen, 1997). Yet, our analysis contrasts with these hypotheses by not supporting the monophyly of an RLA-10-pattern fish assemblage. Our topology indicates that this branching pattern has arisen at least four times independently, in: (1) Pomatomidae (Fig. 67, optimized as an autapomorphy); (2) Arripidae (Fig. 67, also optimized as an autapomorphy); (3) a clade encompassing Kyphosidae s.l., Kuhliidae, Terapontidae, Oplegnathidae and Haemulidae, with reversals in Scorpis chilensis and Orthopristis ruber (Fig. 67: node 114, AccTran); and (4) Stromateoidei (Fig. 69: node 100, with reversal in Tubbia, Psenes and Tetragonurus).
description: Published as part of Pastana, Murilo N L, Johnson, G David & Datovo, Aléssio, 2022, Comprehensive phenotypic phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of stromateiform fishes (Teleostei: Percomorphacea), pp. 841-963 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (3) on pages 941-942, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab058, http://zenodo.org/record/6758614