Myrmica ravasinii
Creators: name: Alexander Radchenko
name: Zalimkhan Yusupov
name: Yury Komarov
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Myrmica
Myrmica ravasinii

description: Taxonomic position and morphological peculiarities of M. ravasinii
As mentioned above, Myrmica ravasinii belongs to the schencki species-group, female castes of which have antennal scape strongly angled at the base and with vertical lobe or dent; the lobe or dent always forms shield-like plate along the short (vertical) surface of scape; additionally, anterior clypeal margin widely rounded and notched medially. Males have short scape (ratio of the head length / scape length <0.50) (Radchenko 1994 a, b, Seifert 2003, Radchenko et al. 2006, Radchenko & Elmes 2010).
Although it can be quite difficult to discriminate between some Myrmica species (see keys in Radchenko & Elmes 2010) since many of them show considerable variation in their important diagnostic characters, M. ravasinii is one of the most distinctive species that practically cannot be confused with any other member of this genus either from the Euro-Caucasian region or worldwide. Its workers have the narrowest frons among all known Myrmica species (ratio of frons width / head width <0.19, mean 0.17 ± 0.015). Such narrow frons biomechanically seems to be a result of development of the extraordinarily enlarged lobe at the scape bent, which is also the biggest among all known Myrmica species (Figs 1-3). These features appear to be quite stable morphologically over the species range.
Males of M. ravasinii most resemble those of M. caucasicola Arnoldi, 1934 particularly by the presence of very long semi-erect to erect hairs on the middle and hind tibiae (Figs 4, 6) (where they are known, the males of all other species of this group have short subdecumbent pilosity on the hind tibia). Formerly Radchenko et al. (2006) could not separate M. ravasinii and M. caucasicola in their key for males and placed them in the same couplet. After re-investigation of the corresponding material, we have found that they can be separated by the length of second funicular segment: it is ca. twice longer than the third one in M. ravasinii, and not more than 1.5 times longer than the third one in M. caucasicola (Figs 5, 7).
New material examined and geographical dis-
tribution
Twelve workers of M. ravasinii were recently
collected by one of the co-author of this paper
(YuK) using pitfall traps in four localities in the
North Caucasus:
1) North Ossetia-Alania (Russia): Alagir Distr., Tsejsky gorge, 42°47’ N, 43°54’ E, 18.VI.2014, 1 worker, (IEMT);
2) North Ossetia-Alania (Russia): Alagir Distr., 50 km E of vil. Tibsli, Narsky gorge, 42°41’ N, 43°59’ E, 28.VII.2015, 5 workers (IEMT, ZISK);
3) South Ossetia (Georgia): Malo-Liakhvsky gorge, S slope, 1 km NE from vil. Atsritskhev, 42°17’ N, 44°13’ E, 2 and 3.X.2014, 5 workers (IEMT, ZISK);
4) South Ossetia (Georgia): 1 km NW of Tskhinval, 42°13′ N, 43°58′ E, 2.X.2014, 1 work- er (IEMT).
Furthermore, we examined both the syntypes specimens from Albania: “Tomor”, “Albania 1922, Ravasini, Lona”, “4011 Coll. Karawajewi”, “ M. ravasinii F. cotype det. Finzi”, 1 worker, (SIZK); “Tomor”, “Albania 1922, Ravasini, Lona”, “ M. ravasinii F. cotype det. Finzi”, 2 workers, (ZMMU), 1 worker with the same labels (MIZ); “Tomor, Albania, 7.22”, “ M. ravasinii cotipi”, 2 workers (MSNG), and the quite rich non-type material (totally> 100 workers, 5 gynes/queens, 27 males) from the following localities: Greece: Tsoumerka Mts., leg. Agosti, 1worker; Turkey: Sivrihasar, Kirka, leg. Collingwood, 5 workers; Küre, Grae, alt. 2000 m a.s.l., leg. Collingwood, 1 worker; SW Turkey, Konya Province, Medesiz Dag, ca 15 km SW Ulukişla, nr. Yeniyildiz, alt. 1860 m a.s.l., leg. Elmes, 95 workers, 4 gynes/queens, 26 males; SW Turkey, Konya Province, Bolkar Daği, ca 10 km SW Ulukişla alt. 1800 m a.s.l., leg. Radchenko, 35 workers; Georgia: Tsagveri, alt. 1200 m a.s.l.; Zekarsky Pass, alt. 2150 m a.s.l., leg. T. Zhizhilashvili, 2 workers; Armenia: Razdan Distr., vil. Arzakan, alt. 1750 m a.s.l., leg. Arakelyan, 3 workers 1 gyne, 1 male).
Additionally (and not examined by us), M. ravasinii has been recorded from Georgia (Patara-Tsemi, alt. 1370 m a.s.l.; Aspindza Distr., vicinity of Ota) by Zhizhilashvili (1967, 1974), from Trace (European part of Turkey) (Agosti & Collingwood 1987), from Armenia (Razdan Distr., vil. Ahkavnadzor) by Arakelyan (1989), and from Greece (25 km ENE Mestovo, alt. 1600 m a.s.l.) and Turkey (Anatolia) (20 km E Refahiye, alt. 1800 m a.s.l.; Tepeleci; Bolu Distr., Abhant Gölü) by Seifert (2003).
Agosti & Collingwood (1987) and Seifert (1988) reported M. ravasinii from “Yugoslavia” (“S Yugoslavia” in Seifert 1988) without giving a specific locality. Later these data were simply repeated without any additional information or corrections by many subsequent authors (Arakelyan 1989, Petrov & Collingwood 1992, Radchenko 1994 b, 2013; Radchenko et al. 2006, Radchenko & Elmes 2010). Similarly, Borowiec & Salata (2012) have recorded it from Serbia and Montenegro, and Borowiec (2014) recorded it from Serbia.
Because of the absence of concrete locality data and not seeing the corresponding material the presence of M. ravasinii in former Yugoslavian countries has never been confirmed. Consequently it is not recorded in the latest check-lists from Croatia (Bračko 2006), Slovenia (Bračko 2007), Montenegro (Karaman 2004, 2011, Petrov 2008), Macedonia (Karaman 2009, Bračko et al. 2014) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Vesnić 2011). Moreover, the finding of this species in “Yugoslavia” (more correctly – in Serbia and Montenegro) was not confirmed in the more recent publications of Petrov (2000, 2006).
All the above authors are well experienced myrmecologists, who in our opinion are highly unlikely to miss or misidentify M. ravasinii if they had it in their own hands. Until more details of Agosti & Collingwood’s old record of M. ravasinii for “Yugoslavia” are found, we might suppose that their material either was mislabelled, or probably that they found it perhaps in Macedonia. Anyway, the presence of this species in the former Yugoslavian countries needs confirmation. Note also that M. ravasinii has not been found in countries adjacent to Turkey, i.e. in Bulgaria (Lapeva-Gjonova et al. 2010) or in Iran (Paknia et al. 2008, 2010), although we think it probably lives there.
Thus, M. ravasinii seems to be Balkan-Caucasian species distributed from Albania through Greece, Turkey and Transcaucasia until North Caucasus, and it area lays between ca. 37- 44o N and 20-44o E (Fig. 8).
General ecology
The ecological characteristics of the North Cau-
casian localities of M. ravasinii are:
1) North Ossetia-Alania, Tsejsky gorge: the relatively sparse pine (Pinus sosnowskyi) forest on a steep scree slope (the steepness of about 45o) at an altitude 1895 m a.s.l. and ca. 200 m over the bottom of the gorge. Besides pine trees in this forest are growing birch and rowan trees, in the undergrowth grow raspberries, in the grass cover dominate moss, bilberries and cowberries.
2) North Ossetia-Alania, Narsky gorge: the southern slope with ruderal herbaceous vegetation at an altitude 1720 m a.s.l.
3) South Ossetia, Malo-Liakhvsky gorge: the dense mixed hornbeam (Сarpinus caucasica) forest at altitudes 1280-1300 m a.s.l. The species composition of the forest include also oak (Quercus iberica), ash-tree (Fraxinus excelsior), linden (Tilia cordata), beech (Fagus orientalis), birch, cherry-plum, pear, apple-tree, dog-tree, dog-rose, elder-tree and some others. The average height of trees is 12-15 m, and crown density of forest stand of the first tier reaches 100%. The herbage includes cyclamen, hellebore, primula, fescue and various orchids.
4) South Ossetia, vicinity of Tskhinval: the oak (Quercus robur) forest, planted in 1940th at an altitude 830 m a.s.l. The average height of trees is 20 m, and crown density is about 90%. The herbage is very sparse (the projective cover is less than 15%) and includes sporadic fescue, Dorycnium sp., cyclamen, and Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum).
Based on both our own, literature and collections’ data it could be argued that M. ravasinii is generally a semi-xerophilous species, but it seems to be quite tolerant to various types of habitats. Although the regions where it distribut- ed are very hot in summer, it lives in mountains at altitudes between 800 and 2150 m a.s.l. where temperature is significantly lower than in plains. Here M. ravasinii inhabits predominantly various types of fairly open forests (oak, pine, hornbeam, abies), but avoids both more cool and wet beech forests, and more hot and dry archa (Juniper) forests. In drier woods it is often associated with the edges of small gullies where the sub-soil may be a little moist. At the same time, it was also found on subalpine meadows. Nests are built in the soil, often under stones. In southwest Turkey sexuals were found in nests on 18ht and 20th of August, but to the north, in Armenia, they were found on 30th of August (Arakelyan 1989, Seifert 2003, Radchenko et al. 2006, Radchenko & Elmes 2010, Elmes, personal communication 2015, Radchenko, unpublished data).
description: Published as part of Alexander Radchenko, Zalimkhan Yusupov & Yury Komarov, 2016, New data on the distribution and ecology of Myrmica ravasinii Finzi, 1923 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), pp. 1-7 in Asian Myrmecology 8 on pages 3-5, DOI: 10.20362/am.008011, http://zenodo.org/record/270234