Charadra deridens
Creators: name: Schmidt, Christian
name: Anweiler, Gary
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Pantheidae
Charadra
Charadra deridens

description: <i>Charadra deridens</i> (Guenée) Figs 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 27, 33 <i>Phalaena</i> <i>Bombyx corylina</i> Martyn, 1797: pl. 26 fig. 70; <b>syn. n., nomen oblitum.</b> <i>Diphthera deridens</i> Guenée, 1852 in Boisduval &amp; Guenée 1852: 35 pl. 3, fig. 8. <i>Acronycta circulifera</i> Walker, 1857: 709. <i>Charadra contigua</i> Walker, 1865: 446. <i>Charadra ingenua</i> J. B. Smith, 1906: 10; <b>syn. n.</b> <i>Charadra sudena</i> J. B. Smith, 1908: 80. ‡ <i>Charadra deridens</i> ab. <i>nigrosuffusa</i> Strand, [1917]: 46; <b>unavailable</b> <i>Charadra deridens</i> form <i>fumosa</i> Draudt, in Seitz 1924: 19. <b>Type material.</b> <i>Phalaena Bombyx corylina</i> – Type locality: [USA:] Georgia. Unstated number of types [unknown]. <b>Note</b> – this name was transferred to the genus <i>Charadra</i> by Poole (1989) and therein stated to probably be conspecific with <i>C. deridens</i>. <i>Bombyx corylina</i> has otherwise not appeared in the published literature in the past 200 years, nor since Poole’s (1989) mention. To preserve the name <i>Charadra deridens</i> for a well-known North American species, which has appeared in many publications since its description, we treat <i>Bombyx corylina</i> Martyn as a <i>nomen oblitum</i> and <i>Diphtera deridens</i> Guenée as a <i>nomen protectum</i> under the provisions of Article 23.9.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999). Th e suppression of the name <i>corylina</i> requires that 1) it has not been used as a valid name after 1899 (the usage of the name in Poole (1989) must not be taken into account under the provisions of Article 23.9.6), and 2) the junior synonym (<i>deridens</i>) has been used as the presumed valid name, in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years. A search of the Zoological Record indicates that both provisions are met. <i>Diphthera deridens</i> – Type locality: North America. <i>Acronycta circulifera</i> – [USA:] East Florida. Female holotype. BMNH; photograph examined. <i>Charadra contigua</i> – [USA:] Georgia. Male holotype. BMNH; photograph examined. <i>Charadra ingenua</i> – Type locality: [USA:] Durango, Colorado. Male lectotype (Fig. 4) designated by Todd (1982). AMNH; examined. <b>Note</b> – <i>Charadra ingenua</i> has been a “ghost species,” rarely mentioned in the literature and with few specimens in collections. The lectotype is a specimen typical of eastern Colorado <i>C. deridens</i> populations, which are slightly smaller and have less contrastingly marked forewings and paler hindwings than eastern North American <i>C. deridens</i>. Examination of specimens from western Colorado matching the type of <i>C. ingenua</i> are not distinguishable in genital characters from <i>C. deridens</i>, so we place <i>C. ingenua</i> syn. n. in synonymy with <i>C. deri- dens</i>. Specimens from the Guadalupe Mountains of west Texas reported as <i>C. ingenua</i> by Blanchard and Franclemont (1981) are <i>C. moneta</i> sp. n. (see below). <i>Charadra sudena</i> – Type locality: [USA:] Florida, Miami. Male lectotype designated by Todd (1982). AMNH; photograph examined. <i>Charadra deridens</i> ab. <i>nigrosuffusa</i> – an unavailable infrasubspecific name. <i>Charadra deridens</i> form <i>fumosa</i> – Type locality: None given [unknown]. <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>C. deridens</i> can be identified by it being the only <i>Charadra</i> species throughout its range, and is characterized by the typically monochromatic colouring of the forewing (lacking brown shades), and the black scaling in the orbicular spot (diffuse and brownish in <i>C. moneta</i>). <i>Charadra deridens</i> may prove to be sympatric with <i>C. moneta</i> in New Mexico and western Texas, but the two can be distinguished by the more contrasting ‘pupil’ of the orbicular spot in <i>deridens</i>, and the white-grey rather than brownish forewing colour of <i>moneta</i>, as well as by the genital differences presented in the diagnosis of <i>C. moneta</i>. <b>Distribution and biology.</b> Widely distributed, from Nova Scotia to British Columbia (not yet recorded from Alberta), south to Florida, Texas (Knudson and Bordelon 2004) and northeastern New Mexico (Raton, Colfax Co.). The larva, illustrated by Wagner (2005), feeds primarily on beech, oak, and white birch. <b>Remarks.</b> Although quite consistent in appearance within a given geographic region, there is a moderate amount of variation in phenotypes across its range, and a melanic form (Fig. 16) occurs in the northeastern part of its range (Klots 1968). The palest specimens are from Atlantic Canada (Fig. 11, 15), particularly Nova Scotia. Kentucky specimens are on average smaller with a slight brown cast and reduced white scaling (Figs 14, 18), whereas Colorado specimens are paler overall with less contrasting forewing markings (<i>ingenua</i>, Fig. 12). Four specimens of <i>C. deridens</i> from Ontario and Kansas expressed three haplotypes, differing by less than 1%, and at least 2.5% divergent from three <i>C. moneta</i> samples.
description: Published as part of <i>Schmidt, Christian &amp; Anweiler, Gary, 2010, The North American species of Charadra Walker, with a revision of the Charadra pata (Druce) group (Noctuidae, Pantheinae), pp. 161-181 in ZooKeys 39 (39)</i> on pages 176-177, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.39.432, http://zenodo.org/record/576639
description: {"references": ["Martyn T (1797) Psyche. Figures of nondescript lepidopterous insects of rare moths and butterflies from different parts of the world. Vincent, London, 6 pp., 32 plates.", "Boisduval JBAD de, Guenee A (1852) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres. Tome Cinquieme. Noctuelites. Tome 1. Roret, Paris, 407 pp.", "Walker F (1857) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Volume 11. Edward Newman, London, 493 - 764.", "Walker F (1865) List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Volume 32. Edward Newman, London, 324 - 706.", "Smith JB (1906) New Noctuidae for 1906. - no. 1. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 14: 9 - 30.", "Smith JB (1908) New species of Noctuidae for 1908. I. With notes on Charadra, Raphia and Pseudanarta. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 16: 79 - 98.", "Poole RW (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae. Part 1. Abablemma to Heraclia (part): 1 - 500.", "International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. (1999) International Code for Zoological Nomenclature, Fourth Edition. Th e International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, UK [online]. Available at: http: // www. iczn. org / iczn / index. jsp [accessed January 2010].", "Todd EL (1982) Th e noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645, 228 pp.", "Blanchard A, Franclemont JG (1981) Charadra ingenua Smith in west Texas (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Pantheinae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83: 797 - 798", "Knudson E, Bordelon C (2004) Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Texas. Texas Lepidoptera Survey, Publ. 6, 1999. 2004 Edition.", "Wagner DL (2005) Caterpillars of eastern North America: a guide to identification and natural history. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 512 pp.", "Klots AB (1968) Melanism in Connecticut Charadra deridens (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 76: 58 - 59."]}