Rhinolophus sinicus K. Andersen 1905
Creators: name: Burgin, Connor
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus sinicus

description: 93. Chinese Rufous Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> <i>Rhinolophus sinicus</i> French: Rhinolophe de Chine <i>I</i> <b>German:</b> Rotbraune. China-Hufeisennase / <b>Spanish:</b> Herradura rufo <i>de</i> China <b>Other common names:</b> Chinese Horseshoe Bat, <i>Little</i> Nepalese Horseshoe Bat <b>Taxonomy.</b> <i>Rhinolophus rouxi</i> [sic] <i>sinicus</i> K. Andersen, 1905, “ Chin Tah, Anhwei [= Anhui <i>Province</i>], Lower Yangtse [River],” China. <i>Rhinolophus sinicus</i> is included in the <i>rouxii</i> species group and appears to be sister to <i>R. thomasi.</i> True <i>R. sinicus</i> is composed of three genetic lineages in the eastern, central, and Hainan portion ofits distribution while <i>R.s. septentrionalis</i> is sister to. <i> <i>thomasi</i>,</i> suggesting that the former is distinct at the species level. <i>Rhinolophus sinicus</i> was previously included in <i>R rouxii,</i> but shows substantial morphological, genetic, and karyological differences. There appears to be some ambiguity regarding the distribution of this species and <i>R rouxii</i> in published records: north Indian records previously attributed to. <i>rouxii</i> are now considered to refer to <i>R.sinicus.</i> There may also be some ambiguity regarding the distribution of this species in South-east Asia, as it is often confused with <i>R. thomasi.</i> Validity of races needs to be tested. Two subspecies are currently recognized, although they likely represent two distinct species, pending further revision. Subspecies <b>and</b> Distribution. <i>R. s. sinicus</i> <b>K</b>.Andersen, 1905 - N India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland), Nepal, N Myanmar,, S &amp; SE China (<i>Xizang</i>, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan I), and N &amp; C Vietnam. On following pages: 94. Thomas's Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus thomasi <i>);</i> 95. <i>Lesser</i> Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus hipposideros <i>);</i> 96. rancis's <i>Woolly</i> Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus <i>trancisi);</i> 97. Lesser Woolly <i>Horseshoe</i> Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus sedulus <i>);</i> 98. Trefoil Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus trifoliatus <i>);</i> 99. Northern Woolly Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus <i>perniger</i> <i>);</i> 100. <i>Selangor</i> Woolly Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus luctoides <i>);</i> 101. <i>Malaysian Woolly</i> Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus <i>mono);</i> 102. <i>Great</i> Woolly Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus luctus <i>);</i> 1.03. Beddome's <i>Woolly</i> Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus beddomei <i>);</i> 104. Formosan Woolly Horseshoe Bat <i>(Rhinolophus formosaë);</i> 105. Thailand Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus thailandensis <i>);</i> 106. Dobson's Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus <i>yunanensis</i> <i>);</i> 107. Chiew <i>Kwee's</i> Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus <i>chiewkweeae</i> <i>);</i> 108. <i>Pearson's</i> Horseshoe <i>Bat (</i> <i>Rhinolophus</i> pearsonii <i>);</i> 109. Mitred Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> Rhinolophus mitratus <i>).</i> <i>R.s. septentrionalis</i> Sanborn, 1939 — S China (Yunnan). <b>Descriptive notes.</b> Head-body 43-53' 5 mm, tail 21- 5—30 mm, ear 15- 8-20 mm, hindfoot 7- 5-10 mm, forearm 43-56 mm; weight 8-9-10- 9 g. Dorsal pelage is wood brown, occasionally with reddish tint; ventral pelage is slightly lighter. Ears are small. Noseleaf has hastate lancet that constricts before variably long to short tip; connecting process is rounded, as in the Indian Rufous Horseshoe Bat (. <i>rouxii)</i>; sella is virtually parallelsided, and widely rounded off at tip; horseshoe is relatively wide (8-1-8- 2 mm) but does not completely cover muzzle, and there are usually clearly visible and well developed lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is massive and robust (zygomatic width is always much larger than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are relatively small; posterior swellings are moderately developed; rostral profile is concave; sagittal crest is moderate to high; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are low but visible. C1 is well developed and long; P2 is moderate in size and within tooth row or slightly extruded from it; P3 is medium-sized to small and partly to fully extruded from tooth row; P2 and P4 are touching or almost touching. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FNa = 60 (mainland China and Hainan). <b>Habitat</b>. The Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bat is typically a forest species, occurring in montane forests with heavy rainfall. It has been reported from disturbed forests in Nepal and from thick moist tropical forest with some bamboo in Myanmar. Recorded at elevations of 500-2769 m, being commonest at higher altitudes. <b>Food and Feeding</b>. The Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bat forages for insects by aerialhawking and occasionally perch-hunting. Breeding. No information. <b>Activity patterns.</b> Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bats roost in caves, old disused tunnels, temples, houses, wells, and hollows in trees. They leave their roosts just after dusk to forage through the night. In colder portions of their range, they hibernate through the winter. Calls are FM/CF/FM shaped with a peak GF recorded at c.79-87 kHz across China and Hainan, and at 80 kHz in Vietnam. <b>Movements, Home range and Social organization.</b> The Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bat roosts singly (<i>usually</i> males) or in colonies varying in size from a few individuals to several hundred. During the breeding season, females form large maternity colonies that can consist of <i>several</i> hundred bats. <b>Status and Conservation.</b> Classified as Least Concern on <i>The IUCN Red List.</i> The Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bat is widespread and relatively common throughout its distribution, and does not seem to be facing any major threats currently. It may be locally threatened by roost disturbance and general habitat loss. <b>Bibliography.</b> Ao <i>Lei</i> et al. (2007), Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates, Csorba, Molur &amp; Srinivasulu (2008a), Bates, Thi <i>Mar-Mar</i> et <i>al.</i> (2004), Csorba et <i>al.</i> (2003), <i>Francis</i> (2008a), <i>Kruskop</i> (2013a), Mao Xiuguang, Dong <i>Ji et al.</i> (2014), Mao Xiuguang, He Guimei et <i>al.</i> (2013), Mao Xiuguang, Tsagkogeorga et <i>al.</i> (2019), Molur <i>et al.</i> (2002), Smith &amp;XieYan (2008), Stoffberg <i>et al</i>. (2010), <i>Wu Yi</i> &amp; Harada (2005), <i>Wu Yi</i>, Harada &amp; LiYanhong (2004), <i>Wu</i> Yi, Motokawa et <i>al.</i> (2009), <i>Xie</i> Lifen et <i>al.</i> (2017), Zhang Lin et al. (2018), Zhang Weidao (1985).
description: Published as part of <i>Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, pp. 280-332 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on pages 325-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525