Deliverable 1.1 of the UNTWIST project: Typology
Creators: name: Amacker, Michèle
name: Bias, Leandra
name: Rothermel, Ann-Kathrin
name: Nerino, Valentina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Social sciences
subject: FOS: Social sciences
subject: Gender studies
subject: Women's studies
subject: Gender equality
subject: Social issues
subject: Gender inequality
subject: Human Rights
subject: Human rights violations
subject: Political sciences
subject: Public policies
subject: Civil society
subject: Public services
subject: Fertility
subject: Human migrations
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology

description: This Typology Report is the main deliverable outcome of Work Package 1 of the UNTWIST project. It describes and contextualizes the Typology of gender-based needs. The Typology signifies the theoretical and conceptual baseline to achieve UNTWIST’s General Objective (GO1) to advance knowledge of how feminism, sex- and gender-based needs and demands are substantively represented by mainstream and extreme populist parties to test the idea that extreme populist parties are acting as niche parties in relation to sex- and gender-based demands. It presents the baseline for the comparative analysis of demand and supply side by providing a comprehensive overview of gender-based needs which can be contrasted with the coverage of gender-based needs by both mainstream and right-wing populist parties and politics.The report outlines and contextualizes the methodology and analytical process which led to the Typology based on an extensive literature review of 406 academic articles from feminist, queer and masculinity studies. The resulting Typology is thus rooted in the empirical collection of all gender-based needs discussed in the academic literature in the six UNTWIST country-contexts of Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom between 2007 and 2023. Drawing from the analysis of feminist literature and its resulting findings, the Typology identifies four central dimensions of gender-based needs: gender concepts, gender interests, policy issues and policy solutions.By cross-tabulating these dimensions and analyzing clusters of their co-occurrence, we expose how policy issues need to be approached through a combination of different gender perspectives to capture different types of gender-based needs, namely:

- Feminism (Fem): Through a focus on feminist thought and developments/shifts in feminist thinking about gender, power, agency, sexuality etc.,

- Gender Inequality (GI): Through a focus on the material distribution of capabilities, resources, power, and opportunities etc.,

- Gender Norms (GN): Through a focus on the naturalized construction of gender behavior in norms, roles, and stereotypes and how they perpetuate and reproduce gender orders, institutions and regimes,

-Intersectionality (I): Through a focus on other categories and experiences of discrimination and how they impact the gendered experiences and demands in intersectional ways.

 

Based on the co-occurrence analysis, we identify 15 ideal types of gender-based needs, which are relevant across all country contexts. The ideal types describe multidimensional perspectives that need to be considered to identify and address gender-based needs across different policy sectors. These can serve as technical tools/lenses, highlighting how the different perspectives should be applied to identify and locate gender-based needs in a variety of policy sectors. An overview of the results shows that:

- A focus on norms and intersectionality is particularly salient for transnational politics.

-Human rights/civil rights issues must be approached through all four gender perspectives to capture all gender-based needs.

-For health policy, the most important perspective is that of material gender inequalities, whereas for education topics gender norms also must be taken into account.

-For family and economic policy issues, in particular gender norms, inequality and intersectional perspectives reveal the most salient gender-based needs.-Characterizing the ideal types can help understand the nuances in how, where and which gender-based needs must be considered when designing policy recommendations.

 

The results of the analysis thus provide a new technical toolbox to assess whether voters expose and endorse these gender-based needs and demands, whether public surveys accurately measure and reflect them, and whether political parties address and represent them.Both in and beyond the context of UNTWIST, the Typology dimensions can help to better understand which ideal types of gender-based needs are already represented – and which are missing – in policy design, implementation, and evaluation. The ideal types can serve to compare the expressions of needs and responses across country contexts and over time. A focus on dimensions can help uncover which dimensions and spaces are occupied, claimed, and subsequently twisted by right-wing populist actors. The Typology thus serves as an asset for academics and practitioners, as it offers a toolbox/repertoire of distinct yet interlocking ways of thinking about, approaching, and treating gender-based needs.