Multi-messenger characterization of Mrk 501 during historically low X-ray and $γ$-ray activity
Creators: name: MAGIC Collaboration
name: Abe, H.
name: Abe, S.
name: Acciari, V. A.
name: Agudo, I.
name: Aniello, T.
name: Ansoldi, S.
name: Antonelli, L. A.
name: Engels, A. Arbet
name: Arcaro, C.
name: Artero, M.
name: Asano, K.
name: Baack, D.
name: Babić, A.
name: Baquero, A.
name: de Almeida, U. Barres
name: Barrio, J. A.
name: Batković, I.
name: Baxter, J.
name: González, J. Becerra
name: Bednarek, W.
name: Bernardini, E.
name: Bernardos, M.
name: Berti, A.
name: Besenrieder, J.
name: Bhattacharyya, W.
name: Bigongiari, C.
name: Biland, A.
name: Blanch, O.
name: Bonnoli, G.
name: Bošnjak, Ž.
name: Burelli, I.
name: Busetto, G.
name: Carosi, R.
name: Carretero-Castrillo, M.
name: Castro-Tirado, A. J.
name: Ceribella, G.
name: Chai, Y.
name: Chilingarian, A.
name: Cikota, S.
name: Colombo, E.
name: Contreras, J. L.
name: Cortina, J.
name: Covino, S.
name: D'Amico, G.
name: D'Elia, V.
name: Da Vela, P.
name: Dazzi, F.
name: De Angelis, A.
name: De Lotto, B.
name: Del Popolo, A.
name: Delfino, M.
name: Delgado, J.
name: Mendez, C. Delgado
name: Depaoli, D.
name: Di Pierro, F.
name: Di Venere, L.
name: Espiñeira, E. Do Souto
name: Prester, D. Dominis
name: Donini, A.
name: Dorner, D.
name: Doro, M.
name: Elsaesser, D.
name: Emery, G.
name: Escudero, J.
name: Ramazani, V. Fallah
name: Fariña, L.
name: Fattorini, A.
name: Foffano, L.
name: Font, L.
name: Fruck, C.
name: Fukami, S.
name: Fukazawa, Y.
name: López, R. J. García
name: Garczarczyk, M.
name: Gasparyan, S.
name: Gaug, M.
name: Paiva, J. G. Giesbrecht
name: Giglietto, N.
name: Giordano, F.
name: Gliwny, P.
name: Godinović, N.
name: Grau, R.
name: Green, D.
name: Green, J. G.
name: Hadasch, D.
name: Hahn, A.
name: Hassan, T.
name: Heckmann, L.
name: Herrera, J.
name: Hrupec, D.
name: Hütten, M.
name: Imazawa, R.
name: Inada, T.
name: Iotov, R.
name: Ishio, K.
name: Martínez, I. Jiménez
name: Jormanainen, J.
name: Kerszberg, D.
name: Kobayashi, Y.
name: Kubo, H.
name: Kushida, J.
name: Lamastra, A.
name: Lelas, D.
name: Leone, F.
name: Lindfors, E.
name: Linhoff, L.
name: Lombardi, S.
name: Longo, F.
name: López-Coto, R.
name: López-Moya, M.
name: López-Oramas, A.
name: Loporchio, S.
name: Lorini, A.
name: Lyard, E.
name: Fraga, B. Machado de Oliveira
name: Majumdar, P.
name: Makariev, M.
name: Maneva, G.
name: Mang, N.
name: Manganaro, M.
name: Mangano, S.
name: Mannheim, K.
name: Mariotti, M.
name: Martínez, M.
name: Mas-Aguilar, A.
name: Mazin, D.
name: Menchiari, S.
name: Mender, S.
name: Mićanović, S.
name: Miceli, D.
name: Miener, T.
name: Miranda, J. M.
name: Mirzoyan, R.
name: Molina, E.
name: Mondal, H. A.
name: Moralejo, A.
name: Morcuende, D.
name: Moreno, V.
name: Nakamori, T.
name: Nanci, C.
name: Nava, L.
name: Neustroev, V.
name: Rosillo, M. Nievas
name: Nigro, C.
name: Nilsson, K.
name: Nishijima, K.
name: Ekoume, T. Njoh
name: Noda, K.
name: Nozaki, S.
name: Ohtani, Y.
name: Oka, T.
name: Okumura, A.
name: Otero-Santos, J.
name: Paiano, S.
name: Palatiello, M.
name: Paneque, D.
name: Paoletti, R.
name: Paredes, J. M.
name: Pavletić, L.
name: Persic, M.
name: Pihet, M.
name: Pirola, G.
name: Podobnik, F.
name: Moroni, P. G. Prada
name: Prandini, E.
name: Principe, G.
name: Priyadarshi, C.
name: Rhode, W.
name: Ribó, M.
name: Rico, J.
name: Righi, C.
name: Rugliancich, A.
name: Sahakyan, N.
name: Saito, T.
name: Sakurai, S.
name: Satalecka, K.
name: Saturni, F. G.
name: Schleicher, B.
name: Schmidt, K.
name: Schmuckermaier, F.
name: Schubert, J. L.
name: Schweizer, T.
name: Sitarek, J.
name: Sliusar, V.
name: Sobczynska, D.
name: Spolon, A.
name: Stamerra, A.
name: Strišković, J.
name: Strom, D.
name: Strzys, M.
name: Suda, Y.
name: Surić, T.
name: Tajima, H.
name: Takahashi, M.
name: Takeishi, R.
name: Tavecchio, F.
name: Temnikov, P.
name: Terauchi, K.
name: Terzić, T.
name: Teshima, M.
name: Tosti, L.
name: Truzzi, S.
name: Tutone, A.
name: Ubach, S.
name: van Scherpenberg, J.
name: Acosta, M. Vazquez
name: Ventura, S.
name: Verguilov, V.
name: Viale, I.
name: Vigorito, C. F.
name: Vitale, V.
name: Vovk, I.
name: Walter, R.
name: Will, M.
name: Wunderlich, C.
name: Yamamoto, T.
name: Zarić, D.
name: groups, Other
name: Collaborations
name: :
name: Cerruti, M.
name: Acosta-Pulido, J. A.
name: Apolonio, G.
name: Bachev, R.
name: Baloković, M.
name: Benítez, E.
name: Björklund, I.
name: Bozhilov, V.
name: Brown, L. F.
name: Bugg, A.
name: Carbonell, W.
name: Carnerero, M. I.
name: Carosati, D.
name: Casadio, C.
name: Chamani, W.
name: Chen, W. P.
name: Chigladze, R. A.
name: Damljanovic, G.
name: Epps, K.
name: Erkenov, A.
name: Feige, M.
name: Finke, J.
name: Fuentes, A.
name: Gazeas, K.
name: Giroletti, M.
name: Grishina, T. S.
name: Gupta, A. C.
name: Gurwell, M. A.
name: Heidemann, E.
name: Hiriart, D.
name: Hou, W. J.
name: Hovatta, T.
name: Ibryamov, S.
name: Joner, M. D.
name: Jorstad, S. G.
name: Kania, J.
name: Kiehlmann, S.
name: Kimeridze, G. N.
name: Kopatskaya, E. N.
name: Kopp, M.
name: Korte, M.
name: Kotas, B.
name: Koyama, S.
name: Kramer, J. A.
name: Kunkel, L.
name: Kurtanidze, S. O.
name: Kurtanidze, O. M.
name: Lähteenmäki, A.
name: López, J. M.
name: Larionov, V. M.
name: Larionova, E. G.
name: Larionova, L. V.
name: Leto, C.
name: Lorey, C.
name: Mújica, R.
name: Madejski, G. M.
name: Marchili, N.
name: Marscher, A. P.
name: Minev, M.
name: Modaressi, A.
name: Morozova, D. A.
name: Mufakharov, T.
name: Myserlis, I.
name: Nikiforova, A. A.
name: Nikolashvili, M. G.
name: Ovcharov, E.
name: Perri, M.
name: Raiteri, C. M.
name: Readhead, A. C. S.
name: Reimer, A.
name: Reinhart, D.
name: Righini, S.
name: Rosenlehner, K.
name: Sadun, A. C.
name: Savchenko, S. S.
name: Scherbantin, A.
name: Schneider, L.
name: Schoch, K.
name: Seifert, D.
name: Semkov, E.
name: Sigua, L. A.
name: Singh, C.
name: Sola, P.
name: Sotnikova, Y.
name: Spencer, M.
name: Steineke, R.
name: Stojanovic, M.
name: Strigachev, A.
name: Tornikoski, M.
name: Traianou, E.
name: Tramacere, A.
name: Troitskaya, Yu. V.
name: Troitskiy, I. S.
name: Trump, J. B.
name: Tsai, A.
name: Valcheva, A.
name: Vasilyev, A. A.
name: Verrecchia, F.
name: Villata, M.
name: Vince, O.
name: Vrontaki, K.
name: Weaver, Z. R.
name: Zaharieva, E.
name: Zottmann, N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the broadband emission of Mrk 501 using multi-wavelength observations from 2017 to 2020 performed with a multitude of instruments, involving, among others, MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and OVRO. Mrk 501 showed an extremely low broadband activity, which may help to unravel its baseline emission. Nonetheless, significant flux variations are detected at all wavebands, with the highest occurring at X-rays and very-high-energy (VHE) $γ$-rays. A significant correlation ($&gt;$3$σ$) between X-rays and VHE $γ$-rays is measured, supporting leptonic scenarios to explain the variable parts of the emission, also during low activity. This is further supported when we extend our data from 2008 to 2020, and identify, for the first time, significant correlations between Swift-XRT and Fermi-LAT. We additionally find correlations between high-energy $γ$-rays and radio, with the radio lagging by more than 100 days, placing the $γ$-ray emission zone upstream of the radio-bright regions in the jet. Furthermore, Mrk 501 showed a historically low activity in X-rays and VHE $γ$-rays from mid-2017 to mid-2019 with a stable VHE flux ($&gt;$0.2 TeV) of 5% the emission of the Crab Nebula. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of this 2-year-long low-state, the potential baseline emission of Mrk 501, can be characterized with one-zone leptonic models, and with (lepto)-hadronic models fulfilling neutrino flux constraints from IceCube. We explore the time evolution of the SED towards the low-state, revealing that the stable baseline emission may be ascribed to a standing shock, and the variable emission to an additional expanding or traveling shock.
description: 55 pages, 30 figures, 14 tables, accepted by APJS. Corresponding authors are L. Heckmann, D. Paneque, S. Gasparyan, M. Cerruti, and N. Sahakyan