Crenicichla anamiri Ito &amp; Rapp Py-Daniel 2015, new species
Creators: name: Ito, Priscila Madoka M.
name: Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Cichlidae
Crenicichla
Crenicichla anamiri

description: <i>Crenicichla anamiri</i>, new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 49DA7992-4867-4436-8DA4- D6A0F698D59B Figs. 1-3 <i>Crenicichla</i> sp. cf. <i>regani</i>. - Warzel, 1992 [pointed as new species from Xingu river; aquarium magazine]. <i>Crenicichla</i> sp. aff. <i>urosema</i>. - Gottwald, 2007 [cataloged on aquarium magazine from Xingu river]. <b>Holotype</b>. INPA 46650, 42.9 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Itapuama, rio Xingu basin, rio Xingu below confluence with rio Iriri at beach margin with tree roots, 03°36’31”S 52°20’58”W, 04 Nov 2014, K. Winemiller. <b>Paratypes</b>. Rio Xingu basin: ANSP 197277, 3, 30.3- 47.8 mm SL, rio Itatá, right margin of rio Xingu, with litter on the bottom, 3°38’0.10”S 51°49’33.60”W, 10 Nov 2014, A. Gonçalves <i>et al</i>. INPA 4176, 1, 41.0 mm SL, Babaquara island, rio Xingu, 03°18’14’’S 52°12’37”W, 4 Oct 1990, L. Rapp Py-Daniel &amp; J. Zuanon. INPA 4347, 3, 26.2 - 30.0 mm SL, Kaituka island, rio Xingu, 03°33’47”S 51°51’20”W, 9 Oct 1990, L. Rapp Py-Daniel &amp; J. Zuanon. INPA 37951, 2, 28.4-33.5 mm SL, rio Xingu, 03°20’57”S 52°11’19”W, 5 Out 2012, M. Sabaj Pérez, L. M. Sousa &amp; M. Arces. INPA 44341, 5, 18.5 - 32.3 mm SL (3, 27.9-32.3 mm SL), igarapé Balbino, rio Xingu, PARNA Serra do Pardo, 05°48’05.5’’S 52°35’56.6”W, 21 Apr 2012, G. G. M. da Silva <i>et al</i>. INPA 44342, 1, 46.3 mm SL, igarapé Balbino, rio Xingu, PARNA Serra do Pardo, 05°48’05.5’’S 52°35’56.6”W, 21 Apr 2012, G. G. M. da Silva <i>et al</i>. INPA 44343, 1, 31.8 mm SL, igarapé Pontal, rio Xingu, PARNA Serra do Pardo, 05°46’40.5”S 52°38’11.5”W, 20 Apr 2012, G. G. M. da Silva <i>et al</i>. INPA 44344, 8, 15.3 - 32.3 mm SL (2 c&amp;s, 3, 25.1-32.3 mm SL), igarapé Balbino, rio Xingu, PARNA Serra do Pardo, 05°48’05.5’’S 52°35’56.6”W, 21 Apr 2012, G. G. M. da Silva <i>et al</i>. INPA 43933, 1, 44.0 mm SL, rio Bacajá, Pariaxá beach, rio Xingu, 03°34’32.9”S 51°35’54.8”W, 26 Nov 2012, A. Gonçalves, R. R. Sena, <i>et al</i>. INPA 46651, 4, 36.1 - 43.3 mm SL, same locality of holotype. MPEG 30442, 1, 39.2 mm SL, ilha Kaituka, rio Xingu, 03°33’47’’S 51°51’20’’W, 9 Oct 1990, L. Rapp Py- Daniel &amp; J. Zuanon. MZUSP 108396, 14, 22.2-38.8 mm SL, igarapé Babaquara, next to Babaquara island, rio Xingu, 03°24’42”S 52°12’32”W, 6 Jul 2010, Equipe ECIX. <b>Diagnosis.</b> Distinguished from all other species of <i>Crenicichla</i> except <i>C. notophthalmus, C. regani, C. urosema,</i> and <i>C. virgatula</i> by the presence of serrations on supracleithrum (<i>vs.</i> absent). Distinguished from <i>C. notophthalmus</i> and <i>C. regani</i> by the presence of a black vertical elliptic blotch centrally positioned at caudal-fin base (<i>vs</i>. presence of ocellated blotch dorsally on caudalfin base). Distinguished from <i>C. regani, C. urosema</i> and <i>C. virgatula</i> by the presence of two to four rows of teeth in both jaws (<i>vs.</i> more than four rows); from <i>C. virgatula</i> and <i>C. urosema</i> also by the presence of vertical bars on the caudal fin (<i>vs.</i> absence). <b>Description.</b> Based on 44 specimens; largest specimen 47.8 mm SL. Measurements and counts given in Table 1. Body elongate, laterally compressed, head longer than deep. Body height increasing from snout to pectoral fin; uniform height from this point until caudal peduncle. Snout rounded in dorsal view, conic or moderately pointed in lateral view. Lower jaw slightly prognathous. Ascending premaxillaryprocessesreachingtoanteriororbitalmargin. Postlabial fold of upper jaw reaching to vertical line through nostril and postlabial fold of lower jaw reaching to vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Orbit lateral, not visible from below. Nostril dorsolateral, closer to dorsal margin of head than to tip of snout. Vertical margin of preopercle serrated, with series of 12-21 well-developed spines. Presence of one to six spines on posterior margin of supracleithrum. Flank scales ctenoid. Cycloid scales on head, predorsal area, along dorsal-fin base, abdomen, between pelvic and anal fins, and along anal-fin base. Predorsal scales small and irregularly organized. Cheek with minute cycloid scales; four rows below eye. Circumpeduncular scale rows 18-22 (including lateral line). Scales between upper lateral line and dorsal-fin base organized on 5-7 rows anteriorly, two posteriorly, three rows of scales between upper and lower lateral lines. Lateral line scales slightly larger and more elongate than others. Upper and lower lateral line with 19/7(2), 19/8(1), 20/7(1), 21/7(9), 21/8*(10), 21/9(2), 22/7(6), 22/8(6), or 23/6(1), and lateral line scales on caudal fin with 1 (4) or 2*(34). Scales of series E1 51(1), 55(2), 56(4), 57(4), 58(16), 59*(10), or 60(1). Dorsal, anal, pectoral and pelvic fins without scales. Caudal-fin squamation extending to onefourth of caudal fin. First dorsal spine length about one-fourth of last dorsal spine; spines increasing gradually in length until fifth, and subequal after sixth spine. Dorsal-fin spines and rays XVIII,8(1), XVIII,10(1), XIX,9(5), XIX,10(2), XIX,11(9), XX,8(1), XX,9(3), XX,10*(15), or XXI,9(1). Tip of soft-rayed portion of anal fin pointed, reaching to base of caudal. Anal-fin spines and rays III,7(1), III,8(18), III,9*(17), or III,10(2). Caudal fin rounded, with median rays slightly more elongated than others. Pectoral and pelvic fins slightly pointed, with median rays more elongated than others. Pectoral fin rays 13(6), 14*(28), or 15(4). Pelvic fin inserted posterior to base of pectoral fin, with first ray longer and others decreasing in length. Upper jaw with two to four rows, lower jaw with three to four rows. All teeth pointed and slightly curved posteriorly. Outer row teeth larger than inner row teeth. First gill arch with 2(16), 3*(22) gill rakers on epibranchial, and 6(3), 7(16), or 8*(18) gill rakers on ceratobranchial. Microbranchiospines absent from all gill arches. Lower pharyngeal toothplates with developed incisiviform teeth; larger teeth at posterior border of plate. Lower pharyngeal toothplate with 19 teeth on posterior row and eight teeth on medial row (INPA 44344, 26.3mm SL) (Fig. 3). <b>Vertebrae.</b> 17+13=30(2), 17+14=31(3), 17+15=32(3), 18+14=31(1). <b>Color in life.</b> Broad longitudinal band along midlateral line of body densely black from tip of snout to opercle, dark grey from this point to end of caudal peduncle. Nine short, dark, vertical and irregular bars, with uncolored areas inside, connected to large and broad longitudinal band. Dorsum and top of head dull yellow, abdomen light yellow. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline. Dorsal and anal fins light yellow. Dorsal fin, in females, with thin, distal greyish submarginal band, followed by reddish orange stripe below, stretching from 15th spine to third or sixth soft ray. Caudal fin largely hyaline, with greyish borders and with four to five dark vertical elongate blotches. Largest and most conspicuous caudal-fin blotch centrally on base of fin, followed by three to four less conspicuous bars. Middle caudal-fin rays yellowish. Diagonal white stripes dorsoposteriorly on caudal fin (Fig. 2). <b>Color in alcohol.</b> Similar to live specimens but without orange and yellow pigments (Fig. 1). <b>Sexual dimorphism.</b> Examined females presenting a color pattern different from males, as cited above on “Color in life” section (Fig. 2). <b>Geographic distribution.</b> All specimens were collected in middle rio Xingu and in rio Bacajá, upstream of Volta Grande do Xingu (Fig. 4). <b>Ecological notes.</b> All specimens of <i>Crenicichla anamiri</i> were collected during the dry season (Fig. 5) using seine or dip-nets, close to the shore or on sandy beaches next to roots of the riparian vegetation. <b>Etymology.</b> The name <i>anamiri</i> is a noun in apposition referring, in tupi-guarani, to the word “Anãmiri”, meaning “dwarf”, in allusion to the small size of the new species. <b>Remarks.</b> The dark oval blotch on the middle of the base of the caudal fin is present only in three species of the <i>C. wallacii</i> group: <i>Crenicichla urosema</i> Kullander, 1990 (rio Tapajós drainage), <i>C. virgatula</i> Ploeg, 1991 (rio Branco drainage) and in <i>C. anamiri</i> (rio Xingu drainage). In the description of <i>C. urosema</i>, Kullander (1990) examined specimens of an undescribed species of rio Xingu (described herein as <i>C. anamiri</i>) and suggested that both species should be very close based on the presence of the midbasal caudal blotch. In another species, <i>Crenicichla virgatula,</i> the blotch on the caudal fin reaches from the sixth to the tenth ray and has an irregular elliptical shape, being round with a curved tail. In <i>C. urosema,</i> it extends from the fourth to the eleventh ray and it is larger. In <i>C. anamiri</i>, the caudal-fin blotch shows an intermediate position: it extends from the sixth to the eleventh caudal-fin ray and it is more centrally positioned on the fin, differently from <i>C. virgatula</i> and <i>C. urosema</i>, whose blotches are more dorsally concentrated (Fig. 6). Examination of the holotypes of <i>Crenicichla urosema</i> and <i>C. virgatula</i> disclosed some morphometric and meristic differences when compared to <i>C. anamiri</i>, such as body depth of <i>C. urosema</i> and <i>C. virgatula</i> more than 17% SL (<i>vs</i>. 14.4% SL on <i>C. anamiri</i>); interorbital width more than 4.5% SL (<i>vs</i>. 4.0% SL on <i>C. anamiri</i>); four series of scales between the upper and lower lateral line on <i>C. urosema</i>, three series on <i>C. virgatula</i> and <i>C. anamiri</i>; upper/lower lateral line scales with 23/9 on <i>C. virgatula</i>; 22/9 on <i>C. urosema</i> and 21/8 on <i>C. anamiri</i>. The dark dots surrounded with white blotch on the base of the scales of the posterior lateral line on <i>Crenicichla anamiri</i> are also present in <i>C. regani, C. urosema</i> and <i>C. virgatula</i>, as well as in some species of rio Paraná and coastal Brazilian rivers (<i>e.g</i>., <i>Crenicichla hu</i>). These dots are also present on the base of the scales of the anterior and posterior lateral lines of <i>Crenicichla macrophthalma</i>, the type species of the genus. These dots, although not exclusively present in representatives of the <i>C. wallacii</i> group, may putatively further suggest a close relationship between <i>C. urosema</i>, <i>C. virgatula</i> and <i>C. anamiri.</i> <i>Crenicichla anamiri</i> is the eleventh species of <i>Crenicichla</i> reported from the rio Xingu drainage. <i>Crenicichla percna</i> Kullander, 1991, <i>C. phaiospilus</i> Kullander, 1991 and <i>C. rosemariae</i> Kullander, 1997 were considered endemic. <i>Crenicichla macrophthalma</i> Heckel, 1840, <i>C. johanna</i> Heckel, 1840, <i>C. marmorata</i> Pellegrin, 1904 and <i>C. regani</i> Ploeg, 1989 are widely distributed in the Amazon basin and also occur in the lower rio Xingu (Ploeg, 1991). <i>Crenicichla acutirostris</i> Günther, 1862, <i>C. strigata</i> Günther, 1862 and <i>C. inpa</i> Ploeg, 1991 were mentioned to occur in rio Xingu by Ploeg (1991), but their taxonomic status are in need of revision, due to morphological variations and wide distribution. Statements on distribution of these three species might be premature. <b>Conservation status.</b> The ongoing discovery of new taxa from the rio Xingu points out to the importance, lack of knowledge and concerns about the future of the ichthyofauna of this river basin. <i>Crenicichla anamiri</i>, like many other fish species in the rio Xingu, is apparently dependent of roots of trees on sandy beaches, and its area of occurrence includes Volta Grande do Xingu, one of the sites that is going to be largely affected by the construction of Belo Monte dam. This is a major hydroelectric power facility, almost completed, that will deviate the main course of the river towards a large reservoir. Considering the sample sites recorded for the species, <i>C. anamiri</i> would be classified as a NT (Nearly Threatened) species, according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2014). The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) was 12,064.326 km ² (to be considered in the vulnerable category – VU, it would need to fall into the B1 criterion &lt;20,000 km ²). The estimated area of occupancy (AOO) was 3,958.125 km ² (to be considered VU, it would need to reach the criterion B2 &lt;2,000 km ²). In both cases, EOO and AOO fall short to a threatened category. Even with the Belo Monte dam, it seems that <i>C. anamiri</i> will not be strongly affected as other species that are heavily dependent on fast waters and rocky substrates. Besides, <i>C. anamiri</i> is registered to occur in the National Park (PARNA) of Serra do Pardo, a protected area located away from Belo Monte influence. Additional collecting efforts would certainly provide more information about the biology and resilience of this species. <b>Comparative Material Examined.</b> <i>Crenicichla compressiceps</i>: <b>Brazil:</b> Pará: INPA 855, 53.0 mm SL, holotype of <i>C. compressiceps</i> Ploeg, 1986, rapids below Jatobal, Tucuruí, rio Tocantins. INPA 862, 3, 19.4-23.7 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. compressiceps</i> Ploeg, 1986, Tucuruí, rio Tocantins. INPA 878, 10, 31.0- 57.3 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. compressiceps</i> Ploeg, 1986, Jatobal, rio Tocantins. INPA 877, 1, 8.2 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. compressiceps</i> Ploeg, 1986, Tucuruí, rio Tocantins. INPA 872, 5, 29.6-46.3 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. compressiceps</i> Ploeg, 1986, igarapé Canoal, Breu Branco, rio Tocantins. INPA 977, 7, 31.0- 43.7 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. compressiceps</i> Ploeg, 1986, igarapé Canoal, Breu Branco, rio Tocantins. <i>Crenicichla heckeli</i>: <b>Brazil:</b> Pará: INPA 1496, 4, 40.6-46.9 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. heckeli</i> Ploeg, 1989, Cachoeira Vira-Mundo, rio Trombetas. I NPA 1497, 15, 30.8-52.0 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. heckeli</i> Ploeg, 1989, Cachoeira Porteira, rio Trombetas. INPA 1500, 3, 37.1-51.2 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. heckeli</i> Ploeg, 1989, Cachoeira Vira-Mundo, Oriximiná, rio Trombetas. INPA 1503, 1, 43.22 mm SL, paratype of <i>C. heckeli</i> Ploeg, 1989, Cachoeira Porteira, rio Trombetas. INPA 1504, 4, 35.2-52.2 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. heckeli</i> Ploeg, 1989, Cachoeira Porteira, rio Trombetas. <i>Crenicichla regani</i>: <b>Brazil:</b> Amazonas: INPA 1434, 4, 40.1-79.3 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. regani</i> Ploeg, 1989, lago Janauacá, Iranduba, rio Solimões. MZUSP 7423, 5, 39.8-66.6 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. regani</i> Ploeg, 1989, small stream of lago Saracá, Silves, rio Maués. INPA 1444, 1, 4.0 mm SL, paratype of <i>C. regani</i> Ploeg, 1989, lago Jenipapo, rio Aripuanã. INPA 1795, 4, 35.2-41.9 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. regani</i> Ploeg, 1989, 15 km below the bridge, Ji-Paraná, rio Machado. <b>Brazil:</b> Pará: INPA 861, 8, 29.8-39.8 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. regani</i> Ploeg, 1989, igarapé Canoal, Breu Branco, rio Tocantins. INPA 864, 3, 36.9-39.7 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. regani</i> Ploeg, 1989, igarapé Canoal, Breu Branco, rio Tocantins. <i>Crenicichla urosema</i>. <b>Brazil:</b> Pará: MZUSP 40289, 46.9 mm SL, holotype of <i>C. urosema</i> Kullander, 1990, rocky rapid of São Luiz, Itaituba, rio Tapajós. MZUSP 21851, 1, 53.0 mm SL, paratype of <i>C. urosema</i> Kullander, 1990, cachoeira Lombo de Anta, rio Tapajós. MZUSP 22019, 4, 38.7-53.6 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. urosema</i> Kullander, 1990, well water with rocks at São Luiz, rio Tapajós. MZUSP 32872, 3, 40.9-57.7 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. urosema</i> Kullander, 1990, well water with rocks at UHE of São Luiz, Itaituba, rio Tapajós. MZUSP 38298, 1, 68.8 mm SL, paratype of <i>C. urosema</i> Kullander, 1990, cachoeira Maranhãozinho, rio Tapajós. <i>Crenicichla virgatula</i>. <b>Brazil:</b> Roraima: INPA 2909, 66.2 mm SL, holotype of <i>C. virgatula</i> Ploeg, 1991, ilha Maracá, rio Uraricoera. INPA 2908, 3, 62.9- 43.2 mm SL, paratypes of <i>C. virgatula</i> Ploeg, 1991, same locality of holotype. <i>Crenicichla wallacii</i>: <b>Guyana:</b> Potaro-Siparuni region: BMNH 1864.1.21.93, 85.0 mm SL, holotype of <i>C. wallacii</i> [photograph] Regan, 1905, Essequibo river. ANSP 176002, 10, 47.6-68.2 mm SL, Effluent of Turtle Pond, small isolated lake, Siparuni, Essequibo river. ANSP 179891, 3, 20.0- 52.1 mm SL, Region 09, Rupununi river.
description: Published as part of <i>Ito, Priscila Madoka M. &amp; Rapp Py-Daniel, Lúcia H., 2015, A small new species of Crenicichla Heckel, 1840 from middle rio Xingu, Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae), pp. 471-478 in Neotropical Ichthyology (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) (Neotrop. Ichthyol.) 13 (3)</i> on pages 472-477, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140105, http://zenodo.org/record/4551396
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