Cranioplasty with hydroxyapatite or acrylic is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and infection-associated explantation
Creators: name: Millward, Christopher P.
name: Doherty, John A.
name: Mustafa, Mohammad A.
name: Humphries, Thomas J.
name: Islim, Abdurrahman I.
name: Richardson, George E.
name: Clynch, Abigail L.
name: Gillespie, Conor S.
name: Keshwara, Sumirat M.
name: Kolamunnage-Dona, Ruwanthi
name: Brodbelt, Andrew R.
name: Jenkinson, Michael D.
name: Duncan, Christian
name: Sinha, Ajay
name: McMahon, Catherine J.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy

description: Cranioplasty remains an essential procedure following craniectomy but is associated with high morbidity. We investigated factors associated with outcomes following first alloplastic cranioplasty. A single-centre, retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing first alloplastic cranioplasty at a tertiary neuroscience centre (01 March 2010–01 September 2021). Patient demographics and craniectomy/cranioplasty details were extracted. Primary outcome was all-cause explantation. Secondary outcomes were explantation secondary to infection, surgical morbidity and mortality. Multivariable analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards regression or binary logistic regression. Included were 287 patients with a mean age of 42.9 years [SD = 15.4] at time of cranioplasty. The most common indication for craniectomy was traumatic brain injury (32.1%, n = 92). Cranioplasty materials included titanium plate (23.3%, n = 67), hydroxyapatite (22.3%, n = 64), acrylic (20.6%, n = 59), titanium mesh (19.2%, n = 55), hand-moulded PMMA cement (9.1%, n = 26) and PEEK (5.6%, n = 16). Median follow-up time after cranioplasty was 86.5 months (IQR 44.6–111.3). All-cause explantation was 12.2% (n = 35). Eighty-three patients (28.9%) had surgical morbidity. In multivariable analysis, the risk of all-cause explantation and explantation due to infection was reduced with the use of both hydroxyapatite (HR 0.22 [95% CI 0.07–0.71], <i>p</i> = .011, HR 0.22 [95% CI 0.05–0.93], <i>p</i> = .040) and acrylic (HR 0.20 [95% CI 0.06–0.73], <i>p</i> = .015, HR 0.24 [95% CI 0.06–0.97], <i>p</i> = .045), respectively. In addition, risk of explantation due to infection was increased when time to cranioplasty was between three and six months (HR 6.38 [95% CI 1.35–30.19], <i>p</i> = .020). Mean age at cranioplasty (HR 1.47 [95% CI 1.03–2.11], <i>p</i> = .034), titanium mesh (HR 5.36 [95% CI 1.88–15.24], <i>p</i> = .002), and use of a drain (HR 3.37 [95% CI 1.51–7.51], <i>p</i> = .003) increased risk of mortality. Morbidity is high following cranioplasty, with over a tenth requiring explantation. Hydroxyapatite and acrylic were associated with reduced risk of all-cause explantation and explantation due to infection. Cranioplasty insertion at three to six months was associated with increased risk of explantation due to infection.