Space power in the High North : perspectives from the kingdom of Norway
Creators: name: Sundlisaeter, Tale
Publisher: name: The University of St Andrews
Year: 2022
Subjects: Space
Space power
Spacepower
Norway
Small states
Policy
Defence policy
Security policy
Defence and security policy
Military space
Military
Military space power
Domestic politics
National security
Space policy
Strategy
Space strategy
Doctrine
Space doctrine
Space capability
Space club
Russia
High North
Arctic
High north policy
Arctic policy
Military affairs
Military strategy
Military doctrine
NATO
Bilateral relations
Intelligence
Military intelligence
ISR
Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
Satcom
Satellite communications
Military space strategic review
Norwegian space policy
Norwegian space strategy
Norwegian military space policy
Norwegian military space strategy
Norwegian military space doctrine
Revolution in Military Affairs
RMA
Network Centric Warfare
Security studies
Space security
Military bureaucracy
Bureaucracy
Space program
Military space program
Military space capability
Inter-service rivalry
Space and intelligence
Space and the military
Program space
International relations
Small state contributions to global politics
International relations of outer space
Bureaucratic organisation
Policy development
Norwegian policy development
Policymakers and practicioners
Civil-military separation
Dual-use
Norwegian Intelligence Service
Norwegian Navy
Norwegian Air Force
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment
FFI
International affairs
Global politics
Satellite
Satellites
Space-based
Intelligence studies
Studies in intelligence
Space power doctrines
Western European Union
WEU
Military access to space capability
Military space activity and international affairs
Military space activity and foreign affairs
Deterrence and reassurance
Integration and screening
Space as a security policy tool
Space as a foreign policy tool
Space and foreign policy
The second space age
Space surveillance
Satellite reconnaissance
Small satellites
Space systems
Network-centric defence
Net-centric defence
Net-centric warfare
Network-based defence
Commercial satellites
Commercial space
New space
Cyber defence force
Cyfor
Commercial satellite imagery
Imagery intelligence
Imint
Aissat-1
Norwegian Armed Forces
Norwegian Ministry of Defence
Norwegian Space Agency
Haakon Bruun-Hanssen
Norwegianspace
Norwegian space
Space authority
Military space authority
Øystein Bø
Arctic great power
Norwegian space power
Svalbard
Svalbard archipelago
Svalbard Treaty
Space law
International space law
Space legislation
Maritime patrol aircraft
Space operations
Space middle power
Space middle powers
Space as a strategic asset
Norwegian doctrine
Norwegian joint doctrine
Military space activity
Jan Eirik Finseth
Kjell Grandhagen
Nils Helle
Rune Jakobsen
Petter Jansen
Henry Kjell Johansen
Stig Eivind Nilsson
Richard B. Olsen
Odd Egil Pedersen
Per-Egil Rygg
Tom Rykken
Lars Saunes
Nils Andreas Stensønes
Terje Wahl
James Armor
James E. Cartwright
James R. Clapper
David A. Deptula
Lance Lord
Peter Marquez
Kevin O'Connell
Jean-Daniel Testé
Johann-Dietrich Wörner
European Space Agency
ESA
Kingdom of Norway
Space and defence policy
Civil-military

description: Norway’s main impetus for developing national military satellite-based capability was the 1977 introduction of the EEZ, through which Norway became responsible for vast maritime areas in the High North. These capabilities also underpinned Norway’s intelligence mission that entailed monitoring Russian military activity, especially the Kola Bay-based Russian strategic forces in the vicinity of Norway. Norway developed niche technologies for military use predominantly based on civilian satellites, and ESA became an essential instrument as it enabled Norway to develop indigenous satellite-based services for the Norwegian Armed Forces. Norway in turn used this capability to reinforce its military relations with the United States and key allies within the NATO framework. Following the pivotal military space strategic review in 2014/2015, the Norwegian Armed Forces developed a function-oriented management structure and incorporated space as a new military domain. National security implications of space were finally incorporated into Norwegian space policy, and Norway has since developed a wide range of national space capabilities, all of which support the nation’s defence and security objectives. This thesis examines how Norwegian military space activity fits into the nation’s overall defence and security policy and argues this activity and the associated national capability development has emerged as a strategic asset in Norwegian alliance policy. This activity reflects upon relations between national policymakers and practitioners, and has contributed to obscure the notion of civil-military separation in Norway. The activity also demonstrates the existence of two unofficial space doctrines in Norway. One focuses on intelligence and the other on force enhancement. The 2020 appointment of the Norwegian Intelligence Service as Norway’s military space authority demonstrates the value of space for intelligence activities supersedes other uses of the domain. Lastly, the study has identified a notable discrepancy between Norwegian military space activity and how space is addressed in national military doctrine.