Thraulodes sinuosus Mariano & Flowers (in Mariano, Flowers & Froehlich 2011
Creators: name: Kluge, Nikita J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Ephemeroptera
Leptophlebiidae
Thraulodes
Thraulodes sinuosus

description: 2. Thraulodes sinuosus Mariano & Flowers 2011
(Figs 42–65)
Thraulodes sinuosus Mariano & Flowers: Mariano, Flowers & Froehlich 2011: 391, figs 16–27 (♂ imago).
Material examined. PANAMA, Provincia Bocas del Toro, Punta de Peña, Rio Guabo (8°55’N, 82°11’W), 29– 31.I.2018, coll. N. Kluge & L. Sheyko: 1 L-S-I ♂, 1 L-S/I ♂, 2 L-S ♂, 1 L/S ♂; Bosque protector Palo Seco, Altos del Valle, Rio Buris (8°47’37’’N, 82°11’35’’W), 24–29.I.2018, coll. L. Sheyko & N. Kluge: 1 I ♀.
Descriptions.
Larva. CUTICULAR COLORATION (Figs 42–47). Dorsal side of head, thorax and abdomen mostly brown with few blanks: pronotum bordered by light laterally and medioposteriorly, with pair of large roundish blanks anteriorly and pair of roundish blanks submedially; fore protoptera with convex and concave longitudinal veins lighter than background; abdominal terga with blanks on lateral parts, area mediad of tergalii attachments nearly unicolor brown. Femora mostly brown with blanks; tibiae and tarsi uniformly light brownish.
HYPODERMAL COLORATION. Unknown; probably, abdominal terga with paired blackish spots corresponding to midway gray spots of imago (as in Fig. 58). Tergalii gray, tracheae black (Fig. 48).
SHAPE AND SETATION. Clypeus widened distally or parallel-sided; labrum 1.3–1.4 times wider than clypeus (Fig. 42). Labrum widest at 0.4 of length from base; initial fore margin (turned ventrally) without median emargination, with all 5 denticles wide; anterior transverse setal row regular, as wide as 3 denticles (as in Fig. 88). Maxilla with 14–15 pectinate setae in apical-ventral row.
Femora: Stout setae on anterior surface parallel-sided and blunt (Fig. 49). Irregular row of hairs near inner margin absent on fore femur, sparse on middle and hind femora.
Fore tibia (Fig. 50): outer hairs form two separated irregular rows; inner-anterior recurved hairs absent; inneranterior row of stout setae represented by few (2–3) blunt stout setae near tibia base; inner field of stout pointed setae moderately dense (setae lengths subequal to distances between them), its setae subequal in lengths, forming 2 rows, setae of anterior row mostly bipectinate or dentate, setae of posterior row smooth.
Hind tibia (Fig. 51): each of three rows of stout setae—outer-anterior, outer-posterior and inner-anterior onesconsists of blunt stout setae of various lengths; hairs located between outer-anterior and outer-posterior rows, form one irregular row (besides row of hairs posteriad of outer-posterior row of stout setae).
Claws with 7–10 denticles on rigid portion, with one or several minute denticles on articulatory portion.
Tergalii (Fig. 48): each lamella slender, tracheae without side branches.
Male genitals in last larval instar (Fig. 62): protogonostyli separated one from another by moderately deep emargination. Each protopenes lobe conic, without gonopore-bearing process; gonopore opened caudally-laterally.
Subimago (Figs 56, 61). CUTICULAR COLORATION. Cuticle mostly colorless. Flagellum of antenna brownish. Mesonotum with antelateroparapsidal and lateroparapsidal sutures contrastingly colored with dark brown, chromozones and some other areas shed with very light brownish (Fig. 56). On all legs tibia and tarsus light brownish (as in Fig. 31). Cuticle of wings colorless, microtrichia light brownish. Caudalii light brownish. Other cuticle of body, legs and gonostyli colorless.
TEXTURE. On tarsi of all legs, 1st tarsomere with microtrichia (as tibia), 2nd–5th tarsomeres coved by blunt microlepides; pointed microlepides present near apical margins of 2nd–4th tarsomeres of middle and hind legs (as in Fig. 473).
Male imago (Figs 52–55, 59, 60, 63). Head ocher with brown. Antenna with scapus ocher, pedicellus reddishbrown, flagellum ocher. Dorsal eyes contiguous medially, dull orange.
Prothorax ocher with pair of dark brown spots above coxa. Meso- and metanotum light brown. Lateral sides of pterothorax ocher with brown. Ventral side of pterothorax mostly ocher, with transverse pale orange band crossing anterior part of mesothoracic episterna and basisternum.
Cuticle of legs mostly colorless; on fore leg apex of femur and base of tibia with cuticle light brown. Legs with following hypodermal pigmentation on whitish background: Fore femur with multicolored pre-apical band, occupying distal 0.4 of femur; pre-apical band mainly orange, proximally bordered by blackish-brown, on inner side with blackish-brown longitudinal stripe. Middle and hind femora ocher, with multicolored pre-apical band within apical 1/3 of femur; pre-apical band mainly orange, proximally bordered by blackish-brown. In selected individual, relation of fore femur to fore wing length 50:240; proportions femur/tibia/tarsomeres on fore leg 50:75:2:23:20:10:6; on middle leg 47:60:1:4:3:2:5; on hind leg 60:65:1:4:3:2:5.
Fore and hind wings with dark brown macula on costal brace and bases of Sc and R; longitudinal and cross veins colorless (proximal coloration of fore and hind wings appears during larval development and present both in subimago and imago). Costal cross veins proximad of bulla few, colorless and very thin, so that visible only under high magnification (as in Fig. 32). Pterostigmatic cross veins not dense, perpendicular to longitudinal veins or slightly oblique, non-branched (Fig. 59). Hind wing with prominent costal projection (Fig. 63).
Abdominal hypodermal coloration (Fig. 52): Tergum I orange with brown. Terga II–VI mostly whitish, translu- cent, with brown band on posterior margin; terga IV–VI or III–VII with pair of small gray midway spots; tergum IV with pair of brown or orange median transverse spots; pleura with gray stigmatic dots. Tergum VII orange, tergum VIII anteriorly-medially orange and posteriorly-laterally white, terga XI–X orange. Abdominal sternum I looks brownish due to cuticular pigmentation (Fig. 53), other sterna whitish. Caudalii mostly white, with black dot on each joining; larger and smaller dots alternated (as in Fig. 58).
Genitalia (Figs 54–55, 60–62): Styliger, gonostyli and penis light ocher. Dorsal extension of styliger wide and not separated from styliger. Penis lobes simplified, narrowed apically, without ventro-median ridges. Basal lobes (containing seminal pump) not separated from remainder penis. Telopenes short, sharply bent ventrally-proximally and curved, with groove shallow, widely opened and exposed ventrally-caudally.
Female imago (not reared) (Figs 57–58). Coloration of thorax as in male, except for pronotum, which is brown with ocher margins (Fig. 58) and median furcasternal impression, which has brown macula (Fig. 57). Coloration of head, wings, legs and caudalii as in male. Abdominal terga I–VII brown with ocher, tergum VIII anteriorly-medially brown and posteriorly-laterally white, terga IX–X orange.
Eggs (extracted from non-reared female imago) (Figs 64–65). Mostly barrel-shaped. Each KTC surrounded by narrow, smooth, ring-like cover. Small protuberances located mostly close to these rings; other chorion nearly without protuberances.
Dimension. Fore wing length (and approximate body length) 6–6.7 mm.
Distribution. Costa Rica (Mariano et al. 2011), Panama (Mariano et al. 2011; this study).
description: Published as part of Kluge, Nikita J., 2020, Systematic position of Thraulodes Ulmer 1920 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) and descriptions of new and little-known species, pp. 1-142 in Zootaxa 4756 (1) on pages 26-32, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4756.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3736895