cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Cluster Free Undoped Amorphous Silicon Films by Hot Wire CVD for Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells
Creators: name: Woo, J.-S.
name: Kang, D.-W.
name: Song, S.-M.
name: Kuk, S.-H.
name: Han, M.-K.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2622-2624
description: Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) film was deposited on glass substrate by hot wire CVD. When
deposition pressure was 3Pa, Silane flow rate was 9 sccm, 13sccm, 20sccm and 27 sccm in order to investigate
the effect of silane concentration on film quality. Silane concentration was 10.1%, 14%, 20% and 25.2%,
respectively. When silane concentration was 14% and 25.2%, deposition pressure was 3Pa, 5Pa and 10 Pa to
investigate the effect of deposition pressure on film quality. The film quality of a-Si:H film was verified by raman
spectroscopy results, SEM image and optical absorption coefficient. Cluster was observed in SEM image and
optical absorption coefficient was increased when cluster forming was reduced. Cluster forming was enhanced
when silane concentration increases and deposition pressure increases. Increase in the silane flow rate increases
the dwell time of the radicals and the mean free path of the film forming radical decreases. As deposition pressure
increases, the primary generated radicals undergo gas-phase reactions resulting in secondary species. Also, the
evaporated atomic hydrogen is depleted through the secondary gas-phase reactions. Consequently, the etching
effect of hydrogen to break the weak bond is reduced. These phenomena can cause degradation of film properties.
We have successfully deposited high quality cluster free undoped a-Si:H film when silane concentration was 14%
and deposition pressure was 3Pa.
Evaluation of Textured TCOs for a-Si:H/µc-Si:H Thin Film Solar Cells by Angular Resolved Light Scattering Measurements
Creators: name: Dewald, W.
name: Sittinger, V.
name: Szyszka, B.
name: Wippler, D.
name: Hüpkes, J.
name: Obermeyer, P.
name: Hamelmann, F.
name: Stiebig, H.
name: Säuberlich, F.
name: Severin, D.
name: Rohde, M.
name: Schmidt, U.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2704-2708
description: Transparent conductive oxides (TCO) are often used as transparent front electrodes for thin film solar cells. Besides their
conductivity and transparency in the absorption range of the solar cell also the light scattering ability is important for light
management. The TCOs are textured, e.g. as grown LPCVD ZnO:B or texture-etched ZnO:Al, and depending on their
morphology they are differently adequate for their application as front electrode in solar cells. An evaluation method based
on angular resolved light scattering (ARS) is presented in this paper. Measurement results and evaluation of different types
of textured doped TCOs like reactively MF sputtered ZnO:Al (Zn:Al target), RF sputtered ZnO:Al (ZnO:Al2O3 target) and
LPCVD ZnO:B are shown. A correlation between ARS and short-circuit density of a-Si:H/μc-Si:H p-i-n solar cells was
found for LPCVD ZnO:B and reactively or RF sputtered and etched ZnO:Al until a saturation current was reached.
Safer and Cheaper Molecules as Alternatives to B2h6 and B(Ch3)3 for ZnO:B LP-CVD: Any Candidate?
Creators: name: Lachaud, C.
name: Madec, A.
name: Pinchart, A.
name: Nicolay, S.
name: Escarré, J.P.
name: Ballif, C.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2658-2662
description: Transparent conductive oxides (TCO) are critical components of thin film photovoltaic modules: as
front electrodes, they must have a transparency over 85% for maximum light harvesting into the module and
furthermore they are the solar module’s electrical contact. Boron-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:B) is one of the best
material with high transparency, as grown rough light scattering surface and good electrical conductivity. ZnO:B
layers are grown by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LP-CVD) using commonly B(CH3)3 (TMB) or B2H6
for doping. Those two molecules are highly toxic and pyrophoric. Their handling requires stringent safety procedures
inducing a higher manufacturing cost. Therefore the development of alternative safer compounds will be in line with
the current economic race. These alternative molecules must be easily vaporizable and thermally stable to avoid
decomposition in the distribution lines. In this work, the authors present results on the characterization of layers
grown by LP-CVD from DiEthyl Zinc, water and three new boron precursors.
The films are grown at temperatures in the range of 175°C to 200°C with variation of the flow of boron precursor in
the range of 0 to 25 sccm. The characterization of the films is completed by AFM, SEM, XRD analysis, optical and
electrical measurements.
The tested compounds were thermally characterized and to go further in the understanding of the behavior of these
compounds during doping: the effect on the surface morphology of several parameters such as the deposition
temperature and the concentration of doping material is investigated. Our results shows that one of the precursors
tested is a promising candidate with performance equivalent to B2H6 or B(CH3)3 with a safer handling and a cost
potential in-line (or below) with the one of common dopants.
In-Line Processing of Hot Wire CVD a-Si:H Solar Cells Using Different ZnO:Al Morphologies as Front Contact
Creators: name: Sittinger, V.
name: Laukart, A.
name: Harig, T.
name: Höfer, M.
name: Dewald, W.
name: Britze, C.
name: Schäfer, L.
name: Szyszka, B.
name: Bräuer, G.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2671-2675
description: Current developments show the possibility of a-Si:H solar cells reaching 10% stabilized efficiency with
PECVD standard equipment. The morphology of the TCO front contact is a crucial component to reach high efficiencies
in a-Si:H solar cells. Increased light trapping allows thinner i-layer and therefore reduced light induced metastability.
Compared to the well-known SnO2:F films deposited by CVD, the ZnO:Al technology allows for better performance at
low cost especially because ZnO:Al can be textured in order to enhance the light scattering into the cell. Besides
increasing the efficiency by applying new TCO technologies a cost reduction for the fabrication of a-Si:H solar cells can
be achieved by applying hot-wire CVD (HWCVD) technology for the deposition of the absorber structure. For the
deposition of doped and intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films, we use an In-line HWCVD coating
system with three deposition chambers, which are equipped with planar vertical multi wire arrays providing an activation
area of 600 x 500 mm2. Using Design of Experiments (DoE), we have investigated the combined influence of the
deposition process factors on the performance of i-a-Si:H and p-a-Si:H films. Results show that it is possible to achieve
good microstructure for intrinsic a-Si:H films with deposition rates ≥ 1.5 nm/s with silane gas consumption up to 90%.
The most influential factor for resistivity of p-a-Si:H is the deposition pressure.
Investigation of Crystallinity Depth Profile in Thin Film µc-Si:H on Different Substrates
Creators: name: Agbo, S.N.
name: Putri, M.
name: Van Swaaij, R.A.C.M.M.
name: Sutta, P.
name: Zeman, M.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2653-2657
description: In this work we report a simple approach by which we are able to probe crystallinity evolution in thin film
microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) using depth-profile Raman measurement. Crystalline volume fraction f, is used as a
measure of crystallinity indicator and varies with varying film growth phases. Each phase is identified by certain range of
crystalline volume fraction extracted from the phase material. Our investigation shows that radio frequency plasma
enhanced chemical vapour deposition (rf PECVD) growth of μc-Si:H evolves through various material phases from an
initial amorphous incubation layer (ASIC) through other phases into the full microcrystalline regime. We found that f
increases gradually in growth direction and saturates at the full microcrystalline regime. By means of seeding, we show
that we are able to modify the growth process such that μc-Si:H evolution is more rapid, more uniform, less dependent on
substrate and begins nearly directly from the crystalline phase hence omitting the amorphous and proto-crystalline
phases. X-ray diffraction measurement is used to further investigate the structure of μc-Si:H grown on different substrates
with and without seed layers and the results are also presented.
Improvement of TCO Properties Through Adding Functional Layers and Surface Treatments in Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells
Creators: name: Park, C.-K.
name: Kim, D.-H.
name: Park, W.-M.
name: Jeong, J.-Y.
name: Lee, Y.-H.
name: Park, S.-K.
name: Kang, H.-D.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2618-2621
description: We fabricate and analyse a-Si:H/μc-Si:H tandem cells based on boron-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:B) layers
grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technique using alcoholic oxidizing agents. This study
focuses on elucidating how the surface morphologies of ZnO:B layers affect the micro-structural and electrical properties
of thin film solar cells. A two-step growth method of MOCVD process has been proposed to modify the surface
morphology of the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films. The modified surface of ZnO:B layer has been successfully
grown on a glass as a function of alcohol delta pressure. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution
transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analyses have indicated that the ZnO:B layer formed by two-step growth
method shows a smoother surface morphology and leads to a reduction of cracks and voids in the absorber layer. We
obtained higher Voc and improved FF with a gain of 1.01 ~ 1.03 times compared to a conventional cell using a rough
ZnO:B TCO layer.
title: Gesagt getanzt!
Creators: name: Mathis, Nadine
Year: 2021

description: Ziel der vorliegenden Masterarbeit ist es, durch eine interdisziplinäre theoretische Auseinandersetzung Tanz in das Konzept des ästhetischen Lernens für Zweitsprachenlernende einzufügen. Diese theoretische Arbeit soll Tanz- und Sprachvermittelnde, -lehrende, -trainer*innen wie auch sprachenbegeisterte Tänzer*innen und tanzbegeisterte Sprachvermittler*innen zusammenbringen und ihnen ein Grundgerüst bieten, um Lernprozesse zu initiieren, die das Lernen mit Tanz und Sprache verschränken. Die Ergebnisse der Forschung zeigen, dass eine solche Kombination große Vorteile für Lernende mit sich bringt, was sowohl den Bereich des Sprachenlernens als auch des ästhetischen Lernens betrifft. Außerdem wird gezeigt, dass durch das ästhetisches Lernen mit Tanz und Sprache Lernende auch im Bereich der persönlichen Lebensbewältigung als Subjekte wachsen können. Die Arbeit antwortet auf aktuelle Bedürfnisse von Menschen in einer sich rasant verändernden Welt und definiert ganzheitliche, reflexive und ästhetische Lernprozesse, die diesen Umständen gerecht werden sollen.
title: Einfluss einer elterlichen Trennung auf den Bildungsweg ihrer Kinder in Österreich und Luxemburg
Creators: name: Kraus, Lynn
Year: 2022

description: Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss einer elterlichen Trennung auf den Bildungsweg ihrer Kinder und nimmt einen Vergleich zwischen luxemburgischen und österreichischen Scheidungskindern vor. Der Fokus lag nicht nur auf den negativen Folgen, sondern es war außerdem von Interesse ob eine elterliche Trennung auch positive Effekte auf den Bildungsweg derer Kinder hat. Es wurden jeweils sieben luxemburgische und sieben österreichische Scheidungskinder im Alter von 20 bis 30 Jahren interviewt. Die Daten wurden anhand der Inhaltanalyse nach Kuckartz ausgewertet. Die Analyse ergab, dass hauptsächlich Scheidungskinder unter einer konflikthaften elterlichen Trennung und bei mangelnder sozialer wie familiärer Unterstützung eine Veränderung im schulischen Bereich wahrgenommen haben. Nicht nur die Schulnoten haben sich verschlechtert, sondern ihr Wohlbefinden wie auch psychischer Zustand hat sich im schulischen Setting bemerkbar gemacht. Jedoch hatte die elterliche Trennung bei einigen auch einen positiven Effekt. Familiäre Unterstützung wie schulische Hilfeleistung und eine gute Kommunikation zwischen den Eltern und Kindern wirkte sich positive auf die Bewältigung einer elterlichen Trennung aus. Als Limitation dieser Arbeit wird der Vergleich zwischen luxemburgischen und österreichischen Scheidungskindern angesehen. Es wurden keine größeren Unterschiede innerhalb beider Länder bezüglich des Einflusses einer elterlichen Trennung auf den Bildungsweg festgestellt.
Multidimensional Coupled Electrical and Optical Modeling of Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells
Creators: name: Geißendörfer, S.
name: Lacombe, J.
name: Sergeev, O.
name: Von Maydell, K.
name: Agert, C.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2667-2670
description: In this contribution three dimensional simulations of amorphous silicon thin film solar cells are
presented. In order to simulate solar cells with rough interfaces, the surface topographies were measured via atomic
microscopy and transferred to the commercial software Sentaurus TCAD (Synopsys). The model includes layer
thicknesses and optoelectronic parameters like complex refractive index and defect structure. To calculate the space
resolved optical generation rates of the virtual device, the optical solver Finite-Difference Time-Domain is used. A
comparison of measured and simulated angular distribution functions illustrates a good validation of this model.
However, a virtual device size of 1.5x1.5Am² is needed to reduce calculation errors due to the influence of the
boundary conditions of lateral surfaces. For electrical modeling only divided parts from the initial virtual device are
calculated in order to reduce the calculation time. A variation of subdomain volumes to identify the needed sizes and
their results of illuminated current-voltage-characteristics are presented.
Development of High Performance Industrial TCO Glass for Very Large Area a-Si:H PV Modules
Creators: name: Vetter, M.
name: Andreu, J.
name: Borrajo, J.P.
name: Martin, A.
name: Rodríguez, J.A.
name: Agustsson, O.
name: Schotsaert, J.
name: Bittkau, K.
name: Carius, R.
name: Gordijn, A.
name: Macedo, I.M.
name: Rath, J.K.
name: Schropp, R.E.I.
name: Antony, A.
name: Bertomeu, J.
name: Kail, F.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2676-2679
description: The European project HELATHIS, executed by the five project partners signing this article, is
dedicated to the improvement of the efficiency of very large area (5.7m2) silicon thin film photovoltaic (PV) modules.
Optical confinement has been identified by the project partners as a major source for efficiency improvement of thin
film silicon PV modules. One reason of the performance gap between highly efficient laboratory solar cells and
industrial modules is the poorer electrical and optical performance of the industrial TCO-covered front glass substrate
(TCO glass) which is investigated in this work. The glass substrate in industrial PV modules is about 3 times thicker
than in laboratory solar cells where frequently Asahi U-type TCO glass (about 1 mm thick) is used. Therefore, the
glass quality has an important impact on the transmission of industrial TCO glass. Reducing the iron-content in the
float glass substrate increases the integrated transmission in the wavelength range from 400-800nm by nearly 2%.
The electrical properties, namely the electrical carrier mobility, of the industrial TCO layer of AGC has been
increased by about 15% by improving the industrial deposition process, resulting in a thinner TCO layer with higher
transmission by maintaining the sheet resistance of about 9-10 /sq. Combining both developments the integrated
transmission of industrial TCO glass has been increased by more than 2%. The TCO layer properties of Asahi U-type
and standard industrial TCO glass (AGC AN10) have been investigated by SEM, AFM, XRD and ARS, showing that
the Asahi U TCO scatters red light more effectively into larger angles.
Effects of Operating Conditions on Thin Film Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Module Performance
Creators: name: Polverini, D.
name: Huld, T.
name: Kenny, R.P.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2680-2683
description: Amorphous silicon thin film photovoltaic modules nowadays represent a suitable alternative to
crystalline silicon, with a good trade-off between cost and efficiency. Even though they have been under development
since the 1970s, their metastable behaviour under real outdoor conditions has still to be fully understood and
modeled. In this paper an investigation of thin film amorphous and microcrystalline modules performance is
presented. Periodic indoor measurements of I-V characteristics were performed on a set of six modules, both single
and multi-junction, which underwent a one year period of outdoor exposure. The goal of the present research is to
assess how module performance is affected by operating conditions, mainly temperature and insolation, which
contribute to seasonal variation in module performance. Results confirm the yearly sinusoidal-like trend for the main
electrical parameters. By mounting the modules both with and without a thermally insulating layer, it was also
possible to differentiate between the light soaking and the thermal annealing effects.
Optimization of the ZnO Back Contact Layer in Terms of Module Power Increase and Cost Reduction in a 60MW Micromorph® Production Line
Creators: name: Koutsioumpi, E.
name: Raftopoulou, K.
name: Katsia, E.
name: Sarigiannidis, C.
name: Carlo, T.
name: Schmidt, C.M.
name: Zimin, D.
name: Bondu, B.
name: Farmakis, F.
name: Girgkinoudi, D.
name: Georgoulas, N.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2684-2687
description: Heliosphera SA produces 1.43 m2 micromorph® modules with Boron- Doped LPCVD ZnO (ZnO:B)
layers as front and back contacts, manufactured on equipment provided by Oerlikon Solar. Heliosphera SA is
searching for solutions on the large production scale that would allow module performance increase without
production cost raise. This paper is focused on the module power improvement, taking into account the cost
reduction which is a major factor leading to a sustainable production line. The influence of deposition temperature,
deposition time and doping ratio, of the back contact (BC) transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, on the
optical and electrical properties of the modules is studied. It is shown that LPCVD ZnO applied as back contact in
p-i-n configured thin film silicon solar cells, has great potential in improving the module properties. Low cost,
high quality TCO BC layers can therefore play an important role in thin film silicon cells in order to improve the
module power and further reduce the production costs.
Textured Surface Hydrogenated Gallium-Doped ZnO-TCOs for Si-based Thin Film Solar Cells Grown via Magnetron Sputtering at Room Temperature
Creators: name: Chen, X.-L.
name: Wang, F.
name: Geng, X.-H.
name: Huang, Q.
name: Zhang, D.-K.
name: Wei, C.-C.
name: Zhang, X.-D.
name: Zhao, Y.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2479-2481
description: Hydrogenated Ga-doped ZnO (ZnO:Ga/H, GZO/H) transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) thin films
are deposited on glass substrates via pulsed direct-current (DC) magnetron sputtering at room temperature. The
influences of H2 flow rates ranged from 0 sccm to 12 sccm on the micro-structural, electrical, and optical properties
of GZO/H TCO thin films are investigated. The GZO/H thin films show rather lower resistivity with relatively higher
carrier concentration and electron mobility, and also present higher transmittance in visible range (~400-600 nm)
than the GZO thin films. These GZO/H thin films exhibit high transparencies of ~80-95% for wide spectral region (~
380-1000 nm). The optimized GZO/H thin film obtained at 6 sccm exhibits the lowest resistivity 6.8×10-4 Ωcm with
a high electron mobility of 34.2 cm²/Vs. These GZO/H thin films are also developed for rough textured surface with
post wet-etching process in diluted hydrochloric acid. The formation model for textured surface GZO/H thin films is introduced.
Experimental realization of optomechanically induced non-reciprocity
Creators: name: Shen, Z.
name: Zhang, Y. -L.
name: Chen, Y.
name: Zou, C. -L.
name: Xiao, Y. -F.
name: Zou, X. -B.
name: Sun, F. -W.
name: Guo, G. -C.
name: Dong, C. -H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Non-reciprocal devices, such as circulators and isolators, are indispensable components in classical and quantum information processing in an integrated photonic circuit. Aside from those applications, the non-reciprocal phase shift is of fundamental interest for exploring exotic topological photonics, such as the realization of chiral edge states and topological protection. However, incorporating low optical-loss magnetic materials into a photonic chip is technically challenging. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate non-magnetic non-reciprocity using optomechanical interactions in a whispering-gallery microresonator, as proposed by Hafezi and Rabl. Optomechanically induced non-reciprocal transparency and amplification are observed, and a non-reciprocal phase shift of up to 40 degrees is demonstrated in this study. The results of this study represent an important step towards integrated all-optical controllable isolators and circulators, as well as non-reciprocal phase shifters.
description: 5 pages, 4 Figures
title: Diskursive Sprachhandlungen als Teil der sprachlichen Bildung im Geographie- und Wirtschaftskundeunterricht in der Sekundarstufe I
Creators: name: Böhm, Birgit
Year: 2022

description: Die hier vorliegende Masterarbeit befasst sich mit diskursiven Sprachhandlungen als Teil der Bildungssprache im Geographie- und Wirtschaftskundeunterricht und betrachtet diesbezüglich den Ist-Zustand bei Schüler*innen der fünften bis siebten Schulstufe genauer. Ziel dieser Arbeit soll es sein festzustellen, wie stark die bildungssprachlichen Kompetenzen und somit auch die diskursiven Sprachhandlungen in den einzelnen Schulstufen, aber auch stufenübergreifend, bereits ausgeprägt sind, um anhand dieser Erkenntnisse einen Fördervorschlag aufzuzeigen. Die Erhebung erfolgte in Form einer Beobachtung der Schüler*innen, während anhand eines Szenarios zum Thema Ressource Wasser insgesamt zehn Gruppendiskussionen stattfanden. Durch diese Untersuchung konnte festgestellt werden, dass zwar in allen Schulstufen bildungssprachliche Merkmale in den Diskussionen in etwa gleichem Ausmaß genutzt wurden, bei einem Blick auf die diskursiven Sprachhandlungen bei den höheren Stufen das Argumentieren im Gegensatz zu Benennen und Erklären häufiger Anwendung findet.
Monolithic Series Interconnection of Flexible Thin-Film PV Devices
Creators: name: Wipliez, L.
name: Löffler, J.
name: Heijna, M.C.R.
name: Slooff, L.H.
name: De Keijzer, M.A.
name: Soppe, W.J.
name: Schoonderbeek, A.
name: Stute, U.
name: Rubingh, J.E.J.M.
name: Furthner, F.
name: Kruijt, P.G.M.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2641-2644
description: Roll-to-roll production of thin-film photovoltaic (PV) solar cells and modules is expected to
substantially decrease the manufacturing costs, and thus enable a breakthrough in the price of solar electricity per
kWh. Generic processes such as depth-selective laser scribing and the printing of insulating and conductive tracks
curable at low temperature are a key requirement to enable cost efficient production of advanced thin-film PV
concepts. In contrast to TCO glass based superstrate device concepts, no standard laser scribing processes and
manufacturing tools to achieve fully monolithic series interconnection are presently available for so-called substrate
type device concepts that are built on – often opaque and even flexible – substrates. Three key features of such
advanced interconnection processes are presented here: laser scribing, printing and electrical modeling. We show that
laser scribing of amorphous silicon solar cells with a 1064 nm ps laser leads to a minor loss in efficiency. The screen
printing process of low-temperature curing Ag paste is also proven not to degrade the device performance, and by
modelling the module interconnection, we calculated losses below 10% when going from individual cells to modules.
Finally, efforts are underway to realize large area solar cells with printed current collecting grids, and a fully series
interconnected module by combining laser scribing and printing as cost-effective processing operation.
Spectral Mismatch Correction for Micromorph Tandem Modules
Creators: name: Böttcher, A.
name: Horstmann, M.
name: Pourhashemi, M.R.
name: Krauter, S.
name: Grunow, P.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2649-2652
description: For the indoor power measurement of tandem cells with a sun simulator, a spectral mismatch correction of the
short circuit current to the AM 1.5 standard spectrum cannot be calculated the same way as for single junction
cells. The correction for the difference in spectral sensitivity of the reference cell to be calibrated and the device
used to measure the irradiance can be described as mismatch factor (MMF) for single junction cells only.. A
correction for micromorph cells is still missing. But with complex multi spectral sun simulators it is possible to
make a spectral mismatch correction. In this paper we present a modified spectral mismatch correction for
tandem cells, which works for sun simulator with good spectral quality and a poor blocking ability of the top and
bottom cell. The measurements were done with a Pasan Flasher, a LED- and a steady state sun simulator.
Remarks on the distribution of the primitive roots of a prime
Creators: name: Chern, Shane
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Number Theory (math.NT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Primary 11A07, Secondary 11L40

description: Let $\mathbb{F}_p$ be a finite field of size $p$ where $p$ is an odd prime. Let $f(x)\in\mathbb{F}_p[x]$ be a polynomial of positive degree $k$ that is not a $d$-th power in $\mathbb{F}_p[x]$ for all $d\mid p-1$. Furthermore, we require that $f(x)$ and $x$ are coprime. The main purpose of this paper is to give an estimate of the number of pairs $(ξ,ξ^αf(ξ))$ such that both $ξ$ and $ξ^αf(ξ)$ are primitive roots of $p$ where $α$ is a given integer. This answers a question of Han and Zhang.
Remote Plasma Cleaning After μc-Si Deposition
Creators: name: Leu, G.F.
name: Klindworth, M.
name: Monauni, G.-R.
name: Grünenfelder, P.
name: Martin, J.
name: Ellert, C.
name: Sublet, A.
name: Juillerat, F.
name: Wetler, D.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2593-2596
description: The Oerlikon Solar PECVD process for production of thin amorphous/ microcrystalline Si-H layer
requires that the reactor is cleaned before the start of every new module. Fluorine containing plasmas are used for the
cleaning process. SiF4 is the main cleaning product and, being volatile, is evacuated through the pumping system.
The in-situ cleaning, (i.e. the cleaning plasma is produced in the same reactor and using the same electrode as the
deposition plasma), is nowadays the standard Oerlikon Solar solution for cleaning after a-Si deposition. The uc-Si
deposition however poses some peculiar challenges for the cleaning, due to the presence of the powder, both at the
edge of the reactor as well as in the pumping lines. Simple physical considerations show that the places where the
powder is created and deposited act as "radicals' killers" during the cleaning, leading to reduced cleaning efficiency.
Oerlikon Solar developed a new remote plasma system, which allows a better distribution of the fluorine radicals
during cleaning. The radicals are created very close to and transported directly to the place where the powder is
deposited. Significant increase of the cleaning efficiency was achieved this way, leading to both reduced cleaning
time and reduced gas consumption.
This paper presents the control scheme of the Oerlikon Solar remote plasma system. An increase of the overall
cleaning rate with a factor greater than 2.5 was obtained.
Statistics of Farmers' Marketing and Purchasing Cooperatives, 1938-39 Marketing Season
Creators: name: Elsworth, R. H.
name: Elsworth, R. H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1940
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Farm Management
subject: Financial Economics
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Contents: Cooperative marketing and purchasing by farmers, 1913-1939; Number of associations; Cooperative membership; Dollar business for cooperatives; Cooperative business by geographic divisions; Relative importance of States; Changes in commodity marketing; Cotton and cotton products; Cooperatives handling dairy products; Fruits, vegetables, nuts; Grain, dry beans, and rice; Livestock cooperatives; Poultry and egg cooperatives; Wool and mohair; Cooperative purchasing; Changes during 1938-39 season; Summary.
High-Rate Dynamic VHF Plasma Deposition of a-Si:H and µc-Si:H Thin-Film Solar Cells
Creators: name: Flikweert, A.J.
name: Zimmermann, T.
name: Weigand, D.
name: Appenzeller, W.
name: Strobel, C.
name: Leszczynska, B.
name: Albert, M.
name: Dybek, K.
name: Palme, J.
name: Schade, K.
name: Hartung, J.
name: Steinke, O.
name: Stahr, F.
name: Beyer, W.
name: Gordijn, A.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2577-2579
description: A concept for large-area high-rate VHF-PECVD (60 MHz) of a-Si:H and μc-Si:H on moving substrates is
developed and evaluated. Up to 40x40 cm² substrates can be used. The deposition plasma is sustained between linear
electrodes and a moving substrate. Due to the gas flow geometry and the high degree of source gas depletion, the moving
substrate "sees" different silane concentrations when passing the electrodes. These effects are smeared out and state-ofthe-
art solar cells are produced by this reactor. Initial solar cell efficiencies reached up to 9.8% which is the same as for
the reference cells deposited by RF-PECVD. However, the deposition rates of a-Si are higher for VHF (~5 Å/s) than for
RF (~2 Å/s). For μc-Si solar cells with an efficiency of 7.6% a deposition rate of 9.5 Å/s has been obtained. Standard μc-
Si solar cells deposited by RF-PECVD showed efficiencies up to 8.6 % at growth rates of 5.4 Å/s.
Variable Step Mollifiers and Applications
Creators: name: Hintermüller, Michael
name: Papafitsoros, Kostas
name: Rautenberg, Carlos
Publisher: name: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mollification
subject: Integral operators
subject: Boundary values
subject: Density of convex sets
subject: 004 Informatik
subject: 510 Mathematik

description: We consider a mollifying operator with variable step that, in contrast to the standard mollification, is able to preserve the boundary values of functions. We prove boundedness of the operator in all basic Lebesgue, Sobolev and BV spaces as well as corresponding approximation results. The results are then applied to extend recently developed theory concerning the density of convex intersections.
The Right Way To Characterize Adhesion Of Polymers In PV Modules
Creators: name: Chapuis, V.
name: Pélisset, S.
name: Trachsel, V.
name: Raeis-Barneoud, M.
name: Ballif, C.
name: Perret-Aebi, L.-E.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2597-2599
description: It is widely accepted that adherence (which reports to what is measured when performing an adhesion test)
of the encapsulant to the main substrates of the module plays a key role in the long term reliability of the PV module. Consequently, adherence is commonly measured and used to assess or compare encapsulant compatibility with a
given substrate. The most common procedures used in the PV field to characterize adhesion between a polymer film and
a substrate are the so called peeling test, lap shear and compressive shear tests.
Here we use a compressive shear setup to characterize the adherence of Poly Vinyl Butyral (PVB) and Polyethylene-covinyl
acetate (EVA) to glass before and after degradation in damp-heat (DH) conditions (85°C, 85%RH). The adherence
metrics that can be derived from a Compressive Shear Test (CST) are presented and discussed. We show that a single
metric is not sufficient to characterize adherence and that a set of at least two indicators including the peak shear stress
and the viscous dissipation should be used. Using this set it is found that the interface PVB/Glass is more affected by the
degradation than the EVA/Glass interface.
An Analysis On The Recombination Mechanisms In The Intrinsic Layer Of P-I-N A-Si:H Solar Cell
Creators: name: Tari, O.
name: Daliento, S.
name: Fanelli, E.
name: Lancellotti, L.
name: Delli Veneri, P.
name: Mercaldo, L.V.
name: Usatii, I.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2589-2592
description: A two dimensional (2-D) physically-based computer simulation model of single junction p-i-n
amorphous silicon solar cells is presented using Sentaurus, TCAD by Synopsys Inc. The developed model is able to
predict the dark behavior of p-i-n a-Si:H solar cell in a wide temperature range, obtaining results comparable to one
dimensional simulation results using AMPS (analysis of microelectronic and photonic structure)-1D. Moreover, an
analytical method based on capacitance measurements to extract the gap defect states concentration and the Fermi
energy level is verified using the developed simulation model and it is applied to real p-i-n device in order to
evaluate the energy profile of defect states in the gap by changing the measurement temperature.
The shifted convolution of generalized divisor functions
Creators: name: Topacogullari, Berke
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Number Theory (math.NT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 11N37 (Primary), 11N75 (Secondary)

description: We prove an asymptotic formula for the shifted convolution of the divisor functions $d_k(n)$ and $d(n)$ with $k \geq 4$, which is uniform in the shift parameter and which has a power-saving error term, improving results obtained previously by Fouvry and Tenenbaum and, more recently, by Drappeau.
Transmission Electron Microscopy of the Textured Silver Back Reflector of a Thin Film Silicon Solar Cell: From Crystallography to Optical Absorption
Creators: name: Duchamp, M.
name: Söderström, K.
name: Jeangros, Q.
name: Boothroyd, C.B.
name: Kasama, T.
name: Haug, F.-J.
name: Ballif, C.
name: Dunin-Borkowski, R.E.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2554-2557
description: The study of light trapping in amorphous, microcrystalline and micromorph thin-film Si solar cells is
an important and active field of investigation. It has been demonstrated that the use of a rough Ag back-reflector lead
to an increase of short circuit current but also to losses through the creation of surface plasmon polaritons. Here, we
use transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques to study the grain structure of a Ag thin-film that was
sputtered on top of 2-μm-thick rough ZnO layer - defects, such as twin-boundaries have been observed. A smoothing
of the top Ag surface was also observed after ex-situ annealing.
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy with a monochromatic beam was used to measure the surface plasmon resonance
with nm spatial resolution. 1 eV and 3 eV Ag surface plasmon resonances have been observed on as-grown layers.
Such measurements provide valuable information about the origin of optical absorption losses previously measured in Ag back-reflector of thin-film Si solar cells.
A Combined Experimental and Numerical Approach for Design and Optimization of Textures in Thin Film Photovoltaic Cells
Creators: name: Agrawal, M.
name: Frei, M.
name: Wang, D.
name: Chae, Y.K.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2604-2607
description: For the first time, we present a comprehensive, assumption-free, first-principle and fully rigorous
methodology to statistically parameterize the morphology of textured TCO surfaces and to predict optical scattering
properties of such textured surfaces as well those of single junction and tandem junction thin film photovoltaic cells. We
fabricated a vast variety of textured TCO surfaces by varying the process conditions and etch conditions and then
subsequently grew single and tandem junction devices on such surfaces. Consistent and accurate predictive capabilities of
our approach are demonstrated across such widely varying device geometries and surface morphologies.
Industrial Performance of LPCVD Coating Systems for Thin Film Photovoltaics
Creators: name: Poppeller, M.
name: Booth, H.J.
name: Zimin, D.
name: Stecher, M.
name: Clauss, M.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2566-2568
description: LPCVD TCO has demonstrated excellent layer properties for front and back contact applications in
silicon based thin film solar cells. Oerlikon Solar, as an end-to-end solution supplier for Micromorph solar modules,
has proven the LPCVD TCO technology in high volume industrial production, with an installed base of over 60
systems.
Long term system performance results based on industrial production data are presented. In particular the stability
and reproducibility of layer properties in production are shown. The data confirms that the LPCVD ZnO technology
meets the needs of an industrial production environment with respect to long term stability and reliability.
The performance of the next generation Oerlikon Solar TCO system is discussed. It delivers further improvements
regarding throughput, maintainability, TCO optical properties and investment costs over the previous generation of tools.
Using CO to Measure Molecular Masses
Creators: name: Bolatto, Alberto D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: With an increased appreciation for the role of gas in galaxy evolution, there is renewed interest in measuring gas masses for galaxies. I review some of the basic concepts in using CO to determine molecular masses, and discuss some of the recent work.
description: Proceedings for invited presentation to the 6th Zermatt Symposium, "Conditions and Impact of Star Formation: from Lab to Space", Zermatt Switzerland September 7-11, 2015
Performance of Amorphous Silicon in the Initial, Degraded and Annealed States Under Varying Spectrum, Irradiance and Temperature
Creators: name: Bliss, M.
name: Zhu, J.
name: Betts, T.R.
name: Gottschalg, R.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2569-2573
description: This work analyses and discusses the performance of amorphous silicon (a-Si) single junction mini
modules in three main states: in the initial non-degraded, as purchased state, in the degraded state after light-soaking
and in the recovered state after thermal annealing. The experimental set-up and applied methods of controlled indoor
light-soaking and thermal annealing are detailed. Device performance measurements are carried out indoors under
varying spectrum (E), light intensity (G) and temperature (T). Measurement results have shown a reduction in STC
power of up to 27.5% during the first 250h light soaking and a recovery of 56% of the performance losses after
annealing for 250h at 80°C in the dark. After light soaking, devices also showed a reduction in low light performance
and an increase in temperature coefficients, which to some extent reversed during the annealing process.
The Effect of Process Pressure in Large Scale Thin Film Si PV Module Production Reactors
Creators: name: Chaudhary, D.
name: Sublet, A.
name: Goury, C.
name: Jost, S.
name: Stoeckle, A.
name: Hötzel, J.
name: Carroy, P.
name: Klindworth, M.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2574-2576
description: Oerlikon Solar is developing and providing mass fabrication equipment including processes for
entire thin film silicon manufacturing lines for module areas of 1.3m x 1.1m. Oerlikon’s thin film silicon solar
device technology is based on the Micromorph® concept employing amorphous and microcrystalline silicon
layers. For optimum performance of the thin film cell, especially the absorber layer of the microcrystalline cell
has been identified to be deposited within a certain quality (e.g. in terms of defect density and crystallinity). Ion
bombardment is known to affect the layer quality. One possible strategy to lower ion energy is to increase the
process pressure for the absorber layer deposition. In production-like deposition equipment the change of the
process pressure may also change for example the gas utilization and the layer properties significantly. It may
also requires the adaptation of hardware components (like inter-electrode gap) in order to maintain proper plasma
conditions, like the amount of powder generated, within a certain range.
In this paper we will discuss the impact of pressure variation in deposition reactors of different inter-electrode
gaps on resources consumption and on single layer properties. In conclusion we will review the impact of these
parameters on cell and module properties and discuss the optimal conditions to get the best material quality.
P1, P2 and P3 Structuring of CIGSE Solar Cells With A Single Laser Wavelength
Creators: name: Schultz, C.
name: Schüle, M.
name: Richter, M.
name: Pahl, H.-U.
name: Endert, H.
name: Bonse, J.
name: Dirnstorfer, I.
name: Rau, B.
name: Schlatmann, R.
name: Quaschning, V.
name: Fink, F.
name: Stegemann, B.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2540-2543
description: Manufacturing of CIGSe thin film solar modules involves typically one laser structuring step (P1) and
two mechanical structuring steps (P2 and P3) for serial interconnection. In our approach, complete laser structuring is
successfully demonstrated by application of short nanosecond laser pulses (<10 ns) with a single, visible wavelength
of 532 nm. The P1 and the P3 trenches are scribed by induced and direct ablation, respectively. For the P2 scribe, the
thermal input of the ns laser pulses is used to transform the CIGSe absorber layer locally into a highly conductive
compound to provide proper electrical interconnection. These findings promise further simplification and flexibility
to thin film solar cell production.
Inline Deposited Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells on Imprinted Foil
Creators: name: Van Aken, B.B.
name: Heijna, M.C.R.
name: Löffler, J.
name: Soppe, W.J.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2562-2565
description: ECN is developing n-i-p solar cells based on a-Si and μc-Si absorber layers deposited with inline
PECVD, using linear plasma sources, on an imprint-textured UV curable coating layer on foil. We show that solar
cells deposited on foil with random texture can achieve good light trapping (Jsc ~ 15-16 mA/cm2 for a-Si cells).
Furthermore, we show that a-Si nip cells on foil, processed in dynamic mode in an industrial pilot roll-to-roll system
for 30 cm wide foils, can achieve efficiencies of over 7%. Future work will focus on developing and implementing
optimised periodic nanotextures for μc-Si and micromorph tandem.
Das Chicagoer Experiment mit einer neuen Begräbnisliturgie
Creators: name: Stone, Theodore
name: Cunningham, Anselm
Publisher: name: Concilium
Year: 1970

description: Concilium, Bd. 4 Nr. 2 (1968): Concilium: Internationale Zeitschrift für Theologie, Band 4, Heft 2