D2.1 Specification of Scientific Requirements Report
Creators: name: UCBL
name: CSFK
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021

description: Sedimentary environments, volcanic environments, metamorphic and plutonic environments<br> are the most common geological setting found on Earth. The FlyRadar instrument will have<br> to be able to explore sedimentary objects, lava flow fields and metamorphic domains to<br> produce geolocalised radargrams. These radargrams will be studied to define the major<br> discontinuities in the underground to depth of about 10 to 20 m, to estimate the nature of<br> these discontinuities, to measure the thickness or volume of the layers and give indication to<br> their formation. The expected vertical resolution that is the minimum distance between two<br> discontinuities that will be visible on the radargram should be at least of 0.1 m. The<br> horizontal resolution should be also at least of 0.1 m. On the Earth, the nature of rock will be<br> easily determined from field inspection, however the FlyRadar instrument will be used<br> mostly to determine the geometry of the underground completed with such information on<br> context. As radar signals are strongly affected by the presence of liquid water in the<br> subsurface (that is very common on Earth), the FlyRadar instrument will be used mostly in<br> dry areas that are arid hot deserts, karsts or cold arid areas where water is frozen.<br> On Mars the main geological environments are the same than on the Earth, thus the same<br> expectations are required on Mars and on Earth. On Mars, the nature of rocks is sometimes<br> difficult to define from only inspection on satellite images and multispectral or hyperspectral<br> images. So, the FlyRadar instrument will be used also to estimate in some possible cases, the<br> permittivity of the investigated underground to get values of porosity and density of the<br> investigated rocks. These data will help to classify the geological environment and the rock<br> nature. Moreover, very high resolution images (HiRISE, CTX) and spectra (CRISM) of the<br> Martian surface are available or can be obtain on request. These imaging datasets will be a<br> base to define the possible size and geometry of the objects which analogues the Earth will be<br> investigated by the FlyRadar instrument. As the presence of liquid water is certainly very rare<br> in the first meters of the Martian crust, the FlyRadar instrument will be able to operate over<br> most of the Martian surface expected in areas dominated by clays.<br> The data of the FlyRadar instrument will depend on the frequency at which the instrument<br> operates. At high frequencies, the vertical resolution will be optimum but the penetration of<br> the signal will be low in the underground. At low frequencies, the vertical resolution will get<br> worse but the signal will reach a greater depth. So a tradeoff has to be defined according to<br> the geology of the investigated areas. The FlyRadar instrument should have the possibility to<br> operate in a large band of frequencies. For a given experiment, the frequency will be defined<br> in interaction between the scientific and the engineering team.