cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: Development and Evaluation of an Expert System for Use as an Aid in Culling Dairy Cattle
Creators: name: Checketts, Max L.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1991

description: An expert system for identifying cows to be culled, MAXCULL, was programmed to run on an IBM or compatible personal computer. It was designed to be used with Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) records as an aid in decision making. MAXCULL used fifty-two health, seventeen reproduction, and thirty-nine production rules in the analysis.
MAXCULL was initially developed using two expert system tools. VP-Expert and Super Expert both had inductive abilities and were reasonably priced. VP-Expert was selected to continue the development of the MAXCULL system. The program used a rule-based method of storing knowledge, which was obtained from literature reviewed in the health, reproduction and management areas. Three blocks of rules were developed. MAXCULL used a backward-chaining control strategy.
The information on each cow was obtained from a special report obtained from DHI Provo. The diagnosis from MAXCULL produced an explanation paragraph identifying possible reasons for removing the cow. Twenty herds with DHI records were identified, ten assigned as controls and ten to be evaluated with the MAXCULL system. General linear model procedures were used to compare thirteen variables after using MAXCULL for one year. No significant differences were noted for any of the variables. The chi-square analysis showed that the decisions of MAXCULL were significantly different from the decisions of the manager. The final survey supports the idea that dairy management expertise can be provided to the dairy manager through an expert system.
The effect of ecotypic diversity on grassland community assembly along a longitudinal aridity gradient
Creators: name: Ren, Zhe
name: Gibson, David J.
name: Baer, Sara G.
name: Johnson, Loretta
name: Wilson, Laurel R.
Publisher: name: F1000 Research Limited
Year: 2020

description: Background/Question/Methods

Two important dominant species, Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem) and Sorghastrum nutans (Indiangrass) of the Great Plains of the United States have a wide regional distribution across the midwestern United States. This broad range of natural distribution of dominant species has resulted in local adaptation and genetic variation. Although genotypic and phenotypic differentiation among the ecotypes of dominant species have been studied, it is still uncertain: 1. if ecotypic diversity affects grassland community assembly processes equally, specifically taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity; 2. if grassland taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity show the same variation across the aridity gradient. Reciprocal common gardens were established in 2009 at four sites across a longitudinal aridity gradient in the North American tallgrass prairie: Colby, KS; Hays, KS; Manhattan, KS; and Carbondale, IL. Ecotypes of A. gerardii and S. nutans were seeded according to a randomized complete block design at each of the four sites. Species composition was measured in two 1 m2 quadrats per plot in 2012 and 2019, retaining the maximum percentage canopy cover obtained by each species from each survey for analyses. Linear mixed models were applied to analyze the effect of ecotypes, year, and sites on taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity.

Results/Conclusions
The generalized linear mixed model showed significant differences in an interaction between year, site, and ecotype ((Wald’s-χ2=26.27, P<0.01). Meanwhile, the linear mixed model found (1) significant effects on phylogenetic diversity (phylogenetic sesMPD) in interactions between year and ecotype (Wald’s-χ2=23.09, P<0.01), between site and ecotype (Wald’s-χ2=23.34, P<0.01), and between site and year (Wald’s-χ2=18.80, P<0.001); (2) significant effects on functional diversity (functional sesMPD) in interactions between ecotype and site (Wald’s-χ2=17.76, P=0.03) and between site and year (Wald’s-χ2=19.33, P<0.001). The results showed ecotypic differentiation has significant impacts on community taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity. Noticeably, the xeric ecotype dominated grassland communities showed an over-dispersed functional pattern which may indicate interspecific competition that can result in niche complementarity and diversification of functional traits. Also, grassland taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity all increased along the eastward decreasing aridity gradient which reflects the effect of strong environmental filtering on community assembly along this climate gradient.
title: Effect of Various Growth-Promoting Factors on Preimplantation Bovine Embryo Development in Vitro
Creators: name: Flood, Mark Randall
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1992

description: The purpose of this research was to define the effects of various growth-promoting factors on in vitro embryonic development of in vitro matured and in vitro fertilized bovine embryos. The control medium was a chemically defined medium which improves the possibility of closely determining the in vivo conditions the embryo is actually exposed to. The growth-promoting factors tested in this experiment included transferrin, IGF-I (insulin-like growth factor-one), IGF-II (insulin-like growth factor-two), TGF-a (transforming growth factor-alpha) , TGF-B1 (transforming growth factor-beta1) , PDGF (platelet derived growth factor), EGF (epidermal growth factor), NGF (nerve growth factor), and bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor). Transferrin was included at 10 micrograms/milliliter , while all other factors were utilized at 10 nanograms/milliliter in the control medium.
Bovine cumulus-oocytes were retrieved from slaughterhouse ovaries and were matured i n Medium-199 containing 10% feta l bovine serum for 24 hours at 39°C in a 5% C02 atmosphere. Frozen-thawed bull spe r m were s wim-up separated and capacitated in medium containing heparin for 3 hours prior to insemination. Gametes were co- incubated fo r 18 hours and then cumulus cells were stripped from the ova. Ova which did not cleave were removed from culture 36 hours after insemi nati on and were stained for evidence of fertilization. Embryos were cultured in one of the 10 conditions (including control) described above. A total of 150 total oocy.t.es were cultured per treatment for a tota l of 10 days. EGF improved embryo development, while TGF-Bl and TGF-a only slightly improved embryo development compared to the control. All other factors tested did not have a beneficial effect on embryo development in this culture medium.
In summary, EGF improved in vitro development of bovine embryos obtained from in vitro maturated and in vitro fertilized bovine oocytes. Other factors which were t est ed did not significantly improve in vitro bovine embryo development. Further experiments are necessary fo r determining the requirements of bovine embryos in vitro.
Microlensing variability in the gravitationally lensed quasar QSO 2237+0305 = the Einstein Cross. II. Energy profile of the accretion disk
Creators: name: Eigenbrod, A.
name: Courbin, F.
name: Meylan, G.
name: Agol, E.
name: Anguita, T.
name: Schmidt, R. W.
name: Wambsganss, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the continuation of our long-term spectroscopic monitoring of the gravitationally lensed quasar QSO 2237+0305. We investigate the chromatic variations observed in the UV/optical continuum of both quasar images A and B, and compare them with numerical simulations to infer the energy profile of the quasar accretion disk. Our procedure combines the microlensing ray-shooting technique with Bayesian analysis, and derives probability distributions for the source sizes as a function of wavelength. We find that the effective caustic crossing timescale is 4.0+/-1.0 months. Using a robust prior on the effective transverse velocity, we find that the source responsible for the UV/optical continuum has an energy profile well reproduced by a power-law R lambda^{zeta} with zeta=1.2+/-0.3, where R is the source size responsible for the emission at wavelength lambda. This is the first accurate, model-independent determination of the energy profile of a quasar accretion disk on such small scales.
description: 13 pages, 5 figures, minor corrections, matching final version published in A&A
Additional file 1 of “It’s way more than just writing a prescription”: A qualitative study of preferences for integrated versus non-integrated treatment models among individuals with opioid use disorder
Creators: name: Saunders, Elizabeth C.
name: Moore, Sarah K.
name: Walsh, Olivia
name: Metcalf, Stephen A.
name: Budney, Alan J.
name: Cavazos-Rehg, Patricia
name: Scherer, Emily
name: Marsch, Lisa A.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 1: Study interview guide.
Additional file 2 of “It’s way more than just writing a prescription”: A qualitative study of preferences for integrated versus non-integrated treatment models among individuals with opioid use disorder
Creators: name: Saunders, Elizabeth C.
name: Moore, Sarah K.
name: Walsh, Olivia
name: Metcalf, Stephen A.
name: Budney, Alan J.
name: Cavazos-Rehg, Patricia
name: Scherer, Emily
name: Marsch, Lisa A.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 2:Treatment model comparison chart.
A functional model, eigenvalues, and finite singular critical points for indefinite Sturm-Liouville operators
Creators: name: Karabash, I. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Spectral Theory (math.SP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 47E05, 34B24, 34B09 (Primary) 34L10, 47B50 (Secondary)

description: Eigenvalues in the essential spectrum of a weighted Sturm-Liouville operator are studied under the assumption that the weight function has one turning point. An abstract approach to the problem is given via a functional model for indefinite Sturm-Liouville operators. Algebraic multiplicities of eigenvalues are obtained. Also, operators with finite singular critical points are considered.
description: 38 pages, Proposition 2.2 and its proof corrected, Remarks 2.5, 3.4, and 3.12 extended, details added in subsections 2.3 and 4.2, section 6 rearranged, typos corrected, references added
Additional file 1 of Association between exposure to ambient air pollution and hospital admission, incidence, and mortality of stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of more than 23 million participants
Creators: name: Zhiping Niu
name: Feifei Liu
name: Hongmei Yu
name: Shaotang Wu
name: Xiang, Hao
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 1.
title: Tourism Dependency and its Correlation to Selected Socioeconomic Indicators in Utah
Creators: name: Gooch, Diane S.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1990

description: This paper investigates the relationship between tourism and well being, or quality-of-life, within eighteen counties in Utah. To evaluate the relationship, comparisons of the counties' differing levels of tourism versus their levels of welfare are necessary. To make these comparisons, three basic steps were followed. First, a social ordering model was derived. The proposed social ordering model was based upon Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of human needs. By utilizing his theory, both economic and noneconomic indicators were identified, and a basis was provided upon which to judge the differing positions of well-being. Factor analysis was applied to this model in order to aggregate the indicators and derive a single quality-of-life index. Second, measurement of tourism was developed. A direct measurement of the level of tourist activity was not available. An indirect indicator of tourism was estimated by taking the proportion of total gross taxable revenue earned by eating and drinking establishments and taxable room sales. The derived indirect variable was more reflective of comparative tourism dependency levels than of the actual level of tourism. Therefore, the variable was renamed tourism dependency. Third, the correlation between quality-of-life and tourism dependency was calculated. A Pearson correlation coefficient test was performed from which initial results suggested a potentially strong negative relationship between the particular qualifiers of well-being used here and tourism. It was apparent that thE two variables that could be defined by certain available indicators were not perfect measurements of the proposed variables, but aspects or components of the desired variables. Each reflected certain attributes of the proposed variables, but not the total concept. A possible explanation for the strong inverse relationship between the qualifiers of quality of life and tourism in this study may be each county's potential for economic diversification. Other studies have shown that areas that are dependent upon a single resource may experience higher levels of economic, demographic, and social instability as compared to those areas with a more diverse economic base. These factors, which in this model would lead to lower values for the calculated quality-of- life indicator in those counties, were estimated to be more tourist dependent.
Holocene to near-future evolution of the southern Molise coast (Central Adriatic, Italy) under the influence of natural and anthropogenic controls
Creators: name: Di Paola, Gianluigi
name: Valente, Ettore
name: Caporizzo, Claudia
name: Cozzolino, Marilena
name: Rosskopf, Carmen M.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Neuroscience
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Coastal areas are dynamic environments that easily change over time. To contribute to a better understanding of natural and anthropogenic factors that may have contributed in the past and/or control present-day and near-future coastline modifications, we have realised a chronologically arranged sequence of three geomorphological and geothematic maps focusing on the southern Molise coast (Adriatic coast, Italy). The first two maps concern the geomorphological and anthropogenic modifications that occurred respectively from the Holocene to the 1950s (Map 1), and from the 1950s to the Present (Map 2). The third map deals with the present-day conditions and near-future scenarios of coastal hazard considering the period from the Present to the year 2050. Results obtained and comparative observations of the three maps highlight the elevated shoreline mobility of the Biferno River alluvial coastal plain sector, and its high susceptibility to further coastal hazard due to erosion and inundation.
title: Structure-Activity Relationships of Retinoids in Developmental Toxicology
Creators: name: Howard, W. Brian
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1988

description: The teratogenic potency of retinoid analogs was determined in Syrian hamsters and compared to the teratogenic potency of all-trans-retinoic acid (all-trans.-RA, ED50 = 10.5 mg/kg). A total of 15 analogs having variations in the cyclohexene ring were evaluated following various amounts of single oral doses on day 8 of gestation. Retinoids containing a five- or six-membered ring were as teratogenic as all-tmru.-RA, provided they had sufficient lipophilic substituents on the ring. The same pattern emerged for retinoids that had six-membered aromatic ring substitution for the natural cyclohexene ring of vitamin A. Incorporation of a supplementary aromatic ring in the side-chain adjacent to a gem-dimethyl-hexene ring resulted in an increase in teratogenicity by IS-fold compared to all-trans.-RA. Major modifications of the cyclohexene ring can be made without altering teratogenic activity. The ring need not be six-membered and can have decreased lipophilicity through the incorporation of polar groups compared to all-trans.-RA, but must have sufficient lipophilic substituents to provide the necessary mass for interaction with the retinoid receptor. Incorporation of a supplementary aromatic ring adjacent to a gem-dimethyl-hexene ring facilitated π-electron delocalization and restricts side-chain flexibility , thereby increasing teratogenic potency.
The pharmacokinetic disposition of 8 retinoids was investigated. Pregnant hamsters were dosed orally with all-trans-RA, 13-cis-retinoic acid, all-trans.-4- oxoretinoic acid, 9-cis-retinal, all-trans.-retinyl acetate, N-ethyl-all-trans- retinamide, N-ethyl-13-cis-retinamide, and arotinoid. The bioavailability of the retinamides was one-tenth that of the free acid retinoids. The plasma elimination half-life for all-trans-RA was 0.5 h. For 13-cis-retinoic acid and all-trans-4-oxoretinoic acid the elimination half-lives were 4.4 and 5.7 h, respectively.
The binding affinity of various retinoids to cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (cRABP) was determined in day-12 hamster fetuses. Fetal supernatants from the 105,000x g fraction were incubated with high specific-activity [3H]-all-trans-RA in the presence of various concentration of unlabeled retinoids with subsequent isolation of cRABP by size-exclusion HPLC. Teratogenic retinoids, or acidic metabolites of teratogenic retinoids bound to cRABP whereas nonteratogenic retinoids failed to bind.
Additional file 1 of A quantitative test of the face validity of behavior-change messages based on the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines
Creators: name: Khandpur, Neha
name: Quinta, Fernanda Paranhos
name: Jaime, Patricia Constante
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1.
The ecology of vascular epiphytes on a Ficus L. host (Moraceae) in a Peruvian cloud forest
Creators: name: Catchpole, DJ
Publisher: name: University Of Tasmania
Year: 2023

description: A total of 190 holoepiphytic and 5 hemiepiphytic vascular plant species were collected from the canopy and the trunk of an emergent Ficus L. species host that is common to a Peruvian cloud forest. One hundred and fourteen of the vascular epiphyte species were orchids. A large majority of the vascular species were rare in occurrence. Vascular epiphyte diversity and density was highest in the outer canopy zone of the host crown. In the inner canopy zone there was a dearth of epiphytes, attributed to a high rate of epiphyte slumping on the smooth-barked branches. The trunk had a different suit of species to those found in the canopy. During the wet season, the thickening of epiphytic matter in the outer canopy zone appeared to contribute to a large amelioration of daytime and nocturnal temperatures through evaporation and heat retention respectively. Nocturnal temperatures were highest in the outer canopy zone, and were lowest on the forest floor. The latter was attributed to the downward flow of the product of radiative cooling as a result of the heterogeneous canopy on the steep slope. Epiphyte clumps appear to slump before competition causes the loss of early successional species. Some species showed a preference for more shaded epiphyte clumps and many were more frequent on smaller branch diameters. Most species showed a moderately high niche overlap with a large number of other species, which suggested a high degree of species coexistence. Epiphyte slumping is suggested to be the major driving mechanism for the maintenance of non-equilibrium in the community. Aspects of the phenologies of epiphytes, age-structure of the community and high environmental variation could be other mechanisms for the maintenance of a high degree of species coexistence.
title: Alternative Exchange Rate Theories (Mundell-Fleming, Monetary, and Equilibrium Approach): An Empirical Investigation
Creators: name: Lee, Joon-Ho
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1994

description: With the shift to a system of floating exchange rates among major currencies in 1973, there was a shift of emphasis from the external balance to the exchange rate determination. Attempts have been made to explain the behavior of the exchange rate both theoretically and empirically over the last 20 years. Most models could not explain what happened, as in the 1980s, when the exchange rate moved a lot. Alternative models based on different approaches give different explanations and suggest different policies. This study examines the implications of the models to see what light the empirical results shed on the issues. Results of this study indicate that both monetary and real factors are important in explaining the behavior of the exchange rate, but the results generally support the view of the monetary approach.
Unified View of Quantum and Classical Correlations
Creators: name: Modi, Kavan
name: Paterek, Tomasz
name: Son, Wonmin
name: Vedral, Vlatko
name: Williamson, Mark
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the problem of the separation of total correlations in a given quantum state into entanglement, dissonance, and classical correlations using the concept of relative entropy as a distance measure of correlations. This allows us to put all correlations on an equal footing. Entanglement and dissonance, whose definition is introduced here, jointly belong to what is known as quantum discord. Our methods are completely applicable for multipartite systems of arbitrary dimensions. We investigate additivity relations between different correlations and show that dissonance may be present in pure multipartite states.
description: 5 pages, two figures
Cryptic Glacial Refugia
Creators: name: Worth, JRP
Publisher: name: University Of Tasmania
Year: 2023

description: Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. is the dominant component of most cool temperate rainforest in southeastern Australia. N. cunninghamii has a long history in the region and has endured through a period of great climatic changes, including the glacial-interglacial cycles. Currently the possible roles of glacial refugia, postglacial migration and long distance dispersal of seed are not well understood to explain the patchy distribution of the species, especially for regions such as northeastern Tasmania where no fossil record of the species is available. The PCR-RFLP technique was employed to determine the pattern of variability of chloroplast DNA using 134 samples across the species range. Four mutations were detected defining five haplotypes, displaying strong geographic structure. A relatively high level of variation detected in a sample size of 72 individuals compared to an initial small sample size of eight demonstrates the importance of using large sample sizes in PCR-RFLP studies for the purpose of finding polymorphic enzyme/fragment combinations. The occurrence of a common and ancestral haplotype across much of the species range makes it impossible to determine the possible roles of migration and fragmentation in regions where this haplotype is the only one present. However, derived haplotypes restricted to the central highlands of Victoria suggest glacial survival, supporting fossil evidence. A haplotype almost restricted to the northeast of Tasmania also suggests glacial survival, but this assertion is not yet definitive since the haplotype was also found in western Tasmania. In addition, two haplotypes restricted to western Tasmania suggest another possible separate refugia in this region. The presence of two haplotypes in southern Victoria may be indicative of a post-glacial migration event across Bass Strait. Further sampling and the detection of greater variation in the chloroplast genome of N. cunninghamii are required to make stronger biogeographical conclusions.
title: Effects of Rumen Protein Degradability on Rumen Characteristics, Milk Production and Reproductive Performance in Holstein Dairy Cows
Creators: name: Figueroa, Mario Raul
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1992

description: Three non-lactating Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannula were used to determine crude protein and dry matter rate of disappearance of two protein supplements: 1) soybean meal and 2) bypass protein blend by using the in situ bag technique. Rate disappearance (%/hr) was higher for soybean meal. Two collection periods were completed using 6 cows with a minimum of 21 d adaptation to the treatment top dressed on to the total mixed ration. Ruminal concentration of ammonia N, blood ammonia, and urea did not differ between treatments. Total concentration of volatile fatty acids was higher for bypass protein blend-fed cattle as well as percent molar concentration of propionate, butyrate, and valerate, while pH was lower. Total protozoa, and total and cellulolytic viable bacteria populations did not differ. Four of the cows received a dose of 5 ml of Prostaglandin F,α. Blood and cervical mucus samples obtained showed no difference in blood ammonia and urea concentration. Forty-six Holstein cows were assigned to one of the two treatments (top dressed on the total mixed ration), according to parity during the following 125 d postpartum. Daily dry matter intake and milk production were recorded. Feed, orts, and feces were sampled. Milk samples were collected weekly and analyzed for components. Percent lactose and solid non-fat showed higher for cattle fed the bypass prorein blend. Starting on day 10 postpartum, cows were observed for signs of estrus and bred at first estrus observed after 45 d postpartum. Cervical mucus and blood collected at first standing estrus, and first, second, and third service, did not show a significant difference in urea concentration between rations. Twice-weekly collected blood samples showed similar monthly mean concentration of ammonia, urea, and progesterone profile for both treatment groups. Percent pregnancy, services per pregnancy, first service pregnancy and embryo mortality showed no significant difference. Motility and survivability of bull sperm were evaluated by incubating thawed semen in different levels of previously observed and/or ammonia. physiological There were no concentrations of urea significant treatment differences observed. Detrimental effects of treatment on sperm were not detected.
title: Interactions of Vanadium Compounds With Reducing Equivalents: Evidence of Free Radical Involvement and Possible Mechanisms of Toxicity
Creators: name: Keller, Randal J.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1988

description: Vanadium compounds have been reported to cause numerous toxicological effects including NAD(P)H oxidation and lipid peroxidation. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the active form of vanadium in causing these effects, and to determine any possible free radical involvement in these processes. Vanadium-stimulated oxidation of NADH was studied spectrophotometrically and by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. In 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7. 4, vanadyl, (V(IV)), is slightly more effective in stimulating NADH oxidation than was vanadate (V(V)). Addition of a superoxide generating system, xanthine/xanthine oxidase, results in a marked increase in NADH oxidation by vanadyl, and to a lesser extent, by vanadate. In contrast, addition of hydrogen peroxide did not change the NADH oxidation by vanadate, but greatly enhanced NADH oxidation by vanadyl. Use of the spin trap DMPO in reaction mixtures containing vanadyl and hydrogen peroxide or a superoxide generating system resulted in the detection by ESR of hydroxyl radical. Hydroxyl radical was also detected in the system containing vanadate plus superoxide. It was found that superoxide is capable of reducing vanadate to vanadyl, and that vanadyl is capable of reaction with hydrogen peroxide in a Fenton-like mechanism to produce hydroxyl radical. Hydroxyl radical is suggested to be the active species involved in NADH oxidation. Other reductants, such as thiols, are also capable of supporting vanadate-stimulated NADH oxidation. The above results indicat that ability of vanadium to act in a Fenton-like mechanism is an important process in the vanadium-stimulated oxidation of NADH.
Vanadyl was found to be the active form of vanadium involved in initiating and stimulating lipid peroxidation in purified and partially purified fatty acid micelle preparations. Hydroxyl radicals were shown to be involved in initiating diene conjugation when vanadyl and hydrogen peroxide were added together in the reaction mixture. Furthermore, hydroxyl radicals were shown to be generated in the vanadyl-catalyzed decomposition of fatty acid lipoperoxides.
The results of this study indicat that the ability of vanadium compounds to oxidize NADH and to stimulate lipid peroxidation are related by the common mechanism of hydroxyl radical production from the reaction of vanadyl with hydrogen peroxide.
Grand Minima Under the Light of a Low Order Dynamo Model
Creators: name: Passos, Dario
name: Lopes, Ilidio P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this work we use a low order dynamo model and study under which conditions can it reproduce solar grand minima. We begin by building the phase space of a proxy for the toroidal component of the solar magnetic field and we develop a model, derived from mean field dynamo theory, that gives the time evolution of the toroidal field. This model is characterized by a non-linear oscillator whose coefficients retain most of the physics behind dynamo theory. In the derivation of the model we also include stochastic oscillations in the $α$ effect. We found no evidences that stochastic fluctuations in a linear $α$ effect can trigger grand minima episodes in this model. In contrast, the model used points out that possible mechanism that can trigger grand minima should involve the meridional circulation, magnetic diffusivity or field intensification by buoyancy driven instabilities.
description: 12 pages, 5 figures, Space Climate Symposium 3, Finland (in press JASTP). Version 3.0 incorporates new figures and references
title: Studies on Encephalomyocarditis Virus-Induced Diabetes in Mice
Creators: name: Huffman, John Henry
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1988

description: The D-variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC-D) virus was given to SJUJ mice by the artificial, intraperitoneal (ip) route of infection, or by the natural routes of infection per os (po) or intranasal (i.n .), in comparable concentrations. The po route of infection was found to be ineffective. Mice given virus by either the ip or i.n. routes of infection became diabetic. Mice were more resistant to the infectious and diabetogenic properties of the virus when given by the i.n. than when given by the ip route. Glycosuria in mice given virus i.n. usually lagged one day behind that in mice given virus ip.
Measurement of glucose in mouse urine by use of Diastix® reagent strips was found to be a reliable indicator of diabetes. This test was easily and quickly accomplished without harm or pain to the mice.
Crude virus preparations were compared to purified virus preparations for their diabetogenic and infectious properties in mice. No statistically significant differences in either parameter were observed. Virus prepared by a single passage in BHK-21 cells was fully diabetogenic, contrary to a previously published report.
Male SJUJ mice were infected with a diabetogenic dose of EMC-D virus by the i.n. route. Relative times of development of virus infection and mouse resistance parameters were compared to the time of development of signs of diabetes in the mice. A rapid decrease of plasma interferon titer corresponded to the time of development of signs of diabetes in the infected mice. Whether this was coincidental or has some significance in development of diabetes is unknown.
Tissue sections from pancreas, spleen , kidney, liver, lung , heart, and thymus were studied by immunohistochemical staining techniques for the presence of virus antigen, insulin, and the three types of mouse interferon (α, β, and γ).
Glucose was excreted in the saliva of mice with glycosuria. Previous reports of this excretion in diabetic mice have not been found in the literature. Mice without glycosuria did not excrete measurable (by Clinistix® or Diastix®) glucose in saliva.
Some mice were able to control the polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia normally seen in diabetes mellitus. These mice eventually reverted from having signs of diabetes to a normal state of plasma glucose and urine devoid of glucose. The mechanisms by which the mice were able to do this are unknown at this time.
title: Design and Evaluation of Stepped Spillways for High Dams
Creators: name: Rau, Jeffrey Scott
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1994

description: The purpose of this research was to investigate the hydraulic performance of stepped spillways. A thorough investigation was made of all printed material on stepped spillways, and a summary of this material is presented in the text. Data from experiments in the laboratory were used to develop a design procedure for stepped spillways and hydraulic jump stilling basins. The experimental study was conducted at Utah State University - Utah Water Research Laboratory in Logan, Utah. Four models were built and tested in the laboratory under various flowrates.
The crest of the model spillway was constructed in the shape of a standard USBR nappe-shaped crest. Small steps were fitted to the crest so that the envelope of their tips just intersected the crest profile. These small steps allowed a smooth transition of the flow from the nappe-shaped crest to the constant slope region. Two slopes were tested in the research: 0.7H:1.0V and 0.5H:1.0V. At each of these slopes two sizes of steps were tested. Steps did not very in size down the face of the model, although step sizes varied on the different models. The model height and steps tested were for a dam with a prototype height of over 67 feet and steps in the 1-2 foot range. Diagrams and pictures of the four models tested are included in the text and appendix.
Findings from the research showed that given a ratio of step height over critical depth (0.1201.897, the energy dissipation will remain in the 90% region, although there might be problems with the flow leaping away from the structure. Data on the models were slightly scattered, but all of the data from the four models agree to one energy loss graph. Support for these data showed a nearly perfect correlation in the downstream conjugate depths on all four models at similar flowrates.
By using data obtained from the models and literature, a design process with guidelines for designing a stepped spillway is presented. This process includes crest design and step displacement in the transition region, approximate step size, and approximate slope necessary for adequate operation of the stepped spillway.
By taking data collected from the models, and data from USBR design manuals for smooth spillways, a spreadsheet design process was created that compared the size of stilling basins required using either a smooth spillway or a stepped one. Results showed that given a unit flowrate range of 15 cfs/ft to 140 cfs/ft and spillway height of approximately 100 ft, the stilling basin volume was reduced by 62% to 43% respectively. This size reduction can translate to a considerable cost savings in prototype construction.
This study, along with data from other researchers, has proven that a stepped spillway can greatly increase the amount of energy dissipation over that achieved on a standard smooth face spillway. The stepped concept can be used as an excellent energy dissipator and in some cases can totally remove the need for any type of dissipator at the toe of the spillway.
Additional file 5 of Role of human Pegivirus infections in whole Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccination and controlled human malaria infection in African volunteers
Creators: name: Anneth-Mwasi Tumbo
name: Schindler, Tobias
name: Dangy, Jean-Pierre
name: Orlova-Fink, Nina
name: Bieri, Jose Raso
name: Mpina, Maximillian
name: Milando, Florence A.
name: Juma, Omar
name: Hamad, Ali
name: Nyakarungu, Elizabeth
name: Mwajuma Chemba
name: Mtoro, Ali
name: Kamaka Ramadhan
name: Olotu, Ally
name: Damas Makweba
name: Mgaya, Stephen
name: Stuart, Kenneth
name: Perreau, Matthieu
name: Stapleton, Jack T.
name: Jongo, Said
name: Hoffman, Stephen L.
name: Tanner, Marcel
name: Abdulla, Salim
name: Daubenberger, Claudia
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine

description: Additional file 5. Table 1 Sensitivity and standard curve ranges for the 45 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors analysed in this study. The tables shows the 45 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors their sensitivities and standard curve ranges as provided by manufacturer.
Origin of the Mertz Drift, George V Basin, East Antarctica
Creators: name: Beaman, RJ
Publisher: name: University Of Tasmania
Year: 2023

description: During February-March 2000, a joint Italian/Australian marine geoscience expedition (Project WEGA) discovered and cored a large drift deposit, named the Mertz Drift. The drift is about 390 km\\(^2\\) in area, and lies in the western end of the George V Basin, East Antarctica. I document a study of the Mertz Drift as the deposit contains an important high-resolution record of palaeoenvironment changes during Holocene. X-radiographs of cores, visual core logs and multi-sensor core logger are used to distinguish facies in the cores. A comparison of facies from all cores, radiocarbon ages, thin section analysis and seafloor photographs of the Mertz Drift allowed interpretation of five different facies into four generalised phases of environmental history. A diamicton corresponds to sub-ice shelf, water-lain till deposited during the Last Glacial Maximum, and underlies the Mertz Drift. Unconformably overlying the diamicton is a massively bedded siliceous mud and diatom ooze (SMO) with a high proportion of ice-rafted debris. This unit represents a period of glacial retreat of the ice shelf and a transition to an open marine environment, commencing about 14,000 yr BP and lasting for about 9000 years. A thick succession of laminated and cross laminated SMO follows, deposited during a mid-Holocene climate optimum from 5000 to 3000 yr BP. Overlying the Mertz Drift drape is a massively bedded fine sand/SMO with a high proportion of ice-rafted debris, deposited from 3000 yr BP to present. This drape reflects modern oceanographic conditions commencing from a time of climatic deterioration. This study found seasonal changes in diatom assemblages within lamination couplets with mean deposition times of between 2.6 to 4.3 years. Two currents are believed responsible for the construction of the drift. Upwelled Circumpolar Deep Water transports fine grained sediments southwards towards the inner shelf, and deep, high salinity Shelf Water flows northwesterly along the George V Basin, focusing sinking sediments into a drift deposit. A relative reduction of sea ice cover during a climatic optimum is believed to be a key factor for longer periods of upwelled Circumpolar DeepWater over the outer shelf. This leads to a surge in bottom currents and the concentration of greater volumes of sediment into the drift. This study has important implications for oceanographers as the results suggest a non-steady-state of Antarctic Bottom Water production during the Holocene.
title: A Study in the Distribution of Gains from International Trade
Creators: name: Chakrabartty, Suhas C.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1988

description: In order to investigate the phenomenon of the distribution of gains from international trade, Arghiri Emmanuel's ideas are firs t critically discussed, particularly in relation to the traditional Ricardian framework as applied to labor-surplus economics.
It is found that Emmanuel's concept of unequal exchange, which has been termed non-equivalent exchange by Jan Otto Anderson, has certain theoretical drawbacks. In particular, it has been pointed out that the question involved is not one to prove that the poor countries are actually worse off through trade as suggested by Emmanuel. The question involved is rather one of redistribution of gains from trade as has been voiced in the search for a new international economic order by the members of some developing countries in the U.N.
Such an approach leads to the adoption of the concept of a generalized asymmetric exchange as the measure of unequal exchange.
This generalization has been achieved in terms of Leontief 's input output analysis. Such a measure coincides with the disjunctive exchange approach when the input-output coefficients are modified over time.
The Leontief input-output analysis leads to an aggregation problem which has been solved by taking labor as the only primary factor of production - an approach standardized by Leontief himself.
According to this measure, the extent of unequal exchange can be quite different from those obtained by the measures suggested by Emmanuel, Shanin and others. It has been pointed out that there is no a-priori reason to believe that a poor country necessarily gains less than its rich counterpart. Indeed, the test that has been made of the measure in the case of trade between Ecuador and the USA shows that it is Ecuador rather the U. S. which gains more from trade between them.
The study also suggests some policy recommendations for reducing unequal exchange with special reference to labor-surplus economics.
Effects of thermal phase fluctuations in a 2D superconductor: an exact result for the spectral function
Creators: name: Tsvelik, A. M.
name: Essler, F. H. L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider the single particle spectral function for a two-dimensional clean superconductor in a regime of strong critical thermal phase fluctuations. In the limit where the maximum of the superconducting gap is much smaller than the Fermi energy we obtain an exact expression for the spectral function integrated over the momentum component perpendicular to the Fermi surface.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures. References added, figures improved
Dipole Excitation of Dipositronium
Creators: name: Puchalski, Mariusz
name: Czarnecki, Andrzej
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The energy interval between the ground and the P-wave excited states of the recently discovered positronium molecule Ps_2 is evaluated, including the relativistic and the leading logarithmic radiative corrections, E_P-E_S = 0.181 586 7(8) a.u. The P-state, decaying usually via annihilation, is found to decay into the ground state by an electric dipole transition 19 percent of the time. Anticipated observation of this transition will provide insight into this exotic system.
description: 5 pages
Additional file 14 of Comprehensive analysis of metabolome and transcriptome reveals the mechanism of color formation in different leave of Loropetalum Chinense var. Rubrum
Creators: name: Zhang, Xia
name: Zhang, Li
name: Zhang, Damao
name: Su, Dingding
name: Li, Weidong
name: Wang, Xiangfei
name: Chen, Qianru
name: Cai, Wenqi
name: Xu, Lu
name: Cao, Fuxiang
name: Zhang, Dongling
name: Yu, Xiaoying
name: Li, Yanlin
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 14: Fig. S3. Correlation analysis of transcription factors and structural genes
A combined beta-beam and electron capture neutrino experiment
Creators: name: Bernabeu, J.
name: Espinoza, C.
name: Orme, C.
name: Palomares-Ruiz, S.
name: Pascoli, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The next generation of long baseline neutrino experiments will aim at determining the value of the unknown mixing angle, theta_{13}, the type of neutrino mass hierarchy and the presence of CP-violation in the lepton sector. Beta-beams and electron capture experiments have been studied as viable candidates for long baseline experiments. They use a very clean electron neutrino beam from the beta-decays or electron capture decays of boosted ions. In the present article we consider an hybrid setup which combines a beta-beam with an electron capture beam by using boosted Ytterbium ions. We study the sensitivity to the CP-violating phase delta and the theta_{13} angle, the CP-discovery potential and the reach to determine the type of neutrino mass hierarchy for this type of long baseline experiment. The analysis is performed for different neutrino beam energies and baselines. Finally, we also discuss how the results would change if a better knowledge of some of the assumed parameters was achieved by the time this experiment could take place.
description: 35 pp, 11 figs
title: Production and Inefficiency
Creators: name: Bhattacharyya, Arunava
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1990

description: The overall purpose of this three-part dissertation is to specify and estimate various components of inefficiency in the production and profit-generating processes. Flexibility in inefficiency-measurement techniques is introduced using stochastic functional forms to overcome the restrictions of the simplifying assumptions used in previous studies. In addition, the profit function approach is used to measure firm specific inefficiency and to view profit inefficiency in the multiple output context. Empirical application of each approach is also attempted. Application of the measurement of the inefficiency component in the first two essays is made using data taken from Indian agriculture. The multiple output model of the third essay is applied to data of the U. S. unit bank taken from the Functional Cost Analysis programme of the Federal Reserve banking system.
In the first essay, a quasi-translog production function is introduced and allocative, technical, and scale inefficiencies are estimated for Indian agriculture with large and small farm divisions. Results obtained contradict earlier conclusions regarding the efficiency of Indian farms.
In the second essay, a Normalized Restricted Profit function is used to estimate allocative, scale, and profit inefficiency for the same set of farms. Empirical results confirm the conclusions of the first essay. Technical inefficiency cannot be isolated in this case, because the impact of technical inefficiency is confounded in the measure of profit inefficiency.
In the third essay, a translog profit function is used to estimate profit and allocative inefficiency in U. S. banking operations.