cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
On a Camassa-Holm type equation with two dependent variables
Creators: name: Falqui, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider a generalization of the Camassa Holm (CH) equation with two dependent variables, called CH2, introduced by Liu and Zhang. We briefly provide an alternative derivation of it based on the theory of Hamiltonian structures on (the dual of) a Lie Algebra. The Lie Algebra here involved is the same algebra underlying the NLS hierarchy. We study the structural properties of the CH2 hierarchy within the bihamiltonian theory of integrable PDEs, and provide its Lax representation. Then we explicitly discuss how to construct classes of solutions, both of peakon and of algebro-geometrical type. We finally sketch the construction of a class of singular solutions, defined by setting to zero one of the two dependent variables.
description: 22 pages, 2 figures. A few typos corrected
Foreign Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights: Implications for Selected U.S. Industries
Creators: name: Horan, Amanda
name: Johnson, Christopher
name: Sykes, Heather
name: Horan, Amanda
name: Johnson, Christopher
name: Sykes, Heather
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies

description: The primary purpose of this paper is to review foreign IPR infringement issues affecting selected U.S. industries, with a particular emphasis on patent, trademark, and copyright infringement. Although the review is primarily based on qualitative information, some attempts to measure the effects of IPR infringement quantitatively also are reviewed. To provide background and context for the analysis, the authors discuss the problem of foreign IPR infringement for U.S. industry; describe certain U.S. trade laws and international agreements that attempt to address such infringement; review examples of inadequate foreign patent, trademark, and copyright protection and their implications for selected U.S. industries; and describe U.S. private and public sector efforts to address such problems. The paper finds that (1) intellectual property protection is essential to encouraging creative expression and the development of new products in a number of industries; (2) the development of intellectual property-based products is generally far more expensive than their manufacture or duplication; (3) inadequate IPR protection leaves firms vulnerable to infringement, causing them to risk their investment and reputations; (4) foreign IPR infringement results in billions of dollars in lost revenues for U.S. industries; (5) current estimates likely understate the actual cost of infringement; and (6) more rigorous empirical research is needed to confirm the actual amount of U.S. industry losses due to inadequate IP protection.
Development of an instrument for the early detection of thyroid orbitopathy
Creators: name: Linder, Mark
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Graves' Hyperthyroidism (GH) is an autoimmune disease that affects 1 in every 100 Canadians according to the Thyroid Foundation of Canada. A significant number of these patients go on to develop another closely related autoimmune condition called Thyroid Orbitopathy (TO). In this disease, the extra-ocular muscles become inflamed and enlarged beyond their normal size, leading to a variety of clinical changes that may include (but are not limited to) swelling, pain, exophthalmos, strabismus and double vision. Patients suffering from moderate or serious cases of TO are most often referred to an ophthalmologist at a relatively advanced stage of disease. At that point, major interventions such as surgery or orbital radiotherapy are usually required. Although these treatments are usually quite effective, the patient is rarely restored to the quality of life enjoyed before getting sick. However, if patients are identified early in the disease process, potential therapeutic interventions exist which may lessen or prevent the development of serious disease. The objective of this study was to design and develop a symptom-based self-administered clinical screening rule for the early diagnosis of thyroid orbitopathy. The study took place between September of 1998 and July of2000 and was broken down into two distinct phases. In the first phase, a symptom-based questionnaire was designed, developed and refined through literature search, expert consultation and focus groups. In the second phase, an inception cohort of patients with Graves' Hyperthyroidism was recruited and given a questionnaire as well as a standard TO clinical exam by paricipating ophthalmologists. The resulting data was then analyzed in order to identify symptoms related to presence of disease. Data collection began in January of 1999, and continued until April of 2000. A total of 50 patients with GH, referred from a single endocrinologist practise, participated in the study. The final rule, dubbed the Vancouver Orbitopathy Rule, was designed with a view to maximizing sensitivity. As a result, the final diagnostic analysis yielded a sensitivity of 1.0, a specificty of 0.78 and a positive predicitive value of 0.60. However, these parameters were measured based on the same data that was used to design the rule. In order to calculate the true measure of the test's clinical utility and diagnostic accuracy, a new validation study must be carried out.
Factors Affecting Trade in Mexican Imports of Poultry Meat from the United States
Creators: name: Coleman, Jonathan R.
name: Payne, Warren S.
name: Coleman, Jonathan R.
name: Payne, Warren S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: U.S. exports of poultry to Mexico have increased steadily since NAFTA came into force in January 1994. The Mexican poultry industry has become increasingly concerned about these exports, arguing that it cannot compete with U.S. products. The Mexicans argue that U.S. poultry exports to Mexico are duty free under NAFTA (as of January 1, 2003). The Mexican industry also argues that U.S. poultry benefits from low-priced feed resulting from U.S. Government farm programs. We analyzed the impact of tariffs and U.S. feed grain programs on U.S. exports of poultry, and find that other factors appear to be more important in explaining trade. Specifically, Mexican preferences for dark meat provide large price incentives for U.S. exporters, while Mexican Government policies in support of its grain sector penalize poultry producers in Mexico.
FOREVER22: galaxy formation in protocluster regions
Creators: name: Yajima, Hidenobu
name: Abe, Makito
name: Khochfar, Sadegh
name: Nagamine, Kentaro
name: Inoue, Akio K.
name: Kodama, Tadayuki
name: Arata, Shohei
name: Dalla-Vecchia, Claudio
name: Fukushima, Hajime
name: Hashimoto, Takuya
name: Kashikawa, Nobunari
name: Kubo, Mariko
name: Li, Yuexing
name: Matsuda, Yuichi
name: Mawatari, Ken
name: Ouchi, Masami
name: Umehata, Hideki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present results from a new cosmological hydrodynamics simulation campaign of protocluster (PC) regions, FOREVER22: FORmation and EVolution of galaxies in Extremely-overdense Regions motivated by SSA22. The simulations cover a wide range of cosmological scales using three different zoom set-ups in a parent volume of $(714.2~\rm cMpc)^{3}$: PCR (Proto-Cluster Region; $V= (28.6~{\rm cMpc})^{3} $, SPH particle mass, $m_{\rm{SPH}} = 4.1 \times 10^{6}~\rm M_{\odot}$ and final redshift, $z_{\rm end}=2.0$), BCG (Brightest proto-Cluster Galaxy; $V \sim (10~{\rm cMpc})^{3} $, $m_{\rm SPH} = 5.0\times10^{5}~\rm M_{\odot}$ and $z_{\rm end}=4.0$ ), and First ( $V \sim (3~{\rm cMpc})^{3} $, $m_{\rm SPH} = 7.9 \times 10^{3}~\rm M_{\odot}$ and $z_{\rm end}=9.5$) runs, that allow to focus on different aspects of galaxy formation. In the PCR runs, we follow 10 PCs, each harbouring 1 - 4 SMBHs with $M_{\rm BH} \ge 10^{9}~\rm M_{\odot}$. One of the PC cores shows a spatially close arrangement of seven starburst galaxies with ${\rm SFR} \gtrsim 100~\rm M_{\odot}~yr^{-1}$ each, that are dust-obscured and would appear as submillimeter galaxies with flux $\gtrsim 1~$ mJy at $1.1~ \rm mm$ in observations. The BCG runs show that the total SFRs of haloes hosting BCGs are affected by AGN feedback, but exceed $1000~\rm M_{\odot}~yr^{-1}$ at $z \lesssim 6$. The First runs resolve mini-haloes hosting population (Pop) III stars and we show that, in PC regions, the dominant stellar population changes from Pop III to Pop II at $z \gtrsim 20$, and the first galaxies with ${\rm SFR} \gtrsim 18~\rm M_{\odot}~yr^{-1}$ form at $z \sim 10$. These can be prime targets for future observations with the James Webb Space Telescope. Our simulations successfully reproduce the global star formation activities in observed PCs and suggest that PCs can kickstart cosmic reionization.
description: 24 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
11_Pre-event-Guide.pdf
Creators: name: organisers, ITAKOM
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: classificationCode: 420305
subject: Health and community services
classificationCode: 390407
subject: Inclusive education
classificationCode: 350502
subject: Employment equity and diversity
classificationCode: 330405
subject: Public participation and community engagement

description: This document is part of a Figshare collection related to planning the It Takes All Kinds of Minds (ITAKOM) neurodiversity conference, which took place in March 2023. Versions of these documents have been released as examples that may be useful to others.
Modeling U.S. Soy-Based Markets with Directed Acyclic Graphs and Time Series Econometrics: Evaluating the U.S. Market Impacts of High Soy Meal Prices
Creators: name: Babula, Ronald A.
name: Bessler, David A.
name: Reeder, John
name: Somwaru, Agapi
name: Babula, Ronald A.
name: Bessler, David A.
name: Reeder, John
name: Somwaru, Agapi
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Industrial Organization
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: directed acyclic graphs
subject: Bernanke structural VAR models
subject: monthly soy-based markets

description: This paper demonstrates the application of a recently developed methodology, the combination of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) with Bernanke structural vector autoregression (VAR) models, to model a system of U.S. commodity-related and value-added markets. As an example, the paper applies this methodology to a monthly system of three U.S. soy-based markets: the soybean market upstream and the two downstream markets for soy meal soy oil. Analyses of results from simulating the model's impulse response function and of forecast error variance decompositions provide updated estimates of market elasticity parameters that drive these markets, and updated policy-relevant information on how these monthly markets run and dynamically interact. Results suggest how a positive shock in U.S. soy meal price dynamically influences the soybean market upstream and the soy oil market further downstream.
Emergent dark energy from unparticles
Creators: name: Artymowski, Michal
name: Ben-Dayan, Ido
name: Kumar, Utkarsh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A limiting temperature of a species can cause the Universe to asymptote to it yielding a deSitter (dS) phase due to macroscopic emergent behavior. The limiting temperature is generic for theories slightly shifted from their conformal point. We demonstrate such behavior in the example of unparticles/Banks-Zaks theory. The unparticles behave like radiation at high energies reducing the Hubble tension, and a cosmological constant (CC) at low energies yielding a model that follows closely ΛCDM model but due to collective phenomenon. It is technically natural and avoids the no-dS conjecture. The model is free of the coincidence and initial conditions problems, of scalar fields and of modified gravity.
description: 4 figures, 6 pages, Matches with Published version
Constraining Dark Matter properties with the first generation of stars
Creators: name: Ilie, Cosmin
name: Levy, Caleb
name: Pilawa, Jacob
name: Zhang, Saiyang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Dark Matter (DM) can be trapped by the gravitational field of any star, since collisions with nuclei in dense environments can slow down the DM particle below the escape velocity ($v_{esc}$) at the surface of the star. If captured, the DM particles can self-annihilate, and, therefore, provide a new source of energy for the star. We investigate this phenomenon for capture of DM particles by the first generation of stars [Population III (Pop III) stars], by using the multiscatter capture formalism. Pop III stars are particularly good DM captors, since they form in DM-rich environments, at the center of$~\sim 10^6 M_\odot$ DM minihalos, at redshifts $z\sim 15$. Assuming a DM-proton scattering cross section ($σ)$ at the current deepest exclusion limits provided by the XENON1T experiment, we find that captured DM annihilations at the core of Pop III stars can lead, via the Eddington limit, to upper bounds in stellar masses that can be as low as a few $M_\odot$ if the ambient DM density ($ρ_X$) at the location of the Pop III star is sufficiently high. Conversely, when Pop III stars are identified, one can use their observed mass ($M_\star$) to place bounds on $ρ_Xσ$. Using adiabatic contraction to estimate the ambient DM density in the environment surrounding Pop III stars, we place projected upper limits on $σ$, for $M_\star$ in the $100-1000~M_\odot$ range, and find bounds that are competitive with, or deeper than, those provided by the most sensitive current direct detection experiments for both spin independent and spin dependent interactions, for a wide range of DM masses. Most intriguingly, we find that Pop III stars with mass $M_\star \gtrsim 300 M_\odot$ could be used to probe the SD proton-DM cross section below the "neutrino floor," i.e. the region of parameter space where DM direct detection experiments will soon become overwhelmed by neutrino backgrounds.
description: 20 pages, 8 figures, final version published to PRD; Revised: included analyses on the proton-DM cross sections for sub-GeV DM models; expanded discussion on ambient DM densities ; included the effect of the "annihilation plateau"; we added three appendices (dark matter temperature, approximations for DM evaporation rates, and equilibria requirements between capture and annihilation/evaporation)
Enhanced diffraction by a rectangular grating made of a negative phase--velocity (or negative index) material
Creators: name: Depine, Ricardo A.
name: Lakhtakia, Akhlesh
name: Smith, David R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The diffraction of electromagnetic plane waves by a rectangular grating formed by discrete steps in the interface of a homogeneous, isotropic, linear, negative phase--velocity (negative index) material with free space is studied using the semi--analytic C method. When a nonspecular diffracted order is of the propagating type, coupling to that order is significantly larger for a negative index material than for conventional material. The computed coupling strengths reported here are in agreement with recent experiments, and illustrate the role of evanescent fields localized at the grating interface in producing this enhanced coupling.
description: 12 pages, 4 figures
Impact of China's Accession to the WTO on U.S. Agricultural Exports
Creators: name: Coleman, Jonathan R.
name: Fry, John T.
name: Boughner, Devry S.
name: Coleman, Jonathan R.
name: Fry, John T.
name: Boughner, Devry S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: China's accession to the WTO has been welcomed by a broad range of U.S. agricultural interests. The WTO agreement will lower tariffs and other barriers, and increase market access, but the actual benefits to U.S. exporters will depend on the competitiveness of U.S. exports with those of other countries and on China's implementation of WTO rules. Analysis by the U.S. Department of Agriculture indicates immediate gains in export sales for U.S. agriculture, gains that will increase over time as market access expands and as Chinese economic growth boosts demand for imported agricultural products. However, some observers express less optimism, indicating that while U.S. exports to China should expand "in theory," in practice exporters will face several hurdles which must be overcome in order to reach the full potential of the Chinese market. This paper adds to USDA and other analyses of China's export potential by discussing the status of China's WTO implementation for agriculture, and provides a qualitative assessment of the potential for U.S. agricultural exports to China over the next few years.
Dynamical generation of $J^P=3/2-$ resonances and the $Λ(1520)$ resonance
Creators: name: Sarkar, Sourav
name: Roca, L.
name: Oset, E.
name: Magas, V. K.
name: Vacas, M. J. Vicente
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The lowest order chiral Lagrangian is used to study s-wave interactions of the baryon decuplet with the octet of pseudoscalar mesons. The coupled channel Bethe Salpeter equation is used to obtain dynamically generated $\tfrac{3}{2}^-$ resonances in the partial wave amplitudes which provide a reasonable description to a number of 3 and 4-star resonances like $Δ(1700)$, $Λ(1520)$, $Σ(1670)$, $Σ(1940)$, $Ξ(1820)$, $Ω(2250)$ etc. The phenomenological introduction of d-wave channels in the coupled channel scheme along with the existing s-wave channels is shown to provide a much improved description of the $Λ(1520)$ resonance. The prediction of the absolute strength of the cross section in the reactions $K^-p\toΛπ^0π^0$ and $K^-p\toΛπ^+π^-$ provided by this scheme shows a good agreement with existing data.
description: Talk given at International Workshop on the Physics of Excited Baryons NSTAR05, 12-15 October 2005, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
Approximate Analytical Solution to the Zonal Harmonics Problem Using Koopman Operator Theory
Creators: name: Arnas, David
name: Linares, Richard
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: This work introduces the use of the Koopman operator theory to generate approximate analytical solutions for the zonal harmonics problem of a satellite orbiting a non-spherical celestial body. Particularly, the solution proposed directly provides the osculating evolution of the system under the effects of any order of the zonal harmonics, and can be automated to obtain any level of accuracy in the approximated solution. Moreover, this paper defines a modified set of orbital elements that can be applied to any kind of orbit and that allows the Koopman operator to have a fast convergence. In that regard, several examples of application are included, showing that the proposed methodology can be used in any kind of orbit, including circular, elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic orbits.
description: 34 pages, 13 figures
Brandt, Wilhelm: Friedrich v. Bodelschwingh 1877-1946
Creators: name: Stratenwerth, Gerhard
Publisher: name: Ökumenische Rundschau
Year: 2025

description: Ökumenische Rundschau, Bd. 18 Nr. 4 (1969): Ökumenische Rundschau, Band 18, Heft 4
Estrus synchronization protocols for planned breeding and GnRH-agonist after timed insemination for pregnancy rate enhancement in dairy cattle
Creators: name: Mohamed, Hirad
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The aim of was to develop management protocols to improve reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle. The objective of Experiment 1 was to compare two methods of estrus synchronization. Eighty-nine dairy animals (67 cows and 22 heifers) were randomly assigned to either the Ovsynch or the Prostaglandin F[sub 2α] (PGF[sub 2α]) treatment group. Animals in the Ovsynch group received gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) followed by PG[sub 2α] on day 7 and second GnRH on day 9. Animals in the PGF[sub 2α] group were given two injections of PGF[sub 2α] 14 days apart. Both synchronization methods were followed by timed artificial inseminations. Milk progesterone (P₄) concentrations during the cycle were used to asses corpus Luteum (CL) function. Pregnancy was diagnosed 35 days after insemination. Estrus synchrony, based on Kamar heat mount detector and milk P₄ concentrations < lng/ml on the day of breeding, was not significantly different between the two groups. Mean milk P₄ during the synchronized cycle was also not significantly different between the two groups. Pregnancy rates were higher (P<0.05) for cows in the Ovsynch group (57.5%) than those in the PGF[sub 2α] group (38.4%). No difference in pregnancy rate was observed in heifers. The objective of Experiment II was to determine the effect of treatment with GnRH at various times after breeding on the induction of accessory CL, P₄ concentrations and pregnancy rates. Each month, estrus was synchronized in 12 to 15 postpartum cows using the Ovsynch protocol followed by timed inseminations. Cows were then randomly assigned to receive GnRH on d7 (n=34), d14 (n=34), or d7 and 14 (n=35) after breeding or to serve as controls (n=33). During the first two months, six cows from each group underwent ultrasonographic examination of the ovaries on days, 7, 11, 14, 18, and 21 after insemination to observe the formation of any additional CL. Blood and milk samples were also taken at these times to determine P₄ concentrations. Pregnancy was diagnosed 35 days after insemination. Eighty-three percent of cows ovulated in response to GnRH on d7 as opposed to only 17 percent on d14. Mean milk P₄ concentrations in treated cows did not differ from control cows. Pregnancy rates did not differ between the groups. It is concluded from this study that a) pregnancy rates of dairy cows and heifers can be managed effectively without estrus detection by using the Ovsynch estrus synchronization protocol followed by timed artificial inseminations and b) treatment with GnRH following synchronized breeding does not increase pregnancy rates in postpartum dairy cows.
Obscure qubits and membership amplitudes
Creators: name: Duplij, Steven
name: Vogl, Raimund
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Information Theory (cs.IT)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 03B52, 03E72, 68Q12, 81P15, 81P40, 81P65, 81P68, 94D05

description: We propose a concept of quantum computing which incorporates an additional kind of uncertainty, i.e. vagueness (fuzziness), in a natural way by introducing new entities, obscure qudits (e.g. obscure qubits), which are characterized simultaneously by a quantum probability and by a membership function. To achieve this, a membership amplitude for quantum states is introduced alongside the quantum amplitude. The Born rule is used for the quantum probability only, while the membership function can be computed from the membership amplitudes according to a chosen model. Two different versions of this approach are given here: the "product" obscure qubit, where the resulting amplitude is a product of the quantum amplitude and the membership amplitude, and the "Kronecker" obscure qubit, where quantum and vagueness computations are to be performed independently (i.e. quantum computation alongside truth evaluation). The latter is called a double obscure-quantum computation. In this case, the measurement becomes mixed in the quantum and obscure amplitudes, while the density matrix is not idempotent. The obscure-quantum gates act not in the tensor product of spaces, but in the direct product of quantum Hilbert space and so called membership space which are of different natures and properties. The concept of double (obscure-quantum) entanglement is introduced, and vector and scalar concurrences are proposed, with some examples being given.
description: 20 pages, IntechOpen-Book.cls
Functionals of Dirichlet processes, the Cifarelli-Regazzini identity and Beta-Gamma processes
Creators: name: James, Lancelot F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 62G05 (Primary) 62F15 (Secondary)

description: Suppose that P_θ(g) is a linear functional of a Dirichlet process with shape θH, where θ>0 is the total mass and H is a fixed probability measure. This paper describes how one can use the well-known Bayesian prior to posterior analysis of the Dirichlet process, and a posterior calculus for Gamma processes to ascertain properties of linear functionals of Dirichlet processes. In particular, in conjunction with a Gamma identity, we show easily that a generalized Cauchy-Stieltjes transform of a linear functional of a Dirichlet process is equivalent to the Laplace functional of a class of, what we define as, Beta-Gamma processes. This represents a generalization of an identity due to Cifarelli and Regazzini, which is also known as the Markov-Krein identity for mean functionals of Dirichlet processes. These results also provide new explanations and interpretations of results in the literature. The identities are analogues to quite useful identities for Beta and Gamma random variables. We give a result which can be used to ascertain specifications on H such that the Dirichlet functional is Beta distributed. This avoids the need for an inversion formula for these cases and points to the special nature of the Dirichlet process, and indeed the functional Beta-Gamma calculus developed in this paper.
description: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/009053604000001237 in the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
Vulnerability-Aware Poisoning Mechanism for Online RL with Unknown Dynamics
Creators: name: Sun, Yanchao
name: Huo, Da
name: Huang, Furong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Poisoning attacks on Reinforcement Learning (RL) systems could take advantage of RL algorithm's vulnerabilities and cause failure of the learning. However, prior works on poisoning RL usually either unrealistically assume the attacker knows the underlying Markov Decision Process (MDP), or directly apply the poisoning methods in supervised learning to RL. In this work, we build a generic poisoning framework for online RL via a comprehensive investigation of heterogeneous poisoning models in RL. Without any prior knowledge of the MDP, we propose a strategic poisoning algorithm called Vulnerability-Aware Adversarial Critic Poison (VA2C-P), which works for most policy-based deep RL agents, closing the gap that no poisoning method exists for policy-based RL agents. VA2C-P uses a novel metric, stability radius in RL, that measures the vulnerability of RL algorithms. Experiments on multiple deep RL agents and multiple environments show that our poisoning algorithm successfully prevents agents from learning a good policy or teaches the agents to converge to a target policy, with a limited attacking budget.
Nanoscale Equilibrium Crystal Shapes
Creators: name: Degawa, M.
name: Szalma, F.
name: Williams, E. D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The finite size and interface effects on equilibrium crystal shape (ECS) have been investigated for the case of a surface free energy density including step stiffness and inverse-square step-step interactions. Explicitly including the curvature of a crystallite leads to an extra boundary condition in the solution of the crystal shape, yielding a family of crystal shapes, governed by a shape parameter c. The total crystallite free energy, including interface energy, is minimized for c=0, yielding in all cases the traditional PT shape (z x3/2). Solutions of the crystal shape for c≠0 are presented and discussed in the context of meta-stable states due to the energy barrier for nucleation. Explicit scaled relationships for the ECS and meta-stable states in terms of the measurable step parameters and the interfacial energy are presented.
description: 35 pages
Abell 1430: A merging cluster with exceptional diffuse radio emission
Creators: name: Hoeft, M.
name: Dumba, C.
name: Drabent, A.
name: Rajpurohit, K.
name: Rossetti, M.
name: Nuza, S. E.
name: van Weeren, R. J.
name: Meusinger, H.
name: Botteon, A.
name: Brunetti, G.
name: Shimwell, T. W.
name: Cassano, R.
name: Brüggen, M.
name: Röttgering, H. J. A.
name: Gastaldello, F.
name: Lovisari, L.
name: Yepes, G.
name: Andrade-Santos, F.
name: Eckert, D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Diffuse radio emission has been found in many galaxy clusters, predominantly in massive systems which are in the state of merging. The radio emission can usually be classified as relic or halo emission, which are believed to be related to merger shocks or volume-filling turbulence, respectively. Recent observations have revealed radio bridges for some pairs of very closeby galaxy clusters. The mechanisms that may allow to explain the high specific density of relativistic electrons, necessary to explain the radio luminosity of these bridge regions, are poorly explored. We analyse the galaxy cluster Abell 1430 with LoTSS data in detail and complement it with recent JVLA L-band observations, XMM-Newton, Chandra, and SDSS data. Moreover, we compare our results to clusters extracted from the "The Three Hundred Project" cosmological simulation. We find that Abell 1430 consists of two components, namely A1430-A and A1430-B. We speculate that the two components undergo an off-axis merger. The more massive component shows diffuse radio emission which can be classified as radio halo showing a low radio power given the mass of the cluster. Most interestingly, there is extended diffuse radio emission, dubbed as the `Pillow', which is apparently related to A1430-B and thus related to low density intracluster or intergalactic medium. To date, a only few examples for emission originating from such regions are known. These discoveries are crucial to constrain possible acceleration mechanisms, which may allow to explain the presence of relativistic electrons in these regions. Our results indicate a spectral index of $α_{144\,\text{MHz}}^{1.5\,\text{GHz}}=-1.4\pm0.5$ for the Pillow. If future observations confirm a slope as flat as the central value of -1.4 or even flatter, this would pose a severe challenge for the electron acceleration scenarios.
description: 14 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
PERSPECTIVES ON IMPACTS OF THE 2002 U.S. FARM ACT
Creators: name: Westcott, Paul C.
name: Westcott, Paul C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy

description: The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (2002 Farm Act) was enacted in the United States in May of 2002. While this new farm law introduced some new policies to the array of agricultural commodity programs, in many ways the 2002 farm act extended provisions of the 1996 farm act and institutionalized provisions of ad hoc emergency spending bills of 1998-2001. Three key commodity program features of the 2002 farm act are marketing assistance loans, counter-cyclical payments, and direct payments. Marketing assistance loans existed under previous U.S. farm law, direct payments replaced production flexibility contract payments of the 1996 farm act, and counter-cyclical payments are intended to institutionalize the market loss assistance payments of the past several years. This paper discusses these U.S. farm programs and some of their potential impacts on agricultural markets. An overview of these programs features is first presented, along with an illustration of a con farm's sources of revenues under the new farm act. Then a discussion of some of the impacts of the 2002 farm act is given, commenting on the FAPRI analysis presented by John Kruse. Additional potential impacts of marketing loan provisions of the new law are then discussed, followed by some general comments on potential impacts of counter-cyclical payments, direct payments, and selected additional provisions of the legislation.
Acyclic polynomials of graphs
Creators: name: Barton, Caroline
name: Brown, Jason I.
name: Pike, David A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 05C31, 05C38, 05C30

description: For each nonnegative integer $i$, let $a_i$ be the number of $i$-subsets of $V(G)$ that induce an acyclic subgraph of a given graph $G$. We define $A(G,x) = \sum_{i \geq 0} a_i x^i$ (the generating function for $a_i$) to be the acyclic polynomial for $G$. After presenting some properties of these polynomials, we investigate the nature and location of their roots.
Antenna subtraction method for jet calculations at NNLO
Creators: name: Ridder, A. Gehrmann-De
name: Gehrmann, T.
name: Glover, E. W. N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe the antenna subtraction method for treating real emission singularities in the calculation of jet observables at NNLO accuracy, in particular in view of the computation $e^+e^- \to 3$ jets at NNLO.
description: 5 pages, LaTeX, to appear in the proceedings of the "7th International Symposium on Radiative Corrections (RADCOR05)", Shonan Village, 2005
THE MEXICAN HOG INDUSTRY: MOVING BEYOND 2003
Creators: name: Ochoa, Victor
name: Zahniser, Steven
name: Ochoa, Victor
name: Zahniser, Steven
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Livestock Production/Industries

description: The purpose of this paper is to show how Mexican hog producers can take advantage of NAFTA in order to increase their competitiveness. In particular, lowering feed costs, improving transportation facilities, and establishing greater control over swine diseases would go a long way towards increasing the competitiveness of Mexican producers.
Focused fields of ultrashort radially-polarized laser pulses having low-order spatio-temporal couplings
Creators: name: Jolly, Spencer W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a detailed study of the fields and propagation characteristics around the focus of ultrashort radially-polarized laser beams (RPLBs) having low-order spatio-temporal couplings (STCs). The three STCs considered are the focusing of the different frequencies to different positions along the longitudinal coordinate, the focusing of the frequencies to different positions along one transverse coordinate, and the beam waist or Rayleigh range having a power-law frequency dependence. The STCs considered are deemed low-order because they are generally linear in frequency. The combination of a low-order vector beam, ultrashort pulse duration, and the three different STCs shows promise for exotic applications in dielectric or charged particle manipulation and potentially other strong-field phenomena. The STCs presented are all developed in a standard frequency-domain model where each case involves a different chromatic term. We present the results unique to the vector nature of the RPLBs and compare them to the linearly polarized cases, opening up opportunities for control of the electric field around the focus with the additional element of polarization.
description: 14 pages, 13 figures, corrections/simplifications to equations 18-23 and 25-26 and Figures 9 and 10
title: Deutsche Erinnerung - Nationalsozialismus
title: Eine Forschungskooperation mit Studierenden der Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Kunst, Klaas
Publisher: name: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Year: 2020

description: SowiPro, Vol. 1
description: Das vorliegende Buch entstand im Rahmen des Lehrforschungsprojektes ‚Deutsche Erinnerung – Nationalsozialismus‘ im Sommersemester 2019 an der Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, die sehr output-orientiert geplant war. Es wurden außerdem viele Poster, Artikel für wiki-goettingen.de und eine Online-Stadtführung produziert. Auf der Basis gemeinsamer Informationen, wie eine Nation die eigene Vergangenheit aufarbeiten kann, verfassten die Studierenden nach eigenem Interesse Artikel zu unterschiedlichen Themen, die sich mit bestimmten Orten wie dem Holocaust-Mahnmal oder Stolpersteinen und auch mit der Erinnerung in Unternehmen oder bei der Bundeswehr auseinandersetzten. Bestimmende Faktoren für die das individuelle Erinnern werden ebenso untersucht wie die Wichtigkeit der Definitionsmacht im Streit um Erinnerungen und ob sich die Einstellungen gegenüber den Sinti und Roma nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs in der BRD geändert haben. Das Thema Widerstand zeigt sich in Untersuchungen über die Motive von Helferinnen und Helfern, über die Weiße Rose und in der Kölner Kontroverse um die Ehrenfelder Gruppe und die Edelweißpiraten, aber auch im Beitrag über Adam von Trott, der Alumnus der Göttinger Universität ist. Ebenfalls werden in Bezug zu Göttingen die Bücherverbrennung 1933 und die Vertreibung der jüdischen Bevölkerung untersucht und - nachdem es in der Göttinger Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek einen großen Bestand an geraubten Büchern gibt – das Kunst- und Literaturverständnis der Nationalsozialisten beleuchtet. Es sind interessante Artikel zu unterschiedlichen Themen entstanden, die unter dem Leitmotiv der aktiven Erinnerung zusammengehalten werden. In allen Beiträgen wird über Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit des Nationalsozialismus geschrieben. Unter anderem dadurch zeigt sich die aktive Erinnerungslandschaft Deutschlands, die nicht nur Regierungsmeinungen, sondern auch einen größeren Diskurs zulässt, um die Gräuel der NS-Zeit nicht vergessen zu lassen.
Pulling adsorbed polymers from surfaces with the AFM: stick versus slip, peeling versus gliding
Creators: name: Serr, Andreas
name: Netz, Roland R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider the response of an adsorbed polymer that is pulled by an AFM within a simple geometric framework. We separately consider the cases of i) fixed polymer-surface contact point, ii) sticky case where the polymer is peeled off from the substrate, and iii) slippery case where the polymer glides over the surface. The resultant behavior depends on the value of the surface friction coefficient and the adsorption strength. Our resultant force profiles in principle allow to extract both from non-equilibrium force-spectroscopic data.
description: 6 pages, 3 figures; accepted for publication in Europhys. Lett., http://www.edpsciences.org/journal/index.cfm?edpsname=epl
Physics of Supernovae
Creators: name: Nadyozhin, D. K.
name: Imshennik, V. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Global properties of different types of supernovae are overviewed. A special emphasis is made on the issues of interest both for the supernova and cosmic ray physics such as supernova shock waves and neutrino signal.
description: 15 pages, 7 figures, 1 table, 72 references; Invited Lecture at the ECRS-19 (Florence, Italy, Aug.-Sep. 2004)
Height function delocalisation on cubic planar graphs
Creators: name: Lammers, Piet
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 82B20, 82B41 (Primary) 82B30 (Secondary)

description: The interest is in models of integer-valued height functions on shift-invariant planar graphs whose maximum degree is three. We prove delocalisation for models induced by convex nearest-neighbour potentials, under the condition that each potential function is an excited potential, that is, a convex symmetric potential function $V$ with the property that $V(\pm1)\leq V(0)+\log2$. Examples of such models include the discrete Gaussian and solid-on-solid models at inverse temperature $β\leq\log2$, as well as the uniformly random $K$-Lipschitz function for fixed $K\in\mathbb N$. In fact, $βV$ is an excited potential for any convex symmetric potential function $V$ whenever $β$ is sufficiently small. To arrive at the result, we develop a new technique for symmetry breaking, and then study the geometric percolation properties of sets of the form $\{φ\geq a\}$ and $\{φ\leq a\}$, where $φ$ is the random height function and $a$ a constant. Along the same lines, we derive delocalisation for models induced by convex symmetric nearest-neighbour potentials which force the parity of the height of neighbouring vertices to be distinct. This includes models of uniformly random graph homomorphisms on the honeycomb lattice and the truncated square tiling, as well as on the same graphs with each edge replaced by $N$ edges linked in series. The latter resembles cable-graph constructions which appear in the analysis of the Gaussian free field.
description: 16 pages, 3 figures; optimised presentation
From hard spheres to hard-core spins
Creators: name: Sommers, Grace M.
name: Placke, Benedikt
name: Moessner, Roderich
name: Sondhi, S. L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A system of hard spheres exhibits physics that is controlled only by their density. This comes about because the interaction energy is either infinite or zero, so all allowed configurations have exactly the same energy. The low density phase is liquid, while the high density phase is crystalline, an example of "order by disorder" as it is driven purely by entropic considerations. Here we study a family of hard spin models, which we call hardcore spin models, where we replace the translational degrees of freedom of hard spheres with the orientational degrees of freedom of lattice spins. Their hardcore interaction serves analogously to divide configurations of the many spin system into allowed and disallowed sectors. We present detailed results on the square lattice in $d=2$ for a set of models with $\mathbb{Z}_n$ symmetry, which generalize Potts models, and their $U(1)$ limits, for ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic senses of the interaction, which we refer to as exclusion and inclusion models. As the exclusion/inclusion angles are varied, we find a Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition between a disordered phase and an ordered phase with quasi-long-ranged order, which is the form order by disorder takes in these systems. These results follow from a set of height representations, an ergodic cluster algorithm, and transfer matrix calculations.
description: 20 pages, 12 figures
Brownian motion near a liquid-like membrane
Creators: name: Bickel, Thomas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The dynamics of a tracer molecule near a fluid membrane is investigated, with particular emphasis given to the interplay between the instantaneous position of the particle and membrane fluctuations. It is found that hydrodynamic interactions creates memory effects in the diffusion process. The random motion of the particle is then shown to cross over from a ``bulk'' to a ``surface'' diffusive mode, in a way that crucially depends on the elastic properties of the interface.
description: 7 pages, 1 figure
Joint thrust and TMD resummation in electron-positron and electron-proton collisions
Creators: name: Makris, Yiannis
name: Ringer, Felix
name: Waalewijn, Wouter J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the framework for obtaining precise predictions for the transverse momentum of hadrons with respect to the thrust axis in $e^+e^-$ collisions. This will enable a precise extraction of transverse momentum dependent (TMD) fragmentation functions from a recent measurement by the Belle Collaboration. Our analysis takes into account, for the first time, the nontrivial interplay between the hadron transverse momentum and the cut on the thrust event shape. To this end, we identify three different kinematic regions, derive the corresponding factorization theorems within Soft Collinear Effective Theory, and present all ingredients needed for the joint resummation of the transverse momentum and thrust spectrum at NNLL accuracy. One kinematic region can give rise to non-global logarithms (NGLs), and we describe how to include the leading NGLs. We also discuss alternative measurements in $e^+e^-$ collisions that can be used to access the TMD fragmentation function. Finally, by using crossing symmetry, we obtain a new way to constrain TMD parton distributions, by measuring the displacement of the thrust axis in $ep$ collisions.
description: 27 pages, 5 figures
On the Performance of One-Bit DoA Estimation via Sparse Linear Arrays
Creators: name: Sedighi, Saeid
name: Shankar, M. R. Bhavani
name: Soltanalian, Mojtaba
name: Ottersten, Björn
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Direction of Arrival (DoA) estimation using Sparse Linear Arrays (SLAs) has recently gained considerable attention in array processing thanks to their capability to provide enhanced degrees of freedom in resolving uncorrelated source signals. Additionally, deployment of one-bit Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) has emerged as an important topic in array processing, as it offers both a low-cost and a low-complexity implementation. In this paper, we study the problem of DoA estimation from one-bit measurements received by an SLA. Specifically, we first investigate the identifiability conditions for the DoA estimation problem from one-bit SLA data and establish an equivalency with the case when DoAs are estimated from infinite-bit unquantized measurements. Towards determining the performance limits of DoA estimation from one-bit quantized data, we derive a pessimistic approximation of the corresponding Cramér-Rao Bound (CRB). This pessimistic CRB is then used as a benchmark for assessing the performance of one-bit DoA estimators. We also propose a new algorithm for estimating DoAs from one-bit quantized data. We investigate the analytical performance of the proposed method through deriving a closed-form expression for the covariance matrix of the asymptotic distribution of the DoA estimation errors and show that it outperforms the existing algorithms in the literature. Numerical simulations are provided to validate the analytical derivations and corroborate the resulting performance improvement.
description: 17 pages, 10 figures