cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
A Cherenkov Radiation Detector with High Density Aerogels
Creators: name: Cremaldi, Lucien
name: Sanders, David A.
name: Sonnek, Peter
name: Summers, Donald J.
name: Reidy, Jim
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have designed a threshold Cherenkov detector at the Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory to identify muons with momenta between 230 and 350 MeV/c. We investigated the properties of three aerogels for the design. The nominal indexes of refraction were n = 1.03, 1.07, 1.12, respectively. Two of the samples are of high density aerogel not commonly used for Cherenkov light detection. We present results of an examination of some optical properties of the aerogel samples and present basic test beam results.
description: LaTeX, 4 pages, 8 figures
30 aastat HI-viiruse avastamisest
Creators: name: Sikut, Rein
Publisher: name: OÜ Celsius Healthcare
Year: 2013
Subjects: HIV päritolu, HIV-pandeemia lähtekoht, HIV patogeenes, HIV muutlikkus, HIV-ravimite areng, HIV-vaktsiinid

description: Möödunud on 30 aastat, mil isoleeriti AIDSi tekitav viirus HIV-1. Molekulaarfülogeneetilised uuringud näitavad, et HIV-pandeemia sai alguse Aafrika šimpansidel esinevastlähedasest viirusest SIVcpz, mis on inimestele üle kandunud ahvide küttimise ja lihakäitlemise käigus ajavahemikul 1902–1921. Üleilmse HIV-pandeemia lähtekohaks peetakse Kongo linna Kinshasat, mis oli 20. sajandi esimesel poolel kiiresti kasvav linn, mis lõi soodsad tingimused viiruse levikuks. Sealt pärinevad ka 2 kõige vanemat HIV-1 sisaldavat koeproovi (1959 ja 1960). HIV leviku esimene sihtkoht väljaspool Aafrikat oli Haiti, sealt edasi jõudis viirus ajavahemikul 1966–1972 USAsse. HIV-patogeneesi mehhanismid on komplekssed: peamine on CD4+ rakkude hävimine, mistõttu tekivad häired nii organismi humoraalse kui ka rakulise immuunsüsteemi toimimisel. Krooniline immuunaktivatsioon on üks tähtsaim tegur immuunpuudulikkuse tekkel. Viiruse isoleerimine ja elutsükli tundmaõppimine võimaldas antiviraalsete ravimite väljatöötamist. Esimene ravim loodi 1987. aastal (NRTI klass), kuid üksinda kasutades oli see väheefektiivne. 1995. aastal loodi uus klass ravimeid (PI) ja alustati kombinatsioonravi mitme toimeainega korraga ning see viis Euroopas AIDSi tekke ja suremuse 10-kordse vähenemiseni. Praegu kasutusel olevad ravimid liigitatakse toimemehhanismi alusel 5 erinevasse klassi ning surmatõvest on saanud ravimite abil kontrolli all hoitav krooniline haigus. Vaatamata pingutustele pole seni suudetud luua vaktsiini, kuid uuringud selles vallas jätkuvad.       Eesti Arst 2013; 92(5):268–277
description: Eesti Arst, Mai 2013
Epistemological Letters 30
Creators: name: Garuccio, A
name: Michel, A
name: Zeh, H.D.
name: Vigier, J.-P.
name: Popper, K.
name: Costa de Beauregard, O.
Publisher: name: University of Notre Dame
Year: 2023

description: Issue 30 is a written symposium on the foundations of quantum physics, edited by François Bonsack, Abner Shimony, and others. It was published and distributed to a limited mailing list by Association Ferdinand Gonseth.
title: Coyote-Food Base Relationships in Jackson Hole, Wyoming
Creators: name: Weaver, John L.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1977

description: I measured three variables of coyote-food base relationships in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, during t he period Jul y, 1973, to July, 1975. Field work provided estimates of relative coyote and prey abundance as well as observations on coyote feeding behavior during winter. Laboratory analysis of 1,500 coyote scats reveal ed feeding patterns while feeding trials with captive coyotes allowed refinement in interpretation of scat analysis.
Deer mice and chipmunks comprised most of the rodent biomass captured in traps in the fall, while ground squirrels accounted for much of the rodent biomass in the spring. Field voles declined from 1973 to 1974 throughout much of the study area.
Northern pocket gophers, field voles, and Uinta ground squirrels were the principal foods in the May-October diet of coyotes. They fed primarily upon ungulate carrion during winter.
Because substantial differences in weight between adult and juvenile ground squirrels and pocket gophers make age classification important in calculating biomass, I developed a technique for identifying age classes based upon measurements of tooth remains in coyote scats. Feeding trials with captive coyotes indicated that heavier prey are detected in scats more often than lighter ones. Differences in weight multiplied by differences in detectability for the three principal rodents varied by factors of 1.1 to 2.6.
Carrion from hunter-killed and winter-killed elk supplied food for coyotes from October to May. The abundance and temporal availability of carrion varied substantially between areas.
Up to six-fold differences in coyote population indices occurred between areas. These differences were attributed primarily to differences in the amount of ungulate carrion available during winter. The possible influence of nutrition upon coyote natality, mortality, and movements are contemplated.
Europa's Surface Water-ice Crystallinity and Correlations between Lineae and Hydrate Composition
Creators: name: Berdis, Jodi R.
name: Murphy, James R.
name: Chanover, Nancy J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Europa's surface composition and evidence for cryovolcanic activity can provide insight into the properties and composition of the subsurface ocean, allowing the evaluation of its potential habitability. One promising avenue for revealing the surface processing and subsurface activity are the relative fractions of crystalline and amorphous water-ice observed on the surface, which are influenced by temperature, charged particle bombardment, vapor deposition, and cryovolcanic activity. The crystallinity observed on Europa's leading hemisphere cannot be reproduced by thermophysical and particle flux modeling alone, indicating that there may be additional processes influencing the surface. We performed a spectral mixture analysis on hyperspectral image cubes from the Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) to identify how surface crystallinity is influenced by physical processing at a high spatial resolution scale. We focus specifically on two image cubes, 15e015 closer to the equator and 17e009 closer to the south pole, both on the leading hemisphere. We performed a nonnegative least-squares spectral mixture analysis to reveal both the non-ice composition and the water-ice crystallinity of the surface. We found that amorphous water-ice dominates the spectrum at the equator and the south pole. We estimated a mean crystallinity of ~35% within the 15e015 NIMS cube and a mean crystallinity of ~15% within the 17e009 NIMS cube, which is consistent with ground-based spectroscopically derived crystallinities. We also identified a correlation of magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, and hydrated sulfuric acid with lineae and ridges, which may provide evidence for surface processing by upwelling subsurface material.
description: Published in the Planetary Science Journal, 17 pages, 17 figures
Electron heat flux and propagating fronts in plasma thermal quench via ambipolar transport
Creators: name: Zhang, Yanzeng
name: Li, Jun
name: Tang, Xianzhu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The thermal collapse of a nearly collisionless plasma interacting with a cooling spot, in which the electron parallel heat flux plays an essential role, is investigated both theoretically and numerically. We show that such thermal collapse, which is known as thermal quench in tokamaks, comes about in the form of propagating fronts, originating from the cooling spot, along the magnetic field lines. The slow fronts, propagating with local ion sound speed, limit the aggressive cooling of plasma, which is accompanied by a plasma cooling flow toward the cooling spot. The extraordinary physics underlying such a cooling flow is that the fundamental constraint of ambipolar transport along the field line limits the spatial gradient of electron thermal conduction flux to the much weaker convective scaling, as opposed to the free-streaming scaling, so that a large electron temperature and hence pressure gradient can be sustained. The last ion front for a radiative cooling spot is a shock front where cold but flowing ions meet the hot ions.
Damned If You Do, Damned If You Don't: Strategizing gender in the experiences of transmasculine folk with police and security forces in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires
Creators: name: Fabre, Francis J.
Publisher: name: University of Chicago
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: police
subject: transgender
subject: masculinity
subject: Argentina

description: Drawing on in-depth, semi-structured interviews, I analyze transmasculine people’s perceptions of, experiences of, and strategies used to avoid police violence in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. I highlight the existing contradictions and the contorting logics that are required to incorporate the identity-based model for the determination of gender, as introduced by the Gender Identity Law, in a context of preexisting biology-based models. Transmasculine folks mobilize these tensions in their everyday lives, strategically employing the frameworks of determining gender, as well as traditional social conceptions of femininity and masculinity, as a form of impression management. Identifying threat as a central element in both police criminalization and the social recognition of masculinity, participants negotiate between their identity, desired embodiment, and sense of safety. I focus on the ways that these strategies are informed, even more so, conditioned by respective social positionalities and the limits of embodiment.
title: A modified Landau–de Gennes theory for smectic liquid crystals : phase transitions and structural transitions
Creators: name: Shi, Baoming
name: Han, Yucen
name: Ma, Chengdi
name: Majumdar, Apala
name: Lei, Zhang
Publisher: name: Strathprints - University of Strathclyde
Year: 2025

description: We mathematically model smectic-A (SmA) phases with a modified Landau–de Gennes (mLdG) model as proposed in Xia et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett., 126 (2021), 177801]. The orientational order of the SmA phase is described by a tensor-order parameter , and the positional order is described by a real scalar , which models the deviation from the average density of liquid crystal molecules. First, we prove the existence and regularity of global minimizers of the mLdG free energy in three-dimensional settings. Then we analytically prove that the mLdG model can capture the isotropic-nematic-smectic phase transition as a function of temperature, under some assumptions. Further, we explore stable smectic phases on a square domain with edge length and tangent boundary conditions. We use heuristic arguments to show that defects repel smectic layers and that nematic ordering promotes layer formation. We use asymptotic arguments in the and limits which reveal the correlation between the number and thickness of smectic layers, the amplitude of density fluctuations with the phenomenological parameters in the mLdG energy. For finite values of , we numerically recover BD-like and D-like stable smectic states observed in experiments. We also study the frustrated mLdG energy landscape and give numerical examples of transition pathways between distinct mLdG energy minimizers.
Vestibulaarne migreen
Creators: name: Sabre, Liis
name: Braschinsky, Mark
Publisher: name: OÜ Celsius Healthcare
Year: 2013
Subjects: vertiigo, peapööritus, vestibulaarne migreen, migreen

description: Vestibulaarne migreen (VM) avaldub vertiigoepisoodidena haigetel, kel on migrenoossed peavalud või teised migreeniilmingud. Vertiigoepisoodid võivad VMi korral esineda nii enne peavaluhoogu, selle ajal kui ka pärast seda. Vertiigoepisoodid võivad VMi-haigel esineda ka ilma peavalu tekketa, kuid sel juhul esineb vähemalt üks või mitu migrenoosse aura ilmingut. VM on välistamisdiagnoos. VMi diagnoosikriteeriumid on hiljuti välja töötatud ja lisatakse rahvusvahelisse peavalude klassifikatsiooni väljaandesse.

  Eesti Arst 2013; 92(5):279–282
description: Eesti Arst, Mai 2013
Adagio for Thermal Relics
Creators: name: Davoudiasl, Hooman
name: Sullivan, Matthew
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A larger Planck scale during an early epoch leads to a smaller Hubble rate, which is the measure for efficiency of primordial processes. The resulting slower cosmic tempo can accommodate alternative cosmological histories. We consider this possibility in the context of extra dimensional theories, which can provide a natural setting for the scenario. If the fundamental scale of the theory is not too far above the weak scale, to alleviate the ``hierarchy problem," cosmological constraints imply that thermal relic dark matter would be at the GeV scale, which may be disfavored by cosmic microwave background measurements. Such dark matter becomes viable again in our proposal, due to smaller requisite annihilation cross section, further motivating ongoing low energy accelerator-based searches. Quantum gravity signatures associated with the extra dimensional setting can be probed at high energy colliders -- up to $\sim 13$ TeV at the LHC or $\sim 100$ TeV at FCC-hh. Searches for missing energy signals of dark sector states, with masses $\gtrsim 10$ GeV, can be pursued at a future circular lepton collider.
description: 8 pages, 3 figure. Content same as published version
Peaajutrauma lastel
Creators: name: Laan, Mari
name: Ilmoja, Mari-Liis
name: Paas, Siiri
name: Rjabova, Tatjana
name: Sander, Valentin
Publisher: name: OÜ Celsius Healthcare
Year: 2004
Subjects: peaajutrauma lastel, põhjused, ravi ja kaugtulemused

description: Peaajutrauma on oluline sotsiaalne ja meditsiiniline probleem kogu maailmas. Artiklis on retrospektiivselt analüüsitud aastatel 1999–2003 Tallinna Lastehaigla anestesioloogia- ja intensiivravi osakonda hospitaliseeritud ajutrauma juhtude põhjuseid. Eraldi on analüüsitud raske peaajutraumaga (GSK ≤8) laste ravi ja haiguse  lõpet. Suurema osa peaajutraumadest moodustasid  liiklusõnnetused. Artiklis on käsitletud ajutrauma ravi aspekte nagu intrakraniaalse rõhu kontrolli, adekvaatse vererõhu ja aju perfusioonirõhu säilitamise küsimusi. Ravi kaugtulemusi hinnati Glasgow Outcome Scale’i (Glasgow neuroloogilise lõpptulemuse hindamise skaala, GOS) abil. Suremus ajutrauma tagajärjel, samas ka haigete hilisem elukvaliteet on sarnane kirjanduses tooduga.


Eesti Arst 2004; 83 (7): 452–457
description: Eesti Arst, Juuli 2004
The Effectiveness of Online Learning on Senior High School Students and its Effect on Their Learning Outcomes
Creators: name: Dela Cruz, Mary
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: Other health sciences not elsewhere classified

description: This research is conceptualized to analyze the effectiveness of online learning to Senior High School students and its effect on their learning outcomes. The main objective of this research is to know how effective the new mode of learning is to students' learning outcomes. To evaluate the students about their perspective and adjustment to the virtual classes, the researchers interview the target respondents, the 100 senior high school students who experienced the modes of learning. The non-experimental research method or the correlational method was used to get primary data for the researcher's wanted analysis. The participants were fully briefed about the study's goals and were told that their responses would be kept private by the researchers and used solely for academic purposes. Based on the survey we came up to this conclusion which answers the statement of the problem of this study, online learning is practical to senior high school students learning outcomes, however, some admitted that they have a hard time in this new way of learning and they preferred the traditional way of learning, fortunately, most of the respondents are convinced with the current mode of learning as an effective way in enhancing their learning outcomes and base on the data the researchers collected, online learning is an effective alternative way of learning differ to the traditional one. Students preferred the conventional way but online learning also helped the educators to do better in giving enough knowledge to the students in the current time.
Naisüliõpilaste kehalise arengu ja tervise käitumistrendide analüüs
Creators: name: Landõr, Anatoli
name: Maaroos, Jaak
name: Ojamaa, Maie
name: Ignatjeva, Nadežda
Publisher: name: OÜ Celsius Healthcare
Year: 2004
Subjects: antropomeetria, kehalise arengu hinnang, tervisekäitumine, naisüliõpilased

description: Antropomeetrilised näitajad on oluliseks komponendiks kehalise arengu, kehalise võimekuse, vereringehaiguste riskitegurite ja elustiili trendide objektiivsel hindamisel. Tartu Ülikooli arsti- ja kehakultuuriteaduskonna naisüliõpilaste kompleksuuringu raames selgus, et nad olid võrreldes 1965. a uuritutega keskmiselt 5 cm pikemad, kehamass aga oli vähenenud. Vastavalt pikkuse  juurdekasvule olid proportsionaalselt suurenenud ka teised antropomeetrilised näitajad. Uuritavate kehalise võimekuse tase oli madal ja varieerus suures ulatuses, mis oli otseselt tingitud erinevast kehalisest aktiivsusest. Tervisekäitumist peegeldava küsimustiku analüüsil ilmnes, et uuritud naisüliõpilased olid piisavalt informeeritud käitumisriskide suhtes: nad olid põhiliselt mittesuitsetajad, kehaliselt aktiivsed ja järgisid tervislikke toitumispõhimõtteid. Uuringu põhjal  töötati välja uued naisüliõpilaste antropomeetriliste näitajate  standardid, mida  saab kasutada
üksikisiku kehalise arengu hindamisel ning käitumisharjumuste muutuse objektiivsel iseloomustamisel.


Eesti Arst 2004; 83 (7): 446–451
description: Eesti Arst, Juuli 2004
title: Using a Classwide Peer-Assisted Self-Management Program to Improve Classroom Behavior of Secondary-Age at-Risk Students
Creators: name: Mitchem, Katherine J.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1999

description: Classroom management is still one of the top-rated concerns of general educators and public school administrators, even though there exist a number of empirically supported interventions that improve classroom behavior. The current research, consisting of two studies, examined the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of one of these interventions, a classwide peer-assisted, self-management program. Using a multiple baseline design across classes, the first study investigated the effects of the Peer-Assisted Learning (PAL) Game on appropriate classroom behavior of three classes of seventh-grade language arts students and of 10 target at-risk students. The PAL Game consisted of teacher instruction in self-management and social skills, a classwide self-monitoring game in which two teams of peer dyads rated themselves and each other, a teacher-rated mystery match, and public posting of team and partnership scores. The second study examined the effects of the systematic withdrawal of the PAL Game on maintenance of appropriate behavior of the class and of target at-risk students. In addition to examining the effects of the PAL Game on classroom behavior, another purpose of these two studies was to document and analyze the feasibility of implementing the PAL Game in a general education classroom and acceptability of the PAL Game to students and the teacher.
The results revealed that simultaneous on-task behavior of the class and on-task and appropriate use of social skills of the I 0 target at-risk students improved after the PAL Game was introduced in the general education classroom. Improvements in behavior were maintained for all classes and most at-risk students throughout the systematic withdrawal of the PAL Game. Simultaneous on-task behavior of the class improved from zero to low levels during baseline to almost 80% during the last few days of the intervention. As a group, target students improved from an average 35% on-task during baseline conditions to an average of 80% during treatment conditions. In addition, target students' appropriate use of the two social skills, following instructions and gaining teacher attention, also increased. Teacher ratings of target students' social competence and academic-related skills as measured by the School Social Behavior Scales improved in statistical and practical significance. In terms of feasibility and acceptability, the PAL Game compared favorably with other class wide interventions in the time, personnel, training, and material resources required to implement the game.
The results of these studies are discussed in terms of their implications for classroom practitioners and for future research.
title: An Investigation of Oral Stereognosis and Articulation in Sighted and Blind Children
Creators: name: Milbrandt, Mariette Johnson
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1974

description: The purpose of this investigation was to determine if a significant difference exists between oral stereognosis skills of blind and sighted children. The possibility of a relationship between oral stereognosis and articulation was also explored in both the sighted and blind populations. A group of twenty-four blind and a group of twenty four sighted subjects between the ages of seven and twenty were divided into subgroups of those having normal speech and those with defective articulation. There were twelve subjects in each subgroup. A 20-item test of oral stereognosis (NIDR forms) was administered to each subject and error scores taken.
Results of the study indicate that no significant difference exists between the oral stereognosis abilities of sighted and blind subjects. A significant difference was found to exist at the .01 level between oral stereognosis scores of normal speakers and articulatory impaired speakers. This difference was also found to be significant between the blind subgroups but not between the sighted subgroups.
Certification of non-Gaussian Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering
Creators: name: Tian, Mingsheng
name: Zou, Zihang
name: Zhang, Da
name: Barral, David
name: Bencheikh, Kamel
name: He, Qiongyi
name: Sun, Feng-Xiao
name: Xiang, Yu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Non-Gaussian quantum states are a known necessary resource for reaching a quantum advantage and for violating Bell inequalities in continuous variable systems. As one kind of manifestation of quantum correlations, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering enables verification of shared entanglement even when one of the subsystems is not characterized. However, how to detect and classify such an effect for non-Gaussian states is far from being well understood. Here, we present an efficient non-Gaussian steering criterion based on the high-order observables and conduct a systematic investigation into the hierarchy of non-Gaussian steering criteria. Moreover, we apply our criterion to three experimentally-relevant non-Gaussian states under realistic conditions and, in particular, propose a feasible scheme to create multi-component cat states with tunable size by performing a suitable high-order quadrature measurement on the steering party. Our work reveals the fundamental characteristics of non-Gaussianity and quantum correlations, and offers new insights to explore their applications in quantum information processing.
Bi-Lipschitz equivalent metrics on groups, and a problem in additive number theory
Creators: name: Nathanson, Melvyn B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Metric Geometry (math.MG)
subject: Number Theory (math.NT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 11A63, 11B13, 11B34, 11B75, 20F65, 51F99, 54E35

description: There is a standard "word length" metric canonically associated to any set of generators for a group. In particular, for any integers a and b greater than 1, the additive group of integers has generating sets {a^i}_{i=0}^{\infty} and {b^j}_{j=0}^{\infty} with associated metrics d_A and d_B, respectively. It is proved that these metrics are bi-Lipschitz equivalent if and only if there exist positive integers m and n such that a^m = b^n.
description: 8 pages
title: Experimental Avian Botulism Studies on Sewage Oxidation Ponds in Utah
Creators: name: Moulton, Daniel W.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1975

description: The objective of this study was to field-test the "microenvironment concept" of avian botulism epizootiology. The "microenvironment concept" hypothesizes that aquatic invertebrate carcasses may serve both as a substrate for toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type C in nature and as a vehicle for toxin transmission to waterbirds. This concept has become the generally accepted, but inadequately tested, working hypothesis of type C botulism epizootiology.
This study attempted to experimentally induce type C botulism in sentinel flocks of mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and American coots (Fulica americana) on sewage oxidation ponds in northern Utah. The three experimental oxidation ponds were inoculated with Cl. botulinum type C (strain X220B2) endospores in June, 1974. Aquatic invertebrate populations were monitored throughout the summer. Rotenone was used in August in two of the experimental ponds (one pond served as a control) to kill aquatic invertebrates and thereby provide a large amount of substrate for clostridial growth and toxin production. No botulism was detected among the sentinel birds even though they routinely ingested invertebrate carcasses. None of the samples of dead invertebrates collected from the experimental ponds contained detectable (in white mice) botulinum toxin.
It was concluded that the "microenvironment concept," as it now stands, cannot always be a sufficient explanation of how type C botulism epizootics are initiated in nature. Microbiological experiments designed to determine why the invertebrate carcasses collected from the study ponds contained no botulinum toxin were started and are now ongoing. Early results indicate that Cl. botulinum (X220B2) cells may not normally be able to effectively compete (at least in terms of toxin production) with other microorganisms present in the sewage ponds. It is suggested that the initiation of a type C botulism epizootic in nature may require the alleviation of the inhibitory effects of other putrefactive microorganisms upon clostridial metabolism and/ or toxin. This hypothesis is highly speculative and requires much further experimentation.
The inverse problem for neural networks
Creators: name: Forets, Marcelo
name: Schilling, Christian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Logic in Computer Science (cs.LO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We study the problem of computing the preimage of a set under a neural network with piecewise-affine activation functions. We recall an old result that the preimage of a polyhedral set is again a union of polyhedral sets and can be effectively computed. We show several applications of computing the preimage for analysis and interpretability of neural networks.
Haemophilus influenzae b-tüübi poolt põhjustatud meningiit lastel Eestis (1998–2002)
Creators: name: Tamm, Eda
name: Zilmer, Kai
name: Urbsoo, Krista
name: Närska, Margit
name: Torm, Siiri
Publisher: name: OÜ Celsius Healthcare
Year: 2004
Subjects: Haemophilus influenzae b-tüüp, bakteriaalse meningiidi etioloogia lastel, Haemophilus influenzae b meningiidi epidemioloogia

description: Haemophilus influenzae b-serotüübi (Hib) poolt põhjustatud meningiit on invasiivne bakteriaalne infektsioon peamiselt alla 5aastastel lastel. Enne Hib-vaktsiini kasutuselevõttu oli haigestumus Hib-meningiiti Euroopas keskmiselt 23 juhtu 100 000 lapse kohta aastas. Hib-vaktsiin ei kuuluimmuniseerimiskavasse Eestis. Töö eesmärgiks oli uurida Hib-meningiidi epidemioloogiat Eesti  lastel aastatel 1998–2002. Hib oli peamine bakteriaalse meningiidi tekitaja alla 5aastastel lastel ning  haigestumus Hib-meningiiti selles vanuserühmas oli 24 juhtu 100 000 lapse kohta aastas.


Eesti Arst 2004; 83 (7): 441–445
description: Eesti Arst, Juuli 2004
М. Ягодинська. Археологічні дослідження на території замку XIV-XVII ст. в м. Теребовля
Creators: name: Ягодинська, Марина
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: classificationCode: 430101
subject: Archaeological science

description: Наукові записки Національного заповідника "Замки Тернопілля". №3/2013. Збараж, 2013.
title: Projections for School Population and Teacher Demand in the State of Utah for the Period 1970-200
Creators: name: Macfarlane, Michael V.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1975

description: The purpose of this study is to study future trends in student enrollment, according to age , sex, grades, and school levels, for different geographic areas, and teacher demand for the elementary and secondary levels of school in Utah from 1970 to the year 2000. For the secondary level information is also given for student enrollment according to different subject areas and the future demand of teachers for these subject areas. Projections were prepared for single calendar years from 1970 to the year 2000. The projections for the school children were based on total population projections for the state, prepared at the Department of Sociology, Utah State University. Census data and school enrollment data were used to obtain information for future trends . The component method of population projection was used to project the total population for the state and the enrollment-ratio method was used to project the school population.
With 98 percent of the school-age population, (5-17 years of age), now enrolled in school, future increases or decreases in the school population would mainly come from changes in fertility or migration. The general findings of this study for the period 1970-2000, show an increase of 50,398 students, (16 percent), and 2,124 teachers, (17 percent). Elementary student population increased by 30,599 students and 1,293 teachers, whereas the secondary school population increased by 19,799 students, and 831 teachers. The majority of students are concentrated wi thin four counties: Davis, Salt Lake, Utah, and Weber. In 1970 these counties comprised 77 percent of the school population and projected by the year 2000 to 82 percent.
A Multipurpose Reduced Mechanism for Ethanol Combustion
Creators: name: Millán-Merino, Alejandro
name: Fernández-Tarrazo, Eduardo
name: Sánchez-Sanz, Mario
name: Williams, Forman A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: New multipurpose skeletal and reduced chemical-kinetic mechanisms for ethanol combustion are developed, along the same philosophical lines followed in our previous work on methanol. The resulting skeletal mechanism contains 66 reactions, only 19 of which are reversible, among 31 species, and the associated reduced mechanism contains 14 overall reactions among 16 species, obtained from the skeletal mechanism by placing \ce{CH3CHOH}, \ce{CH2CH2OH}, \ce{CH3CO}, \ce{CH2CHO}, \ce{CH2CO}, \ce{C2H3}, \ce{C2H5}, \ce{C2H6}, \ce{S-CH2}, \ce{T-CH2}, \ce{CH4}, \ce{CH2OH}, \ce{CH3O}, \ce{HCO}, and \ce{O} in steady state. For the reduced mechanism, the steady-state relations and rate expressions are arranged so that computations can be made sequentially without iteration. Comparison with experimental results for autoignition, laminar burning velocities, and counterflow flame structure and extinction, including comparisons with the 257-step, 54-species detailed San Diego Mechanism and five other mechanisms in the literature, support the utility of the skeletal and reduced mechanisms, showing, for example, that, in comparison with the San Diego mechanism, they decrease the computational cost by 70\% and 80\%, respectively. Measures of computation times and of extents of departures from experimental values are defined and employed in evaluating results. Besides contributing to improvements in understanding of the mechanisms, the derived simplifications may prove useful in a variety of computational studies.
Helicobacter pylori infektsioon ja sünnikohordi fenomen
Creators: name: Oona, Marje
Publisher: name: OÜ Celsius Healthcare
Year: 2004
Subjects: Helicobacter pylori, levimus, sünnikohort

description: H. pylori  infektsiooni nakatutakse  tavaliselt  lapsepõlves, väga harva pärast 20. eluaastat.  Infektsiooni levimus teatud kindlal ajavahemikul sündinud inimeste hulgas sõltub sellest, milline oli risk nakatuda nende inimeste lapsepõlves. Täiskasvanueas levimus enam oluliselt ei suurene. Igal sünnikohordil on temale iseloomulik H. pylori infektsiooni levimusmäär.


Eesti Arst 2004; 83 (7): 458–462
description: Eesti Arst, Juuli 2004
Shielded Reinforcement Learning for Hybrid Systems
Creators: name: Brorholt, Asger Horn
name: Jensen, Peter Gjøl
name: Larsen, Kim Guldstrand
name: Lorber, Florian
name: Schilling, Christian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Logic in Computer Science (cs.LO)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Safe and optimal controller synthesis for switched-controlled hybrid systems, which combine differential equations and discrete changes of the system's state, is known to be intricately hard. Reinforcement learning has been leveraged to construct near-optimal controllers, but their behavior is not guaranteed to be safe, even when it is encouraged by reward engineering. One way of imposing safety to a learned controller is to use a shield, which is correct by design. However, obtaining a shield for non-linear and hybrid environments is itself intractable. In this paper, we propose the construction of a shield using the so-called barbaric method, where an approximate finite representation of an underlying partition-based two-player safety game is extracted via systematically picked samples of the true transition function. While hard safety guarantees are out of reach, we experimentally demonstrate strong statistical safety guarantees with a prototype implementation and UPPAAL STRATEGO. Furthermore, we study the impact of the synthesized shield when applied as either a pre-shield (applied before learning a controller) or a post-shield (only applied after learning a controller). We experimentally demonstrate superiority of the pre-shielding approach. We apply our technique on a range of case studies, including two industrial examples, and further study post-optimization of the post-shielding approach.
Particle-acceleration timescales in TeV blazar flares
Creators: name: Tammi, Joni
name: Duffy, Peter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Observations of minute-scale flares in TeV Blazars place constraints on particle acceleration mechanisms in those objects. The implications for a variety of radiation mechanisms have been addressed in the literature; in this paper we compare four different acceleration mechanisms: diffusive shock acceleration, second-order Fermi, shear acceleration and the converter mechanism. When the acceleration timescales and radiative losses are taken into account, we can exclude shear acceleration and the neutron-based converted mechanism as possible acceleration processes in these systems. The first-order Fermi process and the converter mechanism working via SSC photons are still practically instantaneous, however, provided sufficient turbulence is generated on the timescale of seconds. We propose stochastic acceleration as a promising candidate for the energy-dependent time delays in recent gamma-ray flares of Markarian 501.
description: 7 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in the MNRAS. v2: Updated the references
Alkylation of 6-thiopurine derivatives by the Mitsunobu reaction
Creators: name: do Espírito Santo, Rafael Dias
name: da Silva, Bianca Nascimento Monteiro
name: Rabi, Jaime A.
name: Pinho, Vagner D.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: Plant Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 60506 Virology

description: Alkylation of thiopurine derivatives with alcohols by the Mitsunobu reaction are reported in moderated to good yields. The method was applied in synthesis of number of thiopurine and thiopurine ribosides derivatives.
Angiotensiin II retseptorite blokaatorid (antagonistid) ja nende koht tänapäeva kardioloogias
Creators: name: Lapidus, Ilja
Publisher: name: OÜ Celsius Healthcare
Year: 2004
Subjects: RAS, angiotensin II, alternatiivsed teed, ARB

description: Reniin-angiotensiinsüsteem (RAS) on organismi üks olulisemaid vererõhku, vee- ja elektrolüütide tasakaalu reguleerivaid fermentsüsteeme. Angiotensiin II (A II) on selle ensümaatilise kaskaadi tähtsaim lõpp-produkt. RASi blokeerimine  ravimitega on andnud märkimisväärseid positiivseid  tulemusi arteriaalse hüpertensiooni, südame- ja neerupuudulikkuse ravis. Angiotensiin II retsptorite blokaatorid pärsivad RASi lõpplüli, angiotensiin II (1. tüüp) retseptoreid selektiivselt. Mitme haigusseisundi korral on angiotensiin II retseptorite blokaatoreid (ARB) peetud esmavaliku ravimiks. Eestis on neid veel vähe kasutatud.


Eesti Arst 2004; 83 (7): 468–472
description: Eesti Arst, Juuli 2004
Self alignment and instability of waveguides induced by optical forces
Creators: name: Mizrahi, Amit
name: Ikeda, Kazuhiro
name: Bonomelli, Fabio
name: Lomakin, Vitaliy
name: Fainman, Yeshaiahu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We introduce a new fundamental property of waveguides induced by the forces of the guided light, namely, the ability to self align or be in instability. A nanoscale waveguide broken by an offset and a gap may tend to self align to form a continuous waveguide. Conversely, depending on the geometry and light polarization, the two parts of the waveguide may be deflected away from each other, thus being in an unstable state. These effects are unique as they rely on the presence of both the guided mode and the scattered light. Strong self alignment forces may be facilitated by near field interaction with polarization surface charges.
title: A Description of Anglers and Angling Use in Two Areas of the Uinta Mountains
Creators: name: Hoagland, John F.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1973

description: The High Uinta Primitive Area, Utah's most popular high mountain recreation area, has a reputation as an excellent trout and grayling fishery. Proposed for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System, the area faces several management dilemmas. The primary problem being that managers must protect the resource from the effects of heavy recreational use without destroying the primitive and aesthetic dimensions of wilderness environment. It appears that much impact on the more accessible lakes is due to fishing use. The objectives of the study were: (1) to determine the proportions of angling to non-angling groups; (2) to describe certain characteristics of these anglers; (3) to examine the importance of fishing and factors affecting fishing enjoyment; and (4) to determine the angler's knowledge and experience with adjacent de facto wilderness alternatives.
The method of data collection was an interview questionnaire administered on Highline trail leading into the Primitive area and Notch Mountain trail leading to de facto wildlands. A conservative stratified sampling scheme was used to obtain proper representation of weekday, weekend and holiday users of both areas. Results were coded and punched for computer organization and tabulation.
The results indicate that slightly more than half the groups contacted were comprised of one or more fishermen planning to fish the study area; with slightly greater proportions of anglers using the Primitive area.
Over half the anglers were visiting the areas for the first time and were motivated by the desire to "escape" from routine, get outdoors, and enjoy mountain scenery. Fishing was not an important motive but was a preferred activity. Anglers of the study areas fished more than average Utah fishermen and preferred high mountain lake and stream fisheries.
Anglers reported high catch rates and mostly rated the fishing as "good" . Hypothetical catch reductions did not bother anglers because as many stated , "fishing was secondary". However, the dissatisfactions of less successful anglers and the angler's desire to maintain the fishery through stocking still reveal some importance in fishing activity. Anglers also appeared to be somewhat intolerant with increased crowd levels.
Most anglers were inexperienced and ignorant of de facto alternatives. It appeared that decisions regarding such alternatives were partially based on
Notch Mountain standards. Also, the accessibility and high amounts of dayuse suggest that different kinds of experiences may be sought in the Notch Mountain area.
New method for the time calibration of an interferometric radio antenna array
Creators: name: Schröder, F. G.
name: Asch, T.
name: Bähren, L.
name: Blümer, J.
name: Bozdog, H.
name: Falcke, H.
name: Haungs, A.
name: Horneffer, A.
name: Huege, T.
name: Isar, P. G.
name: Krömer, O.
name: Nehls, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Digital radio antenna arrays, like LOPES (LOFAR PrototypE Station), detect high-energy cosmic rays via the radio emission from atmospheric extensive air showers. LOPES is an array of dipole antennas placed within and triggered by the KASCADE-Grande experiment on site of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany. The antennas are digitally combined to build a radio interferometer by forming a beam into the air shower arrival direction which allows measurements even at low signal-to-noise ratios in individual antennas. This technique requires a precise time calibration. A combination of several calibration steps is used to achieve the necessary timing accuracy of about 1 ns. The group delays of the setup are measured, the frequency dependence of these delays (dispersion) is corrected in the subsequent data analysis, and variations of the delays with time are monitored. We use a transmitting reference antenna, a beacon, which continuously emits sine waves at known frequencies. Variations of the relative delays between the antennas can be detected and corrected for at each recorded event by measuring the phases at the beacon frequencies.
description: 9 pages, 9 figures, 1 table, pre-print of article published in Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A, available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TJM-4Y9CF4B-4/2/37bfcb899a0f387d9875a5a0729593ae
A Global Survey of Technological Resources and Datasets on COVID-19
Creators: name: Muniswamaiah, Manoj
name: Agerwala, Tilak
name: Tappert, Charles C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The application and successful utilization of technological resources in developing solutions to health, safety, and economic issues caused by COVID-19 indicate the importance of technology in curbing COVID-19. Also, the medical field has had to race against tie to develop and distribute the COVID-19 vaccine. This endeavour became successful with the vaccines created and approved in less than a year, a feat in medical history. Currently, much work is being done on data collection, where all significant factors impacting the disease are recorded. These factors include confirmed cases, death rates, vaccine rates, hospitalization data, and geographic regions affected by the pandemic. Continued research and use of technological resources are highly recommendable-the paper surveys list of packages, applications and datasets used to analyse COVID-19.
Symmetries and Charges in Weyl-Fefferman-Graham Gauge
Creators: name: Ciambelli, Luca
name: Delfante, Arnaud
name: Ruzziconi, Romain
name: Zwikel, Céline
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the asymptotic symmetries of three-dimensional AdS Einstein gravity in the Weyl-Fefferman-Graham gauge, which is a generalization of the Fefferman-Graham gauge inducing a Weyl connection as part of the boundary structure. We show that this gauge arises as a natural intermediary step of the gauge-fixing procedure in the Chern-Simons formulation. We prove that the diffeomorphism required to go to the usual Fefferman-Graham gauge can be charged, and thus its implementation has physical repercussions. We discuss the holographic renormalization and the variational principle offering a new holographic take on this gauge and its charges.
description: 33 pages, minor corrections, published version
Finite-size scaling of correlation functions in one-dimensional Anderson-Hubbard model
Creators: name: Nishimoto, S.
name: Shirakawa, T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the one-dimensional Anderson-Hubbard model using the density-matrix renormalization group method. The influence of disorder on the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid behavior is quantitatively discussed. Based on the finite-size scaling analysis of density-density correlation functions, we find the following results: i) the charge exponent is significantly reduced by disorder at low filling and near half filling, ii) the localization length decays as $ξ\sim Δ^{-2}$, where $Δ$ is the disorder strength, independently of the on-site Coulomb interaction as well as band filling, and iii) the localization length is strongly suppressed by the on-site Coulomb interaction near half filling in association with the formation of the Mott plateaus.
description: 4 pages, 4 figures
Genital Protectors in sport: Are they fit for purpose?
Creators: name: OMRAN, GHADIR
Publisher: name: Monash University
Year: 2023
Subjects: Nephrology and urology
Sports medicine

description: Genital protectors are used in some high velocity ball sports to protect the genital area from impact. The only safety standards available are compiled in the United Kingdom in year 2000. Failing to meet safety standards may increase the inherent risk involved with playing certain sports, especially for male players. We review the literature on genital protectors, test them in different settings, analyse materials using software simulation and garner the perspective of the elite cricketers with regards to their use. We hypothesise that the current genital protectors are not fit for purpose and revision of their design and manufacture is warranted.