Paradentalium disparile
Creators: name: Simone, Luiz Ricardo L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2009
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Mollusca
Scaphopoda
Dentaliida
Dentaliidae
Paradentalium
Paradentalium disparile

description: Paradentalium disparile (d’Orbigny, 1853)   
 (Figs. 10-15, 65-74)   
 Dentalium disparile d’Orbigny, 1853: 202 (pl. 25, figs. 14-17); Scarabino, 1973: 201 (fig. 8); Rios, 1970: 144; Matthews & Rios, 1974: 47; Steiner & Kabat, 2004: 584, 712.   
 Dentalium (Antalis) disparile: Pilsbry & Sharp, 1897: 56 (pl. 14, figs. 16-21); Henderson, 1920: 47 (pl. 6, figs. 4-8); Maury, 1922: 35; Haas, 1953: 203; Morretes, 1949: 53; Turner, 1955: 311; Penna, 1972: 230; 1974: 111; Abbott, 1974: 385 (fig. 4505); Almeida & Oliveira, 2000: 48, 54 (fig. 2).   
 Dentalium oerstedii: Jaeckel, 1927: 130 (non Mörch, 1860).   
 Dentalium (Dentale) disparile: Rios, 1970: 144.   
 Dentalium (Heteroschimoides) callinthrix: Penna, 1972: 231; Almeida & Oliveira, 2000: 49 (fig. 3) (non Dall, 1889).   
 Antalis disparile: Scarabino, 1985: 198 (pl. 72, fig. 1012); 1994: 306 (pl. 106, fig. 1500); Díaz & Puyana, 1994: 256 (pl. 71, fig. 1040); García-Valencia & Díaz, 2000: 79; Steiner & Kabat, 2001: 440; 2004: 584.   
 Dentalium dispareli: Almeida & Oliveira, 2000: 48 (fig. 2) (err.).   
 Paradentalium disparile: Caetano et al., 2006: 11 (figs. 11-15); 2007: 797 (figs. 4-6); Caetano, 2007: 38-43 (figs. 19-25).   
 Types: BMNH 1854.10.4.465, 3 syntypes.   
 Type locality: Martinique.   
 Distinctive Description   
 Shell (Figs. 10-12): Size about 40 mm, walls thick, color white, weakly curved. Relatively abrupt widening (tax of increase about 0.087 mm /mm of length). Sculpture six longitudinal, primary ribs in posterior aperture area; secondary ribs gradually appearing towards anterior, extending up to anterior aperture; inter-rib spaces smooth and somewhat irregular. Posterior pipe normally present. Posterior slit as in preceding species.   
 Main muscle system (Figs. 65, 66): Very similar in features to those of preceding species, except in being weakly thinner and narrower, and by pallial muscles in anterior region thinner.   
 Foot (Figs. 13, 68, 69): Character as described for preceding species, except in being somewhat narrower.   
 Mantle (Figs. 65-68): General features similar to those of preceding species. Main differences following. Anterior edge thick, feebly thicker than shell wall, length of thickness equivalent to 5% of total shell length; unclear separation in pair of edge folds. Pallial gland (Fig. 67: pl) a narrow transverse band located at short distance from, and weakly narrower than mantle anterior edge. Posterior mantle flap with narrower slit (Fig. 66).   
 Pallial cavity (Figs. 67, 68): Characters as described for preceding species. About 7-8 transverse folds also present in basal level of foot (Fig. 67: pf). Glandular area located just posterior to folds absent, presenting another located closer to mantle edge (Fig. 67: pl).   
 Visceral mass (Figs. 67, 68): Characters similar to those of preceding species, except in being somewhat narrower and with stomach proportionally shorter. Cruciform-like musculature of integument in postero-ventral region of foot absent.   
 Circulatory and excretory systems (Fig. 67): Pericardium and kidney with similar characters of previous species.   
 Digestive system (Fig. 68): Characters similar to F. carduus, except for the following features: Quantity of captacula apparently smaller (Fig. 13) but with similar remaining attributes; Oral tube edge straight; Odontophore muscles (Figs. 69-72): mj, pair of thin protractor muscles, slightly thicker; m3, shorter, about half of odontophore width (Fig. 71); m7, pair narrower and placed along median line (Fig. 69). Odontophore cartilages (oc) somewhat rectangular (with rounded vertices), about twice long as tall. Radula (Figs. 14, 15) with about 15 rows of radular teeth along its length. Radular teeth: rachidian (central) tooth with slightly more rounded cutting edge. Esophagus with glandular inner surface. Pair of lateral tooth with more irregular distal-medial tip, barely forming hooks. Stomach with about 1/9 of total shell length; marginal digestive diverticles in lateral edges; about 15 pairs of similar-sized diverticles. Intestine performing a complex set of loops as shown in Fig. 68.   
 Genital system: Characters somewhat similar to those of preceding species, except for more elongated and narrower gonad fashion (Fig. 67).   
 Central nervous system (Figs. 68): Main characters similar to those of Coccodentalium carduus, with the following remarkable features: Pair of cerebral ganglia more elongated laterally, possessing a single anterior nerve each (Fig. 74); Pair of pedal ganglia located in ventral surface of dorsal wall of foot base (Fig. 73); Each statocyst with volume approximately 1/3 of each pedal ganglion; Pair of buccal ganglia located more laterally in ventral wall connecting odontophore to esophagus (Figs. 70: bg); distance between both buccal ganglia equivalent to 3/4 of odontophore width.   
 Measurements (respectively antero-posterior length, dorso-ventral maximal lateral inflation in mm; finally tax of increase in mm/mm of length): MZUSP 25589: #1: 34.1 by 3.0, 0.088; #2: 30.6 by 2.8, 0.092.   
 Distribution: Florida, USA to Santa Catarina, Brazil.   
 Habitat: Sandy bottoms, from intertidal to 103 m depth, living species from 5 to 50 m depth. Content of buccal tube several foranmifer testa.   
 Material examined: BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro. Angra dos Reis (iii/1969), MZUSP 25586, 19 specimens (sta. 345), MZUSP 25589, 2 specimens (sta. 334), MZUSP 25590, 1 specimen (sta. 341); Ilha Grande (R.V. Emilia), MZUSP 18135, 1 specimen (sta. 38, 12/xii/1965), 13 m depth, MZUSP 18137, 2 specimens (sta. 46, 10/xii/1965), MZUSP 25573, 1 specimen (sta. 30, 13/xii/1965). São Paulo. Ubatuba (Seção Bentos col.), Boqueirão, MZUSP 25645, 62 specimens (9/v/1962), Praia Sul, 16 m depth, MZUSP 25639, 2 specimens (23/ii/1962), Enseada do Flamengo, MZUSP 25627, 4 specimens (17/i/1962).   
 Family Gadilidae   
  Genus Polyschides Pilsbry & Sharp, 1898 (Type: Siphodentalium tetraschistum Watson, 1879, OD)
description: Published as part of Simone, Luiz Ricardo L., 2009, Comparative morphology among representatives of main taxa of Scaphopoda and basal protobranch Bivalvia (Mollusca), pp. 405-457 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (32) on pages 412-414, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492009003200001, http://zenodo.org/record/13308426