Chrysaora melanaster Brandt 1835
Creators: name: Morandini, André C.
name: Marques, Antonio C.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Cnidaria
Scyphozoa
Semaeostomeae
Pelagiidae
Chrysaora
Chrysaora melanaster

description: <i>Chrysaora melanaster</i> Brandt, 1835 (Figures 44 –49, 79, 91) <i>Chrysaora melanaster</i> Brandt 1835: 227 (description) [Kamchatka – Russia]. Lesson 1843: 403 (description). Claus 1877: 36 (mention). Haeckel 1880: 515–516 (description) [North Pacific Ocean]. Vanhöffen 1888: 23 (brief description); 49 (distribution). Vanhöffen 1906: 49–50 (brief description), fig. 12 (medusa) [North Pacific Ocean]. Mayer 1910: 580 (synoptic table), fig. 367 (medusa). Bigelow 1913: 90 (mention) [North Pacific Ocean]. Stiasny 1919: 73– 74 (description) [Yokohama – Japan]. Vannucci 1954: 125 (commented that <i>C. melanaster</i> is identical to <i>C. gilberti</i>). Naumov 1956: 38 (mention, tab.). Kramp 1961: 326–327 (synonymy). Naumov 1961: 63 (key), 64–66 (description), fig. 43 (medusa) [Russia]. Hamner &amp; Schneider 1986: 172 (tab. 1), 173 (mention) [Bering Sea]. Mills 1987: 67 (mention, key), fig. 3.80 (medusa) [northwest Pacific Ocean]. Larson 1990: 549 (mention, tab. 1), 552 (historical), 552 (<i>C. melanaster</i> of Fewkes, 1889 = <i>C. fuscescens</i>), fig1E (medusa, figure reproduced from Brandt 1838) [Bering Sea]. Cairns <i>et al</i>. 1991: 12 (list), 66 (index). Arai 1997: 51 (lack radial muscle), 198 (aggregation), 225 (classification). Brodeur 1998: 13–16, 18 (association with fishes) [Bering Sea]. Wrobel &amp; Mills 1998: 53 (description), 93, 99, 102, 103 (mention). Brodeur, Mills, Overland, Walters &amp; Schumacher 1999: 298, 303 (mention, bloom) [Bering Sea]. Arai 2001: 74 (mention). Mills 2001: 56, 64, 65 (mention, blooms). Purcell &amp; Arai 2001: 34 (mention), 35 (tab. 4). Brodeur, Sugisaki &amp; Hunt 2002: 90–101 (biomass increase) [Bering Sea]. Gershwin &amp; Collins 2002: 128 (mention), 129 (tab. 1), 130 (mention), 131 (absence of quadralinga), 143 (key), fig. 2 (phylogeny). Kubota 2003: 34 (mention). Purcell 2003: 137 (mention). Purcell 2005: 466 (mention, climate effects on blooms) [Bering Sea]. Raskoff, Purcell &amp; Hopcroft 2005: 211 (mention) [Arctic Ocean]. Purcell, Uye &amp; Lo 2007: 154, 156–157, 159–160, 166–167 (mention, blooms). Brodeur, Decker, Ciannelli, Purcell, Bond, Stabeno, Acuna &amp; Hunt Jr. 2008b: 103–111 (population variation) [Bering Sea]. Coyle, Pinchuk, Eisner &amp; Napp 2008: 1780, 1785 (mention, abundance variation) [Bering Sea]. Zavolokin, Glebov &amp; Kosenok 2008: 462–466 (occurrence, distribution) [Bering Sea]. Masuda 2009: 270 (mention). Palomares &amp; Pauly 2009: 13, tab.1 (stock), 15, tab. 2 (growth parameters) [SE Bering Sea]. Purcell 2009: 25, 27, 42 (mention, trophic ecology). <i>Chrysaora</i> (<i>Polybostricha</i>) <i>melanaster</i>: Brandt 1838: 385–387 (description), Pl. XVI (medusa), Pl. XVII (medusa oral view) [Kamchatka – Russia]. <i>Chrysaora melanaster</i> var. <i>gilberti</i> Mayer 1910: 582–583 (description), fig. 368 (medusa) [non <i>Chrysaora gilberti</i> Kishinouye, 1902]. <i>Dactylometra pacifica</i>: Calder 1972: 41 (mention = <i>C. melanaster</i>) [non <i>Dactylometra pacifica</i> (Goette, 1886)]. <b>Holotype specimen.</b> Not available. <b>Examined material.</b> <b>CASIZ 26232</b> (~ 9 cm in diameter, 02.iv.1977, 4% formaldehyde solution, 57º46.6’N 162º51.4’W, Bering Sea); <b>USNM 29762</b> (~ 17 cm in diameter, 07.vi.1906, 4% formaldehyde solution, 52º14.30’N 174º13’W), <b>USNM 53224</b> (~ 3 cm in diameter, 21.vii.1969, 4% formaldehyde solution, Coos Bay, Oregon – USA), <b>USNM 53864</b> (specimens ~4 and 6 cm in diameter, 17.vii.1941, 4% formaldehyde solution, 57ºN 164ºW, Bering Sea), <b>USNM 54328</b> (~ 25 cm in diameter, 18.vii.1973, 4% formaldehyde solution, Bodega Bay – USA), <b>USNM not-numbered</b> (~ 30 cm in diameter, 16.viii.1987, 70% ethanol, 27 m depth, 54º31.52’N 160º29.87’W, Bering Sea). <b>Type locality.</b> Kamchatka, Russia. <b>Distribution.</b> Northern Pacific Ocean (Kamchatka – Russia; Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea, Alaska, Oregon – USA) (Fig. 79). <b>Diagnosis.</b> Live and preserved medusae with up to 60 cm in diameter; marginal lappets (adults) rounded, 4 per octant, with canals; tentacles 24 (3 per octant, 2-1-2); quadralinga absent; colouration (adults) exumbrella with whitish background, some specimens with pale radial pattern of brownish lines arising from apical ring; presence of 16 dark radial lines on subumbrella. <b>Holotype specimen description.</b> No holotype located, and no neotype designated. <b>Description of other specimens and additional data.</b> Medusa: specimens 3–30 cm in diameter (Figs 44 –47) (literature reports up to 60 cm); umbrella hemispherical (Figs 44 –45, 47), flatter in younger specimens (3–6 cm). Exumbrella smooth (note: only preserved specimens studied, not in ideal condition). Colouration of exumbrella usually whitish, with 16 reddish-brown radial lines arising from an apical ring (Figs 44 –45, 47). Subumbrella with 16 dark radial lines between stomach pouches (Brandt, 1835; Wrobel &amp; Mills, 1998; Fig. 48). Mesoglea flexible, thicker centrally. Marginal lappets rounded, 4 per octant, with canals of gastrovascular system; lappets of similar size; margin of rhopalar lappets not overlapping (“open rhopalia” condition). Rhopalia 8, without ocelli, in deep clefts; exumbrellar sensory pit deep. Tentacle clefts of same octant aligned. Tentacles 24 (adults), 3 per octant (primary tentacle central, secondary tentacles laterally); 2–3 times longer than umbrellar diameter. Radial and circular musculature not distinguishable. Brachial disc circular. Pillars evident. Quadralinga absent. Subgenital ostia rounded to triangular, 1/4–1/6 of umbrellar diameter. Oral arms up to 6 times longer than umbrellar diameter, V-shaped, with frilled free edges, slightly spirally coiled at distal part. Central stomach circular; margin limited by insertion of radial septa. Stomach pouches 16, width uniform at basal part; tentacular pouches enlarged at 1/5 at distal part. Radial septa thin; rounded at base; straight up to ¼ of margin, then making an “S” (first thinning tentacular pouch, then enlarging it); ending near tentacular base at rhopalar lappet (Fig. 49). Gastric filaments in 4 interradial fields. Gonads encircling gastric filaments, forming a semi-circular ring, heavily folded. Cnidome (Fig. 91): Specimen <b>USNM 53864</b>, medusa tentacles with holotrichous O-isorhizas [n=10; 13.7–17.6 x 11.7–14.7 µm (mean = 16.17 x 14.11 µm)]; holotrichous aisorhizas [n=10; 5.8–6.8 x 2.9–3.9 µm (mean = 6.07 x 3.03 µm)]; holotrichous A-isorhizas [n=10; 19.6–23.5 x 6.8–8.8 µm (mean = 21.07 x 8.23 µm)]; heterotrichous microbasic rhopaloids [n=10; 14.7–16.6 x 6.8–8.8 µm (mean = 15.56 x 7.45 µm)]; Specimen <b>USNM 54328</b>, medusa tentacles with holotrichous O-isorhizas [n=10; 14.7–15.6 x 11.7–13.7 µm (mean = 14.9 x 12.54 µm)]; holotrichous a-isorhizas [n=10; 5.8–6.8 x 2.9–3.9 µm (mean = 5.97 x 3.13 µm)]; holotrichous A-isorhizas [n=10; 19.6–23.5 x 6.8–8.8 µm (mean = 21.56 x 8.03 µm)]; heterotrichous microbasic rhopaloids [n=10; 11.7–13.7 x 4.9–6.8 µm (mean = 12.84 x 6.47 µm)]. <b>Systematic remarks.</b> Larson (1990) commented on the confusion in identification of North Pacific species of <i>Chrysaora</i>. Many problems derived from misidentifications, probably because of the great variation within the same species and the similarities in colour patterns between different species. Apparently <i>C. melanaster</i> is restricted to cold waters of the North Pacific. The species characteristically has 16 dark radial lines on subumbrella, and a dark radiating pattern over a whitish background on the exumbrella (which fades away in preserved specimens); this pattern is different from that of <i>C. fuscescens</i>. However, colouration unfortunately disappears in preserved specimens. Notably, however, <i>C. melanaster</i> has some gastrovascular canals on the marginal lappets which do not occur in <i>C. fuscescens</i>. The species has many times been confused with <i>C. pacifica</i>, but they can be distinguished by differences in tentacle and lappet numbers. Medusae under this species name appear in several aquaria around the world, but we believe that they are <i>C. pacifica</i> and not <i>C. melanaster</i>. <b>Biological data.</b> Blooms of the species were recorded for Arctic waters (Brodeur <i>et al.</i> 1999; 2002). <b>Etymology.</b> <i>melanaster</i>, in reference to colouration, derived from the Greek <i>melanus</i> (= dark, black) (Brown 1956). Derived from the Greek <i>melas</i> (= black) and <i>aster</i> (= star) referring to the dark pigmentation pattern over a lighter background (Wrobel &amp; Mills 1998: 93).
description: Published as part of <i>Morandini, André C. &amp; Marques, Antonio C., 2010, Revision of the genus Chrysaora Péron &amp; Lesueur, 1810 (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) 2464, pp. 1-97 in Zootaxa 2464</i> on pages 37-40
description: {"references": ["Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodomus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio observatorum. Fasc. I. Polypos, Acalephas Discophoras et Siphonophoras, nec non Echinodermata continens. Recueil des Actes de la Seance Publique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, 1834, 201 - 275.", "Lesson, R. P. (1843) Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes, Acalephes. Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 596 pp.", "Claus, C. (1877) Studien uber Polypen und Quallen der Adria. I. Acalephen (Discomedusen). Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 38, 1 - 64.", "Haeckel, E. (1880) Das System der Medusen. I, 2: System der Acraspeden. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 361 - 672 pp.", "Vanhoffen, E. (1888) Untersuchungen uber semaostome und rhizostome Medusen. Bibliotheca Zoologica, 1 (3), 5 - 52.", "Vanhoffen, E. (1906) Acraspedae Gegenbaur 1856. Nordisches Plankton, 11, 40 - 64.", "Mayer, A. G. (1910) The medusae of the world. Volume III. The Scyphomedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 109, III, 499 - 735.", "Bigelow, H. B. (1913) Medusae and Siphonophorae collected by the U. S. Fisheries steamer ' Albatross' in the north-western Pacific, 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 44, 1 - 119.", "Stiasny, G. (1919) Die Scyphomedusen-Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Reichsmuseums in Leiden. II. Stauromedusae, Coronatae, Semaeostomeae. Zoologische Mededeelingen, 4, 66 - 99.", "Vannucci, M. (1954) Hydrozoa e Scyphozoa existentes no Instituto Oceanografico. II. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 5 (1 - 2), 95 - 149.", "Naumov, D. V. (1956) [Medusae in the far eastern waters of the Soviet Union]. Trudy Problemnykh i tematicheskikh soveshchanii [Transactions of Special Problem Conferences], 6, 36 - 41. [in Russian]", "Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 7 - 469.", "Naumov, D. V. (1961) Stsifoidnye meduzy morei SSSR [Scyphoid medusae of the seas of SSSR]. Opredeliteli po Faune S. S. S. R. [Fauna S. S. S. R.], 75, 1 - 98. [in Russian]", "Hamner, W. M. &amp; Schneider, D. (1986) Regularly spaced rows of medusae in the Bering Sea: role of Langmuir circulation. Limonology and Oceanography, 31 (1), 171 - 177.", "Mills, C. E. (1987) Class Scyphozoa, Order Semaeostomeae. In: Kozloff, E. N. (ed.), Marine invertebrates of the Pacific northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp. 65 - 67.", "Fewkes, J. W. (1889) New Invertebrata from the coast of California. Bulletin Essex Institute, 21, 3 - 50 (99 - 146).", "Brandt, J. F. (1838) Ausfuhrliche Beschreibung der von C. H. Mertens auf seiner Weltumsegelung beobachteten Schirmquallen, nebst allgemeinen Bemerkungen uber die Schirmquallen uberhaupt. Memoires de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint-Petersbourg, 6 Serie, Sciences Naturelles, 2, 237 - 411.", "Cairns, S. D., Calder, D. R., Brickmann-Voss, A., Castro, C. B., Pugh, P. R., Cutress, C. E., Jaap, W. C., Fautin, D. G., Larson, R. J., Harbison, G. R., Arai, M. N. &amp; Opresko, D. M. (1991) Common and Scientific Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, 78 pp.", "Arai, M. N. (1997) A functional biology of Scyphozoa. Chapman &amp; Hall, London, 316 pp.", "Brodeur, R. D. (1998) In situ observations of the association between juvenile fishes and scyphomedusae in the Bering Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 163, 11 - 20.", "Wrobel, D. &amp; Mills, C. E. (1998) Pacific coast pelagic invertebrates. A guide to the common gelatinous animals. Sea Challengers &amp; Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, 108 pp.", "Brodeur, R. D., Mills, C. E., Overland, J. E., Walters, G. E. &amp; Schumacher, J. D. (1999) Evidence for a substantial increase in gelatinous zooplankton in the Bering Sea, with possible links to climate change. Fisheries Oceanography, 8, 296 - 306.", "Arai, M. N. (2001) Pelagic coelenterates and eutrophication: a review. Hydrobiologia, 451, 69 - 87.", "Mills, C. E. (2001) Jellyfish blooms: are populations increasing globally in response to changing ocean conditions? Hydrobiologia, 451, 55 - 68.", "Purcell, J. E. &amp; Arai, M. N. (2001) Interactions of pelagic cnidarians and ctenophores with fish: a review. Hydrobiologia, 451, 27 - 44.", "Brodeur, R. D., Sugisaki, H. &amp; Hunt Jr., G. L. (2002) Increases in jellyfish biomass in the Bering Sea: implications for the ecosystem. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 233, 89 - 103.", "Gershwin, L. &amp; Collins, A. G. (2002) A preliminary phylogeny of Pelagiidae (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa), with new observations of Chrysaora colorata comb. nov. Journal of Natural History, 36, 127 - 148.", "Kubota, S. (2003) A checklist of the Medusozoa and Ctenophora recorded in Tanabe Bay and its vicinities, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan - connection of polyp and medusa, if present, in the life history. Annual Report of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 16, 30 - 35.", "Purcell, J. E. (2003) Predation on zooplankton by large jellyfish, Aurelia labiata, Cyanea capillata and Aequorea aequore a, in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 246, 137 - 152.", "Raskoff, K. A., Purcell, J. E. &amp; Hopcroft, R. R. (2005) Gelatinous zooplankton of the Arctic Ocean: in situ observations under the ice. Polar Biology, 28, 207 - 217.", "Purcell, J. E., Uye, S. &amp; Lo, W. - T. (2007) Anthropogenic causes of jellyfish blooms and their direct consequences for humans: a review. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 350, 153 - 174.", "Coyle, K. O., Pinchuk, A. I., Eisner, L. B. &amp; Napp, J. M. (2008) Zooplankton species composition, abundance and biomass on the eastern Bering Sea shelf during summer: The potential role of water-column stability and nutrients in structuring the zooplankton community. Deep-Sea Research II, 55, 1775 - 1791.", "Zavolokin, A. V., Glebov, I. I. &amp; Kosenok, N. S. (2008) Distribution, quantitative composition, and feeding of jellyfish in the Western Bering Sea in summer and fall. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 34 (7), 461 - 467.", "Masuda, R. (2009) Ontogenetic changes in the ecological function of the association behavior between jack mackerel Trachurus japonicus and jellyfish. Hydrobiologia, 616, 269 - 277.", "Palomares, M. L. D. &amp; Pauly, D. (2009) The growth of jellyfishes. Hydrobiologia, 616, 11 - 21.", "Kishinouye, K. (1902) Some new scyphomedusae of Japan. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University, 17 (7), 1 - 17.", "Calder, D. R. (1972) Development of the sea nettle Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae). Chesapeake Science, 13, 40 - 44.", "Goette, A. (1886) Verzeichnis der Medusen, welche von Dr. Sander, Stabsarzt auf S. M. S. \" Prinz Adalbert \" gesammelt wurden. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 39, 831 - 837.", "Brown, R. W. (1956) Composition of Scientific Words. Smithosonian Books, Washington, 882 pp."]}