Malukandra heterostyla Santos-Silva & Heffern & Matsuda 2010
Creators: name: Santos-Silva, Antonio
name: Heffern, Daniel
name: Matsuda, Kiyoshi
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Malukandra
Malukandra heterostyla

description: Malukandra heterostyla (Lameere, 1902)   
(Fig. 18, 77, 126, 360-363)  
 Parandra heterostyla Lameere, 1902: 100; 1912: 116; Webb 1994: 327 (note).   
 Parandra (Parandra) heterostyla; Lameere 1913: 7 (cat.); 1919: 18; Arigony 1984: 89, 90, 95, 96, 97, 109, 111, 125, fig. 16, 60, 64, 65; Santos-Silva 2002: 32 (note).   
 Birandra (Birandra) heterostyla; Santos-Silva and Shute 2009: 32.   
 Description. Integument shining, reddish-brown; parts of dorsal surface of head and of mandibles, anterior margin of pronotum, border of scutellum, and sutural region of elytra blackish; legs brownyellowish.   
Male (Fig. 360). Head wide; dorsal surface coarsely, deeply, abundantly, but not confluently punctate; area between gibbosities and ocular carina without depression; ocular carina wide and elevated, not bifurcated in “Y” (Fig. 360); area behind eyes punctate as on dorsal surface of head. Eyes (Fig. 77) coarsely faceted; anterior ocular edge with small concavity. Central projection of labrum (Fig. 18) rounded. Submentum with some long and sparse hair close to anterior margin, coarsely, abundantly punctate; margin close to mentum narrow, elevated throughout extension. Mentum with long and sparse hair. Mandibles (Fig. 126) not falciform, barely shorter than head; inner margin with two small teeth at base (basal tooth slightly indicated), other small tooth around middle, and another moderately large close to apex; punctures coarse and abundant; dorsal surface with transverse depression at base. Antennomere XI (Fig. 363) not acute at apex, clearly rounded; dorsal sensorial area of antennomere XI divided by carina; pilosity of antennomeres long.  
Prothorax transverse, clearly narrowed at basal third. Pronotum (Fig. 360) coarsely, abundantly punctate (punctures somewhat smaller towards anterior and posterior edge); anterior edge barely concave at central region; anterior angles not projected forward; lateral angles just indicated; posterior angles well marked; latero-apical two-thirds slightly rounded. Elytra coarsely, abundantly punctate (punctures finer at apical third); elytral carina indicated. Metasternum coarsely, moderately sparsely punctate close to metepisterna, finer and sparser towards metasternal suture. Metafemur elongate. Metatarsus (without claws) shorter than metatibia.  
 Variability. Punctures of dorsal surface of head in part confluent; area behind eyes with punctures smaller and sparser than on dorsal surface of head; lateral angles of pronotum well defined; latero-apical two-thirds of pronotum sinuous.   
 Dimensions in mm (M). Total length, 15.0 mm (according to Lameere 1902). Specimen from MHHN: length, 17.3 mm; width, 4.8 mm.   
 Geographical distribution. Sulawesi (?), Moluccas Islands (Halmahera).   
 Material examined. INDONESIA. Sulawesi (?) (= Celebes), holotype M, [no date of collection and collector’s name indicated] (SMTD). Moluccas Islands: Halmahera, M, 1903, J. Waterstradt coll. (MNHN).   
 Type, type locality. Holotype M, from INDONESIA [Sulawesi?], deposited at SMTD. Lameere (1902) wrote: “Une seul exemplaire provenant de Célèbes ”. Subsequently, Lameere (1912) remarked about the type locality: “ Parandra heterostyla Lameere. – M. Heller m’a fait observer que l’unique exemplaire connu de cette espèce n’a pas été trouvé à Célèbes, mais qu’il a été extrait d’un morceau de gomme copal expédié de cette île, et que par conséquent son habitat véritable est encore douteux” [English translation: M. Heller pointed out to me that the only known specimen of this species has not been found in Celebes, but it was extracted from a piece of gum copal sent from this island, and therefore its true habitat is still doubtful]. That information agrees, in part, with the information written on one of the labels of the holotype (Fig. 362): “Aus Celébes-Copal”. But there are some problems. The term copal applies to a large group of vegetal resins, and that resin was exported from several areas in Indonesia (including Sulawesi and Moluccas Islands). As seen above, according to Lameere (1912), mentioning Heller, the insect was extracted from a piece of gum copal, and not from a trunk of the tree from which the resin is extracted. However, if the insect was arrested in copal resin, it would be damaged when it was extracted from the resin, but the specimen has nearly all small parts well preserved (including hair, palp, antennae, etc.). Although copal resin is soluble in alcohol, it is very probable that there was damage to the specimen when the resin was removed. For the time being, it is impossible be sure if the species occurs in Sulawesi, and therefore, the type locality stays doubtful.   
 Comments. Lameere (1902) wrote on the antennae: “La careen des antennes est absente, de sorte que les 3 e à 11 e articles n’offrent qu’une fossette porifère, et le 11 e montre à son extrémité extérieurement un espace porifère caréné; ce 11 e article est aussi large et obtus, mais ce n’est peut-être là qu’une différence individuelle” [English translation: The antennal carina is absent, so the third to eleventh articles have a single poriferous cavity, and the eleventh shows exteriorly at the extremity a poriferous space carinated; this eleventh article is broad and obtuse, but perhaps this is an individual difference]. The form of antennomere XI is not an aberration as suggested by Lameere (1902). That antennomere in the male specimen from Halmahera is identical to that of the holotype, and the male of the other species of the genus from Irian Jaya, shows that that is a generic character. The antennae of the holotype (Fig. 363) is separated from the body, and glued on a card. However, the two antennae are not of the holotype. The smaller is the true antenna of Parandra heterostyla, because it agrees very well with Lameere’s description. Although the larger does not have antennomere XI, it is clearly from another species: the hair is shorter than Lameere (1902) recorded; and it has the pedicel, and it is possible to see that the holotype has the pedicel in both sides of the head (Fig. 360) and the larger antenna has the pedicel too.
description: Published as part of Santos-Silva, Antonio, Heffern, Daniel & Matsuda, Kiyoshi, 2010, Revision of Hawaiian, Australasian, Oriental, and Japanese Parandrinae (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), pp. 1-120 in Insecta Mundi 2010 (130) on pages 59-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5164485