cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: Novel sol-gel materials for advanced glass products: structure, dynamics and stability
Creators: name: Wiper, Paul Vincent
Publisher: name: University of Liverpool Repository
Year: 2013

description: Flame retardants are composite materials or chemicals used in thermoplastics, thermosets, textiles, coatings and glasses that inhibit or resist the spread of fire. In 2014 the global market for flame retardants is expected to reach $6.10 billion with a drive in research for designing and developing new fire resistant materials. A commercially available product based on a hydrogel/glass composite is an effective fire and heat resistant glazing that is employed in the commercial and domestic sector. The macroscopic effects of these materials have been investigated; however no information exists on the molecular level properties. Therefore, the aim of this research is to fully characterise a series of hydrogels with the ultimate goal of understanding structure-property relationships. The hydrogels discussed herein are made by drying commercially available sodium-silicate solutions onto traditional float glass to create a sandwich glazing. The materials present a unique challenge to characterise at the molecular level because of their amorphous and metastable nature. NMR spectroscopy has been extensively used in this research because it is shown to be an ideal technique for the elucidation of structures and dynamics in disordered systems. The complete “life-cycle” of the product is investigated; firstly, using solid-state NMR, a thorough and detailed analysis of the hydrogels are presented. The thermal stability of the hydrogels are then investigated by means of short and long term ageing effects, which shows that the product crystallises into the layered silicate makatite. The ability to improve the longevity of the product by inhibiting makatite formation follows with a final section dedicated to understanding different composites of the materials.
Baseline Factors Associated With Glycemic Control and Weight Loss When Exenatide Twice Daily Is Added to Optimized Insulin Glargine in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Creators: name: Heilmann, C. R.
name: Rosenstock, J.
name: MacConell, L. A.
name: Buse, J. B.
name: Hoogwerf, B. J.
name: Shenouda, S. K.
name: Bergenstal, R. M.
name: Kwan, A. Y. M.
name: Glass, L. C.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2012

description: OBJECTIVETo determine variables associated with glycemic and body weight responses when adding exenatide to basal insulin–treated type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSExploratory subgroup analyses based on baseline A1C, disease duration, and BMI of a 30-week study comparing exenatide twice daily to placebo, added to optimized insulin glargine (intent-to-treat analysis: 137 exenatide; 122 placebo).RESULTSExenatide participants had greater A1C reductions compared with optimized insulin glargine alone, irrespective of baseline A1C (P < 0.001). Exenatide participants with longer diabetes duration and those with lower BMI had greater A1C reductions (P < 0.01). Exenatide participants lost more weight, regardless of baseline A1C or BMI (P < 0.05). Exenatide participants with longer diabetes duration lost the most weight (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSExenatide added to optimized basal insulin was associated with improved glycemic control and weight loss, irrespective of baseline A1C, diabetes duration, and BMI. Changes were evident in modestly obese patients and in those with longer diabetes duration.
HPX - A C++ Library for Parallelism and Concurrency
Creators: name: Kaiser, Hartmut
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023

description: With the advent of modern computer architectures characterized by -- amongst other things -- many-core nodes, deep and complex memory hierarchies, heterogeneous subsystems, and power-aware components, it is becoming increasingly difficult to achieve best possible application scalability and satisfactory parallel efficiency. The community is experimenting with new programming models that rely on finer-grain parallelism, and flexible and lightweight synchronization, combined with work-queue-based, message-driven computation. The recently growing interest in the C++ programming language in industry and in the wider community increases the demand for libraries implementing those programming models for the language. In this talk, we present HPX -- A C++ Standards Library for Parallelism and Concurrency that is built around lightweight tasks and mechanisms to orchestrate massively parallel (and -- if needed -- distributed) execution. We also implement a full set of standard parallel algorithms and related asynchronous extensions to those. The library enables an asynchronous execution model that uses the concept of (Standard C++) futures to make data dependencies explicit, employs explicit and implicit asynchrony to hide latencies and to improve utilization, and manages finer-grain parallelism with a work-stealing scheduling system enabling automatic load balancing of tasks. Lately we have been experimenting with the new sender/receiver model that is currently being discussed as part of the C++ standardization process. HPX is a C++ library exposing a higher-level parallelism API that is fully conforming to the existing C++11/14/17/20 standards and is aligned with the ongoing standardization work. This API and programming model has shown to enable writing highly efficient parallel applications for heterogeneous resources with excellent performance and scaling characteristics. This talk will highlight the implemented extensions to the C++ standard parallel algorithms and shows recent performance results.
Synthetic Galaxy Images and Spectra from the Illustris Simulation
Creators: name: Torrey, Paul
name: Snyder, Gregory F.
name: Vogelsberger, Mark
name: Hayward, Christopher C.
name: Genel, Shy
name: Sijacki, Debora
name: Springel, Volker
name: Hernquist, Lars
name: Nelson, Dylan
name: Kriek, Mariska
name: Pillepich, Annalisa
name: Sales, Laura V.
name: McBride, Cameron K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present our methods for generating a catalog of 7,000 synthetic images and 40,000 integrated spectra of redshift z = 0 galaxies from the Illustris Simulation. The mock data products are produced by using stellar population synthesis models to assign spectral energy distributions (SED) to each star particle in the galaxies. The resulting synthetic images and integrated SEDs therefore properly reflect the spatial distribution, stellar metallicity distribution, and star formation history of the galaxies. From the synthetic data products it is possible to produce monochromatic or color-composite images, perform SED fitting, classify morphology, determine galaxy structural properties, and evaluate the impacts of galaxy viewing angle. The main contribution of this paper is to describe the production, format, and composition of the image catalog that makes up the Illustris Simulation Obsevatory. As a demonstration of this resource, we derive galactic stellar mass estimates by applying the SED fitting code FAST to the synthetic galaxy products, and compare the derived stellar masses against the true stellar masses from the simulation. We find from this idealized experiment that systematic biases exist in the photometrically derived stellar mass values that can be reduced by using a fixed metallicity in conjunction with a minimum galaxy age restriction.
description: 21 pages, 17 figures, submitted to MNRAS. Comments welcome
Fasting Insulin Level Is Positively Associated With Incidence of Hypertension Among American Young Adults: A 20-year follow-up study
Creators: name: Xun, P.
name: Sidney, S.
name: Liu, K.
name: Williams, O. D.
name: Cao, W.
name: He, K.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2012

description: Although hyperinsulinemia, a surrogate of insulin resistance, may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension (HTN), the longitudinal association between fasting insulin level and HTN development is still controversial. We examined the relation between fasting insulin and incidence of HTN in a large prospective cohort. A prospective cohort of 3,413 Americans, aged 18-30 years, without HTN in 1985 (baseline) were enrolled. Six follow-ups were conducted in 1987, 1990, 1992, 1995, 2000, and 2005. Fasting insulin and glucose levels were assessed by a radioimmunoassay and hexokinase method, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of incident HTN (defined as the initiation of antihypertensive medication, systolic blood pressure =140 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure =90 mmHg). During the 20-year follow-up, 796 incident cases were identified. After adjustment for potential confounders, participants in the highest quartile of insulin levels had a significantly higher incidence of HTN (HR 1.85 [95% CI 1.42-2.40]; P^sub trend^ < 0.001) compared with those in the lowest quartile. The positive association persisted in each sex/ethnicity/weight status subgroup. A similar dose-response relation was observed when insulin-to-glucose ratio or homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance was used as exposure. Fasting serum insulin levels or hyperinsulinemia in young adulthood was positively associated with incidence of HTN later in life for both men and women, African Americans and Caucasians, and those with normal weight and overweight. Our findings suggested that fasting insulin ascertainment may help clinicians identify those at high risk of HTN.
Descartes on fermentation in digestion: iatromechanism, analogy and teleology
Creators: name: Schmechel, Carmen
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Descartes
subject: fermentation
subject: digestion
subject: 100 Philosophie und Psychologie::100 Philosophie::102 Verschiedenes

description: Fermentation is a cornerstone phenomenon in Cartesian physiology, accounting for processes such as digestion or blood formation. I argue that the previously unrecognized conceptual tension between the terms ‘fermentation’ and ‘concoction’ reflects Descartes's efforts towards a novel, more thoroughly mechanistic theory of physiology, set up against both Galenism and chymistry. Similarities with chymistry as regards fermentation turn out either epistemologically superficial, or based on shared earlier sources. Descartes tentatively employs ‘fermentation’ as a less teleological alternative to ‘concoction’, later renouncing the explicit use of the term, possibly to avoid chymical overtones. However, his continued use of analogies with fermentative processes in the natural world and in winemaking, coupled with a strong ontological commitment (the stance that the physiological processes are actual fermentations), leads to a reintroduction of natural teleology in his medical system, which I argue may be understood in an Aristotelian sense of ‘simple necessity’. The paper reveals a more nuanced account of Cartesian fermentative medicine, delineating some of its tensions with regard to chymistry as they play out in the dynamics of fermentation and concoction, and linking the analogies to fermentation processes to the difficulties in erasing teleology altogether.
Fish Consumption and Incidence of Diabetes: Meta-analysis of data from 438,000 individuals in 12 independent prospective cohorts with an average 11-year follow-up
Creators: name: Xun, P.
name: He, K.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2012

description: —Ecological data suggest an inverse correlation between fish consumption and diabetes prevalence. However, epidemiological data on fish intake and diabetes incidence are controversial and inconclusive. Therefore, we aimed to assess the literature and determine the association between fish consumption and diabetes risk quantitatively.
Ursachen und Diagnostik pharmakoresistenter fokaler Epilepsien
Creators: name: Ilyas-Feldmann, Maria
Publisher: name: Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: epilepsy
subject: P-glycoprotein
subject: positron emission tomography
subject: autoimmune encephalitis
subject: pharmacoresistance
subject: 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit

description: In den Originalarbeiten der vorliegenden Habilitationsschrift wurden die Mechanismen und Ursachen von Pharmakoresistenz bei Patient*innen mit fokalen strukturellen und autoimmunassoziierten Epilepsien untersucht. Dabei wurden Biomarker der Pharmakoresistenz von strukturellen Epilepsien und die Beteiligung des Multidrug-Efflux-Transporterproteins P-gp mit Hilfe von (R)-[11C]Verapamil-PET. Bei Patient*innen mit fokalen strukturellen Epilepsien aufgrund einer Hippocampussklerose oder zerebraler Entwicklungsstörungen konnte eine on P-gp im Vergleich zu anfallsfreien Patient*innen und gesunden Kontrollpersonen nachgewiesen werden. In Zukunft könnten Patient*innen hinsichtlich einer Überfunktion von P-gp mit (R)-[11C]Verapamil-PET untersucht und ihre ASM individuell angepasst werden, um die Pharmakoresistenz zu überwinden – beispielsweise mittles neu entwickelter Substanzen, die P-gp hemmen oder die dieses Multidrug-Efflux-Transporterprotein umgehen. In unserer Studie bei Patient*innen mit Autoimmunenzephalitiden konnten wir zeigen, dass sich bei Nachweis von GAD-Antikörpern häufig eine autoimmunassoziierte Epilepsie entwickelt. Oft wird eine Autoimmunenzephalitis aufgrund von GAD-Antikörpern jedoch zu spät erkannt und eine Therapie verzögert begonnen. Zusätzlich sprechen diese Antikörper generell schlecht auf Immunsuppressiva an. Im Vergleich dazu ist die Entstehung autoimmunassoziierter Epilepsien bei Autoimmunenzephalitiden aufgrund von neuronalen Oberflächenantikörpern nur sehr selten. Vielmehr treten hier die Anfälle nur in der Akutphase auf. Bei früher Diagnosestellung und rechtzeitiger Einleitung der immunsuppressiven Therapie kann ein Auftreten von wiederkehrenden, unprovozierten Anfällen vermieden werden. Eine langfristige Gabe von ASM ist daher nicht nötig. In der prächirurgischen Diagnostik findet die [18F]FDG-PET insbesondere bei unauffälligem cMRT ihre Anwendung. Mit unserer multizentrischen Studie an fast 1.000 Epilepsie-Patient*innen konnten wir die hohe Sensitivität von [18F]FDG-PET zur Lokalisation der Anfallsursprungszone gerade bei Patienten mit negativem MRT bestätigen. Andere Radiotracer wie der Perfusionstracer [15O]H2O-PET haben diesbezüglich auch vielversprechende Ergebnisse gezeigt.
Macronutrients, Food Groups, and Eating Patterns in the Management of Diabetes: A systematic review of the literature, 2010
Creators: name: Wheeler, M. L.
name: Dunbar, S. A.
name: Wylie-Rosett, J.
name: Jaacks, L. M.
name: Yancy, W. S.
name: Mayer-Davis, E. J.
name: Karmally, W.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2012

description: The effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) in the management of diabetes has been well established (1). Previous reviews have provided comprehensive recommendations for MNT in the management of diabetes (2,3). The goals of MNT are to 1 ) attain and maintain optimal blood glucose levels, a lipid and lipoprotein profile that reduces the risk of macrovascular disease, and blood pressure levels that reduce the risk for vascular disease; 2 ) prevent and treat the chronic complications of diabetes by modifying nutrient intake and lifestyle; 3 ) address individual nutrition needs, taking into account personal and cultural preferences and willingness to change; and 4 ) maintain the pleasure of eating by only limiting food choices when indicated by scientific evidence (4). The literature on nutrition as it relates to diabetes management is vast. We undertook the specific topic of the role of macronutrients, eating patterns, and individual foods in response to continued controversy over independent contributions of specific foods and macronutrients, independent of weight loss, in the management of diabetes. The position of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) on MNT is that each person with diabetes should receive an individualized eating plan (4). ADA has received numerous criticisms because it does not recommend one specific mix of macronutrients for everyone with diabetes. The previous literature review conducted by ADA in 2001 supported the idea that there was not one ideal macronutrient distribution for all people with diabetes. This review focuses on literature that has been published since that 2001 date (5). This systematic review will be one source of information considered when updating the current ADA Nutrition Position Statement (4). Other systematic reviews and key research studies that may not be included in this review will also be considered. When attempting to tease out the role of macronutrients from other dietary …
Feltria kulluis Pesi
Creators: name: Pešić, Vladimir
name: Chatterjee, Tapas
name: Bordoloi, Sabitry
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Trombidiformes
Feltriidae
Feltria
Feltria kulluis

description: Feltria kulluis Peši ć & Panesar, 2008
Records from the study area: Himachal Pradesh—Pešić & Panesar (2008).
Habitat: Mosses in a mountain stream.
Distribution: India.
description: Published as part of Pešić, Vladimir, Chatterjee, Tapas & Bordoloi, Sabitry, 2010, A checklist of the water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) of India, with new records and description of one new species, pp. 1-54 in Zootaxa 2617 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2617.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/197964
Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Patient-Centered Approach: Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)
Creators: name: Diamant, M.
name: Nauck, M.
name: Peters, A. L.
name: Buse, J. B.
name: Wender, R.
name: Inzucchi, S. E.
name: Bergenstal, R. M.
name: Tsapas, A.
name: Matthews, D. R.
name: Ferrannini, E.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2012

description: Glycemic management in type 2 diabetes mellitus has become increasingly complex and, to some extent, controversial, with a widening array of pharmacological agents now available (1–5), mounting concerns about their potential adverse effects and new uncertainties regarding the benefits of intensive glycemic control on macrovascular complications (6–9). Many clinicians are therefore perplexed as to the optimal strategies for their patients. As a consequence, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) convened a joint task force to examine the evidence and develop recommendations for antihyperglycemic therapy in nonpregnant adults with type 2 diabetes. Several guideline documents have been developed by members of these two organizations (10) and by other societies and federations (2,11–15). However, an update was deemed necessary because of contemporary information on the benefits/risks of glycemic control, recent evidence concerning efficacy and safety of several new drug classes (16,17), the withdrawal/restriction of others, and increasing calls for a move toward more patient-centered care (18,19). This statement has been written incorporating the best available evidence and, where solid support does not exist, using the experience and insight of the writing group, incorporating an extensive review by additional experts (acknowledged below). The document refers to glycemic control; yet this clearly needs to be pursued within a multifactorial risk reduction framework. This stems from the fact that patients with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; the aggressive management of cardiovascular …
Chaotic Inflation from Nonlinear Sigma Models in Supergravity
Creators: name: Hellerman, Simeon
name: Kehayias, John
name: Yanagida, Tsutomu T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a common solution to the puzzles of the light Higgs or quark masses and the need for a shift symmetry and large field values in high scale chaotic inflation. One way to protect, for example, the Higgs from a large supersymmetric mass term is if it is the Nambu-Goldstone boson (NGB) of a nonlinear sigma model. However, it is well known that nonlinear sigma models (NLSMs) with nontrivial Kähler transformations are problematic to couple to supergravity. An additional field is necessary to make the Kähler potential of the NLSM invariant in supergravity. This field must have a shift symmetry --- making it a candidate for the inflaton (or axion). We give an explicit example of such a model for the coset space $SU(3)/SU(2) \times U(1)$, with the Higgs as the NGB, including breaking the inflaton's shift symmetry and producing a chaotic inflation potential. This construction can also be applied to other models, such as one based on $E_7/SO(10) \times U(1) \times U(1)$ which incorporates the first two generations of (light) quarks as the Nambu-Goldstone multiplets, and has an axion in addition to the inflaton. Along the way we clarify and connect previous work on understanding NLSMs in supergravity and the origin of the extra field (which is the inflaton here), including a connection to Witten-Bagger quantization. This framework has wide applications to model building; a light particle from a NLSM requires, in supergravity, exactly the structure for chaotic inflaton or an axion.
description: 5 pages
title: Assessing the viability of using foraminifera from Mersey Estuary saltmarsh sediments to reconstruct former sea level
Creators: name: Mills, Hayley
Publisher: name: University of Liverpool Repository
Year: 2012

description: The viability of using a foraminifera-based transfer function method to reconstruct the local relative sea-level for the Mersey Estuary was assessed in this study, which has not been previously investigated in the UK in the context of application in a strongly macrotidal setting. A total of 105 surface samples were collected across two saltmarshes. Foraminiferal analysis was carried out, along with several environmental variables (organic matter content, salinity, pH, and grain size) to establish the species distribution of foraminifera and their relationship with elevation. Two main zonations were found: a high-to-middle marsh zone occupied by Haplophragmoides spp., J. macrescens and M. fusca; and a low marsh zone composed of increasing numbers of calcareous species including Elphidium spp.; and Haynesina spp. Foraminiferal distributions along each transect were found to be controlled predominantly by elevation and distance from tidal influence, whilst combined datasets reflected intra- and inter-site variability in the assemblages. Elevation was still found to have an important control over the distributions, with a strong relationship between the species zonations and elevation (r2 = 0.8). Therefore, the dataset (82 samples) formed a local training set in which a transfer function for the relationship between foraminifera species and elevation was developed. WAPLS was used as it produced the highest predictive ability (r2 jack = 0.85) and lowest prediction errors (RMSEPjack = 0.11 m). Regional and combined (local plus regional) transfer functions were also developed but the local transfer function produced the most accurate and reliable reconstruction. Reconstructions were carried out for both saltmarshes with reference to a sediment chronology which was established using radionuclides and pollution indicators. The reconstructions demonstrated the vast difference in the saltmarsh development and record of sea level between the sites. Oglet Bay developed as a result of increased accommodation space arising from changing estuary morphology, resulting in rapid accretion (2.34 cm year-1) and was found to be strongly influenced by tidal channel migration. Decoy Marsh accreted at a slower pace (0.32 cm year-1) and was less affected by tidal or morphological changes. Both reconstructions were affected by decalcification resulting in the reconstructions dating back to 1978 at the most. The reconstructed rates of sea-level change were 1.8 cm year-1 for Oglet Bay and 1.1 cm year-1 for Decoy Marsh, both of which over-estimate the trend from the monthly instrumental record (1.04 cm year-1) over the same period. The study highlights the problems which may arise when conducting research in an inner estuary which is strongly macrotidal, including tidal range changes, tidal asymmetry, and decalcification, but also demonstrates that a relatively precise and reliable reconstruction is achievable.
Testing the success of palaeontological methods in the delimitation of clam shrimp (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) on extant species
Creators: name: Hethke, Manja
name: Hartmann, Kai
name: Alberti, Matthias
name: Kutzner, Theresa
name: Schwentner, Martin
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: clam-shrimp carapace
subject: morphometrics
subject: species delimitation
subject: Spinicaudata
subject: Ozestheria
subject: Australia
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::560 Fossilien, Paläontologie::560 Paläontologie, Paläozoologie

description: Fossil spinicaudatan taxonomy heavily relies on carapace features (size, shape, ornamentation) and palaeontologists have greatly refined methods to study and describe carapace variability. Whether carapace features alone are sufficient for distinguishing between species of a single genus has remained untested. In our study, we tested common palaeontological methods on 481 individuals of the extant Australian genus Ozestheria that have been previously assigned to ten species based on genetic analysis. All species are morphologically distinct based on geometric morphometrics (p ≤ 0.001), but they occupy overlapping regions in Ozestheria morphospace. Linear discriminant analysis of Fourier shape coefficients reaches a mean model performance of 93.8% correctly classified individuals over all possible 45 pairwise species comparisons. This can be further increased by combining the size and shape datasets. Nine of the ten examined species are clearly sexually dimorphic but male and female morphologies strongly overlap within species with little influence on model performance. Ornamentation is commonly species-diagnostic; seven ornamentation types are distinguished of which six are species-specific while one is shared by four species. A transformation of main ornamental features (e.g. from punctate to smooth) can occur among closely related species suggesting short evolutionary timescales. Our overall results support the taxonomic value of carapace features, which should also receive greater attention in the taxonomy of extant species. The extensive variation in carapace shape and ornamentation is noteworthy and several species would probably have been assigned to different genera or families if these had been fossils, bearing implications for the systematics of fossil Spinicaudata.
New Physics Opportunities in the Boosted Di-Higgs plus \ET Signature
Creators: name: Kang, Zhaofeng
name: Ko, P.
name: Li, Jinmian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Higgs field in the standard model (SM) may couple to new physics sectors related with dark matter and/or massive neutrinos. In this paper we propose a novel signature, the boosted di-Higgs boson plus \ET (which is either a dark matter or neutrino), to probe those new physics sectors. In a large class of models, in particular the supersymmetric SMs and low scale seesaw mechanisms, this signature can play a key role. The signature has clear background, and at the $\sqrt s=$14 TeV high luminosity (HL-)LHC, we can probe it with production rate as low as $\sim$ 0.1 fb. We apply it to benchmark models, supersymmetry in the bino-Higgsino limit, the canonical seesaw model and little Higgs model, finding that masses of Higgsino, right-handed neutrino and heavy vector boson can be probed up to $\sim$ 500 GeV, 650 GeV and 900 GeV, respectively.
description: Version to appear in PRL; major revision according to the referees' suggestion. The supplement file will be available from the e-journal
title: Specialisation for fast locomotion: performance, cost and risk
Creators: name: Hercock, Carol Ann
Publisher: name: University of Liverpool Repository
Year: 2011

description: The racing Greyhound presents us with an opportunity to study the characteristics of a successful athlete and the costs and risks such specialisation entails. This thesis investigates the nature of the injuries suffered by racing Greyhounds and how adaptation of the musculoskeletal system to the unique pattern of stresses encountered during racing and training might impact upon the risk of injury. Racing Greyhounds sustain a number of musculoskeletal injuries. Several of these, notably fatigue fractures of distal limb bones, are very similar to those seen in human athletes and military recruits (Armstrong et al. 2004; Beck et al. 2000; Brukner et al. 1996; Kowal 1980; Matheson et al. 1987). The most common, often leading to the dog being euthanatised, is fracture of the right tarsus. Evaluation of tarsal fractures via radiography alone frequently resulted in an underestimation of the severity of the injuries, whereas the use of computed tomography provided a more detailed, accurate assessment. Evidence of asymmetric bone remodelling was found in the distal limb bones of racing Greyhounds. Rail‐side bones had significantly higher bone density and increased levels of bone resorption and formation markers compared to contralateral bones. Greyhound bones also have regional differences in trabecular architecture. In contrast, Staffordshire Bull Terrier (SBT) bones did not show these differences. Additionally, Greyhound distal limb tendons appear well adapted to withstand the high stresses of racing; they are stronger, stiffer, and in the pelvic limbs, return more elastic strain energy than the corresponding SBT tendons. Greyhounds had left‐to‐right asymmetries in the tensile properties of their pelvic limb tendons, which SBTs did not. SBTs are not bred for racing and are unlikely to encounter asymmetric stresses. Therefore, the adaptive changes observed in the Greyhound bones and tendons appear to result from the asymmetric stresses encountered by the Greyhounds during racing around ovoid tracks.
Savanna resilience to droughts increases with the proportion of browsing wild herbivores and plant functional diversity
Creators: name: Irob, Katja
name: Blaum, Niels
name: Weiss-Aparicio, Alex
name: Hauptfleisch, Morgan
name: Hering, Robert
name: Uiseb, Kenneth
name: Tietjen, Britta
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: browsing herbivores
subject: drought resilience
subject: ecohydrological modelling
subject: ecosystem transition
subject: grazing
subject: land degradation
subject: savanna vegetation
subject: sustainable rangeland management
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie

description: 1. Maintaining the resilience and functionality of savannas is key to sustaining the ecosystem services they provide. This maintenance is largely dependent on the resilience of savannas to stressors, such as prolonged droughts. The resilience to drought is largely determined by the interaction of herbivores and the functional composition of vegetation. So far, our understanding and ability to predict the response of savannas to drought under different types of rangeland use and as a function of vegetation composition are still limited. 2. In this study, we used the ecohydrological, spatially-explicit savanna model EcoHyD to determine if the resilience of a savanna rangeland towards prolonged droughts can be enhanced by the choice of rangeland use type (grazer-dominated, mixed-feeders or browser-dominated) and animal density. We evaluated the ability of a Namibian savanna system to withstand droughts and recover from droughts based on its perennial grass cover and the overall species composition. 3. Generally, we determined a low resilience under high grazer densities. Most importantly, we found that functional diversification of herbivores and plants acted as resilience insurance against droughts, leading to greater resistance and recovery of perennial grasses. In particular, a higher proportion of herbivores allowed for higher resilience, probably also due to a short-term switch to more drought-resistant or unpalatable species. 4. In this case, herbivore diversification was of high self-regulatory value by reestablishing trophic complexity, reducing the need for additional management interventions. 5. Synthesis and applications: Savanna systems will be more resistant to drought if (i) a dense perennial grass cover is maintained, protecting the topsoil from heat-induced water losses and erosion, encompassing functionally important species that are particularly well adapted to water stress and that are palatable, if (ii) the grazing pressure is adjusted to the productivity of the system, and (iii) the herbivore community includes browsers.
National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support
Creators: name: McLaughlin, S.
name: Beck, J.
name: Sklaroff, S.
name: Kent, D.
name: Fisher, E. B.
name: Maryniuk, M.
name: Cox, C. E.
name: Haas, L.
name: Piette, J. D.
name: Rothman, R.
name: Kolb, L.
name: Orzeck, E.
name: Tomky, D.
name: Rhinehart, A. S.
name: Duker, P.
name: Hanson, L.
name: Edwards, L.
name: Youssef, G.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2012

description: By the most recent estimates, 18.8 million people in the U.S. have been diagnosed with diabetes and an additional 7 million are believed to be living with undiagnosed diabetes. At the same time, 79 million people are estimated to have blood glucose levels in the range of prediabetes or categories of increased risk for diabetes. Thus, more than 100 million Americans are at risk for developing the devastating complications of diabetes (1). Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is a critical element of care for all people with diabetes and those at risk for developing the disease. It is necessary in order to prevent or delay the complications of diabetes (2–6) and has elements related to lifestyle changes that are also essential for individuals with prediabetes as part of efforts to prevent the disease (7,8). The National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education are designed to define quality DSME and support and to assist diabetes educators in providing evidence-based education and self-management support. The Standards are applicable to educators in solo practice as well as those in large multicenter programs—and everyone in between. There are many good models for the provision of diabetes education and support. The Standards do not endorse any one approach, but rather seek to delineate the commonalities among effective and excellent self-management education strategies. These are the standards used in the field for recognition and accreditation. They also serve as a guide for nonaccredited and nonrecognized providers and programs. Because of the dynamic nature of health care and diabetes-related research, the Standards are reviewed and revised approximately every 5 years by key stakeholders and experts within the diabetes education community. In the fall of 2011, a Task Force was jointly convened by the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) and the American Diabetes Association …
Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). IV. The Outer Architecture of M Dwarf Planetary Systems
Creators: name: Bowler, Brendan P.
name: Liu, Michael C.
name: Shkolnik, Evgenya L.
name: Tamura, Motohide
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present results from a high-contrast adaptive optics imaging search for giant planets and brown dwarfs (>1 MJup) around 122 newly identified nearby (<40 pc) young M dwarfs. Half of our targets are younger than 135 Myr and 90% are younger than the Hyades (620 Myr). Our H- and K-band coronagraphic observations with Keck/NIRC2 and Subaru/HiCIAO achieve typical contrasts of 12-14 mag and 9-13 mag at 1", respectively, which corresponds to limiting planet masses of 0.5-10 MJup at 5-33 AU for 85% of our sample. We discovered four young brown dwarf companions: 1RXS J235133.3+312720 B (32 $\pm$ 6 MJup; L0$^{+2}_{-1}$; 120 $\pm$ 20 AU), GJ 3629 B (64$^{+30}_{-23}$ MJup; M7.5 $\pm$ 0.5; 6.5 $\pm$ 0.5 AU), 1RXS J034231.8+121622 B (35 $\pm$ 8 MJup; L0 $\pm$ 1; 19.8 $\pm$ 0.9 AU), and 2MASS J15594729+4403595 B (43 $\pm$ 9 MJup; M8.0 $\pm$ 0.5; 190 $\pm$ 20 AU). Over 150 candidate planets were identified; we obtained follow-up imaging for 56% of these but all are consistent with background stars. Our null detection of planets enables strong statistical constraints on the occurrence rate of long-period giant planets around single M dwarfs. We infer an upper limit (at the 95% confidence level) of 10.3% and 16.0% for 1-13 MJup planets between 10-100 AU for hot-start and cold-start (Fortney) evolutionary models, respectively. Fewer than 6.0% (9.9%) of M dwarfs harbor massive gas giants in the 5-13 MJup range like those orbiting HR 8799 and $β$ Pictoris between 10-100 AU for a hot-start (cold-start) formation scenario. Although the first directly imaged planets were found around massive stars, there is currently no statistical evidence for a trend of giant planet frequency with stellar host mass at large separations as predicted by the disk instability model of giant planet formation.
description: Accepted to ApJS
Long-term host–pathogen evolution of endogenous beta- and gammaretroviruses in mouse lemurs with little evidence of recent retroviral introgression
Creators: name: Kessler, Sharon E.
name: Tsangaras, Kyriakos
name: Rasoloharijaona, Solofonirina
name: Radespiel, Ute
name: Greenwood, Alex D.
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: endogenous retrovirus
subject: lemur evolution
subject: betaretrovirus
subject: gammaretrovirus
subject: Microcebus
subject: Madagascar
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie

description: Madagascar’s flora and fauna have evolved in relative isolation since the island split from the African and Indian continents. When the last common ancestors of lemurs left Africa between 40 and 70 million years ago, they carried a subset of the viral diversity of the mainland population within them, which continued to evolve throughout the lemur radiation. Relative to other primate radiations, we know very little about the past or present viral diversity of lemurs, particularly mouse lemurs. Using high-throughput sequencing, we identified two gammaretroviruses and three betaretroviruses in the genomes of four species of wild mouse lemurs. The two gammaretroviruses and two betaretroviruses have not previously been described. One betaretrovirus was previously identified. All identified viruses are present in both Lorisiformes and Lemuriformes but absent from haplorrhine primates. The estimated ages of these viruses are consistent with the estimated divergence dates of the host lineages, suggesting they colonized the lemur genome after the Haplorrhine–Strepsirrhine split, but before the Lorisiformes–Lemuriformes split and before the colonization of Madagascar. The viral phylogenies connect multiple lineages of retroviruses from non-lemur and non-Madagascar-native species, suggesting substantial cross-species transmission occurred deep in the primate clade prior to its geographic dispersal. These phylogenies provide novel insights into known retroviral clades. They suggest that the origin of gammaretroviruses in rodents or bats may be premature and that the Jaagsiekte sheep virus clade may be older and more broadly distributed among mammals than previously thought.
title: An Investigation into the Design of the Helical Undulator for the International Linear Collider Positron Source
Creators: name: James Scott, Duncan
Publisher: name: University of Liverpool Repository
Year: 2023

description: Positrons are produced in the International Linear Collider via pair-production when multi-MeV photons are incident on a metallic conversion target. The multi-1IeV photons are generated by the main electron beam, at an energy of 150 GeV, which passes through a ',200 m long helical undulator magnet and generates synchrotron radiation. The circular polarisation of the helical undulator radiation can be used to create a polarised positron source. A derivation, from i\la-..;:well's equations, of the radiation characteristics of a helical undulator is presented. After a comprehensive paper study of possible undulator designs the two pre-eminent ones were fabricated and tested. A super-conducting bifilar wires undulator was chosen instead of a permanent magnet design. This was because of its superior performance in terms of, magnetic field strength and quality, operational flexibility, risk of radiation damage, ease in achieving the required vacuum and cost. For a beam aperture of ''5.85 mm and operational safety margin of ''80% the period and strength of the undulator are 11.5 nUll and 0.9 T, respectively. The magnetic field errors are shown to be acceptable for an unpolarised positron source. To meet the required vacuum level a series of photon collimators with a diameter of 4.4 mm are required. To mitigate impedance effects a smooth copper vessel with surface roughness'' 100 nm should be used. The impedance effects on the electron beam of the photon collimators and other tapered elements in the undulator line are also shown to be acceptable.
Hypoxia induces an early primitive streak signature, enhancing spontaneous elongation and lineage representation in gastruloids
Creators: name: López-Anguita, Natalia
name: Gassaloglu, Seher Ipek
name: Stoetzel, Maximilian
name: Bolondi, Adriano
name: Conkar, Deniz
name: Typou, Marina
name: Buschow, René
name: Veenvliet, Jesse V.
name: Bulut-Karslioglu, Aydan
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Hypoxia
subject: Hif1a
subject: WNT
subject: Gastruloid
subject: Pluripotency
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie::570 Biowissenschaften; Biologie

description: The cellular microenvironment, together with intrinsic regulators, shapes stem cell identity and differentiation capacity. Mammalian early embryos are exposed to hypoxia in vivo and appear to benefit from hypoxic culture in vitro. Yet, how hypoxia influences stem cell transcriptional networks and lineage choices remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the molecular effects of acute and prolonged hypoxia on embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells as well as the functional impact on differentiation potential. We find a temporal and cell type-specific transcriptional response including an early primitive streak signature in hypoxic embryonic stem cells mediated by HIF1α. Using a 3D gastruloid differentiation model, we show that hypoxia-induced T expression enables symmetry breaking and axial elongation in the absence of exogenous WNT activation. When combined with exogenous WNT activation, hypoxia enhances lineage representation in gastruloids, as demonstrated by highly enriched signatures of gut endoderm, notochord, neuromesodermal progenitors and somites. Our findings directly link the microenvironment to stem cell function and provide a rationale supportive of applying physiological conditions in models of embryo development.
Towards Data-Efficient Machine Learning
Creators: name: Xie, Qizhe
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 2023
Subjects: Computer Vision

description: Deep learning works well when the problem is regular enough and there is abundant training data to adequately and in a representative way reflect all the regularity. As the ambition of researchers grows, problems with less regularity are being addressed, where more data is needed to achieve great performance. In addition, as researchers push the boundary of deep learning, state-of-the-art models become more and more data-hungry due to the growing capacity. Hence, data annotation is necessary to train deep learning models to perform well. However, data annotation is a costly process that requires a significant amount of work for each new task of interest. To tackle this difficulty, we present algorithms that can leverage other kinds of information to achieve a better performance given a certain amount of data. In this thesis, we show how to leverage several kinds of information including: (1) unlabeled data; (2) data from another domain; (3) prior knowledge. First, when unlabeled data of the domain of interest is available, semi-supervised learning can effectively improve the performance of deep learning models by regularizing the models to make consistent predictions for similar examples; Second, when data from another domain is available, transfer learning or domain adaptation can be applied to transfer general knowledge or task-specific knowledge learned from another domain to the domain of interest; Last, with prior knowledge, we can inject targeted inductive biases into the models and make use of external knowledge bases. With three possible directions, one might wonder what direction should be taken given a new task. To offer practical suggestions to researchers and practitioners, we analyze the effectiveness, the applicability and the engineering difficulty of each algorithm. Specifically, we present the performance of different algorithms on different problems and study whether different algorithms can be combined together for improved performance, analyze whether an algorithm can be applied to a broad range of tasks or is restricted to certain tasks and discuss the required engineering efforts for each algorithm.
title: Vectoral parameters of malaria transmission in Taiz, Yemen
Creators: name: Mohammed Abdullah Al-Eryani, Samira
Publisher: name: University of Liverpool Repository
Year: 2023

description: Malaria is the most important vector-borne disease in Yemen, the country with the highest incidence of malaria in the Arabian Peninsula. A 24-month study in two villages in Taiz region mvestigated vectorial as-cts of malaria transmission. In pyrethrum knockdown (PKD) and light trap (LT) catches, eight species were identified from a total of 3,407 anophelines. Vhe study has provided 3fl important vectorial evidence base on malaria transmission in Yemen, to inform future control strategies.