The energy spectrum of cosmic rays beyond the turn-down around $10^{17}$ eV as measured with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
Creators: name: The Pierre Auger Collaboration
name: Abreu, P.
name: Aglietta, M.
name: Albury, J. M.
name: Allekotte, I.
name: Almela, A.
name: Alvarez-Muñiz, J.
name: Batista, R. Alves
name: Anastasi, G. A.
name: Anchordoqui, L.
name: Andrada, B.
name: Andringa, S.
name: Aramo, C.
name: Ferreira, P. R. Araújo
name: Velázquez, J. C. Arteaga
name: Asorey, H.
name: Assis, P.
name: Avila, G.
name: Badescu, A. M.
name: Bakalova, A.
name: Balaceanu, A.
name: Barbato, F.
name: Luz, R. J. Barreira
name: Becker, K. H.
name: Bellido, J. A.
name: Berat, C.
name: Bertaina, M. E.
name: Bertou, X.
name: Biermann, P. L.
name: Billoir, P.
name: Binet, V.
name: Bismark, K.
name: Bister, T.
name: Biteau, J.
name: Blazek, J.
name: Bleve, C.
name: Boháčová, M.
name: Boncioli, D.
name: Bonifazi, C.
name: Arbeletche, L. Bonneau
name: Borodai, N.
name: Botti, A. M.
name: Brack, J.
name: Bretz, T.
name: Orchera, P. G. Brichetto
name: Briechle, F. L.
name: Buchholz, P.
name: Bueno, A.
name: Buitink, S.
name: Buscemi, M.
name: Büsken, M.
name: Caballero-Mora, K. S.
name: Caccianiga, L.
name: Canfora, F.
name: Caracas, I.
name: Carceller, J. M.
name: Caruso, R.
name: Castellina, A.
name: Catalani, F.
name: Cataldi, G.
name: Cazon, L.
name: Cerda, M.
name: Chinellato, J. A.
name: Chudoba, J.
name: Chytka, L.
name: Clay, R. W.
name: Cerutti, A. C. Cobos
name: Colalillo, R.
name: Coleman, A.
name: Coluccia, M. R.
name: Conceição, R.
name: Condorelli, A.
name: Consolati, G.
name: Contreras, F.
name: Convenga, F.
name: Santos, D. Correia dos
name: Covault, C. E.
name: Dasso, S.
name: Daumiller, K.
name: Dawson, B. R.
name: Day, J. A.
name: de Almeida, R. M.
name: de Jesús, J.
name: de Jong, S. J.
name: De Mauro, G.
name: Neto, J. R. T. de Mello
name: De Mitri, I.
name: de Oliveira, J.
name: Franco, D. de Oliveira
name: de Palma, F.
name: de Souza, V.
name: De Vito, E.
name: del Río, M.
name: Deligny, O.
name: Di Matteo, A.
name: Dobrigkeit, C.
name: D'Olivo, J. C.
name: Mendes, L. M. Domingues
name: Anjos, R. C. dos
name: Santos, D. dos
name: Dova, M. T.
name: Ebr, J.
name: Engel, R.
name: Epicoco, I.
name: Erdmann, M.
name: Escobar, C. O.
name: Etchegoyen, A.
name: Falcke, H.
name: Farmer, J.
name: Farrar, G.
name: Fauth, A. C.
name: Fazzini, N.
name: Feldbusch, F.
name: Fenu, F.
name: Fick, B.
name: Figueira, J. M.
name: Filipčič, A.
name: Fitoussi, T.
name: Fodran, T.
name: Freire, M. M.
name: Fujii, T.
name: Fuster, A.
name: Galea, C.
name: Galelli, C.
name: García, B.
name: Vegas, A. L. Garcia
name: Gemmeke, H.
name: Gesualdi, F.
name: Gherghel-Lascu, A.
name: Ghia, P. L.
name: Giaccari, U.
name: Giammarchi, M.
name: Glombitza, J.
name: Gobbi, F.
name: Gollan, F.
name: Golup, G.
name: Berisso, M. Gómez
name: Vitale, P. F. Gómez
name: Gongora, J. P.
name: González, J. M.
name: González, N.
name: Goos, I.
name: Góra, D.
name: Gorgi, A.
name: Gottowik, M.
name: Grubb, T. D.
name: Guarino, F.
name: Guedes, G. P.
name: Guido, E.
name: Hahn, S.
name: Hamal, P.
name: Hampel, M. R.
name: Hansen, P.
name: Harari, D.
name: Harvey, V. M.
name: Haungs, A.
name: Hebbeker, T.
name: Heck, D.
name: Hill, G. C.
name: Hojvat, C.
name: Hörandel, J. R.
name: Horvath, P.
name: Hrabovský, M.
name: Huege, T.
name: Insolia, A.
name: Isar, P. G.
name: Janecek, P.
name: Johnsen, J. A.
name: Jurysek, J.
name: Kääpä, A.
name: Kampert, K. H.
name: Karastathis, N.
name: Keilhauer, B.
name: Kemp, J.
name: Khakurdikar, A.
name: Covilakam, V. V. Kizakke
name: Klages, H. O.
name: Kleifges, M.
name: Kleinfeller, J.
name: Köpke, M.
name: Kunka, N.
name: Lago, B. L.
name: Lang, R. G.
name: Langner, N.
name: de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui
name: Lenok, V.
name: Letessier-Selvon, A.
name: Lhenry-Yvon, I.
name: Presti, D. Lo
name: Lopes, L.
name: López, R.
name: Lu, L.
name: Luce, Q.
name: Lundquist, J. P.
name: Payeras, A. Machado
name: Mancarella, G.
name: Mandat, D.
name: Manning, B. C.
name: Manshanden, J.
name: Mantsch, P.
name: Marafico, S.
name: Mariazzi, A. G.
name: Mariş, I. C.
name: Marsella, G.
name: Martello, D.
name: Martinelli, S.
name: Martinez, H.
name: Bravo, O. Martínez
name: Mastrodicasa, M.
name: Mathes, H. J.
name: Matthews, J.
name: Matthiae, G.
name: Mayotte, E.
name: Mazur, P. O.
name: Medina-Tanco, G.
name: Melo, D.
name: Menshikov, A.
name: Merenda, K. -D.
name: Michal, S.
name: Micheletti, M. I.
name: Miramonti, L.
name: Mockler, D.
name: Mollerach, S.
name: Montanet, F.
name: Morello, C.
name: Mostafá, M.
name: Müller, A. L.
name: Muller, M. A.
name: Mulrey, K.
name: Mussa, R.
name: Muzio, M.
name: Namasaka, W. M.
name: Nasr-Esfahani, A.
name: Nellen, L.
name: Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M.
name: Niechciol, M.
name: Nitz, D.
name: Nosek, D.
name: Novotny, V.
name: Nožka, L.
name: Nucita, A
name: Núñez, L. A.
name: Palatka, M.
name: Pallotta, J.
name: Papenbreer, P.
name: Parente, G.
name: Parra, A.
name: Pawlowsky, J.
name: Pech, M.
name: Pedreira, F.
name: Pękala, J.
name: Pelayo, R.
name: Peña-Rodriguez, J.
name: Martins, E. E. Pereira
name: Armand, J. Perez
name: Bertolli, C. Pérez
name: Perlin, M.
name: Perrone, L.
name: Petrera, S.
name: Pierog, T.
name: Pimenta, M.
name: Pirronello, V.
name: Platino, M.
name: Pont, B.
name: Pothast, M.
name: Privitera, P.
name: Prouza, M.
name: Puyleart, A.
name: Querchfeld, S.
name: Rautenberg, J.
name: Ravignani, D.
name: Reininghaus, M.
name: Ridky, J.
name: Riehn, F.
name: Risse, M.
name: Rizi, V.
name: de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues
name: Rojo, J. Rodriguez
name: Roncoroni, M. J.
name: Roth, M.
name: Roulet, E.
name: Rovero, A. C.
name: Ruehl, P.
name: Saffi, S. J.
name: Saftoiu, A.
name: Salamida, F.
name: Salazar, H.
name: Salina, G.
name: Gomez, J. D. Sanabria
name: Sánchez, F.
name: Santos, E. M.
name: Santos, E.
name: Sarazin, F.
name: Sarmento, R.
name: Sarmiento-Cano, C.
name: Sato, R.
name: Savina, P.
name: Schäfer, C. M.
name: Scherini, V.
name: Schieler, H.
name: Schimassek, M.
name: Schimp, M.
name: Schlüter, F.
name: Schmidt, D.
name: Scholten, O.
name: Schovánek, P.
name: Schröder, F. G.
name: Schröder, S.
name: Schulte, J.
name: Schulz, A.
name: Sciutto, S. J.
name: Scornavacche, M.
name: Segreto, A.
name: Sehgal, S.
name: Shellard, R. C.
name: Sigl, G.
name: Silli, G.
name: Sima, O.
name: Šmída, R.
name: Sommers, P.
name: Soriano, J. F.
name: Souchard, J.
name: Squartini, R.
name: Stadelmaier, M.
name: Stanca, D.
name: Stanič, S.
name: Stasielak, J.
name: Stassi, P.
name: Streich, A.
name: Suárez-Durán, M.
name: Sudholz, T.
name: Suomijärvi, T.
name: Supanitsky, A. D.
name: Szadkowski, Z.
name: Tapia, A.
name: Taricco, C.
name: Timmermans, C.
name: Tkachenko, O.
name: Tobiska, P.
name: Peixoto, C. J. Todero
name: Tomé, B.
name: Torrès, Z.
name: Travaini, A.
name: Travnicek, P.
name: Trimarelli, C.
name: Tueros, M.
name: Ulrich, R.
name: Unger, M.
name: Vaclavek, L.
name: Vacula, M.
name: Galicia, J. F. Valdés
name: Valore, L.
name: Varela, E.
name: Vásquez-Ramírez, A.
name: Veberič, D.
name: Ventura, C.
name: Quispe, I. D. Vergara
name: Verzi, V.
name: Vicha, J.
name: Vink, J.
name: Vorobiov, S.
name: Wahlberg, H.
name: Watanabe, C.
name: Watson, A. A.
name: Weber, M.
name: Weindl, A.
name: Wiencke, L.
name: Wilczyński, H.
name: Wirtz, M.
name: Wittkowski, D.
name: Wundheiler, B.
name: Yushkov, A.
name: Zapparrata, O.
name: Zas, E.
name: Zavrtanik, D.
name: Zavrtanik, M.
name: Zehrer, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum above 100\,PeV using the part of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory that has a spacing of 750~m. An inflection of the spectrum is observed, confirming the presence of the so-called \emph{second-knee} feature. The spectrum is then combined with that of the 1500\,m array to produce a single measurement of the flux, linking this spectral feature with the three additional breaks at the highest energies. The combined spectrum, with an energy scale set calorimetrically via fluorescence telescopes and using a single detector type, results in the most statistically and systematically precise measurement of spectral breaks yet obtained. These measurements are critical for furthering our understanding of the highest energy cosmic rays.
description: Published version, 25 pages, 20 figures, 11 tables Updated April 2022 to fix typo in Table 10