Odontanthias cauoh Carvalho-Filho, Macena & Nunes, 2016, sp. n.
Creators: name: Carvalho-Filho, Alfredo
name: Macena, Bruno César Luz
name: Nunes, Diogo Martins
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Serranidae
Odontanthias
Odontanthias cauoh

description: Odontanthias cauoh sp. n. Carvalho-Filho, Macena & Nunes
(Fig. 2 & 3; Table 1)
Type material. Holotype. MZUSP 111260, female, 165.2 mm standard length (SL). São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, Brazil (0°55´N; 29°21´W), collected by B.C.L. Macena, floating at the surface close to the rocks in January 23, 2012.
Diagnosis. The new species differs from its only Atlantic congener by a combination of several characters: pectoral-fin rays 20; total gill rakers on first arch 39; vomerine tooth patch with a posterior prolongation; pelvic fin not reaching base of last anal-fin ray; dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins scaleless; and coloration (dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins mostly dark red).
Description. Morphometric data is presented in Table 3. Dorsal-fin rays X, 15; anal-fin rays, III, 7; all dorsal- and anal-fin rays branched; pectoral-fin rays 20, all but uppermost branched; pelvic-fin rays I, 5, all soft rays branched; caudal-fin rays: principal 15, procurrent 6 dorsally and 6 ventrally, posteriormost 3 of both sides segmented; branchiostegal rays 7. Gill rakers on first arch 13 + 26, total 39. Tubed lateral line scales 38. Rows of scales on cheek 9; rows of scales between origin of anal fin and lateral line 12, between lateral line and mid-base of spinous dorsal fin 1.5, between origin of dorsal fin and lateral line 5. Circumpeduncular scales 18. Supraneural bones two; precaudal vertebrae 10, caudal vertebrae 16, total 26.
Body oblong, laterally compressed. Head large, more than one third of the SL. Orbit diameter larger than snout length, 8.4% of SL and 24.7% of head length. Upper profile of interorbital straight to slightly convex. Nostrils close together, internarial distance contained 8.7 times in snout length. Posterior nostril large, oval shaped; anterior nostril in a tube much wider at base than at distal tip.
Upper limb of preopercle smooth on upper one third, becoming finely serrate towards angle, serrae becoming coarser on lower portion of limb; lower limb smooth with two small posteriorly directed spines located at about last posterodorsal one-fifth of limb length; distal margins of interopercle and subopercle with few small serrae near their junction. Mouth oblique, lower jaw projecting beyond upper when mouth closed; upper jaw reaches beyond a vertical line through middle of eye, almost to posterior border of pupil; maxilla broadly expanded posteriorly, upper posterior angle straight, not rounded; maxillary hook absent.
Premaxilla with inner band of small villiform teeth and outer series of larger conical teeth; a few teeth of inner band near symphysis enlarged as posteriorly directed conical teeth; two teeth in outer series near symphysis enlarged, canine-like; symphysis toothless. Dentary with series of conical teeth, one enlarged into recurved canine at the first one-third on each side; anterior to recurved canine, band of villiform to small conical teeth extending to near symphysis where one canine-like tooth is enlarged, posteriorly directed and present only on jaw’s left side; symphysis toothless. Vomerine tooth patch grossly pentagonal, with a posterior prolongation of small teeth arranged in four pairs, which are followed by a series of six single teeth (Fig. 3); vomerine and palatine teeth villiform to small conical, those following the posterior part of vomerine patch somewhat enlarged and conical; palatine teeth in a band, narrowest posteriorly. Mesopterygoids with many villiform teeth. Tongue with a patch of minute teeth on upper bony blade, none at borders, tip, or ventral side. Gill rakers long, but those at center of lower first arch only somewhat longer than opposite gill filaments.
Dorsal-fin membrane without filament at distal end of each dorsal spine, seventh and ninth dorsal spines longest; soft dorsal fin only slightly elevated relative to spinous dorsal fin; posterior end of dorsal fin not produced, almost rounded. Anal-fin origin below first dorsal-fin soft ray; second anal-fin spine stronger than first or third, shorter than third; third anal-fin soft rays longest; fin posteriorly truncate.
Pelvic fin extending posteriorly to sixth anal-fin soft ray; first three soft pelvic-fin rays (second longest) produced. Pectoral fin rounded, central rays longest, reaching a vertical to base of second anal-fin spine; upper pectoral-fin ray unbranched; pectoral-fin rays heavily scaled proximally except for uppermost and lowermost three rays; other rays with columns of two to more than 20 scales, length of scale columns increasing towards center of fin, central ray with column that covers about 20% of its length. Caudal fin partially damaged, upper lobe mostly missing, lower lobe produced and anterior one-third heavily scaled.
Scales large, ctenoid, cteni only marginal. Lateral line follows dorsal profile to last dorsal soft ray, straight to caudal-fin base. Snout mostly scaly, naked on its lateral aspect. Maxilla scaled; posterior two-thirds of lower jaw scaly, anterior third naked; gular region naked. Dorsal and anal fins entirely scaleless, with no scales on membranes, spines, rays or at their bases. A few accessory scales present only on head.
1 7th and 9th in O. cauoh and 4th, 5th, 9th or 10th in O. hensleyi. 2 13th in O. cauoh and 9th or 10th in O. hensleyi.
3 3rd in O. cauoh and 4th in O. hensleyi.
Color of live specimen. Head and body red with orange hue overall, lighter, pinkish on belly, throat, maxilla and lower jaw; scales on sides of the body mostly with lighter center. Iris red, an inner bright yellow circle surrounding the dark pupil. Head with three horizontal yellow stripes, broken posteriorly: lower stripe beginning almost at proximal tip of premaxilla, running under ventral border of eye to origin of pectoral fin; central stripe originating at posterior margin of eye, extending to posteriormost point of opercular margin; dorsalmost stripe split into several blotches, extending from upper border of eye to upper border of opercle. Pectoral fin uniformly orange-red, blending in with ground color of body. Dorsal fin red with fin-membrane suffused with white from first to fifth spines; pelvic fin orange-red, suffused with white on membrane between fourth and fifth rays and on anterior border of spine; anal fin mostly red with some orange hues. Lower lobe of caudal fin orange-red suffused with yellow hues.
Color of preserved specimen. Coloration completely faded to uniformly pale pinkish beige after short time in 70% ethanol. Yellow lines on head slightly visible, paler than body background color.
Distribution. Odontanthias cauoh sp. n. is currently known only from São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, Brazil, Western Central Atlantic (Fig. 1). No data about its depth range is available.
Etymology. The new species is named after the popular name given by the professional fishermen to the fish at St. Paul’s Rocks, “ Carolina ”, shortened to the nickname (Cauó) of the first author’s elder daughter, Ana Carolina S.R. Carvalho, pronounced as “ kau-oh ”. Proposed English name: Red Jewelfish due to the color of the known specimen. Proposed Portuguese (Brazilian) name: Carolina.
Biological aspects. The stomach of the holotype was examined and found to be empty, with no trace of biological material. The gonads were analyzed macroscopically, indicating an immature female specimen.
description: Published as part of Carvalho-Filho, Alfredo, Macena, Bruno César Luz & Nunes, Diogo Martins, 2016, A new species of Anthiadinae (Teleostei: Serranidae) from São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, Brazil, Equatorial Atlantic., pp. 585-592 in Zootaxa 4139 (4) on pages 586-590, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/264962