Hindumanes Logunov 2004
Creators: name: Sudhin, Puthoor Pattammal
name: Nafin, Karunnappilli Shamsudheen
name: Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Salticidae
Hindumanes

description: Hindumanes Logunov, 2004
Type species. Lyssomanes karnatakaensis Tikader & Biswas, 1978.
Subfamily placement. Subfamily Lyssomaninae currently comprises three genera, Lyssomanes, Chinoscopus and Sumakuru, supported by the presence of a membraneous conductor in the male palp (Wanless 1980: figs 2G, H; Maddison 2016: figs 6, 7; Galvis 2017: figs 7d–g). The presence of this structure (Figs 5A–C, E) and the general conformation of the palpal bulb strongly support its placement in the subfamily Lyssomaninae.
Diagnosis. Hindumanes can be easily distinguished from most of the lyssomanine genera by the following characteristics: Carapace relatively high and oval (carapace low and virtually flat in Chinoscopus and elongate in Sumakuru); the relative width of the eye field is small (it is much wider in the other genera, see Logunov 2004); AME directed anteriorly (in Sumakuru, they are tilted to the sides); ALE situated directly behind AME, almost on the optical axis of AME (ALE widely separated in Chinoscopus and most Lyssomanes; in Sumakuru and some species of Lyssomanes, such as L. anchicaya Galiano, 1984 and L. elongates Galiano, 1980, ALE are situated directly behind AME). Hindumanes is morphologically closer to Lyssomanes, by having similar body, presence of paired ventral spines on tibia and metatarsi of legs I & II, and similar palpal organization. It can be distinguished from Lyssomanes by the following combination of characters: ALE situated directly behind AME, almost in the optical axis of the AME (in most Lyssomanes, ALE widely separated behind AME) (Figs 4A–B; see also Tikader & Biswas 1978: fig. 1; Logunov 2004: fig. 3); relative width of the eye field is narrower: the ratio of “carapace width at PME/PME–PME distance” is around 3:1 (the relative width of the eye field is much wider, see Logunov 2004); patellae I & II with a dorsal macrosetae distally and a dorsal spine on the patellae III & IV (Lyssomanes has both lateral and dorsal spines on all patellae). The female of Hindumanes can be easily recognized from Lyssomanes by the distinctive female copulatory organ: large spermathecae with no glandular ducts (in true Lyssomanes, spermathecae are smaller, with well-developed glandular ducts) (Figs 7A–B; see also Galiano 1980; Logunov & Marusik 2003; Logunov 2004, 2014).
The male palp of Hindumanes is characteristic of the Lyssomaninae and surprisingly similar to the palpal structure of most Lyssomanes. The structure of the palp can be characterized as follows: 1. Long palp with an elongated cymbium and well developed tutaculum (Fig. 5C), femur and patella devoid of any apophyses; 2. Tibia with a distal process and a long retrolateral outgrowth in the distal mid-section (Figs 5A–D). Different types of retrolateral tibial modifications have been found in some species of Lyssomanes, but most of them are brush-like formed by long and strong bristles (Galiano 1980: figs 63, 89, 147; Logunov 2014: fig. 27); 3. Membraneous conductor is present (Figs 5A–C, E), which is considered as a synapomorphy in Lyssomanine (Wanless 1980); 4. Spermophore configuration almost similar to that of Lyssomanes (Galiano 1980; Logunov 2014; Maddison 2016).
Description. Members of Hindumanes are green to yellowish-green, long-legged, medium-sized spiders (male = 5.57–6.13, female = 6.72–6.92). Sexes are alike in general body form, but dimorphism is evident in color markings. Females are uniformly green without distinct markings (Figs 1C–D); male carapace yellowish-orange with light reddish-brown lateral markings, abdomen dorsally with paired longitudinal stripes, similar stripes ventrolaterally (Figs 1A–B, 2A, E); Female legs light green, tibia I with apical retrolateral black mottling; male legs with black longitudinal lines on the femur I and black bands on all tibiae (Figs 1A–B). Carapace oval, covered with colorless setae, with well-defined longitudinal fovea (Figs 1A, 2A, C, 3A, 4A–B, 6A); cephalic region truncated anteriorly, moderately high, highest at PLE; thoracic region gently sloping backwards margin almost rounded with concave posterior margin (Figs 2E, 3D, 6D). Eye field slightly raised, narrow, covered with lustrous appressed scales (Figs 1A–D, 2A, C, E, 3A, 4A–B, 6A). Eyes in four rows, anterior row widest, ALE positioned directly behind the first row, at the optical axis of AME; PME very small, closer to and situated at the optical axis of ALE; PLE almost same size as ALE; MOQ longer than wide and wider in front. Clypeus rather low, vertical and hairless. Chelicerae short, sub-vertical and parallel in females (Figs 1D, 3B–C, 4A, 6C); moderately long and slightly diverging in males (Figs 1B, 2A–D, 4B); with two prolateral spines; promargin with three teeth, retromargin with five to six teeth (Figs 4D–F). Endites sub-parallel, rectangular, elongate, anteriorly rounded with inconspicuous scopulae (Figs 2B, 3B). Labium almost rectangular, about as long as wide, almost half the length of endites (Figs 2B, 3B). Sternum sub-pentagonal, posteriorly narrowing, with a triangular projection between coxae III & IV (Figs 2B, 3B). Pedicel short. Abdomen elongate, ovoid, narrowing posteriorly. Spinnerets sub-equal in length, posterior spinnerets robust than others. Legs long, slender; legs with spines on all articles, except tarsi of all legs, patella I, II and metatarsus IV; tibia I & II with 4 pairs of ventral spines, metatarsi I & II with 3 pairs of ventral spines, patella I & II distally with a dorsal macrosetae and patellae III & IV with a dorsal spine; leg formula 1243. Female palpal articles light green, all articles with spines.
Male palp long, with spines on all articles, femur and patella without any apophysis; tibia with a distal tibial process and a long retrolateral tibial outgrowth joined to a stalk on the distal mid-section of tibia, slightly bent at the middle, the tip of which is flat and wide with uneven edges (Figs 5A–D). Cymbium highly elongated, covered with long and medium-sized setae, basally with a pair of elongated dorsal spines, distally with one prolateral and retrolateral spine (Figs 5A, C); tutaculum medium-sized, oval (Fig. 5C); bulb almost ovoid, occupying almost two fifths of cymbium; tegulum in the disto-retrolateral part of bulb; subtegulum occupies one third of the bulb; the retrolateral descending loop of sperm duct closely arranged (Fig. 5E); median apophysis long, wide, with an apical finger-like projection directed disto-prolaterally, with tip slightly bent downwards (Fig. 5E); conductor clamshaped (Fig. 5A); embolus base wide, the thin spermophore forming a twist in the embolus base before entering the embolus (Fig. 5A), embolus thin and elongated, initially oriented distally in an upward angle, then bending distoretrolaterally with the pointed tip slightly bent forward (Fig. 5E).
Epigyne simple and transparent; spermathecae large, longer than wide, with no glandular ducts, touching each other in H. karnatakaensis (see Logunov 2004: figs 1–2) or widely separated, as in H. wayanadensis sp. nov. (Figs 7A–B); posterior outgrowth overhanging the epigastric furrow only in H. karnatakaensis (see Logunov 2004: figs 1–2); copulatory duct varies from moderately long to very short; fertilization duct small and acuminate, anterolaterally oriented, posterior to spermathecae (Fig. 7A; Logunov 2004: fig. 2).
Distribution. Known only from western India (Fig. 9).
Species included. Hindumanes karnatakaensis (type species) and H. wayanadensis sp. nov.
description: Published as part of Sudhin, Puthoor Pattammal, Nafin, Karunnappilli Shamsudheen & Sudhikumar, Ambalaparambil Vasu, 2017, Revision of Hindumanes Logunov, 2004 (Araneae: Salticidae: Lyssomaninae), with description of a new species from the Western Ghats of Kerala, India, pp. 317-330 in Zootaxa 4350 (2) on pages 318-319, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4350.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1053186