Anisocentropus (Anisocentropus) kawamurai Iwata 1927
Creators: name: Ito, Tomiko
name: Hayashi, Yumiko
name: Shimura, Noriyoshi
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Trichoptera
Calamoceratidae
Anisocentropus
Anisocentropus kawamurai

description: Anisocentropus (Anisocentropus) kawamurai (Iwata 1927)
(Figs. 1–5, 8, 9)
Phryganea sp. Kawamura 1918, 302, fig. 400, larva, case, Japan (Honshu, Nagano). Mentioned by Iwata, 1927a.
Kizakia kawamurai Iwata 1927a, 241–242, table 10, larva, case, Japan (Honshu, Nagano) (Molannidae); Iwata, 1927b, 211, 217, larva, Japan (Honshu, Nagano).
Anisocentropus kawamurai: Ulmer 1951, 345.
Ganonema minuta Martynov 1930, 85–86, figs. 3032, China (Hainan). New synonym.
Anisocentropus minutus: Malicky 1994, 69–70, fig. 4, male wings, Thailand, Myanmar; Yang et al. 2005, 450, China (Anhui, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guizhou); Malicky 2010, 330, male, Thailand, Vietnam.
Anisocentropus kawamurai: Inazu & Ishida 2011, 210, female, larva, case, Japan (Honshu).
Anisocentropus sp.: Maruyama & Takai 2000, 122–123, 125, photo. 239, fig. 236, larva, case, Japan (Honshu); Nozaki 2005, 112, adult, larva, case, Japan (Honshu); Hayashi et al. 2009, 41–47, abundance and case material selection of larvae, Japan (Kyushu).
Adult (Figs. 1, 2, 8 A). Preserved specimens brown, abdomen orange in fresh specimens (within a few weeks after death); length 7.0–8.0 mm in male and 7.5–10.0 mm in female. Head (Fig. 1 A) with large anteromesal setal wart, 2 pairs of small dorsal and dorsolateral warts, and pair of large posterolateral warts dorsally. Pronotum (Fig. 1 A) with pair of large submesal warts and pair of small lateral warts. Mesoscutum (Fig. 1 A) with longitudinal setal lines; mesoscutellum (Fig. 1 A) with pair of small round warts. Maxillary palpi each 6-segmented, 3.0–4.0 mm long in total, all segments cylindrical and densely covered with short and long hairs. Labial palpi each 3-segmented, 1.0– 1.5 mm long in total, all segments cylindrical and densely covered with short hairs. Antennae brown, 14–17 mm long, about 1.5 times as long as forewings; each with scape (Fig. 1 A) short and round, pedicel (Fig. 1 A) much shorter than scape.
Forewings (Figs. 1 B, 2A, 8A) brown with some light spots in some male specimens, covered with fine brown hairs, fine hairs darker at posterior area in fresh specimens; male forewing length 8.5–11.5 mm, female 9.5–12.5 mm; rounded apically; apical forks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 present; discoidal, median and thyridial cells present; cross vein R1–R2 present in some specimens. Hind wings (Figs. 1 B, 2A, 8A) grayish black; male hindwing length 6.0–8.0 mm, female 6.5–8.0 mm; round with broad costal area; apical forks 1, 2, 3 and 5 present; cells open; basal setal brush present in males. Spur formula 2, 4, 3.
Male genitalia (Fig. 1). Tergite and sternite of segment IX (Fig. 1 C) fused laterally, lateral margins produced posteriorly into triangular lateral lobe. Median process of segment IX (Figs. 1 C–F) somewhat compressed laterally, slender in dorsal view, thick with round or subacute apices in lateral view, with few very short setae. Roof-like plates of segment X (Figs. 1 C, D, E, G) compressed dorsolaterally, subquadrate with apicomesal notch, apicolateral corners heavily sclerotized, more or less acute and directed ventrolaterad, with few short setae. Preanal appendages (Figs. 1 C, D) compressed laterally, long oval in lateral view, rod-like in dorsal view, with many short and long setae laterally. Phallus (Figs. 1 C, H) thick and short, subacute apically in lateral view, with U-shaped phallotremal sclerite. Inferior appendages (Figs. 1 C, I) branchless, slender, gradually tapered distally with subacute apices, covered with many short and long setae.
Female genitalia (Fig. 2). Segment VIII (Figs. 2 B, C) with subquadrate tergite and sternite, sternite with deep mesal cleft and many setae. Segment IX (Figs. 2 B, C) somewhat depressed, tergite and sternite touching ventrolaterally; sternite semicircular with distinct middle cleft, and striated with gently curved streaks; tergite with small roundish or subtriangular protuberances near posterolateral apex and acute posteroventral end in ventral view (arrow in Fig. 2 C). Segment X (Figs. 2 B, C) fused with segment IX, covered with many setae. Vaginal sclerite (Figs. 2 D, E) hexagonal with narrow proximal end in ventral view.
Pupa (Fig. 2). Length up to 12 mm, strongly depressed. Mandibles (Fig. 2 G) thin, long, about 5 times as long as basal width, gently curved mesad. Labrum (Fig. 2 G) semimembranous, subtriangular, with several short setae at anterolateral margins and pair of short and pair of long setae near basolateral edges. Antennae (Figs. 2 F, G) long, about 18 mm, each of ventrolateral and dorsal scape tufts composed of 4–6 long setae. Fore- and hindwing pads (Fig. 2 F) reaching abdominal segments IV and V, respectively. Dense swimming setae (Fig. 2 F) present on mesotarsus. Abdominal segment I (Fig. 2 J) with spined ridges dorsoposteriorly. Paired anterior hook plates (Figs. 2 F, H) on dorsum of segments III–VII, each plate with 4–5 hooks; paired posterior hook plates (Figs. 2 F, I) on dorsum of segment V, each with 6–7 hooks. Tracheal gills (Fig. 2 F) 2–3- (mostly 3-) branched and arranged as in Table 1. Lateral fringe (Figs. 2 F, K) extending on each side across segment II through segment VII and turning ventrad on segment VIII. Anal processes (Figs. 2 K, L) slender, directed posterolaterad, subacute apically.
Segment I II III IV V VI VII VIII Dorsal 3 3 3 3 3 3
Lateral 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 Ventral 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Final instar larva (Figs. 3, 4). Length up to 15 mm. Thorax and abdomen strongly depressed. Head (Figs. 3 A– C) slightly oblong, narrower anteriorly, head width 1.00–1.15 mm at cheeks; brown with light brown areas, varying slightly individually, typical pattern of pale areas as follows: 3 pairs of small dots arranged longitudinally on anterior frontoclypeal apotome (often indistinct); large, round area at posterior of frontoclypeal apotome; large, U or Vshaped pattern along posterior of frontoclypeal suture and coronal suture; and several pairs of round or oblong areas at cheeks. Seta no. 14 longest among 18 primary setae, 9/10ths as long as head width; seta 9 second longest, 4/5ths as long as head width, setae 8 and 11 very short, other setae of various intermediate lengths; anterior ventral apotome small, triangular; posterior ventral apotome absent; cardo small, ellipsoidal. Antennae (Figs. 3 A, C, D) short, situated about halfway between anterior edge of head capsule and eye spot. Mandibles (Fig. 3 E) stout, with acute apices; few blunt teeth at anterior 1/3rd of dorsomesal and ventromesal edges; numerous long, jagged setae on dorsomesal edges. Labrum (Fig. 3 F) with 18–24 stout setae across dorsum and numerous short, slender setae at anterior and anterolateral margins.
Pronotum (Fig. 3 G) brown with dark brown posterior edges; extended anterolaterally to subacute apices; number of setae 0, 5–6, 11–12 at setal area (sa) 1, sa 2 and sa 3, respectively; about 10 short spines in row at anterior 1/3rd of lateral margin and several very short spines near anterolateral margins (Fig. 3 H); numerous round spines scattered on mesal surface near anterolateral corners (Fig. 3 H). Mesonotum (Fig. 3 G) covered with large trapezoidal and small ellipsoidal sclerites (sa 3), light brown with brown anterolateral area, number of setae 1, 3, 6–8 at sa 1, sa 2 and sa 3, respectively. Metanotum (Fig. 3 G) membranous with small ellipsoidal sclerites (sa 3) at anterolateral corners, number of setae 1, 3, 7 at sa 1, sa 2 and sa 3, respectively. Foretrochantin (Fig. 3 I) hooked anteriorly, mid- and hind pleura (Fig. 3 H) triangular. Forelegs (Figs. 3 I, J) shortest, each light brown with dark areas on anterior surfaces of femur, tibia and tarsus, dark areas on femur and tarsus sometimes indistinct; ventral surface of coxa with numerous fine, round spinules on anterior half and with fine, comb-like spines near posterior margin; tibia (Fig. 3 K) with small spines along 2/3rds of posterior margin and with 2–5 (mostly 4–5) branched, fan-like spines at apicoposterior edges. Middle legs (Figs. 3 I, J) each light brown with dark areas on anterior surfaces of femur, tibia and tarsus, dark areas on femur and tarsus sometimes indistinct; coxa with numerous fine, comb-like spines near posterior margin; tibia with 4–5 branched, fan-like spines at apicoposterior angles. Hind legs (Figs. 3 I, J) about 2.5 times as long as forelegs, each with tibia secondarily subdivided; light brown with dark band-like areas at middle of femur, basal and apical halves of tibia and tarsus; dark areas on tarsus sometimes indistinct; short dark area also present on ventral surface of femur base (Fig. 3 J); numerous very fine comb-like setae scattered along ventral surface of femur.
Abdominal segments I and II (Figs. 4 A–C) narrower than segments III–VIII; dorsal hump (Fig. 4 A) low, with wide rectangular dorsal plate; lateral humps (Fig. 4 B) displaced ventrally with large sucker-like, setal arrangement. Two- or 3- (mostly 3-) branched tracheal gills (Figs. 4 A–C) arranged as in Table 2. Lateral fringes (Figs. 4 A, B) composed of long, dense setae on segments III–VII, these setae 1/4th as long as segment width. Short, forked lamellae (Figs. 4 C, D) on lateral margins of posterior half of segment VIII. Dorsal sclerite of segment IX (Fig. 4 C) broadly rectangular, weakly sclerotized, with pairs of 2 long and 3 short setae. Anal prolegs (Figs. 4 C, E) each with large, subquadrate lateral sclerite; basal tuft of 5 stout, dark setae, and numerous very slender setae near ventrolateral edge; anal claw (Fig. 4 E) with fine accessory hook.
Segment I II III IV V VI VII VIII Dorsal 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2–3 Lateral 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 Ventral 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Case (Figs. 4 F, G). Larval case made of 2 ovate (Fig. 4 F) to rectangular (Fig. 4 G) pieces of leaves. Larger piece forming dorsal shield over smaller ventral piece. Usually posterior end of dorsal piece with mesal, semicircular or U-shaped excision. Length and width up to 30 mm and 20 mm, respectively.
Specimens examined. JAPAN. Hokkaido: Bibai-shi, Koshunai, Hokkaido Forestry Research Institute, small stream, 1.viii.2011, Y. Nagasaka (larvae), reared and emerged (or simply preserved) during viii–ix.2011 by TI, 1 male, 4 females, 2 larvae; Sapporo-shi, Hitsujigaoka, National Agricultural Research Center, small stream, 29.vi– 6.vii.2010, K. Konishi, M, 1 male; Eniwa-shi, Ichankoppe-zawa, 300 m above sea level, 11–28.viii.2010, TI, L, 1 female; Eniwa-shi, Izari-gawa, Suisei-bashi, 2.viii.2010, TI, L, 1 female; Eniwa-shi, Izari-gawa, Eniwa-ohashi, 9– 15.vii.2005, TI, L, 1 female; Chitose-shi, Rankoshi, Chitose-gawa, 25.viii.1994 (pupa), reared and emerged in viii.1994, NK (NK), 1 male. Honshu. Nagano: Kizaki-ko (type locality of A. kawamurai), 15.iv.2011 (larvae), KT and RBK, reared and emerged (or preserved) in v–vi.2011 by TI, 3 males, 1 female, 5 pupae, 7 larvae (2 males pinned, others in alcohol); Nakatsuna-ko, 27.ix.1990, NK (NK), 2 males, 1 female; ibid., 28.viii.2008, N. Katsuma, L, 1 female; ibid., 15.iv.2011 (larvae), KT and RBK, reared and emerged (or preserved) in v–vi.2011 by TI, 7 males, 1 female, 6 pupae, 10 larvae (5 males pinned, others in alcohol). Ibaraki: Shirosato-cho, Fujii-gawa, Damushita, 21.viii.2010, N. Katsuma, L, 1 male. Chiba: Kimitsu-shi, Satsugo, Obitsu-gawa, 31.x.1986, TN (TN), 3 larvae. Aichi: Seto-shi, Yoshino-cho, Kaisho-no-mori, pond, 4.iv.2011, TN (TN), 3 larvae. Shiga: Otsu-shi, Sakamoto-cho, Harihata-gawa, 18.vi.2003, TN (TN), 1 larva. Osaka: Kaizuka-shi, Kotsumi, Akiyama-gawa, 17.iv.2011, T. Fujitani, 1 larva. Hyogo: Asago-shi, Wadayama-cho, Ishibe-jinja, 25.ix.2008, KI, 1 female; ibid., 20.v.2009, KI, 1 female; ibid., 21.vi.2010, KI, 1 larva; Haga-cho, Hara, Hachijo-gawa, Fudo-no-taki, 8.viii.2001, AO, 1 larva; Yamasaki-cho, Ibo-gawa, Michi-no-eki, 8.viii.2001, AO, 1 female. Shimane: Ota-shi, Sanbe, Ukinuno-no-ike, 5.viii.2001, AO, 1 pupa, 1 larva. Shikoku. Tokushima: Miyoshi-shi, Awayama, 15.ix.2006, NK (NK), P, 1 female. Ehime: Uchiko-machi, Odamiyama, Namakusa-dani, 10.v.1999, E. Yamamoto, 5 larvae. Kochi: Shimanto-shi, Enomura, 26.iv.2003, M. Takai (TN), 1 male, 1 female; Tosa-shimizu-shi, Ashizuri, Tsuro, 16.x.2004, M. Takai (TN), 2 males, 1 female. Kyushu. Nagasaki, Tsushima: Tsushima-shi, Hikage, 19.ix.2000, H. Moriya, 2 males, 3 females; Tsushima-shi, Sago-gawa, Oiwa-bashi, 3.ix.1987, TI, 2 larvae; Tsushima-shi, Niigawa, Nakasato-bashi, 4.ix.1987, TI, 2 larvae. Miyazaki: Aya-cho, Kawanaka, Aya-minami-gawa, tributary, 16.vi.2007, YH, 1 larva; ibid., 28.vii–29.viii.2008, YH, 13 larvae; ibid., 28.iii.2009, YH, 3 pupal exuviae; ibid., 20.iv.2009 (larvae), reared and emerged on 7–16.v.2009, YH, 3 males, 7 females. Okinawa. Yonaguni-jima: Dunan-dagi, 9.iv.2008, NS, 1 larva; Akazaki, 10.iv.2011, NS, 1 larva; ibid., 10.iv.2011 (larvae), reared and emerged on 1–15.v.2011, NS (NS), 1 male, 3 females.
TAIWAN. Taoyuan, Gauyaw, 380 m, 25.iv.1996, L. J. Wang, 1 male.
THAILAND. Kao Soi Doo National Park, 400 m, 23.iv.1996, H. Malicky and P. Chantaramongkol, 1 male.
Remarks. The larva of this species was briefly described by Iwata (1927a) as follows (translated from Japanese): “The larva has a dark head with many small light areas, anterolaterally extended pronotum, long tibia of hind leg with two dark band-like areas, 3-branched gills on dorsum of abdominal segment I and ventral, dorsal and lateral rows on segments II–VIII, and flat case of two leaf pieces.” Iwata (1927a) had examined Kawamura’s (1918) Phryganea sp. specimens and included Kawamura’s (1918) figure (fig. 400) which was described from Kizaki-ko, Nagano, Honshu, Japan. Iwata (1927a) also synomymized Kawamura’s (1918) Phryganea sp. The first author (Tomiko Ito) searched for the Iwata type specimen in the Iwata Collection at the Kyoto University Museum on March 8, 2011 and found a vial labeled “no. In 252 1-2, Kizakia kawamurai Iwata, Shinshu, Kizaki-ko, 18.VIII.1917, Iwata?” However, the enclosed larva and the case were not in accord with the Kawamura (1918) figure and Iwata (1927a) ’s description; the larva found in the vial had longitudinal, V-shaped dark areas on the head, round anterolateral corners of the pronotum, short hind tibiae and a flat case of sand grains. The specimen labeled as Kizakia kawamurai Iwata was not chosen by Masatoshi Iwata in the 1920’s but extracted from the Iwata Collection by Narita et al. (2001) in 1992–1994 probably based on the collecting locality and the date. Therefore, we conclude that Narita et al. (2001) incorrectly chose the specimen and labeled it Kizakia kawamurai. Throughout this work, we could not find any specimens that agree with the description by Kawamura (1918) and Iwata (1927a) in the Iwata Collection. We do not know of a separate Kawamura Collection and suspect it has been subsumed into the Iwata Collection. Thus, the type specimen studied by Kawamura (1918) and Iwata (1927a) has probably been lost.
However, the larva figured by Kawamura (1918, fig. 400) has a dark head with small light areas and dark bandlike areas on the basal and distal halves of the hind tibia, which are diagnostic characters for larvae of A. (A.) kawamurai as discussed below. Since larvae with the characteristic patterns were collected from many localities including the type locality, we have redescribed the larval stage of A. (A.) kawamurai based on them. The adults of A. (A.) kawamurai reared from the larvae that show characteristics described in the figure of Kawamura (1918) and the description of Iwata (1927a) are described here for the first time, although Inazu and Ishida (2011) showed photographs of females which were collected together with the larvae at the same site.
The male of this species is quite similar to that of A. (A.) pallidus (Martynov 1935), known from continental parts of the Russian Far East, in having roof-like plates of segment X; long oval preanal appendages; a thick, short phallus and slender branchless inferior appendages. However, A. (A.) kawamurai is clearly distinguished from the latter as follows: In A. (A.) kawamurai the median process of segment IX is thick in lateral view in the male (Figs. 1 C, F); the posterolateral apices of tergite IX are acute in the female (Fig. 2 C, arrow); and in the larva, the head is brown with light markings (Figs. 3 A–C) and the basal and distal halves of the hind tibiae have dark band-like areas (Figs. 3 I, J). In A. (A.) pallidus, on the other hand, the male median process of segment IX is slender in lateral view (Fig. 6 B); the female posterolateral ends of tergite IX are truncate (Fig. 6 I, arrow); and the larva has a pale brown head with small dark dots (Figs. 6 L, M) and dark band-like areas on the distal halves of hind tibiae are absent (Fig. 6 N).
Ganonema minutus Martynov 1930, originally described from southeastern China and also recorded in Vietnam, Thailand and Myanmar (Malicky 2010, Yang et al. 2005), is synonymized here with A. (A.) kawamurai based on examination of specimens, including the holotype of Ganonema minutus Martynov 1930 (Fig. 5; China, Hainan, June, 1904, deposited in British Museum of Natural History, London; illustrated by H. Malicky). The male genitalia of the holotype of G. m i n u t u s (Fig. 5) are almost identical to those of Japanese specimens of A. (A.) kawamurai in having a thick median process of segment IX; roof-like plates of segment X with acute apices; a thick short phallus and slender branchless inferior appendages in lateral view (Fig. 1). While roof-like plates of segment X in dorsal view are somewhat different between the holotype of G. m i n u t u s and other Japanese and Asian specimens, the plates are slightly variable within the species (compare Figs. 1 D, E with Malicky 2010, p. 330, fig. 5A).
Several authors have described Anisocentropus larvae under the name of A. immunis or A. sp. in Japan. The larvae described by Maruyama and Takai (2000) and Nozaki (2005) under the name of A. sp. are certainly those of A. (A). kawamurai, because their head (dark with many light areas) and thoracic legs (with dark areas on distal and basal halves of hind tibiae) are distinctly coincided with diagnostic characters of this species discussed above.
However, identification is impossible at species taxonomic level in other references. The species name of the larva of so-called “ A. immunis ” described from Honshu by Tsuda (1943) is unclear because (1) he collected the specimens from some ponds including Midoro-ga-ike, Kyoto, where A.(A.) pallidus lives (see the list of A. (A.) pallidus localities below), (2) his description of the head (“many small dark dots are present on the brown head”; translation from Japanese) suggests that it would be the larva of A.(A.) pallidus, but (3) his figures of the head (dark head with many light areas) and hind tibia (with somewhat indistinct dark areas on distal and basal halves) suggest it would be A.(A.) kawamurai. Therefore, we presume that Tsuda (1943) may have mixed the larval characters of the 2 species. The larvae of A. immunis described by Tsuda (1959) and Tsuda and Akagi (1962) also could not be identified to species since they used the same figures firstly provided by Tsuda (1943).
Tanida (1985) and Tanida (2005) described the larva with the sane dorsal aspect of the anterior part of the larva (head, thorax and abdominal segment I), without thoracic legs, under the name of “ A. immunis ” and “ A. sp.”, respectively. Specific identification of this larva is difficult due to the ambiguous color pattern of the head (the pattern of the frontoclypeal apotome is similar to that of A. (A). kawamurai but the patterns of other parts are like those of A. (A). pallidus). The adult, pupa and larva of “ A. sp.” photographed by Tanida et al. (1991) also could not be identified to species because no diagnostic characters are shown.
Distribution (Fig. 9). Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Tsushima, Yonaguni-jima), Taiwan, southeastern China (Hainan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Guizhou), Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar.
Japanese name. Koban-tobikera.
description: Published as part of Ito, Tomiko, Hayashi, Yumiko & Shimura, Noriyoshi, 2012, The genus Anisocentropus McLachlan (Trichoptera, Calamoceratidae) in Japan, pp. 1-17 in Zootaxa 3157 on pages 2-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.279678