cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Learning from Doing: Using Analysis of Fertilizer Demonstration Plots to Improve Programs for Stimulating Fertilizer Demand in Rwanda
Creators: name: Kelly, Valerie A.
name: Nyirimana, Joseph
name: Kelly, Valerie A.
name: Nyirimana, Joseph
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: Rwanda
subject: fertilizer

description: Since the mid 1990s, the Rwanda government supported the increase in the marketing of agricultural products and the agricultural productivity, which is a key strategy to raise incomes n rural areas and stimulate broad-based economic growth. Many analysts believe that a combination between organic and inorganic fertilizers constitutes the most important strategy for increasing land productivity. The purpose of this document is to inform the debate in identifying a realistic and inexpensive strategy that can increase the demand for fertilizer to support food production in Rwanda. The government implemented some reforms such as the elimination of taxes on fertilizer imports and limiting free or subsidized distributions of fertilizers to a restricted numbers of demonstration and emergency programs. These reforms allowed an increase in the number of fertilizer sellers and a stabilization of prices. The MINAGRI works along NGOs in doing several fertilizer demonstrations to identify specific crops and regions in which the use of fertilizer will be more profitable. The PDMAR [Projet de Développement des Marchés Agricoles et Ruraux au Rwanda] also did some fertilizer demonstrations but, unlike the MINAGRI, did not select its working regions based on profitability. The PDMAR worked in regions based on the regions’ ability to execute the project and it obtained better results than the MINAGRI. Rwanda made remarkable progress in moving from a system where government distributed all the fertilizer to a system that relies much more on the private sector. There is still a long way to go to turn Rwanda’s potential for using fertilizer more efficiently into higher rural incomes and GDP. The next steps in the ongoing institutional reforms involves balancing the actions between donor and government financing, the execution of the reforms by the private and public sectors, and the participation by central and local governments in these efforts..
description: Food Security Research Project (FSRP) and Division of Agricultural Statistics (DSA) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry MINAGRI
Additional file 1 of Understanding determinants of patients’ decisions to attend their family physician and to take antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections: a qualitative descriptive study
Creators: name: Mortazhejri, Sameh
name: Patey, Andrea M.
name: Stacey, Dawn
name: R. Sacha Bhatia
name: Alykhan Abdulla
name: Grimshaw, Jeremy M.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 1. Interview guide.
Crystal growth and in-plane optical properties of Tl$_2$Ba$_2$Ca$_{n-1}$Cu$_n$O$_x$ (n=1,2,3) superconductors
Creators: name: Ma, Y. C.
name: Wang, N. L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Single crystals of thallium-based cuprates with the general formula Tl$_{2}$Ba$_{2}$Ca$_{n-1}$Cu$_{n}$O$_{x}$(n=1,2,3) have been grown by the flux method. The superconducting transition temperatures determined by the ac magnetic susceptibility are 92 K, 109 K, and 119 K for n=1,2,3 respectively. X-ray diffraction measurements and EDX compositional analysis were described. We measured in-plane optical reflectance from room temperature down to 10 K, placing emphasis on Tl-2223. The reflectance roughly has a linear-frequency dependence above superconducting transition temperature, but displays a pronounced knee structure together with a dip-like feature at higher frequency below T$_c$. Correspondingly, the ratio of the reflectances below and above T$_{c}$ displays a maximum and a minimum near those feature frequencies. In particular, those features in Tl2223 appear at higher energy scale than Tl2212, and Tl2201. The optical data are analyzed in terms of spectral function. We discussed the physical consequences of the data in terms of both clean and dirty limit.
description: 8 pages, 13 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev. B
Relativistic Corrections to the Growth of Structure in Modified Gravity
Creators: name: Brando, Guilherme
name: Koyama, Kazuya
name: Wands, David
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a method to introduce relativistic corrections including linear dark energy perturbations in Horndeski theory into Newtonian simulations based on the N-body gauge approach. We assume that standard matter species (cold dark matter, baryons, photons and neutrinos) are only gravitationally-coupled with the scalar field and we then use the fact that one can include modified gravity effects as an effective dark energy fluid in the total energy-momentum tensor. In order to compute the scalar field perturbations, as well as the cosmological background and metric perturbations, we use the Einstein-Boltzmann code \hiclass. As an example, we study the impact of relativistic corrections on the matter power spectrum in k-essence, a subclass of Horndeski theory, including the effects of massless and massive neutrinos. For massive neutrinos with $\sum m_ν = 0.1$ eV, the corrections due to relativistic species (photons, neutrinos and dark energy) can introduce a maximum deviation of approximately $7\%$ to the power spectrum at $k \sim 10^{-3} \ \textrm{Mpc}^{-1}$ at $z=0$, for a scalar field with sound speed $c_{s}^{2}\sim 0.013$ during matter domination epoch. Our formalism makes it possible to test beyond $Λ$CDM models probed by upcoming large-scale structure surveys on very large scales.
description: 21 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in JCAP
Additional file 1 of Feasibility and acceptability of using medical and nursing students to provide Implanon NXT at the community level in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Creators: name: Hernandez, Julie H.
name: Akilimali, Pierre
name: Glover, Annie
name: Bertrand, Jane T.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 1.
Essays on the theory and practice of index numbers
Creators: name: Yu, Kam
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: This thesis investigates several theoretical and practical problems in index numbers. In Chapter 2 a hedonic elementary price index for accessing the Internet in Canada is constructed. We find that the quality-adjusted price index declines at about 15% per year. Detailed data are readily available on-line. We discuss the use of different functional forms in the regression, their ease of use and performance, and compare the result with the matched model approach. Problems in using the Box-Cox transformation and in handling packages with unlimited access are also discussed. Chapter 3 studies the problems associated with the treatment of seasonal commodities in a consumer price index. Economic assumptions behind various commonly used methods are examined from the cost-of-living perspective. A new theoretical justification based on the theory of preference change is provided for the maximum overlap method. Empirical studies using a particular data set show that indices based on various approaches give substantially different results. Direct measurement techniques have recently been employed by some statistical agencies for government output components in the SNA. These methods use proxies and indicators for outputs due to the inherent lack of market valuations. Chapter 4 investigates the pros and cons of these new approaches and compares them with the traditional cost method. This leads us to take a deeper look at the purposes, objectives, and uses of the SNA. The current method can be justified from a collective household point of view, but the lack of direct output data frustrates students of productivity analysis. By taking the economic approach in index number theory, some direct measurement methods can be compatible with the cost-of-living approach in the CPI. Using implicit expected utility theory, a money metric for utility derived from playing a lottery game is developed in Chapter 5. Using a kinked parametric functional form, outputs of the Canadian Lotto 6/49 are estimated. Results show that this direct economic approach yields an average output three times that of the official GDP. The estimated price elasticity of demand -0.67 closely resembles results for the U.K. in previous studies.
Apprentissage par l’Expérience: L’Utilisation des Résultats des Démonstrations du MINAGRI et du PDMAR pour Améliorer les Programmes de Stimulation de la Demande d’Engrais au Rwanda
Creators: name: Kelly, Valerie A.
name: Nyirimana, Joseph
name: Kelly, Valerie A.
name: Nyirimana, Joseph
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: Rwanda
subject: population
subject: extension

description: Since the mid 1990s, the Rwanda government supported the increase in the marketing of agricultural products and the agricultural productivity, which is a key strategy to raise incomes n rural areas and stimulate broad-based economic growth. Many analysts believe that a combination between organic and inorganic fertilizers constitutes the most important strategy for increasing land productivity. The purpose of this document is to inform the debate in identifying a realistic and inexpensive strategy that can increase the demand for fertilizer to support food production in Rwanda. The government implemented some reforms such as the elimination of taxes on fertilizer imports and limiting free or subsidized distributions of fertilizers to a restricted numbers of demonstration and emergency programs. These reforms allowed an increase in the number of fertilizer sellers and a stabilization of prices. The MINAGRI works along NGOs in doing several fertilizer demonstrations to identify specific crops and regions in which the use of fertilizer will be more profitable. The PDMAR [Projet de Développement des Marchés Agricoles et Ruraux au Rwanda] also did some fertilizer demonstrations but, unlike the MINAGRI, did not select its working regions based on profitability. The PDMAR worked in regions based on the regions’ ability to execute the project and it obtained better results than the MINAGRI. Rwanda made remarkable progress in moving from a system where government distributed all the fertilizer to a system that relies much more on the private sector. There is still a long way to go to turn Rwanda’s potential for using fertilizer more efficiently into higher rural incomes and GDP. The next steps in the ongoing institutional reforms involves balancing the actions between donor and government financing, the execution of the reforms by the private and public sectors, and the participation by central and local governments in these efforts.
description: Food Security Research Project (FSRP) et Division des Statistiques Agricoles (DSA) Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage, et des For MINAGRI
Additional file 4 of A video protocol for rapid dissection of mouse dorsal root ganglia from defined spinal levels
Creators: name: Sleigh, James N.
name: West, Steven J.
name: Schiavo, Giampietro
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 4. Extraction of thoracic and cervical DRG.
Overlapping self-affine sets
Creators: name: Shmerkin, Pablo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 28A80

description: We study families of possibly overlapping self-affine sets. Our main example is a family that can be considered the self-affine version of Bernoulli convolutions and was studied, in the non-overlapping case, by F.Przytycki and M.Urbanski. We extend their results to the overlapping region and also consider some extensions and generalizations.
description: 36 pages, 2 figures
D2.3.16 Report on the workshop including procedures for calculating nutrients in ethnic foods from recipe information.
Creators: name: University of Leeds
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2005
Subjects: NoE and NEXUS Projects
The EuroFIR Food Platform
EuroFIR

description: Ethnic foods are an important part of the European diet due to their increasing consumption among both mainstream and ethnic populations. Two of the main reasons for this increase in consumption is increased availability and globalisation of the food supply. The increased consumption of modified ethnic foods by the mainstream population will obviously affect their overall dietary intakes of nutrients, naturally-occurring compounds and contaminants. The consumption of ethnic foods may be partly related to an increase in nutrition-related diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, within ethnic minority groups across Europe. An absence of information on the composition of ethnic foods will inhibit effective intervention and provision of dietary advice. Therefore, it is necessary to have new and reliable data on the composition of ethnic foods to be included in food composition databases. As increasing numbers and styles of ethnic foods, including both modified-ethnic and traditional ethnic foods, become popular, it is obviously too expensive to analyse chemically the composition of these foods. Recipe calculations represent an alternative and cost-effective means to accurately calculate their nutritional composition.
Direct imaging of current-induced antiferromagnetic switching revealing a pure thermomagnetoelastic switching mechanism
Creators: name: Meer, H.
name: Schreiber, F.
name: Schmitt, C.
name: Ramos, R.
name: Saitoh, E.
name: Gomonay, O.
name: Sinova, J.
name: Baldrati, L.
name: Kläui, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We unravel the origin of current-induced magnetic switching of insulating antiferromagnet/heavy metal systems. We utilize concurrent transport and magneto-optical measurements to image the switching of antiferromagnetic domains in specially engineered devices of NiO/Pt bilayers. Different electrical pulsing and device geometries reveal different final states of the switching with respect to the current direction. We can explain these through simulations of the temperature induced strain and we identify the thermomagnetoelastic switching mechanism combined with thermal excitations as the origin, in which the final state is defined by the strain distributions and heat is required to switch the antiferromagnetic domains. We show that such a potentially very versatile non-contact mechanism can explain the previously reported contradicting observations of the switching final state, which were attributed to spin-orbit torque mechanisms.
Rwanda Smallholder Coffee Tree Maintenance and Cherry Processing Techniques: Results of a National Farm-level Survey, 2002
Creators: name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Shingiro, Emmanuel
name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Shingiro, Emmanuel
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: Rwanda
subject: coffee

description: The focus of the study is an assessment of the current status of farmer practices in coffee tree maintenance and farm-level post-harvest coffee processing. The data come from a national survey of households growing coffee. The interview questions replicate a 1991 study addressing the same topics, so frequently it is possible to make ten-year comparisons of changes in farmer practices. The analysis also compares growers according to the number of trees the household manages. In general, differences are greater between the1991 and 2001 countrywide averages than among various categories of 2001 growers—a highly unusual finding in African agriculture. The results indicate that some very basic steps might help improve productivity of Rwanda’s coffee sector.
description: Food Security Research Project (FSRP) and Division of Agricultural Statistics (DSA) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry MINAGRI
Additional file 5 of A video protocol for rapid dissection of mouse dorsal root ganglia from defined spinal levels
Creators: name: Sleigh, James N.
name: West, Steven J.
name: Schiavo, Giampietro
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 5: Figure S1. Removal of the meninges.
Role of structural defects on exchange bias in the epitaxial CoO/Co system
Creators: name: Ghadimi, M. R .
name: Beschoten, B.
name: Güntherodt, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have studied the influence of non-magnetic defects throughout the antiferromagnet Co_{1-y}O on the exchange bias (EB) in epitaxially grown Co_{1-y}O/Co bilayers. These defects are either substitutional or structural (twin boundaries and surface morphology) which both lead to an increase of the EB-field. We find a dominance of twin boundaries over surface morphology (roughness) in enhancing EB which is consistent with the domain state model for exchange bias. In contrast, the crystal orientation of the Co_{1-y}O layer does not show a significant effect on the EB in this system.
description: 10 pages, 2 figures
Milking a virtual cow? : institutional and consumptive implications of online grocery shopping
Creators: name: Murphy, Andrew
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: W(h)ither online grocery? In this investigation of electronically-mediated food retailing and consumption I seek to determine why and how firms and individuals become involved in ecommerce projects, and how these projects become instituted and embedded. I re-conceptualise what constitutes the firm, using a stakeholder framework to redefine the social relations within and beyond it: to portray the firm as fractured, porous and conflictual. I use qualitatively rich and 'thick' material from in-depth interviews with stakeholder-actors (managers, employees, customers and suppliers of three "e-tail" companies in Vancouver and Auckland, New Zealand) to provide multiple perspectives on what it means to transact for food through the internet. From these multiple perspectives a holistic interpretation of what firms are, how they operate, and for what and for whom they function is constructed. The case study firms, and the individuals who work for them and who transact with them, have a variety of motives for their actions: technological curiosity, cost-minimisation, convenience, diversification, and a moral imperative to "build a better world through business". Electronic-mediation is a key innovation in reducing the costs of interaction between retailers and customers, and provides more targeted information about customers and their behaviour. I argue that engaging in e-commerce requires a redefinition of what a retailer does, and a re-engineering of how they operate. E-commerce requires considerable investment in trucks, warehouse or backroom space, call centres, and in branding. E-tailers seek to minimise logistical costs, and yet maximise flexibility for customers. E-tailers therefore balance competing economic and socio-cultural objectives: to be the cheapest, biggest, most flexible and trustworthy food retailer. I also argue that online grocery customers are in a vanguard of e-commerce converts: committed to virtual shopping, they are large spenders, early adopters of broader-band internet access technologies, and use the mundane act of shopping for food as a springboard to other online consumptive practices. While a number of high-profile online grocers have ceased operations, others continue to expand, locally, nationally and globally. This thesis provides case study material in the processes of innovation, institutionalization, and in the transformation of consumption, as seen through the multiperspectivist stakeholder approach.
Decaffeinated? Situation, Trends and Prospects for Smallholder Coffee Production in Rwanda: Analysis of a Rural Household Survey, 2002
Creators: name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Nyarwaya, Jean Baptiste
name: Shingiro, Emmanuel
name: Loveridge, Scott
name: Nyarwaya, Jean Baptiste
name: Shingiro, Emmanuel
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: Rwanda coffee

description: Despite the challenges in coffee marketing and production, coffee remains one of Rwanda’s most important official sources of foreign exchange. Because its goods must transit difficult overland routes through other countries to reach port, Rwanda does not have natural advantages for many forms of export. The fact that the coffee sector survives at all in the face of numerous unfavorable conditions is a weighty testament to its potential. This report shows that the sector appears to be at a turning point—significant numbers of farmers have moved away from coffee with more seemingly on the cusp of removing more trees, or “decaffeinating” their fields.
description: Food Security Research Project (FSRP) and Division of Agricultural Statistics (DSA) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Forestry MINAGRI
Prime-Age Adult Morbidity and Mortality in Rural Rwanda: Effects on Household Income, Agricultural Production, and Food Security Strategies
Creators: name: Donovan, Cynthia
name: Bailey, Linda
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Weber, Michael T.
name: Donovan, Cynthia
name: Bailey, Linda
name: Mpyisi, Edson
name: Weber, Michael T.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Food Security and Poverty
subject: Health Economics and Policy
subject: food security
subject: food policy
subject: household income
subject: Rwanda
subject: adult mortality

description: The primary objective of this study is to understand specific effects felt by the households when a member is ill or dies, and the strategies that the households develop to deal with the shocks and stress, particularly for their agricultural production. The present report will present basic descriptive information and tabular analysis conducted. A follow up report will focus on more complex analysis of the basic information, as well as more complete integration of all the data available on the sample households.
description: Food Security Research Project (FSRP) and Division of Agricultural Statistics (DSA) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Forestry MINAGRI MINAGRI
Unusual magnetoelectric effect in paramagnetic rare-earth langasite
Creators: name: Weymann, L.
name: Bergen, L.
name: Kain, Th.
name: Pimenov, Anna
name: Shuvaev, A.
name: Constable, E.
name: Szaller, D.
name: Pimenov, A.
name: Mill, B. V.
name: Kuzmenko, A. M.
name: Ivanov, V. Yu.
name: Kostyuchenko, N. V.
name: Popov, A. I.
name: Zvezdin, A. K.
name: Mukhin, A. A.
name: Mostovoy, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Violation of time reversal and spatial inversion symmetries has profound consequences for elementary particles and cosmology. Spontaneous breaking of these symmetries at phase transitions gives rise to unconventional physical phenomena in condensed matter systems, such as ferroelectricity induced by magnetic spirals, electromagnons, non-reciprocal propagation of light and spin waves, and the linear magnetoelectric (ME) effect - the electric polarization proportional to the applied magnetic field and the magnetization induced by the electric field. Here, we report the experimental study of the holmium-doped langasite, Ho$_{x}$La$_{3-x}$Ga$_5$SiO$_{14}$, showing a puzzling combination of linear and highly non-linear ME responses in the disordered paramagnetic state: its electric polarization grows linearly with the magnetic field but oscillates many times upon rotation of the magnetic field vector. We propose a simple phenomenological Hamiltonian describing this unusual behavior and derive it microscopically using the coupling of magnetic multipoles of the rare-earth ions to the electric field.
description: 8 pages, 3 figures
Mid-infrared luminosity as an indicator of the total infrared luminosity of galaxies
Creators: name: Takeuchi, T. T.
name: Buat, V.
name: Iglesias-Paramo, J.
name: Boselli, A.
name: Burgarella, D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The infrared (IR) emission plays a crucial role for understanding the star formation in galaxies hidden by dust. We first examined four estimators of the IR luminosity of galaxies, L_fir (Helou et al. 1988), L_tir (Dale et al. 2001), revised version of L_tir (Dale & Helou 2002) (we denote L_tir2), and L_ir (Sanders & Mirabel 1996) by using the observed SEDs of well-known galaxies. We found that L_ir provides excellent estimates of the total IR luminosity for a variety of galaxy SEDs. The performance of L_tir2 was also found to be very good. Using L_ir, we then statistically analyzed the IRAS PSCz galaxy sample (Saunders et al. 2000) and found useful formulae relating the MIR monochromatic luminosities [L(12um) and L(25um)], and L_ir. For this purpose we constructed a subsample of 1420 galaxies with all IRAS four band (12, 25, 60, and 100um) flux densities. We found linear relations between L_ir and MIR luminosities, L(12um) and L(25um). The prediction error with 95-% confidence level is a factor of 4-5. Hence, these formulae are useful for the estimation of the total IR luminosity only from 12um or 25um observations. We further tried to make an `interpolation' formula for galaxies at 0
description: A&A in press, 8 pages, 9 figures, numerical errors corrected
Calculation of Paris-compatible Emission Paths - Mathematical Description of the Regensburg Model Scenario Types RM 1 – 6
Creators: name: Wolfsteiner, Andreas
name: Wittmann, Günter
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: climate policy
Paris compatible emission paths
CO2 budget
emission paths
Paris agreement ambition mechanism
Paris ambition mechanism
NDCx

description: The Regensburg Model Scenario Types RM 1 – 6 are used to derive plausible emission paths that meet a certain budget. The emission paths are essentially determined indirectly by an assumption about the property of the annual changes. This is the innovative core of the RM Scenario Types.

Web app that illustrates the properties of the scenario types: https://paths.climate-calculator.info
Shocks, livestock asset dynamics and social capital in Ethiopia
Creators: name: Mogues, Tewodaj
name: Mogues, Tewodaj
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: Labor and Human Capital
Livestock Production/Industries

description: This paper uses household survey panel data of 416 rural households to study livestock asset dynamics in the north-east of Ethiopia. The period under examination (1996-2003) was marked by severe environmental shocks, including a series of droughts. Using as point of departure the literature on the evolution of productive assets in the presence of risk, which relates asset paths to initial endowments, we test the hypothesis of wealth divergence and the existence of asset poverty traps. Results indicate rather that livestock asset dynamics are marked by convergence over time. Examining the role of social capital in recovery and growth of households’ endowments, both local social relationships as well as ‘bridging’ social capital seem to have a positive effect on asset holdings directly, as well as indirectly by mitigating the impact of income shocks on livestock capital.
Optimal Unravellings for Feedback Control in Linear Quantum Systems
Creators: name: Wiseman, H. M .
name: Doherty, A. C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: For quantum systems with linear dynamics in phase space much of classical feedback control theory applies. However, there are some questions that are sensible only for the quantum case, such as: given a fixed interaction between the system and the environment what is the optimal measurement on the environment for a particular control problem? We show that for a broad class of optimal (state-based) control problems (the stationary Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian class), this question is a semi-definite program. Moreover, the answer also applies to Markovian (current-based) feedback.
description: 5 pages. Version published by Phys. Rev. Lett
Additional file 1 of Explaining the variation in the attained power of a stepped-wedge trial with unequal cluster sizes
Creators: name: Ouyang, Yongdong
name: Karim, Mohammad Ehsanul
name: Gustafson, Paul
name: Field, Thalia S.
name: Wong, Hubert
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Ecology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1: S.1 List of all evaluated scenarios. S.2 Cluster size re-distribution Calculation. S.3.1 Risk of obtaining low vs ICC for scenarios with equal distribution of clusters. S.3.2 Risk of obtaining low vs CV for scenarios with equal distribution of clusters. S.4.1 The relationship between TTC and attained power for all scenarios. S.4.2 The relationship between TGI and attained power for all scenarios. S.5 Distribution of the coefficient for TGI before and after adjusting for TTC. S.6 The RMSPE, maximum absolute prediction error, and average absolute prediction error for all scenarios. S.7 Side-by-side violin plot showing the distribution of difference between the predicted and simulated attained powers for the allocations not used in model fitting for scenario #64 and #103.
Inadequacies of Institutional Agricultural Credit System in Punjab State
Creators: name: Singh, Sukhpal
name: Kaur, Manjeet
name: Kingra, H.S.
name: Singh, Sukhpal
name: Kaur, Manjeet
name: Kingra, H.S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy

description: In spite of various measures to rejuvenate farm credit, the flow of credit to agriculture sector remained inadequate quantitatively and qualitatively. The study is based on a random sample of 600 farm households covering 11 districts in Punjab, comprising 107 marginal, 150 small, 53 semi-mediums, 87 medium and 103 large farmers and pertains to the year 2005-06. The total debt per sample farm household from both institutional and non-institutional sources has been found to be Rs 178934 in the year 2005-06. The institutional sources have contributed about 62 per cent to the total debt and non-institutional 38 per cent. Although the institutional credit has increased rapidly in recent years in Punjab, it still lacks behind the productive needs of the farmers in Punjab. A farmer on an average has to incur Rs 4016 for obtaining a loan from commercial banks, which amounts to 5 per cent of the total loan obtained by him. In the case of cooperatives, the transaction cost has been worked out to be 1.2 per cent of the loan and the cooperatives are located right in the villages. About 59 per cent farmers have reported the procedure to get loans from the institutional agencies to be complicated and time-consuming. On the contrary, availing non-institutional loan has been found easy and is the reason of preference given by 51 per cent farmers to it. Policy implications include issuing of a simple but comprehensive record book to farmers containing information relating to his land record and institutional transactions; computerization of land records by the state government; simplification of loan application form; and maintenance of proper records of loan applications and making disbursement of loan mandatory.
A dayside thermal inversion in the atmosphere of WASP-19b
Creators: name: Rajpurohit, A. S.
name: Allard, F.
name: Homeier, D.
name: Mousis, O.
name: Rajpurohit, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Observations of ultra-hot Jupiters indicate the existence of thermal inversion in their atmospheres with day-side temperatures greater than 2200 K. Various physical mechanisms such as non-local thermal equilibrium, cloud formation, disequilibrium chemistry, ionisation, hydrodynamic waves and associated energy, have been omitted in previous spectral retrievals while they play an important role on the thermal structure of their upper atmospheres.We aim at exploring the atmospheric properties of WASP-19b to understand its largely featureless thermal spectra using a state-of-the-art atmosphere code that includes a detailed treatment of the most important physical and chemical processes at play in such atmospheres.We used the one-dimensional line-by-line radiative transfer code PHOENIX in its spherical symmetry configuration including the BT-Settl cloud model and C/O disequilibrium chemistry to analyse the observed thermal spectrum of WASP-19b. Results. We find evidence for a thermal inversion in the day-side atmosphere of the highly irradiated ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-19b with Teq ~ 2700 K. At these high temperatures we find that H2O dissociates thermally at pressure below 10^-2 bar. The inverted temperature-pressure profiles of WASP-19b show the evidence of CO emission features at 4.5 micron in its secondary eclipse spectra.We find that the atmosphere ofWASP-19b is thermally inverted.We infer that the thermal inversion is due to the strong impinging radiation. We show that H2O is partially dissociated in the upper atmosphere above about tau = 10^-2, but is still a significant contributor to the infrared-opacity, dominated by CO. The high-temperature and low-density conditions cause H2O to have a flatter opacity profile than in non-irradiated brown dwarfs.Altogether these factors makes H2O more difficult to identify in WASP-19b.
description: 3 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
A Comparison of Absorption and Emission Line Abundances in the Nearby Damped Lyman-alpha Galaxy SBS 1543+593
Creators: name: Bowen, David V.
name: Jenkins, Edward B.
name: Pettini, Max
name: Tripp, Todd M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have used the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) aboard HST to measure a sulfur abundance of [S/H] = -0.41 +/-0.06 in the interstellar medium (ISM) of the nearby damped Lyman-alpha (DLA) absorbing galaxy SBS 1543+593. A direct comparison between this QSO absorption line abundance on the one hand, and abundances measured from HII region emission line diagnostics on the other, yield the same result: the abundance of sulfur in the neutral ISM is in good agreement with that of oxygen measured in an HII region 3 kpc away. Our result contrasts with those of other recent studies which have claimed order-of-magnitude differences between HI (absorption) and HII (emission) region abundances. We also derive a nickel abundance of [Ni/H] < -0.81, some three times less than that of sulfur, and suggest that the depletion is due to dust, although we cannot rule out an over-abundance of alpha-elements as the cause of the lower metallicity. It is possible that our measure of [S/H] is over-estimated if some SII arises in ionized gas; adopting a plausible star formation rate for the galaxy along the line of sight, and a measurement of the CII* 1335.7 absorption line detected from SBS 1543+593, we determine that the metallicity is unlikely to be smaller than we derive by more than 0.25 dex. We estimate that the cooling rate of the cool neutral medium is log [l_c (ergs s^{-1} H atom^{-1})] = -27.0, the same value as that seen in the high redshift DLA population.
description: 31 pages; accepted for publication in the ApJ
Additional file 1 of Best practice guidelines for management of spinal disorders in skeletal dysplasia
Creators: name: Klane K. White
name: Bober, Michael B.
name: Tae-Joon Cho
name: Goldberg, Michael J.
name: Hoover-Fong, Julie
name: Irving, Melita
name: Kamps, Shawn E.
name: Mackenzie, William G.
name: Raggio, Cathleen
name: Spencer, Samantha A.
name: Bompadre, Viviana
name: Savarirayan, Ravi
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 1. Statements that did and did not reached 80% agreement in Round 1.
Economic Implications of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) Disease in Sheep and Goats: A Sample Analysis of District Pune, Maharastra
Creators: name: Thombare, N.N.
name: Sinha, Mukesh Kumar
name: Thombare, N.N.
name: Sinha, Mukesh Kumar
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy

description: The paper has reported a cross-sectional sample survey conducted across six villages severely affected by peste des petits ruminants disease to assess the nature and extent of loss in small ruminants. The study is based on the data pertaining to disease incidence, production losses, costs incurred and impact on farm productivity collected though personal interview method. The incidence and mortality rate have been found slightly higher in sheep than goats. The total losses due to disease have been found to range between Rs 918 in sheep to Rs 945 in goats. Reduction in the market value of animals has been recorded as the major loss component as appearance of the animal changes drastically after the illness, costing Rs. 404 (44%) in sheep and Rs 408 (43%) in goat. It is followed by losses in production yield. Expenditure on medicine and infertility has been found to cause more than 80 per cent of the total cost, followed by veterinary and labour services. The study has suggested that timely vaccination could be the best and low-cost preventive measure to control such deadly disease outbreaks.
Random Numbers from Astronomical Imaging
Creators: name: Pimbblet, Kevin A.
name: Bulmer, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This article describes a method to turn astronomical imaging into a random number generator by using the positions of incident cosmic rays and hot pixels to generate bit streams. We subject the resultant bit streams to a battery of standard benchmark statistical tests for randomness and show that these bit streams are statistically the same as a perfect random bit stream. Strategies for improving and building upon this method are outlined.
description: 9 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in PASA
High-Precision Predictions for the MSSM Higgs Sector at O(alpha_b alpha_s)
Creators: name: Heinemeyer, S.
name: Hollik, W.
name: Rzehak, H.
name: Weiglein, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We evaluate O(alpha_b alpha_s) corrections in the Higgs boson sector of the CP-conserving MSSM, generalising the known result in the literature to arbitrary values of tan beta. A detailed analysis of the renormalisation in the bottom/scalar bottom sector is performed. Concerning the lightest MSSM Higgs boson mass, we find relatively small corrections for positive mu, while for mu < 0 the genuine two-loop O(alpha_b alpha_s) corrections can amount up to 3 GeV. Different renormalisation schemes are applied and numerically compared. It is demonstrated that some care has to be taken in choosing an appropriate renormalisation prescription in order to avoid artificially large corrections. The residual dependence on the renormalisation scale is investigated, and the remaining theoretical uncertainties from unknown higher-order corrections in this sector are discussed for different regions of the MSSM parameter space.
description: 34 pages, 18 figures, most minor modifications, version to appear in Eur. Phys. Jour. C
Sources, Replacement and Management of Paddy Seed by Farmers in Punjab
Creators: name: Verma, Sangeeta
name: Sidhu, M.S.
name: Verma, Sangeeta
name: Sidhu, M.S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy

description: The study has reported different sources of paddy seed, seed replacement rate of paddy growers, and management of paddy seed by the farmers in two selected districts of Punjab. Amongst different sources of paddy seed, the share of private seed dealers has been found maximum (H” 48 per cent), followed by authorized seed dealer (H” 19 per cent), self-retained (11.5 per cent) and commission agents (H” 11 per cent).The share of other sources like fellow farmers, relatives and friends, PAU, village shopkeeper, state agriculture department, etc. has been found only 1-2 per cent each. The overall seed replacement rate has been found to be about 24 per cent. The farm category-wise analysis has revealed a direct relationship between seed replacement rate and farm size. The seed rate has been found almost equal to the recommended level in the Ludhiana district while in Patiala district, it is much below the recommended value. Amongst determinants of quality of seeds, experience of the farmers has been reported at the first place, followed by advice of fellow farmers, reputation of institute, etc. Regarding linkages, the large farmers have more contacts with different seed agencies. The study has suggested that extension agencies should educate the farmers about the usefulness of quality seeds and their replacement with the seed procured form reliable sources like PAU, PUNSEED, Department of Agriculture, etc.
Magnetospheric eclipses in the double pulsar system J0737-3039
Creators: name: Rafikov, Roman R.
name: Goldreich, Peter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We argue that eclipses of radio emission from the millisecond pulsar A in the double pulsar system J0737-3039 are due to synchrotron absorption by plasma in the closed field line region of the magnetosphere of its normal pulsar companion B. A's radio beam only illuminates B's magnetosphere for about 10 minutes surrounding the time of eclipse. During this time it heats particles at r\gtrsim 10^9 cm to relativistic energies and enables extra plasma to be trapped by magnetic mirroring. An enhancement of the plasma density by a factor \sim 10^2 is required to match the duration and optical depth of the observed eclipses. The extra plasma might be supplied by a source near B through Bγpair creation by energetic photons produced in B's outer gap. Excitation of pairs' gyrational motions by cyclotron absorption of A's radio beam can result in their becoming trapped between conjugate mirror points in B's magnetosphere. Because the trapping efficiency decreases with increasing optical depth, the plasma density enhancement saturates even under steady state illumination. The result is an eclipse with finite, frequency dependent, optical depth. After illumination by A's radio beam ceases, the trapped particles cool and are lost. The entire cycle repeats every orbital period. We speculate that the asymmetries between eclipse ingress and egress result in part from the magnetosphere's evolution toward a steady state when illuminated by A's radio beam. We predict that A's linear polarization will vary with both eclipse phase and B's rotational phase.
description: 8 pages, 1 figure, submitted to ApJ, references corrected, detectability of reprocessed emission revised, major conclusions unchanged
"I am making a mappemunde" : prolegomena to the study of spatial translations in The Maximus Poems
Creators: name: Starnes, Jason Vernon
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Charles Olson's The Maximus Poems are discussed in terms of their spatial references to the specificity of Gloucester, Massachusetts. Embedded references to early nautical explorations (including those implicated in Homer's Odyssey) involve Maximus in a network of "spatial translations" which it manipulates through poetic revisioning of links between topography, myth, history, and typographic and cartographic representations. Olson's innovative Projective Verse is coupled with his intense allegiance to Herodotean history, or "what you find out for yrself" as the poet explores and discovers the spatialized past of the port city he called home. Michel de Certeau's theories of space and place are deployed in explication of patterns of repetition which form mises en abyme, a fundamental figure that describes the scaling nature of Olson's historical and topographical explorations. Moving through multiple visual perspectives, a link is ultimately established between the orienting dynamism of cartographic operations and the smaller-scale orientations of the individual body in space known as proprioception. In Maximus, individual movement makes space of static place, and self-similar patterns extending from the scale of the body to that of the universe are illuminated by the central mise en abyme of the map, within which the mapmaker is visible, producing that very map. Myths, the "spoken correlative" of actions, are processed and recreated by Maximus as it posits humans in a continuity of space- and self-exploration.
Extracting the magnitude of magnetic field at freeze-out in heavy-ion collisions
Creators: name: Xu, Kun
name: Shi, Shuzhe
name: Zhang, Hui
name: Hou, Defu
name: Liao, Jinfeng
name: Huang, Mei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A strong magnetic field influences significantly the masses of the charged light mesons. For example, the mass of charged pion increases with the magnetic field increasing. We propose this mechanism as a possible way to extract the magnitude of magnetic field at freeze-out in heavy ion collisions and thus help constrain its lifetime which is currently a major open question to resolve. Specifically we show that the ratio between the yield of charged pions and that of charged rhos is very sensitive to the magnetic field value at freeze-out. By using a viscous-hydrodynamic framework (iEBE-VISHNU) to simulate heavy ion collisions and implementing magnetic-field-dependent meson masses, we compute their yields and predict the dependence of such ratio on the magnetic field. We suggest to use this ratio of charged rho yield over charged pion yield as an experimental observable to extract the possible magnetic field at freeze-out in heavy ion collisions.
description: 13 pages, 11 figures