cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Advanced Nickel-Cadmium Batteries Developed for Photovoltaic Applications
Creators: name: Delaille, A.
name: Mattera, F.
name: Nyström, A.
name: Streb, C.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2008
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
Balance of System Components

description: 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 2996-3002
description: This paper presents a complete characterization of new nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries developed for photovoltaic (PV) applications. This study has been performed by INES, the French National Solar Energy Institute, from the end of 2005 to the beginning of 2008. Eight Ni-Cd batteries have been studied according to different standards proper to PV applications, namely:
• the IEC 62093 standard, which consists in the determination of the faradic and energy efficiencies of batteries for state-of-charge (SOC) comprised between 0% and 50%;
• the IEC 61427 standard, which consists in the determination of batteries performance through an accelerated ageing test at 40°C, and whose the cycling profile represents both daily micro-cycles and season macro-cycles
specific to PV applications;
• the IEC 62124 standard, which consists among other things in the determination of batteries performance in a stand-alone PV system under real irradiation conditions.
This paper is divided in four sections. The first one is dedicated to capacity tests performed at different discharge current rates, followed by a discussion about the influence of the current on the capacity delivered respectively by Ni-Cd and Lead-Acid Batteries (LABs). Then, the three other sections deal with the different standards abovementioned. After a brief description of each test, the results obtained on Ni-Cd batteries are presented and also compared to typical results obtained on LABs in the same test conditions.
Highly Efficient String Inverter
Creators: name: Knaup, P.
name: Koch, K.
name: Itzenga, D.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2008
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
Balance of System Components

description: 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 3033-3036
description: The most important criteria for selecting components of PV systems are reliability, efficiency and cost. Reliability and costs are always influenced by the number of components which are used, especially in inverter design. Components have to be kept in a limited temperature range. 10 K temperature reduction typically results in a double life time for most electronic components. Thus the efficiency and the cooling concept of an inverter are crucial for the inverter life cycle. In this paper the concept of a single phase 5 kW inverter with reduced number of components, high efficiency and advanced cooling system is presented. The concept was proven by measurements, which result in a peak efficiency of more than 98% at an MPP-matching of 99.9% and the capability to work at an ambient temperature of 50 °C at full load.
PV Taking Off: Power Market Procurement Mechanisms for High Penetration Renewables
Creators: name: Schaefer, O.
name: Torres, L.
name: Blunden, J.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: PV Taking Off: Large-scale Deployment
Programmes, Policies and Economics; National and International Initiatives Globally

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 5235-5237
description: The solar industry entered 2010 with more than 20 GW deployed globally and a forecast to increase that
installed base by more than 50% within a year. With that level of success the solar industry has already embarked on
incremental changes in market design and away from early, incentived programs, to transition markets. Further
restructuring of market design is inevitable with the next round of discussions on market design in Germany is likely to
continue to debate fundamental market redesign. Transition policy support mechanisms exist across all segments to
support the industry’s transition period from today’s evolved FiT programs to tomorrow’s post-incentive solar markets.
This paper reviews European market status at the beginning of this decade and the options for transition market
mechanisms across segments that build bridges to long-term sustainable solar markets.
Manual de Fórmulas Farmacêuticas - Volume 1
Creators: name: , Serra
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Farmacotécnica
Formulação de Medicamentos
Manual de Fórmulas

description: O Manual de Fórmulas Farmacêuticas, Volume 1 é um guia para estudantes e profissionais da área de Farmacotécnica. O livro oferece um conjunto diversificado de formulações cuidadosamente selecionadas. As formulações abordadas são: Xarope de Própolis. Suspensão de Hidróxido de Alumínio. Creme Base Polawax – Não Iônico. Gel Base de Natrosol. Pomada Anti-inflamatória. Cápsulas de Chá Verde.
European Project “Install+RES”: Training Courses for Trainers and Installers of Small-Scale Renewable Energy Systems in Buildings
Creators: name: Caneva, S.
name: Weiss, I.
name: Hiegl, W.
name: Janssen, R.
name: Rutz, D.
name: Helm, P.
name: Kirchensteiner, W.
name: Wolf, M.
name: Schellekens, E.
name: Campogrande, D.
name: Nedelcheva, I.
name: Papež, M.
name: Tselepis, S.
name: Magiera, Y.
name: Nemish, Y.
name: Esitini, M.
name: Merrone, M.
name: Pressas, S.A.
name: Giannadakis, T.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: PV Taking Off: Large-scale Deployment
Awareness, Communication, Education and Training

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 5238-5241
description: The quality and quantity of installed renewable energy systems should get improved and enlarged by
education and training means in order to reach the 20-20-20 targets set in the European Energy and Climate Change
package: reducing greenhouse gas emission by 20%, increasing the share of renewable in energy consumption to 20%
compared to 8.5% today and improving energy efficiency by 20%, all by 2020. The qualification of trainers and
installers is determining the quality of the installed Renewable Energy Systems (RES). This paper focuses on the first
European training course for trainers and installers (electricians, plumbers, roofers and technicians for heating
systems) of small-scale renewable energy systems (heat pumps, biomass, solar and photovoltaic systems) in buildings
offered within the European project “Install+RES”. The Install+RES training courses will be developed and
established in several European countries (Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Poland and Slovenia) in line with the requirements
stated in the Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable energy sources (article 14,
Annex IV). The Install+RES training courses are meant to be an investment for sustainability by evolutionary
processes, which will lead to the establishment of a high quality of skills and as consequence to the maximization of
Renewable Energy Systems (RES)´s efficiency, reliability, lifetime and safety. The Install+RES training courses are
based on a well balanced relationship between theory and practice. The training courses will mainly take place in
demonstration facilities and laboratories, where practical work is performed. The Install+RES project started in May
2010 and will end in April 2013. The Install+RES project is co-financed by the European Commission in the
framework of the Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) program.
Resolved Gas Interior to the Dust Rings of the HD 141569 Disk
Creators: name: Flaherty, Kevin M.
name: Hughes, A. Meredith
name: Andrews, Sean M.
name: Qi, Chunhua
name: Wilner, David J
name: Boley, Aaron C.
name: White, Jacob A.
name: Harney, Will
name: Zachary, Julia
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The disk around HD 141569 is one of a handful of systems whose weak infrared emission is consistent with a debris disk, but still has a significant reservoir of gas. Here we report spatially resolved mm observations of the CO(3-2) and CO(1-0) emission as seen with the SMA and CARMA. We find that the excitation temperature for CO is lower than expected from cospatial blackbody grains, similar to previous observations of analogous systems, and derive a gas mass that lies between that of gas-rich primordial disks and gas-poor debris disks. The data also indicate a large inner hole in the CO gas distribution and an outer radius that lies interior to the outer scattered light rings. This spatial distribution, with the dust rings just outside the gaseous disk, is consistent with the expected interactions between gas and dust in an optically thin disk. This indicates that gas can have a significant effect on the location of the dust within debris disks.
description: Accepted to ApJ
Laser Ablation of PECVD Oxide for Structuring of Back-Junction Interdigitated Silicon Solar Cells
Creators: name: Mangersnes, K.
name: Foss, S.E.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2009
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Mono- and Multicrystalline Silicon Materials and Cells

description: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 2001-2003
description: We use a Q-switched Nd:YVO4 532 nm laser with a spot size of 20 μm and ns pulses to locally ablate a layer
of PECVD SiO2 to structure the rear of an n-type back-contacted back-junction solar cell with interdigitated fingers. The
PECVD SiO2 works as a barrier against diffusion from the spray-on dopants used in the solar cell fabrication process, as well
as a mask for an aqueous KOH solution that is used to remove the laser damage. The laser ablation energy threshold is found
to be 0.1mJ, which corresponds to a peak power density of 850 MW/cm2 with optimized laser parameters. We show that an
optimized KOH etch together with an appropriate set of laser parameters will increase the lifetime of the laser ablated areas
to the same level as the untreated areas of the samples. It is also shown that there is a strong correlation between the surface
roughness and the effective lifetime in the laser treated areas after the removal of the laser damage.
European Photovoltaic Actions and Programmes - 2010
Creators: name: Menna, P.
name: Gambi, R.
name: Hercsuth, A.
name: Gillett, W.
name: Tondi, G.
name: Piontek, A.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: PV Taking Off: Large-scale Deployment
Programmes, Policies and Economics; National and International Initiatives Globally

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 5250-5255
description: The EU has continued to provide support for photovoltaic research, technological development and
demonstration together with market development and transformation with the 7th Framework Programme for research and
the 2nd IEE Programme. Technological development and innovation remain fundamental to delivering the more competitive
PV systems, which are needed in the rapidly expanding renewable energy markets. At the same time, the new renewable
energy directive is playing an increasing role to stimulate to a large extent also the PV sector. Europe’s ambitious
combination of a new Directive, targeted financing and well focused EU programmes is designed to deliver simplified legal
frameworks, more attractive financial support schemes, and more competitive PV systems. The Solar Europe Industrial
Initiative is a timely opportunity for the European companies to increase their innovation base and improve their
competitiveness.
Pushing and Engulfment of SiC Particles during Directional Solidification of Molten Silicon
Creators: name: Ciftja, A.
name: Engh, T.A.
name: Tangstad, M.
name: Øvrelid, E.J.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Feedstock, Crystallisation and Wafering

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 1546-1548
description: Directional solidification is a well known method for producing multicrystalline silicon for the PV
industry. The form of the solid-liquid interface during solidification has considerable influence on the material
quality. If the interface breaks up and columnar cells start to grow, both grain size and impurity distribution will be
largely influenced. The dissolved impurities and the solid inclusions above the solidification front affect this interface
and may cause interface breakdown. Here, pushing and engulfment of SiC particles by the solidification front during
directional solidification of silicon are investigated. A 12kg directional-crystallisation furnace is employed to cast the
molten silicon. The silicon material used is metallurgical grade silicon with low concentrations of metallic impurities
(< 5ppm) and with a high content of carbon (700 ppm) present as SiC particles. Two ingots are directionally
solidified at a solidification rate of 5.6μm/s. Samples from the cast multi-crystalline silicon ingots are taken and are
investigated by light microscope. The SiC particles are found along the whole height of the ingot but mainly at the
top 2 cm of the ingots. Taking into consideration settling, pushing and engulfment, a mass balance of the SiC
particles is formulated. The results are compared with the theoretical models published in the literature.
Multicriteria Decision Aiding for Selection of Photovoltaic Plants on Farming Fields in Corsica
Creators: name: Haurant, P.
name: Muselli, M.
name: Oberti, P.
name: Pillot, B.
name: Thibault, C.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: PV Taking Off: Large-scale Deployment
Markets for Large-scale PV

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 5267-5270
description: Corsica knows an unprecedented photovoltaic plant projects flow since its energetic strategy was
turned to renewable energy. Concerned public institutions needed specific tools to select the most relevant
projects among numerous one with transparent and advise way.
A multicriteria decision aiding method is developed in this aim in order to select projects among sixteen ones
(whole PV power: 93.5 MWp) on farming fields in Corsica. The study follows all the multicriteria methodology
steps which are criteria and constraints definition, criteria weights sets calculations, thresholds and concordance
level determination and the chosen multicriteria model, that is ELECTRE-IS, implementation. Thus, considering
different points of view from the ecological to financial one, eight criteria, one of which being optional, have
been defined whereas three constraints were determined. The reviewed cards packs methodology applied to the
third party allows building six weights sets while the same third party determined a concordance level of 2/3.
Thanks to this methodology, based on the criteria sets and according to weights and concordance levels given by
the third party, four projects (27.1 MWp) have been selected among the sixteen initial ones, the robustness of
these results being tested through all criteria weights sets and different concordance levels applications.
Influence of the Incorporation of UMG-Silicon on the Yield and Quality of p-Type Multicrystalline Silicon Ingots and Wafers
Creators: name: Carballo, T.
name: Rodríguez San Segundo, H.J.
name: Guerrero, I.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Feedstock, Crystallisation and Wafering

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 1549-1553
description: The high demand of polysilicon has led to the well known silicon feedstock shortage in recent years
and it can occur again in the future. Therefore, other sources must be investigated and UMG silicon is one of the most
promising materials. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of the introduction of UMG silicon from three
different suppliers and blended in different ratios with polysilicon in p-type multicrystalline silicon ingots for wafer
production. To this purpose, five 430kg ingots were grown by directional solidification with UMG silicon
percentages in composition varying from 10 to 100%. Additionally, an extra ingot per each UMG ingot was grown as
Reference, in the same conditions but UMG-Si was substituted by polysilicon. Each ingot was sectioned in 25 bricks,
and each brick sliced into 156*156mm wafers. In order to evaluate the resulting quality, several parameters were
analyzed (such as lifetime, resistivity, inclusions…). The introduction of UMG decreased the yield in the five ingots
due to the higher P concentration; lifetime also decreased due to the higher impurities concentration in these
materials. However, the effects depend highly on the UMG supplier and the concentration. Adjusting correctly the
resistivity in the UMG ingot is basic, because by adding B it is possible to increase the yield, although at the expense
of reducing the base resistivity.
Investigation of the Effects of Parameters of Graphite Susceptor and Base Plate for Melting Process of Polycrystalline Silicon
Creators: name: Chen, Y.H.
name: Chu, S.C.
name: Lian, K.L.
name: Lian, S.-S.
name: Tsao, S.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Feedstock, Crystallisation and Wafering

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 1554-1557
description: Graphite susceptor and cooling base-plate play a key role in controlling the temperature of silicon melt
in the induction melting of polycrystal silicon for solar cells. Different thickness and properties such as density and
electrical conductivity of graphite susceptors could influence the heating effects of induction melting. These
parameters have great influence not only on the melting temperature of silicon melt but also on the efficiency of
induction heating, impurity distribution, dendrite and the direction of crystalline grains, which ultimately affect the
properties of the solar cells. To have an optimized control of processing parameters, a finite element based software
COMSOL was used to simulate the temperature distribution of silicon melt in a polycrystalline vacuum induction
refining furnace. The simulation takes into account the interaction of the induced eddy current and the heat transfer
coupling in the vacuum induction furnace. The simulation results show that the material properties of the graphite
susceptor have great influence on the temperature distribution. Also, the cooling base plate made of stainless steel
304 performs better than the copper base plate for the temperature distribution.
Antireflection Nano Structure of Silicon Surface Formed by Catalysis of Single Nano-Sized Silver Particle
Creators: name: Sueto, T.
name: Nishioka, K.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2009
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Mono- and Multicrystalline Silicon Materials and Cells

description: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 2113-2115
description: Antireflection nanostructure was formed by simple wet chemical etching using catalysis of silver (Ag)
nanoparticle. Single nano-sized Ag particle dispersion solution was coated onto Si(1 0 0) substrate with polished surface.
Then, the samples were soaked in an aqueous etching solution of hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The surface of 9-
min-etched Si substrate appeared black, and the reflectivity was reduced to below 5% throughout the entire spectrum from
200 to 1000 nm owing to the formed nanostructure. The absorption was significantly increased after the formation of
antireflection structure with 9 min etching, and the conversion efficiency of solar cell with antireflection structure increased
from 8.25 to 10.0% owing to the increase of short-circuit current.
Ab initio no-core solutions for $^6$Li
Creators: name: Shin, Ik Jae
name: Kim, Youngman
name: Maris, Pieter
name: Vary, James P.
name: Forssén, Christian
name: Rotureau, Jimmy
name: Michel, Nicolas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We solve for properties of $^6$Li in the ab initio No-Core Full Configuration approach and we separately solve for its ground state and $J^π=2_{2}^{+}$ resonance with the Gamow Shell Model in the Berggren basis. We employ both the JISP16 and chiral NNLO$_{opt}$ realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions and investigate the ground state energy, excitation energies, point proton root-mean-square radius and a suite of electroweak observables. We also extend and test methods to extrapolate the ground state energy, point proton root-mean-square radius, and electric quadrupole moment. We attain improved estimates of these observables in the No-Core Full Configuration approach by using basis spaces up through N$_{max}$=18 that enable more definitive comparisons with experiment. Using the Density Matrix Renormalization Group approach with the JISP16 interaction, we find that we can significantly improve the convergence of the Gamow Shell Model treatment of the $^6$Li ground state and $J^π=2_{2}^{+}$ resonance by adopting a natural orbital single-particle basis.
description: 25 pages, 18 figures
Study of the Edge and Surface Cracks Influence in the Mechanical Strength of Silicon Wafers
Creators: name: Barredo Egusquiza, J.
name: Hermanns, L.
name: Fraile, A.
name: Jimeno, J.C.
name: Alarcón, E.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2009
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Mono- and Multicrystalline Silicon Materials and Cells

description: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 2116-2119
description: The objective of the present study is the estimation of the depth to which the wire sawing process
causes damage to the wafer surfaces. Previous analyses were carried out by means of the four line bending test. The
characteristic of this test implied that the failure could be due to surface cracks located in the central zone of the
wafer or near the edges. In order to evaluate the influence of the edge or surface cracks a new study has been carried
out using the ball/ring on ring test. Description and results of the tests are presented. The preliminary analysis of the
failure stress using analytical methods confirms the expected results. A Finite Element model developed to get more
information of the test results is also presented.
Compact Groups of Galaxies with Complete Spectroscopic Redshifts in the Local Universe
Creators: name: Sohn, Jubee
name: Hwang, Ho Seong
name: Geller, Margaret J.
name: Diaferio, Antonaldo
name: Rines, Kenneth J.
name: Lee, Myung Gyoon
name: Lee, Gwang-Ho
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Dynamical analysis of compact groups provides important tests of models of compact group formation and evolution. By compiling 2066 redshifts from FLWO/FAST, from the literature, and from SDSS DR12 in the fields of compact groups in \citet{McC09}, we construct the largest sample of compact groups with complete spectroscopic redshifts in the redshift range $0.01 < z < 0.22$. This large redshift sample shows that the interloper fraction in the \citet{McC09} compact group candidates is $\sim 42\%$. A secure sample of 332 compact groups includes 192 groups with four or more member galaxies and 140 groups with three members. The fraction of early-type galaxies in these compact groups is 62\%, slightly higher than for the original Hickson compact groups. The velocity dispersions of early- and late-type galaxies in compact groups change little with groupcentric radius; the radii sampled are less than $100 ~h^{-1}$ kpc, smaller than the radii typically sampled by members of massive clusters of galaxies. The physical properties of our sample compact groups include size, number density, velocity dispersion, and local environment; these properties slightly differ from those derived for the original Hickson compact groups and for the DPOSS II compact groups. Differences result from subtle differences in the way the group candidates were originally selected. The space density of the compact groups changes little with redshift over the range covered by this sample. The approximate constancy of the space density for this sample is a potential constraint on the evolution of compact groups on a few Gigayear timescale.
description: 18 pages, 15 figures, 7 tables
Carbon and Oxygen Cooprecipitated Particles in Multycristalline Silicon Ingot Grown by the HEM Technique
Creators: name: Chettat, Y.
name: Boumaour, M.
name: Rahab, H.
name: Si Ahmed, Y.
name: Abadlia, M.T.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Feedstock, Crystallisation and Wafering

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 1566-1570
description: Carbon and oxygen impurities play an important role in reducing the efficiency of solar cells made of
multicrystalline silicon (mc-si). When they exceed their solubilities limits in silicon they form an electrically active
complexes such precipitates, thermal donors, etc. reducing remarkably minority carrier lifetime and cell voltage by
causing significant recombination. In this study we have investigated carbon and oxygen cooprecipitated particles in
an industrial P-doped mc-si ingot grown by the HEM technique for solar cells manufacturing by using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). The study has shown the presence of large precipitated particles homogenously
distributed among the silicon ingot. Their analysis’s by using energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) has shown
that they are composed of C and O and a wide range of transition metal impurities (traps : minority carrier lifetime
killers) such: Ca, Fe, Al and Mg. This means that Cs and Oi coexist among the ingot. Oxygen acts as a gettering sites
for the metallic impurities. The source of oxygen is diffusion from silica and/or interaction between silicon nitride
(Si3N4) lining the crucible inner walls with both silicon metal and silica material during growth. Carbon origin may
be humidity absorbed by the graphite elements of the HEM furnace and/or reactions between silica crucible and its
graphite container. The melting temperature of silicon Meltstock is 1570 °C. This seems to be very high, and could
increase [C&O] precipitation in the silicon ingot. The annealing time is very short (short time process), tis could also
enhence the precipitation of [C&O] particles in the silicon ingot. This situation is very alarming so that we
recommend revewing coating performances and growth conditions.
National Solar Mission
Creators: name: Bhargava, B.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: PV Taking Off: Large-scale Deployment
Programmes, Policies and Economics; National and International Initiatives Globally

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 5247-5249
description: India has vast solar energy potential, which can be harnessed for meeting the growing energy needs of
the country. India has been pursuing development of photovoltaic technology and applications since early seventies.
The emphasis of the programme till recently has been on promoting off-grid applications. Under the National Action
Plan on Climate Change, Government of India has decided to develop and deploy solar energy technologies through
a National Solar Mission. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission has been launched in January, 2010. The
mission has set a goal of 20,000 MW of grid-connected solar power plants and 2,000 MW of off-grid systems by
2022, using both PV and solar thermal technologies. The mission is to be implemented in three phases. Several
incentives including tariff for grid power and subsidy for off-grid applications have been announced. The policy
guidelines for selection of projects in the first phase of the mission have been announced. This paper describes the
main features of the recent policy initiatives to develop and deploy solar energy technologies in India.
Industrial High-Rate (~14nm/s) Deposition of Low Resistive and Transparent ZnOx:Al Films on Glass
Creators: name: Illiberi, A.
name: Kniknie, B.
name: Steijvers, H.L.A.H.
name: Habets, D.
name: Simons, P.J.P.M.
name: Janssen, A.C.
name: Beckers, E.H.A.
name: Van Deelen, J.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2319-2322
description: Aluminum  doped  ZnOx  (ZnOx:Al)  films  have  been  deposited  on  glass  in  an  in-line  industrial-type
reactor by a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition process at atmospheric pressure. Tertiary-butanol has been used
as  oxidant  for  diethylzinc  and  trimethylaluminium  as  dopant  gas.  ZnOx:Al    films  can  be  grown  at  very  high
deposition  rates  of  ~  14  nm/s  for  a  substrate  speed  from  150 mm/min  to  500 mm/min.  The  electrical,  structural
(crystallinity and morphology) and optical properties of the deposited films have   been characterized by using Hall,
four point probe, X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscope and spectrophotometer, respectively. All the films have
c-axis,  (002)  preferential  orientation  and  good    crystalline    quality.  ZnOx:Al  films  are  highly  conductive    (R  <  9
Ohm/sq, for a film  thickness  above  1300  nm)  and  transparent  in  the visible range (> 80%). Amorphous silicon pi-
n solar cells have been grown on as deposited ZnOx:Al films, without optimizing the surface texturing of   ZnOx:Al
films to enhance light scattering. An initial efficiency of approximately 8 % has been achieved.
MPPT3000 Multifunction Testing Device for PV Module
Creators: name: Chianese, D.
name: Burà, E.
name: Realini, A.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2008
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
Balance of System Components

description: 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 3037-3040
description: The MPPT3000 is a multifunction testing device for specific PV module testing, developed by the ISAAC - SUPSI laboratory (TISO group). A photovoltaic module, when connected to the MPPT3000, is set to work in a MPP tracking mode. The MPPT3000 also allows a customized I-V Tracer function. It is possible to connect RTD temperature sensors, pyranometers or other external sensors. The interaction with the MPPT is possible directly using its LCD and buttons or through a simple graphical user interface. The PV module energy is dissipated using an external resistor load with heat sink that must be always connected
Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Accretion-Induced Star Formation in the Tadpole Galaxy Kiso 5639
Creators: name: Elmegreen, Debra Meloy
name: Elmegreen, Bruce G.
name: Almeida, Jorge Sanchez
name: Munoz-Tunon, Casiana
name: Mendez-Abreu, Jairo
name: Gallagher, John S.
name: Rafelski, Marc
name: Filho, Mercedes
name: Ceverino, Daniel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The tadpole galaxy Kiso 5639 has a slowly rotating disk with a drop in metallicity at its star-forming head, suggesting that star formation was triggered by the accretion of metal-poor gas. We present multi-wavelength HST WFC3 images of UV through I band plus Halpha to search for peripheral emission and determine the properties of various regions. The head has a mass in young stars of ~10^6 Mo and an ionization rate of 6.4x10^51 s^{-1}, equivalent to ~2100 O9-type stars. There are four older star-forming regions in the tail, and an underlying disk with a photometric age of ~1 Gyr. The mass distribution function of 61 star clusters is a power law with a slope of -1.73+-0.51. Fourteen young clusters in the head are more massive than 10^4 Mo, suggesting a clustering fraction of 30%-45%. Wispy filaments of Halpha emission and young stars extend away from the galaxy. Shells and holes in the head HII region could be from winds and supernovae. Gravity from the disk should limit the expansion of the HII region, although hot gas might escape through the holes. The star formation surface density determined from Halpha in the head is compared to that expected from likely pre-existing and accreted gas. Unless the surface density of the accreted gas is a factor of ~3 or more larger than what was in the galaxy before, the star formation rate has to exceed the usual Kennicutt-Schmidt rate by a factor of >5.
description: 13 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables, accepted by ApJ
Iron Impurities in Wafers Based on Different So-G Silicon Feedstock
Creators: name: Hvidsten Dahl, E.
name: Osinniy, V.
name: Nylandsted Larsen, A.
name: Tronstad, R.
name: Middleton, P.H.
name: Sætre, T.O.
name: Friestad, K.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Feedstock, Crystallisation and Wafering

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 1571-1575
description: Iron is the dominant impurity in multicrystalline solar grade silicon (SoG-Si) produced by the Elkem Solar
metallurgical method, and can be found in concentrations as large as 1014 -1015 atoms cm-3. The aim of the present
investigation has been to reveal the chemical nature of iron and iron precipitates in Elkem Solar Silicon® (ESS™). The
experimental approach which is used to characterize iron and its precipitates is based on a combination of several
experimental techniques, such as microwave photoconductivity decay, secondary ion mass spectrometry, x-ray fluorescence,
and transmission electron microscopy, which produce mutually complementary information. Wafers from two different
Elkem Solar multicrystalline p-type feedstock, Elkem 1(simplified Elkem Solar process) and Elkem 2 (early plant start-up
test production) where examined and compared to a reference multicrystalline p-type silicon from an external source. The
average minority carrier lifetime of Elkem 1, 2.1 μs was significantly low compared to 28 μs for both Elkem 2 and reference.
Fe-B pair concentration was higher in Elkem 1, and there is also suggested that Fe-Al and Fe-O pair concentrations were
higher in Elkem 1. F-Al-O concentrations in clusters are higher in low minority carrier lifetime areas compared to high
lifetime areas. Cluster containing these elements seems to have strong recombination strength. The concentration of clusters
is higher in low lifetime areas. Clusters located in high lifetime areas are on the other hand much larger suggesting that the
total content of Fe, Al and O to a higher degree should be located in the clusters and less as interstitial iron and iron
precipitates. These forms of impurities can together make a large contribution to minority carrier lifetime and partly explain
the low lifetime found in Elkem 1 wafers.
Statistics of Farmers' Marketing and Purchasing Cooperatives, 1945-46 Marketing Season
Creators: name: Wanstall, Grace
name: Wanstall, Grace
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1948
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: Farm Management
subject: Financial Economics
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Contents: Number of associations; Membership; Dollar volume of business; Trends; Cotton and cotton products; Dairy products; Fruits, vegetables, and nuts; Grain, dry beans, and rice; Livestock; Poultry and poultry products; Wool and mohair; Miscellaneous marketing; Purchasing.
Evolution of perpendicular magnetized tunnel junctions upon annealing
Creators: name: Devolder, Thibaut
name: Couet, S.
name: Swerts, J.
name: Furnemont, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the evolution of perpendicularly magnetized tunnel junctions under 300 to 400 $^{\circ}$C annealing. The hysteresis loops do not evolve much during annealing and they are not informative of the underlying structural evolutions. These evolutions are better revealed by the frequencies of the ferromagnetic resonance eigenmodes of the tunnel junction. Their modeling provides the exchange couplings and the layers' anisotropies within the stack which can serve as a diagnosis of the tunnel junction state after each annealing step. The anisotropies of the two CoFeB-based parts and the two Co/Pt-based parts of the tunnel junction decay at different rates during annealing. The ferromagnet exchange coupling through the texture-breaking Ta layer fails above 375$^{\circ}$C. The Ru spacer meant to promote a synthetic antiferromagnet behavior is also insufficiently robust to annealing. Based on these evolutions we propose optimization routes for the next generation tunnel junctions.
Etch Model for Zinc Oxide: Single Crystals and Polycrystalline Films
Creators: name: Hüpkes, J.
name: Owen, J.I.
name: Bunte, E.
name: Pust, S.E.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2323-2324
description: Aluminium doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) films prepared by magnetron sputter deposition and surface
textured by etching are widely applied in silicon thin film solar cells. Based on 15 years of experience in ZnO
texturization for solar cell application in our institute we propose an etch model, that describes the interaction
between ZnO preparation and etching in different processes. All grain boundaries have a certain potential to etch.
The threshold of which is set by the acid.
New Correction Procedure for IV Curves Measured Under Varying Irradiance
Creators: name: Müllejans, H.
name: Pavanello, D.
name: Virtuani, A.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2008
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
PV Modules

description: 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 2818-2821
description: The IEC standard 60891 describes the translation of measured IV curves from the measured irradiance and temperature to the desired irradiance and temperature. The equations given are applicable for IV curves measured at an irradiance which is constant during the IV sweep. In the case of a varying irradiance during the acquisition of the IV curve, as is the case on pulsed solar simulators with a decaying light intensity, the equations have to be modified. This paper illustrates the limitations of the existing standard, proposes a solution for these cases and provides evidence of its proper functioning.
Explosive Chromospheric Evaporation in a Circular-ribbon Flare
Creators: name: Zhang, Q. M.
name: Li, D.
name: Ning, Z. J.
name: Su, Y. N.
name: Ji, H. S.
name: Guo, Y.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper, we report our multiwavelength observations of the C4.2 circular-ribbon flare in active region (AR) 12434 on 2015 October 16. The short-lived flare was associated with positive magnetic polarities and a negative polarity inside, as revealed by the photospheric line-of-sight magnetograms. Such magnetic pattern is strongly indicative of a magnetic null point and spine-fan configuration in the corona. The flare was triggered by the eruption of a mini-filament residing in the AR, which produced the inner flare ribbon (IFR) and the southern part of a closed circular flare ribbon (CFR). When the eruptive filament reached the null point, it triggered null point magnetic reconnection with the ambient open field and generated the bright CFR and a blowout jet. Raster observations of the \textit{Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph} (\textit{IRIS}) show plasma upflow at speed of 35$-$120 km s$^{-1}$ in the Fe {\sc xxi} 1354.09 Å line ($\log T\approx7.05$) and downflow at speed of 10$-$60 km s$^{-1}$ in the Si {\sc iv} 1393.77 Å line ($\log T\approx4.8$) at certain locations of the CFR and IFR during the impulsive phase of flare, indicating explosive chromospheric evaporation. Coincidence of the single HXR source at 12$-$25 keV with the IFR and calculation based on the thick-target model suggest that the explosive evaporation was most probably driven by nonthermal electrons.
description: 9 figures, accepted for publication by ApJ
Power Loss Due to Current Mismatch in Amorphous Silicon Module Strings: Theory, Experiment and Statistical Analysis
Creators: name: Le, L.T.
name: Kuzma, N.N.
name: Stevens, M.S.
name: Delahoy, A.E.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2008
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
Engineering and System Integration

description: 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 3045-3048
description: We propose three analytical methods to predict power loss in large strings due to mismatch of maximum power point (MPP) currents of constituent photovoltaic modules. These methods are based on fitting a cubic polynomial to a portion of the power (P) versus current (I) curves and extracting a small number of parameters needed to expand the P(I) curves in a Taylor series around MPP. To evaluate these methods, a scalable vector model based on an experimental data set was developed. A ratio of standard deviation of MPP current to the average MPP current was used to parameterize the current mismatch. We found that for current mismatch values less than 8%, all three methods accurately predict the power loss, which is proportional to the square of the current mismatch. For larger mismatch values, the cubic method was found to
be the most accurate, although it collapses beyond a mismatch of 20%.
Herschel Far-Infrared Photometry of the Swift Burst Alert Telescope Active Galactic Nuclei Sample of the Local Universe. II. SPIRE Observations
Creators: name: Shimizu, T. Taro
name: Melendez, Marcio
name: Mushotzky, Richard F.
name: Koss, Michael J.
name: Barger, Amy J.
name: Cowie, Lennox L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present far-infrared (FIR) and submillimeter photometry from the Herschel Space Observatory's Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) for 313 nearby z<0.05 active galactic nuclei (AGN). We selected AGN from the 58 month Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) catalog, the result of an all-sky survey in the 14-195 keV energy band, allowing for a reduction in AGN selection effects due to obscuration and host galaxy contamination. We find 46% (143/313) of our sample is detected at all three wavebands and combined with our PACS observations represents the most complete FIR spectral energy distributions of local, moderate luminosity AGN. We find no correlation between the 250, 350, and 500 micron luminosities with 14-195 keV luminosity, indicating the bulk of the FIR emission is not related to the AGN. However, Seyfert 1s do show a very weak correlation with X-ray luminosity compared to Seyfert 2s and we discuss possible explanations. We compare the SPIRE colors (F250/F350 and F350/F500) to a sample of normal star-forming galaxies, finding the two samples are statistically similar, especially after matching in stellar mass. But a color-color plot reveals a fraction of the Herschel-BAT AGN are displaced from the normal star-forming galaxies due to excess 500 micron emission E500). Our analysis shows E500 is strongly correlated with the 14-195 keV luminosity and 3.4/4.6 micron flux ratio, evidence the excess is related to the AGN. We speculate these sources are experiencing millimeter excess emission originating in the corona of the accretion disk.
description: 22 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS. We have created a Dataverse that contains all of the FITS images for the Herschel-BAT AGN as well as the photometry at https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/herschel-bat-agn . Full versions of Tables 1 and 2 and Figure 1 are available at http://www.astro.umd.edu/~tshimizu/#research
Giant modulation of the magnetic domain size induced by an electric field
Creators: name: Ando, Fuyuki
name: Kakizakai, Haruka
name: Koyama, Tomohiro
name: Yamada, Kihiro
name: Kawaguchi, Masashi
name: Kim, Sangohoon
name: Kim, Kab-Jin
name: Moriyama, Takahiro
name: Chiba, Daichi
name: Ono, Teruo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The electric field (EF) effect on the magnetic domain structure of a Pt/Co system was studied, where an EF was applied to the top surface of the Co layer. The width of the maze domain was significantly modified by the application of the EF at a temperature slightly below the Curie temperature. After a detailed analysis, a change in the exchange stiffness induced by the EF application was suggested to dominate the modulation of the domain width observed in the experiment. The accumulation of electrons at the surface of the Co layer resulted in an increase of the exchange stiffness and the Curie temperature. The result was consistent with the recent theoretical prediction.
description: 11 pages, 4 figures
Natural, Accelerated and Simulated Weathering of PV Modules
Creators: name: Ferrara, C.
name: Herrmann, W.
name: Köhl, M.
name: Philipp, D.
name: Faiman, D.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2008
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
PV Modules

description: 23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1-5 September 2008, Valencia, Spain; 2811-2814
description: Manufacturers of PV modules give a 20 to 25 year warranty on their products. Until now there has been a lack of precise data on the ageing and lifetimes of PV modules. The aim of our research is to identify and qualify the relevant ageing factors determining the lifetime of PV modules. PV modules from seven German manufacturers are being operated worldwide at four outdoor weathering stations in four different climates for a period of three years. Module temperatures and weather data are being recorded at all locations and sent to a central data server. Each year one module of each type will be sent back to TÜV Rheinland to re-measurement of electrical performance and of the insulation properties. This experimental data will enable us to compare the impact of four different climates on PV module degradation. A climatic chamber with the combined control of UV irradiation, temperature and humidity has been constructed for reproducing in the laboratory the ageing effects on the PV modules caused by natural weathering and for determining test conditions for accelerated weathering. We also designed a simulation model for single degradation processes of polymeric materials. Our approach combines the empirical view with both the artificial view from the laboratory and the mathematical view by means of
simulation models for identifying and qualifying the ageing processes of PV modules.