Menenotus Laporte 1832
Creators: name: Silveira, Diego D.
name: Costa, Wanessa da S.
name: Barcellos, Aline
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Coreidae
Menenotus

description: Menenotus Laporte, 1832   
(Figs 1–24)  
 Spartocera (Menenotus) LAPORTE, 1832:42.   
 Spartocerus BURMEISTER, 1835:341; BLANCHARD, 1840:115, 120; AMYOT & SERVILLE, 1843:187; DRAPIEZ, 1845:47.   
 Menenotus: SPINOLA, 1837:151 [new status]; WHITE, 1839:542; WESTWOOD, 1842:3; AMYOT & SERVILLE, 1843:187; AGASSIZ, 1843:12; BLANCHARD, 1848:713; HERRICH-SCHÄFFER, 1850[v.9]: 236; DALLAS, 1852:375; HERRICH-SCHÄFFER, 1853 [index9]:125; CHENU & DESMAREST, 1859:214; DOHRN, 1859:23; STÅL, 1860 [1858]:29; COSTA, 1868:35; STÅL, 1868 [1867]:545; 1870:172; WALKER, 1871:7; CHENU, 1875:38; BERG, 1879:75-76; LETHIERRY & SEVERIN, 1894:54; KIRKALDY, 1901:177; PENNINGTON, 1920:14; 1922:137; PACKAUSKAS, 2010:192; COSTA et al., 2020:1, 2, 23, 28, 32; COREOIDEASF TEAM, 2020.   
 Monenotus (subsequent misspelling): BLANCHARD, 1840:120.   
 Type species: Spartocera (Menenotus) lunatus Laporte, 1832, by monotypy.   
Diagnosis (Figs 1–4). Color brown or dark brown; hemelytra light brown; connexiva exposed, with round red or yellow spots. Body oval, stout, covered with numerous setae. Pronotum with humeri projected anteriorly, curved apically, surpassing anterior margin of head and covered with tubercles. Scutellum evidently wider than long.  
Color. General color variable intraspecifically, brown to dark brown. Bucculae and rostrum light brown, except the darker fourth segment. Femora dark brown to black; tarsi lighter than the remaining of the leg. Corium dark yellow, sometimes with a median dark brown spot; membrane dark brown, with some darker spots. Connexiva with yellow or red spots in the anterior half of each segment. Ventral surface of the abdomen lighter laterally, with lateral bands of numerous setae, from the III to the VII urosternite. Pygophore overall dark yellow, with some dark brown or reddish spots.  
Head. Head wider than long, covered with setae. Antennomeres with the following proportion I<II>III>IV; antennomere I thicker, with twice the width of the others and curved outerly. Antennifers broad and stout, parallel to each other; distance between them shorter than their respective width; anterior margin concave. Tylus dorsally deflected; mandibular plates parallel, as long as tylus, positioned under the antennifers, and with a callus anteriorly projected, visible laterally. Rostrum short, not surpassing the half of the mesosternum, the proportion of the rostral segments I≃IV>III>II.  
Thorax. Pronotum wider than long, anteriorly sloping, with a thin transversal groove anteriorly to posterior margin. Tubercles on disc and along anterolateral margins. Pronotal collar inconspicuous. Humeri covered with tubercles, expanded and anteriorly surpassing the anterior margin of the antennifers, and raised dorsolaterally. Scutellum evidently wider than long, with longitudinal wrinkles. Corium reaching or slightly surpassing the fifth abdominal segment, sometimes with a central black spot; membrane with anastomosed venation. Pleura covered with setae and tubercles; evaporative area occupying one-third of the width of the metapleura; peritreme ear-shaped with two lobes, the anterior larger than the posterior, with sinuous and concave margins, respectively. Depressed area between mesosternum and metasternum. Metasternum trapezoidal, elevated near posterior margin; anterior and posterior margins concave. Legs unarmed, with setae, without expansions or sexual dimorphism; femora cylindrical, about twice the thickness of the tibiae; tibiae prismatic with a longitudinal groove dorsally; tarsi cylindrical, tarsomere I longer than the others, three times longer than tarsomere II and tarsomere II twice as long as the III.  
Abdomen. Oval; dorsally smooth and ventrally covered with whitish pubescence, more concentrated in two longitudinal-lateral lines. Spiracles close to the anterior margin of the urosternites; spiracle VII slightly outer to the imaginary longitudinal line traced from the anterior margin of the segment to the posterolateral angle (Fig 13: stVII). Females with plica (Fig 13: p) anterior to the imaginary transversal line connecting the spiracles of urosternite VII; lobes not projected ventrally.  
Genitalia. Male (Figs 5–12). Pygophore covered with setae in the posterior portion, posterior margin convex and projected posteriorly (Figs 5, 9); superior processes of the dorsal rim inserted in the inner sidewalls and with posterior margin truncated; cuplike sclerite triangular, apically tapered and projected, surpassing the dorsal rim of the pygophore (Figs 5: cls, 9). Parameres sclerotized, apex hook-shaped and acute, stem with uniform thickness and bearing a longitudinal groove (Figs 5: pr, 7–9, 11, 12). Phallotheca cup-shaped, more sclerotized dorsally; basal plate triangular, with lateral bridge about twice wider than transverse bridge; ductifer sclerotized, with short ligamentous processes and rounded suspensory plate; conjunctiva with a developed dorsal process (Figs 6: dp, 10), and two smaller ventral processes (Figs 6: vp, 10); vesica longer than the phallotheca, more sclerotized apically, and with longitudinal striations (Figs 6, 10).  
Female (Figs 13–20). Laterotergites VIII (Figs 13: ltVIII, 14–16) with postero-lateral margins convergent, surpassing the posterior margin of laterotergite IX (Figs 13: ltIX, 14–16); posterior margin of valvifer VIII (Figs 13, 14, 15–16, 17, 19: vfVIII) not surpassing the posterior margin of the urosternite VII; valvifer IX (Figs 14: vfIX, 16) covered by valvifers VIII; valvulae IX (Figs 14: vaIX, 16) sclerotized, with about half of the length of the posterior fibula (Figs 14: pf, 16), posterior margin rectilinear in ventral view and folded as “C” in posterior view; posterior fibula long and sclerotized; ginatrium strap (Figs 14: gs, 16) with about one-fourth of the length of the valvifer VIII, with lateral portion sclerotized and the median region membranous, covered with punctations; valvifer VIII with apodeme (Figs 17: ap, 19) on the lateral margin; anterior leaflet (Figs 17: al, 19) sclerotized; valvulae VIII (Figs 19: vaVIII, 17) with lobular papillae apically (Figs 17: lp, 19) and setae (Figs 17: s, 19) at the inner lateral; anterior fibula (Figs 17: af, 19) sclerotized, positioned on the medial region of valvifer VIII; gonangulum (Figs 17: g, 19) sclerotized with tapered apex. Spermatheca (Figs 14: sph, 16) with bulb sclerotized, long and finger-shaped, acute apically; distal duct (Figs 18, 20: dds) sclerotized, long and twisted, with callosities and spines; proximal expansion of the pump (Fig 18: pep) membranous and cupuliform; proximal crest of the pump (Figs 18, 20: prp) with sclerotizations, distal crest lacking; proximal duct (Fig 18: pds) wide and moderately long with slight sclerotization, curved in a fold.  
 Comments. Euagona is similar to Menenotus. Both genera share the projected humeri, the body size greater than 20 mm, among other characteristics. The results of COSTA et al. (2020) identified Euagona as the sister to Menenotus, sharing homoplastic characters, such as the second antennomere cylindrical, the grooved mesosternum, and the distal part of the integument of the vesica wrinkled. However, COSTA et al. (2020) lack samples of Euagona female specimens, thus further studies with a broader sample will test its relationship with Menenotus. Menenotus differs from Euagona by the humeri extending beyond the head, and the broader abdomen, with apparent connexiva, except in E. hamata Brailovsky, 2010. From this species, Menenotus can be distinguished by its scutellum evidently wider than long and by connexival segments IV-VI wider than half of their own length. Their distributions are also distinct, with Menenotus occurring further south from South America in Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina and Euagona in northern South America (Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia).
description: Published as part of Silveira, Diego D., Costa, Wanessa da S. & Barcellos, Aline, 2021, Taxonomy, morphology, and new distribution data of Menenotus (Coreidae, Coreinae, Spartocerini), pp. 1-9 in Iheringia, Série Zoologia (e 2021029) (e 2021029) 111 on pages 2-5, DOI: 10.1590/1678-4766e2021029, http://zenodo.org/record/13266090