Protohermes dichrous Brauer
Creators: name: Liu, Xingyue
name: Hayashi, Fumio
name: Yang, Ding
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Megaloptera
Corydalidae
Protohermes
Protohermes dichrous

description: Protohermes dichrous (Brauer)
(Figs. 3, 20–26)
Neuromus dichrous Brauer, 1878: 205. Type locality: Borneo.
Diagnosis. In appearance there are one pair of black markings on posterolateral portions of vertex and two pairs of black markings on pronotum, and the forewing has a darkened transverse band, which extends posteriorly to CuA vein, between proximal and median pale markings. Genitalia of this species are characterized by the male ninth sternum with a pair of broadly subtriangular posterior lobes and the male ectoproct, which widely connects with ninth tergum by a suboval base.
Description. Male. Body length 20–25 mm; forewing length 28–33 mm, hindwing length 26–30 mm.
Head (Fig. 3) yellow, vertex posterolaterally with a pair of subquadrate black markings; post-ocular spine almost absent. Compound eyes brown; ocelli yellow, medially margined black, lateral ocelli close to median ocellus. Antenna black with scape and pedicle yellow. Mouthparts yellow; mandible with distal half black; maxillary and labial palpi respectively with distal two segments brown.
Thorax (Fig. 3) yellow; pronotum with two pairs of black markings near lateral margins. Thoracic pilosity yellowish, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs yellow, with short dense yellowish setae; tarsal claws pale reddish brown. Wings hyaline, with several yellowish markings. Forewing slightly brownish; proximally with one subtriangular marking, medially with several irregular markings usually fused with each other, and with one round marking at distal 1/3; membrane between basal and median markings darkened into a short transverse band, posteriorly narrowed and extending to CuA. Hindwing almost hyaline with marginal area pale brown. Veins mostly yellowish; veins in costal area and dark area of forewing blackish brown; veins in distal area of hindwing pale brown. Rs 8 to 9-branched; MA bifurcate; 6–9 crossveins between R and Rs; anterior branch of MP 4 to 6–branched, posterior branch of MP 2-branched.
Abdomen yellow. Ninth tergum (Fig. 21) subtrapezoidal, with arcuately incised anterior margin and truncate posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 22) medially short, subtrapezoidal; posterior margin shallowly incised trapezoidal, forming a pair of subtriangular posterior lobes. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 22) slender unguiform, directed posteriad in lateral view, with tip distinctly incurved. Ectoproct (Fig. 21–23) slender band-like, extremely elongate, ~5.0 times as long as ninth tergum, arcuately incurved with apex slightly narrowed and more or less bended ventrad; base widely connected to ninth tergum and slightly inflated into a suboval structure. Tenth gonocoxite (Fig. 24) arched, dorsomedially strongly expanded into a broad plate; lateral lobes digitiform, straightly directed posteriad.
Female. Body length 19–30 mm; forewing length 29–35 mm, hindwing length 27–32 mm.
Eighth gonocoxite (Figs. 25–26) in lateral view subtriangular with arcuately convex posterior margin, in ventral view posterior margin medially with a deep V-shaped incision. Ninth gonocoxite (Fig. 25) broad, posteriorly rounded and ventrally incised, with a small gonostylus. Ectoproct (Fig. 25) short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving subtriangular dorsal and slightly shorter and thinner ventral lobes in lateral view.
Type material. Neotype 3, “ MALAYSIA: Sabah, Kimanis Road [5°26ʹN, 116°05ʹE], 4.IV.1998 ” (HFIC).
Additional materials. 13, Borneo (ISNB); 1Ƥ, Borneo, 1969 (NSMT); INDONESIA: 13, Java, Tosari [7°52ʹN, 112°54ʹE] (BMNH); 1Ƥ, Midden O-Borneo [= central eastern Borneo, collecting site in East Kalimantan], 16.X.1925, H.C. Siebers (RMNH); MALAYSIA: 1m, Nord[= North]-Borneo, Waterstradt (MZPW); Sabah: 132Ƥ, near Poring hotspring [6°02ʹN, 116°42ʹE], F. Hayashi (one male emerged from larva in 6.X.1994, two females emerged from larvae in 26.VI.1994, HFIC); 2Ƥ, Mt. Trus Madi, IV.1992, H. Karube (HFIC); 1Ƥ, Trus Madi, 1000 m, IV.2005, M. Sawai (HFIC); 13, Trus Madi, 1000m, 1–15.IV.2006, M. Sawai (HFIC); 3Ƥ, Trus Madi, 1000 m, 15/ 25.IV.2007, M. Sawai (HFIC); 3Ƥ, Trus Madi, 1000 m, 6/ 20.IV.2008, M. Sawai (HFIC); 1Ƥ, Kinabalu, Staudinger (SDEI); 132Ƥ, Kinabalu (ZMHU); 13, Gunong Monkobo, 5.48N, 116.56E, 974 m, 7–13.VIII.1987, K.R. Tuck (BMNH); 231Ƥ (paralectotypes of P. bellulus), Mt. Kinabalu, Kiau [6°01ʹN, 116°29ʹE], 3000 ft [= 914 m], 4/ 10.IV.1929 (BMNH); 131Ƥ, Kinabalu Nat[ional]. P[ark]., H.Q. 5100 ft [= 1554 m], 14/ 19.II.1980, L. Oosterweghel (RMNH); 13, Kinabalu (RMNH); 23, 18 km on r[oa]d. Keningau-Kimanis, 5.26N, 116.05E, 1050 m, 20.XI.1987, J. Huisman & R. de Jong (RMNH); 2Ƥ, Long Pa Sia, Airtrip along S[outhern] Pa Sia, 4°25’N, 115°43’E, 1090 m, 14.X.1986, J. Huisman et al (RMNH); 13, Marak Parak [6°19ʹN, 116°44ʹE], at lights, beside primary forest, 25/ 26.V.1985, Schimdt, Schimdt & Starr (USNM); 132Ƥ, 10 mi [les] N[orth]W[est] of Keningau, 900 m, 9/ 11.X.1980, S. Nagai (EUMJ); 531Ƥ, Daerh Penapang, Crocker Range National Park, Kipandi Butterfly Park [5°59ʹN, 116°04ʹE], 700 m, 23/ 25.III.2011, O. Tominaga (HFIC); Labuan: 13 [5°18ʹN, 115°13ʹE] (RMNH).
Distribution. Indonesia (East Kalimantan); Malaysia (Labuan, Sabah).
Remarks. van der Weele (1906) noted that he did not find the Brauer’s types (two males) which should have been deposited in the NHMW. We also searched for these types in the NHMW recently, but failed to find them. Therefore, the primary types of this species are probably lost. Based on the original description by Brauer (1878), it is difficult to determine the exact identity of P. dichrous because there are three additional species (P. bellulus, P. decolor, and P. goodgeri sp. nov.) that are closely related to and similar to P. d i c h ro u s. However, the only available redescription and illustration of the male genitalia of P. d i c h ro u s in van der Weele (1906) show that the specimen he described belongs to a different species from P. bellulus, P. decolor, and P. goodgeri sp. nov. We examined a numerous old specimens with van der Weele’s handwritten identification labels as P. dichrous and found that all the males and most females he examined belonged to only one species, which is different from P. bellulus, P. decolor, and P. goodgeri sp. nov., but a few female specimens belong to P. d e co lo r. In order to prevent unnecessary taxonomic change, we follow van der Weele’s concept of the male of P. d i c h ro u s and designate a Neotype from Sabah.
The male of P. dichrous differs from P. bellulus, P. dichrous, and P. goodgeri sp. nov. by the ninth sternum with a pair of broadly subtriangular posterior lobes and the ectoproct proximally connected to the ninth tergum by an suboval inflated base.
We have examined a large number of specimens of Corydalidae from Indonesia and Malaysia but found only one specimen of P. dichrous with a collecting site in Java. This specimen was probably collected during or before the 1900’s as it was also examined by van der Weele (1906). Old specimens with incorrect locality labels can be found occasionally in several European collections. These specimens were sold by native collectors and usually were incompletely or incorrectly labeled. Here we consider that the record of P. dichrous in Java is doubtful since no additional specimens nor records of Protohermes species are known from the island.
description: Published as part of Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio & Yang, Ding, 2013, The Protohermes dichrous species group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae), with description of two new species from eastern Malaysia, pp. 501-517 in Zootaxa 3620 (4) on pages 508-511, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3620.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/217928