Cacajao calvus
Creators: name: Russell A. Mittermeier
name: Anthony B. Rylands
name: Don E. Wilson
Publisher: name: Lynx Edicions
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Pitheciidae
Cacajao
Cacajao calvus

description: 42.
Bald Uacar 1
Cacajao calvus
French: Ouakari chauve / German: Rotkopfuakari / Spanish: Uakari calvo
Other common names: Bald Uakari, Bald-headed Uacari/Uakari, Red Uacari/Uakari, Red-and-white Uacari/Uakari; Novaes's Bald /Novaes'’s Bald-headed Uacari/Uakari (novaesi), Peruvian Red/Red/Ucayali Bald/Ucayali Bald-headed Uacari/Uakari (ucayalii), Red Bald /Red Bald-headed Uacari/Uakari (rubicundus), White Bald White Bald-headed Uacari / Uakari (calvus)
Taxonomy. Brachyurus calvus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1847,
Para. Restricted by P. Hershkovitz in 1987 to Brazil, Amazonas, left bank of the Rio Solimoes, opposite Fonte Boa.
Four subspecies are recognized.
Subspecies and Distribution.
C.c.calvus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1847—BrazilianAmazon,mainlyrestrictedtothelargefluvialislandborderedbytheriosJapura,Auati-Parana,andSolimoes.
C.c.novaesiHershkovitz,1987—BrazilianAmazon,restrictedtotheupperRioJurua(Sbank),betweentheriosEiruandTarauacainthestateofAmazonas.C.c¢.rubicundus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire&Deville,1848—WAmazonBasininBrazil(disjunctdistribution,withonepopulationintheJapura-Solimoesinterfluvium,WoftheAuati-Parana,andanotheralongtheRioSolimoes,upriverfromtheRioI¢a-Putumayo);possiblyextendingintotheColombianTrapeziumbutneverrecordedthere.
C. c. ucayalu Thomas, 1928 — W Amazon Basin in E Peru (S of the Rio Amazonas, between the rios Ucayali and Yavari, in the regions of Loreto and N Ucayali) and W Brazil (known from a single locality, Estirao do Ecuador, on the E bank ofthe lower RioJavari).
Descriptive notes. Head-body 38-56 cm (males) and 36-57 cm (females), tail 14— 19 cm (males) and 14-17 cm (females); weight 3.3-5 kg (males) and 2.3-3 kg (females). Male Bald Uacaris have larger canines than females. Fur is long and shaggy, forming a cape over shoulders, and tail is short and bushy. Head is virtually bare, covered by tiny hairs, and face is virtually bare, with a few inconspicuousvibrissae. Facial skin and ears are unpigmented and are pink to scarlet due to subcutaneous blood capillaries. In the “White Bald Uacari” (C. c. calvus), upperparts are dirty white to pale gray, while underside and thighs are reddish or yellowish. In the “Red Bald Uacari” (C. ¢. rubicundus), fur is uniformly reddish or reddish-chestnut, except for nape and shoulders that are buffy and whitish. “Novaes’s Bald Uacari” (C. ¢. novaesi) is described as uniformly orange. The “Ucayali Bald Uacari” (C. ¢. ucayalii) is generally reddishorange or reddish-golden. Its tail is black above and reddish below.
Habitat. Seasonally flooded white-water (varzea) and black-water (igapo) forest, palm swamp forest, and terra firma forest. Bald Uacaris prefer the upper strata of the forest. In the dry season when the floods recede, they forage on the ground for germinating and fallen seeds.
Food and Feeding. Uacaris have a specialized dentition, with hypertrophied canines, procumbent incisors, and low-crowned molars, used for extracting and processing seeds from hard fruits. Immature seeds are prominent in their diets (50-67%), followed by mature fruits and seeds (28-38%). Flowers, nectar, buds and leaves are eaten occasionally (6-10%). Lecythidaceae, Sapotaceae, and Arecaceae were important families exploited by Bald Uacari subspecies at three different sites. Animal protein is 3-5% of their diets. Prey includes arthropods such as caterpillars, ants, termites, Katydids, mantids, mayflies, spiders, and whip scorpions. They forage for these arthropods and also eat them along with fruit; a considerable proportion of the animal protein may be obtained from adult and larval insects that infest the fruits they eat. In 2007, M. Bowler described a single event of one ofthis species eating a small lizard.
Breeding. In the wild, copulation of Bald Uacaris lasts less than one minute. Gestation is ¢.190 days,after which a single infant is born.
Activity patterns. Bald Uacaris are typically active from dawn to dusk, with rest intervals throughout the day. Most of the daily activity budget is devoted to traveling (35-38%), followed by foraging and feeding (32-36%).
Movements, Home range and Social organization. Movements of Bald Uacaris are influenced by the spatial arrangements of habitats, topography, and differences in dispersion and abundance of the food sources among habitats. At Lago Preto, Peru, a group of Ucayali Bald Uacaris moved between flooded forest, terra firma, and palm swamp, depending on the availability of fruits. At Lago Tei, Brazil, movements and grouping patterns of a group of White Bald Uacari were strongly influenced by the topography and distribution of food resources among different habitats. Daily movements are usually long, averaging 2710 m (1200-6200 m) in Lago Tei, 7300 m in north-eastern Peru, and regularly exceeding 6000 m in Lago Preto, Peru. Bald Uacaris have some of the largest home ranges of Neotropical primates, 500-550 ha in Lago Preto and 1200 ha in Lago Teiu. They live in large multimale-multifemale groups of up to 200 individuals. The great variability observed in group size is probably due to the formation of subgroups, because all species of uacaris shows a fission-fusion behavior, with groups often splitting into smaller foraging units.
Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List, including all subspecies. Subspecies of Bald Uacaris have restricted distributions, and they are hunted for their meat and are affected by habitat disturbance in some areas. The White Bald Uacari is protected in Mamiraua State Sustainable Development Reserve (created in 1990 as an Ecological Station). This reserve was created to specifically protect the White Bald Uacari, and it has now developed into an exemplary protected area that supports the livelihood of local communities and fauna and flora within it. Novaes’s Bald Uacari occurs in Middle Jurua and Upper Jurua extractive reserves, where hunting and exploitation of natural resources are permitted. The Red Bald Uacari occurs in Jutai-Solimoes Ecological Station. The Ucayali Bald Uacari has disappeared from many areas in north-eastern Peru, and in other parts ofits distribution populations have been reduced due to habitat destruction and hunting. It is protected in ACR Comunal Tamshiyacu Tahuayo and three new areas in its distribution are under proposal or newly created: Sierra del Divisor Reserved Zone, Lago Preto Conservation Concession, and the proposed Greater Yavari Reserve. The Wildlife Conservation Society in Peru and the Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology are developing conservation actions on the rios Yavari and Yavari-Mirin in Peru.
Bibliography. Aquino (1998), Aquino & Encarnacion (1994b), Ayres (1986a, 1986b, 1989, 1990), Ayres & Johns (1987), Barnett, Boweret al. (2013), Barnett, Boyle et al. (2012), Bowler (2007), Bowler & Bodmer (2009, 2011), Bowler et al. (2012), Fontaine (1981), Groves (2001), Hershkovitz (1987b), Heymann & Aquino (2010), Leonard & Bennett (1996), Mittermeier & Coimbra-Filho (1977), Norconk (2011), Setz et al. (2013), Veiga, Bowler et al. (2008), Walker & Ayres (1996).
description: Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson, 2013, Phitheciidae, pp. 432-483 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on pages 481-482, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6632289