Sarcohyla toyota Grünwald & Franz-Chávez & Morales-Flores & Ahumada-Carrillo & Jones 2019, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Grünwald, Christoph I.
name: Franz-Chávez, Hector
name: Morales-Flores, Karen I.
name: Ahumada-Carrillo, Ivan T.
name: Jones, Jason M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Amphibia
Anura
Hylidae
Sarcohyla
Sarcohyla toyota

description: Sarcohyla toyota sp. nov.
Toyota’s Treefrog, Rana arborícola de Toyota
(Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4A, 4D, 4G, 4J, 5A, 5D, 5G, 6, 10A, 10B)
Hyla thorectes— Duellman (2001): 886 –887, 1132, in part.
Plectrohyla sp. 5 aff. P. thorectes— Faivovich et al. (2005): 35, 66, 71, 103, 183.
Plectrohyla aff. thorectes sp5 — Wiens et al. (2010): 881.
Plectrohyla thorectes— Caviedes-Solis (2013): 4, 8, 20, 29, 32, 34, 39, in part.
Plectrohyla aff. thorectes— Kaplan et al. (2016): 265.
Sarcohyla aff. thorectes— Caviedes-Solis & Nieto-Montes de Oca (2018): 8,13,17.
Sarcohyla sp. — Faivovich et al. (2018): 4.
Holotype. MZFC 34666 (CIG-1066) (Fig. 1 in life; Fig. 2 in preservative), an adult male from Mexico: Guerrero: 11.4 km (by road) SW of Puerto de Gallo, Municipio de Atoyac de Álvarez, 2020 masl, collected 11 September 2016 by C. I. Grünwald, H. Franz-Chávez, and K. I. Morales-Flores. (Figs. 1, 2)
Paratypes (5). MZFC 34662–65 (CIG- 1062–1065) (Figs 3 B–3E, 4D, 4J, 5A, 5D), topotypic, with same data as type specimen; MZFC 34661 (CIG-0924) (Figs 3A, 4A, 4G), topotypic, collected 15 July 2016 by C. I. Grünwald and H. Franz-Chávez.
Diagnosis. Small, broad-headed Sarcohyla (males 28.5–32.2 mm) with distinctly short snout, long fingers, long legs and head broader than body. Adult males to 32.2 mm SVL. Adult female size unknown. Eyes distinctly large, tympanum distinctly small (TW/SVL ratio 0.03), and snout short (END/HL ratio 0.23–0.27). Numerous tubercles beneath cloacal opening (Fig. 5G). Venter white with dark gray and brown marbling (Figs. 2B, 4G, 4J) and lacking any iridescent green coloration on dorsum (Figs. 4A, 4D). Comparisons with similar species, with character states of Sarcohyla toyota in parenthesis: Sarcohyla thorectes (Figs. 4B, 4E) differing by presence of iridescent green blotches on dorsum (complete absence of iridescent green; Figs. 4A, 4D); white coloration with dark gray and brown marbling on anterior 60% of venter, including chest and abdomen, posterior 40% of venter flesh-colored (Figs. 4H, 4K) (white or yellow coloration with dark gray and brown marbling on 100% of venter, no flesh colored skin present; Figs. 4G, 4J); distinct rostral keel present (Fig. 5A) (rostral keel absent; Fig. 5B); dark brown markings on face and flank not continuous, not forming mask (Fig. 5E)(dark brown markings and face and flank continuous, forming mask; Fig. 5D); tympanum distinct,>26% of ED (tympanum indistinct, ≤23% of ED); nostrils slightly protruding, head bluntly rounded in dorsal profile (Fig. 5B) (nostrils greatly protruding, head distinctly truncate in dorsal profile; Fig. 5A); lateral profile of snout rounded (lateral profile of snout distinctly truncate); yellow ventral coloration completely lacking or limited (Figs. 4H, 4K) (varying amounts of yellow ventral coloration present on throat, chest, sides of abdomen, thighs and feet; Figs. 4G, 4J); superarticular tubercles on first phalange of fingers on hand conical or barely bifid (superarticular tubercles on first phalange of fingers hand distinctly bifid); tarsal fold distinct (tarsal fold indistinct or absent); subarticular tubercles on foot conical (subarticular tubercles on foot slightly bifid); outer metatarsal tubercle absent or indistinct (outer metatarsal tubercle distinct). Sarcohyla toyota further differs from S. thorectes by following mensural proportions (values for S. thorectes given in parenthesis): longer hand, HA/SVL ratio 0.32–0.37 (0.27–0.33); smaller tympanum, TW/SVL ratio in males 0.027 –0.029 (0.035 –0.039); larger eye ED/SVL ratio 0.13–0.14 (0.12–0.13); lower TW/ED ratio in males 0.20–0.23 (0.27–0.32); shorter snout END/HL ratio 0.23–0.27 (0.27–0.29). Sarcohyla hazelae differing by (values for S. toyota given in parenthesis): larger body size in males 35.0– 38.8 mm SVL (28.5–32.2 mm SVL); inmaculate white venter (Figs. 4I, 4L) (white or yellow background with dark gray and brown marbling on 100% of venter; Figs. 4H, 4K); green dorsal ground coloration with iridescent green spots (Figs. 4C, 4F) (no green ground coloration or iridescent green spots present on dorsum; Figs. 4A, 4D); snout longer and rounded in both dorsal and lateral profile (Figs. 5C, 5F) (short snout truncate in both dorsal and lateral profile; Figs. 5A, 5D); superarticular tubercles on first phalange offingers on hand conical or barely bifid (superarticular tubercles on first phalange of fingers hand distinctly bifid). Sarcohyla toyota further differs from S. hazelae by the following mensural proportions (values for S. hazelae given in parenthesis): longer hand, HA/SVL ratio 0.32–0.37 (0.30–0.32); smaller tympanum, TW/SVL ratio in males 0.027 –0.029 (0.035 –0.038); larger eye, ED/SVL ratio 0.13–0.14 (0.10–0.11); lower TW/ED ratio in males 0.20–0.23 (0.33–0.37); shorter snout END/HL ratio 0.23–0.27 (0.27–0.28).
Description of holotype. Adult male, 29.8 mm SVL; head broad and wider than body; top of head flat; HL 10.2 mm; HW 9.7 mm; head longer than wide, cephalic index 1.05; HL/SVL ratio 0.34; nostrils protuberant, oval, directed horizontally; snout truncate in dorsal profile with no distinct rostral keel (Fig. 1B); snout short and truncate in lateral profile (Fig. 1A); canthus moderately angular; loreal region concave; lips thick and barely flared; ED 4.0 mm; ELW 2.4 mm; IOD 5.7 mm; IND 2.4 mm; END 2.7 mm; ETD 2.1 mm; tympanum small, round and indistinct, TW 0.8 mm; TW/ED ratio 0.2; supratympanic fold from eye, above tympanum and down to above arm insertion, barely covers upper edge of tympanum; HaL 9.7 mm; fingers long, 3FL 6.8 mm, 4FL 4.9 mm, 3FL/SVL ratio 0.23; finger lengths 1 <2 <4 <3; fingers with vestigial webbing, hand webbing formula: I 3-3 II 3-3 III 2 ⅘-2¾ IV; finger discs large, 3FPW 1.9 mm, 3FPW/3FW ratio 2.1; 4FPW 1.8 mm, 4FPW/4FW ratio 1.9, 4FPW/TW ratio 2.3; prepollex enlarged, bifid, covered with nuptial excrescenses consisting of minute spinules on prepollex and thumb; subarticular tubercles large, bifid; indistinct supernumerary pustules rounded; palmar tubercle bifid; dermal fold on wrist; UaL 6.4 mm; FaL 7.1 mm; tubercles on ventrolateral edge of forearm in row, interrupted, not forming a continuous fold; FL 14.2 mm; toes long, 3TL 6.7 mm, 4TL 8.9 mm, 4TL/SVL ratio 0.28; toe lengths 1<2<3<5<4; toes about half webbed, foot webbing formula: I 2 ½-2½ II 1 ½-2¾ III 2 ½-2½ IV 2-1 ¾ V; toe discs large, 4TPW 1.7 mm, 4TPW/4TW ratio 1.8, 4TPW/TW ratio 2.1; toe subarticular tubercles moderately large, round, not bifid: indistinct supernumerary pustules rounded; inner metatarsal tubercle distinct, moderately rounded; outer metatarsal tubercle present, small, rounded in shape; low tarsal fold present but indistinct; a row of slightly raised tubercles on tarsus; FeL 13.4 mm; TL 15.1 mm; TaL 8.3 mm; tibio-tarsal articulation extends to anterior portion of eye; cloacal opening directed postero-ventrally; cloacal sheath moderately long, grooved medially; no transverse fold above cloacal opening; six large pale yellow tubercles on posterior surface of thigh and below level of cloacal opening. Skin on dorsum smooth; lateral skin shagreen; skin on venter of head shagreen, ventral skin of body and thighs granular. No axillary membrane. Dentigerous processes of prevomers large and postero-medially inclined between two moderate-sized ovoid choanae. Vocal slits present, large, extending from median part of tongue to angle of jaw. Vocal sac single, median, subgular and moderately distensible. Pupil horizontal.
Color of holotype in life: Dorsum of head, body and limbs yellowish brown, mottled with indistinct blotches of darker brown; no iridescent green spots or blotches present; flanks bright yellow; pale brown blotches present on snout and lips; continuous dark brown dorso-lateral stripe extending from behind eye through tympanum and along flank to groin, equally dark brown blotches on flank above brown dorso-lateral stripe; no inter-orbital bar; no barring on limbs (Figs. 1A, 1B, 1C). Lower portions of head and throat pale yellow; chest and abdomen white and yellow with bold dark gray and brown marbling on entire chest and abdomen, with no flesh colored skin present; ventral coloration of limbs yellowish-orange. Iris coppery brown.
Color of holotype in preservative: Dorsum of head and body gray with dark brown indistinct blotches, dorsal surfaces of limbs beige; flanks gray with dark brown marbling; venter white to cream, with dark gray marbling; throat white; ventral surfaces of limbs beige (Figs. 2A, 2B).
Variation. The morphometric variation of the type series is summarized in Table 2. Variation in color as follows: four specimens with yellow or yellowish brown dorsal coloration, one tan, one darker brown with yellow highlights; varying degrees of dark gray and brown marbling on venter; three paratypes with abundant yellow coloration on venter, three with sparse yellow ventral coloration (Figs. 3 A–3E); 6–13 tubercles present below cloacal opening.
Advertisement call. Male advertisement call consisting of single two–three pulse note sounding like rapid “crehk-crehk-crehk”, with length about 17–20 milliseconds repeated about every 5 seconds in call group (Fig. 7). Call groups may consist of 3–6 notes, however due to relatively low volume of call and tendency to call from above fast-flowing water it is difficult to discern how many different individuals are calling at a given time. The call has a dominant frequency of 4.75 kHz. The call is only moderately loud, and can be heard over the sound of the fast flowing water.
Distribution and habitat. This species appears to be restricted to the immediate vicinity of the type locality in the central portion of the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, Mexico (Fig. 8). It has been collected between 1975–2185 masl. The habitat at tht type locality is cloud forest, with tropical evergreen forest at lower elevations and pine forest at immediately higher elevations(Fig. 9A). It has been collected only in the immediate vicinity of slow to fast moving streams, secondary to larger water ways, and with heavily vegetated banks (Fig. 9B). The frogs are usually found on vegetation above or near the water.
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Etymology. The specific epithet is a an invariable name in aposition honoring the Japanese automotive manufacturer Toyota, whose various four wheel drive models such as the Toyota Tacoma and the Toyota 4runner have been paramount to our field team’s access into hard-to-reach areas of the Mexican back country.
Referred Specimens. Plectrohyla aff. thorectes Mexico: Guerrero: El Molote, Municipio de Atoyac de Álvarez (ANMO 020246); 8.21 km SW of Puerto de Gallo (UTA-A 56442); Carretera Nueva Dehli-La Guitarra (UTA-A 57681 (JAC 022224)).
description: Published as part of Grünwald, Christoph I., Franz-Chávez, Hector, Morales-Flores, Karen I., Ahumada-Carrillo, Ivan T. & Jones, Jason M., 2019, A rare new treefrog of the genus Sarcohyla (Anura: Hylidae) from Guerrero, Mexico, pp. 345-364 in Zootaxa 4712 (3) on pages 347-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4712.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3586326