Antipathozoanthus hickmani Reimer &amp; Fujii 2010, sp. n.
Creators: name: Reimer, James
name: Fujii, Takuma
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Cnidaria
Anthozoa
Zoantharia
Parazoanthidae
Antipathozoanthus
Antipathozoanthus hickmani

description: <i>Antipathozoanthus hickmani</i> sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BC6BFB57-105C-4EC4-AEF4-87CC8B33DBDE Figures 1, 5, 7, 9, Tables 1, 2, 3 <b>Etymology.</b> Named after Dr. Cleveland Hickman, Jr., who graciously invited the first author to the Galápagos, and collected the first specimens of this new species. Noun in the genitive case. <b>Material examined.</b> <i>Type locality</i>: Ecuador, Galapagos: Floreana I., La Batielle, 1.2904°S 90.4989°W. <i>Holotype</i>: Specimen number MHNG-INVE-67495. Colony of approximately 40 polyps connected by well-developed coenenchyme on two branches of <i>Antipathes galapagensis</i> Diechmann, 1941 branches. Both branches approximately 7 cm long. Polyps approximately 1.5–4.0 mm in diameter, and approximately 1.0–6.0 mm in height from coenenchyme. Coenenchyme covers branches of antipatharian. Polyps and coenenchyme sand encrusted, cream-yellow in color. Collected from La Batielle, Floreana I., Galapagos, Ecuador, at 31.4 m by A. Chiriboga (AC), March 13, 2007. Preserved in 99.5% ethanol. <i>Paratypes</i> (all from Galapagos, Ecuador): Paratype 1. Specimen number CMNH-ZG 05883. Collected from Roca Onan, Pinzon I., at 27 m by AC, March 14, 2007. <b>Figure &amp;lcedil;.</b> <i>Antipathozoanthus hickmani</i> sp. n. in situ in the Galapagos. <b>a</b> holotype MHNG-INVE-67495 showing the entire colony covering an <i>Antipathes galapagensis</i>, with living antipatharians visible in the background. Image by Angel Chiriboga (AC) <b>b</b> specimen MISE 441 at Don Ferdi, Bainbridge Rocks, Santiago I., at 23 m by JDR, March 9, 2007 <b>c</b> and <b>d</b> specimen MISE 474, Roca Onan. Pinzon I., at 35 m by AC. All scale bars: 1 cm except in <b>a</b> (10 cm). Paratype 2. Specimen number USNM 1134064. Collected from Cousins Rock, at 28 m by James D. Reimer (JDR), March 10, 2007. <b>Other material</b> (all from Galapagos, Ecuador): MISE 03-221, Cousins Rock, at 12 m by AC on October 9, 2003; MISE 03-539, Cousins Rock, at 20 m by CH on November 11, 2003; MISE 03-549, Cousins Rock, at 23 m by CH on November 11, 2003; MISE 04-341, Elizabeth Bay, Isabela I., at 25 m by G. Edgar (GE) on December 2, 2003; MISE 440, Don Ferdi, Bainbridge Rocks, at 22 m by JDR, March 9, 2007; MISE 441, Don Ferdi, Bainbridge Rocks, at 23 m by JDR, March 9, 2007; MISE 444, Cousins Rock, Galapagos, Ecuador, at 21 m JDR, March 10, 2007; MISE 474, La Batielle, Floreana I., at 35 m by AC, March 14, 2007. <b>Sequences.</b> See Table 1. <b>Description.</b> <i>Size</i>: Polyps in situ approximately 4–12 mm in diameter when open, and approximately 4–15 mm in height. <i>Morphology</i>: <i>Antipathozoanthus hickmani</i> has approximately 40 bright yellow and/ or red tentacles, with long red, yellow, or cream-colored polyps that extend well clear of the coenenchyme (Figure 1). Tentacles are almost always longer than the expanded oral disk diameter. <i>Cnidae</i>: Basitrichs and microbasic p-mastigophores (often difficult to distinguish), holotrichs (large and medium), spirocysts (see Table 2, Figure 9). <b>Table &amp;lcedil;.</b> Examined zoanthid specimens for new species from the Galapagos Islands, and GenBank Accession Numbers. NA = not available or data not acquired. aSpecimens with the designations such as 03-560 are from 2001-2004 surveys (see Reimer et al. 2008b). Other specimens are from 2007 and have either specimen numbers (e.g. 471) in JDR’s collection, or museum type specimen numbers as given. Abbreviations: USNM: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA, CMNH: Chiba Prefectural Natural History Museum, Japan, MHNG: Natural History Museum of Geneva, Switzerland, MISE: Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan. bLatitude and longitude values that are negative represent South and West values respectively, while positive values (latitude only) represent North values. cCollector abbreviations: CH = C. Hickman, Jr., LV = L. Vinueza, AC = A. Chiriboga, GE = G. Edgar, JDR = JD Reimer, RP = R. Pepolas, FL = F. Liss, BR = B. Riegl, DR = D. Ruiz, FR = F. Riveiria, OB = O. Breedy, MV = M. Vera. <b>Differential diagnosis.</b> Differs from <i>Antipathozoanthus macaronesicus</i> (Ocaña &amp; Brito, 2004) (with regards to distribution; Galapagos as opposed to Cape Verde), coloration (no red or cream colors observed in <i>A. macaronesicus</i>), substrate (<i>Antipathes galapagensis</i> as opposed to <i>Tanacetipathes cavernicola</i> Opresko, 2001). Other morphologically similar and undescribed zoanthids (epizoic on antipatharians, similar sizes, yellowish in color) have been recorded from Madagascar and Japan (specimens in JDR’s collection), although these other specimens were found on different antipatharian species than <i>Antipathozoanthus hickmani</i>, and were never red or cream in color. <i>Antipathozoanthus hickmani</i> is the only zoanthid in the Galápagos found on living <i>Antipathes galapagensis</i> (Table 3). <b>Habitat and distribution.</b> All collected samples from Galapagos were on the black coral <i>Antipathes galapagensis,</i> at depths of 12 m to 35 m. Although <i>A. galapagensis</i> is found throughout the archipelago, <i>Antipathozoanthus hickmani</i> colonies were observed only at Santiago, Floreana, Isabela and Pinzon Islands, and it may be that this genus has a patchy distribution in the Galápagos. <i>A. hickmani</i> is potentially also found at Isla del Coco (Costa Rica) on the same antipatharian species, based on Museo de Zoologia, University of Costa Rica specimen UCR 827, although this has yet to be confirmed with detailed examinations. <b>Biology and associated species.</b> <i>Antipathozoanthus hickmani</i> may cover only a portion of a living <i>Antipathes galapagensis</i> black coral colony, or cover the entire colony, suggesting this species may be parasitic. Some <i>A. hickmani</i> specimens were found on completely dead <i>A. galapagensis</i> colonies or branches. <b>Notes.</b> Previously mentioned in Reimer et al. (2008b, 2010) and Hickman (2008) as <i>Parazoanthus</i> sp. G1.
description: Published as part of <i>Reimer, James &amp; Fujii, Takuma, 2010, Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands, pp. 1-36 in ZooKeys 42 (42)</i> on pages 6-14, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.42.378, http://zenodo.org/record/576650
description: {"references": ["Reimer JD, Sinniger F, Hickman CP Jr (2008 b) Zoanthid diversity (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) in the Galapagos Islands: a molecular examination. Coral Reefs 27: 641 - 654.", "Ocana O, Brito A (2004) A review of Gerardiidae (Anthozoa: Zoantharia) from the Macaronesian islands and the Mediterranean Sea with the description of a new species. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias 15: 159 - 189.", "Reimer JD, Nakachi S, Hirose M, Hirose E, Hashiguchi S (2010) Using hydrofluoric acid for morphological investigations of zoanthids (Cnidaria: Anthozoa): a critical assessment of methodology and necessity. Marine Biotechnology doi: 10.1007 / s 10126 - 009 - 9249 - 3.", "Hickman CP Jr (2008) A field guide to corals and other radiates of Galapagos. Sugar Spring Press, Lexington, 162 pp."]}