cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Induced vacuum current and magnetic field in the background of a cosmic string
Creators: name: Sitenko, Yu. A.
name: Vlasii, N. D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Vacuum polarization effects in the cosmic string background are considered. We find that a current is induced in the vacuum of the quantized massive scalar field and that the current circulates around the string which is generalized to a $(d-2)$-brane in locally flat $(d+1)$-dimensional space-time. As a consequence of the Maxwell equation, a magnetic field strength is also induced in the vacuum and is directed along the cosmic string. The dependence of the current and the field strength on the string flux and tension is comprehensively analyzed. Both the current and the field strength are holomorphic functions of the space dimension, decreasing exponentially with the distance from the string. In the case of $d=3$ we show that, due to the vacuum polarization, the cosmic string is enclosed in a tube of the magnetic flux lines if the mass of the quantized field is less than the inverse of the transverse size of the string core.
description: 12 pages, 2 figures, minor changes
Quantum geometrodynamics: whence, whither?
Creators: name: Kiefer, Claus
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Quantum geometrodynamics is canonical quantum gravity with the three-metric as the configuration variable. Its central equation is the Wheeler--DeWitt equation. Here I give an overview of the status of this approach. The issues discussed include the problem of time, the relation to the covariant theory, the semiclassical approximation as well as applications to black holes and cosmology. I conclude that quantum geometrodynamics is still a viable approach and provides insights into both the conceptual and technical aspects of quantum gravity.
description: 25 pages; invited contribution for the Proceedings of the seminar "Quantum Gravity: Challenges and Perspectives", Bad Honnef, Germany, April 2008
Non-divergent Chiral Charge Pumping in Weyl Semimetal
Creators: name: Park, Min Ju
name: Cheon, Suik
name: Lee, Hyun-Woo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent studies suggest that the nonlinear transport properties in Weyl semimetal may be a measurable consequence of its chiral anomaly. Nonlinear responses in transport are estimated to be substantial, because in real materials such as TaAs or Bi$_{1-x}$Sb$_x$, the Fermi level resides near the Weyl nodes where the chiral charge pumping is said to diverge. However, this work presents semiclassical Boltzmann analysis that indicates that the chiral charge pumping is non-divergent even at the zero-temperature limit. We demonstrate that the divergence in common semiclassical calculation scheme is not a problem of the scheme itself, but occurs because a commonly-used approximation of the change in particle number breaks down near the Weyl nodes. Our result suggests the possibility that the nonlinear properties in WSMs can be overestimated, and provides the validity condition for the conventional approximation. We also show the distinct Fermi level dependencies of the chiral magnetic effect and the negative longitudinal magnetoresistance, as a consequence of non-diverging chiral charge pumping.
description: 8 pages, 3 figures, Physical Review B accepted version
Introduction: A Brief History of the Delaware Court of Chancery
Creators: name: Jacobs, Jack B.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: This introduction was delivered on November 10, 2011, at the Columbia University School of Law Symposium: The Delaware Court of Chancery: Change and Continuity (Nov. 11, 2011).
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2012 No. 2
The effect of thermal photons on exceptional points in coupled resonators
Creators: name: Chimczak, Grzegorz
name: Kowalewska-Kudłaszyk, Anna
name: Lange, Ewelina
name: Bartkiewicz, Karol
name: Peřina, Jan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We analyse two quantum systems with hidden parity-time (PT) symmetry: one is an optical device, whereas another is a superconducting microwave-frequency device. To investigate their symmetry, we introduce an equilibrium frame, in which loss and gain terms for a given Hamiltonian are balanced. We show that the non-Hermitian Hamiltonians of both systems can be tuned to reach an exceptional point (EP), i.e., the point in parameter space at which a transition from broken to unbroken hidden PT symmetry takes place. We calculate a degeneracy of a Liouvillian superoperator, which is called the Liouvillian exceptional point (LEP), and show that, in the optical domain, LEP is equivalent to EP obtained from the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian (HEP). We also report breaking the equivalence between LEP and HEP by a non-zero number of thermal photons for the microwave-frequency system.
description: This preprint has not undergone peer review or any post-submission improvements or corrections. The Version of Record of this article is published in Scientific Reports, and is available online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32864-2
Foreword: The Delaware Court of Chancery: Change, Continuity—and Competition
Creators: name: Coffee, John C.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: John C. Coffee, Jr., Foreword: The Delaware Court of Chancery: Change, Continuity—andCompetition, 2012 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 387.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2012 No. 2
No Standing Room: How Lender Collective Action Subverts Basic Principles of Contract Interpretation
Creators: name: Miller, Michael R.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: Large, predominately asset-backed financings are seldom undertaken by a single lender. Most commonly, a lead lender will distribute the risk associated with such ventures by selling interests in the loan to other lenders. If the loan is “syndicated,” an administrative agent will usually be elected to manage the loan on behalf of the lenders. In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, and in particular, with the rise of commercial mortgage defaults, bank syndicates have faced increasing opposition from member lenders seeking to challenge the decisions of the administrative agent. In response to these challenges, the doctrine of Lender Collective Action has arisen. In New York, Lender Collective Action has been asserted to compel unified action and quash minority dissent. In essence, the doctrine has stripped member lenders of their standing to assert rights or remedies under the credit documents. Unfortunately, in applying the doctrine, courts have abandoned traditional principles of contract interpretation. This Note argues that the doctrine, although appealing, should not be asserted in order to undermine a member lender’s traditional rights and remedies at law. To the extent that New York courts have used the doctrine to reason that lenders may impliedly waive such rights, this Note will take the position that Beal Savings Bank v. Sommer should be overturned.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2012 No. 1
title:  La caduta del bianco. Domino e la forma del mito americano dopo l’11 settembre 2001
Creators: name: Carocci  , Enrico
Publisher: name: RomaTrE-Press
Year: 2019

description: L’insieme di discorsi e sentimenti condivisi nell’America del dopo-11 settembre ha avuto un impatto sul cinema americano del nuovo millennio. In particolare, nel giro di pochi anni è stato aggiornato il modello identitario fondato sul primato dell’uomo bianco (“white racial frame”), che alcuni film hanno rinforzato e altri hanno messo radicalmente in discussione. Tra questi ultimi, Domino (2005) di Tony Scott compie un’operazione particolarmente sofisticata, in quanto tematizza la “caduta” del bianco assegnando alla forma del racconto il compito di rinegoziare le categorie identitarie e le mitologie nazionali. Questo capitolo, attraverso un’analisi delle funzioni dei personaggi e della forma postclassica in Domino, mostra come l’esplosione del conflitto tra archetipi collettivi e contraddizioni politico-sociali possa essere riconfigurata dal cinema, e come il motivo della “caduta” possa assumere una dimensione mitica nella cultura americana del dopo 11-settembre.
description: Forme del mito e cinema americano
Corporate-Participant Liability for Direct Patent Infringement: A Look to Copyright Law’s Vicarious Liability Analysis
Creators: name: Fry, Ashley M.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: Under current Federal Circuit doctrine, district courts must “pierce the corporate veil” before holding corporate officers and shareholders personally liable for their corporations’ direct infringement under § 271(a) of the Patent Act. This Note traces the statutory and jurisprudential development of direct and induced patent infringement leading up to the Federal Circuit’s most recent discussion of its veil-piercing standard in the Wordtech case. It then examines the Federal Circuit’s veil-piercing doctrine, its criticisms, and the various proposals to remedy the current problems. This Note responds to the proffered solutions, and argues that adopting the vicarious liability doctrine from copyright infringement law is a more appropriate approach than the veil-piercing analysis and other alternatives for deciding corporate-participant liability under § 271(a). Accordingly, a court would impose liability where a corporate-participant has the right and ability to control the infringing activity and receives an obvious and direct financial benefit from the infringing activity. Vicarious liability is preferable because it does not have a scienter requirement, is not jurisdiction specific but rather applies universally, and targets omissions in addition to affirmative acts. In sum, the vicarious liability approach is consistent with the congressional intent behind the Patent Act and is a well-crafted tool to address the problems that frequently arise in patent infringement litigation.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2012 No. 1
PUBLICATION ACTIVITY OF SCIENTISTS OF THE YAROSLAV MUDRYI NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY: 5 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE IN IMPROVING WORK ON SCIENTOMETRIC ANALYSIS. ПУБЛІКАЦІЙНА АКТИВНІСТЬ ВЧЕНИХ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ЮРИДИЧНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ ІМЕНІ ЯРОСЛАВА МУДРОГО: 5-РІЧНИЙ ДОСВІД УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ РОБОТИ З НАУКОМЕТРИЧНОГО АНАЛІЗУ
Creators: name: Кулик, Маргарита
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: Uncategorized

description: The article is devoted to the experience of the Scientific Library of the Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, which was aimed at increasing the publication activity of scientists of the organization during the last five years (2015 - 2021)
Mezzanine and Mortgage Lenders Bring Knives to a Gunfight: Surviving the Tranche Warfare with Rusty Intercreditor Agreements
Creators: name: Bobbitt, Maya O.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: In the U.S. commercial real estate market, the various lenders in a multi-tranche debt structure negotiate and enter into intercreditor agreements that prescribe each lender’s respective rights and remedies. Until the recent subprime mortgage crisis, these intercreditor agreements had become largely streamlined but had not been tested in courts. As the crisis produced a great number of borrower defaults, foreclosures, bankruptcies, and out-of-court workouts, “tranche warfare” broke out among senior and junior lenders who pursued aggressive legal battles to protect their financial interests in shrinking borrower assets. When such intercreditor disputes wound up in litigation, courts interpreted intercreditor provisions in novel and unexpected ways that, moreover, were contrary to what the lenders had assumed to have accomplished in their agreements. The consequence of these decisions was to shatter reliance upon previously familiar intercreditor provisions. This Note focuses on the mezzanine and mortgage lender aspect of the tranche warfare, and proposes drafting changes and additions to intercreditor agreements–such as standstills, covenants not to sue, and releases of claims–that can help to reduce the prevailing uncertainty in the industry following recent court decisions and that will better capture the lending parties’ intentions in future transactions.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2012 No. 1
Ultrafast Processes in Isomeric Pyrene-N-methylacetamides: Formation of Hydrogen Bond Induced Static Excimers with Varied Coupling Strength
Creators: name: Basuroy, Krishnayan
name: Velazquez Garcia, Jose
name: Gosztola, David
name: Techert, Simone
Publisher: name: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Year: 2021

description: Pyrene based molecules are inclined to form excimers through self-association upon photoexcitation. In this work, the pyrene core is functionalized with N-methylacetamide group at the position 1 or 2, to develop pyren-1-methylacetamide (PyMA1) and pyren-2-methylacetamide (PyMA2), respectively. Upon photoexcitation, PyMA1 and PyMA2, at 1.0mM,in toluene, have formed predominantly static excimers. The steady state spectroscopic studies have showed that the excitonic coupling of PyMA1 dimers are much stronger in solution than its isomeric counterpart, PyMA2. The transient absorption (TA) measurements over fs-ps regime (fs-TA) showed that the formation of static excimers with the strongly-coupled pre-associated dimers, in PyMA1, happens in approx. 560fs, whereas, the excimers for the weakly-coupled pre-associated dimers in PyMA2 have formed in much slower time scale (approx. 65ps). The introduction of methylacetamide group at the position 1 or 2 on pyrene ring, was believed to have allowed forming hydrogen bonded excimers with different degrees of excitonic coupling.
A Compact, Transportable, Microchip-Based System for High Repetition Rate Production of Bose-Einstein Condensates
Creators: name: Farkas, Daniel M.
name: Hudek, Kai M.
name: Salim, Evan A.
name: Segal, Stephen R.
name: Squires, Matthew B.
name: Anderson, Dana Z.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a compact, transportable system that produces Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) near the surface of an integrated atom microchip. The system occupies a volume of 0.4 m^3 and operates at a repetition rate as high as 0.3 Hz. Evaporative cooling in a chip trap with trap frequencies of several kHz leads to nearly pure condensates containing 1.9x10^4 87Rb atoms. Partial condensates are observed at a temperature of 1.58(8) μK, close to the theoretical transition temperature of 1.1 μK.
description: 3 pages, 4 figures
Quantifying diaphragm blood flow with contrast-enhanced ultrasound in healthy humans : feasibility, validity, and reliability
Creators: name: Bird, Jordan Douglas
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2024

description: Current understanding of diaphragm blood flow (Q̇DIA) is almost exclusively informed by animal models with no viable method of routinely interrogating Q̇DIA in humans. We aimed to assess the feasibility, validity, and reliability of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as a means of quantifying Q̇DIA within the medial costal diaphragm of humans during graded inspiratory pressure threshold loading (ITL). We hypothesized that 1) Q̇DIA would linearly increase with respiratory muscle work and 2) that there would be good test-retest reliability and inter-observer reliability of CEUS as a measure of Q̇DIA. Quantitative CEUS perfusion imaging of the medial diaphragm was performed in sixteen healthy participants (10M/6F; Age 28±5 yrs; BMI 22.8 ± 2.0 kg/m2) at the 8-10th right intercostal space. Respiratory muscle work was modulated by four 5-minute bouts of ITL (baseline, stage 1, stage 2, stage 3). Nasogastric balloon catheters were used to collect transdiaphragmatic pressures and calculate diaphragmatic work. CEUS was performed during a constant-rate intravenous infusion of lipid-stabilized microbubbles during the last two minutes of each level of ITL. CEUS images were acquired after a destruction-replenishment sequence and time-intensity data was measured from regions of interest placed over the diaphragm to determine Q̇DIA. %MIP for baseline (BL), stage 1 (S1), stage 2 (S2), and stage 3 (S3) were 0.7 ± 0.4, 9.3 ± 0.4, 17.6 ± 0.4, and 25.2 ± 0.4%, respectively. Q̇DIA significantly increased with ITL (3.1 ± 3.1 vs, 6.9 ± 3.6 vs, 11.0 ± 4.9 vs, 13.5 ± 5.4 AU·s-1) at BL, S1, S2, and S3 (all P < 0.01). There was a reproducible linear relationship between Q̇DIA and diaphragmatic work from day-to-day. There was good-to-excellent test-retest (ICC = 0.86 [0.77, 0.92]; P < 0.0001) and inter-observer (ICC = 0.93 [0.90, 0.95]; P < 0.0001) reliability for Q̇DIA. Mean differences with 95% limits of agreements for Q̇DIA were 0.6 ± 6.1 AU·s⁻¹ and 0.1 ± 4.4 AU·s⁻¹ for test-retest and inter-observer reliability, respectively. These data demonstrate that CEUS-derived measurements of Q̇DIA have valid physiological underpinnings and are reliable day-to-day and observer-to-observer. CEUS appears to be a viable and minimally invasive method of assessing Q̇DIA in health humans.
If Search Neutrality Is the Answer, What’s the Question?
Creators: name: Mann, Geoffrey A.
name: Wright, Joshua D.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: In recent months a veritable legal and policy frenzy has erupted around Google generally, and more specifically concerning how its search activities should be regulated by government authorities throughout the world in the name of ensuring “search neutrality.” Concerns with search engine bias have led to a menu of proposed regulatory reactions. Although the debate has focused upon possible remedies to the “problem” presented by a range of Google’s business decisions, it has largely missed the predicate question of whether search engine bias is the product of market failure or otherwise generates significant economic or social harms meriting regulatory intervention in the first place. “Search neutrality” by its very name presupposes that mandatory neutrality or some imposition of restrictions on search engine bias is desirable, but it is an open question whether advocates of search neutrality have demonstrated that there is a problem necessitating any of the various prescribed remedies. This Article attempts to answer that question and evaluates both the economic and non-economic costs and benefits of search bias, as well as the solutions proposed to remedy perceived costs. It demonstrates that search bias is the product of the competitive process and links the search bias debate to the economic and empirical literature on vertical integration and the generally-efficient and pro-competitive incentives for a vertically integrated firm to favor its own content. This Article concludes that neither an ex ante regulatory restriction on search engine bias nor the imposition of an antitrust “duty to deal” upon Google would benefit consumers. Moreover, it finds that the proposed remedies substitute away from the traditional antitrust consumer welfare standard and would impose costs exceeding any potential benefits.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2012 No. 1
Scale Setting for CLS 2+1 Simulations
Creators: name: Straßberger, Ben
name: Cè, Marco
name: Collins, Sara
name: Gérardin, Antoine
name: von Hippel, Georg
name: Korcyl, Piotr
name: Korzec, Tomasz
name: Mohler, Daniel
name: Risch, Andreas
name: Schaefer, Stefan
name: Söldner, Wolfgang
name: Sommer, Rainer
Publisher: name: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Year: 2021
Subjects: pi, decay rate
fermion, Wilson
flavor
flow
quantum chromodynamics
leptonic decay

description: We present an update of the scale setting for $N_f=2+1$ flavor QCD using gradient flow scales and pseudo-scalar decay constants. We analyze the latest ensembles with $2+1$ flavors of non-perturbatively improved Wilson fermions generated by CLS for improved precision. Special care is taken to correct for mistuning by measuring directly the mass derivatives of the various observables. We determine $t_0$ with input taken from a combination of leptonic decay rates of the Pion and the Kaon.
CroSentiNews 2.0: A Sentence-Level News Sentiment Corpus
Creators: name: Thakkar, Gaurish
name: Preradović, Nives Mikelic
name: Tadić, Marko
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: This article presents a sentence-level sentiment dataset for the Croatian news domain. In addition to the 3K annotated texts already present, our dataset contains 14.5K annotated sentence occurrences that have been tagged with 5 classes. We provide baseline scores in addition to the annotation process and inter-annotator agreement.
Accurate electronic band gap of pure and functionalized graphane from GW calculations
Creators: name: Lebegue, S.
name: Klintenberg, M.
name: Eriksson, O.
name: Katsnelson, M. I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using the GW approximation, we study the electronic structure of the recently synthesized hydrogenated graphene, named graphane. For both conformations, the minimum band gap is found to be direct at the $Γ$ point, and it has a value of 5.4 eV in the stable chair conformation, where H atoms attach C atoms alternatively on opposite sides of the two dimensional carbon network. In the meta-stable boat conformation the energy gap is 4.9 eV. Then, using a supercell approach, the electronic structure of graphane was modified by introducing either an hydroxyl group or an H vacancy. In this last case, an impurity state appears at about 2 eV above the valence band maximum.
description: Submited to Physical Review Letters
Interpreting Dodd-Frank Section 954: A Case for Corporate Discretion in Clawback Policies
Creators: name: Lombardi, Stuart R.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: This Note presents the author’s original empirical study of the clawback policies of large public companies, and uses the study’s findings to help interpret Section 954 of the Dodd-Frank Act. A clawback policy is an agreement between a company and its employee, made when the company pays the employee, stating that if certain events take place in the future, the company can recoup some or all of that compensation. Section 954 requires publicly traded companies to develop and implement clawback policies that apply against executive officers, reach incentive compensation, and are triggered by accounting restatements. The study presented in this Note reveals that companies value the discretion to determine when and how to exercise their clawback powers. Accordingly, if regulators interpret Section 954 in a manner that strips companies of all such discretion, companies will face a powerful incentive to turn to compensation arrangements that are not governed by Section 954. This Note argues that to avoid this result, regulators should interpret Section 954 in a manner that gives companies limited discretion to determine on a case-by-case basis whether to exercise their clawback powers.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2011 No. 3
Radio continuum and near-infrared study of the MGRO J2019+37 region
Creators: name: Paredes, J. M.
name: Marti, J.
name: Ishwara-Chandra, C. H.
name: Sanchez-Sutil, J. R.
name: Munoz-Arjonilla, A. J.
name: Moldon, J.
name: Peracaula, M.
name: Luque-Escamilla, P. L.
name: Zabalza, V.
name: Bosch-Ramon, V.
name: Bordas, P.
name: Romero, G. E.
name: Ribo, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: (abridged) MGRO J2019+37 is an unidentified extended source of VHE gamma-rays originally reported by the Milagro Collaboration as the brightest TeV source in the Cygnus region. Its extended emission could be powered by either a single or several sources. The GeV pulsar AGL J2020.5+3653, discovered by AGILE and associated with PSR J2021+3651, could contribute to the emission from MGRO J2019+37, although extrapolation of the GeV spectrum does not explain the detected multi-TeV flux. Our aim is to identify radio and NIR sources in the field of the extended TeV source MGRO J2019+37, and study potential counterparts that could contribute to its emission. We surveyed a region of about 6 square degrees with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) at the frequency 610 MHz. We also observed the central square degree of this survey in the NIR Ks-band using the 3.5 m telescope in Calar Alto. Archival X-ray observations of some specific fields are included. VLBI observations of an interesting radio source were performed. We explored possible scenarios to produce the multi-TeV emission from MGRO J2019+37 and studied which of the sources could be the main particle accelerator. We present a catalogue of 362 radio sources detected with the GMRT in the field of MGRO J2019+37, and the results of a cross-correlation of this catalog with one obtained at NIR wavelengths, as well as with available X-ray observations of the region. Some peculiar sources inside the ~1 degree uncertainty region of the TeV emission from MGRO J2019+37 are discussed in detail, including the pulsar PSR J2021+3651 and its pulsar wind nebula PWN G75.2+0.1, two new radio-jet sources, the HII region Sh 2-104 containing two star clusters, and the radio source NVSS J202032+363158.
description: 10 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics
Strange Creatures: A Hybrid Approach to Fiduciary Duty in Benefit Corporations
Creators: name: Lacovara, Christopher
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: Benefit corporations, or “B-corps,” represent a new corporate legal form designed to accommodate the dual profit-making and public benefit goals of the social enterprise movement. A B-corp commits to pursue public benefit purposes in its articles of incorporation. Over the past year and a half, six states (including California and New York) have passed legislation that recognizes and regulates B-corps as a distinct species of business corporation. While these new statutes are well-intentioned, they create divided loyalties for corporate directors. B-corp statutes also appear to impose on B-corp directors a fiduciary duty in addition to the traditional duties of care and loyalty. However, the statutes fail to identify this duty and provide little guidance to courts called on to adjudicate claims for breach. This Note analyzes the treatment of directors’ fiduciary duties in recently enacted B-corp statutes and in model legislation on which the statutes are based. This Note argues that B-corp directors owe an additional “duty of obedience” to the benefit purposes of the corporation, similar to that of directors of nonprofit organizations. Shareholders—and in some states, non-shareholder constituencies—may have derivative standing to sue for a breach of this duty. This Note also examines how the duty of obedience alters the factors that B-corp directors must consider in the context of a change-of-control transaction.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2011 No. 3
Will Oil and Gas Issuers Leave U.S. Equity Markets in Response to Section 1504 of the Dodd-Frank Act? Can They Afford Not to?
Creators: name: Burns, Branden Carl
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: Section 1504 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act seeks to bring greater transparency to extractive-related payments made to governments by resource extraction issuers required to report to the Securities and Exchange Commission. It does so by requiring resource extraction issuers to disclose non-de minimus payments made to foreign governments to further the commercial development of oil, natural gas, or minerals. There is substantial concern among industry participants that companies subject to Section 1504 may be placed at a competitive disadvantage vis-à-vis companies not subject to the reporting requirements. This Note, focusing on the oil and gas industry, identifies the major companies that will be subject to the regulation, the potential competitive disadvantages that they may face, and whether these companies can credibly threaten to leave U.S. equity markets in response to the regulation. This Note argues that the failure of Section 1504 to achieve broad coverage of oil and gas companies will place regulated companies at a competitive disadvantage with respect to their unregulated competitors. This Note analyzes the international stock exchange participation of the top fifty oil and gas companies and finds that, in response to these competitive disadvantages, certain companies may delist from U.S. exchanges.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2011 No. 3
Língua portuguesa e internacionalização num caminho de compromisso: políticas e práticas de três revistas científicas de acesso aberto na área das Ciências da Comunicação
Creators: name: Martins, Moisés de Lemos
name: Mourão, Marisa
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021

description: Apresentação realizada na sessão Pecha Kucha III da 12ª Conferência Luso-Brasileira de Ciência Aberta, formato híbrido, de 13 a 15 de outubro de 2021.
Electrostatic and electromagnetic instabilities associated with electrostatic shocks: two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation
Creators: name: Kato, Tsunehiko N.
name: Takabe, Hideaki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A two-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulation with the realistic ion-to-electron mass ratio of 1836 is carried out to investigate the electrostatic collisionless shocks in relatively high-speed (~3000 km s^-1) plasma flows and also the influence of both electrostatic and electromagnetic instabilities, which can develop around the shocks, on the shock dynamics. It is shown that the electrostatic ion-ion instability can develop in front of the shocks, where the plasma is under counter-streaming condition, with highly oblique wave vectors as was shown previously. The electrostatic potential generated by the electrostatic ion-ion instability propagating obliquely to the shock surface becomes comparable with the shock potential and finally the shock structure is destroyed. It is also shown that in front of the shock the beam-Weibel instability gradually grows as well, consequently suggesting that the magnetic field generated by the beam-Weibel instability becomes important in long-term evolution of the shock and the Weibel-mediated shock forms long after the electrostatic shock vanished. It is also observed that the secondary electrostatic shock forms in the reflected ions in front of the primary electrostatic shock.
description: 10 pages, 15 figures, REVTeX4. Accepted for publication in Physics of Plasmas
New Bankruptcy Rule 2019: Boon or Bane for Distressed Investors?
Creators: name: Albrecht, Jennifer
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: Recent changes to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 2019 clarify and significantly alter disclosure requirements for creditors and equity holders that act in concert in Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings. These changes, which took effect on December 1, 2011, primarily impact hedge funds and other distressed investors who regularly choose to participate in Chapter 11 proceedings via membership in an official or ad hoc committee. New Rule 2019 requires every member of an official or ad hoc committee to publicly disclose each economic interest it holds “in relation to the debtor.” As a result, those distressed investors who elect to participate in Chapter 11 cases via committee membership are now required to disclose short and derivative positions in claims against, and securities of, the debtor. This Note describes the factors that spurred reform of Rule 2019, explains recent changes to Rule 2019, and describes how these changes will affect members of ad hoc committees. Additionally, this Note analyzes the potential impact the recent changes on distressed investors, with particular attention to how these changes will affect distressed investors’ return on investment. The Note concludes that distressed investors’ broad-based support for New Rule 2019 is explained by the fact that distressed investors, as a class, stand to realize several important benefits from the recent changes to Rule 2019, without any significant corresponding costs.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2011 No. 3
MPEC 2023-X255 : 2023 XP11
Creators: name: Minor Planet Center Staff
Publisher: name: The Minor Planet Center
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Small Solar System bodies
valueUri: http://astrothesaurus.org/uat/1469
subject: 2023 XP11

description: The Minor Planet Electronic Circulars contain information on unusual minor planets, routine data on comets and natural satellites, and occasional editorial announcements.  They are published on behalf of Division F of the International Astronomical Union by the Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.
A non-interleaving process calculus for multi-party synchronisation
Creators: name: Sobociński, Paweł
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Logic in Computer Science (cs.LO)
subject: Programming Languages (cs.PL)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We introduce the wire calculus. Its dynamic features are inspired by Milner's CCS: a unary prefix operation, binary choice and a standard recursion construct. Instead of an interleaving parallel composition operator there are operators for synchronisation along a common boundary and non-communicating parallel composition. The (operational) semantics is a labelled transition system obtained with SOS rules. Bisimilarity is a congruence with respect to the operators of the language. Quotienting terms by bisimilarity results in a compact closed category.
General Electric Quarterly Survey 76-01, Versions I & II, Prof, & Manag., I & II, College Student, Special list I & II
Creators: name: Electric, General
Publisher: name: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research
Year: 2022

description: Adult sample: Most interesting concerns (3); local community concerns (2); employment opportunities (2); unemployment (3); price controls (1); wage controls (1); cost of living (2); price changes (1); race relations (1); companies helping race relations (1); product values (19); electricity fuels (3); future fuels (2); electricity rates (3); need for additional plants (1); supersonic travel (5); nearby flight paths (2); government activity changes (24); government controlling unions (1); health measures (1); national issues discussions (2); company effects (1); profits (1); stock dividends (1); family income (1); financial situation (1). College student sample: Most interesting concerns (3); local community concerns (1); employment opportunities (2); unemployment (3); price controls (1); wage controls (1); price changes (4); race relations (1); companies helping race relations (1); product values (19); electricity fuels (3); future fuels (2); electricity rates (3); need for additional plants (1); supersonic travel (5); nearby flight paths (2); government activity changes (24); government controlling unions (1); health measures (1); national issues discussions (2); company effects (1); profits (1); stock dividends (1); income change (1); financial situation (1).
Entropic Force in MHD, MHD turbulence, and the Entropy-Kinetic Equation
Creators: name: Baumjohann, W.
name: Treumann, R. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Following earlier work, reference is made to the classical entropic force which results from spatially variable disorder, an exclusively repulsive force. In terms of macroscopic variables it is applied to magnetohydrodynamics, causing minor changes on the dispersion of magnetohydrodynamic waves. More important is its effect in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Here the entropic force affects the ion inertial-range scales on the electron-dominated perpendicular spectrum causing a steeper than Kolmogorov $κ_\perp=-8/3$ spectral slope in agreement with gyro-kinetic simulations. In kinetic theory, inclusion of the ensemble-averaged entropic force weakly modifies the Langmuir wave dispersion. It leads to re-formulation of kinetic theory in terms of Gibbs-Boltzmann-entropy. Liouville's equation in this case becomes an entropy-kinetic equation under Hamiltonian action, with the entropic force-density appearing as an additional force term. This entropy-kinetic equation governs the self-consistent kinetic evolution of the classical entropy including self-modulation.
description: 18 pages, no figures
The role of STAC proteins in regulation of calcium channels and skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling
Creators: name: Rufenach-Barber, Britany
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2024

description: Calcium is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that accompanies the cell from birth to death. Entry of Ca²⁺ into excitable cells is controlled by voltage-gated calcium channels (Caᵥs). STAC proteins have emerged in the last decade as novel regulators of these channels. They govern trafficking, current properties, and inactivation of L-type Caᵥs. Within this paradigm, the STAC3 isoform has a unique role: expressed solely in skeletal muscle, it has potential to be the long-sought link that allows for the unique mechanical coupling between Caᵥ1.1 and the ryanodine receptor (RyR1). Beyond muscle, other STAC isoforms are expressed in subsets of neurons where their physiological function is yet unknown. This thesis explores the roles of STAC proteins using structural biology and biophysical techniques to characterize interactions with a collection of proteins important for Ca²⁺ signaling. Variants in STAC3 lead to a rare yet debilitating neuromuscular disease known as STAC3 disorder. We use x-ray crystallography and isothermal titration calorimetry in conjunction with functional experiments to show these variants interrupt a critical interaction between STAC3 and Caᵥ1.1, thus impeding excitation-contraction coupling and Ca²⁺ release. Although the L-type current is dispensable for normal skeletal muscle function, it must be carefully controlled in other cell types (including neurons) to maintain precise Ca²⁺ homeostasis. STAC proteins affect this current by inhibiting the negative feedback mechanism of calcium-dependent inactivation (CDI). We present and characterize a novel interaction with another important regulatory protein – calmodulin (CaM). CaM is the resident Ca²⁺ sensor for L-type Caᵥs which triggers CDI. Given CaM’s ubiquitous expression in eukaryotic cells, this interaction may have widespread implications. Finally, shifting attention away from Caᵥs, we turn instead to the calcium channel on the other side of the triad: the ryanodine receptor. We use cryoEM and single-channel electrophysiology to explore whether STAC proteins may also fine-tune RyR1 function. Finding no evidence of a direct regulatory role of STAC on RyR1, we conclude the thesis with speculation on how STACs may cause disease, and how they may facilitate functional coupling between Caᵥ1.1 and RyR1 to enable that which powers our every movement and breath: skeletal muscle contraction.
Fraud on the Market: Analysis of the Efficiency of the Corporate Bond Market
Creators: name: Hartzmark, Michael
name: Schipani, Cindy A.
name: Seyhun, H. Nejat
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: The efficiency of the corporate bond market is not well understood. Although many of the factors used to analyze stock market efficiency translate with some adjustments to corporate bond markets, the cause-effect factor is not intuitive and can be a source of significant confusion. In this paper we analyze bond market efficiency in the context of a recent court decision concerning allegations of securities fraud perpetrated by the American International Group (“AIG”). The decision turned on an empirical analysis of whether certain AIG bonds traded in open, developed, and efficient markets. The court found insufficient empirical evidence to hold that the $1.71 billion in AIG bonds, issued by the world’s largest insurance company, traded in open, developed, and efficient markets. If the market for these bonds had been found efficient, there would have been grounds to certify the bondholders as a class. Unfortunately, the AIG court missed salient differences between the stock and bond markets in reaching its conclusion. Our paper describes the analysis missed by the court and supports a contrary result. The AIG decision has serious implications not only for the corporate bond market but also for public policy. When market efficiency is important for determining certification of a class of security holders, it is critical that courts carefully consider how different markets operate.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2011 No. 3
Industry-Specific Antitrust Policy for Innovation
Creators: name: Lemley, Mark A.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: The premise that intellectual property law promotes dynamic efficiency while antitrust law concentrates on static welfare is wrong, or at least oversimplified. It proceeds from a fundamentally Schumpeterian assumption that competition will not lead to innovation, and that we need the lure of monopoly to drive investment in new products. In fact, there is substantial economic evidence suggesting that competition itself may act as a greater spur to innovation than monopoly. Critically, different market structures will promote innovation in different industries. Sometimes—as in the pharmaceutical industry—we need the incentive provided by strong patents, but in other industries—like the Internet—competition is more likely to spur innovation. Both patent and antitrust law need to take these industry differences into account. And to do so, antitrust will need to shed its subservience to intellectual property.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2011 No. 3
The 2-loop partition function of large N gauge theories with adjoint matter on S^3
Creators: name: Mussel, Matan
name: Yacoby, Ran
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We compute the 2-loop thermal partition function of Yang-Mills theory on a small 3-sphere, in the large N limit with weak 't Hooft coupling. We include N_s scalars and N_f chiral fermions in the adjoint representation of the gauge group (S)U(N), with arbitrary Yukawa and quartic scalar couplings, assuming only commutator interactions. From this computation one can extract information on the perturbative corrections to the spectrum of the theory, and the correction to its Hagedorn temperature. Furthermore, the computation of the 2-loop partition function is a necessary step towards determining the order of the deconfinement phase transition at weak coupling, for which a 3-loop computation is needed.
Product Market Definition in Pharmaceutical Antitrust Cases: Evaluating Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand
Creators: name: Vaishnav, Anish
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2012

description: The pharmaceutical industry has, for some time, been a major target of antitrust investigations and litigation. In fact, from 2000 to 2010, twenty-eight of the 229 merger enforcement actions initiated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) involved prescription drugs. During the same time period, the FTC also initiated ninety-two nonmerger competition enforcement actions, eleven of which involved prescription drugs. Thus, in the eleven-year span from 2000 to 2010, prescription drugs were the subject of 12% of both merger and nonmerger enforcement actions. The significance of antitrust enforcement in the context of the pharmaceutical industry is further highlighted by the fact that prescription drugs account for approximately 10% of healthcare spending in the United States. Health care spending increased by 4.0% in 2009 to a total of $2.5 trillion–17.6% of U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)–with $250 billion being spent on prescription drugs alone. Given the significance of prescription drugs to both healthcare quality and cost, and the frequency with which pharmaceutical manufacturers face antitrust scrutiny, appropriate consideration should be given to the characteristics of the pharmaceutical market that may obstruct effective antitrust enforcement. In particular, the first step in analyzing whether a defendant possesses market power is defining the “relevant market” –a step that may be complicated by the peculiar structure of the pharmaceutical market. Determining whether the defendant has market power is important because legality of business conduct often turns on whether that conduct was performed with or without market power. Furthermore, the relevant market consists of both a geographic and a product market. This Note argues that, despite case law to the contrary, the traditional tests to determine the relevant product market for antitrust purposes do not sufficiently address the unique structure of the pharmaceutical market. Specifically, courts do not consider all of the “consumers” that affect pharmaceutical purchasing decisions. As a consequence of the existence of multiple decision-makers, the traditional cross elasticity of demand test for defining product markets is inappropriate in the pharmaceutical context, as relying on it may result in overly narrow product markets. To overcome the difficulties presented by cross elasticity of demand, this Note advocates adopting an approach to pharmaceutical market definition that focuses on non-price elements of competition rather than cross elasticity of demand.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2011 No. 2
PassGlobe: Ein Shoulder-Surfing resistentes Authentifizierungsverfahren für Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays
Creators: name: Länge, Tobias
name: Matheis, Philipp
name: Düzgün, Reyhan
name: Mayer, Peter
name: Volkamer, Melanie
Publisher: name: Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI)
Year: 2022
Subjects: Authentifizierung
Virtual Reality
Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays
Shoulder-Surfing

description: Mit Virtual Reality (VR) kann in virtuelle Welten eingetaucht und
mit einer immersiven 3-D Umgebung interagiert werden. Das virtuelle
Erlebnis wird dabei durch Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs)
realisiert. Der zunehmende Einsatz von VR durch Unternehmen
und Privatpersonen in unterschiedlichen Bereichen setzt sichere
und nutzerfreundliche Authentifizierungsverfahren voraus. Dabei
ist die Gefahr von Shoulder-Surfing Angriffen während der Authentifizierung
besonders groß, da man während des VR-Erlebnisses
von der realen Umgebung komplett isoliert ist. In dieser Arbeit
wird existierende Literatur zu VR-Authentifizierung anhand vorher
definierter Anforderungen evaluiert und das graphische Authentifizierungsverfahren
PassGlobe vorgeschlagen, welches resistent
gegenüber Shoulder-Surfing Angriffen ist.