cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Dasyatinae
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae

description: Subfamily Dasyatinae
Dasybatidae Jordan & Gilbert, 1879:386 (corrected to Dasyatidae by Jordan, 1888:22; proposed herein as a subgenus of Dasyatis); type genus Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810, by original designation.
Definition. Morphologically variable subfamily with no unique character states; disc circular, flattened coneshaped but mostly rhombic; snout short to long; tail variably depressed, short and firm to long and whip-like; oral papillae 1–7 or absent; dorsal tail fold developed or reduced to a fleshy ridge or absent; denticle band absent (typically weak if present), no tail thorns in most species, and usually plain dorsal surface coloration with dark posterior tail. All members with a short to long-based ventral tail fold that can be poorly developed to deep, and caudal sting relatively well forward on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 2–3 times interspiracular width).
Genera. Bathytoshia, Dasyatis, Hemitrygon, Hypanus, Megatrygon, Pteroplatytrygon, Taeniurops and Telatrygon.
Remarks. The group contains eight genera of which three are resurrected (Bathytoshia, Hemitrygon and Hypanus) and two are new (Megatrygon and Telatrygon). Several nomenclatural issues need to be discussed that relate specifically to each of the genera. Species are treated in more detail in an identification guide to rays of the world (Last et al. in press) and other review papers in preparation, but synonymies are discussed briefly in Remarks sections for each genus.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on pages 353-354, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Bathytoshia Whitley 1933
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Bathytoshia

description: Genus Bathytoshia Whitley, 1933
Bathytoshia Whitley, 1933:61. Type species Dasyatis thetidis Ogilby, 1899; by original designation.
Definition. Gigantic dasyatids (adults to 210–260 cm DW) characterised by the following: robust, rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex narrowly angular; snout obtuse and moderately elongate (1.5–2.5 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain broadly skirt shaped; mouth rather broad, with 3–7 oral papillae; tail firm and short to moderately elongate (length <1–2 times DW), its base broad to very broad and depressed; pelvic fins medium-sized, protruding slightly to greatly beyond disc; dorsal fold absent or forming a low ridge; ventral fold low with a short or long base; caudal sting not posterior on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 2.2–3 times interspiracular width); skin smooth or rough and denticle band absent; median thorns absent or in a row extending along disc and onto tail, scapular thorns small or absent; tail spiny with bucklers and tubercles on dorsal midline of adults; dorsal colour largely plain; ventral surface white, disc margin sometimes dark; tail plain, usually black distally; marine, Atlantic and Indo– West Pacific.
Species. B. brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875), B. centroura (Mitchill, 1815), and B. lata (Garman, 1880).
Remarks. Former junior synonym of Dasyatis (Kottelat, 2013) includes a small group of very large and widely distributed stingrays. Molecular data (G. Naylor, unpubl.) provides evidence that species complexes (A) Bathytoshia (as Dasyatis) brevicaudata and D. matsubarai Miyosi, 1939, and (B) Bathytoshia (as Dasyatis) lata, D. thetidis Ogilby, 1899, D. ushiei (Jordan & Hubbs, 1925), and eastern Atlantic stingrays identified as D. centroura (e.g. McEachran & Capapé, 1984), are populations of just two species (i.e. D. brevicaudata and D. lata). A western Atlantic species, Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815), is not conspecific with Bathytoshia of the eastern Atlantic. The pelagic stingray Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832), which clusters with these species (Fig. 1), is morphologically distinct from all other members of the family.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on page 354, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Dasyatis Rafinesque 1810
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Dasyatis

description: Genus Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810
Dasyatis Rafinesque, 1810:16. Type species Dasyatis ujo Rafinesque, 1810 (= Raja pastinaca Linnaeus, 1758); designated by monotypy.
Definition. Small to medium-sized dasyatids (adults to 38–84 cm DW) characterised by the following: robust, rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex narrowly rounded to angular; snout broadly angular and short (1.1–1.5 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye medium-sized to large and protruding slightly; nasal curtain broadly skirtshaped; mouth medium-sized, with 3–7 oral papillae (3 centrally); tail firm, somewhat filamentous distally (length 1.2–2.3 times DW), its base broad to very broad and depressed; pelvic fins medium-sized to large, protruding well beyond disc; dorsal fold variably developed, low or reduced to form a ridge; ventral fold low (better developed in D. pastinaca) with a short to long base; caudal sting typically forward on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 1.8–3 times interspiracular width); no median thorns on disc and denticle band absent; skin typically smooth, except in largest adults which may have sparse coverage of denticles and sometimes welldeveloped thorns on anterior tail; scapular thorns absent; tail smooth or prickly; dorsal coloration plain or with prominent pattern; ventral surface white, disc margin sometimes dark; tail plain, black distally; marine, Atlantic and South-West Indian Ocean.
Species. D. chrysonota (Smith, 1828), D. hypostigma Santos & Carvalho, 2004, D. marmorata (Steindachner, 1892), D. pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758), and D. tortonesei Capapé, 1977.
Remarks. The polyphyletic genus Dasyatis, once thought to consist of 36 species with widespread distributions in tropical and temperate seas, now applies to a monophyletic group of five small to medium-sized species found in the Atlantic (including the Mediterranean Sea) and SW Indian Ocean (see Fig. 1). Molecular data supports the non-conspecificity of similar blue-marbled forms, D. chrysonota and D. marmorata.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on pages 354-355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Free-riding in academic co-authorship: The marginalization of research students Forthcoming in Research Policy
Creators: name: Khodakarami, Mehdi
name: MohammadRezaei, Fakhroddin
name: Sarlak, Amin
name: Garg, Mukesh
name: Rezaee, Zabihollah
Publisher: name: Monash University
Year: 2024
Subjects: classificationCode: 350199
subject: Accounting, auditing and accountability not elsewhere classified

description: This study examines the phenomenon of free-riding in academic co-authorship, focusing particularly on scenarios involving accounting faculty and research students. Using strain theory, illegitimate opportunity theory, and power distance theory, we theoretically examine both the supply and demand sides of the free-riding phenomenon in academic co-authorship. Drawing on 54 semi-structured interviews, our findings reveal that free-riding in academic co-authorship is a widespread problem in Iran and India, though less pronounced in selected developed countries. In the Iranian and Indian contexts, the most frequently observed scenario involves faculty members free-riding from research students. In contrast, in the developed countries studied, the most prevalent scenario is faculty members free-riding from their counterparts. The study identifies meso- and macro-level inefficiencies as the primary root causes of this phenomenon in the developing countries of Iran and India. These include economic challenges, inappropriate formal and informal regulations and norms at universities, cultural issues, over-engagement of faculty in teaching, administrative duties, and non-academic work, as well as a high student-to-faculty ratio. In developed countries, where such inefficiencies are less common, the role of individual characteristics in driving this phenomenon becomes more pronounced. Nonetheless, cultural factors and faculty busyness remain important considerations even in developed countries. Moreover, many interviewees believe that free-riding behavior can be contagious and that experiencing it can lead to pessimism toward co-authorship. Most interviewees from Iran and India perceive free-riding as endemic in their countries’ accounting research communities, in contrast to interviewees from developed countries. Drawing on participant insights, this study offers a range of recommendations to address and mitigate free-riding in academic co-authorship.
Hemitrygon Muller & Henle 1838
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Hemitrygon

description: Genus Hemitrygon Müller & Henle, 1838
Hemitrygon (subgenus of Trygon) Müller & Henle, 1838:90. Type species Trygon bennettii Müller & Henle, 1841; by subsequent monotypy.
Definition. Small to medium-sized dasyatids (adults typically to 31–66 cm DW, 93 cm DW in H. fluviorum) characterised by the following: depressed to robust, weakly rhombic to rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex narrowly angular to broadly rounded; snout obtuse to broadly angular and moderately elongate (1.7–2.5 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small to very small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain typically broadly skirt shaped; mouth narrow, with 1–7 oral papillae (typically with 3 centrally); tail short and filamentous to long and whip-like (length 0.8–2.9 times DW), its base depressed oval and not especially broad; pelvic fins mediumsized to large, protruding slightly beyond disc; dorsal fold variably developed, typically low or reduced to form a ridge; ventral fold low with a short to long base; caudal sting close to tail base (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 1.9–2.6 times interspiracular width); median thorns on disc in a row, often poorly defined or absent; denticle band poorly defined, small, diffuse or absent; skin smooth or with a patchy coverage of denticles; scapular thorns small or absent; tail sometimes with large median thorns, otherwise smooth or partly covered with fine denticles; dorsal coloration plain; ventral surface white, disc margin sometimes yellow or orange; tail plain, usually black distally; estuarine/marine, Western Pacific.
Species. H. akajei (Müller & Henle, 1841), H. bennetti (Müller & Henle, 1841), H. fluviorum (Ogilby, 1908), H. izuensis (Nishida & Nakaya, 1988), H. laevigata (Chu, 1960), H. laosensis (Roberts & Karnasuta, 1987), H. longicauda (Last & White, 2013), H. navarrae (Steindachner, 1892), H. parvonigra (Last & White, 2008), and H. sinensis (Steindachner, 1892).
Remarks. Resurrected genus and formerly a junior synonym of Dasyatis (Kottelat, 2013), it consists of 10 morphologically similar species formerly placed in Dasyatis. The group is under review (PL); some of the nominal species listed above may be synonyms but other un-named species appear to exist.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on page 355, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Hypanus Rafinesque 1818
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Hypanus

description: Genus Hypanus Rafinesque, 1818
Hypanus Rafinesque, 1818:272. Type species Raja say Lesueur, 1817 (Eschmeyer et al., 2016).
Definition. Mixed group of small to very large dasyatids (adults 31–198 cm DW) characterised by the following: depressed to robust, weakly rhombic to rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex narrowly angular to broadly rounded; snout obtuse to pointed and short to elongate (1–3 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye typically large and protruding slightly (small and sunken in H. guttata); nasal curtain skirt shaped or bilobed; mouth narrow to broad, with 3–5 oral papillae (typically with 3 centrally); tail short to very long and whip-like or filamentous distally (length 1.3–3 times DW), its base typically depressed oval and narrow to broad; pelvic fins medium-sized, protruding slightly to well beyond disc; dorsal fold variably developed, prominent, reduced to form a ridge, or absent; ventral fold low to rather deep with a short to long base; caudal sting close to tail base (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 2.1–2.6 times interspiracular width); median thorns on disc in a distinct row; denticle band typically very small or absent (well-defined in H. guttata); skin smooth or with a patchy coverage of denticles (rough in H. rudis); scapular thorns present, small, 1–2 or in a short row; median thorns on tail weak or continuous with median thorn row on disc, sometimes absent; remaining tail smooth or covered with fine denticles; dorsal coloration plain; ventral surface white, disc margin dark or reddish; tail plain coloured or dorsal surface darker than ventral surface; marine, Atlantic and Eastern Pacific.
Species. H. americanus (Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928), H. dipterurus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880), H. guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), H. longus (Garman, 1880), H. marianae (Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000), H. rudis (Günther, 1870), H. sabinus (Lesueur, 1824), and H. say (Lesueur, 1817).
Remarks. Resurrected genus, formerly considered a junior synonym of Dasyatis (Kottelat, 2013), now provisionally consists of eight somewhat morphologically heterogeneous species. Six of these species cluster together based on molecular data (see Fig. 1), but provisional placement of H. marianae and H. rudis still needs to be confirmed when tissues become available.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on pages 355-356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Megatrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016, gen. nov.
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Megatrygon

description: Genus Megatrygon gen. nov.
Type species Trygon microps Annandale, 1908:393; newly proposed, monotypic.
Definition. Very large dasyatid (adults to 220 cm DW) characterised by the following: very robust, broad rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex angular; snout broadly angular (~3 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye very small and sunken; nasal curtain skirt shaped; mouth narrow, with 5 oral papillae; tail short (length subequal to DW), very broad-based and depressed anteriorly, very strongly tapered at caudal sting then becoming filamentous; pelvic fins large, protruding greatly beyond disc; dorsal fold forming a low ridge; ventral fold low with a very short base; caudal sting posterior on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base more than 3 times interspiracular width); skin densely covered with minute stellate denticles but denticle band absent; no median rows of thorns and scapular thorns absent; tail base and sides covered with thorny denticles; dorsal colour plain; ventral surface white, disc margin dark; tail plain, black distally; marine, Indo– West Pacific.
Etymology. Combination of the Greek mégas (great, large, mighty) and Greek trygon (stingray) with reference to the massive bulk of this gigantic stingray.
Species. M. microps (Annandale, 1908).
Remarks. Newly erected, monotypic genus and formerly assigned to Dasyatis. The placement of Megatrygon microps in the family Dasyatidae is provisional as molecular data (see also Naylor et al., in press) suggest that it, along with the ‘amphi-American Himantura ’, are more closely related to the freshwater Neotropical stingrays (Potamotrygonidae) of South America. Further investigations are needed to determine the position of this species in the order Myliobatiformes, but it may belong in its own family.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on page 356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Pteroplatytrygon Fowler 1910
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Pteroplatytrygon

description: Genus Pteroplatytrygon Fowler, 1910
Pteroplatytrygon (subgenus of Dasyatis) Fowler, 1910:474. Type species Trygon violacea Bonaparte, 1832; by original designation and also monotypic.
Definition. Medium-sized dasyatid (adults to 80 cm DW) characterised by the following: very robust, broadly cone-shaped disc with pectoral-fin apex angular; snout short and rounded (1.1–1.3 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye very small and sunken; nasal curtain skirt shaped; mouth very narrow, with numerous oral papillae; tail moderately elongate (length>2 times DW), rather broad-based and depressed anteriorly, very strongly tapered at caudal sting then becoming filamentous; pelvic fins large, protruding well beyond disc, with long inner margins; dorsal fold rudimentary or absent; ventral fold low with a long base; caudal sting moderately well back on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base ~1.6 times interspiracular width); dense median row of small thorns and small denticles extending from nape onto tail; skin otherwise smooth or with sparse denticles; denticle band and scapular thorns absent; dorsal and ventral surfaces similarly plain and dark; marine, cosmopolitan.
Species. P. violacea (Bonaparte, 1832).
Remarks. Frequently assigned to Dasyatis (e.g. Krefft & Stehmann, 1973; Rosenberger, 2001), Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) is a pelagic stingray with a body shape and coloration that is unique within the family. Molecular data suggest it is not monophyletic with newly defined Dasyatis, but might be monophyletic when assigned to Bathytoshia (Fig. 1). To avoid creating further confusion, this monotypic genus is retained provisionally pending more thorough morphological and molecular investigations.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on page 356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Taeniurops Garman 1913
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Taeniurops

description: Genus Taeniurops Garman, 1913
Taeniurops (subgenus of Taeniura) Garman, 1913:399. Type species Taeniura meyeni Müller & Henle, 1841; by subsequent designation (Fowler, 1941).
Definition. Large to very large dasyatids (adults to 100–180 cm DW) characterised by the following: robust, almost circular disc; snout obtuse to broadly angular (2–2.2 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain broadly skirt-shaped; mouth medium-sized, with ~7 oral papillae (in T. meyeni); tail firm and short (length slightly exceeding DW), its base rather broad and depressed; pelvic fins small, subrectangular, not protruding, inner margin long; dorsal fold absent; ventral fold deep with a long base; caudal sting positioned rather anteriorly on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 2–2.3 times interspiracular width); skin rough in adults and denticle band absent; continuous strip of small median thorns on disc and tail in most adults, scapular thorns present or absent; tail prickly; strong dorsal colour plain or heavily black and white blotched; ventral disc white with dark margins; tail uniformly black; Atlantic (including the Mediterranean Sea) and Indo– West Pacific.
Species. T. grabata (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) and T. meyeni (Müller & Henle, 1841).
Remarks. Formerly placed within Taeniura (e.g. Last & Stevens, 1994; Last & Compagno, 1999) and later resurrected by Last & Stevens (2009), T. meyeni forms a monophyletic group with its cognate T. grabata, outside the subfamily Neotrygoninae and within the Dasyatinae, close to Dasyatis (see Fig. 1). The two Taeniurops species are morphologically distinct from other Dasyatinae in disc shape (almost circular) and ventral tail fold morphology (fold unusually deep and continuous to tail tip).
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on page 357, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Neotrygon Castelnau 1873
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Neotrygon

description: Genus Neotrygon Castelnau, 1873
Neotrygon Castelnau, 1873:122. Type species Raya trigonoides Castelnau, 1873; by monotypy.
Definition. Small dasyatids (adults to 27–47 cm DW) characterised by the following: moderately depressed to robust, rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex typically narrowly angular; snout obtuse and short (1.2–2.3 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye large and protruding (often greatly); nasal curtain narrow, typically subrectangular; mouth narrow with 2 large median oral papillae; tail flexible and short (length 1.1–1.5 times DW), its base medium-broad and depressed to flattened oval; pelvic fins long and pointed, protruding slightly to wellbeyond disc; dorsal fold well developed; ventral fold low with a long base; caudal sting positioned moderately well back on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 2.1–2.8 times interspiracular width); skin smooth and denticle band absent; row of small median thorns in most adults, no other thorns on disc; tail smooth; typically with strong dorsal colour pattern, usually with dark mask-like marking around eyes and blue or black spots on disc; posterior tail with black and white bands; ventral surface white, disc margin typically darker; marine, Indo– West Pacific.
Species. N. annotata (Last, 1987), N. australiae Last, White & Séret, 2016, N. caeruleopunctata Last, White & Séret, 2016, N. kuhlii (Müller & Henle, 1841), N. leylandi (Last, 1987), N. ningalooensis Last, White & Puckridge, 2010, N. orientale Last, White & Séret, 2016, N. picta Last & White, 2008, N. trigonoides (Castelnau, 1873), and N. varidens (Garman, 1885).
Remarks. The taxonomy of a subgroup of Neotrygon, the kuhlii-complex, is not fully resolved (Puckridge et al., 2013). Three new members of the kuhlii-complex were described recently and a Western Pacific species (N. varidens) was resurrected (Last et al., 2016). Members of this subgroup are very similar in morphology and an Indo–Pacific revision is needed.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on page 358, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Taeniura Muller & Henle 1837
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Taeniura

description: Genus Taeniura Müller & Henle, 1837
Taeniura Müller & Henle, 1837:117. Type species Trygon ornatus Gray, 1830 (= Raja lymma Forsskål, 1775); by monotypy.
Definition. Small dasyatids (adults to 22–37 cm DW) characterised by the following: moderately robust, oval disc with pectoral-fin apex broadly rounded; snout obtuse and short (1.6–2.2 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye large and protruding greatly; nasal curtain medium-sized, bilobed; mouth not small, with 2 large median oral papillae; tail firm and typically moderately short (length 1.5–1.7 times DW), its base broad and depressed; pelvic fins long and pointed, protruding slightly; dorsal fold rudimentary or forming a ridge; ventral fold deep with a long base; caudal sting positioned well posterior on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 4.5–5 times interspiracular width); skin smooth and denticle band absent; 1–2 rows of very small median thorns in most adults, no other thorns on disc; tail smooth; strong dorsal colour pattern of vivid blue spots on disc (no dark masklike marking around eyes or black and white bands on tail); ventral surface white, disc margin yellowish; marine, Indo– West Pacific.
Species. T. lymma (Forsskål, 1775) and an undescribed species.
Remarks. Distinctive and locally abundant rays on coral reefs of the tropical Indo– West Pacific. An undescribed species occurs in Melanesia.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on page 359, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Brevitrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016, gen. nov.
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Brevitrygon

description: Genus Brevitrygon gen. nov.
Type species Dasyatis javaensis Last & White, 2013; newly proposed.
Definition. Small dasyatids (adults typically to 23–32 cm DW) characterised by the following: strongly depressed, oval to suboval disc with pectoral-fin apex broadly rounded; snout acutely angular and elongate (1.9–3.6 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain broadly skirt shaped; mouth medium-sized with 2–4 oral papillae; tail rather short and semi-rigid or filamentous distally (length 1–2.2 times DW), its base broad and strongly or weakly depressed; pelvic fins small to medium-sized, protruding slightly beyond disc; dorsal fold and ventral folds absent (low ridges present in B. walga); caudal sting close to tail base (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 1.4–2 times interspiracular width); denticle band well developed with edge sharply defined, skin on rest of disc naked; median thorns on disc weak, those on tail larger when present; no scapular thorns and rarely denticles on posterior tail; dorsal coloration plain; ventral surface white, disc margin dark edged; posterior tail plain or with pale lateral stripe; marine, Indo– West Pacific.
Species. B. heterura (Bleeker, 1852), B. imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), B. javaensis (Last & White, 2013), and B. walga (Müller & Henle, 1841).
Etymology. Combination of the Latin brevi (short) and Greek trygon (stingray) reflects the short and semirigid tail of all members of the genus.
Remarks. Newly erected, morphologically conservative genus with four small species previously placed in Himantura. The taxonomy of this group is very confused and is the subject of a generic review in progress (PL, unpublished). Brevitrygon heterura (Bleeker, 1852) is the correct name of a common Western Pacific species, misidentified as Himantura (= Brevitrygon) walga (Müller & Henle, 1841). Brevitrygon walga and B. imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) are both confined to the Indian Ocean.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on pages 359-360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Fluvitrygon Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016, gen. nov.
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Fluvitrygon

description: Genus Fluvitrygon gen. nov.
Type species Himantura signifer Compagno & Roberts, 1982; newly proposed.
Definition. Small dasyatids (adults typically to ~ 37 cm DW) characterised by the following: depressed, oval to almost circular disc with pectoral-fin apex broadly rounded; snout acutely angular to obtuse, short or long (2.2–3.7 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye very small or small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain broadly skirt shaped; mouth narrow to medium-sized with 2–8 oral papillae; tail rather short or long, whip-like (length 1.3– 3.8 times DW), its base narrow and oval to almost circular in cross section; pelvic fins medium-sized, almost entirely concealed by disc; dorsal fold and ventral folds absent; caudal sting rather forward on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 2.3–3.2 times interspiracular width); 0–2 pearl-shaped mid-scapular thorns, no other scapular thorns; denticle band well developed with edge diffuse to sharply defined, skin on rest of disc typically naked; median thorns on tail weak or absent, small denticles usually on posterior tail in adults; dorsal coloration plain or with strong pattern; ventral surface white, disc margin sometimes dark edged; posterior tail plain or with pattern; estuarine/freshwater, Indo–Malay Archipelago.
Etymology. Combination of the Latin fluvius (river) and Greek trygon (stingray) reflects the riverine distribution of all members of the genus.
Species. F. kittipongi (Vidthayanon & Roberts, 2006), F. oxyrhyncha (Sauvage, 1878), and F. signifer (Compagno & Roberts, 1982).
Remarks. Newly erected, morphologically similar genus consisting of three small species previously placed in Himantura. These freshwater/estuarine species are sister to Brevitrygon (Fig. 3), but differ in tail morphology from members of that marine group (having a longer, narrower-based, whip-like tail).
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on page 360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Himantura Muller & Henle 1837
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Himantura

description: Genus Himantura Müller & Henle, 1837
Himantura Müller & Henle, 1837:400. Type species Raja sephen uarnak Forsskål, 1775; by subsequent designation (Jordan & Evermann 1896:82).
Definition. Large dasyatids (adults to 130–160 cm DW) characterised by the following: robust, suboval to rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex broadly rounded to narrowly angular; snout broadly angular, moderately elongate (1.7– 2.8 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small and protruding; nasal curtain broadly skirt shaped; mouth narrow with 4–5 oral papillae (lateral papillae always present); tail very long, whip-like (length 2.5–3.7 times DW), its base narrow and oval to almost circular in cross section; pelvic fins small, almost entirely concealed by disc; dorsal fold and ventral folds absent; caudal sting close to tail base (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudalsting base 1.7–2.3 times interspiracular width); 1–3 mid-scapular thorns or in row on nape, no other scapular thorns; denticle band well developed with diffuse edge, skin on rest of disc with patchy denticles in adults; no row of enlarged median thorns on tail, small thorns and denticles posteriorly in adults; dorsal surface with strong colour pattern (spots, ocelli and/or reticulations); ventral surface white; posterior tail typically banded in young; marine, Indo– West Pacific.
Species. H. leoparda Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2008, H. uarnak (Gmelin, 1789), H. undulata (Bleeker, 1852), and an undescribed species.
Remarks. The genus Himantura, which was once represented widely in the Indo– West Pacific by ~20 species, is now restricted to a group of four large Indo–Pacific species with strong colour patterns. The taxonomy of this group is under review (PL & MM) and a new species exists in Australasian seas.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on page 361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Maculabatis Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016, gen. nov.
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Maculabatis

description: Genus Maculabatis gen. nov.
Type species Trygon gerrardi Gray, 1851:116; newly proposed.
Definition. Small to large dasyatids (adults to 42–116 cm DW) characterised by the following: firm, rather depressed to robust, suboval to rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex narrowly angular to rounded; snout broadly angular, short to moderately elongate (1.7–2.7 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain skirt-shaped; mouth narrow with 2–5 oral papillae (lateral papillae present in most species); tail long, whip-like (length 1.8–3.4 times DW), its base typically narrow and oval to almost circular in cross section; pelvic fins small, almost entirely concealed by disc; dorsal fold and ventral folds absent; caudal sting close to tail base (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 1.9–2.5 times interspiracular width); 1–3 variably developed mid-scapular thorns or thorns in row on nape, no other scapular thorns; denticle band well developed with edge sharply defined, skin on rest of disc naked or with patchy denticles; no row of enlarged median thorns on tail, fine denticles posteriorly in most adults; dorsal surface plain or with spotted colour pattern; ventral surface white, disc sometimes dark or yellow edged; posterior tail typically half or fully banded in young; marine, Indo– West Pacific.
Etymology. Combination of the Latin macula (stain, mark, spot) and batis (skate, ray, flatfish) alludes to the spotted coloration and/or black-and-white banded tail of most members of the genus.
Species. M. astra (Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Pogonoski, 2008), M. gerrardi (Gray, 1851), M. macrura (Bleeker, 1852), M. pastinacoides (Bleeker, 1852), M. randalli (Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Moore, 2012), M. toshi (Whitley, 1939) and three undescribed species.
Remarks. Newly erected, morphologically similar genus consisting of nine medium to large, marine whiprays previously placed in Himantura. The group contains at least three new species that are presently being described by the authors and their associates. Molecular analyses have divided the group into two subgroups; one containing largely black-spotted and/or white-spotted whiprays (gerrardi-complex), and another of largely plain-coloured whiprays (pastinacoides-complex) (see Fig. 3).
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on pages 361-362, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Pateobatis Last, Naylor & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2016, gen. nov.
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Pateobatis

description: Genus Pateobatis gen. nov.
Type species Trygon uarnacoides Bleeker, 1852; newly proposed.
Definition. Medium-sized to large dasyatids (adults to 71–150 cm DW) characterised by the following: rather depressed to robust, suboval to rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex narrowly to broadly rounded; snout angular to obtuse, rather short to elongate (1.7–5.5 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye very small to small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain skirt shaped; mouth very narrow to broad, with 2–4 oral papillae (absent in P. hortlei); tail short to very long, whip-like (length 1.1–4.1 times DW), its base typically narrow and almost circular in cross section; pelvic fins small, produced slightly or almost entirely concealed by disc; dorsal fold and ventral folds absent; caudal sting close to tail base (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 1.6–2.2 times interspiracular width); 1–3 variably developed, pearl-shaped mid-scapular thorns or thorns in row on nape; no shoulder thorns; denticle band well developed with edge typically sharply defined, skin on rest of disc naked or with patchy denticles; no row of enlarged median thorns on tail (except well developed in P. j en k i n s i i and connected with row on disc); posterior tail often with fine denticles or prickly; dorsal surface plain; ventral surface white, disc often dark edged; tail plain, not banded; marine and estuarine, Indo– West Pacific.
Etymology. Cryptic combination of the Latin pateo (lie open, be exposed) and batis (skate, ray, flatfish) alluding the eclectic nature of members of this group.
Species. P. bleekeri (Blyth 1860), P. f a i (Jordan & Seale, 1906), P. hortlei (Last, Manjaji-Matsumoto & Kailola, 2006), P. jenkinsii (Annandale, 1909), and P. uarnacoides (Bleeker, 1852).
Remarks. Newly erected, morphologically heterogeneous genus consisting of five medium-size to very large, marine whiprays previously placed in the genus Himantura. Two widely distributed and relatively abundant species, Pateobatis fai and P. jenkinsii, have a broad rhombic disc with a short obtuse snout, whereas the other three species have a characteristic subcircular disc with a long, pointed snout. These species cluster together using mitochondrial data (Fig. 3), but analyses using nuclear genes may provide other insights.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on page 362, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Urogymnus Muller & Henle 1837
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Urogymnus

description: Genus Urogymnus Müller & Henle, 1837
Urogymnus Müller & Henle, 1837:434. Type species Raja asperrima Bloch & Schneider, 1801; replacement name for Gymnura Müller & Henle, 1837 (preoccupied by Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823).
Definition. Large to gigantic dasyatids (adults to 1 00– 192 cm DW) characterised by the following: strongly depressed to robust, suboval to almost circular disc with pectoral-fin apex broadly rounded; snout angular to obtuse, rather short to very elongate (1.5–4.6 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye very small to small and protruding; nasal curtain skirt shaped; mouth very narrow to narrow, with 3–7 oral papillae (absent in U.
lobistoma); tail typically whip-like (but relatively short and stiff in U. asperrimus), short to long (length 1–3.1 times DW), its base typically narrow and oval to almost circular in cross section; pelvic fins very small to small, almost entirely or fully concealed by disc; dorsal fold and ventral folds absent; caudal sting absent, or positioned normally or well back on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 1.8–3.3 times interspiracular width); 1–3 mid-scapular thorns or thorns absent; no distinct shoulder thorn patch or median row on tail; denticle band well developed, its edge typically diffuse; skin elsewhere, often very rough or prickly (extremely so in U. asperrimus); posterior tail with fine denticles or very prickly; dorsal surface plain or almost plain; ventral surface white, disc often dark edged; tail plain blackish or white, not banded; marine/estuarine/freshwater, Indo– West Pacific.
Species. U. asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), U. dalyensis (Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2008), U. granulatus (Macleay, 1883), U. lobistomus (Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last, 2006), U. polylepis (Bleeker, 1852), and an undescribed species.
Remarks. Formerly monotypic, containing only the very spiny porcupine ray, Urogymnus asperrimus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Molecular analysis confirms its placement in the Urogymninae (Fig. 5). Five additional, large to very large species, including a new whipray from Australasia, were added to the group based on molecular data (Fig. 3). These species all have a flexible, oval or subcircular disc, small or very small eyes, and relatively small pelvic fins. Some live in freshwater. An undescribed species occurs in inshore habitats of Australasia.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on pages 362-363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Makararaja Roberts 2007
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Makararaja

description: Genus Makararaja Roberts, 2007
Makararaja Roberts, 2007:286. Type species Makararaja chindwinensis Roberts 2007; by original designation and monotypic.
Definition. Small dasyatids (to at least 39 cm DW) characterised by the following: relatively well-depressed, oval to almost circular disc with pectoral-fin apex broadly rounded; snout obtuse and medium length (~1.7 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain distinctly bilobed; mouth narrow with 4 oral papillae; tail flexible and short (length ~1.5 times DW), its base moderately broad and depressed; pelvic fins large, protruding slightly beyond disc; dorsal fold absent; ventral fold moderately deep with a short base; caudal sting positioned very posteriorly on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base ~5.3 times interspiracular width); skin on dorsal surface uniformly velvety, densely covered with minute denticles and lacking a denticle band; no enlarged thorns on disc or tail (but with a short nuchal row of rudimentary thorns); plain coloured dorsally; freshwater, South-East Asia.
Species. M. chindwinensis Roberts, 2007
Remarks. Poorly known (based on the holotype); more specimens and tissues needed.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on pages 363-364, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765
Pastinachus Ruppell 1829
Creators: name: Last, Peter R.
name: Naylor, Gavin J. P.
name: Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Elasmobranchii
Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Pastinachus

description: Genus Pastinachus Rüppell, 1829
Pastinachus (subgenus of Trigon) Rüppell, 1829:51. Type species Raja sephen Forsskål, 1775; by subsequent designation.
Definition. Small to very large dasyatids (adults to 43–200 cm DW or more) characterised by the following: depressed to robust, rhombic disc with pectoral-fin apex angular to narrowly rounded; snout obtuse or broadly angular, and short to medium length (1.6–2.4 times combined orbit and spiracle length); eye small and protruding slightly; nasal curtain distinctly bilobed; mouth narrow to medium-width with 5 oral papillae; tail firm and long to very long (length 1.8–3.2 times DW), its base broad to very broad and noticeably depressed; pelvic fins large, protruding slightly beyond disc; dorsal fold absent; ventral fold deep to very deep with a long base; caudal sting positioned posteriorly on tail (distance from pectoral-fin insertion to caudal-sting base 3.5–4.6 times interspiracular width); denticles on dorsal surface of disc patchy, denticle band well developed, but with diffuse edges; 1–3 variably developed, pearl or heart-shaped mid-scapular thorns, no other thorns on disc; tail prickly but lacking enlarged thorns (except in Pastinachus stellurostris); plain coloured dorsally, ventrally white, disc margin often dark; marine/estuarine, Indo– West Pacific.
Species. P. at er (Macleay, 1883), P. gracilicaudus Last & Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2010, P. sephen (Forsskål, 1775), P. solocirostris Last, Manjaji & Yearsley, 2005, and P. stellurostris Last, Fahmi & Naylor, 2010.
Remarks. Until recently, thought to consist of a single, widespread Indo–Pacific species, Pastinachus sephen (Last & Stevens, 1994). Recent research (confirmed by molecular data) has demonstrated that the group is not monotypic, and P. s e ph e n is restricted to the northwestern Indian Ocean and another large stingray (P. a t e r) is more widespread.
description: Published as part of Last, Peter R., Naylor, Gavin J. P. & Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. Mabel, 2016, A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights, pp. 345-368 in Zootaxa 4139 (3) on page 364, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262765