cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Global symmetry, Euclidean gravity, and the black hole information problem
Creators: name: Harlow, Daniel
name: Shaghoulian, Edgar
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper we argue for a close connection between the non-existence of global symmetries in quantum gravity and a unitary resolution of the black hole information problem. In particular we show how the essential ingredients of recent calculations of the Page curve of an evaporating black hole can be used to generalize a recent argument against global symmetries beyond the AdS/CFT correspondence to more realistic theories of quantum gravity. We also give several low-dimensional examples of quantum gravity theories which do not have a unitary resolution of the black hole information problem in the usual sense, and which therefore can and do have global symmetries. Motivated by this discussion, we conjecture that in a certain sense Euclidean quantum gravity is equivalent to holography.
description: 19 pages
Data from: Pilot testing an ethanol cornual nerve block as a long-term analgesic for calf disbudding
Creators: name: Drwencke, Alycia M
name: Adcock, Sarah JJ
name: Walker, Jennifer B
name: Tucker, Cassandra B
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Disbudding
Ethanol
Nerve block
Anesthesia

description: Disbudding prevents horn growth in calves through thermal or chemical cauterization and causes damage that is painful for weeks following the procedure. Current pain management strategies are only effective from 1-2 h (local anesthetic) to 1-3 d (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). A potential practical solution for addressing longer-term pain is to administer ethanol as a cornual nerve block. When administered at a high concentration, ethanol damages peripheral nerves, promoting long-lasting analgesia in that region. We tested the use of an ethanol cornual nerve block for providing long-lasting anesthesia around the horn bud in 2 pilot studies. The first pilot lasted 5 wk and the second looked at the 24 h after the injection. In pilot 1, 14 non-disbudded calves were administered 2-4 ml of 100% ethanol below the boney ridge on each side of the head to block the cornual nerve at 3-10 d of age (n=14calves; 28 horn buds). The duration of loss of sensation was evaluated using pinprick tests 10 min, 1, 3, and 7 d after the block, and then weekly thereafter until 35 d or full sensation had returned. Pilot 2 consisted of 9 non-disbudded calves (5 mL of 2:1, 70% ethanol and 2% lidocaine/horn bud) and 6 disbudded individuals (5 mL of 100% ethanol, 70% ethanol, or 2% lidocaine per horn bud). All treatments were administered at the calf level. Anesthesia was checked 10 min after the injection and 4 or 16 h later. Pinprick tests consisted of lightly pressing a needle in 10 evenly spaced locations around the base of the horn bud (0 responses=no sensation, 1-5 responses=partial sensation, 6-10 responses=full sensation). After data collection, non-disbudded calves were provided lidocaine and meloxicam before hot-iron (pilot 1) or paste (pilot 2) disbudding. In pilot 1, on the day of the ethanol injection, there was no sensation in 85% of horn buds. Sensation began to return as early as 1 d after blocking, with only 50, 21, and 3% of horn buds having no sensation at 1, 7, and 35 d, respectively. Partial sensation was present in 25, 17, and 10% of horn buds at these time points. In pilot 2, 61.1% of horn buds in the non-disbudded group had partial or no sensation 10 min after the injection. In the disbudded calves 10 min after the injection, all horn buds from the 100% ethanol group had partial sensation and all 70% ethanol horn buds had full sensation. Four or 16 h later, all horn buds had full sensation. Together, in these pilot studies, ethanol provided inconsistent anesthesia when used for a cornual nerve block.
description: Please see the README associated with these data. 
Funding provided by: National Institute of Food and AgricultureCrossref Funder Registry ID: https://ror.org/05qx3fv49Award Number: 13089552
description: The methods are described in the associated research publication.
[Elicitation session in pair]
Creators: name: Palacio, Philip Tim
name: Cibelli, Emily
name: Sheil, Christine
Publisher: name: California Language Archive, University of California, Berkeley
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: cab

description: 8 WAV, 4 TextGrid, and 5 TXT files.
Questions (ESC_CMS_01, ESC_CMS_03).
Basic Garifuna words and phrases, e.g. days of the week, months of the year; phonetics/phonology work (ESC_CMS_02, ESC_CMS_04).
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КОМПЕТЕНЦИИ УЧАЩИХСЯ НА НАЧАЛЬНЫХ ЗАНЯТИЯХ ПО РУССКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
Creators: name: Рахманова, Вазира
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Статья посвящена вопросам развития языковой компетенции у учащихся начальных классов на уроках русского языка. Рассматриваются основные компоненты языковой компетенции, включая фонетическую, лексическую, грамматическую и коммуникативную составляющие. Описаны эффективные методы и приёмы, способствующие усвоению языка на начальных этапах обучения, такие как игровой метод, использование песен и стихов, визуальные средства и диалоговая практика. Приведены рекомендации по организации уроков, способствующих активному включению учащихся в процесс изучения русского языка. Особое внимание уделяется созданию условий для формирования уверенности детей в использовании языка, что закладывает основу для их дальнейшего языкового и когнитивного развития.
An Artificial Neural Network Approach to the Solution of Molecular Chemical Equilibrium
Creators: name: Ramos, A. Asensio
name: Socas-Navarro, H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A novel approach is presented for the solution of instantaneous chemical equilibrium problems. The chemical equilibrium can be considered, due to its intrinsically local character, as a mapping of the three-dimensional parameter space spanned by the temperature, hydrogen density and electron density into many one-dimensional spaces representing the number density of each species. We take advantage of the ability of artificial neural networks to approximate non-linear functions and construct neural networks for the fast and efficient solution of the chemical equilibrium problem in typical stellar atmosphere physical conditions. The neural network approach has the advantage of providing an analytic function, which can be rapidly evaluated. The networks are trained with a learning set (that covers the entire parameter space) until a relative error below 1% is reached. It has been verified that the networks are not overtrained by using an additional verification set. The networks are then applied to a snapshot of realistic three-dimensional convection simulations of the solar atmosphere showing good generalization properties.
description: 8 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
A survey of the assessments of the effectiveness of Preferential Trade Agreements using gravity models
Creators: name: Cardamone, Paola
name: Cardamone, Paola
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: This paper reviews the empirical literature using a gravity model to assess the impact on trade of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) and provides a critical analysis of the choices made to carry out the estimations. With respect to the effectiveness of PTAs, the main result that emerges from the review is that PTAs tend to foster trade between the countries involved. However, two empirical issues appear relevant. First, the use of dummy variables to proxy PTAs does not adequately describe the preferences granted and can be misleading. Indeed, the use of dummies does not allow to discern among the different preferential trade policy instruments used as well as to measure the level of the trade preferences granted. As a result, dummies do not allow to capture the specific effect of the preferences on bilateral trade. Second, the econometric methods used do not always address in a satisfactory way the potential sources of bias in the estimations, such as unobserved heterogeneity, endogeneity of some regressors and zero-trade flows. Thus, with respect to the empirical issues, the main conclusion which can be drawn from this survey is that the proposed estimates so far of the effects of PTAs using gravity models tend to be biased and, as a result, are not fully reliable.
Directional detection of dark matter with diamond
Creators: name: Marshall, Mason C.
name: Turner, Matthew J.
name: Ku, Mark J. H.
name: Phillips, David F.
name: Walsworth, Ronald L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Searches for WIMP dark matter will in the near future be sensitive to solar neutrinos. Directional detection offers a method to reject solar neutrinos and improve WIMP searches, but reaching that sensitivity with existing directional detectors poses challenges. We propose a combined atomic/particle physics approach using a large-volume diamond detector. WIMP candidate events trigger a particle detector, after which spectroscopy of nitrogen vacancy centers reads out the direction of the incoming particle. We discuss the current state of technologies required to realize directional detection in diamond and present a path towards a detector with sensitivity below the neutrino floor.
description: 25 pages, 8 figures
Multilateral Negotiations, Preferential Trade Agreements and the CAP. What's Ahead?
Creators: name: Anania, Giovanni
name: Anania, Giovanni
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: The focus of the paper is on the developments so far and the future of the negotiations on agriculture in the WTO Doha Development Agenda round from the perspective of the European Union. The first part of the paper discusses what happened in the two parallel processes, the domestic agricultural policy reform in the EU and the WTO negotiations, identifying the linkages between CAP reform decisions and developments in the EU negotiation positions. The second part of the paper discusses further changes expected in the relatively near future in the CAP and in regional trade agreements involving the EU, and the perspectives of the WTO negotiations. The main point made is that the changes in domestic agricultural policy which have occurred in the EU (mostly motivated by domestic concerns), while they have not removed farm support nor made the CAP effective and efficient, have had a significant effect in terms of reducing its distortionary effects on markets, though more on the domestic than on the international ones. Unlike in the Uruguay round negotiations (when the MacSharry reform was decided close to the end of the round), the timing and extent of these reforms have made it possible for the EU to be a credible actor in the DDA round and put forward sensible negotiating proposals. The CAP is expected to go through further significant changes in the near future which, regardless of what happens in the WTO negotiations, will bring a further market reorientation of EU agriculture and a reduction in trade distortions. Successful developments in preferential trade agreements involving the EU for which negotiations are already well under way may contribute to a significant increase in the opening of EU agro-food markets.
Finding the Kraus decomposition from a master equation and vice versa
Creators: name: Andersson, Erika
name: Cresser, Jim D.
name: Hall, Michael J. W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: For any master equation which is local in time, whether Markovian, non-Markovian, of Lindblad form or not, a general procedure is reviewed for constructing the corresponding linear map from the initial state to the state at time t, including its Kraus-type representations. Formally, this is equivalent to solving the master equation. For an N-dimensional Hilbert space it requires (i) solving a first order N^2 x N^2 matrix time evolution (to obtain the completely positive map), and (ii) diagonalising a related N^2 x N^2 matrix (to obtain a Kraus-type representation). Conversely, for a given time-dependent linear map, a necessary and sufficient condition is given for the existence of a corresponding master equation, where the (not necessarily unique) form of this equation is explicitly determined. It is shown that a `best possible' master equation may always be defined, for approximating the evolution in the case that no exact master equation exists. Examples involving qubits are given.
description: 16 pages, no figures. Appeared in special issue for conference QEP-16, Manchester 4-7 Sep 2006
Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis with a Compact Deuterium-Tritium Neutron Generator
Creators: name: Klein, Ethan A.
name: Naqvi, Farheen
name: Bickus, Jacob E.
name: Lee, Hin Y.
name: Goldston, Robert J.
name: Danagoulian, Areg
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Neutron Resonance Transmission Analysis (NRTA) is a spectroscopic technique which uses the resonant absorption of neutrons in the epithermal range to infer the isotopic composition of an object. This spectroscopic technique has relevance in many traditional fields of science and nuclear security. NRTA in the past made use of large, expensive accelerator facilities to achieve precise neutron beams, significantly limiting its applicability. In this work we describe a series of NRTA experiments where we use a compact, low-cost deuterium-tritium (DT) neutron generator to produce short neutron beams (2.6~m) along with a $^6$Li-glass neutron detector. The time-of-flight spectral data from five elements -- silver, cadmium, tungsten, indium, and $^{238}$U -- clearly show the corresponding absorption lines in the 1-30 eV range. The experiments show the applicability of NRTA in this simplified configuration, and prove the feasibility of this compact and low-cost approach. This could significantly broaden the applicability of NRTA, and make it practical and applicable in many fields, such as material science, nuclear engineering, and arms control.
Determination of the intrinsic anomalous Hall effect of SrRuO$_3$
Creators: name: Mathieu, R.
name: Jung, C. U.
name: Yamada, H.
name: Asamitsu, A.
name: Kawasaki, M.
name: Tokura, Y.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The anomalous Hall effect (AHE) of epitaxial SrRuO$_3$ films with varying lattice parameters is investigated, and analyzed according to the Berry-phase scenario. SrRuO$_3$ thin films were deposited on SrTiO$_3$ substrates directly, or using intermediate buffer layers, in order to finely control the epitaxial strain. The AHE of the different films exhibits intrinsic features such as the sign change of the Hall resistivity with the temperature, even for small thicknesses of SrRuO$_3$. However, the anomalous Hall conductivity is greatly reduced from its intrinsic value as the carrier scattering is increased when the epitaxial strain is released. We argue that the AHE of fully strained SrRuO$_3$ film with low residual resistivity represents the intrinsic AHE of SrRuO$_3$.
description: REVTeX 4 style; 5 pages, 5 figures
Single-molecule orientation localization microscopy I: fundamental limits
Creators: name: Zhang, Oumeng
name: Lew, Matthew D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Precisely measuring the three-dimensional position and orientation of individual fluorophores is challenging due to the substantial photon shot noise in single-molecule experiments. Facing this limited photon budget, numerous techniques have been developed to encode 2D and 3D position and 2D and 3D orientation information into fluorescence images. In this work, we adapt classical and quantum estimation theory and propose a mathematical framework to derive the best possible precision for measuring the position and orientation of dipole-like emitters for any fixed imaging system. We find that it is impossible to design an instrument that achieves the maximum sensitivity limit for measuring all possible rotational motions. Further, our vectorial dipole imaging model shows that the best quantum-limited localization precision is ~4-8% worse than that suggested by a scalar monopole model. Overall, we conclude that no single instrument can be optimized for maximum precision across all possible 2D and 3D localization and orientation measurement tasks.
An American BSE Crisis: Has it affected the Value of Traceability and Country-of-Origin Certifications for US and Canadian Beef?
Creators: name: Ward, Ruby A.
name: Bailey, DeeVon
name: Jensen, Robert T.
name: Ward, Ruby A.
name: Bailey, DeeVon
name: Jensen, Robert T.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: BSE
subject: Traceability
subject: Country-of-origin
subject: Beef market
subject: Auctions

description: With a BSE incident in the United States (US) in December of 2003, questions arose about the effect of the incident on consumers in the US. The purpose of this paper is to determine if traceability systems for beef can help preserve consumer demand following the discovery of BSE. Auctions were conducted approximately 3 weeks before and after the December 2003 BSE incident in the U.S It was found that overall there was no effect on the size of the bribes needed by the BSE incidence. However, for some groups there were important changes. The results indicate that information about traceability and country of origin is valuable to consumers. They also suggest that greater uncertainty about certifications and assurances for beef existed among the participants after December 23rd than before December 23rd.
Skin health in king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) farmed in New Zealand
Creators: name: Comezzi, FG
Publisher: name: University Of Tasmania
Year: 2024

description: Skin health is a primary indicator of fish general health and welfare in aquaculture, and it often correlates with fish growth and performance. Summer is the most stressful period for the skin health of king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) farmed in Marlborough Sounds New Zealand, with some fish affected by seasonal development of skin lesions. Growth and skin health were investigated during a summer feeding trial. The first part of the study is a comprehensive evaluation of sampling methods and gross scoring system employed by the local industry to assess skin health in farm-based trials. Sampling bias was found in each of the sampling techniques assessed. However, depending on the method, samples were biased either in favour of fish with better skin health and higher weight (+ 0.20 kg), or towards fish with poorer skin health and lower weight (- 0.14 kg) than the pen population average. Basic histological assessment was performed to determine if the gross scoring of lesion severity could be objectively confirmed at the histological level based on the perforation of lower dermis (stratum compactum). Gross scoring-histology agreement on average was good, but only moderate for the most severe skin lesion category. Because the same sampling and scoring methods are used in routine surveillance of commercial pens, these results should be considered in future research involving analysis of farm data, including epidemiological studies. The second part of the thesis focusses on growth and skin health differences in post-smolts fed 3 different commercial diets over the summer. Diet had a significant effect on weight, growth and general health as suggested by haematology and plasma biochemistry indicators. Most ulcers were healed or at an advanced healing stage by the end of the summer. The prevalence of fish with large healed ulcers and fish without lesions differed among diet treatments, suggesting a possible influence of the diet on skin ulceration. However, evidence of the effects of diet was conclusive only for growth and general health. In addition to the direct contribution to our knowledge of farmed salmon health and welfare management, results of this work highlight research challenges relevant to the entire field of skin health investigation in cultured fish.
Consumer Preferences for Quality Foods from a South European Perspective: A Conjoint Analysis Implementation on Greek Olive Oil
Creators: name: Krystallis, Athanasios
name: Ness, Mitchell
name: Krystallis, Athanasios
name: Ness, Mitchell
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Quality extrinsic cues
subject: Conjoint analysis
subject: Segmentation
subject: Market shares

description: The objective of the present study is to describe the preferences of younger, more educated and higher income Greek consumers for "quality" olive oil brands - quality being defined as a bundle of extrinsic quality cues such as quality assurance labels, health-related information, country-of-origin indication, bottling material and price. The aim of the research is, with the implementation of a conjoint analysis task, to describe and analyze consumer preferences using a random, stratified, sample of urban consumers. The extrinsic quality attributes of olive oil, strongly linked to a previous qualitative, Means-end Chains (MEC) analysis survey, is used as starting points for the development of conjoint profiles. Special emphasis is given to the development and evaluation of different quality marketing mixes and the analysis of the importance consumers attach to the series of extrinsic quality cues used. The identification of different consumer segments in terms of this importance and the development of their socio-demographic and behavioral profile is also mphasized. The final step of the research is the measurement of demand for quality through the calculation of potentially larger market shares across segments of different quality hypothetical) brands in comparison to the common (real).
Almost complete revivals in quantum many-body systems
Creators: name: Ermakov, Igor
name: Fine, Boris V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Revivals of initial non-equilibrium states is an ever-present concern for the theory of dynamic thermalization in many-body quantum systems. Here we consider a nonintegrable lattice of interacting spins 1/2 and show how to construct a quantum state such that a given spin 1/2 is maximally polarized initially and then exhibits an almost complete recovery of the initial polarization at a predetermined moment of time. An experimental observation of such revivals may be utilized to benchmark quantum simulators with a measurement of only one local observable. We further propose to utilize these revivals for a delayed disclosure of a secret.
description: 5 pages, 3 figures
title: SVARM-IQ: Efficient Approximation of Any-order Shapley Interactions through Stratification
Creators: name: Kolpaczki, Patrick
name: Muschalik, Maximilian
name: Fumagalli, Fabian
name: Hammer, Barbara
name: Hüllermeier, Eyke
Publisher: name: PMLR
Year: 2024

description: Addressing the limitations of individual attribution scores via the Shapley value (SV), the field of explainable AI (XAI) has recently explored intricate interactions of features or data points. In particular, extensions of the SV, such as the Shapley Interaction Index (SII), have been proposed as a measure to still benefit from the axiomatic basis of the SV. However, similar to the SV, their exact computation remains computationally prohibitive. Hence, we propose with SVARM-IQ a sampling-based approach to efficiently approximate Shapley-based interaction indices of any order. SVARM-IQ can be applied to a broad class of interaction indices, including the SII, by leveraging a novel stratified representation. We provide non-asymptotic theoretical guarantees on its approximation quality and empirically demonstrate that SVARM-IQ achieves state-of-the-art estimation results in practical XAI scenarios on different model classes and application domains.
An orthodox blup approach to generalized linear mixed models
Creators: name: Ma, Renjun
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: We introduce a new class of generalized linear mixed models assuming Tweedie exponential dispersion model distributions for both the response and the random effects. This class of models accommodates a wide range of discrete, continuous and mixed data. By letting the random effects enter as weights as well as means in the conditional distributions, the variance matrix may be expressed as a sum of variance components. We consider an orthodox BLUP approach to parameter estimation and random effects prediction for this new class of models based on a predictor of the random effects that is truly best linear and unbiased, in contrast to the conventional BLUP which is the conditional mode. We obtain an optimal estimating equation based on the orthodox BLUP, which is solved by a modified Newton algorithm. This approach facilitates analysis of residuals and allows justification of asymptotic results under realistic conditions through standard estimating equation theory. An important feature of this approach is that the principal results depend only on the first and second moment assumptions of unobserved random effects. The common fitting algorithm based on orthodox BLUP enables us to study this new class of models as a single class, rather than as a collection of unrelated different models. This approach is illustrated with the analyses of seed germination data, epilepsy data and cake baking data. By means of asymptotic justifications, simulations and worked examples, we conclude that the orthodox BLUP approach is of practical value for analysis of clustered non-normal data.
What Adds Value in Specialty Coffee? Managerial Implications from Hedonic Price Analysis of Central and South American E-Auctions
Creators: name: Donnet, M. Laura
name: Weatherspoon, Dave D.
name: Hoehn, John P.
name: Donnet, M. Laura
name: Weatherspoon, Dave D.
name: Hoehn, John P.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: specialty coffee
subject: e-auctions
subject: hedonic analysis
subject: business models

description: We analyze price and quality information at the procurement level in the specialty coffee supply chain using data from small and large volume e-auctions. Hedonic price equations reveal that the Cup of Excellence auction is a more differentiated market disclosing more information about coffee values associated with ratings, rankings, quantities available, and country reputations whereas information in the Q auction is more limited and tends to be remunerated to a lesser extent. These results indicate that there are different business models and valuation of product characteristics within the specialty coffee industry. Management implications are drawn for specialty coffee producers and roasters.
Determination of Traffic Parameters for the Prediction, Projection, and Computation of EWL’s
Creators: name: Deacon, John A.
name: Lynch, Robert L.
Publisher: name: Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky
Year: 1968
Subjects: subject: Transportation Engineering

description: One of the first published methods for the structural design of highway pavements was called the Massachusetts Rule and was presented in the eighth annual report of the Massachusetts Highway Commission in 1901 (1). The essence of this procedure was a rather intuitive assumption concerning the distribution of vertical pressures beneath a loaded area. For design purposes, this required the selection of a design load which, since failure was assumed to be catastrophic and not cumulative, could be taken as the largest load that could reasonably be anticipated during the design life of the pavement. The prediction of such a design load was in itself a rather formidable task.
Equivalent Axleloads for Pavement Design
Creators: name: Deacon, John A.
name: Deen, Robert C.
Publisher: name: Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky
Year: 1968
Subjects: subject: Transportation Engineering

description: Proper structural design of highway pavements requires an evaluation of the destructive effects of the anticipated vehicular loading. The concept of load equivalency provides a means for expressing these destructive effects in terms of a single measure, the equivalent axleloads (EAL's). The design EAL's represents the equivalent number of applications of a standard or base axleload anticipated during the design life.
Bounds of the Mertens Function
Creators: name: Cox, Darrell
name: Ghosh, Sourangshu
name: Sultanow, Eldar
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: General Mathematics (math.GM)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 11A25 (Primary) 11M26, 11N37 (Secondary)

description: In this paper, we derive new properties of the Mertens function and discuss a likely upper bound of the absolute value of the Mertens function $\sqrt{\log{x!}}>|M(x)|$ when $x>1$. Using this likely bound we show that we have a sufficient condition to prove the Riemann Hypothesis.
description: 9 Pages, 19 References, 10 Figures
Giant flare of SGR 1806-20 from a relativistic jet
Creators: name: Yamazaki, Ryo
name: Ioka, Kunihito
name: Takahara, Fumio
name: Shibazaki, Noriaki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Japanese magnetospheric explorer GEOTAIL recorded a detailed light curve during the initial 600 msec of a giant flare from SGR 1806-20 on December 27, 2004. We show that the observed light curve is well explained by an emission from relativistically expanding fireballs, like those of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Especially, the observed rapid fading after 500msec suggests that ejecta is collimated in a jet. We derive an upper limit on the jet opening half-angle of 0.2 radian that is as narrow as those of GRBs.
description: 4 pages, 2 figures, accepted by Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (PASJ)
Birth and destruction of collective oscillations in a network of two populations of coupled type 1 neurons
Creators: name: Jüttner, Benjamin
name: Henriksen, Christian
name: Martens, Erik A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the macroscopic dynamics of large networks of excitable type 1 neurons composed of two populations interacting with disparate but symmetric intra- and inter-population coupling strengths. This nonuniform coupling scheme facilitates symmetric equilibria, where both populations display identical firing activity, characterized by either quiescent or spiking behavior, or asymmetric equilibria, where the firing activity of one population exhibits quiescent but the other exhibits spiking behavior. Oscillations in the firing rate are possible if neurons emit pulses with non-zero width but are otherwise quenched. Here, we explore how collective oscillations emerge for two statistically identical neuron populations in the limit of an infinite number of neurons. A detailed analysis reveals how collective oscillations are born and destroyed in various bifurcation scenarios and how they are organized around higher codimension bifurcation points. Since both symmetric and asymmetric equilibria display bistable behavior, a large configuration space with steady and oscillatory behavior is available. Switching between configurations of neural activity is relevant in functional processes such as working memory and the onset of collective oscillations in motor control.
Spitzer observations of the dusty warped disk of Centaurus A
Creators: name: Quillen, Alice C.
name: Brookes, Mairi H.
name: Keene, Jocelyn
name: Stern, Daniel
name: Lawrence, Charles R.
name: Werner, Michael W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Spitzer mid-infrared images of the dusty warped disk in the galaxy Centaurus A show a parallelogram-shaped structure. We successfully model the observed mid-infrared morphology by integrating the light from an emitting, thin, and warped disk, similar to that inferred from previous kinematic studies. The models with the best match to the morphology lack dust emission within the inner 0.1 to 0.8 kpc, suggesting that energetic processes near the nucleus have disturbed the inner molecular disk, creating a gap in the molecular gas distribution.
description: submitted to ApJ
Experimental and genetic analysis of selfing reveals no reinforcement in Phlox cuspidata
Creators: name: Shahid, Bushra M.
name: Burgin, Grace A.
name: Hopkins, Robin
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: reinforcement
self-fertilization
Speciation
Sympatry
reproductive isolation
mating system
selfing
Plant science
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

description: Reinforcement is the process through which prezygotic reproductive barriers evolve in sympatry due to selection against hybridization between co-occurring, closely related species. The role of self-fertilization in reinforcement and reproductive isolation is uncertain in part because its efficiency as a barrier against heterospecific mating can depend on the timing of autonomous selfing.

To investigate whether increased autonomous selfing has evolved as a mechanism for reinforcement, we compared Phlox cuspidata populations across their native Texas range using both estimates of genetic diversity and experimental manipulation with morphological measurements. Specifically, we investigated patterns of variation in floral traits and timing of selfing between individuals from allopatric populations of P. cuspidata and from populations sympatric with the closely related species, P. drummondii.

We infer intermediate rates of selfing across field-collected individuals with no significant difference between allopatric and sympatric populations. Among greenhouse grown plants, we find no differences in timing of selfing or other floral traits including anther dehiscence timing, anther-stigma distances, autonomous selfing rate and self-seed count between allopatric and sympatric populations. However, our statistical analyses indicate that P. cuspidata individuals sympatric with P drummondii seem to have generally larger flowers compared to allopatric individuals.

Despite strong evidence of costly hybridization with P. drummondii, we find no evidence of trait divergence due to reinforcement in P. cuspidata. Although we document nearly complete autonomous self-seed set in the greenhouse, estimates of selfing rates from genetic data imply realized selfing is much lower in nature suggesting an opportunity for reinforcing selection to act on this trait.
EU-China Agricultural Trade in Relation to China's WTO Membership
Creators: name: Niemi, Jyrki S.
name: Huan-Niemi, Ellen
name: Niemi, Jyrki S.
name: Huan-Niemi, Ellen
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: China
subject: EU
subject: WTO
subject: agricultural imports
subject: income
subject: tariff
subject: price
subject: model

description: China's trade with the world doubled after joining the WTO. This study attempts to identify and measure quantitatively the effects of changing economic environment and trade policies on China's global agricultural imports as well as imports from the EU. The approach is to model behavioral relationships in the agricultural trade between China and the EU by using annual trade data from 1986 to 2005. The results indicate that Chinese agricultural imports are relatively inelastic to absolute price changes, but relative price changes significantly affect the market shares of EU exports due to price competition. Trade liberalization in the form of tariff reductions is trivial in changing the quantity of China's agricultural imports from the EU. Rapid income growth has fuelled most of China's increased appetite for imported agricultural products.
The Role and Success Factors of Livestock Trading Cooperatives: Lessons from German Pork Production
Creators: name: Theuvsen, Ludwig
name: Franz, Annabell
name: Theuvsen, Ludwig
name: Franz, Annabell
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Cooperatives
subject: Equifinality
subject: Livestock trading
subject: Meat industry
subject: Success factors.

description: In recent years the organization of meat supply chains has been among the most animatedly discussed topics in agriculture and the food industry. Many authors hypothesize that contracts and vertical integration are paramount for the future competitiveness of meat production. But most arguments do not take into account the complexity of today's meat supply chains and the pivotal role private and cooperative livestock traders still play in many countries. In this paper we analyze the role and success factors of livestock trading cooperatives in modern meat supply chains. The results show that livestock trading cooperatives are most successful when their service spectrum meets members' needs and offers an added value to farmers. From a theoretical perspective, the results indicate that the idea of searching for "one best way of organizing" food supply chains might be misguided and current writing on this topic might be too deterministic.
[Elicitation session in pair]
Creators: name: Palacio, Philip Tim
name: Prendergast, Eric
name: Stark, Tammy
Publisher: name: California Language Archive, University of California, Berkeley
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: cab

description: 3 WAV, 3 TextGrid, and 3 TXT files.
Animate plurals (ehp_01).
Some verbs and locatives (ehp_02).
Elicitation of Adpositions (tes_02).
Inducing the mu and the B mu Term by the Radion and the 5d Chern-Simons Term
Creators: name: Hebecker, Arthur
name: March-Russell, John
name: Ziegler, Robert
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In 5-dimensional models with gauge-Higgs unification, the F-term vacuum expectation value of the radion provides, in close analogy to the Giudice-Masiero mechanism, a natural source for the mu and B mu term. Both the leading order gauge theory lagrangian and the supersymmetric Chern-Simons term contain couplings to the radion superfield which can be used for this purpose. We analyse the basic features of this mechanism for mu term generation and provide an explicit example, based on a variation of the SU(6) gauge-Higgs unification model of Burdman and Nomura. This construction contains all the relevant features used in our generic analysis. More generally, we expect our mechanism to be relevant to many of the recently discussed orbifold GUT models derived from heterotic string theory. This provides an interesting way of testing high-scale physics via Higgs mass patterns accessible at the LHC.
description: 23 pages, LaTeX, 1 figure, concrete model significantly improved, references added
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among College Students in Arkansas and Florida: Food Culture vs. Health Knowledge
Creators: name: Schroeter, Christiane
name: House, Lisa
name: Lorence, Argelia
name: Schroeter, Christiane
name: House, Lisa
name: Lorence, Argelia
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: fruit and vegetable consumption
subject: college students
subject: food culture
subject: health knowledge

description: This study determines the impact of demographics, dietary and health knowledge, and food culture on fruit and vegetable consumption of college students in Arkansas and Florida. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that food culture significantly impacts consumption of fruits and vegetables; a finding which emphasizes the need to target cultural aspects when developing effective and efficient management of agribusiness firms. Understanding the antecedents to consumption for products like fruits and vegetables is important to agribusiness industry, policy makers and organizations interested in evaluating the effectiveness of health education in promoting college students' health and decreasing the trends to obesity.
Single-molecule orientation localization microscopy II: a performance comparison
Creators: name: Zhang, Oumeng
name: Lew, Matthew D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Various techniques have been developed to measure the 2D and 3D positions and 2D and 3D orientations of fluorescent molecules with improved precision over standard epifluorescence microscopes. Due to the challenging signal-to-background ratio in typical single-molecule experiments, it is essential to choose an imaging system optimized for the specific target sample. In this work, we compare the performance of multiple state-of-the-art and commonly used methods for orientation localization microscopy against the fundamental limits of measurement precision. Our analysis reveals optimal imaging methods for various experiment conditions and sample geometries. Interestingly, simple modifications to the standard fluorescence microscope exhibit superior performance in many imaging scenarios.
Modeling of micro- and nano-scale domain recording by high-voltage atomic force microscopy in ferroelectrics-semiconductors
Creators: name: Morozovska, Anna N.
name: Eliseev, Eugene A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The equilibrium sizes of micro- and nano-domains caused by electric field of atomic force microscope tip in ferroelectric semiconductor crystals have been calculated. The domain was considered as a prolate semi-ellipsoid with rather thin domain walls. For the first time we modified the Landauer model allowing for semiconductor properties of the sample and the surface energy of the domain butt. The free carriers inside the crystal lead to the formation of the screening layer around the domain, which partially shields its interior from the depolarization field. We expressed the radius and length of the domain though the crystal material parameters (screening radius, spontaneous polarization value, dielectric permittivity tensor) and atomic force microscope tip characteristics (charge, radius of curvature). The obtained dependence of domain radius via applied voltage is in a good quantitative agreement with the ones of submicron ferroelectric domains recorded by high-voltage atomic force and scanning probe microscopy in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 crystals.
description: 21 pages, 5 figures
International Trade, Consumer Behavior and Trust: Factors Affecting Agribusinesses in Developing Countries. Executive Interview: Ronald D. Hampton, Chair and Associate Professor of Marketing University of Nebraska
Creators: name: Fromm, Ingrid
name: Nyhodo, Bonani
name: Fromm, Ingrid
name: Nyhodo, Bonani
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: Agribusiness

description: With the increasing complexity of global food systems, producers in developing countries are faced with challenges associated with market access to developed and other developing countries. There is clear evidence that the fastest growing developing countries are the ones engaging in trade and participating in the global market. The difficulty for developing countries, especially Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in those countries is the logistics and agreements needed to enter international markets and benefit from trade. Global production networks are becoming extremely complex. Arms-length trade is now confined to commodities with low returns, thus access to high-income yielding activities requires participation in global value chains. Over the past decades, the global food system has concentrated in the hands of a few large companies. All these changes raise questions about market structures, market power, and strategies for small-scale agribusinesses in developing countries to insert themselves into the global food system. This paper summarizes the interview conducted with Dr. Ronald D.
The Lattice Sine-Gordon Equation as a Superposition Formula for an NLS-Type System
Creators: name: Demskoi, Dmitry K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We treat the lattice sine-Gordon equation and two of its generalised symmetries as a compatible system. Elimination of shifts from the two symmetries of the lattice sine-Gordon equation yields an integrable NLS-type system. An auto-Bäcklund transformation and a superposition formula for the NLS-type system is obtained by elimination of shifts from the lattice sine-Gordon equation and its down-shifted version. We use the obtained formulae to calculate a superposition of two and three elementary solutions.
Quickest Detection of COVID-19 Pandemic Onset
Creators: name: Braca, Paolo
name: Gaglione, Domenico
name: Marano, Stefano
name: Millefiori, Leonardo M.
name: Willett, Peter
name: Pattipati, Krishna
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: This paper develops an easily-implementable version of Page's CUSUM quickest-detection test, designed to work in certain composite hypothesis scenarios with time-varying data statistics. The decision statistic can be cast in a recursive form and is particularly suited for on-line analysis. By back-testing our approach on publicly-available COVID-19 data we find reliable early warning of infection flare-ups, in fact sufficiently early that the tool may be of use to decision-makers on the timing of restrictive measures that may in the future need to be taken.
description: Accepted to be published in IEEE Signal Processing Letters
Economic Analysis of Incentives for Foreign Direct Investment in Beef Systems in Argentina and Uruguay
Creators: name: Thor, Eric
name: Bailey, DeeVon
name: Silvac, Alejandro R.
name: Vickner, Steven S.
name: Thor, Eric
name: Bailey, DeeVon
name: Silvac, Alejandro R.
name: Vickner, Steven S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Investment in beef systems
subject: South America
subject: risk
subject: cointegration

description: The European Union's (EU) ban of hormone-treated beef products in 1989 has virtually eliminated beef exports to the EU from countries where cattle are routinely implanted with growth hormones. This study examined whether or not foreign direct investment in beef systems in Argentina and Uruguay would provide a profitable method for investors who want to export beef to the EU. The results indicate that while investment in these systems is potentially profitable, government interventions designed to keep domestic beef prices low inject considerable risk into the investment decision.