Psephenothrips aporosae Tong & Lau & Zhao 2021, sp. n.
Creators: name: Tong, Xiaoli
name: Lau, Clive Siu-Ki
name: Zhao, Chao
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Thysanoptera
Phlaeothripidae
Psephenothrips
Psephenothrips aporosae

description: Psephenothrips aporosae sp. n.
(Figs 5–21)
Female macroptera. Body dark brown (Figs 5, 9); distal halves of tibiae and tarsi yellowish brown; antennal segment II yellow shaded with brown basally, III–VI yellow and VII–VIII brown (Figs 5, 9 & 10); fore wing shaded; tube yellowish brown at the base and distal third. Head approximately 1.3 times wider than long (Figs 7, 10); dorsal surface transversely reticulate, with a pair of minute setae at middle; ocellar region weakly sculptured with reticulation; cheeks straight, with a few tiny setae; postocular setae shorter than eyes, blunt or weakly expanded apically. Antennae 8-segmented (Fig. 6), III with one sense cone, IV with three sense cones, VIII shorter than VII, very weakly constricted at base. Mouth cone pointed, extending between fore coxae; maxillary stylets long, deeply reaching into eyes, close together medially (Fig. 7). Pronotum without median longitudinal apodeme, but transversely reticulate at anterior third and with some transverse anastomosing striae posteriorly (Fig. 8); five pairs of major setae developed, with apices softly rounded; epimeral and posteroangular setae much longer than the remaining setae, epimeral setae longest; pronotum notopleural suture variable, incomplete in holotype (Fig. 8), sometimes one side with complete suture, the other with incomplete suture. Fore femora slightly swollen, fore tarsal tooth absent (Fig. 11). Prosternal basantra absent, mesopresternum boat shape, without convex medially (Fig. 14). Mesonotum transversely reticulate (Fig. 9), lateral setae short. Metanotum sculptured with closely longitudinal reticulations, median setae small and slender (Fig. 12); metathoracic sternopleural sutures distinct (Fig. 16). Fore wing parallel-sided, with 8–9 duplicated cilia (Fig. 5); sub-basal setae long with apices softly rounded to weakly capitate, usually S3 longest (Fig. 15). Pelta hat shape, sculptured with polygonal reticulation, paired campaniform sensilla present (Fig. 13); tergites II–VII each with 2 pairs of sigmoid wing retaining setae; all abdominal major setae with knobbed apices except for wing retaining setae with acute apices; tergite IX setae blunt, setae S1 and S2 shorter than tube; tube slightly longer than head (Fig. 17).
Measurements. (holotype female in microns). Distended body length 2040. Head length (width) 170 (224); compound eyes dorsal length (width) 76 (60). Antennal segments I–VIII length (width) as follows: 40 (38), 46 (30), 60 (28), 58 (34), 58 (30), 54 (26), 48 (22), 34 (12). Postocular setae length 60. Pronotal median length (width) 150 (350); anteromarginal setae 30, anteroangular setae 30, midlateral setae 30, epimeral setae 100, posteroangular setae 85. Fore wing length 752; wing sub-basal S1 44, S2 56, S3 66. Abdominal tergite IX setae S1 134, S2 150; tube 190, anals about 115.
Material examined. Holotype female, CHINA, Hainan Province, Danzhou City, the Danzhou Campus of Hainan University, 14.ix.2014, collected from the galls of Aporosa octandra [Phyllanthaceae], Shulan Yang. Paratypes: 4 females, same data as holotype. Non-paratypic specimens (deposited in the Insect Collection of the Inspection and Quarantine Branch of the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong): 5 females, 5.v.2021, Hong Pak Country Trail, Hong Kong, collected from the galls of Aporosa octandra, Clive S. K. Lau.
Male. Unknown.
Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the host plant genus name, Aporosa octandra, from which the specimens were collected.
Distribution. China (Hainan, Hong Kong).
Remarks. Psephenothrips aporosae sp. n. cannot be placed in the keys to species of the genus provided by Wang and Lin (2020) and Dang et al. (2021). It is easily distinguished from its congeners by the head which is much shorter than its width as well as tube that is slightly longer than head. Although the head of P. leptoceras and P. moundi are relatively short, i.e., head almost as long as wide, the new species can be distinguished from both by the following combination of characteristics: (1) postocular setae blunt or knobbed distally, and shorter than eyes (versus slightly longer than eyes in leptoceras and as long as eyes in moundi); (2) fore wing with 8–9 duplicated cilia (versus 12 and 20–26 in leptoceras and moundi respectively); (3) mesopresternum boat shaped, without convex medially (versus boat shaped but with projection medially in leptoceras and moundi); (4) metanotum sculptured with closely longitudinal reticulation (versus metanotum almost smooth anteromedially in leptoceras and moundi).
Biology. Although Aporosa octandra is a dioecious angiosperm, the new species described here can induce leaf galls on both male and female plants. The galls caused by the thrips have an early-season form (Fig. 2) and a lateseason form (Figs 3, 4). Gall initiation for the early-season form appears to occur on young emerging leaves shortly after they bud out in late April and early May. As a result of feeding by the thrips, the lamina undergoes mesophyll hyperplasia and becomes distorted into a much-folded ‘cerebrum-like’ spherical leaf gall (Fig. 2). Because the budding leaf has a very short petiole, the gall may easily be mistaken as growing out directly from the twig. The gall is yellowish-green in colour with a diameter about 1.0– 1.2 cm. When the gall is manually unfolded (Fig. 18), the inside of gall is multilocular with many tightly folds, which could be considered as a protective strategy to keep gallinvaders or predators out. The first and second instar larvae are generally yellow except for antennae, head, pronotum and abdominal segment IX–X that are grey to dark (Figs 18, 19). However, these dark cuticles are progressively lost in the prepupa and pupal stages which progressively become yellow and transparent with internal orange and reddish pigments (Figs 20, 21). The late-season gall is formed when the adult thrips leave the early-season gall to feed on fully grown leaves during Summer-Autumn period. This feeding can start anywhere on the leaves and is not restricted to beginning from the apex or petiole end. Epidermis hypertrophy occurs with simultaneous curling of the blade along the midrib, thus forming ‘bubble-like’ gall that extends half-way along a leaf (Figs 3, 4). In Hong Kong, Androthrips sp., a gall-invader that is commonly encountered in southern China, was observed wandering out of the gall. The density of leaf galls on Aporosa octandra does not seem to be high. According to the observations by the second author in three different localities of Hong Kong, the density remains at 1–3 galls per plant only.
description: Published as part of Tong, Xiaoli, Lau, Clive Siu-Ki & Zhao, Chao, 2021, A new species of Psephenothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) from China, pp. 291-297 in Zootaxa 5072 (3) on pages 292-293, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5072.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/5744742