cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Public Comment and Public Policy
Creators: name: Sahn, Alexander
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2024

description:
Is public policy responsive to demographically and ideologically unrepresentative comments given at public meetings? I investigate this possibility using a novel data set of over 40,000 comments made at the San Francisco Planning Commission between 1998 and 2021, matched to information about proposed developments discussed in hearings and administrative data on commenters. I document four stylized facts: First, commenters at public meetings are unrepresentative of the public along racial, gender, age, and homeownership lines; second, distance to the proposed development predicts commenting behavior, but only among those in opposition; third, commission votes are correlated with commenters’ preferences; finally, the alignment of White commenters (vs. other racial groups) and neighborhood group representatives and the general public (vs. other interest groups) better predict project approvals.
条约制订日益复杂的背景下投资法规的共同框架
Creators: Schill, Stephan
Jacob, Marc
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: 尽管国际投资协定（IIAs）数量快速增加，仍然可以把国际投资法律作为一个单一的法律制度加以分析。这样一方面可以在一个系统的框架下解决与外国投资相关的法律问题，可以将投资法置于全球管理的大环境下；另一方面也可以将此制度作为一个整体来描述其演进历程。这一过程通常沿着单向轨道进行：从简短不完善的投资条款到平衡了投资者权利和公共利益的更加复杂的模型。我们对这种单向认知提出质疑并认为国际投资协定的前景正变得日趋多样化、复杂化。这使得我们怀疑关于统一法律制度的观点，并提出如何使得各个国家和投资者驶出日益复杂化的国际投资协定丛林这一问题。
Additional file 16 of Association of changes in frailty status with the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death in older people: results from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS)
Creators: name: Wang, Ziqiong
name: Ruan, Haiyan
name: Li, Liying
name: Song, Ningying
name: He, Sen
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 16: eTable 14. Association of changes in frailty status with cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality in participants with prefrailty or frailty at waves 2011 and 2014.
sj-docx-1-jpc-10.1177_21501319221117781 – Supplemental material for A Scoping Review of Non-Pharmacological Health Education Provided to Families of Children With Idiopathic Childhood Constipation Within Primary Health Care
Creators: name: Houghton, Davina
name: Arabiat, Diana
name: Ireson, Deborah
name: Mörelius, Evalotte
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 111708 Health and Community Services
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 111799 Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified

description: Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-jpc-10.1177_21501319221117781 for A Scoping Review of Non-Pharmacological Health Education Provided to Families of Children With Idiopathic Childhood Constipation Within Primary Health Care by Davina Houghton, Diana Arabiat, Deborah Ireson and Evalotte Mörelius in Journal of Primary Care & Community Health
Common structures of investment law in an age of increasingly complex treaty-making
Creators: Schill, Stephan W.
Jacob, Marc
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: This Perspective challenges the idea that international investment agreements (IIAs) as a whole move from traditional “lean” (European-style) IIAs to re-calibrated “balanced” (North American-style) treaties. Instead, the IIA landscape is becoming increasingly multifaceted and complex, with different states following different models. This casts doubt on the idea that there are common structures underpinning investment treaties. Yet, there are a number of centripetal forces that hold investment law together at the level of principles and dispute settlement.
How do consumer-focused multinational enterprises affect emerging markets?
Creators: Ozawa, Terutomo
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: Consumption-focused MNEs that have originated mostly since the end of World War II spread consumerism globally, prompting the Smithian goal of economic growth. Now that late industrializers have swiftly been catching up to join the ranks of advanced economies, these MNEs are eagerly setting up shop in emerging markets. This Perspective explores the general entry patterns of such MNEs and their potential impact on emerging markets.
Terminalia catappa L. extract improves survival, hematological profile and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Betta sp.
Creators: name: Nugroho, Rudy Agung
name: Manurung, Hetty
Publisher: name: F1000 Research Limited
Year: 2018

description: This work was to determine the effects of Terminalia catappa extract (TCE) immersion on the survival, and hematological profile of fish (Betta sp), a group of fish was immersed with 500 ppm TCE and compared with control group. After 3 days of immersion, survival, leukocyte (WBC), erythrocyte (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), platelet (PLT), and differential leukocyte counts (DLC) were compared between the two groups. Surviving fish from each group were then divided into three subgroups: subgroup without injection; subgroup was injected (normal saline); subgroup was injected (Aeromonas hydrophila). Survival, WBC, RBC, Hb, Hct, PLT, the percentage and number of lymphocyte, monocyte, granular cells post injection were evaluated for 48 h at every 24 h interval. The results showed that the survival of immersed-fish found significantly higher than control. No significant different on the hematological profile between control and immersed-fish group. The WBC of control subgroup with A. hydrophila injection showed significantly increased after 24 h. The fish immersed and injected with A. hydrophila had the highest PLT. The number of lymphocyte of any subgroups of fish was stable while the percentage of monocyte and granulocyte of subgroups of Immersed-fish were increased. This finding suggested that 500 ppm of TCE is beneficial to improve survival, blood profile, and resistance to A. hydrophila.
基础设施交换铁矿石:成本-收益之再思考
Creators: Wells, Louis T.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: 东道国以自然资源的未来使用权换取对基础设施“现在”投资的方案,尽管此类交换 不多,但已引起广泛的争议。1虽然争议的焦点落在中国对非洲的投资,但韩国及 西方的一些企业也正考虑类似投资以保持其竞争力。由于大多数合同属商业机密, 许多评论家不免质疑东道国在其中的真正收益——这也许是错误的。
消费者导向型跨国公司如何影响新兴市场
Creators: Ozawa, Terutomo
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: 亚当·斯密在《国富论》中提出经济增长的最终目的是消费,并且将收入水平分为 “必需品”、“便利品”和“娱乐品”消费三个层次。现代以消费者为中心的跨国公司 (CF-MNEs)一般生产“便利品”和“娱乐品”,尽管一些跨国公司也给当地加工供应 “必需品”(如雀巢的牛奶,KFC 的鸡肉和土豆)。大多数 CF-MNEs 起源于二战结 束后的发达国家,也有少数起家于二战前。
Polygenic Predisposition, Substance-Free Parenting, Gene-Environment Compound Forces and Their Associations with Depression Trajectories from Middle to Late Adulthood
Creators: name: Li, Yi
name: Chen, Ping
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2024

description:
Depression has a genetic component, and recent advances in polygenic scores (PGSs) offer a tool to explore its multifactorial nature. However, few studies have examined the association between PGSs and longitudinal depression trajectories. The Life Course Health Development framework emphasizes the long-term effects of early environmental exposures, yet few population-level studies have integrated genetic and environmental factors, such as polygenic predisposition and childhood parental behaviors, to assess their impact on depression over time.


This study explores the combined effects of polygenic predisposition and substance-free parenting on depression trajectories from middle to late adulthood. Specifically, it will use data from HRS to: (1) Examine the relationship between PGSs and depressive symptom trajectories; (2) Investigate the role of substance-free parenting in mitigating depression trajectories; and (3) Investigate Gene-Environment interactions in shaping depression growth curves across the life course.


Hypotheses and Implications: Both genetic factors and early family environments may contribute to shaping mental health trajectories over the life course. Targeted interventions that educate parents to support parents in abstaining from alcohol and substance use, especially among individuals with a high genetic risk, may be beneficial for lifelong mental health.
Additional file 17 of Association of changes in frailty status with the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death in older people: results from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS)
Creators: name: Wang, Ziqiong
name: Ruan, Haiyan
name: Li, Liying
name: Song, Ningying
name: He, Sen
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 17: eTable 15. Association of changes in frailty status with cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality in participants with robustness or frailty at waves 2011 and 2014.
title: Der Suizid aus philosophischer Sicht mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Beihilfe zur Selbsttötung in der Schweiz
Creators: name: Gamsjäger, Marianne
Year: 2008

description: Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich nach einer einführenden Begriffsklärung des Wortes „Suizid“ mit den vielfältigen Positionen bezüglich des Themas in der philosophischen Tradi-tion. Diese werden im ersten Teil der Abhandlung anhand ausgewählter Autoren – namentlich Platon, Aristoteles, Seneca, Marc Aurel, Augustinus, Thomas von Aquin, David Hume, Im-manuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer sowie Albert Camus – zur Darstellung gebracht. Dabei sollen die Argumente nicht nur nach ihrer moralisch befürwortenden und verurteilenden Hal-tung strukturiert werden, sondern auch je nach Begründungsgang in metaphysisch-ethische, sozial-ethische und individual-ethische Stellungnahmen unterteilt werden. Aufgrund der ge-wählten Vorgangsweise ist es möglich, die Entfaltung, die Wirkungsmächtigkeit sowie die Verbindung der einzelnen Argumentationen innerhalb der Geschichte der Philosophie klar herauszustellen. Nach dem umfassenden Überblick werden alle Thesen noch einmal kritisch beleuchtet und auf ihre tatsächliche moralische Gültigkeit überprüft sowie mit den Ansichten ausgewählter aktueller Ethiker verglichen. Der zweite Abschnitt thematisiert im Folgenden das Sterbehilfemodell des begleiteten Suizid in der Schweiz und dokumentiert hierbei sowohl die Entwicklung der rechtlichen Lage als auch den Verlauf der Diskussion um das Thema Sterbeassistenz. Vor allem die zwei Organi-sationen „Exit“ und „Dignitas“ kommen in den Mittelpunkt der Betrachtungen, um die Praxis und Umsetzung des Modells zu veranschaulichen. Abschließend bildet die Suizidprävention das letzte zentrale Thema der Arbeit. Ihre Möglich-keiten werden anhand der umfassenden Projekte zur Verhinderung von Selbsttötungen in der Schweiz zur Darstellung gebracht. Auch die philosophisch-ethische Sicht wird hierbei nicht vergessen und der Unterschied zwischen „Kurzschluss-“ und „Bilanzsuizid“ aufgearbeitet sowie die moralische Gebotenheit von intervenierenden Handlungsweisen dritter außenste-hender Personen diskutiert.
Infrastructure for ore: Benefits and costs of a not-so-original idea
Creators: Wells, Louis T.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: Arrangements whereby host countries receive infrastructure “now” in exchange for access to natural resources in the future have received a great deal of criticism, generally based on few data.[1] Although Chinese investments in Africa have dominated discussions, some Korean and Western firms are considering similar deals to remain competitive. Because most contracts are secret, many commentators are inevitably skeptical of the benefits to the host country -- maybe wrongly.
Polygenic Predisposition, Childhood Protective Environment, and Mental Health Trajectories from Middle to Late Adulthood: A National GxE Study
Creators: name: Chen, Ping
name: Li, Yi
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2024

description:
Scarce research has examined the mechanisms linking genetic factors and family environments to lifelong development.


This study investigated the interplay between depression polygenic scores (G) and protective childhood family environments (E) for mental health trajectories from middle to late adulthood.


We utilized samples from the longitudinal study, HRS (the Health Retirement Study 1994-2020), and estimated mixed models of depression trajectories. We test the hypotheses that genetic predisposition and multifaceted family environments are interconnected as cooperating compound forces to diverge depression trajectories across the life course. When only one favorable condition (either G or E) is present, highly nurturing family environments may better foster children’s lifelong development, compared to low genetic plasticity.


Implications: Early interventions that cultivate young people may benefit their lifetime health, with those vulnerable to high genetic risk reaping the greatest benefits.
Additional file 18 of Association of changes in frailty status with the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death in older people: results from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS)
Creators: name: Wang, Ziqiong
name: Ruan, Haiyan
name: Li, Liying
name: Song, Ningying
name: He, Sen
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 18: eTable 16. Association of changes in frailty status with cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality in participants with prefrailty or robustness at waves 2011 and 2014.
sj-docx-5-aop-10.1177_10600280221120405 – Supplemental material for Impact of a Multicomponent Educational Intervention on Community Pharmacy–Based Naloxone Services Implementation: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial
Creators: name: Hohmann, Lindsey A.
name: Fox, Brent I.
name: Garza, Kimberly B.
name: Wang, Chih-Hsuan
name: Correia, Christopher
name: Curran, Geoffrey M.
name: Westrick, Salisa C.
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 111599 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine

description: Supplemental material, sj-docx-5-aop-10.1177_10600280221120405 for Impact of a Multicomponent Educational Intervention on Community Pharmacy–Based Naloxone Services Implementation: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial by Lindsey A. Hohmann, Brent I. Fox, Kimberly B. Garza, Chih-Hsuan Wang, Christopher Correia, Geoffrey M. Curran and Salisa C. Westrick in Annals of Pharmacotherapy
title: Evaluation der Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit mittels des Testsystems Posturomed
Creators: name: Pavic, Francis
Year: 2008

description: Das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Untersuchung lag in der Feststellung, ob mittels des Testsystems Posturomed die Gleichgewichtsfähigkeit erfasst werden kann. Ein weiteres Ziel war die Erhebung von Referenzwerten für dieses System. Es wurden Normwerte für die Gruppe der Sportstudent/innen gesammelt.
Towards the Design of Neural Network Framework for Object Recognition and Target Region Refining for Smart Transportation Systems
Creators: name: Zhao, Yiheng
Publisher: name: Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa
Year: 2018
Subjects: Convolutional Neural Network
Object Detection
Object Recognition
Machine Learning

description: Object recognition systems have significant influences on modern life. Face, iris and finger point recognition applications are commonly applied for the security purposes; ASR (Automatic Speech Recognition) is commonly implemented on speech subtitle generation for various videos and audios, such as YouTube; HWR (Handwriting Recognition) systems are essential on the post office for cheque and postcode detection; ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) are well applied to improve drivers’, passages’ and pedestrians’ safety. Object recognition techniques are crucial and valuable for academia, commerce and industry. Accuracy and efficiency are two important standards to evaluate the performance of recognition techniques. Accuracy includes how many objects can be indicated in real scene and how many of them can be correctly classified. Efficiency means speed for system training and sample testing. Traditional object detecting methods, such as HOG (Histogram of orientated Gradient) feature detector combining with SVM (Support Vector Machine) classifier, cannot compete with frameworks of neural networks in both efficiency and accuracy. Since neural network has better performance and potential for improvement, it is worth to gain insight into this field to design more advanced recognition systems. In this thesis, we list and analyze sophisticated techniques and frameworks for object recognition. To understand the mathematical theory for network design, state-of-the-art networks in ILSVRC (ImageNET Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge) are studied. Based on analysis and the concept of edge detectors, a simple CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) structure is designed as a trail to explore the possibility to utilize the network of high width and low depth for region proposal selection, object recognition and target region refining. We adopt Le-Net as the template, taking advantage of multi-kernels of GoogLe-Net. We made experiments to test the performance of this simple structure of the vehicle and face through ImageNet dataset. The accuracy for the single object detection is 81% in average and for plural object detection is 73.5%. We refined networks through many aspects to reach the final accuracy 95% for single object detection and 89% for plural object detection.
title: Assessment of Satisfaction and Continuance Intention of Art Major Students at Sichuan Fine Arts Institute towards Cloud-based E-learning Systems
Creators: name: Zhibin Gao
Publisher: name: Assumption University Press
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2025
Subjects: Cloud-based E-learning System
Satisfaction
Continuance Intention
Art Education
China

description: The Scholar: Human Sciences, 17, 1, 78-90
sj-docx-1-aut-10.1177_13623613221119368 – Supplemental material for Non-pharmacological interventions for autistic children: An umbrella review
Creators: name: Trembath, David
name: Varcin, Kandice
name: Waddington, Hannah
name: Sulek, Rhylee
name: Bent, Cathy
name: Ashburner, Jill
name: Eapen, Valsamma
name: Goodall, Emma
name: Hudry, Kristelle
name: Roberts, Jacqueline
name: Silove, Natalie
name: Whitehouse, Andrew
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Psychology
subject: 110319 Psychiatry (incl. Psychotherapy)
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 111799 Public Health and Health Services not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Education
subject: 130312 Special Education and Disability
subject: FOS: Educational sciences

description: Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-aut-10.1177_13623613221119368 for Non-pharmacological interventions for autistic children: An umbrella review by David Trembath, Kandice Varcin, Hannah Waddington, Rhylee Sulek, Cathy Bent, Jill Ashburner, Valsamma Eapen, Emma Goodall, Kristelle Hudry, Jacqueline Roberts, Natalie Silove and Andrew Whitehouse in Autism
Legitimate Intergenerational Constitutionalism
Creators: name: González-Ricoy, Iñigo
Publisher: name: Intergenerational Justice Review
Year: 2016

description: This paper examines the legitimacy conditions of constitutionalism by examining one particular type of constitutional provision: provisions aimed at advancing future generations’ interests. After covering the main forms that such provisions can adopt, it first considers three legitimacy gains of constitutionalising them. It then explores two legitimacy concerns that so doing raises. Given that constitutions are difficult to amend, constitutionalisation may threaten future generations’ sovereignty. And it may also make the constitution’s content impossible to adapt to changing circumstances and interests. Finally, the paper examines the ways in which such concerns may be addressed at the adoption, formulation, and amendment stages. In particular, it discusses if the use of sunset clauses and regular constitutional conventions may, and under what conditions, successfully address such concerns.
description: Intergenerational Justice Review, Vol 9, No 2 (2016): Constitutions as Intergenerational Contracts: Flexible or fixed?
Gerhard Bos and Marcus Düwell (eds.): Human Rights and Sustainability: Moral Responsibilities for the Future
Creators: name: Flegel, Julia
name: Lenk, Maria
Publisher: name: Intergenerational Justice Review
Year: 2016

description: No abstract
description: Intergenerational Justice Review, Vol 9, No 2 (2016): Constitutions as Intergenerational Contracts: Flexible or fixed?
Additional file 1 of MAGOH promotes gastric cancer progression via hnRNPA1 expression inhibition-mediated RONΔ160/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation
Creators: name: Yu, Shanshan
name: Chen, Cheng
name: Chen, Ming
name: Liang, Jinxiao
name: Jiang, Kecheng
name: Lou, Bin
name: Lu, Jun
name: Zhu, Xiaohua
name: Zhou, Donghui
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 1: Fig. S1. MAGOH promoted the malignant transformation of GC in vitro. A The RNA and protein expression levels of MAGOH in a normal human gastric epithelial cell line and GC cell lines were measured by qRT‒PCR and WB. B qRT‒PCR and WB validation of MAGOH expression in AGS and Kato Ill cells transfected with two MAGOH siRNAs. C qRT‒PCR and WB validation of MAGOH expression in AGS and Kato Ill cells transfected with a MAGOH overexpression plasmid. D A CCK-8 assay preliminarily showed that two MAGOH siRNAs weakened the proliferation of GC cells. E The colony formation assay results suggested that MAGOH knockdown inhibited the proliferation of GC cells. F A wound healing assay showed that MAGOH knockdown inhibited the migration of GC cells. Scale bar = 500 μm. G A colony formation assay suggested that MAGOH overexpression accelerated the proliferation of GC cells. H A wound healing assay showed that MAGOH overexpression promoted the migration of GC cells. Scale bar = 500 μm.
title: Der ländliche Raum zwischen Modernisierung und Re-Traditionalisierung
Creators: name: Wendtner, Sabine
Year: 2008

description: Der Aufbau dieser Arbeit besteht aus zwei Strängen, die sich kontinuierlich überkreuzen und am Ende zu einem Erkenntniszusammenhang zusammenlaufen sollen. Der eine Themenblock konzentriert sich auf den Strukturbereinigungsprozess dem die österreichische Landwirtschaft verstärkt seit Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs unterworfen ist. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen wie der Strukturwandel charakterisiert werden kann, welche Faktoren diesen Prozess beschleunigen und wie sich das Erscheinungsbild der österreichischen Landwirtschaft fortdauernd in den letzten sechzig Jahren verändert hat. Aufgrund diverser agrarstruktureller Spezifitäten Österreichs finden die Berglandwirtschaft und die, in Österreich sehr bedeutende, biologische Landwirtschaft in diesem Abschnitt ein besonderes Maß der Aufmerksamkeit. Der zweite Schwerpunkt wird auf den Prozess der Ökologisierung der Landwirtschaft in Österreich gelegt. Darunter wird jener Prozess verstanden, in Rahmen dessen die intensiven Formen der Landbewirtschaftung einer zunehmend kritischen Betrachtungsweise unterworfen sind. Umgekehrt wird in der biologischen Landwirtschaft ein möglicher Lösungsansatz für die diversen umwelt-, agrarstrukturellen-, agrarpolitischen- und ökonomischen Probleme der Landwirtschaft gesehen. Ferner liefert der Ökologisierungsprozess parallel dazu positive Mitnahmeeffekte für die Landwirtschaft, die Gesellschaft und die (Agrar)politik gleichermaßen. Um den Ökologisierungsprozess erfolgreich voranzutreiben ist das Zusammenspiel der drei Ebenen Politik, Gesellschaft und Landwirtschaft von maßgeblicher Bedeutung. So bedarf es einerseits einem fundamentalen Wandel im Wertesystem der Gesellschaft, Stichwort Postmaterialismus, und einer damit verbundenen Veränderung der Sichtweise der Menschen in Bezug auf die Landwirtschaft und dessen Umgang mit der Umwelt und der Natur. Ferner muss es zu einer Schwerpunktverlagerung auf (agrar)politischer Ebene kommen um die institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und finanzielle Anreize für den Ökologisierungsprozess zu schaffen. Als dritte Achse müssen von agrarischer Seite positive Ressentiments kommen, um den Prozess der Ökologisierung in die Tat umsetzen zu können. An dieser Stelle laufen die beiden Fäden auch wieder zusammen, da der Ökologisierungsprozess als ein Lösungsansatz für die österreichischen Bauern/Bäuerinnen interpretiert werden kann, um nicht selbst Opfer der Strukturbereinigung zu werden. Als Indiz für das strukturbewahrende Potential des Ökologisierungsprozesses können die Betriebskennzahlen und Umsatzzahlen des Biosektors gelten. So ist die Gesamtzahl der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe in Österreich in ständigem Sinken begriffen. Nicht aber die Zahl der Biobetriebe, dessen Kurve kontinuierlich nach oben zeigt. Gleichfalls zeichnen sich die Umsatzzahlen des Biosektors nun schon seit Jahren durch ein enormes Wachstumspotential aus.
Additional file 2 of Autocrine insulin-like growth factor 2 signaling as a potential target in the associated development of pulmonary emphysema and cancer in smokers
Creators: name: Boo, Hye-Jin
name: Min, Hye-Young
name: Lim, Heung-Bin
name: Lee, Euni
name: Lee, Ho-Young
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Hematology

description: Additional file 2: Supplementary Fig. 2. Representative IF images showing IGF2 expression in SPC+ AT2s and Pdpn+ AT1s. Scale bars: 50 μm.
Myopic reliance on natural resources: How African countries can diversify inward FDI
Creators: Mijiyawa, Abdoul' Ganiou
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: Recent inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) trends across African countries are encouraging: IFDI into Africa registered almost US$ 20 billion in 2001; it reached almost US$ 43 billion in 2011.But, African countries need to do more.
title: Der Gesetzwerdungsprozess des österreichischen Anti-Stalking-Gesetzes (2006)
Creators: name: Grossmann, Nina
Year: 2008

description: Anti-Stalking-Gesetz/ Gewaltschutz/ Österreich/ Public Policy/ Prozess/ Sabatier/ Advocacy-Koalitions-Ansatz
Do host countries really benefit from inward foreign direct investment?
Creators: Jin, Byungchae
Garcia, Francisco
Salomon, Robert
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: It was with great interest that we read Perspective No. 84 addressing the impact of inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) on technological innovation and entrepreneurship. In that issue, Pathak, Laplume, and Xavier-Oliveira laid out arguments for and against IFDI. They suggested that we have, for far too long, extolled the benefits of IFDI for developing economies, without properly accounting for its costs. They noted that there are genuine concerns that we ought not to overlook, and that we should pay special attention to the impact of IFDI on local innovation and entrepreneurship. Understanding the relationship between IFDI and innovation is an important policy issue, as it can help inform whether, and how, IFDI can stimulate economic growth.
依赖自然资源缺乏远见:非洲国家如何促使 IFDI 多元化?
Creators: Mijiyawa, Abdoul' Ganiou
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: 近年来, 非洲国家的 IFDI 趋势令人振奋: 2001 年, 非洲注册的 IFDI 差不多是 200 亿美元; 2011 年就几乎达到了430亿美元。
东道国真的受益于 IFDI（引进外商直接投资 ）吗?
Creators: Jin, Byungchae
Garcia, Francisco
Salomon, Robert
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: 长久以来，我们一直在称赞发展中经济体从 IFDI 中受益，而没有恰当地解释其成本 ；他们指出：我们不能忽略这些确存的问题，应当特别注意 IFDI 对当地创新与创业的影响，还应理解 IFDI 与创新之间的关系是一项重要的政策问题，因为它让我们知道 IFDI 是否能（与如何）促进经济增长 。
The global significance of transatlantic investment rules
Creators: Kallmer, Jonathan S.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: Investment is the bedrock of the economic relationship between the European Union and the United States. Together, EU and US firms have invested more than US$ 4 trillion in each others’ markets, and bilateral investment dwarfs transatlantic trade in goods and services. As the EU and US begin negotiating a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) -- an agreement that could be unprecedented in both its scale and scope -- investment is shaping up to be one of the more difficult areas of discussion, both substantively and politically. The EU’s process for developing an overall TTIP negotiating mandate revealed deep fissures among EU institutions and stakeholders on investment, with Germany and other member states, certain non-governmental and public interest organizations and the European Parliament concerned about the commercial and legal implications of investment agreements with large economies.
Additional file 2 of MAGOH promotes gastric cancer progression via hnRNPA1 expression inhibition-mediated RONΔ160/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation
Creators: name: Yu, Shanshan
name: Chen, Cheng
name: Chen, Ming
name: Liang, Jinxiao
name: Jiang, Kecheng
name: Lou, Bin
name: Lu, Jun
name: Zhu, Xiaohua
name: Zhou, Donghui
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 2: Fig. S2. The best MAGOH knockdown lentivirus was screened for subsequent in vivo experiments. A RT‒PCR and WB verification of MAGOH expression in AGS cells transfected with MAGOH-knockdown (sh-MAGOH-1 and sh-MAGOH-2) or negative control (sh-NC) lentivirus. B RT‒PCR and WB verification of MAGOH expression in Kato III cells transfected with a MAGOH-knockdown lentivirus (sh-MAGOH-1 and sh-MAGOH-2) or negative control (sh-NC) lentivirus.
跨大西洋投资规则的全球意义
Creators: Kallmer, Jonathan S.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: 投资是欧盟和美国之间间间关系的基石，双方已在各自市场投资超过 4 万亿美元，双边投资使跨大西洋商品与服务务易相形见见。1由于欧盟和美国开始谈判跨大西洋务易与投资伙伴关系协定(TTIP)——规模与范围都是前所未有的——因此，无论实实上还是政治上，投资正在变成一个更加困难的讨论讨域，欧盟的 TTIP 整体谈判过程揭示了欧盟机构和利益相关者在投资上与德国和其他成员国，某些非政府和公共利益组组之间的巨大分歧，欧洲议会曾担忧大型间间体投资协议的商业和法律内涵。
title: Exploring Antecedents of Japanese Major Students Behavioral Intention to Use Japanese Language Learning Apps in Chengdu, China
Creators: name: Jingyi Zhang
Publisher: name: Assumption University Press
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2025
Subjects: Japanese Learning App
Perceived Enjoyment
Perceived Usefulness
Attitude
Behavioral Intention

description: The Scholar: Human Sciences, 17, 1, 91-101
sj-pdf-1-asr-10.1177_00031224221116145 – Supplemental material for To Punish, Parent, or Palliate: Governing Urban Poverty through Institutional Failure
Creators: name: DiMario, Anthony
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology

description: Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-asr-10.1177_00031224221116145 for To Punish, Parent, or Palliate: Governing Urban Poverty through Institutional Failure by Anthony DiMario in American Sociological Review
Cost Allocation in Investment Arbitration: Back Toward Diversification
Creators: Vasani, Baiju S.
Ugale, Anastasiya
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: In 2006, the Thunderbird tribunal, operating under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, called for the harmonization of cost-allocation approaches in commercial and investment arbitration. Subsequent tribunals appear to be heeding Thunderbird's call paving a trend in favor of the so-called "costs follow the event" (CFtE) approach and its variations. Generally, this approach prescribes the shifting of arbitral costs and reasonable legal fees to the unsuccessful party (or based on parties' relative success) and has historically been prevalent in commercial arbitration. By contrast, the more traditional approach in investment arbitration has been to share the costs of arbitration equally, save for special circumstances, with each party covering its own legal fees (traditional approach). In the wake of what appears to be an emerging trend in favor of a default CFtE custom, it is time to revisit the idea of whether a single harmonized approach to cost allocation is really appropriate. We suggest that it most likely is not.
sj-docx-4-fas-10.1177_19386400221116467 – Supplemental material for Functional Activity After Flatfoot Reconstruction With Lateral Column Lengthening
Creators: name: Sequeira, Sean B.
name: Burke, John F.
name: Casp, Aaron
name: Cooper, Minton T.
name: Park, Joseph S.
name: Perumal, Venkat
Publisher: name: SAGE Journals
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 110314 Orthopaedics
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 110604 Sports Medicine
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 110323 Surgery

description: Supplemental material, sj-docx-4-fas-10.1177_19386400221116467 for Functional Activity After Flatfoot Reconstruction With Lateral Column Lengthening by Sean B. Sequeira, John F. Burke, Aaron Casp, Minton T. Cooper, Joseph S. Park and Venkat Perumal in Foot & Ankle Specialist
投资仲裁的成本分摊：回归多元化
Creators: Vasani, Baiju S.
Ugale, Anastasiya
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: International relations
Finance

description: 在2006年，雷鸟法庭，根据联合国国际贸易法委员会仲裁规则“，呼吁在商业及投资仲裁的协调成本分配方法。随后的法庭似乎要听从雷鸟的呼叫铺路赞成所谓的“成本按照事件”（CFTE）方法及其变化趋势。一般来说，这个办法规定了仲裁费用和合理的法律费用转移到败诉方（或各方的相对成功的基础上），历来盛行于商事仲裁。相比之下，更传统的方法在投资仲裁一直共享同样仲裁费用，除特殊情况下，与各党覆盖它自己的法律费用（传统方法）。在唤醒这似乎是一个新兴的趋势，有利于一个默认CFTE定做，它是一个单一的统一的方法，成本分摊是否真的是合适的时间来重新审视这一观点。我们表明，它最有可能是没有的。
Hadamard states for bosonic quantum field theory on globally hyperbolic spacetimes
Creators: name: Lewandowski, Max
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: According to Radzikowski's celebrated results, bisolutions of a wave operator on a globally hyperbolic spacetime are of Hadamard form iff they are given by a linear combination of distinguished parametrices $\frac{i}{2}\big(\widetilde{G}_{aF} - \widetilde{G}_{F} + \widetilde{G}_A - \widetilde{G}_R\big)$ in the sense of Duistermaat-Hörmander. Inspired by the construction of the corresponding advanced and retarded Green operator $G_A,G_R$ as done in Bär, Ginoux, Pfäffle 2007, we construct the remaining two Green operators $G_F, G_{aF}$ locally in terms of Hadamard series. Afterwards, we provide the global construction of $\frac{i}{2}\big(\widetilde{G}_{aF} - \widetilde{G}_{F}\big)$, which relies on new techniques like a well-posed Cauchy problem for bisolutions and a patching argument using Čech cohomology. This leads to global bisolutions of Hadamard form, each of which can be chosen to be a Hadamard two-point-function, i.e. the smooth part can be adapted such that, additionally, the symmetry and the positivity condition are exactly satisfied.
Additional file 3 of MAGOH promotes gastric cancer progression via hnRNPA1 expression inhibition-mediated RONΔ160/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation
Creators: name: Yu, Shanshan
name: Chen, Cheng
name: Chen, Ming
name: Liang, Jinxiao
name: Jiang, Kecheng
name: Lou, Bin
name: Lu, Jun
name: Zhu, Xiaohua
name: Zhou, Donghui
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 3: Fig. S3. MAGOH was strongly correlated with RONΔ160. A, B Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to assess the effect of MAGOH knockdown or overexpression on the RON∆160 and flRON levels in GC cells. C The RNA and protein expression levels of RONΔ160 in a normal human gastric epithelial cell line and GC cell lines were measured by qRT‒PCR and WB. D, E RT‒PCR verification of RON∆160 expression in AGS cells (D) and Kato III cells (E) transfected with a MAGOH-knockdown lentivirus (sh-MAGOH-1 and sh-MAGOH-2) or negative control (sh-NC) lentivirus.
title: A Calculation of Initial Cable Force for Ko-Ha Grand Bridge
Creators: name: Noh, Jung-Hwi
name: Park, Jong-Heon
Publisher: name: Bauhaus-Universität Weimar
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Finite-Elemente-Methode
subject: Physikalisches Verfahren
subject: Hängebrücke
subject: cable force
subject: cable stayed bridge
subject: initial equilibrium stage
subject: initial shape
subject: 620

description: The primary objective of initial shape analysis of a cable stayed bridge is to calculate initial installation cable tension forces and to evaluate fabrication camber of main span and pylon providing the final longitudinal profile of the bridge at the end of construction. In addition, the initial cable forces depending on the alternation of the bridge’s shape can be obtained from the analysis, and will be used to provide construction safety during construction. In this research, we conducted numerical experiments for initial shape of Ko-ha bridge, which will be constructed in the near future, using three different typical methods such as continuous beam method, linear truss method, and IIMF (Introducing Initial Member Force) method
description: X. International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering: proceedings ; [ICCCBE], Weimar, June 02-04, 2004, vol. 2004
Additional file 4 of MAGOH promotes gastric cancer progression via hnRNPA1 expression inhibition-mediated RONΔ160/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation
Creators: name: Yu, Shanshan
name: Chen, Cheng
name: Chen, Ming
name: Liang, Jinxiao
name: Jiang, Kecheng
name: Lou, Bin
name: Lu, Jun
name: Zhu, Xiaohua
name: Zhou, Donghui
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 4: Fig. S4. Construction efficiency and functional rescue assays. A, B WB analysis of hnRNP A1 expression in MAGOH-silenced and hnRNPA1-silenced AGS (A) and Kato III (B) cells. C, D qRT‒PCR was used to assess the expression of RONA160 and flRON in the MAGOH-silenced and hnRNPA1-silenced rescue groups of AGS (C) and Kato III (D) cells. E, F A CCK8 assay was conducted to analyze the short-term proliferation ability of MAGOH-silenced and hnRNPA1-silenced rescue AGS (E) and Kato III (F) cells at 96 h.
The Need for an International Investment Consensus-Building Process
Creators: Sauvant, Karl P.
Ortino, Federico
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: International relations
Finance

description: Discussions on a multilateral investment framework have recently seen a revival, as the International Chamber of Commerce, the World Economic Forum and various authors have called for negotiations on this subject. A growing number of countries have been reviewing and adapting their international investment policies. This reflects dissatisfaction with the current international investment law regime, and a desire to improve it. Critical issues affecting the regime (consisting of over 3,000 international investment agreements) revolve around, for example, identifying the overall purpose of the regime, defining the notion of foreign "investment" and "investor," giving content to open-ended investment protection standards, strengthening the legitimacy of the investor-State dispute-settlement system, and addressing the lack of a strong and coordinated institutional structure. Developments in treaty and arbitral practice may well address some of these issues and lead to the improvement of the regime. It is not clear, however, how rapidly and to what extent these challenges will be addressed in the normal course of events. Allowing the regime to mature is time consuming. Moreover, there are widely diverging views among stakeholders about the extent to which changes are needed, what they should be and how they should be brought about. This is a complex situation that calls for a better understanding of the issues and bridge-building between various interested parties.
Additional file 5 of MAGOH promotes gastric cancer progression via hnRNPA1 expression inhibition-mediated RONΔ160/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation
Creators: name: Yu, Shanshan
name: Chen, Cheng
name: Chen, Ming
name: Liang, Jinxiao
name: Jiang, Kecheng
name: Lou, Bin
name: Lu, Jun
name: Zhu, Xiaohua
name: Zhou, Donghui
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 5: Fig. S5. HnRNPA1-mediated regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway and GC cell viability was dependent on RONΔ160. A, B Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to assess the expression of RONA160 and flRON in the hnRNPA1-silenced and RONA160-silenced rescue groups of AGS (A) and Kato III (B) cells. C, D A CCK8 assay was performed to assess the proliferation of hnRNPA1-silenced and RONA160-silenced AGS (C) and Kato III (D) cells. E, F The PI3K/AKT pathway was evaluated by WB in hnRNPA1-silenced and RONA160-silenced AGS (E) and Kato III (F) cells.
达成国际投资共识的必要性
Creators: Sauvant, Karl P.
Ortino, Federico
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: International relations
Finance

description: 多边投资框架的讨论最近出现了复苏，国际商会，世界经济论坛和各种作家呼吁对这个问题进行谈判。越来越多的国家已审查和调整其国际投资政策。这反映了与当前国际投资法律制度的不满，并渴望改善。 围绕制度（包括超过3000国际投资协定）的关键问题，影响，例如，确定该制度的总体目的，界定外国的“投资”和“投资者的概念，”开放式投资保护标准内容，加强投资者与国家争端解决系统的合法性，解决缺乏一个强有力和协调的体制结构。条约和仲裁实践的发展以及可能解决的一些问题导致政权的改善。 目前尚不清楚，但是，如何迅速，到什么程度，这些挑战将在日常事件处理。允许政权走向成熟，非常耗时。此外，有广泛的利益相关者之间的意见分歧在何种程度上改变是必要的，应该是什么，以及他们如何应带来。这是一个复杂的情况，呼吁更好地了解各有关方面之间的问题和桥梁建设。
title: Zur Geschichte der katholischen Privatschulen
Creators: name: Kosarz, Susanne
Year: 2008

description: Mädchen- und Frauenbildung ist ein sehr breit gefächertes Thema, das einerseits die Ungleichheiten zwischen den Geschlechtern, andererseits die Notwendigkeit einer umfassenden Bildungslandschaft deutlich macht. Ebenso interessant ist die historische Entwicklung von katholischen Privatschulen in Österreich. Frauen, die im katholischen Bereich tätig waren, trachteten schon früh danach, nicht nur dem Gebet nachzukommen, sondern sich auch mit der Erziehung und Bildung von Mädchen zu befassen. Die aus dieser Motivation heraus entstandenen Vorreiterinnen der Mädchenbildung waren die Ursulinen. Ihnen folgten zahlreiche andere Orden nach. In meiner Arbeit habe ich den Fokus auf die Schulen von Sta. Christiana gelegt. Zunächst habe ich einen allgemeinen Überblick über die Situation der Bildungseinrichtungen und staatlichen Gegebenheiten in Österreich ab dem 19. Jahrhundert gegeben. Weiters habe ich erörtert, welche Richtlinien Privatschulen, insbesondere katholische, befolgen müssen. Unter Berücksichtigung aller Komponenten wird verdeutlicht, dass katholische Privatschulen gewissermaßen „Diener dreier Herren“ sind. Sie sind dem Staat, der Erzdiöszese und dem Schulverein unterstellt. Bei der Entstehungsgeschichte der Kongregation Sta. Christiana spielt Victoire de Méjanès als Ordensgründerin eine bedeutende Rolle. Ich bin bei der Beschreibung ihres Lebensweges besonders auf ihre soziale Ader eingegangen, aufgrund welcher Madame de Méjanès schließlich zur ersten Schwester Christiana wurde. Diesen Namen trugen alle ihr nachfolgenden Generaloberinnen des Ordens. Eine weitere zentrale Figur der Ordensgemeinschaft ist die Schutzpatronin von Sta. Christiana, die sagenumwobene Nina. Sie ist die Namensgeberin der Kongregation, da Nina in der lateinischen Überlieferung „Christin“ genannt wurde. Auf diese Weise leitete sich der Name Christiana ab. Die in Kleinasien geborene Nina brachte den christlichen Glauben nach Georgien und wird dort heute noch verehrt. Im Jahre 1807 gab der Bischof von Metz der apostolischen Ordensgemeinschaft von Madame de Méjanès die heilige Christiana als Ordenspatronin. Um zu verdeutlichen, welche Leitbilder und Zielvorstellungen Sta. Christiana verfolgt, bin ich teilweise auf die Lebensregeln der Schwestern „der heiligen Kindheit Jesu und Mariä“ eingegangen. Außerdem habe ich die weltweite Verbreitung des Ordens veranschaulicht. Auf die Schulen in Österreich bin ich konkreter eingegangen, der Schwerpunkt liegt allerdings auf dem in Kapitel 4 eingegangenen Pädagogischen Zentrum Frohsdorf, welches die erste Sta. Christiana Schule in Österreich beherbergte. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass katholische Privatschulen in Österreich einen hohen Stellenwert haben. Einst waren sie die Pioniere der Mädchenbildung, heute sind sie anerkannte Bildungseinrichtungen für beide Geschlechter.
对多边投资框架的无谓争论
Creators: Berger, Axel
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: International relations
Finance

description: 国际投资规则制定上的一个经常性辩论涉及的问题是否有可能建立一个多边投资框架（MFI）。支持者认为，外国直接投资（FDI）增长来自新兴国家，特别是中国，一个新的共识，促进全球投资规则。 然而，关键的问题，不应该是是否有可能进行谈判的MFI（功能如下表），​​但小额信贷机构是否将是正确的制度形式，调整投资规则与可持续发展（形式追随功能）。
The Futile Debate over a Multilateral Framework for Investment
Creators: Berger, Axel
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: International relations
Finance

description: One of the recurrent debates on international investment rule-making relates to the question whether it is possible to establish a multilateral framework for investment (MFI). Proponents argue that growing foreign direct investment (FDI) from emerging countries, especially China, contributes to a new consensus on global investment rules. The crucial question however, should not be whether it is possible to negotiate an MFI (function follows form) but whether an MFI would be the right institutional form to align investment rule-making with sustainable development (form follows function).
Additional file 6 of MAGOH promotes gastric cancer progression via hnRNPA1 expression inhibition-mediated RONΔ160/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation
Creators: name: Yu, Shanshan
name: Chen, Cheng
name: Chen, Ming
name: Liang, Jinxiao
name: Jiang, Kecheng
name: Lou, Bin
name: Lu, Jun
name: Zhu, Xiaohua
name: Zhou, Donghui
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 6: Fig. S6. Construction efficiency of rescue assays. A Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to assess the expression of RONΔ160 and flRON in the MAGOH-silenced and RONΔ160-overexpressing rescue groups of GC cells. B WB was used to assess the expression of proteins in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the MAGOH-overexpressing and LY294002 rescue groups of GC cells. C WB was used to detect the expression of proteins in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the hnRNPA1-silenced and LY294002 rescue groups of GC cells. D WB was used to detect the expression of proteins in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the RONΔ160-overexpressing and LY294002 rescue groups of GC cells.
走向多边投资框架
Creators: Graugnard, Nicolle
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: International relations
Finance

description: 企业需要一个稳定和可预见的投资环境，特别是在经济前景不明朗的时候，要继续创造就业机会和创造财富。虽然外国直接投资（FDI）流量上升后两年内暴跌在全球金融危机之后，他们再次下跌18％至1.4万亿美元，在2012年。据联合国贸发会议，这种急剧下降的主要因素是一些经济体的经济脆弱性和政策的不确定性。此外，投资列为“限制”规定在2012年上升至25％，仅有6％，2000年相比，"自由化”的规定分别为75％，相比2000年的94％在2012年的总。因此，这些规定的结果是，也就不足为奇了：企业正在阻碍新的投资，跨国企业报告创纪录的现金增持美元之间4至5万亿。