Rhinolophus landeri Martin 1838
Creators: name: Burgin, Connor
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus landeri

description: 4. Lander’s Horseshoe Bat <i>Rhinolophus landeri</i> <b>French:</b> Rhinolophe de <i>Lander</i> / <b>German:</b> Lander-Hufeisennase / <b>Spanish:</b> Herradura <i>de</i> Lander <b>Taxonomy.</b> <i>Rhinolophus landeri</i> Martin, 1838, “ Insulâ Fernando Po [= Bioko Island],” Equatorial Guinea. <i>Rhinolophus landeri</i> is in the <i>landeri</i> species group. <i>Rhinolophus lobatus</i> was <i>previously</i> included in <i>R landeri</i> as a subspecies, but recent studies have determined that the two taxa are morphologically and genetically distinct and do not cluster together in phylogenetic reconstructions. Although exact distributions of <i>R landeri</i> and <i>R lobatus</i> are uncertain, arrangement suggested <i>by</i> P. J. Taylor and colleagues in 2018 is followed here, in which all eastern and southern African populations are assigned to <i>R lobatus</i> and all western and central African populations are assigned to <i>R landeri.</i> Monotypic. <b>Distribution.</b> From S Mauritania and Senegal through most ofW &amp; C Africa to S Sudan, South Sudan, and Ethiopia, including Bioko I. Distributional limits are still uncertain. <b>Descriptive notes.</b> Head-body c. 52-60 mm, tail 27 mm, ear 13-20 mm, hindfoot 7 9 mm, forearm 35-49 mm; weight 5-11 g. Pelage is dense and soft, being brownish fawn to grayish brown (gray morph) or golden brown to bright rusty brown (orange morph) dorsally and slightly paler brown (<i>gray</i> morph) or lighter golden brown (orange morph) ventrally. Males often have dark reddish brown to dark reddish axillary tufts that <i>secret</i> sticky yellow substance. <i>Wings</i> and interfemoral membrane are dark grayish brown to blackish brown. Ears are short (34-42% of forearm length). Noseleaf has hastate lancet with pointed tip, being shorter than in Peters’s Horseshoe Bat (A <i>lobatus)</i>; connecting process is subtriangular with tip either sharply or blundy pointed, being less erect than in Peters’s Horseshoe Bat; sella is naked and narrow, with slightly concave sides and top being broad and rounded; horseshoe is narrow at 6-8 mm <i>but</i> covers entire muzzle; there are no lateral leaflets; and median emargination is deep notch. Lower lip has well-defined medium groove and two very poorly defined lateral grooves. In general, baculum is shorter with distinctly bulbous tip that in Peters’s Horseshoe Bat Skull is of medium build; zygomatic width is slighdy greater than mastoid width; nasal swellings are narrow compared with Peters’s Horseshoe Bat; braincase is elongated compared with Peters’s Horseshoe <b>Bat</b>; sagittal crest is low to moderately developed anteriorly; and frontal depression is usually shallow. P2 is positioned in tooth row because of its <i>relatively</i> large size, which results in larger space between C1 and P4; P3 is small and slighdy to completely displaced labially; P2 and P4 are separated by narrow gap or are in contact; and P2 is only a litde smaller than <i>P</i> 4. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 64 (Senegal). Habitat. Various habitats including lowland and montane primary rainforests, disturbed forests, and riverine woodlands from sea level to elevations of <i>c</i>. 1800 m. Lander’s Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in lowland rainforest and degraded forests in <i>West</i> Africa, occurring in <i>Isoberlinia</i> (Fabaceae) woodland and often near rivers and riverine woodlands throughout their distribution. In Ethiopia, they have been recorded at elevations of 515-1800 m. They also occur in montane vegetation at 1400 m on <i>Mount</i> Cameroon in Cameroon and primary rainforest at 1000 <b>m</b> on <i>Mount</i> Bintumani in Sierra Leone. <b>Food and</b> Feeding. Lander’s Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous. It is a slow hawker that often forages within 6 m <i>of</i> the ground at night. Although fly-catching and gleaning have <i>not</i> been reported, they are expected to occur. Moths and beetles seem to make up a large proportion of diets. In Sudan, small beetles made up a large proportion of diets. <b>Breeding.</b> Lander’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous throughout its distribution, copulating in <i>dry</i> seasons. In Nigeria, copulation generally occurs around November but probably into December because ovulation occurs in late November. Implantation is delayed for <i>c</i>.2 months and does not occur until late <i>dry</i> season around February. Births often occur in early <i>wet</i> season but vary throughout the distribution, being in late April in Nigeria. Lactation in Nigeria occurred in April-June. Litters have a single young. Weaning occurs at <i>c</i>.2 months ofage, and for a short period of the <i>early</i> life ofyoung, mothers <i>carry</i> them when they forage. <b>Activity patterns.</b> Lander’s Horseshoe Bats are active during parts of the night. They roost during the day in colonies or, less commonly, alone and can enter torpor to save energy. Lander’s Horseshoe Bats have great maneuverability and can take offfrom the ground. They are able to <b>fly</b> slowly with bursts <i>of</i> speed and are able to briefly hover. Roosts are commonly found in caves, mine shafts, and crevices in rocks, although some individuals have been found in trees (particularly hollow baobabs, <i>Adansonia,</i> Malvaceae), thatched buildings, wells, and other holes in the ground. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with F component of 103-3 kHz in Guinea, 108-5 kHz (one male) and 105-6 kHz (one female) in Burkina Faso, and 104-3 kHz in Liberia; average F component seems to be lower than in Peters’s Horseshoe Bat. <b>Movements, Home range and Social</b> organization. Lander’s Horseshoe Bats roost alone and in groups of more than 1000 individuals, being largely gregarious. In Nigeria, a cave with more than 1000 individuals has been recorded. Males and females <i>usually</i> are found in the same caves, but before birth, males leave the <i>colony</i>. They often share day roosts with a variety of other bats, including species of <i>Lissonycteris, Nycteris, Coleura,</i> Hipposideros, and other species of <i>Rhinolophus.</i> <b>Status and Conservation.</b> Classified as <i>Least</i> Concern on <i>The IUCN Red List.</i> Lander’s Horseshoe Bat is widespread and <i>relatively</i> common with no major known conservati <b>^</b> <i>®</i> threats. <b>Bibliography.</b> ACR (2018), Aggundey &amp; Schütter (1984), Brown &amp; Dunlop (1997), Csorba <i>et al.</i> (2003), Dool, Puechmaille, <i>Foley et</i> al. (2016), Happold, M. (2013s), Hayman et <i>al.</i> (1966), Kangoyé <i>et</i> al. (2015), <i>Koopman</i> (1975,1989), Koopman, <i>Kofron</i> &amp; <i>Chapman</i> (1995), <i>Koopman</i>, Mumford &amp; Heisterberg (1978), Menzies (1973), Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs &amp; Cotterill (2017 <i>b</i>), <i>Rosevear</i> (1965), Taylor (1998), Taylor, Macdonald <i>et</i> al. (2018).
description: Published as part of <i>Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, pp. 280-332 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on page 282, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525