Pantodontidae Peters 1876
Creators: name: Hilton, Eric J.
name: Lavoué, Sébastien
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Osteoglossiformes
Pantodontidae

description: <b>Pantodontidae</b>. A single species comprising genetically differentiated allopatric populations, <i>Pantodon buchholzi</i>, the African butterfly fish, is classified in the family Pantodontidae (Nelson <i>et al.</i>, 2016), although it is frequently included within the family Osteoglossidae (<i>e.g</i>., Taverne, 1979; Li, Wilson, 1996a; Hilton, 2003). This is a relatively small fish, with a strongly upturned mouth, flattened head, short dorsal and anal fins positioned far back on its body, a rounded caudal fin, large wing-like pectoral fins, and pelvic fins with an elongate fin rays (Fig. 12). The head and pectoral fin has a superficial similarity to that of osteoglossines. Despite its similarity in some respects (<i>e.g</i>., infraorbital bones) to Osteoglossinae, Nelson (1969: 25) observed that “the systematic position of <i>Pantodon</i> consequently is obscure.” This remains to be the case (see below). Part of the issue with the systematic placement of <i>Pantodon</i> is that it is a highly derived taxon, with numerous autapomorphies as well as significant character conflict with other osteoglossomorphs. For instance, the absence of a symplectic is shared with Mormyroidea, whereas the absence of an autopalatine is shared with Osteoglossidae (Moritz, Britz, 2005). However, unlike those of osteoglossid conditions, the scales of <i>Pantodon</i> lack reticulations (<i>e.g</i>., Hilton, 2003: fig. 39) and <i>Pantodon</i> has two gonads (<i>versus</i> one) (Britz, 2004). The skeletal anatomy of <i>Pantodon</i> has been described and illustrated by Taverne (1978), and portions of its skeleton was illustrated and described by Hilton (2003) and Hilton, Britz (2010). In a study of its development, Moritz, Britz (2005) showed that the single dermal bone of the palatoquadrate in the adult of <i>Pantodon</i> is an ontogenetic fusion of the dermopalatine and ectopterygoid. They further conclude that the basipterygoid articulation found in <i>Pantodon</i> and Osteoglossidae is structurally homologous to that found in non-teleosts and a basal clupeomorph, and therefore is a character at a broader level of phylogeny than uniting a subgroup of osteoglossomorphs (<i>e.g</i>., Greenwood <i>et al.</i>, 1966; Lauder, Liem, 1983; Arratia, Schultze, 1991).
description: Published as part of <i>Hilton, Eric J. &amp; Lavoué, Sébastien, 2018, A review of the systematic biology of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei), pp. 1-35 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3)</i> on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180031, http://zenodo.org/record/3709903
description: {"references": ["Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. 5 th ed. Hoboken (NJ): J. Wiley; 2016.", "Taverne L. Osteologie, phylogenese et systematique des teleosteens fossiles et actuels du super ordre des Osteoglossomorphes. Troisieme partie. Evolution des structures osteologiques et conclusions generales relatives a la phylogenese et a la systematique du super ordre. Acad Roy Belg Mem Cl Sci. 1979; 43 (3): 1 - 168. (Collection 8, Serie 2)", "Li G-Q, Wilson MVH. Phylogeny of Osteoglossomorpha. In: Stiassny MLJ, Parenti LR, Johnson GD, editors. Interrelationships of fishes. New York: Academic Press; 1996 a. p. 163 - 174.", "Hilton EJ. Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha). Zool J Linn Soc [serial on the Internet]. 2003; 137 (1): 1 - 100. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1096 - 3642.2003.00032. x", "Nelson GJ. Infraorbital bones and their bearing on the phylogeny and geography of osteoglosomorph fishes. Am Mus Novit. 1969; 2394: 1 - 37.", "Moritz T, Britz R. Ontogeny and homology of the basipterygoid articulation in Pantodon buchholzi (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha). Zool J Lin Soc [serial on the Internet]. 2005; 144: 1 - 13. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2005.00163. x", "Britz R. Egg structure and larval development of Pantodon buchholzi (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha), with a review of data on reproduction and early life history in other osteoglossomorphs. Ichthyol Explor Freshw. 2004; 15 (3): 209 - 24.", "Taverne L. Osteologie, phylogenese, et systematique des teleosteens fossiles et actuels du super-ordre des osteoglossomorphes, deuxieme partie. Osteologie des genres Phareodus, Phareoides, Brychaetus, Musperia, Pantodon, Singida, Notopterus, Xenomystus et Papyrocranus. Acad Roy Belg Mem Cl Sci. 1978; 42 (6): 1 - 213. (Collection 8, Serie 2).", "Hilton EJ, Britz R. The caudal skeleton of osteoglossomorph fishes, revisited: comparisons, homologies, and characters. In: Nelson JS, Schultze H-P, Wilson MVH, editors. Origin and phylogenetic interrelationships of teleosts. Munchen: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil; 2010. p. 219 - 237.", "Greenwood PH, Rosen DE, Weitzman SH, Myers GS. Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with a provisional classification of living forms. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 1966; 131 (4): 339 - 456.", "Lauder GV, Liem KF. The evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes. Bull Mus Comp Zool. 1983; 150 (3): 95 - 197.", "Arratia G, Schultze H-P. Palatoquadrate and its ossifications: Development and homology within osteichthyans. J Morphol [serial on the Internet]. 1991; 208 (1): 1 - 81. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1052080102"]}