Euclid: Finding strong gravitational lenses in the Early Release Observations using convolutional neural networks
Creators: name: Nagam, B. C.
name: Barroso, J. A. Acevedo
name: Wilde, J.
name: Andika, I. T.
name: Manjón-García, A.
name: Pearce-Casey, R.
name: Stern, D.
name: Nightingale, J. W.
name: Moustakas, L. A.
name: McCarthy, K.
name: Moravec, E.
name: Leuzzi, L.
name: Rojas, K.
name: Serjeant, S.
name: Collett, T. E.
name: Matavulj, P.
name: Walmsley, M.
name: Clément, B.
name: Tortora, C.
name: Gavazzi, R.
name: Metcalf, R. B.
name: O'Riordan, C. M.
name: Kleijn, G. Verdoes
name: Koopmans, L. V. E.
name: Valentijn, E. A.
name: Busillo, V.
name: Schuldt, S.
name: Courbin, F.
name: Vernardos, G.
name: Meneghetti, M.
name: Díaz-Sánchez, A.
name: Diego, J. M.
name: Ecker, L. R.
name: Thai, T. T.
name: Cooray, A. R.
name: Courtois, H. M.
name: Delchambre, L.
name: Despali, G.
name: Sluse, D.
name: Ulivi, L.
name: Melo, A.
name: Corcho-Caballero, P.
name: Altieri, B.
name: Amara, A.
name: Andreon, S.
name: Auricchio, N.
name: Aussel, H.
name: Baccigalupi, C.
name: Baldi, M.
name: Balestra, A.
name: Bardelli, S.
name: Battaglia, P.
name: Bonino, D.
name: Branchini, E.
name: Brescia, M.
name: Brinchmann, J.
name: Caillat, A.
name: Camera, S.
name: Capobianco, V.
name: Carbone, C.
name: Carretero, J.
name: Casas, S.
name: Castellano, M.
name: Castignani, G.
name: Cavuoti, S.
name: Cimatti, A.
name: Colodro-Conde, C.
name: Congedo, G.
name: Conselice, C. J.
name: Conversi, L.
name: Copin, Y.
name: Cropper, M.
name: Da Silva, A.
name: Degaudenzi, H.
name: De Lucia, G.
name: Di Giorgio, A. M.
name: Dinis, J.
name: Dubath, F.
name: Duncan, C. A. J.
name: Dupac, X.
name: Dusini, S.
name: Fabricius, M.
name: Farina, M.
name: Farrens, S.
name: Ferriol, S.
name: Frailis, M.
name: Franceschi, E.
name: Fumana, M.
name: George, K.
name: Gillard, W.
name: Gillis, B.
name: Giocoli, C.
name: Gómez-Alvarez, P.
name: Grazian, A.
name: Grupp, F.
name: Guzzo, L.
name: Haugan, S. V. H.
name: Hoar, J.
name: Holmes, W.
name: Hook, I.
name: Hormuth, F.
name: Hornstrup, A.
name: Hudelot, P.
name: Jahnke, K.
name: Jhabvala, M.
name: Joachimi, B.
name: Keihänen, E.
name: Kermiche, S.
name: Kubik, B.
name: Kuijken, K.
name: Kümmel, M.
name: Kunz, M.
name: Kurki-Suonio, H.
name: Laureijs, R.
name: Mignant, D. Le
name: Ligori, S.
name: Lilje, P. B.
name: Lindholm, V.
name: Lloro, I.
name: Mainetti, G.
name: Maiorano, E.
name: Mansutti, O.
name: Marggraf, O.
name: Markovic, K.
name: Martinelli, M.
name: Martinet, N.
name: Marulli, F.
name: Massey, R.
name: Medinaceli, E.
name: Melchior, M.
name: Mellier, Y.
name: Merlin, E.
name: Meylan, G.
name: Moresco, M.
name: Moscardini, L.
name: Nakajima, R.
name: Neissner, C.
name: Nichol, R. C.
name: Niemi, S. -M.
name: Padilla, C.
name: Paltani, S.
name: Pasian, F.
name: Pedersen, K.
name: Percival, W. J.
name: Pettorino, V.
name: Pires, S.
name: Polenta, G.
name: Poncet, M.
name: Popa, L. A.
name: Pozzetti, L.
name: Raison, F.
name: Rebolo, R.
name: Renzi, A.
name: Rhodes, J.
name: Riccio, G.
name: Romelli, E.
name: Roncarelli, M.
name: Rossetti, E.
name: Saglia, R.
name: Sakr, Z.
name: Sánchez, A. G.
name: Sapone, D.
name: Sartoris, B.
name: Schirmer, M.
name: Schneider, P.
name: Schrabback, T.
name: Secroun, A.
name: Seidel, G.
name: Serrano, S.
name: Sirignano, C.
name: Sirri, G.
name: Skottfelt, J.
name: Stanco, L.
name: Starck, J. -L.
name: Steinwagner, J.
name: Tallada-Crespí, P.
name: Tavagnacco, D.
name: Taylor, A. N.
name: Teplitz, H. I.
name: Tereno, I.
name: Toledo-Moreo, R.
name: Torradeflot, F.
name: Tsyganov, A.
name: Tutusaus, I.
name: Valenziano, L.
name: Vassallo, T.
name: Veropalumbo, A.
name: Wang, Y.
name: Weller, J.
name: Zacchei, A.
name: Zucca, E.
name: Burigana, C.
name: Mora, A.
name: Pöntinen, M.
name: Scottez, V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Early Release Observations (ERO) from Euclid have detected several new galaxy-galaxy strong gravitational lenses, with the all-sky survey expected to find 170,000 new systems, greatly enhancing studies of dark matter, dark energy, and constraints on the cosmological parameters. As a first step, visual inspection of all galaxies in one of the ERO fields (Perseus) was carried out to identify candidate strong lensing systems and compared to the predictions from Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). However, the entire ERO data set is too large for expert visual inspection. In this paper, we therefore extend the CNN analysis to the whole ERO data set, using different CNN architectures and methodologies. Using five CNN architectures, we identified 8,469 strong gravitational lens candidates from IE-band cutouts of 13 Euclid ERO fields, narrowing them to 97 through visual inspection, including 14 grade A and 31 grade B candidates. We present the spectroscopic confirmation of a strong gravitational lensing candidate, EUCLJ081705.61+702348.8. The foreground lensing galaxy, an early-type system at redshift z = 0.335, and the background source, a star-forming galaxy at redshift z = 1.475 with [O II] emission, are both identified. Lens modeling using the Euclid strong lens modeling pipeline reveals two distinct arcs in a lensing configuration, with an Einstein radius of 1.18 \pm 0.03 arcseconds, confirming the lensing nature of the system. These findings highlight the importance of a broad CNN search to efficiently reduce candidates, followed by visual inspection to eliminate false positives and achieve a high-purity sample of strong lenses in Euclid.