Emergency Landing using Deep-stall for Airborne Wind Energy System with Fixed-Wing Kites
Creators: name: Nguyen, Huu Thien
name: Vinha, Sérgio
name: Fernandes, Manuel C. R. M.
name: Paiva, Luís Tiago
name: Prodan, Ionela
name: Fontes, Fernando A.C.C.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Airborne Wind Energy System
Deep-stall landing
Perching landing
Emergency landing

description: <strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Launching and landing phases are some of the promising research topics for Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES) [1].<br> We propose a new landing method using the deep-stall maneuver, which is suitable for emergency situations in AWES, where the flying structure (the kite) is specifically a Fixed-Wing (FW) aircraft, or an FW aircraft with Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) capability. An emergency landing is imperative when weather conditions become adverse, when the kite encounters a flock of birds in the sky, or an equipment failure is detected, among others.<br> The technique is executed by first positioning the kite against the wind direction, then making the kite increase its angle-of-attack to be higher than the stall angle, putting the kite out of its nominal operating regime, utilizing the stable airflow in the deep-stall state to quickly reduce its altitude and land in a short distance [2].<br> To escape deep-stall and to bring the kite back to the nominal operating regime, i.e., for stall recovery, when the kite is near the ground, we could either: 1) feed thrust to the kite, increase its airspeed; 2) pitch down the kite to lower its angle-of-attack, back to the pre-stall regime; 3) initiate the VTOL rotors/mechanisms, switching to the helicopter mode for kites with VTOL capability. The kite also has the ability to quickly start a new cycle by aligning itself into the launching position, or the kite could glide in the air to reduce its airspeed and safely land on the ground. <br> In case the ground station is higher than the surrounding ground, an additional perching maneuver could be concatenated at the end of deep-stall [3] to land the flying structure.<br> The whole deep-stall landing procedure could be performed autonomously by first, designing sets of deep-stall landing trajectories prior to operating cycles by solving offline boundary value optimal control problems, then follow the generated trajectories with path-following or tracking techniques [3, 4].<br> <strong>REFERENCES</strong> [1] C. Vermillion, M. Cobb, L. Fagiano, R. Leuthold, M. Diehl, R. S. Smith, T. A. Wood, S. Rapp, R. Schmehl, D. Olinger, M. Demetriou, Electricity in the air: Insights from two decades of advanced control research and experimental flight testing of airborne wind energy systems, Annual Reviews in Control 52 (2021) 330–357. doi:10.1016/j.arcontrol.2021.03.002.<br> [2] S. Mathisen, K. Gryte, S. Gros, T. A. Johansen, Precision Deep-Stall Landing of Fixed-Wing UAVs Using Nonlinear Model Predictive Control, Journal of Intelligent &amp; Robotic Systems 101 (1) (2021) 24. doi:10.1007/s10846-020-01264-3.<br> [3] H. T. Nguyen, I. Prodan, F. Fontes, Trajectory Optimization and NMPC Tracking for a Fixed-Wing UAV in Deep Stall with Perch Landing, Accepted to the European Control Conference (ECC) 2023 (2023). doi:10.48550/arXiv.2204.11504.<br> [4] M. C. R. M. Fernandes, S. Vinha, L. T. Paiva, F. A. C. C. Fontes, L0 and L1 Guidance and Path-Following Control for Airborne Wind Energy Systems, Energies 15 (4) (2022) 1390. doi:10.3390/en15041390. <strong>SIMULATION VIDEO</strong> https://youtu.be/xW4auKi4B7c.
description: Additional acknowledgment: Associate Laboratory ARISE LA/P/0112/2020, Base UIDB/00147/2020, and Programmatic UIDP/00147/2020 Funding of the R&amp;D Unit SYSTEC. French National Research Agency in the framework of the LabEx PERSYVAL «ANR-11-LABX-0025-01».
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