Arma custos
Creators: name: Zhao, Qing
name: Wei, Jiufeng
name: Bu, Wenjun
name: Liu, Guoqing
name: Zhang, Hufang
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Pentatomidae
Arma
Arma custos

description: Arma custos (Fabricius, 1794)   
 Cimex custos Fabricius, 1794: 94. Syntype (s): [Germany:] “ Kiliae ” [= Kiel]; ZMUC.   
 Pentatoma custos: Latreille 1804: 188.   
 Arma custos: Hahn 1832:95.   
 Asopus custos: Burmeister 1835:379.   
 Stiretrus custos: Blanchard 1840: 153.   
 Arma custos var. fuscoantennata [as fusco-antennata] Motschulsky, 1860: 501. Nomen nudum.   
 Auriga custos: Kirkaldy 1909a: 15.   
 Arma custos f. scutellaris Stichel 1961a: 656. Unavailable name (International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th ed., 1999, Articles 10.2, 15.2: proposed as infrasubspecific). No types fixed.   
 Arma neocustos Ahmad & Önder, 1990: 8. Holotype (♂): Turkey: Lüleburgaz; EUIT. Synonymized by Thomas 1994: 165.   
 Arma neoinsperata Ahmad & Önder, 1990: 9. Holotype (♂): Turkey: Lüleburgaz; EUIT. Synonymized by Thomas 1994: 165.   
 Arma chinensis Fallou, 1881: 340. Syntype (s): China: “ Pékin ” [= Beijing]; MNHN. New synonym.   
 Arma discors Jakovlev, 1902: 64. Lectotype (Derzhansky et al. 2002: 367) (♀): Mongolia: “Khalkha-Gol” [= Khalkhyn gol River]; ZMAS. Synonymized by Kiritshenko 1922: 14.   
 Auriga discors: Kirkaldy 1909a: 15.   
 Auriga chinensis: Kirkaldy 1909a: 15.   
 Auriga peipingensis Yang, 1933: 21, 44. Holotype (♀): China: “ Peiping ” [= Beijing]; lost. Synonymized by Zheng 1981: 29 (tentatively).   
 Diagnosis. BOdy Oval, MEdIUM sIzEd, dUll brOwNIsh, rElaTIvEly flaTTENEd; hEad wIThOUT ElONgaTE pOsTOcUlar rEgION, ThErEfOrE EyE adjacENT TO aNTErIOr MargIN Of prONOTUM; MaNdIbUlar plaTEs NOT cONvErgENT apIcally; rOsTrUM rEachINg METacOXaE; aNTENNal sEgMENT II lONgEsT, bUT a lITTlE shOrTEr ThaN sEgMENT III aNd IV cOMbINEd. LaTEral MargIN Of prONOTUM sErraTE aNTErIOrly, aNd ThE OUTEr MargIN wIThOUT ObvIOUs black bElT; hUMEral aNglE frOM ObTUsE TO aNgUlaTE, dIsTINcTly sUrpassINg cOsTal MargIN Of fOrE wINg IN rEsT; ThE METaThOracIc scENT glaNd OsTIOlE wITh wElldEvElOpEd, ElONgaTE pErITrEME aNd a sMall black spOT sITUaTEd aT ThE MEdIal sIdE; prOfEMOra UNarMEd; prOTIbIaE NOT dIlaTEd. BasE Of abdOMEN wIThOUT TUbErclE. (FIg. 2)   
 Description. Body Of MEdIUM sIzE, brOwN aNd Oval, dOrsUM raThEr flaT, vENTEr MOdEraTEly cONvEX. Body surface and vestiture. BOdy vIrTUally glabrOUs, wITh shOrT, INcONspIcUOUs pIlOsITy ON aNTENNal sEgMENTs III–IV aNd ON lEgs; ThE whOlE dOrsUM wITh lOTs Of UNIfOrM dEEp pUNcTUrEs, aNd ThE vENTEr alsO wITh pUNcTUrEs, bUT ThE laTEral sIdE a lITTlE dENsE ThaN cENTEr   
 Head. FlaT, NEarly as brOad as Or slIghTly brOadEr ThaN ITs lENgTh alONg MIdlINE; laTEral MargIN wEakly cONcavE; aNTErIOr Of EyE, raThEr sharply EXplaNaTE, lEavINg aNTENNIfErOUs TUbErclE slIghTly EXpOsEd IN dOrsal vIEw; clypEUs slIghTly shOrTEr ThaN MaNdIbUlar plaTEs, apIcal pOrTION a lITTlE flaTTENEd; MaNdIbUlar plaTEs brOadly rOUNdEd aNTErIOrly, NOT cONvErgENT apIcally; bUccUlaE sIMplE, UNarMEd; EyE glObOsE; OccElI vEry sMall, sITUaTEd dIsTINcTly IN pOsTErIOr MargIN Of EyE, INTErOcEllar dIsTaNcE abOUT TwO TIMEs as lONg as dIsTaNcE Of ONE OcEllUs frOM EyE. ANTENNal sEgMENT I shOrT, apEX NOT rEachINg apEX Of hEad; sEgMENT II lONgEsT, abOUT 2.0 TIMEs as lONg as sEgMENT III. ROsTrUM rEachINg METacOXaE; sEgMENT I NEarly rEachINg aNTErIOr MargIN Of prOsTErNUM; sEgMENT II lONgEsT, shOrTEr ThaN sEgMENT III aNd IV cOMbINEd; sEgMENT III lONgEr ThaN IV.   
 Pronotum. SUbhEXagONal, abOUT TwO TIMEs as brOad as lONg; dIsk raThEr flaT; aNTErIOr MargIN dEEply cONcavE; aNTErOlaTEral aNglE TrUNcaTEd Or bEarINg a MINUTE, aNTErOlaTErally dIrEcTEd dENTIclE; laTEral MargIN a lITTlE cONcavE, fINEly sErraTE aNTErIOrly, ElEvaTEd pOsTErIOrly; hUMEral aNglE frOM ObTUsE TO aNgUlaTE, dIsTINcTly sUrpassINg cOsTal MargIN Of fOrE wINg IN rEsT (FIg. 3); pOsTErOlaTEral aNglE acUTE. Scutellum. ElONgaTE, dIsTINcTly lONgEr ThaN ITs basal wIdTh; wEakly cONvEX IN laTEral vIEw; wITh 1+1 sMall IMprEssIONs aT ITs basal aNglEs; pOsTErIOr NarrOwEd pOrTION rElaTIvEly lONg aNd NarrOw, gradUally TapErINg TOwards apEX, rOUNdEd apIcally. Thoracic pleura and sterna. PrOEpIsTErNUM sIMplE; METaThOracIc scENT glaNd OsTIOlE assOcIaTEd wITh aN ElONgaTE, wEakly cUrvEd pErITrEME, a sMall black spOT sITUaTEd aT ThE MEdIal sIdE; EvapOraTOrIUM NarrOwly EXTENdINg TO pOsTErIOr pOrTION Of MEsIplEUrITE. MEsOsTErNUM dIsTINcTly carINaTE alONg MIdlINE, METasTErNUM slIghTly ElEvaTEd aNd flaTTENEd. Fore wing. COrIUM far sUrpassINg apEX Of scUTEllUM pOsTErIOrly IN rEsT, brOadly lEavINg cONNEXIvUM EXpOsEd; MEMbraNE dIsTINcTly sUrpassINg apEX Of abdOMEN. Legs wIThOUT pEcUlarITIEs; fEMOra UNarMEd; TIbIaE sIMplE, NOT dIlaTEd, wITh a brOad lONgITUdINal fUrrOw dOrsally.   
 Pregenital abdomen Oval; sTErNITE III wIThOUT a MEdIaN TUbErclE basally; pOsTErOlaTEral aNglEs Of cONNEXIval sEgMENTs wEakly prOdUcEd; sTErNal glaNdUlar paTchEs lackINg.   
 External male genitalia (FIg. 4). GENITal capsUlE TraNsvErsEly Oval IN pOsTErIOr vIEw, pOsTErOlaTEral aNglEs (pla) rOUNd (FIg. 4a) rOUNd, sITUaTEd slIghTly hIghEr ThaN NOTch IN vENTrOpOsTErIOr rIM (vpr) (FIg. 4b); dOrsOpOsTErIOr rIM (dpr) cONcavE (FIg. 4a), wITh a paIr Of dOrsal sclErITEs (dsIM) (FIg. 4a). AEdEagUs sIMplE, wITh ONE paIr Of vENTrOlaTEral cONjUNcTIval lObEs (vlcl) (FIg. 4c) whIch arE OblONg, apIcEs arE sclErOTIzEd aNd NOT bIfUrcaTE; apIcal cONjUNcTIval lObE (acl) (FIg. 4c) sEMIcIrcUlar aNd NOT bIfUrcaTE. MEdIal pENIal plaTEs (Mpp) (FIg. 4c) sIMplE, ElONgaTE aNd sTrONgly sclErOTIzEd, laTErally flaTTENEd, pOsTErIOrly brOadly rOUNdEd. VEsIca (FIg. 4d) sTrETchEd OUT frOM ThE vENTEr Of MEdIal pENIal plaTEs, NOT rEachINg half Of MEdIaN pENIal plaTEs. ParaMErE shOrT aNd wIdE, wITh a shOrT fINgEr-lIkE INNEr braNch (fIb) (FIg. 4E), prOTrUdINg TO ONE sIdE.   
 External female genitalia. LaTErOTErgITEs VIII (FIg. 5: lT8) brOadly rOUNdEd, spIraclE VIII EXpOsEd; fIrsT fIrsT gONOcOXITEs (FIg. 5: fgc) largE, brOad, MEdIal MargIN sTraIghT, aNd pOsTErIOr MargINs caMbErEd; laTErOTErgITEs IX (FIg. 5: lT9) brOad, apIcally rOUNdEd aNd lONgEr ThaN apIcEs Of EIghTh laTErOTErgITEs aNd sTErNITE TEN. FUsEd valvIfErs IX (FIg. 5: vf9) brOadly EXpOsEd bETwEEN laTErOTErgITEs IX IN rEsT.   
 Measurements (in mm). Body length 13.1–14.0 (♀) / 11.5–12.5 (♂); length of head 1.95–2.4; lengths of aNTENNal sEgMENTs (I) 0.25–0.3: (II) 1.9–2.05: (III) 0.85–0.95: (IV) 1.35–1.45: (V) 1.2–1.35; MEdIaN lENgTh Of prONOTUM 2.5–2.75, hUMEral wIdTh bETwEEN apIcEs Of hUMEral prOjEcTIONs 6.55–6.70; lENgTh Of scUTEllUM 4.35– 4.45, wIdTh Of scUTEllUM 3.35–3.55.   
 Habitat. A. custos OccUrs prIMarIly IN lOwlaNds, aNd has bEEN capTUrEd aT hIghEr alTITUdEs ONly spOradIcally. A ThErMOphIlOUs spEcIEs, IT Is MOsT cOMMON ON dry slOpEs, IN parks, aNd IN Orchards (STEhlík 1987), bUT Is NOT rarE IN MOrE-hUMId placEs EIThEr (SchUMachEr 1910). IT Is arbOrIcOlOUs, aNd EspEcIally cOMMON ON Alnus spp. (A. glutinosa, A. incana) (SchUMachEr 1910; HOffMaNN 1948; SEIdENsTückEr 1975; STEhlík 1987), bUT alsO frEqUENTly fOUNd ON Betula aNd Tilia spp. aNd lEss frEqUENTly ON Corylus, Salix, Populus, Quercus, Crataegus, Betula, Frangula, Lonicera, aNd Ailanthus (SchUMachEr 1910; SzUlczEwskI 1913; STEhlík 1987; STEhlík & VavříNOvá 1994), aNd alsO OccUrs ON cONIfErs (STEhlík 1987; REUTEr 1909; SchUMachEr 1910; STEhlík & VavříNOvá 1994).   
 IN GErMaNy, IT OvErwINTErs IN ThE adUlT sTagE, aNd larvaE OccUr IN JUly aNd AUgUsT (SchUMachEr 1910; WagNEr 1966). IT Is EspEcIally cOMMON ON Alnus, whErE IT fEEds ON Agelastica alni (L.) (COlEOpTEra: ChrysOMElIdaE) (DUpUIs 1949; STEhlík 1987; LIs 2000) aNd ON Ulmus (AhMad & ÖNdEr 1990).   
 Molecular result. ThE UNUsUal MOrphOlOgIcal varIabIlITy IN hUMEral aNglE raIsEd ThE qUEsTION as TO whEThEr ThE TwO spEcIEs wErE IN facT ThE saME spEcIEs. AfTEr cOMparINg ThE gENITalIa Of ThE TwO spEcIEs, wE fOUNd ThaT ThEy wErE vEry sIMIlar IN MOsT rEspEcTs, sO MOlEcUlar daTa was NEEdEd. TwENTy COI sEqUENcEs rEprEsENTINg fOUr spEcIEs wErE ObTaINEd. NO INsErTIONs Or dElETIONs wErE dETEcTEd, INdIcaTINg ThaT ThE sEqUENcEs wErE NOT psEUdOgENEs. All sEqUENcEs frOM OUr sTUdIEs wErE NEw aNd addEd TO ThE barcOdE daTabasE fOr ThIs grOUp, as wE cOUld NOT fINd cONspEcIfIc sEqUENcEs whEN a BLAST NUclEOTIdE sEarch was cONdUcTEd (GEN-BaNk accEssION NUMbErs arE lIsTEd IN TablE 1).   
 WIThIN ThE EXaMINEd COI sEqUENcEs, a 574-bp rEgION was aNalyzEd; 445 sITEs wErE cONsErvEd, 129 sITEs wErE varIablE, 62 sITEs wErE parsIMONy-INfOrMaTIvE, aNd 67 sITEs wErE sINglETON sITEs. ThE aNalysIs Of NUclEOTIdE cOMpOsITION shOwEd ThaT ThE cONTENT Of (A+T) was 66.6%, whIch was hIghEr ThaN (G+C). ThIs rEsUlT was cONsIsTENT wITh ThE hIghEr (A+T) fEaTUrE Of ThE MITOchONdrIal gENOME NOTEd by HUa et al. (2008). ThIs aNalysIs shOwEd ThaT COI had rEMarkablE cOdON UsagE bIas.   
 ThE INTErspEcIfIc aNd INTraspEcIfIc dIsTaNcEs basEd ON COI wErE cOMpUTEd UsINg MEGA 7.0. (TablE 2). ThE dIvErgENcE bETwEEN lONg-hUMErI (A. custos) aNd shOrT-hUMErI (A. chinensis) basEd ON COI was 0.01247; hOwEvEr, ThE dIvErgENcE bETwEEN lONg-hUMErI (A. custos) aNd A. koreana, aNd ThaT bETwEEN shOrT-hUMErI (A. chinensis) aNd A. koreana wErE 0.10789 aNd 0.11130, rEspEcTIvEly. ThEsE wErE all apprOXIMaTEly TEN TIMEs hIghEr ThaN ThE dIvErgENcE bETwEEN lONg-hUMErI aNd shOrT-hUMErI. WhEN wE cOMpUTEd ThE dIvErgENcE Of ThrEE spEcIEs Of gENUs Arma wITh P. lewisi, ThE gENETIc dIsTaNcEs bETwEEN ThE TwO gENEra wErE IN ThE raNgE Of 0.17070–0.19725, dEpENdINg ON ThE Arma spEcIEs UsEd. ThE ThrEshOld fOr a barcOdINg gap Is ThaT INTErspEcIfIc dIvErgENcE shOUld bE aT lEasT TEN TIMEs ThE avEragE Of ThE INTraspEcIfIc gENETIc dIsTaNcEs, accOrdINg TO HEbErT et al. (2004). ThErEfOrE, ThE gENETIc dIsTaNcE Of ThEsE TwO spEcIEs Is IN accOrdaNcE wITh ThE rEsUlTs Of MOrphOlOgIcal aNalysIs IN ThaT ThE dIffErENcE bETwEEN shOrT-hUMErI (A. chinensis) aNd lONg-hUMErI (A. custos) shOUld bE TakEN as aN INTraspEcIfIc varIaTION.   
 ThE aNalysIs Of NJ, BI, aNd ML TrEEs yIEldEd TwO MajOr cladEs wITh hIgh bOOTsTrap sUppOrT: cladE I Is rEprEsENTEd by TwO sEqUENcEs Of A. koreana (FIg. 6), cladE II INclUdEs 17 sEqUENcEs Of lONg-hUMErI (A. custos) aNd shOrT-hUMErI (A. chinensis), aNd Picromerus lewisi Is UsEd as OUTgrOUp. ThE phylOgENETIc TrEEs prOvIdEd hErE arE ONly TO sEgrEgaTE TwO spEcIEs basEd ON ThE rEcIprOcal MONOphyly crITErIa, aNd arE NOT MEaNT TO dEfINE ThE phylOgENy Of ThE gENUs Arma.
description: Published as part of Zhao, Qing, Wei, Jiufeng, Bu, Wenjun, Liu, Guoqing & Zhang, Hufang, 2018, Synonymize Arma chinensis as Arma custos based on morphological, molecular and geographical data, pp. 161-176 in Zootaxa 4455 (1) on pages 164-169, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4455.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1457055