Additional file 1 of How animals distribute themselves in space: energy landscapes of Antarctic avian predators
Creators: name: Masello, Juan F.
name: Barbosa, Andres
name: Kato, Akiko
name: Mattern, Thomas
name: Medeiros, Renata
name: Stockdale, Jennifer E.
name: Kümmel, Marc N.
name: Bustamante, Paco
name: Belliure, Josabel
name: Benzal, Jesús
name: Colominas-Ciuró, Roger
name: Menéndez-Blázquez, Javier
name: Griep, Sven
name: Goesmann, Alexander
name: Symondson, William O. C.
name: Quillfeldt, Petra
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 1: Table S1. Results of a General Additive Model (GAM) investigating the sum of Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration (ODBA) during dive as a function of maximum dive depth with the intra-depth zone (IDZ; foraging dives performed by the individuals split in benthic and pelagic), as factor. Gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua were breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, while chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus were breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Data was obtained during chick guard. Table S2. The relationship between the sum of Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration (ODBA) during dive and maximum dive depth for benthic and pelagic dives (based on the index of benthic diving behaviour, intra-depth zone; IDZ). Gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua were breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, while chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus were breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Data was obtained during chick guard. Table S3. The relationship between the number of dives per trip and the maximum distance from the colony during a foraging trip carried out by gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica (chick guard; December 2016). See also Figure S11. Table S4. Results of a General Additive Model (GAM) investigating the bottom time as a function of event maximum depth (maximum depth [m] reached during dive event) with the intra-depth zone (IDZ; foraging dives performed by the individuals split in benthic and pelagic), as factor. Gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua were breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, while chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus were breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Data was obtained during chick guard. Table S5. The relationship between bottom time and event maximum depth for benthic and pelagic dives (based on the index of benthic diving behaviour, intra-depth zone; IDZ). Gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua were breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, while chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus were breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Data was obtained during chick guard. Table S6. The number of DNA extractions from scat samples of gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at New Island, Falkland/Malvinas Islands, during chick guard (December) in 2013 and 2014, gentoo penguins breeding at Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016), and chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017). Table S7. Control samples for the molecular detection of prey in scat samples from the studied penguins. Table S8. List of primers used in this study for the detection of prey species in scat samples from gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua and chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus. Table S9. Comparison of total foraging costs per bottom time gain (J kg− 1 s− 1) using Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. The groups tested correspond to gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at New Island, Falkland/Malvinas Islands, during chick guard (December) in 2013 and 2014, gentoo penguins breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016), and chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017). Table S10. Best blast results for each detected taxa and corresponding accession number, the identity with the blast reference sequence, the sequence length and the bitscore from gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at New Island, Falkland/Malvinas Islands, during chick guard (December) in 2013 and 2014, gentoo penguins breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016), and chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017). Table S11. Diet and isotopic niche metrics. Data correspond to gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016), and chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017). Table S12. Isotopic niche metrics of gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at New Island, Falkland/Malvinas Islands, during chick guard (December) in 2013 and 2014. Parameters are based on carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes of chick feather samples as a marker of breeding season foraging ecology from two colonies at New Island and two breeding seasons calculated with the SIAR package. SE: South End colony. NE: North End colony. For further details see Masello et al. (2017). Table S13. Gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding success at New Island, Falkland/Malvinas Islands. The number of chicks corresponds to crèche stage. For further details on the colonies see Masello et al. (2010, 2017). Figure S1. The distribution of dive depth data during benthic (A) and pelagic (B) foraging dives by gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016). Benthic and pelagic dives are defined with the use of the index of benthic diving behaviour, intra-depth zone (IDZ). Figure S2. The distribution of dive depth data during benthic (A) and pelagic (B) foraging dives by chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017). Benthic and pelagic dives are defined with the use of the index of benthic diving behaviour, intra-depth zone (IDZ). Figure S3. Example of the distribution in different depths of benthic (A) and pelagic (B) dives carried out by gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016). Depth (in m) is based on data from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO; Arndt et al. 2013). Figure S4. Example of the distribution in different depths of benthic (A) and pelagic (B) dives carried out by chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017). Depth (in m) is based on data from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO; Arndt et al. 2013). Figure S5. Foraging trips by female (red burgundy) and male (yellow) gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016) (A), and chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017) (B). Depth (m) is based on data from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO; Arndt et al. 2013). Figure S6. Example of dive profiles and tri-axial acceleration data during three consecutive dives by gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016). Acceleration data correspond to each of the three spatial axes: x, surge (green), y, heave (red), and z, sway (blue). Dive depth is given in metres and 0 (zero) corresponds to the water surface. Figure S7. The distribution of foraging parameter data used for the calculations of energy landscapes in gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016). See also Table 1. Figure S8. The distribution of foraging parameter data used for the calculations of energy landscapes in chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017). See also Table 1. Figure S9. The relationship between the sum of Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration (ODBA) during dive and maximum dive depth for benthic dives (based on the index of benthic diving behaviour, intra-depth zone; IDZ) carried out by gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016). Details for the regression curve are given in Table S2. Figure S10. The relationship between the sum of Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration (ODBA) during dive and maximum dive depth for pelagic dives (based on the index of benthic diving behaviour, intra-depth zone; IDZ) carried out by gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua breeding at Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica during chick guard (December 2016). Details for the regression curve are given in Table S2. Figure S11. The relationship between the sum of Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration (ODBA) during dive and maximum dive depth for benthic dives (based on the index of benthic diving behaviour, intra-depth zone; IDZ) carried out by chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017). Details for the regression curve are given in Table S2. Figure S12. The relationship between the sum of Overall Dynamic Body Acceleration (ODBA) during dive and maximum dive depth for pelagic dives (based on the index of benthic diving behaviour, intra-depth zone; IDZ) carried out by chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017). Details for the regression curve are given in Table S2. Figure S13. The relationship between the number of dives per trip and the maximum distance from the colony during a foraging trip carried out by gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua breeding at Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica (chick guard; December 2016). Details for the regression curve are given in Table S3. Figure S14. The relationship between the bottom time and the event maximum depth for benthic dives (based on the index of benthic diving behaviour, intra-depth zone; IDZ) carried out by gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua breeding at Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016). Details for the regression curve are given in Table S4. Figure S15. The relationship between the bottom time and the event maximum depth for pelagic dives (based on the index of benthic diving behaviour, intra-depth zone; IDZ) carried out by gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua breeding at Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016). Details for the regression curve are given in Table S4. Figure S16. The relationship between the bottom time and the event maximum depth for benthic dives (based on the index of benthic diving behaviour, intra-depth zone; IDZ) carried out by chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017). Details for the regression curve are given in Table S4. Figure S17. The relationship between the bottom time and the event maximum depth for pelagic dives (based on the index of benthic diving behaviour, intra-depth zone; IDZ) carried out by chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017). Details for the regression curve are given in Table S4. Figure S18. Location and size of other colonies of gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua (degrees of red dots), chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus (degrees of blue dots), and Antarctic Fur Seals Arctocephalus gazella (degrees of brown dots) in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The locations and size of the Fur Seal colonies were obtained from Hucke-Gaete et al. (2004), while those from the penguin colonies were obtained from Naveen et al. (2000) and the Mapping Application for Penguin Populations and Projected Dynamics (MAPPPD) (Humphries et al. 2017) available at http://www.penguinmap.com . Size for penguins: pairs. Size for fur seals: individuals. Foraging trip coded as in Fig. 2a. Figure S19. Kernel density distribution of dive locations and bathymetry. The 50% core areas are denoted by black lines, while 95% home ranges by yellow lines. Kernel density distributions represent the places where the penguins spent most of their forging time. Data from gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016), is further coded in short (dashed lines) and long trips (solid lines). Data from chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017) is denoted by solid lines only, as no distinction between short and long trips could be found. Depth (in m) is based on data from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO; Arndt et al. 2013). Figure S20. Energy landscapes based on the bathymetry around New Island, Falkland/Malvinas Islands, and the mass-specific total cost of foraging (diving plus commuting) by gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua relative to the bottom time (in J kg− 1 s− 1), considering the different proportion of benthic and pelagic dives carried out by the penguins from the South End colony during the 2013 breeding season. For further details see Masello et al. (2017). Figure S21. Energy landscapes based on the bathymetry around New Island, Falkland/Malvinas Islands, and the mass-specific total cost of foraging (diving plus commuting) by gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua relative to the bottom time (in J kg− 1 s− 1), considering the different proportion of benthic and pelagic dives carried out by the penguins from the South End colony during the 2014 breeding season. For further details see Masello et al. (2017). Figure S22. Energy landscapes based on the bathymetry around New Island, Falkland/Malvinas Islands, and the mass-specific total cost of foraging (diving plus commuting) by gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua relative to the bottom time (in J kg− 1 s− 1), considering the different proportion of benthic and pelagic dives carried out by the penguins from the North End colony during the 2014 breeding season. For further details see Masello et al. (2017). Figure S23. Diet composition using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs). Data corresponds to gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (Dec 2016), and chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (Jan 2017). A) includes the identity of the prey consumed, while B) the ellipses and C) the convex hulls connecting similar categories. Gentoo: black dots and lines, and dark grey shade. Chinstrap: royal blue dots and lines, and royal blue shade. Figure S24. Diet composition using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs). Data corresponds to gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (Dec 2016), and chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (Jan 2017). A) includes the identity of the prey consumed, while B) the ellipses and C) the convex hulls connecting similar categories. The categories included are gentoo adults (back and dark grey), gentoo chicks (red), chinstrap adults (royal blue), and chinstrap chicks (cyan; not visible A) and C). Figure S25. Diet composition using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs). Data corresponds to gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (Dec 2016). A) includes the identity of the prey consumed, while B) the ellipses and C) the convex hulls connecting similar categories. The categories included are adults (black and dark grey) and chicks (red). Figure S26. Diet composition using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs). Data corresponds to chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (Jan 2017). A) includes the identity of the prey consumed, while B) the ellipses and C) the convex hulls connecting similar categories. The categories included are adults (royal blue) and chicks (cyan). Figure S27. Boxplot of the ratio of two types of leucocytes, the heterophils and lymphocytes (H/L ratio), belonging to chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (Jan 2017), and gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (Dec 2016). Boxplots include medians, whiskers indicating variability outside the upper and lower quartiles, and outliers (circles). Figure S28. Dive depth of pelagic dives corresponding to gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at New Island (Falkland/Malvinas Islands), during chick guard (December) in 2013 and 2014, gentoo penguins breeding at Devils Point, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (December 2016), and chinstrap penguins Pygoscelis antarcticus breeding at Vapour Col rookery, Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, during chick guard (January 2017). Figure S29. Standardised abundance of the Antarctic Krill Euphausia superba obtained from the KRILLBASE (Atkinson et al. 2017) for the sector between 60 and 65°S and 55–65°W (A), and Antarctic Krill catches for the CCAMLR Area 48 (B). Additional Methods, Molecular analysis of the diet. Additional References