Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Creators: name: Estep, Kara
name: Petzold, Max
name: Negoi, Ionut
name: Horino, Masako
name: Wiysonge, Charles Shey
name: Agrawal, Anurag
name: Takala, Jukka S.
name: Irenso, Asnake Ararsa
name: Malekzadeh, Reza
name: Panda, Basant Kumar
name: Farzadfar, Farshad
name: Nichols, Emma
name: Hoy, Damian G.
name: Mehata, Suresh
name: Maddison, Emilie R.
name: Tsoi, Derrick
name: Awasthi, Ashish
name: Asayesh, Hamid
name: Montico, Marcella
name: Jeemon, Panniyammakal
name: Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh
name: Criqui, Michael H.
name: Pakhale, Smita
name: Vasankari, Tommi
name: Ermakov, Sergey P.
name: Yotebieng, Marcel
name: Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz
name: Degenhardt, Louisa
name: Dey, Subhojit
name: Gupta, Tanush
name: Nachega, Jean B.
name: Millear, Anoushka
name: Andrei, Catalina Liliana
name: Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa
name: Fullman, Nancy
name: Tortajada, Miguel
name: Paulson, Katherine
name: Leigh, James
name: Kumar, Pushpendra
name: Santos, Itamar S.
name: Karimi, Seyed M.
name: Shirude, Shreya
name: Ding, Eric L.
name: Roth, Gregory A.
name: Sheikhbahaei, Sara
name: Mahesh, 
name: Hafezi-Nejad, Nima
name: Musa, Kamarul Imran
name: Majeed, Azeem
name: Bekele, Bayu Begashaw
name: Updike, Rachel
name: Jayaraman, Sudha P.
name: Kassaw, Nigussie Assefa
name: Skiadaresi, Eirini
name: Postma, Maarten J.
name: Nangia, Vinay
name: Henry, Nathaniel J.
name: Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar
name: Van Boven, Job F.M.
name: Dandona, Rakhi
name: Atey, Tesfay Mehari
name: Stokes, Mark Andrew
name: Dandona, Lalit
name: Beuran, Mircea
name: Logroscino, Giancarlo
name: Lotufo, Paulo A.
name: Troeger, Christopher
name: Cowie, Benjamin C.
name: Arora, Megha
name: Campuzano, Julio Cesar
name: Topor-Madry, Roman
name: Salama, Joseph
name: Murray, Christopher J.L.
name: Ciobanu, Liliana G.
name: Liu, Yang
name: Molokhia, Mariam
name: Wallin, Mitchell T.
name: Kivimaki, Mika
name: Rehm, Jürgen
name: Gold, Audra L.
name: Shaikh, Masood Ali
name: Echko, Michelle
name: Taveira, Nuno
name: Meier, Toni
name: Alam, Khurshid
name: Gillum, Richard F.
name: Roshandel, Gholamreza
name: Andersen, Hjalte H.
name: Bensenor, Isabela M.
name: Mountjoy-Venning, Clif
name: Papachristou, Christina
name: Barboza, Miguel A.
name: Singh, Abhishek
name: Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel
name: Hankey, Graeme J.
name: Giref, Ababi Zergaw
name: Sartorius, Benn
name: Koyanagi, Ai
name: Ong, Kanyin
name: Opio, John Nelson
name: Deiparine, Selina
name: Mohammadi, Alireza
name: Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash
name: Bumgarner, Blair R.
name: Perez-Ruiz, Fernando
name: Lozano, Rafael
name: McGaughey, Madeline
name: Charlson, Fiona J.
name: Kim, Daniel
name: Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun
name: Subart, Michelle
name: Morozof, Chloe
name: Mengesha, Melkamu Merid
name: Undurraga, Eduardo A.
name: Javanbakht, Mehdi
name: Temsah, Mohamad-Hani
name: Mooney, Meghan D.
name: Kemmer, Laura
name: Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul
name: Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe
name: Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio
name: Fischer, Florian
name: Plass, Dietrich
name: Cirillo, Massimo
name: Kosen, Soewarta
name: Zaidi, Zoubida
name: Catalá-López, Ferrán
name: Okoro, Anselm
name: Salomon, Joshua A.
name: Ikeda, Chad
name: Liu, Patrick Y.
name: Yaseri, Mehdi
name: Wang, Yuan-Pang
name: Gesesew, Hailay Abrha
name: Sahathevan, Ramesh
name: Aboyans, Victor
name: He, Fei
name: Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan
name: Car, Josip
name: Carter, Austin
name: Gebregergs, Gebremedhin Berhe
name: Cárdenas, Rosario
name: Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed
name: Natarajan, Gopalakrishnan
name: Ogbo, Felix Akpojene
name: Majdzadeh, Reza
name: Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A.
name: Barker-Collo, Suzanne L.
name: Kinfu, Yohannes
name: Davletov, Kairat
name: Asgedom, Solomon W.
name: Xiao, Qingyang
name: Kassebaum, Nicholas J.
name: Aiyar, Sneha
name: Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores
name: Radfar, Amir
name: Yaghoubi, Mohsen
name: Havmoeller, Rasmus
name: Shiri, Rahman
name: Sadat, Nafs
name: Thompson, Alex H.
name: Zhang, Xueying
name: Pereira, David M.
name: Dicker, Daniel
name: Jahanmehr, Nader
name: Jacobsen, Kathryn H.
name: Silpakit, Naris
name: Filip, Irina
name: Ma, Stefan
name: Markos, Desalegn
name: Carrero, Juan Jesus
name: Hareri, Habtamu Abera
name: Westerman, Ronny
name: Strub, Bryan
name: Gakidou, Emmanuela
name: Sorensen, Reed J.D.
name: Nong, Vuong Minh
name: Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew
name: Geleijnse, Johanna M.
name: Shi, Peilin
name: Smith, David L.
name: Kimokoti, Ruth W.
name: Smith, Alison
name: Malta, Deborah Carvalho
name: Faro, André
name: Weiss, Daniel J.
name: Lan, Qing
name: Ahmed, Muktar Beshir
name: Ellingsen, Christian Lycke
name: Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh
name: Avila-Burgos, Leticia
name: Barrero, Lope H.
name: Gething, Peter W.
name: Colombara, Danny
name: Johnson, Catherine O.
name: Barquera, Simon
name: Alkaabi, Juma M.
name: Deribew, Amare
name: Godwin, William W.
name: Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne
name: Zodpey, Sanjay
name: Bell, Michelle L.
name: Ärnlöv, Johan
name: Hammami, Mouhanad
name: Malhotra, Rajesh
name: Dargan, Paul I.
name: Ammar, Walid
name: Santomauro, Damian
name: Bedi, Neeraj
name: Meretoja, Atte
name: Bennett, James R.
name: Baune, Bernhard T.
name: Alam, Noore
name: Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi
name: Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.
name: El-Khatib, Ziad Ziad
name: Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
name: Beghi, Ettore
name: Adetokunboh, Olatunji
name: Douwes-Schultz, Dirk
name: Furtado, Joao M.
name: Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana
name: Fitzmaurice, Christina
name: Lim, Stephen S.
name: Kulikof, Xie Rachel
name: Finegold, Samuel
name: Lorkowski, Stefan
name: Naldi, Luigi
name: Kissoon, Niranjan
name: Remuzzi, Giuseppe
name: Bikbov, Boris
name: Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile
name: Steinke, Sabine
name: Naheed, Aliya
name: Shrime, Mark G.
name: Betsu, Balem Demtsu
name: Mapoma, Chabila C.
name: Schmidt, Maria Inês
name: Manyazewal, Tsegahun
name: Barac, Aleksandra
name: Amoako, Yaw Ampem
name: Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu
name: Frank, Tahvi
name: Kasaeian, Amir
name: Memish, Ziad A.
name: Milicevic, Milena M. Santric
name: Swaminathan, Soumya
name: Weintraub, Robert G.
name: Sharma, Jayendra
name: Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein
name: Gupta, Rajeev
name: Hay, Simon I.
name: Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne
name: Fraser, Maya
name: Leung, Janni
name: Fernandes, João C
name: Purcell, Caroline
name: Enayati, Ahmadali
name: Perico, Norberto
name: Wakayo, Tolassa
name: Keiyoro, Peter Njenga
name: John, Denny
name: Cameron, Ewan
name: Strong, Mark
name: Satpathy, Maheswar
name: Sanabria, Juan Ramon
name: Schutte, Aletta E.
name: Alam, Tahiya
name: Whiteford, Harvey A.
name: Rahman, Mahfuzar
name: Rafay, Anwar
name: Lambert, Tea Lallukka Nkurunziza
name: Djalalinia, Shirin
name: Hoek, Hans W.
name: Esteghamati, Alireza
name: Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin
name: Thrift, Amanda G.
name: Kawakami, Norito
name: Vos, Theo
name: El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa
name: Fürst, Thomas
name: Jha, Vivekanand
name: Rokni, Mohammad Bagher
name: Nasher, Jamal T.
name: Gebremichael, Delelegn Yilma
name: Muller, Kate
name: Kyu, Hmwe H.
name: Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam
name: Sharma, Rajesh
name: Sur, Patrick J.
name: Manguerra, Helena
name: Soneji, Samir
name: Lee, Paul H.
name: Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich
name: Mruts, Kalayu Birhane
name: Lalloo, Ratilal
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name: Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza
name: Pervaiz, Aslam
name: Osman, Majdi
name: Pletcher, Martin A.
name: Genova-Maleras, Ricard
name: Sufyan, Muawiyyah Babale
name: Liu, Angela
name: Erskine, Holly E.
name: Knudsen, Ann Kristin
name: Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B.
name: Defo, Barthelemy Kuate
name: Ansari, Hossein
name: Anwari, Palwasha
name: Cooper, Cyrus
name: Gupta, Vipin
name: Morawska, Lidia
name: Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi
name: Lal, Dharmesh Kumar
name: Martinez-Raga, Jose
name: Schneider, Ione J.C.
name: Sagar, Rajesh
name: Androudi, Sofa
name: Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto
name: Khubchandani, Jagdish
name: Gopalani, Sameer Vali
name: Alene, Kefyalew Addis
name: Tuzcu, Emin Murat
name: Srinivasan, Vinay
name: Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy
name: Bourne, Rupert R.A.
name: Weiderpass, Elisabete
name: Pigott, David M.
name: Horita, Nobuyuki
name: Abbas, Kaja M.
name: Karimkhani, Chante
name: Goldberg, Ellen M.
name: Nascimento, Bruno Ramos
name: Menota, Bereket Gebremichael
name: Altirkawi, Khalid A.
name: Kappe, Darya Li
name: Ray, Sarah E.
name: Flaxman, Abraham D.
name: Alsharif, Ubai
name: Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
name: Bisanzio, Donal
name: Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola
name: Shahraz, Saeid
name: Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku
name: Schwebel, David C.
name: Jonas, Songhomitra
name: Das Neves, José
name: Abd-Allah, Foad
name: Goulart, Alessandra Carvalho
name: Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar
name: Sligar, Amber
name: Shiue, Ivy
name: Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese
name: Harb, Hilda L.
name: Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa
name: Ruhago, George Mugambage
name: Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw
name: Alla, François
name: Reiner, Robert C.
name: Kievlan, Daniel
name: Marczak, Laurie B.
name: Sepanlou, Sadaf G.
name: De Courten, Barbora
name: Qorbani, Mostafa
name: Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome
name: Karch, André
name: Salamati, Payman
name: Safiri, Saeid
name: Whetter, Brian
name: Takahashi, Ken
name: Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad
name: Kim, Yun Jin
name: Rai, Rajesh Kumar
name: Wijeratne, Tissa
name: Levi, Miriam
name: Saadat, Soheil
name: Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas
name: Hostiuc, Sorin
name: Zipkin, Ben
name: Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala
name: Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero
name: Gona, Philimon N.
name: Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini
name: Wolfe, Charles D.A.
name: Ronfani, Luca
name: Abbafati, Cristiana
name: Ali, Syed Danish
name: Xu, Gelin
name: McAlinden, Colm
name: Stathopoulou, Vasiliki
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name: Liang, Xiaofeng
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name: Shigematsu, Mika
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name: Patten, Scott B.
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name: Nguyen, Cuong Tat
name: Meretoja, Tuomo J.
name: Shey, Muki
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name: Allebeck, Peter
name: Younis, Mustafa Z.
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name: Uthman, Olalekan A.
name: Jürisson, Mikk
name: Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy
name: Ota, Erika
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name: Cohen, Aaron J.
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name: Herteliu, Claudiu
name: Thomas, Katie E.
name: Hamidi, Samer
name: Martopullo, Ira
name: Yonemoto, Naohiro
name: Doku, David Teye
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name: Rankin, Zane
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name: Casey, Daniel C.
name: Gupta, Prakash C.
name: Alkerwi, Ala'a
name: Alahdab, Fares
name: Berhane, Adugnaw
name: Larsson, Anders
name: Iburg, Kim Moesgaard
name: Foigt, Nataliya
name: Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.
name: Xavier, Denis
name: Barregard, Lars
name: Woldeyes, Belete Getahun
name: Workicho, Abdulhalik
name: Giussani, Giorgia
name: Koul, Parvaiz A.
name: Al-Eyadhy, Ayman
name: Talongwa, Roberto Tchio
name: Soriano, Joan B.
name: Oh, In-Hwan
name: Werdecker, Andrea
name: Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L
name: Griswold, Max
name: Tyrovolas, Stefanos
name: Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad
name: Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa
name: Dubey, Manisha
name: Sachdev, Perminder S.
name: Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael
name: Safdarian, Mahdi
name: Rao, Puja C.
name: Kahsay, Amaha
name: Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
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name: Monasta, Lorenzo
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name: Truelsen, Thomas
name: Saf, Sare
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name: Liben, Misgan Legesse
name: Shamsipour, Mansour
name: Aichour, Amani Nidhal
name: Yoon, Seok-Jun
name: Béjot, Yannick
name: Huynh, Chantal
name: Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman
name: Khan, Ejaz Ahmad
name: Lopez, Alan D.
name: Thamsuwan, Ornwipa
name: Sunguya, Bruno F.
name: Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine
name: Pourmalek, Farshad
name: Paudel, Deepak
name: Miller, Ted R.
name: Davitoiu, Dragos V.
name: Lucas, Timothy C.D.
name: Rezaei, Satar
name: Minnig, Shawn
name: Driscoll, Tim R.
name: Balakrishnan, Kalpana
name: Thakur, 
name: Lodha, Rakesh
name: Hosgood, H. Dean
name: Schulhofer-Wohl, Sam
name: Kamal, Ritul
name: Khader, Yousef Saleh
name: Rawaf, Salman
name: Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter
name: Bernabé, Eduardo
name: Mola, Glen Liddell D.
name: Stein, Dan J.
name: Bhatt, Samir
name: Steel, Nicholas
name: Smith, Mari
name: Rizwan, 
name: Bacha, Umar
name: Park, Eun-Kee
name: Hernandez, Julio C. Montañez
name: Woodbrook, Rachel
name: McGrath, John J.
name: Stanaway, Jefrey D.
name: Afshin, Ashkan
name: Sa Farinha, Carla Sofae
name: Butt, Zahid A.
name: Lansingh, Van C.
name: Misganaw, Awoke
name: Mishra, Shiva Raj
name: Kopec, Jacek A.
name: Aichour, Ibtihel
name: Zhang, Anthony Lin
name: Nguyen, Grant
name: Thomson, Alan J.
name: Breitborde, Nicholas J.K.
name: Khang, Young-Ho
name: Olsen, Helen E.
name: Feigin, Valery L.
name: Silva, João Pedro
name: Amare, Azmeraw T.
name: Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G. Arthur
name: Kutz, Michael
name: Babalola, Tesleem Kayode
name: Mokdad, Ali H.
name: Giroud, Maurice
name: Singh, Jasvinder A.
name: Duncan, Bruce Bartholow
name: Violante, Francesco S.
name: Chitheer, Abdulaal A.
name: Johnson, Sarah Charlotte
name: Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde
name: Mollenkopf, Sarah K.
name: Reitsma, Marissa B.
name: Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora
name: Allen, Christine
name: Samy, Abdallah M.
name: Majdan, Marek
name: Mensah, George A.
name: Mohammed, Shafu
name: Ahmadi, Alireza
name: Khoja, Abdullah Tawfh Abdullah
name: Eskandarieh, Sharareh
name: Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King
name: Do, Huyen Phuc
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2017

description: BACKGROUND: Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends.

METHODS: We estimated cause-specific deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specific causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016.

FINDINGS: The quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71·2-73·2) of deaths in 2016 with 19·3% (18·5-20·4) of deaths in that year occurring from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases and a further 8·43% (8·00-8·67) from injuries. Although age-standardised rates of death from NCDs decreased globally between 2006 and 2016, total numbers of these deaths increased; both numbers and age-standardised rates of death from CMNN causes decreased in the decade 2006-16-age-standardised rates of deaths from injuries decreased but total numbers varied little. In 2016, the three leading global causes of death in children under-5 were lower respiratory infections, neonatal preterm birth complications, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma, combined resulting in 1·80 million deaths (95% UI 1·59 million to 1·89 million). Between 1990 and 2016, a profound shift toward deaths at older ages occurred with a 178% (95% UI 176-181) increase in deaths in ages 90-94 years and a 210% (208-212) increase in deaths older than age 95 years. The ten leading causes by rates of age-standardised YLL significantly decreased from 2006 to 2016 (median annualised rate of change was a decrease of 2·89%); the median annualised rate of change for all other causes was lower (a decrease of 1·59%) during the same interval. Globally, the five leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; neoplasms; neonatal disorders; and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. At a finer level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of total YLLs in 113 countries for men and 97 countries for women. Comparisons of observed levels of YLLs by countries, relative to the level of YLLs expected on the basis of SDI alone, highlighted distinct regional patterns including the greater than expected level of YLLs from malaria and from HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa; diabetes mellitus, especially in Oceania; interpersonal violence, notably within Latin America and the Caribbean; and cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, particularly in eastern and central Europe. The level of YLLs from ischaemic heart disease was less than expected in 117 of 195 locations