cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Dysidea variabilis Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864
Creators: name: Ugalde, Diana
name: Gómez, Patricia
name: Simões, Nuno
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Dysideidae
Dysidea
Dysidea variabilis

description: Dysidea variabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
(Fig. 20 C–D; 22D)
Selected synonymy: Amphimedon variabilis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864:80. Dysidea variabilis; Wiedenmayer 1977:146; van Soest 1978:52.
Material examined. CNPGG –1217, CNPGG –1405 Alacranes reef (22º23’42.7”N, 89º42’20”W) depth 9 m, 1/ VIII/2009. CNPGG –1289 Alacranes reef (22º23’12.89”N, 89º40’44.72”W) depth 18 m, 13/XII/2011.
Description. It is a massive-globular sponge with several lobes of different sizes scattered over entire sponge (Fig. 22 D). Lobules collapse when the sponge is out of the water. Overall size 10 cm high, 8.7 cm in width. Enveloped by a white ectosomal veil, and covered by a lot of sediment when alive. Oscules only on top of the sponge, 0.5–1.5 cm in diameter, surrounded by a thin and delicate membrane, which collapses in alcohol (Fig. 20 C). The conules are not obvious under water but displayed when the sponge is out of the water; 1–4 mm in height. The consistency is compressible but crumbly. The color is light orange when alive, beige in alcohol.
Skeleton. The ectosome consists of a dense and irregular reticulation of fibres containing foreign material like sand and spicules. The choanosomal skeleton is made up by fibres 45–85 µm in diameter, stuffed with sand and spicules; it forms rectangular meshes (Fig. 20 D), 120–170 µm in width.
Distribution and ecology. St. Thomas (Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864); Florida (de Laubenfels 1936). The specimens were collected in coral reef environments, associated with dead coral, gorgonians and sponges, such as A plysina fistularis and A. cauliformis, between 9 and 18 m depth. This is the first record of the species in Mexico and the southern Gulf of Mexico.
Remarks. Dysidea variabilis was originally recorded red in color when alive (Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864). Nevertheless, two colors have to be taken into account for the present species, the originally red and the orange color cited by de Laubenfels (1936), van Soest (1978), and the one described here. Rützler et al. (2009) register this species within the waters of the GMx, and attribute such information to de Laubenfels (1953). However, de Laubenfels does not mention this species in its work of 1953.
description: Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Gómez, Patricia & Simões, Nuno, 2015, Marine sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Gulf of México, new records and redescription of Erylus trisphaerus (de Laubenfels, 1953), pp. 151-183 in Zootaxa 3911 (2) on pages 177-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/238815
Chelonaplysilla erecta Tsurnamal 1967
Creators: name: Ugalde, Diana
name: Gómez, Patricia
name: Simões, Nuno
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dendroceratida
Darwinellidae
Chelonaplysilla
Chelonaplysilla erecta

description: Chelonaplysilla aff. erecta Tsurnamal, 1967
(Fig. 21 A–C)
Selected synonymy: Chelonaplysilla erecta Tsurnamal, 1967:96; van Soest 1978:71.
Material examined. CNPGG –1413 Alacranes reef (22°23’42.7”N, 89°42’20”W) depth 5 m, 01/VIII/2009.
Description. Thinly encrusting a dead coral, 1 to 7 mm thick (Fig. 21 A). The sponge surface is strongly conulose, with long and acute conules 1–3 mm apart, 1–2 mm high, and reinforced by a neat reticulation of sand grains embedded in a very thin ectosome in which pores are included. It is of black color in life and deep purple in alcohol, leaving a reddish-purple exudate in alcohol.
Skeleton. The ectosomal skeleton is a delicate, rounded network composed of sand grains embedded in tracts, 16–50 µm thick, arranged in a regular mesh pattern 160–270 µm wide (Fig. 21 B). The choanosomal skeleton consists of dendritic fibres, 60–140 µm in width (Fig. 21 C), of the same color as the exudate; these appear to be pithed but the sheathed fibres typical of the family produce this effect (van Soest 1978).
Distribution and ecology. Curaçao, Puerto Rico (van Soest 1978) and eastern Mediterranean (Tsurnamal 1967); probably Brazil (Hajdu et al. 2011). This is the first record for the Gulf of Mexico and Mexican coast.
Remarks. Specimens assigned to Chelonaplysilla erecta from the western Atlantic awaits thorough revision, due to the difficulty to discern C. erecta, from eastern Mediterranean (Tsurnamal 1967) from another form found in the Red Sea (Row 1911, as Megalopastas erectus). These two homonym names need to be reviewed to determine if they represent the same or different species. For the moment, only one undisputed Chelonaplysilla species has been reported in the western Atlantic, viz. C. betinensis Zea & van Soest 1986. Specimens recorded in Cuba lack the ectosomal fiber network composed of sand grains (Alcolado 2002), which is a characteristic feature of Chelonaplysilla cf erecta, most probably because they were collected from mangrove roots close to the sea surface.
description: Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Gómez, Patricia & Simões, Nuno, 2015, Marine sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Gulf of México, new records and redescription of Erylus trisphaerus (de Laubenfels, 1953), pp. 151-183 in Zootaxa 3911 (2) on page 178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/238815
Argathona confine Hale 1925
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona confine

description: 1. Argathona confine Hale, 1925.
Albany Passage, Queensland, Australia; ‘taken in a Comatula ’; 0–30 metres. Supplementary figures given by Delaney (1989, figure 9).
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 493, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona crenulata Bruce 1982
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona crenulata

description: 2. Argathona crenulata Bruce, 1982b.
A small species (up to 7.5 mm) with dorsal nodules on the posterior pereonites and pleon. Known from Halifax Bay, Townsville, Queensland; depth of 8 meters.
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 493, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona hirsuta Hobbins & Jones 1993
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona hirsuta

description: 3. Argathona hirsuta Hobbins & Jones, 1993.
Central Red Sea; 731–760 metres. The only relatively deepwater species in the genus.
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 493, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona japonica Shiino 1961
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona japonica

description: 4. Argathona japonica Shiino, 1961.
Okinoyama, Japan; 85–95 metres. Although Shino (1961) included Richardson (1910) in the references there is no text reference to that publication, nor was there a direct comparison of A. japonica to Argathona setosa Richardson, 1910. The general setosity and specifically the falcate shape of the uropodal endopod agrees with that of A. setosa, and the possibility must be considered that the two species are the same.
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 493, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona kulai
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona kulai

description: 5. Argathona kulai (Bruce, 1982c).
Subtidal; Perth region, Western Australia, Gulf of Carpentaria, and Great Barrier Reef, Queensland (Anil et al. 2022); recorded at depths of 110 to 150 metres. The species was recently transferred from the genus Corallana Dana, 1853 by Anil et al. (2022).
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 493, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona macronema
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona macronema

description: 6. Argathona macronema (Bleeker, 1857).
Java Sea (Bleeker, 1857). In need of redescription. This is a relatively much-recorded species—see species account below.
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 493, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona muraena Bal & Joshi 1959
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona muraena

description: 7. Argathona muraena Bal & Joshi, 1959.
In need of redescription. The whereabouts of the type material is unknown [not stated by Bal & Joshi (1959)]. The generic status is uncertain as the pereopods are similar to those of Alcirona, while the mouthparts correspond with that of Argathona. Recorded from Muraena tessellata [now Gymnothorax favagineus Block & Schneider] Muraenidae; Bombay, India.
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 493, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona normani Stebbing 1905
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona normani

description: 8. Argathona normani Stebbing, 1905.
Type species. Sri Lanka; 55 metres; also, India (Barnard, 1936).
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 494, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona parca Hale 1940
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona parca

description: 9. Argathona parca Hale, 1940.
A smooth-bodied species with a relatively long and slender frontal lamina. Known only ‘from eye of Queensland Groper’ [= grouper, Serranidae], Humocky Island [north of Gladstone], Queensland.
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 494, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona rhinoceros
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona rhinoceros

description: 10. Argathona rhinoceros (Bleeker, 1857).
See present account; largely parasitic on fish, particularly the family Serranidae; recorded from India to eastern Australia; 1–90 metres.
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 494, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona rostrata Bruce 1982
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona rostrata

description: 11. Argathona rostrata Bruce, 1982b.
Southern and northern Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, from sponges, 8–11 metres; also, Motupore Island, Papua New Guinea, from sponges (Bruce, 1982a). This species has a prominent truncate rostrum.
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 494, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona setosa Richardson 1910
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona setosa

description: 12. Argathona setosa Richardson, 1910.
Linao Point, 7°02′00″N, 125°37′45″E, Philippines at a depth of 38 metres; in need of redescription.
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 494, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona stebbingi Nierstrasz 1931
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona stebbingi

description: 13. Argathona stebbingi Nierstrasz, 1931.
Laiwui, Bisai Island; east of Pulau Obi, North Maluku, Indonesia. The pereopod and maxillule morphology is typical of Alcirona; while the setosity and uropodal exopod shape are closely similar to that of Argathona setosa Richardson, 1910. A redescription is needed to determine the generic and species status of this species.
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 494, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona sulcata Richardson 1910
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona sulcata

description: 14. Argathona sulcata Richardson, 1910.
East coast of Luzon, Legaspi Light, at a depth of 267 metres, Philippines. Pleotelson dorsal surface with four longitudinal carinae.
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on page 494, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Argathona rhinoceros
Creators: name: Bruce, Niel L.
name: Wong, Helen P. - S.
name: Merrin, Kelly L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Corallanidae
Argathona
Argathona rhinoceros

description: Argathona rhinoceros (Bleeker, 1857)
Restricted synonymy:
Argathona rhinoceros. — Monod, 1976: 853, fig. 1–4.— Bruce, 1982b: 14, fig. 1.— Delaney, 1989: 17, figs 1B, 7, 8.
Argathona rhinocerous. — Anil, Das and Jayaraj, 2018: 297, figs 2–4 [lapsus].
Argathona cf. rhinoceros. — Bruce & Wong, 2015: 160.
Material examined: Female (non-ovig. 15.4 mm), Lazarus Island, 01°13.317′N, 103°51.170′E, 23 May 2013, SCUBA, from Blue-ring Angelfish Pomacanthus annularis, depth, 16.2 m, stn SD 45, SS-0828, coll. Heok Hui Tan & party (ZRC.2022.0014). Female (non-ovig. 13.8 mm), Cyrene Reef, 01°15.374′N, 103°44.816′E, 27 May 2013, hand collected, intertidal, tide at 0.2-1.2 m, stn. IT86, SS-1917, coll. Lee Yen-Ling & party (ZRC.2022.0015). Imm. (c. 13 mm), Kusu Island, 01°13.274′N, 103°51.659′E, 03 Jun 2013, SCUBA, hand collected, depth 19.1 m, stn. SD166, SS-4217, coll. Heok Hui Tan & party (ZRC.2022.0016).
Remarks: Argathona rhinoceros can be recognised by the smooth body surface and prominent rounded rostrum (Monod 1976: 854, figs. 1, 2). This species has been widely reported from fish, primarily groupers. The specimens here were taken from the Blue-ringed Angelfish, Pomacanthus annularis (Bloch). The strong association with fish may be connected to the smooth body surfaces shown by this species, in contrast to many other species in the genus. Photos of this species can be seen at the website “The Biodiversity of Singapore ” at the following link: https://singapore.biodiversity.online/ species/A-Arth-Crus-Isopoda-000098
Fish hosts are Pomacanthus annularis (present work); Lutjanus sp. (as Emperor) (Bruce 1982b); Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Scneider), Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål), Epinephelus chlorostigma (Valenciennes), Variola louti (Forsskål), Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepède) (all from Delaney, 1989).
description: Published as part of Bruce, Niel L., Wong, Helen P. - S. & Merrin, Kelly L., 2022, The genus Argathona Stebbing, 1905 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Corallanidae) in Singapore marine waters, with description of two new species, pp. 492-510 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 70 on pages 505-506, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2022-0027, http://zenodo.org/record/7399856
Araujia brachystephana Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Araujia
Araujia brachystephana

description: Araujia brachystephana (Griseb.) Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Basionym: Morrenia brachystephana Grisebach (1874: 205). Type: ARGENTINA. Córdoba: near San Francisco, February 1871, P. Lorentz 157 [flowering specimen] (lectotype (designated by Goyder 2003) GOET!, duplicates K! [2 sheets], LIL!).
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Araujia hassleriana Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Araujia
Araujia hassleriana

description: Araujia hassleriana (Malme) Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Basionym: Morrenia hassleriana Malme (1909a: 346). Type: PARAGUAY. In saxosis prope Concepción, 14 January 1908, E. Hassler 10803 (lectotype (here designated) G-barcode G00084459!, duplicate S!).
Note:— Since the species was described in honour of E. Hassler, we opted to choose the material collected by him as the lectotype of this name. In addition, there is some question about the second syntype: it was cited as Fiebrig 1404 in the protologue, but the specimen at G is clearly labelled as Fiebrig 1484.
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Araujia herzogii Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Araujia
Araujia herzogii

description: Araujia herzogii (Schltr.) Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Basionym: Morrenia herzogii Schlechter (1914: 440). Type: ARGENTINA. Salta: between Embarcación & Miraflores,
October 1910, T. Herzog 1049 (lectotype (here designated) W!, duplicates F!, G!, L!, S!).
Note:— Since the holotype at B was destroyed, we here designate the isotype at W as the lectotype of this name.
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Araujia odorata Fontella & Goyder 2011, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Araujia
Araujia odorata

description: Araujia odorata (Hook. & Arn.) Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Basionym: Cynanchum odoratum Hooker & Arnott (1834: 294). Type: ARGENTINA. ‘ Old dykes near Buenos Aires’, no date, J. Tweedie s.n. (holotype K!, possible isotypes BM!, K!).
= Morrenia intermedia Meyer (1950: 51). Type: ARGENTINA. San Luis: Pedra Blanca, Departamento Junín, 12 February 1948, T. Meyer 13845 (lectotype (here designated) LIL-barcode LIL001169!). Synon. nov.
Note:— Goyder (2003: 716) suggested M. intermedia might be a hybrid between M. odorata and M. brachystephana, based on the comments made by Meyer (1950). However, he had at the time not seen the type. Having now examined type material at LIL, we are able to resolve the identity of this plant. There are two sheets with the number Meyer 13845 housed at LIL, one with a flowering specimen, which matches the description of M. odorata, and a fruiting specimen, which does not. We have chosen the sheet with the flowering specimen as lectotype to fix the application of this name.
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Araujia scalae Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Araujia
Araujia scalae

description: Araujia scalae (Hicken) Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Basionym: Oxypetalum scalae Hicken (1918: 306). Type: ARGENTINA. Río Negro: Departamento Adolfo Alsina, Rincón del Palo, January 1916, A. Scala 10 (holotype SI!, isotypes F!, K!, LIL!, NY!).
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Araujia stuckertiana Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Araujia
Araujia stuckertiana

description: Araujia stuckertiana (Heger) Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Basionym: Choristigma stuckertianum Heger (1897: 443). Type: ARGENTINA. Córdoba: Altos Sur, near Chalet Crysol, 21 December 1896, F. Kurtz 9267 (lectotype (designated by Goyder 2003) S!, duplicate CORD n.v.).
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Araujia stuckertiana subsp. grandiflora Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Araujia
Araujia stuckertiana
Araujia stuckertiana subsp. grandiflora (malme) fontella & goyder

description: Araujia stuckertiana subsp. grandiflora (Malme) Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Basionym: Morrenia grandiflora Malme (1909b: 21). [non Araujia grandiflora (Martius in Martius & Zuccarini 1824: 57) Morong in Morong & Britton (1893: 161)]. Type: BOLIVIA. Tarija: Gran Chaco, Canto del Monte near Pilcomayo, R. Fries 1581 (holotype S!).
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Araujia variegata Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Araujia
Araujia variegata

description: Araujia variegata (Griseb.) Fontella & Goyder, comb. nov.
Basionym: Oxypetalum variegatum Grisebach (1879: 230). Type: ARGENTINA. Salta: 'ad fl. Juramento', February 1873, P. Lorentz & G. Hieronymus 320 (holotype GOET!)
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Oxypetalum fiebrigii Goyder & Rapini, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Oxypetalum
Oxypetalum fiebrigii

description: Oxypetalum fiebrigii (Malme) Goyder & Rapini, comb. nov.
Basionym: Schistogyne fiebrigii Malme (1933: 14; f. 1a). Type: BOLIVIA. Tarija: San Luis, 24 January 1904, K. Fiebrig 2669 (holotype S!, isotypes B destroyed, BM!, K!, US!).
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Oxypetalum heptalobum Goyder & Rapini 2011, nom. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Oxypetalum
Oxypetalum heptalobum

description: Oxypetalum heptalobum Goyder & Rapini, nom. nov.
Basionym: Schistogyne boliviensis Schlechter (1914: 442), [non Oxypetalum boliviense Schlechter (1906: 602)]. Type: BOLIVIA. “Windend im Gebüsch an der Waldgrenze bei Tres Cruces”, February 1911, T. Herzog 1630 (lectotype (here designated) L!, duplicate F!].
Note:—The lectotype is designated here because the holotype at B was destroyed. Etymology:—The 7-lobed appendage of the gynostegium was used to recognise Schistogyne; however, this is the only Bolivian species that presents this characteristic, which is why we chose this epithet.
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Oxypetalum karstenianum Goyder & Rapini 2011, nom. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Oxypetalum
Oxypetalum karstenianum

description: Oxypetalum karstenianum Goyder & Rapini, nom. nov.
Basionym: Schistogyne decaisneana Karsten (1866: 121), (non Oxypetalum decaisneanum Meyer 1951: 361). Type:
BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: no locality, no date, A. Isabelle s.n. (holotype P!).
Etymology:—The new name of this species honours C. W. Herman Karsten who recognised it as distinct from the rest of the material identified by Decaisne (1844) as Schistogyne sylvestris.
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Oxypetalum longipedunculatum Goyder & Rapini, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Oxypetalum
Oxypetalum longipedunculatum

description: Oxypetalum longipedunculatum (Malme) Goyder & Rapini, comb. nov.
Basionym: Schistogyne longipedunculata Malme (1933: 11; f. 1c, 2c). Type: ARGENTINA. Salta: Candelaria, Cerro del Chorrillo, 27 April 1925, S. Venturi 3780 (Lectotype (here designated) S!, duplicates LIL!, MO!, SI!, US!). Paratype: ARGENTINA. Tucuman: Parque Centenario, 15 January 1928, S. Venturi 5733 (MO!, S!).
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Oxypetalum pentasetum Goyder & Rapini 2011, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Oxypetalum
Oxypetalum pentasetum

description: Oxypetalum pentasetum (Rusby) Goyder & Rapini, comb. nov.
Basionym: Schistogyne pentaseta Rusby (1920: 98). Type: BOLIVIA. La Paz: Yungas, no date, M. Bang s.n. (holotype NY!).
= Schistogyne mandonii Malme (1933: 12; f. 1e, 2b). Type: BOLIVIA. Larecaja: near Sorata mountain, Cerro Iminapi, February–April 1859, G. Mandon 358 (holotype S!, isotypes BM!, F!, K!, P!, W!). Synon. nov.
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Oxypetalum pubescens Goyder & Rapini, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Oxypetalum
Oxypetalum pubescens

description: Oxypetalum pubescens (Malme) Goyder & Rapini, comb. nov.
Basionym: Schistogyne pubescens Malme (1933: 10; f. 1d, 2d). Type: ARGENTINA. Catamarca: Sierra de la Huerte, F. Schickendantz s.n. (holotype S!).
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Oxypetalum sylvestre Goyder & Rapini, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Oxypetalum
Oxypetalum sylvestre

description: Oxypetalum sylvestre (Hook. & Arn.) Goyder & Rapini, comb. nov.
Basionym: Schistogyne sylvestris Hooker & Arnott (1834: 292). Type: “Banda Orientale”, no date, J. Baird s.n. (lectotype (here designated) K!). Paratypes: ARGENTINA. Entre Rios: no locality, no date, J. Tweedie 219 (K!). URUGUAY. Without locality, no date, J. Tweedie s.n. (K!).
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Oxypetalum tucumanense Goyder & Rapini, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Oxypetalum
Oxypetalum tucumanense

description: Oxypetalum tucumanense (T.Mey.) Goyder & Rapini, comb. nov.
Basionym: Schistogyne tucumanensis Meyer (1941: 278; t. 1). Type: ARGENTINA. Tucumán: Famaillá, Villa Nougués, 27 November 1921, S. Venturi 1576 (holotype LIL!, isotypes MO!, SI!).
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Tweedia Hooker & Arnott 1834
Creators: name: Rapini, Alessandro
name: Pereira, Jorge Fontella
name: Goyder, David J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Tweedia

description: Tweedia Hooker & Arnott (1834: 291).
Lectotype: T. brunonis Hooker & Arnott (1834: 292).
Turrigera Decaisne (1844: 590). Type: T. inconspicua Decaisne (1844: 590).
Note:— Three species of Tweedia were listed by Hooker & Arnott (1834), and each of these has subsequently been designated by different authors as the lectotype of the genus. Although Malme (1904) revised the genus Tweedia and emended its concept, he did not indicate a type. The first to do so was T. Meyer (1944: 102), who chose T. brunonis as his “especie genérica” for Tweedia. Hooker & Arnott (1834) questioned the future generic placement of this species when they erected the genus and described the species. They listed two characters for the genus: the form of the corona, and the bifid style-head appendage. As their description of T. brunonis notes the stigma to be undivided, a “serious conflict” with the protologue could be argued, leading to a rejection of Meyer´s lectotypification under Art. 9.17 of the Code. But the apex of the style-head appendage is, in fact, shortly bilobed, as shown by Rua (1989). Nomenclaturally, Hooker & Arnott made the combination under Tweedia, and the taxonomic opinion expressed subsequently does not negate this.
Bullock (1958: 99) was presumably unaware of Meyer’s typification when he designated T. macrolepis Hooker & Arnott (1834: 291) as type of the genus. Rua (1989) argued that Bullock's designation was arbitrary and therefore contrary to the code (although this does not stand up to scrutiny, and was a superfluous designation in any case). Rua selected T. birostrata (Hooker & Arnott 1830: 35) Hooker & Arnott (1834: 291), which Ezcurra (1999: 75) then followed in Flora Patagonica. The earliest designation is that of Meyer (1944) and must be adopted.
description: Published as part of Rapini, Alessandro, Pereira, Jorge Fontella & Goyder, David J., 2011, Towards a stable generic circumscription in Oxypetalinae (Apocynaceae), pp. 9-16 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4894142
Ampittia Moore 1881
Creators: name: Cock, Matthew J. W.
name: Congdon, Colin E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae
Ampittia

description: Ampittia Moore, 1881 (in Moore 1880 –1882)
This genus is found in Africa, where it is represented by three species: A. parvus Aurivillius, A. capenas (Hewitson) and A. kilombero Larsen & Congdon, and Asia, where there are at least five species (Evans 1949). The type species is A. maro (Fabricius), a synonym of A. dioscoroides (Fabricius), which is an Indian species.
The biology of the type species has long been known. Thus, Davidson et al. (1897) describe and illustrate the early stages of A. dioscoroides (as A. maro) from around Bombay (Mumbai), where it feeds on rice and grasses, and Bell (1925) gives a very detailed description of the full life history. Bell (1925) states that the ovum is 0.9 x 0.6mm wide x high, “sculptured with 24 meridional ridges from base up to more than three-quarters the height”. Davidson et al. (1897) record that on the pupa “between the eyes in front of the head are two conical excrescences which overhang the eyes somewhat, the two together having the appearance of a small crescent, the horns of which point forwards”. They also observe that the caterpillar “lives absolutely in the open when full-grown. Pupa forms on the stems of grass, or rice, with its head downwards.” Bascombe et al. (1999) illustrate the life history from Hong-Kong.
description: Published as part of Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E., 2012, Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3438 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246331
Ampittia capenas Hewitson 1868
Creators: name: Cock, Matthew J. W.
name: Congdon, Colin E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae
Ampittia
Ampittia capenas

description: Ampittia capenas Hewitson, 1868 (Figures 1–3)
This species was described from ‘Zambesi’ (Hewitson 1868) and is found from eastern DR Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo) to Zimbabwe and Mozambique, northwards to Kenya (Evans 1937a, Kielland 1990, Larsen 1991). In Tanzania, ssp. capenas is found in eastern Tanzania, while ssp. blanda Evans (1947) is in the west. This is a woodland species but is also found in more open formations and forest margins. TCEC found the food plant to be an unidentified grass (Poaceae)—this appears to be the first confirmed record of a food plant for this species.
The leaf shelter of the mature caterpillar is made by rolling a leaf upwards, and tying it with silk strands, with feeding distal to this leaving the mid-rib bared (Figure 1). The mature caterpillar is pale green with a black dorsal plate T1, and a black, rugose head (Figure 2). The pupa is cylindrical, white and has two anterior projections angled outwards at right angles to the body (Figure 3). It is formed in a completely closed grass leaf tube shelter and attached at the cremaster.
description: Published as part of Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E., 2012, Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3438 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246331
Ampittia kilombero Larsen & Congdon 2012
Creators: name: Cock, Matthew J. W.
name: Congdon, Colin E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae
Ampittia
Ampittia kilombero

description: Ampittia kilombero Larsen & Congdon, 2012 (Figures 4–5)
This newly described species is only known from two colonies in the Kilombero Valley at the south-eastern end of the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Larsen & Congdon 2012). It seems to be a species of open wetland, where the food plant is an unidentified fine-leaved grass. The caterpillar (Figure 4) is green with a pale lateral line, dark speckles T2–3 and anal plate; a narrow black dorsal plate T1; a pale brown head with dark brown markings—very different from that of A. capenas (Figure 2); pale brown spiracles. The spiracles visible on A7–A 8 in Figure 4.4 are distinctly projecting; we have not noticed spiracles of this form in any other Hesperiidae. The pupa is cylindrical, white, with pale brown spiracles (Figure 5). Like that of A. capenas, it has two frontal projections, but directed anterolaterally, not laterally. As for A. capenas, the pupa was formed in a closed grass leaf tube and attached at the cremaster. It was most inconspicuous, the blade having been partially severed so that the portion containing the pupa was hanging down.
Discussion
Larsen & Congdon (2012) considered whether the African and Asian Ampittia spp. were truly congeneric, and somewhat to their surprise concluded that they were, based on characters of the male genitalia and the unusual double frontal projections of the pupae. Nevertheless, this is not a character unique to Ampittia, as we have observed a similar structure in Gorgyra spp. (Hesperiinae, incertae sedis) and several species of the Cyperaceaefeeding Australian genus Hesperilla (Trapezitinae) have pupae with two frontal projections (Common & Waterhouse 1981).
description: Published as part of Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E., 2012, Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3438 on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246331
Brusa Evans 1937
Creators: name: Cock, Matthew J. W.
name: Congdon, Colin E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae
Brusa

description: Brusa Evans, 1937
Regrettably we have no information regarding the biology of this genus. The distribution of the two known species is centred on south-eastern DR Congo, extending into Angola, north-western Zambia, and the western mountains of Tanzania. Ivan Bampton & TCEC found B. allardi Berger on and around rocks in dry country near Shiwa Ng’andu in eastern Zambia. Kielland (1990) states that it is “very local in Tanzania, but common in patches during the dry season … always settling on rocks or bare ground … cryptic markings and colour blend with the lichen on the rocks”. In contrast, according to Kielland (1990), B. saxicola Neave settles frequently on flowers and low herbs. Kielland speculates that B. allardi may oviposit on lichen but that seems unlikely.
description: Published as part of Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E., 2012, Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3438 on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246331
Zenonia Evans 1935
Creators: name: Cock, Matthew J. W.
name: Congdon, Colin E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae
Zenonia

description: Zenonia Evans, 1935 (in Carpenter 1935)
Evans (1935 in Carpenter 1935) established this genus for Z. zeno (Trimen), and subsequently described two additional species from the genus (Evans 1937a). MJWC has reared Z. zeno from Kenya, and TCEC from Tanzania.
Sevastopulo (1975) gives grasses as the food plant of for Z. crasta Evans (a species from Congo, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi (Evans 1937a, ABRI collection)) in his list of the food plants of East African Macrolepidoptera, but since he didn’t rear this species (Sevastopulo unpublished), no one else has reported food plants for Z. crasta, and it is immediately preceded by Z. zeno in his list without an entry, it seems possible that he intended Z. zeno. There is an eclosed pupa in the NHM dry early stages collection labelled Z. crasta ex Van Someren coll., but the cross reference label in the Van Someren collection in accessions is in the series of Z. zeno. The pupa is missing the frontal plate and there are no remains for the final instar caterpillar; as such it is not identifiable, although consistent with the pupa shown below for Z. zeno. Van Someren’s collection includes long series of both Z. zeno and Z. crasta, many of the latter in fresh condition, but none seem to be labelled as reared.
Thus, there is uncertainty about this pupa and Sevastopulo’s record. Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to anticipate that Z. crasta will be found to be a Poaceae feeder, with early stages similar to those of Z. zeno.
description: Published as part of Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E., 2012, Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3438 on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246331
Pelopidas Walker 1870
Creators: name: Cock, Matthew J. W.
name: Congdon, Colin E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae
Pelopidas

description: Pelopidas Walker, 1870
Walker (1870) introduced this genus (without describing it) for his new species, P. m i d e a, now considered to be a synonym of P. t h r a x (Hübner) (Evans 1937a). In his revision of the African Hesperiidae, Evans (1937a) included 16 species in Pelopidas, but when he revised the Eurasian and Australian Hesperiidae (Evans 1949) he introduced a new genus, Borbo, for most of these, together with three Asian species. Pelopidas was thus restricted to two species found in Africa and Asia, P. mathias and P. t h r a x, and seven other Asian species. Evans (1949) separated the two genera on the basis that Pelopidas has a cell spot on the hind wing underside while Borbo does not, the mid tibia of Pelopidas are heavily spined whereas those of Borbo are unspined (Asian species and some African species) or weakly spined (some African species), and males of Pelopidas generally have a discal stigma on the forewing upper surface, not seen in Borbo. The latter character holds good for all African species of the two genera.
description: Published as part of Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E., 2012, Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3438 on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246331