Parnipinae
Creators: name: Ronquist, Fredrik
name: Nieves-Aldrey, José Luis
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2001
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Figitidae
Parnips

description: PARNIPINAE RONQUIST &amp; NIEVES-ALDREY, SUBFAM. NOV. Based on <i>Parnips</i> new genus (Fig. 2). <i>Diagnosis.</i> Differs from all other figitids by the combination of a dull mesoscutum and the lack of a horizontal mesopleural furrow (Fig. 4 A,B). Differs from cynipids by having a prominent lateral pronotal carina (lpc, Fig. 4 A) (present only in <i>Synergus</i> among cynipids), a closed marginal cell (Fig. 6) (usually open in cynipids), Rs+M issuing from the posterior end of the basal vein (Fig. 6), and a basal flexion point in the ninth tergum of the female (flp, Fig. 8). The new subfamily also differs in a number of additional respects from cynipids, figitids and other cynipoids (Ronquist, 1995 a, 1999; Liljeblad &amp; Ronquist, 1998). Possible autapomorphies (see also discussion below) of the Parnipinae include the pronotal depressions being united medially with a shallow transverse furrow (Fig. 5 A), the procoxa having a distinct anterolateral crest, and the median mesoscutal impression and notauli being indistinct anteriorly (Fig. 4 B) (Ronquist 1995 a, 1999; Liljeblad &amp; Ronquist, 1998). However, none of these characters is uniquely derived within the Figitidae + Cynipidae. <i>Description.</i> Female antenna connate, not moniliform. Lower face without median frontal carina (Fig. 3 A). Head not distinctly depressed posteriorly (Fig. 3 B). Occipital carina missing. Anterior flange of pronotum short (Fig. 4 A). Lateral pronotal carina (lpc, Fig. 4 A) prominent. Dorsal pronotal area (dpa, Fig. 4 B) short, pronotal crest missing. Mesoscutum with dull sculpture, without prominent transverse costae. Mesopleural triangle distinctly impressed (Fig. 4 A). Posterior subalar pit present. Mesopleuron without horizontal furrow or carinae. Bulla in R 1 +Sc present (Fig. 6). Submedian pits on articular bulb of petiole deep and distinct (Fig. 7). Abdominal terga 3–8 free. Third abdominal tergum of female longer than the fourth along the dorsal curvature of the metasoma; posterior margin oblique in lateral view (Fig. 7 A). Ovipositor coiled spirally almost 360 °, not elbowed (Fig. 8). Ninth tergum of female with a distinct flexion point above the base of the third valvula. Dorsal process anterior to the flexion point absent. Basal part of terebra twisted 180 ° so that the first valvulae are in dorsal position at the apex. First valvula narrowing gradually, not broadened apically. <i>Diversity and distribution.</i> Includes a single genus and species occurring in the Mediterranean region.
description: Published as part of <i>Fredrik Ronquist &amp; José Luis Nieves-Aldrey, 2001, A new subfamily of Figitidae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea), pp. 483-494 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 133</i> on pages 485-486, DOI: 10.1006/zjls.2001.0302, http://zenodo.org/record/269247
description: {"references": ["Ronquist F. 1995 a. Phylogeny and early evolution of the Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera). Systematic Entomology 20: 309 - 335.", "Ronquist F. 1999. Phylogeny, classification and evolution of the Cynipoidea. Zoologica Scripta 28: 139 - 164.", "Liljeblad J, Ronquist F. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of higher-level gall wasp relationships (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Systematic Entomology 23: 29 - 252."]}