title: Ð¢ÐµÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÑÑÐ¼ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² ÐÐ¸ÑÐ°Ðµ ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ñ Ð¸ Ð¡ÑÐ½ (960-1279)
title: Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð±Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð»Ð°Ð²ÑÐ°
titleType: Subtitle
title: Theories and practices of gaining immortality in China of the Song era (960â1279)
Creators: name: Ð¨Ð°Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ¾, Ð¢Ð°Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ°
Publisher: name: Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑ ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
Year: 2022
Subjects: Ð´Ð°Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¼
Ð´Ð°Ð¾ÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ
Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÑÑÐµÐ½ÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Ð±ÐµÑÑÐ¼ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ðµ
taoism
taoist alchemy
improvement practices
immortality

description: Ð¢ÐµÐ¼Ð° Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ: Â«Ð¢ÐµÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸Â Ð¾Ð±ÑÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÑÑÐ¼ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² ÐÐ¸ÑÐ°Ðµ ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¸ Ð¡ÑÐ½ (960â1279)Â». ÐÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ²ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð° Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸Ðº Ð¾Ð±ÑÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÑÑÐ¼ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ. Ð¦ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ â Ð²ÑÑÐ²Ð¸ÑÑ ÑÐµÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÑÑÐ¼ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ,Â ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐµ ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ Ð² Ð´Ð°Ð¾ÑÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¡ÑÐ½, Ð° ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¶ÐµÂ ÐºÐ»Ð°ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸. Ð ÑÐ¾Ð´Ðµ Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ ÑÐ»ÐµÐ´ÑÑÑÐ¸Ðµ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÐ¸: Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÂ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ Â«Ð±ÐµÑÑÐ¼ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÐµÂ», Â«Ð²Ð½ÐµÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð°Ð»ÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸ÑÂ» Ð¸ Â«Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ Ð°Ð»ÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸ÑÂ» Ð²Â Ð´Ð°Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¼Ðµ; Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑÐµÐ½Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½ Ð±ÐµÑÑÐ¼ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² Ð´Ð°Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¼Ðµ Ð¸ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð²Â ÐºÐ¸ÑÐ°Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ ÐºÑÐ»ÑÑÑÑÐµ; Ð¸Ð·ÑÑÐ¸ÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¼Ð° Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð´ÐµÐ» Ð² ÐÐ¸ÑÐ°Ðµ Ð²Â ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¡ÑÐ½; Ð²ÑÑÐ²Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÐµ Ð´Ð°Ð¾ÑÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ ÑÐºÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð¸ Ð´Ð°Ð¾ÑÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¼ÑÑÐ»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ¹,Â Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ²ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÐ°Ð·Ð²Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ðµ Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½ÐµÐ¹ Ð°Ð»ÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸Ð¸; ÑÐ°ÑÐºÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸ÐºÂ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÑÑÐ¼ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ðµ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾Ñ ÐÑÐ¹ ÐÑÐ½-Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ñ, Ð§Ð¶Ð°Ð½ ÐÐ¾-Ð´ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ, ÐÐ°Ð½Â Ð§ÑÐ½-ÑÐ½Ð° Ð¸ Ð¡ÑÐ½Ñ ÐÑ-ÑÑ; ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐµÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÑÑÐ¼ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Â Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑÑ ÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ»Ð°ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð½Ð° Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ðµ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð° ÑÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ°ÑÐ¾Ð²Â ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¸ Ð¡ÑÐ½. Ð¯Ð´ÑÐ¾ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ Ð¸Ð½Ð´ÑÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾-Ð´ÐµÐ´ÑÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½ÑÐ¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ¾Ð´, Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÐ¹ Ð½Ð° Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð»ÑÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¸ Ð¸Ð·ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¸ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹Â Ð´Ð°Ð¾ÑÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÐµÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸Ðº Ð² ÐºÐ¸ÑÐ°Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ°ÑÐ°Ñ ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¸ Ð¡ÑÐ½, Ð° ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¶Ðµ Ð² ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÂ ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ Ð·Ð°ÑÑÐ±ÐµÐ¶Ð½ÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°ÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ¹, Ð¸ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·ÑÐµÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Â ÐºÐ»Ð°ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð¸ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð±ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÐµÐ¹.Ð ÑÐµÐ·ÑÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÑÐµ Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÑÐ»Ð¾ Ð²ÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¾ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¸Ðµ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð²Â Ð¾Ð±ÑÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÑÑÐ¼ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð° Ð´Ð°Ð¾ÑÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ°ÑÐ¾Ð², Ð°ÐºÑÑÐ°Ð»ÑÐ½ÑÑÂ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÐ½ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¸, Ð° ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¶Ðµ ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ°Ð½Ð° ÐºÐ»Ð°ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸Ðº Ð¿Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÑÐ¸ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÐ¼ ÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼: ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐµÐ¿ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ Ð¸ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸,Â ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð± Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¹ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð½Ð°Ðº.
description: Theme of the final qualification work: Â«Theories and practices of gaining immortality in China of the Song era (960â1279)Â». This work is devoted to the study of the practices of gaining immortality.The purpose of this work is to identify theories and practices of gaining immortality, which were formed in Taoist schools in the Song era, as well as to classify ways to extend life. In the course of the study, the following tasks were solved: to define the concepts of Â«immortalityÂ», Â«external alchemyÂ» and Â«internal alchemyÂ» in Taoism; analyze the phenomenon of immortality in Taoism and its significance in Chinese culture; study the history of Taoism and the state of affairs in China during the Song era; identify the main Taoist schools and Taoist thinkers who influenced the development of internal alchemy; reveal the essence of the practices of achieving immortality based on the works of Lu Dong-bin, Zhang Bo-duan, Wang Chun-yang and Sun Bu-er; consider the practices of gaining immortality and determine the criteria for their classification based on the analysis of the treatises of the Song era. The core of the methodological base of the study was an inductive-deductive approach based on observation when studying the descriptions of Taoist theories and practices in Chinese treatises of the Song era, as well as in the works of Russian and foreign researchers, the method of classification and generalization of the identified features is used.As a result of the study, a variety of methods for gaining immortality was identified based on the analysis of Taoist treatises relevant to the Sung era, and a classification of practices was developed according to five main criteria: effectiveness, degree of complexity and significance, method of practice and gender.