Salvia Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: González-Gallegos, Jesús Guadalupe
name: Bedolla-García, Brenda Y.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Lamiales
Lamiaceae
Salvia

description: Identification key to Mexican species of Salvia with red or ocher orange corollas
1. Basal leaves often pinnately 3–5-foliolate; stamens bearing two fertile thecae at the connective extremes, though the posterior ones sometimes reduced, posterior connective branches of both stamens free ..........................................................................................2
1. Basal leaves simple; stamens bearing only one fertile theca at connective anterior point, posterior connective branches connate between both stamens.........................................................................................................................................................................3
2. Calyx lobes bearded; corolla straight and parallel to calyx longitudinal axis, lower corolla lip shorter than the upper ...... S. henryi
2. Calyx lobes glabrous; corolla arcuate upwards in respect to calyx longitudinal axis, lower corolla lip subequal or longer than the upper.............................................................................................................................................................................. S. roemeriana
3. Calyces inflated such as the dorsal and ventral margins are rounded ................................................................................................4
3. Calyces not inflated, with both dorsal and ventral lines straight and almost parallel or divergent....................................................6
4. Shrub, 0.8–1.6 m tall; leaves mostly deltoid or deltoid-ovate; mericarp 4.5–5.7 mm long. Plants from desert shrub or arid oak and pine-oak forests, usually above 2000 m elevation................................................................................................................... S. regla
4. Arborescent shrub, (1.5–)2–4(–6.5) m tall; leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate; mericarp 2.8–3.5 mm long. Plants infrequent in desert shrub, but mostly in tropical deciduous forests or subtropical shrub, as well as in oak and pine-oak forest, usually below 2000 elevation .............................................................................................................................................................5
5. Calyx constricted around its base; style glabrous............................................................................................................ S. pubescens
5. Calyx rounded from the base with no constriction; style short pilose near the apex ............................................................. S. sessei
6. Upper calyx lip 3-veined ....................................................................................................................................................................7
6. Upper calyx lip 5 or 7-veined...........................................................................................................................................................13
7. Corolla tube ventricose.......................................................................................................................................................................8
7. Corolla tube tubular and widened towards the throat.........................................................................................................................9
8. Leaf blade ovate, subcordate at base; calyx (5.7–) 6.5–7.9 mm long; corolla tube (16.2–) 17–20.4 mm long, upper corolla lip subequal to the lower.................................................................................................................................................... S. durangensis
8. Leaf base elliptic to elliptic lanceolate, attenuate at base; calyx 8.5–10 mm long; corolla tube 21–26 mm long, upper corolla lip shorter than the lower .......................................................................................................................................................... S. miniata
9. Leaf base truncate to rounded and abruptly short cuneate; stamens included in the corolla ...........................................................10
9. Leaf base cordate to rounded; stamens exserted from the corolla....................................................................................................12
10. Leaf blade serrate-erose at margin, glabrescent; calyx red; corolla lips subequal in length, the lower reflexed but not folded backwards around the tube .............................................................................................................................................. S. subrubens
10. Leaf blade dentate to serrate at margin, pubescent to tomentose; calyx green, and sometimes with a shade of purple to the lips; lower corolla lip patently shorter than the upper, and strongly reflexed and folded backwards around the tube ............................11
11. Floral node 2–4(–6)-flowered; calyx lips acuminate and apiculate at apex; corolla 38–45 mm long; upper corolla lip 8–15 mm long...................................................................................................................................................................................... S. nervata
11. Floral nodes 10–20-flowered; calyx lips acute and caudate at apex; corolla 22–36 mm long; upper corolla lip 4–8 mm long.......... ............................................................................................................................................................................................. S. tubifera
12. Calyx 18.5–19.6 mm long, lips long caudate-aristate; corolla tube 27–35 mm long, internally epapillate towards the base, upper corolla lip longer than the lower; style short pilose near the apex ................................................................................... S. longistyla
12. Calyx 9–15 mm long, lips acuminate and short aristate; corolla tube 18–28 mm long, internally ornate with a couple papillae towards the base, upper corolla lip shorter than the lower; style glabrous.......................................................................... S. palealis
13. Stamens exserted from the corolla ...................................................................................................................................................14
13. Stamens included in the corolla........................................................................................................................................................21
14. Indument of branched hairs throughout the different plant structures (stem, petiole, both leaf surfaces, floral axis and bract, and calyx); corolla ocher orange; mericarp short pilose at apex.............................................................................................. S. lasiantha
14. Indument without branched hairs; corolla red to reddish orange; mericarp glabrous......................................................................15
15. Stems densely covered by hirsute glandular-capitate hairs; leaves long lanceolate, three or more times longer than wide; corolla ventricose. Plants from Guerrero ......................................................................................................................................................16
15. Stems with simple hairs, or if glandular present, then tiny or sparse; leaves ovate, ovate lanceolate to elliptic, mostly less than two times longer than wide; corolla tubular and/or widened towards the throat. Plants not restricted to Guerrero ...............................17
16. Calyx violet to violet red with the veins slightly inconspicuous, 12–14.8 mm long, arcuate from the base, upper lip longer than the lower.................................................................................................................................................................................. S. perlonga
16. Calyx yellow-green with elevated veins, 15.6–18 mm long, dorsal and ventral lines divergent from the base, upper lip as long as the lower ........................................................................................................................................................................... S. praestans
17. Corolla tube with a couple papillae inside towards the base............................................................................................................18
17. Corolla tube internally epapillate towards the base..........................................................................................................................19
18. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic lanceolate, smooth above, usually violet beneath; floral bract ovate, 2.5–3.3 mm long; corolla straight, internal basal papillae 1–1.4 mm long, lower corolla lip reflexed; connective entire at midportion; style glabrous; mericarps bright black ................................................................................................................................................................................ S. iodophylla
18. Leaf blade deltoid to ovate-deltoid, bullate above, green beneath; floral bract rhomboid-elliptic to lanceolate 3.9–6.1 mm long; corolla slightly sigmoid, internal basal papillae 3.7–4.7 mm long, lower corolla lip incurved-concave; connective with a tiny tooth at midportion; style sparsely pilose near midportion; mericarps brownish gray and irregularly punctate with a darker tone ............ ........................................................................................................................................................................................... S. patriciae
19. Stems hirsute; lower corolla lip wide, 6–14 mm wide. Plants usually from secondary vegetation and tropical deciduous forests, growing mainly below 1600 m elevation .......................................................................................................................... S. coccinea
19. Stems short pilose to pilose; lower corolla lip narrow, 2.2–6 mm wide. Plants growing mostly in temperate forest (oak, pine-oak, and cloud montane forests), regularly above 1800 m elevation.......................................................................................................20
20. Leaf base mostly cordate to subcordate, less frequently rounded; upper calyx lip long caudate, with an arcuate cauda at least twice as long as the apiculi of the two lobes of the lower lip; stamens long exserted........................................................... S. cinnabarina
20. Leaf base rounded; upper calyx lip usually apiculate, the apiculus straight usually shorter than 2 mm, or if longer, then as long as the apiculi of the two lobes of the lower lip; stamens short exserted, usually only the thecae and small portion of the filament surpassing upper corolla lip................................................................................................................................................. S. elegans
21. Flowers solitary in the axils of uppermost portion of the branches .................................................................................. S. disjuncta
21. Flowers arranged in racemes............................................................................................................................................................22
22. Stems with branched hairs................................................................................................................................................................23
22. Stems with simple or glandular hairs ...............................................................................................................................................24
23. Leaf ovate to elliptic, 3–12.5 cm long, sparsely yellowish tomentose beneath; floral nodes with 4–12 flowers; upper calyx entire and long caudate; corolla tube internally ornate with a couple papillae towards the base.............................................. S. karwinskii
23. Leaf ovate-deltoid, 0.8–3 cm long, densely white tomentose beneath; floral nodes with 2 flowers; upper calyx lip trimucronate and acuminate; corolla tube epapillate inside towards the base.............................................................................................. S. oaxacana
24. Corolla tube internally ornate with a couple folds or papillae towards the base..............................................................................25
24. Corolla tube internally epapillate and with no folds towards the base.............................................................................................35
25. Leaves smooth above, glabrous on both surfaces except by the short pilose midvein, margin long ciliated with simple hairs (1.8–2 mm long); flowers 2 on each floral node; corolla internally ornate with a couple folds towards the base............. S. blepharophylla
25. Leaves rugose to bullate above, usually sparsely to moderately pubescent on both surfaces, margin not ciliated, if bordered by hairs, these flexible and less than 1 mm long; flowers more than two at each floral node; corolla internally ornate with clear papillae towards the base ...............................................................................................................................................................................26
26. Ventral and dorsal lines of the corolla tube markedly and equally arcuate (dorsoventrally inflated); corolla lips subequal in length, not surpassing 10 mm in length. Plants from Chiapas and Central America ...................................................................................27
26. Dorsal line of the corolla not arcuate or if so, much less than the ventricose ventral line; corolla lips clearly unequal in length, or if subequal, both surpassing 10 mm long. Plants not restricted to Chiapas and Central America ...................................................28
27. Leaf smooth above; racemes with 4–18 floral nodes; both corolla lips less than 6 mm long............................................. S. holwayi
27. Leaf bullate above; racemes with a single floral node (rarely 2); upper corolla lip 7–9 mm long, and the lower one (5.4–) 7–10 mm long............................................................................................................................................................................ S. univerticillata
28. Perennial herb, decumbent, mostly subscapose with the leaves concentrated in the lower third or quarter of its length; connective with a retrorse tooth near ventral midpoint at the anterior end of a constricted portion in width, short pilose in the border opposite to the tooth and in the dorsal midpoint; papillae inside corolla tube and near the base bent forwards by 4–5 mm ....... S. stolonifera
28. Perennial herbs, subshrubs to shrubs, mostly erect and with the leaves distributed almost equally along their length; connective with a retrorse tooth near ventral midpoint, with no constriction, glabrous or puberulent; papillae inside corolla tube erect, or if bent forwards, no more than 2 mm ...................................................................................................................................................29
29. Corolla tube 2.2–3.9(–4.4) cm long or longer, upper corolla lip 1.2–1.9(–2.1) cm long .................................................................30
29. Corolla tube 1.2–2.1 cm long, upper corolla lip 0.6–1.1 mm long ..................................................................................................32
30. Floral bract longer than 1.8 cm; corolla tube straight at the base......................................................................................... S. fulgens
30. Floral bract less than 1.1 cm; corolla tube invaginate at the base ....................................................................................................31
31. Leaves with glandular capitate hairs only beneath; connective 18–19 mm long; plants from southern Mexico (Oaxaca and Puebla) .................................................................................................................................................................................. S. lineata
31. Leaves covered with glandular-capitate hairs above and beneath; connective 20–23 mm long; plants from northeastern Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí and Zacatecas) ................................................................................................ S. schaffneri
32. Leaves (2.5–) 7–14 cm long, the uppermost sessile; floral bract 15–20 mm long............................................................. S. pulchella
32. Leaves 1–3.3(–4) cm long, the uppermost petiolate; floral bract 2.8–8.4 mm long ........................................................................33
33. Margin of the floral bract denticulate; papillae at the inside of basal corolla tube bidentate at apex; upper corolla lip longer than the lower............................................................................................................................................................................. S. gavilanensis
33. Margin of the floral bract entire; papillae at the inside of basal corolla tube entire at apex; upper corolla lip shorter than the lower ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................34
34. Perennial herb to shrub, (30–) 40–120 cm tall; leaf short pilose to hispidulous (rarely glabrous), base truncate to subcordate; floral bract 3–8.4 mm long, acuminate at apex...................................................................................................................... S. microphylla
34. Perennial herb, 24–40 cm tall; leaf glabrous above and beneath, base cuneate to attenuate; floral bract 2.8–3.5 mm long, caudate at apex................................................................................................................................................................................... S. modica
35. Corolla tube with the same width all along, with no ventricose portion; usually the thecae and small portion of the filament exserted from the upper corolla lip .................................................................................................................................................... S. elegans
35. Corolla tube ventricose; stamens included below the upper corolla lip...........................................................................................36
36. Plants up to 60 cm tall; leaves with petioles (0.7–) 2–5 mm long or sessile, leaf blade (0.5–)1–2.5 × 0.2–0.3 cm; plants mostly from desert shrub and Juniperus forest......................................................................................................................................... S. greggii
36. Plants mostly taller than 80 cm; leaves with petioles longer than 10 mm, leaf blade 2.5 cm long or longer, and wider than 1.4 cm; plants mostly from temperate (pine, pine-oak and cloud montane) or tropical (tropical deciduous) forests...................................37
37. Calyx less than 11 mm long, upper lip 5-veined; corolla tube less than 18 mm long......................................................................38
37. Calyx 11 mm long or longer, upper lip 5 or 7-veined; corolla tube 20 mm long or longer .............................................................39
38. Floral bract deciduous, 3–5 mm long; corolla tube 15–17 mm long............................................................................ S. adenophora
38. Floral bract persistent, 6.3–15.9 mm long; corolla tube 9.9–12.3........................................................................... S. ozolotepecensis
39. Subscandent perennial herb or subshrub with pendulous branches; upper stigmatic branch shorter than the lower...... S. carranzae
39. Erect perennial herbs to shrubs; upper stigmatic branch longer than the lower...............................................................................40
40. Corolla tube shorter than 3 cm long, upper lip 7–10.3 mm long, lower lip 6–12 mm long.............................................................41
40. Corolla tube longer than 3.1 cm long, upper lip 16–25 mm long, lower lip 12–27 mm long..........................................................42
41. Leaf base cuneate to oblique; calyx lobes triangular and caudate at apex; corolla tube 6.3–8.7 mm wide; staminodes filiform. Plants from tropical deciduous forest in Guanajuato ................................................................................................................. S. dugesiana
41. Leaf base slightly truncate, rounded to cordate; calyx lobes ovate and short acuminate at apex; corolla tube 9–13 mm wide; staminodes claviform. Plants from cloud montane and pine-oak forests in Hidalgo, Querétaro and San Luis Potosí ..... S. guevarae
42. Stem with exfoliating bark; petiole directly attached to the stem; floral bract (0.6–)0.7–2(–2.4) cm long; calyx lobes not aristate; middle lobe of the lower corolla lip reflexed .............................................................................................................. S. gesneriiflora
42. Stem without exfoliating bark; petiole articulated to a widened basal portion; floral bracts 0.2–0.5(–0.8) cm long; calyx lobes aristate with an extension of 3–4.5 mm; middle lobe of the lower corolla lip incurve concave............................... S. tilantongensis
description: Published as part of González-Gallegos, Jesús Guadalupe & Bedolla-García, Brenda Y., 2023, Rediscovery of Salvia dugesiana (Lamiaceae) in Guanajuato, Mexico, after 129 years, pp. 1-12 in Phytotaxa 629 (1) on pages 7-9, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.629.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10254830