cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Nearly-logarithmic decay in the colloidal hard-sphere system
Creators: name: Sperl, Matthias
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Nearly-logarithmic decay is identified in the data for the mean-squared displacement of the colloidal hard-sphere system at the liquid-glass transition [v. Megen et. al, Phys. Rev. E 58, 6073(1998)]. The solutions of mode-coupling theory for the microscopic equations of motion fit the experimental data well. Based on these equations, the nearly-logarithmic decay is explained as the equivalent of a beta-peak phenomenon, a manifestation of the critical relaxation when the coupling between of the probe variable and the density fluctuations is strong. In an asymptotic expansion, a Cole-Cole formula including corrections is derived from the microscopic equations of motion, which describes the experimental data for three decades in time.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures
On the Incorporation of Obstacles in a Fluid Flow Problem Using a Navier-Stokes-Brinkman Penalization Approach
Creators: name: Fuchsberger, Jana
name: Karabelas, Elias
name: Aigner, Philipp
name: Niederer, Steven
name: Plank, Gernot
name: Schima, Heinrich
name: Haase, Gundolf
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 35Q30, 74F10, 76M10, 76F65, 76Z05

description: Simulating the interaction of fluids with immersed moving solids is playing an important role for gaining a better quantitative understanding of how fluid dynamics is altered by the presence of obstacles and which forces are exerted on the solids by the moving fluid. Such problems appear in various contexts, ranging from numerous technical applications such as turbines to medical problems such as the regulation of hemodyamics by valves. Typically, the numerical treatment of such problems is posed within a fluid structure interaction (FSI) framework. General FSI models are able to capture bidirectional interactions, but are challenging to solve and computationally expensive. Simplified methods offer a possible remedy by achieving better computational efficiency to broaden the scope to demanding application problems with focus on understanding the effect of solids on altering fluid dynamics. In this study we report on the development of a novel method for such applications. In our method rigid moving obstacles are incorporated in a fluid dynamics context using concepts from porous media theory. Based on the Navier-Stokes-Brinkman equations which augments the Navier-Stokes equation with a Darcy drag term our method represents solid obstacles as time-varying regions containing a porous medium of vanishing permeability. Numerical stabilization and turbulence modeling is dealt with by using a residual based variational multiscale formulation. The key advantages of our approach -- computational efficiency and ease of implementation -- are demonstrated by solving a standard benchmark problem of a rotating blood pump posed by the Food and Drug Administration Agency (FDA). Validity is demonstrated by conducting a mesh convergence study and by comparison against the extensive set of experimental data provided for this benchmark.
Unified Framework for Charge-Spin Interconversion in Spin-Orbit Materials
Creators: name: Sayed, Shehrin
name: Hong, Seokmin
name: Huang, Xiaoxi
name: Caretta, Lucas
name: Everhardt, Arnoud S.
name: Ramesh, Ramamoorthy
name: Salahuddin, Sayeef
name: Datta, Supriyo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Materials with spin-orbit coupling are of great interest for various spintronics applications due to the efficient electrical generation and detection of spin-polarized electrons. Over the past decade, many materials have been studied, including topological insulators, transition metals, Kondo insulators, semimetals, semiconductors, and oxides; however, there is no unifying physical framework for understanding the physics and therefore designing a material system and devices with the desired properties. We present a model that binds together the experimental data observed on the wide variety of materials in a unified manner. We show that in a material with a given spin-momentum locking, the density of states plays a crucial role in determining the charge-spin interconversion efficiency, and a simple inverse relationship can be obtained. Remarkably, experimental data obtained over the last decade on many different materials closely follow such an inverse relationship. We further deduce two figure-of-merits of great current interest: the spin-orbit torque (SOT) efficiency (for the direct effect) and the inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect length (for the inverse effect), which statistically show good agreement with the existing experimental data on wide varieties of materials. Especially, we identify a scaling law for the SOT efficiency with respect to the carrier concentration in the sample, which agrees with existing data. Such an agreement is intriguing since our transport model includes only Fermi surface contributions and fundamentally different from the conventional views of the SOT efficiency that includes contributions from all the occupied states.
First-order intertwining operators and position-dependent mass Schrodinger equations in d dimensions
Creators: name: Quesne, C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The problem of d-dimensional Schrodinger equations with a position-dependent mass is analyzed in the framework of first-order intertwining operators. With the pair (H, H_1) of intertwined Hamiltonians one can associate another pair of second-order partial differential operators (R, R_1), related to the same intertwining operator and such that H (resp. H_1) commutes with R (resp. R_1). This property is interpreted in superalgebraic terms in the context of supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SUSYQM). In the two-dimensional case, a solution to the resulting system of partial differential equations is obtained and used to build a physically-relevant model depicting a particle moving in a semi-infinite layer. Such a model is solved by employing either the commutativity of H with some second-order partial differential operator L and the resulting separability of the Schrodinger equation or that of H and R together with SUSYQM and shape-invariance techniques. The relation between both approaches is also studied.
description: 25 pages, no figure, 1 paragraph added in section 4, 1 additional reference
On connection between reducibility of an n-ary quasigroup and that of its retracts
Creators: name: Krotov, Denis
name: Potapov, Vladimir
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: Group Theory (math.GR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 05B99, 20N15, 94B25

description: An $n$-ary operation $Q:S^n\to S$ is called an $n$-ary quasigroup of order $|S|$ if in the equation $x_0=Q(x_1,...,x_n)$ knowledge of any $n$ elements of $x_0,...,x_n$ uniquely specifies the remaining one. An $n$-ary quasigroup $Q$ is (permutably) reducible if $Q(x_1,...,x_n)=P(R(x_{s(1)},...,x_{s(k)}),x_{s(k+1)},...,x_{s(n)})$ where $P$ and $R$ are $(n-k+1)$-ary and $k$-ary quasigroups, $s$ is a permutation, and $10$ arguments. We show that every irreducible $n$-ary quasigroup has an irreducible $(n-1)$-ary or $(n-2)$-ary retract; moreover, if the order is finite and prime, then it has an irreducible $(n-1)$-ary retract. We apply this result to show that all $n$-ary quasigroups of order 5 or 7 whose all binary retracts are isotopic to $Z_5$ or $Z_7$ are reducible for $n>3$. Keywords: $n$-ary quasigroups, retracts, reducibility, latin hypercubes
description: English: 19pp; Russian: 20pp. V.2: case n=4 added, Russian translation added, title changed (old title: On reducibility of n-ary quasigroups, II)
Switching spin valves using r.f. currents
Creators: name: Rivkin, K.
name: Ketterson, J. B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show that magnetization reversal in spin-injection devices can be significantly faster when using a chirped r.f. rather than d.c current pulse. Alternatively one can use a simple sinusoidal r.f. pulse or an optimized series of alternating, equal-amplitude, square pulses of varying width (a digitized approximation to a chirped r.f. pulse) to produce switching using much smaller currents than with a d.c. pulse.
description: please disregard the previous version
Growing Demand for Animal-Protein-Source Products in Indonesia: Trade Implications
Creators: name: Fabiosa, Jacinto F.
name: Fabiosa, Jacinto F.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: demand
subject: household consumption
subject: trade

description: New elasticities were estimated from Indonesia's 1996, 1999, and 2002 National Socio-Economic Survey, or SUSENAS, data using a double-hurdle demand specification. The estimates suggest that major changes in Indonesian household diets are expected in the coming years, as income growth is sustained and as urbanization proceeds at a fast pace. The consumption 'trading-up' pattern for animal-protein source products observed in many countries may also occur in Indonesia. In this particular case, households will shift from fish to dairy and meat products. The trade impacts of this emerging consumption pattern will be determined by the cost of adjustment in Indonesia's domestic productive capacity and the influence of the country's predominantly Islamic tradition.
Generation of Simulated Daily Precipitation and Air and Soil Temperatures
Creators: name: Mitchell, Paul D.
name: Mitchell, Paul D.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Air temperatures
subject: maximum soil temperatures
subject: minimum soil temperatures
subject: parametric model
subject: precipitation
subject: soil heat storage
subject: stochastic time series

description: This paper describes a maximum likelihood method using historical weather data to estimate a parametric model of daily precipitation and maximum and minimum air temperatures. Parameter estimates are reported for Brookings, SD, and Boone, IA, to illustrate the procedure. The use of this parametric model to generate stochastic time series of daily weather is then summarized. A soil temperature model is described that determines daily average, maximum, and minimum soil temperatures based on air temperatures and precipitation, following a lagged process due to soil heat storage and other factors.
Tackling the SDC in AdS with CFTs
Creators: name: Baume, Florent
name: Infante, José Calderón
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the Swampland Distance Conjecture for supersymmetric theories with AdS${}_5$ backgrounds and fixed radius through their $\mathcal{N}=2$ SCFT holographic duals. By the Maldacena-Zhiboedov theorem, around a large class of infinite-distance points there must exist a tower of exponentially massless higher-spin fields in the bulk, for which we find bounds on the decay rate in terms of the conformal data. We discuss the origin of this tower in the gravity side for type IIB compactification on $S^5$ and its orbifolds, and comment about more general cases.
description: 33 pages, 1 figure; JHEP published version
Estimating the Costs of MPCI Under the 1994 Crop Insurance Reform Act
Creators: name: Hart, Chad E.
name: Smith, Darnell B.
name: Hart, Chad E.
name: Smith, Darnell B.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1996
Subjects: Risk and Uncertainty

description: This study estimates the government costs of federal crop insurance under the framework of the Crop Insurance Reform Act of 1994. The history of federal crop insurance is outlined to examine how MPCI has evolved. The 1994 Act addressed two of the major problems of MPCI: low participation and additional disaster assistance. Total government costs for the FCIC and MPCI are estimated to be more than $2 billion, on average, from 1996 to 2003, with half of this amount being in the form of premium subsidies paid by the government.
A Descriptive Model of Robot Team and the Dynamic Evolution of Robot Team Cooperation
Creators: name: Li, Shu-qin
name: Shuai, Lan
name: Cheng, Xian-yi
name: Tang, Zhen-min
name: Yang, Jing-yu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: At present, the research on robot team cooperation is still in qualitative analysis phase and lacks the description model that can quantitatively describe the dynamical evolution of team cooperative relationships with constantly changeable task demand in Multi-robot field. First this paper whole and static describes organization model HWROM of robot team, then uses Markov course and Bayesian theorem for reference, dynamical describes the team cooperative relationships building. Finally from cooperative entity layer, ability layer and relative layer we research team formation and cooperative mechanism, and discuss how to optimize relative action sets during the evolution. The dynamic evolution model of robot team and cooperative relationships between robot teams proposed and described in this paper can not only generalize the robot team as a whole, but also depict the dynamic evolving process quantitatively. Users can also make the prediction of the cooperative relationship and the action of the robot team encountering new demands based on this model. Journal web page & a lot of robotic related papers www.ars-journal.com
Intra-Industry Trade, Multilateral Trade Integration, and Invasive Species Risk
Creators: name: Tu, Anh Thuy
name: Beghin, John C.
name: Tu, Anh Thuy
name: Beghin, John C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: exotic pest
subject: intra-industry trade
subject: invasive species
subject: liberalization
subject: trade cost
subject: trade integration
subject: trade protection
subject: two-way trade

description: We analyze the linkage between protectionism and invasive species (IS) hazard in the context of two-way trade and multilateral trade integration, two major features of real-world agricultural trade. Multilateral integration includes the joint reduction of tariffs and trade costs among trading partners. Multilateral trade integration is more likely to increase damages from IS than predicted by unilateral trade opening under the classic Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson (HOS) framework because domestic production (the base susceptible to damages) is likely to increase with expanding export markets. A country integrating its trade with a partner characterized by relatively higher tariff and trade costs is also more likely to experience increased IS damages via expanded domestic production for the same reason. We illustrate our analytical results with a stylized model of the world wheat market.
Why Don't Lenders Finance High-Return Technological Change in Developing-Country Agriculture?
Creators: name: Blackman, Allen
name: Blackman, Allen
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: agriculture
subject: asymmetric information
subject: credit
subject: developing country
subject: technology adoption

description: Most of the literature attributes credit constraints in small-farm developing-country agriculture to the variability of returns to investment in this sector. But the literature does not fully explain lenders. reluctance to finance investments in technologies that provide both higher average and less variable returns. To fill this gap, this article develops an information-theoretic credit market model with endogenous technology choice. The model demonstrates that lenders may refuse to finance any investment in a riskless high-return technology--regardless of the interest rate they are offered--when they are imperfectly informed about loan applicants, time preferences and, therefore, about their propensities to default intentionally in order to finance current consumption.
Non-integrability of density perturbations in the FRW universe
Creators: name: Stachowiak, Tomasz
name: Szydlowski, Marek
name: Maciejewski, Andrzej J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the evolution equation of linear density perturbations in the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe with matter, radiation and the cosmological constant. The concept of solvability by quadratures is defined and used to prove that there are no "closed form" solutions except for the known Chernin, Heath, Meszaros and simple degenerate ones. The analysis is performed applying Kovacic's algorithm. The possibility of the existence of other, more general solutions involving special functions is also investigated.
description: 13 pages. The latest version with added references, and a relevant new paragraph in section II
Oil and Water Don't Mix: Risk on Tap in Western Siberia
Creators: name: Wernstedt, Kris
name: Wernstedt, Kris
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1996
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: transitional economies
subject: drinking water
subject: oil contamination
subject: health risk
subject: prioritization
subject: least cost planning
subject: Russia
subject: Siberia

description: In common with other areas throughout the Russian Federation, western Siberia faces formidable environmental pollution, a problem that in part is the legacy of the highly centralized Soviet era when meeting production quotas was the raison d'être for many managers of economic enterprises. In this region, over the last thirty years the near singular focus on short term oil production has led to severe contamination of the area's surface and groundwater supplies, threatening both human and ecological health. At the same time, revenues from continued oil extraction may provide the means to address some of the environmental problems. In light of the struggling economy and potential political instability, however, it is particularly critical that authorities prioritize environmental investments, as well as cultivate public support for such investments. This paper reports on a recent investigation of this problem by a team of American and Russian scientists, under the sponsorship of the U.S. National Research Council, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and the Russian Academy of Sciences. The chief recommendation from that investigation is that the region develop an environmental program based on human health risk assessment and management.
Distribution networks achieve uniform perfusion through geometric self-organization
Creators: name: Gavrilchenko, Tatyana
name: Katifori, Eleni
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A generic flow distribution network typically does not deliver its load at a uniform rate across a service area, instead oversupplying regions near the nutrient source while leaving downstream regions undersupplied. In this work we demonstrate how a local adaptive rule coupling tissue growth with nutrient density results in a flow network that self-organizes to deliver nutrients uniformly. This geometric adaptive rule can be generalized and imported to mechanics-based adaptive models to address the effects spatial gradients in nutrients or growth factors in tissues.
description: 6 pages, 4 figures
Age, Health, and the Willingness to Pay for Mortality Risk Reductions: A Contingent Valuation Survey of Ontario Residents
Creators: name: Krupnick, Alan J.
name: Alberini, Anna
name: Cropper, Maureen L.
name: Simon, Nathalie B.
name: O'Brien, Bernie
name: Goeree, Ron
name: Heintzelman, Martin
name: Krupnick, Alan J.
name: Alberini, Anna
name: Cropper, Maureen L.
name: Simon, Nathalie B.
name: O'Brien, Bernie
name: Goeree, Ron
name: Heintzelman, Martin
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: mortality risk valuation
subject: Canada
subject: contingent valuation
subject: age
subject: health status

description: Much of the justification for environmental rulemaking rests on estimates of the benefits to society of reduced mortality rates. This research aims to fill gaps in the literature that estimates the value of a statistical life (VSL) by designing and implementing a contingent valuation study for persons 40 to 75 years of age, and eliciting WTP for reductions in current and future risks of death. Targeting this age range also allows us to examine the impact of age on WTP and, by asking respondents to complete a detailed health questionnaire, to examine the impact of health status on WTP. This survey was self-administered by computer to 930 persons in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1999. The survey uses audio and visual aids to communicate baseline risks of death and risk changes and are tested for comprehension of probabilities before being asked WTP questions. We credit these efforts at risk communication with the fact that mean WTP of respondents faced with larger risk reductions exceeds mean WTP of respondents faced with smaller risk reductions; that is, our respondents pass the external scope test. Our mean WTP estimates for a contemporaneous risk reduction imply a VSL ranging approximately from $1.2 to $3.8 million (1999 C$), depending on the size of the risk change valued, which is at or below estimates commonly used in environmental cost-benefit analyses by the Canadian and the U.S. governments. Interestingly, we find that age has no effect on WTP until roughly age 70 and above (the VSL is about $0.6 million for this age group) and that physical health status, with the possible exception of having cancer, has no effect. We also find that being mentally healthy raises WTP substantially. In addition, compared with estimates of WTP for contemporaneous risk reductions, mean WTP estimates for risk reductions of the same magnitude but beginning at age 70 are more than 50% smaller.
Non(anti)commutative superspace with coordinate-dependent deformation
Creators: name: Aldrovandi, L. G.
name: Schaposnik, F. A.
name: Silva, G. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider non(anti)commutative superspace with coordinate dependent deformation parameters $C^{αβ}$. We show that a chiral ${\cal N}=1/2$ supersymmetry can be defined and that chiral and antichiral superfields are still closed under the Moyal-Weyl associative product implementing the deformation. A consistent ${\cal N}=1/2$ Super Yang-Mills deformed theory can be constructed provided $C^{αβ}$ satisfies a suitable condition which can be connected with the graviphoton background at the origin of the deformation. After adding matter we also discuss the Konishi anomaly and the gluino condensation.
description: References added. Accepted for publication in PRD
Periodically textured planar waveguides
Creators: name: Cowan, Allan R.
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: A heuristic formalism is developed for efficiently determining the specular reflectivity spectrum of planar waveguides textured with an arbitrary number of two dimensionally (2D) periodic gratings. The formalism is based on a Green's function approach wherein the electric fields are assumed to vary little over the thickness of each textured region of the waveguide. Its accuracy, when the thickness of each textured region is much smaller than the wavelength of relevant radiation, is verified by comparison with a much less efficient, "exact" finite difference solution of Maxwell's equations. In addition to its numerical efficiency, the formalism provides an intuitive explanation of Fano-like features evident in the specular reflectivity spectrum when the incident radiation is phase matched to excite leaky electromagnetic modes "attached" to the waveguide. By associating various Fourier components of the scattered field with bare slab modes, the dispersion, polarization properties, and lifetimes of these Fano-like features are explained in terms of photonic eigenmodes that reveal the renormalization of the slab modes due to interaction with the 2D grating. The model has been used effectively to directly simulate experimental reflectivity data obtained by others.
Time and Observables in Unimodular General Relativity
Creators: name: Farajollahi, Hossein
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A cosmological time variable is emerged from the hamiltonian formulation of unimodular theory of gravity to measure the evolution of dynamical observables in the theory. A set of constants of motion has been identified for the theory on the null hypersurfaces that its evolution is with respect to the volume clock introduced by the cosmological time variable.
description: 16 pages
Corporate Codes of Conduct: Is Common Environmental Content Feasible?
Creators: name: Fischer, Carolyn
name: Parry, Ian W.H.
name: Aguilar, Francisco X.
name: Jawahar, Puja
name: Fischer, Carolyn
name: Parry, Ian W.H.
name: Aguilar, Francisco X.
name: Jawahar, Puja
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: corporate social responsibility
subject: codes of conduct
subject: environmental management

description: In a developing country context, a policy to promote adoption of common environmental content for corporate codes of conduct (COCs) aspires to meaningful results on two fronts. First, adherence to COC provisions should offer economic benefits that exceed the costs of compliance; i.e., companies must receive a price premium, market expansion, efficiency gains, subsidized technical assistance, or some combination of these benefits in return for meeting the requirements. Second, compliance should produce significant improvements in environmental outcomes; i.e., the code must impose real requirements, and monitoring and enforcement must offer sufficient incentives to prevent evasion. With those goals in mind, we explore options for establishing common environmental content in voluntary COCs. Because the benefits of a COC rest on its ability to signal information, we ground our analysis in a review of experiences with a broad range of voluntary (and involuntary) information-based programs: not only existing corporate COCs, but also the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) family of standards, ecolabels, and information disclosure programs. We find some important tradeoffs between harmonization, applicability, feasibility, and efficacy.
Quantifying the multi-objective cost of uncertainty
Creators: name: Yoon, Byung-Jun
name: Qian, Xiaoning
name: Dougherty, Edward R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Various real-world applications involve modeling complex systems with immense uncertainty and optimizing multiple objectives based on the uncertain model. Quantifying the impact of the model uncertainty on the given operational objectives is critical for designing optimal experiments that can most effectively reduce the uncertainty that affect the objectives pertinent to the application at hand. In this paper, we propose the concept of mean multi-objective cost of uncertainty (multi-objective MOCU) that can be used for objective-based quantification of uncertainty for complex uncertain systems considering multiple operational objectives. We provide several illustrative examples that demonstrate the concept and strengths of the proposed multi-objective MOCU. Furthermore, we present a real-world example based on the mammalian cell cycle network to demonstrate how the multi-objective MOCU can be used for quantifying the operational impact of model uncertainty when there are multiple, possibly competing, objectives.
An Assessment of the EPA's SO2 Emission Allowance Tracking System
Creators: name: Lile, Ronald D.
name: Bohi, Douglas R.
name: Burtraw, Dallas
name: Lile, Ronald D.
name: Bohi, Douglas R.
name: Burtraw, Dallas
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1996
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: transaction costs
subject: regulated industries
subject: electric utilities
subject: emissions

description: On November 8, 1996, various Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) officials, scholars and industry representatives gathered at Resources for the Future (RFF) to examine the EPA's method for classifying private SO2 allowance transactions by the Allowance Tracking System (ATS). The one-day workshop at RFF was designed to evaluate how well the EPA's classification scheme within the ATS currently meets the needs of constituencies with a vested interest in the allowance trading system, and to determine if other classifications would be more beneficial. The EPA has limited its collection of information to that which is necessary to ensure compliance with environmental goals. In particular, the EPA has interpreted its mission to be one of minimal interference in guiding the development of the allowance market and that its primary purpose is emission compliance and not the monitoring of transactions. Therefore, the goal of the ATS is to provide a central registry of recorded allowance transfers for the purpose of emission compliance. As a result, the ATS is unusual as a mechanism for monitoring market activity because it provides information about the buyer and seller of an allowance but does not provide price information. Furthermore, the EPA has limited its role so as not to exercise approval of individual allowance trades, and has excluded from consideration options for expanding the EPA's data collection effort. However, the EPA recognizes that the interests of Congress and the public extend beyond compliance with the environmental goals to include the development of allowance trading to help achieve these goals at the lowest possible cost. In addition, there is widespread interest in the development of SO2 emission allowance trading as a prototype for other potential trading programs, and the ATS provides a potential template for the oversight role of the environmental regulator in programs such as these. Therefore, another goal of the workshop at RFF was to assess how well the ATS performs in promoting the development of allowance trading in general, and with respect to the interests and needs of each of the constituencies interested in the SO2 allowance trading program. This discussion paper incorporates observations, suggestions and concerns expressed during this workshop. Furthermore, this discussion paper concludes with recommendations regarding the EPA's current classification methodology.
Correction: Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of hoarding symptoms in 27,537 individuals
Creators: name: Magnusson, Patrik
name: Burton, Christie L.
name: Lemire, Mathieu
name: Schachar, Russell J.
name: Hottenga, Jouke-Jan
name: Meier, Sandra M.
name: Crosbie, Jennifer
name: Pool, René
name: Crowley, James J.
name: Smit, Dirk J. A.
name: Strom, Nora I.
name: Iyegbe, Conrad
name: Silzer, Talisa
name: Ivanov, Volen Z.
name: Lichtenstein, Paul
name: Rück, Christian
name: Boomsma, Dorret I.
name: Cath, Danielle
name: Mataix-Cols, David
name: Wu, Hei Man
name: Mattheisen, Manuel
name: Arnold, Paul D.
name: Larsson, Henrik
Publisher: name: Springer Nature
Year: 2022

description:
N/A
Environmental Priorities for the District of Columbia: A Report to the Summit Fund
Creators: name: Davies, Terry
name: Darnall, Nicole
name: Davies, Terry
name: Darnall, Nicole
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1996
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy

description: This paper examines and ranks the District of Columbia's environmental problems. Four criteria are used to determine each problem's severity: public opinion of the problem, health effects, the number of people affected, and ecological and welfare effects. Public opinion is measured via 345 city resident and 23 stakeholder interviews. Stakeholders included environmental experts familiar with issues in the District. Health and ecological effects are captured by analyzing both the EPA's and District of Columbia's environmental data. The results show that the top four problems facing the city, in order of importance, are: drinking water, air pollution, the Anacostia River, and lead poisoning. Several recommendations for resolving the District's problems are offered and including creating a separate D.C. Environmental Agency, applying for EPA grant monies, publishing a D.C. environmental report, fostering community cooperation, and increasing education about the environment.
Non-exponential spin relaxation in magnetic field in quantum wells with random spin-orbit coupling
Creators: name: Glazov, M. M.
name: Sherman, E. Ya.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the spin dynamics of electrons in quantum wells where the Rashba type of spin-orbit coupling is present in the form of random nanosize domains. We study the effect of magnetic field on the spin relaxation in these systems and show that the spatial randomness of spin-orbit coupling limits the minimum relaxation rate and leads to a Gaussian time-decay of spin polarization due to memory effects. In this case the relaxation becomes faster with increase of the magnetic field in contrast to the well known magnetic field suppression of spin relaxation.
description: published version, minor changes
Verification of the content, isotopic composition and age of plutonium in Pu-Be neutron sources by gamma-spectrometry
Creators: name: Nguyen, Cong Tam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A non-destructive, gamma-spectrometric method for verifying the plutonium content of Pu-Be neutron sources has been developed. It is also shown that the isotopic composition and the age of plutonium (Pu) can be determined in the intensive neutron field of these sources by the ``Multi-Group Analysis'' method. Gamma spectra were taken in the far-field of the sample, which was assumed to be cylindrical. The isotopic composition and the age of Pu were determined using a commercial implementation of the Multi-Group Analysis algorithm. The Pu content of the sources was evaluated from the count rates of the gamma-peaks of 239Pu, relying on the assumption that the gamma-rays are coming to the detector parallel to each other. The determination of the specific neutron yields and the problem of neutron damage to the detector are also discussed.
Mammographic image restoration using maximum entropy deconvolution
Creators: name: Jannetta, A
name: Jackson, J C
name: Kotre, C J
name: Birch, I P
name: Robson, K J
name: Padgett, R
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Medical Physics (physics.med-ph)
subject: Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: An image restoration approach based on a Bayesian maximum entropy method (MEM) has been applied to a radiological image deconvolution problem, that of reduction of geometric blurring in magnification mammography. The aim of the work is to demonstrate an improvement in image spatial resolution in realistic noisy radiological images with no associated penalty in terms of reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio perceived by the observer. Images of the TORMAM mammographic image quality phantom were recorded using the standard magnification settings of 1.8 magnification/fine focus and also at 1.8 magnification/broad focus and 3.0 magnification/fine focus; the latter two arrangements would normally give rise to unacceptable geometric blurring. Measured point-spread functions were used in conjunction with the MEM image processing to de-blur these images. The results are presented as comparative images of phantom test features and as observer scores for the raw and processed images. Visualization of high resolution features and the total image scores for the test phantom were improved by the application of the MEM processing. It is argued that this successful demonstration of image de-blurring in noisy radiological images offers the possibility of weakening the link between focal spot size and geometric blurring in radiology, thus opening up new approaches to system optimization.
description: 18 pages, 10 figures
Successful Cultivation of Albino Mauremys mutica for the First Time
Creators: name: REN Zhenming
name: REN Keming
name: REN  Shaoming
name: LIU Bingjing
name: ZHAO Yue
name: REN Zhenming
name: REN Keming
name: REN  Shaoming
name: LIU Bingjing
name: ZHAO Yue
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Mauremys mutica, Albino, First artificial cultivation

description: Artificial albino Mauremys mutica was bred by a wild female albino Mauremys mutica (P). F1 progeny was bred by mating between albino female turtle (P) and common male turtle, and F2 progeny was bred by mating between mature F1 male turtle with albino female turtle (P). After 7-8 years of cultivation, the artificial albino Mauremys mutica was successfully produced from the F3 progeny bred in 2007, which was the first artificial breeding of the albino Mauremys mutica. Through the cultivation of 18 batches of 5 generations (F5), the emergence rate of albino Mauremys mutica reached more than 85%, and it could reach 100% in some cases. A stable albino Mauremys mutica gene was produced for the first time.
Micromagnetic simulations of absoption spectra
Creators: name: Rivkin, K.
name: Ketterson, J. B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Further development of a previously introduced method for numerically simulating magnetic spin waves is presented. Together with significant improvements in speed, the method now allows one to calculate the energy absorbed by the various modes excited by a position- and time-dependent H1 field in a ferromagnetic body of arbitrary shape in the presence of a (uniform or non uniform) static H0 field as well as the internal exchange and anisotropy fields. The method is applied to the case of the single vortex state in a thin disc, a ring, and various square slabs, for which the absorption spectra are calculated and the most strongly excited resonance modes are identified.
Robot Swarms in an Uncertain World: Controllable Adaptability
Creators: name: Bogatyreva, Olga
name: Shillerov, Alexandr
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: There is a belief that complexity and chaos are essential for adaptability. But life deals with complexity every moment, without the chaos that engineers fear so, by invoking goal-directed behaviour. Goals can be programmed. That is why living organisms give us hope to achieve adaptability in robots. In this paper a method for the description of a goal-directed, or programmed, behaviour, interacting with uncertainty of environment, is described. We suggest reducing the structural (goals, intentions) and stochastic components (probability to realise the goal) of individual behaviour to random variables with nominal values to apply probabilistic approach. This allowed us to use a Normalized Entropy Index to detect the system state by estimating the contribution of each agent to the group behaviour. The number of possible group states is 27. We argue that adaptation has a limited number of possible paths between these 27 states. Paths and states can be programmed so that after adjustment to any particular case of task and conditions, adaptability will never involve chaos. We suggest the application of the model to operation of robots or other devices in remote and/or dangerous places.
description: Journal web page & a lot of robotic related papers www.ars-journal.com
The Organization of Local Solid Waste and Recycling Markets: Public and Private Provision of Services
Creators: name: Walls, Margaret
name: MacAuley, Molly K.
name: Anderson, Soren T.
name: Walls, Margaret
name: MacAuley, Molly K.
name: Anderson, Soren T.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: market organization
subject: solid waste management
subject: state and local government

description: We study determinants of market organization of local public services by an empirical examination of one of the most visible municipal services, residential waste management. Using a multinomial logit model and data for 1,000 U.S. communities, we explore the effect of political influence, voter ideology, environmental constraints, production costs (i.e., "economies of density"), and contracting transaction costs on a community's choice of market arrangement for waste collection and recycling. We find that cost factors are a significant determinant of service delivery method. In contrast, few of the political variables are statistically significant. These results hold for our models of both waste and recycling, lending further evidence to the conclusion that local governments emphasize costs when choosing between private and public provision.
Note on a Conjecture of Wegner
Creators: name: Kenn, Dominik
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: Metric Geometry (math.MG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: The optimal packings of n unit discs in the plane are known for those natural numbers n, which satisfy certain number theoretic conditions. Their geometric realizations are the extremal Groemer packings (or Wegner packings). But an extremal Groemer packing of n unit discs does not exist for all natural numbers n and in this case, the number n is called exceptional. We are interested in number theoretic characterizations of the exceptional numbers. A counterexample is given to a conjecture of Wegner concerning such a characterization. We further give a characterization of the exceptional numbers, whose shape is closely related to that of Wegner's conjecture.
description: 5 pages; Contributions to Algebra and Geometry, Vol.52 No1 April 2011
Learning Human Search Behavior from Egocentric Visual Inputs
Creators: name: Sorokin, Maks
name: Yu, Wenhao
name: Ha, Sehoon
name: Liu, C. Karen
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: Graphics (cs.GR)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: "Looking for things" is a mundane but critical task we repeatedly carry on in our daily life. We introduce a method to develop a human character capable of searching for a randomly located target object in a detailed 3D scene using its locomotion capability and egocentric vision perception represented as RGBD images. By depriving the privileged 3D information from the human character, it is forced to move and look around simultaneously to account for the restricted sensing capability, resulting in natural navigation and search behaviors. Our method consists of two components: 1) a search control policy based on an abstract character model, and 2) an online replanning control module for synthesizing detailed kinematic motion based on the trajectories planned by the search policy. We demonstrate that the combined techniques enable the character to effectively find often occluded household items in indoor environments. The same search policy can be applied to different full-body characters without the need for retraining. We evaluate our method quantitatively by testing it on randomly generated scenarios. Our work is a first step toward creating intelligent virtual agents with humanlike behaviors driven by onboard sensors, paving the road toward future robotic applications.
description: The proceeding of EUROGRAPHICS 2021
Market Power and Output-Based Refunding of Environmental Policy Revenues
Creators: name: Fischer, Carolyn
name: Fischer, Carolyn
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: emissions tax
subject: earmarking
subject: tradable performance standards
subject: imperfect competition
subject: Cournot
subject: duopoly
subject: refunding
subject: subsidy

description: Output-based refunding of environmental policy revenues combines a tax on emissions with a subsidy to output. With imperfect competition, subsidies can discourage output underprovision. However, when market shares are significant, endogenous refunding suffers compared to a fixed subsidy. Refunding the emissions tax according to market share reduces the incentive to abate, and marginal abatement costs will not be equalized if market shares differ. In a Cournot duopoly, endogenous refunding leads to higher output, emissions, and possibly costs compared to a fixed rebate program. These results hold whether emission rates are determined simultaneously or strategically in a two-stage model.
AGROFORESTRY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: POLICY LESSONS FROM CENTRAL AMERICA AND PANAMA
Creators: name: Current, Dean
name: Current, Dean
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1994
Subjects: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: This paper summarizes results of the evaluation of 11 forestry activities in Central America using a framework of factors related to long term sustainability of the benefits flowing from forestry development activities. Identified problems included: the lack of continuity of support to project sponsored activities once formal projects end, the short term focus of many projects, the lack of interest or capacity of host governments and institutions to provide continued support to these activities, and restrictive permit procedures and legislation that discourage tree management. Factors that contribute to sustainability include the participation and training of local farmers as promoters, trainers, and employees of projects. Another factor is farmer participation in demonstration plots using technologies that provide obvious short term benefits. Also important is flexibility and agility in the management of projects. This allows inputs to arrive efficiently and permits changes in project design as problems occur. As a result of this review of forestry activities, we present lessons for future project development and policy formulation and reform.