title: ÐÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð° Ð´Ð¸ÑÐºÑÐµÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐ»ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½ÑÐ°Ñ
title: Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð±Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð»Ð°Ð²ÑÐ°
titleType: Subtitle
title: Research and design of discrete-element operational amplifier
Creators: name: ÐÐ³ÑÐµÐ½ Ð¢Ñ Ð¸ ÐÐ³Ð¾Ðº ÐÐ°Ð½
Publisher: name: Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑ ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
Year: 2020
Subjects: Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½ÑÐ¹ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ñ
Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ°Ð»ÑÐ½ÑÐ¹ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½ÑÐ¹ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ñ
Ð»Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ¹Ð½ÑÐ¹ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ñ
Ð´Ð¸ÑÐºÑÐµÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÑÐ»ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑ
Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ñ
ÑÑÐµÐ´Ð° Micro-Cap
Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ²ÑÐ·Ñ
ÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑÑ
Ð³Ð°ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°
ÐºÐ¾ÑÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ¹Ð½ÑÑ Ð¸ÑÐºÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹
ÑÑÐµÐ´Ð° Easyeda
Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÐ°
Ð¼Ð°ÐºÐµÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÐ°
operational amplifier
ideal operational amplifier
linear amplifier
discrete elements
analyzes
Micro-Cap environment
feedback
spectrum
harmonic
nonlinear distortion factor
Easyeda environment
printed circuit board
breadboard

description: Ð¦ÐµÐ»ÑÑ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð»ÑÐµÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð° Ð´Ð¸ÑÐºÑÐµÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐ»ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½ÑÐ°Ñ. ÐÑÐ¸ Ð²ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¸ ÑÐµÐ»Ð¸ ÑÐ½Ð°ÑÐ°Ð»Ð¾ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾ ÑÑÐ¸ÑÑÐ²Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ°Ð»ÑÐ½ÑÐµ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ°Ð¼ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ñ. ÐÐ°Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ: ÐºÐ¾ÑÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ, Ð²ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ðµ Ð¸ Ð²ÑÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ðµ ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ, Ð²ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ¾Ðº Ð¸ ÐÐ§Ð¥. ÐÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð¼ Ð±ÑÐ»Ð¾ Ð²ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¾ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¸ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ñ ÐÐ£ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÑÑÐµÐ´Ñ Micro-Cap. Ð ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¶Ðµ ÑÐ²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸, ÑÑÐ¾ Ð·Ð° ÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐµÐ¹ Ð»Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ¹Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ñ, Ð¿ÑÐ¸ Ð²Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¸ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ²ÑÐ·Ð¸, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐ°ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ¹Ð½ÑÐ¹ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð² ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¼ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ Ð²ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÑÑÑ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ½ÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ñ, Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐ¼ÐºÐ¾ÑÑÑ Ð¡4. Ð¡ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÐÐ¡ Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ 27 ÐºÐÑ, Ñ.Ðº. Ð¸ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·ÑÐµÐ¼ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð²ÑÐºÐ°. ÐÐµ Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¾ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½ÑÐ¼ ÑÐ²Ð»ÑÐµÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ ÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑÑÐ° Ð³Ð°ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ðº. Ð£ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð³Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð½ÑÐµ 2 Ð¸ 3 Ð³Ð°ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¸. ÑÐµÐ¼ Ð½Ð¸Ð¶Ðµ Ð³Ð°ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°, ÑÐµÐ¼ Ð»ÑÑÑÐµ. ÐÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ´ÑÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¾, ÑÑÐ¾ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ°Ð¼ÐµÑÑÑ ÐÐ£ ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ðµ Ð¸ Ð»ÑÑÑÐµ ÑÐµÐ¼ Ð² Ð¸Ð½ÑÐµÐ³ÑÐ°Ð»ÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ. B ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ½Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ ÐºÐ¾ÑÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ¹Ð½ÑÑ Ð¸ÑÐºÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ (0.02%). ÐÐ¾ÑÐ»Ðµ Ð²ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐµÐ·ÑÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÑÐ¾Ð² Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð², Ð±ÑÐ»Ð° Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð° Ð¼Ð°ÐºÐµÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÐ° Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÑÐºÐ¸ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ°Ð¼ÐµÑÑÐ¾Ð² ÐÐ£. ÐÐ°ÑÐµÐ¼ Ð² ÑÐµÑÐ²Ð¸ÑÐµ Â«EasyedaÂ» ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¸ Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ñ. ÐÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·ÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð»Ð°Ð¹Ð½ ÑÐµÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Â«EasyedaÂ» Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ¾ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ ÐµÐµ Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ. Ð ÑÐ¾Ð´Ðµ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸, ÑÑÐ¾ ÐÐ£ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð¸ÑÐ°ÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð´Ð¸ÑÐºÑÐµÑÐ½ÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½ÑÐ°Ñ. ÐÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ ÑÐ±Ð¾ÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑÐ¾Ð¹ÑÑÐ²Ð°. ÐÑ ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð»Ð¸ ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½ÑÐ¹ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ñ (Ð¿Ð¾ ÐºÐ°ÑÐµÑÑÐ²Ðµ Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÐµÐ½Ðµ).
description: The aim of the work is to research and design an operational amplifier on discrete elements. When fulfilling the goal, it is first necessary to consider the ideal parameters of the operational amplifier. For example: gain, input and output resistances, input current and frequency response. Then, simulation and analysis of the opamp using the Micro-Cap medium was performed. And we also saw that due to the general linearity of the amplifier, with the introduction of feedback, we get a very linear amplifier in which frequency correction can be performed, changing the capacity of C4. Using the OS, they limited the band to 27 kHz, because We use our amplifier to amplify the sound. Equally important is the form of the harmonic spectrum. We have the main 2 and 3 harmonics. the lower the harmonic, the better. The simulation showed that the parameters of the op-amp are good and better than in integrated circuits. In particular, the non-linear distortion coefficient is lower (0.02%). After performing the simulation and obtaining the results of the analyzes, a breadboard was obtained for checking the parameters of the op-amp. Then, the âEasyedaâ service created an amplifier circuit board. Using the online service "Easyeda" you can quite simply design a printed circuit board and order its manufacture. In the course of work, we checked that the op-amps can be assembled on discrete components. We carried out the assembly of the printed circuit board and checked the operability of the device. We made a good operational amplifier (in quality and price).