Constraining models for the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays with a novel combined analysis of arrival directions, spectrum, and composition data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory
Creators: name: The Pierre Auger Collaboration
name: Halim, A. Abdul
name: Abreu, P.
name: Aglietta, M.
name: Allekotte, I.
name: Cheminant, K. Almeida
name: Almela, A.
name: Aloisio, R.
name: Alvarez-Muñiz, J.
name: Yebra, J. Ammerman
name: Anastasi, G. A.
name: Anchordoqui, L.
name: Andrada, B.
name: Andringa, S.
name: Aramo, C.
name: Ferreira, P. R. Araújo
name: Arnone, E.
name: Velázquez, J. C. Arteaga
name: Asorey, H.
name: Assis, P.
name: Avila, G.
name: Avocone, E.
name: Badescu, A. M.
name: Bakalova, A.
name: Balaceanu, A.
name: Barbato, F.
name: Mocellin, A. Bartz
name: Bellido, J. A.
name: Berat, C.
name: Bertaina, M. E.
name: Bhatta, G.
name: Bianciotto, M.
name: Biermann, P. L.
name: Binet, V.
name: Bismark, K.
name: Bister, T.
name: Biteau, J.
name: Blazek, J.
name: Bleve, C.
name: Blümer, J.
name: Boháčová, M.
name: Boncioli, D.
name: Bonifazi, C.
name: Arbeletche, L. Bonneau
name: Borodai, N.
name: Brack, J.
name: Orchera, P. G. Brichetto
name: Briechle, F. L.
name: Bueno, A.
name: Buitink, S.
name: Buscemi, M.
name: Büsken, M.
name: Bwembya, A.
name: Caballero-Mora, K. S.
name: Caccianiga, L.
name: Caracas, I.
name: Caruso, R.
name: Castellina, A.
name: Catalani, F.
name: Cataldi, G.
name: Cazon, L.
name: Cerda, M.
name: Chinellato, J. A.
name: Chudoba, J.
name: Chytka, L.
name: Clay, R. W.
name: Cerutti, A. C. Cobos
name: Colalillo, R.
name: Coleman, A.
name: Coluccia, M. R.
name: Conceição, R.
name: Condorelli, A.
name: Consolati, G.
name: Conte, M.
name: Convenga, F.
name: Santos, D. Correia dos
name: Costa, P. J.
name: Covault, C. E.
name: Cristinziani, M.
name: Sanchez, C. S. Cruz
name: Dasso, S.
name: Daumiller, K.
name: Dawson, B. R.
name: de Almeida, R. M.
name: de Jesús, J.
name: de Jong, S. J.
name: Neto, J. R. T. de Mello
name: De Mitri, I.
name: de Oliveira, J.
name: Franco, D. de Oliveira
name: de Palma, F.
name: de Souza, V.
name: De Vito, E.
name: Del Popolo, A.
name: Deligny, O.
name: Deval, L.
name: di Matteo, A.
name: Dobre, M.
name: Dobrigkeit, C.
name: D'Olivo, J. C.
name: Mendes, L. M. Domingues
name: Anjos, J. C. dos
name: Anjos, R. C. dos
name: Ebr, J.
name: Ellwanger, F.
name: Emam, M.
name: Engel, R.
name: Epicoco, I.
name: Erdmann, M.
name: Etchegoyen, A.
name: Evoli, C.
name: Falcke, H.
name: Farmer, J.
name: Farrar, G.
name: Fauth, A. C.
name: Fazzini, N.
name: Feldbusch, F.
name: Fenu, F.
name: Fernandes, A.
name: Fick, B.
name: Figueira, J. M.
name: Filipčič, A.
name: Fitoussi, T.
name: Flaggs, B.
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name: Fujii, T.
name: Fuster, A.
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name: García, B.
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name: Gemmeke, H.
name: Gesualdi, F.
name: Gherghel-Lascu, A.
name: Ghia, P. L.
name: Giaccari, U.
name: Giammarchi, M.
name: Glombitza, J.
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name: Vitale, P. F. Gómez
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name: Góra, D.
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name: Grubb, T. D.
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name: Hamal, P.
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name: Harari, D.
name: Harvey, V. M.
name: Haungs, A.
name: Hebbeker, T.
name: Hojvat, C.
name: Hörandel, J. R.
name: Horvath, P.
name: Hrabovský, M.
name: Huege, T.
name: Insolia, A.
name: Isar, P. G.
name: Janecek, P.
name: Johnsen, J. A.
name: Jurysek, J.
name: Kääpä, A.
name: Kampert, K. H.
name: Keilhauer, B.
name: Khakurdikar, A.
name: Covilakam, V. V. Kizakke
name: Klages, H. O.
name: Kleifges, M.
name: Knapp, F.
name: Kunka, N.
name: Lago, B. L.
name: Langner, N.
name: de Oliveira, M. A. Leigui
name: Lema-Capeans, Y
name: Lenok, V.
name: Letessier-Selvon, A.
name: Lhenry-Yvon, I.
name: Presti, D. Lo
name: Lopes, L.
name: Lu, L.
name: Luce, Q.
name: Lundquist, J. P.
name: Payeras, A. Machado
name: Majercakova, M.
name: Mandat, D.
name: Manning, B. C.
name: Mantsch, P.
name: Marafico, S.
name: Mariani, F. M.
name: Mariazzi, A. G.
name: Mariş, I. C.
name: Marsella, G.
name: Martello, D.
name: Martinelli, S.
name: Bravo, O. Martínez
name: Martins, M. A.
name: Mastrodicasa, M.
name: Mathes, H. J.
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name: Nitz, D.
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name: Novotny, V.
name: Nožka, L.
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name: Núñez, L. A.
name: Oliveira, C.
name: Palatka, M.
name: Pallotta, J.
name: Parente, G.
name: Pawlowsky, J.
name: Pech, M.
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name: Pelayo, R.
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name: Martins, E. E. Pereira
name: Armand, J. Perez
name: Bertolli, C. Pérez
name: Perrone, L.
name: Petrera, S.
name: Petrucci, C.
name: Pierog, T.
name: Pimenta, M.
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name: Pont, B.
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name: Shahvar, M. Pourmohammad
name: Privitera, P.
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name: Puyleart, A.
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name: Ravignani, D.
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name: Risse, M.
name: Rizi, V.
name: de Carvalho, W. Rodrigues
name: Rodriguez, E.
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name: Roncoroni, M. J.
name: Rossoni, S.
name: Roth, M.
name: Rovero, A. C.
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name: Saftoiu, A.
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name: Gomez, J. D. Sanabria
name: Sánchez, F.
name: Santos, E. M.
name: Santos, E.
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name: Schieler, H.
name: Schimassek, M.
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name: Schmidt, D.
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name: Schulte, J.
name: Schulz, T.
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name: Stasielak, J.
name: Stassi, P.
name: Straub, M.
name: Streich, A.
name: Suárez-Durán, M.
name: Suomijärvi, T.
name: Supanitsky, A. D.
name: Svozilikova, Z.
name: Szadkowski, Z.
name: Tapia, A.
name: Taricco, C.
name: Timmermans, C.
name: Tkachenko, O.
name: Tobiska, P.
name: Peixoto, C. J. Todero
name: Tomé, B.
name: Torrès, Z.
name: Travaini, A.
name: Travnicek, P.
name: Trimarelli, C.
name: Tueros, M.
name: Unger, M.
name: Vaclavek, L.
name: Vacula, M.
name: Galicia, J. F. Valdés
name: Valore, L.
name: Varela, E.
name: Vásquez-Ramírez, A.
name: Veberič, D.
name: Ventura, C.
name: Quispe, I. D. Vergara
name: Verzi, V.
name: Vicha, J.
name: Vink, J.
name: Vlastimil, J.
name: Vorobiov, S.
name: Watanabe, C.
name: Watson, A. A.
name: Weindl, A.
name: Wiencke, L.
name: Wilczyński, H.
name: Wittkowski, D.
name: Wundheiler, B.
name: Yue, B.
name: Yushkov, A.
name: Zapparrata, O.
name: Zas, E.
name: Zavrtanik, D.
name: Zavrtanik, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The combined fit of the measured energy spectrum and shower maximum depth distributions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays is known to constrain the parameters of astrophysical models with homogeneous source distributions. Studies of the distribution of the cosmic-ray arrival directions show a better agreement with models in which a fraction of the flux is non-isotropic and associated with the nearby radio galaxy Centaurus A or with catalogs such as that of starburst galaxies. Here, we present a novel combination of both analyses by a simultaneous fit of arrival directions, energy spectrum, and composition data measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory.
 We find that a model containing a flux contribution from the starburst galaxy catalog of around 20% at 40 EeV with a magnetic field blurring of around $20^\circ$ for a rigidity of 10 EV provides a fair simultaneous description of all three observables. The starburst galaxy model is favored with a significance of $4.5σ$ (considering experimental systematic effects) compared to a reference model with only homogeneously distributed background sources. By investigating a scenario with Centaurus A as a single source in combination with the homogeneous background, we confirm that this region of the sky provides the dominant contribution to the observed anisotropy signal. Models containing a catalog of jetted active galactic nuclei whose flux scales with the $γ$-ray emission are, however, disfavored as they cannot adequately describe the measured arrival directions.