In-beam performance of a Resistive Plate Chamber operated with eco-friendly gas mixtures
Creators: name: Quaglia, L.
name: Abbrescia, M.
name: Aielli, G.
name: Aly, R.
name: Arena, M. C.
name: Barroso, M.
name: Benussi, L.
name: Bianco, S.
name: Boscherini, D.
name: Bordon, F.
name: Bruni, A.
name: Buontempo, S.
name: Busato, M.
name: Camarri, P.
name: Cardarelli, R.
name: Congedo, L.
name: Damiao, D. De Jesus
name: De Serio, M.
name: Di Ciaccio, A.
name: Di Stante, L.
name: Dupieux, P.
name: Eysermans, J.
name: Ferretti, A.
name: Galati, G.
name: Gagliardi, M.
name: Guida, R.
name: Iaselli, G.
name: Joly, B.
name: Juks, S. A.
name: Lee, K. S.
name: Liberti, B.
name: Ramirez, D. Lucero
name: Mandelli, B.
name: Manen, S. P.
name: Massa, L.
name: Pastore, A.
name: Pastori, E.
name: Piccolo, D.
name: Pizzimento, L.
name: Polini, A.
name: Proto, G.
name: Pugliese, G.
name: Ramos, D.
name: Rigoletti, G.
name: Rocchi, A.
name: Romano, M.
name: Samalan, A.
name: Salvini, P.
name: Santonico, R.
name: Saviano, G.
name: Sessa, M.
name: Simone, S.
name: Terlizzi, L.
name: Tytgat, M.
name: Vercellin, E.
name: Verzeroli, M.
name: Zaganidis, N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) studies the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP): a deconfined state of matter obtained in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. One of the probes for QGP study are quarkonia and open heavy flavour, of which ALICE exploits the muonic decay. A set of Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs), placed in the forward rapidity region of the ALICE detector, is used for muon identification purposes. The correct operation of these detectors is ensured by the choice of the proper gas mixture. Currently they are operated with a mixture of C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$, i-C$_{4}$H$_{10}$ and SF$_{6}$ but, starting from 2017, new EU regulations have enforced a progressive phase-out of C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ because of its large Global Warming Potential (GWP), making it difficult and costly to purchase. CERN asked LHC experiments to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, to which RPC operation contributes significantly. A possible candidate for C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ replacement is the C$_{3}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ (diluted with other gases, such as CO$_{2}$), which has been extensively tested using cosmic rays. Promising gas mixtures have been devised; the next crucial steps are the detailed in-beam characterization of such mixtures as well as the study of their performance under increasing irradiation levels. This contribution will describe the methodology and results of beam tests carried out at the CERN GIF++ (equipped with a high activity $^{137}$Cs source and muon beam) with an ALICE-like RPC prototype, operated with several mixtures with varying proportions of CO$_{2}$, C$_{3}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$, i-C$_{4}$H$_{10}$ and SF$_{6}$ . Absorbed currents, efficiencies, prompt charges, cluster sizes, time resolutions and rate capabilities will be presented, both from digitized (for detailed shape and charge analysis) and discriminated (using the same front-end electronics as employed in ALICE) signals.