Dryinus Latreille 1804
Creators: name: Xu, Zaifu
name: Olmi, Massimo
name: He, Junhua
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Dryinidae
Dryinus

description: 11. Genus Dryinus Latreille, 1804
Dryinus Latreille 1804: 176; Latreille 1805: 228; Haliday 1833: 273; Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1905: 69 (part.); Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1906: 497 (part.); Richards 1935: 144; Richards 1937: 118; Richards 1939: 229; Olmi 1984: 728; Olmi 1991: 259; Olmi 1993b: 61; Olmi 1994: 63; Olmi 1995g: 5; Olmi 1999a: 180; He & Xu 2002: 249; Virla & Olmi 2008: 370; Moya-Raygoza & Olmi 2010: 95.
nec Dryinus Fabricius 1804: 200 (= Anisepyris Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1905 (Bethylidae)).
Campylonyx Westwood 1835: 52 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type species: Campylonyx ampuliciformis Westwood 1835, by monotypy; Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1905: 84; Kieffer 1914b: 43.
Chelothelius Reinhard 1863: 409 (synonymized by Olmi 1993b); type species: Chelothelius gryps Reinhard 1863, by monotypy; Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1905: 125; Kieffer 1914b: 56; Berland 1928: 143; Olmi 1984: 604; Olmi 1993b: 61; Olmi 1993d: 47.
Paradryinus R. Perkins 1905: 53 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type species: Paradryinus koebelei R. Perkins 1905, by original designation.
Chlorodryinus R. Perkins 1905: 57 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type species: Chlorodryinus pallidus R. Perkins 1905, by original designation.
Plastodryinus Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1906: 496 (synonymized by Móczár 1965); type species: Plastodryinus szepligetii (Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1906), by original designation.
Mesodryinus Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1906: 497 (synonymized by Olmi 1993b); type species: Mesodryinus niger (Kieffer 1904), by original designation; Kieffer 1914b: 29; Muesebeck & Walkley 1951: 1034; Krombein 1979: 1243; Olmi 1984: 1000; Olmi 1993b: 61; Olmi 1993d: 47.
Hesperodryinus R. Perkins 1907: 40 (synonymized by Olmi 1984); type species: Hesperodryinus arizonicus R. Perkins, 1907, by original designation; Krombein 1979: 1242.
Perodryinus R. Perkins 1907: 43 (synonymized by Olmi 1993b); type species: Perodryinus amoenus R. Perkins 1907, by monotypy; Kieffer 1914b: 48; Olmi 1984: 1033; Olmi 1993b: 61.
Lestodryinus Kieffer 1911a: 108 (new name for Dryinus Latreille, 1804; synonymized by Richards 1937); type species: Lestodryinus collaris (Linnaeus 1767), by automatic designation (see Dryinus Latreille, 1804); Kieffer 1914b: 20.
Tridryinus Kieffer 1913c: 325 (synonymized by Olmi 1993b); type species: Tridryinus striaticeps (Kieffer 1909), by original designation; Olmi 1984: 932; Olmi 1993b: 61.
Bocchoides Benoit 1954: 424 (synonymized by Olmi 1993b); type species: Bocchoides bekilyensis Benoit 1954, by monotypy; Olmi 1984: 601; Olmi 1993b: 61; Olmi 1993d: 47.
Richardsidryinus Móczár 1965: 376 (synonymized by Olmi 1991); type species: Richardsidryinus corsicus (Marshall 1874), by original designation; Olmi 1984: 907; Olmi 1991: 259.
Avodryinus Ponomarenko 1981a: 143 (synonymized by Olmi 1984, as synonym of Richardsidryinus Móczár, 1965); type species: Avodryinus canadensis Ponomarenko 1981, by monotypy and original designation.
Alphadryinus Olmi 1984: 973 (synonymized by Olmi 1993b); type species: Alphadryinus asiaticus Olmi 1984, by original designation; Olmi 1990a: 137; Olmi 1993b: 61; Olmi 1993d: 47.
Type species. Dryinus collaris (Linnaeus, 1767) (= Dryinus formicarius Latreille, 1804, by subsequent monotypy (Latreille, 1805)).
Diagnosis. Female (Plate 83A); fully winged (Plate 83A); occipital carina complete, or incomplete, or absent; palpal formula 6/3; mandible with 1–4 teeth; antenna usually with rhinaria, rarely without; antenna without tufts of long hairs (Plate 83A); antennal segment 3 usually less than five times as long as segment 2, occasionally more than five times (in this case, notauli often complete, then scutum completely sculptured by numerous and parallel longitudinal keels); pronotal tubercle reaching or not reaching tegula; fore wing with three cells enclosed by pigmented veins (costal, median and submedian) (Plate 83A); chela with rudimentary claw (Figs 74B, 86C); segment 5 of protarsus less than twice as broad as enlarged claw (Plates 74B, 86C); enlarged claw as long as, or shorter than protibia (Plate 83A); tibial spurs 1/1/2, rarely 1/1/1. Male (Plate 76A): fully winged (Plate 76A); occipital carina complete or incomplete; mandible with 1–3 teeth; palpal formula 6/3; epicnemium visible, because lateral regions of prothorax not continuous with mesopleura (Plate 2H); mesosternum fused with mesopleura and not distinct; fore wing with three cells enclosed by pigmented veins (costal, median and submedian) (Plate 76A); paramere without dorsal process (Plate 74C); tibial spurs 1/1/2.
Distribution. Worldwide.
Hosts. Acanaloniidae, Cixiidae, Dictyopharidae, Flatidae, Fulgoridae, Issidae, Lophopidae, Ricaniidae, Tropiduchidae (Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997, 2006, 2007).
World species. Two hundred and ninety species are known, fourty seven in the Oriental region.
Remarks. Larvae of Dryinus were described by Abril (1992).
Dryinus females were divided for convenience by Olmi (1993b) into four groups on the basis of the following characters:
Key to the groups of Dryinus
1. Enlarged claw very reduced, approximately as long as or slightly longer than arolium (Plate 74A)............... Group 4
– Enlarged claw not reduced, much longer than arolium (Plate 74B).............................................. 2
2. Enlarged claw without subapical tooth, or with at least two subapical teeth; rarely with only one subapical tooh, but then with one very broad apical lamella (Plates 86B, C, E, 87A, C, 88A)........................................... Group 3
– Enlarged claw with one subapical tooth, never with one broad apical lamella (Plates 74B, 85F)....................... 3
3. Notauli at least partly present...................................................................... Group 1
– Notauli absent.................................................................................. Group 2
The above groups are distributed in the zoogeographical regions as follows:
Palaearctic: groups 1, 3.
Afrotropical: groups 1, 2, 3.
Oriental: groups 1, 2, 3.
Nearctic: groups 1, 2, 3, 4.
Neotropical: groups 1, 2, 3, 4.
Australian: groups 1, 3.
As far as, it is not possible divide also males into the above groups.
All Oriental species of Dryinus can be attributed to one of the above three female groups, except Dryinus maculipennis He & Xu, 2002 and Dryinus olmii Xu & He, 1994b. The attribution of these species to a distinct group is impossible, because they were described on the basis of male specimens and their females are unknown. For this reason, they are attributed to an uncertain group (see “Uncertain group”).
Key to the males
(unknown for the species not present in the key to the males) (males not divided into groups)
1. Dorsal part of occipital carina laterally reaching eyes......................................................... 2
- Dorsal part of occipital carina laterally not reaching eyes...................................................... 4
2. Notauli complete...................................................................... D. achterbergi Olmi
- Notauli incomplete, reaching approximately 0.65–0.90 length of scutum......................................... 3
3. Head granulated, black, with mandible, clypeus and anterior region of face testaceous; scutum granulated, with posterior third rugose............................................................................... D. indicus (Kieffer)
- Head granulated and reticulate rugose, black, with only mandible testaceous; scutum completely granulated and reticulate rugose.................................................................................... D. latus Olmi
4. Scutellum partly or totally granulated, not reticulate rugose.................................................... 5
- Scutellum reticulate rugose, not granulated................................................................. 9
5. Metanotum shiny, completely unsculptured................................................... D. olmii Xu & He
- Metanotum dull, at least partly granulated or rugose.......................................................... 6
6. Head with TL as long as greatest breadth of posterior ocelli..................................... D. pyrillae (Kieffer)
- Head with TL shorter than greatest breadth of posterior ocelli.................................................. 7
7. Fore wing with distal half darkened (Plate 88E)......................................... D. maculipennis He & Xu
- Fore wing hyaline, not darkened......................................................................... 8
8. Posterior ocelli farther from occipital carina; OL about twice as long as OPL....................... D. browni Ashmead - Posterior ocelli almost touching occipital carina............................................. D. pyrillivorus Olmi
9. Posterior ocelli almost touching occipital carina (Plate 76A)..................................... D. cavifrons Olmi
- Posterior ocelli farther from occipital carina.................................................... D. scaber Olmi
Group 1
Thirty-eight species are known in the Oriental region.
Key to the females
1. Posterior collar of pronotum absent (Plate 79A); pronotum excavated (Plate 79A)................... D. irregularis Olmi
- Posterior collar of pronotum present (Plate 85B); pronotum more or less humped (Plate 85B), rarely flat................ 2
2. Segment 1 of protarsus approximately twice, or more than twice as long as segment 4............................... 3
- Segment 1 of protarsus slightly longer or slightly shorter than segment 4......................................... 4
3. Posterior ocelli touching occipital carina; prothorax black; procoxa shorter than head; protrochanter less than three times as long as broad.......................................................................... D. kiefferi (Fouts)
- Posterior ocelli not touching occipital carina; prothorax reddish; procoxa about twice as long as head; protrochanter approximately five times as long as broad........................................................... D. longipes Olmi
4. Posterior ocelli touching or almost touching occipital carina (Plate 77E).......................................... 5
- Posterior ocelli farther from occipital carina (Plate 77D)..................................................... 20
5. Head and pronotum completely testaceous or testaceous-ferruginous............................................ 6
- Head and pronotum at least partly black................................................................... 7
6. Pronotum dull, granulated, with some short longitudinal keels on posterior transverse impression.......... D. pulcher Olmi
- Pronotum shiny, unsculptured, only with disc slightly granulated and with lateral regions sculptured by short longitudinal keels........................................................................................ D. ornatus Olmi
7. Head shiny, smooth, hairless, unsculptured, very excavated.......................................... D. exilis Olmi
- Head shiny or dull, never unsculptured, with or without keels, granulated, usually flat, sometimes excavated............. 8
8. Head excavated (Plate 75H)............................................................................. 9
- Head flat........................................................................................... 16
9. Occipital carina incomplete; head with vertex more excavated (Plate 75H).......................... D. cavifrons Olmi
- Occipital carina complete; head with vertex less excavated (Plate 83C).......................................... 10
10. Occipital carina laterally reaching eyes (Plate 77E).......................................... D. hainanensis Olmi
- Occipital carina laterally not reaching eyes (Plate 83B)...................................................... 11
11. Greatest breadth of posterior ocelli as long as, or longer than TL............................................... 12
- Greatest breadth of posterior ocelli shorter than TL......................................................... 14
12. Head with face sculptured by some longitudinal keels................................... D. krombeini Ponomarenko
- Head with face smooth, not sculptured by longitudinal keels (except frontal line).................................. 13
13. Pronotum broadly testaceous, with brown areas; scutum almost completely reticulate rugose, with only anterior surface of median region granulated.................................................................... D. choui Olmi
- Pronotum mostly or completely black; scutum granulated, with few small areolae near posterior margin............................................................................................... D. expolitus Xu, Olmi & He
14. Antennal segment 3 more than five times as long as segment 2................................. D. pyrillivorus Olmi
- Antennal segment 3 less than five times as long as segment 2................................................. 15
15. Head with face very narrow, narrower than scutellum............................................. D. bellicus Olmi
- Head with face very broad, broader than scutellum............................................. D. indianus (Olmi)
16. Head with face sculptured by some longitudinal keels, or with tracks of longitudinal keels.......................... 17
- Head with face not sculptured by longitudinal keels, or tracks of longitudinal keels (except frontal line)................ 18
17. Enlarged claw with one big subapical tooth (Plate 85D)....................................... D. stantoni Ashmead
- Enlarged claw with one small subapical tooth (Plate 81C)........................................ D. parvulus Olmi
18. Temple absent in dorsal view (Plate 79F)...................................................... D. lesagei Olmi
- Temple distinct in dorsal view (Plates 79E, 85C).......................................................... 19
19. Head longer, with sides of face more converging (Plate 85C).................................. D. trifasciatus Kieffer
- Head transverse, with sides of face less converging (Plate 79E)....................................... D. latus Olmi
20. Species completely testaceous, with petiole black........................................................... 21
- Species at least partly black or brown.................................................................... 22
21. Propodeum with dorsal surface less than twice as long as posterior surface (Plate 78C); profemur with stalk much shorter than club (Plate 78D); protibia less slender and curved (Plate 78D)................................... D. indicus (Kieffer)
- Propodeum with dorsal surface more than twice as long as posterior surface (Plate 81D); profemur with stalk approximately as long as club (Plate 81E)); protibia much slender and more curved (Plate 81E)...................... D. praeclarus Olmi
22. Pronotum completely reddish or testaceous................................................................ 23
- Pronotum at least partly black or brown, occasionally partly reddish or testaceous; rarely testaceous, with brown or black areas ................................................................................................... 24
23. Occipital carina complete.................................................................... D. fulvus Olmi
- Occipital carina incomplete.............................................................. D. indicus (Kieffer)
24. Metapleuron with narrow region smooth, shiny, hairless and unsculptured............................. D. lucens Olmi
- Metapleuron without narrow region smooth, shiny, hairless and unsculptured..................................... 25
25. Antenna with segments 4–5 flat and much broader than other segments (Plate 75C).................. D. browni Ashmead
- Antenna with segments 4–5 as cylindric as other segments, not broader than other segments (Plate 83A)............... 26
26. Dorsal surface of propodeum approximately twice as long as posterior surface.................................... 27
- Dorsal surface of propodeum as long as, or less than twice as long as posterior surface............................. 28
27. Scutum completely granulated, or at most with posterior surface reticulate rugose.................. D. stantoni Ashmead
- Scutum completely reticulate rugose.......................................................... D. mansus Olmi
28. Occipital carina incomplete.............................................................. D. indicus (Kieffer)
- Occipital carina complete.............................................................................. 29
29. Temple absent (Plate 75F)............................................................... D. bruneianus Olmi
- Temple present (Plate 84A)............................................................................ 30
30. Pronotum testaceous, except lateral regions partly brown................................ D. adgressor Xu, Olmi & He
- Pronotum black or brown or partly reddish, occasionally with posterior collar and lateral margins testaceous............ 31
31. Head completely reticulate rugose....................................................................... 32
- Head with different sculpture........................................................................... 35
32. Head with OPL about as long as TL.................................................. D. chenae Xu, Olmi & He
- Head with OPL much shorter or much longer than TL....................................................... 33
33. Head with OPL much longer than TL; dorsal region of propodeum sculptured by numerous parallel longitudinal keels....................................................................................... D. lianus Xu, Olmi & He
- Head with OPL much shorter than TL; dorsal region of propodeum reticulate rugose, without parallel longitudinal keels... 34
34. Enlarged claw spatulate (Plate 80D); notauli incomplete, reaching about 0.7 length of scutum................ D. lini Olmi
- Enlarged claw not spatulate (Plate 81A); notauli complete, posteriorly separated................................................................................................... D. nanlingensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen
35. Head with POL more than twice as long as OL; occipital carina behind ocelli forming strong corner (Plate 84A)... D. scaber Olmi
- Head with POL as long as, or at most twice as long as OL; occipital carina behind ocelli regularly curved (Plates 82A, 84B)... 36
36. Head with OOL three times, or less than three times as long as TL............................................. 37
- Head with OOL more than three times as long as TL........................................................ 39
37. Enlarged claw with one row of bristles, without lamellae (Plate 74E); scutum strongly reticulate rugose, not granulated, with notauli indistinct........................................................................ D. alboniger Olmi
- Enlarged claw with one row of lamellae (Plates 82D, 84D); scutum at least partly granulated, partly reticulate rugose, with notauli distinct...................................................................................... 38
38. Head with OOL about twice as long as TL.................................................. D. pyrillae (Kieffer)
- Head with OOL about three times as long as TL................................................. D. sinicus Olmi
39. Enlarged claw spatulate (Plate 84E)............................................... D. spathulatus Xu, Olmi & He
- Enlarged claw not spatulate (Plates 74B, 82C, 84D)......................................................... 40
40. Scutum shiny, with median surface finely punctate, unsculptured among punctures; posterior fourth and lateral regions of scutum strongly sculptured by many parallel longitudinal keels........................... D. punctulatus Xu, Olmi & He
- Scutum dull, granulated, occasionally with posterior third or lateral regions reticulate rugose, without longitudinal keels.. 41
41. Species large (more than 4.5 mm long), with notauli reaching approximately 0.8 length of scutum......... D. sinicus Olmi
- Species smaller (less than 4.5 mm long), with notauli almost complete, almost reaching posterior margin of scutum............................................................................................. D. achterbergi Olmi
Remarks. Fossil species of Dryinus group 1 were described by Olmi et al. (2011).
description: Published as part of Xu, Zaifu, Olmi, Massimo & He, Junhua, 2013, Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), pp. 1-460 in Zootaxa 3614 (1) on pages 254-257, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3614.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5278372