Arhaphe carolina Herrich-Schaeffer 1850
Creators: name: Stehlík, Jaroslav L.
name: Kment, Petr
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Largidae
Arhaphe
Arhaphe carolina

description: Arhaphe carolina Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850
(Figs. 13–14)
Arhaphe carolina Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850: 183, Tab. CCCXV: Fig. 968 (description, figure). Holotype: 3, USA: “ Carolina ” (ex coll. Germar, current location unknown).
Arhaphe carolina: Stål (1870): 98 (catalog, distribution).
Arhaphe carolina: Walker (1873): 36 (catalog, faunistics).
Arhaphe carolina: Uhler (1886): 16 (checklist, distribution).
Arhaphe carolina: Lethierry & Severin (1894): 240 (catalog, distribution).
Arhaphe carolina: Barber (1910): 38 (differential diagnosis from A. cicindeloides [= A. arguta]).
Araphe [sic!] carolina: Barber (1911): 28 (key).
Arhaphe carolina: Torre-Bueno (1913): 59 (faunistics).
Arhaphe carolina: Van Duzee (1916): 24 (checklist).
Arhaphe carolina (partim): Van Duzee (1917): 205 (catalog, distribution).
Arhaphe carolina: Malloch (1921): 55: fig. 2 (figure of abdominal trichobothria).
Arhaphe carolina: Barber (1924): 228 (key).
Arhaphe carolina: Blatchley (1926): 440 (redescription, habitus figure, biology, habitat, distribution, faunistics). Arhaphe carolina: Hussey (1929): 27 (catalog, distribution).
Araphe [sic!] carolina: Brimley (1938): 45 (faunistics: North Carolina).
Arhaphe carolina: Torre-Bueno (1941): 113 –114 (key to species, distribution).
Arhaphe carolina: Froeschner (1944): 645, 680 (key, figure of habitus, habitat, phenology, faunistics). Arhaphe carolina: Lattin (1958): 219 (morphology, stridulatory apparatus).
Arhaphe carolina: Halstead (1972): 1 –2, 6 (key, distribution).
Arhaphe carolina: Brailovsky & Marquez (1974): 102 (comparative note, distribution). Arhaphe carolina: Slater & Baranowski (1978): 97 (diagnosis, habitus drawing, distribution). Arhaphe carolina: Brailovsky (1981): 84 –87, 105 (key, habitus photo, distribution, faunistics). Araphe [sic!] carolina: Bouseman (1988): 117 (habitat, host plant, distribution).
Arhaphe carolina: Henry (1988): 160 (habitus drawing, catalog, distribution).
Arhaphe carolina: Schuh & Slater (1995): 269 (diagnosis, habitus drawing, distribution). Arhaphe carolina: Hoffman (2005): 14 –16 (habitus drawing, mimicry, distribution, faunistics).
Material examined (20 specimens). USA: Florida: Alahua Co.; Clay Co.; Highlands Co.: Sebring; Liberty Co.; Manatee Co.: Palma Sola; Putnam Co. (FSCA, UMMZ). Louisiana: New Orleans (MMBC). Missouri: Grenada Co.: Dabart Sta. (UMMZ). South Carolina: Kerahaw Co.: Blaney (UMMZ). Texas: Daris Mts., Ford Davis Quard, Phantom Lake (UMMZ). MEXICO: Distrito Federal: Teupilco (CISC). Estado de México: Temescaltepec, Bejucos (CISC). Jalisco: Jalostotitlan, 4 km SW (CISC).
Differential diagnosis. Arhaphe carolina is easily recognisable from the remaining species inhabiting the USA by its unpuncturated head (see the Key above).
Taxonomy. Uhler (1886) and later Bliven (1973) synonymised Arhaphe cicindeloides with A. carolina, which is not true (see comments under A. arguta and A. cicindeloides, respectively).
The senior author had the possibility to examine the specimens of A. carolina reported from Mexico by Distant (1893: 414); however, they do not belong to A. carolina but to an undescribed species.
Biology and ecology. Blatchley (1926) reported collecting the species twice while sweeping Ericads (single specimens) and four other specimens hibernating in bases of tufts of grass along a sandy roadway in Florida. Bouseman (1988) collected one macropterous and one brachypterous female on flowerheads of Caenothus americanus (Rhamnaceae) in Illinois. The specimen from Hoffman (2005) was collected scurrying across a trail on a hillside near Oriskany in Virginia.
Hoffman (2005) hypothesised that the subglobose head, color pattern, and quick movements of A. carolina suggest that it may be a facultative mutillid mimic.
Distribution. USA: Alabama (Blatchley 1926, Henry 1988), “ Carolina ” (Herrich-Schaeffer 1850, Van Duzee 1917), Florida (Blatchley 1926, Torre-Bueno 1941, Brailovsky 1981, Henry 1988, this paper), Georgia (Walker 1873, Van Duzee 1917, Blatchley 1926, Torre-Bueno 1941, Brailovsky 1981, Henry 1988), Illinois (Bouseman 1988), Louisiana (Torre-Bueno 1941, Henry 1988, this paper), Missouri (Froeschner 1944, Henry 1988, this paper), North Carolina (Torre-Bueno 1913, Brimley 1938, Torre-Bueno 1941, Brailovsky 1981, Henry 1988, Hoffman 2005), South Carolina (Hoffman 2005, this paper), Tennessee (Halstead 1972, Brailovsky 1981, Henry 1988), Texas (Blatchley 1926, Torre-Bueno 1941, Henry 1988, this paper), Virginia (Brailovsky 1981, Hoffman 2005). MEXICO (Stål 1870, Walker 1873): Baja California (Halstead 1972, Brailovsky 1981), Chihuahua (Brailovsky 1981), Colima (Brailovsky 1981), Distrito Federal (Brailovsky 1981, this paper), Estado de México (this paper), Jalisco (Brailovsky 1981, this paper), Nayarit (Brailovsky 1981), Oaxaca (Brailovsky 1981), Tabasco (Brailovsky 1981), Veracruz (Brailovsky 1981).
Previously the species was recorded by Uhler (1871) from material collected in eastern Colorado and northeastern New Mexico. Later it was recorded from Arizona by Snow (1904, 1906, 1907), Barber (1910), Van Duzee (1917), and Schmidt (1931). Henry (1988) listed A. carolina from Arizona and New Mexico with question marks. The senior author examined numerous material of Arhaphe from many localities in Arizona; however, it included no specimen of A. carolina, but A. arguta seems to be very common in the state. Therefore, there is good chance that the above mentioned records of A. carolina from Arizona belong in fact to A. arguta. Occurrence of A. carolina in Arizona and New Mexico certainly requires confirmation.
description: Published as part of Stehlík, Jaroslav L. & Kment, Petr, 2011, Redescription of Pararhaphe and review of Arhaphe (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Largidae) of America north of Mexico, pp. 35-54 in Zootaxa 3058 on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.201512