cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Goniopsara Metcalf 1952
Creators: name: Meng, Rui
name: Wang, Menglin
name: Wang, Yinglun
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Nogodinidae
Goniopsara

description: Goniopsara Metcalf, 1952
Goniopsis Melichar, 1899: 292 (preoccupied). Type species: Goniopsis mystica Melichar, 1899 by original designation. Goniopsara Metcalf, 1952: 226. New name for Goniopsis Melichar, 1899.
Diagnostic characters modificated by Melichar’s original description and photos of Holotype:
Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum (Fig. 30). Vertex obviously wider than length, with three carinae; anterior margin almost straight, posterior margin broadly concave. Frons 2.0 times as long as wide; upper margin nearly straight; lateral margin deeply concave near middle, then angularly convex under the level of antennae; with three longitudinal carinae, the lateral carinae converged downwardly and meeting with median carina before frontoclypeal suture. Frontoclypeal suture straight (Fig. 29). Clypeus with median carina; lateral margins elevate sharply (Fig. 29). Pronotum about 2.0 times as long as vertex, with median carina; anterior margin roundly convex between eyes, posterior margin broadly emarginate at median portion (Fig. 30). Mesonotum rhombus, with three longitudinal carinae (Fig. 30). Tegmina comparatively narrow; costal membrane much narrower and undeveloped with several of transverse vein; costal margin moderately convex near the middle part, weakly sinuate near apex; veins markedly prominent, veinlets obviously dense and reticulated apically; Sc+R united at base in a very short common stem, M forked at one third part from basal area, Cu bifurcated at the middle (Figs 28, 30). Wings well-developed with three lobes (Fig. 30), R, M, CuA, Pcu and A2 veins simple; Cu furcated at middle; A1 furcated basally; M and Cu fused basally. Longitudinal veins R, M, and Cu separateed apically; about 5–6 transverse veinlets on apical region of wing. Hind tibia with three lateral spines.
Distribution. Singapore.
Notes. The genus Goniopsara was established by Melichar (1899) based on the species Goniopsis mystica from Singapore. Melichar described originally this genus is very close to the genus Mindura Stål and is characterized in particular by the lateral margin of frons deeply concave near middle and the very narrow costal membrane and easily distinguished from Mindura Stål.
description: Published as part of Meng, Rui, Wang, Menglin & Wang, Yinglun, 2014, On the taxonomy of the tribe Pisachini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Nogodinidae) with the description of new taxa from China and Vietnam, pp. 79-104 in Zootaxa 3866 (1) on pages 86-87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/250347
Goniopsara mystica Melichar 1899
Creators: name: Meng, Rui
name: Wang, Menglin
name: Wang, Yinglun
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Nogodinidae
Goniopsara
Goniopsara mystica

description: Goniopsara mystica (Melichar, 1899)
(Figs 28–30)
Goniopsis mystica Melichar, 1899: 292.
Goniopsara mystica: Metcalf (1952): 226.
Diagnostic characters modificated by Melichar’s original description and photos of Holotype:
Body fusco-testaceous. Vertex about 3.7 times wider at base than median length (Fig. 30), with tricarinae robust and flavius; moderately depressed on disc and near inner side of lateral margins; lateral margins laminately ridged. Frons fusco-testaceous (Fig. 29), darkly with transverse straminoeous fascia at apex, widest just below level of antennae; lateral margin distinctly elevate with sienna color at inner margins (Fig. 29). Clypeus broadly triangular, with robust median carina, median portion particularly convex with parallel dark brown oblique sculptures (Fig. 29). Antennae development, second segment subglobse (Figs 28, 29). Pronotum relatively short (Fig. 30), disc deeply concave on sides of the median carina, with two ablique dark brown speckles. Mesonotum large, rhombus, about 2.7 times longer than the length of vertex and pronotum together; disc slightly depressed, three longitudinal carinae elevated, median carina straight, submedian carinae curved inwards near anterior margin and joined with median carina at middle of anterior margin (Fig. 30). Tegmina subtranslucent (Figs 28, 30), more than twice as long as breadth, apical margin rounded, costal membrane narrow with seven or eight bombycinous transverse veins from base to middle, with a large irregular, dark brown bloch from costal margin to about middle of tegmen, apical area generally pale infumatus; transverse veins on apical part forming a subapical line, before which irregularly scattered reticulated transverse veins, but behind which terminated at a comparatively broad apical margin; longitudinal veins forked marginally; all longitudinal veins reddish-brown at basal two-thirds (Figs 28, 30). Wings hyaline, veins and apical margin (not reaching anal area) pale infuscate (Fig. 30). Veinations of both tegmina and wing as in Fig. 28 and Fig. 30. Thorax and abdomen flavotestsceous, legs flavotestsceous (Fig. 29). Fore and mid femora of leg with two brown rings (Figs 28, 29). Hind tibia slightly enlarged at apex; lateral margins black, with three lateral spines; tarsi brown.
Body length: male(including tegmen): 14.0 mm (by Melichar’s original description).
Type material examined. Holotype: male, Singapore, 1898 (examined from images only) Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest.
description: Published as part of Meng, Rui, Wang, Menglin & Wang, Yinglun, 2014, On the taxonomy of the tribe Pisachini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Nogodinidae) with the description of new taxa from China and Vietnam, pp. 79-104 in Zootaxa 3866 (1) on page 87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/250347
Pisacha Fennah
Creators: name: Meng, Rui
name: Wang, Menglin
name: Wang, Yinglun
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Nogodinidae
Pisacha

description: Key to species of Pisacha Fennah
1. Tegmina transparent, with two fuscous markings........................................................... 2
-. Tegmina transparent, without any stripe.................................................................. 3
2. Frons with median carina pale yellow.................................................... P. naga Distant, 1906
-. Frons with median carina black......................................................... P. yinggensis sp. nov.
3. Costal membrane of tegmen with 9 or 10 short transverse veinlets widened into bands............ P. balteiformis sp. nov.
-. Costal membrane with transverse veinlets not widened...................................................... 4
4. Frons with “V” lateral carinae unclear but incrassate at base......................... P. kwangsiensis Chou et Lu, 1977
-. Frons with “V” lateral carinae have uniform thickness....................................................... 5
5. Vertex with anterior margin acutely convex medianly...................................... P. baculiformis sp. nov.
-. Vertex with anterior margin slightly obtusely convex or straight............................................... 6
6. Vertex with anterior margin slightly obtusely convex, mesonotum with lateral carinae surpassing apical half.................................................................................................... P. falcata sp. nov.
-. Vertex with anterior margin straight, mesonotum with lateral carinae obsolete at apical fifth...................................................................................... P. encaustica (Jacobi, 1916), comb. nov. & stat. rev.
description: Published as part of Meng, Rui, Wang, Menglin & Wang, Yinglun, 2014, On the taxonomy of the tribe Pisachini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Nogodinidae) with the description of new taxa from China and Vietnam, pp. 79-104 in Zootaxa 3866 (1) on page 88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/250347
Pisacha naga Distant 1906
Creators: name: Meng, Rui
name: Wang, Menglin
name: Wang, Yinglun
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Nogodinidae
Pisacha
Pisacha naga

description: Pisacha naga Distant, 1906
(Figs 31–34)
Pisacha naga Distant, 1906: 392.
Supplementary description. Female anal tube in lateral view bent down near midlength. Anal column short (Fig. 32). Gonoplacs bearing several rows of minute denticles (Fig. 32). Sternum VII with posterior margin convex in middle (Fig. 33).
Type material examined. Holotype: female, Indian, Assam, Naga Hills, 1906, coll. Distant (examined from images only) Natural History Museum, London, England.
description: Published as part of Meng, Rui, Wang, Menglin & Wang, Yinglun, 2014, On the taxonomy of the tribe Pisachini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Nogodinidae) with the description of new taxa from China and Vietnam, pp. 79-104 in Zootaxa 3866 (1) on pages 89-90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/250347
Pisacha encaustica Jacobi 1916, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Meng, Rui
name: Wang, Menglin
name: Wang, Yinglun
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Nogodinidae
Pisacha
Pisacha encaustica

description: Pisacha encaustica (Jacobi, 1916) comb. nov. & stat. rev.
Soaemis encaustica Jacobi, 1916: 311; Melichar, 1923: 168.
Pisacha naga Distant, 1906: Ishihara, 1965: 207; Wu and Yang, 1989: 166, fig. 3.
Notes. The species Pisacha encaustica (Jacobi, 1916) was firstly described according to one male specimen from Taiwan. Subsequently, it was mistakenly placed as synonym of P. naga by Ishihara (1965) and also misidentified as P. naga by Wu and Yang (1989). The species P. encaustica is clearly different from P. naga (Figs 31–34) by the tegmina without any mark, mesonotum without wide black stripe along lateral carina and frons with median carina present at basal fourth, in P. naga, tegmina with two black stripes, mesonotum with wide black stripe along transverse carina and lateral carina, median carina present at basal half. Conversely, it is very similar to P. kwangsiensis (Figs 35–37), but can be easily distinguished from the latter by 1) dorso-basal portion of phallobase with apico-ventral angle blunt in lateral view (Wu and Yang, 1989, Fig. 3 F), in P. kwangsiensis, dorso-basal portion of phallobase with apico-ventral angle sharp (Fig. 46); 2) dorso-lateral phallobase lobes with doral margin smooth, and lateral apex forming into a pair of bifurcate processes, the two branches have equal length, in P. kwangsiensis, dorsal margin of dorso-lateral phallobase lobes with a pair of small triangular processes at middle, the apical bifurcate processes with upper branch about half length of the under branch; 3) phallus with a pair of shallowly curved short processes, apex directed caudad (Wu & Yang, 1989, Fig. 3 G), in P. kwangsiensis, phallus with a pair of deeply curved hooks backward, apex directed dorsally (Fig. 46); 4) sternum VII with posterior margin slightly convex medianly (Wu & Yang, 1989, Fig. 3 H), in P. kwangsiensis, sternum VII with posterior margin slightly concave in middle (Fig. 53).
description: Published as part of Meng, Rui, Wang, Menglin & Wang, Yinglun, 2014, On the taxonomy of the tribe Pisachini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Nogodinidae) with the description of new taxa from China and Vietnam, pp. 79-104 in Zootaxa 3866 (1) on page 90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/250347
Pisacha kwangsiensis Chou et Lu 1977
Creators: name: Meng, Rui
name: Wang, Menglin
name: Wang, Yinglun
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Nogodinidae
Pisacha
Pisacha kwangsiensis

description: Pisacha kwangsiensis Chou et Lu, 1977
(Figs 35–37, 42–55, 114, 119)
Pisacha kwangsiensis Chou et Lu, 1977: 317; 1985: 101.
Supplementary description. Head with eyes slightly narrower than pronotum (Fig. 35). Vertex 3.6 times wider than long in middle line, anterior margin acutely convex medianly, and posterior margin deeply concave; median carina wide, offwhite (Figs 35, 36). Frons longer than wide in widest part about 1.6 times; upper margin deeply concave, median carinae short, presented at apical fourth, pale yellow, “V” lateral carinae pale black and darkened at base, with about 5 obscure black spots along lateral carinae (Fig. 37). Clypeus triangular, median carina pale yellow (Fig. 37). Pronotum about 2.0 times longer than vertex in middle line; anterior margin convex between eyes, almost reaching the level of tops of eyes (Fig. 35). Mesonotum large, 2.8 times as long as vertex and pronotum in middle line (Fig. 35). Tegmina transparent, clavus with 7–10 transverse veinlets between CuP and Pcu veins, 0–3 transverse vein between two claval veins (Fig. 36). Spinulation formula of hind leg 13–12–2.
Male terminalia. Anal tube with ventral margin sinuate in lateral view; 2.5 times longer than widest part at middle, apical margin slightly convex (Figs 42, 43). Dorso-basal processes of phallobase hammer-shaped, apicoventral angles sharp in lateral view. Dorso-lateral phallobase lobes with a pair of small triangular processes on dorsal margins at middle, dorsum with about 60 small spikes on each side surface; lateral apical bifurcate processes with upper branches about half length of the under branches. Ventral phallobase lobe strongly sclerous, apical margin nearly straight (Figs 45,119). Phallus with a pair of deeply curved hooks backward directed dorsally near apex (Figs 46, 114). Pygofer with posterior margin slightly convex near dorsal third (Fig. 42).
Female terminalia. Anal tube with apical margin obtusely convex (Fig. 48). Gonoplac bearing about 6–7 rows of denticles in posterior view (Fig. 51). Anterior connective lamina of gonapophyses VIII with 10 teeth (Fig. 55). Sternum VII with posterior margin slightly concave at middle (Fig. 53).
Type material examined. Holotype: male, China, Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region, Longsheng County, Sanmen Town, 20 August 1964, coll. Shengli Liu.
Paratypes: 1 female, China, Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region, Longzhou City, Nonggang National Nature Reserve, May 1980, coll. Zhuyin Wang; 1 female, China, Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region, Longzhou City, Nonggang National Nature Reserve, 20 May 1983, coll. Jikun Yang.
description: Published as part of Meng, Rui, Wang, Menglin & Wang, Yinglun, 2014, On the taxonomy of the tribe Pisachini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Nogodinidae) with the description of new taxa from China and Vietnam, pp. 79-104 in Zootaxa 3866 (1) on pages 90-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/250347
Cnodocentron sensu Schmid 1982
Creators: name: Vilarino, Albane
name: Dias, Everton Santos
name: Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Trichoptera
Xiphocentronidae
Cnodocentron

description: GENUS CNODOCENTRON SCHMID, 1982
Cnodocentron Schmid, 1982: 36.
Type species: Cnodocentron girika Schmid, 1982, by original designation.
Cnodocentron was recovered as monophyletic based on the synapomorphies: female segment VIII with thickened setae (1:1); coxopodite margin produced posterad (31:1); sternum IX apical margin with projections or spines (12:1); harpago with subapical setal brush (44:2); setal brushes with elongate setae (45:1).
Diagnosis: Forewing apex acute; hindwing transverse vein r1-sr present or absent; mesoscutelum edges straight; sternum V reticulated plate absent. Male genitalia: sternum IX apical margin with group of stout spines or elongated projections; pre-anal appendage mostly straight; coxopodite apical margin produced, projection narrow; harpago with brush of setae.
description: Published as part of Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos & Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição, 2022, Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron), pp. 1341-1373 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4) on page 1353, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077, http://zenodo.org/record/6461343
Caenocentron
Creators: name: Vilarino, Albane
name: Dias, Everton Santos
name: Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Trichoptera
Xiphocentronidae
Caenocentron

description: GENUS CAENOCENTRON (SCHMID, 1982) STAT. NOV.
Cnodocentron (Caenocentron) Schmid, 1982: 42.
Type species: Cnodocentron (Caenocentron) pallas Schmid, 1982, by original designation, as a subgenus.
Zoobank registration: urn: lsid: zoobank. org:act: 8097FE77-19C7-4766-AB17-25AB87489ACB
Caenocentron was recovered as monophyletic based on the synapomorphies: coxopodite basoventral margin produced (28:1); coxopodite apical margin produced posterad (31:1); harpago basal stout spine present (38:1); basal plate apodeme apex directed ventrad (27:1); and coxopodite basomesal setae elongated (34:1).
Diagnosis: Forewing apex rounded to subacute; hindwing transverse vein r1-sr present; mesoscutelum edges rounded; sternum V reticulated plate present. Male genitalia: sternum IX dorsal margin usually produced; pre-anal appendage usually thin and sigmoid; basal plate apodeme usually short and directed ventrad; coxopodite apical margin produced, projection narrow or broad; coxopodite ventral margin produced, ventral projection bearing brush of bristlelike setae; harpago basal third with a stout spine.
description: Published as part of Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos & Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição, 2022, Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron), pp. 1341-1373 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4) on page 1354, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077, http://zenodo.org/record/6461343
Caenocentron ideolus SCHMID 1982
Creators: name: Vilarino, Albane
name: Dias, Everton Santos
name: Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Trichoptera
Xiphocentronidae
Caenocentron
Caenocentron ideolus

description: CAENOCENTRON IDEOLUS SCHMID, 1982
(FIG. 16A, B)
Cnodocentron (Caenocentron) ideolus Schmid, 1982: 106.
Type locality: Mexico, Lomas de Chapultepec, D.F.; INHS; ♂. – Holzenthal & Calor, 2017: 454 [catalogue].
Diagnosis: Caenocentron ideolus is similar to C. trilineatum by the narrow apical projection of coxopodite. It can be diagnosed by the presence of an elongate ventral process on the paraproct; coxopodite with the ventral projection of coxopodite short and with shorter setae; harpago with a basal brush of setae; and sternum IX overall deltoid in lateral view.
description: Published as part of Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos & Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição, 2022, Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron), pp. 1341-1373 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4) on page 1362, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077, http://zenodo.org/record/6461343
Caenocentron immaculatum FLINT 1991
Creators: name: Vilarino, Albane
name: Dias, Everton Santos
name: Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Trichoptera
Xiphocentronidae
Caenocentron
Caenocentron immaculatum

description: CAENOCENTRON IMMACULATUM FLINT, 1991
(FIG. 17A–C)
Cnodocentron (Caenocentron) immaculatum Flint, 1991: 34.
Type material: Holotype. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Quebrada La Jimenez, Mun. Sopetran. 7.ii.1984, U. Matthias leg., (♂ in alcohol, USNM).
Type locality: Colombia, Dpto. Antioquia, Quebrada la Jimenez, Sopetran; USNM; ♂. – Muñoz-Quesada, 2000: 281 [checklist]. – Holzenthal & Calor, 2017: 454 [catalogue].
Diagnosis: Cnodocentron immaculatum is similar to C. galesus and C. pallas by presenting a pair of stout spines on the ventral projection of coxopodite. It can be differentiated by the greatly enlarged base of harpago bearing a brush of setae.
Adult: Forewing length 3.0 mm (N = 1♂). Colour (in alcohol) uniformly dark brown. Maxillary palp formula (I-II-III)-IV-V; segment IV shorter than sum of segments I-II-III; male tibial spurs 2-4-3, male hindleg apical spur unmodified. Venation: forewing fork II and IV present, three anal veins present; hindwing fork II and V present, transverse vein between R1 and SR present. Abdominal sternum V with anterolateral oval region with cuticle modified and reticulate.
Male genitalia (Fig. 17A–C): Tergum, IX in lateral view, narrow, height greater than length. Sternum IX, in lateral view, deltoid, about as high as long, anterior margin truncate, with narrow, elongate apodeme, apical margin rounded, dorsal margin prominent; in ventral view, apical margin concave. Segment X membranous, fused to paraproct. Paraproct, in lateral view, trapezoidal, dorsal margin with short process, ventroapically subacute; in dorsal view, mid-dorsal margins sclerotized, not fused. Pre-anal appendage, in lateral view, strongly sinuous, slender, slightly enlarged apically. Inferior appendage coxopodite and hapago distinct. Coxopodite, in lateral view, median region with short setae; apical margin produced, broad, apex truncate and bearing stout spine near ventral margin; basal surface with ventral projection. Ventral projection with stout spine and rows of setae mesally and along its margin, apical setae longer; in ventral view, ventral projection with long lateral setae, short mesal setae and two stout sublateral spines. Harpago, in lateral view, slender, basal third strongly enlarged, bearing short spine and basal setal brush. Basal plate, in lateral view, directed ventrad; in ventral view short. Phallus tubular, long and slender, base flared, reaching segment V; apex slightly enlarged.
Distribution: Colombia.
description: Published as part of Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos & Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição, 2022, Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron), pp. 1341-1373 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4) on pages 1363-1364, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077, http://zenodo.org/record/6461343
Caenocentron lausus SCHMID 1982
Creators: name: Vilarino, Albane
name: Dias, Everton Santos
name: Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Trichoptera
Xiphocentronidae
Caenocentron
Caenocentron lausus

description: CAENOCENTRON LAUSUS SCHMID, 1982
(FIG. 18A, B)
description: Published as part of Vilarino, Albane, Dias, Everton Santos & Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição, 2022, Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron), pp. 1341-1373 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4) on page 1364, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab077, http://zenodo.org/record/6461343
Ichneumonidae Kirby 1837
Creators: name: Manukyan, Andranik R.
name: Zhindarev, Leonid A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae

description: Subfamily Cryptinae Kirby, 1837
Cryptinae is the largest subfamily of Ichneumonidae, about 3,100 species have been described, in 275 genera (Broad et al., 2018). Mostly species are external parasites of insect pupae and cocoons. The earliest Cryptinae are recorded in the Early Eocene (Green River Formation) (Spasojevic et al., 2018b). A high occurrence and species diversity were noted in the Beds of the Bembridge marls (Khalaim, 2014), Florissant (Brues, 1906, 1910), and Biamo (Khalaim, 2008). However, they are rare in the Early Eocene Tadushi Formation (Tolkanitz & Perkovsky, 2018). The subfamily dominates in inclusions of Baltic amber in terms of abundance, constituting more than 44% of the studied samples. The fossil fauna of Baltic amber is completely unrevised and not a single species has been formally described.
description: Published as part of Manukyan, Andranik R. & Zhindarev, Leonid A., 2021, Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber, pp. 637-647 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on page 639, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13, http://zenodo.org/record/5778510
Townesitinae Kasparyan 1994
Creators: name: Manukyan, Andranik R.
name: Zhindarev, Leonid A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae

description: Subfamily Townesitinae Kasparyan, 1994
This is an extinct subfamily known from Baltic amber and Bembridge have been described. Undescribed taxa were reported also from the Tadushi Formation (Kopylov et al., 2018). They are numerous in Baltic amber and are second in number only to cryptines and pherhombines— more than 18% according to our own data. The subfamily is represented in Baltic amber by five species from four genera (Kasparyan, 1994): Rasnitsynites tarsalis Kasparyan, 1994, Lygurella tibialis Kasparyan, 1994 (tribe Rasnitsynitini), Townesites mandibularis Kasparyan, 1994, Marjorietta minor Kasparyan, 1994 and M. major Kasparyan, 1994 (tribe Townesitini); the most common species is M. minor. Two species, Marjorietta gigantea Khalaim, 2014 and M. disrupta (Cockerell, 1921), are known from Bembridge marls, and another species, Acourtia perplexa Cockerell, 1921, was described from a single forewing and is tentatively placed in Townesitinae (Khalaim, 2014).
description: Published as part of Manukyan, Andranik R. & Zhindarev, Leonid A., 2021, Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber, pp. 637-647 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on page 639, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13, http://zenodo.org/record/5778510
Pherhombinae Kasparyan 1988
Creators: name: Manukyan, Andranik R.
name: Zhindarev, Leonid A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae

description: Subfamily Pherhombinae Kasparyan, 1988
This is a monotypic and extinct subfamily, it includes the only genus Pherhombus Kasparyan, 1988. According to the latest revision (Manukyan, 2019), the fauna of Baltic amber contains six species: P. antennalis Kasparyan, 1988, P. brischkei Brues, 1923, P. dolini Tolkanitz & Narolsky, 2005, P. kasparyani Manukyan, 2019, P. krextepellensis Manukyan, 2019, and P. sorgenauensis Manukyan, 2019. The biology of pherhombines was reconstructed based on the structure of the mandibles, ovipositor, metasoma, claws and other parts of the body. They most probably developed as parasites of openly living insect larvae. Active nuptial flight took place in spring, probably in the twilight or night hours. Their females mainly inhabited the humid lower shrub-herbaceous layer of the “amber forest”, where the hosts also lived (Manukyan, 2019).
description: Published as part of Manukyan, Andranik R. & Zhindarev, Leonid A., 2021, Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber, pp. 637-647 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on page 639, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13, http://zenodo.org/record/5778510
Hybrizoninae Blanchard 1845
Creators: name: Manukyan, Andranik R.
name: Zhindarev, Leonid A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae

description: Subfamily Hybrizoninae Blanchard, 1845
Hybrizoninae, a small subfamily of Ichneumonidae, is distributed over the Holarctic region and includes 16 extant species in four genera (Khalaim, 2018). Hybrizoninae are considered to be koinobiont endoparasitoids of ants (Komatsu & Konishi, 2010; Durán & van Achterberg, 2011). Female wasps oviposit into larval ants while they are being transported outside of the nest by worker ants.
There are four extinct genera from Baltic amber: Astigmaton Kasparyan, 2001, represented by the species A. ichneumonoides Kasparyan, 2001; Ghilarovites Kasparyan,1988,represented by G. tarsatorius Kasparyan, 1988; Tobiasites Kasparyan, 1988, represented by T. striatus Kasparyan, 1988; and Paxylommites Kasparyan, 1988, represented by P. reticulatus Kasparyan, 1988 and P. groehni Tolkanitz & Perkovsky, 2015. The monotypic genus Paxylobembra Khalaim, 2014 with P. kozlovi Khalaim, 2014 was described from Bembridge marls.
description: Published as part of Manukyan, Andranik R. & Zhindarev, Leonid A., 2021, Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber, pp. 637-647 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on page 639, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13, http://zenodo.org/record/5778510
Orthocentrinae Foerster 1869
Creators: name: Manukyan, Andranik R.
name: Zhindarev, Leonid A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae

description: Subfamily Orthocentrinae Foerster, 1869
Orthocentrinae is a world-wide subfamily that includes small and moderate-sized ichneumonids. They are parasitoids of primitive Diptera, mainly of the superfamily Sciaroidea. There are 29 extant genera and over 500 species (Humala, 2019). Fossil Orthocentrinae are found in Green River (Cockerell, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1941), Bembridge marls (Khalaim, 2014), Florissant (Brues, 1906, 1910) and other Cenozoic deposits.
In Baltic amber, two species are known from the fossil genus Scutellator Kasparyan & Humala, 1995: S. macrommatu Kasparyan & Humala, 1995 and S. spinatorius Kasparyan & Humala, 1995. One species, Plectiscidea vetusta Kasparyan & Humala, 1995, was described in the Recent genus Plectiscidea Viereck, 1914. One specimen on Orthocentrinae with unclear taxonomic position was found in the KAM collection.
description: Published as part of Manukyan, Andranik R. & Zhindarev, Leonid A., 2021, Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber, pp. 637-647 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on page 639, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13, http://zenodo.org/record/5778510
Tryphoninae Shuckard 1840
Creators: name: Manukyan, Andranik R.
name: Zhindarev, Leonid A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae
Tryphoninae

description: Subfamily Tryphoninae Shuckard, 1840
Tryphoninae is a worldwide subfamily of Ichneumonidae. Most species are koinobiont ectoparasitoids of Tenthredinidae. More than 57 genera and 1,250 species are known in the Recent fauna (Kasparyan, 2019).
Three genera of Tryphoninae with three species were described (Townes, 1973); later all of them were placed in a separate fossil subfamily Labenopimplinae (Kopylov, 2012). Fossil tryphonines were recorded from Green River (Spasojevic et al., 2018a) and Biamo (Khalaim, 2008). One species is known from Baltic amber— Thymariodes areolaris Kasparyan, 1988.
description: Published as part of Manukyan, Andranik R. & Zhindarev, Leonid A., 2021, Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber, pp. 637-647 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on pages 639-640, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13, http://zenodo.org/record/5778510
Diplazontinae Viereck 1918
Creators: name: Manukyan, Andranik R.
name: Zhindarev, Leonid A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae

description: Subfamily Diplazontinae Viereck, 1918
(Fig. 2A–H)
Twenty-two recent genera of Diplazontinae are currently recognized in the world fauna, with 355 species described to date (Broad et al., 2018). Most species have been described from the Holarctic region, with boreal and alpine areas of especially high species richness (Manukyan, 1995; Klopfstein, 2014). All diplazontines are koinobiont endoparasitoids of aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera). Oviposition occurs into the egg or larva of the host, and emergence occurs from the puparium.
The only fossil species, Lithotorus cressoni Scudder, 1890, was described from the Green River, and preliminarily placed in Diplazontinae by Townes (1966). However, subsequent research has shown an uncertain taxonomic position of this species (Spasojevic et al., 2018a). Therefore, there are no confirmed records of fossil Diplazontinae up to the present.
In the collection of KAM, we found a puparium with an emergence hole typical of Diplazontinae (Fig. 2A, B). Diplazontinae emerge from the puparium of the host from the head end. The mechanism of cutting through the puparium, the shape of the holes and the semicircular flaps left are similar in all diplazontines (Rotheray, 1981) (see Fig. 2C–F), while in other parasitoids of syrphid flies, the cutouts are not semi-circular. Species of the genus Callaspidia Dahlbom (Hymenoptera, Figitidae) cut out irregular holes on the lateral surface of the puparium and Cryptinae cut irregularly rounded holes in the center of the dorsal surface (Fig. 2G). The gregarious Bothriothorax Ratzeburg, Syrphophagus Ashmead (Encyrtidae), and Asaphes Walker (Pteromalidae) cut a small hole on the lateral surface of the puparium (Fig. 2H), which is then used by all emerging specimens.
Our finding is the first record of subfamily Diplazontinae in the upper Eocene.
description: Published as part of Manukyan, Andranik R. & Zhindarev, Leonid A., 2021, Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber, pp. 637-647 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on page 640, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13, http://zenodo.org/record/5778510
Banchinae Wesmael 1845
Creators: name: Manukyan, Andranik R.
name: Zhindarev, Leonid A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae
Banchinae

description: Subfamily Banchinae Wesmael, 1845
About 64 genera and 1,760 species are known in the world fauna (Broad et al., 2018); all banchines are koinobiont endoparasites of Lepidoptera. The earliest banchines are known from the Green River Formation, from which the species Glypta transversalis Scudder, 1890 was described. The status of this species is questionable (Spasojevic et al., 2018a). Until now, only one other fossil species, Lissonota perkovskyi Khalaim, 2011 has been described from the Rovno amber. One specimen on Banchinae with unclear taxonomic position was found in the KAM collection.
description: Published as part of Manukyan, Andranik R. & Zhindarev, Leonid A., 2021, Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber, pp. 637-647 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on page 640, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13, http://zenodo.org/record/5778510
Stilbopinae Townes & Townes 1949
Creators: name: Manukyan, Andranik R.
name: Zhindarev, Leonid A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae

description: Subfamily Stilbopinae Townes & Townes, 1949
A small subfamily, with three genera and 30 species known in the world fauna (Broad et al., 2018), of which 21 belong to the genus Stilbops Förster, 1869 (Holarctic and Northern border of the Nearctic and Oriental regions), two species belong to the genus Panteles Förster, 1869 and the monotypic Chilean genus Notostilbops Townes, 1970. They are recorded as koinobiontic parasitoids on moths of the families Adelidae, Incurvariidae and Prodoxidae (Lepidoptera) (Quicke, 2005).
Fossil stilbopines were recorded only in Rovno amber, from which the monotypic genus Rovenosa Khalaim, 2011, with only species R. rasnitsyni Khalaim, 2011 was described (Khalaim, 2011). Three species of Rovenosa, including two undescribed species, are found in Baltic amber.
description: Published as part of Manukyan, Andranik R. & Zhindarev, Leonid A., 2021, Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber, pp. 637-647 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on page 640, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13, http://zenodo.org/record/5778510
Rovenosa rasnitsyni Khalaim 2011
Creators: name: Manukyan, Andranik R.
name: Zhindarev, Leonid A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae
Rovenosa
Rovenosa rasnitsyni

description: Rovenosa rasnitsyni Khalaim, 2011
Material. The species was described from a single female from Rovno amber from the collection of the Zoological Institute of the National Academy of Sciences Ukraine, (Kiev). We provide a description of the male that we found in the CCHH collection. Only differences from the female are given.
Type locality and horizon. Baltic amber. Upper Eocene, Prussian Formation. Baltic Sea coast and Amber quarry Yantarny near Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Province, Russia.
Description. No. 1726-4, ♂, Amber piece 14 × 8 × 3 mm, placed by the owner in a protective polyester-resin cube 16 × 13 × 8 mm (method by Hoffeins, 2001). Well preserved ichneumonid wasp. Tarsus of the hind left leg behind the 2nd segment ground off; right hind leg behind trochanters and claws of right middle leg damaged. Syninclusion: Diptera, Ceratopogonidae; trichomes of oak flower (Quercus spp.).
Body length about 4.7 mm, fore wing length about 3.6 mm. Temple short, strongly narrowed behind eyes in dorsal view. Frons with weak but distinct longitudinal keel between antennal sockets. Mandible narrow and slender, the lower tooth is sharp and longer than the upper one. Face with vertical bulge along median line. Occipital carina invisible. Basal flagellomeres 1–4 long about 5 times as long as wide; middle flagellomeres 5–17 slightly elongated, about 2.5 times as long as wide; subapical flagellomeres transversе; multiparous plate sensillae on apical segments thin and sparse. Notaulus in 0.3 of the mesoscutum sharp. Vein 2m-cu postfurcal; bulla in the half of 2m-cu directly below areolet. Length of hind femur 1.1 mm, 6.5 times as long as wide. Length of hind tibia 1.2 mm, 9.5 times as long as wide.
The body is uniformly dark brown or black, without discernible pubescent.
Remarks. We assigned the specimen to the species R. rasnitsyni on the basis of the following features: 1) the presence of a carina between the antennal fossa, 2) the presence of a notaulus on the mesonotum, 3) the propodeum with sharp ridges raised above the surface of the propodeum.
description: Published as part of Manukyan, Andranik R. & Zhindarev, Leonid A., 2021, Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber, pp. 637-647 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on pages 644-645, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13, http://zenodo.org/record/5778510
Rovenosa Khalaim 2011
Creators: name: Manukyan, Andranik R.
name: Zhindarev, Leonid A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae
Rovenosa

description: Key to species of Rovenosa from Baltic and Rovno Ambers
1. Ovipositor and sheath distinctly upcurved. Ventral surfaces of middle and hind tibiae with sharp spines. Antennae with multiparous plate sensillae behind flagellomeres 16–17 distinct and long, almost over entire length of each flagellomere. Clypeus and face with fine and distinct punctures.—Mesoscutum with sharp notaulus................... ............................................................ R. khalaimi sp. nov.
- Ovipositor and sheaths straight. Ventral surface of middle and hind tibia without sharp spines. Antennae with the hidden multiparous plate sensillae. Clypeus and face with fine granulated sculpture, without punctures. Mesoscutum with or without notaulus.................................................. 2.
2. Mesoscutum with sharp notaulus. Propodeum with developed carina.............................. R. rasnitsyni Khalaim
- Mesoscutum without notaulus. Propodeum with weak carina .......................................... R. alexrasnitsyni sp. nov.
description: Published as part of Manukyan, Andranik R. & Zhindarev, Leonid A., 2021, Fossil Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Baltic amber, pp. 637-647 in Palaeoentomology 4 (6) on page 645, DOI: 10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.13, http://zenodo.org/record/5778510
Brounea Park & Carlton, gen. nov.
Creators: name: Park, Jong-Seok
name: Carlton, Christopher E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Staphylinidae
Brounea

description: Genus Brounea Park & Carlton gen. nov.
Type species. Sagola setiventris Broun, 1915: 282; here designated.
Gender. Feminine.
Diagnosis. Members of Brounea can be distinguished from other faronite genera by the following combination of characters: small body, length 1.2–2.4 mm; antennomeres 1–2 approximately 1.5 times longer than wide, 3 subquadrate; prosternum lacking lateral procoxal foveae (Fig. 3 n); mesoventrite lacking promesocoxal foveae (Fig. 3 o); abdominal tergites IV–VI with discal carinae; abdominal sternites IV–VI with basolateral foveae; head with frontal sulcus (Figs. 2 a–k); parameres of male genitalia symmetrical with at least 6 setae at apex (Figs. 3 a–k); known from North Island and Three Kings Islands (Figs. 4–5).
Description. Body length 1.2–2.4 mm. Body brown, antennae, legs, maxillary palpi and elytra paler (Fig. 1). Head. Antennae gradually clavate, reaching hind margin of prothorax. Head bluntly triangular with rostrum separated by frontal sulcus (Figs. 2 a–k). Frontal sulcus present, reaching from front margin to mid-point of eye (Figs. 2 a–k). Thorax. Prosternum bearing median procoxal fovea, lacking lateral procoxal foveae (Fig. 3 n). Scutellum inverted-triangular. Mesoventrite lacking promesocoxal foveae, bearing pairs of large lateral mesosternal and lateral mesocoxal foveae (Fig. 3 o). Metaventrite with a pair of lateral metasternal foveae (Fig. 3 o). Abdomen. Abdominal tergites IV–VI with discal carinae. Abdominal tergite and sternite VI largest, but only slightly larger than V (Figs. 1, 3 p–q). Aedeagus. Phallobase bulky and round (Figs. 3 a–k). Parameres symmetrical, punctate along mesial margins (Figs. 3 a–k). Each paramere with at least 6 apical setae (Figs. 3 a–k).
Remarks. Males of some species possess secondary sexual characters, including swollen ventral surface of head (Figs. 2 m, 2o, 2q, 2t), dense setae within gular depression (Figs. 2 q–s, 2u–v), and abdominal sternite VI or VII with setose depression (Figs. 3 p–q). Other species exhibit no apparent sexual dimorphism except abdominal sternite IX. Male abdominal sternite IX is usually fragile, and partially concealed by sternite VIII, rendering it simple and reduced in appearance. Females possess a more robust, triangular abdominal sternite IX bearing a pair of long setae that are usually visible in ventral view. Female genitalia, including spermathecae, apparently are membranous and were not observable after clearing specimens using 10% potassium hydroxide.
Etymology. This genus is named for the most influential pioneer of the study of New Zealand Coleoptera, including Faronitae, Thomas Broun.
description: Published as part of Park, Jong-Seok & Carlton, Christopher E., 2015, Brounea, a new genus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from New Zealand, with descriptions of nine new species, pp. 551-566 in Zootaxa 3990 (4) on page 552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3990.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/234571
Brounea chorui Park & Carlton, 2015, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Park, Jong-Seok
name: Carlton, Christopher E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Staphylinidae
Brounea
Brounea chorui

description: Brounea chorui sp. nov.
(Figs. 1 d, 2d, 2o, 3d, 4)
Type material. Holotype. New Zealand: Northland (ND): ♂ (NZAC), aedeagus dissected and mounted in balsam on clear plastic card, “ NEW ZEALAND ND Waipoua SF Toronui Track 20 Oct 1980 G.Kuschel”, “Sifted decayed wood 80/96”, “N.Z. Arthropod Collection, NZAC Private Bag 92170 AUCKLAND New Zealand ”, “ HOLOTYPE Brounea chorui Park and Carlton des. 2013”. Paratypes (2♂). New Zealand: Northland (ND): 1♂, Dargaville, 18 VI 1951, Orlando Park Collection, p73 (FMNH); 1♂ (slide-mounted), Waipoua Forest, Waipoua stm, 70m, 17 III 1978, S. Peck, J. Peck, berl., frass under bark kauri log (FMNH).
Etymology. This species is named for Kee-Jeong Ahn lab alumnus, chrysomelid beetle specialist, and an enthusiastic supporter of this study, Mr. Choru Shin.
Diagnosis. This species can be distinguished from the other species of Brounea by the following combination of characters: small body, length 1.2–1.4 mm; eye small, one-third length of temple (Fig. 2 d); male head weakly swollen ventrally (Fig. 2 o); antennomeres 3–8 subquadrate, 9–10 weakly transverse; median lobe longer than parameres with acute apical lobe (Fig. 3 d).
Description of male. Length 1.2–1.4 mm. Body yellowish brown, elytra, legs, antennae and maxillary palpi paler (Fig. 1 d). Head. Head bluntly triangular, widest across temples (Fig. 2 d), weakly swollen ventrally (Fig. 2 o). Antennomeres 1–2 elongate, 3–10 subquadrate, 9–10 weakly transverse. Frontal sulcus shallow, reaching to midpoint of eye from apex of rostrum (Fig. 2 d). Anterior and posterior frontal fovea small and round. Eye small, onethird length of temple. Thorax. Prosternum longer than wide, widest at one-third length. Elytra rectangular (Fig. 1 d). Hind wings well-developed. Meso- and metaventrites together trapezoidal in ventral view, longer than wide. Abdomen. Abdominal tergite IV with pair of transverse patches of microtrichia. Aedeagus. Median lobe longer than parameres with acute apical lobe (Fig. 3 d). Phallobase symmetrical and rounded (Fig. 3 d). Parameres symmetrical with setae at tip, weakly narrower at distal one-third (Fig. 3 d).
Female unknown.
Distribution. Northland (ND) (Fig. 4: star).
Habitat. Specimens of this species were collected by sifting decaying log litter.
description: Published as part of Park, Jong-Seok & Carlton, Christopher E., 2015, Brounea, a new genus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from New Zealand, with descriptions of nine new species, pp. 551-566 in Zootaxa 3990 (4) on page 558, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3990.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/234571