cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Role of Tissue Factor in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Induced Inflammation and Disease Pathogenesis
Creators: name: Mackman, Nigel
name: Vatsyayan, Rit
name: Keshava, Shiva
name: Pendurthi, Usha R.
name: Kothari, Hema
name: Rao, L. Vijaya Mohan
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic lung infectious disease characterized by severe inflammation and lung granulomatous lesion formation. Clinical manifestations of TB include hypercoagulable states and thrombotic complications. We previously showed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection induces tissue factor (TF) expression in macrophages in vitro. TF plays a key role in coagulation and inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the role of TF in M.tb-induced inflammatory responses, mycobacterial growth in the lung and dissemination to other organs. Wild-type C57BL/6 and transgenic mice expressing human TF, either very low levels (low TF) or near to the level of wild-type (HTF), in place of murine TF were infected with M.tb via aerosol exposure. Levels of TF expression, proinflammatory cytokines and thrombin-antithrombin complexes were measured post M.tb infection and mycobacterial burden in the tissue homogenates were evaluated. Our results showed that M.tb infection did not increase the overall TF expression in lungs. However, macrophages in the granulomatous lung lesions in all M.tb-infected mice, including low TF mice, showed increased levels of TF expression. Conspicuous fibrin deposition in the granuloma was detected in wild-type and HTF mice but not in low TF mice. M.tb infection significantly increased expression levels of cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß in lung tissues. However, no significant differences were found in proinflammatory cytokines among the three experimental groups. Mycobacterial burden in lungs and dissemination into spleen and liver were essentially similar in all three genotypes. Our data indicate, in contrast to that observed in acute bacterial infections, that TF-mediated coagulation and/or signaling does not appear to contribute to the host-defense in experimental tuberculosis.
Selective HDAC Inhibition for the Disruption of Latent HIV-1 Infection
Creators: name: Barton, Kirston M.
name: Zhang, Yan-ling
name: Holson, Edward B.
name: Archin, Nancie M.
name: Keedy, Kara S.
name: Margolis, David M.
name: Gale, Jennifer
name: Wagner, Florence F.
name: Espeseth, Amy S.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: Selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have emerged as a potential anti-latency therapy for persistent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We utilized a combination of small molecule inhibitors and short hairpin (sh)RNA-mediated gene knockdown strategies to delineate the key HDAC(s) to be targeted for selective induction of latent HIV-1 expression. Individual depletion of HDAC3 significantly induced expression from the HIV-1 promoter in the 2D10 latency cell line model. However, depletion of HDAC1 or −2 alone or in combination did not significantly induce HIV-1 expression. Co-depletion of HDAC2 and −3 resulted in a significant increase in expression from the HIV-1 promoter. Furthermore, concurrent knockdown of HDAC1, −2, and −3 resulted in a significant increase in expression from the HIV-1 promoter. Using small molecule HDAC inhibitors of differing selectivity to ablate the residual HDAC activity that remained after (sh)RNA depletion, the effect of depletion of HDAC3 was further enhanced. Enzymatic inhibition of HDAC3 with the selective small-molecule inhibitor BRD3308 activated HIV-1 transcription in the 2D10 cell line. Furthermore, ex vivo exposure to BRD3308 induced outgrowth of HIV-1 from resting CD4+ T cells isolated from antiretroviral-treated, aviremic HIV+ patients. Taken together these findings suggest that HDAC3 is an essential target to disrupt HIV-1 latency, and inhibition of HDAC2 may also contribute to the effort to purge and eradicate latent HIV-1 infection.
Enhancement of Time-Reversal Subwavelength Wireless Transmission Using Pulse Shaping
Creators: name: Ding, Shuai
name: Zang, Rui
name: Zou, Lianfeng
name: Wang, Bingzhong
name: Caloz, Christophe
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A novel time-reversal subwavelength transmission technique, based on pulse shaping circuits (PSCs), is proposed. Compared to previously reported approaches, this technique removes the need for complex or electrically large electromagnetic structures by generating channel diversity via pulse shaping instead of angular spectrum transformation. Moreover, the pulse shaping circuits (PSCs) are based on Radio Analog Signal Processing (R-ASP), and therefore do not suffer from the well-known issues of digital signal processing in ultrafast regimes. The proposed PSC time-reversal systems is mathematically shown to offer high channel discrimination under appropriate PSC design conditions, and is experimentally demonstrated for the case of two receivers.
description: 5 pages
Sex Hormones Regulate Tenofovir-Diphosphate in Female Reproductive Tract Cells in Culture
Creators: name: Kashuba, Angela D. M.
name: Wira, Charles R.
name: Shen, Zheng
name: Rodriguez-Garcia, Marta
name: Fahey, John V.
name: Bodwell, Jack E.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: The conflicting results of recent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) trials utilizing tenofovir (TFV) to prevent HIV infection in women led us to evaluate the accumulation of intracellular TFV-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in cells from the female reproductive tract (FRT) and whether sex hormones influence the presence of TFV-DP in these cells. Following incubation with TFV, isolated epithelial cells, fibroblasts, CD4+ T cells and CD14+ cells from the FRT as well as blood CD4+ T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages convert TFV to TFV-DP. Unexpectedly, we found that TFV-DP concentrations (fmol/million cells) vary significantly with the cell type analyzed and the site within the FRT. Epithelial cells had 5-fold higher TFV-DP concentrations than fibroblasts; endometrial epithelial cells had higher TFV-DP concentrations than cells from the ectocervix. Epithelial cells had 125-fold higher TFV-DP concentrations than FRT CD4+ T cells, which were comparable to that measured in peripheral blood CD4+ T cells. These findings suggest the existence of a TFV-DP gradient in the FRT where epithelial cells > fibroblasts > CD4+ T cells and macrophages. In other studies, estradiol increased TFV-DP concentrations in endometrial and endocervical/ectocervical epithelial cells, but had no effect on fibroblasts or CD4+ T cells from FRT tissues. In contrast, progesterone alone and in combination with estradiol decreased TFV-DP concentrations in FRT CD4+ T cells. Our results suggest that epithelial cells and fibroblasts are a repository of TFV-DP that is under hormonal control. These cells might act either as a sink to decrease TFV availability to CD4+ T cells and macrophages in the FRT, or upon conversion of TFV-DP to TFV increase TFV availability to HIV-target cells. In summary, these results indicate that intracellular TFV-DP varies with cell type and location in the FRT and demonstrate that estradiol and/or progesterone regulate the intracellular concentrations of TFV-DP in FRT epithelial cells and CD4+ T cells.
Entwicklung von Photondetektoren für den RICH des HERA-B Detektors
Creators: name: Oehser, Christian
Publisher: name: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Year: 1997
Subjects: thesis
particle identification
RICH
Cherenkov counter: readout
photomultiplier
optics: reflection
numerical calculations: Monte Carlo
HERA-B
DESY HERA Stor

description: Universität Hamburg, Diplomarbeit, 1997; 87 pp. (1997). = Universität Hamburg, Diplomarbeit, 1997
Genomic analysis of phylogroup D Escherichia coli strains using a novel de-novo reference-based guided assembly
Creators: name: Kumar, Manish
name: Singhal, Neelja
name: Aswal, Manisha
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: Bioinformatics and computational biology not elsewhere classified

description: Escherichia coli are highly diverse bacteria with different pathogenic types, serotypes and phylogenetic types/phylotypes. In recent years, infections with E. coli have increased worldwide and so has the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains. In the present study we have assembled, annotated and analyzed genome sequences of three strains of the pathogenic phylogroup D of Escherichia coli. These strains were isolated from river Yamuna, a prominent anthropogenic urban river of northern India. Of these, two strains were antibiotic-resistant while one was -susceptible. Various genomic characteristics like, the gene ontology (GO) annotations, virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were determined to understand genomic difference between antibiotic resistant and susceptible strains of E. coli. The short-sequence reads were assembled into contigs using the de-novo approach and further, scaffolding of contigs was performed by using the best reference genome for a particular isolate which resulted in a significant increase in the N50 value of each assembly. The bioinformatics assembly approach used in this study could be easily applied to study other bacterial genomes.
Simultaneous Multi-Species Tracking in Live Cells with Quantum Dot Conjugates
Creators: name: Ballou, Byron
name: Bear, James E.
name: Arnspang, Eva C.
name: Clausen, Mathias P.
name: Lagerholm, B. Christoffer
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: Quantum dots are available in a range of spectrally separated emission colors and with a range of water-stabilizing surface coatings that offers great flexibility for enabling bio-specificity. In this study, we have taken advantage of this flexibility to demonstrate that it is possible to perform a simultaneous investigation of the lateral dynamics in the plasma membrane of i) the transmembrane epidermal growth factor receptor, ii) the glucosylphospatidylinositol-anchored protein CD59, and iii) ganglioside GM1-cholera toxin subunit B clusters in a single cell. We show that a large number of the trajectories are longer than 50 steps, which we by simulations show to be sufficient for robust single trajectory analysis. This analysis shows that the populations of the diffusion coefficients are heterogeneously distributed for all three species, but differ between the different species. We further show that the heterogeneity is decreased upon treating the cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin.
A toy model for X-ray spectral variability of active galactic nuclei
Creators: name: Cao, Xinwu
name: Wang, Jun-Xian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The long term X-ray spectral variability of ten active galactic nuclei (AGN) shows a positive spectral index-flux correlation for each object (Sobolewska & Papadakis 2009). An inner advection dominated accretion flow (ADAF) may connect to a thin disc/corona at a certain transition radius, which are responsible for hard X-ray emission in AGN. The ADAF is hot and its X-ray spectrum is hard, while the corona above the disc is relatively cold and its X-ray spectrum is therefore soft. The radiation efficiency of the ADAF is usually much lower than that of the thin disc. The increase of the transition radius may lead to decreases of the spectral index (i.e., a hard spectrum) and the X-ray luminosity even if the accretion rate is fixed, and vice versa. We propose that such X-ray variability is caused by the change of the transition radius. Our model calculations can reproduce the observed index-flux correlations, if the transition radius fluctuates around an equilibrium position, and the radiation efficiency of ADAFs is » 5 per cent of that for a thin disc. The average spectral index-Eddington ratio correlation in the AGN sample can also be reproduced by our model calculations, if the equilibrium transition radius increases with decreasing mass accretion rate.
description: 5 pages, accepted by MNRAS Letters
Helium and Multiple Populations in the Massive Globular Cluster NGC6266 (M62)
Creators: name: Milone, A. P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent studies suggest that the helium content of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters (GCs) is not uniform. The range of helium varies from cluster to cluster with more massive GCs having, preferentially, large helium spread. GCs with large helium variations also show extended-blue horizontal branch (HB). I exploit Hubble Space Telescope photometry to investigate multiple stellar populations in NGC6266 and infer their relative helium abundance. This cluster is an ideal target to investigate the possible connection between helium, cluster mass, and HB morphology, as it exhibits an extended HB and is among the ten more luminous GCs in the Milky Way. The analysis of color-magnitude diagrams from multi-wavelength photometry reveals that also NGC6266, similarly to other massive GCs, hosts a double main sequence (MS), with the red and the blue component made up of the 79+-1% and the 21+-1% of stars, respectively. The red MS is consistent with a stellar population with primordial helium while the blue MS is highly helium-enhanced by Delta Y=0.08+-0.01. Furthermore, the red MS exhibits an intrinsic broadening that can not be attributed to photometric errors only and is consistent with a spread in helium of ~0.025 dex. The comparison between NGC6266 and other GCs hosting helium-enriched stellar populations supports the presence of a correlation among helium variations, cluster mass, and HB extension.
description: 13 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Snx14 Regulates Neuronal Excitability, Promotes Synaptic Transmission, and Is Imprinted in the Brain of Mice
Creators: name: Brooks, Sherian
name: Larsen, Rylan S.
name: Yoon, Bong-June
name: Wallace, Michael L.
name: Han, Ji Eun
name: Huang, Hsien-Sung
name: Bakal, Robert
name: Berrios, Janet
name: Philpot, Benjamin D.
name: Zylka, Mark J.
name: Chung, Eui Hwan
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: Genomic imprinting describes an epigenetic process through which genes can be expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. The monoallelic expression of imprinted genes renders them particularly susceptible to disease causing mutations. A large proportion of imprinted genes are expressed in the brain, but little is known about their functions. Indeed, it has proven difficult to identify cell type-specific imprinted genes due to the heterogeneity of cell types within the brain. Here we used laser capture microdissection of visual cortical neurons and found evidence that sorting nexin 14 (Snx14) is a neuronally imprinted gene in mice. SNX14 protein levels are high in the brain and progressively increase during neuronal development and maturation. Snx14 knockdown reduces intrinsic excitability and severely impairs both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. These data reveal a role for monoallelic Snx14 expression in maintaining normal neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission.
Globale Mustererkennung in den HERA-B-Spurkammern
Creators: name: Borgmeier, Christoph
Publisher: name: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
Year: 1997
Subjects: thesis
drift chamber
track data analysis: parametrization
neural network
statistical analysis
programming
numerical calculations
HERA-B
DESY HERA Stor

description: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Diplomarbeit, 1997; 71 pp. (1997). = Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Diplomarbeit, 1997
Image-based Parameter Optimization of a mechanically-coupled Brain Tumor Growth Model
Creators: name: Abler, Daniel
name: Rockne, Russell
name: Büchler, Philippe
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018

description: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent malignant brain tumor in adults. Its growth is characterized by infiltration of surrounding healthy tissue, and the formation of a necrotic core. GBM presents with varying degree of mass-effect which results in healthy-tissue deformation, midline shift or herniation. Biomechanical forces, such as those resulting from displacive tumor growth, shape the tumor environment, contribute to tumor progression [1] and may affect treatment response and outcome. We hypothesize that different growth “phenotypes” can be distinguished by mathematical models that estimate the forces responsible for tissue displacement. However, most approaches for estimating brain tumor growth parameters from patient imaging do not account for the tumor’s mass-effect. We have previously developed a mechanically–coupled reaction-diffusion model [2] that captures three dominant aspects of macroscopic GBM growth: (a) tumor cell proliferation, (b) the diffuse invasion of the growing tumor into surrounding healthy tissue, and (c) the resulting mass effect.
 Here, we propose an optimization approach to estimate three patient-specific parameters of this model: tumor cell proliferation rate, cell motility, as well as a coupling coefficient that links local tumor cell concentration to tumor-induced mechanical strains. The forward problem is solved using the Finite Element Method. The inverse problem is formulated as a PDE constrained optimization problem that aims at minimizing the difference between observed and predicted tumor cell distribution and induced displacements. Target fields are inferred from magnetic resonance (MR) images at different observation time points. The efficient solution of the inverse problem relies on the adjoint method and FENICS dolphin-adjoint [3] for its implementation. Performance of the parameter estimation approach was evaluated on synthetic data generated by solving the forward problem on a brain atlas. MR images from the public TCGA-GBM data set were used for tests on clinical data. References
 [1] R. K. Jain et al. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 16.1 (2014), pp. 321–346.
 [2] D. Abler and P. Büchler. CMBBE. Ed. by A. Gefen and D. Weihs (2018), pp. 57–64.
 [3] P. Farrell, et al. SIAM J. Sci. Comput 35.4 (2013), pp. C369-C393.
Gate-controlled generation of optical pulse trains using individual carbon nanotubes
Creators: name: Jiang, M.
name: Kumamoto, Y.
name: Ishii, A.
name: Yoshida, M.
name: Shimada, T.
name: Kato, Y. K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report on optical pulse-train generation from individual air-suspended carbon nanotubes under an application of square-wave gate voltages. Electrostatically-induced carrier accummulation quenches photoluminescence, while a voltage sign reversal purges those carriers, resetting the nanotubes to become luminescent temporarily. Frequency domain measurements reveal photoluminescence recovery with characteristic frequencies that increase with excitation laser power, showing that photoexcited carriers quench the emission in a self-limiting manner. Time-resolved measurements directly confirm the presence of an optical pulse train sychronized to the gate voltage signal, and flexible control over pulse timing and duration is demonstrated.
description: 4 pages, 4 figures
Soluble Phosphatidylserine Binds to Two Sites on Human Factor IXa in a Ca2+ Dependent Fashion to Specifically Regulate Structure and Activity
Creators: name: Biswas, Subir
name: Sengupta, Tanusree
name: Koklic, Tilen
name: Lentz, Barry R.
name: Majumder, Rinku
name: Cole, Daud
name: Monroe, Dougald
name: Chattopadhyay, Rima
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: Clinical studies have demonstrated a correlation between elevated levels of FIX and the risk of coronary heart disease, while reduced plasma FIX causes hemophilia B. FIXa interacts with FVIIIa in the presence of Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing membranes to form a factor X-activating complex (Xase) that is key to propagation of the initiated blood coagulation process in human. We test the hypothesis that PS in these membranes up-regulates the catalytic activity of this essential enzyme. We used a soluble form of phosphatidylserine, 1, 2-dicaproyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (C6PS), as a tool to do so. C6PS and PS in membranes are reported to regulate the homologous FXa nearly identically. FIXa binds a molecule of C6PS at each of with two sites with such different affinities (∼100-fold) that these appear to be independent. A high affinity C6PS binding site (Kd∼1.4 µM) regulates structure, whereas a low-affinity binding site (Kd∼140 µM) regulates activity. Equilibrium dialysis experiments were analyzed globally with four other data sets (proteolytic and amidolytic activities, intrinsic fluorescence, ellipticity) to unequivocally demonstrate stoichiometries of one for both sites. Michaelis-Menten parameters for FIXa proteolytic activity were the same in the presence of C6PS or PS/PC membranes. We conclude that the PS molecule and not a membrane surface is the key regulator of both factors Xa and IXa. Despite some minor differences in the details of regulation of factors Xa and IXa, the similarities we found suggest that lipid regulation of these two proteases may be similar, a hypothesis that we continue to test.
Precise and accurate abundances in stars
Creators: name: Magrini, Laura
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: spectroscopy, spectral analysis, chemical evolution, chemical abundances

description: Invited talks to the ESO workshop Spectral Fidellity, held in Florence (4-8 September 2023)
description: The author would like to thank INAF for financing the Minigrant Checs, and MUR for financing the PRIN 'Cosmic Pot'.
Light Activated Self-Propelled Colloids
Creators: name: Palacci, J.
name: Sacanna, S.
name: Kim, S. -H.
name: Yi, G. -R.
name: Pine, D. J.
name: Chaikin, P. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Light-activated self-propelled colloids are synthesized and their active motion is studied using optical microscopy. We propose a versatile route using different photoactive materials, and demonstrate a multiwavelength activation and propulsion. Thanks to the photoelectrochemical properties of two semiconductor materials (αFe2 O3 and TiO2 ), a light with an energy higher than the bandgap triggers the reaction of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and produces a chemical cloud around the particle. It induces a phoretic attraction with neighbouring colloids as well as an osmotic self- propulsion of the particle on the substrate. We use these mechanisms to form colloidal cargos as well as self-propelled particles where the light-activated component is embedded into a dielectric sphere. The particles are self-propelled along a direction otherwise randomized by thermal fluctuations, and exhibit a persistent random walk. For sufficient surface density, the particles spontaneously form "living crystals" which are mobile, break apart and reform. Steering the particle with an external magnetic field, we show that the formation of the dense phase results from the collisions heads-on of the particles. This effect is intrinsically non-equilibrium and a novel principle of organization for systems without detailed balance. Engineering families of particles self-propelled by different wavelength demonstrate a good understanding of both the physics and the chemistry behind the system and points to a general route for designing new families of self-propelled particles.
description: Invited Contribution to a theme issue of Phil. Trans. Soc. A: "New trends in active liquid crystals: mechanics, dynamics and applications"
Soyasaponins Can Blunt Inflammation by Inhibiting the Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-kB Pathway
Creators: name: Cai, Junwei
name: Chu, Xinwei
name: Zha, Longying
name: Chen, Jiading
name: Sun, Suxia
name: Liu, Zhenqi
name: Li, Xuefeng
name: Cao, Wenhong
name: Mao, Limei
name: Deng, Hong
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: We and others have recently shown that soyasaponins abundant in soybeans can decrease inflammation by suppressing the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB)-mediated inflammation. However, the exact molecular mechanisms by which soyasaponins inhibit the NF-kB pathway have not been established. In this study in macrophages, soyasaponins (A1, A2 and I) inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of inflammatory marker prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to a similar extent as the NF-kB inhibitor (BAY117082). Soyasaponins (A1, A2 and I) also suppressed the LPS-induced expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), another inflammatory marker, in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting NF-kB activation. In defining the associated mechanisms, we found that soyasaponins (A1, A2 and I) blunted the LPS-induced IKKα/β phosphorylation, IkB phosphorylation and degradation, and NF-kB p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. In studying the upstream targets of soyasaponins on the NF-kB pathway, we found that soyasaponins (A1, A2 and I) suppressed the LPS-induced activation of PI3K/Akt similarly as the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, which alone blocked the LPS-induced activation of NF-kB. Additionally, soyasaponins (A1, A2 and I) reduced the LPS-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to the same extent as the anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine, which alone inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of Akt, IKKα/β, IkBα, and p65, transactivity of NF-kB, PGE2 production, and malondialdehyde production. Finally, our results show that soyasaponins (A1, A2 and I) elevated SOD activity and the GSH/GSSG ratio. Together, these results show that soyasaponins (A1, A2 and I) can blunt inflammation by inhibiting the ROS-mediated activation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-kB pathway.
Nucleon magnetic form factors with non-local chiral effective Lagrangian
Creators: name: Wang, P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Chiral perturbation theory is a powerful method to investigate the hadron properties. We apply the non-local chiral effective Lagrangian to study nucleon magnetic form factors. The octet and decuplet intermediate states are included in the one loop calculation. With the modified propagators and non-local interactions, the loop integral is convergent. The obtained proton and neutron magnetic form factors are both reasonable up to relatively large $Q^2$.
description: 11 pages, 7 figures, 1 tables. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1210.5072
Spatial Epidemiology of Recently Acquired HIV Infections across Rural and Urban Areas of North Carolina
Creators: name: Eron, Joseph J.
name: Hurt, Christopher B.
name: Emch, Michael
name: Carrel, Margaret
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: Transmission of HIV continues in the United States (US), despite prevention efforts aimed at education and treatment. Concurrently, drug resistance in HIV, particularly in patients being infected with HIV for the first time, poses a threat to the continued success of treatment for HIV positive individuals. In North Carolina, nearly one in five individuals with acute HIV infection (AHI) is infected with a drug-resistant strain, a phenomenon known as transmitted drug resistance (TDR). Few studies of AHI or TDR take into account both the spatial aspects of residence at time of infection and the genetic characteristics of the viruses, and questions remain about how viruses are transmitted across space and the rural-urban divide. Using AHI strains from North Carolina, we examined whether differences exist in the spatial patterns of AHI versus AHI with TDR, as well as whether the genetic characteristics of these HIV infections vary by rural-urban status and across Health Service Areas. The highest amounts of TDR were detected in persons under age 30, African Americans, and men who have sex with men (MSM) - similar to the populations where the highest numbers of AHI without TDR are observed. Nearly a quarter of patients reside in rural areas, and there are no significant differences between rural and urban residence among individuals infected with drug resistant or drug susceptible viruses. We observe similar levels of genetic distance between HIV found in rural and urban areas, indicating that viruses are shared across the rural-urban divide. Genetic differences are observed, however, across Health Service Areas, suggesting that local areas are sites of genetic differentiation in viruses being transmitted to newly infected individuals. These results indicate that future efforts to prevent HIV transmission need to be spatially targeted, focusing on local-level transmission in risky populations, in addition to statewide anti- HIV efforts.
Order Induced by Dilution in Pyrochlore XY Antiferromagnets
Creators: name: Andreanov, A.
name: McClarty, P. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: XY pyrochlore antiferromagnets are well-known to exhibit order-by-disorder through both quantum and thermal selection. In this paper we consider the effect of substituting non-magnetic ions onto the magnetic sites in a pyrochlore XY model with generally anisotropic exchange tuned by a single parameter $J^{\pm\pm}/J^\pm$. The physics is controlled by two points in this space of parameters $J^{\pm\pm}/J^\pm=\pm 2$ at which there are line modes in the ground state and hence an $O(L^2)$ ground state degeneracy intermediate between that of a conventional magnet and a Coulomb phase. At each of these points, single vacancies seed pairs of line defects. Two line defects carrying incompatible spin configurations from different vacancies can cross leading to an effective one-dimensional description of the resulting spin texture. In the thermodynamic limit at finite density, we find that dilution selects a state "opposite" to the state selected by thermal and quantum disorder which is understood from the single vacancy limit. The latter finding hints at the possibility that Er$_{2-x}$Y$_x$Ti$_2$O$_7$ for small $x$ exhibits a second phase transition within the thermally selected $ψ_2$ state into a $ψ_3$ state selected by the quenched disorder.
description: 14 pages, 12 figures
Sperm-Associated Antigen 6 (SPAG6) Deficiency and Defects in Ciliogenesis and Cilia Function: Polarity, Density, and Beat
Creators: name: van Reesema, Lauren
name: Tang, Waixing
name: Sears, Patrick R.
name: Zhang, Zhengang
name: Davis, C. William
name: Li, Wei
name: Zhang, Zhibing
name: Teves, Maria E.
name: Strauss, Jerome F.
name: Costanzo, Richard M.
name: Knowles, Michael R.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: SPAG6, an axoneme central apparatus protein, is essential for function of ependymal cell cilia and sperm flagella. A significant number of Spag6-deficient mice die with hydrocephalus, and surviving males are sterile because of sperm motility defects. In further exploring the ciliary dysfunction in Spag6-null mice, we discovered that cilia beat frequency was significantly reduced in tracheal epithelial cells, and that the beat was not synchronized. There was also a significant reduction in cilia density in both brain ependymal and trachea epithelial cells, and cilia arrays were disorganized. The orientation of basal feet, which determines the direction of axoneme orientation, was apparently random in Spag6-deficient mice, and there were reduced numbers of basal feet, consistent with reduced cilia density. The polarized epithelial cell morphology and distribution of intracellular mucin, α-tubulin, and the planar cell polarity protein, Vangl2, were lost in Spag6-deficient tracheal epithelial cells. Polarized epithelial cell morphology and polarized distribution of α-tubulin in tracheal epithelial cells was observed in one-week old wild-type mice, but not in the Spag6-deficient mice of the same age. Thus, the cilia and polarity defects appear prior to 7 days post-partum. These findings suggest that SPAG6 not only regulates cilia/flagellar motility, but that in its absence, ciliogenesis, axoneme orientation, and tracheal epithelial cell polarity are altered.
Exemplary and Complete Object Interaction Descriptions
Creators: name: Breu, Ruth
name: Grosu, Radu
name: Hofmann, Christoph
name: Huber, Franz
name: Krüger, Ingolf
name: Rumpe, Bernhard
name: Schmidt, Monika
name: Schwerin, Wolfgang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Software Engineering (cs.SE)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In this paper we present a variant of message sequence diagrams called EETs Extended Event Traces We provide the graphical notation discuss the methodological use of EETs to describe behavior of object oriented business information systems and sketch their semantics Special emphasis is put on the different implications of using EETs for exemplary and complete interaction descriptions. The possibility to describe interactions between single objects as well as composite objects with EETs makes them particularly suitable to describe the behavior of large systems.
description: 11 pages, 4 figures
MIGNEX Case Study Brief GIN2 - Migration and development dynamics in Dialakoro, Guinea
Creators: name: Botta Somparé, Ester
name: Wotem Somparé, Abdoulaye
name: Hagen-Zanker, Jessica
name: Hennessey, Gemma
name: Hannah, Murray
Publisher: name: Peace Research Institute Oslo
Year: 2022

description: Located near the Guinean border with Mali, Dialakoro has a tradition of short-term international mobility. Poor connections within Guinea have led to isolation and a lack of basic infrastructure.

Key Takeaways

Most people in Dialakoro have some connection with migration, including their own direct experiences. 

Many of those who migrate to another country ‘follow the gold’. Small-scale mining is also an increasingly important factor for in-migration in Dialakoro.

Migration to Europe is generally not seen as a model of success or upward social mobility, with most young adults preferring to stay in Dialakoro.
(Non-) Gibbsianness and phase transitions in random lattice spin models
Creators: name: Külske, Christof
Publisher: name: Weierstrass Institute
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems
subject: Gibbs-measures
subject: non-Gibbsianness
subject: Random Field Model
subject: Random Bond Model
subject: Spinglass
subject: 82B44
subject: 82B26
subject: 82B20

description: We consider disordered lattice spin models with finite volume Gibbs measures μ Λ[η](dσ). Here σ denotes a lattice spin-variable and η a lattice random variable with product distribution ℙ describing the disorder of the model. We ask: When will the joint measures limΛ↑Zs ℙ(dη)μΛ[η](dσ) be [non-] Gibbsian measures on the product of spin-space and disorder-space? We obtain general criteria for both Gibbsianness and non-Gibbsianness providing an interesting link between phase transitions at a fixed random configuration and Gibbsianness in product space: Loosely speaking, a phase transition can lead to non-Gibbsianness, (only) if it can be observed on the spin-observable conjugate to the independent disorder variables. Our main specific example is the random field Ising model in any dimension for which we show almost sure- [almost sure non-] Gibbsianness for the single- [multi-] phase region. We also discuss models with disordered couplings, including spin-glasses and ferromagnets, where various mechanisms are responsible for [non-] Gibbsianness.
Dimension dependence of negative differential thermal resistance in graphene nanoribbons
Creators: name: Ai, Bao-quan
name: Zhong, Wei-rong
name: Hu, Bambi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Negative differential thermal resistance (NDTR) in approximate graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is investigated from one dimension to three dimensions by using classical molecular dynamics method. For single-layer GNRs, NDTR can not be observed for very narrow GNRs (one dimension), NDTR appears when the width of GNRs increases (two dimensions). However, NDTR disappears gradually on further increasing the width. For multiple-layer GNRs, when the number of the layers increases, GNRs becomes from two-dimensional system to three-dimensional system, NDTR regime reduces and eventually disappears. In addition, when the length of GNRs increases, NDTR regime also reduces and vanishes in the thermodynamic limit. These effects may be useful for designing thermal devices where NDTR plays an important role.
description: 14pages, 9figures
Extinction properties of super-Brownian motions with additional spatially dependent mass production
Creators: name: Engländer, János
name: Fleischmann, Klaus
Publisher: name: Weierstrass Institute
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: measure-valued process
subject: superdiffusion
subject: superprocess
subject: extinction
subject: local extinction
subject: branching
subject: h-transform
subject: non-regular coefficients
subject: single point source
subject: 60J80
subject: 60J60
subject: 60G57

description: Consider the continuous finite measure-valued super-Brownian motion X on ℝd corresponding to the evolution equation ut = ½Δ u + βu - u2, where β ∈ C γ (ℝd) with γ ∈ (0,1] is bounded from above. We prove criteria for (finite time) extinction and local extinction of X in terms of β. It turns out that for d ≤ 2, local extinction is equivalent with extinction. For general d, we show that if β has a suitable decay rate at infinity then it can be changed on a compact set in order to guarantee local extinction. On the other hand, if β is above this decay rate, the process does not exhibit local extinction. If d ≤ 6, then extinction has the same threshold rate as local extinction, while for d > 6 one observes a phase transition. Last, we show that in dimension 1, if β is unbounded from above and, in fact, degenerates to a single point source, then X does not exhibit local extinction, and the expectation of the rescaled process t ⟼ e-t/2Xt has a limit as t → ∞. In the proofs pde techniques and Laplace transforms are used together with h-transforms for measure-valued processes.
Structural and Diffusion Property Alterations in Unaffected Siblings of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Creators: name: Peng, Ziwen
name: Yang, Qiong
name: Chan, Raymond C. K.
name: Miao, Guodong
name: Shen, Dinggang
name: Shi, Changzheng
name: Shi, Feng
name: Wolff, Jason J.
name: Gao, Wei
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: Disrupted white matter integrity and abnormal cortical thickness are widely reported in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the relationship between alterations in white matter connectivity and cortical thickness in OCD is unclear. In addition, the heritability of this relationship is poorly understood. To investigate the relationship of white matter microstructure with cortical thickness, we measure fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter in 30 OCD patients, 19 unaffected siblings and 30 matched healthy controls. Then, we take those regions of significantly altered FA in OCD patients compared with healthy controls to perform fiber tracking. Next, we calculate the fiber quantity in the same tracts. Lastly, we compare cortical thickness in the target regions of those tracts. Patients with OCD exhibited decreased FA in cingulum, arcuate fibers near the superior parietal lobule, inferior longitudinal fasciculus near the right superior temporal gyrus and uncinate fasciculus. Siblings showed reduced FA in arcuate fibers near the superior parietal lobule and anterior limb of internal capsule. Significant reductions in both fiber quantities and cortical thickness in OCD patients and their unaffected siblings were also observed in the projected brain areas when using the arcuate fibers near the left superior parietal lobule as the starting points. Reduced FA in the left superior parietal lobule was observed not only in patients with OCD but also in their unaffected siblings. Originated from the superior parietal lobule, the number of fibers was also found to be decreased and the corresponding cortical regions were thinner relative to controls. The linkage between disrupted white matter integrity and the abnormal cortical thickness may be a vulnerability marker for OCD.
Preduals of Campanato spaces and Sobolev-Campanato spaces: A general construction
Creators: name: Gröger, Konrad
name: Recke, Lutz
Publisher: name: Weierstrass Institute
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Projective and inductive systems of Banach spaces
subject: imbedding theorems
subject: equivalent norms
subject: 46E35
subject: 46A13
subject: 46B10

description: In this paper we describe two limiting processes for families of Banach spaces closely related to the standard definition of projective and inductive limits. These processes lead again to Banach spaces. Information about linear operators and duality between basic families of spaces is carried over to the corresponding limit spaces. The abstract results are shown to be applicable to Campanato spaces and Sobolev-Campanato spaces. In particular, we obtain the existence and a characterization of predual spaces. Some imbedding relations are investigated in more detail.
MIGNEX Case Study Brief NGA2 - Migration and development dynamics in Awe, Nigeria
Creators: name: George A., Genyi
name: Anenge Gbaden, Esther
name: Binat Sarwar, Moizza
name: Hannah, Murray
Publisher: name: Peace Research Institute Oslo
Year: 2022

description: Awe is a long-standing migration destination for agricultural workers across Nigeria, yet livelihoods and mobility are increasingly impacted by conflict, erosion, and flooding.

Key Takeaways

Most young adults (80%) grew up in Awe, the rest (20%) are internal in-migrants from elsewhere in Nigeria.

Out-migration is uncommon. Most young adults (84%) expect to stay in Nigeria over the next five years, the majority of whom (75%) expect to stay in Awe.

When people do leave, it is largely to other areas of Nigeria. One-third (35%) of young adults know of someone who has migrated internally in the past five years – often for farming in areas considered more peaceful.
Resonance in Preisach systems
Creators: name: Krejčí, Pavel
Publisher: name: Weierstrass Institute
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Preisach model
subject: hysteresis
subject: forced oscillations
subject: asymptotic behavior
subject: 34D40
subject: 47H30

description: This paper deals with the asymptotic behavior as t → ∞ of solutions u to the forced Preisach oscillator equation ẅ(t) + u(t) = ψ(t), w = u + 풫[u], where 풫 is a Preisach hysteresis operator, ψ ∈ L∞(0,∞) is a given function and t ≥ 0 is the time variable. We establish an explicit asymptotic relation between the Preisach measure and the function ψ (or, in a more physical terminology, a balance condition between the hysteresis dissipation and the external forcing) which guarantees that every solution remains bounded for all times. Examples show that this condition is qualitatively optimal. Moreover, if the Preisach measure does not identically vanish in any neighborhood of the origin in the Preisach half-plane and limt→∞ψ(t) = 0, then every bounded solution also asymptotically vanishes as t → ∞.
Systematic Review of the Performance of HIV Viral Load Technologies on Plasma Samples
Creators: name: Perrins, Jos
name: Fiscus, Susan
name: Denny, Thomas
name: Smit, Pieter W.
name: Peeling, Rosanna W.
name: Cheng, Ben
name: Landay, Alan
name: Crowe, Suzanne M.
name: Habiyambere, Vincent
name: Essajee, Shaffiq
name: Barnett, David
name: Vitoria, Marco
name: Stevens, Wendy
name: Ford, Nathan
name: Sollis, Kimberly A.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: BackgroundViral load (VL) monitoring is the standard of care in developing country settings for detecting HIV treatment failure. Since 2010 the World Health Organization has recommended a phase-in approach to VL monitoring in resource-limited settings. We conducted a systematic review of the accuracy and precision of HIV VL technologies for treatment monitoring.Methods and FindingsA search of Medline and Embase was conducted for studies evaluating the accuracy or reproducibility of commercially available HIV VL assays. 37 studies were included for review including evaluations of the Amplicor Monitor HIV-1 v1.5 (n = 25), Cobas TaqMan v2.0 (n = 11), Abbott RealTime HIV-1 (n = 23), Versant HIV-1 RNA bDNA 3.0 (n = 15), Versant HIV-1 RNA kPCR 1.0 (n = 2), ExaVir Load v3 (n = 2), and NucliSens EasyQ v2.0 (n = 1). All currently available HIV VL assays are of sufficient sensitivity to detect plasma virus levels at a lower detection limit of 1,000 copies/mL. Bias data comparing the Abbott RealTime HIV-1, TaqMan v2.0 to the Amplicor Monitor v1.5 showed a tendency of the Abbott RealTime HIV-1 to under-estimate results while the TaqMan v2.0 overestimated VL counts. Compared to the Amplicor Monitor v1.5, 2–26% and 9–70% of results from the Versant bDNA 3.0 and Abbott RealTime HIV-1 differed by greater than 0.5log10. The average intra and inter-assay variation of the Abbott RealTime HIV-1 were 2.95% (range 2.0–5.1%) and 5.44% (range 1.17–30.00%) across the range of VL counts (2log10–7log10).ConclusionsThis review found that all currently available HIV VL assays are of sufficient sensitivity to detect plasma VL of 1,000 copies/mL as a threshold to initiate investigations of treatment adherence or possible treatment failure. Sources of variability between VL assays include differences in technology platform, plasma input volume, and ability to detect HIV-1 subtypes. Monitoring of individual patients should be performed on the same technology platform to ensure appropriate interpretation of changes in VL.Prospero registration # CD42013003603.
Biodiversity of Catalytic Super-Brownian Motion
Creators: name: Fleischmann, Klaus
name: Klenke, Achim
Publisher: name: Weierstrass Institute
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: superprocess
subject: genetic abundance
subject: equilibrium states
subject: extinction
subject: instantaneous propagation of matter
subject: 60J80
subject: 60G57
subject: 60K35

description: In this paper we investigate the structure of the equilibrium state of three-dimensional catalytic super-Brownian motion where the catalyst is itself a classical super-Brownian motion. We show that the reactant has an infinite local biodiversity or genetic abundance. This contrasts the finite local biodiversity of the equilibrium of classical super-Brownian motion. Another question we address is that of extinction of the reactant in finite time or in the long-time limit in dimensions d = 2,3. Here we assume that the catalyst starts in the Lebesgue measure and the reactant starts in a finite measure. We show that there is extinction in the long-time limit if d = 2 or 3. There is, however, no finite time extinction if d = 3 (for d = 2 this problem is left open). This complements a result of Dawson and Fleischmann (1997a) for d = 1 and again contrasts the behaviour of classical super-Brownian motion. As a key tool for both problems we show that in d = 3the reactant matter propagates everywhere in space immediately.