Anatomical location of injected microglia in different activation states and time course of injury determines survival of retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush
Creators: name: Siddiqui, Ahad M.
name: Sabljic, Thomas F.
name: Ball, Alexander K.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Hematology

description: <b>Background:</b> Activated microglia release harmful substances to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but may also benefit by removing cellular debris and secreting neurotrophic factors. These paradoxical roles remain controversial because the nature and time-course of the injury that defines their role is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if pharmacological manipulation of microglia to acquire a pro-inflammatory or pro-survival phenotype will exacerbate or enhance neuronal survival after injury.<b>Material and methods:</b> Treated HAP I (highly aggressively proliferating immortalized) microglia were injected into the vitreous or tail vein (T V) of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Retinas were examined at 4-14 days following optic nerve crush (ONC) and the number of surviving RGCs was determined.<b>Results:</b> Injection of untreated HAP I cells resulted in the greater loss of RGCs early after ONC when injected into the vitreous and later after ONC when injected into the T V. LP S activated HAP I cells injected into the vitreous resulted in greater RGC loss with and without injury. When injected into the T V with ONC there was no loss of RGCs 4 days after ONC but greater loss afterwards. Minocycline treated HAP I cells injected into the vitreous resulted in greater RGC survival than untreated HAP I cells. However, when injected into the T V with ONC there was greater loss of RGCs. These results suggest that optic nerve signals attract extrinsic microglia to the retina, resulting in a proinflammatory response.<b>Conclusion:</b> Neuroprotection or cytotoxicity of microglia depends on the type of activation, time course of the injury, and if they act on the axon or cell body. HAPI microglia migrate to the retina or optic nerve following optic nerve injury when injected into the vitreous or tail vein, respectively. Pretreatment with LPS or minocycline differentially effects retinal ganglion cell survival. In most cases, the result late in the injury process is greater retinal ganglion cell loss. We show here that neuroprotection is not solely determined by the microglial activation state but factors such as the environment and time-course of the injury. Culture microglia can be treated <i>in vitro</i> and then injected <i>in vivo</i>. The cells migrate to the site of injury, cell body of retinal ganglion cells if in the vitreous or to the optic nerve if injected in the tail vein. Retinal ganglion cell death is dependent on the location the microglia act, time-course of injury, and activation state. Proinflammatory microglia can be neuroprotective early in the injury when the primary site of action is on the axons whereas hypoactivated microglia are neuroprotective early in injury when they act on the soma. Later in the injury, both become detrimental.