cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Developments in the Law: Class Actions
Creators: name: Briffault, Richard
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1976
Subjects: subject: Res judicata
subject: Dispute resolution (Law)
subject: Agency (Law)
subject: Courts
subject: Class actions (Civil procedure)
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: This Note will attempt to work out a general approach to class actions recognizing the public law character of such suits and the consequent need for taking absentee interests into account in class procedures. It is postulated that the interests (and interrelationships of interests) of absentees are relevant because courts in deciding cases are under an obligation derived from substantive law to consider and reconcile those interests. This obligation can be seen most clearly in contemporary equitable doctrine, but it is also implicit in efforts by courts to discover -- through devices such as the appointment of masters and the recognition of amici -- the impact of their decisions on those not before the court. On the other hand, substantive law itself may restrict the procedural mechanisms available for recognizing absentee rights. The central problem of class action procedure therefore becomes the design of a mechanism for registering absentee interests which will not distort the law that makes those interests relevant.
The Fast Evolution of SN 2010bh associated with XRF 100316D
Creators: name: E., Felipe Olivares
name: Greiner, Jochen
name: Schady, Patricia
name: Rau, Arne
name: Klose, Sylvio
name: Krühler, Thomas
name: Afonso, Paulo M. J.
name: Updike, Adria C.
name: Nardini, Marco
name: Filgas, Robert
name: Guelbenzu, Ana Nicuesa
name: Clemens, Christian
name: Elliott, Jonny
name: Kann, D. Alexander
name: Rossi, Andrea
name: Sudilovsky, Vladimir
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: (...) Since 1998, only half a dozen spectroscopically confirmed associations have been discovered and XRF 100316D associated with the type-Ic SN 2010bh at z = 0.059 is among the latest. We began observations with GROND 12 hours after the GRB trigger and continued until 80 days after the burst. GROND provided excellent photometric data in six filter bands covering a wavelength range from approx. 350 to 1800 nm, significantly expanding the pre-existing data set for this event. Combining GROND and Swift data, the early broad-band SED is modelled with a blackbody and afterglow component attenuated by dust and gas absorption. The best-fit SED models imply moderate reddening along the line of sight through the host galaxy (A_V = 1.2 \pm 0.1 mag). The temperature and radius evolution of the thermal component are analysed and combined with earlier measurements available from the literature. This reveals a cooling envelope at an apparent initial radius of 7 \times 10^11 cm, which is compatible with a dense wind surrounding a Wolf-Rayet star. Multicolour templates of SN 1998bw are fitted to the SN to directly compare the light-curve properties. This shows that SN 2010bh is ~65% as bright as SN 1998bw. Reaching maximum brightness at ~8 days after the burst in the blue bands, SN 2010bh proves to be the most rapidly evolving GRB-SNe to date. Finally, a two-component parametrised model is fitted to the quasi-bolometric light curve, which delivers physical parameters of the explosion. This yields M_Ni = 0.21 \pm 0.03 M\bigodot and M_ej = 2.6 \pm 0.2 M\bigodot, typical of values within the GRB-SN population. The kinetic energy is 2.4 \pm 0.7 \times 10^52 erg, which is making this SN the second most energetic GRB-SN after SN 1998bw. This supernova has one of the earliest peaks ever recorded and thereafter fades more rapidly than other GRB-SNe, hypernovae, or typical type-Ic SNe. (...)
description: 15 pages, 7 figures, A&A in press
Review: The Contested Right to Vote
Creators: name: Briffault, Richard
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Democracy
subject: Political science
subject: FOS: Political science
subject: Voting--Law and legislation
subject: Political campaigns
subject: Voting Rights Act of 1965 (United States)
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: Richard Briffault reviews The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States by Alexander Keyssar. Briffault argues: "Although Keyssar's book is titled The Right to Vote, both his history and current legal doctrine raise questions about whether and to what extent voting is a right at all. Initially, as Keyssar demonstrates, voting was not seen as a right, but as a privilege to be provided to those thought best qualified to participate in governing the community. Even as the franchise was expanded, the vote continued to retain something of its foundation in government-bestowed privilege. Today, the vote comes closer to being a right of all members of the political community. Yet, as I will suggest in Part III, voting's status as a right is still contested. Some groups remain unenfranchised. There is no right to have decisions made by popular vote. Most importantly, even where voting is provided, a wide variety of political considerations and institutions - federalism, legislative districting, ballot access rules, the costs of administration, campaign finance law - operate to constrain voters' choices. Government still gets to shape the role of voting in the political system even if it has less control over who gets to vote. The significance of popular voting in our political process remains a matter of politics as much as it is a matter of rights."
Expanding visions for sustainability
Creators: name: Dodman, Martin
name: Affifi, Ramsay
name: Aillon, Jean-Louis
name: Arrobbio, Osman
name: Barbiero, Giuseppe
name: Camino, Elena
name: Colucci Gray, Laura
name: Ferrara, Enzo
name: Folco, Silvano
Publisher: name: Visions for Sustainability
Year: 2023

description: Visions for Sustainability, NEW Visions online
Constructing "non-Kerrness" on compact domains
Creators: name: Bäckdahl, Thomas
name: Kroon, Juan A. Valiente
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 83C15, 83C20, 83C57, 83C60

description: Given a compact domain of a 3-dimensional hypersurface on a vacuum spacetime, a scalar (the "non-Kerrness") is constructed by solving a Dirichlet problem for a second order elliptic system. If such scalar vanishes, and a set of conditions are satisfied at a point, then the domain of dependence of the compact domain is isometric to a portion of a member of the Kerr family of solutions to the Einstein field equations. This construction is expected to be of relevance in the analysis of numerical simulations of black hole spacetimes.
description: 10 pages
Our Localism: Part I--The Structure of Local Government Law
Creators: name: Briffault, Richard
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1990
Subjects: subject: Political science
subject: FOS: Political science
subject: Voting--Law and legislation
subject: Local government--Law and legislation
subject: Metropolitan government
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: This Article presents a study of "Our Localism"-- of the legal powers of contemporary American local governments, the practical social and political ramifications of local legal power in a system characterized by wide divergences in local fiscal capabilities and needs and the ideological commitment to localism that sustains and legitimates local autonomy. It does so by pursuing a middle path, attempting neither a ground-level account of the law or politics of individual states or local governments nor a high theory examination of local autonomy as a matter of general political philosophy. Instead, it seeks, through a focus on a handful of selected legal issues, to provide a general treatment of the law of state-local relations with particular attention to the question of local power, and to make an argument concerning the proper scope of local autonomy within the specific setting of contemporary metropolitan America. Part I presents a critical reading of the law of state-local relations.  The first half of Part II addresses city-suburb differences and examines the role of local government law in the rise of the suburb as a distinctive and increasingly dominant form of urban community. The second half of Part II takes a more normative approach.
CHORVACHILIKDA MIKROBIOLOGIK PROBIOTIKLARNING O`RNI: BACILLUS SUBTILIS TIMSOLIDA
Creators: name: Hamzayeva, Sh.S.
name: Shapulatova, Z.J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023

description: Ushbu maqolada Yevropa va Osiyo davlatlari va boshqa rivojlangan davlatlarida bugungi kunda antibiotiklardan voz kechib o`rniga alternativ preparatlar hamda parranda va chorva hayvonlarining oziqasi, sog`ligi uchun probiotiklar mahsulotlari keng qo`llana boshlaganligi va ishlab chiqarilgani bu ishlarni samaradorligi oshirish ishlarini adabiyotlar tahlili asosida keltirilgan. Probiotiklarni respublikamizda chorvadorlik sohasida qo`llanilishi amaliyotda qo`llash vaqti aytib o`tilgan.
A Government for Our Time? Business Improvement Districts and Urban Governance
Creators: name: Briffault, Richard
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Taxation--Law and legislation
subject: Municipal government
subject: Privatization--Law and legislation
subject: Local government--Law and legislation
subject: Finance, Public
subject: Business enterprises--Taxation--Law and legislation
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Business
subject: Finance

description: The emergence and rapid spread of business improvement districts ("BIDs") is one of the most important recent developments in American cities. BIDs have been controversial, with both supporters and proponents viewing the districts as part of a trend toward the privatization of the public sector. By examining the legal and political structures that determine formation, functions, finances and governance, this Article determines BIDs are not private entities but are, instead, a distinctive hybrid of public and private elements. Moreover, although the particular fusion of public and private institutions, values and concerns embodied in the BID unique, Professor Briffault demonstrates that an interplay of public and private themes is a longstanding tradition in American local government law. BIDs depart from the norm of democratic governance and they raise ques? tions concerning equity in the delivery of local services. BIDs, however, ultimately subject to municipal control and they provide a mechanism providing the public services and investment that financially strapped cities need if they are to survive. With appropriate municipal oversight and limits, BIDs, and the experimentation in combining public and private roles that BIDs represent, can make a significant contribution to the quality of urban public life.
title: Reymond Faltz
title: An entry in the LCA Online Dictionary of Leibniz’s Correspondents and Acquaintances
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Tba)
Publisher: name: LCA Project
Year: 2018

description: Reymond Faltz as a personal relation of Leibniz’s: The resource presents biographical information on a correspondent of Leibniz's
"Ballast existences" : the disabled, Jews and Nazi genocide
Creators: name: Mitchell Nielsen, Jill
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2013

description: This thesis examines the social construction of disability in the Third Reich and the interrelationship between Nazi euthanasia and the Holocaust through a comparative analysis of the historiography and using key theories from the field of disability studies. I argue that constructions of disability form an essential part of the creation of a Nazi philosophy that sought to alter fundamentally and irrevocably the biological and racial makeup of Europe. The bio-racial philosophy of the Third Reich had its origins in the eugenics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and the early development of racial hygiene precepts. Eugenics and racial hygiene were radicalized under Nazi rule to create a philosophy that was hyper-concerned with the blood purity of the German Volk. This ideology was implemented first with a program of euthanasia (Aktion T4). The genocide of the disabled was, in many ways, prototypical to the development of the Final Solution. A comparative analysis shows that there were overlapping phases in the genocide of the disabled and the Holocaust, particularly with respect to the killing of the Jewish mentally ill, the targeting of mentally ill patients in the East, Aktion 14f13 and the construction of the death camps, particularly during Aktion Reinhardt.
Tunable topological Weyl semimetal from simple cubic lattices with staggered fluxes
Creators: name: Jiang, Jian-Hua
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Three-dimensional Weyl fermions are found to emerge from simple cubic lattices with staggered fluxes. The mechanism is to gap the quadratic band touching by time-reversal-symmetry-breaking hoppings. The system exhibits rich phase diagrams where the number of Weyl fermions and their topological charge are tunable via the plaquette fluxes. The Weyl semimetal state is shown to be the intermediate phase between non-topological semimetal and quantum anomalous Hall insulator. The transitions between those phases can be understood through the evolution of the Weyl points as Berry flux insertion processes. As the Weyl points move and split (or merge) through tuning the plaquette fluxes, the Fermi arcs and surface states undergo significant manipulation. We also propose a possible scheme to realize the model in ultracold fermions in optical lattices with artificial gauge fields.
description: Accepted by Phys. Rev. A; http://pra.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v85/i3/e033640
Price and Volatility Spillovers in Australian electricity markets
Creators: name: Han, Lin
Publisher: name: Macquarie University
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 399999
subject: Other education not elsewhere classified

description: Electricity markets are significantly more volatile than other comparable financial or commodity markets. Extreme price outcomes, typically referred to as price spikes, as well as periods of substantial price volatility and their transmission between interconnected regional markets pose significant risks for market participants.
 This study investigates spillover effects for electricity spot prices across different regions in the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM), aiming to provide a better understanding of price and volatility dynamics in a multi-regional context. This pioneering study is established in the econometric framework developed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2009, 2012), originally applied to equity markets. The research methodology is based on forecast error variance decomposition of vector autoregressive (VAR) models. We conduct both static and dynamic analyses to assess the systemically aggregated spillovers and their directional decomposition between regions. Using daily electricity spot market data from 2010 to 2015, we find that although spillover effects play an important role in the NEM, regional prices are still mostly influenced by local factors. In particular, greater spillover effects are observed between physically interconnected markets. Among all regions in the NEM, South Australia (SA) transmits the most net spillovers to others, while New South Wales (NSW) is the most significant net spillover receiver. The spillover effects show time-varying and event-dependent patterns.
 Our findings provide insights to market participants for the development of cross-regional trading or risk management strategies in the Australian NEM. As the Australian Energy Regulator considers building new interconnectors to facilitate regional market integration, our findings regarding connectedness of regional markets through the applied spillover measures also provide important quantitative information to NEM policy makers.
The New York Agency Shop Fee and the Constitution after Ellis and Hudson
Creators: name: Briffault, Richard
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1988
Subjects: subject: Constitutional amendments
subject: Local government--Law and legislation
subject: Employee rights
subject: Open and closed shop
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: In its recent Ellis and Hudson decisions, the Supreme Court imposed new substantive restrictions and procedural requirements on states that authorize, and public employee unions that utilize, agency shop fees. Focusing on New York State, this study analyzes the consequences for the collection and expenditure of agency fees of the Supreme Court's new emphasis on the First Amendment basis for dissenting employees' rights. The author finds that Ellis and Hudson cast doubt on the constitutionality of some current agency fee practices. He concludes that New York's Public Employment Relations Board will have to take a more active role in policing agency fee standards and procedures than it has until now if the agency fee in New York is to withstand First Amendment scrutiny.
title: Tommaso Fantoni S.J.
title: An entry in the LCA Online Dictionary of Leibniz’s Correspondents and Acquaintances
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Tba)
Publisher: name: LCA Project
Year: 2018

description: Tommaso Fantoni S.J. as a personal relation of Leibniz’s: The resource presents biographical information on a correspondent of Leibniz's
Review: The Federal Election Campaign Act and the 1980 Election
Creators: name: Briffault, Richard
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1984
Subjects: subject: Political science
subject: FOS: Political science
subject: Finance, Public--Law and legislation
subject: Local government--Law and legislation
subject: Campaign funds
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Finance

description: Richard Briffault reviews Financing the 1980 Election by Herbert E. Alexander, and Politics and Money by Elizabeth Drew. This article analyzes Drew's and Alexander's findings concerning the effects of FECA on the financing of the general election phase of the 1980 presidential and congressional elections. These financial histories of the 1980 elections suggest that the mix of public and private components in our campaign finance system has proven unstable, and that public and private methods of financing political campaigns may not be easily reconcilable in a single system after all. If this is the case, Congress and the Court may have to consider again the degree to which our election campaigns should be publicly or privately funded. That will require the resolution of the underlying question of what the role of private wealth -- and of private inequality -- should be in financing an electoral process nominally predicated on the norm of political equality.
Elisabetta Falchetti (1948-2022)
Creators: name: Guida, Maria Francesca
name: Da Milano, Cristina
Publisher: name: Visions for Sustainability
Year: 2023

description: Elisabetta Falchetti was a reference point for all those approaching the boundaries of knowledge and relationships between disciplines such as Ecology, Art Sciences, Museology, Education and Neuroscience within a sustainability framework. Her worldview was contagious and stimulated anyone she met along her path to play an active role in her life. With the European Centre for Cultural Organisation and Management (ECCOM), we met precisely on the ground of this common commitment. She was deeply convinced of the need for profound social transformation to promote justice, equity, gender equality, well-being, quality of life and sustainable communities. Her gaze and attention were constantly addressed to local communities, especially those marginalized or discriminated against, to create opportunities for cultural life participation, to encourage creative interaction and exchange. She always supported and felt the need for a new cultural and social museology more focused on the needs of communities. The emerging social museology must reflect on certain social priorities and experiment new strategies to create “contact zones” (Clifford, 1997). The metaphor, which she loved so much and has guided many of our reflections, takes inspiration from systemic structure of living systems. The spaces that in the various structures represent borders and contiguous areas, such as those between cells, organs, populations, biotic communities, ecosystems, guide reflection on the importance of boundaries (Da Milano, Falchetti & Guida, 2019). In those contact zones it is possible to develop constructive relationships between environment and culture, new narratives and visions, social representations. This process can encourage multi-, inter- and trans-cultural approaches. For Elisabetta Falchetti, Ecology was the science that can integrate narratives and visions that spread systemic thinking. Feudozzo’s experience (L’Astorina et al., 2021) represented a moment of reflection on this issue to help build new ethical-social attitudes and horizons (Falchetti & Guida, 2021). A fundamental element for her was the role that imagination plays in the processes of transformation and change. In one of her latest contributions, she said "people’s imaginative capacity must be nurtured. In fact, only with a fervent imagination does it become possible to build a sustainable perspective for the future and to identify strategies to pursue it” (Guida & Falchetti, 2021). She leaves us with many things to reflect on but also with things still to be imagined and told.
description: Visions for Sustainability, NEW Visions online
Reactor Simulation for Antineutrino Experiments using DRAGON and MURE
Creators: name: Jones, C. L.
name: Bernstein, A.
name: Conrad, J. M.
name: Djurcic, Z.
name: Fallot, M.
name: Giot, L.
name: Keefer, G.
name: Onillon, A.
name: Winslow, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Rising interest in nuclear reactors as a source of antineutrinos for experiments motivates validated, fast, and accessible simulations to predict reactor fission rates. Here we present results from the DRAGON and MURE simulation codes and compare them to other industry standards for reactor core modeling. We use published data from the Takahama-3 reactor to evaluate the quality of these simulations against the independently measured fuel isotopic composition. The propagation of the uncertainty in the reactor operating parameters to the resulting antineutrino flux predictions is also discussed.
description: This version has increased discussion of uncertainties
The Most Popular Tool: Tax Increment Financing and the Political Economy of Local Government
Creators: name: Briffault, Richard
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Political science
subject: FOS: Political science
subject: Finance, Public--Law and legislation
subject: Local government--Law and legislation
subject: Municipal government
subject: Tax increment financing--Law and legislation
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Finance

description: Tax increment financing (TIF) is the most widely used local government program for financing economic development in the United States, but the proliferation of TIF is puzzling. TIF was originally created to support urban renewal programs and was narrowly focused on addressing urban blight, yet now it is used in areas that are plainly unblighted. TIF brings in no outside money and provides no new revenue-raising authority. There is little clear evidence that TIF has done much to help the municipalities that use it, and it is also a source of intergovernmental tension and a site of conflict over the scope of public aid to the private sector. Yet, the expansion of TIF makes sense in light of the basic structure of American local government law. Studying TIF can illuminate central features of our local government system. TIF succeeds -- in the sense of its widespread adoption and use -- because it, like local government more generally, is highly decentralized; reflects and reinforces the fiscalization of development policy; plays off the fragmentation of local governments and the resulting interlocal struggle for investment; and fits well with the entrepreneurial spirit characteristic of contemporary local economic development policy. A better understanding of TIF contributes to a better understanding of the political economy of American local government.
title: Gian Battista Farinelli
title: An entry in the LCA Online Dictionary of Leibniz’s Correspondents and Acquaintances
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Tba)
Publisher: name: LCA Project
Year: 2018

description: Gian Battista Farinelli as a personal relation of Leibniz’s: The resource presents biographical information on a correspondent of Leibniz's
The Future of Public Funding
Creators: name: Briffault, Richard
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Election law
subject: Investment of public funds--Law and legislation
subject: Campaign funds
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: Tracing the development of the law of public funding in the United States, assessing the impact of the Arizona Free Enterprise decision on public funding, and discussing the options for public funding after Arizona Free Enterprise
Computational Methodologies and Physical Insights into Electronic Energy Transfer in Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting Complexes
Creators: name: Pachon, Leonardo A.
name: Brumer, Paul
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We examine computational techniques and methodologies currently in use to explore electronic excitation energy transfer in the context of light-harvesting complexes in photosynthetic antenna systems, and comment on some new insights into the underlying physics. Advantages and pitfalls of these methodologies are discussed, as are some physical insights into the photosynthetic dynamics. By combining results from molecular modelling of the complexes (structural description) with an effective non-equilibrium statistical description (time evolution), we identify some general features, regardless of the particular distribution in the protein scaffold, that are central to light-harvesting dynamics and, that could ultimately be related to the high efficiency of the overall process. Based on these general common features, some possible new directions in the field are discussed.
description: Invited Perspective Article for Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys
Hybrid Molecular Materials for Energy Applications
Creators: name: Llobet, Antoni
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Solar fuels
Redox catalysis
Molecular hybrid materials
Transition metal complexes

description: The replacement of fossil fuels by a clean and renewable energy source is one of the most urgent and challenging issues our society is facing today, which is why intense research is devoted to this topic.[1] Nature has been using sunlight as the primary energy input to oxidize water and reduce CO2 to generate carbohydrates (a solar fuel) for over a billion years. Inspired but not constrained by nature, artificial systems can be designed to capture light and oxidize water and reduce protons or other useful substrates such as N2 or CO2 to generate chemical fuels. One of the key aspects for the efficient design of devices for the making solar fuels is the understanding and mastering of the catalysts involved in both the anodic and cathodic reactions. The talk will describe the initial developments up to the state of the art, of molecular catalysts and their anchoring on conductive and semiconductive surfaces. The latter is crucial for the generation of powerful hybrid molecular anodes and cathodes for the production of solar fuels.
Additional file 1 of The effect of isolated Bacillus ureolytic bacteria in improving the bio-healing of concrete cracks
Creators: name: Mokhtar, Gehad
name: Ahmed, Ahmed Abd-El-Azim
name: Reyad, Amany M.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Geology
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1. Figure 1: (a) urease test of the alkali-tolerant bacterial isolates (B1, B, 10, 5, 2 and B2), and (b) shows the presence of endospores for all the bacterial isolates. B1: Bacillus wiedmannii. B2: Bacillus paramycoides. Figure 2: (a) Control concrete, (b) bio-concrete specimen of Bacillus wiedmannii after 28 days water curing, (c) bioconcrete specimen of Bacillus wiedmannii after 90 days, (d) bio-concrete specimen of Bacillus paramycoides after 28 days, and e) bio-concrete specimen of Bacillus paramycoides after 90 days.
Review: Lani Guinier and the Dilemmas of American Democracy
Creators: name: Briffault, Richard
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1995
Subjects: subject: Democracy
subject: Political science
subject: FOS: Political science
subject: Voting--Law and legislation
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: Richard Briffault reviews The Tyranny of the Majority: Fundamental Fairness in Representative Democracy by Lani Guinier. He argues: "Guinier's effort to apply the Voting Rights Act to legislative voting rules, considered in Part III, is less successful. Her claim that her approach is a procedural reform, unconcerned with the substance of legislative outcomes, is not persuasive, and its implementation would risk a high degree of outside interference with the operations of legislatures. Nevertheless, her concern with the fairness of majority rule in a polarized legislature should not be summarily dismissed. As Guinier contends, the legitimacy of majority rule ultimately rests on the existence of an equal opportunity for all members of the electorate to be in the majority. If, due to a deep and lasting division between the majority and the minority, some members of the polity are effectively denied the opportunity ever to be in the majority, then majority rule can become majority tyranny. Thus, although Guinier's proposal is unsatisfactory, the problem she addresses is a central dilemma of democratic theory."
XMM-Newton/SDSS: star formation efficiency in galaxy clusters and constraints on the matter density parameter
Creators: name: Lagana, Tatiana F.
name: Zhang, Yu-Ying
name: Reiprich, Thomas H.
name: Schneider, Peter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It is believed that the global baryon content of clusters of galaxies is representative of the matter distribution of the universe, and can, therefore, be used to reliably determine the matter density parameter Omega_m. This assumption is challenged by the growing evidence from optical and X-ray observations that the total baryon mass fraction increases towards rich clusters. In this context, we investigate the dependence of stellar, and total baryon mass fractions as a function of mass. To do so, we used a subsample of nineteen clusters extracted from the X-ray flux limited sample HIFLUGCS that have available DR-7 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data. From the optical analysis we derived the stellar masses. Using XMM-Newton we derived the gas masses. Then, adopting a scaling relation we estimate the total masses. Adding the gas and the stellar mass fractions we obtain the total baryonic content that we find to increase with cluster mass, reaching 7-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP-7) prediction for clusters with M_500 = 1.6 x 10^{15} M_sun. We observe a decrease of the stellar mass fraction (from 4.5% to ~1.0%) with increasing total mass where our findings for the stellar mass fraction agree with previous studies. This result suggests a difference in the number of stars formed per unit of halo mass, though with a large scatter for low-mass systems. That is, the efficiency of star formation varies on cluster scale that lower mass systems are likely to have higher star formation efficiencies. It follows immediately that the dependence of the stellar mass fraction on total mass results in an increase of the mass-to-light ratio from lower to higher mass systems. We also discuss the consequences of these results in the context of determining the cosmic matter density parameter Omega_m.
description: Accepted for publication in ApJ, 11 pages, 5 figures. http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/743/13
Additional file 2 of Early morning off in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a Chinese nationwide study and a 7-question screening scale
Creators: name: Han, Chao
name: Mao, Wei
name: An, Jing
name: Jiao, Lifei
name: Chan, Piu
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 2 TableS2. Motor and non-motor symptoms of the study participants.
General Form of the Color Potential Produced by Color Charges of the Quark
Creators: name: Nayak, Gouranga C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Constant electric charge $e$ satisfies the continuity equation $\partial_μj^μ(x)= 0$ where $j^μ(x)$ is the current density of the electron. However, the Yang-Mills color current density $j^{μa}(x)$ of the quark satisfies the equation $D_μ[A] j^{μa}(x)= 0$ which is not a continuity equation ($\partial_μj^{μa}(x)\neq 0$) which implies that a color charge $q^a(t)$ of the quark is not constant but it is time dependent where $a=1,2,...8$ are color indices. In this paper we derive general form of color potential produced by color charges of the quark. We find that the general form of the color potential produced by the color charges of the quark at rest is given by $Φ^a(x) =A_0^a(t,{\bf x}) =\frac{q^b(t-\frac{r}{c})}{r}\[\frac{{\rm exp}[g\int dr \frac{Q(t-\frac{r}{c})}{r}] -1}{g \int dr \frac{Q(t-\frac{r}{c})}{r}}\]_{ab}$ where $dr$ integration is an indefinite integration, ~~ $Q_{ab}(τ_0)=f^{abd}q^d(τ_0)$, ~~$r=|{\vec x}-{\vec X}(τ_0)|$, ~~$τ_0=t-\frac{r}{c}$ is the retarded time, ~~$c$ is the speed of light, ~~${\vec X}(τ_0)$ is the position of the quark at the retarded time and the repeated color indices $b,d$(=1,2,...8) are summed. For constant color charge $q^a$ we reproduce the Coulomb-like potential $Φ^a(x)=\frac{q^a}{r}$ which is consistent with the Maxwell theory where constant electric charge $e$ produces the Coulomb potential $Φ(x)=\frac{e}{r}$.
description: Final version, two more sections added, 45 pages latex, accepted for publication in JHEP
Our Localism: Part II--Localism and Legal Theory
Creators: name: Briffault, Richard
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1990
Subjects: subject: Political science
subject: FOS: Political science
subject: Finance, Public--Law and legislation
subject: Local government--Law and legislation
subject: Metropolitan government
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Finance

description: This Article presents a study of "Our Localism"-- of the legal powers of contemporary American local governments, the practical social and political ramifications of local legal power in a system characterized by wide divergences in local fiscal capabilities and needs and the ideological commitment to localism that sustains and legitimates local autonomy. It does so by pursuing a middle path, attempting neither a ground-level account of the law or politics of individual states or local governments nor a high theory examination of local autonomy as a matter of general political philosophy. Instead, it seeks, through a focus on a handful of selected legal issues, to provide a general treatment of the law of state-local relations with particular attention to the question of local power, and to make an argument concerning the proper scope of local autonomy within the specific setting of contemporary metropolitan America. The first half of Part II addresses city-suburb differences and examines the role of local government law in the rise of the suburb as a distinctive and increasingly dominant form of urban community. The second half of Part II takes a more normative approach.
title: Johann Augustin Fasch
title: An entry in the LCA Online Dictionary of Leibniz’s Correspondents and Acquaintances
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Tba)
Publisher: name: LCA Project
Year: 2018

description: Johann Augustin Fasch as a personal relation of Leibniz’s: The resource presents biographical information on a correspondent of Leibniz's
Structure and Coulomb dissociation of 23O within the quark-meson coupling model
Creators: name: Chatterjee, R.
name: Shyam, R.
name: Tsushima, K.
name: Thomas, A. W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the ground-state structure of nuclei in the vicinity of the one-neutron dripline within the latest version of the quark-meson coupling (QMC) model with a particular emphasis on 23O. For this nucleus the model predicts a [22O(0+) + n (2s_{1/2})] configuration for its ground state, with a one neutron separation energy in close agreement with the corresponding experimental value. The wave function describing the valence neutron-core relative motion was then used to calculate the Coulomb dissociation of 23O on a lead target at a beam energy of 422 MeV/nucleon. The experimental neutron-core relative energy spectrum and the total one-neutron removal cross sections are well described by the calculations. The widths of the longitudinal momentum distributions of the 22O fragment are found to be broad, which do not support the formation of a neutron halo in this nucleus.
description: Revised and extended version, accepted for publication in Nucl. Phys. A
title: Nicolas Fatio de Duillier
title: An entry in the LCA Online Dictionary of Leibniz’s Correspondents and Acquaintances
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Tba)
Publisher: name: LCA Project
Year: 2018

description: Nicolas Fatio de Duillier as a personal relation of Leibniz’s: The resource presents biographical information on a correspondent of Leibniz's
title: Miks ja kuidas ohjeldada avaliku sektori andmete määramist asutusesiseseks kasutamiseks
titleType: Other
Creators: name: Tammel, Kaide
Publisher: name: Sisekaitseakadeemia
Year: 2023
Subjects: classificationCode: 5
subject: FOS: Social sciences

description: Mõttepaber keskendub probleemidele, millega seisavad silmitsi uurijad, kes vajavad uute teadmiste loomiseks andmeid avaliku sektori asutustelt. Kui uurija ei pääse ligi uuringuks vajalikele alusandmetele, jääb uus teadmine loomata. Kui uuringutulemustele seatakse juurdepääsupiirang, jääb uus teadmine levimata. Demokraatliku Eesti hoidmiseks ja arendamiseks peab looma lahendused, mis aitavad senisest paremini tagada ligipääsu uurimistööks vajalikele andmetele ja teadmiste levimisele. Asutusesiseseks kasutamiseks (AK) peaks jääma vaid selline teave, mille avalikustamine ohustab kas eraisikut või riigi julgeolekut, ning trend üha suuremat hulka riigi kogutud andmeid varjata tuleb avalikustamise suunda tagasi pöörata
description: Sissejuhatus ; AK-piirangut kasutatakse kergekäeliselt ; AK-piirangu eemaldamine ei ole süsteemne ; AK-piirangute mõju teadustööle ; Kokkuvõte ; Lisa. Otsustustugi juurdepääsupiirangu kehtestajale ; Kasutatud allikad
description: Keywords:  restricted documents; public sector; thought paper
Predicting student outcomes using office referral data from a national sample of middle school students
Creators: name: Predy, Larissa Kristine
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2013

description: This study examined the adequacy of using Office Discipline Referral (ODR) data to predict student behaviour outcomes. Specifically, the study identified rates of ODRs and student trajectories in a middle school population and assessed whether end-of-year behaviour outcomes can reliably be predicted as early as the first few months of Grades 6, 7, and 8. Participants were 401,852 students from 593 public middle schools (serving Grades 6 to 8) in the United States whose ODR data had been entered in the School-wide Information System (SWIS, 2012) during the 2009-2010 school year. ODRs were categorized by final ODR cut points used in positive behaviour support systems (0-1, 2-5, and 6+ total ODRs per year). Descriptive analyses and multilevel multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed; Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to assess diagnostic accuracy. Results showed relatively stable mean increases in ODRs throughout the school year for students in each final ODR category, though median growth trajectories revealed a comparatively large increase in ODRs received in November and February. Results also showed that ODRs received in September, October, and November were statistically significant predictors of final behaviour outcomes, and the inclusion of types of referrals (especially for defiance) significantly improved prediction of the final ODR category. These results are discussed with regards to previous and future research, limitations, and the utility of ODRs for intervention decision-making in middle schools.
Rotating Accretion Flows: From Infinity to the Black Hole
Creators: name: Li, Jason
name: Ostriker, Jeremiah
name: Sunyaev, Rashid
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Accretion onto a supermassive black hole of a rotating inflow is a particularly difficult problem to study because of the wide range of length scales involved. There have been broadly utilized analytic and numerical treatments of the global properties of accretion flows, but detailed numerical simulations are required to address certain critical aspects. We use the ZEUS code to run hydrodynamical simulations of rotating, axisymmetric accretion flows with Bremsstrahlung cooling, considering solutions for which the centrifugal balance radius significantly exceeds the Schwarzschild radius, with and without viscous angular momentum transport. Infalling gas is followed from well beyond the Bondi radius down to the vicinity of the black hole. We produce a continuum of solutions with respect to the single parameter Mdot_Bondi/Mdot_Edd, and there is a sharp transition between two general classes of solutions at an Eddington ratio of Mdot_Bondi/Mdot_Edd ~ few x 10^(-2). Our high inflow solutions are very similar to the standard Shakura & Sunyaev (1973) results. But our low inflow results are to zeroth order the stationary Papaloizou and Pringle (1984) solution, which has no accretion. To next order in the small, assumed viscosity they show circulation, with disk and conical wind outflows almost balancing inflow. These solutions are characterized by hot, vertically extended disks, and net accretion proceeds at an extremely low rate, only of order alpha times the inflow rate. Our simulations have converged with respect to spatial resolution and temporal duration, and they do not depend strongly on our choice of boundary conditions.
description: accepted for publication in ApJ
Drafting an Effective Greenmail Prohibition
Creators: name: Gilson, Ronald J.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1988
Subjects: subject: Tender offers (securities)
subject: Consolidation and merger of corporations--Law and legislation
subject: Antitakeover strategies
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Economics

description: From the perspective of the antitakeover forces, greenmailers are the worst example of exploitive, opportunistic players in the market for corporate control, threatening an acquisition that has no efficiency justification (and may impose significant costs) simply to garner short-term gains. Prohibiting the payment eliminates the incentive to engage in such exploitive activity in the first place. The unique overlap of interests means that both sides can agree on one aspect of takeover reform: greenmail should be prohibited. My purpose here is not to debate that conclusion but to comment on the more prosaic yet nonetheless pressing problem of how to implement a prohibition on greenmail. Some states already have adopted legislative prohibitions, and the takeover legislation now pending in Congress also would prohibit the practice. Additionally, a significant number of corporations have not waited for legislative action, instead adopting charter amendments that prohibit the individual corporation from paying greenmail. The problem is that the efforts to date to prohibit greenmail are seriously underinclusive because they misunderstand the problem. Indeed, I will make the stronger claim that, rather than prohibiting greenmail, existing and proposed prohibitions in fact serve to legalize greenmail by creating a safe harbor within which it safely can be paid.
title: Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre
title: An entry in the LCA Online Dictionary of Leibniz’s Correspondents and Acquaintances
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Tba)
Publisher: name: LCA Project
Year: 2018

description: Charles-Irénée Castel de Saint-Pierre as a personal relation of Leibniz’s: The resource presents biographical information on a correspondent of Leibniz's
Modeling Policy and Agricultural Decisions in Afghanistan
Creators: name: Widener, Michael J.
name: Bar-Yam, Yavni
name: Gros, Andreas
name: Metcalf, Sara
name: Bar-Yam, Yaneer
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Afghanistan is responsible for the majority of the world's supply of poppy crops, which are often used to produce illegal narcotics like heroin. This paper presents an agent-based model that simulates policy scenarios to characterize how the production of poppy can be dampened and replaced with licit crops over time. The model is initialized with spatial data, including transportation network and satellite-derived land use data. Parameters representing national subsidies, insurgent influence, and trafficking blockades are varied to represent different conditions that might encourage or discourage poppy agriculture. Our model shows that boundary-level interventions, such as targeted trafficking blockades at border locations, are critical in reducing the attractiveness of growing this illicit crop. The principle of least effort implies that interventions decrease to a minimal non-regressive point, leading to the prediction that increases in insurgency or other changes are likely to lead to worsening conditions, and improvements require substantial jumps in intervention resources.
description: 16 pages, 5 figures; GeoJournal, 2012, 10.1007/s10708-012-9453-y