cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Additional file 2 of School-based interventions for promoting food and nutrition literacy (FNLIT) in elementary school children: a systematic review protocol
Creators: name: Doustmohammadian, Azam
name: Omidvar, Nasrin
name: Shakibazadeh, Elham
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 2: Table S1. Electronic search strategies.
Oberbodenabtrag: eine Methode zur großflächigen funktionellen Wiederherstellung von Niedermoorlebensräumen? – Ergebnisse einer Machbarkeitsstudie
Top soil removal: a method for large-scale functional restoration of fen habitats? - Results of a pilot study
Creators: name: Pfeiffenberger, Matthias
name: Fock, Theodor
Publisher: name: FID GEO
Year: 2015

description: Abstract: A pilot study was realized in 2013/2014 to investigate the restoration of degraded percolation mires by a large-scale top soil removal. Objectives and results of the study are presented. The project area is situated in North-East Germany in a percolation mire of the Peene river valley. Nowadays natural percolation mires, especially mesotrophic types, of alkaline habitats, are very rare. Structural and trophic features of peat surface changed irreversible due to drainage and agricultural use in the past. Thus the degraded, eutrophic top soil shall be removed on large-scale in a following main project and the undecomposed peat shall be exposed. Through this measurement water may rise to the surface again and peat producing plants may reestablish. A first top soil removal of 400 square meters was undertaken in spring 2014. An additional part of the main project should be an approach to utilize the excavated soil for gardening purposes. Thereby a technical, ecological and economical useful utilization of the material may be reached.
description: Zusammenfassung: In diesem Beitrag wird eine Machbarkeitsstudie zur großflächigen Wiederherstellung von Niedermoorflächen durch Oberbodenabtrag auf ehemals intensiv genutzten Standorten vorgestellt. Diese fand in den Jahren 2013/2014 in einem degradierten Durchströmungsmoor im Peenetal statt. Natürliche Ausprägungen dieses hydrologischen Moortyps – besonders die mesotroph-kalkhaltigen – sind heutzutage extrem selten. Strukturelle und trophische Eigenschaften der Moorböden haben sich in der Vergangenheit durch Entwässerung und Nutzung irreversibel verändert. Daher soll der degradierte Oberboden in dem nachfolgenden Hauptvorhaben abgetragen und der unzersetzte Torf großflächig freigelegt werden. Wasser soll so wieder die Oberfläche durchströmen können, eine Wiederbesiedlung mit torfbildenden Pflanzen kann erfolgen. Ein erster Probeabtrag von 400 m² wurde im Frühjahr 2014 durchgeführt. Für das geplante Hauptvorhaben soll die Verarbeitung des abgetragenen Materials als Gartenerden erprobt werden, um eine umweltverträgliche, technisch und wirtschaftlich sinnvolle Verwertung zu ermöglichen.
description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
description: research
The effects of density inhomogeneities on the radio wave emission in electron beam plasmas
Creators: name: Yao, Xin
name: Muñoz, Patricio A.
name: Büchner, Jörg
name: Zhou, Xiaowei
name: Liu, Siming
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Type III radio bursts are radio emissions associated with solar flares. They are considered to be caused by electron beams traveling from the solar corona to the solar wind. Magnetic reconnection is a possible accelerator of electron beams in the course of solar flares since it causes unstable distribution functions, and density inhomogeneities (cavities). The properties of radio emission by electron beams in an inhomogeneous environment are still poorly understood. We capture the non-linear kinetic plasma processes of generation of beam-related radio emissions in inhomogeneous plasmas by utilizing fully-kinetic Particle-In-Cell (PIC) code numerical simulations. Our model takes into account initial electron velocity distribution functions (EVDFs) as they are supposed to be created by magnetic reconnection. We focus our analysis on low-density regions with strong magnetic fields. The assumed EVDFs allow two distinct mechanisms of radio wave emissions: plasma emissions due to wave-wave interactions and so-called electron cyclotron maser emissions (ECME) due to direct wave-particle interactions. We investigate the effects of density inhomogeneities on the conversion of free energy from the electron beams into the energy of electrostatic and electromagnetic waves via plasma emission and ECME, as well as the frequency shift of electron resonances caused by perpendicular gradients in the beam EVDFs. Our most important finding is that the number of harmonics of Langmuir waves increases due to the presence of density inhomogeneities. The additional harmonics of Langmuir waves are generated by a coalescence of beam-generated Langmuir waves and their harmonics.
description: Accepted by Journal of Plasma Physics
title: Analysis and Innovation in the Novels of Thomas Hardy
Creators: name: Sumner, Rosemary
Publisher: name: The Open University
Year: 1978

description: Hardy considered it important for a writer to be "fifty years ahead of his time". One of his aims was to change people's attitudes to make them more understanding, more tolerant and less prejudiced. This desire arose largely from his profound insight into psychological complexities. Much of his exploration of character, especially of psychologically disturbed personalities, anticipates the work of twentieth century psychological writers. It also affects the method of presenting character. He is moving away from the comparative certitude of his predecessors towards a realisation that however profoundly and sensitively a personality is analysed, there is always an area which recedes beyond scrutiny. This leads to the stress in the later novels on the "conjectural", "unstateable" nature of character; in this, he anticipates Lawrence. Like Lawrence, too, he insisted that an 'honest portrayal' of life must be "largely concerned with, for one thing, the relations of the sexes". In this treatment of this subject, he is both challenging the conventions of the novel of his day and anticipating twentieth century novelists, and Freud's emphasis on the significance of sexuality; he felt that dishonesty and immaturity in contemporary novels sprang from an unwillingness to acknowledge this, The structure of the novels, with their stress on the variousness of human responses and choices conveys Hardy's tolerance and willingness to accept the diversity of human nature. These qualities are evident throughout his novels and by the time of Tess and Jude he is moving towards suggesting that "animal" instincts need not be suppressed, that "the war between flesh and spirit" could cease. His perception of the importance of unconscious, instinctive drives and his awareness of people's fear of them underlies the creation of his most complex and innovatory character - Sue Bridehead.
Being creative in the face of adversity - Annual creativeHE collection 2021
Creators: name: Tasler, Nathalie
name: O'Brien, Rachelle
name: Spires, Alex
Publisher: name: National Teaching Repository
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: 130103 Higher Education
subject: FOS: Educational sciences

description: As we are seeing the year out, we are delighted and excited to welcome you to the very first open Annual #creativeHE Collection of 30 diverse contributions from 60 authors, educators and students, across our wider community and practitioners from the United Kingdom, Slovenia, Nigeria, Canada, Italy and Germany that capture creative and resourceful practices during this pandemic year that show the inventiveness and commitment to creating stimulating learning and development opportunities and experiences.
To cite:Tasler, N., O’Brien. R, E. and Spires, A. (eds) Being creative in the face of adversity. The #creative Annual 2021. Creativity for Learning in Higher Education Community. #creativeHE, https://doi.org/10.25416/NTR.17709860.v2
Time dependent modeling of electron acceleration and cooling during blazar flares
Creators: name: Dmytriiev, A.
name: Sol, H.
name: Zech, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a new time-dependent leptonic code that we developed to model the varying multi-wavelength (MWL) emission during blazar flares. In our modeling, we assume that the blazar emission originates from a plasma blob located in the jet, and that relativistic electrons are injected into the blob and may undergo stochastic (Fermi II) or shock (Fermi I) acceleration. We numerically solve the kinetic equation for electron evolution in the blob, taking into account particle injection, escape, acceleration and radiative cooling. In order to calculate the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the blob emission we assume a synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) scenario, including also synchrotron self absorption and gamma-gamma absorption processes. Our code computes the evolution of the electron spectrum and of the associated broad-band SED. As a first application, we attempt to connect the continuous, steady-state emission from the blazar Mrk 421 with a flare observed in February 2010, using a minimal number of free parameters in a two-zone scenario in which a turbulent region is present around the emitting zone. Mrk 421 is a high-synchrotron-peaked (HSP) BL Lac, and one of the brightest extragalactic gamma-ray sources in the Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray band. It is also the closest TeV emitting blazar to the Earth (redshift z=0.031).
description: Proceeding of the 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2019), July 24th - August 1st, 2019, Madison, WI, U.S.A
Critical exponents and the correlation length in the charge exchange manganite spin glass Eu_{0.5}Ba_{0.5}MnO_{3}
Creators: name: Nair, Sunil
name: Nigam, A. K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The critical regime of the charge exchange (CE) manganite spin glass Eu_{0.5}Ba_{0.5}MnO_{3} is investigated using linear and non linear magnetic susceptibility and the divergence of the third ordered susceptibility (chi{_3}) signifying the onset of a conventional freezing transition is experimentally demonstrated. The divergence in chi{_3}, dynamical scaling of the linear susceptibility and relevant scaling equations are used to determine the critical exponents associated with this freezing transition, the values of which match well with the 3D Ising universality class. Magnetic field dependence of the spin glass response function is used to estimate the spin correlation length which is seen to be larger than the charge/orbital correlation length reported in this system.
description: 4 pages, 4 Figures
Measuring Analytic Gradients of General Quantum Evolution with the Stochastic Parameter Shift Rule
Creators: name: Banchi, Leonardo
name: Crooks, Gavin E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Hybrid quantum-classical optimization algorithms represent one of the most promising application for near-term quantum computers. In these algorithms the goal is to optimize an observable quantity with respect to some classical parameters, using feedback from measurements performed on the quantum device. Here we study the problem of estimating the gradient of the function to be optimized directly from quantum measurements, generalizing and simplifying some approaches present in the literature, such as the so-called parameter-shift rule. We derive a mathematically exact formula that provides a stochastic algorithm for estimating the gradient of any multi-qubit parametric quantum evolution, without the introduction of ancillary qubits or the use of Hamiltonian simulation techniques. The gradient measurement is possible when the underlying device can realize all Pauli rotations in the expansion of the Hamiltonian whose coefficients depend on the parameter. Our algorithm continues to work, although with some approximations, even when all the available quantum gates are noisy, for instance due to the coupling between the quantum device and an unknown environment.
description: 14 pages, 8 figures
Testing the Majorana nature of neutralinos in supersymmetric theories
Creators: name: Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A.
name: Teixeira, A. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss selectron pair production in e- e- scattering. These processes can only occur via t-channel neutralino exchange, provided that the neutralinos are Majorana fermions. We concentrate on the processes e- e- -> e^~_L e^~_L,e^~_R e^~_R -> e- X^~_1^0 e- X^~_2^0 -> e- X^~_1^0 e- X^~_1^0 f f, in which a complete determination of the final state momenta is possible without using the selectron masses as input. The experimental reconstruction of the selectron masses in this decay channel provides clear evidence of the Majorana character of the neutralinos, which is confirmed by the analysis of the electron energy spectrum.
description: LaTeX, 35 pages, 23 PS figures. Some clarifications, comments and references added, typos corrected. Final version to appear in Nucl. Phys. B
Lateglacial and Holocene wet--dry cycles in southern Patagonia: chronology, sedimentology and geochemistry of a lacustrine record from Laguna Potrok Aike, Argentina
Creators: name: Haberzettl, Torsten
name: Corbella, Hugo
name: Fey, Michael
name: Janssen, Stephanie
name: Lücke, Andreas
name: Mayr, Christoph
name: Ohlendorf, Christian
name: Schäbitz, Frank
name: Schleser, Gerhard H.
name: Wille, Michael
name: Wulf, Sabine
name: Zolitschka, Bernd
Publisher: name: Sage Publications
Year: 2007

description: A high-resolution multiproxy geochemical approach was applied to the sediments of Laguna Potrok Aike in an attempt to reconstruct moist and dry periods during the past 16 000 years in southeastern Patagonia. The age–depth model is inferred from AMS 14C dates and tephrochronology, and suggests moist conditions during the Lateglacial and early Holocene (16 000–8700 cal. BP) interrupted by drier conditions before the beginning of the Holocene (13 200–11 400 cal. BP). Data also imply that this period was a major warm phase in southeastern Patagonia and was approximately contemporaneous with the Younger Dryas chronozone in the Northern Hemisphere (12 700–11 500 cal. BP). After 8650 cal. BP a major drought may have caused the lowest lake level of the record. Since 7300 cal. BP, the lake level rose and was variable until the ‘Little Ice Age’, which was the dominant humid period after 8650 cal. BP.
A new calcitic Sphinctozoan sponge belonging to the demospongiae from the Cassian formation (Lower Carnian; Dolomites, northern Italy) and its phylogenetic relationship
Creators: name: Reitner, Joachim
Publisher: name: FID GEO
Year: 1987

description: A new species of a coralline sponge, Cassianothalamia zardinii n. gen. n.sp., from the Lower Carnian Cassian Beds (northern Italy) is described. The new species possesses a secondary thalamid basal skeleton with a spongocoel and the internal structure is constructed of horizontal elements (trabecula) and vesiculae. The microstructure of the basal skeleton is composed of an irregular high Mg-calcite. From the spicular skeleton aster-microscleres can be preserved. In rare cases, monaxonid megascleres can also be found. Therefore the new sponge is probably a representative of the demospongid order Hadromerida.
description: Une nouvelle espece d'eponge coralline, Cassianothalamia zardiini n.gen. n.sp., a ete trouvee dans les couches du Carnien inferieur de Saint-Cassian. La nouvelle espece possede un squelette basal thalami de secondaire muni d'une cavite pseudogastrique et sa structure interne est constituee d'eIements horizontaux (trabecules) et de vesicules. La microstructure de la partie basale du squelette est composee d'une calcite irreguliere a forte teneur en Mg. Les microscleres asteroYdes du squelette spiculaire peuvent avoir ete conserves. On peut aussi trouver tres rarement des megascleres monaxonides. Par consequent, cette nouvelle eponge est probablement un representant de l'ordre Hadromerida des Demosponges.
Casimir effect and Stefan-Boltzmann law at finite temperature in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker universe
Creators: name: Santos, A. F.
name: Ulhoa, S. C.
name: Khanna, Faqir C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A spatially flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker background with a general scale factor is considered. In this space-time, the energy-momentum tensor of the scalar field with a general curvature coupling parameter is obtained. Using the Thermo Field Dynamics (TFD) formalism the Stefan-Boltzmann law and the Casimir effect at finite temperature are calculated. The Casimir effect at zero temperature is also considered. The expansion of the universe changes these effects. A discussion of these modifications is presented.
description: 14 pages, accepted for publication in IJMPD
Manifestly Gauge-Invariant Cosmological Perturbation Theory from Full Loop Quantum Gravity
Creators: name: Han, Muxin
name: Li, Haida
name: Liu, Hongguang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We apply the full theory of Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) to cosmology and present a top-down derivation of gauge-invariant cosmological perturbation theory from quantum gravity. The derivation employs the reduced phase space formulation of LQG and the new discrete path integral formulation defined in arXiv:1910.03763. We demonstrate that in the semiclassical approximation and continuum limit, the result coincides with the existing formulation of gauge-invariant cosmological perturbation theory in e.g. arXiv:0711.0117. Time evolution of cosmological perturbations is computed numerically from the new cosmological perturbation theory of LQG, and various power spectrums are studied for scalar mode and tensor mode perturbations. Comparing these power spectrums with predictions from the classical theory demonstrate corrections in the ultra-long wavelength regime. These corrections are results from the lattice discretization in LQG. In addition, tensor mode perturbations at late time demonstrate the emergence of spin-2 gravitons as low energy excitations from LQG. The graviton has a modified dispersion relation and reduces to the standard graviton in the long wavelength limit.
description: 26 pages, 16 figures. ILQGS talk: http://relativity.phys.lsu.edu/ilqgs/han041420.mp4. Mathematica files can be downloaded from https://github.com/LQG-Florida-Atlantic-University/cos_pert
Ergodic Banach Spaces
Creators: name: Ferenczi, Valentin
name: Rosendal, Christian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 46B03, 46B25

description: We show that any Banach space contains a continuum of non isomorphic subspaces or a minimal subspace. We define an ergodic Banach space $X$ as a space such that $E_0$ Borel reduces to isomorphism on the set of subspaces of $X$, and show that every Banach space is either ergodic or contains a subspace with an unconditional basis $ which is complementably universal for the family of its block-subspaces. We also use our methods to get uniformity results; for example, in combination with a result of B. Maurey, V. Milman and N. Tomczak-Jaegermann, we show that an unconditional basis of a Banach space, of which every block-subspace is complemented, must be asymptotically $c_0$ or $l_p$.
Combined crystal structure prediction and high-pressure crystallization in rational pharmaceutical polymorph screening.
Creators: name: Neumann, M. A.
name: Van De Streek, J.
name: Fabbiani, F. P. A.
name: Hidber, P.
name: Grassmann, O.
Publisher: name: FID GEO
Year: 2015

description: Organic molecules, such as pharmaceuticals, agro-chemicals and pigments, frequently form several crystal polymorphs with different physicochemical properties. Finding polymorphs has long been a purely experimental game of trial-and-error. Here we utilize in silico polymorph screening in combination with rationally planned crystallization experiments to study the polymorphism of the pharmaceutical compound Dalcetrapib, with 10 torsional degrees of freedom one of the most flexible molecules ever studied computationally. The experimental crystal polymorphs are found at the bottom of the calculated lattice energy landscape, and two predicted structures are identified as candidates for a missing, thermodynamically more stable polymorph. Pressure-dependent stability calculations suggested high pressure as a means to bring these polymorphs into existence. Subsequently, one of them could indeed be crystallized in the 0.02 to 0.50 GPa pressure range and was found to be metastable at ambient pressure, effectively derisking the appearance of a more stable polymorph during late-stage development of Dalcetrapib.
Pseudofunctorial behavior of Cousin complexes on formal schemes
Creators: name: Lipman, Joseph
name: Nayak, Suresh
name: Sastry, Pramathanath
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: Commutative Algebra (math.AC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 14B15 14F99 13D99

description: On a suitable category of formal schemes equipped with codimension functions we construct a canonical pseudofunctor (-)^# taking values in the corresponding categories of Cousin complexes. Cousin complexes on such a formal scheme X functorially represent derived-category objects F by the local cohomologies H_x^{codim(x)}(F) (x \in X) together with "residue maps" from the cohomology at x to that at each immediate specialization of x; this representation is faithful when restricted to F which are Cohen-Macaulay (CM), i.e., H_x^i(F)=0 unless i=codim(x). Formal schemes provide a framework for treating local and global duality as aspects of a single theory. One motivation has been to gain a better understanding of the close relation between local properties of residues and global variance properties of dualizing complexes (which are CM). Our construction, depending heavily on local phenomena, is inspired by, but generalizes and makes more concrete, that of the classical pseudofunctor (-)^Δtaking values in residual complexes, on which the proof of Grothendieck's (global) Duality Theorem in Hartshorne's "Residues and Duality" is based. Indeed, it is shown in a subsequent paper by Sastry that (-)^# is a good concrete approximation to the fundamental duality pseudofunctor (-)^!. The pseudofunctor (-)^# takes residual complexes to residual complexes, so contains a canonical representative of (-)^Δ; and it generalizes as well several other functorial (but not pseudofunctorial) constructions of residual complexes which appeared in the 1990s.
description: A few more corrections and references, plus index of numbered displays, plus extra subsection 9.3 on Cohen-Macaulay complexes and coherent sheaves. 131 pages
Patterns of edaphic and phenotypic variation in the Lasthenia californica species complex (Asteraceae)
Creators: name: Choe, Gina
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: Members of the Lasthenia californica species complex show extensive ecological and phenotypic diversity. This thesis investigates patterns of edaphic, physiological, flavonoid, and morphological differentiation within the Lasthenia californica species complex in two distinct studies. In the first study, patterns of ecological and physiological variation along with flavonoid polymorphism and ITS1 species type distribution were characterized. The hypothesis of parallel evolution of edaphically differentiated flavonoid races across lineages of L. californica sensu lato was also examined in this study. We found evidence refuting the predictions of this hypothesis, particularly that flavonoid type and edaphic environments are correlated across the complex. However, when major axes of ecological and physiological variation were characterized within the complex, the greatest amount of edaphic/tissue variation occurred along lines of toxicity, reaffirming prior characterization. In the second study, the basis of the phenotypic differentiation observed between inland and coastal ecotypes of Lasthenia californica sensu stricto was investigated by growing populations of each ecotype in controlled conditions under varying levels of salinity (an important environmental factor differentiating ecotypic environments). Reaction norms of populations were compared under saline conditions to test for evidence of differential fitness between ecotypes (differential salt tolerance) and differences in intrinsic and induced levels of trait expression (e.g. sodium accumulation and succulence). The hypothesis of trade-offs between salt tolerance and growth potentials was also investigated. Under experimental conditions, coastal populations demonstrated uniformly greater salt tolerance than inland populations. We found that most traits showed both intrinsic differentiation and differential responses to salinity, where the extent and direction of trait responses were ecotype specific with little within ecotype differentiation. When comparing growth rate trends between salt tolerant and non-tolerant populations across salinity treatment levels, we found evidence of trade-offs between maximum intrinsic growth rates and investments in salt tolerance.
Archaea in Symbioses
Creators: name: Wrede, Christoph
name: Dreier, Anne
name: Kokoschka, Sebastian
name: Hoppert, Michael
Publisher: name: FID GEO
Year: 2012

description: During the last few years, the analysis of microbial diversity in various habitats greatly increased our knowledge on the kingdom Archaea. At the same time, we became aware of the multiple ways in which Archaea may interact with each other and with organisms of other kingdoms. The large group of euryarchaeal methanogens and their methane oxidizing relatives, in particular, take part in essential steps of the global methane cycle. Both of these processes, which are in reverse to each other, are partially conducted in a symbiotic interaction with different partners, either ciliates and xylophagous animals or sulfate reducing bacteria. Other symbiotic interactions are mostly of unknown ecological significance but depend on highly specific mechanisms. This paper will give an overview on interactions between Archaea and other organisms and will point out the ecological relevance of these symbiotic processes, as long as these have been already recognized.
Jet evolution, flux ratios and light-travel time effects
Creators: name: Miller-Jones, James C. A.
name: Blundell, Katherine M.
name: Duffy, Peter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Studies of the knotty jets in both quasars and microquasars frequently make use of the ratio of the intensities of corresponding knots on opposite sides of the nucleus in order to infer the product of the intrinsic jet speed (beta) and the cosine of the inclination angle of the jet-axis (cos{theta}), via the formalism I_{a}/I_{r} = ((1+beta cos{theta})/(1-beta cos{theta}))^{3+alpha}, where alpha relates the intensity I_{nu} as a function of frequency nu as I_{nu} propto nu^{-alpha}. Where beta cos{theta} is determined independently, the intensity ratio of a given pair of jet to counter-jet knots is over-predicted by the above formalism compared with the intensity ratio actually measured from radio images. As an example in the case of Cygnus X-3 the original formalism predicts an intensity ratio of about 185, whereas the observed intensity ratio at one single epoch is about 3. Mirabel and Rodriguez (1999) have refined the original formalism, and suggested measuring the intensity ratio of knots when they are at equal angular separations from the nucleus. This method is only applicable where there is sufficient time-sampling with sufficient physical resolution to interpolate the intensities of the knots at equal distances from the nucleus, and can therefore be difficult to apply to microquasars and is impossible to apply to quasars. Accounting for both the light-travel time between the knots and the simple evolution of the knots themselves reconciles this over-prediction and renders the original formalism obsolete.
description: 5 pages, no figures, to be published in ApJ Letters
Background Independent Quantum Gravity: A Status Report
Creators: name: Ashtekar, Abhay
name: Lewandowski, Jerzy
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The goal of this article is to present an introduction to loop quantum gravity -a background independent, non-perturbative approach to the problem of unification of general relativity and quantum physics, based on a quantum theory of geometry. Our presentation is pedagogical. Thus, in addition to providing a bird's eye view of the present status of the subject, the article should also serve as a vehicle to enter the field and explore it in detail. To aid non-experts, very little is assumed beyond elements of general relativity, gauge theories and quantum field theory. While the article is essentially self-contained, the emphasis is on communicating the underlying ideas and the significance of results rather than on presenting systematic derivations and detailed proofs. (These can be found in the listed references.) The subject can be approached in different ways. We have chosen one which is deeply rooted in well established physics and also has sufficient mathematical precision to ensure that there are no hidden infinities. In order to keep the article to a reasonable size, and to avoid overwhelming non-experts, we have had to leave out several interesting topics, results and viewpoints; this is meant to be an introduction to the subject rather than an exhaustive review of it.
description: 125 pages, 5 figures (eps format), the final version published in CQG
title: The chemical work of Thomas Graham
Creators: name: Stanley, Michael
Publisher: name: The Open University
Year: 1980

description: Thomas Graham (1805-1869) was taught Chemistry at the Universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh by the students of Joseph Black: Thomas Thomson and Thomas Charles Hope. Graham devoted himself to Chemistry, despite opposition from his father, and became one of the foremost British chemists of his age. Essentially inductive in his research work, Graham investigated molecular movements in gases and liquids and the role of water in the constitution of acids and salts. Graham made use of analogy in directing his researches. Thus, he believed that there was a partial analogy between gaseous and liquid diffusion; both processes depended ultimately on inherent molecular motions. The chemical affinity of water for different substances connected his studies of acids and salts with the liquid state. His first chemical investigations of 1825 were concerned with the absorption of gases by liquids. Inspired by Faraday's liquefaction experiments, Graham emphasised the continuity of the states of matter and suggested an analogy between liquefaction and gaseous absorption. Heat was an important consideration in these changes of state. Graham was cautious in drawing conclusions from his experiments although he speculated imaginatively. It is possible that Graham's belief in atoms of primary matter, endowed with different, unalterable motions for each element, was conceived at the time of his first studies of gaseous diffusion. However, he slid not express this view openly until 1863. In this thesis, I have traced the development of Graham's chemical work by exploiting: unpublished manuscript material and the views of Graham and his contemporaries. Graham responded to criticisms of his work. When Berzelius dismissed the polybasic nature of the phosphoric acids, Graham countered by rejecting inorganic isomerism and he subsequently investigated polymerism. Bunsen's denial of the diffusion law and the rejection of Graham's first explanation of osmosis were spurs to further creative experimental investigations.
Quenched fractions in the IllustrisTNG simulations: comparison with observations and other theoretical models
Creators: name: Donnari, Martina
name: Pillepich, Annalisa
name: Nelson, Dylan
name: Marinacci, Federico
name: Vogelsberger, Mark
name: Hernquist, Lars
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We make an in-depth comparison of the IllustrisTNG simulations with observational data on the quenched fractions of central and satellite galaxies, for $M_*=10^{9-12}M_{\odot}$ at $0\leq z\leq3$. We study how analysis methodologies and observational effects impact this comparison. This includes measurement choices -- aperture, quenched definition, star formation rate (SFR) indicator timescale -- as well as observational uncertainties and sample selection issues: projection effects, satellite/central misclassification, and host mass distribution sampling. The definition used to separate quenched and star-forming galaxies produces differences of up to 70 (30)$\%$ for centrals (satellites) $>\sim 10^{10.5} M_{\odot}$. Increasing the aperture within which SFR is measured can suppress the quenched fractions by up to $\sim50\%$, particularly at $z\gtrsim2$. Proper consideration of the stellar and host mass distributions is crucial: naive comparisons to volume-limited samples from simulations lead to misinterpretation of the quenched fractions as a function of $z$ by up to 20$\%$. Including observational uncertainties to theoretical values of $M_*$ and SFR changes the quenched fraction values and their trend and/or slope with mass. Taking projected rather than 3D distances for satellites decreases the quenched fractions by up to 10$\%$ due to field contamination. Comparing with data, TNG produces quenched fractions broadly consistent with observations. TNG predicts quenched fractions up to $\sim80-90\%$ for centrals at $z\leq2-3$, in line with recent observations, and notably higher than other theoretical models. The quantitative agreement of TNG and SDSS for satellite quenched fractions in groups and clusters depends strongly on the galaxy and host mass range. Our mock comparison between TNG and SDSS highlights the importance of properly accounting for observational effects and biases.
description: 21 pages, 14 figures, 1 table, 3 appendices, accepted for publication in MNRAS
The Multi-round Process Matrix
Creators: name: Hoffreumon, Timothée
name: Oreshkov, Ognyan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We develop an extension of the process matrix (PM) framework for correlations between quantum operations with no causal order that allows multiple rounds of information exchange for each party compatibly with the assumption of well-defined causal order of events locally. We characterise the higher-order process describing such correlations, which we name the multi-round process matrix (MPM), and formulate a notion of causal nonseparability for it that extends the one for standard PMs. We show that in the multi-round case there are novel manifestations of causal nonseparability that are not captured by a naive application of the standard PM formalism: we exhibit an instance of an operator that is both a valid PM and a valid MPM, but is causally separable in the first case and can violate causal inequalities in the second case due to the possibility of using a side channel.
description: 24 pages with 6 figures, various improvements and corrections, accepted in Quantum
Symmetries of Schroedinger equation with scalar and vector potentials
Creators: name: Nikitin, A. G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using the algebraic approach Lie symmetries of time dependent Schroedinger equations for charged particles interacting with superpositions of scalar and vector potentials are classified. Namely, all the inequivalent equations admitting symmetry transformations with respect to continuous groups of transformations are presented. This classification is completed and includes the specification of symmetries and admissible equivalence relations for such equations. In particular, a simple mapping between the free Schroedinger equation and the repulsive oscillator is found which has a clear group-theoretical sense.
description: Misprints in Items 12, 13 of Table 4 are corrected
Top Quarks and Electroweak Symmetry Breaking in Little Higgs Models
Creators: name: Perelstein, Maxim
name: Peskin, Michael E.
name: Pierce, Aaron
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: `Little Higgs' models, in which the Higgs particle arises as a pseudo-Goldstone boson, have a natural mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking associated with the large value of the top quark Yukawa coupling. The mechanism typically involves a new heavy SU(2)_{L} singlet top quark, T. We discuss the relationship of the Higgs boson and the two top quarks. We suggest experimental tests of the Little Higgs mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking using the production and decay of the T at the Large Hadron Collider.
description: 28 pages, 6 figures; new ST fits (Fig. 3,4)
An embedded calibration technique for high-resolution flash time-to-digital converters
Creators: name: Cicalo, James
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: As CMOS technology continues to advance, device dimensions will continue to decrease, thus enabling the creation of circuits which operate at increasingly greater frequencies. However, this Increase In operating frequency has resulted in a reduced tolerance for circuit timing uncertainties. Therefore, techniques capable of measuring the timing characteristics of multi-GHz signals are needed to help address the growing number of timing problems found in modem CMOS circuits. For cost and accuracy reasons, embedded time interval measurement techniques which offer picosecond measurement accuracies and millisecond test-times are required to overcome these challenges. The "sampling offset" based flash time-to-digital converter (SOTDC) is an embedded time interval measurement technique that has recently garnered much attention due to its attractive properties. These properties include sub-millisecond test times of multi-GHz signals, in addition to the potential for measurement accuracies in the order of picoseconds. However, the accuracy of an SOTDC is strongly dependent upon the capabilities of its calibration technique, and present SOTDC calibration techniques suffer from some very serious limitations. In fact, these limitations are so severe that present calibration techniques are impractical under realistic production test conditions. This thesis presents the design and analysis of a novel embedded SOTDC calibration technique. The proposed calibration technique offers the potential for both sub-picosecond calibration accuracies and sub-100 millisecond calibration times. However, the main contribution of this work concerns the suitability of the proposed technique with a realistic production test environment. The capabilities of the proposed calibration technique have been proven using both mathematical analysis and behavioural modelling simulations.
Prediction of magnetization dynamics in a reduced dimensional feature space setting utilizing a low-rank kernel method
Creators: name: Exl, Lukas
name: Mauser, Norbert J.
name: Schaffer, Sebastian
name: Schrefl, Thomas
name: Suess, Dieter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 62P35, 68T05, 65Z05

description: We establish a machine learning model for the prediction of the magnetization dynamics as function of the external field described by the Landau-Lifschitz-Gilbert equation, the partial differential equation of motion in micromagnetism. The model allows for fast and accurate determination of the response to an external field which is illustrated by a thin-film standard problem. The data-driven method internally reduces the dimensionality of the problem by means of nonlinear model reduction for unsupervised learning. This not only makes accurate prediction of the time steps possible, but also decisively reduces complexity in the learning process where magnetization states from simulated micromagnetic dynamics associated with different external fields are used as input data. We use a truncated representation of kernel principal components to describe the states between time predictions. The method is capable of handling large training sample sets owing to a low-rank approximation of the kernel matrix and an associated low-rank extension of kernel principal component analysis and kernel ridge regression. The approach entirely shifts computations into a reduced dimensional setting breaking down the problem dimension from the thousands to the tens.
Shear-free radiating collapse and conformal flatness
Creators: name: Herrera, L.
name: Denmat, G. Le
name: Santos, N. O.
name: Wang, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Here we study some general properties of spherical shear-free collapse. Its general solution when imposing conformal flatness is reobtained [1,2] and matched to the outgoing Vaidya spacetime. We propose a simple model satisfying these conditions and study its physical consequences. Special attention deserve, the role played by relaxational processes and the conspicuous link betweeen dissipation and density inhomogeneity.
description: 13 pages Latex. Some misprints in eqs.(17), (30) and (35) have been corrected
Etude numérique de techniques d'accélération de convergence lors de la résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes en formulation découplée ou fortement couplée
Creators: name: Xavier, Vasseur
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1998
Subjects: Accélération de convergence
Discrétisation différences finies
Equations de Navier-Stokes
Fluide visqueux incompressible
Formulation fortement couplée
Formulation découplée
Méthode à sous-espace
Méthode multigrille
Préconditionnement multigrille

description: Résumé: Le travail effectué vise à améliorer la robustesse des stratégies algorithmiques destinées à la résolution numérique des équations de Navier-Stokes en variables vitesse-pression dans le cadre de la modélisation
 d'écoulements de fluide visqueux incompressible. Sont ainsi adoptées les formulations découplée et fortement couplée. L'objectif majeur de cette étude revient à déterminer, évaluer et comparer différentes
 techniques d'accélération de convergence au sein des formulations retenues. Accélérer la convergence de toute méthode découplée passe par l'emploi d'un solveur linéaire robuste pour résoudre l'équation aux dérivées partielles elliptique aux coefficients variables portant sur la pression. Ont été ainsi développées une méthode multigrille géométrique employant une méthode de construction de grille grossière algébrique et une variante à base de semi-grossissement flexible. La stratégie d'accélération de convergence de la méthode fortement couplée s'appuie sur deux pivots essentiels : une accélération interne consistant à résoudre chaque système linéaire par méthode de Krylov
 munie de préconditionnement par blocs, une accélération externe par un recours soit à un schéma multigrille non-linéaire soit à une méthode à sous-espace. Les résultats obtenus démontrent la robustesse des techniques d'accélération de convergence proposées. A également été prouvée la capacité de l'approche fortement couplée à prédire de
 façon précise des écoulements laminaires ou turbulents autour de géométries modérément complexes en un temps de calcul minime.
description: Thèse de doctorat soutenue le 16/11/1998. @phdthesis{vass:98, title = {Etude num\'erique de techniques d'acc\'el\'eration de convergence lors de la r\'esolution des \'equations de Navier-Stokes en formulation d\'ecoupl\'ee ou fortement coupl\'ee}, author = {Xavier Vasseur}, school = {Universit\'e de Nantes, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France}, year = {1998} }
Additional file 1 of Constraining the carbonate system in soils via testing the internal consistency of pH, pCO2 and alkalinity measurements
Creators: name: Bargrizan, Sima
name: Smernik, Ronald J.
name: Mosley, Luke M.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: Additional file 1. Includes theory and derivation of equations that underpin soil pH determinations using acid-base equilibria of CO2.
SU(3) Mass Splittings for $\bar{q}q$ Mesons and $qqq$ Baryons
Creators: name: Scadron, M. D.
name: Rupp, G.
name: van Beveren, E.
name: Kleefeld, F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: By comparing SU(3)-breaking scales of linear mass formulae, it is shown that the lowest vector, axial-vector, and scalar mesons all have a $\bar{q}q$ configuration, while the ground-state octet and decuplet baryons are $qqq$. Also, the quark-level linear $σ$ model is employed to predict similar $\bar{q}q$ and $qqq$ states. Finally, the approximate mass degeneracy of the scalar $a_0$(980) and $f_0$(980) mesons is demonstrated to be accidental.
description: 8 Pages, AIP Proc. Style; Contribution to the High-Energy Physics Workshop "Scalar Mesons: an Interesting Puzzle for QCD", May 16-18, 2003, SUNY Institute of Technology, Utica (NY)
FDA Refusals of Imported Food Products by Country and Category, 2005-2013
Creators: name: Bovay, John
name: Bovay, John
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
subject: FDA
subject: food safety
subject: food imports
subject: inspections
subject: refusals
subject: adulteration
subject: misbranding
subject: Import Alerts

description: This report analyzes food import shipments that were refused entry into the U.S. by the Food and Drug Administration from 2005 to 2013. It highlights which products are most often found in violation, identifies the most common types of violations, and discusses country-product patterns of note.