cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Measured and projected beam backgrounds in the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider
Creators: name: Natochii, A.
name: Browder, T. E.
name: Cao, L.
name: Cautero, G.
name: Dreyer, S.
name: Frey, A.
name: Gabrielli, A.
name: Giuressi, D.
name: Ishibashi, T.
name: Jin, Y.
name: Kojima, K.
name: Kraetzschmar, T.
name: Lanceri, L.
name: Liptak, Z.
name: Liventsev, D.
name: Marinas, C.
name: Massaccesi, L.
name: Matsuoka, K.
name: Meier, F.
name: Miller, C.
name: Nakayama, H.
name: Niebuhr, C.
name: Novosel, A.
name: Parham, K.
name: Popov, I.
name: Rizzo, G.
name: Roney, J. M.
name: Ryu, S. Y.
name: Santelj, L.
name: Schneider, S.
name: Schueler, J.
name: Schwenker, B.
name: Shi, X. D.
name: Simon, F.
name: Stefkova, S.
name: Takahashi, M.
name: Tanigawa, H.
name: Taniguchi, N.
name: Terui, S.
name: Vahsen, S. E.
name: Vitale, L.
name: Vossen, A.
name: Wang, Z.
name: Wiechczynski, J.
name: Windel, H.
name: Yoshihara, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider aims to collect an unprecedented data set of $50~{\rm ab}^{-1}$ to study $CP$-violation in the $B$-meson system and to search for Physics beyond the Standard Model. SuperKEKB is already the world's highest-luminosity collider. In order to collect the planned data set within approximately one decade, the target is to reach a peak luminosity of $\rm 6 \times 10^{35}~cm^{-2}s^{-1}$ by further increasing the beam currents and reducing the beam size at the interaction point by squeezing the betatron function down to $β^{*}_{\rm y}=\rm 0.3~mm$. To ensure detector longevity and maintain good reconstruction performance, beam backgrounds must remain well controlled. We report on current background rates in Belle II and compare these against simulation. We find that a number of recent refinements have significantly improved the background simulation accuracy. Finally, we estimate the safety margins going forward. We predict that backgrounds should remain high but acceptable until a luminosity of at least $\rm 2.8 \times 10^{35}~cm^{-2}s^{-1}$ is reached for $β^{*}_{\rm y}=\rm 0.6~mm$. At this point, the most vulnerable Belle II detectors, the Time-of-Propagation (TOP) particle identification system and the Central Drift Chamber (CDC), have predicted background hit rates from single-beam and luminosity backgrounds that add up to approximately half of the maximum acceptable rates.
description: 28 pages, 17 figures, 9 tables (revised); in v3, we corrected Table 5 units for the measured fast neutron fluence by the TPC detectors from x10^9 n_eq/cm^2 to x10^8 n_eq/cm^2, which was a typo in the previous versions; also, we added the value of the luminosity for Tables 5 and 6
Perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant people in BC : a qualitative study
Creators: name: Dorn, Karyann
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: An active pandemic is a global crisis, COVID-19 began in the winter of 2019 and is responsible for over 6.9 million deaths worldwide (WHO, 2023). The most effective option for preventing hospitalization and mortality due to the global pandemic is the new COVID-19 vaccine. Pregnant persons at high risk for COVID-19 were given conflicting advice during the early vaccine roll-out due to a lack of data from the original trials. Limited vaccine safety data for pregnancy made them more vulnerable to misinformation on social media. This qualitative descriptive study aimed to clarify the perceptions and concerns of pregnant individuals residing in British Columbia who received or were hesitant towards a COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy, and to situate their responses in relation to the broader challenges of the global health crisis. By describing their perceptions, beliefs, and concerns, the participants in this study contributed to understanding the influences that deter or encourage receiving the COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy. In the fall of 2021, 25 pregnant British Columbians were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. The health belief model was used to analyze the data, which focused on participants' perceptions of COVID-19 susceptibility and severity, benefits and barriers to vaccines, and cues to action. Similar to pregnant people worldwide, they faced difficulty in deciding to receive the new COVID-19 during an active pandemic. Participants described it as a “very difficult decision,” and their “biggest fear is the effects on the unborn baby.” Their responses showed they recognized their susceptibility to COVID-19, even if they disagreed with its severity. Traditional constructs of the health belief model, such as cues from family and friends, were less influential on participants’ vaccine choices, and disinformation from social media influencers has created a modern barrier to receiving vaccines during pregnancy. Another influential factor was “the health practitioner who took time to validate their concerns” and “were invested and did not laugh at their fears.” COVID-19 vaccines will become seasonal, and promotional materials should emphasize the risks of the virus and that the vaccine is safe during pregnancy. The clinical recommendation is to advocate for patient-centered care: a maternity healthcare practitioner who will make time to listen and answer questions on the vaccine using transparency.
Designing layered 2D skyrmion lattices in moiré magnetic hetero-structures
Creators: name: Jabakhanji, Bilal
name: Ghader, Doried
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Skyrmions are promising for the next generation of spintronic and magnonic devices, but their zero-field stability and controlled nucleation through chiral interactions remain challenging. In this theoretical study, we explore the potential of moiré magnetic heterostructures to generate ordered skyrmion lattices from the stacking-dependent magnetism in 2D magnets. We consider heterostructures formed by twisting ultrathin CrBr_3 films on top of CrI_3 substrates, assuming a moderate interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. At large moiré periodicity and appropriate substrate thickness, a moiré skyrmion lattice emerges in the interfacial CrBr_3 layer due to the weaker exchange interactions in CrBr_3 compared to CrI_3. This lattice is then projected to the remaining layers of the CrBr_3 film via emergent chiral interlayer fields. By varying the pristine stacking configurations within the ultrathin CrBr_3 film, we realize layered ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic skyrmion lattices without the need for a permanent magnetic field. Our findings suggest the possibility of creating colorful skyrmion lattices in moiré magnetic heterostructures, enabling further exploration of their fundamental properties and technological relevance.
Dynamical and Thermodynamical Aspects of Interacting Kerr Black Holes
Creators: name: Costa, Miguel S.
name: Herdeiro, Carlos A. R.
name: Rebelo, Carmen
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider the asymptotically flat double-Kerr solution for two equal mass black holes with either the same or opposite angular momentum and with a massless strut between them. For fixed angular momentum and mass, the angular velocity of two co-rotating Kerr black holes decreases as they approach one another, from the Kerr value at infinite separation to the value of a single Kerr black hole with twice the mass and the angular momentum at the horizons merging limit. We show that the ratio J/M^2 for extremal co-rotating Kerr black holes varies from unity at infinite separation to two at the merging limit. These results are interpreted in terms of rotational dragging and compared with the case of counter-rotating Kerr black holes. We then analyse the merging of ergo-regions. In the co-rotating case the merger point occurs at an angle of π/2, in agreement with recent general arguments. In the counter-rotating case the ergo-regions never merge. We study the horizon geometry for both cases as a function of the distance and provide embedding diagrams. Finally, we study the thermodynamical evolution of the co-rotating double Kerr system, showing that, in the canonical ensemble, it is thermodynamically stable for fast spinning black holes. As for single Kerr black holes the stable and unstable phases are separated by a second order phase transition. We show that for large fixed angular momentum two Kerr black holes reach a minimum distance, before horizon merging has occurred, where the thermodynamical approximation breaks down. We also consider the micro-canonical ensemble to study the maximal energy that can be extracted from the double Kerr system as a function of the separation between the black holes.
description: 15 pages, 24 figures
Germanium-based nearly hyperuniform nanoarchitectures by ion beam impact
Creators: name: Claude, Jean-Benoit
name: Bouabdellaoui, Mohammed
name: Wenger, Jerome
name: Bollani, Monica
name: Salvalaglio, Marco
name: Abbarchi, Marco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We address the fabrication of nano-architectures by impacting thin layers of amorphous Ge deposited on SiO$_{2}$ with a Ga$^{+}$ ion beam and investigate the structural and optical properties of the resulting patterns. By adjusting beam current and scanning parameters, different classes of nano-architectures can be formed, from elongated and periodic structures to disordered ones with a footprint of a few tens of nm. The latter disordered case features a significant suppression of large length scale fluctuations that are conventionally observed in ordered systems and exhibits a nearly hyperuniform character, as shown by the analysis of the spectral density at small wave vectors. It deviates from conventional random fields as accounted for by the analysis of Minkowski functionals. A proof of concept for potential applications is given by showing peculiar reflection properties of the resulting nano-structured films that exhibit colorization and enhanced light absorption with respect to the flat Ge layer counterpart (up to one order of magnitude at some wavelength). This fabrication method for disordered hyperuniform structures does not depend on the beam size. Being ion beam technology widely adopted in semiconductor foundries over 200 mm wafers, our work provides a viable pathway for obtaining disordered, nearly-hyperuniform materials by self-assembly with a footprint of tens of nanometers for electronic and photonic devices, energy storage and sensing.
description: 7 pages, 4 figures
Exclusive scalar $f_0(1500)$ meson production for energy ranges available at the GSI Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (GSI-FAIR) and at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC)
Creators: name: Szczurek, Antoni
name: Lebiedowicz, Piotr
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We evaluate differential distributions for exclusive scalar $f_0(1500)$ meson (glueball candidate) production for $p \bar p \to N_1 N_2 f_0$ (FAIR@GSI) and $p p \to p p f_0$ (J-PARC@Tokai). Both QCD diffractive, pion-pion meson exchange current (MEC) components as well as double-diffractive mechanism with intermediate pionic loop are calculated for the first time in the literature. The pion-pion component, which can be reliably calculated, dominates close to the threshold while the diffractive component may take over only for larger energies. At the moment only upper limit for the QCD-diffractive component can be obtained. The diffractive component is calculated based on two-gluon impact factors as well as in the framework of Khoze-Martin-Ryskin approach proposed for diffractive Higgs boson production. Different unintegrated gluon distribution functions (UGDFs) from the literature are used. Rather large cross sections due to pion-pion fusion are predicted for PANDA energies, where the gluonic mechanism is shown to be negligible. The production of $f_0(1500)$ close to threshold could limit the so-called $πNN$ form factor in the region of larger pion virtualities. We discuss in detail the two-pion background to the production of the $f_0(1500)$ meson. We compare our result with the existing data of %the WA102 Collaboration.
description: 32 pages, 24 figures, in print in Nucl. Phys. A
Beyond Protecting Genetic Privacy: Understanding Genetic Discrimination Through Its Disparate Impact on Racial Minorities
Creators: name: Sokhansanj, Bahrad A.
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2012

description: At the very end of the last century, scientists produced the first draft of the whole human genetic sequence. But that was just the first step; the hard work of the first few decades of this century will be to learn more about how to apply genetic information to improve health. As the pace of technological development accelerates and we learn more about what genetic variations mean about individual human characteristics and health risks, so too does the risk and consequences of the misuse of such information become more significant. The principal answer to this challenge has been to safeguard privacy by constructing legal and technical barriers that conceal and anonymize genetic information. While it may be a worthwhile objective, ultimately privacy protections will likely fail in practice. If this is so, how can we prevent genetic information from being used to categorize, stigmatize, and subordinate? This Note approaches this problem by analyzing the African American experience with genetic discrimination in the United States. African Americans have confronted the adverse consequences of genetic research in ways that can serve as a foundation to understand future threats posed to racial minorities and everyone in society, as genetic testing increases in prevalence and the privacy of genetic information is unable to be protected. Studying the real history of genetic discrimination, rather than merely speculating about what may happen, can point toward policy solutions that go beyond ―genetic privacy.‖ As genetic information becomes more plentiful and valuable, policies to prevent the misuse of that information will benefit everyone, regardless of race or ethnicity.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 2 No. 2 (2012)
Algorithmic learning in games
Creators: name: Possnig, Clemens
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: This dissertation studies algorithmic agents that interact repeatedly in strategic settings. Chapter 2 provides asymptotic results for a family of reinforcement learning algorithms known as ‘actor-critic learners’. Each such algorithmic agent simultaneously estimates what is called a ‘critic’, such as a value function, and updates its policy, which is referred to as the ‘actor’. The critic is used to indicate directions of improvement for the actor. I establish sufficient conditions for the consistency of each agent’s parametric critic estimator, which enables them to adapt and find optimal responses despite the non-stationarity inherent to multi-agent settings. The conditions depend on the environment, number of observations used in the critic estimation, and policy stepsize. Chapter 3 presents an analytical characterization of the long run policies learned by algorithmic agents in the multi-agent setting. The algorithms studied here form a superset of the family considered in chapter 2. These algorithms update policies, which are maps from observed states to actions. I show that the long run policies correspond to equilibria that are stable points of a tractable differential equation. In chapter 4, I consider algorithmic agents playing a repeated Cournot game of quantity competition. In this situation, learning the stage game Nash equilibrium serves as noncollusive benchmark. I give necessary and sufficient conditions for this Nash equilibrium not to be learned. These conditions are requirements on the state variables of the algorithms, and on the stage game. When algorithms determine actions based only on the past period’s price, the Nash equilibrium can be learned. However, agents may condition their actions on richer types of state variables beyond the past period’s price. In that case, I give sufficient conditions such that the policies converge to a collusive equilibrium with positive probability, while never converging to the Nash equilibrium.
The GRB luminosity function in the internal shock model confronted to observations
Creators: name: Zitouni, H.
name: Daigne, F.
name: Mochkovitch, R.
name: Zerguini, T. H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We compute the expected luminosity function of GRBs in the context of the internal shock model. We assume that GRB central engines generate relativistic outflows characterized by the respective distributions of injected kinetic power Edot and contrast in Lorentz factor Kappa = Gamma_max/Gamma_min. We find that if the distribution of contrast extends down to values close to unity (i.e. if both highly variable and smooth outflows can exist) the luminosity function has two branches. At high luminosity it follows the distribution of Edot while at low luminosity it is close to a power law of slope -0.5. We then examine if existing data can constrain the luminosity function. Using the log N - log P curve, the Ep distribution of bright BATSE bursts and the XRF/GRB ratio obtained by HETE2 we show that single and broken power-laws can provide equally good fits of these data. Present observations are therefore unable to favor one form of the other. However when a broken power-law is adopted they clearly indicate a low luminosity slope ~ -0.6 +- 0.2, compatible with the prediction of the internal shock model.
description: 9 pages, 5 figures
Level-p-complexity of Boolean Functions using Thinning, Memoization, and Polynomials
Creators: name: Jansson, Julia
name: Jansson, Patrik
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Programming Languages (cs.PL)
subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: This paper describes a purely functional library for computing level-$p$-complexity of Boolean functions, and applies it to two-level iterated majority. Boolean functions are simply functions from $n$ bits to one bit, and they can describe digital circuits, voting systems, etc. An example of a Boolean function is majority, which returns the value that has majority among the $n$ input bits for odd $n$. The complexity of a Boolean function $f$ measures the cost of evaluating it: how many bits of the input are needed to be certain about the result of $f$. There are many competing complexity measures but we focus on level-$p$-complexity -- a function of the probability $p$ that a bit is 1. The level-$p$-complexity $D_p(f)$ is the minimum expected cost when the input bits are independent and identically distributed with Bernoulli($p$) distribution. We specify the problem as choosing the minimum expected cost of all possible decision trees -- which directly translates to a clearly correct, but very inefficient implementation. The library uses thinning and memoization for efficiency and type classes for separation of concerns. The complexity is represented using (sets of) polynomials, and the order relation used for thinning is implemented using polynomial factorisation and root-counting. Finally we compute the complexity for two-level iterated majority and improve on an earlier result by J.~Jansson.
description: 22 pages, 10 figures
F-Term Hybrid Inflation Followed by Modular Inflation
Creators: name: Pallis, C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider the well motivated model of the (standard) supersymmetric F-term hybrid inflation (FHI) which can be realized close to the grand unification scale. The predicted scalar spectral index $n_s$ cannot be smaller than 0.98 and can exceed unity including corrections from minimal supergravity, if the number of e-foldings corresponding to the pivot scale $k_*=0.002/{\rm Mpc}$ is around 50. These results are marginally consistent with the fitting of the Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe data by the standard power-law cosmological model with cold dark matter and a cosmological constant. However, $n_s$ can be reduced by restricting the number of e-foldings that $k_*$ suffered during FHI. The additional e-foldings required for solving the horizon and flatness problems can be generated by a subsequent stage of fast-roll [slow-roll] modular inflation realized by a string modulus which does [does not] acquire effective mass before the onset of modular inflation.
description: To appear in the proceedings of the Spanish Relativity Meeting (ERE 2008) 15-20 September 2008, Salamanca, Spain
Astrology and Race: Aspects of Equality After Critical Race Theory
Creators: name: Zanetti, Gianfrancesco
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2012

description: Historically, Critical Race Theory (CRT) has been neglected in European legal scholarship. CRT approaches promise to be a useful avenue for European jurisprudence, however, as European nations rapidly become more multiracial. The focus of this Essay is on the theoretical value that radiates from some Critical Race Theory lines of thought, written from the perspective of an Italian legal scholar engaging in CRT. In particular, there are some aspects of CRT jurisprudence that are valuable from a general, legal-philosophical, point of view. In this vein, CRT scholars have authored scholarship that has had an impact on the traditional, liberal notion of equality. An apparently reasonable jurisprudence has been seen to revolve around a pseudo-scientific array of notions (―neutral‖ races, conceived as zodiac signs) that are lacking any sound epistemic ground: therefore, a form of astrology.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 2 No. 2 (2012)
Calamaria coronella coronata Jan.
Creators: name: Müller, F
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1885
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Squamata
Ophidia
Colubridae
Calamaria
Calamaria coronella

description: Coronella coronata Jan.
Goldküste v. H. Dr. Mähly. [2]
description: Published as part of Müller, F, 1885, Vierter Nachtrag zum Katalogder herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums, pp. 668-717 in Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. 7 (3) on page 679, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.2388, http://zenodo.org/record/15183591
The Immigrant Plight/Immigration Law: A Study in Intractability
Creators: name: Ferguson, Robert A.
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2012

description: This Essay provides a new theoretical perspective on colorism by considering it from an economic point of view. It relies on three theories of law and economics that explain racism. While critiquing these theories, it also extends them to evaluate colorism. Because these theories correlate race with skin color, applying these theories to colorism requires distinguishing colorism from racism using the “desire for whiteness” as a tool for analysis. Further, this Article provides a comparative perspective of colorism in the traditional American labor market and the Indian arranged marriage “market.” It finds that: (a) these theories are able to provide some insight into why decisions in these markets are colorist; (b) the insights are incomplete and do not fully explain the complexities of colorist interactions, though they do explain some of colorism’s history; (c) the Indian arranged marriage market strengthens these theories; and (d) only McAdams’s status production theory is able to deliver an account of the desire for whiteness. It concludes that a legal framework relating to colorism should aim to eliminate this desire from society.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 2 No. 2 (2012)
title: Critical evaluation higher asphaltene onset point (h-AOP) and lower asphaltene onset point (l-AOP) and comparison with various thermodynamic models predictions
title: Αποτίμηση των σημείων απόθεσης ασφαλτενίων και σύγκριση με τις προβλέψεις  θερμοδυναμικών μοντέλων
Creators: name: Lubarda Darja
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 2021

description: Asphaltene deposition is a challenging problem in the oil industry in many regions around the world. Due to the tendency of this petroleum fraction it precipitates and deposits in the wellbore, near wellbore region, and surface facilities, as a result of changes in pressure, temperature, and composition. Prediction of asphaltene phase behavior is important in order to avoid possible problems that can occur with their deposition. The aim of this thesis is to compare predictions of asphaltene phase behavior of two thermodynamic models, PC-SAFT and CPA. For such purpose commercial software HydraFLASH and Multiflash were used. The differences between models’ prediction of asphaltene phase behavior was investigated for both lower and upper asphaltene phase boundary.
Maximum Coverage in Sublinear Space, Faster
Creators: name: Jaud, Stephen
name: Wirth, Anthony
name: Choudhury, Farhana
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Data Structures and Algorithms (cs.DS)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: F.2.3

description: Given a collection of $m$ sets from a universe $\mathcal{U}$, the Maximum Set Coverage problem consists of finding $k$ sets whose union has largest cardinality. This problem is NP-Hard, but the solution can be approximated by a polynomial time algorithm up to a factor $1-1/e$. However, this algorithm does not scale well with the input size. In a streaming context, practical high-quality solutions are found, but with space complexity that scales linearly with respect to the size of the universe $|\mathcal{U}|$. However, one randomized streaming algorithm has been shown to produce a $1-1/e-\varepsilon$ approximation of the optimal solution with a space complexity that scales only poly-logarithmically with respect to $m$ and $|\mathcal{U}|$. In order to achieve such a low space complexity, the authors used a technique called subsampling, based on independent-wise hash functions, and $F_0$-sketching. This article focuses on this sublinear-space algorithm and introduces methods to reduce the time cost of subsampling. Firstly, we give some optimizations that do not alter the space complexity, number of passes and approximation quality of the original algorithm. In particular, we reanalyze the error bounds to show that the original independence factor of $Ω(\varepsilon^{-2} k \log m)$ can be fine-tuned to $Ω(k \log m)$. Secondly we show that $F_0$-sketching can be replaced by a much more simple mechanism. Finally, our experimental results show that even a pairwise-independent hash-function sampler does not produce worse solution than the original algorithm, while running significantly faster by several orders of magnitude.
description: 12 pages, 7 figures
Letter to the Editor: Wall slip in dispersion rheometry
Creators: name: Buscall, Richard
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Whereas our understanding of the role and mechanism of wall slip has improved substantially over the last decade or two, it is still common to see papers on disperse systems appear wherein scant details of the measurement methods are given and wherein no mention of the possibility (probability?) of slip is made. It is argued that there is a need to raise awareness. It takes experience, judgement and skill to make meaningful measurements on disperse systems and it is suspected that the nature of the experimental challenge is under-estimated grossly by too many workers even now.
description: 10 pages, 2 figures
Contracting Away Success: The Way Teacher Collective Bargaining Agreements are Undermining the Education of America’s Children
Creators: name: Edmonds, Timothy Deloache
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2012

description: While American public education once stood as an example of educational excellence globally, it now exists as only a shell of what it once was. Students from countries across the globe now routinely outperform American children and as each year passes, students filling classrooms in the United States slip farther and farther behind their international peers. American student proficiency rates across all subject areas sit at such low levels that they call into serious the question the creation of a competent and efficient workforce prepared to address and correct the varied problems the nation faces as it begins the 21st century. While numerous factors have contributed to this eroding of American education, one factor of significant influence is the practice of collective bargaining by teachers’ unions with school districts, as it exists today. Though unions and collective bargaining serve an important role in American public education, protecting the interests of teachers and ensuring fair employment standards for these professionals, many aspects of these agreements between unions and school districts give short shrift to their negative implications for the students these teachers hope to educate. The goal of this Note is to demonstrate the negative effects collective bargaining has had and continues to have on student achievement in America’s public schools, flesh out the problematic areas within these agreements, and put forth suggestions as to how the practice of collective bargaining might be modified to better serve American children, those on whom the public education should be principally focused.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2012)
The effect of a velocity barrier on the ballistic transport of Dirac fermions
Creators: name: Concha, A.
name: Tesanovic, Z.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose a novel way to manipulate the transport properties of massless Dirac fermions by using velocity barriers, defining the region in which the Fermi velocity, $v_{F}$, has a value that differs from the one in the surrounding background. The idea is based on the fact that when waves travel accross different media, there are boundary conditions that must be satisfied, giving rise to Snell's-like laws. We find that the transmission through a velocity barrier is highly anisotropic, and that perfect transmission always occurs at normal incidence. When $v_{F}$ in the barrier is larger that the velocity outside the barrier, we find that a critical transmission angle exists, a Brewster-like angle for massless Dirac electrons.
description: 4.3 pages, 5 figures
Shallow current of viscous fluid flowing between diverging or converging walls
Creators: name: Liu, M-S.
name: Huppert, H. E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the shallow flow of viscous fluid into and out of a channel whose gap width increases as a power-law ($x^n$), where $x$ is the downstream axis. The fluid flows slowly, while injected at a rate in the form of $t^α$, where $t$ is time and $α$ is a constant. The invading fluid has higher viscosity than the ambient fluid, thus avoiding Saffman-Taylor instability. Similarity solutions of the first kind for the outflow problem are found using approximations of lubrication theory. Zheng et al [2014] studied the deep-channel case and found divergent behaviour of the similarity variable as $n\rightarrow1$ and $n\rightarrow3$, when fluid flows into and out of the channel respectively. No divergence is found in the shallow case presented here. The characteristic equilibration time for the numerically simulated constant-volume flow to converge to the similarity solution is calculated assuming inverse dependence on the ratio disagreement between the current front using the method of lines (MOL). The inverse power dependence between equilibration time and ratio disagreement is found for channels of different powers. A similarity solution of the second kind for the inflow problem is found using the phase plane formalism and the bisection method. An exponential decay relationship is found between $n$ and the degree $δ$ of the similarity variable $xt^{-δ}$, which does not show any divergent behaviour for large $n$. An asymptotic behaviour is found for $δ$ that approaches $1/2$ as $n\rightarrow\infty$.
Bringing Home the Bacon: A Case for Applying the New Jersey Urban School Funding Remedy from Abbott v. Burke to Poor Rural School Districts
Creators: name: Gruber, Kyle E.
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2012

description: In 1997, seventeen poor rural school districts in New Jersey filed a lawsuit seeking a declaration that their districts were in violation of its students’ state constitutional right to a “thorough and efficient” education, and a financial remedy akin to the one granted to poor urban districts in Abbott v. Burke. Fifteen years and four decisions later, these districts are still inadequately funded and providing a constitutionally inadequate education to the students therein. This Article analyzes the state of education funding law in New Jersey, under the governing Abbott v. Burke decisions, and argues that there is no significant legal distinction barring the poor rural districts from access to the same, or similar, remedial measures.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2012)
Multiscale constitutive framework of 1D blood flow modeling: Asymptotic limits and numerical methods
Creators: name: Bertaglia, Giulia
name: Pareschi, Lorenzo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 74F10, 65L06, 65M08, 65L04, 35L04, 92C35

description: In this paper, a multiscale constitutive framework for one-dimensional blood flow modeling is presented and discussed. By analyzing the asymptotic limits of the proposed model, it is shown that different types of blood propagation phenomena in arteries and veins can be described through an appropriate choice of scaling parameters, which are related to distinct characterizations of the fluid-structure interaction mechanism (whether elastic or viscoelastic) that exist between vessel walls and blood flow. In these asymptotic limits, well-known blood flow models from the literature are recovered. Additionally, by analyzing the perturbation of the local elastic equilibrium of the system, a new viscoelastic blood flow model is derived. The proposed approach is highly flexible and suitable for studying the human cardiovascular system, which is composed of vessels with high morphological and mechanical variability. The resulting multiscale hyperbolic model of blood flow is solved using an asymptotic-preserving Implicit-Explicit Runge-Kutta Finite Volume method, which ensures the consistency of the numerical scheme with the different asymptotic limits of the mathematical model without affecting the choice of the time step by restrictions related to the smallness of the scaling parameters. Several numerical tests confirm the validity of the proposed methodology, including a case study investigating the hemodynamics of a thoracic aorta in the presence of a stent.
Stellar populations in the centres of brightest cluster galaxies
Creators: name: Loubser, S. I.
name: Sanchez-Blazquez, P.
name: Sansom, A. E.
name: Soechting, I. K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This paper is part of a series devoted to the study of the stellar populations in brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), aimed at setting constraints on the formation and evolution of these objects. We have obtained high signal-to-noise ratio, long-slit spectra of 49 BCGs in the nearby Universe. Here, we derive Single Stellar Population (SSP)-equivalent ages, metallicities and alpha-abundance ratios in the centres of the galaxies using the Lick/IDS system of absorption line indices. We systematically compare the indices and derived parameters for the BCGs with those of large samples of ordinary elliptical galaxies in the same mass range. We find no significant differences between the index-velocity dispersion relations of the BCG data and those of normal ellipticals, but we do find subtle differences between the derived SSP-parameters. The BCGs show, on average, higher metallicity ([Z/H]) and alpha-abundance ([E/Fe]) values. We analyse possible correlations between the derived parameters and the internal properties of the galaxies (velocity dispersion, rotation, luminosity) and those of the host clusters (density, mass, distance from BCG to X-ray peak, presence of cooling flows), with the aim of dissentangling if the BCG properties are more influenced by their internal or host cluster properties. The SSP-parameters show very little dependence on the mass or luminosity of the galaxies, or the mass or density of the host clusters. Of this sample, 26 per cent show luminosity-weighted ages younger than 6 Gyr, probably a consequence of recent - if small - episodes of star formation. In agreement with previous studies, the BCGs with intermediate ages tend to be found in cooling-flow clusters with large X-ray excess.
description: 26 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Generalization of the Dehornoy-Lafont order complex to categories. Application to exceptional braid groups
Creators: name: Garnier, Owen
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Group Theory (math.GR)
subject: Representation Theory (math.RT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Primary 20J06, 18G35, Secondary 20F36, 20F55

description: The homology of a Garside monoid, thus of a Garside group, can be computed efficiently through the use of the order complex defined by Dehornoy and Lafont. We construct a categorical generalization of this complex and we give some computational techniques which are useful for reducing computing time.
 We then use this construction to complete results of Salvetti, Callegaro and Marin regarding the homology of exceptional complex braid groups. We most notably study the case of the Borchardt braid group $B(G_{31})$ through its associated Garside category.
description: 25 pages. 8 Tables
Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Whiteness: A Revolution of Identity Politics in America
Creators: name: Acebo, Andrés
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2012

description: An enduring motif in American political history reflects the nation’s slow progression towards inclusion of a once disenfranchised populace. In the annals of its jurisprudence, the nation recalls a time when citizenship was linked to race: a time when the racial perquisites for naturalization were not challenged based on its constitutionality, but on who could be professedly “white.” President Obama’s election ushered in a new chapter to this American narrative. His election and the response to it reveal how far we have come and how far we have left to travel on the path towards equality in citizenship. This Article frames a longstanding debate concerning race consciousness in the political sphere and how it consequently influences an ever-changing electorate. It explores the impact that our courts and our policymakers have had on shaping what it means to be white in America, and accordingly to possess a majority voice in society. The Article further seeks to explicate how politicized social institutions are sustained from generation to generation by way of an unabashed preservation of the status quo. Those who come to power do so by protracting nostalgic yearnings, summoning persistent lore and mythos about a way of life that has not always benefited an entire electorate, and not threatening or offending the mainstay of the American political complex. Obama’s election revealed a model, embossed by a romanticized collective national history and a steadfast commitment to the ideals of American Exceptionalism, for transforming a minority candidate’s use of identity politics to garner support, influence and ultimately the ability to govern.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2012)
Coluber rufodorsatus Gant.
Creators: name: Müller, F
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1885
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Squamata
Ophidia
Colubridae
Coluber
Coluber rufodorsatus

description: Coluber rufodorsatus Gant.
(Ablabes sexlineat. etc.)
Tientsin v. F M. [1]
description: Published as part of Müller, F, 1885, Vierter Nachtrag zum Katalogder herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums, pp. 668-717 in Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. 7 (3) on page 681, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.2388, http://zenodo.org/record/15183591
A study of nuclear effect in $F_3$ structure function in the deep inelastic $ν(\barν)$ reactions in nuclei
Creators: name: Athar, M. Sajjad
name: Simó, I Ruiz
name: Singh, S. K.
name: Vacas, M. J. Vicente
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study nuclear effect in the $F^A_3(x)$ structure function in the deep inelastic neutrino reactions on iron by taking into account Fermi motion, binding, target mass correction, shadowing and anti-shadowing corrections. Calculations have been done in a local density approximation using relativistic nuclear spectral functions which include nucleon correlations for nuclear matter. Results for $F^A_3(x)$ have been compared with the results reported at NuTeV and also with some of the older experiments reported in the literature.
description: 4Pages, 4 Figures To appear in the AIP Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region, May 18th - 22nd, 2009 held at Sitges, Barcelona (Spain)
A Deliberative Defense of Diversity: Moving Beyond the Affirmative Action Debate to Embrace a 21st Century View of Equality
Creators: name: Hawkins, Stacey L.
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2012

description: “Diversity” is a recent construct in our equal protection jurisprudence, but during its relatively short existence it has garnered many critics. Even critical race scholars, the most vocal proponents of aggressive civil rights and equal protection enforcement, are skeptical about “diversity,” to say nothing of its many opponents. Critiques of “diversity” argue that it is vague, an alter ego of affirmative action, and an inferior method of achieving the remedial purposes of equal protection abound. More troubling than this scholarly critique of diversity, however, is the “mixed motive” analysis of the diversity interest in the Court’s equal protection jurisprudence that conflates the aspirational aims of diversity with the remedial aims of affirmative action. Diversity can and should be defended and materially distinguished from affirmative action both in the instrumentalist theories justifying it, as well as in the legal standards by which its constitutionality is evaluated. This Article offers that defense. The primary aim of this Article is to elucidate the “diversity interest,” as recognized in our equal protection jurisprudence, through the lens of modern diversity practice. This corporate perspective on constitutional law may seem inapt. But viewing the constitutional diversity interest through the lens of modern diversity practice exposes the deficiency of our equal protection jurisprudence grounded solely in a remedial principle of equality to appropriately define or adequately accommodate the distinct aspirational aims of the diversity interest. Modern diversity practice offers insight and analogy for how our equal protection jurisprudence should respond to this deficiency, first by defining the various instrumentalist justifications for the diversity interest, and second by reframing the equal protection analysis to suit the constitutional contours of the diversity interest. Modern diversity practice offers both a theoretical and empirical defense of diversity that can help illuminate the legal analysis of diversity and move our equal protection jurisprudence from a backward-looking doctrine of redress to a forward-looking doctrine of egalitarianism.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 2 No. 1 (2012)
Interfacial and Surface Magnetism in Epitaxial NiCo2O4(001)/MgAl2O4 Films
Creators: name: Mellinger, Corbyn
name: Wang, Xiao
name: Subedi, Arjun
name: Clark, Andy T.
name: Komesu, Takashi
name: Rosenberg, Richard
name: Dowben, Peter A
name: Cheng, Xuemei
name: Xu, Xiaoshan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: NiCo2O4 (NCO) films grown on MgAl2O4 (001) substrates have been studied using magnetometry, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) based on x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and spin-polarized inverse photoemission spectroscopy (SPIPES) with various thickness down to 1.6 nm. The magnetic behavior can be understood in terms of a layer of optimal NCO and an interfacial layer (1.2+/- 0.1 nm), with a small canting of magnetization at the surface. The thickness dependence of the optimal layer can be described by the finite-scaling theory with a critical exponent consistent with the high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The interfacial layer couples antiferromagnetically to the optimal layer, generating exchange-spring styled magnetic hysteresis in the thinnest films. The non-optimal and measurement-speed-dependent magnetic properties of the interfacial layer suggest substantial interfacial diffusion.
Ensemble flow reconstruction in the atmospheric boundary layer from spatially limited measurements through latent diffusion models
Creators: name: Rybchuk, Alex
name: Hassanaly, Malik
name: Hamilton, Nicholas
name: Doubrawa, Paula
name: Fulton, Mitchell J.
name: Martínez-Tossas, Luis A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Due to costs and practical constraints, field campaigns in the atmospheric boundary layer typically only measure a fraction of the atmospheric volume of interest. Machine learning techniques have previously successfully reconstructed unobserved regions of flow in canonical fluid mechanics problems and two-dimensional geophysical flows, but these techniques have not yet been demonstrated in the three-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer. Here, we conduct a numerical analogue of a field campaign with spatially limited measurements using large-eddy simulation. We pose flow reconstruction as an inpainting problem, and reconstruct realistic samples of turbulent, three-dimensional flow with the use of a latent diffusion model. The diffusion model generates physically plausible turbulent structures on larger spatial scales, even when input observations cover less than 1% of the volume. Through a combination of qualitative visualization and quantitative assessment, we demonstrate that the diffusion model generates meaningfully diverse samples when conditioned on just one observation. These samples successfully serve as initial conditions for a large-eddy simulation code. We find that diffusion models show promise and potential for other applications for other turbulent flow reconstruction problems.
description: 35 pages, 19 figures