cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
"Non-Local" Effects from Boosted Dark Matter in Indirect Detection
Creators: name: Agashe, Kaustubh
name: Clark, Steven J.
name: Dutta, Bhaskar
name: Tsai, Yuhsin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Indirect dark matter (DM) detection typically involves the observation of standard model (SM) particles emerging from DM annihilation/decay inside regions of high dark matter concentration. We consider an annihilation scenario in which this reaction has to be initiated by one of the DMs involved being boosted while the other is an ambient non-relativistic particle. This "trigger" DM must be created, for example, in a previous annihilation or decay of a heavier component of DM. Remarkably, boosted DM annihilating into gamma-rays at a specific point in a galaxy could actually have traveled from its source at another point in the same galaxy or even from another galaxy. Such a "non-local" behavior leads to a non-trivial dependence of the resulting photon signal on the galactic halo parameters, such as DM density and core size, encoded in the so-called "astrophysical" $J$-factor. These non-local $J$-factors are strikingly different than the usual scenario. A distinctive aspect of this model is that the signal from dwarf galaxies relative to the Milky Way tends to be suppressed from the typical value to various degrees depending on their characteristics. This feature can thus potentially alleviate the mild tension between the DM annihilation explanation of the observed excess of $\sim$ GeV photons from the Milky Way's galactic center vs. the apparent non-observation of the corresponding signal from dwarf galaxies.
description: 17 pages, 6 figures
Transportation Optimization Modeling for Washington State Hay Shipments: Mode and Cost Implications Due to Loss of Container Services at the Port of Portland
Creators: name: Jessup, Eric
name: Meenach, Stephanie
name: Casavant, Kenneth L.
name: Jessup, Eric
name: Meenach, Stephanie
name: Casavant, Kenneth L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: A recent issue impacting hay shipments in Washington State involves the reduction of container services at the Port of Portland, Oregon. Prior to this change, containers filled with hay were shipped almost exclusively via barge on the Columbia River to the Port of Portland. After reaching Portland, the containers were then loaded onto one of three steamship lines: Hyundai, K-Line, or Hanjin and destined to markets in Japan and China. As of September 2004, Hanjin is the only carrier that calls on the Port of Portland. This research effort collected firm level data on the production, transportation and marketing of hay in Washington and utilizes this information to develop an optimization model of regional hay movements. One alternative evaluated in this study is determining industry shifts in transportation usage and modal choice in reaction to the transportation changes after September 2004. The results indicate that after all barge and hay shipments were eliminated into Portland, total transportation costs decrease initially overall, while some producers experience shipping cost increase. Both rail and truck volumes increase substantially in the absence of container shipments on barge. The total industry impact is a $6.3 million increase in transportation costs from the Base Scenario to Scenario 3. Also, once trucks rates are allowed to increase due to the shortage of trucks and the increased demand for truck services, the total transportation cost increased by $8.7 million.
Stable characters from permutation patterns
Creators: name: Gaetz, Christian
name: Ryba, Christopher
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: Representation Theory (math.RT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: For a fixed permutation $σ\in S_k$, let $N_σ$ denote the function which counts occurrences of $σ$ as a pattern in permutations from $S_n$. We study the expected value (and $d$-th moments) of $N_σ$ on conjugacy classes of $S_n$ and prove that the irreducible character support of these class functions stabilizes as $n$ grows. This says that there is a single polynomial in the variables $n, m_1, \ldots, m_{dk}$ which computes these moments on any conjugacy class (of cycle type $1^{m_1}2^{m_2}\cdots$) of any symmetric group. This result generalizes results of Hultman and of Gill, who proved the cases $(d,k)=(1,2)$ and $(1,3)$ using ad hoc methods. Our proof is, to our knowledge, the first application of partition algebras to the study of permutation patterns.
description: 11 pages
Producing and Procuring Horticultural Crops with Chinese Characteristics: Why Small Farmers Are Thriving and Supermarkets Are Absent in Rural China
Creators: name: Wang, Honglin
name: Dong, Xiaoxia
name: Huang, Jikun
name: Rozelle, Scott
name: Reardon, Thomas
name: Wang, Honglin
name: Dong, Xiaoxia
name: Huang, Jikun
name: Rozelle, Scott
name: Reardon, Thomas
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Horticulture
subject: Modern Supply Chains
subject: Farmer Impacts
subject: Poverty
subject: China

description: The supermarket revolution has arrived in China and is spreading as fast as or faster than anywhere in the world. As the demand for vegetables, fruit, nuts and other high valued products have risen, urban retailers are finding new venues seized on niche and today have over $55 billion in sales, more than a third of the urban food market. However, the experience of many developing countries suggests that there could be serious distributional impacts of the rising of supermarkets. There is concern among policy makers and academics that poor, small farmers might be excluded from market. The main goal of our paper is to understand what types of farmers have been able to participate in the horticultural revolution, how they interact with markets and how supply chains affect their production decisions. Using a unique set of spatially sample communities in the Greater Beijing area, we find small and poor farmers have actively participate in the emergence of China's horticulture economy. Moreover, there has been almost no penetration of modern wholesalers or retailers into rural communities. In the paper we document seven characteristics of China's food economy that we believe account for this unique set of findings.
Higher-Spin Geometry and String Theory
Creators: name: Francia, D.
name: Sagnotti, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The theory of freely-propagating massless higher spins is usually formulated via gauge fields and parameters subject to trace constraints. We summarize a proposal allowing to forego them by introducing only a pair of additional fields in the Lagrangians. In this setting, external currents satisfy usual Noether-like conservation laws, the field equations can be nicely related to those emerging from Open String Field Theory in the low-tension limit, and if the additional fields are eliminated without reintroducing the constraints a geometric, non-local description of the theory manifests itself.
description: Contribution to the Proceedings of QG05 (Cala Gonone, Sept. 11-16, 2005), 18 pages, Latex. References added
Is There a Latin-American Debt Crisis Building Up in Eastern Europe? A Comparative Analysis
Creators: name: Faulk, Dagney
name: Giugale, Marcelo M.
name: Faulk, Dagney
name: Giugale, Marcelo M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1997
Subjects: Financial Economics

description: The paper reports on an analytical comparison between the foreign debt build-up that preceded the 1982 debt crisis in Latin America and the current debt accumulation process taking place in Eastern Europe. In the whole, Eastern Europe's debt position seems more sustainable than Latin America's in the early 1980s. While the former is equally indebted and shows higher country concentration (around Russia), greater potential for fiscal impact, and no superior macroeconomic environment, its debts are less globally significant, have better repayment terms, are supported by better repayment capacities (in turn due to larger trade openness and virtually no capital flights), and are accumulating at a slower pace in a much more favorable international economic situation (faster growth in World-wide output and trade, and low and declining interest rates). This sets Eastern Europe apart from Latin America in the early 1980s but, of course, does not mean that its indebtedness is sustainable.
Duality and symmetry of complexity over complete intersections via exterior homology
Creators: name: Liu, Jian
name: Pollitz, Josh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Commutative Algebra (math.AC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 13D09 (primary), 13D07, 13H10, 16E45 (secondary)

description: We study homological properties of a locally complete intersection ring by importing facts from homological algebra over exterior algebras. One application is showing that the thick subcategories of the bounded derived category of a locally complete intersection ring are self-dual under Grothendieck duality. This was proved by Stevenson when the ring is a quotient of a regular ring modulo a regular sequence; we offer two independent proofs in the more general setting. Second, we use these techniques to supply new proofs that complete intersections possess symmetry of complexity.
description: 13 pages, comments welcome
The Minimum Safety Standard, Consumers' Information, and Competition
Creators: name: Marette, Stephan
name: Marette, Stephan
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: information
subject: market structure
subject: safety
subject: standard

description: This paper explores the effects of a standard influencing care choice. Firm(s) may increase the probability of offering safe products by incurring a cost. Under duopoly, they compete either in prices or in quantities. Under perfect information about safety for consumers, the selected standard that corrects a safety underinvestment is always compatible with competition. Safety overinvestment only emerges under competition in quantities and relatively low values of the cost. Under imperfect information about safety for consumers, the standard leads to a monopoly situation. However, for relatively large values of the cost, a standard cannot impede the market failure coming from the lack of information.
On the Absence of Continuous Symmetries for Noncommutative 3-Spheres
Creators: name: Lizzi, Fedele
name: Stern, Allen
name: Vitale, Patrizia
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A large class of noncommutative spherical manifolds was obtained recently from cohomology considerations. A one-parameter family of twisted 3-spheres was discovered by Connes and Landi, and later generalized to a three-parameter family by Connes and Dubois-Violette. The spheres of Connes and Landi were shown to be homogeneous spaces for certain compact quantum groups. Here we investigate whether or not this property can be extended to the noncommutative three-spheres of Connes and Dubois-Violette. Upon restricting to quantum groups which are continuous deformations of Spin(4) and SO(4) with standard co-actions, our results suggest that this is not the case.
description: 15 pages, no figures
Location of Production and Endogenous Water Quality Regulation: A Look at the U.S. Hog Industry
Creators: name: Metcalfe, Mark R.
name: Metcalfe, Mark R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Hog industry
subject: environmental regulation
subject: location of production

description: The U.S. hog industry is experiencing and increase in both the average size and geographical concentration of feeding operations. These increases have caused attention to focus on the environmental consequences of hog production and on the regulations imposed to limit these consequences. This study examines the effect that differences in state water quality regulations have on the location of hog production in the U.S. Farm size is an important characteristic and therefore this analysis is conducted separately on small and large farms in order to examine the differences in effects by sized of operation. Results suggest greater water quality regulatory stringency has no effect on the location of hog production. The amount of production on small feeding operations seems responsive to tradition input and transportation costs, while production on larger operations is seemingly dependent on the existence of transportation and agricultural infrastructure.
The Cost of the U.S. Sugar Program Revisited
Creators: name: Beghin, John C.
name: El Osta, Barbara
name: Cherlow, Jay R.
name: Mohanty, Samarendu
name: Beghin, John C.
name: El Osta, Barbara
name: Cherlow, Jay R.
name: Mohanty, Samarendu
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Sugar program
subject: sweetener
subject: trade
subject: agricultural policy

description: We revisit the cost of the U.S. sugar program by analyzing the welfare implications of its removal. We use a multimarket model of U.S. sweetener markets, which includes raw crops, sugar extraction and refining, high-fructose corn syrup, and sweetener users (food-processing industries and final consumers). Our approach addresses the industrial organization of food industries using sweeteners and treats the United States as a large importer. We estimate that, with the removal of the program, cane growers, sugar beet growers, and beet processors would lose $307 million, $650 million, and $89 million (1999 prices), respectively. Sweetener users would gain $1.9 billion (1999 prices). The deadweight loss of the current sugar program is estimated at $532 million (1999 prices). World prices would increase by 13.2 percent with the removal of the program.
The properties of Galactic globular cluster sub-systems
Creators: name: Mackey, A. D.
name: Bergh, Sidney van den
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper we compare the properties of three sub-systems of Galactic globular clusters, which are defined according to metallicity and HB morphology. We focus on cluster luminosities, structures, surface brightnesses (SB) and ellipticities. It is shown that the so-called "young" halo (YH) clusters, which may have been formed in external satellite galaxies, exhibit characteristics clearly distinct from those of the "old" halo (OH) and bulge/disk (BD) clusters, the majority of which are believed to be Galactic natives. The YH clusters have properties most similar to those of clusters belonging to several present day satellite dwarf galaxies. The OH and BD populations have apparently been modified by destructive tidal forces in the inner Galaxy. We estimate that the present population of Galactic natives may only represent some two-thirds of the original population. Several low SB clusters are highly flattened. We briefly speculate that this ellipticity may represent the intrinsic flattening of dark matter mini-halos in which such optically dim clusters might be embedded. Finally, we examine the distribution of clusters on the size vs.luminosity plane. Three objects fall above the sharp upper envelope of the main distribution on this plane: Omega Cen, M54, and NGC 2419. All three have previously, and independently, been suggested to be the stripped cores of former dwarf galaxies. This suspicion is strengthened by the observation that the massive cluster G1 in M31, plus a number of the most luminous clusters in NGC 5128 also fall in the same region of the plane. All of these objects have also previously been suggested to be the stripped cores of now-defunct dwarf galaxies.
description: 16 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS
The fractional derivative of the Dirac delta function and new results on the inverse Laplace transform of irrational functions
Creators: name: Makris, Nicos
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Motivated from studies on anomalous diffusion, we show that the memory function $M(t)$ of complex materials, that their creep compliance follows a power law, $J(t)\sim t^q$ with $q\in \mathbb{R}^+$, is the fractional derivative of the Dirac delta function, $\frac{\mathrm{d}^qδ(t-0)}{\mathrm{d}t^q}$ with $q\in \mathbb{R}^+$. This leads to the finding that the inverse Laplace transform of $s^q$ for any $q\in \mathbb{R}^+$ is the fractional derivative of the Dirac delta function, $\frac{\mathrm{d}^qδ(t-0)}{\mathrm{d}t^q}$. This result, in association with the convolution theorem, makes possible the calculation of the inverse Laplace transform of $\frac{s^q}{s^α\mpλ}$ where $α
description: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2002.04581
A search for magnetic fields in the variable HgMn star $α$ Andromedae
Creators: name: Wade, G. A.
name: Auriere, M.
name: Bagnulo, S.
name: Donati, J. -F.
name: Johnson, N.
name: Landstreet, J. D.
name: Lignieres, F.
name: Petit, P.
name: Toque, N.
name: Alecian, E.
name: Folsom, C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: With this work, we have conducted an extensive search for magnetic fields in the photosphere of $α$~And. We have acquired new circular polarisation spectra with the MuSiCoS and ESPaDOnS sp ectropolarimeters. We have also obtained FORS1 circular polarisation spectra fro m the ESO Archive, and considered all previously published magnetic data. This e xtensive dataset has been used to systematically test for the presence of magnet ic fields in the photosphere of $α$~And. We have also examined the high-res olution spectra for line profile variability. The polarimetric and magnetic data provide no convincing evidence for photospheric magnetic fields. The highest-S/N phase- and velocity-resolved Stokes $V$ profiles, obtained with ESPaDOnS, allow us to place a $3σ$ upper limit of abou t 100~G on the possible presence of any undetected pure dipolar, quadrupolar or octupolar surface magnet ic fields (and just 50~G for fields with significant obliquity). We also conside r and dismiss the possible existence of more complex fossil and dynamo-generated fields, and discuss the implications of these results for explaining the non-un iform surface distribution of Hg. The very high-quality ESPaDOnS spectra have al lowed us to confidently detect variability of Hg~{\sc ii} $λ6149$, $\lamb da 5425$ and $λ5677$. The profile variability of the Hg~{\sc ii} lines is strong, and similar to that of the Hg~{\sc ii} $λ3984$ line. On the ot her hand, variability of other lines (e.g. Mn, Fe) is much weaker, and appears to be attributable to orbital modulation, continuum normalisation differences and weak, variable fringing.
Descriptive Thermodynamics
Creators: name: Ford, David
name: Huntsman, Steven
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Thermodynamics (in concert with its sister discipline, statistical physics) can be regarded as a data reduction scheme based on partitioning a total system into a subsystem and a bath that weakly interact with each other. The ubiquity and applicability of the scheme chiefly derives from that of partitioning protocols in experiments and observations. Whereas conventionally, the systems investigated require this form of data reduction in order to facilitate prediction, a different problem also occurs, in the context of communication networks, markets, etc. Such "empirically accessible" systems typically overwhelm observers with the sort of information that in the case of (say) a gas is effectively unobtainable. What is required for such complex interacting systems is not prediction (this may be impossible when humans besides the observer are responsible for the interactions) but rather,_description_ as a route to understanding. Still, the need for a thermodynamical data reduction scheme remains. In this paper, we show how an empirical temperature can be computed for finite, empirically accessible systems, and further outline how this construction allows the age-old science of thermodynamics to be fruitfully applied to them. The particular example of TCP/IP networks will be briefly discussed.
description: Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Sigma-Phi, Kolymbari; 8 pages, 4 figures Revised version, shortened for publication NB. The paper's auto-citation at the end refers to the first version
A Proposed Test of the Local Causality of Spacetime
Creators: name: Kent, Adrian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A theory governing the metric and matter fields in spacetime is {\it locally causal} if the probability distribution for the fields in any region is determined solely by physical data in the region's past, i.e. it is independent of events at space-like separated points. General relativity is manifestly locally causal, since the fields in a region are completely determined by physical data in its past. It is natural to ask whether other possible theories in which the fundamental description of space-time is classical and geometric -- for instance, hypothetical theories which stochastically couple a classical spacetime geometry to a quantum field theory of matter -- might also be locally causal. A quantum theory of gravity, on the other hand, should allow the creation of spacetimes which violate local causality at the macroscopic level. This paper describes an experiment to test the local causality of spacetime, and hence to test whether or not gravity behaves as quantum theories of gravity suggest, in this respect. The experiment will either produce direct evidence that the gravitational field is not locally causal, and thus weak confirmation of quantum gravity, or else identify a definite limit to the domain of validity of quantum theory.
description: Further clarifications and additions
Zur Benutzbarkeit und Verwendung von API-Dokumentationen
Creators: name: Huesmann, Rolf
name: Zeier, Alexander
name: Heinemann, Andreas
name: Wiesmaier, Alexander
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Software Engineering (cs.SE)
subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: A good documentation is essential for a good usability of (security) APIs, i.e. especially for the correct use of the APIs. Requirements for good documentation of APIs have been described in several papers, but there is no technical implementation (hereinafter referred to as a documentation system) that implements these requirements. The requirements can be divided into requirements for the documentation system and requirements for the documentation content. Out of 13 identified requirements for a documentation system itself, 9 were implemented in a prototype and evaluated in a user study with 22 test persons using a cryptographic API. It turned out that the implementation of the requirement 'Enable quick use of the API' depends on the one hand on the quality of the content entered, but on the other hand also includes 5 other requirements or their implementation. The two other implemented requirements ('classic reference' and 'question and answer function') were hardly or not at all used by the test persons. Their usefulness and relevance should be investigated in a long-term study.
description: 13 pages, in German
Tariff Equivalent of Technical Barriers to Trade with Imperfect Substitution and Trade Costs
Creators: name: Beghin, John C.
name: Yue, Chengyan
name: Jensen, Helen H.
name: Beghin, John C.
name: Yue, Chengyan
name: Jensen, Helen H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: apple trade
subject: Japan
subject: price wedge
subject: sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)
subject: tariff equivalent
subject: technical barriers to trade (TBT)
subject: trade cost
subject: trade dispute

description: The price-wedge method yields a tariff-equivalent estimate of technical barriers to trade (TBT). An extension of this method accounts for imperfect substitution between domestic and imported goods and incorporates recent findings on trade costs. We explore the sensitivity of this revamped tariff-equivalent estimate to its determinants (substitution elasticity, preference for home good, trade cost, and to the reference data chosen). We use the approach to investigate the ongoing U.S.-Japan apple trade dispute and find that removing the Japanese TBT would yield limited export gains to the United States. We then draw policy implications of our findings.
Biosecurity and Infectious Animal Disease
Creators: name: Hennessy, David A.
name: Hennessy, David A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: circle and line topologies
subject: complements and substitutes
subject: epidemic
subject: public good

description: The spatial dimension of agricultural production is important when a communicable disease enters a region. This paper considers two sorts of biosecurity risk that producers can seek to protect against. One concerns the risk of spread: that neighboring producers do not take due care in protecting against being infected by a disease already in the region. In this case, producer efforts substitute with those of near neighbors. For representative spatial production structures, we characterize Nash equilibrium protection levels and show how spatial production structure matters. The other sort of risk concerns entry: that producers do not take due care in preventing the disease from entering the region. In this case, producer heterogeneity has subtle effects on welfare loss due to strategic behavior. Efforts by producers complement, suggesting that inter-farm communication will help to redress the problem.
Summarising Big Data: Common GitHub Dataset for Software Engineering Challenges
Creators: name: Şeker, Abdulkadir
name: Diri, Banu
name: Arslan, Halil
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Software Engineering (cs.SE)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In open-source software development environments; textual, numerical and relationship-based data generated are of interest to researchers. Various data sets are available for this data, which is frequently used in areas such as software engineering and natural language processing. However, since these data sets contain all the data in the environment, the problem arises in the terabytes of data processing. For this reason, almost all of the studies using GitHub data use filtered data according to certain criteria. In this context, using a different data set in each study makes a comparison of the accuracy of the studies quite difficult. In order to solve this problem, a common dataset was created and shared with the researchers, which would allow us to work on many software engineering problems.
description: 7 pages, The article was submitted to Cumhuriyet Science Journal
Production of $f_0(1710)$, $f_0(1500)$, and $f_0(1370)$ in $J/ψ$ hadronic decays
Creators: name: Close, Frank E.
name: Zhao, Qiang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A coherent study of the production of $f_0^i$ ($i=1$, 2, 3 corresponding to $f_0(1710)$, $f_0(1500)$, and $f_0(1370)$) in $J/ψ\to V f_0 \to V PP$ is reported based on a previously proposed glueball and $Q\bar{Q}$ nonet mixing scheme, and a factorization for the decay of $J/ψ\to V f_0^i$, where $V$ denotes the isoscalar vector mesons $ϕ$ and $ω$, and $P$ denotes pseudoscalar mesons. The results show that the $J/ψ$ decays are very sensitive to the structure of those scalar mesons, and suggest a glueball in the $1.5-1.7$ GeV region, in line with Lattice QCD. The presence of significant glueball mixings in the scalar wavefunctions produces peculiar patterns in the branching ratios for $J/ψ\to V f_0^i\to VPP$, which are in good agreement with the recently published experimental data from the BES collaboration.
description: Version accepted by PRD; Numerical results in Tab IV and VI changed due to correction of an error in quoting an experimental datum; Conclusion is not changed
Nanoscale Magnetic Domain Memory
Creators: name: Chesnel, Karine
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Magnetic domain memory (MDM) is the ability exhibited by certain magnetic materials to reproduce the exact same nanoscale magnetic domain pattern, even after it has been completely erased by an external magnetic field. In this chapter, we review the various circumstances under which this unusual phenomenon occurs. We explain how partial MDM was first observed in rough Co/Pt multilayers with perpendicular magnetization as a result of structural defects. We then show how 100 % MDM was achieved, even in smooth ferromagnetic films, by coupling Co/Pd multilayers to an antiferromagnetic IrMn template via exchange interactions. We describe how high MDM, extending through-out nearly the entirety of the magnetization process, is obtained when zero-field-cooling the material below its blocking temperature where exchange couplings occur. We also review the persistence of MDM through field cycling and while warming the material all the way up to the blocking temperature. Additionally, we discuss the spatial dependence of MDM, highlighting intriguing oscillatory behaviors suggesting magnetic correlations and rotational symmetries at the nanoscopic scales. Finally, we review the dependence of MDM on cooling conditions, revealing how MDM can be fully controlled, turned on and off, by adjusting the magnitude of the cooling field.
The Costs of Improving Food Safety in the Meat Sector
Creators: name: Jensen, Helen H.
name: Unnevehr, Laurian J.
name: Gomez, Miguel I.
name: Jensen, Helen H.
name: Unnevehr, Laurian J.
name: Gomez, Miguel I.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: food safety
subject: meat processing
subject: regulation

description: Recently enacted food safety regulations require processors to meet product standards for microbial contamination in meat products. An analysis of the cost-effectiveness of several technological interventions for microbial control in beef and pork processing shows that marginal improvements in food safety can be obtained, but at increasing costs. The additional food safety intervention costs represent about 1% of total processing costs for beef and pork. Some interventions and combinations are more cost-effective than others.
Nontariff Barriers
Creators: name: Beghin, John C.
name: Beghin, John C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: externality and trade
subject: nontariff barrier
subject: NTB
subject: protectionism
subject: sanitary and phytosanitary
subject: SPS
subject: standards
subject: TBT
subject: technical barrier to trade

description: Nontariff barriers (NTBs) refer to the wide range of policy interventions other than border tariffs that affect trade of goods, services, and factors of production. Most taxonomies of NTBs include market-specific trade and domestic policies affecting trade in that market. Extended taxonomies include macro-economic policies affecting trade. NTBs have gained importance as tariff levels have been reduced worldwide. Common measures of NTBs include tariff-equivalents of the NTB policy or policies and count and frequency measures of NTBs. These NTB measures are subsequently used in various trade models, including gravity equations, to assess trade and/or welfare effects of the measured NTBs.
Limiting velocity of high-dimensional random walk in random environment
Creators: name: Berger, Noam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 60K37 (Primary)

description: We show that random walk in uniformly elliptic i.i.d. environment in dimension $\geq5$ has at most one non zero limiting velocity. In particular this proves a law of large numbers in the distributionally symmetric case and establishes connections between different conjectures.
description: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/07-AOP338 the Annals of Probability (http://www.imstat.org/aop/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
RFBoost: Understanding and Boosting Deep WiFi Sensing via Physical Data Augmentation
Creators: name: Hou, Weiying
name: Wu, Chenshu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Deep learning shows promising performance in wireless sensing. However, deep wireless sensing (DWS) heavily relies on large datasets. Unfortunately, building comprehensive datasets for DWS is difficult and costly, because wireless data depends on environmental factors and cannot be labeled offline. Despite recent advances in few-shot/cross-domain learning, DWS is still facing data scarcity issues. In this paper, we investigate a distinct perspective of radio data augmentation (RDA) for WiFi sensing and present a data-space solution. Our key insight is that wireless signals inherently exhibit data diversity, contributing more information to be extracted for DWS. We present RFBoost, a simple and effective RDA framework encompassing novel physical data augmentation techniques. We implement RFBoost as a plug-and-play module integrated with existing deep models and evaluate it on multiple datasets. Experimental results demonstrate that RFBoost achieves remarkable average accuracy improvements of 5.4% on existing models without additional data collection or model modifications, and the best-boosted performance outperforms 11 state-of-the-art baseline models without RDA. RFBoost pioneers the study of RDA, an important yet currently underexplored building block for DWS, which we expect to become a standard DWS component of WiFi sensing and beyond. RFBoost is released at https://github.com/aiot-lab/RFBoost.
description: Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 8, 2, Article 58 (June 2024), 26 pages
Cooperative Performance and Board of Director Characteristics: A Quantitative Investigation
Creators: name: Keeling Bond, Jennifer J.
name: Keeling Bond, Jennifer J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: governance
subject: finance

description: Previous cooperative governance literature has relied primarily on qualitative data to recommend change. Using data provided by the USDA-Rural Business and Cooperative Services Agency (RBS) and collected from cooperative top managers we find statistical evidence that various board of director characteristics do affect a range of cooperative financial measures.
Semiotics of structural frames in modern architecture
Creators: name: Chan, Danny Cheong-Yin
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Structural semiotics often plays an important role in contributing to the overall architectural expression of a building. Semiotics is defined as the meaning behind or expression of an object. A structure having a semiotic message is one that communicates beyond its functional purposes. It has in itself extraordinary inspirational and expressive values. These values are rooted in the historical, cultural and social contexts, and reflect a sensibility to the built environment and human ways of living. With careful observation of structural semiotics, these values can be elicited. Structural semiotics is also the common language of architecture and structure. Its proper execution prevents a structure from becoming merely subordinate to the architecture. Rather, the structural design can be integrated with the architectural principles of form, space and order, so that structure and architecture truly become one and constitute to a unified theme of design. In this thesis, the structural semiotics of skeletal frame construction is dwelled upon. The structural frame is the most common yet most representative of all types of construction in modern architecture. It emancipates the facade and partitions from their structural responsibilities, thus promoting greater freedom in shaping forms and organizing space. It also utilizes the structural potentials of steel and reinforced concrete, and allows buildings to be constructed economically by means of repetition and pattern. In the interior of the building, the frame often supplies in three dimensions a neutral grid of space, one that not only accommodates but also reshapes human activities of contemporary life. These unique qualities of structural frames and their corresponding semiotics will be examined in this thesis from both architectural and engineering perspectives. They are illustrated through a series of case studies of Modernist architecture. It can be shown that, by a sensible choice of structural system, materials and construction method, by proper proportioning and detailing, and by careful observation to the contextual and programmatic requirements, even the most commonplace structural frames can become architecture.
The impact of coffee market reforms on producer prices and price transmission
Creators: name: Krivonos, Ekaterina
name: Krivonos, Ekaterina
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: This paper evaluates the impact of coffee sector reforms during late 1980s and early 1990s on coffee growers in the main coffee producing countries. Earlier evidence suggests that the reforms increased the share of producer prices in the world price of coffee. This hypothesis is tested in the paper with the help of cointegration analysis, and the results show that in most countries the long-term producer price share has indeed increased substantially after the liberalization. Moreover, the results suggest that the reforms induced a closer cointegrating relationship between grower prices and world market prices. Finally, estimation of an error-correction model reveals that short-run transmission of price signals from the world market to domestic producers has improved, such that domestic prices adjust faster today to world price fluctuations than they did prior to the reforms. However, there is some evidence of asymmetries in the way positive and negative world price changes are transmitted to domestic markets.
Spatial Asymmetry in Farm-Retail Price Transmission Associated with Fluid Milk Products
Creators: name: Capps, Oral
name: Sherwell, Pablo
name: Capps, Oral
name: Sherwell, Pablo
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods

description: Testing for asymmetric price transmission and calculating elasticities of price transmission are of great importance in applied economics. We analyze the behavior of tests for asymmetry according to the conventional Houck approach and to the von Cramon-Taubadel and Loy error correction model (ECM) approach. We also estimate the short-run and long-run elasticities of price transmission between the farm and retail levels of the marketing channel for whole milk and two-percent milk for seven U.S. cities by model. We employ monthly data over the period from January 1994 to October 2002. Empirical results suggest that the farm-retail price transmission process for milk is asymmetric. Price transmission elasticities in conjunction with rising farm prices generally are larger than corresponding elasticities associated with falling farm prices.
Welfare Impacts of Alternative Public Policies for Environmental Protection in Agriculture in an Open Economy: A General Equilibrium Framework
Creators: name: Taheripour, Farzad
name: Khanna, Madhu
name: Nelson, Charles
name: Taheripour, Farzad
name: Khanna, Madhu
name: Nelson, Charles
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy

description: This paper uses stylized analytical and numerical general equilibrium models to evaluate the welfare impacts of alternative policies for reducing nitrogen run-off from agricultural production in an open economy while recognizing the presence of distortionary agricultural support subsidies and factor income taxes. The alternative policies examined here are a nitrogen run-off tax, a nitrogen run-off reduction subsidy, a tax on the production of agricultural goods, a "two-part" instrument - a combination of the second and the third policies, and land retirement. The paper uses an analytical model to express the welfare impacts of each policy into several components and compares these components across alternative policies. From the analytical model the paper concludes that all alternative policies, except land retirement, may generate a double dividend because they reduce the provision of distortionary agricultural support subsidies and because a part of the burden of these policies can be passed on to foreign consumers of agricultural products through the world market. The numerical results indicate that all policies, except for land retirement, generate some welfare gains at low levels of nitrogen reduction targets in the first and second best settings when nitrogen and other inputs are substitutable. Gains are higher in the second best setting. As the level of nitrogen reduction increases, all policies become costly and they impose net welfare costs. These costs are higher in the second best setting. The numerical results also indicate that the relative efficiency of alternative policies is sensitive to the level of nitrogen reduction target.
The Impacts of Adopting Genetically Engineered Crops in the USA: The Case of Bt Corn
Creators: name: Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge
name: Li, Jiayi
name: Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge
name: Li, Jiayi
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies

description: This paper develops an econometric model to analyze the onfarm impact of adoption of genetically engineered (GE) crops on pesticide use and yields after controlling for other factors. The model, which corrects for self-selection and simultaneity and is consistent with profit maximization, is used to estimate the relationship between Bt corn adoption and insecticide use and yields using data from a nationwide farm survey carried out in 2001. Statistically significant econometric results, controlling for other factors, show a moderate insecticide reduction and a small yield increase associated with adoption of Bt corn relative to using conventional corn varieties in 2001.
Adaptive-glasses wavefront sensorless full-field OCT for high-resolution retinal imaging over a wide field-of-view
Creators: name: Scholler, Jules
name: Groux, Kassandra
name: Grieve, Kate
name: Boccara, Claude
name: Mecê, Pedro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medical Physics (physics.med-ph)
subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: The highest three-dimensional (3D) resolution possible in in-vivo retinal imaging is achieved by combining optical coherence tomography (OCT) and adaptive optics (AO). However, this combination brings important limitations, such as small field-of-view and complex, cumbersome systems, preventing so far the translation of this technology from the research lab to clinics. In this Letter, we introduce an approach that avoids these limitations by using a multi-actuator adaptive lens just in front of the eye, in a technique we call the adaptive-glasses wavefront sensorless approach. We implemented this approach on our compact full-field OCT (FFOCT) retinal imager without increasing its footprint or optical complexity. The correction of ocular aberrations through the adaptive-glasses approach increased the FFOCT signal-to-noise ratio and enabled us to image different retinal layers with a 3D cellular resolution in a 5° $\times$ 5° field-of-view, without apparent anisoplanatism.
description: 8 pages, 6 figures
Revenue Crop Insurance Demand
Creators: name: Shaik, Saleem
name: Coble, Keith H.
name: Knight, Thomas O.
name: Shaik, Saleem
name: Coble, Keith H.
name: Knight, Thomas O.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Demand and Price Analysis

description: A two-stage simultaneous equation is utilized to model the choice of whether to purchase insurance and the choice of whether to purchase yield or revenue insurance using subjectively elicited survey data. Our results show an elasticity of demand for crop insurance that remains largely unchanged from earlier estimates (-0.40), but the elasticity for choices between yield and revenue insurance is found to be relatively more elastic (-0.76). Finally the link between adverse selection and the demand for insurance is examined.
Advances of plasma diagnostics with high-resolution spectroscopy of stellar coronae
Creators: name: Ness, J. -U.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: X-ray emission from cool stars is an important tracer for stellar activity. The X-ray luminosity reflects different levels of activity and covers four orders of magnitude in stars of spectral types M-F. Low spectral resolution provided by X-ray observations of stellar coronae in the past allowed the determination of temperature distributions and elemental abundances making use of atomic databases (listing line emissivities and bremsstrahlung continuum for a given temperature structure). The new missions XMM-Newton and Chandra carry X-ray gratings providing sufficient spectral resolution to measure the fluxes of strategic emission lines. I describe the different approaches applicable to low-resolution and high-resolution spectra, especially focusing on the new grating spectra with X-ray lines. From only a few lines it is possible to determine plasma temperatures and associated densities, to check for any effects from resonant scattering, and to identify particular abundance anomalies. Line-based temperature- and density measurements represent only a fraction of the total plasma, but the pressure environment of different fractions can be probed simply by selection of specific lines. Selected results are presented covering all aspects of line-based analyses.
description: 11 pages, 2 figures; Advances in Space Research, Proceedings for COSPAR meeting in Paris July 2004