Rhinolophus trifoliatus Temminck 1834
Creators: name: Burgin, Connor
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus trifoliatus

description: 98. Trefoil Horseshoe Bat <i>Rhinolophus trifoliatus</i> <b>French:</b> <i>Rhinolophe</i> à trèfle / <b>German:</b> Kleeblatt-Hufeisennase / <b>Spanish:</b> Herradura de <i>trébol</i> <b>Taxonomy.</b> <i>Rhinolophus trifoliatus</i> Temminck, 1834, Bantam, Westjava, Indonesia. <i>Rhinolophus trifoliatus</i> is placed in the <i> <i>trifoliatus</i> species group. It appears to be close to <i>R.sedulus. Four</i> subspecies are recognized.</i> Subspecies <b>and Distribution.</b> <i>R.</i> t. <i>trifoliatus</i> Temminck, 1834 — Sumatra, Belitung I, Borneo, WJava, and Banta I. <i>R.</i> t. <i>edax</i> K. Andersen, 1918 - NE India (two records in <i>West</i> Bengal and Assam), S China (one record in Guizhou), S Myanmar, C &amp; S Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, and Singapore. <i>R.</i> t. <i>niasensis</i> K. Andersen, 1906 — Nias I. <i>R.</i> t. <i>solitarius</i> K Andersen, 1905 - Bangka I. Descriptive <b>notes.</b> <i>Head—body</i> 514- 65 mm, tail 25- 5—38 mm, ear 21- 8—28 mm, hindfoot 8—13 mm, forearm 45—57 mm; weight 10-20 g. Fur is long and woolly; dorsal and ventral pelage is pale buffy brown to brownish gray, appearing almost grayish white in some individuals. Ears are moderately long and <i>yellow</i> or yellowish brown, at base or up to tip. Noseleaf is yellow or yellowish brown, with a long lancet that is slightly emarginateti below the tip; connecting process is low and rounded; sella is narrow and has large circular lateral lappets at base; horseshoe is <i>relatively</i> wide (10-5—12- 4 mm) and has a moderate median emargination. Lower lip has one mental groove. Skull is heavy and robust (<i>zygomatic</i> width is much wider than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are <i>relatively</i> well inflated but do not reach anteriorly to border ofnasal orifice; posterior swellings are reduced; frontal depression is deep to very deep and narrow; supraorbital crests are high with sharp ridges; sagittal crest is very high anteriorly but flattens posteriorly. C1 is massive and short; P2 is small to medium-sized, and within tooth row or <i>occasionally</i> slighdy extruded from it; C1 and P4 are separated; P is small to minute, and extruded to variable extent from tooth row, or sometimes absent; P2 and P4 vary from being in contact to well separated, depending on the position or absence <i>of</i> the P3. Dental formula is typical of 32 teeth or 30 when lower premolar is missing. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FNa = 60 (Peninsular Malaysia). <b>Habitat.</b> <i>Typically</i> found in primary and secondary tropical moist forest, generally in lowland areas. Known from dense evergreen forests in southern Myanmar, and can be found in most forest <i>types</i> in Borneo, including mangroves, and is common in heath forest. In Singapore, the species was <i>acoustically</i> recorded only from primary forest, although a female was found roosting in secondary forest Recorded from sea level up to 1800 m. <b>Food and</b> Feeding. Trefoil Horseshoe Bats appear to hunt insects by fly-catching. The low wing loading and aspect ratio of the wings indicate that the species is a slow but maneuverable flier. Breeding. The Trefoil Horseshoe Bat is thought to breed once a year, although it may breed at any time of the year. In Krau, Peninsular Malaysia, the species apparently breeds year-round, <i>but</i> most births occur <i>early</i> in the year. Activity <b>patterns.</b> The Trefoil Horseshoe Bat roosts under leaves, commonly palm leaves, in the forest understory. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with a peak F frequency of 53-1 kHz and duration of 44-5 milliseconds recorded in Singapore, 50—53-5 kHz from peninsular Thailand, and 53 kHz from Peninsular Malaysia. <b>Movements, Home range and Social organization.</b> Trefoil Horseshoe Bats roost singly, and are thought to be <i>solitary</i>. <b>Status and Conservation.</b> Classified as Least Concern on <i>The IUCNed List.</i> The Trefoil Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> appears to be common where favorable habitat exists. The species is threatened by deforestation resulting from logging and agricultural expansion. Tourism-related activities are also thought to be a <i>significant</i> threat to the species. <b>Bibliography.</b> Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Csorba eta/. (2003), <i>rancis</i> (2008 <i>a</i>), Hutson, <i>Kingston</i>, <i>rancis</i>, Molur &amp; Srinivasulu (2008), Kingston (2013), Kingston, rancis et al. (2003), <i>Kingston</i>, Jones et al. (2000), <i>Kingston</i>, Lim &amp; Zubaid (2006), Lane et al. (2006), Molur et al. (2002), Phillipps &amp; Phillipps (2016), Pottie et <i>al.</i> (2005), Sinha (1973), <i>Smith</i> &amp; <i>XieYan</i> (2008), Soisook, Niyomwan et <i>al.</i> (2010), Soisook, Struebig et al. (2015), Srinivasulu &amp; Srinivasulu (2012), <i>Tingga</i> et al. (2012), <i>Volleth</i> et al. (2015), Zhang Lin et <i>al.</i> (2018).
description: Published as part of <i>Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, pp. 280-332 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on page 328, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525