Diaspidiotus aetnensis Nucifora, Watson and Mazzeo 2020, sp. n.
Creators: name: Nucifora, Salvatore
name: Watson, Gillian W.
name: Russo, Agatino
name: Mazzeo, Gaetana
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Diaspididae
Diaspidiotus
Diaspidiotus aetnensis

description: Diaspidiotus aetnensis Nucifora, Watson and Mazzeo sp. n.
(Figs 1 and 2)
Material examined. All the specimens are mounted individually on slides, and were collected by S. Nucifora.
Holotype. Adult female mounted in Canada balsam: right label: on Betula / aetnensis Raf. / Sicily, ITALY / Mt. Etna, eastern slope / (on branch) / 8.iii.2016 / S. Nucifora leg.; left label: Diaspidiotus / aetnensis / HOLO- TYPE / Nucifora, Watson / & Mazzeo / Di3A-UNICT. The geographic coordinates, as shown on label on the back of the slide, are: Lat. N 37°47’02.0’’ / Lon. E 15°03’34.7’’ / 1625 m a.s.l. Specimen deposited at Di3A UNICT.
Paratypes. Nineteen adult females, all from: ITALY, Sicily, Mt. Etna, eastern slope (Municipality of Sant’Alfio), on bark of B. aetnensis. Specimens deposited at Di 3A UNICT: 7 adult females, 8.iii.2016; 1 adult female, 24.vii.2010; 1 adult female, 2.x.1997. Specimens deposited at BMNH: 1 adult female, 8.iii.2016; 2 adult females, 24.vii.2010; 1 adult female, 11.vii.2009; 1 adult female (with its second-instar exuviae), 14.vii.2005. Specimens deposited at MNHN: 2 adult females, 23.iii.2014; 1 adult female, 24.vii.2010; 2 adult females, 11.vii.2009.
Other material examined, all from ITALY, Sicily, Mt. Etna, eastern slope (Municipality of Sant’Alfio), on bark of B. aetnensis, deposited at Di3A UNICT: 3 adult females, 10.iii.2019; 2 adult females, 18.ix.2011; 1 adult female, 24.vii.2010; 2 adult females, 11.vii.2009.
Description of adult female. Appearance in life: scale cover of adult female subcircular, diameter 0.9‒1.9 mm (usually 1.2‒1.6 mm), almost flat; in large specimens, scale cover is more irregular in outline. Central area of cover (over exuviae) opaque sandy brown, being darker towards the centre and whitish toward the outer edge. Exuviae central to subcentral; first-instar exuviae pale yellow, second-instar exuviae yellowish. Ventral scale extremely thin, white and fragile, remaining on plant surface when scale cover and insect are removed. Exposed adult female yellow, rather flat, pygidium darker and flatter than rest of body. Scale cover of second-instar male similar to that of female but oval, measuring 0.6‒0.8 mm x 0.4‒0.6 mm, whitish to sandy brown by exuviae but fading to white at margins; exuviae yellow, situated at widest part of scale cover; ventral scale similar to that of female.
Slide-mounted adult female (Fig. 1): young adult female egg-shaped or pyriform, becoming almost circular at maturity due to expansion of cephalothorax, with lateral abdominal lobes sometimes extending posteriorly on either side of pygidium. Body measurements (n=20): 640 (576‒1239) long, maximum width 545 (477‒1162).
Pygidium broadly rounded; posterior margin with 3 pairs of lobes; median lobes (L 1) well developed, slightly convergent, each lobe broad, rounded, slightly protruding with 1 notch on external lateral margin. Second lobes (L 2) poorly developed, merging with margin; third lobes (L 3) even less developed but always visible, tooth shaped. L 1 typically each with 2 paraphyses extending from the basal corners, anteromesal and anteromesad, these generally most evident on the ventral surface. Each side of pygidium with 2 additional pairs of paraphyses, each short, spindle-shaped and thickened towards inner end, visible on both surfaces: a medium-sized paraphysis (PL1) originating lateral to anterolateral basal corner of L 1, paired with a slightly smaller paraphysis (PL2) of similar shape, originating just mesad of anteromesad base of L 2; small third and fourth paraphyses (PL3 and PL4) forming a pair, situated between L 2 and L 3, with smallest paraphysis (PL4) originating just mesad of anteromesad base of L 3. All four paraphyses curved, tending to touch proximal ends, each pair forming an arch framing a marginal crypt, there being 2 marginal crypts on each side of pygidium. Ventral sclerotizations present on each side of pygidium: L 1 with fusiform sclerosis originating at L 1 anteromesad base, broader than PL1; far smaller, teardropshaped sclerosis originating on the outside basal corner of L 1. With a large wing-shaped sclerotised thickening, arising from mesad basal margins of L 1 and L 2, with anterolateral end forming a point directed towards distal end of perigenital apophysis. Perigenital apophyses with basal and distal portions strong and central section thin. Dorsal apophyses present on each side of pygidium: mediobasal apophysis usually with a central break dividing it into two parts, but sometimes entire, moderately strongly sclerotised; latero-basal apophysis more strongly sclerotised, a bit wider laterally and curved towards base of pygidium. Plates: absent from between L 1; lateral plates underdeveloped, not much evident, spine-shaped or fringed; with 2 plates between L 1 and L 2, the one adjacent to L 1 plug-shaped, the other notched on the outside margin; with 2 plates present between L 2 and L 3, the one adjacent to L 2 similar to an inverted drop, having a wide base and pointed tip, and with other plate notched on the outside margin. Dorsal ducts: space between L 1 containing a median duct with oval orifice on margin and long glandular tube extending to level of anal opening; each side of pygidium with 15‒26 dorsal ducts, all of similar length to median duct, with orifices arranged as follows: usually 3 (sometimes 2, rarely 4) in intersegmental crypt between L 1 and L 2; only 1 in intersegmental crypt between L 2 and L 3; with a marginal orifice mesad to second crypt, overlapping base of ventral bristles on L 2; usually with 4‒9 orifices in an oblique line starting from sub- margin near L 3, leading anteriorly towards latero-basal apophysis but not reaching that level; plus 5–10 orifices forming a second, outer row, typically forming an arc beginning with 2 orifices in marginal area of segment VI and continuing with 3‒8 orifices in an oblique row to the latero-basal apophysis; also with 1 (sometimes 2 or 3) orifices on the submargin of segment V. Segment IV sometimes with 1‒4 dorsal submarginal ducts (Fig. 2). Anal opening: small, slightly longer than wide, located at proximal end of a furrow beginning between L 1, widening anteriorly until same width as anal opening; two short parallel scleroses bracket the anal opening and extend a short distance anteriorly beyond it. Perivulvar pores: usually absent, but sometimes 1‒3 pores present on each side. Ventral microducts: each side of pygidium with 3 clusters of microducts in marginal and submarginal areas; with about 10 ducts on segment VI, about 6 on segment V and about 4 on segment IV.
Prepygidium (free abdominal segments anterior to pygidium): cuticle membranous, with segment margins somewhat expanded laterally. Dorsal ducts absent from prepygidial segments. Ventral microducts: a few submarginal or submedian microducts on prepygidial area, mostly on segment II.
Cephalothorax (prosoma): cuticle not thickened; cuticle just anterior to anterior spiracle with characteristic sculpture, with plaques that always end with a small ventral gland. Prothorax with marginal tubercle on each side. Setae along margin each long and slender with pointed apex. Margins of thoracic segments slightly lobed in young adult female and, exceptionally, expanding to project laterally to pygidium in post-reproductive female. Spiracles not associated with pores. Ventral microducts: present in submedian and submarginal areas of metathorax. Antennae: each bearing 1 conspicuous seta.
Etymology. The species epithet aetnensis is formed by combining the Latinised name of the mountain, “Etna”, with the Latin ending “ -ensis ”, meaning “from”.
Comments. Of the 58 species of Diaspididae reported on Betulaceae, 14 (24%) belong to the genus Diaspidiotus Berlese. These Diaspidiotus species are mostly polyphagous, with hosts belonging to 47 plant families and with preferences for Salicaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Rosaceae, Juglandaceae, Moraceae and Oleaceae (García Morales et al. 2016). Of the 28 species of Diaspididae reported on Betula, nine (32%) belong to Diaspidiotus. The latter species all have perivulvar pores; D. aetnensis sp. n. is an exception, as it usually lacks them. Other Palaearctic Diaspidiotus species that lack perivulvar pores are: D. alni (Marchal 1909), D. distinctus (Leonardi 1900), and D. wuenni (Lindinger 1923), but they have not been collected on Betula. Diaspidiotus alni is known on species of Alnus, Carpinus (Betulaceae), Fagus, Quercus (Fagaceae) and Populus (Salicaceae); D. distinctus on species of Corylus (Betulaceae), Gonocytisus (Fabaceae) and Quercus (Fagaceae); and D. wuenni feeds on species of Alnus (Betulaceae), Castanea and Quercus (Fagaceae). Among the latter Diaspidiotus species, D. alni and D. wuenni seem to be closest morphologically to D. aetnensis.
Diaspidiotus aetnensis sp. n. has a body outline and pygidial morphology very similar to D. alni, especially the median lobes (L 1) and the paraphyses between segments VI, VII, and VIII, but differs as follows (condition in D. alni in brackets): pygidial margin with plates developed (plates reduced or absent); segment IV with dorsal ducts, especially in larger individuals (without ducts); and pygidium with about 45 (31–54) dorsal ducts (fewer than 32 ducts).
Both D. aetnensis sp. n. and D. lenticularis occur on Betula, and sometimes D. lenticularis also lacks perivulvar pores. Diaspidiotus aetnensis sp. n. differs as follows (condition in D. lenticularis in brackets): prepygidial macroducts absent (present). We have collected D. lenticularis on the bark of B. pendula Roth (= B. alba L.) in the Nebrodi Mountains in Sicily, and in Italy (Lazio, in Caldara di Manziana), but never on B. aetnensis.
Diaspidiotus aetnensis sp. n. resembles D. wuenni in having similar plates and in the number of dorsal ducts, but differs in having segment IV with dorsal ducts, especially in larger individuals (D. wuenni without ducts); the shape and proportions of the marginal paraphyses situated between segments VIII and VII, in relation to the size of a median lobe (L 1) are also different between these species.
Specimens of D. aetnensis sp. n. were usually found on the bark of the trunk and branches; more rarely, they were found on exposed roots, but were never observed feeding on the leaves. In the same location in the eastern slope of the volcano, we found Diaspidiotus lenticularis on Genista aetnensis (Biv.) DC. (a new host association), growing amongst the Etna birches.
description: Published as part of Nucifora, Salvatore, Watson, Gillian W., Russo, Agatino & Mazzeo, Gaetana, 2020, Description of Diaspidiotus aetnensis sp. n. (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) living on endemic birch in Sicily (Italy), with a key to Diaspidiotus species recorded on Betulaceae, pp. 584-590 in Zootaxa 4759 (4) on pages 585-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4759.4.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3741112