cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Assessment and Indirect Adjustment for Confounding by Smoking in Cohort Studies Using Relative Hazards Models
Creators: name: Richardson, David B.
name: Tchetgen, Eric Tchetgen
name: Schubauer-Berigan, Mary K.
name: Cole, Stephen R.
name: Laurier, Dominique
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: Workers' smoking histories are not measured in many occupational cohort studies. Here we discuss the use of negative control outcomes to detect and adjust for confounding in analyses that lack information on smoking. We clarify the assumptions necessary to detect confounding by smoking and the additional assumptions necessary to indirectly adjust for such bias. We illustrate these methods using data from 2 studies of radiation and lung cancer: the Colorado Plateau cohort study (1950–2005) of underground uranium miners (in which smoking was measured) and a French cohort study (1950–2004) of nuclear industry workers (in which smoking was unmeasured). A cause-specific relative hazards model is proposed for estimation of indirectly adjusted associations. Among the miners, the proposed method suggests no confounding by smoking of the association between radon and lung cancer—a conclusion supported by adjustment for measured smoking. Among the nuclear workers, the proposed method suggests substantial confounding by smoking of the association between radiation and lung cancer. Indirect adjustment for confounding by smoking resulted in an 18% decrease in the adjusted estimated hazard ratio, yet this cannot be verified because smoking was unmeasured. Assumptions underlying this method are described, and a cause-specific proportional hazards model that allows easy implementation using standard software is presented.
Manipulation in microfluidic systems using surface acoustic waves (SAW)
Creators: name: Collins, David John
Publisher: name: Monash University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Uncategorized

description: Lab-on-a-chip microfluidic systems hold substantial promise for a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. By shrinking down conventional laboratory processes and replicating their functions on-chip, the size, cost, required time, and amount of reagent and sample needed can be drastically reduced. However, because these devices operate at length scales orders of magnitude smaller than conventional fluid processes different physical phenomena become dominant, meaning new forces and techniques must be developed to perform them. Acoustic forces have the potential to be useful at small length scales, though, their use has for the most part been limited by the relatively small force magnitudes and low frequencies at which they have been generated, thereby limiting the promise of rapid acoustic manipulation on microfluidic scales. However, a developing technology relying on the application of surface acoustic waves (SAW) has shown the potential to overcome these limitations, especially due to the high frequencies (10-2000 MHz) and correspondingly small length scales (2-300 µm), on the order of the bacteria and eukaryotic cells, that are characteristic of this method. In this thesis, SAW is used in a range of applications that emphasize these advantages, specifically with respect to the large and localized forces that can be generated on interfaces, both between two immiscible phases and on particles within a single fluid phase. In the studies presented here, SAW is used to (1) actuate a fluid-air interface for the production of water-in-air droplets with tunable diameters in the range of ~0.5-50 µm for the purpose of targeted nebulization therapy, (2) actuate a water-oil interface for the tunable production of picoliter-sized water-in-oil droplets with simultaneous particle pre-concentration and encapsulation for application in digital microfluidic systems, (3) perform controlled concentration and release of particles using a novel microfabricated channel structure and (4) deterministically sort particles over a large size range, demonstrated between 0.3-7 µm with potential application in cell sorting systems where high sorting efficiency or sorting based on only small size differences is required. Finally the case is made that acoustic fields, especially those produced by SAW, are optimal for many, if not most, applications where manipulation of microfluidic species is required.
Generalized entropic criterion for separability
Creators: name: Rossignoli, R.
name: Canosa, N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the entropic criterion for separability of compound quantum systems for general non-additive entropic forms based on arbitrary concave functions $f$. For any separable state, the generalized entropy of the whole system is shown to be not smaller than that of the subsystems, for any choice of $f$, providing thus a necessary criterion for separability. Nevertheless, the criterion is not sufficient and examples of entangled states with the same property are provided. This entails, in particular, that the conjecture about the positivity of the conditional Tsallis entropy for all $q$, a more stringent requirement than the positivity of the conditional von Neumann entropy, is actually a necessary but not sufficient condition for separability in general. The direct relation between the entropic criterion and the largest eigenvalues of the full and reduced density operators of the system is also discussed.
description: 6 pages, 3 figures
Kinetic models for traffic flow resulting in a reduced space of microscopic velocities
Creators: name: Puppo, Gabriella
name: Semplice, Matteo
name: Tosin, Andrea
name: Visconti, Giuseppe
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 76P05, 65Z05, 90B20

description: The purpose of this paper is to study the properties of kinetic models for traffic flow described by a Boltzmann-type approach and based on a continuous space of microscopic velocities. In our models, the particular structure of the collision kernel allows one to find the analytical expression of a class of steady-state distributions, which are characterized by being supported on a quantized space of microscopic speeds. The number of these velocities is determined by a physical parameter describing the typical acceleration of a vehicle and the uniqueness of this class of solutions is supported by numerical investigations. This shows that it is possible to have the full richness of a kinetic approach with the simplicity of a space of microscopic velocities characterized by a small number of modes. Moreover, the explicit expression of the asymptotic distribution paves the way to deriving new macroscopic equations using the closure provided by the kinetic model.
description: Replaced with revised version
Association Between Unprotected Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Recurrence of Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus
Creators: name: Wilhelmus, Kirk R.
name: Schoenbach, Victor J.
name: Ludema, Christina
name: Smith, Jennifer S.
name: Poole, Charles
name: Cole, Stephen R.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: Studies have suggested that exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light may increase risk of herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrence. Between 1993 and 1997, the Herpetic Eye Disease Study (HEDS) randomized 703 participants with ocular HSV to receipt of acyclovir or placebo for prevention of ocular HSV recurrence. Of these, 308 HEDS participants (48% female and 85% white; median age, 49 years) were included in a nested study of exposures thought to cause recurrence and were followed for up to 15 months. We matched weekly UV index values from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to each participant's study center and used marginal structural Cox models to account for time-varying psychological stress and contact lens use and selection bias from dropout. There were 44 recurrences of ocular HSV, yielding an incidence of 4.3 events per 1,000 person-weeks. Weighted hazard ratios comparing persons with ≥8 hours of time outdoors to those with less exposure were 0.84 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27, 2.63) and 3.10 (95% CI: 1.14, 8.48) for weeks with a UV index of <4 and ≥4, respectively (ratio of hazard ratios = 3.68, 95% CI: 0.43, 31.4). Though results were imprecise, when the UV index was higher (i.e., ≥4), spending 8 or more hours per week outdoors was associated with increased risk of ocular HSV recurrence.
(100804) Edward Parry Liddon
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Interfacial chemistry using a bifunctional coupling agent for enhanced electrical properties of carbon nanotube based composites
Creators: name: Socher, Robert
name: Jakisch, Lothar
name: Krause, Beate
name: Oertel, Ulrich
name: Voit, Brigitte
name: Pötschke, Petra
Publisher: name: Oxford : Elsevier Science
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Carbon nanotubes
subject: Coupling agent
subject: Polymer-matrix composites
subject: 540

description: A bifunctional coupling agent (BCA) containing one oxazoline and one benzoxazinone group was applied to promote a reaction between polyamide 12 (PA12) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) during melt mixing. With this modification, the MWCNT content needed for the electrical percolation was significantly reduced by more than a factor of three. For amino functionalized MWCNT-PA12 composites adding 1 wt.% BCA electrical percolation was reached at only 0.37 wt.% MWCNTs compared to 1.0 wt.% without BCA. With the help of a model reaction, the covalent attachment of the BCA to the MWCNTs could be shown by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and via fluorescence spectroscopy. Model compounds were applied containing either only the oxazoline or the benzoxazinone group to show that the better electrical properties in the PA12-MWCNT composites were a result of a covalent bond between the polymer and the nanotube which only takes place when the BCA was used. In addition, significantly higher electrical conductivity values were obtained by the addition of BCA as well with amino functionalized as with nonmodified commercial MWCNTs. This surprising result was attributed to the significant hydroxy group content on the surface of those commercial MWCNTs. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
(100806) Archibald Seymour John Douglas
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Localization of carbon nanotubes in polyamide 6 blends with non-reactive and reactive rubber
Creators: name: Krause, Beate
name: Schneider, Cecile
name: Boldt, Regine
name: Weber, Martin
name: Park, Hye Jin
name: Pötschke, Petra
Publisher: name: Oxford : Elsevier Science
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Carbon nanotubes localization
subject: Electrical resistivity
subject: Polymer-matrix blend
subject: 540

description: Blending of two immiscible polymer matrices can be an effective way to combine favourable properties of both blend partners. The additional incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in such thermoplastic blends may further enhance the blend properties and especially generate electrical conductivity. In the present study, 20 wt.% of non-reactive rubber and maleic anhydride functionalized rubber were melt blended with polyamide 6 and 3 wt.% MWCNTs by using different incorporation strategies. For the blends containing non-reactive rubber, the MWCNTs were always localized selectively in the thermodynamically preferred polyamide phase as shown by TEM images and electrical measurements. Interestingly, the different strategies resulted in different localization behaviours of the MWCNTs in case of the reactive rubber. These findings demonstrate the significant influence of maleic anhydride groups of the rubber component on localization of MWCNTs in the different blend phases which results in different values of electrical volume resistivity of the blends. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Additional file 1 of Primary care in the time of COVID-19: monitoring the effect of the pandemic and the lockdown measures on 34 quality of care indicators calculated for 288 primary care practices covering about 6 million people in Catalonia
Creators: name: Coma, Ermengol
name: Mora, Núria
name: Méndez, Leonardo
name: Mència Benítez
name: Hermosilla, Eduardo
name: Fàbregas, Mireia
name: Fina, Francesc
name: Mercadé, Albert
name: Souhel Flayeh
name: Guiriguet, Carolina
name: Balló, Elisabet
name: Leon, Nuria Martinez
name: Mas, Ariadna
name: Sílvia Cordomí
name: Lejardi, Yolanda
name: Medina, Manuel
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Science Policy
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1. Definition of the health care quality indicators included in the study with their short descriptor used in the graphics of this article.
Changes in the Built Environment and Changes in the Amount of Walking Over Time: Longitudinal Results From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Creators: name: Brines, Shannon J.
name: Hirsch, Jana A.
name: Rodriguez, Daniel A.
name: Roux, Ana V.Diez
name: Moore, Kari A.
name: Clarke, Philippa J.
name: Zagorski, Melissa A.
name: Evenson, Kelly R.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: Lack of longitudinal research hinders causal inference on the association between the built environment and walking. In the present study, we used data from 6,027 adults in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis who were 45–84 years of age at baseline to investigate the association of neighborhood built environment with trends in the amount of walking between 2000 and 2012. Walking for transportation and walking for leisure were assessed at baseline and at 3 follow-up visits (median follow-up = 9.15 years). Time-varying built environment measures (measures of population density, land use, number of destinations, bus access, and street connectivity) were created using geographic information systems. We used linear mixed models to estimate the associations between baseline levels of and a change in each built environment feature and a change in the frequency of walking. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that higher baseline levels of population density, area zoned for retail, social destinations, walking destinations, and street connectivity were associated with greater increases in walking for transportation over time. Higher baseline levels of land zoned for residential use and distance to buses were associated with less pronounced increases (or decreases) in walking for transportation over time. Increases in the number of social destinations, the number of walking destinations, and street connectivity over time were associated with greater increases in walking for transportation. Higher baseline levels of both land zoned for retail and walking destinations were associated with greater increases in leisure walking, but no changes in built environment features were associated with leisure walking. The creation of mixed-use, dense developments may encourage adults to incorporate walking for transportation into their everyday lives.
Direct, Indirect, Total, and Overall Effectiveness of the Rotavirus Vaccines for the Prevention of Gastroenteritis Hospitalizations in Privately Insured US Children, 2007-2010
Creators: name: Pate, Virginia
name: Brookhart, M. Alan
name: Becker-Dreps, Sylvia
name: Weber, David J.
name: Jonsson Funk, Michele
name: Stürmer, Til
name: Panozzo, Catherine A.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: We demonstrate how direct, indirect, total, and overall effectiveness estimates and absolute benefits of rotavirus vaccines vary through the years following vaccine introduction. Privately insured US children in a large claims database were followed from age 8 months until they 1) experienced a hospitalization for rotavirus or acute gastroenteritis; 2) lost continuous health plan enrollment; 3) turned 20 months of age; or 4) reached the end of the study period. Vaccine effectiveness estimates in preventing rotavirus and acute gastroenteritis hospitalizations were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression, stratified by calendar year and adjusted for birth month. Incidence rate differences were estimated to determine the absolute number of gastroenteritis hospitalizations prevented in the cohort. Among 905,718 children, 51%, 66%, 80%, and 86% received 1 or more doses of rotavirus vaccine in each year from 2007 to 2010. The direct vaccine effectiveness of 1 or more doses of rotavirus vaccine in preventing rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalizations ranged from 87% to 92% each year. Accounting for indirect protection increased estimates of vaccine effectiveness by an additional 3%–8% among those vaccinated. Failing to account for population-level vaccine benefits in 2010, when circulation of rotavirus was low, could underestimate the sustained impact of the vaccine program.
(100801) Edwin Waterhouse
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
(100802) Parry Burges
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Entanglement as a Method to Reduce Uncertainty
Creators: name: Aerts, Diederik
name: Argëlles, Jonito Aerts
name: Beltran, Lester
name: Geriente, Suzette
name: Sozzo, Sandro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC)
subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In physics, entanglement 'reduces' the entropy of an entity, because the (von Neumann) entropy of, e.g., a composite bipartite entity in a pure entangled state is systematically lower than the entropy of the component sub-entities. We show here that this 'genuinely non-classical reduction of entropy as a result of composition' also holds whenever two concepts combine in human cognition and, more generally, it is valid in human culture. We exploit these results and make a 'new hypothesis' on the nature of entanglement, namely, the production of entanglement in the preparation of a composite entity can be seen as a 'dynamical process of collaboration between its sub-entities to reduce uncertainty', because the composite entity is in a pure state while its sub-entities are in a non-pure, or density, state, as a result of the preparation. We identify within the nature of this entanglement a mechanism of contextual updating and illustrate the mechanism in the example we analyze. Our hypothesis naturally explains the 'non-classical nature' of some quantum logical connectives, as due to Bell-type correlations.
description: 15 pages
Stability of stationary solutions to curvature flows
Creators: name: Hartley, David James
Publisher: name: Monash University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Uncategorized

description: In this thesis we study the evolution of hypersurfaces under weighted volume preserving curvature flows. Specifically we consider the stability of spheres and finite cylinders as stationary solutions to the flows. The flows are formulated as a partial differential equation for a height function and an existence result is obtained when the height function is small. Through further analysis we prove that the sphere and finite cylinder, provided the radius of the finite cylinder satisfies a certain condition, are stable. That is, we prove that if a graph over a sphere or cylinder has small height function its flow exists for all time and converges to a sphere or cylinder respectively. This is the first result proving that there exist non-axially symmetric hypersurfaces that converge to cylinders under the flows. In the case of volume preserving mean curvature flow near a cylinder, we improve the above results to obtain greater regularity of the flow and convergence with respect to a stricter norm. Analysing the condition on the radius in this situation we find it is necessary in order for the cylinder to be stable. The analysis also leads to the surprising result that certain constant mean curvature unduloids are stable stationary solutions to the axially symmetric flow in high dimensions. The last result of the thesis proves the instability of two dimensional catenoids under the classical mean curvature flow. The results in this thesis are obtained using functional analysis and semi-group methods, which can be applied since the linearised speed operators are sectorial. The stability results come from analysing the spectrum of the linearised operators and analysing the center manifold of the system.
From Exposures to Population Interventions: Pregnancy and Response to HIV Therapy
Creators: name: Westreich, Daniel
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: Many epidemiologic studies identify contrasts between an “always-exposed” population and a “never-exposed” population. Such “exposure effects” are perhaps most valuable in discussing individual lifestyle changes, or in clinical care; they may be less valuable in estimating the potential effects of realistic public health interventions. Various methods, among them population attributable fractions and generalized impact fractions, attempt to obtain more policy-relevant estimates of “population intervention” effects, but such methods remain rare in the epidemiologic literature. Here, we describe the use of the parametric g-formula as a tool for the estimation of population intervention effects in longitudinal data. Our discussion is motivated by a previous study of the effect of incident pregnancy on time to virological failure among human immunodeficiency virus-positive women initiating antiretroviral therapy in South Africa between 2004 and 2011. We show that 1) interventional estimates of effect can be estimated in longitudinal data using the parametric g-formula and 2) exposure effects and population interventional effects can have dramatically different interpretations and magnitudes in real-world data. Epidemiologists should consider estimating interventional effects in addition to exposure effects; doing so would allow the results of epidemiologic studies to be more immediately relevant to policy-makers and to implementation science efforts.
Dispersability of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in polycarbonate-chloroform solutions
Creators: name: Staudinger, Ulrike
name: Krause, Beate
name: Steinbach, Christine
name: Pötschke, Petra
name: Voit, Brigitte
Publisher: name: Oxford : Elsevier Science
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Carbon nanotubes
subject: Dispersion
subject: Polymer solutions
subject: 540

description: The dispersion of commercial multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs, Nanocyl™ NC7000) in chloroform and in polycarbonate (PC)-chloroform solutions was investigated by variation of the polymer concentration, MWCNT amount and sonication time and compared with PC/MWCNT composites, which were processed by melt mixing, subsequently dissolved in chloroform and dispersed via sonication under the same conditions. The sedimentation behaviour was characterised under centrifugal forces using a LUMiSizer® separation analyser. The space and time resolved extinction profiles as a measure of the stability of the dispersion and the particle size distribution were evaluated. Sonication up to 5 min gradually increases the amount of dispersed particles in the solutions. A significant improvement of the MWCNT dispersion in chloroform was achieved by the addition of PC indicating the mechanism of polymer chain wrapping around the MWCNTs. In dispersions of melt mixed PC/MWCNT composites the dispersion of MWCNTs is significantly enhanced already at a low sonication time of only 0.5 min due to very efficient polymer wrapping during the melt mixing process. However, the best dispersion quality does not lead to the highest electrical conductivity of thin composite films made of these PC/MWCNT dispersions.
Melt mixed SWCNT-polypropylene composites with very low electrical percolation
Creators: name: Krause, Beate
name: Pötschke, Petra
name: Ilin, Evgeniy
name: Predtechenskiy, Mikhail
Publisher: name: Oxford : Elsevier Science
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Electrical properties
subject: Mechanical properties
subject: Polypropylene
subject: Singlewalled carbon nanotubes
subject: 540

description: Singlewalled carbon nanotube material of the type TUBALL™ (OCSiAl) was used to prepare composites with polypropylene by melt mixing using a conical twin screw micro-compounder. The compression moulded composites showed electrical percolation between 0.075 and 0.1 wt % and achieved volume resistivity values lower than 1 kOhm-cm already at 0.8 wt % loading. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed good distribution and dispersion into small diameter bundles as well as retained high nanotube length. In connection with the very low percolation threshold this indicates that the SWCNT material shows an exceptionally good dispersibility which may be due to relatively high nanotube diameters with a mean value of 1.6 nm. In tensile tests already 0.1 wt % nanotube additions resulted in slight increase in Young's modulus and maximum stress. Tuball™ SWCNT material seems to be very promising for conductivity enhancement.
Translation surfaces and the curve graph in genus two
Creators: name: Nguyen, Duc-Manh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Geometric Topology (math.GT)
subject: Dynamical Systems (math.DS)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 51H25, 52C45

description: Let $S$ be a (topological) compact closed surface of genus two. We associate to each translation surface $(X,ω) \in \mathcal{H}(2)\sqcup\mathcal{H}(1,1)$ a subgraph $\hat{\mathcal{C}}_{\rm cyl}$ of the curve graph of $S$. The vertices of this subgraph are free homotopy classes of curves which can be represented either by a simple closed geodesic, or by a concatenation of two parallel saddle connections (satisfying some additional properties) on $X$. The subgraph $\hat{\mathcal{C}}_{\rm cyl}$ is by definition $\mathrm{GL}^+(2,\mathbb{R})$-invariant. Hence, it may be seen as the image of the corresponding Teichmüller disk in the curve graph. We will show that $\hat{\mathcal{C}}_{\rm cyl}$ is always connected and has infinite diameter. The group ${\rm Aff}^+(X,ω)$ of affine automorphisms of $(X,ω)$ preserves naturally $\hat{\mathcal{C}}_{\rm cyl}$, we show that ${\rm Aff}^+(X,ω)$ is precisely the stabilizer of $\hat{\mathcal{C}}_{\rm cyl}$ in ${\rm Mod}(S)$. We also prove that $\hat{\mathcal{C}}_{\rm cyl}$ is Gromov-hyperbolic if $(X,ω)$ is completely periodic in the sense of Calta. It turns out that the quotient of $\hat{\mathcal{C}}_{\rm cyl}$ by ${\rm Aff}^+(X,ω)$ is closely related to McMullen's prototypes in the case $(X,ω)$ is a Veech surface in $\mathcal{H}(2)$. We finally show that this quotient graph has finitely many vertices if and only if $(X,ω)$ is a Veech surface for $(X,ω)$ in both strata $\mathcal{H}(2)$ and $\mathcal{H}(1,1)$.
description: 47 pages, 17 figures. Minor changes, some proofs improved. Comments welcome!
Longitudinal Associations Between Neighborhood Recreational Facilities and Change in Recreational Physical Activity in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 2000-2007
Creators: name: Sánchez, Brisa N.
name: Evenson, Kelly R.
name: Moore, Kari
name: Ranchod, Yamini K.
name: Roux, Ana V.Diez
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: Many cross-sectional studies have investigated the relationship between neighborhood physical environment and physical activity. However, few studies have examined this relationship longitudinally, and no study has examined the association between change in objective measurements of physical activity resources and change in physical activity in adults. We used longitudinal data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2000–2007) of 6,814 adults who were aged 45–84 years at baseline. Physical activity was assessed via a semiquantitative questionnaire at baseline and at 2 follow-up visits (approximately 1.6 and 3.2 years later). We measured the density of recreational facilities within 1 mile of each participant's home address and used linear mixed-effects models to estimate the association between change in recreational facility density and change in physical activity. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that a greater increase in recreational density was associated with a less pronounced decline in physical activity (mean difference in annual change in physical activity for each 1-unit increase in recreational density over time = 10.3 (95% confidence interval: 0.7, 19.9)). This association was stronger in older adults. Better access to recreational facilities may benefit middle-aged and older adults by enabling them to maintain activity levels as they age.
(100803) Ellen Isolde Salwey
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Non-equilibrium VLS-grown stable ST12-Ge thin film on Si substrate: A study on strain-induced band-engineering
Creators: name: Mandal, S.
name: Chowdhury, B. Nag
name: Tiwari, A.
name: Kanungo, S.
name: Rana, N.
name: Banerjee, A.
name: Chattopadhyay, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The current work describes a novel method of growing thin films of stable crystalline ST12-Ge, a high pressure polymorph of Ge, on Si substrate by a non-equilibrium VLS-technique. The study explores the scheme of band engineering of ST12-Ge by inducing process-stress into it as a function of the growth temperature and film thickness. In the present work, ST12-Ge films are grown at 180 C - 250 C to obtain thicknesses of ~4.5-7.5 nm, which possess extremely good thermal stability up to a temperature of ~350 C. Micro-Raman study shows the stress induced in such ST12-Ge films to be compressive in nature and vary in the range of ~0.5-7.5 GPa. The measured direct band gap is observed to vary within 0.688 eV to 0.711 eV for such stresses, and four indirect band gaps are obtained to be 0.583 eV, 0.614-0.628 eV, 0.622-0.63 eV and 0.623-0.632 eV, accordingly. The corresponding band structures for unstrained and strained ST12-Ge are calculated by performing DFT simulation, which shows that a compressive stress transforms the fundamental band gap at M-G valley from indirect to direct one. Henceforth, the possible route of strain induced band engineering in ST12-Ge is explored by analyzing all the transitions in strained and unstrained band structures along with substantiation of the experimental results and theoretical calculations. The investigation shows that unstrained ST12-Ge is a natural n-type semiconductor which transforms into p-type upon incorporation of a compressive stress of ~5 GPa, with the in-plane electron effective mass components at M-G band edge to be ~0.09 me. Therefore, such band engineered ST12-Ge exhibits superior mobility along with its thermal stability and compatibility with Si, which can have potential applications to develop high-speed MOS devices for advanced CMOS technology.
The ‘Solute-Drag’ effect on migrating interfaces during solid-state phase transformations
Creators: name: Qiu, Cong
Publisher: name: Monash University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Uncategorized

description: Steel is the most important alloy for engineering applications. The mechanical properties of steels depend sensitively on their microstructures. These microstructures are usually tailored through a series of thermal and/or mechanical treatments and invariably involve one or more solid-state phase transformations. Control of microstructural evolution requires a detailed understanding of thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformations. The kinetics is particularly important since it can be strongly affected by small additions of alloying elements and this effect is often qualitatively interpreted in terms of the ‘solute-drag’ effect, well known in the field of grain growth and recrystallization where the migrating interface is a grain boundary. The current understanding of the ‘solute-drag’ effects of alloying elements on phase boundaries is not yet sufficient to quantitatively describe phase transformation kinetics. This thesis uses controlled decarburization to monitor the phase interface migration between α growing into γ in a range of specially designed high purity steels. The reason for using steels is that the thermodynamics of the ferrite (α) and austenite (γ) phases, as a function of composition and temperature have already been well characterized and can be routinely calculated using computational thermodynamics. Moreover, among different solid-state phase transformations in steels, the γ to α transformation is usually the first solid-state phase change encountered during processing of steels and an understanding of this transformation is central to controlling microstructure development of steels. The controlled decarburization approach allows the kinetics of planar interface migration to be followed with high accuracy (avoiding stereological problems associated with traditional approaches) as a function of treatment temperature and alloy composition. The experimental results obtained on Fe-C-Si and Fe-C-Co systems are used to quantitatively test the temperature and composition dependence of the newly developed Zurob et al. model for interface migration that includes dissipation of Gibbs free energy due to ‘solute-drag’. Following this evaluation, this new α growth model is extended to quaternary (Fe-C-X-Y) systems to take into account the possibility of the interaction between solutes in the migrating boundary (Coupled Solute Drag Effect) and is tested with growth kinetic data obtained for the Fe-C-Mn-Si system.
Fuzzy approaches to context variable in fuzzy geographically weighted clustering
Creators: name: Van Minh, Nguyen
name: Son, Le Hoang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: I.5.3
subject: 62H30

description: Fuzzy Geographically Weighted Clustering (FGWC) is considered as a suitable tool for the analysis of geo-demographic data that assists the provision and planning of products and services to local people. Context variables were attached to FGWC in order to accelerate the computing speed of the algorithm and to focus the results on the domain of interests. Nonetheless, the determination of exact, crisp values of the context variable is a hard task. In this paper, we propose two novel methods using fuzzy approaches for that determination. A numerical example is given to illustrate the uses of the proposed methods.
description: 11 pages
Additional file 2 of Effects on health and process outcomes of physiotherapist-led orthopaedic triage for patients with musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of comparative studies
Creators: name: Samsson, K. S.
name: K. Grimmer
name: M. E. H. Larsson
name: J. Morris
name: S. Bernhardsson
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases

description: Additional file 2. Excluded publications.
Maximum Likelihood, Profile Likelihood, and Penalized Likelihood: A Primer
Creators: name: Cole, Stephen R.
name: Chu, Haitao
name: Greenland, Sander
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2014

description: The method of maximum likelihood is widely used in epidemiology, yet many epidemiologists receive little or no education in the conceptual underpinnings of the approach. Here we provide a primer on maximum likelihood and some important extensions which have proven useful in epidemiologic research, and which reveal connections between maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. For a given data set and probability model, maximum likelihood finds values of the model parameters that give the observed data the highest probability. As with all inferential statistical methods, maximum likelihood is based on an assumed model and cannot account for bias sources that are not controlled by the model or the study design. Maximum likelihood is nonetheless popular, because it is computationally straightforward and intuitive and because maximum likelihood estimators have desirable large-sample properties in the (largely fictitious) case in which the model has been correctly specified. Here, we work through an example to illustrate the mechanics of maximum likelihood estimation and indicate how improvements can be made easily with commercial software. We then describe recent extensions and generalizations which are better suited to observational health research and which should arguably replace standard maximum likelihood as the default method.
Electromagnetic turbulence simulation of tokamak edge plasma dynamics and divertor heat load during thermal quench
Creators: name: Zhu, Ben
name: Xu, Xue-qiao
name: Tang, Xian-Zhu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The edge plasma turbulence and transport dynamics, as well as the divertor power loads during the thermal quench phase of tokamak disruptions are numerically investigated with BOUT++'s flux-driven, six-field electromagnetic turbulence model. Here a transient yet intense particle and energy sources are applied at the pedestal top to mimic the plasma power drive at the edge induced by a core thermal collapse, which flattens core temperature profile. Interesting features such as surging of divertor heat load (up to 50 times), and broadening of heat flux width (up to 4 times) on the outer divertor target plate, are observed in the simulation, in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. The dramatic changes of divertor heat load and width are due to the enhanced plasma turbulence activities inside the separatrix. Two cross-field transport mechanisms, namely the $E\times B$ turbulent convection and the stochastic parallel advection/conduction, are identified to play important roles in this process. Firstly, elevated edge pressure gradient drives instabilities and subsequent turbulence in the entire pedestal region. The enhanced turbulence not only transports particles and energy radially across the separatrix via $E\times B$ convection which causes the initial divertor heat load burst, but also induces an amplified magnetic fluctuation $\tilde{B}$. Once the magnetic fluctuation is large enough to break the magnetic flux surface, magnetic flutter effect provides an additional radial transport channel. In the late stage of our simulation, $|\tilde{B}_r/B_0|$ reaches to $10^{-4}$ level that completely breaks magnetic flux surfaces such that stochastic field-lines are directly connecting pedestal top plasma to the divertor target plates or first wall, further contributing to the divertor heat flux width broadening.
description: 20 pages, 12 figures
Precise Ratios of Decay Constants of Vector over Pseudoscalar $B_{(s)}$ Mesons
Creators: name: Lucha, Wolfgang
name: Melikhov, Dmitri
name: Simula, Silvano
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The relative magnitude of the decay constants of the pseudoscalar and vector beauty mesons poses (in contrast to the case of charmed mesons) a long-standing puzzle. We revisit this problem within the framework of our recent improvements of the QCD sum-rule formalism for relating observable properties of mesons to quantum chromodynamics and are led to conclude that the decay constants of the beauty vector mesons are undoubtedly smaller than those of their pseudoscalar counterparts.
description: 7 pages, 2 figures, contributed to "The European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics - EPS-HEP 2015" (22 - 29 July 2015, Vienna, Austria)
Novel multiscale modeling schemes for damage evolution in composite laminates
Creators: name: Soni, Ganesh
Publisher: name: Monash University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Uncategorized

description: Microscale damage mechanism of the multi-layer composite laminates is one of the active areas of research. Micromechanics theory is extensively used for the prediction of elastic response and to perform damage analysis of unidirectional laminae via representative volume element (RVE). The present state of the art in the micromechanics theory is extended in this study for the damage analysis of the multi-fiber multi-layer laminates to capture the local damage mechanisms which include matrix failure, fiber-matrix debonding, fiber failure, and delamination. A multi-fiber multi-layer representative volume element (M2RVE) representing a multi-layer cross-ply laminate is developed. Each layer in the M2RVE is represented by a unit cube with multiple randomly distributed fibers of same diameter at specified angle ensuring specified volume fiber fraction. Periodic boundary conditions are applied to the all six M2RVE surfaces to model the directional periodicity. All the simulations are performed by using FE analysis code ABAQUS®. A maximum principal stress criterion is used for modeling fiber failure. Mohr-coulomb failure criterion is used for matrix failure and standard traction-separation law is used for fiber-matrix debonding and for modeling delamination between plies. Numerical results from the FE analysis are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data obtained. Note that this technique is valid for periodic structures. The periodic boundary condition is not a suitable assumption, especially in the regions of high gradients like free edges, interfaces, material discontinuities. The periodicity of simple unit cells is also unrealistic for non-uniform microstructures, due the presence of randomness, clustering or evolving micro-structural behavior. Consequently, this approach has limited utility in identifying local damage in real structural members. To address the limitations of the M2RVE, a micromacro multiscale scale multilevel model is proposed. The multilevel model is comprised of two levels, namely, microscale, and macroscale. The micro-macro model is an effective and computationally efficient technique for modeling the deformation and local damage in real composite structures. Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India and Monash University, Australia.
Characterization of breast tissues in density and effective atomic number basis via spectral X-ray computed tomography
Creators: name: Vrbaski, Stevan
name: Peña, Lucia Mariel Arana
name: Brombal, Luca
name: Donato, Sandro
name: Taibi, Angelo
name: Contillo, Adriano
name: Longo, Renata
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medical Physics (physics.med-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Differentiation of breast tissues is challenging in X-ray imaging because tissues might share similar or even the same linear attenuation coefficients $μ$. Spectral computed tomography (CT) allows for more quantitative characterization in terms of tissue density and effective atomic number by exploiting the energy dependence of $μ$. In this work, 5 mastectomy samples and a phantom with inserts mimicking breast soft tissues were evaluated in a retrospective study. The samples were imaged at three monochromatic energy levels in the range of 24 - 38 keV at 5 mGy per scan using a propagation-based phase-contrast setup at SYRMEP beamline at the Italian national synchrotron Elettra. A custom-made algorithm incorporating CT reconstructions of an arbitrary number of spectral energy channels was developed to extract the density and effective atomic number of adipose, fibro-glandular, pure glandular, tumor, and skin from regions selected by a radiologist. Preliminary results suggest that, via spectral CT, it is possible to enhance tissue differentiation. It was found that adipose, fibro-glandular and tumorous tissues have average effective atomic numbers (5.94 $\pm$ 0.09, 7.03 $\pm$ 0.012, and 7.40 $\pm$ 0.10) and densities (0.90 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.96 $\pm$ 0.02, and 1.07 $\pm$ 0.03 g/cm$^{3}$) and can be better distinguished if both quantitative values are observed together.
description: 26 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Physics in Medicine and Biology