cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: A New Method for Measuring Macroparticulate Systems Applied to Measuring Syneresis of Renneted Milk Gels
Creators: name: Maynes, Jonathan R.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1992

description: Syneresis is an integral part of cheese manufacture. The rate and extent of syneresis affect the properties of cheese. There are many factors that affect syneresis, but measured results vary because of inaccuracies in measuring techniques. To better control syneresis, an accurate mathematical description must be developed. Current mathematical models describing syneresis are limited because of inherent error in measuring techniques used to develop them. Developing an accurate model requires an accurate way to measure syneresis.
The curd becomes a particle in a whey suspension when the coagulum is cut. The most effective technique to measure particle size, without interference, is with light. Approximations to rigorous Maxwellian theory render useable results for a variety of particle sizes. Assumptions of Fraunhofer diffraction theory relate absorption to the cross sectional area of a particle that is much larger than the wavelength of light being used. By applying diffraction theory to the curd-whey system, this researcher designed a new apparatus to permit measurement of large particle systems. The apparatus was tested, and calibrated, with polyacrylic beads. Then the syneresis of curd was measured with this appaatus.
The apparatus was designed to measure particles in suspension. Until some syneresis takes place, curd does not satisfy this condition. Theoretical assumptions require a monolayer of scattering centers. The sample container must be thin enough to preclude stacking of the particles. This presents a unique problem with curd. If the coagulum is cut in the sample cell, it adheres to the front and back surfaces and does not synerese. The curd must be coagulated and cut externally and transferred to the sample cell with a large amount of whey. This measurement technique has other limitations that may be overcome with commercially available accessories.
Novel Electron Spectroscopy of Tenuously and Weakly Bound Negative Ions
Creators: name: Msezane, A. Z.
name: Felfli, Z.
name: Sokolovski, D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A novel method is proposed that uses very slow electron elastic collisions with atoms to identify their presence through the observation of tenuously bound (electron impact energy, E<0.1 eV) and weakly bound (E<1 eV) negative ions, formed as Regge resonances during the collisions.
description: 4pages, 3figures
Late Proterozoic Patsy Springs Canyon, Adelaide Geosyncline: Submarine or Subaerial Origin?
Creators: name: Von Der Borch, C. C.
name: Grady, A. E.
name: Eickhoff, K. H.
name: DiBona, P.
name: Christie-Blick, Nicholas
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1989
Subjects: subject: Geochemistry
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Submarine geology
subject: Geology, Stratigraphic

description: A significant aspect of Late Proterozoic sedimentation in the Adelaide Geosyncline, South Australia, is the presence of kilometre-deep erosional incisions which have been termed canyons. These structures were formerly described to be of submarine origin, cut and filled in an inferred basin-slope setting by subaqueous processes. Subsequent detailed research, particularly on a specific incision known as Patsy Springs Canyon, indicates that sedimentary structures within some of the canyon-filling sediments are indicative of deposition above fair weather wave base. In addition, an unusual carbonate unit, which is observed to veneer upper portions of canyon shoulders and to contribute to carbonate breccias interbedded with canyon-fill, has a stable isotope signature which may imply a non-marine origin. The presence of the carbonate veneer, where it is in situ, suggests that at least upper portions of the canyons could have been emergent during the canyon-filling phase. Considering these observations, and combining them with regional stratigraphical relationships, an alternative model for canyon genesis is proposed involving subaerial erosion and subsequent filling by coastal onlap. Such a model requires base-level changes of the order of 1 km, in order to account for observed canyon cutting and filling. Vertical movements associated with halokinesis, or thermally-induced uplift of the order of 1 km, could have resulted in the observed erosional events. Alternatively, a Messinian-style evaporitic lowering of base-level is currently receiving serious attention. With present knowledge this mechanism most satisfactorily explains all observations.
title: Effects of Heat Treatment of Ultrafiltered Milk on its Rennet Coagulation Time and on Whey Protein Denaturation
Creators: name: Yousif, Bashir H
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1991

description: The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of heating (including heating to ultra-high temperatures) homogenized ultrafiltered whole and skim milks on whey protein denaturation and milk's subsequent rennet coagulation properties: coagulation time, curd firmness, and microstructure.
Whole and skim milk samples were ultrafiltered using a spiral wound ultrafiltration membrane system. Samples were preheated to 72°C for 58 s, held for 8 s then heated to 72, 89, 106, 123, or 140°C for more than 97 sand held for 4 s. The milk was then cooled to 60°C and homogenized, further cooled to 30°C, packaged into 120 ml sterile containers, and refrigerated overnight. Rennet coagulation time and curd firmness were monitored using a Formagraph . Milk and gel samples were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution and examined by electron microscopy. Whey protein denaturation was determined by precipitating casein at pH 4.6 with .lN HCl and measuring protein content in the filtrate by the Kjeldahl procedure.
Rennet coagulation time of milk increased as processing temperature was increased. Gel strength decreased with an increase in processing temperature. Ultrafiltration shortened rennet coagulation time and increased gel firmness. Ultra-high- temperature- heated whole and skim milks did not coagulate upon addition of rennet, but their concentrated counterparts did. Rennet coagulation of the concentrated milks was delayed by heating. Samples treated with ultra-high-temperature formed only a weak gel. The casein micelles in milk increased in size as a function of increasing processing temperature and concentration by ultrafiltration. Additional protein material adhered to the casein micelles after high-temperature processing and was especially noticeable in the samples treated with ultra-high-temperature. Whey protein denaturation increased as a function of increased heating temperature. The heated concentrated milks had higher levels of protein denaturation than the heated unconcentrated ones.
The ozone hole indirect effect: Cloud-radiative anomalies accompanying the poleward shift of the eddy-driven jet in the Southern Hemisphere
Creators: name: Grise, Kevin M.
name: Polvani, Lorenzo M.
name: Tselioudis, George
name: Wu, Yutian
name: Zelinka, Mark D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Atmosphere
subject: Geophysics
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences

description: This study quantifies the response of the clouds and the radiative budget of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) to the poleward shift in the tropospheric circulation induced by the development of the Antarctic ozone hole. Single forcing climate model integrations, in which only stratospheric ozone depletion is specified, indicate that (1) high-level and midlevel clouds closely follow the poleward shift in the SH midlatitude jet and that (2) low-level clouds decrease across most of the Southern Ocean. Similar cloud anomalies are found in satellite observations during periods when the jet is anomalously poleward. The hemispheric annual mean radiation response to the cloud anomalies is calculated to be approximately +0.25 W m−2, arising largely from the reduction of the total cloud fraction at SH midlatitudes during austral summer. While these dynamically induced cloud and radiation anomalies are considerable and are supported by observational evidence, quantitative uncertainties remain from model biases in mean-state cloud-radiative processes.
Observations on the control of biosynthesis of valine and isoleucine in Escherichia coli
Creators: name: Stapleton, Joyce Alice
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: Previous work in many laboratories has established that the addition of L-valine to a culture of Escherichia coli K-12 growing exponentially on minimal medium causes inhibition resulting in persistent linear growth. The inhibition can be removed by addition of isoleucine. Growth of other strains of E. coli e.g. E. coli B and two mutants of K-12 (E. coli AB1020 and AB1005) was not affected by addition of valine. E. coli LL5, another mutant of K-12, showed no inhibition of growth by valine added in concentrations up to 1 x 10ˉ⁴M. However, the addition of 1 x 10ˉ³M valine caused a decrease in the logarithmic growth rate, and 1 x 10ˉ²M valine caused persistent linear growth. The inhibition of growth by valine in LL5 was antagonized by L-isoleucine (as is the case with wild-type E. coli K-12), but not by α-ketobutyrate, threonine or pyruvate. Kinetic studies showed that the maximal inhibition of acetohydroxy acid synthetase (AHAS) by 1.5 x 10ˉ³ M valine was 84% for E. coli K-12, 55% for E. coli B, 75% for E. coli AB1005, 77% for E. coli AB1020 and only 20% for E. coli LL5. It is proposed that the persistence of linear growth of K-12 in valine-containing medium is the result of incomplete (84%) feed-back inhibition of AHAS. Analysis of the data for valine inhibition of AHAS was carried out by the method of Levitsky and Koshland (1969) using Hill Plots. E. coli strains K-12, AB1005 and AB10 20 showed "positive cooperativity" between inhibitor (valine) binding sites at low valine concentrations, and "negative cooperativity" between inhibitor binding sites at high valine concentrations. The AHAS of E. coli strains E and LL5, however, showed only negative cooperativity between binding sites for inhibitor, which could be the mechanism for incomplete inhibition of AHAS by valine. Preliminary kinetic analyses using Michaelis-Menten plots were carried out with strains K-12 and LL5. The levels of threonine deaminase (TD) and AHAS were also examined in four of the E. coli strains, K-12, B, AB1020 and LL5. AHAS was repressed and TD derepressed in E. coli K-12 grown (linearly) with 10ˉ³M valine. In E. coli strains B and AB1020, growth with 10ˉ³M valine had no effect on the levels of AHAS or (derepressed) TD. In E. coli strain LL5, growth with 10ˉ³M valine did not change the AHAS level but caused significant derepression of TD. Sensitivity of growth to valine has been correlated with three properties of the organism: 1) Feed-back sensitivity of acetohydroxy acid synthetase, to L-valine; 2) The level of acetohydroxy acid synthetase in the cell; 3) The level of biosynthetic threonine deaminase - the regulatory enzyme for isoleucine biosynthesis.
title: An Automated Reflectance Color Meter Instrument for Microbiological and Enzymic Assays
Creators: name: Yuan, Tsz-Ching
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1991

description: The development of an automated instrument employing reflectance colorimetry was described. Several models were designed, assembled, and programmed to perform microbial and enzymic tests automatically. Samples were prepared manually or automatically by a Zymate™ II robot. These samples were incubated during the tests to maintain an optimum temperature for reactions and microbial growth. During incubation, color changes of appropriate indicator dyes in the sample/reagent mixtures were measured intermittently, recorded, and compared to previously defined end points. The computer-controlled instrument received data that related time of color changes with the initial numbers of microorganisms or the enzyme activity of the samples. Traditional pH and oxidation/reduction dyes were used. Suitable dyes and media were selected for fast estimation in the different assays studied . Applications of the instrument to evaluate raw milk for the total viable microbial count, abnormality, broad spectrum antibiotics, and coliforms were emphasized. The automated colorimeter system successfully quantitated total and coliform microflora in raw milk. Correlations between reflectance colorimetry and the spiral plate count method were .932 (using .12% TIC as indicator), .922 (using BCP as indicator), and .681 (using .04% TTC as indicator). A coefficient of correlation of .874 was obtained when reflectance colorimetry was compared with coliform numbers on violet red bile agar. The reflectance colorimetry system provided better precision than current reference methods. Preliminary incubation or larger sample volumes were required to estimate low numbers of microflora . Antibiotic residue detection was also evaluated using Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris UC 310+ with the automated colorimeter system. The following concentrations (ppb) could be detected: penicillin G:::;; 5, ampicillin ≤ 5, tetracycline ≤ 250 , sulfamethazine ≤ 30, streptomycin ≤ 1000, kanamycin ≤ 500, and chloramphenicol ≤ 500. Abnormal milk could be screened out by measuring the NAGase activity and chloride ion content in milk samples. Both methods had been integrated into the automated colorimeter system. The coefficient of correlation between somatic cell count and the NAGase activity as measured with the colorimeter was .802; a correlation of .792 could be obtained when chloride ion content was measured.
Spectral/timing evolution of black-hole binaries
Creators: name: Belloni, Tomaso M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: I briefly outline the state-paradigm that has emerged from the study of black-hole binaries with RossiXTE. This is the starting point of a number of studies that address the connection between accretion and jet ejection and the physical nature of the hard spectral components in these systems.
description: 4 pages, 2 figures.To appear in Proceedings of "X-ray Astronomy 2009: Present Status, Multi-Wavelength Approach and Future Perspectives", Bologna, Italy, September 7-11, 2009, AIP, eds. A. Comastri, M. Cappi, and L. Angelini
Delayed deglaciation or extreme Arctic conditions 21-16 cal. kyr at southeastern Laurentide Ice Sheet margin?
Creators: name: Peteet, Dorothy M.
name: Beh, M.
name: Orr, C.
name: Kurdyla, Dorothy K.
name: Nichols, Jonathan E.
name: Guilderson, Thompson P.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2012
Subjects: Paleoclimatology

description: The conventionally accepted ages of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) retreat of the southeastern Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) are 26–21 cal. kyr (derived from bulk-sediment radiocarbon ages) and 28–23 cal. kyr (varve estimates). Utilizing accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating of earliest macrofossils in 13 lake/bog inorganic clays, we find that vegetation first appeared on the landscape at 16–15 cal. kyr, suggesting ice had not retreated until that time. The gap between previous age estimates and ours is significant and has large implications for our understanding of ocean-atmosphere linkages. Older ages imply extreme Arctic conditions for 9–5 cal kyr; a landscape with no ice, yet no deposition in lakes. Our new AMS chronology of LIS retreat is consistent with marine evidence of deglaciation from the N. Atlantic, showing significant freshwater input and sea level rise only after 19 cal kyr with a cold meltwater lid, perhaps delaying ice melt.
ABDURAUF FITRATNING "OILA" ASARIDA OILADAGI TARBIYANING AHAMIYATI
Creators: name: Ismoilova, Marhabo
name: Ergashev, Dilshodbek
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025

description: Olimlar oilada tarbiyaning muhimligini turli nuqtai nazarlardan ta’kidlab, uning shaxsiy rivojlanishi va jamiyatdagi o‘rni haqida bir qancha fikrlar bildirganlar. Oilada tarbiya, avvalo, insonning axloqiy, ruhiy va ma’naviy shakllanishida hal qiluvchi rol o‘ynaydi. Ushbu maqolada Oilada tarbiyaning o‘rni xususida fikrlar yurutilgan.
Dipole oscillations of confined lattice bosons in one dimension
Creators: name: Montangero, Simone
name: Fazio, Rosario
name: Zoller, Peter
name: Pupillo, Guido
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the dynamics of a non-integrable system comprising interacting cold bosons trapped in an optical lattice in one-dimension by means of exact time-dependent numerical DMRG techniques. Particles are confined by a parabolic potential, and dipole oscillations are induced by displacing the trap center of a few lattice sites. Depending on the system parameters this motion can vary from undamped to overdamped. We study the dipole oscillations as a function of the lattice displacement, the particle density and the strength of interparticle interactions. These results explain the recent experiment C.D. Fertig et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 120403 (2005).
description: 4 pages, 3 figures
title: Changes Over Time in Sensory Thresholds of Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus and the Relationship to Food Preference
Creators: name: Spencer, Marnie Ricks
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1992

description: The effect of time on taste threshold was examined in 30 diabetics and 30 control subjects (ages 22-30) who had participated in a sensory study 14 years previously. Detection and recognition taste thresholds for sweet (sucrose), salty (sodium chloride), sour (citric acid), and bitter (quinine sulfate) were assessed using triangle testing. Food preferences related to concentration of the stimuli in model food systems were tested using a nine-point hedonic scale. Mashed potatoes were used as the carrier for different levels of salt. A beverage composed of water, sucrose, and citric acid was varied to measure preferences for sweet and sour tastes. Demographic, health status, and selected dietary and food consumption information were also obtained.
In the initial study, the diabetic group had higher detection and recognition thresholds for sweet, salty, and bitter stimuli than the control group. Although the control group still had lower thresholds for most of the stimuli (except for recognition of sour and salty), the majority of the diabetics either remained at their same taste sensitivity or improved their ability to perceive the stimuli over the 14-year period. With the exception of recognition of bitter by diabetics, both groups improved in their ability to identify taste sensations with age. Overall, the diabetic group became better at detecting sweet, sour, and salty taste stimuli between 1977 and 1991. They also became more sensitive to recognizing sweet and salty taste stimuli.
For each set of food samples, a significant relationship existed between rating and sample. Samples with moderate levels of sodium chloride, citric acid, or sucrose were the most preferred . There was not a significant difference between the diabetic and control groups in their rating of the samples. Diabetic and control groups did not rate the samples significantly different. Additionally, threshold was not related significantly with rating of mashed potato samples or beverage-sour solutions. However, sucrose recognition thresholds and preference for sucrose concentration in beverage-sweet solutions were significantly related. Subjects with higher threshold values tended to rate the samples with higher concentrations of sucrose higher.
There were no noteworthy correlations between the reported levels of salt consumption and salt thresholds, between sugar consumption and sucrose thresholds, nor between liking sour foods and citric acid thresholds.
The Structural Modelling of Operational Risk via Bayesian inference: Combining Loss Data with Expert Opinions
Creators: name: Shevchenko, P. V.
name: Wüthrich, M. V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Risk Management (q-fin.RM)
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: To meet the Basel II regulatory requirements for the Advanced Measurement Approaches, the bank's internal model must include the use of internal data, relevant external data, scenario analysis and factors reflecting the business environment and internal control systems. Quantification of operational risk cannot be based only on historical data but should involve scenario analysis. Historical internal operational risk loss data have limited ability to predict future behaviour moreover, banks do not have enough internal data to estimate low frequency high impact events adequately. Historical external data are difficult to use due to different volumes and other factors. In addition, internal and external data have a survival bias, since typically one does not have data of all collapsed companies. The idea of scenario analysis is to estimate frequency and severity of risk events via expert opinions taking into account bank environment factors with reference to events that have occurred (or may have occurred) in other banks. Scenario analysis is forward looking and can reflect changes in the banking environment. It is important to not only quantify the operational risk capital but also provide incentives to business units to improve their risk management policies, which can be accomplished through scenario analysis. By itself, scenario analysis is very subjective but combined with loss data it is a powerful tool to estimate operational risk losses. Bayesian inference is a statistical technique well suited for combining expert opinions and historical data. In this paper, we present examples of the Bayesian inference methods for operational risk quantification.
Light dependence of phosphorus uptake by microorganisms in the subtropical North and South Pacific Ocean
Creators: name: Björkman, Karin M.
name: Duhamel, Solange
name: Karl, David M.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Marine biology
subject: Marine ecology
subject: Chemical oceanography

description: Light and dark phosphate (PO₄³⁻) uptake rates were investigated in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) and along a coastal to open ocean transect in the South Pacific Ocean. PO₄³⁻ uptake rates were consistently higher when incubated in the light, but the ratio of uptake in the light and dark (L:D) decreased with depth. In the NPSG, the L:D ratio of euphotic-layer integrated PO₄³⁻ uptake was 1.58 ± 0.08 (±SE, n = 15 profiles), and the average L:D ratio was 1.60 ± 0.45 (±SE, n = 42) between 5 and 45 m and 1.25 ± 0.70 (±SE, n = 28) between 150 and 175 m. The L:D ratio was higher for the pigmented plankton-enriched size fractions (0.6 to 2 µm and >2 µm), but results were difficult to interpret at the oligotrophic stations where non-pigmented and pigmented plankton cell sizes overlapped. Group-specific measurements obtained using flow cytometric cell sorting demonstrated that Prochlorococcus PO₄³⁻ uptake rates were higher when the samples were incubated under ambient light. Adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) uptake by Prochlorococcus was also higher in the light for the uptake of both the terminal PO₄³⁻ group ([γ‑³³P]ATP) and adenine moiety ([2,8-³H]ATP). This could be the result of secondary uptake of PO₄³⁻ and/or adenine after ATP cleavage by non-pigmented picoplankton. There was no significant difference in P-assimilation by non-pigmented picoplankton between light and dark incubated samples. Light dependence of phytoplankton PO₄³⁻ uptake could thus influence the functioning of the microbial loop and the flows of matter and energy in marine environments by creating temporal patterns of resource utilization.
title: The Role of Lactose in the Age Gelation of Ultra-High-Temperature Processed Concentrated Skim Milk
Creators: name: Narayanaswamy, Venkatachalam
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1992

description: The purpose of this research was to relate lactose reactivity and age gelation of UHT processed concentrated milk. Skim milk was pasteurized, diafiltered batchwise to reduce lactose concentration to less than 0.05%, and UF concentrated to 3X (one-third volume reduction). Lactose and sucrose were then each added at 3% or 6% w/v to part of the concentrate. The five samples, control ( < 0.05% lactose), 3% w/v lactose, 6% w/v lactose, 3% w/v sucrose, and 6% w/v sucrose, were UHT processed at 140°C for 4 s using the indirect heating method. Samples were collected aseptically in presterilized plastic containers and stored at 4°C, 20°C, and 35°C for periodic analysis.
All samples stored at 4°C and 20°C gelled after 21 weeks of storage. The viscosity changed slightly during the first 19 weeks of storage but increased suddenly (> 100 cPs) just before gelation. Samples stored at 35°C did not gel but showed sedimentation. Samples stored at 4°C or 20°C underwent little browning; but samples containing 3% and 6% lactose, stored at 35°C, browned considerably. The SOS-PAGE patterns of gelled samples showed new bands because of proteolysis whereas samples stored at 35°C showed bands due to proteolysis and protein crosslinking and a streaking pattern. Electron micrographs of gelled samples showed various casein particles connected together by hairy appendages protruding from the surface of casein particles, to form a continuous three-dimensional network. In non-gelled samples, the micelles were not joined into a continuous network and few hairy appendages protruded from their surfaces. Hairy appendages were not a result of Maillard reaction occurring during storage.
Maillard reaction neither provided protection against nor promoted age gelation. Proteolysis was not the only cause for gelation. Protein modifications prevented gelation in samples stored at 35°C. Age gelation was probably a two-step process involving dissociation of proteins from the casein micelles that reformed onto the micelle surface as hairy appendages. Aggregation of the protein particles occurred through these appendages rather than through the original micelle surface.
title: Biological Detoxification of Mercury Contaminated Soil
Creators: name: Zhang, Shiying
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1991

description: This study examined biological mercury removal from soil using mercury-resistant bacteria in soil microcosms. Mercuric chloride was used to artificially contaminate Kidman soil to mercury concentrations of 5 ppm and 10 ppm. Soil moisture content was maintained at three levels, 20%, 30% and 50%. Mercury resistant-bacteria were added to soil samples and the mercury removal rate was compared to control samples without added bacteria. Mercury removal rate was initially enhanced by the addition of bacteria. After 30 days, no difference was observed between samples and controls with initial mercury concentration of 5 ppm when soil moisture content was 20%. At an initial mercury concentration of 10 ppm, soil samples had less mercury remaining than controls after 30 days. Autoclaved soil had a decreased mercury removal rate compared to soil not autoclaved. Addition of nutrient (sucrose) did not increase the mercury removal rate. A slurry-type bioreactor was found to be more efficient than a non-stir type. After 30 days of continuous stirring, 85-90% of the added mercury (10 ppm) was removed, while under the same conditions except no stirring, only around 60% of the mercury was removed.
Overall, biological detoxification of mercury from contaminated soil can be achieved by using a slurry-type bioreactor with addition of mercury-resistant bacteria.
An Analysis of Energy Consumption on ACK plus Rate Packet in Rate Based Transport Protocol
Creators: name: Ganeshkumar, P.
name: Thyagarajah, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Networking and Internet Architecture (cs.NI)
subject: Performance (cs.PF)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Rate based transport protocol determines the rate of data transmission between the sender and receiver and then sends the data according to that rate. To notify the rate to the sender, the receiver sends ACKplusRate packet based on epoch timer expiry. In this paper, through detailed arguments and simulation it is shown that the transmission of ACKplusRate packet based on epoch timer expiry consumes more energy in network with low mobility. To overcome this problem, a new technique called Dynamic Rate Feedback (DRF) is proposed. DRF sends ACKplusRate whenever there is a change in rate of (plus or minus) 25 percent than the previous rate. Based on ns2 simulation DRF is compared with a reliable transport protocol for ad hoc network (ATP)
description: 7 pages IEEE format, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS 2009, ISSN 1947 5500, Impact Factor 0.423, http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
FUZULIY IJODIGA OID AYRIM MULOHAZALAR
Creators: name: Kaxramonova, Parizoda
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023

description: Ushbu maqolada Muhammad Fuzuliy hayoti haqida eng muhim bo‘lgan ma’lumotlar berilgan. Fuzuliyning ijodidagi muhim xususiyatlar haqida bir qancha mulohazalar keltirilgan.
title: Zeta-Potential of Casein Micelles as a Factor in Age Gelation of Ultra-High Temperature Processed Concentrated Skim Milk
Creators: name: Olson, Douglas W.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1992

description: The effect of ultra-high temperature processing by direct steam injection and room temperature storage of pH-adjusted and unadjusted 3X (volume reduction) skim milk retentate and the effect of storage at various temperatures of 3X skim milk retentate without pH adjustment on their ζ-potential, viscosity, and pH were determined. Pasteurized skim milk was concentrated to 3X by ultrafiltration. In the pH study portions of skim milk retentate were adjusted to pH 6.38 ± .02 with HCl and 6.85 ± .01 and 7.32 ± .02 with NaOH between ultrafiltration and ultra-high temperature processing. In the storage temperature study, storage temperatures used for pH-unadjusted retentate samples were 11°C, 23°C (room temperature), and 37°C.
Although pH 6.38 samples had the lowest viscosity in the pH study before ultra-high temperature processing, these samples precipitated during ultra-high temperature processing. For non-acidified samples, increasing pH of retentate resulted in higher viscosities and quicker age gelation times. Destabilization occurred more rapidly at 37°C than at 23°C or 11°C.
The pH drop tended to be greater for samples stored at a higher temperature or adjusted to a higher pH. During 28 weeks of 37°C storage the pH decreased from 6.54 to 6.06. During 32 weeks of 23°C storage pH of samples initially adjusted to pH 7.32 dropped to 7.06.
ζ-Potentials of casein micelles were calculated from electrophoretic mobility obtained by measuring Doppler frequency shifts of scattered laser light in samples that had been diluted 300 fold with their own ultra.filtrate. Absolute values of ζ-potential of samples stored at 37°C decreased from -23.4 millivolts immediately after ultra-high temperature processing to -18.5 millivolts after 28 weeks of storage. For samples stored at 11°C and 23°C in the storage temperature study and control samples in the pH study, absolute values of ζ-potential decreased approximately 1.5 to 2.0 millivolts during 28 or 32 weeks of storage.
Micron-scale intrashell oxygen isotope variation in cultured planktic foraminifers
Creators: name: Vetter, Lael
name: Kozdon, Reinhard
name: Eggins, Stephen M.
name: Mora, Claudia I.
name: Valley, John W.
name: Hoenisch, Baerbel
name: Spero, Howard J.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Developmental biology

description: In this study, we show that the rate of shell precipitation in the extant planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa is sufficiently rapid that 12 h calcification periods in 18O-labeled seawater can be resolved and accurately measured using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) for in situ δ18O analyses. Calcifying O. universa held at constant temperature (22 °C) were transferred every 12 h between ambient seawater (δ18Ow = −0.4‰ VSMOW) and seawater with enriched barium and δ18Ow = +18.6‰ VSMOW, to produce geochemically distinct layers of calcite, separated by calcite precipitated with an ambient geochemical signature. We quantify the position of the Ba-labeled calcite in the shell wall of O. universa via laser ablation ICP-MS depth profiling of trace element ratios, and then measure intrashell δ18Ocalcite in the same shells using SIMS with a 3 μm spot and an average precision of 0.6‰ (±2 SD). Measured δ18Ocalcite values in O. universa shell layers are within ±1.1‰ of predicted δ18Ocalcite values. Elemental and oxygen isotope data show that LA-ICP-MS and SIMS measurements can be cross-correlated within the spatial resolution of the two analytical techniques, and that δ18Ocalcite and elemental tracers appear to be precipitated synchronously with no measurable spatial offsets. These results demonstrate the capability of SIMS to resolve daily growth increments in foraminifer shells, and highlight its potential for paleoceanographic and biomineralization applications on microfossils.
Prolate horizons and the Penrose inequality
Creators: name: Tippett, Benjamin K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Penrose inequality has so far been proven in cases of spherical symmetry and in cases of zero extrinsic curvature. The next simplest case worth exploring would be non-spherical, non-rotating black holes with non-zero extrinsic curvature. Following Karkowski et al.'s construction of prolate black holes, we define initial data on an asymptotically flat spacelike 3-surface with nonzero extrinsic curvature that may be chosen freely. This gives us the freedom to define the location of the apparent horizon such that the Penrose inequality is violated. We show that the dominant energy condition is violated at the poles for all cases considered.
description: 6 pages, 5 figures
title: Physical and Functional Events Involved in Conjugal Transfer of Lactose Utilization in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis
Creators: name: Wang, Hua
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1992

description: The nature of the cell surface components involved in donor cell clumping (Clu+) and the relationship of Clu+ to high frequency conjugal transfer of lactose utilization (Lac) in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ML3 was examined. Lactose positive (Lac+), Clu+ transconjugants, containing a novel 104 kilobase Lac plasmid, were obtained by mating ML3 with LM2301. When used as Lac+ donors in second round matings, these transconjugants transferred Lac at high frequencies ranging from 10-2 to 10-4 transconjugants per donor CFU. Treatment of donor cells with EDTA and EGTA containing solutions or proteolytic enzymes (proteinase K and chymotrypsin A) resulted in a loss of Clu+. By using a direct plate conjugation technique, these treatments also decreased the capacity for transferring Lac at high frequency. Analysis of cell-surface proteins by SOS-PAGE identified a novel protein of approximately 125 kDa which was present in Clu+ transconjugants, but not in non-clumping transconjugants. These results suggest that Clu+ is required for high frequency Lac transfer in ML3 transconjugants, and at least one large protein is involved in Clu+. De novo synthesis requirements of donor cells for conjugal transfer of Lac were tested on direct plate conjugation technique. Results indicate that de novo protein synthesis and RNA synthesis are not required for conjugal transfer of Lac.
Samples and statistics of CSS and GPS sources
Creators: name: Giroletti, M.
name: Polatidis, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Several samples have been proposed in the last years in order to study the properties of intrinsically small sources. In this paper, we review the properties of the main samples that are currently available, both selected on the basis of spectral index and of morphology. As a result of the work in this area, large numbers of intrinsically small sources have been found. We summarize the present status of hot spot advance measurements, listing 18 sources with available VLBI data. The mean hot spot separation velocity is v_{sep} = (0.19 +/- 0.11)h^{-1}c and the kinematic ages span the range from 20 to 3000 years. Finally, we present a brief outlook on the use of future instrumentation in order to improve our understanding of radio source evolution. Prospects for VSOP2, e-VLA, e-MERLIN, LOFAR, ALMA, and Fermi are suggested.
description: 6 pages, invited talk at "The Fourth Workshop on Compact Steep Spectrum and GHz-Peaked Spectrum Radio Sources"
Seismological Constraints on Proposed Low-Yield Nuclear Testing in Particular Regions and Time Periods in the Past,
Creators: name: Schaff, David P.
name: Kim, Won-Young
name: Richards, Paul G.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2012
Subjects: Seismology
Seismology--Data processing
Nuclear explosions

description: We have attempted to detect seismic signals from small explosions in North Korea on five specific days in 2010 that feature in scenarios proposed by De Geer. We searched the seismic data recorded by station MDJ in northeastern China, applying three-component cross-correlation methods using signals from known explosions as templates. We assess the capability of this method of detection, and of simpler methods, all of which failed to find seismic signals that would be expected if De Geer's scenarios were valid. We conclude that no well-coupled underground explosion above about a ton occurred near the North Korea test site on these five days and that any explosion would have to be very small (local magnitude less than about 2) to escape detection.
title: Genetics and applications of nisin production in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and conjugal exchange of this trait
Creators: name: Broadbent, Jeffery R
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1992

description: Chapter I reviews current literature on gene transfer systems in lactic acid bacteria, how genetically altered microorganisms for food are presently regulated, and how nisin is used as a food preservative.
Chapter II investigates previous reports which linked genes for nisin biosynthesis and sucrose utilization (Nip+Suc+) to plasmid DNA in two well characterized L· lactis subsp. lactis strains. Plasmid curing studies, conjugations, and DNA-DNA hybridizations indicated that these genes were encoded by chromosomal loci in all Nip+Suc+ strains examined. Similar results were noted in nisin-sucrose transconjugants of L. lactis subsp. cremoris and S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus in Chapters III and IV.
Chapter III describes the use of conjugation to construct nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris strains. The direct-plate conjugation method was developed to facilitate transfer of Nip+Suc+ to L. lactis subsp. cremoris recipients. DNA-DNA hybridizations to transconjugant DNAs with an oligonucleotide that detected the nisin structural gene, nisA, demonstrated that this gene was transferred during conjugation. Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris Nip+Suc+ transconjugants retained the recipient strain phenotype with respect to bacteriophage resistance and acid production in milk. These results indicated that it would be feasible to construct nisin-producing L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains for mixed and multiple starter systems.
Chapter IV investigates features of Nip+Suc+ transfer using a Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis model system. Intergeneric transfer of nisin-sucrose genes was also achieved between lactococcal Nip+Suc+ donors and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus recipients. Streptococcal transconjugants acquired Suc+ and nisin immunity but did not produce nisin. DNA-DNA hybridizations, however, demonstrated that nisA was present in these transconjugants. To investigate whether nisA was involved in nisin immunity, this gene was cloned and electro-transformed into Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis LM0230. Electro-transformants did not express nisin immunity or any other trait linked to nisin production in lactococci.
Results presented in Chapter V indicate that nisin may have application for control or prevention of bovine mastitis. Gram-positive pathogens which cause bovine mastitis were examined for their susceptibility to nisin. Disc diffusion assays indicated that minimum inhibitory concentrations of nisin ranged from 10 to 250 ug per ml. In addition, 50 ug of nisin per ml in milk inhibited all gram-positive pathogens tested.
Strengthening of the Northeast Monsoon over the Flores Sea, Indonesia, at the time of Heinrich event 1
Creators: name: McManus, Jerry F.
name: Muller, Joanne
name: Oppo, Delia W.
name: Francois, Roger
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2012
Subjects: Paleoclimatology

description: Paleoclimate evidence from South America and Asia has been interpreted to indicate that tropical rainfall migrated southward during the Northern Hemisphere cooling associated with Heinrich stadial 1 (HS1), an event of massive iceberg discharge to the North Atlantic ca. 18–15 ka. Although arid conditions associated with such a shift are well documented in southern Asia, as far south as Borneo, debate still exists regarding the precipitation response in southern Indonesia and Australia during HS1. This study utilizes concentrations of the long-lived nuclide 232Th as a proxy for detrital riverine input and 230Th normalization to estimate the history of preserved fluxes reaching the seafloor in the Flores Sea, located between southern Sulawesi and the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Because the only source of 232Th to the ocean is continental minerals, this proxy is a robust indicator of continental weathering. The 230Th normalized burial fluxes of lithogenic and biogenic matter demonstrate that both detrital and biogenic fluxes in the Flores Sea were higher during HS1 than any other period in the past 22 k.y. High detrital fluxes indicate enhanced precipitation runoff from surrounding landmasses during a period of maximum southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. This study further constrains the northern limit of enhanced rainfall associated with a southward shift of Australian monsoon-related rainfall at the time of HS1 and highlights the value of 232Th as a proxy of continental input to deep-sea sediment records.
A New Fuzzy Approach for Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithm
Creators: name: Karimi, Abbas
name: Zarafshan, Faraneh
name: Jantan, Adznan. b.
name: Ramli, A. R
name: Saripan, M. Iqbal b.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Load balancing is the process of improving the Performance of a parallel and distributed system through is distribution of load among the processors [1-2]. Most of the previous work in load balancing and distributed decision making in general, do not effectively take into account the uncertainty and inconsistency in state information but in fuzzy logic, we have advantage of using crisps inputs. In this paper, we present a new approach for implementing dynamic load balancing algorithm with fuzzy logic, which can face to uncertainty and inconsistency of previous algorithms, further more our algorithm shows better response time than round robin and randomize algorithm respectively 30.84 percent and 45.45 percent.
description: 5 pages IEEE format, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS 2009, ISSN 1947 5500, Impact Factor 0.423, http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
The 1960s Drought and the Subsequent Shift to a Wetter Climate in the Catskill Mountains Region of the New York City Watershed
Creators: name: Seager, Richard
name: Kushnir, Yochanan
name: Pederson, Neil
name: Nakamura, Jennifer A.
name: Jurburg, Stephanie Denisse
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2012
Subjects: Meteorology

description: The precipitation history over the last century in the Catskill Mountains region that supplies water to New York City is studied. A severe drought occurred in the early to mid-1960s followed by a wet period that continues. Interannual variability of precipitation in the region is related to patterns of atmospheric circulation variability in the midlatitude east Pacific–North America–west Atlantic sector with no link to the tropics. Associated SST variations in the Atlantic are consistent with being forced by the anomalous atmospheric flow rather than being causal. In winter and spring the 1960s drought was associated with a low pressure anomaly over the midlatitude North Atlantic Ocean and northerly subsiding flow over the greater Catskills region that would likely suppress precipitation. The cold SSTs offshore during the drought are consistent with atmospheric forcing of the ocean. The subsequent wet period was associated with high pressure anomalies over the Atlantic Ocean and ascending southerly flow over eastern North America favoring increased precipitation and a strengthening of the Northern Hemisphere storm track. Neither the drought nor the subsequent pluvial are simulated in sea surface temperature–forced atmosphere GCMs. The long-term wetting is also not simulated as a response to changes in radiative forcing by coupled models. It is concluded that past precipitation variability in the region, including the drought and pluvial, were most likely caused by internal atmospheric variability. Such events are unpredictable and a drought like the 1960s one could return while the long-term wetting trend need not continue—conclusions that have implications for management of New York City’s water resources.