cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Self-Consistent Solution of Cosmological Radiation-Hydrodynamics and Chemical Ionization
Creators: name: Reynolds, Daniel R.
name: Hayes, John C.
name: Paschos, Pascal
name: Norman, Michael L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider a PDE system comprising compressible hydrodynamics, flux-limited diffusion radiation transport and chemical ionization kinetics in a cosmologically-expanding universe. Under an operator-split framework, the cosmological hydrodynamics equations are solved through the Piecewise Parabolic Method, as implemented in the Enzo community hydrodynamics code. The remainder of the model, including radiation transport, chemical ionization kinetics, and gas energy feedback, form a stiff coupled PDE system, which we solve using a fully-implicit inexact Newton approach, and which forms the crux of this paper. The inner linear Newton systems are solved using a Schur complement formulation, and employ a multigrid-preconditioned conjugate gradient solver for the inner Schur systems. We describe this approach and provide results on a suite of test problems, demonstrating its accuracy, robustness, and scalability to very large problems.
description: 36 pages, 13 figures, submitted to Journal of Computational Physics; added NSF grant acknowledgement; final accepted version including revisions
Additional file 1 of A survey of resident physicians’ perceptions of competency-based education in standardized resident training in China: a preliminary study
Creators: name: Chen, Qi
name: Li, Ming
name: Wu, Na
name: Peng, Xue
name: Tang, GuangMin
name: Cheng, Heng
name: Hu, LiuLing
name: Yang, Bin
name: Liao, ZhongLi
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 1.
title: Fluoride Content in Home-Canned Fruits in Utah
Creators: name: McDonald, Sydney Ann
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1987

description: The purpose of this research was to determine whether or not canning fruit using fluoridated water made a difference in the fluoride contents of the juice and the pulp. Four cities in Utah were chosen. Two cities were fluoridated (Brigham City and Helper) and two cities were not fluoridated (North Ogden and Price). Three homes were chosen within each city, and three jars of canned fruit (one jar each of apricots, cherries, and peaches) were selected from each home. The fruit samples were freeze-dried, and then the fluoride was measured with a fluoride ion electrode. A difference was found in the fluoride level of the juice and the pulp when canning using fluoridated water. However, this difference was not statistically significant and did not greatly contribute to the overall dietary fluoride intake.
Pump-During-Probe Fluorometry of Phytoplankton: Group-Specific Photosynthetic Characteristics from Individual Cell Analysis
Creators: name: Chekalyuk, Alexander M.
name: Olson, Robert J.
name: Sosik, H. M.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1997
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Botany

description: Saturating-flash fluorescence techniques are used to monitor the state of the photosynthetic apparatus in phytoplankton under natural conditions. At present these are bulk water measurements, which produce estimates of average properties of all the fluorescent particles present in a sample. Here we describe an improved approach for single-cell measurements of phytoplankton. We have combined individual- cell 'pump-during-probe' measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence induction on the time scale of 30 to 100 microseconds with flow cytometric characterization of each cell, to obtain population-specific photosynthetic characteristics. The results provide information about the potential quantum yield of photochemistry, the fraction of functional reaction centers, and the functional absorption cross section for photosystem 2.
Omnivory can both enhance and dampen perturbations in food webs
Creators: name: Ispolatov, Iaroslav
name: Doebeli, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: We investigate how perturbations propagate up and down a food chain with and without self-interaction and omnivory. A source of perturbation is a shift in death rate of a trophic level, and the measure of perturbation is the difference between the perturbed and unperturbed steady state populations. For Lotka-Volterra food chains with linear functional response, we show analytically that both intraspecific competition and intraguild predation can either dampen or enhance the propagation of perturbations, thus stabilizing or destabilizing the food web. The direction of the effect depend on the position of the source of perturbation, as well as on the position of the additional competitive and predatory links . These conclusions are confirmed numerically for a food chain with more realistic Type-II functional response. Our results support the positions of both sides in the long-standing debate on the effect of intraspecific competition and omnivory on the stability of trophic systems.
description: 24 pages, 12 figures
Upper Precambrian (Eocambrian) Mineral Fork Tillite of Utah: A Continental Glacial and Glaciomarine Sequence: Discussion and Reply
Creators: name: Christie-Blick, Nicholas
name: Ojakangas, Richard W.
name: Matsch, Charles L.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1982
Subjects: subject: Geology
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Geomorphology
subject: Plate tectonics

description: Christie-Blick discussion abstract: The observations and interpretation of the Mineral Fork Tillite by Ojakangas and Matsch (1980) are most welcome. I concur with them and others that the formation is glaciogenic. However, I suggest that polish and striations on the underlying unconformity for the most part are not due to Proterozoic glacial activity, and I propose modifications to their over-all interpretation of the sequence in the Mineral Fork area. Ojakangas and Matsch reply abstract: We welcome Christie-Blick's comments, for they may serve to generate further interest in the excellent exposures of diamictite in the Big Cottonwood Canyon area of the Wasatch Range, exposures which may be among the best preserved late Proterozoic (Eocambrian) diamictites anywhere. Basically, he concurs with our major interpretation that the Mineral Fork Tillite is indeed of glacial origin, but his interpretation differs from ours in some important aspects.
title: Cottage Cheese from Ultrafiltered Skimmilk by Direct Acidification
Creators: name: Ocampo-Garcia, Jorge Ricardo
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1987

description: Pasteurized skimmilk at 4°C was acidified to pH 5.8 with 85.5% phosphoric acid (136g H3Po4;100 kg skimmilk), then warmed to 54°C and ultrafiltered to a protein concentration 9.1 ± 0.2%. The retentate was heated to 76.5°C for 16 s then cooled to 2°C. Phosphoric acid (85.5%) was added at a rate of 3.41g per kg retentate. The acidified retentate was slowly warmed to 29.5 °C (3°C/5 min) when the pH was checked. The pH at this point was no lower than 5.4. Heating was continued until a temperature of 32.2°C was reached. Glucono delta lactone was added to the retentate (17.6 g/kg retentate) and left undisturbed for approximately 80 min. The curd was cut at pH 4.7 with 0.64 cm curd knives and allowed 10 min for syneresis. Permeate obtained from the same lot of milk was acidified to pH 4.8 (66 g H3Po4;100 kg permeate), then added to the curd at 32.2°C (three parts permeate to four parts retentate) and used as a cooking vehicle. The curd was cooked to 59°C in 90 min. The curd was held at 59°C for 10 min, drained and washed once with ice water. Cream dressing containing 12.5% fat and 3% salt was used at the rate of two parts curd to one part dressing.
Control cottage cheese was produced by a direct acid method from the same skimmilk used to produce ultrafiltered curd.
Use of ultrafiltered skimmilk retentate for cottage cheese making resulted in 2.24% more curd (corrected to 20% solids) and 2.24% more curd per kg original milk protein than the control. However, satisfactory firmness in UF curd required slightly more than 20% solids in the final product. Sensory evaluations indicated that creamed cottage cheese was not significantly different (p < 0.05) from control cheese, but was better than commercial cottage cheese samples selected from the local market.
Waste stabilisation pond sewage treatment system : its appropriateness to a regional city of Thailand
Creators: name: Inmuong, Yanyong
Publisher: name: University Of Tasmania
Year: 2023

description: An investigation of Khon Kaen WSP revealed that the WSP was more appropriate to the Thai regional cities' situation in both sewage treatment objective and socio-economic context. The WSP was capable of treating raw sewage meeting Thailand's effluent standard in BOD, pH, total coliform and faecal coliform counts, except TSS. Sunlight, temperature, pH, phosphate, nitrate, retention time, pond geometry, pond location towards the wind direction and removal of algal mats appeared to be major factors influencing the biological pollutant degradation activities inside the ponds. Offensive odour, as a main public complaint about the plant, resulted from the abundance of floating algal mats. Some conventional WSP design equations were found to be less effective in effluent quality prediction compared with the actual pond performance. The result of the analysis of some of the contemporarily designed BOD loading equations applied to this plant showed that such equations were less appropriate to the Khon Kaen city environment. The actual BOD loading-removal linear equation investigated from this existing plant could be the best method for future WSP development in this region. The plant, with low costs of construction, operation and maintenance, was found to be cost-effective and suited to Khon Kaen city conditions. The plant required more operators and the present workers need additional training and experiences. Supplying the operators with equipment for removing algal mats appeared to reduce offensive odours and increased pond performance. Due to TSS level in the final discharge being over the country's standard, initiating any measure for decreasing TSS would be necessary for this plant.
Association of types of life events with depressive symptoms among Puerto Rican youth
Creators: name: (:Unkn) Unknown
Publisher: name: My University
Year: 2016
Subjects: Adolescent
Child
Depression
Female
Hispanic Americans
Humans
Life Change Events
Longitudinal Studies
Male
New York City
Parent-Child Relations
Puerto Rico
Social Environment
Social Support

description: Copyright © 2016 Jaschek et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The main objective of this study was to examine the association between four types of adverse life events (family environment, separation, social adversity, and death) and the development of depressive symptoms among Puerto Rican youth. This was a secondary analysis using three waves (2000±2004) of interview data from the Boricua Youth Study of 10±13 year old Puerto Rican youth residing in New York and Puerto Rico with no depressive symptoms at baseline (n = 977). Depressive symptoms increased with an increase in social adversity, separation, death, and death events. Youth support from parents was a significant protective factor for all adverse events and parent coping was a protective factor in social adversity events. Relying on standard diagnostic tools is ideal to identify youth meeting the criteria for a diagnosis of depression but not useful to detect youth who present with subclinical levels of depression. Youth with sub-clinical levels of depression will not get treated and are at increased risk of developing depression later in life. Adverse life events are potentially relevant to use in conjunction with other screening tools to identify Puerto Rican youth who have subclinical depression and are at risk of developing depression in later adolescence.
title: Iron Bioavailability of Meat:Bread Mixtures and Meat Loaves Fed to Anemic and Healthy Rats
Creators: name: Thannoun, Abdullah M.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1987

description: To study the effect of meat (beef) on dietary iron bioavailability from enriched white bread (EWB) or whole wheat bread (WWB), diets were prepared in which the ratios of beef iron to bread iron were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 or 0:100. Hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE), apparent iron absorption, and dry matter absorption were determined using weanling anemic and healthy male rats.
Meat iron was more available than EWB or WWB. Fortification iron in EWB was less available than the iron naturally present in WWB. At the iron dose given, HRE was similar for both anemic and healthy rats. Although healthy rats absorbed less dietary iron than the anemic ones, bread types did not affect percent iron absorbed. Iron status did not affect dry matter absorption from meat, bread or meat:bread mixtures. Meat did not enhance iron bioavailability from EWB or WWB diets.
To study the iron bioavailability of meat loaf prepared from meat and whole wheat flour (WWF) or whole wheat bread (WWB), diets were formulated with 30 ppm iron as cooked meat, WWF, WWB, meat loaf with 67% of the iron from meat and 33% from flour (or bread), or meat loaf with 33% of the iron as meat and 67% from flour (or bread). HRE, apparent iron absorption, dry matter absorption, total body iron gain (iron retention), iron59 retention and absorption and heme iron absorption were determined using anemic and healthy male rats.
HRE•s for healthy rats were similar for both meat:flour or meat:bread loaves. Anemic rats absorbed more iron than healthy rats. Baking increased slightly the percent iron absorbed by anemic rats. Iron status did not affect dry matter absorption from t he diets. The total iron bioavailability of the whole wheat flour or bread diets was not enhanced by dietary meat.
Anemic rats retained and absorbed more iron59 than healthy rats and this difference increased with the ratio of iron from flour or bread in the meat loaves. The absorption of iron 59 (nonheme iron) was influenced by source of iron in the diet (meat, flour, bread or FeS04) and also nutritional status (anemic or healthy rats). Healthy rats had almost one-half the specific activity in their bodies and hemoglobin iron as the anemic ones had. Baking the flour into bread did not affect the specific activity of liver, body or hemoglobin iron. It was concluded that meat did not enhance nonheme iron absorption in this study.
Heme iron absorption, determined by indirect means, was about 50% of the total heme iron in the diets for both anemic and healthy rats.
Mapping cropping intensity of smallholder farms: A comparison of methods using multiple sensors
Creators: name: Jain, Meha
name: Mondal, Pinki
name: DeFries, Ruth S.
name: Small, Christopher
name: Galford, Gillian L.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Agriculture
Remote sensing
South Asians

description: The food security of smallholder farmers is vulnerable to climate change and climate variability. Cropping intensity, the number of crops planted annually, can be used as a measure of food security for smallholder farmers given that it can greatly affect net production. Current techniques for quantifying cropping intensity may not accurately map smallholder farms where the size of one field is typically smaller than the spatial resolution of readily available satellite data. We evaluated four methods that use multi-scalar datasets and are commonly used in the literature to assess cropping intensity of smallholder farms: 1) the Landsat threshold method, which identifies if a Landsat pixel is cropped or uncropped during each growing season, 2) the MODIS peak method, which determines if there is a phenological peak in the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index time series during each growing season, 3) the MODIS temporal mixture analysis, which quantifies the sub-pixel heterogeneity of cropping intensity using phenological MODIS data, and 4) the MODIS hierarchical training method, which quantifies the sub-pixel heterogeneity of cropping intensity using hierarchical training techniques. Each method was assessed using four criteria: 1) data availability, 2) accuracy across different spatial scales (at aggregate scales 250 × 250 m, 1 × 1 km, 5 × 5 km, and 10 × 10 km), 3) ease of implementation, and 4) ability to use the method over large spatial and temporal scales. We applied our methods to two regions in India (Gujarat and southeastern Madhya Pradesh) that represented diversity in crop type, soils, climatology, irrigation access, cropping intensity, and field size. We found that the Landsat threshold method is the most accurate (R2 greater than or equal to 0.71 and RMSE less than or equal to 0.14), particularly at smaller scales of analysis. Yet given the limited availability of Landsat data, we find that the MODIS hierarchical training method meets multiple criteria for mapping cropping intensity over large spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, the adjusted R2 between predicted and validation data generally increased and the RMSE decreased with spatial aggregation greater than or equal to 5 × 5 km (R2 up to 0.97 and RMSE as low as 0.00). Our model accuracy varied based on the region and season of analysis and was lowest during the summer season in Gujarat when there was high sub-pixel heterogeneity due to sparsely cropped agricultural land-cover. While our results specifically apply to our study regions in India, they most likely also apply to smallholder agriculture in other locations across the globe where the same types of satellite data are readily available.
title: The Effect of Ultrafiltration on Protein Quality of Skimmilk and Cottage Cheese
Creators: name: Tung, Rita Y. Y.
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1987

description: Protein quality in freeze-dried skimmilk (SM), regular cottage cheese (RCC), retentate (Ret) and cottage cheese made from ultrafiltrated skimmilk (UFCC) were evaluated by chemical (amino acid score) and biological methods. Biological evaluation was at 5, 8 and 11% protein level in growing rats by measuring biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU) and nitrogen efficiency for growth (NEG) over a 14-day period. A 28-day protein efficiency ratio (PER) was determined on the same products at 10% protein level. Effects of added lactose on PER of retentate, regular and UFCC were also evaluated. The most limiting amino acids were cystine + methionine. Amino acid score for Animal Nutrition Research Council (ANRC) reference casein, SM, RCC, Ret and UFCC was 0.72, 0.91, 0.87, 0.91 and 0.98 respectively according to Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) pattern and 0.45, 0.56, 0.54, 0.57 and 0.61 respectively according to whole egg pattern. PER was 2.7, 3.0, 2.7, 3.1 and 2.8 for ANRC reference casein, SM, RCC, Ret and UFCC respectively. PER for retentate and skimmilk were significantly different from the cottage cheese. No significant difference in protein quality was obtained when the products were fed at 5, 8 and 11% levels. Average BV was 93, 91, 91, 95 and 94 for ANRC reference casein, SM, RCC, Ret and UFCC respectively. Average NPU was 87, 84, 83, 85 and 85 for ANRC reference casein, SM. RCC, Ret and UFCC respectively. Average NEG values were 66, 73, 70 77 and 73 for ANRC reference casein, SM, RCC, Ret and UFCC respectively. PER values were 2.7, 3.0, 2.7, 3.1 and 2.8 for ANRC reference casein, SM, RCC, Ret and UFCC respectively. Addition of lactose to a level equal to that in skimmilk reduced the PER value of RCC, Ret and UFCC by about 4%, 6% and 4% respectively. Though no significant difference in protein quality of the products were obtained, there was a tendency of ultrafiltration to increase protein quality.
Confined but chirally symmetric hadrons at large density and the Casher's argument
Creators: name: Glozman, L. Ya.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Casher's argument, which is believed to be quite general, states that in the confining regime chiral symmetry is necessarily broken. In the large-N_c limit and at moderate and low temperatures QCD is confining up to arbitrary large densities, and there should appear a quarkyonic matter. It has been demonstrated, within a manifestly confining and chirally symmetric model, which is a 3+1 dimensional generalization of the 't Hooft model, that, at zero temperature and at a density exceeding a critical one, the chiral symmetry is restored while quarks remain confined in color-singlet hadrons. This is in conflict with the Casher's argument. Here we explain the reason why the Casher's argument fails and clarify the physical mechanism lying behind such confined but chirally symmetric hadrons.
description: 4 pp., PRD, in print; some minor modifications in the text
Phylogeographic evidence for 2 genetically distinct zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi Parasites, Malaysia
Creators: name: (:Unkn) Unknown
Publisher: name: My University
Year: 2016
Subjects: Cytochrome oxidase 1
Malaysia
Malaysian Borneo
Peninsular Malaysia
Plasmodium knowlesi
Southeast Asia
biological evolution
genetic diversity
human
macaque
malaria
parasite
population genetics
ribosomal RNA
simian
zoonoses
Animals
Electron Transport Complex IV
Genetic Variation
Humans
Macaca
Malaria
Monkey Diseases
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
Zoonoses

description: © 2016, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). All rights reserved. Infections of humans with the zoonotic simian malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi occur throughout Southeast Asia, although most cases have occurred in Malaysia, where P. knowlesi is now the dominant malaria species. This apparently skewed distribution prompted an investigation of the phylogeography of this parasite in 2 geographically separated regions of Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. We investigated samples collected from humans and macaques in these regions. Haplotype network analyses of sequences from 2 P. knowlesi genes, type A small subunit ribosomal 18S RNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, showed 2 genetically distinct divergent clusters, 1 from each of the 2 regions of Malaysia. We propose that these parasites represent 2 distinct P. knowlesi types that independently became zoonotic. These types would have evolved after the sea-level rise at the end of the last ice age, which separated Malaysian Borneo from Peninsular Malaysia.
Operator algebras associated to integral domains
Creators: name: Duncan, Benton L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Operator Algebras (math.OA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 47L74, 47L40

description: We study operator algebras associated to integral domains. In particular, with respect to a set of natural identities we look at the possible nonselfadjoint operator algebras which encode the ring structure of an integral domain. We show that these algebras give a new class of examples of semicrossed products by discrete semigroups. We investigate the structure of these algebras together with a particular class of representations.
description: 11 pages
РЕВМАТОИД АРТРИТ АССОЦИРЛАНГАН  АУТОИММУН ТИРЕОИДИТДА ДАВОЛАШ САМАРАДОРЛИГИНИ  БАҲОЛАШ
Creators: name: Исамитдинова, Нилуфар
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023

description: Ревматоидли артрит ва аутоиммун тиреоидит билан касалланган беморлар даволаш тамойиллари замонавий ревматологиянинг мураккаб муаммоларидан бири бўлиб ҳисобланади. Унинг долзарблиги иккита аутоиммун касаллик ( РА ва АИТ) касалликнинг прогрессияланиб кечиши, таянч-харакат тизимининг зарарланиш оғирлиги, меҳнатга лаёқатли аҳоли орасида зарарланиш сони юқорилиги, функционал қобилиятнинг эрта пасайиши, профессионал ва ижтимоий малаканинг йуқотилиши, харакат функциясини йуқотган беморларда жисмоний ва психологик мослашишнинг қийинлиги, жуда катта иқтисодий йўқотишга сабаб буладиган умумий тиббиёт ва ижтимоий муаммо яъни ногиронликка олиб келиши билан белгиланади.
Imaging galactic diffuse clouds: CO emission, reddening and turbulent flow in the gas around Zeta Oph
Creators: name: Liszt, H. S.
name: Pety, J.
name: Tachihara, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Methods: 12CO emission is imaged in position and position-velocity space analyzed statistically, and then compared with maps of total reddening and with models of the C+ - CO transition in H2-bearing diffuse clouds. Results: Around Zeta Oph, 12CO emission appears in two distinct intervals of reddening centered near EBV = 0.4 and 0.65 mag, of which < 0.2 mag is background material. Within either interval, the integrated 12CO intensity varies up to 6-12 K-km/s compared to 1.5 K-km/s toward Zeta Oph. Nearly 80% of the individual profiles have velocity dispersions < 0.6 km/s, which are subsonic at the kinetic temperature derived from H2 toward Zeta Oph, 55 K. Partly as a result, 12CO emission exposes the internal, turbulent, supersonic (1-3 km/s) gas flows with especial clarity in the cores of strong lines. The flows are manifested as resolved velocity gradients in narrow, subsonically-broadened line cores. Conclusions: The scatter between N(CO) and EBV in global, CO absorption line surveys toward bright stars is present in the gas seen around Zeta Oph, reflecting the extreme sensitivity of N(12CO) to ambient conditions. The two-component nature of the optical absorption toward Zeta Oph is coincidental and the star is occulted by a single body of gas with a complex internal structure, not by two distinct clouds. The very bright 12CO lines in diffuse gas arise at N(H2) ~ 10^21/cm^2 in regions of modest density n(H) ~ 200-500/cc and somewhat more complete C+-CO conversion. Given the variety of structure in the foreground gas, it is apparent that only large surveys of absorption sightlines can hope to capture the intrinsic behavior of diffuse gas.
description: 2009 A&A, in press
On the relationship between total ozone and atmospheric dynamics and chemistry at mid-latitudes Part 2
Creators: name: Rieder, Harald
name: Frossard, L.
name: Ribatet, M.
name: Staehelin, J.
name: Maeder, J. A.
name: Di Rocco, S.
name: Davison, A. C.
name: Peter, T.
name: Weihs, P.
name: Holawe, F.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Atmosphere
Atmospheric chemistry
Meteorology

description: We present the first spatial analysis of "fingerprints" of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and atmospheric aerosol load after major volcanic eruptions (El Chichon and Mt. Pinatubo) in extreme low and high (termed ELOs and EHOs, respectively) and mean values of total ozone for the northern and southern mid-latitudes (defined as the region between 30 degrees and 60 degrees north and south, respectively). Significant influence on ozone extremes was found for the warm ENSO phase in both hemispheres during spring, especially towards low latitudes, indicating the enhanced ozone transport from the tropics to the extra-tropics. Further, the results confirm findings of recent work on the connection between the ENSO phase and the strength and extent of the southern ozone "collar". For the volcanic eruptions the analysis confirms findings of earlier studies for the northern mid-latitudes and gives new insights for the Southern Hemisphere. The results provide evidence that the negative effect of the eruption of El Chichon might be partly compensated by a strong warm ENSO phase in 1982–1983 at southern mid-latitudes. The strong west-east gradient in the coefficient estimates for the Mt. Pinatubo eruption and the analysis of the relationship between the AAO and ENSO phase, the extent and the position of the southern ozone "collar" and the polar vortex structure provide clear evidence for a dynamical "masking" of the volcanic signal at southern mid-latitudes. The paper also analyses the contribution of atmospheric dynamics and chemistry to long-term total ozone changes. Here, quite heterogeneous results have been found on spatial scales. In general the results show that EESC and the 11-yr solar cycle can be identified as major contributors to long-term ozone changes. However, a strong contribution of dynamical features (El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO)) to ozone variability and trends is found at a regional level. For the QBO (at 30 and 50 hPa), strong influence on total ozone variability and trends is found over large parts of the northern and southern mid-latitudes, especially towards equatorial latitudes. Strong influence of ENSO is found over the Northern and Southern Pacific, Central Europe and central southern mid-latitudes. For the NAO, strong influence on column ozone is found over Labrador/Greenland, the Eastern United States, the Euro-Atlantic Sector, and Central Europe. For the NAO's southern counterpart, the AAO, strong influence on ozone variability and long-term changes is found at lower southern mid-latitudes, including the southern parts of South America and the Antarctic Peninsula, and central southern mid-latitudes.
Oxidized demethylated lignin as a bio-based adhesive for wood bonding
Creators: name: Chen, Xinyi
name: Xi, Xuedong
name: Pizzi, Antonio
name: Fredon, Emmanuel
name: Du, Guanben
name: Gerardin, Christine
name: Amirou, Siham
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Plant Biology

description: Lignin was successfully modified to prepare a bio-based wood adhesive by just two synthesis steps: demethylation and periodate oxidation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry and Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) were combined to characterize the bio-based adhesives obtained. Furthermore, the adhesion performance of the bio-based lignin adhesive was measured by testing the tensile shear strength of the bonded joints. The results show that demethylated lignin gives to the wood joint acceptable dry shear strength, but no wet shear strength. Thus, sodium peroxide (NaIO4) oxidant was used to improve the bonding performance of lignin-based adhesives. The optimal formulation for oxidized demethylated lignin adhesives was found to be by 20% addition of NaIO4. The adhesive presented is a lignin-derived non- aldehyde addition, high biomass content, and its preparation is convenient, low-cost product and can be applied to wood bonding.
Numerical investigation of the aging of the Fully-Frustrated XY model
Creators: name: Walter, Jean-Charles
name: Chatelain, Christophe
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of the fully-frustrated XY model. At equilibrium, this model undergoes two phase transitions at two very close temperatures: a Kosterlitz-Thouless topological transition and a second-order phase transition between a paramagnetic phase and a low-temperature phase where the chiralities of the lattice plaquettes are anti-ferromagnetically ordered. We compute by Monte Carlo simulations two-time spin-spin and chirality-chirality autocorrelation and response functions. From the dynamics of the spin waves in the low temperature phase, we extract the temperature-dependent exponent $η$. We provide evidences for logarithmic corrections above the Kosterlitz-Thouless temperature and interpret them as a manifestation of free topological defects. Our estimates of the autocorrelation exponent and the fluctuation-dissipation ratio differ from the XY values, while $η(T_{\rm KT})$ lies at the boundary of the error bar. Indications for logarithmic corrections at the second-order critical temperature are presented. However, the coupling between angles and chiralities is still strong and explains why autocorrelation exponent and fluctuation-dissipation ratio are far from the Ising values and seems stable.
description: 16 pages, 11 figures
U.S. strategic adjustment and the second 'loss of China': change and continuity in the China strategies of the Obama, Trump, and Biden administrations
Creators: name: Schulenburg, Rupert
Publisher: name: The University of St Andrews
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: United States
subject: China
subject: Barack Obama
subject: Donald Trump
subject: Joe Biden
subject: Indo-Pacific
subject: Neoclassical realism
subject: Xi Jinping
subject: Taiwan
subject: International security
subject: Security
subject: Alliances
subject: E183.8C6S3
subject: Obama, Barack
subject: Trump, Donald, 1946-
subject: Biden, Joseph R., Jr.
subject: Xi, Jinping
subject: Security, International
subject: United States--Foreign relations--China
subject: China--Foreign relations--United States

description: In this thesis, I explain why and how U.S. strategy towards China changed between the Obama and Trump administrations, and between the Trump and Biden administrations (2009 – February 2022). I use a neoclassical realist model as a theoretical framework to analyse why changes in U.S. strategy occurred at different levels of causality (the system, state, and individual). I use an ‘ends and means’ framework to analyse how strategy changed in terms of key ‘ends and means’, which also includes applying a schema to my analysis to consistently assess the significance of strategic adjustment; a change in ends is coded as a major change while a change in means is coded as a minor change. I use these frameworks to analyse two case studies: Taiwan and U.S. allies in the Indo-Pacific, and sovereignty and maritime disputes in the South China Sea. Based on my analysis, I find that there were no major changes in U.S. strategy between the three administrations, only minor changes. I also show that while changes and continuities in U.S. strategy can largely be explained at the systemic level, layering in domestic and individual-level variables is required to provide a more complete explanation.
The Role of Thermohaline Circulation in Global Climate Change
Creators: name: Gordon, Arnold L.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1991
Subjects: subject: Oceanography
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Climatic changes

description: The world ocean consists of 1.3 billion cu km of salty water, and covers 70.8% of the Earth's surface. This enormous body of water exerts a powerful influence on Earth's climate; indeed, it is an integral part of the global climate system. Therefore, understanding the climate system requires a knowledge of how the ocean and the atmosphere exchange heat, water and greenhouse gases. If we are to be able to gain a capability for predicting our changing climate we must learn, for example, how pools of warm salty water move about the ocean, what governs the growth and decay of sea ice, and how rapidly the deep ocean's interior responds to the changes in the atmosphere.
Extended radio emission in MOJAVE Blazars: Challenges to Unification
Creators: name: Kharb, P.
name: Lister, M. L.
name: Cooper, N. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the results of a study on the 1.4 GHz kpc-scale radio emission in the complete flux density limited MOJAVE sample, comprising 135 radio-loud AGNs. While extended emission is detected in the majority of the sources, about 7% of the sources exhibit only radio core emission. Many BL Lacs exhibit extended radio power and kpc-scale morphology typical of powerful FRII jets, while a substantial number of quasars possess radio powers intermediate between FRIs and FRIIs. This poses challenges to the simple radio-loud unified scheme, which links BL Lacs to FRIs and quasars to FRIIs. We find a significant correlation between extended radio emission and pc-scale jet speeds: the more radio powerful sources possess faster jets. This indicates that the 1.4 GHz (or low frequency) radio emission is indeed related to jet kinetic power. Various properties such as extended radio power and apparent pc-scale jet speeds vary smoothly between different blazar subclasses, suggesting that, at least in terms of radio jet properties, the distinction between quasars and BL Lac objects, at an emission-line equivalent width of 5 Angstrom is essentially an arbitrary one. Based on the assumption that the extended radio luminosity is affected by the kpc-scale environment, we define the ratio of extended radio power to absolute optical magnitude as a proxy for environmental effects. Trends with this parameter suggest that the pc-scale jet speeds and the pc-to-kpc jet misalignments are not affected by the large-scale environment, but are more likely to depend upon factors intrinsic to the AGN, or its local pc-scale environment. We suggest that some of the extremely misaligned MOJAVE blazar jets could be "hybrid" morphology sources, with an FRI jet on one side and an FRII jet on the other. (Abridged)
description: 40 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
title: Maternal Iron Parameters and Diet: Influence on Infant Iron Parameters and Development
Creators: name: Anderson, Janet Bradshaw
Publisher: name: Utah State University
Year: 1988

description: The purpose of this study was to determine and evaluate the dietary intake of pregnant women living in this geographical area, evaluate how their diets related to their iron status, how their nutrient intakes compared with other studies, and how their iron status and diet affected infant iron status and development, as assessed by the Bayley Scale of Infant Development.
The study involved 32 pregnant women who were between 8 to 14 weeks gestation and 20 to 35 years of age. They were followed through pregnancy and their infants were followed until three months of age.
Three-day dietary records, a questionnaire and a blood sample were completed at the initial visit (8 to 14 weeks gestation). Six of the nutrients analyzed were consumed in amounts less than the Recommended Dietary Allowances: iron 77%, magnesium 58%, zinc 51%, vitamin B6 65%, folacin 30% and pantothenic acid 89%. Use of a prenatal vitamin/mineral supplement was beneficial in increasing most of these nutrients to within acceptable range. Zinc was not included in the supplement and thus remained at 51 % of the RDA. Magnesium was increased to 80% of the RDA. Nutrient intakes were very similar to the USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey for pregnant women (1985). Mean iron status of the subjects was within acceptable range.
A food frequency questionnaire and a blood sample were analyzed at 32 weeks gestation. Iron and vitamin C intake remained fairly constant throughout pregnancy. Fifty-six percent of the subjects had become depleted of iron stores at this time.
Cord blood analysis revealed a relationship between maternal iron status and infant iron status at birth.
Infant iron status and diet were analyzed at three months gestational stage. Infant iron status appeared to be within normal range.
Maternal iron status and diet did not have a significant effect on infant iron status or infant development as assessed by the Bayley Scale of Infant Development.
Upper Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian Rocks of the Sheeprock Mountains, Utah: Regional Correlation and Significance
Creators: name: Christie-Blick, Nicholas
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1982
Subjects: subject: Geomorphology
subject: Geology
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Mineralogy

description: Apparently conformable upper Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian miogeoclinal rocks in the Sheeprock Mountains, Utah, attain a maximum thickness of at least 7,200 m. The sequence begins at the base with phyllite, quartzite, glaciomarine diamictite, and shale deposited near the northern edge of a subsiding basin. These rocks are assigned to the Sheeprock Group (2,700–4,300 m). Overlying quartzitic rocks (1,950–4,000 m) are correlated with specific formations of the Brigham Group (Huntsville sequence). Revision of earlier accounts of the stratigraphy in the Sheeprock Mountains is suggested by the recognition of low-angle faults that attenuate the stratigraphic section. Stratigraphic relations in the Sheeprock Mountains bear on regional correlation. The probable presence in the Deep Creek Range of two diamictite units separated by quartzite is reaffirmed. This sequence is grossly similar to that of the Sheeprock Mountains. It is suggested that the Caddy Canyon Quartzite (Brigham Group) inter-fingers to the south and west of the Sheeprock area with siltstone, shale, and some limestone. Possibly, no rocks exposed in the San Francisco Mountains and Canyon Range are older than the Caddy Canyon Quartzite. The McCoy Creek Group of western Utah and eastern Nevada is probably for the most part equivalent to the Caddy Canyon Quartzite. The Osceola Argillite (unit G, McCoy Creek Group) may be equivalent to the Inkom Formation, and it perhaps records a marine transgression that temporarily reduced the clastic supply. The correlation of the Mutual Formation of the platform sequence in the Wasatch Range to a lithologically similar unit in the miogeocline to the west remains the simplest interpretation, although the platform Mutual may be older than the unit of the same name in the miogeocline.
Highly depleted cratonic mantle in West Greenland extending into diamond stability field in the Proterozoic
Creators: name: Bernstein, Stefan
name: Szilas, Kristoffer
name: Kelemen, Peter B.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Geomorphology
subject: Geochemistry
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences

description: This study presents electron microprobe data for dunite xenoliths from a lamprophyre dyke located on the island of Qeqertaa, West Greenland. The minimum age of this dyke is Palaeoproterozoic and it experienced amphibolite facies metamorphism and deformation during that era. The samples consist of nearly 200 xenoliths with a size range of 0.5-8 cm. These dunite xenoliths have olivine Mg#, that range from 80.3 to 94.6 (n = 579) with a mean of 92.6. Orthopyroxene is found in three xenoliths and garnet in five others. The latter suggests the depth of the Qeqertaa xenolith suite to be near the diamond stability-field, which is substantiated by the finding of diamonds in bulk samples of the Qeqertaa dyke. This further indicates the presence of a lithospheric mantle domain dominated by high-Mg# dunite to this depth in Palaeoproterozoic time. Cr-rich spinel, in the 0.1–0.2 mm size range, is found within and between olivine grains in individual xenoliths. These Cr-spinels yield Fe–Mg exchange temperatures of 400–600 °C. However, the presence of intermediate spinel compositions spanning the lower temperature solvus suggests that equilibration temperatures were > 550 °C. Fe3 +#, expressed as 100 × Fe3 +/(Fe3 + + Al + Cr), is shown to be a useful parameter in order to screen for altered spinel (Fe3 +# > 10) with disturbed Mg# and Cr#. The screened spinel data (Fe3 +# < 10) show a distinctly different trend in terms of spinel Cr# versus Mg#, compared to unmetamorphosed xenoliths in Tertiary lavas and dikes from Ubekendt Ejland and Wiedemann Fjord, respectively, also located within the North Atlantic craton. This difference likely reflects amphibolite facies metamorphic resetting of the Qeqertaa xenolith suite by Fe–Mg exchange. Given the similarity of the Qeqertaa xenolith suite with the Ubekendt and Wiedemann suites, in terms of their olivine Mg# and spinel Cr# distribution, high-Mg# dunite is likely to be an important component of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the North Atlantic craton and appears to have spanned a vertical distance of at least 150 km in this region, even during the Palaeoproterozoic.
Global struggle against illicit drug traffic : a case study of Australia
Creators: name: Kang, Song Y
Publisher: name: University Of Tasmania
Year: 2023

description: Illicit drug traffic is a serious problem in many countries because of its tremendous adverse social, economic and political impacts. Illicit drug traffic is international in nature. A drug illicitly produced in one country often ends up in another country, changing hands many times in different countries. This international nature of illicit drug traffic warrants effective and concerted international action to fight it. Since the harms of drug abuse and the problems of illicit drug traffic came to the attention of the international community in the early part of this century, efforts have been exerted to establish and improve an international legal framework to provide principles and guidelines for effective national and international action in the control of drugs and the fight against illicit drug traffic. Several multilateral drug treaties have been concluded to that end. Since these treaties are not self-executing, they must be fully implemented by national Governments to produce the desired effects. This study examines Australia's implementation of the multilateral drug treaties to which it is a Party. The focus will be placed on three aspects, which are: extradition of illicit drug related offenders; mutual legal assistance in the fight against the traffic; and other forms of international cooperation. Current trends in worldwide illicit drug traffic having impacts on Australia are also briefly discussed to indicate directions for Australia's future action in the fight against illicit drug traffic.
Multiplicity of nuclear dust lanes and dust lane shocks in the Milky Way bar
Creators: name: Liszt, H. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Aims: We show the existence of a small family of inner-galaxy dust lanes and dust lane standing shocks beyond the two major ones that were previously known to exist Methods: We analyze images of CO emission in the inner regions of the Galaxy Results: The peculiar kinematics of the major dust lane features are repeated in several other distinct instances at l > 0deg, in one case at a contrary location 100 pc above the galactic equator at l > 3degr at the upper extremity of Clump 2. Like the previously-known dust lanes, these new examples are alsoassociated with localized, exceptionally broad line profiles believed to be characteristic of the shredding of neutral gas at the standing dust lane shocks. Conclusions: There may be secondary dust lane and standing shocks in the Milky Way bulge. The vertical structure provides a temporal sequence for understanding the secular evolution of gas flow in the bar.