Hecalus Stal 1864
Creators: name: He, Zhiqiang
name: Zhang, Yalin
name: Mckamey, Stuart H.
name: Zahniser, James N.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Cicadellidae
Hecalus

description: Genus Hecalus Stål
(Figs 1–51)
Type species: Petalocephala paykulli Stål 1854: 252.
Description. Colour. Yellow green to green, without orange or yellow colour pattern dorsally, some specimens with brown lines on vertex, pronotum and scutellum. Vertex margin anteriorly with transverse submarginal ventral and dorsal fuscous lines. Forewing usually hyaline.
Body. 5–13 mm in length. Vertex usually subangularly produced and declined forward, or slightly upturned anteriorly. Anterior tentorium slender, furcate (Fig. 3). Ocelli usually close to eye, distance between ocelli and end of facial lateral suture at least 2 ocelli length. Pronotum as wide as or slightly wider than head. Profemur (Fig. 4) with 7–9 AV (anteroventral) setae and two apical dorsal setae; intercalary row with 9 setae; AM1 seta (anteromedian) present. Hind tibia compressed; first tarsomere with 7–8 teeth in two rows on plantar suface, 5–6 platellae and 2 terminal lateral spines at apex; second tarsomere with 4 teeth on plantar surface, 2 platellae and 2 terminal lateral spines at apex; hind femoral setal formula 2-2-1. Forewing with R and M veins fused basally, without reflexed vein in costal area, but often with several costal crossveins; m-cu 2 absent; clavus with veins A1 and A2 complete, separate; appendix narrow and long, extending beyond end of M 3+4.
Male genitalia. Valve broadly triangular, laterally articulated with pygofer. Plate subtriangular, usually 1–7 setae laterally, tapering apically. Pygofer side with ventral lobe, heavily setose on posterior half, subtriangular in posterior half, angularly or sharply rounded apically. Style subtriangular, dorsoventrally flattened. Connective Yshaped. Aedeagus with one or two pairs of terminal processes; shaft usually with ridge ventrally, dorsally expanded and sclerotized, dark; gonopore apical or subapical in groove ventrally; dorsal apodeme well developed.
Female genitalia. Ovipositor extending beyond pygofer side; first valvulae knife-shaped (Fig.8), curving ventrally, tapering apically; second valvulae (Fig.10) narrow bladed, slightly humped medially, curving ventrally, basal half dorsally fused; first and second valvulae both without dorsal teeth; dorsal sculpturing pattern of first valvula granulose, separated from dorsal margin by unsculptured band (Figs. 8, 9); first valvula with distinctly delimited apicoventral sculptured area (Fig. 9). Seventh sternum with or without medial projection.
Distribution. Worldwide.
Remarks. Hecalus does not share the colour patterns of other Hecalini in the Oriental Region and is, therefore, easily recognized. This genus is similar to Memnonia Ball of the Holarctic Region and Oriental Region (India). Oman (1949) separated these two genera based on setal density on the side of the pygofer, and Hamilton (2000) by the aedeagal terminal process, so the division between the two genera was unclear. In fact, Memnonia differs from Hecalus in having: 1) coronal margin bluntly angled to rounded (coronal margin strongly angled to foliaceous in Hecalus); 2) female with pregenital sternite pointed or toothed, tegmina with one black spot at tip of each clavus and usually another near wing tip (female with pregenital sternite rounded, and tegmina without black spot on tip of clavus or wing tip in Hecalus); 3) aedeagus with branched pair of processes at tip (aedeagus with a pair of unbranched processes at tip in Hecalus).
Based on a check of type material, 8 species from the Oriental Region are retained in Hecalus Stål: H. furcatus Morrison, H. fuscovittatus Morrison, H. henanus Cai & Shen, H. prasinus Matsumura, H. paykulli Stål, H. lutescens (Distant), H. thailandensis Morrison and H. wallengreni (Stål). In addition, H. facialis Distant, H. katoi Metcalf (nom. nov. for Parabolocratus lineatus Kato), H. lefroyi Distant, H. umballaensis Distant, H. nervosus Melichar and H. godavariensis Distant also should be left in this genus according to their original descriptions. H. paykulli (recorded by Atkinson, 1885) and H. lefroyi (recorded by Esaki & Ito, 1954) are recorded from China, but these records cannot be confirmed at this time based on the material examined in this study.
description: Published as part of He, Zhiqiang, Zhang, Yalin, Mckamey, Stuart H. & Zahniser, James N., 2019, The Chinese Hecalina (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Hecalini) with descriptions of a new genus and seven new species, pp. 257-285 in Zootaxa 4679 (2) on pages 259-260, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3772508