cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Light Scattering Model for Optical Simulation of Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells
Creators: name: Lanz, T.
name: Ruhstaller, B.
name: Battaglia, C.
name: Haug, F.-J.
name: Ballif, C.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 2940-2942
description: Light trapping is employed to enhance the optical absorption in thin film silicon solar cells and makes
it possible to construct thin cells and thereby to reduce material costs and processing times. Optical device modeling
lends itself to the optimization of light absorption in the cells. Our recently developed angular finite element method
(aFEM [2]) allows to include scattering eects at rough layer interfaces. In contrast to conventional ray-tracing or
full-wave methods it is not computationally expensive.
Lock-in Thermography Investigation of Solar Modules
Creators: name: Breitenstein, O.
name: Straube, H.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Characterisation and Modelling

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1451-1453
description: Lock-in thermography (LIT) can be used both for single solar cells and for modules consisting of a
series connection of single cells. Until now LIT has been used nearly exclusively for single cells and only rarely for
modules, which have been investigated only by standard (steady-state) thermography. There are some differences
between LIT applied to single solar cells and to modules. The purpose of this contribution is to point out these
differences. One issue is the fact that, in a module, the cell biases are floating. Another issue is that, in readily
processed modules, the cells are covered by glass, EVA, or some laminate. Even before lamination the active layer is
often covered by some metal layer which shows a low infrared emissivity. It is shown that in this case a good
emissivity may be obtained by sucking-on a thin black plastic foil. Glass-laminate modules may be imaged best
"from behind" through the laminate layer. Even glass-glass modules may be imaged "through the glass" if the lock-in
frequency exceeds 0.5 Hz. However, in this case the temperature drift during the measurement is especially
disturbing and must be compensated properly. It is found that the advantages of LIT compared to steady-state
thermography (improved sensitivity and spatial resolution) are valid also for investigating solar modules.
Optical Characterisation of Random Pyramid Texturization
Creators: name: Birmann, K.
name: Demant, M.
name: Rein, S.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Characterisation and Modelling

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1454-1458
description: The reflection property of alkaline textured wafers is an important parameter for texture evaluation.
Nevertheless, the geometric properties of the surface structure influence cell performance and cannot be distinguished
by reflection measurements only. The pyramid size distribution can affect, e.g. contact formation or emitter
passivation. Confocal images allow the recognition of shiny areas, the pyramid number and pyramid size distribution.
The laser intensity and height information images were evaluated by image processing techniques. The pyramid
segments of the pyramids were found to be a good indicator for peak size and recognition of long pyramid edges. The
derived pyramid height distribution can be used to distinguish different pyramid homogeneity.
Novel Approaches to Benchmarking Solar Cell Tabbing Solderability
Creators: name: Lathrop, R.
name: Pfluke, K.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Characterisation and Modelling

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1403-1408
description: For crystalline silicon solar cell front contact metallizations, silver thick film formulations are
ubiquitous. For backside contact pads, either silver or silver/aluminum formulations are common. The trend for back
contact metallizations is towards low lay-down formulations, resulting in thin-fired films. Although there are many
different reflow methods used to “string” cells together, the need for fast wetting, leach-resistant and well-adhered
front and rear contact metallizations are common to all methods. Quantitative tests needed to be developed due to an
absence of industry standard tests in order to accurately recommend a material’s compatibility with the module
assembly process. Classic thick film solder pot leaching and wire peel adhesion tests do not do a good job emulating
the solar module assembly process. Although more similar in process, SMT solderability tests also lack close
correlation. To fill this gap, several solderability tests specifically designed for module assembly and cell
metallizations have been developed and will be discussed in detail. These tests are, in fact, a hybrid of SMT and thick
film tests, but are tailored for the solar module assembly process. Wetting assessment is accomplished by measuring
the reflowed area and the height of a precise volume of solder using a confocal measuring system. For ribbon
adhesion, manual and automated methods are compared, as well as various peel angles. From these studies, a ribbonattach
method and adhesion test emerge as suitable for benchmarking contact metallization formulations.
Recommendations on how to recognize and prevent silver leaching are also discussed.
Progress in Mechanically Shuttered Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Imaging of Silicon Wafers
Creators: name: Kiliani, D.
name: Micard, G.
name: Herguth, A.
name: Hahn, G.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Characterisation and Modelling

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1463-1466
description: Recently two approaches to extend the photoluminescence imaging (PLI) technique by evaluating the
dynamic properties of the sample have been presented. Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements may provide
calibration-free maps of the effective minority charge carrier lifetime in silicon wafers. Due to the transient measurement
they minimize errors due to lateral inhomogeneities in setup or sample, which would usually contribute linearly to
steady-state PLI measurements. In this work, we will focus on mechanically shuttered time-resolved photoluminescence
imaging (TR-PLI), as it provides a high measurement range down to 5 μs at low hardware costs.
Optics of Surface Textured Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells
Creators: name: Vasilev, I.
name: Dewan, R.
name: Marinkovic, M.
name: Knipp, D.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 2932-2935
description: The optical wave propagation in microcrystalline thin-film silicon solar cells with integrated triangular
surface texture was investigated. The influence of the periodic profile dimensions and absorber layer thickness on the
short circuit current and quantum efficiencies was analyzed. The optics of the solar cell was calculated by using a
finite difference time domain approach to solve the Maxwell’s equations. The short circuit current of the solar cells
on smooth substrates (without texturing) is used as a reference to investigate the influence of the surface textures.
Optimal dimensions of the triangular gratings were found for periods in the range of the incident wavelength. The
fundamental optical losses in the solar cell were also analyzed. By identifying these key losses, strategies to
minimize the losses will be derived.
The Magnetic Classification of Solar Active Regions 1992 - 2015
Creators: name: Jaeggli, Sarah A.
name: Norton, Aimee A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The purpose of this letter is to address a blind-spot in our knowledge of solar active region statistics. To the best of our knowledge there are no published results showing the variation of the Mount Wilson magnetic classifications as a function of solar cycle based on modern observations. We show statistics for all active regions reported in the daily Solar Region Summary from 1992 January 1 to 2015 December 31. We find that the $α$ and $β$ class active regions (including all sub-groups e.g. $βγ$, $βδ$) make up fractions of approximately 20% and 80% of the sample respectively. This fraction is relatively constant during high levels of activity, however, an increase in the $α$ fraction to about 35% and and a decrease in the $β$ fraction to about 65% can be seen near each solar minimum and is statistically significant at the 2-$σ$ level. Over 30% of all active regions observed during the years of solar maxima were appended with the classifications $γ$ and/or $δ$, while these classifications account for only a fraction of a percent during the years near the solar minima. This variation in the active region types indicates that the formation of complex active regions may be due to the pileup of frequent emergence of magnetic flux during solar maximum, rather than the emergence of complex, monolithic flux structures.
description: 4 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in ApJL
Two Evaluation Models for Possible Glaring Effects of Flat Plate PV-Generators
Creators: name: Berger, K.A.
name: Kubicek, B.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: PV Systems
PV and Architecture

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4079-4080
description: Glaring of PV systems is investigated by using a numerical point source model and a 3d raytracing approach to study the glaring effects on a nearby road.
Etching Modulated Surface Textures into Sputtered ZnO:Al Films
Creators: name: Owen, J.I.
name: Hüpkes, J.
name: Bunte, E.
name: Pust, S.E.
name: Gordijn, A.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 2951-2955
description: Zinc oxide is often used as the transparent conductive layer in thin-film solar cells. In thin-film
silicon solar cells the ZnO layer is additionally used as a source of light trapping; light scattering features can be
introduced by sputter deposition and etching of ZnO in a dilute HCl solution. To further improve light trapping
modulated surface textures, surfaces with more than one size texture, are of interest. It has recently been shown that
etching in HF yields a higher crater density than HCl on polycrystalline ZnO surfaces. Here we use the different
etching characteristics of HCl and HF to create modulated surfaces using a fairly simple two-step etching process.
Additionally, amorphous silicon solar cells are fabricated on the modulated surface.
Optimization of the Emitter and the Metal-Grid Design for Concentrating Silicon Photovoltaics
Creators: name: Paternoster, G.
name: Bellutti, P.
name: Ferrario, L.
name: Mattedi, F.
name: Serra, E.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Characterisation and Modelling

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1467-1470
description: In this work we present an original method for the metal-grid and the emitter doping optimization of
concentrator silicon solar cells. This method is based on an analytical model describing the concentrated cell, coupled
with one-dimensional electrical simulations. The procedure allows calculating the optimum cell design parameters in
terms of finger spacing, emitter surface doping concentration and emitter thickness in order to maximize the
conversion efficiency of the cell for any light concentration factor.
The presented procedure has been used to optimize the actual design of the MTLab small-size (16 mm2) silicon solar
cells. We demonstrate that the optimum values for surface dopant density, emitter thickness and finger spacing are
strongly dependent on the concentration factor under which the solar cell operates. As general result we have found
that increasing the concentration of the light a thin and highly doped emitter region is the optimum because it
minimizes the sheet resistance, the contact resistance as well as the recombination losses at the surfaces. In this
situation the transparency factor that gives the optimal efficiency decreases with the concentration increasing. The
model predicts for the MTLab cell a relative conversion efficiency increase of the 10% respect to the actual notoptimized
design, for the cell exposed to 40 Suns.
Shunt Detection in Amorphous Silicon Modules by Current/Voltage-Measurements
Creators: name: Bouattour, M.A.
name: Al Tarabsheh, A.
name: Radev, I.
name: Schubert, M.B.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 2924-2927
description: This work presents a novel method to determine the parallel resistance of individual solar cells in
an amorphous silicon based photovoltaic module. The method does not require accessing to the contacts of every
cell. Therefore, it is suitable for measurements on encapsulated modules without disassembling and possibly
damaging the module. The used setup measures only the current/voltage characteristics of the module. The
determination of the parallel resistance exploits the dependence of the photoconductivity of intrinsic amorphous
silicon on the illumination intensity. The experiments, in agreement with the simulation, show that shunts which
are independent of the illumination, e.g. the interconnection shunts due to laser scribing, are the limiting factor
for the operation of the proposed setup.
Thin-Film Crystalline-Silicon Solar Cells Based on a Seed Layer Approach: Comparison between Mono- and Polycrystalline-Silicon on Glass-Ceramic Substrates
Creators: name: Gordon, I.
name: Vallon, S.
name: Mayolet, A.
name: Beaucarne, G.
name: Poortmans, J.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2009
Subjects: Thin Films Solar Cells
Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Wafer Equivalents

description: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 2349-2352
description: Solar modules made from thin-film crystalline-silicon layers of high quality on glass substrates could
lower the price of photovoltaic electricity substantially. One possibility is to use polycrystalline-silicon thin films,
but the difficulty of this approach is to obtain a sufficiently high material quality and to achieve an effective
passivation of the numerous grain boundaries. However, the utilization of a monocrystalline-silicon thin film instead
of a polycrystalline-silicon layer should enable simpler device processes, higher process yield and a single-crystallike
efficiency due to the intrinsic higher quality of the material.
In this paper, 10-micron thin monocrystalline-silicon layers on transparent glass-ceramic substrates were made by
epitaxial thickening of monocrystalline-silicon seed layers. By using a very simple cell structure that does not
incorporate any light trapping features, we obtained silicon single-crystal solar cells on glass-ceramics with
efficiencies of up to 7.5%. However, efficiencies above 9% should be realizable by simply improving the contacting
scheme. In addition, by integrating an efficient light trapping scheme and by optimizing the minority carrier diffusion
length, the efficiency potential could be as high as 15% for films with a thickness between five to ten microns on
glass-ceramics.
Epitaxy Wrap-Through Rear Contact Solar Cell Fabrication and Results
Creators: name: Mitchell, E.J.
name: Brinkmann, N.
name: Granek, F.
name: Reber, S.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2009
Subjects: Thin Films Solar Cells
Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Wafer Equivalents

description: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 2362-2365
description: The Epitaxy Wrap-Through (EpiWT) cell is a rear-contacted c-Si epitaxial thin-film solar cell. It is a
cross between the Epitaxial Wafer-Equivalent and Emitter Wrap-Through (EWT) solar cells. An epitaxy-throughholes
process has been developed to deposit the active layers onto the low-grade silicon substrate, whereby a
beneficial geometrical structure is produced. The rear-side structuring is achieved with screen-printing and other
industrially feasible processes. The characteristics of the EpiWT cell, in comparison to the EWT cell, require a small
rear-side emitter area fraction and the incorporation of an isolation layer. The first ever EpiWT solar cells have been
fabricated and a cell efficiency of 10.3% has been achieved (with the busbars outside the 4 cm2 illuminated aperture
area). The cell performance is still limited by processing difficulties, so the structure has yet to be optimised. The
dominant loss mechanisms and the effect of the isolation layer are analysed.
Third order variational equation for the free relativistic top
Creators: name: Matsyuk, Roman
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: General Physics (physics.gen-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 70E99, 70H40, 49N45, 49S05, 70H50, 70G65

description: I proffer a development of some third order equation of motion for the free relativistic top from the simultaneously imposed assumptions of variationality and Lorentz symmetry.
description: in Ukrainian
High Performance Thin Silicon Solar Cell Structures Grown on Silicon
Creators: name: Murcia, C.P.
name: Hao, R.
name: Shreve, K.
name: Creazzo, T.
name: Biegala, T.
name: Lochtefeld, A.
name: Park, J.-S.
name: Honsberg, C.
name: Barnett, A.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2009
Subjects: Thin Films Solar Cells
Thin Film Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Wafer Equivalents

description: 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 2366-2369
description: Thin crystalline silicon solar cells can lead to high performance. Factors that will lead to high
performance in thin silicon include low back and front surface recombination, light trapping, and minority-carrier
lifetimes above 50μS. This work presents new designs of thin silicon cells that use an epitaxially grown absorber on
an insulator. The first uses epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) of silicon on silicon, and the second uses epitaxial
growth on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate. Both designs are based on a novel structure that produces a voltage
gain. We report the highest performance for solar cells that have been fabricated using silicon oxide as a back
reflector layer. Photovoltaic response of ELO absorbers is being improved both for the proposed structure and planar
devices.
Exceeding 19% Efficient 6 Inch Selective Emitter Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell by Screen Printed Metal Contacts: Transition of Heavy & Shallow Emitter Conditions
Creators: name: Kim, I.H.
name: Cho, K.-Y.
name: Oh, D.-J.
name: Shim, J.-M.
name: Lee, E.J.
name: Lee, H.W.
name: Choi, J.-Y.
name: Kim, J.S.
name: Shin, J.-E.
name: Lee, S.-H.
name: Lee, H.S.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Mono- and Multicrystalline Silicon Materials and Cells

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 2694-2697
description: The process conditions for high efficiency industrial crystalline Si solar cells with selective emitter
were optimized. In the screen printed solar cells, the sheet resistance must be 50~60 ohm/sq. because of metal contact
resistance. But the low sheet resistance causes the increase of the recombination and blue response at the short
wavelength. Therefore, the screen printed solar cells with homogeneous emitter have limitations of efficiency, and
this means that the selective emitter must be used to improve cell efficiency. This work demonstrates the feasibility of
a commercially available selective emitter process, based on screen printing and conventional diffusion process. At
the last 35th IEEE photovoltaic specialists conference, we announced about 18.5% efficient selective emitter solar cell
by variation of heavy emitter pattern width. Now, we improved cell efficiency from 18.5% to 19% by transition of
heavy emitter pattern and shallow emitter doping condition. A maximum cell efficiency of 19.05% is obtained on a
156mm x 156mm crystalline silicon solar cell.
Me... l'impossibilité absolue als... [Letter from Nicolas to Peggy]
Creators: name: Abkhazi, Nicolas, 1899-1987
Publisher: name: University of Victoria Libraries
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Abkhazi, Nicolas, 1899-1987
subject: Personal correspondence
valueUri: http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1919948
subject: Abkhazi, Peggy, 1902-
valueUri: http://id.worldcat.org/fast/163887
subject: Travel
valueUri: http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1155558

description: A card and a letter with its envelope to Peggy in French from Nicolas in 1924. The letter begins "Chere Peggy, Me... l'impossibilité absolue... "
Collisional excitation of doubly and triply deuterated ammonia ND$_2$H and ND$_3$ by H$_2$
Creators: name: Daniel, F.
name: Rist, C.
name: Faure, A.
name: Roueff, E.
name: Gérin, M.
name: Lis, D. C.
name: Hily-Blant, P.
name: Bacmann, A.
name: Wiesenfeld, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The availability of collisional rate coefficients is a prerequisite for an accurate interpretation of astrophysical observations, since the observed media often harbour densities where molecules are populated under non--LTE conditions. In the current study, we present calculations of rate coefficients suitable to describe the various spin isomers of multiply deuterated ammonia, namely the ND$_2$H and ND$_3$ isotopologues. These calculations are based on the most accurate NH$_3$--H$_2$ potential energy surface available, which has been modified to describe the geometrical changes induced by the nuclear substitutions. The dynamical calculations are performed within the close--coupling formalism and are carried out in order to provide rate coefficients up to a temperature of $T$ = 50K. For the various isotopologues/symmetries, we provide rate coefficients for the energy levels below $\sim$ 100 cm$^{-1}$. Subsequently, these new rate coefficients are used in astrophysical models aimed at reproducing the NH$_2$D, ND$_2$H and ND$_3$ observations previously reported towards the prestellar cores B1b and 16293E. We thus update the estimates of the corresponding column densities and find a reasonable agreement with the previous models. In particular, the ortho--to--para ratios of NH$_2$D and NHD$_2$ are found to be consistent with the statistical ratios.
Handwritten statement re Nicolas Abkhazi by Victor Zhakaia in 1941
Creators: name: Zhakaia, Victor
Publisher: name: University of Victoria Libraries
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Abkhazi, Nicolas, 1899-1987
subject: Soldiers
valueUri: http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1125233
subject: Princes
valueUri: http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1076481
subject: World War (1914-1918)
valueUri: http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1180746

description: An official statement written in 1941 that "Nicolas Abkhazi est un des anciens combattants de la grande guerre 1914-18" by Victor Zhakaia, the President of Association des anciens combattants Georgiens residant en France, confirming that Nicolas Abkhazi fought in the 1914-18 Great War.
Influence of kinetic effects on the spectrum of a parallel electrode probe
Creators: name: Oberrath, J.
name: Brinkmann, R. P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Active Plasma Resonance Spectroscopy (APRS) denotes a class of diagnostic techniques which utilize the natural ability of plasmas to resonate on or near the electron plasma frequency. One particular class of APRS can be described in an abstract notation based on functional analytic methods in electrostatic approximation. These methods allow for a general solution of the kinetic model in arbitrary geometry. This solution is given as the response function of the probe-plasma system and is defined by the resolvent of an appropriate dynamical operator. The general response predicts an additional damping due to kinetic effects. This manuscript provides the derivation of an explicit response function of the kinetic APRS model in a simple geometry. Therefore, the resolvent is determined by its matrix representation based on an expansion in orthogonal basis functions. This allows to compute an approximated response function. The resulting spectra show clearly a stronger damping due to kinetic effects.
Communication: Charge-Population Based Dispersion Interactions for Molecules and Materials
Creators: name: Stöhr, Martin
name: Michelitsch, Georg S.
name: Tully, John C.
name: Reuter, Karsten
name: Maurer, Reinhard J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We introduce a system-independent method to derive effective atomic C$_6$ coefficients and polarizabilities in molecules and materials purely from charge population analysis. This enables the use of dispersion-correction schemes in electronic structure calculations without recourse to electron-density partitioning schemes and expands their applicability to semi-empirical methods and tight-binding Hamiltonians. We show that the accuracy of our method is en par with established electron-density partitioning based approaches in describing intermolecular C$_6$ coefficients as well as dispersion energies of weakly bound molecular dimers, organic crystals, and supramolecular complexes. We showcase the utility of our approach by incorporation of the recently developed many-body dispersion (MBD) method [Tkatchenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 236402 (2012)] into the semi-empirical Density Functional Tight-Binding (DFTB) method and propose the latter as a viable technique to study hybrid organic-inorganic interfaces.
description: 5 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in J. Chem. Phys as a communication
THREE ESSAYS IN ECONOMETRICS, AGRICULTURAL AND WELFARE ECONOMICS
Creators: name: Shakil, Golam Saroare
Publisher: name: Washington State University
Year: 2022

description: This dissertation is an essay on evaluating performance of econometric estimators, agricultural input choices under risk preference and welfare analysis with respect to different equilibrium models. In the first chapter, I use simulation methods with independent, relevant, and excluded instrumental variables, wherein they form a complete set of instruments, to quantify finite sample performance of selected estimators. In finite samples, I find that the bias and variance of estimators increase with the exclusion of instrumental variables. I also find that the mean squared error of the parameter estimates increase with the increase of number of omitted instruments in the model. The sensitivity due to the number of omitted instruments is not necessarily eliminated by increases in sample size. The equations containing more endogenous variables appear more sensitive to the omitted instruments. Simulation results also imply that the finite sample performance of 3SLS estimators also suffers under omitted instruments. In the second chapter, I develop a theoretical model to explore the choices of using plastics and pesticides to grow food as well as the potential negative spillover caused by plastic use in production agriculture that is transformed into microplastic pollution in the soil. I show that a growers’ risk preference has an impact on the substitution between plastic and pesticides in that restrictions on these inputs do not necessarily trigger substitution for risk averse growers. In the third chapter, I focus on measuring and quantifying impacts of shocks along the supply chain for an agricultural sector in the context of a small economy. I show theoretically that the differences between the change in welfare estimated from GE and PE models are economically significant for a small economy. I show that the changes in consumer surplus predicted by the two models due to a domestic demand shock are statistically significantly different. I show that, the PE model produces larger welfare implication than hybrid model in response to demand shock, markup shock and capital demand shock compared to supply shock, labor demand shock and export shock. Results also show that the PE approach is more sensitive to the parameters of the behavioral equation.
Modifications of the Lifshitz-Kosevich formula in two-dimensional Dirac systems
Creators: name: Kueppersbusch, Carolin
name: Fritz, Lars
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Starting from the Luttinger-Ward functional we derive an expression for the oscillatory part of the grand potential of a two dimensional Dirac system in a magnetic field. We perform the computation for the clean and the disordered system, and we study the effect of electron-electron interactions on the oscillations. Unlike in the two dimensional electron gas (2DEG), a finite temperature and impurity scattering also affects the oscillation frequency. Furthermore, we find that in graphene, compared to the 2DEG, additional interaction induced damping effects occur: to two-loop order electron-electron interactions do lead to an additional damping factor in the amplitude of the Lifshitz-Kosevich-formula.
description: 11 pages, 1 figure
Ion Beam Assisted Deposition of Doped Zinc Oxide Films for Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
Creators: name: Warzecha, M.
name: Hüpkes, J.
name: Doumit, A.
name: Köhl, D.
name: Owen, J.I.
Publisher: name: WIP-Munich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Thin Film Solar Cells
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

description: 25th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition / 5th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 6-10 September 2010, Valencia, Spain; 2928-2931
description: Doped Zinc Oxide thin films were grown by ion beam assisted sputter deposition (IBAD) technique at
room temperature. Our new sputtering chamber allows us to operate with a 2wt. % Ga doped ZnO-target and an
inverse ion beam etching tool, simultaneously. Several films were grown by varying the ion gun power of the ion
beam etcher. With increasing the ion source power the resistivity increased from 11 x 10-4 Ωcm to 33 x 10-4 Ωcm.
However, x-ray analysis revealed that the crystalline quality of the grown ZnO:Ga thin films could be improved if
the power of the ion source was set to 50W. The c-lattice parameter increased with increasing ion gun power,
indicating compressive stress in the films. In parallel, a similar tool was used to prepare IBAD ZnO buffer layers and
then thicken the films by reactive DC sputtering. These films are known to behave similar even without ion
bombardment during bulk material deposition.
After etching in diluted HCl (0.5%) for 30 s the ZnO films revealed a textured surface. The standardly sputtered,
unbuffered films etch quite fast and reveal very small features, whereas the IBAD ZnO:Ga or buffered ZnO:Al
developed large craters indicating highly compact films. A certain compactness is required to develop large craters
for effective light scattering. By this method, such highly compact ZnO films can be grown even at room
temperature.
Corn: Effects of Weather, Stages of Development, Planting and Harvesting Times, World Production and Major Producers
Creators: name: Kayser, Kathryn
name: Kayser, Kathryn
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1976
Subjects: Crop Production/Industries
Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession

description: Excerpt from the Preface: The main purpose of this paper is to provide a general, non-technical discussion of the growth and development of corn and how it is affected by weather. It was written particularly for the use of country analysts who are concerned with corn production in foreign countries, as well as for anyone else interested in the growth and development of the crop.
Chaos and Stochastic Models in Physics: Ontic and Epistemic Aspects
Creators: name: Caprara, Sergio
name: Vulpiani, Angelo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD)
subject: History and Philosophy of Physics (physics.hist-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: There is a persistent confusion about determinism and predictability. In spite of the opinions of some eminent philosophers (e.g., Popper), it is possible to understand that the two concepts are completely unrelated. In few words we can say that determinism is ontic and has to do with how Nature behaves, while predictability is epistemic and is related to what the human beings are able to compute. An analysis of the Lyapunov exponents and the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy shows how deterministic chaos, although with an epistemic character, is non subjective at all. This should clarify the role and content of stochastic models in the description of the physical world.
description: 16 pages, 1 figure
Advantages of Ion-Implantation for Solar Cells
Creators: name: Hieslmair, H.
name: Mandrell, L.
name: Chun, M.
name: Latchford, I.
name: Adibi, B.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Improvements

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1252-1256
description: Ion-implantation offers numerous advantages for solar cell manufacturing. Historically, semiconductor based
ion-implantation tools did not meet the performance and cost requirements for the solar industry. Intevac has designed and
built a high throughput ion-implant tool based on a novel continuous flux design which offers an attractive cost of ownership
(COO) for solar. Despite occupying a smaller footprint than commercial ion-implanters, the ENERGi™ ion-implantation tool
is capable of 2400 wafers per hour for n- or p-type dopants and low or high sheet resistances. Advantages of ion-implantation,
and continuous flux implantation in particular, are described here with initial experimental results demonstrating the quality
of the ENERGi ion-implantation tool. We demonstrate some of the fundamental advantages of finite dopant dose, the ease of
patterning dopants, the simplification of processing for advanced cell architectures, and the improved economics.
Simulations and experimental fundamental studies on implanted phosphorus emitters on polished wafers are presented.
Light Trapping in Si Wafers
Creators: name: Abenante, L.
name: Serenelli, L.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: Wafer-based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Characterisation and Modelling

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1432-1433
description: At each wavelength, , the effective optical path length factor, Z, is expressed as a function of the optical
absorptance. This allows assessing light trapping in both Si wafers and solar cells by exploiting measured data of
transmittance and reflectance. Both Z, which is only relevant to optical absorption resulting in carrier generation, and
the effective optical path length factor relevant to total absorbed light, ZTOT, are calculated in two actual Si wafers.
The influence of free-carrier absorption on optical confinement is consequently highlighted.
QUANTITATIVE RISK AND RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT FOR LARGE-SCALE SUPPLY CHAINS AND COMMUNITIES
Creators: name: Zhao, Jie
Publisher: name: Washington State University
Year: 2022
Subjects: Residential Communities
Resilience Assessment
Risk Assessment
Supply Chains

description: In recent years, low-probability, high-impact natural hazard events have become an increasingly serious threat to infrastructure systems and communities. This trend is attributable to several factors, including climate change, population growth and urbanization in hazard-prone areas, among others. In addition, systems and communities are exposed to other exogenous and endogenous factors (e.g., uncertain economic and political circumstances, unpredictable human beings’ behaviors) affecting their long-term performance in a positive or negative way. If the effects of these factors are not addressed in long-term system performance assessment and decision-making appropriately, it can result in a significant deviation from the system’s intended performance, leading to unexpected expenditures and consequences. While it is important to characterize and understand various risk factors in effective risk management planning, most existing studies have focused on the assessment of system performance against natural hazards.
description: To enable system or community to main performance and reduce the consequences of various types of uncertain events and/or conditions (i.e., risk factors), this dissertation provides a set of quantitative tools and frameworks that can assess the effects of risk factors on system performance. First, this dissertation proposes both theoretical and empirical approaches to quantifying the role of catastrophe risk insurance in community resilience planning. Second, a multi-component resilience assessment framework for a large-scale supply chain system is developed to predict the long-term system performance exposed to multiple uncertain events and conditions. Finally, this dissertation proposes a simulation framework that quantitatively assesses the direct and indirect effects of CAVs on a supply chain system. In summary, this dissertation provides a comprehensive understanding of how various risk factors can affect system performance. The tools and framework proposed in this dissertation can provide decision-makers with quantitative information and allow them to make more informed decisions about risk management, community resilience planning, and supply chain management.
Development of a Synthesis Tool for PV Boats
Creators: name: Gorter, T.
name: Voerman, E.
name: Joore, P.
name: Reinders, A.H.M.E.
name: Van Houten, F.J.A.M.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: PV Systems
Off-grid Applications

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4142-4147
description: In order to improve PV boat design, a new modeling and simulation approach need to be applied. PV
boats are usually retrofitted with PV. By optimizing a PV system on a PV boat, the maximum amount of PV power is
generated resulting in some performance. However, we think that much increase in performance can be gained by
considering the integration of PV into PV boats while designing the boat, instead of retrofitting afterwards. A new
approach in modeling PV systems for mobile applications, such as PV boats, not only considers solar irradiation, but
also the physical properties of the PV system, together with the hydrodynamics of the boat and the user behavior of
the PV boat. We are developing a PV boat model which uses various existing modeling tools and their modeling
algorithms. These various tools are controlled by a self-created control tool which feeds and reads all important
parameters per modeling tool. Each tool has proven functionality to validate the PV boat model. Depending on user
needs, a modeling tool can be written in which the modeling algorithms are implemented.
The Sol-Ion System: Realizing Safety and Efficiency for a PV Storage System
Creators: name: Schmiegel, A.U.
name: Linhart, A.
name: Jehoulet, C.
name: Schuh, H.
name: Landau, M.
name: Braun, M.
name: Büdenbender, K.
name: Sauer, D.U.
name: Magnor, D.
name: Binder, J.
name: Mohring, H.D.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: PV Systems
Off-grid Applications

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4151-4154
description: PV Storage systems are a first step to move PV home installations towards home energy systems. Their ability to shift the
“sun to the loads” qualifies them for optimizing the self consumption and to support grid stability. The Sol-ion system is
one of the first PV storage system, using lithium-ion batteries, which is used to optimize self consumption. First
installations in laboratory and in private house holds have already been realized. An important aspect of the development
was the achievement of system safety and efficiency.
PV and Hybridization for Micro-Grid Applications: Need for Islanding Even with Grid Access
Creators: name: Fulton, S.
name: Polsani, K.
name: Reddy, S.
name: Skumanich, A.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2011
Subjects: PV Systems
Off-grid Applications

description: 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4157-4160
description: The goal of providing renewable energy at a high level of inclusion into the energy infrastructure
assumes that the grid is capable of integrating the power. While this assumption is valid in most of the developed
world, it is most often not the case in developing countries, making it necessary to develop strategies to allow for offgrid
modes of power generation or storage. The authors use Hybrid Optimizaton Model for Electric Renewables
(HOMER) to evaluate specific configurations of hybrid micro-grid applications for a 300-500 kW installation serving
a community of 300 households in Hyderabad, India. Optimization results are evaluated for PV and wind-based
systems in grid-connected and islanded mode with limited battery storage and genset backup. Results indicate PV
must be combined with other renewables for substantial inclusion in the hybrid micro-grid mix and becomes
increasingly viable at less than $3 per Watt. Further, a grid-connected hybrid micro-grid adds reliability and
redundancy to the grid, encouraging investor and small business interests. Modeling indicates that the cost of PV,
diesel fuel, operations and maintenance, and equipment replacement are highly sensitive system design variables.
Finally, modeling shows that islanded operation of a grid-connected micro-grid provides for continuous electricity
sales and creates reliability.
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF FUNCTION-DRIVEN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY APPROACHES TO CHARACTERIZE CHITINOLYSIS IN SOIL MICROBIOMES
Creators: name: Zegeye, Elias
Publisher: name: Washington State University
Year: 2022
Subjects: Activity-Based Probe
Chemical Biology
Chemical Proteomics
Chitin
Microbiome

description: Microbial catabolism of chitin plays fundamental roles in ecosystem functioning, yet a full, mechanistic understanding remains elusive. To gain a function-dependent understanding we integrated omics-based techniques with novel chemical biology approaches to directly characterize chitinase activity in a soil biosystem. Herein, the strategies of chemical biology and chemoproteomics, synthesis of activity-based probes, and techniques to measure enzymatic activities in a soil rhizosphere is introduced in Chapter One. A connection is made to show how these function-forward approaches can be applied in reduced complexity soil microbiomes. Chapter Two presents the synthesis of activity-based probes for chitinases and related glycoside hydrolase enzymes by modifying N-acetyl glucosamine and chitotriose. These probes were used to determine the active complement of chitinolytic enzymes produced over time by the soil bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus. Chapter Three discuss the development of stable and simple chitinolytic consortia from native soil. We investigated the successional dynamics of a native soil microbiome during long-term enrichment on chitin and N-acetylglucosamine. We examined succession of the community in a structured soil and unstructured liquid environment at various initial species richness. We found that lower initial richness results in a more rapid convergence to community stability. The structured soil environment, rather than liquid, formed minimized chitinolytic communities best representative of a complex natural soil community. The results provided enhanced understanding about the succession, selection, and stabilization of a chitinolytic microbiome. Chapter Four discusses the application of chemical biology in a soil rhizosphere. We synthesized a fluorescence substrate, chitotriose-TokyoGreen, which is selectively triggered by active chitinase enzymes producing a fluorescence signal to spatially resolve chitinases. When proteins were extracted from a switchgrass rhizosphere using a nitrocellulose membrane and stained with chitotriose-TokyoGreen, chitinases were found to be primarily distributed along an area with supplemented chitin. Finally, Chapter Five provides a summary of the research, describes key scientific contributions, and describes future directions. Overall, our chemical biology approach provides a function-resolved molecular level insight to the roles chitinase and chitinolytic microbes play in soil nutrient cycling in the face of environmental changes.
DEVELOPMENT OF IMIDAZOQUINOLINE PRODRUGS FOR USE IN TARGETED IMMUNOTHERAPY OF VARIOUS PATHOLOGIES
Creators: name: Ryan, Austin
Publisher: name: Washington State University
Year: 2022
Subjects: bystander-assisted immunotherapy
cancer
imidazoquinoline
prodrug
toll-like receptor
Immunotherapy
Biochemistry

description: The field of immunotherapy has been historically dominated by macromolecular biologic treatments, including monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and heat-inactivated bacteria. Recent advances in the field have indicated that small molecule immunostimulants can induce anti-cancer and anti-bacterial immunity, and several of these compounds (imiquimod, monophosphoryl lipid A) have acquired FDA approval for the treatment of various types of cancer. However, the clinical success of small molecule immunostimulants in general has been seriously hampered by adverse side-effects associated with indiscriminate immune cell stimulation and systemic inflammation. Our group has recently established a technique termed Bystander Assisted Immunotherapy (BAIT), wherein an enzyme-directed immunostimulant prodrug platform can be selectively metabolized by multi-drug resistant cancer cells to activate immunogenicity. The BAIT mechanism employs an inactive immunostimulant prodrug which is targeted to a pathologically relevant enzyme. Hydrolysis of the prodrug directing group by the enzyme target leads to formation of an active immunostimulant which is then effluxed to the extracellular space where it can engage with nearby immune cells to induce an immune response local to the pathogen. This dissertation expands upon the framework of BAIT by exploring the impact of several parameters including enzyme-directing group, immunostimulant payload, and target cell type. Specifically, we report the development of prodrugs of resiquimod and imiquimod – members of the imidazoquinoline class of toll-like receptor agonists – that are targeted to various hydrolases that are upregulated by cancer cells, β-lactamases that are uniquely expressed in drug-resistant bacteria, and avidin which we have used as a model protein target for our proof-of-concept Ligand-Directed Nitrophenol Carbonate (LDNPC) affinity labeling and drug delivery platform. We envision that these developments will propel our BAIT technology toward in vivo application, with the hope that this drug delivery technique may enhance the safety and efficacy of future small molecule immunotherapies.