Barriers to and enablers of the promotion of patient and family participation in primary healthcare nursing in Brazil, Germany and Spain: A qualitative study
Creators: name: Heumann, Marcus
name: Röhnsch, Gundula
name: Zabaleta-Del-Olmo, Edurne
name: Toso, Beatriz Rosana Gonçalves De Oliveira
name: Giovanella, Ligia
name: Hämel, Kerstin
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: chronic disease
subject: family caregiver
subject: patient education as topic
subject: patient participation
subject: person-centred care
subject: primary health care
subject: qualitative research
subject: 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit

description: Background Most health systems are insufficiently prepared to promote the participation of chronically ill patients in their care. Strong primary health care (PHC) strengthens patients' resources and thus promotes their participation. The tasks of providing continuous care to people with chronic diseases and promoting self-management are the responsibility of PHC nurses. Recent research assessing enablers of or barriers to nurses' efforts to support patients' participation has mostly not considered the special situation of patients with chronic diseases or focused on the PHC setting. Objective To investigate enablers of and barriers to PHC nurses' efforts to promote the participation of chronically ill patients in their care. Methods We interviewed 34 practicing PHC nurses and 23 key informants with advanced knowledge of PHC nursing practice in Brazil, Germany and Spain. The data was analyzed using thematic coding. Results We identified four categories of barriers and enablers. (1) Establishing bonds with patients: Interviewees emphasized that understanding patients' views and behaviours is important for PHC nurses. (2) Cooperation with relatives and families: Good relationships with families are fundamental, however conflicts within families could challenge PHC nurses efforts to strengthen participation. (3) Communication and cooperation within PHC teams: PHC nurses see Cooperative team structures as a potential enabler, while the dominance of a ‘biomedical’ approach to patient care is seen as a barrier. (4) Work environment: Interviewees agreed that increased workload is a barrier to patient participation. Discussion and Conclusions Supporting patient participation should be acknowledged as an important responsibility for nurses by general practitioners and PHC planners. PHC nurses should be trained in communicative competence when discussing participation with chronically ill patients. Interprofessional education could strengthen other professionals' understanding of patient participation as a nursing task. Patient or Public Contribution This study is part of a research project associated with the research network ‘forges: User-oriented care: Promotion of health in the context of chronic diseases and care dependency’. The study's focus and provisional results were discussed continuously with partners in health and social care practice and presented to and discussed with the public at two conferences in which patient representatives, professionals and researchers participated.