Methane flux from flowback operations at a shale gas site
Creators: name: Shaw, Jacob T.
name: Allen, Grant
name: Pitt, Joseph
name: Shah, Adil
name: Wilde, Shona
name: Stamford, Laurence
name: Zhaoyang Fan
name: Ricketts, Hugo
name: Williams, Paul I.
name: Bateson, Prudence
name: Barker, Patrick
name: Purvis, Ruth
name: Lowry, David
name: Fisher, Rebecca
name: France, James
name: Coleman, Max
name: Lewis, Alastair C.
name: Risk, David A.
name: Ward, Robert S.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Space Science
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: Science Policy
subject: Inorganic Chemistry

description: We report measurements of methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) mixing ratios and emission fluxes derived from sampling at a monitoring station at an exploratory shale gas extraction facility in Lancashire, England. Elevated ambient CH<sub>4</sub> mixing ratios were recorded in January 2019 during a period of cold-venting associated with a nitrogen lift process at the facility. These processes are used to clear the well to stimulate flow of natural gas from the target shale. Estimates of CH<sub>4</sub> flux during the emission event were made using three independent modeling approaches: Gaussian plume dispersion (following both a simple Gaussian plume inversion and the US EPA OTM 33-A method), and a Lagrangian stochastic transport model (WindTrax). The three methods yielded an estimated peak CH<sub>4</sub> flux during January 2019 of approximately 70 g s<sup>−1</sup>. The total mass of CH<sub>4</sub> emitted during the six-day venting period was calculated to be 2.9, 4.2 ± 1.4(1σ) and 7.1 ± 2.1(1σ) tonnes CH<sub>4</sub> using the simple Gaussian plume model, WindTrax, and OTM-33A methods, respectively. Whilst the flux approaches all agreed within 1σ uncertainty, an estimate of 4.2 (± 1.4) tonnes CH<sub>4</sub> represents the most confident assessment due to the explicit modeling of advection and meteorological stability permitted using the WindTrax model. This mass is consistent with fluxes calculated by the Environment Agency (in the range 2.7 to 6.8 tonnes CH<sub>4</sub>), using emission data provided by the shale site operator to the regulator. This study provides the first CH<sub>4</sub> emission estimate for a nitrogen lift process and the first-reported flux monitoring of a UK shale gas site, and contributes to the evaluation of the environmental impacts of shale gas operations worldwide. This study also provides forward guidance on future monitoring applications and flux calculation in transient emission events. <i>Implications</i>: This manuscript discusses atmospheric measurements near to the UK’s first hydraulic fracturing facility, which has very high UK public, media, and policy interest. The focus of this manuscript is on a single week of data in which a large venting event at the shale gas site saw emissions of ~4 tonnes of methane to atmosphere, in breach of environmental permits. These results are likely to beresults are likely to be reported by the media and may influence future policy decisions concerning the UK hydraulic fracturing industry.