Simulium vernum Macquart
Creators: name: Adler, Peter H.
name: Crosskey, Roger W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Simuliidae
Simulium
Simulium vernum

description: VERNUM species-group
Simulium aestivum Davies, Peterson & Wood
Dunbar (1962, chromosomal key, idiogram, low-magnification photo of polytene complement, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome relative lengths): Canada
Brockhouse (1984, 1985, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. ‘Labrador’): Canada
Hunter & Connolly (1986, characterization, cytodendrogram, drawing of IL, idiogram, inversions mapped, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada
Hunter (1987a, characterization, cytodendrogram, idiogram, inversions mapped, note on revised inversion breakpoints, photos of IIIS and IIIL, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada, USA
Hunter (1987b, note on revised inversion breakpoints, summary of fixed inversions relative to S. vernum group standard): North America
Simulium armoricanum Doby & David
Bass & Brockhouse (1990, characterization, partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard but inversion breakpoints not given): [Britain (England)]
Adler & Seitz (2014, chromosomal phylogeny): [Europe]
Simulium australe (Rubtsov)
Kachvoryan (1990b, comparison with S. chubarevae, description, photos of all arms and metaphase complement): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (2003, notes on general polytene features): Armenia
Kachvoryan, Petrova & Chubareva (2003, notes on general polytene features): [Armenia]
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and polytene complements): Armenia
Simulium bavaricum Seitz & Adler
Seitz & Adler (2009, characterization; inversions mapped; original description of species; photos of IL, IIIS, IIIL, bases of IIS and IIL, and partial chromocenter; resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Germany
Simulium beltukovae (Rubtsov)
Hunter (1987a, 1987b, characterization, cytodendrogram, idiogram, inversions mapped, photos of IIS, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as Eusimulium carpathicum): Germany
Adler, Malmqvist & Zhang (1999, notes on geographic variation; as S. carpathicum): Sweden
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, photos of metaphase and polytene complements; as Cnetha cryophila): Russia
Adler & Seitz (2014, chromosomal phylogeny): [Europe]
Simulium berchtesgadense Seitz, Adler & Forster
Seitz, Adler & Forster (2015, characterization, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Germany
Simulium bicorne Dorogostaisky, Rubtsov & Vlasenko
Brockhouse (1984, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. bicorne and ‘Alaska #23’): Canada, USA
Brockhouse (1985, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. bicorne): Canada, USA
Adler, Malmqvist & Zhang (1999, description, partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Sweden
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, characterization, chromosomal characters in larval key, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada
Simulium burgeri Adler, Currie & Wood
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, characterization, original description of species, partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada
Simulium carbunculum Adler, Currie & Wood
Dunbar (1962, chromosomal key, idiogram, low-magnification photo of polytene complement, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome relative lengths, whole-arm interchange [actually a misinterpretation]; as E. pugetense ‘Cypress’): Canada
Hunter & Connolly (1986, characterization, inversions mapped, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. pugetense ‘Cypress Hills’): Canada
Hunter (1987a, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. pugetense ‘Cypress Hills’): Canada
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, characterization, chromosomal characters in larval key, formal name for Dunbar’s 1962 S. pugetense ‘Cypress’, inversions mapped): North America
Simulium carthusiense Grenier & Dorier
Adler & Seitz (2014, characterization; chromosomal phylogeny; description of different B chromosomes; inversions mapped; photos of B chromosomes [2 types], IS and IL ends, IIIS, and IIIL; resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Austria, Spain
Simulium chomthongense Takaoka, Srisuka & Choochote
Kuvangkadilok, Boonkemtong & Phayuhasena (1998, low-resolution photos of C-banded and orcein-stained polytene chromosomes [II and III reversed]; as S. caudisclerum): Thailand
Kuvangkadilok, Phayuhasena & Boonkemtong (1999, description, photos of polytene chromosomes [lowmagnification, II and III reversed] and IIS [as IIIS], polytene chromosome relative lengths; as S. caudisclerum): Thailand
Simulium chubarevae (Kachvoryan & Terteryan)
Kachvoryan (1986, notes on B chromosomes): Armenia
Kachvoryan (1988c, notes on B chromosomes): Armenia
Kachvoryan (1990b, B chromosomes, comparison with S. australe, description, photos of all arms, B chromosomes, and metaphase complement): Armenia
Kachvoryan, Usova & Oganesyan (1993, comparison with S. djafarovi, photos of IL and IIIL): Armenia
Kachvoryan & Galustyan (1998, notes on B chromosomes): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (2003, notes on general polytene features): Armenia
Kachvoryan, Petrova & Chubareva (2003, notes on general polytene features): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and polytene complements): Armenia
Simulium conicum Adler, Currie & Wood
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, characterization, chromosomal characters in larval key, inversions mapped, original description of species, resolution [except IL] relative to S. vernum group standard): USA
Simulium costatum Friederichs
Knoz & Chubareva (1974, description, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and polytene complements): Czech Republic
Chubareva & Petrova (1979, 2003, notes on general polytene features): Czech Republic
Hunter (1987a, 1987b, characterization, cytodendrogram, idiogram, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Britain (England), Denmark, Germany
Brockhouse, Bass, Feraday & Straus (1989, cytodendrogram, description and evolution of different B chromosomes, photo of B chromosomes): Britain (England), Denmark
Brockhouse, Bass & Straus (1989, B chromosomes, description and possible origin of chromocenter polymorphism, photos of B chromosomes and low-resolution polytene complements showing chromocenter polymorphisms): Britain (England)
Bass & Brockhouse (1990, characterization, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): [Britain (England)]
Brockhouse (1991, chromocenter polymorphism, description and evolution of different B chromosomes, photos of B chromosomes and low-magnification polytene complements): Britain (England), Denmark
Chubareva & Kachvoryan (2000, comparison with S. akopi, description, note on B chromosomes, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and polytene complements): Czech Republic
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and polytene complements, polytene chromosome lengths): Czech Republic
Simulium craigi Adler & Currie
Dunbar (1962, chromosomal key, idiogram, low-magnification photo of polytene complement, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome relative lengths; as Eusimulium latipes): Canada
Brockhouse (1984, 1985, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, photos of IIIL, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as ‘Cypress Hills’, ‘Gothic’, and ‘Nipigon’): Canada, USA
Brockhouse in Adler & Currie (1986, characterization; formal name by Adler & Currie for Brockhouse’s 1985 ‘Cypress Hills’, ‘Gothic’, and ‘Nipigon’; partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada
Hunter (1987a, characterization; cytodendrogram; drawings of partial IIIL; idiogram; inversions mapped; photos of IL, IIIS, and IIIL; resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as S. ‘X’): Canada, USA
Brockhouse, Bass, Feraday & Straus (1989, notes on B chromosomes; as S. craigi and ‘ Type 4’): North America
Brockhouse (1991, note on difference from S. vernum group standard; as S. craigi, ‘Cypress Hills’, ‘Gothic’, and ‘Nipigon’): North America
Hunter (2002, characterization; drawings of partial IIIL; inversions mapped; new cytoforms recognized [‘ACF/BCF’, ‘AF’, and ‘CC’]; photos of IL, IIIL, and partial IIIS; resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada, USA
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, characterization, geographic variation, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada
Simulium crenobium (Knoz)
Bass & Brockhouse (1990, characterization, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): [Germany]
Brockhouse (1991, notes on comparison with S. juxtacrenobium): [Germany]
Ilmonen, Adler, Malmqvist & Cywinska (2009, B chromosomes, characterization, geographic variation, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Austria, Germany
Simulium croxtoni Nicholson & Mickel
Zimring (1953, idiogram, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome relative lengths): Canada
Dunbar (1962, chromosomal key, idiogram, low-magnification photo of polytene complement, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome relative lengths): Canada
Hunter & Connolly (1986, characterization, cytodendrogram, idiogram, inversions mapped, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada
Hunter (1987a, characterization, cytodendrogram, idiogram, inversions mapped, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada
Hunter (1987b, summary of fixed inversions relative to S. vernum group standard): North America
Simulium cryophilum (Rubtsov) (complex)
Kunze (1952, description of pairing, drawings of polytene sections, photo of polytene complement; as Simulium ‘sp. 1’): Austria
Kunze (1953, low-magnification photos of polytene complements, notes on general polytene features; as Simulium ‘sp. 1’ and ‘sp. 2’): Austria
Petrukhina (1966, description; photos of metaphase and polytene [low magnification] complements, all arms, and polymorphisms; polytene chromosome relative lengths; as Eusimulium latipes latipes): Russia Chubareva & Petrukhina (1970, note on comparison with S. erythrocephalum, photos of nucleolar organizer region in chromosome I [not III] and IL and IIL ends; as Eusimulium latipes): [Russia]
Chubareva, Petrova & Petrukhina (1971, notes on general polytene features, photos of CI region and lowmagnification polytene complement; as Eusimulium cryophilum and E. latipes): Russia
Kachvoryan & Chubareva (1974, comparison with selected species in S. vernum group, description, photos of all chromosomes; as E. latipes): Armenia
Chubareva (1977c, idiogram, polytene chromosome lengths; as Cnetha latipes): [Russia]
Chubareva (1979a, notes on general polytene features; as Cnetha latipes): Russia
Chubareva & Petrova (1979, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths; as Cnetha cryophilum and C. latipes): Russia
Kachvoryan (1979, comparison with selected species, photo of IS end; as Cnetha latipes): [Armenia]
Chubareva (1980a, idiogram, notes on general polytene features; as Cnetha latipes): Russia
Burkiewicz (1985, photos of sex chromosomes [IIIL partial]): Poland
Hunter (1987a, 1987b, characterization; cytodendrogram; idiogram; inversions mapped; new cytoforms [‘A’ and ‘B’] and homosequential sibling species recognized [‘B1’ (= S. urbanum) and ‘B2’]; photos of IL end, IIS end, IIIS, and IIIL partial; resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Denmark, Germany
Bass & Brockhouse (1990, characterization, partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard but inversion breakpoints not given): [Britain (England)]
Adler, Malmqvist & Zhang (1999, notes on geographic variation; as S. cryophilum cytospecies ‘A’ and ‘B2’): Sweden
Chubareva & Petrova (2003, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths; as Hellichiella latipes and Nevermannia cryophila): Russia
Kachvoryan, Petrova & Chubareva (2003, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths): Russia
Chubareva & Petrova (2004, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths; as C. cryophila and C. verna): Russia
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, photos of metaphase and polytene complements, polytene chromosome lengths; as C. verna): Russia
Adler & Seitz (2014, chromosomal phylogeny, photo of IL base): Spain
Simulium djafarovi (Rubtsov)
Kachvoryan (1988a, B chromosomes; description; photos of all chromosomes, B chromosomes, and metaphase complement; polytene chromosome lengths): Armenia
Kachvoryan (1990a, B chromosomes; description; multiple nucleoli; photos of B chromosomes and partial IL, IIS, IIL, and IIIL): Armenia
Kachvoryan, Usova & Oganesyan (1993, comparison with S. chubarevae, photos of IL and IIIL): Armenia
Kachvoryan & Galustyan (1998, notes on B chromosomes): Armenia
Kachvoryan & Adler (2000, note on undifferentiated sex chromosomes): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (2003, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths): Armenia
Kachvoryan, Petrova & Chubareva (2003, notes on general polytene features): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and polytene complements, polytene chromosome lengths): Armenia
Simulium dunfellense Davies
Bass & Brockhouse (1990, characterization, partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard but inversion breakpoints not given): [Britain (England)]
Brockhouse (1991, comparison with S. juxtacrenobium): [Britain (England)]
Simulium fionae Adler
Brockhouse (1984, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard, photos of IL and IIIL; as ‘A-type’): Canada
Brockhouse (1985, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard, photo of IIIL; as ‘Eastmain’): Canada
Hunter & Connolly (1986, characterization, cytodendrogram, drawing of IIL, idiogram, inversions mapped, resolution [except IIL] relative to S. vernum group standard; as S. ‘sp.’): USA
Hunter (1987a, characterization, cytodendrogram, drawing of IIL, idiogram, inversions mapped, photo of polytene complement, resolution [except IIL] relative to S. vernum group standard; as S. ‘sp. near furculatum - croxtoni ’): USA
Hunter (1987b, summary of fixed inversions relative to S. vernum group standard; as S. ‘sp.’): North America
Adler (1990, notes on geographic variation, original description of species): USA
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, notes on geographic variation): Canada
Simulium fontinale Radzivilovskaya
Brockhouse (1984, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as Eusimulium ‘Yukon #9’): Canada
Choate (1984, characterization, cytodendrogram, idiogram, inversions mapped, photos of all arms, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. ‘X’): USA
Brockhouse (1985, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. ‘Yukon’): Canada
Brockhouse in Adler & Currie (1986, characterization, partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as S. decolletum): Canada
Allison & Shields (1989, characterization, drawing of IIIL, selected inversions mapped; as E. decolletum): USA
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, characterization, geographic variation, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada, USA
Chubareva & Petrova (2004, notes on B chromosomes and general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths): Russia
Chubareva & Petrova (2006, frequency of B chromosomes, low-resolution photos of B chromosomes [with interpretive drawings] and metaphase complement): Russia
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, polytene chromosome lengths): Russia
Simulium fontium (Rubtsov)
Kachvoryan & Chubareva (1974, comparison with selected species in S. vernum group, description, photos of all arms): Armenia
Kachvoryan (1978, comparison with selected species in subgenera Montisimulium and Nevermannia [as Chelocnetha], description): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (1979, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths): Armenia
Kachvoryan (1979, comparison with selected species; photos of ends of IS, IIL, IIIS, and IIIL): [Armenia]
Chubareva & Kachvoryan (2000, comparison with S. akopi): Armenia
Kachvoryan & Adler (2000, note on undifferentiated sex chromosomes): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (2003, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths): Armenia
Kachvoryan, Petrova & Chubareva (2003, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths; as N. latipes): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, photos of metaphase and polytene complements, polytene chromosome lengths): Armenia
Kachvoryan in Adler & Werner (2010, notes on B chromosomes, possible synonymy with S. costatum): Armenia
Simulium garniense (Rubtsov)
Kachvoryan & Chubareva (1974, comparison with selected species in S. vernum group, description, photos of all arms): Armenia
Kachvoryan (1978, comparison with selected species in subgenera Montisimulium and Nevermannia [as Chelocnetha], description): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (1979, notes on general polytene features): Armenia
Kachvoryan (1979, comparison with selected species, photos of IS and IIL ends): [Armenia]
Chubareva & Kachvoryan (2000, comparison with S. akopi): Armenia
Kachvoryan & Adler (2000, note on undifferentiated sex chromosomes): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (2003, notes on general polytene features): Armenia
Kachvoryan, Petrova & Chubareva (2003, notes on general polytene features): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (2007, photos of metaphase and polytene complements): [Armenia]
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, photos of metaphase and polytene complements, polytene chromosome lengths): Armenia
Simulium gouldingi Stone
Dunbar (1962, chromosomal key, idiogram, low-magnification photo of polytene complement, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome relative lengths): Canada
Hunter & Connolly (1986, characterization; cytodendrogram; drawings of IL, IIL, IIIL, and IIIS; idiogram; inversions mapped; resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): USA
Hunter (1987a, characterization; cytodendrogram; drawings of IL, IIL, IIIL, and IIIS; idiogram; inversions mapped; resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): USA
Hunter (1987b, summary of fixed inversions relative to S. vernum group standard): North America
Simulium gracile Datta
Dey & Fumafartsok (1984a, metaphase chromosome lengths, notes on B chromosomes, photos of metaphase complement): India
Simulium henanense Wen, Wei & Chen
Wen, Wei & Chen (2007b, idiogram, low-resolution photos of all arms, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome relative lengths): China
Simulium impar Davies, Peterson & Wood
Hunter & Connolly (1986, characterization; cytodendrogram; drawings of IS, IL, and sex chromosomes; idiogram; inversions mapped; resolution [except IL] relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada, USA
Hunter (1987a, characterization; cytodendrogram; drawings of IS, IL, and sex chromosomes; idiogram; inversions mapped; photos of IIS and IIIS; resolution [except IL] relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada, USA
Hunter (1987b, summary of fixed inversions relative to S. vernum group standard): North America
Simulium itelmenica (Chubareva & Yankovsky)
Chubareva & Yankovksy (2006, inversions mapped; original description of species; photos of all arms, B chromosomes, and metaphase complement; putative resolution relative to S. cryophilum ([as Cnetha verna]): Russia
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and polytene complements, polytene chromosome lengths, putative resolution relative to S. cryophilum ([as Cnetha verna]; as Cnetha itelmenica and C. shutovae): Russia. NOTE: The majority of the polytene maps of C. itelmenica (fig. 125) and C. shutovae (fig. 134) in Chubareva & Petrova (2008a) appear to be derived from the same chromosomal photos, although cut and arranged in slightly different configurations. Whether itelmenica is a synonym of shutovae requires additional study.
Chubareva & Petrova (2009b, description, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and polytene complements, polytene chromosome lengths; as C. shutovae): Russia. NOTE: The same comments under Chubareva & Petrova (2008a) above apply here.
Simulium juxtacrenobium Bass & Brockhouse
Brockhouse, Bass, Feraday & Straus (1989, cytodendrogram, description and evolution of different B chromosomes, photos of 3 different B chromosomes): Britain (England), Ireland
Bass & Brockhouse (1990, characterization; description of different B chromosomes; original description of species; photos of B chromosomes, chromosome II, and low-resolution polytene complement with pseudochromocenter; resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Britain (England), Ireland
Brockhouse (1991, characterization; description and evolution of different B chromosomes; photos of B chromosomes, IIS, and pseudochromocenter): Britain (England), Ireland
Ilmonen, Adler, Malmqvist & Cywinska (2009, B chromosomes; characterization; inversions mapped; photos of B chromosomes, IIL, and polytene complements; possible sibling species; resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Finland, Sweden
Simulium loerchae Adler
Adler (1987, characterization, inversions mapped, original description of species, photos of IL and IIL, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): USA
Hunter (1987a, characterization, cytodendrogram, idiogram, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as S. ‘new species’): USA
Simulium merritti Adler, Currie & Wood
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, characterization, chromosomal characters in larval key, inversions mapped, original description of species, resolution [except IL] relative to S. vernum group standard): USA
Simulium modicum Adler, Currie & Wood
Dunbar (1962, chromosomal key, idiogram, notes on general polytene features, photo of polytene complement, polytene chromosome relative lengths; as E. pugetense): Canada, USA
Choate (1984, characterization, cytodendrogram, idiogram, partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard, photos of all arms; as E. pugetense ‘IL-st’): USA
Hunter & Connolly (1986, characterization, cytodendrogram, drawings of IL and IIIL, idiogram, inversions mapped, resolution [except IL] relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. pugetense cytotype ‘A’ [X0 Y 0]): Canada, USA
Hunter (1987a, characterization, cytodendrogram, drawings of IL and IIIL-1, idiogram, inversions mapped, photos of CI and polytene complement, resolution [except IL] relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. pugetense cytotype ‘A’ [X0 Y 0]): Canada, USA
Allison & Shields (1989, characterization; as E. pugetense cytotype ‘A’): USA
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, chromosomal characters in larval key, formal name for Hunter & Connolly’s 1986 S. pugetense cytotype ‘A’, notes on geographic variation): North America
Simulium moultoni Adler, Currie & Wood
Hunter & Connolly (1986, characterization, idiogram, inversions mapped, resolution [except IL] relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. pugetense cytotype ‘C’): Canada, USA
Hunter (1987a, characterization, idiogram, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, resolution [except IL] relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. pugetense cytotype ‘C’): Canada, USA
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, chromosomal characters in larval key, formal name for Hunter & Connolly’s 1986 S. pugetense cytotype ‘C’, inversions mapped, photo of polytene complement): Canada
Simulium naturale Davies
Brockhouse (1984, 1985, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as ‘Dorset IIS-2+3’): Britain (England)
Brockhouse in Rothfels (1989, cytodendrogram; as ‘Dorset IIS-2+3’): Britain (England)
Bass & Brockhouse (1990, characterization of 2 cytoforms [‘Denmark’ and ‘IIS-2+3’], resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Britain (England), Denmark
Brockhouse (1991, characterization of 2 cytoforms [‘Denmark’ and ‘IIS-2+3’], inversions mapped, photo of sex chromosomes, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Britain (England)
Simulium planipuparium Rubtsov
Chubareva & Petrova (1979, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths): Tajikistan
Ismagulov & Chubareva (1993, description, photos of all arms, polytene chromosome lengths): Tajikistan
Chubareva & Petrova (2003, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths): Tajikistan
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, photos of metaphase and polytene complements, polytene chromosome lengths): Tajikistan
Simulium pugetense Dyar & Shannon
Choate (1984, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as Eusimulium pugetense ‘IL-st’): USA
Hunter in Currie & Adler (1986, characterization; as S. pugetense cytotypes ‘D’ and ‘E’): Canada
Hunter & Connolly (1986, characterization, idiogram, inversions mapped, resolution [except IL] relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. pugetense cytotypes ‘B’, ‘D’, and ‘E’): Canada
Hunter (1987a, characterization, cytodendrogram, idiogram, inversions mapped, resolution [except IL] relative to S. vernum group standard; as E. pugetense cytotypes ‘B’, ‘D’, and ‘E’): Canada
Hunter (1987b, summary of fixed inversions relative to S. vernum group standard): North America
Allison & Shields (1989, characterization, geographic variation; as E. pugetense ‘B’): USA
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, characterization, chromosomal characters in larval key, probable sibling species, recognition of S. pugetense cytotypes ‘B’, ‘D’, and ‘E’ of Hunter & Connolly 1986 as S. pugetense s. str., selected inversions mapped): North America
Simulium purii Datta
Dey & Fumafartosok (1984b, description, idiogram, lengths, and photos of metaphase complement): India
Simulium quebecense Twinn
Hunter & Connolly (1986, characterization, cytodendrogram, drawing of IL, idiogram, inversions mapped, resolution [except IL] relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada, USA
Hunter (1987a, characterization, drawing of IL, idiogram, inversions mapped, resolution [except IL] relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada, USA
Hunter (1987b, summary of fixed inversions relative to S. vernum group standard): North America
Simulium rushanense Chubareva & Petrova [name presently unavailable]
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, photos of metaphase and polytene complements): Tajikistan
Simulium silvestre (Rubtsov)
Zimring (1953, idiogram, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome relative lengths; as Eusimulium latipes): Canada
Landau in Dunbar (1962, chromosomal key, idiogram, low-magnification photo of polytene complement, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome relative lengths; as E. latipes ‘St. Rose’): Canada
Brockhouse (1984, characterization; cytodendrogram; inversions mapped; photos of IIS, IIL, IIIS, and IIIL; resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as ‘Caledon’): Canada, USA
Choate (1984, characterization, cytodendrogram, idiogram, photos of all arms and B chromosomes; as E. vernum): USA
Brockhouse (1985, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, photos of IIS and IIIL, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as ‘Caledon’ and ‘Knebworth’ [part (Alaska only)]): Canada, USA
Brockhouse in Adler & Currie (1986, characterization, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as S. caledonense): Canada, USA
Allison & Shields (1989, characterization; as E. vernum ‘Knebworth’): USA
Brockhouse in Rothfels (1989, cytodendrogram; as ‘Alaska’): USA
Bass & Brockhouse (1990, characterization, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as S. vernum ‘Knebworth’ [part (Alaska only)]): USA
Adler, Malmqvist & Zhang (1999, characterization, homosequential species with S. vernum, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Sweden
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, characterization, homosequential species with S. vernum ‘Knebworth’, note on B chromosomes, possible sibling species, recognition of Brockhouse’s 1985 ‘Caledon’ and ‘Knebworth’ [part (Alaska only)] as S. silvestre, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Canada, Sweden, USA
Simulium uchidai (Takahasi)
Okada (1971, description; photos of metaphase complement, low-magnification polytene complement and all chromosomes, and CII region and portions of IS, IL, IIS, IIL, and IIIS, and IIIL polymorphism; polytene chromosome relative lengths): Japan
Okada & Sato (1971, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome relative lengths): Japan
Simulium urbanum Davies
Hunter (1987a, 1987b, characterization, cytodendrogram, homosequential sibling species with S. cryophilum ‘B2’, resolution relative to S. vernum group standard; as Eusimulium cryophilum ‘B1’): Germany
Bass & Brockhouse (1990, characterization, partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): [Britain (England)]
Brockhouse (1991, characterization, inversions mapped, partial resolution relative to S. vernum group standard, photo of pseudochromocenter): Britain (England)
Adler, Malmqvist & Zhang (1999, chromosomal recognition of Hunter’s 1987b S. cryophilum ‘B1’ as S. urbanum, notes on geographic variation): Sweden
Adler & Seitz (2014, chromosomal phylogeny): [Europe]
Simulium vernum Macquart (complex)
NOTE: References to ‘ latipes ’ and ‘ verna ’ in the former Soviet literature refer to S. cryophilum complex.
Brockhouse (1984, 1985, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, ‘Knebworth’ cytoform established as S. vernum group standard, new cytoforms recognized [‘Dorset IIS-1’, ‘Knebworth’, ‘Lymington’, ‘N89’, ‘N99’, and ‘N111/N96’], photos of all arms): Britain (England), Norway
Leonhardt (1985, 1987, comparison with S. aureum group standard; photos of bases of IS, IIS, and IIIL and middle of IL): [Britain (England)]
Hunter (1987a, 1987b, B chromosomes; characterization of cytoforms ‘Knebworth’ [X0 Y 0] and ‘Lymington’ [X0 Y 1]; cytodendrogram; idiogram; inversions mapped; photos of IIS, IIL partial, IIIS, and IIIL base): Germany, Italy
Brockhouse in Rothfels (1989, cytodendrogram; as ‘Knebworth’, ‘Dorset & Devon’, ‘Dorset IIS-1’, and ‘Lymington’): Britain (England)
Brockhouse, Bass, Feraday & Straus (1989, cytodendrogram, description and evolution of B chromosomes, photo of B chromosomes; as S. vernum siblings ‘Knebworth’, ‘Dorset IIS-1’, and ‘Lymington’): Britain (England)
Hunter (1989, comparison with S. furculatum, idiogram; as S. vernum ‘Knebworth’): [Britain (England)]
Bass & Brockhouse (1990, characterization of 3 cytoforms [‘Dorset IIS-1’, ‘Knebworth’ (part [Europe only]), and ‘Lymington’], new cytoform recognized [‘Hornvik’], resolution relative to S. vernum group standard): Britain (England), Iceland
Brockhouse (1991, characterization of 3 cytoforms [‘Dorset IIS-1’, ‘Knebworth’, and ‘Lymington’] and probable sibling species [‘Hornvik’], description and evolution of B chromosomes, inversions mapped, photos of all arms and B chromosomes): Britain (England), Iceland, Norway
Adler, Malmqvist & Zhang (1999, possible homosequential sibling species): Sweden
Ilmonen, Adler, Malmqvist & Cywinska (2009, comparison with S. crenobium and S. juxtacrenobium): Sweden
Simulium wyomingense Stone & DeFoliart
Adler, Currie & Wood (2004, note on chromocenter, IIS and IIIS resolved relative to S. vernum group standard): North America
Simulium zakhariense (Rubtsov)
Chubareva (1974a, frequency of B chromosomes, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and lowresolution polytene complements): Armenia
Chubareva & Kachvoryan (1974, B chromosomes, description, low-resolution photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and polytene complements of diploid and autotriploid): Armenia
Chubareva, Grinchuk & Kachvoryan (1974, description of autotriploid, photos of metaphase and polytene complements of autotriploid): Armenia
Kachvoryan & Chubareva (1974, comparison with selected species in S. vernum group; description; photos of all arms, B chromosomes, and metaphase complement): Armenia
Chubareva (1977c, idiogram, polytene chromosome lengths): [Armenia]
Kachvoryan (1978, comparison with selected species in subgenera Montisimulium and Nevermannia [as Chelocnetha], description, frequency of autotriploidy and B chromosomes): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (1979, 2003, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths): Armenia
Kachvoryan (1979, comparison with selected species; photos of ends of IS, IIL, IIIS, and IIIL): [Armenia]
Chubareva (1984, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and low-magnification polytene complements): [Armenia]
Chubareva & Petrova (1984, notes on and photos of B chromosomes): Armenia
Kachvoryan, Chubareva, Petrova & Mirumyan (1996, photo of B chromosomes, relation of B chromosomes to environment and phenotype): Armenia
Kachvoryan, Oganesyan & Mirumyan (1996, relation of B chromosomes to phenotype): Armenia
Petrova & Chubareva (1997, note on B chromosomes): Armenia
Kachvoryan & Galustyan (1998, notes on B chromosomes): Armenia
Kachvoryan & Gasparyan (1998, notes on general polytene features): Armenia
Chubareva & Kachvoryan (2000, comparison with S. akopi): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (2000a, note on long-term ecological changes in B-chromosome frequencies): Armenia
Kachvoryan & Adler (2000, note on undifferentiated sex chromosomes): Armenia
Chubareva (2001b, note on frequency of autotriploids): Armenia
Harutyunova, Harutyunova & Kachvoryan (2001, notes on B chromosomes): Armenia
Kachvoryan, Petrova & Chubareva (2003, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths): Armenia
Chubareva & Petrova (2008a, description, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and polytene complements, polytene chromosome lengths): Armenia
Simulium ‘sp. 1’ (Ismagulov)
Ismagulov (1993, notes on general polytene features [only abstract seen]; as Cnetha ‘ sp. n. 1’): Kazakhstan
Chubareva & Petrova (2003, notes on general polytene features; as Nevermannia ‘sp. 1’): Kazakhstan
Simulium ‘sp. 2’ (Ismagulov)
Ismagulov (1993, notes on general polytene features [only abstract seen]; as Cnetha ‘ sp. n. 2’): Kazakhstan
Chubareva & Petrova (2003, notes on general polytene features; as Nevermannia ‘sp. 2’): Kazakhstan
Simulium ‘sp. 3’ (Chubareva & Petrova)
Ismagulov & Chubareva (1993, low-resolution photo of polytene complement, notes on general polytene features; as Cnetha ‘sp.’): Tajikistan
Chubareva & Petrova (2003, notes on general polytene features; as Nevermannia ‘sp. 3’): Tajikistan
Simulium ‘sp. 4’ (Chubareva & Petrova)
Chubareva (1974a, notes on B-chromosome frequency, photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and lowmagnification polytene complements; as E. latipes group): Russia
Chubareva & Petrova (2000b, note on general polytene features; as Cnetha gr. latipes): Russia
Chubareva & Petrova (2003, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths; as Nevermannia ‘sp. 4’): Russia
Petrova & Chubareva (2006, low-magnification photos of B chromosomes and metaphase and polytene complements, notes on general polytene features; as Cnetha ‘sp.’): Russia
description: Published as part of Adler, Peter H. & Crosskey, Roger W., 2015, Cytotaxonomy of the Simuliidae (Diptera): a systematic and bibliographic conspectus, pp. 1-139 in Zootaxa 3975 (1) on pages 66-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3975.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/192364