cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Mandibular ecomorphology in the genus ursus (Ursidae, Carnivora): relevance for the palaeoecological adaptations of cave bears (U. spelaeus) from Scladina cave
Creators: name: Charters, Daniel
name: Brown, Richard P.
name: Abrams, Grégory
name: Di Modica, Kévin
name: Pirson, Stéphane
name: De Groote, Isabelle
name: Ghiraldi, Luca
name: Meloro, Carlo
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Science Policy
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Considerable morphological and ecological diversity has been found in extinct and extant members of the bear genus, Ursus, and appears to be key in explaining how they have thrived across vast ecological gradients. One example is the cave bear Ursus spelaeus. We applied 2D geometric morphometric techniques to describe morphological changes in the mandibles of extant Ursus species to further interpret the palaeoecology of U. spelaeus. Ursus species were discriminated using their mandibular morphology, which showed intra and interspecific shape variation that was indirectly linked to climatic adaptations through dietary variation. Mandibles of bears that inhabit colder, drier and more seasonal environments were generally slender with large diastema and a dorsoventrally smaller ramus. In contrast, species from warmer environments with higher levels of precipitation were found to have a dorsoventrally taller ramus (relative to the corpus). Discriminant function analyses of the morphology of U. spelaeus suggested adaptations to a series of fluctuating environments through time, helping to assess previously proposed Marine Isotope Stages for sedimentary deposits in Scladina Cave. Our geometric morphometrics analyses of bear mandibular ecomorphology demonstrates how geometric morphometrics provides a valuable tool to enhance paleoenvironmental reconstructions within deposits of the same fossil site.
Concurrent performances: inhibition of one response by reinforcement of another
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1969

description: In an analysis of interactions between concurrent performances, variable-interval reinforcement was scheduled, in various sequences, for both keys, for only one key, or for neither key of a two-key pigeon chamber. With changeover delays of 0.5 or 1.0 sec, and with each key's reinforcements discriminated on the basis of key-correlated feeder stimuli, reinforcement of pecks on one key reduced the pecking maintained by reinforcement on the other key. The decrease in pecking early after reinforcement was discontinued on one key was not substantially affected by whether pecks on the other key were reinforced, but after reinforcement was discontinued on both keys, reinstatement of reinforcement for one key sometimes produced transient increases in pecking on the other key. Correlating the availability of right-key reinforcements with a stimulus, which maintained right-key reinforcement while reducing right-key pecking to negligible levels, demonstrated that these interactions depended on concurrent reinforcement, not concurrent responding. Thus, reinforcement of a response, but not necessarily the occurrence of the response, inhibits other reinforced responses. Compared with accounts in terms of excitatory effects of extinction, often invoked in treatments of behavioral contrast, this inhibitory account has the advantage of dealing only with observed dimensions of behavior.
Additional file 4 of Effect of a suitable treatment period on the genetic transformation efficiency of the plant leaf disc method
Creators: name: Xia, Yufei
name: Cao, Yuan
name: Ren, Yongyu
name: Ling, Aoyu
name: Du, Kang
name: Li, Yun
name: Yang, Jun
name: Kang, Xiangyang
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 4: Figure S4. Regeneration of different receptor materials after treatment with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. (A) Phenotypic characteristics of 84K poplar leaves cultured on differentiation medium, budding and rooting. (B) Phenotypic characteristics of 84K poplar stem segments cultured on differentiation medium, budding and rooting. (C) Phenotypic characteristics of tobacco leaves cultured on differentiation medium, budding and rooting.
Electronic Cigarettes or Vaping: Are There Any Differences in the Profiles, Use and Perceptions between a Developed and a Developing Country?
Creators: name: Rahman, Muhammad
name: Joseph, B
name: Nimmi, N
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 420699
subject: Public health not elsewhere classified

description: The use of electronic cigarettes or vaping is currently increasing in popularity globally. Debate continues regarding their potential role for smoking cessation. We aimed to compare the profiles, use and perceptions of using e-cigarettes amongst online forum users in a developed and a developing country. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among members of different popular online forums in Australia and Bangladesh who were current or ex-users of e-cigarettes. There were 422 study participants, 261 (62%) from Australia and 161 (38%) from Bangladesh. The mean age was 36.3 (±12) years and 83% were men. Australians were more likely to be exclusive users of e-cigarettes (70% vs. 30%, AOR 3.05 [95% CI 1.63–5.71]), but less likely to be dual users of smoking and e-cigarettes (43% vs. 57%, 0.36 [0.19–0.69]); they were also more likely to mention that the perceived reasons for using were their low cost, good taste/flavour, safety and assistance in reducing or quitting smoking (66% vs. 34%, 5.10 [2.04–12.8]), but less likely to mention a social/cool image as a reason for use (23% vs. 77%, 0.11 [0.01–0.87]) compared with Bangladeshi participants. About two-thirds of the participants in both countries perceived the use of e-cigarettes as less addictive than cigarettes and more than three-quarters perceived them as less harmful. E-cigarette users in Australia were more likely to use them to reduce or quit cigarettes compared with those in Bangladesh, and dual use was common in Bangladesh. These findings warrant the consideration of precautions for promoting e-cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for smoking cessation in developing countries, such as Bangladesh.
Preferred orientation and its effects on intensity-correlation measurements
Creators: name: Binns, Jack
name: Darmanin, Connie
name: Kewish, Cameron
name: Pathirannahalge, Sachini Kadaoluwa
name: Berntsen, Peter
name: Adams, Patrick LR
name: Paporakis, Stefan
name: Wells, Daniel
name: Roque, Francisco Gian
name: Abbey, Brian
name: Bryant, Gary
name: Conn, Charlotte E
name: Mudie, Stephen T
name: Hawley, Adrian M
name: Ryan, Timothy M
name: Greaves, Tamar L
name: Martin, Andrew V
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 510299
subject: Atomic, molecular and optical physics not elsewhere classified
classificationCode: 510499
subject: Condensed matter physics not elsewhere classified
classificationCode: 340699
subject: Physical chemistry not elsewhere classified

description: Intensity-correlation measurements allow access to nanostructural information on a range of ordered and disordered materials beyond traditional paircorrelation methods. In real space, this information can be expressed in terms of a pair-angle distribution function (PADF) which encodes three- and four-body distances and angles. To date, correlation-based techniques have not been applied to the analysis of microstructural effects, such as preferred orientation, which are typically investigated by texture analysis. Preferred orientation is regarded as a potential source of error in intensity-correlation experiments and complicates interpretation of the results. Here, the theory of preferred orientation in intensity-correlation techniques is developed, connecting it to the established theory of texture analysis. The preferred-orientation effect is found to scale with the number of crystalline domains in the beam, surpassing the nanostructural signal when the number of domains becomes large. Experimental demonstrations are presented of the orientation-dominant and nanostructure-dominant cases using PADF analysis. The results show that even minor deviations from uniform orientation produce the strongest angular correlation signals when the number of crystalline domains in the beam is large.
Permian fossil whispers of ancient climates and forests: a megafloral-palynofacies odyssey in a part of eastern India
Creators: name: Dash, Paresh Ranjan
name: Goswami, Shreerup
name: Aggarwal, Neha
name: Pradhan, Sanghamitra
name: Das, Debashish
name: Behera, Duryadhan
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: The East Bokaro Coalfield offers significant insights into the palaeovegetation, palaeoclimatic conditions, and depositional environments prevailing during the late Artinskian–Kungurian age, corresponding to the deposition of Barakar sediments within the Gondwana Supergroup. A comprehensive analysis of megafloral assemblages, including Glossopteris, Gangamopteris, Vertebraria, Noeggerathiopsis, Euryphyllum, and scale leaf genera (Glossotheca, Partha, Venustostrobus, Eretmonia), reveals a highly diverse ecosystem of large trees and subcanopy shrubs. Leaf morphometry and venation patterns indicate significant evolutionary adaptations in Glossopteris flora, reflecting responses to climatic shifts. The warm-temperate climate, characterised by abundant water and sunlight, supported diverse vegetation and sustained the coal-forming flora. Palynofacies analysis identified two assemblages: PF-A, with opaque phytoclasts indicating oxidised, low-energy conditions, and PF-B, dominated by degraded organic matter and sub-dominant charcoal, reflecting suboxic-oxic conditions and periodic inundation. These findings suggest deposition in forest swamps, lake margins, and palaeomires under warm-temperate to humid conditions during the Kungurian, transitioning from cooler Artinskian climates. Comparative biostratigraphy with other Gondwana basins, including Karoo (South Africa) and Paraná (South America), highlights the ecological dominance of Glossopteridales and interconnectedness of Gondwanan ecosystems. Low-energy depositional settings suggest allochthonous sediment inputs. This study highlights the palaeobotanical and climatic dynamics of Gondwana during the Permian.
Reinforcement schedules: the role of responses preceding the one that produces the reinforcer
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1971

description: In a two-key pigeon chamber, variable-interval reinforcement was scheduled for a specified number of pecks, emitted either on a single key or in a particular sequence on the two keys. Although the distribution of pecks between the two keys was affected by whether pecks were required on one or on both keys, the total pecks emitted was not; the change from a one-key to a two-key requirement simply moved some pecks from one key to the other. Thus, each peck preceding the one that produced the reinforcer contributed independently to the subsequent rate of responding; the contribution of a particular peck in the sequence was determined by the time between its emission and the delivery of the reinforcer (delay of reinforcement), and was identified by the proportion of pecks moved from one key to the other when the response requirement at that point in the sequence was moved from one key to the other.
The dentary of Protolipterna ellipsodontoides: description, taxonomy, and palaeobiology
Creators: name: Zanesco, Tábata
name: Bergqvist, Lílian P.
name: Gelfo, Javier N.
name: Lobo, Leonardo S.
name: de M. Carneiro, Leonardo
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: Plant Biology

description: Protolipterna ellipsodontoides is a small bunodont South American native ungulate, generally considered an early litoptern, exclusively found in the Palaeogene Itaboraí Basin. Its dentition is well known; however, its mandibular morphology was only known by fragmentary materials. Here, we describe the first complete mandible of this species. A micro-CT scan reveals the first case of alveolus resorption in this putative early litoptern. Two accessory canals on the retromolar region are also described. Canals on the retromolar region are documented for other mammalian orders; however, this represents the first description of this feature for the Protolipternidae. Unlike more advanced litopterns, this species lacks specialisations related to strict herbivory, and its dental and mandibular morphology suggests an omnivore habit. A comparison with the mandible of another Itaboraian protolipternid, Miguelsoria parayirunhor, indicates the presence of different dietary specialisations. Body mass estimations for both species are also provided.
Biomechanical Markers of Forward Hop-Landing After ACL-Reconstruction: A Pattern Recognition Approach
Creators: name: Sritharan, Prasanna
name: Muñoz, MA
name: Pivonka, P
name: Bryant, AL
name: Mokhtarzadeh, H
name: Perraton, LG
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 320299
subject: Clinical sciences not elsewhere classified

description: Biomechanical changes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may be detrimental to long-term knee-joint health. We used pattern recognition to characterise biomechanical differences during the landing phase of a single-leg forward hop after ACLR. Experimental data from 66 individuals 12-24 months post-ACLR (28.2 ± 6.3 years) and 32 controls (25.2 ± 4.8 years old) were input into a musculoskeletal modelling pipeline to calculate joint angles, joint moments and muscle forces. These waveforms were transformed into principal components (features), and input into a pattern recognition pipeline, which found 10 main distinguishing features (and 8 associated features) between ACLR and control landing biomechanics at significance α= 0.05. Our process identified known biomechanical characteristics post-ACLR: smaller knee flexion angle; less knee extensor moment; lower vasti, rectus femoris and hamstrings forces. Importantly, we found more novel and less well-understood adaptations: smaller ankle plantar flexor moment; lower soleus forces; and altered patterns of knee rotation angle, hip rotator moment and knee abduction moment. Crucially, we identified, with high certainty, subtle aberrations indicating landing instability in the ACLR group for: knee flexion and internal rotation angles and moments; hip rotation angles and moments; and lumbar rotator and bending moments. Our findings may benefit rehabilitation and assessment for return-to-sport 12–24 months post-ACLR.
КОНСТИТУЦИОННОЕ ПРАВО НА ЖИЗНЬ И ЗАПРЕТ СМЕРТНОЙ КАЗНИ: ОСОБЕННОСТИ, НОРМАТИВНОЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ, ОГРАНИЧЕНИЯ И ПРИНЦИПЫ ЗАЩИТЫ.
Creators: name: Санжарбекова, Изорахон
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: В статье исследуется конституционное право на жизнь и запрет смертной казни, их нормативное содержание, особенности и ограничения. Рассматриваются ключевые принципы защиты права на жизнь, включая международные стандарты и национальные законодательные акты. Особое внимание уделяется анализу конституционно-правовых механизмов обеспечения права на жизнь и проблемам, связанным с отменой смертной казни. В статье также обсуждаются различные подходы к защите права на жизнь в разных правовых системах и их влияние на развитие национального законодательства.
Three Chemically Distinct Floral Ecotypes in Drakaea livida, an Orchid Pollinated by Sexual Deception of Thynnine Wasps
Creators: name: Weinstein, AM
name: Bohman, B
name: Flematti, GR
name: Phillips, Ryan
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 410499
subject: Environmental management not elsewhere classified
classificationCode: 310899
subject: Plant biology not elsewhere classified

description: Sexually deceptive orchids are unusual among plants in that closely related species typically attract different pollinator species using contrasting blends of floral volatiles. Therefore, intraspecific variation in pollinator attraction may also be underpinned by differences in floral volatiles. Here, we tested for the presence of floral ecotypes in the sexually deceptive orchid Drakaea livida and investigated if the geographic range of floral ecotypes corresponded to variation in pollinator availability. Pollinator choice trials revealed the presence of three floral ecotypes within D. livida that each attracts a different species of thynnine wasp as a pollinator. Surveys of pollinator distribution revealed that the distribution of one of the ecotypes was strongly correlated with that of its pollinator, while another pollinator species was present throughout the range of all three ecotypes, demonstrating that pollinator availability does not always correlate with ecotype distribution. Floral ecotypes differed in chemical volatile composition, with a high degree of separation evident in principal coordinate analysis. Some compounds that differed between ecotypes, including pyrazines and (methylthio)phenols, are known to be electrophysiologically active in thynnine wasp antennae. Based on differences in pollinator response and floral volatile profile, the ecotypes represent distinct entities and should be treated as such in conservation management.
Comparison Between Dichoptic and Monocular Training Protocols for Treating Monocular Amblyopia: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
Creators: name: Tang, Ang Cang
name: Wang, Xi
name: Yang, Wen Jie
name: Guo, Jiu Lin
name: Li, Yu Lin
name: Yang, Tian Yu
name: An, Zhen
name: Reynaud, Alexandre
name: Liu, Long Qian
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Mental Health

description: To review the efficacy of dichoptic and monocular strategies for treating monocular amblyopia, and to examine the factors that determine the degree of recovery from amblyopia. Mean and individual participant data (IPD) from studies that used either monocular or dichoptic training methods to treat monocular amblyopic patients were analyzed. A mixed-effects model was used to analyze influential factors. Studies were searched using PubMed, OVID, Cochrane library, and EBM reviews. The mean improvements in visual acuity (VA) for dichoptic and monocular training were 0.153 logMAR and 0.162 logMAR, respectively. In the dichoptic training subgroup, the mean VA improvements were 0.201 logMAR, and 0.145 logMAR for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia, respectively. In the monocular training subgroup, the mean VA improvements were 0.171 logMAR, and 0.143 logMAR for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia, respectively. The mean improvements in stereopsis of dichoptic training and monocular training were 1.201 octaves and 1.661 octaves, respectively. Baseline visual acuity of the amblyopic eye and training duration were significant factors influencing visual gains. We found no significant impacts of age, astigmatism, and baseline stereopsis on visual acuity and stereopsis outcomes. This IPD meta-analysis provides evidence that both monocular and dichoptic training yield different visual acuity outcomes in treating unilateral amblyopia. Subgroup analysis suggests that strabismic amblyopia may respond differently to dichoptic training. Baseline visual acuity of the amblyopic eye and training duration are significant factors influencing visual gains. We believe that a more personalized training program could help restore binocularity in patients with monocular amblyopia.
Generalized Input-to-State l2-Gains of Discrete-Time Switched Linear Control Systems
Creators: name: Hu, Jianghai
name: Shen, Jinglai
name: Putta, Vamsi
Publisher: name: SIAM
Year: 2016

description: A generalized notion of input-to-state l?-gain is proposed for discrete-time switched linear control systems (SLCSs). Dependent on a discount factor of subsystem matrices, this generalized l?-gain provides new insight into input-to-state behaviors of the SLCSs under parameter variations. After establishing analytical properties of the generalized l?-gain, this paper focuses on the generating function approach to the study of the generalized l?-gain. Important properties of generating functions are derived, and it is shown that their radii of convergence characterize the generalized l?-gain. Furthermore, iterative algorithms are developed for computing the generating functions with proven uniform or exponential convergence. Numerical results show that these algorithms yield efficient estimates of both the generalized and classical l?-gains.
Concurrent performances: rate and accuracy of free-operant oddity responding
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
name: Dobson, Ricardo
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1972

description: In pigeon's oddity performances, maintained by variable-interval reinforcement of pecks on the odd key of three keys in a triangular array, accuracy and response rate varied inversely with the rate of variable-interval reinforcement scheduled concurrently for pecks on a fourth, spatially isolated key. But when variable-interval and extinction components alternated in a multiple schedule for pecks on the spatially isolated key, oddity accuracy was greater during variable-interval components than during extinction components. Oddity response rate was not affected systematically by the alternating components. Changeovers between the oddity keys and the spatially isolated key were frequent during variable-interval components; responding occurred almost exclusively on the oddity keys during extinction components. This difference in performance during the two components was eliminated by arranging stimulus-correlated variable-interval reinforcement in the multiple schedule on the spatially isolated key: a stimulus was presented in the variable-interval components only when reinforcement became available, thereby reducing responding on this key to near-zero levels in both components while maintaining the variable-interval reinforcement. The effect of the multiple-schedule components on oddity accuracy was not altered, however, and thus apparently depended directly on concurrent reinforcement and not on differential sequential properties of concurrent responding during the two components.
Longitudinal Monitoring of Intra-Tumoural Heterogeneity Using Optical Barcoding of Patient-Derived Colorectal Tumour Models
Creators: name: Shembrey, C
name: Smith, J
name: Grandin, M
name: Williams, N
name: Cho, HJ
name: Mølck, C
name: Behrenbruch, C
name: Thomson, BNJ
name: Heriot, AG
name: Merino, Delphine
name: Hollande, F
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 321199
subject: Oncology and carcinogenesis not elsewhere classified

description: Geno-and phenotypic heterogeneity amongst cancer cell subpopulations are established drivers of treatment resistance and tumour recurrence. However, due to the technical difficulty associated with studying such intra-tumoural heterogeneity, this phenomenon is seldom interrogated in conventional cell culture models. Here, we employ a fluorescent lineage technique termed “optical barcoding” (OBC) to perform simultaneous longitudinal tracking of spatio-temporal fate in 64 patient-derived colorectal cancer subclones. To do so, patient-derived cancer cell lines and organoids were labelled with discrete combinations of reporter constructs, stably integrated into the genome and thus passed on from the founder cell to all its clonal descendants. This strategy enables the longitudinal monitoring of individual cell lineages based upon their unique optical barcodes. By designing a novel panel of six fluorescent proteins, the maximum theoretical subpopulation resolution of 64 discriminable subpopulations was achieved, greatly improving throughput compared with previous studies. We demonstrate that all subpopulations can be purified from complex clonal mixtures via flow cytometry, permitting the downstream isolation and analysis of any lineages of interest. Moreover, we outline an optimized imaging protocol that can be used to image optical barcodes in real-time, allowing for clonal dynamics to be resolved in live cells. In contrast with the limited intra-tumour heterogeneity observed in conventional 2D cell lines, the OBC technique was successfully used to quantify dynamic clonal expansions and contractions in 3D patient-derived organoids, which were previously demonstrated to better recapitulate the heterogeneity of their parental tumour material. In summary, we present OBC as a user-friendly, inexpensive, and high-throughput technique for monitoring intra-tumoural heterogeneity in in vitro cell culture models.
Concurrent performances: synthesizing rate constancies by manipulating contingencies for a single response
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1972
Subjects: synthesizing rate
variable-interval
first-key pecking

description: An earlier experiment scheduled variable-interval reinforcement for pigeons' pecks on one key, and variable-interval reinforcement alternating with extinction, in a multiple schedule, for pecks on a second key. During the second key's extinction component, first-key pecking was relatively slow and continuous, rarely interrupted by second-key pecking; during the variable-interval component, first-key pecking was frequently interrupted by second-key pecking. When changeover delays operated, so that reinforced pecks on one key could not follow closely upon changeovers from the other key, rapid first-key pecking between interruptions compensated sufficiently for the time lost in second-key pecking that the overall rate of first-key pecking remained roughly constant across the alternating multiple-schedule components. The present experiments duplicated, on a single key, the temporal pattern of first-key pecking generated in the earlier experiments: components of continuous key availability were alternated with components of interrupted key availability. Approximately constant overall rates of responding were observed with a single-key equivalent of a changeover delay scheduled after interruptions and with manipulations of the on-off durations of the interruption cycle. Rate constancies in the original concurrent situation presumably depended on analogous contingencies that operated upon the concurrent responses, rather than on any constant "reserve" of responses.
Properties of an attention-grabbing motion signal: a comparison of tail and body movements in a lizard
Creators: name: Peters, Richard
name: Ramos, Jose
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 310399
subject: Ecology not elsewhere classified

description: Animals signals must be detected by receiver sensory systems, and overcome a variety of local ecological factors that could otherwise affect their transmission and reception. Habitat structure, competition, avoidance of unintended receivers and varying environmental conditions have all been shown to influence how animals signal. Environmental noise is also crucial, and animals modify their behavior in response to it. Animals generating movement-based visual signals have to contend with wind-blown plants that generate motion noise and can affect the detection of salient movements. The lizard Amphibolurus muricatus uses tail flicking at the start of displays to attract attention, and we hypothesized that tail movements are ideally suited to this function. We compared visual amplitudes generated by tail movements with push-ups, which are a key component of the rest of the display. We show that tail movement amplitudes are highly variable over the course of the display but consistently greater than amplitudes generated by push-ups and not constrained by viewing position. We suggest that these features, combined with the tail being a light structure that does not compromise other activities, provide an ideal introductory component for attracting attention in the ecological setting in which they are generated.
Self-inhibiting effects of reinforcement
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1973
Subjects: reinforcement
excitatory effect
responses

description: The reinforcers produced by one response reduce the rate of other, concurrently reinforced responses. An analysis of the logical and empirical implications of the relation indicates that one reinforcer must have this effect on responses maintained by other reinforcers even when all reinforcers are produced by the same class of responses. A quantitative expression of the relation leads to a formulation, mathematically equivalent to Herrnstein's (1970), in which the rate of a reinforced response is a joint function of (1) an excitatory effect of the reinforcers produced by that class of responses, and (2) an inhibitory effect of the total reinforcers produced both by that class and by other classes of responses.
The Impact of Race and Ethnicity on Cataract Surgery in the Nationwide All of Us Cohort
Creators: name: Fernandez, Karen S.
name: Ravindranath, Rohith
name: Wang, Sophia Y.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: Cataracts are a leading cause of blindness treatable with surgery. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the association between cataract surgery and race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, healthcare access, and other factors related to social determinants of health. A total of 37,204 participants with at least one cataract diagnosis were included in this study from the All of Us Research Program using electronic health records and self-reported surveys. Kaplan-Meier and Cox models assessed risk factors for cataract surgery, while summary statistics showed surgery rates by age, race, and gender. The primary outcome was cataract surgery, identified by Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Of the included participants, 19.8% (N = 7,363) underwent cataract surgery. The overall cataract surgery rate for this cohort was 30.6 per 1000 person-years and was significantly higher for persons who were 70–79 years old (58.5 per 100 persons-years), male (31.8 per 1000 person-years), or Hispanic (39.0 per 100 person-years). Non-Hispanic Black participants had the lowest cataract surgery rate (24.4 per 1000 person-years). Cox models demonstrated an increased hazard of undergoing cataract surgery among Hispanic participants (adjusted HR 1.31; 95% CI [1.21, 1.42]) compared to non-Hispanic White participants. A decreased hazard for undergoing cataract surgery was observed for non-Hispanic Black participants (adjusted HR 0.88, 95% CI [0.81,0.95]) compared to non-Hispanic White participants. Age, race/ethnicity, and sex were significantly associated with time from cataract diagnosis to first cataract surgery. These findings highlight barriers and disparities in cataract surgery, emphasizing the need for interventions to promote health equity.
فعالية استخدام السبورة التفاعلية في اكتساب المفاهيم الجغرافية لدى تلاميذ جذع مشترك آداب
Creators: name: حمري, محمد
Publisher: name: Humanities Commons
Year: 2022

description: هدف البحث إلى التعرف على فاعلية استخدام السبورة التفاعلية في اكتساب المفاهيم الجغرافية لدى تلاميذ جذع مشترك آداب. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف، تم استخدام المنهج التجريبي. وتضمنت إجراءات البحث إعداد اختبار لبعض المفاهيم الجغرافية، وتكون الاختبار من 30 مفهوما موزعا بين 15 مفهوما جغرافيا طبيعيا، و15 مفهوما جغرافيا بشريا، تم تحديدهم بعد تحليل محتوى المجزوءة الأولى من كتاب "المسار الجغرافيا" مستوى الجذع مشترك آداب. كما تكونت عينة الدراسة من 54 متعلما(ة) في مستوى جذع مشترك آداب بإحدى المؤسسات التعليمية الخاصة، حيث قسمت بالتساوي إلى مجموعتين، إحداهما تجريبية والأخرى ضابطة، حيث تم تدريس هذه المفاهيم لأفراد المجموعة التجريبية باستخدام السبورة التفاعلية، بينما درس أفراد المجموعة الضابطة نفس المفاهيم بالطريقة الكلاسيكية. وقد كشفت نتائج تجربة البحث عن وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى (0.01) بين متوسطات درجات أفراد المجموعة التجريبية والمجموعة الضابطة في القياس البعدي لاختبار المفاهيم الجغرافية، وذلك لصالح القياس البعدي لأفراد المجموعة التجريبية.
Concurrent performances: stimulus-control gradients during schedules of signalled and unsignalled concurrent reinforcement
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
name: Silverman, Philip J.
name: Stubbs, D. Alan
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1974
Subjects: vertical lines
oblique lines
stimulus-control gradients

description: On one key, pigeons' pecks were reinforced according to a variable-interval schedule in the presence of vertical lines, and were not reinforced in the presence of oblique lines. On a second key, pecks were reinforced according to a variable-interval schedule in the presence of blue, according to a signalled variable-interval schedule in the presence of red, and were not reinforced in the presence of white. Subsequently, during extinction, stimulus-control gradients were obtained by presenting eight different line orientations on the first key concurrent with each of the three colors on the second key. On the first key, line-orientation gradients tended to be lower, narrower, and less shifted in peak or area when the second-key stimulus was blue or red, the stimuli respectively correlated with unsignalled and signalled reinforcement, than when it was white, the stimulus correlated with extinction. Thus, the effect on first-key line-orientation gradients depended on second-key stimuli correlated with concurrent reinforcement, whether or not these stimuli were also correlated with concurrent responding. As a function of first-key line orientation, an inverted gradient was obtained on the second key during blue; during both red and white, rates of pecking on the second key were near zero.
Exploring the Effects of Age at Menarche and Pregnancy on Myopia
Creators: name: Ong, Nicholas Jiemin
name: AO, David A. Mackey
name: Hunter, Michael
name: Lee, Samantha Sze-Yee
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy
subject: Mental Health

description: Associations between age at menarche and myopia have been observed in studies that included older women. Furthermore, pregnancy-related hormone surges in young women are associated with short-term changes in refractive error, although the long-term effects are less known. This study explored associations of age at menarche and parity with refractive error and ocular biometry in young women, and the relationship between age at menarche and refractive error in middle-aged adults for comparison. Community-based young women underwent eye examinations at 20 and 28 years old. Information on age at menarche and parity were collected prospectively. The older cohort underwent an eye examination and information on age at menarche was self-reported retrospectively. Cross-sectional associations between age at menarche and myopia were explored in both cohorts. Associations between parity and 8-year longitudinal change in refractive error measures were explored in the young cohort. The cross-sectional analyses comprised 429 young (age 18–22) and 1,818 older (age 46–69) women. No associations were found between age at menarche and myopia or ocular biometry measures in either cohort. The longitudinal analysis (n = 269 women) revealed that for each pregnancy carried to full term, there rate of lens thickening increased by 0.004 mm/year (95% CI = 0.002–0.007). No other associations between parity and refractive error or ocular biometry were found. There is no association between age at menarche and myopia or its related measures. While pregnancy was associated with thicker lens in the long term, there is no lasting effect on refractive error.
Freedom and knowledge: an experimental analysis of preference in pigeons
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1975
Subjects: uninformative stimuli
terminal links
concurrent-chain

description: Relative responding in initial links of concurrent-chain schedules showed that pigeons preferred free to forced choices and informative to uninformative stimuli. Variable-interval initial links on two lower keys (white) of a six-key chamber produced terminal links on either two upper-left keys (blue and/or amber) or two upper-right keys (green and/or red). Terminal.links in which pecks on either of two lit keys produced fixed-interval reinforcement (free choice) were preferred to links with only one lit fixed-interval key available (forced choice). Terminal links with different key colors correlated with concurrent fixed-interval reinforcement and extinction (informative stimuli) were preferred to links with these schedules operating on same-color keys (uninformative stimuli). Scheduling extinction for one of the two free-choice keys assessed preference for two lit keys over one lit key, but confounded number with whether stimuli were informative. Fixed-interval reinforcement for both keys in each terminal link, but with different-color keys in one link and same-color keys in the other, showed that preference for informative stimuli did not depend on stimulus variety. Preferences were independent of relative responses per reinforcement and other properties of terminal-link performance.
Measuring the Manipulation of T Helper Immune Responses by Schistosoma mansoni
Creators: name: Tedla, MG
name: Every, Alison
name: Scheerlinck, JPY
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 310599
subject: Genetics not elsewhere classified
classificationCode: 319999
subject: Other biological sciences not elsewhere classified
classificationCode: 349999
subject: Other chemical sciences not elsewhere classified
classificationCode: 320499
subject: Immunology not elsewhere classified
classificationCode: 300909
subject: Veterinary parasitology
classificationCode: 320704
subject: Medical parasitology
classificationCode: 310407
subject: Host-parasite interactions

description: Schistosoma mansoni uses different mechanisms to escape its host’s immunity. Understanding the ability of memory T cells to withstand this pathogen’s manipulation is important for the development of effective vaccines against this immunomodulatory pathogen. In this study, ovalbu-min (OVA) transgenic S. mansoni is used as a tool to investigate whether fully differentiated Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells are able to withstand pathogen manipulation. Naïve T cells from OT-II T cell receptor transgenic mice with a specificity for OVA were differentiated into Th1, Th2, and Th17 polarised memory cells in vitro. These cells were adoptively transferred into recipient mice to investigate whether these polarised immune memory T cells are resilient in the face of pathogen-mediated manipulation. After transferring memory cells, mice were challenged with OVA-transduced S. mansoni eggs as well as wild-type controls. The in vitro differentiated Th1, Th2 and Th17 memory cells continued to produce the same cytokines when challenged by OVA-expressing S. mansoni eggs as to these they produced when transferred in vivo, suggesting that the Th phenotypes of the memory T cells remains unaltered in the face of stimulation by S. mansoni. The ability of memory T cells to remain resilient to manipulation by the parasite suggests that vaccines might be able to produce immune memory responses able to withstand S. mansoni immune manipulation and hence protect the host from infection.
Concurrent performances: rate constancies without changeover delays
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1976
Subjects: changeover delays
food reinforcement
invariance

description: Pigeons' pecks on two keys were maintained, without changeover delays, by independent variable-interval schedules of food reinforcement. Four regularly cycling 2-min components scheduled reinforcement respectively for both keys, left key only, both keys, and right key only. Initially, reinforcement scheduled for one key alone produced more responding on that key than reinforcement scheduled concurrently for both keys. Continued sessions reduced this difference; response rate on a given key approached constancy, or invariance with respect to the performance on and schedule for the other key. When extinction replaced the reinforcement schedule on either key, responding on that key decreased more during components that scheduled reinforcement for the other key than during those that did not. This demonstration that responses on one key were not supported by reinforcers on the other key suggested that the alternation of concurrent responding and either-key-alone responding prevented concurrent superstitions from developing.
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists are Not Associated with an Increased Risk of Progressing to Vision-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy
Creators: name: Tauqeer, Zujaja
name: Bracha, Peter
name: Hua, Peiying
name: Yu, Yinxi
name: Cui, Qi N.
name: VanderBeek, Brian L.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Virology

description: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) by augmenting insulin release and sensitivity. We assessed the overall risk for development of vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and diabetic macular edema (DME), among GLP-1RA users. A retrospective cohort of patients with NPDR newly started on a GLP-1RA from a national insurance claims database was compared to a cohort of patients treated with other oral anti-diabetic agents and matched for age, sex, race, index year, and number of active diabetic medications. Exclusions occurred for < 2 years in the database before diagnosis; prior diagnoses of PDR, DME, vitreous hemorrhage, and/or other retinal vascular diseases; and prior intraocular treatment for VTDR. A total of 6093 users of GLP-1RA were matched to 14,122 controls. In the GLP-1RA cohort, 632 (10.1%), 76 (1.2%), and 544 (8.9%) patients progressed to VTDR, PDR, or DME, respectively. This is compared to 1332 (9.5%) VTDR, 165 (1.2%) PDR, or 1148 (8.1%) DME in the control group. Accounting for underlying DM severity with IPTW, no difference in hazard was seen in the GLP-1RA cohort compared to controls for progression to VTDR (HR = 1.02, 95%CI: 0.92–1.14 p = 0.69), DME (HR = 1.06, 95%CI: 0.95–1.1.9, p = 0.31), or PDR (HR = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.58–1.12, p = 0.20). We found no difference in the risk for vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy, nor for its component diseases, DME or PDR, with GLP-1RA use compared to other oral anti-hyperglycemic agents in patients with NPDR.
17 Is the New 15: Changing Alcohol Consumption among Swedish Youth
Creators: name: Raninen, Jonas
name: Livingston, Michael
name: Ramstedt, M
name: Zetterqvist, M
name: Larm, P
name: Svensson, J
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 420699
subject: Public health not elsewhere classified

description: To examine and compare trends in drinking prevalence in nationally representative samples of Swedish 9th and 11th grade students between 2000 and 2018. A further aim is to compare drinking behaviours in the two age groups during years with similar drinking prevalence. Data were drawn from annual surveys of a nationally representative sample of students in year 9 (15–16 years old) and year 11 (17–18 years old). The data covered 19 years for year 9 and 16 years for year 11. Two reference years where the prevalence of drinking was similar were extracted for further comparison, 2018 for year 11 (n = 4878) and 2005 for year 9 (n = 5423). The reference years were compared with regard to the volume of drinking, heavy episodic drinking, having had an accident and quarrelling while drunk. The prevalence of drinking declined in both age groups during the study period. The rate of decline was somewhat higher among year 9 students. In 2018, the prevalence of drinking was the same for year 11 students as it was for year 9 students in 2005. The volume of drinking was lower among year 11 students in 2018 than year 9 students in 2005. No differences were observed for heavy episodic drinking. The decline in drinking has caused a displacement of consumption so that today’s 17–18-year-olds have a similar drinking behaviour to what 15–16-year-olds had in 2005.
Uninstructed human responding: sensitivity to ratio and interval contingencies
Creators: name: Matthews, Byron A.
name: Shimoff, Eliot
name: Catania, A. Charles
name: Sagvolden, Terje
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1977
Subjects: telegraph key
variable-ratio schedule
key presses

description: College students' presses on a telegraph key were occasionally reinforced by light onsets in the presence of which button presses (consummatory responses) produced points later exchangeable for money. One student's key presses were reinforced according to a variable-ratio schedule; key presses of another student in a separate room were reinforced according to a variable-interval schedule yoked to the interreinforcement intervals produced by the first student. Instructions described the operation of the reinforcement button, but did not mention the telegraph key; instead, key pressing was established by shaping. Performances were comparable to those of infrahuman organisms: variable-ratio key-pressing rates were higher than yoked variable-interval rates. With some yoked pairs, schedule effects occurred so rapidly that rate reversals produced by schedule reversals were demonstrable within one session. But sensitivity to these contingencies was not reliably obtained with other pairs for whom an experimenter demonstrated key pressing or for whom the reinforcer included automatic point deliveries instead of points produced by button presses. A second experiment with uninstructed responding demonstrated sensitivity to fixed-interval contingencies. These findings clarify prior failures to demonstrate human sensitivity to schedule contingencies: human responding is maximally sensitive to these contingencies when instructions are minimized and the reinforcer requires a consummatory response.