Rhinolophus monoceros K. Andersen 1905
Creators: name: Burgin, Connor
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus monoceros

description: 68. Formosan Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> <i> Rhinolophus <i>monoceros</i> </i> French: Rhinolophe unicorne <i>I</i> <b>German:</b> Taiwan-Hufeisennase <i>I</i> <b>Spanish:</b> Herradura unicornio <b>Other common names:</b> Formosan Lesser Horseshoe Bat Taxonomy. <i>Rhinolophus monoceros</i> K. Andersen, 1905, “ Baksa, Formosa [= <i>Taiwan</i>].” <i>Rhinolophus monoceros</i> is included in the <i>pusiUus</i> species group. It appears to be close to the Chinese <i>R pusiUus. Monotypic</i>. <b>Distribution.</b> Lowlands of Taiwan and Orchid I. <i>A</i> recent record from Guizhou on mainland China was identified <i>only</i> on the basis of morphology and is here regarded as dubious; this specimen needs to be examined further. Descriptive <b>notes.</b> Head-body 40-50 mm, tail 15-27 mm, ear 16-17 mm, hindfoot 7-9 mm, forearm 34-40 mm; weight 4-8 g (male average) and 4-9 <i>g</i> (female average). Dorsal pelage is wood brown with reddish tint, while ventral pelage is similar but lighter. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleaf has concave sides and more or less spatulate tip; connecting process is triangular with pointed tip, and sometimes slightly curved; sella is wide basally, and continuously converges from halfway up toward tip, wich is broadly rounded; horseshoe is <i>relatively</i> wide (5-6- 6-7 mm), almost covering muzzle, and has moderately deep and <i>narrow</i> median emargination. There are three mental grooves on lower lip. Skull is small and moderately built (zygomatic and mastoid breadth are usually subequal in size but the zygomatic breadth can be larger or smaller); anterior median swellings are very small; posterior swellings are more developed; rostral profile is nearly straight or slopes slighdy, posteriorly; sagittal crest usually weakly developed; frontal depression is <i>shallow</i> with low supraorbital ridges. C1 is short and <i>moderately</i> weak; P2 of moderate size and within tooth row; P3 is small to moderate in size and is somewhat extruded from tooth row, still separating P2 and P4. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60. Habitat. <i>Generally</i> found at low elevations of 20-460 m, in forest habitats with adequate canopy cover. <b>Food and</b> Feeding. The Formosan Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous. Breeding. No information. <b>Activity patterns.</b> Formosan Horseshoe Bats roost by day in caves and tunnels. Search call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak <i>F</i> averaging 111-8 kHz in adult males, 113-7 kHz in adult females, 109-9 kHz in juvenile males, and 111-8 kHz in juvenile females. <b>Movements, Home range and Social</b> organization. Formosan Horseshoe Bats roost in large colonies of up to 5000 individuals, and have been recorded roosting in the same caves as <i>Asian</i> Long-fingered Bats <i>(Miniopterusfuliginosus)</i>, Fringed Long-footed Myotis <i>(Myotisfimbriatus)</i>, Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats <i>(</i> Hipposideros <i>armiger)</i>, and East Asian Tailless Leaf-nosed Bats (<i>Coelopsfrithii).</i> <b>Status and Conservation.</b> Not assessed as a separate species on <i>The IUCN ed List,</i> where it is included under the Least Horseshoe Bat <i>(pusillus)</i> as Least Concern. The Formosan Horseshoe Bat has a restricted distribution in the lowlands of Taiwan and Orchid Island. It appears to have limited gene flow across Taiwan. <b>Bibliography.</b> Ando eta/. (1980 <i>c</i>), Chen <i>Shiangfan</i> (1995), Chen <i>Shiangfan</i>, Jones &amp; <i>Rossiter</i> (2009), Chen Shiangfan, Rossiter eta/. (2006), Hutson, Kingston &amp; <i>Walston</i> (2008), LeeYafu eta/. (2012), <i>Smith</i> &amp;XieYan (2008), Soisook eta/. (2016), WuYi, Motokawa eta/. (2012), Zhang Lin eta/. (2018), Zhou <i>Jiang</i> &amp;YangTianyou (2010).
description: Published as part of <i>Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, pp. 280-332 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on pages 312-313, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525