Burmeistera Triana 1854
Creators: name: González, Favio
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Asterales
Campanulaceae
Burmeistera

description: Burmeistera Triana (1854: 13);   
Karsten & Triana (1857: 444).  
 Type species:— Burmeistera ibaguensis Triana (for details, see González & Garzón 2015)   
Herbs, subshrubs or shrubs, sometimes hemiepiphytic or epiphytic, with white latex on their vegetative and reproductive organs. Stems often fleshy, glabrous or covered with different types of indumentum formed by uniseriate, uni- to multicelular, eglandular trichomes. Leaves alternate, distichous or spirally arranged, exstipulate, sessile or more often petiolate; blade usually entire and with slightly asymmetrical base, sometimes deeply divided or pinnately compound, margin entire, subentire, crenate, toothed, serrate, or fimbriate, each marginal projection usually ending in a hydathode; hydathodes on the distal flanks of the marginal sinuses are also frequent; venation pinnate, secondary and tertiary veins usually conspicuous, intramarginal vein sometimes present. Flowers solitary, axillary to the most distal leaves, in some species crowded and with highly reduced subtending leaves forming racemose or corymbose distal portions. Peduncle ebracteolate or with (1)2(3) minute bracteoles to 20 × 1.2 mm, these subulate, capitate, finger-like, narrowoblong or filiform, sometimes deciduous. Hypanthium obconic, globose, subglobose or narrowly cylindric. Calyx lobes five, ascending, patent or reflexed, margin entire, serrulate, toothed or fimbriate; corolla bilateral, formed by two dorsal lobes, two lateral lobes and an odd, navicular ventral lobe, the dorsal and lateral lobes often falcate and larger than the ventral one; outer surface of the corolla green frequently with purple tints, or less often yellow and red, tube often inflated at the base and/or the throat. Synandrium tubular, formed by five antesepalous stamens completely fused to each other, variously curved and exserted through the two dorsal lobes of the corolla; filament tube glabrous to variously pubescent. Anthers five, dithecal, tetrasporangiate, introrse, totally fused together forming a tube distally dilated, dorsal anther usually longer than the others, apex of the ventral anthers in some species with a tuft of white or yellowish trichomes during pre-anthesis. Ovary inferior, bicarpellate, with numerous ovules, placentation axile. Fruits globose, subglobose, oblate or cylindric berries, often inflated and with two large air chambers inside, white, green, blue or pink, crowned by the persistent lobes of the calyx; placentas two, massive. Seeds numerous (> 100) per berry, to 1.4 × 1 mm, oblate to ellipsoid, often slightly curved; seed coat markedly reticulate.   Key to identify the species of Burmeistera present in Colombia   
1. Leaf blade deeply lobed, pinnatisect or multipinnatisect................................................................................................................. 2  
- Leaf blade unlobed, entire, subentire, crenate, toothed, serrulate or fimbriate, never pinnatisect or multipinnatisect.................... 4  
 2. Leaf blade multipinnatisect, dissected in acicular segments of third or more order. Hypanthium obconic. Chocó.................................................................................................................................................................................. 34 Burmeistera multipinnatisecta   
- Leaf blade pinnatisect, dissected in first or second order segments, these narrowly to very narrowly oblong. Hypanthium globose or subglobose. Boyacá or Cauca...................................................................................................................................................... 3  
 3. Peduncle 3.5–5.0 cm long. Flowers 3.7–4.5 cm long, including the hypanthium of 12–15 mm long. Calyx lobes 9–12 mm long, as long as the corolla tube, oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic, margin with 3 to 6 teeth per side. Corolla with dorsal lobes 16–24 mm long, lateral lobes 10–16 mm long, and ventral lobe 5.0– 8.5 mm long. Filament tube 3.5–4.0 cm long, glabrous; ventral anthers ebarbate. Berries globose to oblate, 1.7–3.0 cm in diameter. Western Cordillera (Cauca)................... 40 Burmeistera pinnatisecta   
 - Peduncle 6–7 cm long. Flowers up to 3.5 cm long, including the hypanthium of 4–5 mm long. Calyx lobes 3–5 mm long, shorter than the corolla tube, oblong, margin with 1 or 2 teeth per side. Corolla with dorsal lobes 10–12 mm long, lateral lobes 7–9 mm long, and ventral lobe 4–5 mm long. Filament tube 1.8–2.2 cm long, puberulous; ventral anthers barbate. Berries oblate, 1.5–1.7 cm in diameter. Eastern Cordillera (Boyacá)........................................................................................ 42 Burmeistera pteridioides   
 4. Margin of the leaf blade with fimbriae up to 6 mm long, interspaced with trichomes up to 2 mm long. Eastern slopes of the Eastern Cordillera. Endemic to the Eastern Cordillera (Huila, and likely Cundinamarca).................................... 17 Burmeistera fimbriata   
- Margin of the leaf blade efimbriate. Western, Central and Eastern cordilleras................................................................................ 5  
 5. Corolla tube not inflated, narrow and straight, 8.6–9.2 cm long.................................................... 23 Burmeistera hippobromoides   
- Corolla tube inflated proximally and/or distally, if narrow and straight, then <7.5 cm long.......................................................... 6  
 6. Corolla 0.8–1.1 cm long, with bright red tube and bright yellow lobes. Berries 3–5(–7) mm long...... 32 Burmeistera minutiflora   
- Corolla> 1.4 cm long, green, green-yellowish, sometimes suffused with purple or maroon, if red then the lobes also red (not yellow). Berries> 8 mm long........................................................................................................................................................... 7  
7. Peduncle bracteolate......................................................................................................................................................................... 8  
- Peduncle ebracteolate..................................................................................................................................................................... 17  
 8. Stems, leaves, peduncle, calyx and berries hirsute (berries sometimes glabrescent). Bracteoles up to 2 cm long. Eastern Cordillera (Norte de Santander)........................................................................................................................... 54 Burmeistera venezuelensis   
- Stems, leaves, peduncle, calyx and berries tomentose, villous, puberulous, hirtellous, glabrous, or glabrescent. Bracteoles <1 cm long. Western, Central and Eastern cordilleras................................................................................................................................. 9  
 9. Calyx lobes 2–3 mm long. Berries glabrous, white. Western Cordillera (Cauca)....................................... 19 Burmeistera formosa   
- Calyx lobes> 4 mm long. Berries densely villous or hirtellous, if glabrous, then green to yellow. Western, Central or Eastern cordilleras....................................................................................................................................................................................... 10  
10. Corolla tube up to 1.7 cm long. Western Cordillera....................................................................................................................... 11  
- Corolla tube> 1.7 cm long. Western, Central or Eastern cordilleras............................................................................................. 13  
 11. Leaf blade not bullate, glabrous above, margin subentire to slightly repandous, with few (<10) loosely scattered teeth. Berries glabrous................................................................................................................................................. 10 Burmeistera caldasensis   
- Leaf blade bullate, puberulous or hirtellous above, margin with 16 to 40 sharp teeth per side. Berries densely villous or hirtellous......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12  
 12. Leaf blade elliptic to narrowly elliptic. Calyx lobes 6–10 × 1.5–2.6 mm, basally contiguous leaving no sinuses between them. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 7–10 mm long. Berries pyriform, 2.5–3.5 cm long, 2.5–2.8 cm in diameter, inflated, villous................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Burmeistera bullatifolia   
 - Leaf blade ovate, elliptic or narrowly obovate. Calyx lobes (11–)13–16 × 1–3 mm, basally with sinuses 1–2 mm width between them. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 10–11 mm long. Berries globose, 7–10 mm in diameter, not inflated, hirtellous........................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Burmeistera nigropilosa   
 13. Peduncle 8‒11 cm long; bracteoles up to 6 mm long. Hypanthium glabrous. Calyx lobes 9‒12 mm long. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 14‒15 mm long. Eastern Cordillera (Boyacá).......................................................................................... 7 Burmeistera boyacensis   
- Peduncle (3–)4–7 (–8) cm long; bracteoles up to 4 mm long. Hypanthium glabrescent to puberulous. Calyx lobes (3–) 5–11 mm long. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 7–13 mm long. Western, Central or Eastern cordilleras............................................................ 14  
14. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 7–10 mm long..................................................................................................................................... 15  
- Dorsal lobes of the corolla 10–13 mm long................................................................................................................................... 16  
 15. Intramarginal vein on the leaf blade present. Flowers solitary in the axils of the distalmost leaves, these not reduced. Peduncle puberulous; bracteoles paired, entire. Hypanthium puberulous. Calyx lobes patent to reflexed. Corolla glabrescent to puberulous, with tube 1.7–2.2 cm long, and dorsal lobes 0.8–1.0 cm long. Synandrium exserted up to 2.5 cm; anther tube puberulous. Western and Central cordilleras............................................................................................................................ 20 Burmeistera fuchsioides   
 - Intramarginal vein on the leaf blade lacking. Flowers densely arranged forming a corymbiform distal portion of the branches, each flower subtended by a reduced leaf. Peduncle glabrous; bracteole odd, trilobed. Hypanthium glabrescent. Calyx lobes ascending. Corolla glabrous, with tube 2.2–2.7 cm long, and dorsal lobes 0.7–0.8 cm long. Synandrium exserted up to 8 mm; anther tube glabrescent. Eastern Cordillera (Norte de Santander, Santander, Boyacá and Cundinamarca)............... 35 Burmeistera mutisiana   
 16. Petiole 1–5(–8) mm long; leaf blade with convex to rounded apex, and revolute, subentire to slightly serrulate margin, with 8 to 14 teeth per side, teeth in one-size class, each <1 mm long. Berries 1–1.5 cm in diameter. Eastern Cordillera (restricted to the Boyacá / Santander border)......................................................................................................................... 38 Burmeistera orientalis   
 - Petiole 1–3.5 cm long; leaf blade with acute to acuminate apex, and not revolute, loosely and irregularly repandous margin, with teeth in two sizes, the large teeth 5–10 mm long each, intermingled with short teeth 10–20 mm long each. Berries 2.0– 2.5 cm in diameter. Western and Central cordilleras (Antioquia, Caldas, Chocó, Córdoba, Risaralda, Tolima and Valle del Cauca)................................................................................................................................................................................... 53 Burmeistera variabilis   
17. Corolla lobes very narrowly ovate, straight or nearly so, apex acute to acuminate....................................................................... 18  
- Corolla lobes narrowly to broadly ovate, falcate, apex obtuse to round........................................................................................ 22  
 18. Leaf blade puberulous above. Peduncle sparsely puberulous, up to 4.6 cm long. Calyx lobes basally contiguous. Corolla pink to pale red, often suffused with yellow. Western Cordillera (Antioquia and Caldas / Risaralda border)........... 29 Burmeistera luteynii   
- Leaf blade glabrous or villous above. Peduncle glabrous, densely villous, or if sparsely puberulous,> 6 cm long. Calyx lobes basally spaced by sinuses 1.0– 1.4 mm wide. Corolla green often suffused with purple. Western Cordillera (Chocó and Valle del Cauca), and southern Andes (Nariño and Putumayo).................................................................................................................... 19  
 19. Corolla lobes very narrowly ovate, forming a sharp rostrum aligned (at 180°) with the tube during preanthesis; apex of lobes caudate; dorsal lobes 7–9 × 0.6–1.0 mm, lateral lobes 6–7 × 0.5–1.0 mm, ventral lobe 5.0–6.5 × 0.5–1.0 mm. Synandrium exserted up to 4 mm. Southern Andes (Nariño and Putumayo) and Western Cordillera (southern region of Valle del Cauca).............................................................................................................................................................................................. 46 Burmeistera rostrata   
- Corolla lobes narrowly ovate, forming an angle of 90–120° with respect to the tube at preanthesis; apex acute to shortly acuminate; dorsal lobes 10–35 × 2–5 mm, lateral lobes 10–23 × 1–5 mm, ventral lobe 10–22 × 2–5 mm. Synandrium exserted up to 8 mm. Western Cordillera (northern region of Valle del Cauca, at its border with Chocó)...................................................................... 20  
 20. Stems, leaves and flowers densely villous. Leaf blade with 4 to 6 secondary veins per side. Peduncle up to 6 cm long, densely villous............................................................................................................................................................ 55 Burmeistera villosa   
- Stems, leaves and flowers glabrous or sparsely puberulous. Leaf blade with 6 to 20 secondary veins per side. Peduncle 6–16 cm long, glabrous or very sparsely puberulous.................................................................................................................................... 21  
 21. Petiole glabrous; blade narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, with an intramarginal vein. Corolla with tube 15–20 mm long, dorsal lobes 24–35 mm long, lateral lobes 20–23 mm long, and ventral lobe 18–22 mm long. Anther tube strigose; ventral anthers ebarbate at preanthesis................................................................................................................................................ 47 Burmeistera salicifolia   
 - Petiole glabrescent to sparsely puberulous; blade ovate, oblong or elliptic, lacking intramarginal vein. Corolla with tube 6–7 mm long, dorsal lobes 10–15 mm long, lateral lobes 7–14 mm long, and ventral lobe 8–14 mm long. Anther tube glabrous; ventral anthers barbate at preanthesis............................................................................................................... 57 Burmeistera xerampelina   
22. Corolla puberulous or hirtellous, sometimes glabrescent (i.e. the indumentum present in bud withers in anthetic corollas)....... 23  
- Corolla glabrous............................................................................................................................................................................. 33  
23. Calyx lobes as long as the corolla tube or longer........................................................................................................................... 24  
- Calyx lobes up to ¾ shorter than the corolla tube.......................................................................................................................... 29  
 24. Leaf blade glabrous beneath; intramarginal vein lacking. Distalmost flower seeming pseudoterminal due to the lateralization of the apical shoot, and strongly exceeding the latter. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 8–9 mm long. Synandrium exserted up to 11 mm.................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Burmeistera diazii   
- Leaf blade glabrescent to puberulous or tomentose beneath; intramarginal vein present, discontinuous in some species. Distalmost flower seeming lateral and not or barely exceeding the apical shoot. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 10 or more mm long. Synandrium exserted up to 12–18 mm............................................................................................................................................................... 25  
25. Calyx lobes narrowly ovate, lineariform, or narrowly oblong, length:width ratio 4:1.................................................................. 26  
- Calyx lobes ovate, elliptic, or oblong, length:width ratio 2:1 to 3:1.............................................................................................. 27  
 26. Leaf blade glabrous above, margin subentire to very slightly crenate, irregularly toothed especially on the distal half, with 4 to 8 obtuse teeth per side (ca 1 per cm), 5–8 mm distant from each other, hydathodes marginal, venation ferruginous and areoles glaucous to pale yellow beneath. Peduncle 3–5(–7) cm long. Berries glabrous or glabrescent.......... 21 Burmeistera fuscoapicata   
 - Leaf blade puberulous especially along midvein above, margin regularly minutely toothed throughout, with 30–40 acute teeth per side (4–6 per cm), ca 1 mm distant from each other, hydathodes extramarginal, venation not ferruginous or areoles pale yellow beneath. Peduncle 7.0– 8.5 cm long. Berries puberulous............................................................................ 39 Burmeistera pennellii   
 27. Peduncle glabrous. Corolla glabrescent. Synandrium exserted up to 1.8 cm. Eastern Cordillera (Boyacá, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, and Meta), and southern Andes (Cauca, Huila, Nariño and Putumayo)..................................................... 22 Burmeistera glabrata   
- Peduncle glabrescent to puberulous. Corolla hirtellous or puberulous, rarely glabrescent. Synandrium exserted up to 1.5 cm. Western (Cauca and Valle del Cauca) and Central cordilleras (Caldas, Huila and Quindío), and southern Andes (Cauca, Nariño and Putumayo)....................................................................................................................................................................................... 28  
 28. Stems grooved, glabrous except for the hirtellous longitudinal crests. Petiole 1.0– 2.6 cm long. Peduncle 4–10 (–14) cm long. Calyx lobes glabrescent. Corolla glabrescent or sparsely hirtellous. Ventral anthers barbate at preanthesis. Berries glabrescent......................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Burmeistera pomifera   
 - Stems terete, puberulous throughout. Petiole (1.5–)2.0–6.0 cm long. Peduncle 3–5.5 cm long. Calyx lobes puberulous. Corolla densely puberulous. Ventral anthers ebarbate at preanthesis. Berries puberulous............................... 52 Burmeistera tomentosula   
 29. Stems, petiole and hypanthium glabrous. Berries pink to fuchsia or magenta........................................ 24 Burmeistera ibaguensis   
- Stems, petiole and hypanthium puberulous or rarely glabrescent. Berries green, white or purple................................................ 30  
 30. Petiole 2.0– 3.5 cm long; leaf blade 12–22 × 4–12 cm, with 12 to 16 pairs of secondary veins; intramarginal vein present, often discontinuous.............................................................................................................................................. 51 Burmeistera sylvicola   
- Petiole 2–8(–18) mm long; leaf blade 4–11 × 1.3–5.0 cm, with 5 to 10 pairs of secondary veins; intramarginal vein lacking.... 31  
 31. Mature stem slightly strigose due to the persistent bases of caducous trichomes. Calyx lobes glabrous. Corolla glabrescent. Berries 4–8 mm × 4–6 mm, white........................................................................................................................ 37 Burmeistera obtusifolia   
- Mature stem smooth. Calyx lobes puberulous or densely hirsute-ciliate. Corolla puberulous. Berries 1.6–3.0 × 1.5–2.6 cm, green......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32  
 32. Leaf blade elliptic to broadly ovate. Peduncle puberulous. Calyx lobes narrowly ovate, 6–9 × 1.5–3.0 mm. Corolla tube 1.1–1.5 cm long; dorsal lobes 9–11 × 2–3 mm. Ventral anthers barbate at preanthesis. Berries 1.6–2.0 cm long, puberulous. Western and Central cordilleras and southern Andes (Antioquia, Cauca, Chocó, Huila, Nariño, and Valle del Cauca).............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Burmeistera breviflora   
 - Leaf blades narrowly ovate. Peduncle glabrous. Calyx lobes oblong-triangular, 1.5–3.5 × 1–2 mm. Corolla tube 1.5–2.0 cm long; dorsal lobes 12–13 × 3.8–4.0 mm. Ventral anthers ebarbate all the way through. Berries 2–3 cm long, glabrous. Northern ridges of the Western Cordillera (Córdoba and Antioquia)..................................................................................... 28 Burmeistera longifolia   
 33. Leaf blade with long and short obtuse teeth intersparsed throughout the entire margin.................................. 12 Burmeistera corei   
- Leaf blade subentire to slightly crenate, or with one-sized sharp teeth intersparsed mainly throughout the distal half of the margin......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34  
34. Flowers crowded in corymbose distal portions of the branch, with extremely reduced (to 2.5 × 1.5 cm), bracteiform subtending leaves.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 35  
 - Flowers not crowded; subtending leaves not reduced or, sometimes (in B. ceratocarpa, B. cyclostigmata and B. puberula) reduced to 3–5 × 2–3 cm but not forming corymbose distal portions of the branch................................................................................... 36   
 35. Stem and petiole glabrous; leaf blade glabrous beneath, intramarginal vein present but discontinuous. Peduncle glabrous, fleshy and fistulose, with a proximal and a distal abscission zone. Hypanthium 4–5 × 2.0– 2.5 mm, glabrous. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 7–9 × 2.5–3.6 mm. Synandrium exserted up to 1.2 cm; filament tube glabrescent to finely puberulous. Berries obconic to ellipsoid. Endemic to Antioquia (Colombia).............................................................................................................. 18 Burmeistera fistulosa   
 - Stem and petiole glabrescent to puberulous; leaf blade glabrescent to puberulous beneath, without intramarginal vein. Peduncle glabrescent to puberulous, slender, without proximal or distal abscission zones. Hypanthium 5–7 × 3–6 mm, glabrescent. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 10–14 × 3.0– 3.5 mm. Synandrium exserted up to 2 cm; filament tube glabrous. Berries globose. Colombia (Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Risaralda and Valle del Cauca) and Ecuador..................................................... 33 Burmeistera multiflora   
36. Calyx lobes shorter than the hypanthium....................................................................................................................................... 37  
- Calyx lobes as long as, or longer than, the hypanthium................................................................................................................. 44  
37. Hypanthium urceolate.................................................................................................................................................................... 38  
- Hypanthium obconic to narrowly obconic or narrowly cylindric, rarely subglobose or globose.................................................. 40  
 38. Stem puberulous. Petiole glabrescent to puberulous; leaf blade with an intramarginal vein. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 9–11 mm long. Synandrium exserted up to 1.2 cm. Eastern Cordillera (Boyacá and Norte de Santander).............. 43 Burmeistera puberula   
- Stem and petiole glabrous. Leaf blade lacking an intramarginal vein. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 12–15 mm long. Synandrium exserted up to 1.6 cm. Western and Central cordilleras (Antioquia, Caldas and Tolima), and Eastern Cordillera (Cundinamarca and Santander)....................................................................................................................................................................................... 39  
 39. Leaf blade glabrous beneath, with 6 to 9 secondary veins per side, apex acuminate. Calyx lobes broadly ovate, 1–3 × 0.5–2.0 mm. Ventral anthers ebarbate all the way through. Berries 3.0– 4.5 cm long. Eastern Cordillera (Cundinamarca and Santander) and Central Cordillera (Antioquia, Caldas and Tolima).................................................................................... 1 Burmeistera aeribacca   
 - Leaf blade glabrescent or sometimes sparsely puberulous along the major veins beneath, with 8 to 14 secondary veins per side, apex obtuse to acute. Calyx lobes ovate, 3–8 × 2.0– 3.5 mm. Ventral anthers barbate during preanthesis. Berries 1.6–2.2 cm long. Western and Central cordilleras (Antioquia)............................................................................................ 25 Burmeistera kalbreyeri   
 40. Leaf blade narrowly ovate-lanceolate, slighly falcate. Corolla with tube 1.8–2.0 cm long, and dorsal lobes 18–25 mm long. Berries ovoid, 15–25 × 10–15 mm. Endemic to northern ridges of the Central Cordillera (Antioquia)............... 5 Burmeistera betancurii   
 - Leaf blade elliptic, ovate, or oblong, not falcate. Corolla with tube <1.5 cm long, and dorsal lobes 7–17 mm long. Berries cylindric, narrowly cylindric or oblate, 12–18 × 3–10 mm. Western and Central cordilleras (Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Chocó, Nariño, Putumayo, Quindío, Risaralda and Valle del Cauca) and Eastern slopes of Putumayo; B. cyclostigmata and B. microphylla reach Costa Rica, Panamá or Ecuador............................................................................................................................................ 41   
 41. Petiole 3–8 mm long; leaf blade 1.8–3.6 (–6.0) cm long, with 5 to 7 secondary veins per side, intramarginal vein lacking. Peduncle 2–5 cm long. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 7–8 mm long. Synandrium exserted up to 8 mm. Berries oblate, 6–8 × 9–10 mm........................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Burmeistera microphylla   
- Petiole (6–)10–30 (40) mm long; leaf blade> 6 cm long, with 9 to 20 secondary veins per side, intramarginal vein present (sometimes discontinuous). Peduncle 5–10 cm long. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 10–17 mm long. Synandrium exserted up to 2.4 cm. Berries cylindric to narrowly cylindric, 10–20 × 3–10 mm.................................................................................................... 42  
 42. Leaf blade glabrous beneath, with 9 to 12 secondary veins per side. Corolla with tube 1.4–1.5 cm long and dorsal lobes 14–17 mm long. Synandrium exserted up to 2.4 cm. Mature berries often pink to deep blue............................. 14 Burmeistera cyclostigmata   
- Leaf blade puberulous or tomentose beneath, with 12 to 20 secondary veins per side. Corolla with tube 0.8–1.2 cm long and dorsal lobes 10–14 mm long. Synandrium exserted up to 1.5 cm. Mature berries often white to green-yellowish................................. 43  
 43. Leaf blade oblong to ovate, puberulous above; margin subentire to irregularly toothed especially on the distal half, with 1 to 3 irregular teeth per centimeter. Peduncle 5–8 cm long, glabrescent. Calyx lobes 2–3 mm wide. Corolla tube 1.0– 1.2 cm long.................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Burmeistera cylindrocarpa   
 - Leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate, glabrescent above; margin thoroughly finely toothed, with 5 to 8 sharp teeth per centimeter, these regular in size and distribution. Peduncle 8–10 cm long, glabrous. Calyx lobes 0.5–1.5 mm wide. Corolla tube 0.8–1.0 cm long.................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Burmeistera marginata   
44. Calyx lobes 3–9 mm long............................................................................................................................................................... 45  
- Calyx lobes 11–30 mm long........................................................................................................................................................... 51  
45. Petiole 12–25 mm long; leaf blade 10–18 cm long........................................................................................................................ 46  
 - Petiole 2–11 mm long; leaf blade 2.7–8.0 cm long, exceptionally (in B. reclinata) up to 11 cm long.......................................... 47   
 46. Young stem finely puberulent. Leaf blade with 12 to 19 secondary veins per side. Peduncle 5.5‒6.5 cm long. Corolla with lateral lobes 10‒12 mm long and ventral lobe 8‒12 mm long. Mature berries green to white. Restricted to the southeastern Andes of Colombia and adjacent Amazon forests (Caquetá and Putumayo)........................................................... 2 Burmeistera andakiana   
 - Stems glabrous all the way through. Leaf blade with 7 to 12 secondary veins per side. Peduncle 7–9(–12) cm long. Corolla with lateral lobes 13‒14 mm long and ventral lobe 6‒8 mm long. Mature berries vinaceous. Costa Rica, Panamá and Colombia (Central and Western cordilleras, and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta)..................................................................... 56 Burmeistera vulgaris   
47. Stems hispidous-strigose or puberulous, rarely glabrescent. Leaf blade puberulous especially along the veins beneath; second and third order veins conspicuous. Synandrium exserted up to 3 cm; filament tube glabrous. Berries 12–15 × 12–18 mm............... 48  
- Stems glabrous. Leaf blade glabrous beneath; second and third order venation inconspicuous. Synandrium exserted up to 9 mm; filament tube woolly or puberulous, rarely glabrescent. Berries 4.3–12.0 × 4.8–12.0 mm........................................................... 49  
 48. Stem, petiole, peduncle, hypanthium and calyx lobes with hispidous-strigose indumentum. Leaf blade bullate, with margin not toothed, apex obtuse (rarely acute to acuminate), and 4 to 6 secondary veins per side. Peduncle 2.3–5.0 cm long. Calyx lobes strongly reflexed. Corolla warty on both surfaces, with dorsal lobes 11–15 × 5–6 mm, lateral lobes 10–14 × 4–7 mm, and ventral lobe 8–10 × 5–6 mm. Synandrium warty, exserted up to 3 cm long. Berries not inflated. Colombia, Western Cordillera (Cauca).......................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Burmeistera killipii   
 - Stem, peduncle, and calyx lobes glabrescent to puberulous (not strigose); hypanthium glabrous. Petiole glabrescent to slightly strigose; leaf blade not bullate, with margin toothed, apex acute to acuminate, and 5 to 8 secondary veins per side. Peduncle 1.5–1.8 cm long. Calyx lobes ascending. Corolla smooth on both surfaces, with dorsal lobes 8–10 × 3–4 mm, lateral lobes 7–8 × 3–4 mm, and ventral lobe 6–7 × 2.5–3.5 mm. Synandrium smooth, exserted up to 1.4 cm long. Berries inflated. Colombia (Nariño and Putumayo) and Ecuador.......................................................................................................................... 27 Burmeistera loejtnantii   
 49. Leaf blades with 6 to 8 secondary veins per side. Corolla bright red. Synandrium exserted up to 5 mm. Mature berries green with red tints................................................................................................................................................... 3 Burmeistera antioquensis   
 - Leaf blades with 5 or 6 secondary veins per side. Corolla uniformly green or yellowish green, sometimes suffused with purple or with reddish lines. Synandrium exserted up to 9 mm. Mature berries white, in B. reclinata suffused with vinaceous lines and apex yellow............................................................................................................................................................................................. 50   
 50. Leaf blade 3–5 cm wide, broadly-elliptic, broadly-oblong, or broadly ovate, length:width ratio nearly 1:1. Peduncle 1.5–2.0 cm long, considerably shorter than the leaves, glabrous to sparsely puberulous. Corolla with tube 14–16 mm long, and ventral lobe 4.5–5.5 × 2.5–3.5 mm. Filament tube gabrescent. Berries obovoid to subglobose, 1.0–1.2 × 1.0– 1.2 cm. Southern Andes of Colombia (Cauca, Nariño and Valle del Cauca). Ecuador...................................................................... 13 Burmeistera crassifolia   
 - Leaf blade 3–4 times as long as wide, 1.8–2.2(–2.8) cm wide. Peduncle 3.3–6.0 cm long, 2–3 times longer than the leaves, glabrous. Corolla with tube 11–13 mm long, and ventral lobe 8.0–8.5 × 1.5–2.2 mm. Filament tube puberulous. Berries oblate, 7–8 × 9–10 mm. Northern ridges of the Western Cordillera (Antioquia)......................................................... 44 Burmeistera reclinata   
 51. Calyx lobes broadly ovate, 8‒11 mm wide, nearly as long as the corolla................................................... 6 Burmeistera borjensis   
- Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, 1–3(–4) mm wide, shorter than the corolla.................................................................................... 52  
 52. Leaf blade lacking an intramarginal vein. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 8–10 mm long.................................. 45 Burmeistera rivina   
- Leaf blade with an intramarginal vein. Dorsal lobes of the corolla 11–25 mm long..................................................................... 53  
 53. Leaf blade with base rounded to subcordate, and 7 to 11 secondary veins per side. Peduncle 4–6 cm long, shorter than the subtending leaves. Restricted to Colombia; Eastern Cordillera (Boyacá, Caquetá, Cundinamarca, Huila, Meta and Putumayo)....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Burmeistera asclepiadea   
 - Leaf blade with base cuneate to obtuse (rarely rounded in B. smaragdi), and 9 to 15 secondary veins per side (sometimes 9 or 10 in B. smaragdi). Peduncle 6–17 cm long, as long as, or more often longer, than the subtending leaves. Colombia; Western and Central cordilleras (Antioquia, Caldas, Cauca, Chocó, Córdoba, Huila, Nariño, Putumayo, Quindío, Risaralda, Tolima and Valle del Cauca). Some expanded to Costa Rica, Venezuela, Ecuador or Peru....................................................................................... 54   
 54. Intramarginal vein of the leaf blade often continuous. Subtending leaves reduced to 3–6 × 2–3 cm. Ventral anthers barbate during preanthesis............................................................................................................................................ 11 Burmeistera ceratocarpa   
- Intramarginal vein of the leaf blade discontinuous. Subtending leaves not reduced. Ventral anthers ebarbate all the way through........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55  
 55. Young stems puberulous. Petiole, peduncle and calyx lobes puberulous to glabrescent. Corolla lobes not curled back at anthesis. Synandrium exserted up to 1.5 cm............................................................................................................ 49 Burmeistera smaragdi   
- Young stems glabrous. Petiole, peduncle and calyx lobes glabrous. Corolla lobes curled back at anthesis. Synandrium exserted up to 2.4 cm......................................................................................................................................................................................... 56  
 56. Hypanthium 5–7 × 4–5 mm. Calyx lobes 1–2 mm wide. Corolla with tube 2–3 mm in diameter at its mid-level, dorsal lobes 11–15 × 2–4 mm, lateral lobes 7–9 × 4–6 mm, and ventral lobe 6–8 × 1.5–2.5 mm. Synandrium exserted up to 1.8 cm; anther tube 5–6 mm long............................................................................................................................................... 48 Burmeistera serraniaguae   
 - Hypanthium 8–14 × 5–9 mm. Calyx lobes 2–3(–4) mm wide. Corolla with tube 4–5 mm in diameter at its mid-level, dorsal lobes 15–25 × 3–5 mm, lateral lobes 14–20 × 3–5 mm, and ventral lobe 12–16 × 2.8–3.0 mm. Synandrium exserted up to 2.4 cm; anther tube 10–12 mm long................................................................................................................................ 50 Burmeistera succulenta
description: Published as part of González, Favio, 2023, Taxonomic revision of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae-Lobelioideae) in Colombia, pp. 1-113 in Phytotaxa 615 (1) on pages 9-14, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.615.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8389205