Centaurea regia var. cynarocephala Negaresh 2018, comb. et stat. nov.
Creators: name: Negaresh, Kazem
name: Rahiminejad, Mohammad Reza
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Asterales
Asteraceae
Centaurea
Centaurea regia
Centaurea regia var. cynarocephala (wagenitz) negaresh

description: 28b. Centaurea regia var. cynarocephala (Wagenitz) Negaresh, comb. et stat. nov. (Figs. 63 and 64)   
 Basionym: Centaurea cynarocephala Wagenitz (1960: 477). Centaurea regia subsp. cynarocephala (Wagenitz) Wagenitz (1980: 365). Centaurea cardunculus Boissier (1845: 135), nom. illeg., non C. cardunculus Pallas (1771: 500). Type:— TURKEY.Assyria: between Merdin and Assuaner, 1 July 1841, Kotschy 349 (holotype G!: two sheets comprising one specimen, isotypes E!, G!, K!: two sheets, S!, W!: four sheets).   
 Centaurea regia subsp. javanroudensis Ranjbar & Negaresh (2012: 6), syn. nov. Type:— IRAN. Prov. Kermanshah: Javanroud to Taze Abad, 1350 m, 7 Jun 2008, Ranjbar & Negaresh 16105 (holotype BASU!).   
Terminal spine of median appendages (3–)4–8(–13) mm long; median and inner appendages brown or brownish, sometimes mottled with purple, sometimes outer appendages creamish; cilia (3–) 4–6 mm long  
 Nomenclatural notes:—In G herbarium, there are two sheets labelled as the type of Centaurea regia var. cynarocephala. One of them was designated as a lectotype by Wagenitz (1960: 477) and another as an isolectotype. Our study showed that two sheets belong to one specimen and there is only one specimen in G so that it must be automatically considered as a holotype. Consequently, the lectotype formerly designated is unnecessary according to Art. 9.1 (McNeill et al. 2012).   
 Taxonomic and distribution remarks: — Centaurea regia var. cynarocephala occurs in W Iran, NE Iraq and SE Turkey (Fig. 59). Its distribution is wider in comparison to the other varieties. Centaurea regia var. cynarocephala is closely related to C. regia var. longispinosa in its brown appendages, but differs from it by its shorter spine. Wagenitz (1980, 2006) stated that this taxon has a spine (3–) 4–8 mm long, but during our expeditions we found some specimens with a longer spine (up to 13 mm).   
 Chromosome numbers: —Unknown.   
 Selected specimens examined:— IRAN. Prov. Kermanshah: 5 km from Ravansar to Kermanshah, 1430 m, 14 June 2012, Negaresh 28875 (BASU!); Ravansar toward Kamyaran, 1–3 km after Ravansar, 1375 m, 29 May 2014, Negaresh & Kamalnejad 110 (herb. Negaresh!); Negaresh & Kamalnejad 113 (herb. Negaresh!); Kermanshah toward Ravansar, 3 km to Ravansar, 1340–1350 m, 27 May 2014, Negaresh & Kamalnejad 115 (herb. Negaresh!); Negaresh & Kamalnejad 116 (herb. Negaresh!); Javanroud, 10 km W of Javanroud, 1360 m, 17 May 1993, Neamati & Roshanzadeh 3913 (HKK!: two sheets). Prov. Kurdistan: Saqqez toward Marivan, 100 km to Marivan, beginning to the Zereh village, ca. 50 individuals, 36° 3′ 32.2″ N, 46° 18′ 28.8″ E, 1525–1530 m, 29 June 2015, Negaresh & Pakzad 20146 (HUI!); Negaresh & Pakzad 157 (herb. Negaresh!); Kermanshah toward Ravansar, 1 km to Ravansar, before Sarab-e Jaberi, 1390–1400 m, 34° 41′ 22.3″ N, 46° 40′ 31.2″ E, 23 May 2017, Negaresh 173 (herb. Negaresh!, RUH!). IRAQ. Prov. Sulaymaniyah: 4 km NW bifurcate Sulaymaniyah toward Dokan, 700 m, Rechinger 12483 (W!); Qaradagh, dry grassy open hillsides, grazed, 22 June 1957, Haines 1184 (E!). Prov. Kirkuk: Darbandi-e Bazian near Chamchamal, 13 June 1957, Rechinger 10578 (E!, W!); E Chamchamal, Rechinger 10059 (W!). Prov. Arbil: Kurdish hills, in Rawanduz Gorge among scrub on hillside, Low 362 (BM!); Mesopotamia, May 1867, Haussknecht s.n. (G!). TURKEY. C8 Mardin: Mardin, in declivibus montium, Sintenis 941 (G!, GOET!, LD!, WU!); Mardin, Mt. Notre Dame prope Deir-Zafran, Sintenis 1093 (LD!); Mardin, June 1896, Post s.n. (B!); 2 km E of Mardin, 1150 m, 22 May 1957, Davis & Hedge 28430 (E!); 4 km E of Mardin, 1200 m, 25 May 1957, Davis & Hedge 28580 (E!); near Rismil, between Mardin and Suvar, ca. 10 km from Mardin, May 1957, Davis & Hedge 28530 (E!); Mardin, in declivibus Mardin, June 1888, Sintenis 941 (E!); Mardin, 1848, Schultz Bipontinus s.n. (P!).
description: Published as part of Negaresh, Kazem & Rahiminejad, Mohammad Reza, 2018, A revision of Centaurea sect. Cynaroides (Asteraceae, Cardueae-Centaureinae), pp. 448-450 in Phytotaxa 363 (1) on pages 448-450, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.363.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/13703414