Cybocephalus (Cybocephalus) nipponicus Endrody-Younga 1971
Creators: name: Hisamatsu, Sadatomo
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cybocephalidae
Cybocephalus
Cybocephalus nipponicus

description: Cybocephalus (Cybocephalus) nipponicus Endrödy-Younga, 1971
Figs 1 A, 2B, 2D, 3B, 4
Cybocephalus binotatus (misidentification): Endrödy-Younga, 1968: 81, non Cybocephalus binotatus Grouvelle, 1908.
Cybocephalus nipponicus Endrödy-Younga, 1971: 244, f. 1. Type locality: Kawasawa, Japan.
Cybocephalus nipponicus: Hayashi, 1978: 32 [description of larva];—Hisamatsu, 1985: 172, pl. 27, fig. 27 [note, photo];—Kirejtshuk, 1992: 209 [in key, figure];—Tian & Yu, 1994a: 120 [redescription];—Yu & Tian, 1995: 35 [note];—Tian & Peng, 1997: 35 [note];—Lupi, 2002: 463 [note];—Tian, 2006: 63 [list];—Smith & Cave, 2006a: 786 [redescription];—Smith & Cave, 2007a: 170 [note];—Smith & Bailey, 2007: 506 [note].
Cybocephalus (Cybocephalus) nipponicus: Jelínek & Audisio, 2007: 490 [catalogue].
Specimens examined. [ISHIKAWA] 4 exs., Campus of Kanazawa Univ., Kanazawa City, 8. X. 1982, S. Hisamatsu leg. [TOCHIGI] 2 exs., Shiriuchi, Tochigi City, 3. I. 1993, H. Yoshitomi leg. (under the bark of Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino.) [KANAGAWA] 2 exs., Odawara, 9. V. 1957, Y. Hirano leg.; 1 ex., Odawara, 22. I. 1973, Y. Furuki leg.; 1 ex., Oishi, 8. IX. 1979, Y. Hirano leg.; 1 ex., Kanogawa, Tanzawa, 18. V. 1986, Y. Hirano leg.; 1 ex., Myojin tôge, 12. VIII. 1993, Y. Hirano leg.; 2 exs., Sarugashima, Atsugi City, 25. IV. 1996, Y. Hirano leg. [TOKYO] 6 exs., Kinshi Park, 1. VIII. 1967, K. Morimoto leg.; 1 ex., Ohshima Is., 17. IV. 1974, Y. Furuki leg. [WAKAYAMA] 6 exs., Arita, 11. X. 1963, S. Nakao leg. [HYÔGO] 1 ex., Mt. Joryuji, nr. Toshima, Awajishima Is., 16. XI. 1972, S. Hisamatsu leg. [TOTTORI] 2 exs., Kurayoshi, 14. VIII. 1974, Y. Furuki leg. [YAMAGUCHI] 9 exs., Hagi, 25. X. 1967, S. Nakao et al. leg.; 1 ex., Mt. Shizukisan, Hagi, 9. IX. 1970, S. Hisamatsu leg. [HIROSHIMA] 10 exs., Ikuchijima Is., 18~21, IX. 1972, Y. Furuki leg.; 2 exs., Innoshima Is., 5~ 6. V. 1973, M. Sakai leg. [EHIME] 6 exs., Matsuyama City, 8. I. 1951, M. Miyatake leg.; 6 exs., Tarumi, Matsuyama City, 19. VI. 1953, T. Ishihara leg.; 1 ex., Matsuyama City, 4. VI. 1955, T. Tachikawa leg. (host: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targ.); 2 Ƥ, Matsuyama City, 16. IX. 1955, S. Hisamatsu leg.; 6 exs., Matsuyama, 15. VI. 1956, S.
Hisamatsu leg.; 2 exs., Matsuyama City, 27. VI. 1956, T. Tachikawa leg. (collected from Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targ.); 232Ƥ, Matsuyama City, 20. VII. 1956, T. Tachikawa leg. (host: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targ.); 3 exs., Higashino, Matsuyama City, 9. IV. 1957, M. Miyatake leg.; 1 ex., Matsuyama City, 28. V. 1959, M. Miyatake leg.; 1 ex., Ohmishima Is., 16. VII. 1959, M. Miyatake leg; 2 exs., Ohmishima Is., 16. VII. 1959, M. Sato leg.; 2 exs., Uwajima, 27. IV. 1961, T. Tachikawa leg.; 1 ex., Matsuyama City, 15. VII. 1967, M. Miyatake leg.; 2 exs., Matsuyama City, 28. II. 1968, K. Hatta leg.; 2 exs., Matsuyama City, 11. IX. 1972, Y. Furuki leg. (collected from Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targ.); 2 exs., Inokuchi, Ohmishima Is., 2. XII. 1973, K. Ito & TK. Ishihara leg.; 3 exs., Jo-hen, 25. VII. 1974, Y. Furuki leg.; 1 ex., Shiroyama, Matsuyama City, 21. II. 1974, Y. Furuki leg.; 34 exs., Tokunomori, Ohzu City, 13. X. 1994, Y. Utsunomiya leg.; 8 exs., Matsubara-izumi, Morimatsu-machi, Matsuyama City, 22. VIII. 2007, T. Kurihara leg.; 23 exs., Morimatsu-machi, Matsuyama City, 24. VIII. 2007, S-T. Hisamatsu leg.; 21 exs., Morimatsu-machi, Matsuyama City, 22. X. 2007, T. Kurihara leg. [KOCHI] 2 exs., Muroto, 7. VI. 1959, M. Miyatake leg.; 1 ex., Ashizurimisaki, 24. VII. 1960, M. Miyatake leg.; 1 ex., Okinoshima Is., 15. VI. 1961, S. Hisamatsu leg. [OITA] 1 ex., Tsukumi, 12. V. 1957, T. Tachikawa leg. [KUMAMOTO] 2 exs., Konose, Kuma Vil., 6. VI. 1967, S. Hisamatsu leg. [FUKUOKA] 6 exs., Tachibana, 13. IV. 1956, S. Nakao leg.; 1 ex., Itoshima, 14. V. 1968, M. Iga leg. (preying Pseudococcus citriculus Green) [NAGASAKI] 8 exs., Omura, 31. VIII. 1963, S. Nakao leg.; 60 exs., Kuchinotsu, 15. XI. 1977, M. Tanaka leg.; 3 exs., Mogi, 20. V. 1971, S. Hisamatsu leg.; 3 exs., Mt. Konpira~Suwa Shrine, 12. VII. 1973, S. Kinoshita leg.; 1 ex., Hirado, 5. VII. 1979, A. Oda leg.; 1 ex., Izuhara, Tsushima Is., 25. VIII. 1966, S. Nomoto leg.; 1 ex., Mt. Nanatsudake, Fukue Is., 2. V. 1972, S. Kinoshita leg. [KAGOSHIMA] 9 exs., Nagashima, 14. X. 1971, S. Nakao leg.; 1 ex., Miyanoura, 25. IV. 1975, S. Nagai leg.; 32 exs., Uragami, Amami-Ohshima Is., 20. IX. 1975, S. Nakao leg.; 1 ex., Nakazato, Kikaijima Is., 11.VII. 1996, K. Aita leg.; 1 ex., Kumano, Nakatane-chô, Tanegashima Is., 8. VII. 1974, S. Hisamatsu leg.
Diagnosis. This species differs from other Japanese congeners by the following characteristics: male with yellow head and pronotum; elytra with large punctures (Fig. 3 B), larger than an eye-facet at middle; median lobe of male genitalia (Fig. 4 C) in lateral view thin, strongly sinuate.
Redescription. Length 1.38–1.64 (1.50) mm (n = 10), width 0.74–0.88 (0.82) mm (n = 10), height 0.46–0.44 (0.45) mm (n = 5).
Male. Body convex, strongly shiny; dorsal surface almost glabrous. Coloration black; dorsal- and ventral side of head (excluding blackish mandibles and genae), antennae, pronotum, mesoventrite, pro- and mesothoracic legs yellow; margins of pronotum translucent; anterior margins of elytra also translucent, yellowish brown. Hind legs dark yellowish brown.
Head extremely wide; vertex with few, minute punctures, sparsely covered with short, recumbent, yellowish setae. Anterior margin of clypeus (Fig. 4 H) with shallow, arcuate emargination at middle. Eyes large, prominent, distinctly visible in ventral aspect. Antennae (Fig. 4 I) with club asymmetrical, 3-segmented; ninth and tenth antennal segments serrated along inner margin; apical margin of eleventh segment truncate; approximate ratio of each segment (n = 1) is 2.14: 1.68: 2.04: 1.16: 1.43: 1.09: 1.13: 1.00: 1.36: 1.55: 1.50.
Pronotum convex, strongly transverse, 1.70–1.78 (1.74) times as wide as long (n = 5); anterior angles rounded; posterior angles widely rounded; dorsal disc with minute punctures; interspaces smooth. Scutellum (Fig. 2 D) subtriangular, apex broadly rounded.
Elytra conjointly 0.84–0.93 (0.88) times as long as wide (n = 5), 1.50–1.60 (1.56) times as long as pronotum (n = 5); disc (Fig. 3 B) with two kinds of punctures, of which one is as large as an eye-facet at middle and another one is minute; the larger one possessing two lateral extensions and an assoicated recumbent seta; interspaces smooth. Prosternum short, about as wide as width of prosternal process, strongly carinate at middle; prosternal process about as long as procoxal length. Metaventrite (Fig. 2 B) convex, densely covered with long, recumbent yellowish setae, devoid of setae at basal areas. Inter-metacoxal distance wide, separated by 1.75–2.67 (2.21) times as wide as inter- mesocoxal distance (n = 4). Abdominal sternites (Fig. 2 B) densely covered with long, recumbent yellowish setae; inter-metacoxal area of abdominal sternite III wide, apical margin widely rounded; femoral lines (Fig. 2 B) joined with anterior margin of abdominal sternite III. Legs (Fig. 4 E–G) rather thin and flat; protibiae (Fig. 4 E) with slightly sinuate inner margins, outer apical corner rounded. Claws simple.
Male genitalia with tegmen (Fig. 4 A) possessing widely spaced setae at apical margin, attenuate in ventral view. Median lobe (Fig. 4 C) in lateral view thin and strongly sinuate, in ventral view strongly converging at apical third, apical margin narrowly truncate. Internal sac sclerites of male genitalia as figured (Fig. 4 D).
Female. Head and pronotum black, without yellowish lateral margins of pronotum. Apical margin of abdominal tergite and sternite VII rounded. Ovipositor (Fig. 4 K) with short styli near the apex; gonocoxites feebly sclerotized, deeply cleft and appearing separate and unfused; apex of stylus with 2 to 3 setae; 9 to 10 setae present along apico-lateral margin; spermatheca (Fig. 4 J) oval, sclerotized; spermathecal gland long, curved, weakly sclerotized; sperm duct coiled.
Bionomics. Cybocephalus (C.) nipponicus usually feed on armored scale insects (Diaspididae). At least fourteen species of armored scales have been recorded as hosts (Smith & Cave 2007a), and other insect prey were listed by Smith & Cave (2006a). Tanaka & Inoue (1980) reported C. (C.) nipponicus as a predator of citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari, Tetranychidae). According to breeding experiments, when C. (C.) nipponicus was given larvae of Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Hemiptera, Diaspididae), they laid three eggs per female. However, if they were fed eggs of Panonychus citri, their ovaries were observed to be undeveloped and they did not lay eggs. Thus, scale insects are likely the primary food of C. (C.) nipponicus, and citrus red mites are secondarily consumed.
Distribution. This species is present in Asia, southern Europe, Micronesia, eastern North America,
South Africa, and the West Indies (Smith & Cave 2006a). Cybocephalus (C.) nipponicus is apparently native to Southeast Asia and the South Pacific (Endrödy-Younga 1971; Tian 2006), but has been introduced all over the world (Smith & Bailey 2007).
Note. The male pronotum, which is usually yellow, may rarely become dark brown to black.
description: Published as part of Hisamatsu, Sadatomo, 2013, A review of the Japanese Cybocephalidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea), pp. 253-267 in Zootaxa 3616 (3) on pages 254-257, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3616.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/218827