Rhinolophus perditus K. Andersen 1918
Creators: name: Burgin, Connor
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus perditus

description: 65. Yaeyama Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> <i>Rhinolophus perditus</i> French: Rhinolophe des Yaeyama / <b>German:</b> Yaeyama-Hufeisennase <b> <i>I</i> Spanish:</b> Herradura de Yaeyama <b>Other common names:</b> <i>Lost</i> Horseshoe Bat, Ryukyu Horseshoe Bat, Yaeyama Little Horseshoe Bat; Imaizumi's Horseshoe Bat <i>(</i> imaizumii <i>)</i> <b>Taxonomy.</b> <i>Rhinolophus perditus</i> K. Andersen, 1918, “ Ishigaki, southern Liu-Kiu <b>[= Ryukyu Islands</b>] /’ Japan. <i>Rhinolophus perditus</i> is included in the <i> <i>pusillus</i> group. It is <i>occasionally</i> treated as a subspecies or synonym of <i>R. comutus,</i> but it is morphologically distinguishable from <i>R.</i> comutus occurring allopatrically on other <b>Ryukyu</b> Islands, and can also be <b>differentiated</b> based on echolocation. There are differing opinions regarding the taxonomic position of <i>R. imaizumii</i> in relation to <i>R.perditus.</i> The two taxa are morphologically distinguishable based on craniodental morphometries, <i>but</i> no genetic data have <i>yet</i> been shown to differentiate them; they have variously been treated as distinct species or as a single species, <i>R.perditus</i> (including <i>imaizumii</i> as ajunior synonym). It is possible that both may occur on some of the islands, lending to potential further confusion, <b>but</b> this has not <i>yet</i> been proven. Until a focused study using both genetic and morphological data is undertaken, <b>the</b> two taxa are considered subspecies under <i>R.perditus.</i> Two subspecies are tentatively recognized.</i> <b>Subspecies and Distribution.</b> <i>R.p.</i> <i>perditus</i> K. Andersen, 1918 - <i>Yaeyama</i> <b>Is</b> (Ishigakijima and Taketomi), <b>Ryukyu</b> Is. <i>R.p.</i> <i>imaizumii</i> Hill &amp; Yoshiyuki, 1980 — Yaeyama <b>Is</b> (Iriomotejima and Kohamajima), Ryukyu <b>Is.</b> <b>Descriptive notes.</b> Head-body 39-47- 8 mm, tail 18-1-26- 1 mm, ear 17-9-18- 9 mm, hindfoot 8- 4—9 mm, forearm 40- 3—43 mm. The <i>Yaeyama</i> Horseshoe Bat is similar to the Littlejapanese Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> (. <i>cornutus).</i> Subspecies <i>imaizumii</i> is larger than <i>perditus</i> and the two taxa do not overlap in craniodental morphometries. Pelage is woolly and glossy, dorsal pelage being bright brown (base of hairs light beige), ventral pelage similar <i>but</i> paler and creamier brown. Ears are moderate-sized. Noseleaf has a slightly concave-sided lancet; connecting process is hom-like, curved anteriorly, narrow, and slender; sella has a broad base with a slightly constricted center and a rounded, anteriorly deflected tip; horseshoe is <i>not</i> very broad (7- 3 mm), with no lateral leaflets, and a short, narrow median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is 4-2-4- 4 mm long and has a very deep dorsal notch on the basal cone <b>with</b> a small ventral notch; shaft is nearly cylindrical and is bent on the distal one-half. <b>Skull</b> is similar to that of the LittleJapanese Horseshoe Bat but can be distinguished based on craniodental measurements; skull is long and narrow, and zygomatic width is slighdy greater than <i>(imaizumii)</i> or subequal to <i>(perditus)</i> mastoid width; anterior median swellings are small and subcircular; posterior compartments are moderate in size; rostral profile slopes <i>posteriorly</i>; sagittal crest is <i>weakly</i> to moderately developed; supraorbital crests are weak; frontal depression is shallow. Dental distinctions between subspecies are small but present; <i>imaizumii</i> has a higher crown portion of C1 compared to <i>perditus,</i> this being comparatively stout in <i>perditus,</i> C-M3 tooth row is slightly shorter in <i>perditus</i> but zygomatic width is greater than in <i>imaizumii;</i> P2 and P3 are within the tooth row in <i>perditus</i> but both are extruded from the tooth <i>row</i> internally in <i>imaizumii.</i> Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60. Habitat. Forested habitats. <b>Food and</b> Feeding. The <i>Yaeyama</i> Horseshoe Bat feeds on arthropods. Study of wing morphology showed that the species is suspected to forage in cluttered spaces. It has been recorded feeding largely on Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera, although it also <i>occasionally</i> takes Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera, and Araneae. Presence of Araneae in the diet indicates that the species probably also gleans prey off foliage. Breeding. The <i>Yaeyama</i> Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> exhibits restricted seasonal monoestry; females form maternity colonies in May, and give birth to a single young around this time. <b>Activity patterns.</b> Yaeyama Horseshoe Bats are <i>active</i> throughout the year, but probably hibernate through the winter with regular bouts of arousal to forage. <i>They</i> roost in caves, abandoned mines, and bomb shelters during the day and forage <i>by</i> night. Search call shape is FM/CF/ <b>FM</b> with a peak F recorded at 96-98 kHz on Ishigakÿima and 92-93 kHz on Iriomotejima. <b>Movements, Home range and Social organization.</b> The Yaeyama Horseshoe Bat roosts in colonies and females can form maternity colonies with over 1000 individuals while raising young. This species frequently roosts with the Ryukyu Long-fingered Bat <i>(Miniopterusfuscus)</i> in caves. <b>Status and</b> Conservation. Not assessed as a separate species on <i>TheIUCNed</i> List, where it is included under the Least Horseshoe Bat <i>(pusiUus)</i> as Least Concern. Listed as endangered in the Japanese Red List. Several caves for breeding and hibernating are known to exist on Ishigakÿima Island. However, in recent years, deforestation, roost destruction and tourism activities are creating serious problems for the island bat population. As a consequence, conservation measures need to be established immediately. <b>Bibliography.</b> Ando <i>eta</i> /. (1980c), Chen <i>Shiangfan</i> eta/. (2006), <i>Fukui</i> eta/. (2009), Hill &amp; <i>Yoshiyuki</i> (1980), Hutson, Kingston &amp; Walston (2008), Li Gang eta/. (2006), <i>Ohdachi</i> eta/. (2015), <i>WuYi</i>, Motokawa eta/. (2012), Yoshiyuki (1989), Zhang Lin eta/. (2018).
description: Published as part of <i>Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, pp. 280-332 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on pages 311-312, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525