Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk
Creators: name: Madika, Lydia K.
name: Moteetee, Annah Ntsamaeeng
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Boraginales
Boraginaceae
Cynoglossum
Cynoglossum lanceolatum

description: 6 Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk in Fl. Aegypt. Arab: 41 (1775).    
 Cynoglossum hirsutum Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap.: 34 (1794).   
 Type: South Africa ♀♂, Precise locality unknown: Roggerveld, C.P. Thunberg 168, sub THUNB-UPS 3995 (UPS-microfiche! holotype).   
 Cynoglossum micranthum Desf.: 220 (1804), nom. nud.   
 Cynoglossum canescens Willdenow in Enum. Pl.: 180 (1809).   
 Type: ♀♂, Precise locality unknown, C.L. Willdenow, s.n. (B-W,-image, lectotype, designated by K ӧnig et al. 2015).   
 Cynoglossum racemosum Roxb. in Fl. Ind.: 2:6 (1824), nom. illeg.   
 Echinospermum paniculatum E.Mey. ex. A.DC., Prodr. [A.P.de Candolle] 10: 149,143 (1846). ♀ ♂, Type: same as above.   
 Paracynoglossum lanceolatum (Forssk.) R.R.Mill. in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb.: 474 (1984). ♀ ♂ Type: same as above.   
 Type. Yemen, Al Hadiyah, Mar 1763, P. Forsskal 312 (C-image! holotype).   
Annual or biennial herbs, 0.5–0.9 m in height, covered with simple hairs. Basal leaves 85–180× 15–23 mm, lanceolate-obtuse, blade elliptic, softly hairy, deciduous. Stem leaves 40–65× 8–18 mm, lanceolate, apex acute, base cuneate, covered with moderately stiff hairs. Trichomes brittle, simple on both leaf surfaces. Inflorescence dichotomously branched axillary cyme, pedicel 1–1.5 mm long. Calyx ca. 1–1.5 mm long, lobe ovate-obtuse, pubescent on the outer surface, inner surface glabrous, apex acute. Corolla white with pale blue throat; lobes ca. 1× 1 mm, campanulate. Nutlets ovoid-convex, 3–4× 2.5–3.5 mm, fully pubescent; glochidia equally thick and long (Figure 13).  
 Phenology. August to May.   
 Conservation status. Least Concern (Raimondo et al. 2009).   
 Diagnostic characters. Amongst the southern African species, C. lanceolatum is similar and possibly related to Cynoglossum coeruleum subsp. johnstonii var. mannii with which it shares the branching pattern of the inflorescence, flower colour, and nutlet size. The two species can be distinguished by the density of the glochidia on the nutlets and distribution. Cynoglossum lanceolatum nutlets are completely covered with glochidia, whereas in Cynoglossum coeruleum subsp. johnstonii var. mannii glochidia tend to be more marginal and acentric.   
 Distribution and habitat. Cynoglossum lanceolatum originates from Yemen (K ӧnig et al. 2015) but reported from Africa (Ge-Ling et al. 1995), Pakistan, India (Joshi 2016), the Mediterranean, and throughout Asia (Verdcourt 1991) and Madagascar (K ӧnig et al.2015). In South Africa it occurs widely in all provinces, it also occurs in eSwatini and Lesotho (Figure 14). It is a widespread species that grows in disturbed habitats throughout parts of Africa.   
 Additional specimens examined. South Africa. LIMPOPO: 2229 (Waterpoort): Wylies Poort (- DD), 17 Oct 1938, J.P.M. Acocks 1295 (PRE). 2230 (Messina): Sibasa District (- CD), 21 Jun 1977, G. Hemm 163 (PRE). 2329 (Polokwane): Polokwane Nature Reserve (- CD), 12 Jan 1979, Bredenkamp and Van Vuuren 307 (PRE). 2330 (Tzaneen): Letaba (- CA), 2 Apr 1958, J.C. Scheepers 219 (PRE); Woodbush Forest Reserve (- CC), Jan 1923, H. Wafen 22973 (PRE); 1 Feb 2019, A.N. Moteetee and L.K. Madika AL07 (JRAU). 2428 (Modimolle): Waterberg, Kwaggasnek-Alma Road (- CC), 13 Feb 1981, K.L. Immelman 118a (PRE). 2429 (Zebediela): Zebediela (- AA), 5 Feb 1967, B.J. Huntley 1033 (PRE); 2430 (Pilgrim’s Rest): Sekhukhune District Municipality, Leolo Mountain, SE of Tama Kgoshi (- CA), 14 Mar 2007, B. Sachse 466 (PRE). NORTH-WEST: 2526 (Zeerust): Zeerust along road to Koster (- CA), 4 Feb 1976, F. van der Meulen 597 (PRE). 2527 (Rustenburg): Rustenburg (- CA), 27 Dec 1949, S.M. Johnson 854 (NBG). 2626 (Lichtenburg): Municipal Caravan Park (- AA), 19 Mar 1978, A. Balsinhas and Harding 3303 (PRE). 2627 (Potchefstroom): Carletonville, A. Bailey Nature Reserve (- AD), Apr 1983, S. van Wyk 180 (PRE); Mooiriver (- CA), 9 Mar 1984, B. Ubbink 1257 (PRE). 2724 (Taung): West of Harz River near Taung, 120 km north of Kimberley (- DB), 11 Feb 1948, R.J. Robin 3628 (PRE). GAUTENG: 2528 (Pretoria): Brooklyn (- CA), 20 May 1915, C.A. Smith 191 (PRE); 24 May 1915, C.A. Smith 194A (PRE); 10 Dec 1915, A.O.D. Mogg 11846 (PRE); Nov 1925, C.A. Smith 1220 (PRE); Doornpoort, Airport Road (- CA), 26 Oct 2009, S.P. Bester 9734 (PRE); 14 Nov 2018, A.N. Moteetee and L.K. Madika AL01 (JRAU); Doornpoort/ Hartbeesfontein (- CB), 24 Jan 2004, S.P. Bester 4653 (PRE); Brooklyn (- CC), 11 Apr 1920, K.A. Landsdell 864 (PRE). 2628 (Johannesburg): Randburg, Lanseria (- AA), 20 Nov 2018, A.N. Moteetee and L.K. Madika AL02 (JRAU); Suikkersbosrand (- CB), 27 Dec 1971, G.J. Bredenkamp 594 (PRE). MPUMALANGA: 2429 (Zebediela): Mashishing District (- DD), 8 January 1939, Barnard and Mogg 860 (PRE). 2430 (Pilgrim’s Rest): Malta near Marinella (- AA), 16 Aug 1984, M. Stalmans 114 (PRE); Ohrigstad Dam Nature Reserve (- DC), 22 May 1973, N. Jacobsen 2861 (PRE). 2529 (Emalahleni): Loskop Dam (- AD), 12 Jan 1967, G.K. Theron 1129 (PRE). 2530 (Mashishing): Witklip (- BD), 4 Dec 1973, J.P. Kluge 359 (PRE); Lowveld Botanical Gardens (- BD), 18 Dec 1974, E.J. Van Jaarsveld 199 (NBG); Waterval Onder, Ntsinini (- CD), 26 Dec 2008, K.W. Grieve 250 (PRE); 23 Jan 2011, K.W. Grieve 342 (PRE); Barberton (- DD), 24 Jan 2000, J.J. Meyer 2603 (PRE). 2531 (Beersrust): White River District (- AC), Apr 1983, W. Jacobsen 5363 (PRE). 2630 (Carolina): Chrissiesmeer (- AC), 5 Jan 1972, G.K. Theron 2402 (PRE); Chrissiesmeer, on road to Lochiel (- BA), 6 Mar 1986, M. Crosby 273 (PRE). 2730 (Vryheid): Farm Doornhoek along Assegaai river (- AA), 15 Dec 2006, S.J. Siebert 3246 (PRE). FREE STATE: 2729 (Volksrust): Vrede (- CB), 5 Feb 1987, L. Smook 6455 (PRE). 2828 (Bethlehem): Golden Gate National Park (- DA), Jan 1963, L.C.C. Liebenberg 6831 (PRE); Witsieshoek (- DB), Mar 1917, H.A. Janod 17317 (PRE). 2829 (Harrismith): Harrismith District (- AC), 8 Mar 1974, M.L. Jacobsz 2036 (PRE). KWAZULU-NATAL: 2729 (Utrecht): Volksrust (- BD), Jan 1928, C.A. Smith 5730 (PRE). 2730 (Vryheid): Oshoek District, Wakkerstroom (- AB), 26 Dec 2002, S.J. Siebert and F. Siebert 2279 (PRE); Vryheid Nature Reserve (- DC), 23 Feb 1988, C.J. Youthed 11 (NH); 7 March 2019, A.N. Moteetee and L.K. Madika AL09 (JRAU). 2731 (Louwsburg): Louwsburg District, Itala Nature Reserve (- CB), 15 Jan 1978, D.J. Mcdonald 443 (PRE). 2828 (Bethlehem): Crocodile River (- DB), 16 Dec 1893, R. Schlechter 3980 (NH); Royal Natal National Park (- DB), 17 Feb 1984, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 17662 (NU); Tugela gorge (- DB), 6 Feb 1982, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 15454 (PRE); Tugela valley (- DD), 14 Feb 1926, A.J.W. Bayer 47 (PRE). 2829 (Harrismith): Ladysmith (- DB), 1 Nov 1965, N.E. Shirley s.n. (NU). 2831 (Nkandla): Nkandla, Ferncliff Nature Reserve (- CA), 14 Feb 1994, H. Kennedy 533 (NU); University of KwaZulu-Natal (- DD), 27 May 2003, S.J. Siebert 2333 (NH). 2929 (Underberg): Loteni Nature Reserve (- AD), 13 Dec 1978, M.L. Jacobsz 3937 (PRE); Mpendhle District (- BC), 24 Dec 1978, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 11804 (NU, PRE); Polela District (- CB), 6 Apr 1974, M.A. Rennie 545 (NU); Waterfall (- DD), Mar 2002, T.Edwards 2731 (NU). 2930 (Pietermaritzburg): Victoria (- AA), 12 Apr 1955, S.M. Johnson 1152 (NH); Tweedie (- AC), 31 Dec 1927, Forbes 293 (NH); 28 Feb 1982, K.L. Immelman 260 (PRE); Loskop District (- AD), 11 Feb 1946, B.L. Howlett 80 (NH); Pietermaritzburg (- CB), 29 Feb 1976, M. Grice s.n. (NU); 14 Oct 1987, Renecken 6 (GRA); Botanic Garden Estate (- CB), 8 Dec 1991, D.G. Stielau 135 (NH, PRE); Cottingham (- CC), 23 Mar 1969, R.G. Strey 8420 (NU); Durban Road (- CD), 19 Nov 1950, J.G. Lawn 1820 (NH); Umgeni Water Board, (- DA), 20 Oct 1984, J. Manning 536 (NU); Inanda (- DB), Dec, J. Medley-Wood 370 (NH); 25 Nov 1983, H.H. Hilger 35 (PRE); Pinetown District (- DD), 28 Nov 1913, J.M. Wood 12373 (NU). 3029 (Kokstad): Harding, Victoria East (- CA), 30 Apr 1955, G.L. Lewis 4914 (PRE); Harding, Alfred District (- DB), 2 Mar 1983, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 16755 (NU). 3030 (Port Shepstone): Dumisa (- AD), 9 Dec 1992, A.M. Ngwenya 1071 (NH). WESTERN CAPE: 3318 (Cape Town): Zondagsfontein (- DC), Dec-Mar 1930–1, J. Thode A2838 (NH); 18 Oct 1943, B.S. Fischer 498 (NU). EASTERN CAPE: 3128 (Mjika): Mahlahlane Forest (- BC), 6 Mar 1985, A. Hutchings 1590 (GRA). 3129 (Port St. John’s): Kloof above Port St. Johns (- DA), 31 Jan 1936, M.C. Gillett 1257 (PRE). 3226 (Fort Beaufort): Amatole Mountain (- DB), 1 May 1986, P.B. Phillipson 1492 (PRE); Fort Beaufort (- DD), 21 Mar 1977, G.E. Gibbs Russell 3735 (GRA). 3326 (Grahamstown): Grahamstown Nature Reserve (- BC), Feb 1917, J.C. Jane 17131 (PRE); 1 Apr 1952, A.R.H. Martin 9466 (GRA); Featherstone Kloof (- BC), 18 Jul 2001, C.J. Kayombo and A.A. Merti 3719 (GRA). 3227 (Stutterheim): Stutterheim District (- CB), 28 Jan 1979, O.M. Hilliard and B.L. Burtt 12427 (NU); Kababu Hills (- CA), 5 Feb 1936, M.C. Gillett 1325 (PRE); East London (- DB), 11 Dec 2001, J.J. Meyer 4067 (PRE).   
 eSwatini. 2631 (Hhoho): Hhoho District, Masilela area on Maphalaleni road along Mucucene Hills (- AB), 27 Jan 1994, G. Germishuizen 7173, 7174 (PRE); 24 Jan 1994, S.R. Hobson 2048 (PRE); Hlambanyathi valley (- AC), 27 Nov 1954, R.J. Compton 24864 (NBG); Mbabane (- AC), 14 Jan 1955, R.J. Compton 24834 (PRE).   
 Lesotho. 2927 (Maseru): Monethi’s, Berea (- BB), 1 Jan 1957, A. Jacot Guillarmod 1910 (PRE); Mountain Road (- BD), Mar 1977, M. Schmitz 7317 (PRE). 2928 (Marakabei): Loskop (- AB), 11 Apr 1980, B.N. Ubbink 974 (NH); Molika-lika (- AC), 7 Jan 1954, A. Jacot Guillarmod 1674 (PRE). 2929 (Underberg): Thaba Ntšo, Sehlabathebe National Park (- CC), 4–14 Jan 1973, Jacot Guillarmod, Getliffe, and Mzamane 142 (PRE).   
 Unknown localities: No locality details, 30 Jan 1948, B.S. Fischer 1426 (NU).   
 Taxonomic notes. The specimen in the National Herbarium Pretoria (PRE) collected in the Doornpoort area in Gauteng Province (Voucher number: S.P. Bester 9734 (PRE)) belongs to C. lanceolatum and not to C. amabile since it has characters which are typical of this species, i.e., white corolla with a blue throat instead of bluish-purple corolla and divaricately branched instead of clustered at the apex.
description: Published as part of Madika, Lydia K. & Moteetee, Annah Ntsamaeeng, 2022, Taxonomic revision of the southern African species of the genus Cynoglossum L. (Boraginaceae), pp. 9-42 in PhytoKeys 193 on pages 31-35, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.193.72270, http://zenodo.org/record/10818280