Physarum bivalve Pers.
Creators: name: Treviño-Zevallos, Italo
name: García-Cunchillos, Iván
name: Basanta, Diana Wrigley De
name: Lado, Carlos
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Protozoa
Mycetozoa
Myxomycetes
Physarales
Physaraceae
Physarum
Physarum bivalve

description: 115. Physarum bivalve Pers., Ann. Bot. (Usteri) 15: 5 (1795)   
  Specimens examined. PERU. Ancash: Asunción, Chacas, route AN-107, km 75, 3332 m, 9º09′39”S, 77º23′05”W, 10 May 2018, leaves of Eucalyptus globulus, Lado 26214 (MA-Fungi 97019, USM), Lado 26215 (MA-Fungi 97020), woody debris and leaf litter, Lado 26239 (MA-Fungi 97042, USM) . Bolognesi, Pachapaqui, San Judas Tadeo, route PE-3N, km 35, 3828 m, 9º59′23.5”S, 77º06′40.9”W, 23 Apr 2013, bark and leaves of Polylepis sp., Lado 23127 (MAFungi 95284), Lado 23128 (MA-Fungi 95285), Lado 23152 (MA-Fungi 95306). Huasta, Chiquian, route AN-1263 towards Huallanca, km 39, 4002 m, 10º10′41”S, 76º55′52”W, 15 May 2018, leaves and woody debris of Polylepis sp., Lado 26780 (MA-Fungi 97549, USM), Lado 26786 (MA-Fungi 97555). Huasta, Chiquian, route AN-1263 towards Huallanca, km 46,5, 3675 m, 10º11′47”S, 76º58′21”W, 15 May 2018, woody debris of Eucalyptus globulus, Lado 26797 (MA-Fungi 97567, USM). Huasta, Chiquian, route AN-1263 towards Huallanca, km 54, 1 km east of Llamac, 3241 m, 10º11′48”S, 77º01′20”W, 15 May 2018, phyllodes, woody debris and bark of Eucalyptus globulus, Lado 26800 (MA-Fungi 97570, USM), Lado 26803 (MA-Fungi 97573), Lado 26804 (MA-Fungi 97574), leaves and woody debris of Alnus acuminata, Lado 26813 (MA-Fungi 97580), Lado 26815 (MA-Fungi 97582), Lado 26817 (MA-Fungi 97584), Lado 26818 (MA-Fungi 97585, USM), Lado 26824 (MA-Fungi 97591). Huallanca, Abra Yanashaya, route AN-1279, km 60, 4677 m, 9º51′31”S, 77º04′44”W, 16 May 2018, grasses, Lado 26854a (MA-Fungi 97619), Lado 26855 (MA-Fungi 97621). Huallanca, towards Antamina, route AN-1279, km. 77, 4378 m, 9º49′23”S, 77º02′24”W, 16 May 2018, stem and leaf litter of Lupinus sp., Lado 26857 (MA-Fungi 97623), Lado 26860 (MA-Fungi 97625, USM). Huallanca, route PE-3N, km. 393, 3695 m, 9º52′33”S, 76º57′37”W, 16 May 2018, leaves of Puya sp., Lado 26876 (MA-Fungi 97638), Lado 26877 (MA-Fungi 97639). Carhuaz, Shilla, Huascaran N.P., route AN-107, km 25, park entrance, 3704 m, 9º10′06.5”S, 77º34′57.2”W, 21 Apr 2013, leaves of Tillandsia sp., Lado 23050 (MA-Fungi 95214). Route AN-107, km 28, Pampa de Ulta, 3817 m, 9º09′17”S, 77º34′07”W, 23 May 2014, wood and bark of Polylepis sp., Lado 23835b (MA-Fungi 95489), bryophytes, Lado 23839 (MA-Fungi 95493). Huaraz, Jirac, route PE-14, km 97, 3529 m, 9º33′04.0”S, 77º40′23.9”W, 17 Apr 2013, twigs, Lado 22706 (MA-Fungi 94965). Independencia, Huaraz, route AN-139, km 12,5, 3690 m, 9º29′29”S, 77º28′24”W, 9 May 2018, woody debris and leaves of Alnus acuminata, Lado 26171 (MA-Fungi 96978), leaves of Alnus acuminata, Lado 26178a (MA-Fungi 96982), Lado 26179 (MAFungi 96984), Lado 26180 (MA-Fungi 96985). Huari, Chavín de Huantar, route AN-110, km 51, 3766 m, 9º40′12”S, 77º11′59”W, 17 Apr 2013, leaves of Alchemilla orbiculata alive, Lado 26370 (MA-Fungi 97159). Huari, Huamparán, 10 km south of Huachococha lagoon and 14 km north of Huamparán, 4162 m, 9º11′39”S, 77º12′42”W, 12 May 2018, leaves of Diplostephium sp., Lado 26421 (MA-Fungi 97208). Huantar, Anyanga, 7 km north of Huantar, 3035 m, 9º25′43”S, 77º11′17”W, 13 May 2018, bark and phyllodes of Eucalyptus globulus, Lado 26543 (MA-Fungi 97322). San Marcos, route AN-111 towards Antamina mine, km 16, 3960 m, 9º30′49”S, 77º07′06”W, 13 May 2018, leaf litter, Lado 26592 (MA-Fungi 97369, USM), Lado 26593 (MA-Fungi 97370), Lado 26594a (MA-Fungi 97371), Lado 26596 (MA-Fungi 97374), Lado 26597 (MA-Fungi 97375), Lado 26601b (MA-Fungi 97378), woody debris, Lado 26604 (MA-Fungi 97381), leaf litter, Lado 26607 (MA-Fungi 97384), Lado 26608 (MA-Fungi 97385), Lado 26613 (MAFungi 97390). Chavín de Huantar, Tambillos, route AN-110, km 46, 3986 m, 9º40′37”S, 77º13′10”W, 14 May 2018, leaf litter, Lado 26636 (MA-Fungi 97413), Lado 26637 (MA-Fungi 97414). Recuay, Catac, route AN-110, km 18, Querococha lagoon, 4040 m, 9º43′27”S, 77º20′02”W, 24 May 2014, bark and wood of Polylepis sp., Lado 23842 (MAFungi 95495), Lado 23849 (MA-Fungi 95502, USM), bark and wood of Polylepis sp. and bryophytes, Lado 23854 (MA-Fungi 95506), bark of Polylepis sp., Lado 23871 (MA-Fungi 95521). Ticapampa, Catac, route AN-110, km 22, 4150 m, 9º43′18”S, 77º19′19”W, 11 May 2018, leaf litter and bark of Polylepis sp., Lado 26311 (MA-Fungi 97110). Catac, Pachacoto, route AN- 1251, 4 km east of Pachacoto, 3859 m, 9º52′09”S, 77º22′25”W, 11 May 2018, leaves of Puya sp., Lado 26720 (MA-Fungi 97491), Lado 26723 (MA-Fungi 97493), Lado 26725 (MA-Fungi 97494), Lado 26726 (MA-Fungi 97495, USM). Apurimac: Abancay, Curahuasi, route PE-3S, Km 833, 3031 m, 13º33′00”S, 72º45′38”W, 18 Apr 2016, leaves and twigs, Lado 24526 (MA-Fungi 95817). Curahuasi, Abra Sorillaca, route PE-3S, Km 811, 3966 m, 13º34′16”S, 72º49′12”W, 18 Apr 2016, leaves, Lado 24528 (MA-Fungi 95818), Lado 24531a (MAFungi 95820). Tamburco, Abancay, Ampay National Sanctuary, canal dam, 3124 m, 13º35′56”S, 72º52′44”W, 20 Apr 2016, wood, Lado 24574 (MA-Fungi 95851). Curahuasi, detour to Choquequirao, Saywite, route PE-3S, Km 818, 3725 m, 13º32′19”S, 72º48′08”W, 21 Apr 2016, leaves and twigs of Baccharis sp., Lado 24602 (MA-Fungi 95878). Ayacucho: Huamanga, Quinua, route PE-28B, km 30, Quinua, 3926 m, 13º00′19”S, 74º06′27”W, 21 Apr 2016, bark of Polylepis racemosa, Lado 24864 (MA-Fungi 96067, USM), Lado 24874 (MA-Fungi 96078), Lado 24876 (MAFungi 96079), Lado 24879 (MA-Fungi 96082, USM), Lado 24880 (MA-Fungi 96083, USM). Vinchos, route PE-28B, km 296, Casacancha, 4 km north of Arizona, 3451 m, 13º17′39”S, 74º19′29”W, 23 Apr 2017, leaves and twigs of Baccharis sp., Lado 25073 (MA-Fungi 96259), Lado 25078 (MA-Fungi 96264), leaves and branches of Eucalyptus sp., Lado 25079 (MA-Fungi 96265), Lado 25081 (MA-Fungi 96267, USM), Lado 25092 (MA-Fungi 96281, USM), leaves of grasses, Lado 25098 (MA-Fungi 96286), Lado 25100 (MA-Fungi 96288). La Mar, Tambo, route PE-28B, km 40, Tambo, Apacheta lagoon, 4150 m, 12º58′03”S, 74º05′38”W, 20 Apr 2017, leaves and twigs of Buddleja incana, Lado 24856 (MA-Fungi 96059, USM), Lado 24858 (MA-Fungi 96061, USM). Lucanas, Santiago de Vado, route PE-30A, km 105, 3850 m, 14º38′24.3”S, 74º17′28.2”W, 27 Sep 2012, branch of Asteraceae, Lado 21808b (MA-Fungi 94579), Lado21820 (MA-Fungi 94590). Route PE-30A, km 103, 4 km east of Abra Condorcenca, 3947 m, 14º38′28.1”S, 74º17′57.8”W, 27 Sep 2012, branches of Asteraceae, Lado 21850 (MA-Fungi 94616). Cusco: Anta, Chinchaypujio, Parccotica, Chinchipuya, Km 8,650, 3608 m, 13º34′07”S, 72º14′27”W, 17 Apr 2016, twigs, Lado 24402 (MA-Fungi 95741), leaves of Alnus acuminata, Lado 24415 (MA-Fungi 95754, USM), Lado 24424 (MA-Fungi 95763), twigs, Lado24431 (MA-Fungi95770), wood, Lado24443 (MA-Fungi95782), Lado24444 (MA-Fungi95783). Chinchaypujio, Chinchaypujio, Km 33, 3185 m, 13º38′16”S, 72º13′22”W, 17 Apr 2016, twigs, Lado 24451 (MA-Fungi 95789), Lado 24452 (MA-Fungi 95790). Chinchaypujio, Chinchaypujio, Km 28, 3475 m, 13º36′46”S, 72º13′11”W, 17 Apr 2016, twigs, Lado 24457 (MA-Fungi 95794), Lado 24458 (MA-Fungi 95795), leaves, Lado 24463 (MA-Fungi 95799), Lado 24464 (MA-Fungi 95800, USM). Chinchaypujio, Chinchaypujio, Km 21, 3673 m, 13º35′07”S, 72º12′17”W, 17 Apr 2016, twigs, Lado 24470 (MA-Fungi 95804), Lado 24472 (MA-Fungi 95805), Lado 24477 (MA-Fungi 95810). Canas, Kunturkanki, Laramaní, route to Santa Lucia from El Descanso (Km 41), Km 29,500, 4054 m, 14º38′05”S, 71º16′56”W, 22 Apr 2016, leaves and stems of Festuca orthophylla, Lado 24677 (MA-Fungi 95944). Canchis, Checacupe, Sicuani, Santa Bárbara, route to Sibinacocha lagoon, Collumuna, Km 46, 4899 m, 14º01′41”S, 71º04′05”W, 14 Apr 2016, stems and leaves of Senecio canescens, Lado 24277a (MA-Fungi 95621, USM). Cusco, Pisac, Tambomachay, route PE-28G, Km 11, 3763 m, 13º28′53”S, 71º57′50”W, 16 Apr 2016, bark of Polylepis sp., Lado 24337 (MA-Fungi 95681), Lado 24344 (MA-Fungi 95687), Lado 24352 (MA-Fungi 95695), Lado 24363 (MA-Fungi 95704), Lado 24365 (MA-Fungi 95706), Lado 24370 (MA-Fungi 95711, USM), Lado 24374a (MA-Fungi 95715), Lado 24377 (MA-Fungi 95718), Lado 24378a (MA-Fungi 95719). Espinar, Pichigua, Yauri, km 7, 3927 m, 14º44′48”S, 71º21′55”W, 16 Apr 2016, bark of Polylepis sp., Lado 24681 (MA-Fungi 95947). Quispicanchi, Ccatca, Lahualahua, route PE-30C, Km 39.5, 3685 m, 13º38′57”S, 71º27′34”W, 15 Apr 2016, bark and leaf of Polylepis sp., Lado 24314 (MA-Fungi 95658, USM), Lado 24315 (MA-Fungi 95659, USM), Lado 24325 (MA-Fungi 95668), Lado 24328 (MA-Fungi 95671), Lado 24332 (MAFungi 95675), Lado 24333a (MA-Fungi 95676). Huancavelica: Angaraes, Julcamarca, route PE-26B, km 146, Julcamarca, 3492 m, 13º00′45”S, 74º26′18”W, 22 Apr 2017, leaves of Baccharis sp., Lado 24978 (MA-Fungi 96176, USM), leaf of grass, Lado 24979 (MA-Fungi 96177), Lado 24981 (MA-Fungi 96178), leaf litter, twigs and bryophytes, Lado 24983 (MA-Fungi 96179), leaves of Baccharis sp., Lado 24986 (MA-Fungi 96182), leaves and bryophytes, Lado 24989 (MA-Fungi 96185). Julcamarca, route PE-26B, km 146, Julcamarca, 3400 m, 13º01′52”S, 74º25′56”W, 22 Apr 2017, phyllodes and cone of Eucalyptus sp., Lado 25011 (MA-Fungi 96205), phyllodes of Eucalyptus sp., Lado 25013 (MA-Fungi 96207), leaves of Alnus acuminata, Lado 25015 (MA-Fungi 96209), Lado 25016 (MA-Fungi 96210), cone of Alnus acuminata, Lado 25017 (MA-Fungi 96211), leaf litter of Alnus acuminata, Lado 25019 (MA-Fungi 96213), Lado 25026 (MA-Fungi 96220, USM), leaves of Alnus acuminata, Lado 25033 (MA-Fungi 96227, USM), Lado 25036b (MA-Fungi 96231). Huancavelica, Huancavelica, route PE-26, km 61, Incañan, 4054 m, 12º44′53”S, 74º54′19”W, 25 Apr 2017, leaves of Alnus acuminata, Lado 25208 (MA-Fungi 96392), plastic and stone, Lado 25210 (MA-Fungi 96393), bark and branches of Polylepis sp., Lado 25211 (MA-Fungi 96394), Lado 25212 (MA-Fungi 96395), Lado 25213 (MA-Fungi 96396, USM), leaves and bark of Polylepis sp., Lado 25214 (MA-Fungi 96397). Acoria, route PE-26, km 39, Ccaccasiri, 3875 m, 12º38′32”S, 74º55′06”W, 25 Apr 2017, legume of Senna sp., Lado 25217a (MA-Fungi 96400), leaves, bark and twigs of Polylepis racemosa, Lado 25226 (MA-Fungi 96410), Lado 25228a (MA-Fungi 96412), Lado 25229 (MA-Fungi 96414), Lado 25231 (MA-Fungi 96416), Lado 25232 (MA-Fungi 96417), Lado 25233 (MA-Fungi 96418). Huaytara, Huaytara, route PE-28A, km 120, Jatunhuatas bridge, 3119 m, 13º36′27”S, 75º19′38”W, 19 Apr 2017, leaf litter, Lado 24778 (MA-Fungi 95976). Huanuco: Huánuco, Margas, route HU-111, km. 31, 3574 m, 9º59′59”S, 76º31′23”W, 17 May 2018, leaf litter and bark of Polylepis sp., Lado 26911 (MAFungi 97667). Margas, Yacus, route HU-111, km. 26,500, 3199 m, 9º59′07”S, 76º29′59”W, 17 May 2018, phyllodes of Eucalyptus globulus, Lado 26922 (MA-Fungi 97678). Junin: Huancayo, Huancayo, route 108, km 15, 3 km southwest of Acopalca, 3719 m, 12º00′20”S, 75º07′23”W, 27 Apr 2017, leaves and catkins of Alnus acuminata, Lado 25416 (MA-Fungi 96574). Huancayo, route 108, km 10, 8 km southwest of Acopalca, 3505 m, 12º00′18”S, 75º09′38”W, 27 Apr 2017, bark and leaves of Polylepis racemosa, Lado 25444 (MA-Fungi 96598, USM), grasses, Lado 25467 (MAFungi 96620). Junin, Junin, route PE-3N, km 67, Huayre, Chinchaycocha lake, 4061 m, 11º02′48”S, 75º59′52”W, 30 Apr 2017, leaves of Jarava ichu (grass), Lado 25629 (MA-Fungi 96782). Yauli, La Oroya route PE-3S, km 20, Huari, 3596 m, 11º37′49”S, 75º49′07”W, 29 Apr 2017, bark of Polylepis sp. and grasses, Lado 25576 (MA-Fungi 96733), leaves of grasses, Lado 25579 (MA-Fungi 96735). Pasco: Pasco, Yanacancha, La Quinua, route PE-3N, km. 144,5, 3642 m, 10º37′28”S, 76º10′28”W, 18 May 2018, bark and leaf litter of Polylepis sp., Lado 26959 (MA-Fungi 97710), bark of Polylepis sp., Lado 26977 (MA-Fungi 97729), bryophytes, Lado 26984 (MA-Fungi 97736). Yanacancha, Pariamarca, route PE-3N, km 141, 3701 m, 10º38′46”S, 76º10′06”W, 18 May 2018, bryophytes, Lado 26998b (MAFungi 97751), bark and woody debris of Polylepis sp., Lado 27000 (MA-Fungi 97753), woody debris and bark of Polylepis sp., Lado 27025 (MA-Fungi 97773). Yanacancha, Cerro de Pasco, route PE-3N, km 131, 4031 m, 10º41′56”S, 76º11′38”W, 18 May 2018, grasses, Lado 27026 (MA-Fungi 97774).   
 Notes. Physarum bivalve was one of the most widely distributed species in the Andean highlands. This species stands out by the laterally compressed sporotheca, double peridium, and warted spores. The material studied is slightly variable since some collections show paler spores on one side, similar to those in Ph. clavisporum, although in the latter, the spore ornamentation consists of prominent spinules.
description: Published as part of Treviño-Zevallos, Italo, García-Cunchillos, Iván, Basanta, Diana Wrigley De & Lado, Carlos, 2023, Diversity of Myxomycetes from Peru Part III: The high Andes and the altiplano, pp. 1-92 in Phytotaxa 624 (1) on pages 59-61, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.624.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10150721