cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Causal Geometry
Creators: name: Chvykov, Pavel
name: Hoel, Erik
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Information Theory (cs.IT)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Information geometry has offered a way to formally study the efficacy of scientific models by quantifying the impact of model parameters on the predicted effects. However, there has been little formal investigation of causation in this framework, despite causal models being a fundamental part of science and explanation. Here we introduce causal geometry, which formalizes not only how outcomes are impacted by parameters, but also how the parameters of a model can be intervened upon. Therefore we introduce a geometric version of "effective information" -- a known measure of the informativeness of a causal relationship. We show that it is given by the matching between the space of effects and the space of interventions, in the form of their geometric congruence. Therefore, given a fixed intervention capability, an effective causal model is one that matches those interventions. This is a consequence of "causal emergence," wherein macroscopic causal relationships may carry more information than "fundamental" microscopic ones. We thus argue that a coarse-grained model may, paradoxically, be more informative than the microscopic one, especially when it better matches the scale of accessible interventions -- as we illustrate on toy examples.
description: 12 pages, 4 figures
Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients and Other Wind Accretors
Creators: name: Negueruela, Ignacio
name: Torrejon, Jose Miguel
name: Reig, Pablo
name: Ribo, Marc
name: Smith, David M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients are obviously related to persistent Supergiant X-ray Binaries. Any convincing explanation for their behaviour must consistently take into account all types of X-ray sources powered by wind accretion. Here we present a common framework for wind accreting sources, within the context of clumpy wind models, that allows a coherent interpretation of their different behaviours as an immediate consequence of diverse orbital geometries.
description: 5 pages, 3 figures proceedings of "A population explosion: the nature and evolution of X-ray binaries in diverse environments", conference held in St.Petersburg Beach, Florida (USA) 28 Oct - 2 Nov 2007; R. M. Bandyopadhyay et al. (eds.)
Peculiarities of creation of extra large agricultural companies under conditions of insufficient legislative regulation in Ukraine
Creators: name: Borodina, Elena
name: Borodina, Elena
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Ukrainian agriculture
subject: agricultural transformations
subject: land market
subject: land latifundia
subject: state agricultural policy.

description: Agricultural transformations in Ukraine resulted in division of tracts of land and creation of large number of small private land owners. Since December 1999 these processes were developing with especially high speed after adoption of Presidential Decree "On emergency actions aimed at acceleration of reorganization of agricultural sector of economics", which has become fundamental legislative act in conducting land and agricultural reforms. During the first year after adoption of the abovementioned decree, there started development of land market, which ought to have included: private property for land, legislative protection of land rent, possibilities of free transfers of ownership rights for land from one market subject to another (purchasing and selling of land), as its components. Namely for solving this task, which is important for completion of land reform, Ukrainian Parliament has imposed moratorium that is still in force. First of all in this context, it is necessary to develop institutional background for ownership and selling of land and its main components - cadastre and register of land plots. The task of cadastre - description of physical characteristics of land plots, the register - description of their legal status. It is impossible do develop land market that is civilized and understandable for society without introduction of unified system of land registration. Incompleteness of agricultural transformation led to development of land market under conditions of insufficient legislative regulation. In Ukraine processes purchasing and selling of agricultural lands are developing spontaneously, enlargement and consolidation led to development of extra large agricultural companies that are increasingly influencing situation in agricultural sector, but also in social and economic situation in the country.
Reversing the road to super farms
Creators: name: Furtan, William Hartley
name: Karantininis, Kostas
name: Lund, Mogens
name: Furtan, William Hartley
name: Karantininis, Kostas
name: Lund, Mogens
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: Agribusiness
Farm Management

description: The organization of primary agriculture is dependent upon whether the institutions of a country allow for reverse franchising by farmers. If the transaction costs of managing a farm can be minimized by farmers conducting a form of collective action, such as cooperatives, then the size of farms will be smaller. If farms have to make the products in the firm, which are subject to very large economies of scale than super farms will be the result. The key is the existence of institutions, such as collective action and property rights, that allow for the minimization of costs. For this reason the organization of primary agriculture is, among other things, a public policy issue. In this paper we develop this argument, we sketch a theoretical framework based on a model of adaptive relational contracts, and we present two illustrative examples: the Danish cooperative system, and the Canadian Wheat Board.
Magnetic correlations in the Hubbard model on triangular and Kagome lattices
Creators: name: Bulut, N.
name: Koshibae, W.
name: Maekawa, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In order to study the magnetic properties of frustrated metallic systems, we present Quantum Monte Carlo data on the magnetic susceptibility of the Hubbard model on triangular and Kagome lattices. We show that the underlying lattice structure is important, and determines the nature and the doping dependence of the magnetic fluctuations. In particular, in the doped Kagome case we find strong short-range magnetic correlations, which makes the metallic Kagome systems a promising field for studies of superconductivity.
description: 4 pages, 4 figures
Estimating the latent trait from Likert-type data : a comparison of factor analysis, item response theory, and multidimensional scaling
Creators: name: Chan, Chihyu, 1959-
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 1991
Subjects: subject: Latent variables
subject: Factor analysis
subject: Item response theory
subject: Multidimensional scaling
subject: Psychometrics
subject: Latent variables
subject: Factor analysis
subject: Item response theory
subject: Multidimensional scaling
subject: Psychometrics

description: Seven statistical procedures were compared with one another in terms of the ability to recover a unidimensional latent trait from Likert-type data. They are factor analysis based on either Pearson correlations (FA-PR) or polychoric correlations (FAPL), the graded response model in item response theory (IRT-GRM), internal unfolding (IMDU), external unfolding (EMDU), weighted unfolding (WMDU), and the common procedure of summing up successive integers assigned to response categories (SSI). Sample size, test length, and skewness of item response distributions were manipulated in this simulation study. Generally speaking, IRT-GRM performed the best and was most robust against skewness. FA-PR and FA-PL performed equally well across almost all conditions but were competitive with IRT-GRM only when item responses were normally distributed. SSI practice might be slightly worse than the two FA procedures when item responses were normally distributed, but it was better than them when item responses were highly skewed. WMDU performed as well as did SSI only when item responses were normally distributed or moderately skewed and sample size was large for MDS models (e.g., N=100). IMDU and EMDU were even worse than WMDU and appeared not appropriate for Likert-type data
Work extraction and performance of colloidal heat engines in viscoelastic baths
Creators: name: Gomez-Solano, Juan Ruben
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A colloidal particle embedded in a fluid can be used as a microscopic heat engine by means of a sequence of cyclic transformations imposed by an optical trap. We investigate a model for the operation of such kind of Brownian engines when the surrounding medium is viscoelastic, which endows the particle dynamics with memory friction. We analyze the effect of the relaxation time of the fluid on the performance of the colloidal engine under finite-time Stirling cycles. We find that, due to the frequency-dependence of the friction in viscoelastic fluids, the mean power delivered by the engine and its efficiency can be highly enhanced as compared to those in a viscous environment with the same zero-shear viscosity. In addition, with increasing fluid relaxation time the interval of cycle times at which positive power output can be delivered by the engine broadens. Our results reveal the importance of the transient behavior of the friction experienced by a Brownian heat engine in a complex fluid, which cannot be neglected when driven by thermodynamic cycles of finite duration.
description: 5 Figures, 14 pages, Frontiers in Physics (Received: 17 December 2020; Accepted: 04 March 2021; Published: 29 March 2021)
Repeated measurements on non-replicable systems and their consequences for Unruh-DeWitt detectors
Creators: name: Pranzini, Nicola
name: García-Pérez, Guillermo
name: Keski-Vakkuri, Esko
name: Maniscalco, Sabrina
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Born rule describes the probability of obtaining an outcome when measuring an observable of a quantum system. As it can only be tested by measuring many copies of the system under consideration, it does not hold for non-replicable systems. For these systems, we give a procedure to predict the future statistics of measurement outcomes through Repeated Measurements (RM). This is done by extending the validity of quantum mechanics to those systems admitting no replicas; we prove that if the statistics of the results acquired by performing RM on such systems is sufficiently similar to that obtained by the Born rule, the latter can be used effectively. We apply our framework to a repeatedly measured Unruh-DeWitt detector interacting with a massless scalar quantum field, which is an example of a system (detector) interacting with an uncontrollable environment (field) for which using RM is necessary. Analysing what an observer learns from the RM outcomes, we find a regime where history-dependent RM probabilities are close to the Born ones. Consequently, the latter can be used for all practical purposes. Finally, we numerically study inertial and accelerated detectors, showing that an observer can see the Unruh effect via RM.
description: 31 pages, 9 figures; v2 includes new references; v3,v4 (accepted manuscript) includes some revisions
The international competitiveness of the UK cereals sector
Creators: name: Thelwell, David
name: Ritson, Christopher
name: Thelwell, David
name: Ritson, Christopher
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: UK Cereals Sector
subject: International Competitiveness

description: The decoupling of support for crops under the reform of the CAP has led to concern within the UK as to whether its cereal sector can remain competitive when exposed to unprotected international commodity prices. This paper reports on a Global Benchmarking and Competitive Analysis of the UK Cereals Sector. The UK cereals sector was broken down into : Animal Feed Manufacture; Malting, Brewing and Distilling; Flour Milling and Baking; Industrial Applications - Starch, Bio-Fuels, Pharmaceutical. Four panels of UK experts were assembled. Each panel identified six main competitor countries to the UK for each supply chain and compiled a list of key factors affecting competitiveness. A total of 1500 questionnaires were distributed. Assurance, traceability, enforcement of regulation, and quality control procedures are regarded as strong in the UK. Supply chains have a good size structure providing a stable supply of raw material, well-located for usage outlets. However there appears to be a lack of co-operation, integration and trust within the supply chains. Specific training and education is required and there is a problem of recruiting and retaining skilled staff. There is a lack of benchmarking and sharing of good practice. There is concern that productivity improvement is threatened by the erosion of the UK research base. Overall a lack of confidence in the future of the sector is impeding entrepreneurship and innovative strategic investment.
Bilayer artificial spin ice: magnetic force switching and basic thermodynamics
Creators: name: Nascimento, Fabio S.
name: Pereira, Afranio R.
name: Moura-Melo, Winder A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study an artificial spin ice system consisting of two identical layers separated by a height offset $h$. For small separation, the layers are shown to attract each other, provided the whole system is in the ground state. Such an attraction comes about by means of a power-law force that we compare to van der Waals forces. When magnetic monopoles occur in one (or both) layers, the scenario becomes even more interesting and these layers may also repel each other. By tuning parameters like $h$ and monopole distance, switching between attraction and repulsion may be accomplished in a feasible way. Regarding its thermodynamics, the specific heat peak shifts to lower temperature as $h$ increases.
Direct Characterization of Quantum Dynamics: General Theory
Creators: name: Mohseni, M.
name: Lidar, D. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The characterization of the dynamics of quantum systems is a task of both fundamental and practical importance. A general class of methods which have been developed in quantum information theory to accomplish this task is known as quantum process tomography (QPT). In an earlier paper [M. Mohseni and D. A. Lidar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 170501 (2006)] we presented a new algorithm for Direct Characterization of Quantum Dynamics (DCQD) of two-level quantum systems. Here we provide a generalization by developing a theory for direct and complete characterization of the dynamics of arbitrary quantum systems. In contrast to other QPT schemes, DCQD relies on quantum error-detection techniques and does not require any quantum state tomography. We demonstrate that for the full characterization of the dynamics of n d-level quantum systems (with d a power of a prime), the minimal number of required experimental configurations is reduced quadratically from d^{4n} in separable QPT schemes to d^{2n} in DCQD.
description: 17 pages, 6 figures, minor modifications are made
Does the country-of-origin (COO) of food products influence consumer evaluations? An empirical examination of ham and cheese
Creators: name: Krystallis, Athanasios
name: Chryssochoidis, George M.
name: Krystallis, Athanasios
name: Chryssochoidis, George M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: Ethnocentrism
subject: CET- SCALE
subject: food- related COO effect
subject: confirmatory factor analysis

description: The present study attempts to assess the impact of the COO effect on the evaluation of specific food products by Greek consumers. This issue has been examined exhaustively in the international literature, albeit very few studies concern food products. A particular effort is geared towards measuring consumers' ethnocentric tendency as antecedent to the appearance of the COO effect and examining the level at which the latter is activated (product or attribute- specific). In this respect, consumer attitude (dis)similarities towards product types are analysed with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Data were collected though personal interviews with a sample of 274 respondents, which compared two food products of Greek origin (ham and yellow cheese) to their counterparts from Italy and the Netherlands. Results indicate that respondents exhibit a marginally ethnocentric tendency. Overall, although the present study reveals the existence of COO effect activated at the product - level, a more thorough analysis justified only minor differences between the competing products at the attribute level.
The competitiveness situation of the EU meat processing and beverage manufacturing sectors
Creators: name: Fischer, Christian
name: Schornberg, Sebastian
name: Fischer, Christian
name: Schornberg, Sebastian
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: European Union
subject: competitiveness
subject: meat processing
subject: beverage manufacturing
subject: index

description: The status of competitiveness for the two most important food and beverage manufacturing sector s (meat processing and beverage manufacturing) in 13 EU countries is analysed empirically, using 1995 - 2002 Eurostat data. After a review of earlier agribusiness competitiveness studies an industial competitiveness index is proposed as a composite measure for multidimensional economic performance, covering profitability, productivity and output growth. The index approach enables relative competitiveness comparisons across industries, countries and over time. The results show that during 1999 - 2002 as compared to 1995 - 1998 for both sectors overall competitiveness in real terms slightly increased. At the same time, overall competitiveness seems to also have converged slightly across countries, implying that sector performance has become more similar. However, the two country rankings differ considerable as do the change patterns during the analysed period.
Consumers' attitudes toward ethical food: Evidence from social farming in Italy
Creators: name: Carbone, Anna
name: Gaito, Marco
name: Senni, Saverio
name: Carbone, Anna
name: Gaito, Marco
name: Senni, Saverio
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Ethical Consumption
subject: Social Farming
subject: Consumers Buying Groups

description: Agriculture seems to be capable to foster rehabilitation, work integration and social inclusion of vulnerable people: persons with mental disabilities, people with burn out, long-term unemployed, individuals with an addiction history, and so on. "Social farms", i.e. farms that provide these kind of services, are present in several European countries and their number is growing. The emerging interest of an increasing number of consumers for the "ethical quality" of products suggests that the social functions of these farms could be remunerated, although partially, by the market. The paper discusses the issues mentioned above and focuses on some empirical evidence on consumers' beliefs and attitude about social farms' products. Data are collected through a survey based on interviews that focus on: the degree of knowledge and the general interest on the subject; the willingness to buy social farms' products and the conditions under which their purchase could be taken into consideration. More in details, the presence of significant differences in consumers' attitude and behavior are tested, and factors that affect such different demand segments are explored.
Disability related issues and constructing online communities
Creators: name: Bond, Aaron J.
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: In this study, two questionnaires were specifically developed to identify variables that may potentially effect participation in online communities. A total of seven organizations responsible for the design, development, and maintenance of online communities for or including children with disabilities or serious illnesses were involved with this study: Ability OnLine, Children With Diabetes, ConvoNation, KidSET, Project Do-IT, STARBRIGHT World, and Talk City. The information obtained from the seven system administrators and 151 participants provided information for future design and development of online communities, a first look at variables that potentially impact participation in online communities, and a better understanding of social experiences within online communities. Findings from this study indicated that adolescents with disabilities or serious illnesses perceive their peer group integration to be lower than their peers without disabilities or serious illnesses and that this isolation may increase with age. The provision of opportunities for students with disabilities to interact, develop relationships, and groups with others that share commonalties can diminish this isolation (Stainback et al., 1996). This study demonstrated the potential of online communities to provide opportunities for meaningful social experiences for adolescents with disabilities and serious illnesses.
Hard Pomeron in exclusive meson production at ILC
Creators: name: Enberg, R.
name: Pire, B.
name: Szymanowski, L.
name: Wallon, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We calculate the exclusive process gamma* gamma* ->rho rho at high energy. The Born order estimate and the leading (LLA) and next to leading order (NLLA) BFKL resummation effects show the feasibility of experimental detection in a quite large range of Q2 values at future high energy e+e- linear colliders.
description: 4 pages, Presented at Photon2005, International Conference on the Structure and Interactions of the Photon, Warsaw 31.08-04.09.2005, by Samuel Wallon
Zero-magnon sound in quantum Heisenberg ferromagnets
Creators: name: Goll, Raphal
name: Rückriegel, Andreas
name: Kopietz, Peter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using a functional renormalization group approach we show that at low temperatures and in a certain range of magnetic fields the longitudinal dynamic structure factor of quantum Heisenberg ferromagnets in dimensions $D\leq 2$ exhibits a well-defined quasi-particle peak with linear dispersion that we identify as zero-magnon sound. In $D>2$ the larger phase space available for the decay into transverse spin waves leads only to a broad hump centered at zero frequency whose width scales linearly in momentum.
description: 6 pages, 3 figures
HEMVIP: Human Evaluation of Multiple Videos in Parallel
Creators: name: Jonell, Patrik
name: Yoon, Youngwoo
name: Wolfert, Pieter
name: Kucherenko, Taras
name: Henter, Gustav Eje
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In many research areas, for example motion and gesture generation, objective measures alone do not provide an accurate impression of key stimulus traits such as perceived quality or appropriateness. The gold standard is instead to evaluate these aspects through user studies, especially subjective evaluations of video stimuli. Common evaluation paradigms either present individual stimuli to be scored on Likert-type scales, or ask users to compare and rate videos in a pairwise fashion. However, the time and resources required for such evaluations scale poorly as the number of conditions to be compared increases. Building on standards used for evaluating the quality of multimedia codecs, this paper instead introduces a framework for granular rating of multiple comparable videos in parallel. This methodology essentially analyses all condition pairs at once. Our contributions are 1) a proposed framework, called HEMVIP, for parallel and granular evaluation of multiple video stimuli and 2) a validation study confirming that results obtained using the tool are in close agreement with results of prior studies using conventional multiple pairwise comparisons.
description: 6 pages, 1 figures. Proceedings of the 22th ACM International Conference on Multimodal Interaction. 2021. Montreal, Canada
Effect of interface states on spin-dependent tunneling in Fe/MgO/Fe tunnel junctions
Creators: name: Belashchenko, K. D.
name: Velev, J.
name: Tsymbal, E. Y.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The electronic structure and spin-dependent tunneling in epitaxial Fe/MgO/Fe(001) tunnel junctions are studied using first-principles calculations. For small MgO barrier thickness the minority-spin resonant bands at the two interfaces make a significant contribution to the tunneling conductance for the antiparallel magnetization, whereas these bands are, in practice, mismatched by disorder and/or small applied bias for the parallel magnetization. This explains the experimentally observed decrease in tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) for thin MgO barriers. We predict that a monolayer of Ag epitaxially deposited at the interface between Fe and MgO suppresses tunneling through the interface band and may thus be used to enhance the TMR for thin barriers.
description: 4 pages, 3 eps figures (2 in color), revtex4
Sugar sector in Croatia: competitive or not?
Creators: name: Franic, Ramona
name: Kumric, Ornella
name: Franic, Ramona
name: Kumric, Ornella
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Croatia
subject: sugar
subject: competitiveness
subject: EU market

description: The sugar sector is small in agricultural sector, occupying 1.5% of the cultivable land area and accounting for approximately 1.2% of agricultural GDP (excluding processing which probably accounts for a further 1%). It does, however, account for 6.5% of all budgetary payments to agriculture, showing its disproportionate dependence on taxpayers' money. Sugar production in Croatia is characterized by high production costs, struggling with a strong competition at the world market. Despite the results of the competitiveness study, in which the DRC calculation showed that sugar production is not internationally competitive, one of the basic characteristics of our foreign trade in sugar till 2003 was high exports. Sharp shift in the EU sugar policy will result in sugar price decrease due to the WTO rules, which will affect the Croatian sugar industry. Therefore, Croatia will have to apply measures for decreasing production costs and increasing production, with the final goal of price decrease for about 20%. For these reasons, it will be necessary to strive for the quota at the level of average production of three Croatian sugar - plants.
A categorical duality for algebras of partial functions
Creators: name: McLean, Brett
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Rings and Algebras (math.RA)
subject: Formal Languages and Automata Theory (cs.FL)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We prove a categorical duality between a class of abstract algebras of partial functions and a class of (small) topological categories. The algebras are the isomorphs of collections of partial functions closed under the operations of composition, antidomain, range, and preferential union (or 'override'). The topological categories are those whose space of objects is a Stone space, source map is a local homeomorphism, target map is open, and all of whose arrows are epimorphisms.
description: 25 pages. Very minor changes
Marketing and pricing dynamics in the presence of structural breaks - the Hungarian pork market
Creators: name: Bakucs, Lajos Zoltan
name: Ferto, Imre
name: Bakucs, Lajos Zoltan
name: Ferto, Imre
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: price transmission
subject: marketing margin
subject: pricing
subject: structural breaks
subject: Hungarian pork market

description: The study of marketing margins and price transmission on various commodity markets has been a popular research topic of the past decades (see MEYER, VON CRAMONTAUBADEL, 2004, for a recent survey), however with a few exceptions these studies focused on developed economies. In this paper we examine the above phenomena on the: Hungarian pork market. The Johansen (maximum likelihood) or Engle and Granger (two step) cointegration tests do not reject the no-cointegration null hypothesis between the Hungarian pork producer and retail price series. Therefore we apply the Gregory and Hansen procedure with recursively estimated breakpoints and ADF statistics, and found that the prices are cointegrated with a structural break occurring in April 1996. Exogeneity tests reveal the causality running from producer to retail prices both on long and short run. Homogeneity tests are rejected, suggesting a mark-up pricing strategy. Price transmission modelling suggests that, price transmission on the Hungarian pork meat market is symmetric on the long, but asymmetric on the short-run, i.e. processors, wholesalers or retailers might take temporary advantage should price changes occur.
BRST extension of the Faddeev model
Creators: name: Hong, Soon-Tae
name: Niemi, Antti J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Faddeev model is a second class constrained system. Here we construct its nilpotent BRST operator and derive the ensuing manifestly BRST invariant Lagrangian. Our construction employs the structure of Stuckelberg fields in a nontrivial fashion.
description: 4 pages, new references added
IRS-User Association in IRS-Aided MISO Wireless Networks: Convex Optimization and Machine Learning Approaches
Creators: name: Amiriara, Hamid
name: Ashtiani, Farid
name: Mirmohseni, Mahtab
name: Nasiri-Kenari, Masoumeh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: This paper concentrates on the problem of associating an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) to multiple users in a multiple-input single-output (MISO) downlink wireless communication network. The main objective of the paper is to maximize the sum-rate of all users by solving the joint optimization problem of the IRS-user association, IRS reflection, and BS beamforming, formulated as a non-convex mixed-integer optimization problem. The variable separation and relaxation are used to transform the problem into three convex sub-problems, which are alternatively solved through the convex optimization (CO) method. The major drawback of the proposed CO-based algorithm is high computational complexity. Thus, we make use of machine learning (ML) to tackle this problem. To this end, first, we convert the optimization problem into a regression problem. Then, we solve it with feed-forward neural networks (FNNs), trained by CO-based generated data. Simulation results show that the proposed ML-based algorithm has a performance equivalent to the CO-based algorithm, but with less computation complexity due to its offline training procedure.
description: 10 pages, 4 figures
An analysis of the dispute European Communities - Protection of trademarks and geographical indications for agricultural products and foodstuffs
Creators: name: Charlier, Christophe
name: Ngo, Mai-Anh
name: Charlier, Christophe
name: Ngo, Mai-Anh
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: Geographical indications
subject: Intellectual property
subject: National treatment
subject: TRIPS
subject: Dispute settlement.

description: The dispute "European Communities - Protection of trademarks and geographical indications for agricultural products and foodstuffs" that opposes the European - Union to the United States and Australia, has been raised by the European regulation concerning the protection of geographical indications. This dispute has two important issues. First, the Panel demonstrated that the European regulation did not comply with national treatment promulgated by the TRIPS and the GATT 1994 Agreements. Second, the Panel affirmed the possibility of coexistence between GIs and identical prior trademarks. This article considers these two issues and depicts the position of the parties at the end of the dispute regarding GIs' protection. The first part of this article presents the conclusion of the Panel concerning national treatment and the coexistence between GIs and prior trademark. An analysis of the relations between national treatment and the international harmonization of the rules on the protection of geographical indications is presented in the second part. This analysis permits to establish that if the Panel findings do not annihilate the European system of protection of the geographical indications, the United States will find advantageous to free ride in geographical indications, refusing to move toward the European system of protection.
Moltmann, Jürgen: Trinität und Reich Gottes
Creators: name: Giannaras, Chrēstos
Publisher: name: Ökumenische Rundschau
Year: 2025

description: Ökumenische Rundschau, Bd. 31 Nr. 3 (1982): Ökumenische Rundschau, Band 31, Heft 3
A STUDY ON THE SUSTAINABILITY OF VILLAGE-BASED COOPERATIVES AS AN INSTITUTION OF DEVELOPMENT
Creators: name: Hussein, Maliha H.
name: Hussein, Maliha H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1986
Subjects: Agribusiness
International Development

description: The existing social and institutional structures at the village level are so occupied with immediate issues of survival that they have been unable to divert much of their energy to long term development goals. The situation is characterized by the existence of "social traps" which lead people to adopt short term solutions and ignore the long term consequences of their actions. At such low income levels future expected returns are also likely to be discounted at very high rates. It is a reflection of the state of affairs that very little new land was brought under cultivation since independence. Individually, the farmers lacked the resources which could enable them to develop new land. The opening of the Karakorum highway has created new economic opportunities. Technical inputs such as chemical fertilizer, improved seed varieties and other mechanical technologies are now available. However, to fully exploit these new opportunities, there is a need for additional inputs such as: new institutional arrangements, productive physical infrastructure at the village level, credit, reliable transport facilities and investment in human capital. This process required long term planning, large capital outlays and the need to work with the government. One program which is helping in this development is the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP). AKRSP identified the problem as one which needed a restructuring of economic incentives, increasing village productivity, providing crucial inputs and creating a village cooperative. Its underlying premise is that the creation of a broad-based, self-reliant and development oriented institution at the village level can help address the complex issues of development in the area. The objectives of this study are classified as the following: (1) to examine how the village organizations established by AKRSP work in practice; (2) identify functions which the village organization can undertake successfully; (3) identify factors which will contribute to the increased effectiveness of these structures and (4) assess the sustainability of these cooperatives at the local and regional levels.
CHANGING FORCES AFFECTING RURAL COMMUNITIES IN THE 1980'S AND POLICIES TO HELP DEAL WITH THOSE FORCES
Creators: name: Peltola, Asko Antero
name: Peltola, Asko Antero
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1990
Subjects: Community/Rural/Urban Development

description: The number of farms in industrialized countries has been declining continuously over the last few decades. The transition from an agrarian to an industrial society is a complex process involving many consequences to the economy as a whole and particularly to rural regions and communities. The industrial countries have tried to cushion the adjustment process, mostly by using agricultural policy tools, but they have proved to be incapable of preserving the viability of rural areas and recognizing their increasing diversity. In the U.S., the 1980s reversed the favorable rural growth trends of the seventies. The nonmetro population growth slowed and the traditional sectors of rural areas suffered from unfavorable trade conditions and from the recession of the early eighties. Generally, rural areas in all industrialized countries have become more vulnerable to world market trends. Improvements in transportation and telecommunications provide rural people and communities with more possibilities for economic development. The social and economic changes taking place in rural areas create both challenges and opportunities for local and national policymakers. A better understanding must be achieved concerning the role of rural areas in the transition from an agrarian to an industrial economy. A successful rural policy must be based on the recognition of increasing diversity of rural areas.
Signatures of photon localization
Creators: name: Genack, A. Z.
name: Chabanov, A. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Signatures of photon localization are observed in a constellation of transport phenomena which reflect the transition from diffusive to localized waves. The dimensionless conductance, g, and the ratio of the typical spectral width and spacing of quasimodes, δ, are key indicators of electronic and classical wave localization when inelastic processes are absent. However, these can no longer serve as localization parameters in absorbing samples since the affect of absorption depends upon the length of the trajectories of partial waves traversing the sample, which are superposed to create the scattered field. A robust determination of localization in the presence of absorption is found, however, in steady-state measurements of the statistics of radiation transmitted through random samples. This is captured in a single parameter, the variance of the total transmission normalized to its ensemble average value, which is equal to the degree of intensity correlation of the transmitted wave, κ. The intertwined effects of localization and absorption can also be disentangled in the time domain since all waves emerging from the sample at a fixed time delay from an exciting pulse, t, are suppressed equally by absorption. As a result, the relative weights of partial waves emerging from the sample, and hence the statistics of intensity fluctuations and correlation, and the suppression of propagation by weak localization are not changed by absorption, and manifest the growing impact of weak localization with t.
description: RevTex 16 pages, 12 figures; to appear in special issue of J. Phys. A on quantum chaotic scattering
Informed Priors for Knowledge Integration in Trajectory Prediction
Creators: name: Schlauch, Christian
name: Klein, Nadja
name: Wirth, Christian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: I.2.6

description: Informed machine learning methods allow the integration of prior knowledge into learning systems. This can increase accuracy and robustness or reduce data needs. However, existing methods often assume hard constraining knowledge, that does not require to trade-off prior knowledge with observations, but can be used to directly reduce the problem space. Other approaches use specific, architectural changes as representation of prior knowledge, limiting applicability. We propose an informed machine learning method, based on continual learning. This allows the integration of arbitrary, prior knowledge, potentially from multiple sources, and does not require specific architectures. Furthermore, our approach enables probabilistic and multi-modal predictions, that can improve predictive accuracy and robustness. We exemplify our approach by applying it to a state-of-the-art trajectory predictor for autonomous driving. This domain is especially dependent on informed learning approaches, as it is subject to an overwhelming large variety of possible environments and very rare events, while requiring robust and accurate predictions. We evaluate our model on a commonly used benchmark dataset, only using data already available in a conventional setup. We show that our method outperforms both non-informed and informed learning methods, that are often used in the literature. Furthermore, we are able to compete with a conventional baseline, even using half as many observation examples.
CHANGING AGRICULTURAL PRIVATE PROPERTY RIGHTS
Creators: name: Bontekoe, P.A.
name: Bontekoe, P.A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1993
Subjects: Land Economics/Use

description: Private ownership of property is a fundamental right in our democracy. Historically, land ownership and the virtually unrestricted right to use one's property, played a key role in the development and growth of this country. But private property rights are being challenged, redefined, and reallocated, resulting in new restrictions and changes in agricultural landowners' rights to use their land. Increased awareness and concern about health and environment are causing a change in public attitudes toward agriculture. In the name of environmental protection, new restrictions are being placed on private property rights, causing uncertainties and altering the economic options available regarding the use of land for agricultural production. This paper deals with questions regarding; what are private property rights, what entitlement does land ownership include, and how are property rights being changed? While recognizing there are additional issues impacting property rights such as nuisance conflicts between rural non-farm residents and their farm neighbors, and zoning ordinances, this discussion will be limited to the changing property rights due to environmental protection. These are questions currently being debated by people who believe they hold certain property rights, and by others who either want control or reallocation of those rights, or who also believe they are entitled to those same rights. As the allocation of private property rights changes, the determination of who holds what rights directly affects landowners engaged in agricultural production. Changes required in agricultural management are the result of new information regarding the impact of some agricultural practices, such as; atrazine is no longer viewed simply as a weed control product for corn production, but is now viewed as a substance that causes degradation of the groundwater; and wet spots in fields should no longer be tiled to improve the productivity of the land, but should be left as possible habitat for wildlife. While changes in management practices may be necessary and appropriate, uncertainty for agricultural producers is created regarding which current practices may be restricted in the future and how much control will those outside of agriculture have on the management and operation of agricultural operations. This paper is an analysis of the issues underlying the conflicts resulting from changing agricultural private property rights due to regulations seeking to increase environmental protection.
Anisotropic self-affine properties of experimental fracture surfaces
Creators: name: Ponson, Laurent
name: Bonamy, Daniel
name: Auradou, Harold
name: Mourot, Guillaume
name: Morel, Stéphane
name: Bouchaud, Elisabeth
name: Guillot, Claude
name: Hulin, Jean-Pierre
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The scaling properties of post-mortem fracture surfaces of brittle (silica glass), ductile (aluminum alloy) and quasi-brittle (mortar and wood) materials have been investigated. These surfaces, studied far from the initiation, were shown to be self-affine. However, the Hurst exponent measured along the crack direction is found to be different from the one measured along the propagation direction. More generally, a complete description of the scaling properties of these surfaces call for the use of the 2D height-height correlation function that involves three exponents zeta = 0.75, beta = 0.6 and z = 1.25 independent of the material considered as well as of the crack growth velocity. These exponents are shown to correspond to the roughness, growth and dynamic exponents respectively, as introduced in interface growth models. They are conjectured to be universal.
description: 12 pages
ROIAL: Region of Interest Active Learning for Characterizing Exoskeleton Gait Preference Landscapes
Creators: name: Li, Kejun
name: Tucker, Maegan
name: Bıyık, Erdem
name: Novoseller, Ellen
name: Burdick, Joel W.
name: Sui, Yanan
name: Sadigh, Dorsa
name: Yue, Yisong
name: Ames, Aaron D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Characterizing what types of exoskeleton gaits are comfortable for users, and understanding the science of walking more generally, require recovering a user's utility landscape. Learning these landscapes is challenging, as walking trajectories are defined by numerous gait parameters, data collection from human trials is expensive, and user safety and comfort must be ensured. This work proposes the Region of Interest Active Learning (ROIAL) framework, which actively learns each user's underlying utility function over a region of interest that ensures safety and comfort. ROIAL learns from ordinal and preference feedback, which are more reliable feedback mechanisms than absolute numerical scores. The algorithm's performance is evaluated both in simulation and experimentally for three non-disabled subjects walking inside of a lower-body exoskeleton. ROIAL learns Bayesian posteriors that predict each exoskeleton user's utility landscape across four exoskeleton gait parameters. The algorithm discovers both commonalities and discrepancies across users' gait preferences and identifies the gait parameters that most influenced user feedback. These results demonstrate the feasibility of recovering gait utility landscapes from limited human trials.
description: 6 pages + 1 page of references; 7 figures; To Appear at ICRA 2021