cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
An ultrasonic measurement of stress in steel without calibration: the angled shear wave identity
Creators: name: Li, Guo-Yang
name: Gower, Artur Lewis
name: Destrade, Michel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Classical Physics (physics.class-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 74J05, 74J25, 74B10, 74B15

description: Measuring stress levels in loaded structures is crucial to assess and monitor their health, and to predict the length of their remaining structural life. However, measuring stress non-destructively has proved quite challenging. Many ultrasonic methods are able to accurately predict in-plane stresses in a controlled laboratory environment, but struggle to be robust outside, in a real world setting. That is because they rely either on knowing beforehand the material constants (which are difficult to acquire) or they require significant calibration for each specimen. Here we present a simple ultrasonic method to evaluate the in-plane stress in situ directly, without knowing any material constants. This method only requires measuring the speed of two angled shear waves. It is based on a formula which is exact for incompressible solids, such as soft gels or tissues, and is approximately true for compressible "hard" solids, such as steel and other metals. We validate the formula against virtual experiments using Finite Element simulations, and find it displays excellent accuracy, with a small error of the order of 1%.
description: research paper, 11 pages, 8 figures
Realization of the orbital-selective Mott state at the molecular level in Ba$_3$LaRu$_2$O$_9$
Creators: name: Chen, Q.
name: Verrier, A.
name: Ziat, D.
name: Clune, A. J.
name: Rouane, R.
name: Bazier-Matte, X.
name: Wang, G.
name: Calder, S.
name: Taddei, K. M.
name: Cruz, C. R. dela
name: Kolesnikov, A. I.
name: Ma, J.
name: Cheng, J. -G.
name: Liu, Z.
name: Quilliam, J. A.
name: Musfeldt, J. L.
name: Zhou, H. D.
name: Aczel, A. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Molecular magnets based on heavy transition metals have recently attracted significant interest in the quest for novel magnetic properties. For systems with an odd number of valence electrons per molecule, high or low molecular spin states are typically expected in the double exchange or quasi-molecular orbital limits respectively. In this work, we use bulk characterization, muon spin relaxation, neutron diffraction, and inelastic neutron scattering to identify a rare intermediate spin-3/2 per dimer state in the 6H-perovskite Ba$_3$LaRu$_2$O$_9$ that cannot be understood in a double exchange or quasi-molecular orbital picture and instead arises from orbital-selective Mott insulating behavior at the molecular level. Our measurements are also indicative of collinear stripe magnetic order below $T_N$ = 26(1) K for these molecular spin-3/2 degrees-of-freedom, which is consistent with expectations for an ideal triangular lattice with significant next nearest neighbor in-plane exchange. Finally, we present neutron diffraction and Raman scattering data under applied pressure that reveal low-lying structural and spin state transitions at modest pressures P $\le$ 1 GPa, which highlights the delicate balance between competing energy scales in this system.
description: 12 pages, 10 figures
Energy Growth of Infinite Harmonic Chain under Microscopic Random Influence
Creators: name: Lykov, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Infinite harmonic chains of point particles with finite range translation invariant interaction have considered. It is assumed that the only one particle influenced by the white noise. We studied microscopic and macroscopic behavior of the system's energies (potential, kinetic, total) when time goes to infinity. We proved that under quite general condition on interaction potential the energies grow linearly with time on macroscopic scale, and grow as $\ln(t)$ on microscopic scale. Moreover it is turned out that the system exhibit some equipartition properties in this non equilibrium settings.
TARGET MOTAD FOR RISK LOVERS: AN ALTERNATIVE VERSION
Creators: name: Rudel, Richard K.
name: McCamley, Francis P.
name: Rudel, Richard K.
name: McCamley, Francis P.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: Risk and Uncertainty

description: An earlier paper presented a direct expected utility maximization version of Target MOTAD for risk lovers. This paper presents an indirect expected utility maximization version which is more like Tauer's Target MOTAD model. This alternative version is illustrated by applying it to the same problem which Tauer considered.
The Evolution of Damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers: Metallicities and Star Formation Rates
Creators: name: Kulkarni, Varsha P.
name: York, Donald G.
name: Lauroesch, James T.
name: Fall, S. Michael
name: Khare, Pushpa
name: Woodgate, Bruce E.
name: Palunas, Povilas
name: Meiring, Joseph
name: Thatte, Deepashri G.
name: Welty, Daniel E.
name: Truran, James W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The damped Lyman-alpha (DLA) and sub-DLA quasar absorption lines provide powerful probes of the evolution of metals, gas, and stars in galaxies. One major obstacle in trying to understand the evolution of DLAs and sub-DLAs has been the small number of metallicity measurements at z < 1.5, an epoch spanning \~70 % of the cosmic history. In recent surveys with the Hubble Space Telescope and Multiple Mirror Telescope, we have doubled the DLA Zn sample at z < 1.5. Combining our results with those at higher redshifts from the literature, we find that the global mean metallicity of DLAs does not rise to the solar value at low redshifts. These surprising results appear to contradict the near-solar mean metallicity observed for nearby (z ~ 0) galaxies and the predictions of cosmic chemical evolution models based on the global star formation history. Finally, we discuss direct constraints on the star formation rates (SFRs) in the absorber galaxies from our deep Fabry-Perot Ly-alpha imaging study and other emission-line studies in the literature. A large fraction of the observed heavy-element quasar absorbers at 0 < z < 3.4 appear to have SFRs substantially below the global mean SFR, consistent with the low metallicities observed in the spectroscopic studies.
description: 6 pages,3 figures, To appear in "Probing Galaxies through Quasar Absorption Lines", Proceedings IAU Colloquium 199, 2005, Eds. P. R. Williams, C. Shu, and B. Menard
AN EXAMINATION OF FUTURES PRICE DETERMINATION THROUGH THE LENS OF MARKET INTEGRATION
Creators: name: Dahlgran, Roger A.
name: Dahlgran, Roger A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This paper develops a general model of cash and futures markets for a storable commodity. The cash market model is characterized by the incorporation of long hedged to establish contractual claims against existing inventories, which may be either short hedged or unhedged. The futures market model incorporates outright speculation as well as spread speculation. The paper then examines through mathematical analysis the characteristics these markets must possess if they are informationally efficient, if they are conformable for testing price discovery, and if they are integrated in the short or long run. Thus far results indicate that informationally efficient futures markets are characterized by any one of five conditions: (1) perfectly inelastic utilization demand, (20 perfectly inelastic hedged inventory demand, (3) futures markets not used for hedging, (4) perfectly elastic speculation, or (5) infinitely elastic utilization demand and perfectly inelastic speculation. These conditions further imply that if futures markets are informationally efficient, their prices are not determined simultaneously with cash prices. The extreme assumptions associated with informational efficiency highlight the deficiency of the concept.
FARM CHARACTERISTICS THAT INFLUENCE NET FARM INCOME VARIABILITY AND LOSSES
Creators: name: Dunn, Jerry W.
name: Williams, Jeffery R.
name: Dunn, Jerry W.
name: Williams, Jeffery R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Agricultural Finance
subject: Farm Management
subject: diversification
subject: farm planning
subject: panel data
subject: risk
subject: tobit

description: Farm-level, cross-section and panel data were used with econometric methods to examine relationships between variability in net farm income and explanatory variables including government payments, gross crop income, gross livestock income, costs, efficiency measures, and other socioeconomic characteristics such as age, leverage, percent of land rented, and enterprise diversification. The results suggest that quantifying the impacts of socioeconomic factors on variability of net farm income is difficult. Among the income variables, changes in gross crop income had the largest impact. Among cross-section data, increases in interest costs, age, and diversification were found to have positive relationships with net income variability. However, only the diversification variable was significant when deviations below mean net farm income were used as the measure of risk. Increasing farm size also was found to have a positive relationship with net income variability. When panel data were used and the estimated models included adjustments for time or random effects, the age and diversification variables were insignificant.
Enhancing superconductivity: Magnetic impurities and their quenching by magnetic fields
Creators: name: Wei, Tzu-Chieh
name: Pekker, David
name: Rogachev, Andrey
name: Bezryadin, Alexey
name: Goldbart, Paul M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Magnetic fields and magnetic impurities are each known to suppress superconductivity. However, as the field quenches (i.e. polarizes) the impurities, rich consequences, including field-enhanced superconductivity, can emerge when both effects are present. For the case of superconducting wires and thin films, this field-spin interplay is investigated via the Eilenberger-Usadel scheme. Non-monotonic dependence of the critical current on the field (and therefore field-enhanced superconductivity) is found to be possible, even in parameter regimes in which the critical temperature decreases monotonically with increasing field. The present work complements that of Kharitonov and Feigel'man, which predicts non-monotonic behavior of the critical temperature.
description: 8 pages, 2 figures, EPL format
Dynamic and Static Context-aware LSTM for Multi-agent Motion Prediction
Creators: name: Tao, Chaofan
name: Jiang, Qinhong
name: Duan, Lixin
name: Luo, Ping
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Multi-agent motion prediction is challenging because it aims to foresee the future trajectories of multiple agents (\textit{e.g.} pedestrians) simultaneously in a complicated scene. Existing work addressed this challenge by either learning social spatial interactions represented by the positions of a group of pedestrians, while ignoring their temporal coherence (\textit{i.e.} dependencies between different long trajectories), or by understanding the complicated scene layout (\textit{e.g.} scene segmentation) to ensure safe navigation. However, unlike previous work that isolated the spatial interaction, temporal coherence, and scene layout, this paper designs a new mechanism, \textit{i.e.}, Dynamic and Static Context-aware Motion Predictor (DSCMP), to integrates these rich information into the long-short-term-memory (LSTM). It has three appealing benefits. (1) DSCMP models the dynamic interactions between agents by learning both their spatial positions and temporal coherence, as well as understanding the contextual scene layout.(2) Different from previous LSTM models that predict motions by propagating hidden features frame by frame, limiting the capacity to learn correlations between long trajectories, we carefully design a differentiable queue mechanism in DSCMP, which is able to explicitly memorize and learn the correlations between long trajectories. (3) DSCMP captures the context of scene by inferring latent variable, which enables multimodal predictions with meaningful semantic scene layout. Extensive experiments show that DSCMP outperforms state-of-the-art methods by large margins, such as 9.05\% and 7.62\% relative improvements on the ETH-UCY and SDD datasets respectively.
description: 17 pages, 6 figures
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY INFLUENCES ON LIVESTOCK STOCKING AND LOCATION DECISIONS
Creators: name: Park, Dooho
name: Seidl, Andrew F.
name: Davies, Stephen P.
name: Frasier, W. Marshall
name: Park, Dooho
name: Seidl, Andrew F.
name: Davies, Stephen P.
name: Frasier, W. Marshall
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: Demand and Price Analysis
Livestock Production/Industries

description: This paper explores the relationship between state level environmental regulations and stocking and location decisions in the U.S livestock and poultry industry (beef, chicken, dairy and hogs). Rather than conduct this analysis on a species-by-species basis, we choose to focus upon the overall size of the livestock industry (expressed in animal units) and the size of industry found on large, medium and small operations by state (48) and over time (28 yrs). Results indicate that industry may drive policy rather than the converse. However, since we also find that existing policy rules have differential impacts on the industry by operation size, we conclude that structural change in the industry may be driven in part by size or legal structure discriminating regulations.
Experimental evidence for orthorhombic Fddd crystal structure in elemental yttrium above 100 GPa
Creators: name: Buhot, Jonathan
name: Moulding, Owen
name: Muramatsu, Takaki
name: Osmond, Israel
name: Friedemann, Sven
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present electrical resistance measurements of elemental yttrium on bulk and film samples, and both exhibit superconductivity at very high pressures. We show that the pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature above 100 GPa is in good agreement with the predicted Fddd phase by Chen et al. [Phys. Rev. lett. 109, 157004 (2012)]. This result together with a new Rietveld refinement made on X-ray data at 123 GPa from Samudrala et al. [J. Phys. Condens. Matter 24, 362201 (2012)] offer strong evidence that the atomic structure of yttrium above 100 GPa is orthorhombic Fddd. Furthermore, our process of evaporating yttrium film directly on a diamond anvil is expected to be a valuable asset for future synthesis of new superhydride superconductors.
Cherenkov Radiation of a Charge Flying through the "Inverted" Conical Target
Creators: name: Tyukhtin, Andrey V.
name: Galyamin, Sergey N.
name: Vorobev, Viktor V.
name: Grigoreva, Aleksandra A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Radiation generated by a charge moving through a vacuum channel in a dielectric cone is analyzed. It is assumed that the charge moves through the cone from the apex side to the base side (the case of "inverted" cone). The cone size is supposed to be much larger than the wavelengths under consideration. We calculate the wave field outside the target using the "aperture method" developed in our previous papers. Contrary to the problems considered earlier, here the wave which incidences directly on the aperture is not the main wave, while the wave once reflected from the lateral surface is much more important. The general formulas for the radiation field are obtained, and the particular cases of the ray optics area and the Fraunhofer area are analyzed. Significant physical effects including the phenomenon of "Cherenkov spotlight" are discussed. In particular it is shown that this phenomenon allows reaching essential enhancement of the radiation intensity in the far-field region at certain selection of the problem parameters. Owing to the "inverted" cone geometry, this effect can be realized for arbitrary charge velocity, including the ultra relativistic case, by proper selection of the cone material and the apex angle. Typical radiation patterns in the far-field area are demonstrated.
description: 12 pages, 5 figures
Additional file 2 of Evaluation and utility of mitochondrial ribosomal genes for molecular systematics of parasitic nematodes
Creators: name: Chan, Abigail Hui En
name: Kittipong Chaisiri
name: Morand, Serge
name: Naowarat Saralamba
name: Thaenkham, Urusa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 2: Table S2. NCBI sequences used for 12S and 16S rRNA gene primer design.
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEMAND FOR WHOLESALE PORK PRIMALS: SEASONALITY AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE
Creators: name: Parcell, Joseph L.
name: Parcell, Joseph L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Wholesale Pork Primals
subject: Structural Change
subject: Seasonality

description: A set of inverse wholesale pork primal demand models were estimated to estimate wholesale pork primal own-quantity flexibility's, to determine seasonal price fluctuations, and to examine whether the flexibility's have changed in absolute magnitude over time. Results of this analysis indicate that there is the own-quantity flexibility for some primals differences by season with in the year. Additionally, it was determined that the own-quantity flexibility increased in magnitude (absolute value) over time for some of the primal cuts evaluated here. However, for Hams and Boston Butt the own-flexibility was either unchanged or increased over the period analyzed. Increased cold storage stocks for these primals may have been used to offset the price decline of 1998.
Positive Definite Germs of Quantum Stochastic Processes
Creators: name: Belavkin, V. P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: A new notion of stochastic germs for quantum processes is introduced and a characterisation of the stochastic differentials for positive definite (PD) processes is found in terms of their germs for arbitrary Ito algebra. A representation theorem, giving the pseudo-Hilbert dilation for the germ-matrix of the differential, is proved. This suggests the general form of quantum stochastic evolution equations with respect to the Poisson (jumps), Wiener (diffusion) or general quantum noise.
description: 8 pages, with French brief version
Additional file 1 of Evaluation and utility of mitochondrial ribosomal genes for molecular systematics of parasitic nematodes
Creators: name: Chan, Abigail Hui En
name: Kittipong Chaisiri
name: Morand, Serge
name: Naowarat Saralamba
name: Thaenkham, Urusa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 1: Table S1. NCBI sequences used for each genetic marker for phylogenetic analysis.
On supersymmetry algebra based on a spinor-vector generator
Creators: name: Shima, Kazunari
name: Tsuda, Motomu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the unitary representation of supersymmetry (SUSY) algebra based on a spinor-vector generator for both massless and massive cases. A systematic linearization of nonlinear realization for the SUSY algebra is also discussed in the superspace formalism with a spinor-vector Grassmann coordinate.
description: 10 pages, Latex, some typos corrected and some more discussions added
Additional file 1 of High prevalence of t895 and t9364 spa types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary-care hospital in Mexico: different lineages of clonal complex 5
Creators: name: C. Negrete-González
name: E. Turrubiartes-Martínez
name: O. G. Galicia-Cruz
name: D. E. Noyola
name: G. Martínez-Aguilar
name: L. F. Pérez-González
name: R. González-Amaro
name: Niño-Moreno, P.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Cancer
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1: Table S1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with Staphylococcus aureus infections who died or survived. Table S1 shows the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with Staphylococcus aureus infections who died or survived.
Binary Merger Progenitors for Gamma-Ray Bursts and Hypernovae
Creators: name: Fryer, Chris L.
name: Heger, Alexander
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The collapsar model, the now leading model for the engine behind gamma-ray bursts and hypernovae, requires that a star collapses to form a black hole surrounded by an accretion disk of high-angular momentum material. The current best theoretical stellar models, however, do not retain enough angular momentum in the core of the star to make a centrifugally supported disk. In this paper, we present the first calculations of the helium-star/helium-star merger progenitors for the collapsar model. These progenitors invoke the merger of two helium cores during the common envelope inspiral phase of a binary system. We find that, in some cases, the merger can produce cores that are rotating 3-10 times faster than single stars. He-star/He-star gamma-ray burst progenitors have a very different redshift distribution than their single-star gamma-ray burst progenitors and we discuss how gamma-ray burst observations can constrain these progenitors.
description: 29 pages including 12 figures, submitted to ApJ
The First INTEGRAL AGN Catalog
Creators: name: Beckmann, V.
name: Gehrels, N.
name: Shrader, C. R.
name: Soldi, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the first INTEGRAL AGN catalog, based on observations performed from launch of the mission in October 2002 until January 2004. The catalog includes 42 AGN, of which 10 are Seyfert 1, 17 are Seyfert 2, and 9 are intermediate Seyfert 1.5. The fraction of blazars is rather small with 5 detected objects, and only one galaxy cluster and no star-burst galaxies have been detected so far. A complete subset consists of 32 AGN with a significance limit of 7 sigma in the INTEGRAL/ISGRI 20-40 keV data. Although the sample is not flux limited, the distribution of sources shows a ratio of obscured to unobscured AGN of 1.5 - 2.0, consistent with luminosity dependent unified models for AGN. Only four Compton-thick AGN are found in the sample. Based on the INTEGRAL data presented here, the Seyfert 2 spectra are slightly harder (Gamma = 1.95 +- 0.01) than Seyfert 1.5 (Gamma = 2.10 +- 0.02) and Seyfert 1 (Gamma = 2.11 +- 0.05).
description: 17 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
Egypt’s Household Expenditure Pattern: Does It Alleviate a Food Crisis?
Creators: name: Fabiosa, Jacinto F.
name: Soliman, Ibrahim
name: Fabiosa, Jacinto F.
name: Soliman, Ibrahim
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Engel function
subject: household consumption pattern
subject: income elasticity.

description: We estimated a system of Engel functions for two survey periods, 1999/2000 and 2004/2005, to quantify the impact of changes of income on household expenditure behavior and to investigate how expenditure responsiveness changes with income. We found that rural households have a higher expenditure share for food categories but a lower share for non-food categories compared to urban households. The expenditure share did not change so much between the two survey periods, with only a slight decline in the share of cereals-bread and the non-food category and an increase in the meat-fish-dairy category. All estimates have a good fit, and the total expenditure explanatory variable is significant in all equations. In general, households with lower incomes are more responsive to changes in income for food categories, and less responsive for non-food categories. This is evident with the higher income elasticity of lower-income rural households compared to urban households for food categories. Moreover, elasticities in the 2004/2005 survey period are higher compared to the 1999/2000 period. Per capita real income declined by 37.2% in 2004/2005. This consumption expenditure pattern has an alleviating effect on the impact of a food crisis since a lower real income associated with a food crisis is accompanied by greater responsiveness of households to reduce their demand for food as their real incomes shrink. This adjustment behavior is most obvious in the case of bread and cereals in rural areas, in which the expenditure elasticity increased from 0.50 to 0.91 as per capita income declined.
Brane Gases and Stabilization of Shape Moduli with Momentum and Winding Stress
Creators: name: Kaya, Ali
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In a toy model with gases of membranes and strings wrapping over a two-dimensional internal torus, we study the stabilization problem for the shape modulus. It is observed that winding modes of partially wrapped strings and momentum modes give rise to stress in the energy momentum tensor. We show that this stress dynamically stabilizes the shape modulus of the two torus.
description: 16 pages, revtex4, v2: comments and references added
Determination of the Cosmic Distance Scale from Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect and Chandra X-ray Measurements of High Redshift Galaxy Clusters
Creators: name: Bonamente, M.
name: Joy, M.
name: La Roque, S.
name: Carlstrom, J.
name: Reese, E.
name: Dawson, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We determine the distance to 38 clusters of galaxies in the redshift range 0.14 < z < 0.89 using X-ray data from Chandra and Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect data from the Owens Valley Radio Observatory and the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association interferometric arrays. The cluster plasma and dark matter distributions are analyzed using a hydrostatic equilibrium model that accounts for radial variations in density, temperature and abundance, and the statistical and systematic errors of this method are quantified. The analysis is performed via a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique that provides simultaneous estimation of all model parameters. We measure a Hubble constant of 76.9 +3.9-3.4 +10.0-8.0 km/s/Mpc (statistical followed by systematic uncertainty at 68% confidence) for an Omega_M=0.3, Omega_Lambda=0.7 cosmology. We also analyze the data using an isothermal beta model that does not invoke the hydrostatic equilibrium assumption, and find H_0=73.7 +4.6-3.8 +9.5-7.6 km/s/Mpc; to avoid effects from cool cores in clusters, we repeated this analysis excluding the central 100 kpc from the X-ray data, and find H_0=77.6 +4.8-4.3 +10.1-8.2 km/s/Mpc. The consistency between the models illustrates the relative insensitivity of SZE/X-ray determinations of H_0 to the details of the cluster model. Our determination of the Hubble parameter in the distant universe agrees with the recent measurement from the Hubble Space Telescope key project that probes the nearby universe.
description: ApJ submitted (revised version)
Additional file 1 of Systematic review of factors associated with quality of life of asylum seekers and refugees in high-income countries
Creators: name: Boor, Catharina F. Van Der
name: Amos, Rebekah
name: Nevitt, Sarah
name: Dowrick, Christopher
name: White, Ross G.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1. Appendix B Positive and negative predictors of overall QoL and each of the four domains.
Evaluation of Breakeven Farm-gate Switchgrass Prices in South Central North Dakota-Summary
Creators: name: Bangsund, Dean A.
name: DeVuyst, Eric A.
name: Leistritz, F. Larry
name: Bangsund, Dean A.
name: DeVuyst, Eric A.
name: Leistritz, F. Larry
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: switchgrass
subject: production costs
subject: farm-gate price
subject: North Dakota
subject: soil productivity

description: Switchgrass, a warm-season perennial grass, native to the region, has received considerable interest for its potential role as a dedicated feedstock for cellulosic-based bio-fuels. This research examined the farm-gate price needed for switchgrass to provide per-acre net returns equal to those obtained from traditional crops in south central North Dakota. Future production costs for switchgrass and net returns from traditional crops were estimated for three soil productivity classes and also were developed to reflect the historical revenue and cost patterns associated with producers who are typically more or less profitable (i.e., average net return per acre) than regional averages. Prices were calculated using an annualized equivalent analysis of switchgrass production costs and net returns from traditional crops from 2008 through 2017. Switchgrass production costs ranged from just over $40 per ton on marginal soils to $34.80 per ton on highly productive soils. Breakeven switchgrass prices across the three soil productivity classes ranged from $47 per ton in the low productivity soils to $76 per ton in the most productive soils. Production costs for low-profit producers were estimated at $47 per ton, compared to the regional average of $37.50 per ton. Switchgrass production costs for the remaining profitability groups ranged from about $33.50 per ton to about $36.75 per ton. The breakeven farm-gate price for switchgrass ranged from $56 per ton for the two lowest profitability groups to over $94 per ton for the most profitable producers. A key economic criterion influencing the breakeven price for switchgrass will be the foregone net revenue from displaced traditional crops. On marginal soils, just under one-third of the breakeven price was derived from the level of foregone net returns from traditional crops; whereas, over 80 percent of the breakeven price was derived from the level of foregone net returns from traditional crops on the most productive soils. As net returns from traditional crops decreased the more that breakeven switchgrass prices approached production costs for switchgrass. Under current conditions of high input costs, escalating transportation costs, and given the increases in net returns from traditional crops, switchgrass, as a feedstock to a cellulosic ethanol plant, will be more expensive than previously estimated.
The Future of Small Farms for Poverty Reduction and Growth
Creators: name: Hazell, Peter B.R.
name: Poulton, Colin
name: Wiggins, Steve
name: Dorward, Andrew
name: Hazell, Peter B.R.
name: Poulton, Colin
name: Wiggins, Steve
name: Dorward, Andrew
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: Farm Management
Food Security and Poverty

description: The people operating small farms in developing countries have to cope with the risks of these small businesses and have long faced heavy challenges. Today, these challenges are particularly severe, and the aspirations of young people on small farms have changed. Globalization and the integration of international markets are stimulating intense competition, offering some opportunities but also new risks. In light of these pressures and others, many of the world’s millions of small farmers are simply not making it. Indeed, half of the world’s undernourished people, three-quarters of Africa’s malnourished children, and the majority of people living in absolute poverty live on small farms. The transformation of the small-farm economy is one of the biggest economic challenges of our time. For some, it entails growth into specialized, market-oriented farms; for others, part-time farming combined with off-farm rural jobs; and for others, a move out of agriculture. The pathways of transformation differ by region and location and will take decades. Policy must take a long-run view to support and guide this process efficiently, effectively, and in social fairness. The role of women farmers and their livelihoods requires particular attention. In this paper, Peter Hazell, Colin Poulton, Steve Wiggins, and Andrew Dorward address several crucial questions. Do small farms in fact have a future? In what situations can small farms succeed? What strategies are most appropriate for helping to raise small-farm productivity? The authors review both sides of the debate over the future of small farms before coming to their conclusions. Coming down firmly on the side of policy support for small farms, they point to small farms’ significant potential for reducing poverty and inequity. They also clarify the differing roles of and needs for small farms in different country contexts and spell out a policy agenda for promoting small-farm development. This discussion paper is based on a literature review and the deliberations of an international workshop, “The Future of Small Farms,” organized by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) 2020 Vision Initiative, the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), and Imperial College London in Wye, England, from June 26 to 29, 2005. (A proceedings volume for this workshop is available from IFPRI, www.ifpri.org/events/seminars/2005/smallfarms/sfproc.asp.) We hope that this discussion paper will help stimulate renewed attention among many stakeholders— including policymakers, researchers, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations—to small-scale agricultural development. Healthy and productive small farms could serve as a crucial mechanism for achieving the poverty and hunger Millennium Development Goals.
Additional file 9 of Impact of receiving recorded mental health recovery narratives on quality of life in people experiencing psychosis, people experiencing other mental health problems and for informal carers: Narrative Experiences Online (NEON) study protocol for three randomised controlled trials
Creators: name: Rennick-Egglestone, Stefan
name: Elliott, Rachel
name: Smuk, Melanie
name: Robinson, Clare
name: Bailey, Sylvia
name: Smith, Roger
name: Keppens, Jeroen
name: Hussain, Hannah
name: Pollock, Kristian
name: Cuijpers, Pim
name: Llewellyn-Beardsley, Joy
name: Ng, Fiona
name: Yeo, Caroline
name: Roe, James
name: Hui, Ada
name: Krieke, Lian Van Der
name: Walcott, Rianna
name: Slade, Mike
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Science Policy
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 9. Online Participant Information Sheet. Text and layout for the online Participant Information Sheet used in the NEON trials.
Lagrangian perturbation theory in Newtonian cosmology
Creators: name: Tatekawa, Takayuki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss various analytical approximation methods for the evolution of the density fluctuation in the Universe. From primordial density fluctuation, the large-scale structure is formed via its own self-gravitational instability. For this dynamical evolution, several approaches have been considered. In Newtonian cosmology, in which matter motion is described by Newtonian dynamics with cosmic expansion, Lagrangian description for the cosmic fluid is known to work rather well for quasi-nonlinear clustering regime. In this paper, we briefly review Lagrangian perturbation theory in Newtonian cosmology.
description: 25 pages, no figure, Research Signpost "Recent Research Development in Astrophysics", in press
News about TeV-scale Black Holes
Creators: name: Hossenfelder, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Collider produced black holes are the most exciting prediction from models with large extra dimensions. These black holes exist in an extreme region, in which gravity meets quantum field theory, particle physics, and thermodynamics. An investigation of the formation and decay processes can therefore provide us with important insights about the underlying theory and open a window to the understanding of Physics at the Planck scale. The production and the evaporation of TeV-scale black holes yields distinct signatures that have been examined closely during the last years, with analytical approaches as well as by use of numerical simulations. I present new results for the LHC, which take into account that, instead of a final decay, a black hole remnant can be left. This is a summary of the talk given at the Quark Matter 2005, Budapest, Hungary, Aug. 2005.
description: Talk given at the Quark Matter 2005, Budapest, Hungary, Aug. 2005
Looking Ahead: Long-Term Prospects for Africa’s Agricultural Development and Food Security
Creators: name: Rosegrant, Mark W.
name: Cline, Sarah A.
name: Li, Weibo
name: Sulser, Timothy B.
name: Valmonte-Santos, Rowena A.
name: Rosegrant, Mark W.
name: Cline, Sarah A.
name: Li, Weibo
name: Sulser, Timothy B.
name: Valmonte-Santos, Rowena A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Food Security and Poverty
International Development

description: Sub-Saharan Africa is the only developing region in the world where food insecurity has worsened instead of improved in recent decades. In this discussion paper, Mark W. Rosegrant, Sarah A. Cline, Weibo Li, Timothy B. Sulser, and Rowena A. Valmonte-Santos show that this discouraging trend need not be a blueprint for the future. The research contained in this discussion paper was conducted in preparation for the IFPRI 2020 Africa conference “Assuring Food and Nutrition Security in Africa by 2020: Prioritizing Actions, Strengthening Actors, and Facilitating Partnerships,” held in Kampala, Uganda, April 1–3, 2004. The authors examine the implications of several different policy scenarios based on IFPRI’s International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT). This model, developed at IFPRI in the early 1990s, has been continually updated to incorporate more food sectors and geographic regions. In this paper, the authors use IMPACT to assess the consequences of a wide range of policy and investment choices for Africa, including a business as usual scenario (continuation of current policy and investment trends through 2025), a pessimistic scenario (declining trends in key investments and in agricultural productivity), and a vision scenario (improving trends in investments and hence in agricultural productivity and human capital), as well as scenarios for more effective use of rainfall in agriculture, reduced marketing margins, and three different scenarios for trade liberalization. The wide variation in results reveals how much these choices will matter. For example, the number of malnourished children under five years old in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2025 is projected to be 38.3 million under business as usual, 55.1 million under the pessimistic scenario, and 9.4 million under the vision scenario. It is our hope that this research will clarify the steps needed to help stimulate the actions contributing to approaching the vision scenario.
Additional file 1 of A graphical approach to assess the goodness-of-fit of random-effects linear models when the goal is to measure individual benefits of medical treatments in severely ill patients
Creators: name: Zhiwen Wang
name: Diaz, Francisco J.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Ecology
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Cancer
subject: Statistics
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 1. Supplementary Information. Additional figures and tables.
Polarizing mechanisms for stored $p$ and $\bar p$ beams interacting with a polarized target
Creators: name: Milstein, A. I.
name: Strakhovenko, V. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Kinetics of the polarization buildup at the interaction of stored protons (antiprotons) with a polarized target is considered. It is demonstrated that for small scattering angles, when a projectile remains in the beam, the polarization buildup is completely due to the spin-flip transitions. The corresponding cross sections turn out to be negligibly small for a hydrogen gas target as well as for a pure electron target. For the latter, the filtering mechanism also does not provide a noticeable beam polarization.
description: 6 pages, 1 figure
Olfactory epithelial horizonal basal cells : an assessment of stem cell candidacy and behavioural regulation in vivo and in vitro
Creators: name: Carter, Lindsay A.
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: In the olfactory epithelium (OE), new olfactory receptor neurons (ORNS) are continually generated throughout mammalian adulthood. Given this substantial neuronal turnover, a stem cell is proposed to reside within the basal compartment of the OE, which generates ORNs on demand when stimulated by changes in its microenvironment. Although previous studies have identified possible candidates for the olfactory stem cell, its exact identity is as yet unknown. We hypothesize that a population o f horizontal basal cells (HBCs), situated upon the basement membrane of the OE, contains stem cells that contribute to olfactory neurogenesis. A major impediment to the study of these cells is the lack of reliable cell surface molecular markers to distinguish them from other OE cell types. By screening a panel of selected clusters of differentiation (CD) antigens, we have identified three new cell surface markers for the HBC population, namely intercellular adhesion molecule -1 (ICAM-1), β₁ integrin and β₄ integrin. Using these markers to characterize the HBC layer following bulbectomy-induced ORN loss, we have provided evidence of stem cell traits in vivo, including proliferative quiescence relative to OE progenitors, response to lesion, and possible molecular heterogeneity within the HBC compartment. In addition, these studies indicate changes in the populational and subcellular distribution of HBC markers upon loss of ORNs, suggesting a role for these adhesion receptors in the regulation of HBC function in addition to highlighting possible molecular similarities to stem cells of other self-renewing tissues. We have developed a method to select for HBCs in vitro using magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) and by exploiting their expression of ICAM-1. Using in vitro colony-forming analyses, we obtained evidence that the ICAM-1+ population is enriched for progenitor activity. Further, the efficiency of colony formation can be modulated in vitro by growth factors and adhesive substrates. Lastly, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that globose basal cell (GBC) progenitors, ORNs and olfactory ensheathing glia (OEGs) are generated by the ICAM-1+ fraction in clonal culture. Based on these results, we conclude that ICAM-1+ HBCs contribute to the progenitor cell compartment, possibly as stem cells, during olfactory neurogenesis and that the function of these cells may be modulated via adhesion and growth factor signaling by components resident within their in vivo microenvironment.
The family farm in a globalizing world: The role of crop science in alleviating poverty
Creators: name: Lipton, Michael
name: Lipton, Michael
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Crop Production/Industries
Food Security and Poverty

description: The topic of family farms has been gaining prominence in the academic, policy, and donor communities in recent years. Small farms dominate the agricultural landscape in the developing world, providing the largest source of employment and income to the rural poor, yet smallholders remain highly susceptible to poverty and hunger. With the advance of globalization and greater integration of agricultural markets, the need for increases in agricultural productivity for family farms is particularly pressing. Raising productivity and output of small farmers would not only increase their incomes and food security, but also stimulate the rest of the economy and contribute to broad-based food security and poverty alleviation. In this paper, Michael Lipton builds an argument for greater focus on pro-smallholder crop science as a key solution to generate increases in productivity and income. Increasing the levels of investment into agricultural technology, improving water and land use and distribution, and creating positive incentives for developing-country farmers come to the forefront of the paper as critical steps that must be taken to ensure massive reduction in global poverty. Favorable demographic trends over the next few decades provide a window of opportunity for reforms and action that must not be squandered. The future of smallholders is an important research theme at IFPRI. Several studies are currently underway that address the impact of changing agricultural markets on small farmers. In addition, IFPRI and its 2020 Vision Initiative is collaborating with the Overseas Development Institute and Imperial College London in organizing a research workshop on “The Future of Small Farms” in June 2005 in Wye, England, that will bring together leading experts to review the available evidence on the current and future status of smallholders in the world. We hope that the release of this discussion paper on the eve of “The Future of Small Farms” workshop will stimulate and enrich the debate and provide valuable insights for articulating critical steps to strengthening family farms. The paper significantly contributes to developing this emerging theme at IFPRI, helping to identify research priorities and to better position IFPRI to undertake policy research on the future of small farms. It is an important step toward accumulating a body of knowledge on the topic and shaping an agenda for action.
Política económica y desarrollo del sistema financiero peruano, parte II: propuesta para una reforma y análisis de la nueva ley de bancos
Creators: name: Caceres Valderrama, Armando
name: Nagamine Akamine, Javier
name: Caceres Valderrama, Armando
name: Nagamine Akamine, Javier
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1991
Subjects: subject: Financial Economics
subject: Sistemas bancarios
subject: Mercado financiero
subject: Politica economica
subject: Banking systems
subject: Financial market
subject: Economic policy
subject: Peru

description: El documento propone, a partir de la problemática del sistema financiero, revisada en la primera parte de este estudio, modificaciones en el entorno económico que enfrentan las empresas financieras, así como una participación activa del Estado en la supervisión y control de las entidades crediticias.