Peromyscus sonoriensis
Creators: name: Bradley, Robert D.
name: Francis, James Q.
name: Platt II, Roy N.
name: Soniat, Taylor J.
name: Alvarez, Daysi
name: Lindsey, Laramie L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Rodentia
Cricetidae
Peromyscus
Peromyscus sonoriensis

description: <b> <i>Peromyscus sonoriensis</i> (LeConte)</b> <i>Hesp</i> [<i>eromys</i>] <i>sonoriensis</i> Le Conte, 1853:413. <i>Hesperomys austerus</i> Baird, 1855:336. <i>Mus bairdii</i> Hoy and Kennicott, 1857:92. <i>Hesperomys sonoriensis</i> var. <i>nebrascensis</i> Coues, 1877:79. <i>Hesperomys leucopus arcticus</i> Mearns, 1890:285 <i>Hesperomys leucopus nebrascensis</i> Mearns, 1890:285. <i>Hesperomys leucopus deserticolus</i> Mearns, 1890:287. <i>Hesperomys leucopus rufinus</i> Merriam, 1890:65. <i>Peromyscus texanus nebrascensis</i> J. A. Allen, 1896:251. <i>Sitomys americanus artemisiae</i> Rhoads, 1894:260. <i>Sitomys insolatus</i> Rhoads, 1894:256. <i>Peromyscus michiganensis pallescens</i> J. A. Allen, 1896:238. <i>Peromyscus texanus saturatus</i> Bangs, 1897:75. <i>Peromyscus texanus subarcticus</i> J. A. Allen, 1899:15. <i>Peromyscus akeleyi</i> Elliot, 1899:226. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus arcticus</i> Osgood, 1900:33. <i>Peromyscus oreas rubidus</i> Osgood, 1901a:193. <i>Peromyscus perimekurus</i> Elliot, 1903:156. <i>Peromyscus oresterus</i> Elliot, 1903:159. <i>Peromyscus luteus</i> Osgood, 1905:77. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus artemisiae</i> Osgood, 1909:58. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus saturatus</i> Osgood, 1909:61. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus hollisteri</i> Osgood, 1909:62. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus austerus</i> Osgood, 1909:63. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus rubidus</i> Osgood, 1909:65. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus</i> Osgood, 1909:72. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis</i> Osgood, 1909:75. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus luteus</i> Osgood, 1909:77. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi</i> Osgood, 1909:79. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus pallescens</i> Osgood, 1909:83. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis</i> Osgood, 1909:89. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus borealis</i> Mearns, 1911:102. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis</i> Mearns, 1911:102. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus osgoodi</i> Mearns, 1911:102. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus angustus</i> Hall, 1932:423. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus ozarkiarum</i> Black, 1935:144. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus gunnisoni</i> Goldman, 1937:224. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus alpinus</i> Cowan, 1937:215. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus georgiensis</i> Hall, 1938:455. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus serratus</i> Davis, 1939:290. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus inclarus</i> Goldman, 1939:355. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii</i> McCabe and Cowan, 1945:197. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus saxamans</i> McCabe and Cowan, 1945:198. <i>Holotype.</i> —United States National Museum (catalog number 146); adult, sex unknown, skin and skull. <i>Type locality.</i> — Mexico; Sonora; Santa Cruz; collected on 28 September 1851 by J. H. Clark. <i>Subspecies.</i> —Although we were not able to examine all of the recognized subspecies that potentially are referable to <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i>, we tentatively assign the following 15 subspecies recognized in Hall (1981) and Hogan et al. (1993) to <i>P</i>. <i>sonoriensis</i>: <i>alpinus</i>, <i>artemisiase</i>, <i>austerus</i>, <i>borealis</i>, <i>hollisteri</i>, <i>inclarus</i>, <i>luteus</i>, <i>nebrascensis</i>, <i>ozarkiarum</i>, <i>pallescens</i>, <i>rubidus</i>, <i>rufinus</i>, <i>saturatus</i>, <i>saxamans</i>, <i>serratus</i>, and <i>sonoriensis</i>. <i>Diagnosis.</i> —Coloration varies greatly between subspecies (<i>austerus</i> darker in color whereas <i>pallescens</i> is much paler than other subspecies), however, most adults are ochraceous buff (Osgood 1909). Size small for species group, especially relative to length of the tail; measurements obtained from Osgood (1909) for several of the subspecies now assigned to <i>P</i>. <i>sonoroensis</i>, indicated a total length averaging 151 mm; (range 126–176 mm) and tail length averaging 65.5 mm (range 56–75 mm). Tail tends to be more thickly haired and more sharply bicolored (Osgood 1909) than other species in the group. In this study, <i>Cyt</i> b sequences indicated that <i>P. sonoriensis</i> differed from <i>P. gambelii</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>melanotis</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>polionotus</i>, <i>P. sejugis</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i> (<i>sensu stricto</i>), by 4.55%, 6.02%, 4.71%, 4.42%, and 4.68%, respectively. Genetic differentiation (= 1.27%) based on DNA sequences obtained from 186 individuals of <i>P</i>. <i>sonoriensis</i>. This species exhibited a moderate level of genetic divergence even though it possesses the broadest geographic distribution of the <i>P. maniculatus</i> species group. <i>Distribution.</i> —Occurs primarily west of the Mississippi River from the Yukon and Northwest Territory southward to northern California and the United States/Mexico border (along Arizona and New Mexico) then eastward across northern Texas to Arkansas. The distribution of <i>P</i>. <i>sonoriensis</i> does not include: 1) the coastal islands and mainlands fromAlaska southward to Oregon; in this area <i>P</i>. <i>keeni</i> may exclude <i>P</i>. <i>sonoriensis</i> or the two species may be sympatric; 2) southcentral California and Baja California and the southwest corner of Arizona where <i>P</i>. <i>gambelii</i> occurs; and 3) southern New Mexico, and southwestern of Texas where <i>P</i>. <i>labecula</i> occurs. Populations of mice that are assignable to <i>P</i>. <i>sonoriensis</i> appear to occur on Isle Royale, Michigan (Dragoo et al. 2006; this study) and in southern Michigan (Lansman et al. 1983); whereas samples from northcentral Michigan are assignable to <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i> (Lansman et al. 1983). Additional samples are needed from much of the Great Lakes region to resolve this conundrum. <i>Comparisons.</i> —A member of the <i>P. maniculatus</i> species group. Similar in coloration but smaller in size compared to other members of the <i>P. maniculatus</i> species group. Specimens from the Pacific Northwest are darker in pelage color (more similar to <i>P. keeni</i>) than those occurring in the central and eastern portions of the continent exhibit. Differs from <i>P</i>. <i>keeni</i> in external measurements such as tail length (averaging &lt;100 mm compared to an average length&gt; 100 mm in <i>P. keeni</i>). <i>Remarks.</i> —Two seventy-two samples examined were assigned to <i>P</i>. <i>sonoriensis</i>. Of these samples, the closest examined herein (Grant County, New Mexico) was approximately 200 km northeast of the type locality in Santa Cruz, Sonora. Chromosomal data are highly variable for this group with a broad range of FNs (72–86) with some well-studied subspecies, such as <i>P. m. bardii</i>, reported as highly polymorphic (74–85). A trend in the data suggest that lower FNs (72–80) for this species occur in the Pacific Northwest, where populations exist in sympatry with <i>P. keeni</i> (Gunn and Greenbaum et al. 1986; Gunn 1988; Hogan et al. 1993). The FNs reported for <i>P</i>. <i>sonoriensis</i> span the ranges reported for <i>P</i>. <i>gambelii</i>, <i>P</i>. <i>labecula</i>, and <i>P</i>. <i>maniculatus</i>; but differ substantially from those observed for <i>P</i>. <i>melanotis</i> (FN = 62, Hsu and Arrighi 1968; Bowers et al. 1973), <i>P</i>. <i>polionotus</i> (FN = 69–71, Te and Dawson 1971), and <i>P</i>. <i>sejugis</i> (FN = 76, Smith et al. 2000). Several previous studies (Dragoo et al. 2006, Gering et al. 2009, Kalkvik et al. 2012, Natarajan et al. 2015, Sawyer et al. 2017, and Greenbaum et al. 2017 indicated that populations of <i>P. maniculatus</i> in the eastern regions of the United States were genetically divergent from central and western populations. Similarly, DNA sequence data (<i>Cyt</i> b gene), presented herein, suggest elevation to species status that would include 17 currently recognized subspecies of <i>P. maniculatus</i>. This population encompasses the largest geographic area of any clade recovered in this study. Divergence dates suggest <i>P. sonoriensis</i> last shared a common ancestor with the lineage giving rise to <i>P. polionotus</i> approximately 1.40 mya. As discussed earlier, <i>P</i>. <i>sonoriensis</i> appears to be sympatric with samples of <i>P</i>. <i>gambelii</i> in western Nevada (NAS Fallon Air Force Base) and at two separate localities in east-central California (one in Mono County and one in Tuolumne County). Further, <i>P</i>. <i>sonoriensis</i> appears to be sympatric with samples of <i>P</i>. <i>labecula</i> in southcentral New Mexico (6.2 mi NW of Timberon). Additional data are need from these areas to determine if these genetic species (see Bradley and Baker 2001; Baker and Bradley 2006) are behaving as biological species (Mayr 1942) as well as genetic species.
description: Published as part of <i>Bradley, Robert D., Francis, James Q., Platt II, Roy N., Soniat, Taylor J., Alvarez, Daysi &amp; Lindsey, Laramie L., 2019, Mitochondrial Dna Sequence Data Indicate Evidence For Multiple Species Within Peromyscus Maniculatus, pp. 1-59 in Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University 70</i> on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7221903
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