cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Coherent tunneling and negative differential conductivity in graphene-hBN-graphene heterostructure
Creators: name: Brey, Luis
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We address the tunneling current in a graphene-hBN-graphene heterostructure as function of the twisting between the crystals. The twisting induces a modulation of the hopping amplitude between the graphene layers, that provides the extra momentum necessary to satisfy momentum and energy conservation and to activate coherent tunneling between the graphene electrodes. Conservation rules limit the tunneling to states with wavevectors lying at the conic curves defined by the intersection of two Dirac cones shifted in momentum and energy. There is a critical voltage where the intersection is a straight line, and the joint density of states presents a maximum. This reflects in a peak in the tunneling current and in a negative differential conductivity.
Holonomies for connections with values in L-infinity algebras
Creators: name: Abad, Camilo Arias
name: Schaetz, Florian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Algebraic Topology (math.AT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Given a flat connection on a manifold with values in a filtered L-infinity-algebra, we construct a morphism of coalgebras that generalizes the holonomies of flat connections with values in Lie algebras. The construction is based on Gugenheim's A-infinity version of de Rham's theorem, which in turn is based on Chen's iterated integrals. Finally, we discuss examples related to the geometry of configuration spaces of points in Euclidean space, and to generalizations of the holonomy representations of braid groups.
description: Two missing diagrams added. Comments still welcome!
A Mass Transportation Model for the Optimal Planning of an Urban Region
Creators: name: Buttazzo, Giuseppe
name: Santambrogio, Filippo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 49J45, 49K99, 90B06

description: We propose a model to describe the optimal distributions of residents and services in a prescribed urban area. The cost functional takes into account the transportation costs (according to a Monge--Kantorovich-type criterion) and two additional terms which penalize concentration of residents and dispersion of services. The tools we use are the Monge--Kantorovich mass transportation theory and the theory of nonconvex functionals defined on measures.
description: 14 pages, 3 figures, the final publication is available at http://epubs.siam.org/journal/siread
Optical investigation of methanol fueled active pre-chamber applications for internal combustion engines
Creators: name: Fleischmann, Maximilian
name: Burkardt, Patrick
name: Wegmann, Tim
name: Knöll, Julian
name: Augustin, Peter Wilhelm
name: Lehrheuer, Bastian
name: Kneer, Reinhold
name: Schröder, Wolfgang
name: Pischinger, Stefan
Publisher: name: RWTH Aachen University
Year: 2022

description: 10th International Conference on "Fuel Science - From Production to Propulsion", Aachen, Germany, 10 May 2022 - 12 May 2022
ГРАЖДАНСКО -ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ДОГОВОРА ОБ ОКАЗАНИИ ТУРИСТИЧЕСКИХ УСЛУГ
Creators: name: Екатерина Олеговна АНАНЬЕВА
name: Павел Валентинович ИВЛИЕВ
Publisher: name: Закон и право
Year: 2020
Subjects: ГРАЖДАНСКОЕ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВО
ОКАЗАНИЕ УСЛУГ
ТУРОПЕРАТОР
ТУРАГЕНТ
ДОГОВОР
ЗАЩИТА ПРАВ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЕЙ
CIVIL LEGISLATION
SERVICE PROVISION
TOUR OPERATOR
TRAVEL AGENT
CONTRACT
CONSUMER PROTECTION

description: В статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с заключением договора об оказании платных туристических услуг. Анализируются нормы гражданского законодательства и отдельных нормативных правовых актов с учетом проблем ответственности за причинение вреда при ненадлежащем оказании таких услуг. Рассматривается характер и выделяются основы договора об оказании туристам услуг.
ศึกษาวิเคราะห์การเจริญพระพุทธมนต์สิบสองตำนานในสังคมไทย
Creators: name: เจ้าอธิการอุดมศักดิ์ อุตตมสกฺโก
Publisher: name: มหาวิทยาลัยมหาจุฬาลงกรณราชวิทยาลัย วิทยาเขตนครสวรรค์
Year: 2023
Subjects: การเจริญ (สวด)
พระพุทธมนต์
สิบสองตำนาน

description: The Journal of Research and Academics, 6, 6, 15-28
ПРОБЛЕМ Ы ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ В СЕТИ ИНТЕРНЕТ
Creators: name: Александр Иванович КОНОВАЛОВ
name: Лейла Артуровна КИНЕТОВА
Publisher: name: Закон и право
Year: 2020
Subjects: ИНВЕСТИЦИИ
ИНВЕСТИЦИИ В СЕТИ ИНТЕРНЕТ
ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ
INVESTMENT
INVESTMENT IN THE INTERNET
LEGAL REGULATION OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY

description: В рамках данной статьи авторы на основе анализа норм действующего законодательства и мнений ученых анализируют отдельные проблемы осуществления правового регулирования в сети Интернет. По результатам проведенного исследования авторы приходят к выводу о необходимости корректировки норм действующего законодательства, регламентирующих данных процесс в Российской Федерации.
Two-dimensional Lorentz invariance of spherically symmetric black holes
Creators: name: Hui, Lam
name: Nicolis, Alberto
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show that a static spherically symmetric black hole, in a generic theory of gravity with generic matter fields, has a two-dimensional Lorentz symmetry.
description: To appear in Phys. Rev. D
Targeted Sub-threshold Search for Strongly-lensed Gravitational-wave Events
Creators: name: Li, Alvin K. Y.
name: Lo, Rico K. L.
name: Sachdev, Surabhi
name: Chan, C. L.
name: Lin, E. T.
name: Li, Tjonnie G. F.
name: Weinstein, Alan J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Strong gravitational lensing of gravitational waves can produce duplicate signals separated in time with different amplitudes. We consider the case in which strong lensing produces superthreshold gravitational-wave events and weaker subthreshold signals buried in the noise background. We present the GstLAL-based TargetEd Subthreshold Lensing seArch search method for the subthreshold signals using reduced template banks targeting specific confirmed gravitational-wave events. We perform a simulation campaign to assess the performance of the proposed search method. We show that it can effectively uprank potential subthreshold lensed counterparts to the target gravitational-wave event. We also compare its performance to other alternative solutions to the posed problem and demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms the other solutions. The method described in this paper has already been deployed in the recent LVK Collaboration-wide search for lensing signatures of gravitational waves in the first half of LIGO/Virgo third observing run O3a [R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific, Virgo Collaborations), Astrophys. J. 923, 14 (2021).].
description: Accepted and published in Phys. Rev. D, Vol 107, Iss 12, 15 June 2023
Measurement setup for the investigation of the influence of dissolved gas on injection phenomena
Creators: name: Hofmeister, Marius
name: Rambaks, Andris
name: Schmitz, Katharina
name: Grunewald, Mathias Michael Engelbert
name: Reddemann, Manuel Armin
name: Kneer, Reinhold
Publisher: name: RWTH Aachen University
Year: 2022
Subjects: Bunsen coefficient
bio-hybrid fuels
cavitation
gas solubility
nozzle flow

description: 10th International Conference on "Fuel Science : From Production to Propulsion", Aachen, Germany, 10 May 2022 - 12 May 2022
Simulation of heat dissipation in a catalytic microwave mono-mode reactor
Creators: name: Solana Gomez, Rafael
name: Ferreira Motta Barbosa, Luis Felipe
name: Abouserie, Ahed
name: Röhrens, Daniel
name: Reddemann, Manuel Armin
name: Simon, Ulrich
name: Kneer, Reinhold
Publisher: name: RWTH Aachen University
Year: 2022

description: 10th International Conference on "Fuel Science - From Production to Propulsion", Aachen, Germany, 10 May 2022 - 12 May 2022
TS Cache: A Fast Cache with Timing-speculation Mechanism Under Low Supply Voltages
Creators: name: Shen, Shan
name: Shao, Tianxiang
name: Shang, Xiaojing
name: Guo, Yichen
name: Ling, Ming
name: Yang, Jun
name: Shi, Longxing
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Hardware Architecture (cs.AR)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: To mitigate the ever-worsening Power Wall problem, more and more applications need to expand their power supply to the wide-voltage range including the near-threshold region. However, the read delay distribution of the SRAM cells under the near-threshold voltage shows a more serious long-tail characteristic than that under the nominal voltage due to the process fluctuation. Such degradation of SRAM delay makes the SRAM-based cache a performance bottleneck of systems as well. To avoid the unreliable data reading, circuit-level studies use larger/more transistors in a bitcell by scarifying chip area and the static power of cache arrays. Architectural studies propose the auxiliary error correction or block disabling/remapping methods in fault-tolerant caches, which worsen both the hit latency and energy efficiency due to the complex accessing logic. This paper proposes the Timing-Speculation (TS) cache to boost the cache frequency and improve energy efficiency under low supply voltages. In the TS cache, the voltage differences of bitlines are continuously evaluated twice by a sense amplifier (SA), and the access timing error can be detected much earlier than that in prior methods. According to the measurement results from the fabricated chips, the TS L1 cache aggressively increases its frequency to 1.62X and 1.92X compared with the conventional scheme at 0.5V and 0.6V supply voltages, respectively.
description: The final version in Transaction on VLSI
Particle production from the Color Glass Condensate: proton-nucleus collisions in light of the HERA data
Creators: name: Lappi, T.
name: Mäntysaari, H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We compute single inclusive hadron production in proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions consistently within the CGC framework. The parameters in the calculations are obtained from electron-proton DIS and standard nuclear geometry. We obtain a good description of the DIS data without an anomalous dimension in the initial condition of the BK evolution and get a good agreement with the available single inclusive proton-proton and proton-nucleus data.
description: 4 pages, 4 figures, talk given at the 6th International Conference on Hard and Electromagnetic Probes of High-Energy Nuclear Collisions (Hard Probes 2013), November 4-8, 2013 (Cape Town, South Africa)
Syntactic Interpolation for Tense Logics and Bi-Intuitionistic Logic via Nested Sequents
Creators: name: Lyon, Tim
name: Tiu, Alwen
name: Goré, Rajeev
name: Clouston, Ranald
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Logic in Computer Science (cs.LO)
subject: Logic (math.LO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We provide a direct method for proving Craig interpolation for a range of modal and intuitionistic logics, including those containing a "converse" modality. We demonstrate this method for classical tense logic, its extensions with path axioms, and for bi-intuitionistic logic. These logics do not have straightforward formalisations in the traditional Gentzen-style sequent calculus, but have all been shown to have cut-free nested sequent calculi. The proof of the interpolation theorem uses these calculi and is purely syntactic, without resorting to embeddings, semantic arguments, or interpreted connectives external to the underlying logical language. A novel feature of our proof includes an orthogonality condition for defining duality between interpolants.
description: Appended version of the paper "Syntactic Interpolation for Tense Logics and Bi-Intuitionistic Logic via Nested Sequents", accepted to the 28th International Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2020)
Volterra Neural Networks (VNNs)
Creators: name: Roheda, Siddharth
name: Krim, Hamid
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: The importance of inference in Machine Learning (ML) has led to an explosive number of different proposals in ML, and particularly in Deep Learning. In an attempt to reduce the complexity of Convolutional Neural Networks, we propose a Volterra filter-inspired Network architecture. This architecture introduces controlled non-linearities in the form of interactions between the delayed input samples of data. We propose a cascaded implementation of Volterra Filtering so as to significantly reduce the number of parameters required to carry out the same classification task as that of a conventional Neural Network. We demonstrate an efficient parallel implementation of this Volterra Neural Network (VNN), along with its remarkable performance while retaining a relatively simpler and potentially more tractable structure. Furthermore, we show a rather sophisticated adaptation of this network to nonlinearly fuse the RGB (spatial) information and the Optical Flow (temporal) information of a video sequence for action recognition. The proposed approach is evaluated on UCF-101 and HMDB-51 datasets for action recognition, and is shown to outperform state of the art CNN approaches.
description: Conference Version published in AAAI 2020. Journal version under review at JMLR
Phase Steps and Hot Resonator Detuning in Microresonator Frequency Combs
Creators: name: Del'Haye, Pascal
name: Coillet, Aurelien
name: Loh, William
name: Beha, Katja
name: Papp, Scott B.
name: Diddams, Scott A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Experiments and theoretical modeling yielded significant progress towards understanding of Kerr-effect induced optical frequency comb generation in microresonators. However, the simultaneous interaction of hundreds or thousands of optical comb frequencies with the same number of resonator modes leads to complicated nonlinear dynamics that are far from fully understood. An important prerequisite for modeling the comb formation process is the knowledge of phase and amplitude of the comb modes as well as the detuning from their respective microresonator modes. Here, we present comprehensive measurements that fully characterize optical microcomb states. We introduce a way of measuring resonator dispersion and detuning of comb modes in a hot resonator while generating an optical frequency comb. The presented phase measurements show unpredicted comb states with discrete π and π/2 steps in the comb phases that are not observed in conventional optical frequency combs.
description: 18 pages, 8 figures
Investigation of Ultrathin Layers of Bis(phthalocyaninato)lutetium(III) on Graphite
Creators: name: Smykalla, Lars
name: Shukrynau, Pavel
name: Hietschold, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a comprehensive study of the adsorption of bis(phthalocyaninato)lutetium(III) (LuPc$_2$) on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite(0001) (HOPG). The growth and self-assembly of the molecular layers as well as the electronic structure has been investigated systematically using scanning tunnelling microscopy and scanning tunnelling spectroscopy combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular mechanics simulations. We reveal that the adsorption of LuPc$_2$ leads to the formation of a square-like close-packed structure on the almost inert surface of HOPG, which is corroborated by simulations. Moreover, we observed a parallel orientation of the LuPc$_2$ molecules in the first monolayer, whereas in subsequent layers an increasing tilt out of the surface plane was found. Tip-sample distance-dependent tunnelling spectroscopy measurements allowed us to detect a shift in the energy positions of the peaks assigned to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital toward the Fermi energy with decreasing tip-sample separation.
Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation of dairy calves fed starter diets with alfalfa hay versus corn silage as forage and soybean oil versus palm fatty acids as fat source
Creators: name: Panahiha, Pedram
name: Mirzaei-Alamouti, Hamidreza
name: Kazemi-Bonchenari, Mehdi
name: Aschenbach, Jörg R.
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: calf growth
subject: starter diet
subject: ruminal fermentation
subject: 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::630 Landwirtschaft::630 Landwirtschaft und verwandte Bereiche

description: The present study was intended to evaluate the effect of forage source (alfalfa hay; ALF vs. corn silage; CS) along with a supplemental fat source (soybean oil; SO vs. rumen-inert palm fatty acids; PF) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in dairy calves. Forty-eight new-born Holstein female calves (3 d old) were assigned to one of 4 treatments: (1) alfalfa hay with soybean oil (ALF–SO); (2) alfalfa hay with palm fatty acids (ALF–PF); (3) corn silage with soybean oil (CS–SO); (4) corn silage with palm fatty acids (CS–PF). Starter diets had equal amounts of forage (100 g/kg dry matter; DM) and fat source (30 g/kg DM). Calves were fed a constant amount of milk (d 1 to 63) and had ad libitum access to water and starters (d 1 to 83). The lowest and greatest starter intakes during the preweaning period occurred in ALF–SO and CS–PF, respectively. This coincided with forage × fat source interaction for average daily gain (ADG) during preweaning. The forage source affected total DM intake and ADG over the entire period, body weight (BW) at weaning, and final BW with greater values in calves that received CS compared with ALF. The concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids and butyrate were increased, whereas concentration of acetate and acetate:propionate ratio were decreased in the rumen of calves fed CS compared with ALF. Feeding CS increased urinary excretion of allantoin and, as a trend, total purine derivatives (PD) and estimated microbial protein synthesis in comparison with ALF. The fat source affected starter intake, ADG, and BW postweaning with the highest values in PF. The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, crude protein and, as a trend, organic matter were higher in calves fed PF compared with SO. Calves fed PF had lower ruminal ammonia-N concentration and urinary N excretion and greater urinary excretion of allantoin and total PD. Calves receiving SO had a lower ruminal protozoa population. In conclusion, supplementing starter diets with CS and PF is superior to ALF and SO. Interaction of the positive effects of CS and PF on performance underlines that concurrent supplementation of CS with PF is especially recommendable in young calves before weaning.
On the Mathematical Theory of Ensemble (Linear-Gaussian) Kalman-Bucy Filtering
Creators: name: Bishop, Adrian N.
name: Del Moral, Pierre
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: The purpose of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the theory of ensemble Kalman-Bucy filtering for continuous-time, linear-Gaussian signal and observation models. We present a system of equations that describe the flow of individual particles and the flow of the sample covariance and the sample mean in continuous-time ensemble filtering. We consider these equations and their characteristics in a number of popular ensemble Kalman filtering variants. Given these equations, we study their asymptotic convergence to the optimal Bayesian filter. We also study in detail some non-asymptotic time-uniform fluctuation, stability, and contraction results on the sample covariance and sample mean (or sample error track). We focus on testable signal/observation model conditions, and we accommodate fully unstable (latent) signal models. We discuss the relevance and importance of these results in characterising the filter's behaviour, e.g. it's signal tracking performance, and we contrast these results with those in classical studies of stability in Kalman-Bucy filtering.We also provide a novel (and negative) result proving that the bootstrap particle filter cannot track even the most basic unstable latent signal, in contrast with the ensemble Kalman filter (and the optimal filter). We provide intuition for how the main results extend to nonlinear signal models and comment on their consequence on some typical filter behaviours seen in practice, e.g. catastrophic divergence.
К ВОПРОСУ О СРОКАХ РЕГИСТРАЦИИ В СУДОВЫХ РЕГИСТРАХ (РЕЕСТРАХ). О ПОВЫШЕНИИ РЕГИСТРАЦИОННОЙ ПРИВЛЕКАТЕЛЬНОСТИ РОССИЙСКИХ СУДОВЫХ РЕЕСТРОВ
Creators: name: Кирилл Андреевич МАСЛОВ
Publisher: name: Закон и право
Year: 2020
Subjects: РЕГИСТРАЦИЯ СУДОВ
РЕГИСТР
АДМИНИСТРАТИВНАЯ ПРОЦЕДУРА
СНИЖЕНИЕ СРОКОВ РЕГИСТРАЦИИ
МОРСКОЙ РЕЕСТР
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАТРАТЫ
СУДОВЛАДЕЛЬЦЫ
SHIP REGISTRATION
REGISTER
ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE
REDUCTION OF REGISTRATION TERMS
MARITIME REGISTER
ECONOMIC COSTS
SHIPOWNERS

description: Вновь принятые правила регистрации морских судов установили значительно более длительный, по сравнению с ранее существовавшими тремя днями, двадцатидневный срок совершения регистрационных действий. Опираясь на собственную адвокатскую практику регистрации судов, автор обращается к иностранному опыту регулирования сделок с морскими судами, а также раскрывает существенное значение срока совершения регистрационных действий для судовладельцев, чьей первостепенной задачей является обеспечение непрерывной эксплуатации судов в обеспечение расходов на содержание и должного интереса. Не умаляя значения института государственной регистрации судов как важнейшего инструмента укрепления прав судовладельцев, публичного признания сделок с судами, автор задается целью установить дифференцированный подход к срокам совершения регистрационных действий, обеспечивающий как конкурентоспособность российского флага на международной арене, интересы участников морского бизнеса, так и возможности проведения регистратором должной экспертизы документов, представляемых для государственной регистрации. Такие подходы могли бы быть использованы при совершенствовании российского законодательства в сфере регистрации сделок с судами торгового флота.
We Should at Least Be Able to Design Molecules That Dock Well
Creators: name: Cieplinski, Tobiasz
name: Danel, Tomasz
name: Podlewska, Sabina
name: Jastrzebski, Stanislaw
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biomolecules (q-bio.BM)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Designing compounds with desired properties is a key element of the drug discovery process. However, measuring progress in the field has been challenging due to the lack of realistic retrospective benchmarks, and the large cost of prospective validation. To close this gap, we propose a benchmark based on docking, a popular computational method for assessing molecule binding to a protein. Concretely, the goal is to generate drug-like molecules that are scored highly by SMINA, a popular docking software. We observe that popular graph-based generative models fail to generate molecules with a high docking score when trained using a realistically sized training set. This suggests a limitation of the current incarnation of models for de novo drug design. Finally, we propose a simplified version of the benchmark based on a simpler scoring function, and show that the tested models are able to partially solve it. We release the benchmark as an easy to use package available at https://github.com/cieplinski-tobiasz/smina-docking-benchmark. We hope that our benchmark will serve as a stepping stone towards the goal of automatically generating promising drug candidates.
description: Published in Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
Breakdown of smooth solutions to the Müller-Israel-Stewart equations of relativistic viscous fluids
Creators: name: Disconzi, Marcelo M.
name: Hoang, Vu
name: Radosz, Maria
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 35Q75, 35Q35, 35L67

description: We consider equations of Müller-Israel-Stewart type describing a relativistic viscous fluid with bulk viscosity in four-dimensional Minkowski space. We show that there exists a class of smooth initial data that are localized perturbations of constant states for which the corresponding unique solutions to the Cauchy problem break down in finite time. Specifically, we prove that in finite time such solutions develop a singularity or become unphysical in a sense that we make precise. We also show that in general Riemann invariants do not exist in 1+1 dimensions for physically relevant equations of state and viscosity coefficients. Finally, we present a more general version of a result by Y. Guo and A.S. Tahvildar-Zadeh: we prove large-data singularity formation results for perfect fluids under very general assumptions on the equation of state, allowing any value for the fluid sound speed strictly less than the speed of light.
A one-dimensional action for simplicial gravity in three dimensions
Creators: name: Wieland, Wolfgang M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This article presents a derivation of the Ponzano--Regge model from a one-dimensional spinor action. The construction starts from the first-order Palatini formalism in three dimensions. We then introduce a simplicial decomposition of the three-dimensional manifold and study the discretised action in the spinorial representation of loop gravity. A one-dimensional refinement limit along the edges of the discretisation brings us back to a continuum formulation. The three-dimensional action turns into a line integral over the one-skeleton of the simplicial manifold. All fields are continuous but have support only along the one-dimensional edges. We define the path integral, and remove the redundant integrals over the local gauge orbits through the usual Faddeev--Popov procedure. The resulting state sum model reproduces the Ponzano--Regge amplitudes.
description: 19 pages, two figures
Sustained safety and efficacy of ligelizumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: A one‐year extension study
Creators: name: Maurer, Marcus
name: Giménez‐Arnau, Ana
name: Bernstein, Jonathan A.
name: Chu, Chia‐Yu
name: Danilycheva, Inna
name: Hide, Michihiro
name: Makris, Michael
name: Metz, Martin
name: Savic, Sinisa
name: Sitz, Karl
name: Soong, Weily
name: Staubach, Petra
name: Sussman, Gordon
name: Barve, Avantika
name: Burciu, Alis
name: Hua, Eva
name: Janocha, Reinhold
name: Severin, Thomas
Publisher: name: Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: chronic spontaneous urticaria
subject: IgE
subject: ligelizumab
subject: omalizumab
subject: urticaria
subject: 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::610 Medizin und Gesundheit::610 Medizin und Gesundheit

description: Background: Ligelizumab, a next-generation, humanized anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) monoclonal antibody is in development as a treatment for patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria, whose symptoms are inadequately controlled with standard-of-care therapy. Objective: To evaluate the long-term safety and re-treatment efficacy of ligelizumab 240 mg in patients who completed the core study and extension study. Methods: This open-label, single-arm, long-term Phase 2b extension study was designed to assess patients who were previously administered various doses of ligelizumab, omalizumab or placebo in the Phase 2b, dose-finding core study and who presented with active disease after Week 32. In the extension study, patients received ligelizumab 240 mg subcutaneously every 4 weeks, for 52 weeks and were monitored post-treatment for 48 weeks. Results: Overall, ligelizumab was well-tolerated with no newly identified safety signals. A total of 95.4% (226/237) screened patients received ligelizumab 240 mg in the extension study; 84.1% (190/226) of patients experienced at least one treatment-emergent adverse event. Most reported events were mild (41.6%) or moderate (35.8%) and mostly unrelated to the study treatment. At Week 12, 46.5% of patients had a complete response increasing to 53.1% after 52 weeks. Following 52 weeks of extension study treatment, 75.8% (95% confidence interval, 69.9, 81.3) of patients had cumulative complete responses. The median time to relapse in complete responders was 38 weeks. Conclusion: The long-term safety profile of ligelizumab 240 mg in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria was consistent with the core study and re-treatment efficacy was shown. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02477332 and NCT02649218.
КРАСНАЯ ЛИНИЯ. ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ВОЗМОЖНЫЕ ПУТИ РЕШЕНИЯ
Creators: name: Лилия Мударисовна АЛТЫНБАЕВА
Publisher: name: Закон и право
Year: 2020
Subjects: ЗЕМЕЛЬНЫЙ УЧАСТОК
СОБСТВЕННИК
КРАСНАЯ ЛИНИЯ
СЕРВИТУТ
LAND PLOT
OWNER
RED LINE
EASEMENT

description: Статья посвящена проблемам, возникающим у собственников земельных участков в процессе владения, пользования и распоряжения, в связи с установлением красных линий на их участках.
О ПРОФИЛАКТИКЕ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ В СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ВЬЕТНАМ
Creators: name: НГУЕН Нгок Шон
Publisher: name: Закон и право
Year: 2020
Subjects: ПРОФИЛАКТИКА
ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЕ
УГОЛОВНОЕ ДЕЛО
СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА ВЬЕТНАМ
PREVENTION
CRIME
CRIMINAL CASE
SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

description: В Социалистической Республике Вьетнам степень преступности будет по-прежнему усиливаться в связи с изменениями ситуации в области безопасности в стране и в мире, а также последствиями процесса социально-экономического развития. В статье автор рассматривает результаты деятельности по борьбе с преступлениями Народной полиции Социалистической Республики Вьетнам и некоторые меры по их профилактике в будущем.
О ПРЕДОТВРАЩЕНИИ ПЫТОК ПРИ ПРОВЕДЕНИИ ДОПРОСА ОБВИНЯЕМЫХ СОГЛАСНО УГОЛОВНО-ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНОМУ КОДЕКСУ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ. В КАЧЕСТВА ОПЫТА ДЛЯ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКОЙ ВЬЕТНАМ В ПРОЦЕССЕ СОЗДАНИЯ И ДОПОЛНЕНИЯ УГОЛОВНО-ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНОГО КОДЕКСА СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ВЬЕТНАМ
Creators: name: НГУЕН Тхань Фук
name: ЧИНЬ Зуй Тхуен
Publisher: name: Закон и право
Year: 2020
Subjects: КОНВЕНЦИЯ ПРОТИВ ПЫТОК И ДРУГИХ ЖЕСТОКИХ
БЕСЧЕЛОВЕЧНЫХ ИЛИ УНИЖАЮЩИХ ДОСТОИНСТВО ВИДОВ ОБРАЩЕНИЯ И НАКАЗАНИЯ
ПЫТКА
ОБВИНЯЕМЫЙ
ПРЕДОТВРАЩЕНИЕ
CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL
INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT AND PUNISHMENT
TORTURE
ACCUSED
PREVENTION

description: В статье рассматриваются положения о предотвращении пыток в ходе допроса обвиняемых в соответствии с уголовно-процессуальном законодательством Российской Федерации с целью изучения данного опыта для использования Социалистической Республикой Вьетнам в процессе создания и дополнения Уголовно-процессуального кодекса Социалистической Республики Вьетнам.
УГОЛОВНО-ПРАВОВАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ, СВЯЗАННЫХ С УМЫШЛЕННЫМ ПРИЧИНЕНИЕМ ВРЕДА ЗДОРОВЬЮ, В ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВЕ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ВЬЕТНАМ
Creators: name: ФАМ Конг Зы
name: БУЙ Чан Кынг
Publisher: name: Закон и право
Year: 2020
Subjects: ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЕ
ПРИЧИНЕНИЕ ВРЕДА ЗДОРОВЬЮ
УГОЛОВНО-ПРАВОВАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ
СВЯЗАННЫХ С УМЫШЛЕННЫМ ПРИЧИНЕНИЕМ ВРЕДА ЗДОРОВЬЮ
CRIME
HARM TO HEALTH
CRIMINAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CRIMES RELATED TO INTENTIONAL HARM TO HEALTH

description: В статье авторы проанализировали уголовно-правовую характеристику преступлений, связанных с умышленным причинением вреда здоровью, по законодательству Вьетнама.
ПРОБЛЕМЫ ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИЯ КОРРУПЦИИ В УГОЛОВНОИСПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЕ
Creators: name: Сергей Дмитриевич ГРИНЬКО
Publisher: name: Закон и право
Year: 2020
Subjects: КОРРУПЦИЯ
ПРИЧИНЫ
ФАКТОРЫ
ТЕНДЕНЦИИ
ПРОФИЛАКТИКА
ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИЕ
CORRUPTION
CAUSES
FACTORS
TRENDS
PREVENTION
COUNTERACTION

description: В статье рассматриваются причины и факторы, способствующие распространению коррупционной преступности в уголовно-исполнительной системе, и ее тенденции. Анализируются проблемы противодействия коррупции, связанные с «закрытостью» ФСИН России для контроля другими ведомствами, предлагаются меры противодействия коррупции в уголовно-исполнительной системе.
ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ ПРЕСТУПНОСТИ. РАЗГРАНИЧЕНИЕ ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ
Creators: name: Дмитрий Алексеевич ГРИШИН
Publisher: name: Закон и право
Year: 2020
Subjects: ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ ПРЕСТУПНОСТИ
ПРОФИЛАКТИКА ПРЕСТУПНОСТИ
ПРЕДОТВРАЩЕНИЕ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ
ПРЕСЕЧЕНИЕ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ
ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИЕ ПРЕСТУПНОСТИ
CRIME PREVENTION
PREVENTION OF CRIME
SUPPRESSION OF CRIME
COMBATING CRIME

description: На основании анализа понятий предупреждения, профилактики, предотвращения, пресечения, противодействия преступности автор делает вывод об отсутствии единого подхода к их пониманию. Автор считает обоснованным рассмотрение предупреждения как категории, объединяющей профилактику, предупреждение и пресечение (противодействие), которые представляют собой уровни предупредительной деятельности.
ПРОФИЛАКТИКА КРИМИНАЛЬНОЙ СУБКУЛЬТУРЫ НЕСОВЕРШЕННОЛЕТНИХ
Creators: name: Светлана Владимировна КУЛАКОВА
Publisher: name: Закон и право
Year: 2020
Subjects: НЕСОВЕРШЕННОЛЕТНИЙ
КРИМИНАЛЬНАЯ СУБКУЛЬТУРА
РЕИНТЕГРАТИВНАЯ МОДЕЛЬ
УГОЛОВНО-ИСПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА
ПРОФИЛАКТИКА
JUVENILE
CRIMINAL SUBCULTURE
INTEGRATIVE TEENAGERS
PENAL SYSTEM
PREVENTION

description: В статье проанализированы аспекты, детерминирующие распространение криминальной субкультуры среди несовершеннолетних. Описана реинтегративная модель ресоциализации несовершеннолетних осужденных, определены пути превенции данного явления среди несовершеннолетних.
СОСТОЯНИЕ НЕЗАКОННОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА НАРКОТИЧЕСКИХ СРЕДСТВ ВО ВЬЕТНАМЕ. УСЛОВИЯ И ПРИЧИНЫ, СПОСОБСТВУЮЩИЕ СОВЕРШЕНИЮ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ
Creators: name: ДО Гуй Бинь
Publisher: name: Закон и право
Year: 2020
Subjects: ПРОИЗВОДСТВО НАРКОТИЧЕСКИХ СРЕДСТВ
НАРКОТИЧЕСКОЕ СРЕДСТВО
ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЕ
ВЬЕТНАМ
DRUG PRODUCTION
NARCOTIC DRUG
CRIME
VIETNAM

description: В статье рассматривается состояние незаконного производства наркотических средств во Вьетнаме; устанавливаются условия и причины, способствующие совершению преступления.
Agrypnus lutosus
Creators: name: Kotru, Akash
name: Chandran, Nithya
name: Dubey, Anil Kumar
name: Prosvirov, Alexander S.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Elateridae
Agrypnus
Agrypnus lutosus

description: Agrypnus lutosus (Candèze, 1857)
Lacon lutosus Candéze, 1857: 119.
Adelocera lutosus (Candéze) Fleutiaux, 1926: 96.
Agrypnus lutosus (Fleutiaux) Hayek, 1973: 179.
Type depository. Type had lost (Hayek, 1973).
Type locality. “Des Indes orientales”.
Distribution. India: Exact distribution not known. Elsewhere: Nepal.
Literature. Candéze (1857: 119): original description; Fleutiaux (1926: 96): combination; Hayek (1973: 179): combination.
description: Published as part of Kotru, Akash, Chandran, Nithya, Dubey, Anil Kumar & Prosvirov, Alexander S., 2025, A catalogue of Indian Agrypninae Candèze, 1857 (Coleoptera: Elateridae), pp. 1-66 in Zootaxa 5614 (1) on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5614.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/15217075
Niclaus Hüsler der Papirer und Burger zů Basell und Christina Pantaleonen. Sein Gemahel
Creators: name: Vischer, Hieronymus
Publisher: name: [s.n.]
Year: 1591
Subjects: Papierherstellung
Wappen
Heusler, Niklaus1549-1616
Pantaleon, Christina1548-1613

description: Das Stifterpaar oberhalb der zugehörigen Wappen. Im Oberbild werden Tätigkeiten der Papierherstellung dargestellt. Sie sind links der Männerseite und rechts der Frauenseite zugeordnet
description: Scheibenriss für die Allianzwappen von Niklaus Heusler (1549-1616?) und seiner Ehefrau Christina Pantaleon. Niklaus Heusler war in dritter Generation Eigentümer der Basler Papiermühle im St. Albantal
description: Katrin Graf: Das Papiermacherehepaar Niklaus Heusler und Christina Pantaleon im St. Alban-Tal, in: sph Kontakte Schweizerischer Papierhistoriker Nr, 108 (2020), Seiten 6ff
description: Jochen Hesse: Hieronymus Vischer (1564-1630), in: Jochen Hesse et al.: Ins Licht gezeichnet, Petersberg 2022, Seiten 192f
Orbital and epicyclic frequencies around rapidly rotating compact stars in scalar-tensor theories of gravity
Creators: name: Doneva, Daniela D.
name: Yazadjiev, Stoytcho S.
name: Stergioulas, Nikolaos
name: Kokkotas, Kostas D.
name: Athanasiadis, Tilemachos M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the orbital and epicyclic frequencies of particles orbiting around rapidly rotating neutron stars and strange stars in a particular scalar-tensor theory of gravity. We find very large deviations of these frequencies, when compared to their corresponding values in general relativity, for the maximum-mass rotating models. In contrast, for models rotating with spin frequency of 700Hz (approximately the largest known rotation rate of neutron stars), the deviations are generally small. Nevertheless, for a very stiff equation of state and a high mass the deviation of one of the epicyclic frequencies from its GR value is appreciable even at a spin frequency of 700Hz. In principle, such a deviation could become important in models of quasi-periodic oscillations in low-mass x-ray binaries and could serve as a test of strong gravity (if other parameters are well constraint). Even though the present paper is concentrated mainly on orbital and epicyclic frequencies, we present here for the first time rapidly rotating, scalarized equilibrium compact stars with realistic hadronic equations of state and strange matter equation of state. We also provide analytical expressions for the exterior spacetime of scalarized neutron stars and their epicyclic frequencies in the nonrotating limit.
description: 13 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables
On the minimal accuracy required for simulating self-gravitating systems by means of direct N-body methods
Creators: name: Zwart, Simon Portegies
name: Boekholt, Tjarda
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: Computational Complexity (cs.CC)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The conservation of energy, linear momentum and angular momentum are important drivers for our physical understanding of the evolution of the Universe. These quantities are also conserved in Newton's laws of motion under gravity \citep{Newton:1687}. Numerical integration of the associated equations of motion is extremely challenging, in particular due to the steady growth of numerical errors (by round-off and discrete time-stepping, \cite{1981PAZh....7..752B,1993ApJ...415..715G,1993ApJ...402L..85H,1994LNP...430..131M}) and the exponential divergence \citep{1964ApJ...140..250M,2009MNRAS.392.1051U} between two nearby solution. As a result, numerical solutions to the general N-body problem are intrinsically questionable \citep{2003gmbp.book.....H,1994JAM....61..226L}. Using brute force integrations to arbitrary numerical precision we demonstrate empirically that ensembles of different realizations of resonant 3-body interactions produce statistically indistinguishable results. Although individual solutions using common integration methods are notoriously unreliable, we conjecture that an ensemble of approximate 3-body solutions accurately represents an ensemble of true solutions, so long as the energy during integration is conserved to better than 1/10. We therefore provide an independent confirmation that previous work on self-gravitating systems can actually be trusted, irrespective of the intrinsic chaotic nature of the N-body problem.
description: ApJ Letters (accepted for publication)
Возвращаясь к некоторым вопросам теории детского фольклора
Creators: name: Лойтер Софья Михайловна
Publisher: name: Славянская традиционная культура и современный мир
Year: 2020
Subjects: детский фольклор; поэзия пестования; школьный фольклор; теория детского фольклора

description: В статье рассматриваются объем, содержание и границы понятия «детский фольклор». Автор показывает, что это обширная, многосоставная, специфическая область народного творчества, включающая в себя классический детский фольклор, содержащий поэзию пестования, фольклорные явления, носители которых дети дошкольного и младшего школьного возраста, школьный фольклор в его устных и письменных формах, все речевые образования, вошедшие в детскую традицию. Детский фольклор не может осознаваться вне общей теории фольклора, его специфики, теории жанров, генезиса и мифологии, вариативности, исторической поэтики, но в то же время в детском фольклоре есть свои особенности, такие как отсутствие моножанров и сказителя/исполнителя в общепринятом фольклористикой смысле слова. «Фольклорное знание» в детском фольклоре определяется не особенностями памяти ребенка, а его игровой активностью. В детском фольклоре нет слушателя/реципиента, который становится исполнителем на следующем этапе бытования фольклорного текста. Само произнесение текста совершается не в обстановке исполнитель/слушатель, а в разнообразных формах игровой деятельности детей, повторяющих из поколения в поколение одни и те же игровые формы творчества. Изменившаяся реальность начала 2000-х годов заметно влияет на бытование детского фольклора. В повседневный обиход все интенсивней входит компьютер. Фольклористы констатируют исчезновение на открытом воздухе, во дворах на детских площадках традиционных детских игр. В то же время появились новые, рожденные современными технологиями формы фольклора.
User Experience Design und Implementierung eines webbasierten Medienverwaltungstools
Creators: name: Schick, Franka
Publisher: name: HeBIS THM
Year: 2023

description: Interfaces that not only offer functionality but do so with the experience of the end user in mind have become something that is expected by most. Inside the medium-sized Fabrik19 AG, a web application is needed to upload and manage various clients’ media files for usage in their projects. Two tools already used internally by employees for this purpose are lacking in user-friendliness. To enable customers to manage their media independently, the decision was made to unite their functionality in a single application that focuses on intuitive interface design. Established UX design methods are explored to define requirements and create a concept for the interface. The creation of Personas and a User Journey allows a deeper understanding of the new, extended user base. Wireframes are used to visualize ideas, presented in two possible versions. The process of selection from these versions is achieved through empirical data, collected in the form of a survey. Based on this data, an interactive prototype is created and evaluated through usability testing. Results show that test subjects who are new to the use of the application can, when presented with the prototype, successfully execute a majority of basic tasks. A web-based front end is then implemented, following the prototype. By integrating user experience design into the development process, it is attempted to show how different UX methods can be applied to improve the resulting application.
ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОГО УГОЛОВНОГО ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА В СФЕРЕ ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИЯ КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫМ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯМ
Creators: name: Адель Ильфатович ХАЛИУЛЛИН
Publisher: name: Закон и право
Year: 2020
Subjects: КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ
КИБЕРПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ
ИНФОРМАТИЗАЦИЯ
ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-ТЕЛЕКОММУНИКАЦИОННЫЕ СЕТИ
КРИМИНАЛИЗАЦИЯ
COMPUTER CRIMES
CYBERCRIME
INFORMATIZATION
INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS
CRIMINALIZATION

description: В научной статье проанализированы основные направления развития отечественного уголовного законодательства в сфере противодействия компьютерным преступлениям. Обобщены статистические сведения, последовательность изменений норм Особенной части Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации, что позволило выделить ключевые вопросы противодействия преступлениям в сфере компьютерной информации.
Enantioselective isothiourea catalysis via C(1)-ammonium enolate intermediates : applications and mechanistic studies
Creators: name: McLaughlin, Calum
Publisher: name: University of St Andrews
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: QD505.M3
subject: Organic compounds--Synthesis
subject: Catalysis
subject: Ammonium compounds

description: The absolute stereochemistry of organic compounds can have a profound influence on the conformation, properties, and function of molecules. Therefore, sustainable synthetic methods that enable the catalytic, stereoselective preparation of enantioenriched compounds is a central research goal in chemistry. Catalytically generated C(1)-ammonium enolate intermediates, derived from chiral tertiary amine Lewis base catalysts such as isothioureas, have emerged as synthetically useful intermediates for the enantioselective synthesis of α-functionalised carbonyl compounds at the carboxylic acid oxidation level, motifs that are found in many biologically relevant molecules. Despite the widespread application of C(1)-ammonium enolates in the synthesis of chiral heterocycles, there is typically a requirement for relatively high catalyst loadings, stoichiometric additives and/or auxiliary base for effective reactivity in the formation of acyclic α-functionalised products. In addition, a fundamental mechanistic understanding of these processes, governed by intermolecular catalyst turnover via an aryloxide, remains elusive and compatible electrophiles are limited to alkene and carbonyl derivatives. The research goals of this thesis targeted the development of novel methodologies in isothiourea catalysis via C(1)-ammonium enolates using aryloxide catalyst turnover in reaction with alternative electrophiles, specifically looking to address the previous limitations of sustainability and mechanistic understanding (Scheme I). Herein, we report the base-free enantioselective α-functionalisation of esters via a Michael addition reaction of aryl esters to vinyl bis-sulfones enabled by a multifunctional aryloxide (Chapter 2). Using ¹⁹F{¹H} NMR reaction monitoring, a thorough mechanistic investigation was carried out to interrogate this methodology, enabling a large amount of mechanistic information to be collected, including elucidation of the turnover limiting step (Chapter 3). We also report the regio-, diastereo- and enantioselective dearomatisation of pyridinium salts using isothiourea catalysis via C(1)-ammonium enolate intermediates for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine heterocyclic motifs (Chapter 4). An enantioselective nucleophilic aromatic substitution protocol was also targeted, however, attempts to render both inter- and intramolecular variations of this transformation enantioselective proved challenging (Chapter 5).