cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
The SEC and the Courts’ Cooperative Policing of Related Party Transactions
Creators: name: Min, Geeyoung
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2015

description: A transaction between a corporation and its director or officer (a “related party transaction”) presents conflicts of interest that could harm, or alternatively, could also benefit the corporation. To sort beneficial related party transactions from detrimental ones, the current legal regime relies on both ex ante screening and ex post litigation. Disclosure plays an essential role in both stages. Based on a set of hand-collected data on actual disclosures from Fortune top fifty companies, this Article casts doubt on the effectiveness of the current regulation of related party transactions. The ambiguity of the federal securities regulations leaves too much room for manipulation. An approving committee of each company exercises considerable discretion not only over which proposed transactions to approve, but also over which transactions to disclose to its shareholders and what information to include in the disclosures. In the context of state corporate law, uncertainty exists in fiduciary duty of loyalty litigation regarding when and whether a court should bypass the fairness test and apply the business judgment rule to a related party transaction that satisfies certain safe harbor conditions, such as approval by disinterested directors. This Article proposes a fix by linking the strategic disclosure problem to the question of the applicable standard of review in fiduciary duty of loyalty litigation. To that end, the court should consider a disclosure under federal securities law as a strong signal of fairness of the disclosed transaction and be more willing to apply the business judgment rule rather than the fairness test in state duty of loyalty litigation. Potential benefits of the proposal include creating better incentives to disclose related party transactions, giving litigants more predictable rules, and allowing for richer accumulation of disclosure data over time, thus providing better guidance to companies and market participants in distinguishing between beneficial and harmful related party transactions.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 3
Chevron Deference and the FTC
Creators: name: Zeisler, Royce
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2014

description: The FTC does not promulgate antitrust rules and has never asked a court for Chevron deference in antitrust litigation. This Note addresses these omissions and argues that the FTC should undertake notice-and-comment rulemaking for the express purpose of attaining Chevron deference. More than a pragmatic litigation strategy, this approach will allow the FTC to properly express its expert opinions to generalist courts and, in this way, form an optimal antirust regime. The central step in this argument is to prove that Chevron deference is available to the FTC in its antitrust role. This question, while occasionally raised, has never been fully examined. Does the common law nature of antitrust undermine the FTC’s claim? How does DOJ enforcement change the scope of section 5 delegation? This Note provides the first in-depth assessment of these questions and finds that the statutory text, judicial precedent, legislative history, and normative antitrust goals all confirm the suitability of Chevron deference to formal FTC interpretations. Many thanks to Professor Peter Strauss for his interest and insight, and to Professor Scott Hemphill for his antitrust advice. The author would also like to thank Bettina Liverant, Ni Qian, and Ravi Bhagat for their support, and the staff members and editorial board of the Columbia Business Law Review for their diligence and attention to detail.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 1
On the Existence of a Kazantzis-Kravaris/Luenberger Observer
Creators: name: Andrieu, Vincent
name: Praly, Laurent
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 93B07, 93B30, 93C10

description: We state sufficient conditions for the existence, on a given open set, of the extension, to nonlinear systems, of the Luenberger observer as it has been proposed by Kazantzis and Kravaris. We prove it is sufficient to choose the dimension of the system, giving the observer, less than or equal to 2 + twice the dimension of the state to be observed. We show that it is sufficient to know only an approximation of the solution of a PDE, needed for the implementation. We establish a link with high gain observers. Finally we extend our results to systems satisfying an unboundedness observability property.
title: Debietmeting Lokeren: deelrapport 2. Factual data rapport
Creators: name: Meire, Dieter
name: Claeys, Styn
name: Vereecken, Hans
name: Mostaert, Frank
Publisher: name: Flanders Hydraulics Research
Year: 2021

description: Title : WL Rapporten. Waterbouwkundig Laboratorium: Antwerpen Volume : 19_016_2 Issue : Pagination : VII, 8
Stemming the Tide of Foreclosure
Creators: name: Schaffer, Marissa
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2014

description: More than six years since the housing bubble burst in 2007, over twelve million homes nationwide remain underwater––one out of every five homes with a mortgage. These homeowners are more likely to default on their mortgage payments because the overall principal value of their mortgages is greater than the value of their home. Being underwater limits an individual homeowner’s ability to recover from financial shocks, such as job loss or reduction in income, and at an aggregate level, it threatens another wave of foreclosures. Further, securitization of residential mortgages has inhibited refinancing, even when advantageous to all stakeholders. This Note evaluates a proposal that aims to overcome a collective action problem between borrowers, lenders, mortgage servicers, and government actors by recalibrating the value of underwater mortgages. Using the power of eminent domain, local municipalities would seize underwater mortgages from private-label securitization trusts, compensating the trusts with the true fair market value of the mortgage (which, by definition, would be less than the current home value). The municipalities, in conjunction with a venture capitalist fund, would refinance the mortgage with a government-approved vendor at a value closer to the true market price. This proposal would likely survive a constitutional challenge and should be piloted in communities burdened by trillions of dollars of household debt. The author would like to thank Professor Michael Heller for his guidance and comments. The author would also like to thank Jonathan and Toby Schaffer, Zachary Schaffer, and Daniel Sartori for their unwavering support and patience during this process, and always. Many thanks to the Columbia Business Law Review editorial staff for their dedication in preparing this Note for publication.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 1
Hyperfine structure in the J = 1-0 transitions of DCO+, DNC, and HN13C: astronomical observations and quantum-chemical calculations
Creators: name: van der Tak, Floris
name: Müller, Holger
name: Harding, Michael
name: Gauss, Jürgen
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have observed the rotational ground-state (J = 1-0) transitions of DCO+, HN13C and DNC with the IRAM 30m telescope toward the dark cloud LDN 1512 which has exceptionally narrow lines permitting hyperfine splitting to be resolved in part. The measured splittings of 50-300 kHz are used to derive nuclear quadrupole and spin-rotation parameters for these species. The measurements are supplemented by high-level quantum-chemical calculations using coupled-cluster techniques and large atomic-orbital basis sets. We find eQq = +151.12 (400) kHz and C_I = -1.12 (43) kHz for DCO+, eQq = 272.5 (51) kHz for HN13C, and eQq(D) = 265.9 (83) kHz and eQq(N) = 288.2 (71) kHz for DNC. The numbers for DNC are consistent with previous laboratory data, while our constants for DCO+ are somewhat smaller than previous results based on astronomical data. For both DCO+ and DNC, our results are more accurate than previous determinations. Our results are in good agreement with the corresponding best theoretical estimates. We also derive updated rotational constants for HN13C: B = 43545.6000 (47) MHz and D = 93.7 (20) kHz. The hyperfine splittings of the DCO+, DNC and HN13C J = 1-0 lines range over 0.47-1.28 km/s, which is comparable to typical line widths in pre-stellar cores and to systematic gas motions on ~1000 AU scales in protostellar cores. We present tabular information to allow inclusion of the hyperfine splitting in astronomical data interpretation. The large differences in the 14N quadrupole parameters of DNC and HN13C have been traced to differences in the vibrational corrections caused by significant non-rigidity of these molecules, particularly along the bending coordinate.
description: Accepted by A&A; 11 pages, 3 figures
Towards Equitable Peering: A Proposal for a Fair Peering Fee Between ISPs and Content Providers
Creators: name: Nikkhah, Ali
name: Jordan, Scott
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Networking and Internet Architecture (cs.NI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Disagreements over peering fees have risen to the level of potential government regulation. ISPs assert that content providers should pay them based on the volume of downstream traffic. Transit providers and content providers assert that consumers have already paid ISPs to transmit the content they request and that peering agreements should be settlement-free.
 Our goal is to determine the fair payment between an ISP and an interconnecting network. We consider fair cost sharing between two Tier-1 ISPs, and derive the peering fee that equalizes their net backbone transportation costs. We then consider fair cost sharing between an ISP and a transit provider. We derive the peering fee that equalizes their net backbone transportation costs, and illustrate how it depends on the traffic ratio and the amount of localization of that content. Finally, we consider the fair peering fee between an ISP and a content provider. We derive the peering fee that results in the same net cost to the ISP, and illustrate how the peering fee depends on the number of interconnection points and the amount of localization of that content. We dispense with the ISP argument that it should be paid regardless of the amount of localization of content.
description: Accepted for Publication in IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management
EdgeAISim: A Toolkit for Simulation and Modelling of AI Models in Edge Computing Environments
Creators: name: Nandhakumar, Aadharsh Roshan
name: Baranwal, Ayush
name: Choudhary, Priyanshukumar
name: Golec, Muhammed
name: Gill, Sukhpal Singh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: To meet next-generation IoT application demands, edge computing moves processing power and storage closer to the network edge to minimise latency and bandwidth utilisation. Edge computing is becoming popular as a result of these benefits, but resource management is still challenging. Researchers are utilising AI models to solve the challenge of resource management in edge computing systems. However, existing simulation tools are only concerned with typical resource management policies, not the adoption and implementation of AI models for resource management, especially. Consequently, researchers continue to face significant challenges, making it hard and time-consuming to use AI models when designing novel resource management policies for edge computing with existing simulation tools. To overcome these issues, we propose a lightweight Python-based toolkit called EdgeAISim for the simulation and modelling of AI models for designing resource management policies in edge computing environments. In EdgeAISim, we extended the basic components of the EdgeSimPy framework and developed new AI-based simulation models for task scheduling, energy management, service migration, network flow scheduling, and mobility support for edge computing environments. In EdgeAISim, we have utilised advanced AI models such as Multi-Armed Bandit with Upper Confidence Bound, Deep Q-Networks, Deep Q-Networks with Graphical Neural Network, and ActorCritic Network to optimize power usage while efficiently managing task migration within the edge computing environment. The performance of these proposed models of EdgeAISim is compared with the baseline, which uses a worst-fit algorithm-based resource management policy in different settings. Experimental results indicate that EdgeAISim exhibits a substantial reduction in power consumption, highlighting the compelling success of power optimization strategies in EdgeAISim.
description: The Preprint version is submitted to Elsevier
Kernel Functions for Difference Operators of Ruijsenaars Type and Their Applications
Creators: name: Komori, Yasushi
name: Noumi, Masatoshi
name: Shiraishi, Jun'ichi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Quantum Algebra (math.QA)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 81R12; 33D67

description: A unified approach is given to kernel functions which intertwine Ruijsenaars difference operators of type A and of type BC. As an application of the trigonometric cases, new explicit formulas for Koornwinder polynomials attached to single columns and single rows are derived.
description: 40 pages. Three sections are added in Appendix, as well as several comments and references
Mapping of Spin-Wave Transport in Thulium Iron Garnet Thin Films Using Diamond Quantum Microscopy
Creators: name: Timalsina, Rupak
name: Wang, Haohan
name: Giri, Bharat
name: Erickson, Adam
name: Xu, Xiaoshan
name: Laraoui, Abdelghani
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Spin waves, collective dynamic magnetic excitations, offer crucial insights into magnetic material properties. Rare-earth iron garnets offer an ideal spin-wave (SW) platform with long propagation length, short wavelength, gigahertz frequency, and applicability to magnon spintronic platforms. Of particular interest, thulium iron garnet (TmIG) has attracted a huge interest recently due to its successful growth down to a few nanometers, observed topological Hall effect and spin orbit torque-induced switching effects. However, there is no direct spatial measurement of its SW properties. This work uses diamond nitrogen vacancy (NV) magnetometry in combination with SW electrical transmission spectroscopy to study SW transport properties in TmIG thin films. NV magnetometry allows probing spin waves at the sub-micrometer scale, seen by the amplification of the local microwave magnetic field due to the coupling of NV spin qubits with the stray magnetic field produced by the microwave-excited spin waves. By monitoring the NV spin resonances, the SW properties in TmIG thin films are measured as function of the applied magnetic field, including their amplitude, decay length (~ 50 um), and wavelength (0.8 - 2 um). These results pave the way for studying spin qubit-magnon interactions in rare-earth magnetic insulators, relevant to quantum magnonics applications.
How to strengthen constraints on non-Newtonian gravity from measuring the lateral Casimir force
Creators: name: Klimchitskaya, G. L.
name: Mostepanenko, V. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It has been known that in the nanometer interaction range the available experimental data do not exclude the Yukawa-type corrections to Newton's gravitational law which exceed the Newtonian gravitational force by many orders of magnitude. The strongest constraints on the parameters of Yukawa-type interaction in this interaction range follow from the experiments on neutron scattering and from measurements of the lateral and normal Casimir forces between corrugated surfaces. In this work, we demonstrate that by optimizing the experimental configuration at the expense of the higher corrugation amplitudes and smaller periods of corrugations it is possible to considerably strengthen the currently available constraints within the wide interaction range from 4.5 to 37nm. We show that the maximum strengthening by more than a factor of 40 is reachable for the interaction range of 19nm.
description: 14 pages, 2 figures
A Compton-thick Wind in the High Luminosity Quasar, PDS 456
Creators: name: Reeves, J. N.
name: O'Brien, P. T.
name: Braito, V.
name: Behar, E.
name: Miller, L.
name: Turner, T. J.
name: Fabian, A. C.
name: Kaspi, S.
name: Mushotzky, R.
name: Ward, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: PDS 456 is a nearby (z=0.184), luminous (L_bol ~10^47 erg/s) type I quasar. A deep 190 ks Suzaku observation in February 2007 revealed the complex, broad band X-ray spectrum of PDS 456. The Suzaku spectrum exhibits highly statistically significant absorption features near 9 keV in the quasar rest--frame. We show that the most plausible origin of the absorption is from blue-shifted resonance (1s-2p) transitions of hydrogen-like iron (at 6.97 keV in the rest frame). This indicates that a highly ionized outflow may be present moving at near relativistic velocities (~0.25c). A possible hard X-ray excess is detected above 15 keV with HXD (at 99.8% confidence), which may arise from high column density gas (Nh>10^24cm^-2) partially covering the X-ray emission, or through strong Compton reflection. Here we propose that the iron K-shell absorption in PDS 456 is associated with a thick, possibly clumpy outflow, covering about 20% of $4π$ steradian solid angle. The outflow is likely launched from the inner accretion disk, within 15-100 gravitational radii of the black hole. The kinetic power of the outflow may be similar to the bolometric luminosity of PDS 456. Such a powerful wind could have a significant effect on the co-evolution of the host galaxy and its supermassive black hole, through feedback.
description: 45 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ
title: Atomic structure and domain wall pinning in samarium-cobalt-based permanent magnets
Creators: name: Duerrschnabel, Michael
name: Yi, Min
name: Uestuener, Kaan
name: Liesegang, M.
name: Katter, Matthias
name: Kleebe, Hans‐Joachim
name: Xu, Bai-Xiang
name: Gutfleisch, Oliver
name: Molina-Luna, Leopoldo
Publisher: name: Springer Nature
Year: 2022

description: A higher saturation magnetization obtained by an increased iron content is essential for yielding larger energy products in rare-earth Sm₂Co₁₇-type pinning-controlled permanent magnets. These are of importance for high-temperature industrial applications due to their intrinsic corrosion resistance and temperature stability. Here we present model magnets with an increased iron content based on a unique nanostructure and -chemical modification route using Fe, Cu, and Zr as dopants. The iron content controls the formation of a diamond-shaped cellular structure that dominates the density and strength of the domain wall pinning sites and thus the coercivity. Using ultra-high-resolution experimental and theoretical methods, we revealed the atomic structure of the single phases present and established a direct correlation to the macroscopic magnetic properties. With further development, this knowledge can be applied to produce samarium cobalt permanent magnets with improved magnetic performance.
Deep learning for dermatology : contributions in model fairness, multi-domain adaptation, and light-weight efficiency
Creators: name: Du, Siyi
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: Skin cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, accounting for a third of all cancers. A major public health problem with shortages of dermatologists and high rates of misdiagnosis, Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) offers much for easing the workload on clinicians and reducing human error. Deep neural networks (DNNs) have already shown promise in this domain and with impressive results in skin lesion segmentation (SLS) and skin lesion classification (SLC), both crucial steps in dermatology CAD systems. However, current approaches are still plagued with critical limitations that impede their full potential in real-life clinical applications. A main problem is their high susceptibility to data bias, which manifests as problematic unfairness in their decision-making. In dermatology, this is manifested with variable levels of model accuracy across skin tones (types). Another main problem relates to more recent DNNs that are based on vision transformer (VIT), in which, diverse, yet small-sized skin databases. Fare poorly due to the inherent nature of data-hungry models. In this thesis, we made contributions to both SLS and SLC. First, we proposed FairDisCo, a disentanglement DNN with contrastive learning, which adds a dedicated ‘fairness’ network branch that reduces sensitive attributes (skin-type information) from model representations, namely, and another contrastive branch to improve representation learning for better diagnosis accuracy. Second, we proposed MDViT, a multi-domain VIT with domain adapters to mitigate model data-hunger and to combat negative knowledge transfer (NKT) that decreases model performance on domains with inter-domain heterogeneity. MDViT also employs mutual knowledge distillation to enhance representation learning across domains. Third, we proposed AViT, an efficient framework that utilizes lightweight modules within the transformer layers to transfer a pre-trained VIT to the SLS task without a need for updating its pre-trained weights for data-hungry mitigation. AViT also employs a shallow convolutional neural network (CNN) to produce a prompt embedding with fine-grained information and to inject the CNNs’ inductive biases for better representation learning. All proposed models were thoroughly tested on publicly available databases and validated against state-of-the-art (SOTA) algorithms with comprehensive quantitative results demonstrating superior performance, both in terms of accuracy, fairness, and efficiency.
Homogeneous Approximation, Recursive Observer Design, and Output Feedback
Creators: name: Andrieu, Vincent
name: Praly, Laurent
name: Astolfi, Alessandro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 93B51, 93B52, 93D05, 93D15, 34D20

description: We introduce two new tools that can be useful in nonlinear observer and output feedback design. The first one is a simple extension of the notion of homogeneous approximation to make it valid both at the origin and at infinity (homogeneity in the bi-limit). Exploiting this extension, we give several results concerning stability and robustness for a homogeneous in the bi-limit vector field. The second tool is a new recursive observer design procedure for a chain of integrator. Combining these two tools, we propose a new global asymptotic stabilization result by output feedback for feedback and feedforward systems.
Development of a device to inject a stem cell product into a non-union
Creators: name: Nießen, Lina
name: Elsner, Till
name: Waizner, Klaus
name: Wendlandt, Robert
name: Schulz, Arndt-Peter
Publisher: name: Bone Innovations
Year: 2020

description: During the development of a device for the injection of stem cells into a non-union, several components had to be considered. Focus was on handling, whereby the radiation exposure for the surgeon and the surgical personnel is to be reduced and the insertion of a depth limiter ensures proper injection of the stem cells into the non-union. Another part of major importance of the device is the cannula. Until now it is not clear if the injection process of stem cells through a cannula influences the vitality of the cells. To investigate the vitality after injection, a test setup was developed in which a cell suspension can be injected with a constant volume flow.
description: Bone Innovations, Vol 1 No 1 (2019): Bone Innovations
Local Lipschitz regularity for degenerate elliptic systems
Creators: name: Duzaar, Frank
name: Mingione, Giuseppe
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 35J70, 35D10

description: We start presenting an $L^{\infty}$-gradient bound for solutions to non-homogeneous $p$-Laplacean type systems and equations, via suitable non-linear potentials of the right hand side. Such a bound implies a Lorentz space characterization of Lipschitz regularity of solutions which surprisingly turns out to be independent of $p$, and that reveals to be the same classical one for the standard Laplacean operator. In turn, the a priori estimates derived imply the existence of locally Lipschitz regular solutions to certain degenerate systems with critical growth of the type arising when considering geometric analysis problems, as recently emphasized by Rivière
AIOps-Driven Enhancement of Log Anomaly Detection in Unsupervised Scenarios
Creators: name: Dave, Daksh
name: Sawhney, Gauransh
name: Khut, Dhruv
name: Nawale, Sahil
name: Aggrawal, Pushkar
name: Bhavathankar, Prasenjit
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Information Retrieval (cs.IR)
subject: Information Theory (cs.IT)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Artificial intelligence operations (AIOps) play a pivotal role in identifying, mitigating, and analyzing anomalous system behaviors and alerts. However, the research landscape in this field remains limited, leaving significant gaps unexplored. This study introduces a novel hybrid framework through an innovative algorithm that incorporates an unsupervised strategy. This strategy integrates Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and uses a custom loss function to substantially enhance the effectiveness of log anomaly detection. The proposed approach encompasses the utilization of both simulated and real-world datasets, including logs from SockShop and Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). The experimental results are highly promising, demonstrating significant reductions in pseudo-positives. Moreover, this strategy offers notable advantages, such as the ability to process logs in their raw, unprocessed form, and the potential for further enhancements. The successful implementation of this approach showcases a remarkable reduction in anomalous logs, thus unequivocally establishing the efficacy of the proposed methodology. Ultimately, this study makes a substantial contribution to the advancement of log anomaly detection within AIOps platforms, addressing the critical need for effective and efficient log analysis in modern and complex systems.
description: 6 pages, 1 figure, 1 table
Corporate Governance and Executive Compensation
Creators: name: Jackson, Robert J.
name: Milhaupt, Curtis J.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2014

description: Lawmakers around the world are now urging corporations to adopt governance and executive pay standards drawn largely from the American corporate law context. Yet little is known about how corporate governance actually influences executive compensation decisions outside of the United States—and whether adoption of these standards is likely to be desirable for investors abroad. In this Article, we take advantage of a recent change in Japanese law to provide the first direct empirical evidence on executive pay in Japan. The evidence provides striking detail on the amount and structure of Japanese executive compensation. The data point to a previously unappreciated link between corporate governance and executive pay in Japan and indicate that several trends familiar to the U.S. compensation landscape have begun to take hold in Japanese firms. Our findings suggest that lawmakers and firms should take careful account of the relationship between governance and pay before importing governance standards from abroad. The authors thank Jeffrey Gordon, Hideki Kanda, Soren Larson, Edward Morrison, Darius Palia, Mariana Pargendler, Hugh Patrick, J. Mark Ramseyer, Eric B. Rasmusen, Randall Thomas, and workshop participants at the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies at Harvard University, the University of Tokyo Summer Program in Corporate Law, the Fundaçao Getúlio Vargas School of Law at São Paulo, and the Conference on Financial Regulation in Uncertain Times at the University of Lugano for helpful comments. We are grateful to Eugene Cheval, Yoshiko Tsuwaki Habe and Roy Moran for outstanding research assistance, and to Takaya Seki of Corporate Practice Partners, Inc. for assistance in identifying and assembling our dataset.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 1
Hurdles of Different Heights for Securities Fraud Litigants of Different Types
Creators: name: Glater, Jonathan D.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2014

description: Fraud claims filed by investors in the wake of the financial crisis of 2008 reveal a significant and unrecognized problem in securities law: the law treats claims of investors who purchase securities through private placements more favorably than it treats claims of investors who purchase shares on public exchanges or in public offerings. The disparity is a symptom of financial markets outpacing their legal and regulatory framework, and this Article proposes a remedy. The different hurdles confronting investors who invest in different transactions but who make similar allegations and rely on the same law are, the Article contends, an unfair and apparently unintended result of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”), which sought to curb frivolous shareholder class actions. The PSLRA raised the standard plaintiffs must meet in alleging that a defendant had wrongful intent, or scienter, but it did not raise the standard applicable to claims that a plaintiff reasonably relied on an allegedly fraudulent misrepresentation or omission. Because establishing scienter is difficult for investors with access only to regulatory disclosures by publicly traded companies, while establishing reasonable reliance is more likely to be difficult for putatively sophisticated investors in private placements, investors in publicly accessible transactions face a higher hurdle than private placement investors when alleging fraud. This Article describes and critiques this effect of the PSLRA, and calls on Congress to revise standards so that investors victimized by fraud have the same chance of recovery through litigation whether or not they purchased securities in a private placement.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 1
title: Evaluatie van meetinstrumenten voor de bepaling van slib karakteristieken: deelrapport 3. Meetcampagne februari 2019
Creators: name: Meire, Dieter
name: Claeys, Styn
name: De Maerschalck, Bart
name: Mostaert, Frank
Publisher: name: Flanders Hydraulics Research
Year: 2021

description: Title : WL Rapporten. Waterbouwkundig Laboratorium: Antwerpen Volume : 18_059_3 Issue : Pagination : VII, 37
Molecular beam epitaxy growth of cadmium telluride structures on hexagonal boron nitride
Creators: name: Szczerba, Adam Krzysztof
name: Kucharek, Julia
name: Pawłowski, Jan
name: Taniguchi, Takashi
name: Watanabe, Kenji
name: Pacuski, Wojciech
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the feasibility of epitaxial growth of a three-dimensional semiconductor on a two-dimensional substrate. In particular, we report for the first time on molecular beam epitaxy growth of cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum wells on hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). The presence of the quantum wells is confirmed by photoluminescence measurements conducted at helium temperatures. Growth of quantum wells on two dimensional, almost perfectly flat hBN appears to be very different from growth on bulk substrates, in particular it requires 70-100$^\circ$C lower temperatures.
description: submitted to ACS Omega, 7 pages, 8 figures
Phase-field crystal modelling of crystal nucleation, heteroepitaxy and patterning
Creators: name: Gránásy, László
name: Tegze, György
name: Tóth, Gyula I.
name: Pusztai, Tamás
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We apply a simple dynamical density functional theory, the phase-field-crystal (PFC) model, to describe homogeneous and heterogeneous crystal nucleation in 2d monodisperse colloidal systems and crystal nucleation in highly compressed Fe liquid. External periodic potentials are used to approximate inert crystalline substrates in addressing heterogeneous nucleation. In agreement with experiments in 2d colloids, the PFC model predicts that in 2d supersaturated liquids, crystalline freezing starts with homogeneous crystal nucleation without the occurrence of the hexatic phase. At extreme supersaturations crystal nucleation happens after the appearance of an amorphous precursor phase both in 2d and 3d. We demonstrate that contrary to expectations based on the classical nucleation theory, corners are not necessarily favourable places for crystal nucleation. Finally, we show that adding external potential terms to the free energy, the PFC theory can be used to model colloid patterning experiments.
description: 21 pages, 16 figures
Letters of blood and fire : writing and accumulation in Latin America, from the chronicles of the Indies to the present
Creators: name: García Martínez, José Ricardo
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: This dissertation studies narrative, writing, and writers from the Southern Cone (Argentina and Uruguay) to Mexico and Central America (El Salvador and Guatemala), from the fifteenth century to the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, from Christopher Columbus and Hernán Cortés to César Aira and Valeria Luiselli, among others. Throughout, I trace the logic of accumulation and the production of value, both economic and aesthetic. This is a study of Latin American literary production, the role of writers and intellectuals, and the relationship between writing, the market, and power. At the core of this dissertation is the argument that accumulation has to be produced, and that it builds on what I term cumulation. That is, accumulation is not simply a matter of amassing things (whether material objects, possessions, or words) or piling them up; that would be mere cumulation—I say “mere” cumulation, but it requires its own procedures of (often violent or traumatic) transport and collection. But for cumulation to become accumulation, there has to be some way to count what has been amassed, thereby also to make it count, to accord it value. Using a heterogeneous framework that includes Marxism, post-structuralism, and Affect Theory, I argue that the transformation from cumulation to accumulation, as depicted in Cortés’s Letters, is exhausted. At the same time, I propose that late twentieth and early twenty-first century literature returns to certain elements of the chronicles, now as a symptom of the current crisis. But what is different in contemporary writing is that, in a context of ultra-mediatized, deregulated neoliberalism, writing seems only to add to an incessant cumulation ever more resistant to the imposition of some kind of system of value.
Nearly perfect fluid in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
Creators: name: Chaudhuri, A. K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In the Israel-Stewart's theory of dissipative hydrodynamics, we have analysed the STAR data on $ϕ$ meson production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=200 GeV. From a simultaneous fit to $ϕ$ mesons multiplicity, mean $p_T$ and integrated $v_2$, we obtain a phenomenological estimate of QGP viscosity, $η/s =0.07 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.14$, the first error is due to the experimental uncertainty in STAR measurements, the second reflects the uncertainties in initial and final conditions of the fluid.
description: 5 pages, 6 figures. Version accepted for publication in Phys. Lett. B
Taking Section 10(B) Seriously
Creators: name: Thel, Steve
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2014

description: This Article examines the role of section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 in public and private enforcement actions. The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) promulgated Rule 10b-5 with little fanfare. Although Rule 10b-5 was intended to be a limited expansion of the Exchange Act, it now dominates securities litigation, both public and private. The Supreme Court has reflexively used section 10(b) to determine the contours of private action under Rule 10b-5. The Court has interpreted section 10(b) as either prohibiting certain conduct or authorizing the SEC to regulate a limited scope of conduct. This Article argues that this interpretation is not consistent with the language, structure, or legislative history of the Exchange Act. By interpreting section 10(b) in this manner, the Court has created causes of action that have no basis in the Exchange Act, including the fraud on the market class action. Congress has often rejected the Court’s approach to section 10(b), or at least failed to ratify its decisions, as it has done with the fraud on the market class action. This Article argues that the Court should revisit its decisions under section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 and eliminate the fraud on the market class action.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 1
Radio source stacking and the infrared / radio correlation at microJy flux densities
Creators: name: Garn, Timothy
name: Alexander, Paul
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the infrared / radio correlation using the technique of source stacking, in order to probe the average properties of radio sources that are too faint to be detected individually. We compare the two methods used in the literature to stack sources, and demonstrate that the creation of stacked images leads to a loss of information. We stack infrared sources in the Spitzer extragalactic First Look Survey (xFLS) field, and the three northern Spitzer Wide-area Infrared Extragalactic survey (SWIRE) fields, using radio surveys created at 610 MHz and 1.4 GHz, and find a variation in the absolute strength of the correlation between the xFLS and SWIRE regions, but no evidence for significant evolution in the correlation over the 24-um flux density range 150 uJy - 2 mJy. We carry out the first radio source stacking experiment using 70-um-selected galaxies, and find no evidence for significant evolution over the 70-um flux density range 10 mJy - 100 mJy.
description: 11 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS
On Requiring Public Companies to Disclose Political Spending
Creators: name: Guttentag, Michael D.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2014

description: Mandatory disclosure is a central feature of securities regulation in the United States, yet there is little agreement about how to determine precisely what public companies should be required to disclose. This lack of consensus explains much of the disagreement about whether the Securities and Exchange Commission should require public companies to disclose political spending. To resolve the political spending disclosure debate I therefore begin by considering the more general question of how to evaluate any proposed mandatory disclosure requirement. I show why the presumption should be against adding a new disclosure requirement, and then identify the kinds of evidence that should be sufficient to overcome this presumption. Applying this new analytic framework to the political spending disclosure debate—and basing this analysis in part on previously unpublished empirical findings—shows that public companies should not be required to disclose political spending.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 3
Atretium schistosum Gü. R. b. J.
Creators: name: Müller, F
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1885
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Squamata
Ophidia
Colubridae
Atretium

description: Atretium schistosum Gü. R. b. J.
(Helicops seh. Jan).
Peradenia v. d. Bh. Dr. Sarasin. [1]
Der schwarze obere Rand der Schuppen zweiter Reihe bildet eine Längslinie vom Auge bis zum letzten Drittel des Rumpfs. — Schuppen der dritten und vierten Serie mit purpurrothem Anﬂug vom Hals bis zum Schwanzanfang.
description: Published as part of Müller, F, 1885, Vierter Nachtrag zum Katalogder herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums, pp. 668-717 in Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. 7 (3) on page 682, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.2388, http://zenodo.org/record/15183591
Deterring Discovery-Driven Data Deletion
Creators: name: Sockwell, Daniel Long
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2014

description: Litigation costs frequently frighten companies into deleting valuable data—and this problem has gotten worse with new technology. In the past, litigation costs were dwarfed by the physical costs of storage: keeping letters in filing cabinets was so expensive that companies deleted data without even considering litigation. Now, however, technology has caused physical storage costs to fall dramatically; hard drives are vastly less expensive than filing cabinets. As these costs fell, the litigation costs became more important. Litigation costs now cause a large fraction of data deletion. This Note identifies the rise in discovery-driven data deletion and explains how this data deletion benefits no one and harms society. To solve this problem, this Note proposes reforms to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that would prevent discovery costs from incentivizing so much data deletion. This Note closes with practical thoughts on how judges and attorneys operating under the current Rules can minimize costs. The author would like to thank Daniel Richman, Shreya Fadia, Debbie Long, W.D. Sockwell, Bert Huang, Maura Grossman, and the staff of the Columbia Business Law Review.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 2
Value-Add: An Empirical Study of Idiosyncratic Value in the 2013 Biotech IPO Market
Creators: name: Cooper, Lee D.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2014

description: This Note examines corporate governance trends in the biotechnology industry through an empirical study of the 39 United States-based biotechnology companies that made initial public offerings (“IPOs”) in 2013. This study of Form S-1 and Form 4 SEC filings reveals a cohort of newly public, immature biotech firms with highly consolidated corporate control and cash-flow rights by pre-public investors. On average, pre-public insiders fill 66.2% of the board seats and own 59.8% of the equity in these firms at the time of IPO. Further, pre-public insiders do not immediately sell their equity positions after the expiration of mandatory lock-up periods. These data, this Note argues, suggest that entrepreneurs and investors in the biotech industry use concentrated ownership structures to pursue idiosyncratic value that will be, if realized, shared pro rata across all public shareholders. This Note demonstrates that in an industry with long-term business plans and high levels of uncertainty, value-maximizing agents (e.g., entrepreneurs, pre-public investors) can bundle boardroom control and illiquid equity holdings to pursue idiosyncratic value while mitigating concerns over agency costs. These findings provide both empirical and theoretical context for guiding policies that seek to facilitate innovative, high-growth industries such as biotechnology. Many thanks to Professor Robert J. Jackson, Jr. for his invaluable guidance, as well as to Caitlin Mevorach and Jeffrey Cooper for their insightful feedback. Additional thanks to Alan, Lori, and Julie Cooper for their support, and to the outstanding staff and editorial board of the Columbia Business Law Review for their assistance in preparing this Note for publication.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 2
The AGN/starburst content in high redshift ULIRGs
Creators: name: Watabe, Y.
name: Risaliti, G.
name: Salvati, M.
name: Nardini, E.
name: Sani, E.
name: Marconi, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We apply a simple model, tested on local ULIRGs, to disentangle the active galactic nucleus (AGN) and starburst contributions in submillimiter and 24um-selected ULIRGs observed with the Spitzer-IRS spectrometer. We quantitatively estimate the average AGN contribution to the stacked 6-8um rest-frame spectra of these sources in different luminosity and redshift ranges, and, under the assumption of similar infrared-to-bolometric ratios as in local ULIRGs, the relative AGN/starburst contributions to the total infrared luminosity. Though the starburst component is always dominant in submillimeter-selected ULIRGs, we find a significant increase of the AGN contribution at redshift z>2.3 with respect to lower z objects. Finally, we quantitatively confirm that the mid-infrared emission of 24um-selected ULIRGs is dominated by the AGN component, but the starburst component contributes significantly to the bolometric luminosity.
description: 5 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRAS Letters
Necessity is the Mother of Invention
Creators: name: Leavy, Alexandra
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2014

description: Corporate law in the United States is undergoing a significant but understated revolution. Delaware is one of nineteen states to adopt the benefit corporation, a corporate form that legally facilitates the pursuit of both financial and social ends. While the existing state statutes incorporate mandatory disclosure regimes, they lack the enforcement mechanisms necessary to guarantee the accuracy of benefit reports and are not sufficiently uniform to allow investors to make informed decisions. As such, this Note argues that the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC” or “Commission”) ought to amend its proxy disclosure and periodic reporting rules to ensure that registrants incorporated under benefit statutes provide substantial information about their social impact. Mandatory social disclosure has been rejected in the past—the condition of “materiality” has long governed corporate disclosure. The recent enactment of the Delaware benefit corporation suggests that some benefit corporations will become public companies. Thus, for the first time, social impact has become a legal obligation of corporate status, effectively expanding the scope of what is “material” to investors. The SEC’s broad investor protection mandate and its history of regulating financial disclosure put the Commission in the best position to introduce a social impact disclosure regime for publicly traded benefit corporations. Such a regime has the ability to preserve the benefit corporation as a legitimate corporate form and, importantly, legitimize its dual mission of purpose and profits. The author would like to thank Professor Harvey J. Goldschmid for his unwavering support and guidance throughout the writing process. She would also like to thank Professor Robert J. Jackson, Jr. for much-needed inspiration and the entire Columbia Business Law Review staff for their assistance in preparing this Note for publication. Finally, she would like to thank her parents for their unconditional support throughout law school and all of her other pursuits.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2014 No. 2