Polyclinum constellatum Savigny 1816
Creators: name: Montesanto, Federica
name: Chimienti, Giovanni
name: Gissi, Carmela
name: Mastrototaro, Francesco
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Ascidiacea
Aplousobranchia
Polyclinidae
Polyclinum
Polyclinum constellatum

description: Polyclinum constellatum Savigny, 1816
Polyclinum constellatum Savigny, 1816:189; Van Name, 1945:68; Gravier, 1955:620; Millar, 1955:176; 1958:498; 1962:62; 1975:257; Tokioka, 1961:104; 1967:53; Almeida Rodrigues, 1962:194; Rodrigues Da Costa, 1969:192; Vasseur, 1970:212; Monniot C. & Monniot F., 1976:358; Monniot F., 1972:958.
Material examined
Taranto (40.478966°N, 17.225649°E): ten colonies collected in Taranto harbour at 1 m depth, separately preserved in 4%formalin in seawater and 99% ethanol. One colony was examined from both the morphological and molecular point of view (P1), and for the others only the morphological characteristics were checked.
Heraklion (35.343300°N, 25.136614°E): ten colonies collected within the marina at 3-4 m depth, separately preserved both in 4%formalin and 99% in ethanol. Five colonies were examined from both the morphological and molecular point of view (K7, K11, K12, K34). The remaining five colonies were only checked for morphological characteristics.
Two colonies were deposited in the collection of the Zoological Museum of the University of Bari (MUZAC): one collected in Heraklion (MUZAC: 6661 preserved in 4% formalin and MUZAC: 6662 in 99% ethanol) and the other in Taranto (MUZAC: 6663 preserved in 4% formalin and MUZAC: 6664 in 99% ethanol).
Colonies
The colonies collected in Taranto show brown-orange colour (Fig. 2 A-B; colony P1), while colonies collected from Heraklion show different colours from red-orange (colony K11) to purplish black (colony K12) or greenish-blue (colony K7) (Figs. 2 C-D, 4A-C). Some of these different coloured colonies appear to be joined or almost-completely fused together (Fig. 4 A-C; colonies K11 and K12). Most of the colonies are massive and almost rounded in shape, up to 10 cm in height and 20 cm in width. They are characterized by a thick firm tunic without sand embedded, with zooids located only around the outer edge (Fig. 2D). Systems of zooids are arranged along the common cloacal openings consisting of small conical projections of the outer tunic (Fig. 2 A-C). The red-orange colonies and the dark ones appear greyish and black, respectively, after preservation in 4% formalin.
Zooids
The zooids are 7-9 mm in length, reaching almost 12- 15 mm with the vascular stolon (Fig. 3A). The thorax is longer than the abdomen. The post-abdomen is slightly longer than the abdomen and has a very long vascular stolon at its end (Fig. 3 A-B). The branchial siphon ends with six pointed lobes and shows four orders of oral tentacles arranged regularly (Fig. 2B). The atrial siphon consists of a wide aperture with a long pointed atrial languet at its edge (Fig. 3 A-B). The pharynx is characterized by 16–18 rows of stigmata, with about 16-18 stigmata per half-row (counted at the level of the 7 th row) (Fig. 3B). The branchial transverse vessels show minute papillae not corresponding to the number of stigmata, but usually fewer in number (Fig. 3E). The dorsal lamina consists of narrow pointed languets (Fig. 3D). Six longitudinal muscles are visible near the branchial siphon (Fig. 3C) running towards the thorax on each side of the zooids. Up to 10 embryos can be incubated in the atrial cavity (Fig. 3B).
Alimentary canal
The abdomen contains the alimentary canal with a funnel-shaped oesophagus, followed by a smooth stomach and a twisted gut loop which lies almost horizontally (Fig. 3B). The rectum is long, extending to the middle of the thorax, ending in a six-lobed anus at the level of the 9 th row of stigmata (Fig. 3B).
Post-abdomen
The sac-like post-abdomen is connected to the abdomen by a narrow stalk and contains the gonads and the heart (Fig. 3B). The testis consists of a cluster of follicles joined by ducts to the ovary lying among the male follicles, while the gonoducts end close to the anus (Fig. 3B). The heart is positioned at the end of the post-abdomen (Fig. 3B), followed by a long narrow vascular stolon (Fig. 3A).
Larva
Several embryos (from 4 up to 15) are incubated in the peribranchial cavity. Fully developed larvae are approximately 0.5 mm in trunk length, and they have one or two calcite crystals usually placed in the middle of the body or close to the ocellus (Fig. 5 A-B). They have three adhesive papillae on a sagittal plane and four pairs of long ectodermal ampullae. Furthermore, a group of small vesicles is usually present on the ventral side of the larvae (Fig. 5A).
COI sequence comparisons
The obtained COI sequences were 811-816 bp long and correspond to two haplotypes differing in only 5 nucleotides (i.e., 4 synonymous substitutions at the third codon position and one non-synonymous substitution at the first codon position). One haplotype (named P1) is shared between the Taranto and five Heraklion colonies, while the other haplotype (named K7) was only found in the blue-greenish K7 colony from Heraklion. Moreover, the COI sequences obtained from colonies with different morphotypes showed 100% identity, including the red-orange (K11) and dark blue (K12) Heraklion colonies joined together (Fig. 4 A-E).
A total of 33 Polyclinum sequences belonging to 7 different species were found in the nt-nr database by text and similarity search (NCBI, 21st Sept 2021). As detailed in Table 2, many of these sequences show multiple unexpected indels, terminal regions lacking COI similarity and/or containing long homopolymers, or no significant similarity to ascidians. Six of these sequences are also described in the entry as pseudogenes or “unverified” sequences, meaning that the GenBank staff were unable to verify their accuracy and/or annotations (Table 2). All these elements are clues of low-quality sequences, or possible PCR contamination. Indeed, our BlastN analyses show that three of these Polyclinum sequences belong to Lepidoptera and two others do not have significant similarity to any nr-nt sequence, so they cannot by unambiguously assigned to a species (Table 2). Table 3 reports the mean inter- and intra-species pairwise uncorrected distances, calculated only for the confirmed Polyclinum sequences and excluding the above-mentioned non-homologous or low-quality terminal regions. It is noteworthy that the mean distance between P. constellatum and P. indicum sequences is only 1.34% ± 0.65% and all comparisons between P. constellatum, P. indicum, and P. madrasensis show a mean uncorrected difference <1.34%. In addition, our K7 haplotype is identical to a short P. constellatum sequence from Puerto Rico (see MT 637964 in Table 2), and both P1 and K7 haplotypes have a mean distance from indicum / constellatum / madrasensis ranging from 0.09 to 1.25% (Table 3) Based only on these data, our specimens could be equally assigned to P. constellatum, to P. indicum, or P. madrasensis. However, our morphological results clearly show that both our haplotypes belong to P. constellatum. It should be noted that all public COI sequences, including the few published ones (Table 2), lack a morphological description of the samples. Only for two P. indicum sequences (MH235542 and MH367293), do the Authors report that they were originally identified as belonging to Polyclinum saturnium through conventional morphological analyses and then re-assigned to P. indicum based on similarity to the public COI (Khan et al., 2020). A ML phylogenetic reconstruction of Polyclinidae representatives (Fig. 6) shows the monophyly of the genus Polyclinum, but all nodes inside the genus remain unresolved, except for a statistically significant clade containing all P. constellatum sequences except P1 (the position of the P1 haplotype is unresolved). Moreover, our results suggest taxonomic mis-assignments of the P. indicum and P. madrasensis public COI sequences.
Taxonomic remarks
The Polyclinidae family includes colonial species with a lobed oral siphon, zooids arranged in systems with common cloacal openings, as well as the gonads and heart in the post-abdomen. The genus Polyclinum is characterized by a twisted gut loop, almost horizontal, and a pharynx with simple branchial papillae. Polyclinum constellatum is the type species of the genus.
The only species belonging to the genus Polyclinum known thus far in the Mediterranean Sea is P. aurantium Milne-Edwards, 1841 (Brunetti & Mastrototaro, 2017). This species differs from P. constellatum mainly in having one or few zooid systems per colony and the presence of sand grains in the tunic. This is also confirmed by Van Name (1945), Tokioka (1961) and Fortaleza & Lotufo (2018) who report that P. constellatum colonies are usually free of sand, and whether some sand is present on the surface or not, it does not pervade the interior of the colony.
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS Editorial Board, 2022) reports 47 species belonging to the genus Polyclinum. Among these species, P. macrophyllum Michaelsen, 1919, P. complanatum Herdman, 1899, and P. hospitale Sluiter, 1909 cannot be considered valid species. In detail, P. macrophyllum cannot be separated from P. vasculosum (sensu Kott, 1992). P. complanatum is not properly assigned, indeed it has a long abdomen different from that characteristic of Polyclinidae species, and it could be a species of Pseudodistoma (Kott, 1992). Finally, the correct authorship of P. hospitale should be Sluiter, 1895, and it is probably an Aplidium species (Kott, 1992). Three valid species are not yet present in WoRMS: P. minutum Herdman, 1886, P. tralaticia Sluiter, 1913, and P. ramosum Parker-Nance, 2003. P. tralaticia is considered valid by Kott (1992) and Parker-Nance (2003) albeit erroneously reported as P. tralatica. P. ramosum, described as a new species by Parker-Nance (2003), has sand embedded in the tunic, branchial papillae one third of the length of the stigmata and a bilobed anus. P. minutum has a branchial sac with only 8-9 rows of stigmata.
Considering the above-mentioned considerations, Table 1 reports a taxonomic key for 47 Polyclinum species, listed according to their main features and completed with authorship.
Among the 47 accepted species of Polyclinum, only 9 are characterized by the absence of sand embedded in or coating the colonies. Moreover, most of the species characterized by the absence of sand outside or throughout the tunic have a lower number of rows of stigmata compared to those of P. constellatum, apart from for P. planum (Ritter & Forsyth, 1917) (13-14 rows of stigmata) and P. johnsonii Monniot & Monniot, 1989 (16-17 rows). However, P. planum can be distinguished from P. constellatum by the characteristic paddle-shaped colonies with the zooids arranged in rows only along one side of the colony, while P. johnsoni has a higher number of stigmata per half-row (23-25).
Most of the remaining accepted species are characterized by having sand embedded in or coating the tunic. The main morphological characters of these species are detailed and summarized in Table 1. In particular, according to the COI comparisons, the sandy tunic species P. indicum Sebastian, 1952 and P. saturnium (Savigny, 1816) is grouped with P. constellatum. P. indicum is characterized by zooids having an enlarged languet with a small protuberance at its end (Sebastian, 1954) (Erulan & Ananthan, 2009). The specific name P. indicum is no longer accepted, since it was revised by Brunetti (2007), who proposed P. sebastiani as nomen novum. P. saturnium has colonies coated with sand, a denticulated atrial lip, only 8-12 rows of stigmata and a bilobed anus (Kott, 1992).
Lastly, the absence/presence of sand is not reported for P. hesperium Savigny, 1816, P. meridianum Sluiter 1900, P. sibiricum Redikorzev, 1907, or P. tralaticia (Sluiter, 1913). P. hesperium is a poorly described species collected by Savigny (1816) in the Suez gulf and then by Shenkar (2012) in the Red Sea, which is characterized by 18-20 row of stigmata. The P. meridianum description is only based on its original description (Sluiter, 1900), reporting colonies with a poorly developed tunic, a trilobed atrial languet and 9 rows of stigmata. P. sibiricum has systems of 8-10 zooids with 12 rows of stigmata and 15 stigmata per half-row (Redikorzev, 1907). P. tralaticia has 10 rows of stigmata with 10-12 stigmata per half-row and no branchial papillae on transverse vessels (Sluiter, 1913).
According to the key to species in Table 1, P. constellatum is close to the co-generic species P. johnsoni, P. planum and P. hesperium. However, P. constellatum has a slightly different number of stigmata per half-row compared to those of P. planum and P. johnsoni and less rows of stigmata compared to those of P. hesperium. Moreover, P. johnsoni, which has only been collected at a depth of 300 m is characterized by transverse vessels bearing long papillae with an orange-yellow opaque pigment, as well as short wide dorsal languets (Monniot & Monniot, 1989), while P. planum is characterized by the pedunculated shape of the colony (Van Name, 1945).
description: Published as part of Montesanto, Federica, Chimienti, Giovanni, Gissi, Carmela & Mastrototaro, Francesco, 2021, Polyclinum constellatum (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), an emerging non-indigenous species of the Mediterranean Sea: integrated taxonomy and the importance of reliable DNA barcode data Abstract, pp. 69-83 in Mediterranean Marine Science 23 (1) on pages 73-78, DOI: 10.12681/mms.28311, http://zenodo.org/record/11989653