Models, Methods and Algorithms for Constructing the Word Sense Network for Natural Language Processing
Creators: name: Ustalov, Dmitry
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: natural language processing
computational lexical semantics
word sense induction
word sense disambiguation
fuzzy clustering
projection learning
synsets
hypernyms
lexical ambiguity
lexical resource

description: This is the dissertation, the presentation and the synopsis of the thesis “Models, Methods and Algorithms for Constructing the Word Sense Network for Natural Language Processing” (in Russian: «Модели, методы и алгоритмы построения семантической сети слов для задач обработки естественного языка»). The work has been done in 2017 at the Krasovskii Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Yekaterinburg, Russia. The thesis has been defended on February 21, 2018 at the South Ural State University in Chelyabinsk, Russia. The speciality is Theoretical Informatics (code 05.13.17) as according to the Russian VAK classifier. The thesis has been approved by the VAK order no. 662/нк of June 15, 2018. The goal of the thesis is to develop models, methods, and algorithms for constructing a semantic network that establishes semantic relationships between individual word senses using the weakly structured dictionaries; as well as to implement them as the software system for word sense network construction. Therefore, <em>Part I</em> reviews the state-of-the-art in the field of natural language processing and urges the development of new efficient ontology induction algorithms for under-resourced languages. <em>Part II</em> proposes two new algorithms, Watset and Watlink, that extract and structure the knowledge available in unstructured form. Watset is a meta-algorithm for fuzzy graph clustering. This algorithm creates an intermediate representation of the input graph that naturally reflects the “ambiguity” of its nodes. Then, it uses hard clustering to discover clusters in this intermediate graph. This makes it possible to discover synsets in a synonymy graph. Watlink is an algorithm for discovering the disambiguated hierarchical links between individual word senses. This algorithm uses the synsets obtained using Watset to contextualize the input asymmetric word relationships. To increase the recall of the linking, it optionally uses a regularized projection learning approach to predict additional relevant relationships. <em>Part III</em> describes the implementation of the proposed models, methods, and algorithms as a software system. The system is implemented in Python, AWK, and Bash programming languages using the scikit-learn, TensorFlow, NetworkX, and Raptor libraries. Also, it defines the representation of the produced word sense network as Linked Data. <em>Part IV</em> reports the results of the experiments conducted on the Russian language, an under-resourced natural language. Both Watset and Watlink show state-of-the-art performance on the synset induction and hypernymy detection tasks on the RuWordNet and Yet Another RussNet gold standards. Reference in English: Ustalov D. Models, Methods and Algorithms for Constructing the Word Sense Network for Natural Language Processing. Kandidat Nauk (PhD) thesis. Chelyabinsk, Russia: South Ural State University, Feb. 21, 2018. 129 pp. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1161515. Reference in “Russian GOST”: <em>Усталов Д. А.</em> Модели, методы и алгоритмы построения семантической сети слов для задач обработки естественного языка : дис. ... канд. физ.-мат. наук : 05.13.17 : защищена 21.02.18 : утв. 15.06.18 / Усталов Дмитрий Алексеевич. — 2017. — 129 с. — DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1161515. Reference of Synopsis in “Russian GOST”: <em>Усталов Д.А.</em> Модели, методы и алгоритмы построения семантической сети слов для задач обработки естественного языка : автореф. дис. ... канд. физ.-мат. наук : 05.13.17 : защищена 21.02.18 : утв. 15.06.18 / Усталов Дмитрий Алексеевич ; [Место защиты: Южно-Уральский государственный университет (национальный исследовательский университет)]. — 2017. — 16 с. — DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1161515.
description: These materials are published under a CC BY-NC-ND license. You cannot use them for commercial purposes. You cannot also create derivatives of these materials. They are provided for reference only.
description: {"references": ["\u0410\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u041d. \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0443 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439. 7-\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434., \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f. \u041c.: \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438, 1999. 528 \u0441.", "\u0410\u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0418. \u0412., \u041c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e. \u0410., \u0421\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0410. \u0410. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0443\u0441 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 WordNet // \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0422\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00ab\u0414\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433-2003\u00bb (11\u201316 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 2003 \u0433., \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043e). \u041c.: 2003. \u0421. 43\u201350.", "\u0411\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415. \u0421., \u0413\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422. \u0410., \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0412. \u0410. \u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439 // \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a. \u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. 2011. \u2116 3. \u0421. 98\u2013110.", "\u0413\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0422. \u0410., \u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0412. \u0424. \u0411\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c. \u0421\u041f\u0431: \u041f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440, 2000. 384 \u0441.", "\u041a\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u042e. \u0410., \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0432 \u0421. \u0412., \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043d \u041c. \u042e. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0439 // \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f. 2015. \u2116 10. \u0421. 38\u201348.", "\u041a\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u042e. \u0410., \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0432 \u0421. \u0412., \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0438\u043d \u041c. \u042e. \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430: \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c // \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f. 2015. \u2116 6. \u0421. 34\u201340.", "\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d. \u0421., \u041c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041e. \u0410. \u041e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 [\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441] // \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u00ab\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b\u00bb. 2008. 54 \u0441. URL: http://www.ict.edu.ru/ft/005706/68352e2-st08.pdf (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: 20.05.2017).", "\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0410. \u0410., \u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410. \u0412. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043a \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f // \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a. \u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. 2013. \u2116 2. \u0421. 53\u201363.", "\u041b\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041d. \u0412. \u0422\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430. \u041c.: \u0418\u0437\u0434-\u0432\u043e \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, 2011. 512 \u0441.", "\u041b\u044f\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e. \u041d., \u0428\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0421. \u0410. \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 (\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430). \u041c.: \u0410\u0437\u0431\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a, 2009. 1112 \u0441.", "\u041c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u041a. \u0414., \u0420\u0430\u0433\u0445\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041f., \u0428\u044e\u0442\u0446\u0435 \u0425. \u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a.: \u041f\u0435\u0440. \u0441 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b. / \u041f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u041f. \u0418. \u0411\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0414. \u0410. \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0418. \u0412. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430. \u041c.: \u041e\u041e\u041e \u00ab\u0418.\u0414. \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u044f\u043c\u0441\u00bb, 2011. 528 \u0441.", "\u041c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0443\u043a \u0418. \u0410. \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u00ab\u0421\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u00a0\u21d4\u00a0\u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u00bb. 2-\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434. \u041c.: \u042f\u0437. \u0440\u0443\u0441. \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, 1999. 368 \u0441.", "\u041f\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0415. \u0412. \u0414\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041c.: \u042f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, 2004. 609 \u0441.", "\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 / \u041f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0418. \u0421. \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430, \u041e. \u0412. \u041c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0422. \u041c. \u041b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e. \u041c.: URSS, 2016. 320 \u0441.", "\u0421\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430: \u0412 4-\u0445 \u0442. / \u0420\u0410\u041d, \u0418\u043d-\u0442 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447. \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439; \u041f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0434. \u0410. \u041f. \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439. 4-\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434., \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440. \u041c.: \u0420\u0443\u0441. \u044f\u0437.; \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b, 1999.", "Abadi M. et al. TensorFlow: A System for Large-Scale Machine Learning // 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 16), November 2\u20134, 2016, Savannah, GA, USA. Berkeley, CA, USA: USENIX Association, 2016. P. 265\u2013283.", "Allan K. Concise Encyclopedia of Semantics. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science, 2009. 1104 pp.", "Arefyev N. V., Panchenko A. I., Lukanin A. V. et al. Evaluating Three Corpus-based Semantic Similarity Systems for Russian // Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies: Papers from the Annual conference \"Dialogue\". Volume 2 of 2. Papers from special sessions, May 27\u201330, 2015, Moscow, Russia. Moscow, Russia: RGGU, 2015. P. 106\u2013119.", "van Assem M., Malais\u00e9 V., Miles A., Schreiber G. A Method to Convert Thesauri to SKOS // 3rd European Semantic Web Conference, ESWC 2006, Budva, Montenegro, June 11\u201314, 2006 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. P. 95\u2013109.", "Bagga A., Baldwin B. Algorithms for Scoring Coreference Chains // Proceedings of the Linguistic Coreference Workshop at The First International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), May 26, 1998, Granada, Spain. 1998. P. 563\u2013566.", "Balkova V., Sukhonogov A., Yablonsky S. Russian WordNet // Proceedings of the Second International WordNet Conference\u2014GWC2004, January 20\u201323, 2004, Brno, Czech Republic. Brno, Czech Republic: Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic, 2004. P. 31\u201338.", "Bartunov S., Kondrashkin D., Osokin A., Vetrov D. P. Breaking Sticks and Ambiguities with Adaptive Skip-gram // Journal of Machine Learning Research. 2016. Vol. 51. P. 130\u2013138.", "Beckett D. The Design and Implementation of the Redland RDF Application Framework // Computer Networks. 2002. Vol. 39, no. 5. P. 577\u2013588.", "Berners-Lee T., Hendler J., Lassila O. The Semantic Web // Scientific American. 2001. Vol. 284, no. 5. P. 28\u201337.", "Biemann C. Ontology Learning from Text: A Survey of Methods // GLDV-Journal for Computational Linguistics and Language Technology. 2005. Vol. 20, no. 2. P. 75\u201393.", "Biemann C. Chinese Whispers: An Efficient Graph Clustering Algorithm and Its Application to Natural Language Processing Problems // Proceedings of the First Workshop on Graph Based Methods for Natural Language Processing (TextGraphs-1), June 9, 2006, New York, NY, USA. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2006. P. 73\u201380.", "Biemann C. Creating a system for lexical substitutions from scratch using crowdsourcing // Language Resources and Evaluation. 2013. Vol. 47, no. 1. P. 97\u2013122.", "Bomze I. M., Budinich M., Pardalos P. M., Pelillo M. The maximum clique problem // Handbook of Combinatorial Optimization. Springer, 1999. P. 1\u201374.", "Bordea G., Lefever E., Buitelaar P. SemEval-2016 Task 13: Taxonomy Extraction Evaluation (TExEval-2) // Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval-2016), June 16\u201317, 2016, San Diego, CA, USA. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. P. 1081\u20131091.", "Braslavski P., Ustalov D., Mukhin M., Kiselev Y. YARN: Spinning-in-Progress // Proceedings of the 8th Global WordNet Conference (GWC2016), January 27\u201330, 2016, Bucharest, Romania. Global WordNet Association, 2016. P. 58\u201365.", "Collins A. M., Quillian M. R. Retrieval time from semantic memory // Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1969. Vol. 8, no. 2. P. 240\u2013247.", "Deliyanni A., Kowalski R. A. Logic and Semantic Networks // Communications of the ACM. 1979. Vol. 22, no. 3. P. 184\u2013192.", "Deng J., Dong W., Socher R. et al. ImageNet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Image Database // IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2009), June 20\u201325, 2009, Miami, FL, USA. IEEE, 2009. P. 248\u2013255.", "Dikonov V. G. Development of lexical basis for the Universal Dictionary of UNL Concepts // Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies: papers from the Annual conference \"Dialogue\", May 29 \u2013 June 2, 2013, Bekasovo. Moscow, Russia: RGGU, 2013. P. 212\u2013221.", "van Dongen S. Graph Clustering Via a Discrete Uncoupling Process // SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications. 2008. Vol. 30, no. 1. P. 121\u2013141.", "Dorow B., Widdows D. Discovering Corpus-Specific Word Senses // 10th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2003), April 12\u201317, 2003, Budapest, Hungary. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2003. P. 79\u201382.", "Drymonas E., Zervanou K., Petrakis E. G. M. Unsupervised Ontology Acquisition from Plain Texts: The OntoGain System // Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB 2010), June 23\u201325, 2010, Cardiff, Wales, UK. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. P. 277\u2013287.", "Faralli S., Panchenko A., Biemann C., Ponzetto S. P. Linked Disambiguated Distributional Semantic Networks // The Semantic Web \u2013 ISWC 2016: 15th International Semantic Web Conference, Kobe, Japan, October 17\u201321, 2016, Proceedings, Part II. Cham, Germany: Springer International Publishing, 2016. P. 56\u201364.", "Farhadi A., Hejrati M., Sadeghi M. A. et al. Every Picture Tells a Story: Generating Sentences from Images // 11th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV 2010), Heraklion, Crete, Greece, September 5\u201311, 2010, Proceedings, Part IV. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. P. 15\u201329.", "Fellbaum C. WordNet: An Electronic Database. MIT Press, 1998. 449 pp.", "Ferrucci D., Brown E., Chu-Carroll J. et al. Building Watson: An Overview of the DeepQA Project // AI Magazine. 2010. Vol. 31, no. 3. P. 59\u201379.", "Fowlkes E. B., Mallows C. L. A Method for Comparing Two Hierarchical Clusterings // Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1983. Vol. 78, no. 383. P. 553\u2013569.", "Freeman L. C. Centered graphs and the structure of ego networks // Mathematical Social Sciences. 1982. Vol. 3, no. 3. P. 291\u2013304.", "Frome A., Corrado G. S., Shlens J. et al. DeViSE: A Deep Visual-Semantic Embedding Model // Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 26 (NIPS 2013), December 5\u201310, 2013, Harrah and Harveys, NV, USA. Curran Associates, Inc., 2013. P. 2121\u20132129.", "Fu R., Guo J., Qin B. et al. Learning Semantic Hierarchies via Word Embeddings // Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2014) (Volume 1: Long Papers), June 22\u201327, 2014, Baltimore, MD, USA. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. P. 1199\u20131209.", "G\u00e1bor K., Zargayouna H., Tellier I. et al. Exploring Vector Spaces for Semantic Relations // Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2017), September 9\u201311, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2017. P. 1815\u20131824.", "Gfeller D., Chappelier J.-C., De Los Rios P. Synonym Dictionary Improvement through Markov Clustering and Clustering Stability // Proceedings of the International Symposium on Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis (ASMDA'05), May 17\u201320, 2005, Brest, France. 2005. P. 106\u2013113.", "Gon\u00e7alo Oliveira H., Gomes P. Onto.PT: Automatic Construction of a Lexical Ontology for Portuguese // Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on STAIRS 2010: Proceedings of the Fifth Starting AI Researchers' Symposium, August 16\u201320, 2010, Lisbon, Portugal. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS Press, 2010. P. 199\u2013 211.", "Gon\u00e7alo Oliveira H., Gomes P. ECO and Onto.PT: a flexible approach for creating a Portuguese wordnet automatically // Language Resources and Evaluation. 2014. Vol. 48, no. 2. P. 373\u2013393.", "Gurevych I., Eckle-Kohler J., Hartmann S. et al. UBY \u2014 A Large-Scale Unified Lexical-Semantic Resource Based on LMF // Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2012), April 23\u201327, 2012, Avignon, France. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2012. P. 580\u2013590.", "Hagberg A. A., Schult D. A., Swart P. J. Exploring Network Structure, Dynamics, and Function using NetworkX // Proceedings of the 7th Python in Science Conference (SciPy2008), August 19\u201324, 2008, Pasadena, CA, USA. 2008. P. 11\u201315.", "Hartigan J. A., Wong M. A. Algorithm AS 136: A K-Means Clustering Algorithm // Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics). 1979. Vol. 28, no. 1. P. 100\u2013108.", "Hearst