Protein-protein Interactions and Novel Biomarkers in Bipolar Disorder
Creators: name: Ramnauth, Yeshna
name: Thatipalli, Anurag
name: Silverman, Rosalind
name: Silverman, Lorelei
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Biomarkers
subject: 110902 Cellular Nervous System
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 110903 Central Nervous System
subject: 110106 Medical Biochemistry: Proteins and Peptides (incl. Medical Proteomics)
subject: 110904 Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases
subject: 110999 Neurosciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 110319 Psychiatry (incl. Psychotherapy)

description: Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a mood disorder that manifests at different levels on a spectrum of depression to mania, with many possible specifiers such as psychosis and in the context of personality disorders. BD poses many challenges to the healthcare professionals involved in the care of this patient population. DSM-5 broadly divides BD into bipolar 1, bipolar 2, and cyclothymic disorder based on the dominant symptom and the duration of the symptoms. Studies have shown that BD commonly runs in families with 80 to 90 percent of individuals having a relative with BD or depression. Although the specific causes of BD within the brain are unclear, an imbalance of brain chemicals is believed to lead to dysregulated brain activity. Mood stabilizers are the cornerstone of BD treatment, often complemented with psychotherapy to help patients understand the nature of the disorder and better manage the mood swings. Often, the treatment plan incorporates the addition of another class of medication such as an atypical antipsychotic, antidepressant, or anticonvulsant. A more individualized approach is usually needed in managing BD patients given the multitude of presentations and the chronic nature of symptoms. The average age of onset is 25 years old, with an average delay of 5-10 years before a formal diagnosis of BD is made and arrive at a treatment plan that best works for the patient. Several brain signaling pathways have been postulated and extensively studied to understand the imbalance that manifests as the mood symptom. Therefore, there is a clear need for novel, more specific biomarkers to diagnose and treat BD. In this article, we searched PubMed and retrieved articles on BD focused on bioinformatic analyses of the differentially expressed proteins from various research articles. These are proteins that were identified in blood, saliva, or peripheral tissue samples as compared to controls. A total of 102 proteins fitting this description were identified and the genes that are responsible for encoding these proteins were then identified using the NCBI gene database. Next, the list of gene IDs were transferred into BioProfiling.de program to understand the gene function, protein interaction and pathway relationships in the form of models with significant statistical probability. Cytoscape, an open-source network biology computational tool, was used to visualize the CCancer spider model in two-dimensional interaction maps, creating spiders with genomic data mapping. Afterwards, Panther was used to model the functional classifications in the form of pie charts. This analysis highlighted multiple major signaling pathways involved in BD.<b> </b>The novel biomarkers identified may be used after further validation to diagnose and treat BD.