THE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL DAMAGES ON ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE IN CARBON NANOFIBER-MODIFIED GLASS FIBER/EPOXY COMPOSITES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FDEIT
Creators: name: Wen, Yuhao
Publisher: name: Purdue University Graduate School
Year: 2022
Subjects: Aerospace structures
Aerospace materials
Aerospace engineering not elsewhere classified

description: Self-sensing materials are engineered to transduce mechanical effects like deformations and damages into detectable electrical changes. As such, they have received immense research attention in areas including aerospace, civil infrastructure, robotic skin, and biomedical devices. In structural health monitoring (SHM) and nondestructive evaluation (NDE) applications, damages in the material cause breakage in the conductive filler networks, resulting in changes in the material's conductivity. Most SHM and NDE applications of self-sensing materials have used direct current (DC) measurements. DC-based methods have shown advantages with regard to sensitivity to microscale damages compared to other SHM methods. Comparatively, alternating current (AC) measurement techniques have shown potential for improvement over existent DC methods. For example, using AC in conjunction with self-sensing materials has potential for benefits such as greater data density, higher sensitivity through electrodynamics effects (e.g., coupling the material with resonant circuitry), and lower power requirements. Despite these potential advantages, AC techniques have been vastly understudied compared to DC techniques. <br>To overcome this gap in the state of the art, this thesis presents two contributions: First, an experimental study is conducted to elucidate the effect of different damage types, numbers, and sizes on AC transport in a representative self-sensing composite. And second, experimental data is used to inform a computational study on using AC methods to improve damage detection via electrical impedance tomography (EIT) – a conductivity imaging modality commonly paired with self-sensing materials for damage localization. For the first contribution, uniaxial glass fiber specimens containing 0.75 wt.% of carbon nanofiber (CNF) are induced with five types of damage (varying the number of holes, size of holes, number of notches, size of notches, and number of impacts). Impedance magnitude and phase angle were measured after each permutation of damage to study the effect of the new damage on AC transport. It was observed that permutations of hole and notch damages show clear trends of increasing impedance magnitude with the increasing damage, particularly at low frequencies. These damages had little-to-no effect on phase angle, however. Increasing numbers of impacts on the specimens did not show any discernable trend in either impedance magnitude or phase angle, except at high frequencies. This shows that different AC frequencies can be more or less useful for finding particular damage types.<br>Regarding the second contribution, AC methods were also explored to improve damage detection in self-sensing materials via EIT. More specifically, the EIT technique could benefit from developing a baseline-free (i.e., not requiring a ‘healthy’ reference) formulations enabled by frequency-difference (fd) imaging. For this, AC conductivity measurements ranging from 100 Hz to 10 MHz were collected from various weight fractions of CNF-modified glass fiber/epoxy laminates. This experimental data was used to inform fdEIT simulations. In the fdEIT simulations, damage was simulated as a simple through-hole. Simulations used 16 electrodes with four equally spaced electrodes on each side of the domain. The EIT forward problem was used to predict voltage-current response on the damaged mesh, and a fdEIT inverse problem was formulated to reconstructs the damage state on an undamaged mesh. The reconstruction images showed the simulated damage clearly. Based on this preliminary study, this research shows that fdEIT does have potential to eliminate the need for a healthy baseline in NDE applications, which can potentially help proliferate the use of this technique in practice.