Downeshelea eclectica Santarém & Borkent & Spinelli & Felippe-Bauer 2018, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Santarém, Maria Clara Alves
name: Borkent, Art
name: Spinelli, Gustavo
name: Felippe-Bauer, Maria Luiza
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Ceratopogonidae
Downeshelea
Downeshelea eclectica

description: Downeshelea eclectica sp. nov.   
(Figures 4a–h, 8h–i, 10)  
 Diagnosis   
 Male. The only species of Downeshelea in the Americas with the following combination of features: gonostylus 0.55–0.68 length of gonocoxite; parameres fused for 0.21–0.35 of total length, midportion of stem sinuous, expanded subapically, distal portion slightly curved (Figure 8i); aedeagus subtriangular, basal arch U-shaped, extending to 0.28–0.38 of total length (Figure 8h).   
 Female. The only species of the Downeshelea multilineata group in the Americas with medium-sized wing (1.02–1.30 mm) (Figure 4d); midtarsomere 1 with 6–9 ventral spines; hind tibia brown; two slightly unequal spermathecae (Figure 4h).   
 Description   
 Male. Head. Eyes slightly contiguous in lower area; antennal ratio 0.90–1.08 (0.98, n = 32); palpal ratio 2.00–2.50 (2.14, n = 32) (Figure 4b).   
 Thorax. Brown, without definite pattern in slide-mounted specimens. Wing (Figure 4a) with greyish spot over CuA 1, CuA 2 extending into cua 1, anal cell, reaching wing margin; 2 nd radial cell twice longer than 1 st; wing length 0.97–1.37 (1.05, n = 33) mm; breadth 0.32–0.47 (0.37, n = 33) mm; costal ratio 0.73–0.80 (0.78, n = 33). Halter brown, distal portion of knob darker. Legs (Figure 4c) brown. Fore-, hind tarsomere 1 with one basal, one apical spine; midtarsomere 1 with two basal, two apical, 7–8 other ventral spines; apical spines of tarsomeres 2–4 of fore-, mid-, hind legs: 2–2–2, 2–2–2, 1–1–1; fore tarsal ratio 2.28–2.64 (2.51, n = 31), mid tarsal ratio 2.31–2.68 (2.56, n = 30), hind tarsal ratio 2.19–2.55 (2.31, n = 33); claws 0.33–0.50 (0.42, n = 32) length of their respective tarsomeres 5.   
 Abdomen. Dark brown. Terminalia (Figure 8h): tergite 9 with quadrate apex, apicolateral process short, broad; sternite 9 straight anteriorly, posterior margin with large, greatly convex median lobe bearing 2–4 long setae. Gonocoxite 2.30–2.69 (2.45, n = 31) times longer than basal width; gonostylus 0.55–0.68 (0.60, n = 32) length of gonocoxite, with setae on apex and ventral portion. Parameres (Figure 8i) 0.79–0.98(0.90, n = 31) times longer than aedeagus, fused for 0.21–0.35 (0.26, n = 29) of total length, a short posteromedian projection on the medial fused portion of the parameres in some specimens; knob stout, bulbous; stem sinuous on midportion, expanded subapically forming a broad lobe laterally directed; distal portion slightly curved, 0.55–0.84 (0.66, n = 31) of total length. Aedeagus subtriangular, basal arch U-shaped, extending to 0.28– 0.38 (0.34, n = 29) of total length; distal portion with heavily sclerotised margins, narrow, rounded, mesal excavation terminating in two short, heavily sclerotised processes.   
 Female. Similar to male with usual sexual differences; antennal ratio 0.97–1.10 (1.01, n = 31) (Figure 4e); palpus as in Figure 4f, palpal ratio 1.80–2.40 (2.07, n = 33); mandible with 11–12 teeth. Wing as in Figure 4d; wing length 1.02–1.30 (1.13, n = 33) mm; breadth 0.42–0.52 (0.47, n = 33) mm; costal ratio 0.78–0.83 (0.80, n = 33). Fore-, hind tarsomere 1 with one basal and one apical spine; midtarsomere 1 with two basal, two apical, 6–9 other ventral spines; apical spines of tarsomeres 2–4 of fore-, mid-, hind legs: 2–2–2, 2–2–2, 1–1–2; fore tarsal ratio 2.27–2.79 (2.56, n = 33), mid tarsal ratio 2.37–2.79 (2.62, n = 33), hind tarsal ratio 2.35–2.76 (2.53, n = 33); fore-, mid- leg claws 0.54–0.81 (0.68, n = 33) length of their respective tarsomeres 5; hind leg claw 1.15–1.53 (1.31, n = 32) as long as tarsomere 5 (Figure 4g). Abdomen with genital sclerite triangular. Two slightly unequal spermathecae (Figure 4h), measuring 48–68 (58, n = 31) by 40–55 (50, n = 27) µm and 43–58 (50, n = 29) by 40–50 (45, n = 26) µm. Third rudimentary spermatheca inflated in some specimens to nearly 7.5 µm (not illustrated).   
 Specimens examined   
 Holotype male adult, labeled ‘ Holotype Downeshelea eclectica Santarém, Borkent, Spinelli and Felippe-Bauer, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Refugio Vida Silvestre Río Piro, 1000m Estación Tuva, 180m, 14–21 September 2004, Gamboa, Briceno, Moraga, Cardenas. Malaise. LS276000 525500 #53265’ (MNCR); allotype female adult, labeled ‘ Allotype Downeshelea eclectica Santarém, Borkent, Spinelli and Felippe-Bauer’ same data as holotype (MNCR). Paratypes labeled as follows: 2 males, 5 females, same data as holotype (1 male CCER; 1 male, 5 females MNCR); 1 male, 3 females, same data except ‘ 1500m Estación Tuva’ (1 female CCER; 1 male, 2 females CNCI); 2 females, same data except ‘ Finca Catalino, 200m’ (MNCR); 6 females, same data except ‘100m’ (MNCR); 1 male, same data except ‘ 200m, 16 September 2004 ’ (MNCR); 1 male, ‘ Puntarenas, Golfito, Parque Nacional Corcovado, Estación Agujas, 250–350m, 15 June–15July 1999, Malaise, J. Azofeifa Zuniga’ (MNCR); 1 male, same data except 15 September –15 October 1999 (MNCR); 1 female, same data except 15 October–15 November 1999 (MNCR); 1 male, same data except ‘ 300m, 22 December 2000 – 09 January 2001 ’ (CNCI); 5 males, 4 females, same data except ‘ Sendero La Bonanza, 495m, 15 June–15 July 1999 ’ (1 male, 1 female CCER; 2 males, 2 females MNCR; 2 males, 1 female CNCI); 4 females, 3 males, same data except 15 July–15 August 1999 (2 males, 2 females MNCR; 2 males, 1 female CNCI); 3 males, 3 females, same data except 15 August–15 September 1999 (MNCR); 1 female, same data except 15 September –15 October 1999 (MNCR); 4 males, 8 females, same data except ‘ Cerro Rincón, 745m, 1August–25 September 2002 ’ (MNCR); 2 males, 6 females, same data except 15 June–15 July 1999 (MNCR); 2 males, 2 females, same data except 15 July–15 August 1999 (MNCR); 2 females, same data except 15 September–15 October 1999 (CNCI); 3 males, 4 females, same data except 11 September–01 October 2002 (MNCR); 4 males, 5 females, same data except 2 June–31 July 2002 (2 males, 2 females MNCR; 2 males, 3 female CNCI); 2 males, 9 females, same data except, ‘ 600–745m, 15 August–15 September 1999 ’ (MNCR); 1 male, same data except ‘ 600–700m, 28 July 2001, manual, K. Caballero’ (MNCR); 1 male, same data except ‘ La triguilla, 600m, 11 September–31 October 2002, Malaise, J. Azofeifa Zuniga’ (MNCR); 1 female, same data except 24 June–31 July 2002 (MNCR); 4 males, 5 females, same data except ‘ Sendero Las Quebraditas, 640m, 15 September–15 October 1999, CD5101’(CNCI); 2 males, 3 females, same data except 15 October–15 November 1999 (MNCR); 1 male, 4 females, same data except, 782m, 15 July– 15 August 2000 (MNCR); 1 female, same data except 20 December 2000 – 20 January 2001 (MNCR); 4 females, same data except ‘ Los Charcos’, 600–745m, 15 June–15 July 1999 (MNCR); 1 female, same data except ‘ Estación Los Patos, Senderos a Sirena’, 70m, 10 November–20 December 2000 (MNCR); 3 females, same data except 25 December 2000 – 13 February 2001 (MNCR); 4 males, 7 females, same data except 160m, 9 September–9 October 2001, K. Caballero (MNCR); 3 males, 2 females, same data except ‘ Sendero Guaymi’, 300m, 4 September–9 October 2000 (MNCR); 1 female, same data except ‘ Cerro Brujo’, 600m, 3 November–5 December 2002 (MNCR); 4 males, ‘ Puntarenas, Osa Sierpe, ACOSA, Estación Los Planes, 180m, 23–24 July 2002, ABC-octenol, G. Chaverri’ (MNCR); 4 males, 3 females, ‘ Puntarenas, Reserva Florestal Golfo Dulce, Orilla de Estación Agujas, 250–350m, 30 June–1 July 2000, light trap, A. Picado’ (MNCR); 1 male, ‘ Puntarenas, Reserva Biológica Isla Del Caño, 0–100m, 28–30 August 2000, light trap, J. Azofeifa Zuniga’ (MNCR); 1 female, ‘ Puntarenas, Golfito, Parque Nacional Piedras Blancas, Cerro Nicuesa, 579m, 28 November 2000 – 3 February 2001, Malaise, J. Azofeifa Zuniga’ (MNCR); 1 male, ‘ Puntarenas, Peninsula de Osa, San Pedrillo, 13 August 2001, A. Borkent’ (CNCI); 1 male, same data except ‘ Río Agujas, Sendero Purruja, 300m, 10–20 July 1996, A. Azofeifa’ (MNCR); 1 female, ‘ Puntarenas, 2km NE Tarcoles, 20 July 1993, A. Borkent’ (CNCI); 2 females, ‘ Puntarenas, Palmar Sur, 5 August 1964, F.S. Blanton’ (USNM); 5 females, ‘ Alajuela, San Carlos, Pital, Boca Tapada, Finca de Sergio Murillo, 50–100m, 21 July 2004, light trap, B. Hernández’ (MNCR); 5 females, same data except ‘ Laguna Lagarto Lodge’, 23 June–23 July 2004, Malaise (1 female CCER; 4 females MNCR); 6 females, same data except 23 July–17 September 2004 (MNCR); 1 female, same data except ‘ Bosque Ancianos’, 23 June–23 July 2004 (MNCR); 4 females, same data except 23 July–17 September 2004 (MNCR); 4 females, ‘ Alajuela, Parque Nacional Arenal, Sendero Pilón, 600m, 18 May–26 June 1999, Malaise, G. Carballo’ (MNCR); 2 females, same data except 1–18 May 1999 (MNCR); 2 females, same data except 650m, 08 November–07 December 2000 (MNCR); 1 female, same data except ‘Sector Cerro Chato’, 1100m, 25 August –25 September 1999 (MNCR); 3 females, ‘ Alajuela, Upala, Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Estación San Ramón, 4.75 Km SW Dos Ríos Upala, 860m, 17 May–17 June 1996, Malaise, D. Briceno’ (MNCR); 1 female, same data except 720m, 17 August–17 September 1996, F. Quesada (MNCR); 1 female, ‘ Alajuela, Upala, Parque Nacional Volcán Tenorio, Alb. Heliconias, Sendero Laguna Dantas, 900m, 14–16 June 2007, Malaise, J.D. Gutiérrez’ (MNCR); 1 female, same data except ‘ 1000m, 18 June 2000, red de golpe, A. Picado’ (MNCR); 1 female, same data except ‘ Estación El Pilón, 700–800m, 28 July 2003, J. Azofeifa’ (MNCR); 1 female, ‘ Cartago, Tres Equis, Parque Nacional Barbilla, Sendero principal a Río Barbilla, 500m, 12 April–13 May 2002, Malaise, E. Rojas’ (MNCR); 1 female, same data except 12 June–11 July 2002 (MNCR); 1 female, same data except 11 July–12. August 2002 (MNCR); 1 female, same data except 10 September– 10 October 2002 (MNCR); 1 female, same data except 10 November–9 December 2002 (MNCR); 1 male, 3 females, same data except 13 May–12 June 2002, ‘red de golpe’ (MNCR); 2 females, same data except 400–500m, 19 August 2001 (MNCR); 1 male, same data except ‘ Sector entre Río Barbilla, Río Dantas’, 485m, 11 August –11 October 2002 (MNCR); 1 male, ‘ Cartago, Parque Nacional Barbilla, Campamento 2. Sendero a Cerro Tigre, 1200m, 7 May 2005, B. Gamboa’ (CCER); 2 females, ‘ Turrialba, Parque Nacional Barbilla, 2km SE de Estación, 500–600m, 02July–19 August 2000, Malaise, E. Rojas’ (1 CCER; 1 MNCR); 1 female, same data except ‘ 3km SE de Estación’, 19 August–20 September 2000 (MNCR); 1 male, 1 female, same data except 20 September–18 October 2000 (1 male CCER; 1 female MNCR); 2 females, same data except ‘ Sendero El Felino, 1.5km SO de Estación’, 690m, 22 May–12 June 2001 (MNCR); 6 females, same data except 24 April–22 May 2001 (1 female CCER; 5 females MNCR); 1 female, ‘ Guanacaste, Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Estación Pitilla. Sendero Cerro Orosilito, 900m, 11–13 December 2007, Malaise, D. Briceno’ (CNCI); 6 females, ‘ Heredia, Refugio Vida Silvestre Corredor Fronterizo Costa Rica Nicaragua, Lagunas a la par de río San Juan, 20–50m, 16 September 2004, Malaise, B. Hernández’ (1 female CCER; 5 females MNCR); 5 females, same data, except ‘light trap’ (MNCR); 5 females, same data except 23 July 2004 (MNCR); 2 females, ‘ Limón, Parque Nacional Tortuguero, Sendero Real a Agua Fria, 50–100m, 14–21 August 2004, Malaise, Porras, Gamboa, Briceno, Moraga, Cardenas’ (1 CCER; 1 MNCR); 1 female, same data except, ‘ Estación Agua Fria, Sendero Real’, 20–50 m (MNCR); 1 female, same data except ‘ 16 August 2004, red noyes, M. Moraga’ (MNCR); 1 female, ‘ Limón, Valle de la Estrella, Reserva Biológica Hitoy Cerere, Sendero Bobócara, 640m, 18 May–18 June 1999, Malaise, F. Umana’ (MNCR); 4 females, same data except ‘ Sendero Espavel, 560m, 18 September–5 October 2003, B. Gamboa, E. Rojas, W. Arana’ (MNCR); 2 females, ‘ Limón, Cahuita, 30 October 1993, A. Borkent’ (CNCI); 1 male, ‘ San José, ACLAP, Pérez Zeledón. Parque Nacional Chirripó, Estación Santa Elena, 1850m, 6 July–6 August 1997, E. Alfaro, M. Segura’ (CCER); 1 male, same data except ‘ Sendero Jueves 13, 2. June –6 July 1997, red manual’ (MNCR); 2 males, same data except 6 August–15 September 1997 (MNCR); 4 males, 2 females, ‘ San José, Parque Nacional La Cangreja, Estación Ecotropica, 300–400 m, 13–17 July 2004, Malaise, Porras, Cardenas, Gamboa, Briceno, Moraga’ (1 male CCER; 3 males, 2 females CNCI); 2 males, same data except ‘amarilla’ (MNCR); 5 males, 2 females, same data except ‘ 13–14 July 2004, balde’ (MNCR); 1 female, same data except ‘ Sendero Plinia, 13–17 July 2004 ’ (MNCR); 1 male, ‘ Downeshelea multilineata (Lutz), COLOMBIA, Valle Rio Raposo, 15 April 1964, light trap, V. H. Lee’ (CCER); 1 male, same data except August 1965 (USNM); 1 male, ‘ Downeshelea multilineata (Lutz), BRAZIL, Pará, Belém, APEG forest, March 1970, sticky trap, T.H.G. Aitken’ (USNM); 1 male, same data except July 1970 (CCER).   
 Distribution and bionomics   
This species is distributed in all provinces of Costa Rica and a locality in each of Colombia and Brazil (Pará) (Figure 10). It has been found in forested, coastal and mangrove areas, occurring in Costa Rica up to 1850 m above sea level.  
 Etymology   
The name of this species reflects its eclectic distribution and habitats, occurring in several habitats and altitudes in Neotropical countries, up to 1850 m of altitude and in forested, coastal and mangrove areas (Greek – Eklektikos = eclectic).
description: Published as part of Santarém, Maria Clara Alves, Borkent, Art, Spinelli, Gustavo & Felippe-Bauer, Maria Luiza, 2018, New Neotropical species of Downeshelea Wirth and Grogan and redescription of D. multilineata (Lutz) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), pp. 509-540 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 52 (9 - 10) on pages 521-526, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1437231, http://zenodo.org/record/5178489