Solanum paucidens Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 226. 1912.
Creators: name: Knapp, Sandra
name: Saerkinen, Tiina
name: Barboza, Gloria E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Solanales
Solanaceae
Solanum
Solanum paucidens

description: 37. Solanum paucidens Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 226. 1912. Figs 113, 114 Solanum diffusum Vell., Fl. Flumin. 83. 1829 [1825], nom.illeg., non Solanum diffusum Ruiz &amp; Pav. (1799). Type. Brazil. [Rio de Janeiro]: "campis apricis mediterraneis"; (lectotype, designated by Knapp et al. 2015, pg. 829: [illustration] Original parchment plate of Flora Fluminensis in the Manuscript Section of the Biblioteca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro [cat. no.: mss1198651_101] and later published in Vellozo, Fl. Flumin. Icon. 2: tab. 98. 1831). Solanum maracayuense Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 227. 1912. Type. Paraguay. Canindeyú: "Sierra de Maracayú”, Nov, <i>É. Hassler 5278</i> (holotype: B, destroyed; lectotype, designated here: G [G00306843]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000074095], G [G00306845], GH [00105865], K [K000532494], NY [00172082], P[P00753766, P00753765, P00337048], UC [950199]) Solanum rojasii Chodat, Bull. Soc. Bot. Genève, sér. 2, 8: 150. 1916. Type. Paraguay. Paraguarí: [Cerro] Acahay, <i>R. Chodat &amp; W. Vischer 67</i> (lectotype, designated here: G [G00449278]; isolectotype: G [G00449243]). Solanum maioranthum L.B.Sm. &amp; Downs, Phytologia 10: 425. 1964. Type. Brazil. Santa Catarina: Rio do Rastro, 20 km west of Lauro Müller, lower and middle slopes of Rio do Rastro, <i>L.B. Smith &amp; R.M. Klein 12338</i> (holotype: US [00067554, acc. # 2423800]; isotypes: K [K000590017], NY [00172074], R [R000129993], US [03272136, acc. # 2492258]). Type. Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Theresopolis, Nov-Dec 1888, <i>J.T. de Moura 578</i> (holotype: B, destroyed [F neg. 2839]; lectotype, designated here: F [v0073360F, acc. # 621340, fragment of holotype]). Description. Herb to small subshrub with lax branches, 0.5-1.5 m high. Stems terete or slightly angled, sparsely pubescent with white eglandular 3-5-celled simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long, also with a few spinescent processes along the angles; new growth densely white pubescent with eglandular 3-7-celled simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long, these usually antrorse; bark of older stems pale greenish grey. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple or shallowly toothed, the blades 2-9(15) cm long, 1.5-3(5) cm wide, narrowly elliptic, widest at the middle or in the lower half, membranous, concolorous or slightly discolorous, very variable in size with lower leaves much larger; adaxial surfaces almost glabrous, with a few scattered white eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long on the lamina, these somewhat denser along the veins; abaxial surfaces moderately and evenly pubescent with similar white eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long; principal veins 4-6 pairs, more densely pubescent than the lamina; base acute; margins entire or with a few irregular teeth in the lower half; apex acute; petiole 0.5-0.9 cm long, pubescent with scattered white eglandular trichomes like those of the stem. Inflorescences internodal, unbranched or forked, 1.5-2.5 cm long, with 5-10 flowers not markedly clustered at the tips, moderately to sparsely pubescent with white eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems; peduncle 1.2-2.3 cm long; pedicels 0.6-0.7 cm long, 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the base, 1-1.2 mm in diameter at the apex, spreading or slightly deflexed and secund at anthesis, sparsely to moderately pubescent like the inflorescence axes, articulated at the base; pedicel scars more or less evenly spaced 0.5-1 mm apart along the axis, somewhat raised from the axis as small protuberances. Buds narrowly ellipsoid, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, cosexual (hermaphroditic). Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, conical, the lobes 0.5-1 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, deltate to broadly triangular, often tearing irregularly, sparsely pubescent with white eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes like the inflorescence, but these sparser than on the pedicel. Corolla 0.8-1.2 cm in diameter, white with a central green star, lobed 2/3 to 3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 3-4 mm long, 1.5-1.7 mm wide, spreading or reflexed at anthesis, glabrous adaxially, sparsely and evenly puberulent-papillate, more densely so on the tips and margins. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 1-1.5 mm long, densely pubescent adaxially with tangled simple uniseriate trichomes; anthers 2.5-3.5 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary conical, glabrous; style 8-9 mm long, straight, exserted beyond the anther cone, densely pubescent with white simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long in the lower half; stigma capitate, the surfaces minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 0.8-1 cm in diameter, black or purple when ripe, the pericarp thin, somewhat shiny, translucent, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 0.7-1 cm long, ca. 0.7 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1.2 mm at the apex, gradually tapering, not markedly woody, strongly deflexed at the base and the infructescence appearing secund in herbarium specimens, not persistent; fruiting calyx not enlarged or accrescent, appressed to the berry, the lobes tearing to become ca. 2 mm long. Seeds 40-80 per berry, 1.3-1.5 mm long, 1-1.2 mm wide, flattened and teardrop shaped, pale tan or yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells rectangular to slightly sinuate in outline, with short hair-like extensions of the lateral cell walls. Stone cells 2-6(8) per berry, 0.5-0.7 mm in diameter, cream-coloured. Chromosome number: not known. Distribution <b>(Fig. 115).</b> <i>Solanum paucidens</i> occurs in southern Brazil (States of Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo, Santa Catarina), northeastern Argentina (Provs. Corrientes, Misiones) and eastern Paraguay (Depts. Alto Paraná, Central, Guairá). Ecology and habitat. <i>Solanum paucidens</i> is a plant of middle to low elevations in the semideciduous and evergreen Mata Atlântica and Selva Paranense, growing in swampy areas, forest edges and clearings and forest understory, from near sea level to 2,000 m in the Atlantic forest mountains. Common names and uses. Brazil. Minas Gerais: erva-moura (<i>Souza et al. s.n.</i>), erva nome (<i>Andrade 1209</i>). Uses and common names attributed to <i>S. americanum</i> in Lorenzi and Abreu Matos (2021) and Ferreira Kinupp and Lorenzi (2022) may also apply to <i>S. paucidens</i>, although the photographs appear to be in large part <i>S. americanum</i>; there are no vouchers cited. Preliminary conservation status <b>(IUCN 2022).</b> Least Concern [LC]. EOO = 1,233,243 km2 [LC]; AOO = 196 km2 [EN]. <i>Solanum paucidens</i> has a broad geographical distribution and is a weedy species of open areas and roadsides where it occurs. It occurs within protected areas in Argentina (e.g., Reserva Vida Silvestre Urugua-í in Misiones) and Brazil (e.g., Parque Nacional Itatiaia at the border of Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Parque Estadual Intervales in Santa Catarina, Parque Estadual Ibtipoca in Minas Gerais). Discussion. The name <i>S. paucidens</i> has not been in common use for this species, in part due to the poor quality of the type specimen (see below). Earlier treatments either treated this species as new (e.g., Smith and Downs 1966 as <i>S. maioranthum</i>) or as <i>S. nigrescens</i> (e.g., Mentz and Oliveira 2004), a species from North, Central and northern South America. The flowers of <i>S. paucidens</i> are usually evenly spaced along the elongate inflorescence axis, in contrast to <i>S. nigrescens</i> where they are clustered at the tip or not widely spaced. <i>Solanum paucidens</i> is most similar to <i>S. enantiophyllanthum</i>, with which it is nearly sympatric in the mountain ranges of southern Brazil. <i>Solanum paucidens</i> has smaller flowers (0.8-1.2 cm in diameter versus 1.9-2 cm in diameter) with shorter anthers (2.5-3.5 mm long versus 4.5-6 mm long) than <i>S. enantiophyllanthum</i> and grows at somewhat lower elevations where their distributions overlap. In herbarium specimens the inflorescences of <i>S. paucidens</i> appear secund, with flowers and fruits on one side of the inflorescence axis; this is most easily seen in fruiting specimens. Bitter (1912b) described <i>S. paucidens</i> citing only a collection by “Julio” Moura (referring to Julia T. de Moura) from a specimen in the Berlin Herbarium. That specimen no longer exists, and we have looked for duplicates in other herbaria where collections might be found (e.g., BR), but have been unsuccessful. The fragment of the holotype at F mounted on the sheet with the photograph (F neg. 2839) taken by J.F. Macbride in Berlin (barcode v0073360F, acc. # 621340) is more or less adequate for identification and is here designated as the lectotype. Further duplicates of this gathering may be found at R that are better representations of the species, thus we do not at this stage designate an epitype. In describing <i>S. maracayuense</i> Bitter (1912b) cited <i>Hassler 5278</i> from Berlin, but this specimen is no longer extant. Two sheets of <i>Hassler 5278</i> are held in the Hassler Herbarium at G, and we select the better of these with flowers and fruits (G00306843) as the lectotype for this name. Chodat (1916) cited <i>Chodat &amp; Visscher 67</i> from "herb. Univ. de Geneve" in the protologue of <i>S. rojasii</i>. This herbarium is now held at G, and we have selected the more complete of the two duplicates (G00449278) held there that is labelled “holotype” as the lectotype for <i>S. rojasii</i>.
description: Published as part of <i>Knapp, Sandra, Saerkinen, Tiina &amp; Barboza, Gloria E., 2023, A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae), pp. 1-342 in PhytoKeys 231</i> on page 1, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894
description: {"references": ["Knapp, S, Barboza, GE, Romero, MV, Vignoli-Silva, M, Giacomin, LL, Stehmann, JR, 2015. Identification and lectotypification of the Solanaceae from Vellozo's Flora Fluminensis. Taxon 64: 822 - 836, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/644.14", "Lorenzi, H, Abreu Matos, FJ, 2021. Plants medicinais no Brasil (3rd edn.). Instituto Plantrum de Estudios da Flora Ltda., Nova Odessa.", "Ferreira Kinupp, V, Lorenzi, H, 2021. Plantas alimenticias nao convencionais (PANC) no Brasil. 2nd edition. Instituto Plantrum de Estudios da Flora Ltda., Nova Odessa.", "2022. . https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines", "Smith, LB, Downs, RJ, 1966. Solanaceas. In: Reitz, PR, Ed., Flora ilustrada Catarinense fasc. SOLA: 1 - 321", "Mentz, LA, Oliveira, PL, 2004. Solanum (Solanaceae) na regiao sul do Brasil. Pesquisas. Botanica 54: 1 - 327", "Bitter, G, 1912b. Solana nova vel minus cognita II. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 11: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19120110103", "Chodat, R, 1916. Geobotanique et etude critique de quelques Solanees paraguayennes. Bulletin de la Societe botanique de Geneve, series 2, 8: 142-160."]}