Capnia shasta Nelson &amp; Baumann 2009, sp. n.
Creators: name: Nelson, C. Riley
name: Baumann, Richard W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2009
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Plecoptera
Capniidae
Capnia
Capnia shasta

description: <i>Capnia shasta</i> sp. n. (Figs. 1-9) <i>Capnia umpqua</i>, Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989:306, Figs. 177 <i>–</i> 180, 252, map Fig. 263 (Not <i>Capnia umpqua</i> Frison 1942) <b>Material examined.</b> &amp;male; holotype, female allotype, and 2 male and 4 female paratypes, USA, California, Shasta Co., Sulphur Creek, Castle Crags State Park, 16 February 1985, R.W. Baumann &amp; C.R. Nelson. The locality was checked with Google Earth internet software on 17 June 2009 and found the location just outside of the park at: N 41.15587° W 122.36285° elev. 708 m. Each primary type specimen has been placed in a separate vial, in 70% ethanol. One paratype male and the allotype female were the specimens illustrated in Nelson &amp; Baumann (1989) as <i>C. umpqua</i>. Of the paraptypes, one male and three females are in 70% ethanol and the terminalia of 2 males and one female are dried and on SEM stubs, including the specimens used for Figs. 1-8 (the remainders of these specimens are in 70% ethanol vials). The holotype and allotype are deposited at the Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. (USNM). All paratypes are housed at the R. W. Baumann Aquatic Insect Collection, Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah (BYUC). <b>Male.</b> Body length 5.10 mm; interocular distance 0.57 mm; wings macropterous, forewing length 5.9 mm; tergum 9 divided along one-half its length by medial membranous area, anterior margin heavily sclerotized. Well-developed tergal knobs present along inner margin of the divided tergum nine (Figs.1-4), no tergal knobs on segment eight; epiproct broad, length 285 m, epiproct width 132 m, measured in dorsal view (Figs. 1, 3) with only a single process well-developed (Figs. 2, 4); apex of epiproct unforked (Figs. 1, 3, 5). <b>Female.</b> Body length 6.48 mm; interocular distance 0.62 mm; wings macropterous, forewing length 6.80 mm; subgenital plate triangular with apex directed anteriorly (Figs. 8, 9); subgenital plate width 0.46 mm on hind margin; hind margin straight with margin thickened and not overlapping sternite 9; subgenital plate with paired lateral light thinnings of sclerotization near distal corners, immediately anterior to the hind margin, darker lines (probably internal) running much of the length of subgenital plate near medial line (Figs. 8-9). <b>Etymology.</b> This species is named for prominent Mount Shasta of the Cascade Range in northern California as a noun, without gender, in apposition. It shares this name with a common, somewhat generic brand of soda water common in the western United States. <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Capnia shasta</i> is unique in that it is the only member of the Californica Group with tergal knobs only on segment 9 and no distinctively divided process on the epiproct. It lacks the distinct upper process of the epiproct found in the Ventura Subgroup. It differs from the Californica Subgroup in lacking knobs on tergum 8. Phylogenetic relationships of <i>C. shasta</i> with all known members of the Californica Group are summarized in Fig. 10. <b>Discussion.</b> Nelson &amp; Baumann (1989) predicted that the area in California between Santa Barbara and Carmel would probably be a site for a new species or two yet to be discovered in the Californica Group. To this date, no one has reported any new records of <i>Capnia</i> species from this area but in this paper we describe <i>C. shasta,</i> from a more northerly thought-to-be-well-collected and central portion of the overall group range. The challenge remains to find coastal new members of the group in northern California. <b>Key to males.</b> All males of the previously known species in the Californica Group except true <i>C. umpqua</i> can be identified using the key (p. 304) of Nelson &amp; Baumann (1989). The following key is a modification of the 1989 key written to accommodate both true <i>C. umpqua</i> and <i>C. shasta</i>. Couplet numbering follows that key, with couplet 8 added and figures from various sources noted. 7(4) Terga 5 and 6 each bearing paired knobs (Figs. 69 and 70 of Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989) …………………………………… <i>jewetti</i> Frison 7’ Terga 8 or 9 bearing paired knobs (Figs. 1-4 and 7 in this publication and Figs. 177-178 of Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989) ………………….... 8 8(7) Terga 8 bearing paired knobs (Figs. 1-2 in Baumann &amp; Stewart 2009) ……. <i>umpqua</i> Frison 8’ Terga 9 bearing paired knobs (Figs. 1-4 in this publication; Figs. 177-180 in Nelson &amp; Baumann 1989; and Figs. 3-4 in Nelson 2004 …………………………….. <i>shasta</i>, new species <b>Phylogeny.</b> A purported phylogeny for the entire Californica Group was produced in (Nelson 2004). In the 2004 paper, the species illustrated (and used for the phylogenetic analysis) as <i>C. umpqua</i> was the species we herein describe as <i>C. shasta</i>. Table 1 summarizes the morphological characters used in the 2004 paper with addition of character states observed from the holotype of <i>C. umpqua</i>, a minor reinterpretation of Character 14, and a correction of species name for the Sulphur Creek, Castle Crags State Park specimens (<i>C. umpqua</i> of Nelson 2004) as <i>C. shasta</i>. We ran a branch and bound analysis using this corrected matrix (Table 1). This analysis yielded six equally parsimonious trees. In all of these trees, the topology conformed largely to that of the tree in Nelson (2004) except that now <i>C. nana</i> falls into a polytomy with <i>C. shasta</i> and the two subgroups (Fig. 10). Still <i>C. shasta</i> is basal to <i>C. jewetti</i>. In three of these trees <i>C. shasta</i> is immediately basal to <i>C. jewetti</i> and in the remaining three it is also basal to <i>C. regilla.</i> Thus in the consensus of the six trees it appears as a polytomy with the two major clades in the Californica Group (Fig. 10) and <i>C. nana</i>. The more important question then becomes, “Where does true <i>C. umpqua</i> fit on the tree?” In five of the six most parsimonious trees, <i>C. umpqua</i> fits in a pectinate fashion up the tree from <i>C. jewetti</i> and down from <i>C. ophiona</i>. In the sixth tree <i>C. umpqua</i> is still up tree from <i>C. jewetti</i> but in a polytomy with <i>C. ophiona</i> and (<i>C. californica + C. quadrituberosa</i>). <b>Zoogeography.</b> With the consensus cladogram of purported relationships (Fig. 10) and the overall distribution of the group’s species in hand (Nelson 2004) one is tempted to hypothesize the origins, dispersal, and speciation sequence for members of the group. The zoogeography for the group as previously presented (Nelson 2004) stands. The Californica Group, taken as a whole (Nelson 2004, Fig. 3) divides into two sister taxa basally (Ventura Subgroup) and (Californica Subgroup + <i>C. umpqua</i> + <i>C. jewetti</i>). But our new species comes out in a polytomy with these two subgroups (and <i>C. nana</i>) and thus leads to no strong zoogeographic hypotheses. <i>Capnia shasta</i> is currently known from a single locality on a single date. It is currently known only from far down the flanks of Mount Shasta in a small tributary of the Sacramento River at the northern head of California’s Central Valley. We suggest that further careful winter collections of many sites in the area are warranted. We examined a range of specimens of <i>C. umpqua</i> from throughout its broad Oregon – southern California range. The shape of the epiproct in these specimens varied widely in relative width both within series from a single collection and across its range. Using this information we tentatively propose that <i>C. shasta</i>, <i>C. jewetti</i>, and <i>C. ophiona</i> arose as independent peripheral isolates from the widespread <i>C. umpqua</i> -like ancestor. This speculative hypothesis could best be tested using fast evolving sequences of DNA. We have little hope that further morphological study of this question will resolve these polytomies, and hope that the sequences will. <b>Conclusions.</b> This new, interesting species shows that small, relictual populations and species probably remain to be discovered in western North America. Careful, fine scale collecting of the numerous streams in northern California continues to yield new species. The limited distribution of <i>C. shasta</i> points to a need for careful conservation of the tributaries of the Sacramento River. The Californica Group remains an important and virtually untapped resource to learn more about the paleogeography of this part of western North America. The use of sequence data on a phylogeographic scale remains a next best step in sorting out the range relationships of these populations and species in understanding this perplexingly complex group of stoneflies.
description: Published as part of <i>Nelson, C. Riley &amp; Baumann, Richard W., 2009, Capnia Shasta, A New Species In The Californica Group From Northwestern California (Plecoptera, Capniidae), pp. 188-194 in Illiesia 5 (18)</i> on pages 189-194, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4758162
description: {"references": ["Nelson, C. R. &amp; R. W. Baumann. 1989. Systematics and zoogeography of the winter stonefly genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America. Great Basin Naturalist, 49: 289 - 363 + index.", "Frison, T. H. 1942. Descriptions, records and systematic notes concerning western North American stoneflies (Plecoptera). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 18: 61 - 73.", "Baumann, R. W. &amp; K. W. Stewart. 2009. What is Capnia umpqua Frison? (Plecoptera: Capniidae), distribution and variation of terminalia. Illiesia, 5: 34 - 39.", "Nelson, C. R. 2004. Systematics of the Capnia californica Species Group, including a morphological phylogeny, zoogeography, and description of Capnia kersti, new species (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Annals of the"]}