cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Social behaviour in a non-pupping colony of steller sea-lion (Eumetopias jubata)
Creators: name: Harestad, Alton Sidney
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: Eumetopias jubata is polygyncus. The sea-lions segregate during the breeding season into pupping colonies consisting of adult males and females, and non-pupping colonies consisting mainly of sub-adult males. All previous studies of the social behaviour E. jubata have been concerned only with pupping colonies. This study describes the social behaviour and organization of a non-pupping colony. The colony is located at Mclnnes Island, British Columbia (Lat. 52°16’ N., Long. 128°43’ W.). It consists of 100-150 animals. They are mainly sub-adult males though several adult sea-lions of both sexes were present. Data concerning six age-sex classes were taken using two methods. One method involved the development of an ethogram consisting of 34 behaviour patterns and the observation of social interactions. The other method involved spacial organization and activity. Qualitative notes on territorial and reproductive behaviour as well as population structure were also recorded. A peck-dominance hierarchy exists between the classes and is related to many of the behaviours measured. Males are more socially involved than females. This is more voluntary for males than it is for females. As males mature their behaviour becomes more complex than that of females. Females are not aggressive. This is reflected by their lack of Body Contact behaviour. Males are aggressive towards other males and use more Body Contact behaviour than females. Body Contact behaviour is mainly physical aggressive interaction. As males mature it is replaced with Non-body Contact behaviour which is largely threats and displays. The intense social conditioning of sub-adult males results in more socially adept adults that are better able to cope with the complex society at pupping colonies. Sub-adult males are not territorial. However, some adult males are. This is related to the presence of females. Territories act as refuges for females who avoid areas of activity and harassment by sexually mature sub-adult males. This contributes to the grouping of females around territorial adult males. Non-pupping colonies are spatially organized similar to pupping colonies except for the relative proportion of age-sex classes. Socially, non-pupping colonies are less organized than pupping colonies. Social organization in E. jubata is promoted by the tranquil behaviour of adults and inhibited by the disruptive behaviour of sub-adult males.
Історія дослідження та сучасний стан городища Грубське у Житомирській області
Creators: name: Гнера, Володимир
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: Archaeology

description: Гнера В.А. Історія дослідження та сучасний стан городища Грубське у Житомирській області. Дубенський науковий вісник. Збірник наукових праць. Випуск 3 : Матеріали міжнародної науково-теоретичної конференції,
присвяченої 920-річчю першої писемної згадки про місто Дубно. Рівне : видавець Харват О. М., 2021. 264 с. - С.67-74
PR - RISK ANALYSIS AT BERRY FRUIT FARMS
Creators: name: Å½gajnar, Jaka
name: Becirovic, Emir
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: berry fruits
subject: production plan
subject: risk reduction

description: The paper presents a risk analysis for hypothetical farms focused on berry fruit production. The main objective is to analyse risk reduction efficiency on different farms and how it changes, considering the different strategies and production conditions. A linear program was developed to prepare an optimal production plan, while quadratic risk programming served to minimize the total variance as a measure of risk. We analysed three farm types, with different areas of land. Additionally, we analysed production planning on a small family farm under three different scenarios, focusing on how different sets of production activities influence the efficiency of risk management in order to (i) reduce the risk or (ii) at the given level of risk achieve better economic results. We found that on the small family farms decreasing SD by 1 EUR costs 3.06 EUR, while for a semi-large family farm it is only a bit more expensive, and for a large business farm it is 6% more expensive. The small family farm is most efficient in reducing risk with up to 42% decrease, but due to more available resources, semi-large and large farms have more opportunity for further efficient risk reduction. In all scenarios less capital and labour intensive productions of raspberry - Willamette and blueberry - Bluecrop where the most efficient risk reduction production activities.
description: Twenty-Second International Farm Management Congress, Tasmania, Australia, March 3-8, 2019
Digging for Formational Clues in the Halos of Early-type Galaxies
Creators: name: Romanowsky, Aaron J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Many of the fundamental properties of early-type galaxies (ellipticals and lenticulars) can only be accessed by venturing beyond their oft-studied centers into their large-radius halo regions. Advances in observations of kinematical tracers allow early-type halos to be increasingly well probed. This review focuses on recent findings on angular momentum and dark matter content, and discusses some possible implications for galaxy structure and formation.
description: 4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in "Hunting for the Dark: The Hidden Side of Galaxy Formation", Malta, 19-23 Oct. 2009, eds. V.P. Debattista & C.C. Popescu, AIP Conf. Ser., in press
PR - THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTI-DISCIPLINED APPROACH FOR DETERMINING NEW ZEALAND DAIRY FARMER ATTITUDES TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY
Creators: name: Bailey, Alison
name: Kambuta, Jacob
name: Perrier, Jacob
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Agricultural sustainability
subject: dairy farmersâ€™ motivations
subject: Analytic Hierarchy Process

description: In recent years, the concept of sustainability has been a feature in agricultural policy discussions. In this context it is important to understand the rationale of farmerâ€™s decisions in relation to the dimensions of sustainability - economic, social, and environmental. The aim of this project was to design a framework to determine the attitudes of individual dairy farmers in terms of financial and environmental management, and social responsibility. The literature on indicators of sustainability for agriculture were reviewed. Selected indicators identified in the literature were then applied as the three sustainability pillars: economic, social and environmental in a two-stage interview process. Scoping interviews were conducted to finalise relevant indicators before a wider interview process based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process was undertaken. The literature on indicators of sustainability for agriculture were reviewed. Selected indicators identified in the literature were then applied as the three sustainability pillars: economic, social and environmental in a two-stage interview process. Scoping interviews were conducted to finalise relevant indicators before a wider interview process based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process was undertaken.
description: Twenty-Second International Farm Management Congress, Tasmania, Australia, March 3-8, 2019
Bedeutung einer CO2-Infrastruktur : was ist der Stand der Diskussion in der Schweiz
Creators: name: Guidati, Gianfranco
name: Müller, Reto
name: Betz, Regina
name: Biollaz, Serge
Publisher: name: Schweizerischer Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches
Year: 2024
Subjects: 363: Umwelt- und Sicherheitsprobleme

description: Die Schweiz hat sich verpflichtet, ihren klimatischen Fussabdruck nachhaltig zu reduzieren. Ziel ist es, bis ins Jahr 2050 netto keine Treibhausgase mehr an die Atmosphäre abzugeben. Aber nicht alle Treibhausgasemissionen lassen sich leicht vermeiden – insbesondere nicht jene aus der Landwirtschaft, der Abfallverwertung oder der Zementherstellung. Um das Ziel zu erreichen, sind die Abscheidung, Nutzung und Speicherung von CO2 sowie der Einsatz von Negativemissionstechnologien unverzichtbar. Für die Realisierung einer CO2-Infrastruktur zum Abtransport des abgeschiedenen CO2 müssen die technischen, rechtlichen, verfahrensmässigen sowie ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen geschaffen werden. Zudem ist die öffentliche Akzeptanz zu berücksichtigen, auch darf die Bedeutung einer Reduktion der Treibhausgase, insbesondere im Wärme- und Verkehrssektor, nicht relativiert werden, da CCS und NET sehr hohe Kosten aufweisen.
PR - ENTERPRISE SUITABILITY MAPPING: GUIDING AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TASMANIA, AUSTRALIA
Creators: name: Kidd, Darren
name: Webb, Matthew
name: Stickler, Rhys
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Land Suitability
subject: Digital Soil Mapping
subject: Climate Modelling

description: A series of new irrigation schemes in Tasmania, Australia, along with Tasmanian Government policies, is currently stimulating agricultural growth in the State. This has been supported through the Tasmanian Governmentâ€™s â€˜Water for Profitâ€™ Program, designed to provide farmers with the tools and knowledge to maximise profits on new irrigation water investments. The program includes the Department of Primary Industries Parks Water & Environmentâ€™s â€˜Enterprise Suitability Mappingâ€™, using advanced Digital Soil Mapping, Climate Modelling and Enterprise Suitability Rulesets in consultation with industry to produce high resolution (30m) digital maps of the suitability status of a range of agricultural enterprises. The maps have been uploaded to a publically accessible internet mapping portal, and give users the capacity to interactively identify the suitability rating, soil and climate parameters and required management at any location in the State. The maps provide an indication of potential soil vulnerability and relevant management that might be required to ensure agricultural sustainability, along with combined enterprise versatility to show the areas suited to the most crops. The mapping has achieved a high level of interest in Tasmania, totalling > 143,000 internet mapping visits in the 6 months between April and September 2018.
description: Twenty-Second International Farm Management Congress, Tasmania, Australia, March 3-8, 2019
A robust theory of thermal activation in magnetic systems with Gilbert damping
Creators: name: Bocquet, Hugo
name: Derlet, Peter M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Magnetic systems can exhibit thermally activated transitions whose timescales are often described by an Arrhenius law. However, robust predictions of such timescales are only available for certain cases. Inspired by the harmonic theory of Langer, we derive a general activation rate for multi-dimensional spin systems. Assuming local thermal equilibrium in the initial minimum and deriving an expression for the flow of probability density along the real unstable dynamical mode at the saddle point, we obtain the expression for the activation rate that is a function of the Gilbert damping parameter, $α$. We find that this expression remains valid for the physically relevant regime of $α\ll1$. When the activation is characterized by a coherent reorientation of all spins, we gain insight into the prefactor of the Arrhenius law by writing it in terms of spin wave frequencies and, for the case of a finite antiferromagnetic spin chain, obtain an expression that depends exponentially on the square of the system size indicating a break-down of the Meyer-Neldel rule.
description: 14 pages, 7 figures
Sivers effect in Drell-Yan processes
Creators: name: Anselmino, M.
name: Boglione, M.
name: D'Alesio, U.
name: Melis, S.
name: Murgia, F.
name: Prokudin, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Sivers distributions recently extracted from semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering data [1] are used to compute estimates for Sivers asymmetries in Drell-Yan processes which are being planned at several facilities (RHIC, COMPASS, J-PARC, PAX, PANDA, NICA (JINR) and SPASCHARM (IHEP)). Most of these asymmetries turn out to be large and could allow a clear test of the predicted sign change of the Sivers distributions when active in SIDIS and Drell-Yan processes. This is regarded as a fundamental test of our understanding, within QCD and the factorization scheme, of single spin asymmetries.
description: RevTeX4, 12 pages, 23 eps figures
Distribution of carbohydrates and their associations with metals ions in selected gleysols
Creators: name: Thompson, Cedric Basil Hilton
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: Three Gleysols from the Lower Fraser Valley were selected to study the distribution of hexoses and pentoses and their association with iron, aluminum, magnesium and calcium. A sequential extraction procedure was developed. The various stages of the extraction procedure displayed unique patterns of hexose and pentose distribution. The hexose to pentose distribution ratios showed a greater accumulation of hexoses than pentoses in the upper A horizons but the reverse was observed in the lower horizons. Consistent hexose to pentose ratios of less than 1.0 for the dilute acid extraction were observed. Generally, pentose retention relative to hexoses increased with depth. Comparative distributions of sugars with the metal ions studied were as follows: a) Water extraction indicated that hexoses and calcium formed close associations in the Ap and Ah horizons and pentoses with iron and aluminum formed close associations in the lower horizons. b) The dilute acid extraction indicated that pentoses were associated with aluminum and to a lesser extent with iron throughout the profile. c) The combined pyrophosphate and potassium phosphate extraction indicated that iron and aluminum were closely related with pentoses or hexoses in the Ap and Ah horizons whereas pentoses appeared to form close relationships with iron, magnesium and aluminum in the lower horizons. d) The pyrophosphate extraction indicated a relationship between hexoses, iron and aluminum in the upper Ap and Ah horizons while pentoses, magnesium and aluminum appeared to be associated in the lower horizons. e) The potassium sulphate extraction indicated that pentoses or hexoses were closely related to aluminum in the Ap and Ah horizons but pentoses appeared to be associated with magnesium and aluminum in the lower horizons. f) The Chelex-100 extraction indicated a relationship of hexoses with aluminum throughout the profile.
The Quiet Rush
Creators: name: , Stephen
Publisher: name: Archaeology Data Service
Year: 2014

description: This resource is a single blog post created as part of the Day of Archaeology initiative. The Day of Archaeology project aimed to provide a window into the daily lives of archaeologists from all over the world. The project asked people working, studying or volunteering in the archaeological world to participate in a 'Day of Archaeology' each year by recording their day and sharing it through text, images or video on the Day of Archaeology blog.
The project asked anyone with a personal, professional or voluntary interest in archaeology to get involved, and help highlight the reasons why archaeology is vital to protect the past and inform our futures. The resulting Day of Archaeology project archive demonstrates the wide variety of work the archaeological profession undertakes day-to-day across the globe, and helps to raise public awareness of the relevance and importance of archaeology to the modern world.
The first ever Day of Archaeology was held in 2011 and, since then, the project had thousands of archaeologists take part in the event, from those working in the field through to specialists working in laboratories and behind computers. The last Day of Archaeology was on Friday 28th July 2017.
De la terre à la lumière: révélations photographiques et documentaires
Creators: name: INRAP
Publisher: name: Archaeology Data Service
Year: 2015

description: This resource is a single blog post created as part of the Day of Archaeology initiative. The Day of Archaeology project aimed to provide a window into the daily lives of archaeologists from all over the world. The project asked people working, studying or volunteering in the archaeological world to participate in a 'Day of Archaeology' each year by recording their day and sharing it through text, images or video on the Day of Archaeology blog.
The project asked anyone with a personal, professional or voluntary interest in archaeology to get involved, and help highlight the reasons why archaeology is vital to protect the past and inform our futures. The resulting Day of Archaeology project archive demonstrates the wide variety of work the archaeological profession undertakes day-to-day across the globe, and helps to raise public awareness of the relevance and importance of archaeology to the modern world.
The first ever Day of Archaeology was held in 2011 and, since then, the project had thousands of archaeologists take part in the event, from those working in the field through to specialists working in laboratories and behind computers. The last Day of Archaeology was on Friday 28th July 2017.
Kinematics and Metallicities in the Bootes III Stellar Overdensity: a Disrupted Dwarf Galaxy?
Creators: name: Carlin, Jeffrey L.
name: Grillmair, Carl J.
name: Munoz, Ricardo R.
name: Nidever, David L.
name: Majewski, Steven R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report the results of a spectroscopic study of the Bootes III (BooIII) stellar overdensity carried out with the Hectospec multifiber spectrograph on the MMT telescope. Radial velocities have been measured for 193 BooIII candidate stars selected to have magnitudes and colors consistent with its upper main sequence and lower red giant branch, as well as a number of horizontal branch candidates. From 20 identified candidate BooIII members, we measure a systemic velocity of V_sun=197.5+-3.8 km/s and a velocity dispersion of sigma_o=14.0+-3.2 km/s. We use the somewhat large velocity dispersion and the implied highly radial orbit, along with morphological evidence from Grillmair (2009) and stellar abundances, to argue that BooIII is likely the first known object observed in a transitional state between being a bound dwarf galaxy and a completely unbound tidal stream.
description: Accepted to ApJL. 14 pages, 4 figures, preprint format -- updated to reflect minor changes to text
PR - IS THERE A PIVOTAL ROLE FOR FARM CONSULTANTS IN FARM BUSINESS SUCCESSION PLANNING
Creators: name: McCarthy, Iona Anne
name: Dooley, Anne Elizabeth
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Farm Management
subject: Rural professionals
subject: farm consultants
subject: succession planning

description: Research on how rural professionals work is limited, with even less on their succession planning roles and processes. In farm succession planning, rural professionals work together to provide knowledge and skills from their respective fields. While accountants, lawyers and Bitcoin Prime Betrug bankers are routinely involved, farm consultants are often overlooked as a source of succession planning advice and support. Case studies were conducted with six experienced rural professionals, including three farm consultants, to better understand how they worked with farm succession clients. This paper discusses the farm consultantsâ€™ succession planning roles through contrasting their views and processes. The farm consultants contributed to succession planning at all stages of the process. They often had stronger people and facilitation skills than other rural professionals for working with family and leading the process, know their clients and their businesses well, and already contributed to regular strategic planning. They provide objective advice and, have the expertise to identify and help implement business growth strategies over time to facilitate viable intergenerational transfer. Hence, it can be questioned whether greater awareness of consultantsâ€™ potential contribution is required by rural professionals and their farmer clients, and whether industry organisations have a role in raising this awareness and possibly accreditation.
description: Twenty-Second International Farm Management Congress, Tasmania, Australia, March 3-8, 2019
Rationing: A List of References
Creators: name: Hannay, Annie M.
name: Hannay, Annie M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1943
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy
Political Economy
Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: Includes references on rationing in: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cuba, Egypt, El Salvador, Europe, France, Germany, Great Britain, Honduras, India, Ireland (Eire), Ireland (Northern), Jamaica, Netherlands, Newfoundland, New Zealand, Norway, Palestine, Panama, Poland, Portugal, Rhodesia, Sweden, Switzerland, Union of South Africa, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, and West Indies.
Towards efficient and reliable skeleton-based human pose modeling
Creators: name: Zhao, Long
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2022

description: Understanding human behaviors by deep neural networks has been a central task in computer vision due to its wide application in our daily life. Existing studies have explored various modalities for learning powerful feature representations of human poses, such as RGB frames, optical flows, depth images, and human skeletons. Among them, skeleton-based pose representation has received increasing attention in recent years thanks to its action-focusing nature, compactness, and domain-invariant property. However, prevalent skeleton-based algorithms are typically inefficient in network parameters or training data, but also unreliable in human action forecasting problems. In this dissertation, we explore the benefits and challenges of skeleton-based human action modeling and offer novel solutions to achieve efficient and reliable model performance in human action estimation, recognition, and generation tasks. In the first part of this dissertation, we tackle the problem of model as well as data efficiency in human pose understanding. Given the meaningful topological structure carried by human skeletons, we show that capturing the relationships between joints in the skeleton of a human body by graph neural networks leads to an efficient network architecture that outperforms the state of the art while using 90% fewer parameters. Then we present a novel representation learning method to disentangle pose-dependent as well as view-dependent factors from human poses based on mutual information maximization. Empirically, we show that the resulting pose representations can be used for different action recognition scenarios where training data are limited. As the second part of this dissertation, we explore the structure-driven paradigms to make long-term predictions of future human actions by explicitly using skeletons as structural conditions. Such hierarchical strategies are built upon multi-stage generative adversarial networks, and typically lead to more robust and reliable predictions than previous appearance-driven ones. To avoid inherent compounding errors in recursive pixel-level prediction, we first estimate high-level structure in the input frames and then predict how that structure evolves in the future. Through developing specialized network architectures, we are able to capture the high-level structure of actions efficiently while preserving temporal coherence, thereby benefiting long-term future forecasting.
Equation of State for the Quark Gluon Plasma with the Negative Bag Constant
Creators: name: Begun, Viktor V.
name: Gorenstein, Mark I.
name: Mogilevsky, Oleg A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose a new analytical form of the quark-gluon plasma equation of state (EoS). This new EoS satisfies all qualitative features observed in the lattice QCD calculations and gives a good quantitative description of the lattice results in the SU(3) gluodynamics. The energy density for the suggested EoS looks similar to that in the bag model, but requires a negative value of the bag constant.
description: We added two new equations (10, 11) and the discussion of the temperature dependence of the interaction measure
PR - USING THE FINANCIAL RATIOS ROA AND ROE TO PREDICT FARM LOAN DEFICIENCY RATES
Creators: name: Ibendahal, Gregory
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Agricultural Finance
subject: ROA
subject: ROE
subject: Lending

description: Agricultural loan delinquency rates cannot be fully explained just from an examination of farm profitability. During a period from 2009 through 2010 the agricultural loan delinquency rate nearly doubled in the United States, while at the same time farmer profitability was also increasing. Part of this increase can be explained by examining the relationship between the financial ratios ROA and ROE. Whenever, ROA is greater than ROE, farmers are earning a rate of return on all their assets that is lower than their cost of borrowing. We find that the percentage of farms with this adverse relationship of ROA greater than ROE increased prior to the delinquency rate increasing and thus could explain why delinquency rates increased from 2009 through 2010. Because the increase in the percentage of farms with ROA greater than ROE happened several years before it was reflected in the agricultural loan deficiency rate, banks could use this relationship between ROA and ROE as a predictor of when a farm might have a delinquent agricultural loan.
description: Twenty-Second International Farm Management Congress, Tasmania, Australia, March 3-8, 2019
Deep learning approach for identification of HII regions during reionization in 21-cm observations : III. image recovery
Creators: name: Bianco, Michele
name: Giri, Sambit. K.
name: Sharma, Rohit
name: Chen, Tianyue
name: Krishna, Shreyam Parth
name: Finlay, Chris
name: Nistane, Viraj
name: Denzel, Philipp
name: De Santis, Massimo
name: Ghorbel, Hatem
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: Dark ages
Reionization
First stars
Early universe
Image processing
Interferometric

description: 16 pages, 14 figures, 1 table
description: The low-frequency component of the upcoming Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKA-Low) will be sensitive enough to construct 3D tomographic images of the 21-cm signal distribution during reionization. However, foreground contamination poses challenges for detecting this signal, and image recovery will heavily rely on effective mitigation methods. We introduce SERENEt, a deep-learning framework designed to recover the 21-cm signal from SKA-Low’s foreground-contaminated observations, enabling the detection of ionized (HII) and neutral (HI) regions during reionization. SERENEt can recover the signal distribution with an average accuracy of 75 per cent at the early stages (𝑥HI ≃ 0.9) and up to 90 per cent at the late stages of reionization (𝑥HI ≃ 0.1). Conversely, HI region detection starts at 92 per cent accuracy, decreasing to 73 per cent as reionization progresses. Beyond improving image recovery, SERENEt provides cylindrical power spectra with an average accuracy exceeding 93 per cent throughout the reionization period. We tested SERENEt on a 10-degree field-of-view simulation, consistently achieving better and more stable results when prior maps were provided. Notably, including prior information about HII region locations improved 21-cm signal recovery by approximately 10 per cent. This capability was demonstrated by supplying SERENEt with ionizing source distribution measurements, showing that high-redshift galaxy surveys of similar observation fields can optimize foreground mitigation and enhance 21-cm image construction.
An assessment of the Colombian government's commitment to the goal of universal primary education
Creators: name: Blown, Vivienne Nerys
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: Universal primary education is the goal of many developing countries. It is a high priority in the educational planning of Colombia. The law in Colombia states that five years of 'educación primaría' is free and compulsory. Since 1955, Colombia has investigated the problems and legislated reforms to make this law an actual fact. In Latin America, reform laws and planning studies very often remain just that: the implementation of the reforms is delayed or forgotten in the maze of planning boards and government offices. This thesis examines the reforms passed by the Colombian government in the period 1955 to 1965, and assesses their implementation in public primary education. The problems that were encountered in the attempts to achieve the goal of universal primary education are studied, and the effects of the continued emphasis on the expansion of primary education are discussed in the conclusion. The information for the study was derived primarily from secondary sources, as the original Ministry of Education reports were not available. The Colombian government and United Nations statistics were used to make conclusions about the 1965 situation of primary education. The most recent comprehensive statistics were from the 1965 census. A general view of Colombia was gained from a short stay (one month) in 1970, and, a discussion with a Colombian, who visited Canada in 1972, helped to give some insight into the country's educational problems. Universal primary education was still an ideal in Colombia in 1965. Many of the reforms, because of governmental bureaucracy and the economic situation were only partially implemented. There was a percentage increase in enrollment statistics and the government demonstrated its commitment to the goal by increasing the educational budget. Generally, the targets set by the government were too optimistic; the ideals expressed in political statements were far from reality. The thesis concludes that there are two options for the educational planners of Colombia: the first, to continue to aim for the goal of universal primary education, devoting a large percentage of the budget to the primary sector, with little hope of achieving this goal in the immediate future, and the second, to distribute the money available throughout the education system to enable a greater segment of the population to obtain secondary education and thus increase the middle class, but, at the same time, accepting the fact that a proportion of the population would remain illiterate.
PR - RESOURCES USE, TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF MAIZE INDUSTRY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY
Creators: name: Bahta, Yonas T.
name: Van Niekerk, Walter
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Labour productivity
subject: Research and Development
subject: Maize industry

description: Given the significance of maize within the overall food security strategies in Sub- Saharan Africa including South Africa, it is important to analyse the technical efficiency of the maize industry for the overall development of the economy. This article analyzes the impact of labor productivity, import price of the world, research and development on technical efficiency of maize industry in South Africa using a Computable General Equilibrium model and South Africa Social Accounting Matrix. The result revealed that maize producers used less intermediate inputs, value-added drops, increased export and reduced import due to an increase in production. Despite the rise in maize output, the demand for labour reduced. This was due to the indirect effect than a direct effect of the maize sector technical efficiency improvements. The study recommends that the improvement of technical efficiency directly related to competitiveness and welfare, therefore, in spite of employment reducing effect, the government should pursue to increase the rate of technical development.
description: Twenty-Second International Farm Management Congress, Tasmania, Australia, March 3-8, 2019
Covariance regularization by thresholding
Creators: name: Bickel, Peter J.
name: Levina, Elizaveta
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 62H12 (Primary) 62F12, 62G09 (Secondary)

description: This paper considers regularizing a covariance matrix of $p$ variables estimated from $n$ observations, by hard thresholding. We show that the thresholded estimate is consistent in the operator norm as long as the true covariance matrix is sparse in a suitable sense, the variables are Gaussian or sub-Gaussian, and $(\log p)/n\to0$, and obtain explicit rates. The results are uniform over families of covariance matrices which satisfy a fairly natural notion of sparsity. We discuss an intuitive resampling scheme for threshold selection and prove a general cross-validation result that justifies this approach. We also compare thresholding to other covariance estimators in simulations and on an example from climate data.
description: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/08-AOS600 the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
PR - RED MEAT CONSUMERSâ€™ PREFERENCES: A CASE STUDY OF THE MANGAUNG METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY
Creators: name: Lombard, W.A.
name: Van Zyl, J.H.
name: Beelders, T.R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Red meat
subject: consumer preferences
subject: labelling

description: The consumption of beef and mutton products amongst South African consumers are expected to steadily increase in the near future. Across the world consumers are consuming diets that are higher in protein and the red meat industry is changing from being a production-led to a consumer-driven industry. To meet the needs of red meat consumers, retailers and producers should stay up to date with the changes in their consumersâ€™ demands. The aim of this study was to determine red meat consumersâ€™ preferences in the Mangaung metropolitan municipality of the Free State province of South Africa. In total, 350 consumers were interviewed by making use of a convenience sampling technique at eight different locations across the metropolitan area. A semi- structured questionnaire was used to determine consumersâ€™ preferences. From the results it was found that consumers have specific requirements with regard to the red meat products they purchase. Price was found to be the most important self-reported aspect of red meat products by consumers in the study. In terms of the physical appearance of packaged meat, consumers showed a clear preference toward bright red meat with the neatness of the cuts and the fat on the meat being slightly less important.
description: Twenty-Second International Farm Management Congress, Tasmania, Australia, March 3-8, 2019
The magnetic field and geometry of the oblique shock in the jet of 3C 346
Creators: name: Dulwich, F.
name: Worrall, D. M.
name: Birkinshaw, M.
name: Padgett, C. A.
name: Perlman, E. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the brightest regions of the kpc-scale jet in the powerful radio galaxy 3C 346, using new optical HST ACS/F606W polarimetry together with Chandra X-ray data and 14.9 GHz and 22.5 GHz VLA radio polarimetry. The jet shows a close correspondence in optical and radio morphology, while the X-ray emission shows an 0.80 +/- 0.17 kpc offset from the optical and radio peak positions. Optical and radio polarimetry show the same apparent magnetic field position angle and fractional polarization at the brightest knot, where the jet undergoes a large kink of almost 70 degrees in the optical and radio images. The apparent field direction here is well-aligned with the new jet direction, as predicted by earlier work that suggested the kink was the result of an oblique shock. We have explored models of the polarization from oblique shocks to understand the geometry of the 3C 346 jet, and find that the upstream flow is likely to be highly relativistic (0.91 +0.05 / -0.07 c), where the plane of the shock front is inclined at an angle of 51 (+/- 11) degrees to the upstream flow which is at an angle 14 (+8 / -7) degrees to our line of sight. The actual deflection angle of the jet in this case is only 22 degrees.
description: 11 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by MNRAS
PR - ENTERPRISE RISK ANALYSIS
Creators: name: Hewlett, John P.
name: Parsons, Jay
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: Farm Management
subject: Risk Analytics
subject: Decision Analysis
subject: Farm Management

description: United States farm policy enacted since 1996 has created a need for agricultural producers to better understand and manage risk. However, risk is a difficult concept to address because the ideas are challenging and the breadth of solutions is wide. Even where the concept is well understood, few have mastery of the tools and skills needed to properly evaluate alternatives. RightRisk has been involved in developing teaching simulations, online courses, and risk decision tools since 2001. The teamâ€™s Enterprise Risk Analyzer (ERA) tool provides farm and ranch managers much-needed assistance in evaluating risk management alternatives. The ERA tool utilizes an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Schedule F and a series of other schedules as the basis for evaluating enterprise risk, including enterprise net income and break- even analysis. From these, the manager is in good position to evaluate each enterprise on its own merit, compare it to other enterprises, and to do so with a better understanding of the uncertainty involved with the outcomes. The Enterprise Risk Analyzer tool enhances the managerâ€™s understanding of how breakeven prices and yields are likely to vary over time. Using the risk-estimates provided by the user as most likely, minimum, and maximum estimated yields and prices for each enterprise, the tool provides tabular and graphical information for the probability of breaking even over a range of values. The ERA tool describes possible outcomes using a cumulative distribution graph that indicates the probability of earning a net return at or below a given value.
description: Twenty-Second International Farm Management Congress, Tasmania, Australia, March 3-8, 2019
Exponential unitary divisors
Creators: name: Tóth, László
name: Minculete, Nicuşor
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Number Theory (math.NT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 11A05, 11A25, 11N37

description: We say that $d$ is an exponential unitary divisor of $n=p_1^{a_1}... p_r^{a_r}>1$ if $d=p_1^{b_1}... p_r^{b_r}$, where $b_i$ is a unitary divisor of $a_i$, i.e., $b_i\mid a_i$ and $(b_i,a_i/b_i)=1$ for every $i\in \{1,2,...,r\}$. We survey properties of related arithmetical functions and introduce the notion of exponential unitary perfect numbers.
description: 8 pages
The Simultaneous Optical-to-X-ray Spectral Energy Distribution of Soft X-ray Selected AGN observed by Swift
Creators: name: Grupe, Dirk
name: Komossa, S.
name: Leighly, Karen M.
name: Page, Kim L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report Swift observations of a sample of 92 bright soft X-ray selected active galactic nuclei (AGN). This sample represents the largest number of AGN observed to study the spectral energy distribution (SED) of AGN with simultaneous optical/UV and X-ray data. The principal motivation of this study is to understand the SEDs of AGN in the optical/UV to X-ray regime and to provide bolometric corrections which are important in determining the Eddington ratio L/Ledd. In particular, we rigorously explore the dependence of the UV-EUV contribution to the bolometric correction on the assumed EUV spectral shape. We find strong correlations of the spectral slopes alpha-x and alpha-UV with L/Ledd. Although Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) have steeper alpha-x and higher L/Ledd than Broad-Line Seyfert 1 galaxies (BLS1s), their optical/UV to X-ray spectral slopes alpha-ox and optical/UV slopes alpha-UV are very similar. The mean SED of NLS1s shows that in general this type of AGN appears to be fainter in the UV and at hard X-ray energies than BLS1s. We find a strong correlation between alpha-x and alpha-UV for AGN with X-ray spectral slopes alpha-x<1.6. For AGN with steeper X-ray spectra, both this relation and the relation between alpha-x and L/Ledd break down. At alpha-x$\approx$1.6, L/Ledd reaches unity. We note an offset in the alpha-UV - L/Ledd relation between NLS1s and BLS1s. We argue that alpha-UV is a good estimator of L/Ledd and suggest that alpha-UV can be used to estimate L/Ledd in high-redshift QSOs. Although NLS1s appear to be highly variable in X-rays they only vary marginally in the UV.
description: 76 pages, 25 figures, 7 tables
First results from 2+1 dynamical quark flavors on an anisotropic lattice: light-hadron spectroscopy and setting the strange-quark mass
Creators: name: Lin, Huey-Wen
name: Cohen, Saul D.
name: Dudek, Jozef
name: Edwards, Robert G.
name: Joó, Bálint
name: Richards, David G.
name: Bulava, John
name: Foley, Justin
name: Morningstar, Colin
name: Engelson, Eric
name: Wallace, Stephen
name: Juge, K. Jimmy
name: Mathur, Nilmani
name: Peardon, Michael J.
name: Ryan, Sinéad M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the first light-hadron spectroscopy on a set of $N_f=2+1$ dynamical, anisotropic lattices. A convenient set of coordinates that parameterize the two-dimensional plane of light and strange-quark masses is introduced. These coordinates are used to extrapolate data obtained at the simulated values of the quark masses to the physical light and strange-quark point. A measurement of the Sommer scale on these ensembles is made, and the performance of the hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm used for generating the ensembles is estimated.
description: 24 pages. Hadron Spectrum Collaboration
From discrimination to identity integration: the mediating role of ethnic and national identities
Creators: name: Tikhonov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2022

description: Racial and ethnic minority (REM) immigrants most often identify both with their ethnic group of origin (i.e., ethnic identity) and their receiving society (i.e., national identity; Sam & Berry, 2006). Bicultural identity integration (BII) describes the degree to which these two identities exist in harmony (vs. conflict) and are blended (vs. compartmentalized; Huynh et al., 2018). Ethnicity-based discrimination by race/ethnic majority members may lead to stronger ethnic identity and weaker national identity (i.e., rejection-dis/identification; Branscombe et al., 1999; Jasinskaja-Lahti et al., 2009) and less bicultural identity harmony (Huynh et al., 2018) among REM immigrants. Given the documented relations between bicultural identity harmony and ethnic/national identity (Huynh et al., 2018; Tikhonov et al., 2019), I tested whether ethnicity-based discrimination would lead to increased discordance between ethnic and national identity commitment and if this increased discordance would mediate the association between ethnicity-based discrimination and bicultural identity harmony. Two hundred and seventy-four, first and second-generation REM immigrants to the U.S. were either included in or excluded from a game of Cyberball, an online ball tossing game by two gender and age matched “Players” (i.e., bots in actuality) described as White American/Caucasian. Contrary to what I had hypothesized, participants in the exclusion condition did not score higher on a measure of ethnic identity commitment and lower on national identity commitment and bicultural identity harmony relative to those in the inclusion condition. Furthermore, a cultural identity commitment discordance score did not mediate the relation between experimental condition and bicultural identity harmony. However, a significant limitation of this study was a majority of participants indicating that they were aware of playing Cyberball with bots and not actual human beings.
Determining Star Formation Timescale and Pattern Speed in Nearby Spiral Galaxies
Creators: name: Egusa, Fumi
name: Kohno, Kotaro
name: Sofue, Yoshiaki
name: Nakanishi, Hiroyuki
name: Komugi, Shinya
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a revised method for simultaneous determination of the pattern speed and star formation timescale of spiral galaxies, its application, and results for CO and Ha images of nearby spiral galaxies. Out of 13 galaxies, we were able to derive the 2 parameters for 5 galaxies. We categorize them as "C" galaxies, and find (1) The corotation radius is close to the edge of the CO data, and is about half of the optical radius for 3 galaxies. (2) The star formation timescale is roughly consistent with the free-fall time of typical molecular clouds, which indicates that the gravitational instability is the dominant mechanism triggering star formation in spiral arms. (3) The timescale is found to be almost independent of surface density of molecular gas, metallicity, or spiral arm strengths. The number of "C" galaxies and the quality of CO data, however, are not enough to confirm these relationships. We also find that 2 other galaxies show no offsets between CO and Ha, although their arms are clearly traced, and categorize them as "N" galaxies. The presence of a bar could account for this feature, since these 2 galaxies are both barred. With one galaxy excluded from our analysis due to its poor rotation curve, offsets of the remaining 5 galaxies are found to be ambiguous. We categorize them as "A" galaxies. The possible reasons for this ambiguity are (1) the density wave is weaker, and/or (2) observational resolution and sensitivity are not enough to detect the spiral arms and their offsets clearly. The former is supported by our finding that the arm strengths of "A" galaxies are slightly weaker than that of "C" galaxies. [abridged]
description: 53 pages, 9 tables, 18 figures. Accepted to ApJ. Some figures are downgraded. See http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~fegusa/ms_offset.pdf for original version