Additional file 1 of Chromatographic analysis of natural dyes in mediaeval Islamic paper
Creators: name: Ebeid, Hassan
name: Di Gianvincenzo, Fabiana
name: Kralj Cigić, Irena
name: Strlič, Matija
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1: Table S1. Recipes from the original Arabic texts used for the study from the 10th to seventeenth centuries AD. Table S2.. Materials specified in the historical recipes, additives used, extraction method, colour obtained, time and place of use. Table S3. Botanical and binomial names, major constituents of the dye, molecular formula and chemical structure of the dyes used for the study. Table S4. Weight of the historical samples used for the HPLC–DAD analysis. Table S5. Elution gradients of the methods tested during optimisation of the HPLC–DAD method. Eluent A is acetonitrile, whereas eluent B is 0.1% w/w TFA in water. Figure S1. Chromatograms (recorded at 250 nm) of the mixture of standard marker compounds for different dyes, analysed with the methods listed in Table 5 in SF: a) Method 1, b) Method 2, c) Method 3. The identified peaks are indicated in the chromatograms. Figure S2. UV–vis spectra associated with henna, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of lawsone standard, dyed paper, and aged dyed paper (retention time: 16.3 – 16.7 min). Figure S3. UV–vis spectra associated with madder, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of alizarin standard, dyed paper, and aged dyed paper (retention time: 21.9 – 22.0 min). Figure S4. UV–vis spectra associated with lac, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of laccaic acid standard, dyed paper, and aged dyed paper. Figure S5. UV–vis spectra associated with safflower, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of hydroxysafflor yellow A standard, dyed paper, and aged dyed paper (retention time: 10.0 – 10.1 min). Figure S6. UV–vis spectra associated with safflower, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of dyed paper and aged dyed paper (retention time: 12 – 17 min). Figure S7. UV–vis spectra associated with saffron, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of unaged and aged model samples. Figure S8. Chromatograms (recorded at 250 nm) of reference dyed paper extracted with the MeOH/HCl method and the ACN/EDTA method. The arrows indicate the peaks corresponding to the characteristic compounds of the dye. a) Saffron-dyed paper, with and without mordant. b) Lac-dyed paper, with and without mordant. Figure S9. UV–vis spectra associated with turmeric, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of curcumin standard, dyed paper, and aged dyed paper (retention time: 23.4 min). Figure S10. UV–vis spectra associated with turmeric, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of curcuminoids in dyed paper and aged dyed paper (retention time: 23.0 – 23.2 min). Figure S11. UV–vis spectra associated with weld, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of luteolin standard, dyed paper, and aged dyed paper (retention time: 19.2 – 19.3 min). Figure S12. UV–vis spectra associated with weld, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of luteolin in dyed paper and aged dyed paper (retention time: 10—14 min). Figure S13. UV–vis spectra associated with henna (lawsone), recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AS7, AP5, AP73-3, and AS3 (retention time: 16.6 – 17.7 min). Figure S14. UV–vis spectra associated with henna, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AS8, AP56-4, AP87, and AS1 (retention time: 16.6 – 16.7 min). Figure S15. UV–vis spectra associated with henna, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AP45-1–2 and AP129-2 (retention time: 14.5 – 14.6 min). Figure S16. UV–vis spectra associated with madder (alizarin), recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AP45-2, AP125-1, and AS4 (retention time: 22.0 min). Figure S17. UV–vis spectra associated with lac (laccaic acid), recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AS4, AS2-2, and AS2-3 (retention time: 12 – 14 min). Figure S18. UV–vis spectra associated with lac (laccaic acid), recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AP2, AP6, AP16-2,AP22-1, AP25, AP45-1, AP45-1–2, AP73-3, AP87, AP130, AP131, AP145, AP146, AP151, AS1, AS2-1, AS2-2, AS2-3, AS4, AS5, AS7, AS9, AS11, and AS13 (retention time: 23.2 – 23.3 min). Figure S19. UV–vis spectra associated with lac (laccaic acid), recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AP130, AS2-3 and AS2-2 (retention time: 22.0 – 23.8 min). Figure S20. UV–vis spectra associated with lac (laccaic acid), recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AP5 and AP6 (retention time: 28.7 min). Figure S21. UV–vis spectra associated with safflower (hydroxysafflor yellow A), recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AP145, AS2-1, and AS4 (retention time: 10.1 min). Figure S22. UV–vis spectra associated with safflower, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AP145, AS2-1, and AS4 (retention time: 12.2 – 19.4 min). Figure S23. UV–vis spectra associated with turmeric (curcuminoids), recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of sample AS16 (retention time: 22.2 – 24.6 min). Figure S24. UV–vis spectra associated with weld, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AS2-1 (retention time: 8.9 min). Figure S25. UV–vis spectra associated with weld, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AS13 and AS14 (retention time: 11.6 – 12.0 min). Figure S26. UV–vis spectra associated with weld, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AP130, AS7, and AS13 (retention time: 16.6 – 17.8 min). Figure S27. UV–vis spectra associated with weld, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of samples AP131, AS3, and AS9 (retention time: 22.4 – 23.5 min). Figure S28. UV–vis spectra probably associated with azo dyes, recorded during HPLC–DAD analysis of sample AS6 (retention time: 17.6 – 20.5 min).