cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Restricted Spatial Regression Methods: Implications for Inference
Creators: name: Khan, Kori
name: Calder, Catherine A.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biotechnology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Plant Biology

description: The issue of spatial confounding between the spatial random effect and the fixed effects in regression analyses has been identified as a concern in the statistical literature. Multiple authors have offered perspectives and potential solutions. In this article, for the areal spatial data setting, we show that many of the methods designed to alleviate spatial confounding can be viewed as special cases of a general class of models. We refer to this class as restricted spatial regression (RSR) models, extending terminology currently in use. We offer a mathematically based exploration of the impact that RSR methods have on inference for regression coefficients for the linear model. We then explore whether these results hold in the generalized linear model setting for count data using simulations. We show that the use of these methods have counterintuitive consequences which defy the general expectations in the literature. In particular, our results and the accompanying simulations suggest that RSR methods will typically perform worse than nonspatial methods. These results have important implications for dimension reduction strategies in spatial regression modeling. Specifically, we demonstrate that the problems with RSR models cannot be fixed with a selection of “better” spatial basis vectors or dimension reduction techniques. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
ECONOMIES OF THROUGHPUT AND TRANSPORT BOTTLENECKS IN GRAIN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Creators: name: Brennan, Donna C.
name: Brennan, Donna C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1994
Subjects: Public Economics
Research Methods/ Statistical Methods

description: In this paper, a model is presented which shows the relationship between country grain storage costs and transport bottlenecks that exist in the harvest period. It is shown that transport bottlenecks limit the amount of grain that can be transported from receival points in the peak receival period. This constraint means that the cost of operating country receival points is high because the turnover of storage capacity is limited. However, system costs can be reduced by focusing the peak transport task at sites that are less intensive users of scare transport capacity. This allows more grain to be transported out of the system in the peak period, decreasing the need for costly long term storage at country sites. In the longer term, differences in the intensity of transport use means that optimal levels of investment in storage capacity (relative to grain receivals) will differ between sites. Relatively more storage should be constructed at sites that are intensive users of transport capacity (eg. those sites that are furthest from the port). Less storage capacity is needed at sites that are less intensive users of transport because a large depot-to-port transport task will be concentrated at these sites in the peak period.
Open quantum systems decay across time
Creators: name: Klatt, Juliane
name: Kropf, Chahan Michael
name: Buhmann, Stefan Yoshi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The description of an open quantum system's decay almost always requires several approximations as to remain tractable. Here, we first revisit the meaning, domain and seeming contradictions of a few of the most widely used of such approximations: semi-group Markovianity, linear response theory, Wigner--Weisskopf and rotating-wave approximation. Secondly, we derive an effective time-dependent decay theory and corresponding generalized quantum regression relations for an open quantum system linearly coupled to an environment. This theory covers all timescales, and subsumes the Markovian and linear-response results as limiting cases. Finally, we apply our theory to the phenomenon of quantum friction.
AGRICULTURE IN A WORLD OF TRADING BLOCS
Creators: name: Josling, Timothy E.
name: Josling, Timothy E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1993
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: The recent trend towards the negotiation of free trade areas has potentially important implications for agriculture. Agricultural trade will increasingly be influenced by the treatment of agriculture within free-trade areas and other regional trade associations. Such blocs will have to deal internally with many of the same issues as face the GATT. This will tend to reinforce the move to less trade-disruptive domestic policies. Moreover, independent trade policies become difficult to maintain in a trade bloc, even if there is no common external tariff. This could lead to harmonisation of external policies. As a consequence, the inclusion of agriculture in free-trade areas could be an important part of overall trade liberalisation in years to come.
Detecting a small perturbation through its non-Gaussianity
Creators: name: Boubekeur, Lotfi
name: Lyth, David. H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A highly non-gaussian cosmological perturbation with a flat spectrum has unusual stochastic properties. We show that they depend on the size of the box within which the perturbation is defined, but that for a typical observer the parameters defining the perturbation `run' to compensate for any change in the box size. Focusing on the primordial curvature perturbation, we show that an un-correlated gaussian-squared component is bounded at around the 10% level by the WMAP bound on the bispectrum, and we show that a competitive bound may follow from the trispectrum when it too is bounded by WMAP. Similar considerations apply to a highly non-gaussian isocurvature perturbation.
description: 4 pages, revtex4, No figures. Minor changes. More discussion on the trispectrum and logarithmic scale dependence
PRIVATISING THE PRODUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE: PROMISE AND PITFALLS FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EXTENSION
Creators: name: Lindner, Robert K.
name: Lindner, Robert K.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1993
Subjects: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies

description: In the absence of some form of government intervention, knowledge is a classic public good which will be under-produced because of lack of price excludability. Government intervention may take the form of establishing intellectual property rights, or other means of shielding knowledge-based innovations from imitation or copying. Such intervention offers the prospect of 'privatising' the production of knowledge in the sense that a certain level of private knowledge production may become profitable if producers can appropriate at least part of the benefits of R&D. However, publicly funded R&D or extension still can 'crowd out' private knowledge production by charging lower prices. The principal finding of this study is that such 'crowding out' behaviour may be efficient in the sense of being potentially Pareto superior even if it is at the expense of public funding for so called 'orphan' areas of knowledge production which are privately unprofitable. The reason why conventional conclusions about privatisation and 'crowding out' of private goods need not apply to rural research and extension is that private goods are both rival in consumption and price excludable, while knowledge is intrinsically non rival in consumption even if it can be made price excludable.
Decoherence in a system of many two--level atoms
Creators: name: Braun, Daniel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: I show that the decoherence in a system of $N$ degenerate two--level atoms interacting with a bosonic heat bath is for any number of atoms $N$ governed by a generalized Hamming distance (called ``decoherence metric'') between the superposed quantum states, with a time--dependent metric tensor that is specific for the heat bath.The decoherence metric allows for the complete characterization of the decoherence of all possible superpositions of many-particle states, and can be applied to minimize the over-all decoherence in a quantum memory. For qubits which are far apart, the decoherence is given by a function describing single-qubit decoherence times the standard Hamming distance. I apply the theory to cold atoms in an optical lattice interacting with black body radiation.
description: replaced with published version
From Probability to Consilience: How Explanatory Values Implement Bayesian Reasoning
Creators: name: Wojtowicz, Zachary
name: DeDeo, Simon
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Recent work in cognitive science has uncovered a diversity of explanatory values, or dimensions along which we judge explanations as better or worse. We propose a Bayesian account of how these values fit together to guide explanation. The resulting taxonomy provides a set of predictors for which explanations people prefer and shows how core values from psychology, statistics, and the philosophy of science emerge from a common mathematical framework. In addition to operationalizing the explanatory virtues associated with, for example, scientific argument-making, this framework also enables us to reinterpret the explanatory vices that drive conspiracy theories, delusions, and extremist ideologies.
description: 19 pages, 1 figure, comments welcome
One-mirror Fabry-Perot and one-slit Young interferometry
Creators: name: Rohrlich, Daniel
name: Neiman, Yakov
name: Japha, Yonathan
name: Folman, Ron
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe a new and distinctive interferometry in which a probe particle scatters off a superposition of locations of a single free target particle. In one dimension, probe particles incident on superposed locations of a single "mirror" can interfere as if in a Fabry-Perot interferometer; in two dimensions, probe particles scattering off superposed locations of a single "slit" can interfere as if in a two-slit Young interferometer. The condition for interference is loss of orthogonality of the target states and reduces, in simple examples, to transfer of orthogonality from target to probe states. We analyze experimental parameters and conditions necessary for interference to be observed.
description: 5 pages, 2 figures, RevTeX, submitted to PRL
Hennings, Emmy: Bekenntnis zum Kinde.Scarpi, N.O.: Dani, Geschichten von einem Flüchtlingskind. Dani, das Flüchtlingskind / Hennings, Emmy: Bekenntnis zum Kinde.Scarpi, N.O.: Dani, Geschichten von einem Flüchtlingskind. Dani, das Flüchtlingskind (Fassung A)
Creators: name: Ball-Hennings, Emmy
Publisher: name: [s.n.]
Year: 2024

description: Dokument
Ancient values, new technology : emerging methods for integrating cultural values in forest management
Creators: name: Lewis, John Llewellyn
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Although the planning techniques employed by foresters have grown increasingly sophisticated in recent years, the task of accommodating cultural values in resource management plans has become more, rather than less, problematic. This problem is particularly evident in resource management issues involving First Nation cultural values. In recent years, disputes over places such as Gustafsen Lake, Ipperwash, and Meares Island have found their way into the Canadian public's consciousness. At the heart of these controversies, there have been complaints involving not only unceded territory, but also the greater issue of culturally significant lands. Conflicts over culturally significant lands are so pervasive because resource management processes ignore cultural values often due to the fact that they are so difficult to incorporate within conventional modes of land management. This thesis reports on an initiative with the Cheam First Nation to explore their cultural perceptions of the land, and to identify the ways in which cultural uses of place are affected by resource management. In addition to documenting the land-based cultural values that involve identity in social groups, modes of material sustenance and spiritual activities, I have found that resource development activities contribute directly to the undermining of Native cultural values because they are so directly tied to the land and concepts of place. Moreover, I have made the unprecedented finding that effective cross-cultural communication between First Nations and resource managers can be impaired by placing land-use information in standard cartographic format. Three-dimensional visual models of the landscape are the most effective means of eliciting community reactions to management plans across several dimensions including cultural uses, aesthetics and spiritual values. In the concluding chapter, I have formulated a set of recommendations which posit that, if resource planning is to be functional in the realm of forest management and cultural preservation, then aboriginal communities that are affected by forestry decisions should possess an opportunity to participate in resource decision-making. However, to be effective, shared decision-making in forest management requires new and relatively untested tools for cross-cultural communication - e.g. a socio-cultural planning framework, landscape visualisation, etc. - that can facilitate the incorporation of cultural values into standard forest management methodologies.
Pseudo-ternary LiBH4-LiCl-P2S5 system as structurally disordered bulk electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries
Creators: name: Kharbachi, Abdelouahab El
name: Wind, Julia
name: Ruud, Amund
name: Høgset, Astrid B.
name: Nygård, Magnus M.
name: Zhang, Junxian
name: Sørby, Magnus H.
name: Kim, Sangryun
name: Cuevas, Fermin
name: Orimo, Shin-ichi
name: Fichtner, fMaximilian
name: Latroche, Michel
name: Fjellvåg, Helmer
name: Hauback, Bjørn C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The properties of the mixed system LiBH4 LiCl P2S5 are studied with respect to all-solid-state batteries. The studied material undergoes an amorphization upon heating above 601C, accompanied with increased Li+ conductivity beneficial for battery electrolyte applications. The measured ionic conductivity is 10-3 Scm-1 at room temperature with an activation energy of 0.40(2) eV after amorphization. Structural analysis and characterization of the material suggest that BH4 groups and PS4 may belong to the same molecular structure, where Cl ions interplay to accommodate the structural unit. Thanks to its conductivity, ductility and electrochemical stability (up to 5 V, Au vs. Li+/Li), this new electrolyte is successfully tested in battery cells operated with a cathode material (layered TiS2, theo. capacity 239 mAh g-1) and Li anode resulting in 93% capacity retention (10 cycles) and notable cycling stability under the current density 12 mA g-1 (0.05C-rate) at 501C. Further advanced characterisation by means of operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction in transmission mode contributes explicitly to a better understanding of the (de)lithiation processes of solid-state battery electrodes operated at moderate temperatures.
ALTERNATIVE BREEDING INVENTORY SPECIFICATIONS IN A LIVESTOCK MARKET MODEL
Creators: name: Vere, David T.
name: Griffith, Garry R.
name: Bootle, B.W.
name: Vere, David T.
name: Griffith, Garry R.
name: Bootle, B.W.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1993
Subjects: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods

description: The procedures adopted for incorporating breeding decisions in a livestock market model have implications for the simulation of the model. Specifically, there is a need to consider the nature of the biological lags between livestock breeding decisions and outputs, and how these are incorporated in the breeding inventory used in such a model. In this paper, five alternative breeding inventory specifications are used in a structural econometric model of the Australian prime lamb market. The predictions of lamb slaughterings and of price responses of lamb producers are affected by the specification of the lamb breeding inventory used. The extent to which the modelling results approximated reality was substantially improved when disaggregated and seasonally allocated data were used to estimate lamb breeding inventories.
Self-supervised Depth Estimation to Regularise Semantic Segmentation in Knee Arthroscopy
Creators: name: Liu, Fengbei
name: Jonmohamadi, Yaqub
name: Maicas, Gabriel
name: Pandey, Ajay K.
name: Carneiro, Gustavo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Intra-operative automatic semantic segmentation of knee joint structures can assist surgeons during knee arthroscopy in terms of situational awareness. However, due to poor imaging conditions (e.g., low texture, overexposure, etc.), automatic semantic segmentation is a challenging scenario, which justifies the scarce literature on this topic. In this paper, we propose a novel self-supervised monocular depth estimation to regularise the training of the semantic segmentation in knee arthroscopy. To further regularise the depth estimation, we propose the use of clean training images captured by the stereo arthroscope of routine objects (presenting none of the poor imaging conditions and with rich texture information) to pre-train the model. We fine-tune such model to produce both the semantic segmentation and self-supervised monocular depth using stereo arthroscopic images taken from inside the knee. Using a data set containing 3868 arthroscopic images captured during cadaveric knee arthroscopy with semantic segmentation annotations, 2000 stereo image pairs of cadaveric knee arthroscopy, and 2150 stereo image pairs of routine objects, we show that our semantic segmentation regularised by self-supervised depth estimation produces a more accurate segmentation than a state-of-the-art semantic segmentation approach modeled exclusively with semantic segmentation annotation.
description: 10 pages, 6 figures
Restricted Spatial Regression Methods: Implications for Inference
Creators: name: Khan, Kori
name: Calder, Catherine A.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biotechnology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Plant Biology

description: The issue of spatial confounding between the spatial random effect and the fixed effects in regression analyses has been identified as a concern in the statistical literature. Multiple authors have offered perspectives and potential solutions. In this paper, for the areal spatial data setting, we show that many of the methods designed to alleviate spatial confounding can be viewed as special cases of a general class of models. We refer to this class as Restricted Spatial Regression (RSR) models, extending terminology currently in use. We offer a mathematically based exploration of the impact that RSR methods have on inference for regression coefficients for the linear model. We then explore whether these results hold in the generalized linear model setting for count data using simulations. We show that the use of these methods have counterintuitive consequences which defy the general expectations in the literature. In particular, our results and the accompanying simulations suggest that RSR methods will typically perform worse than non-spatial methods. These results have important implications for dimension reduction strategies in spatial regression modeling. Specifically, we demonstrate that the problems with RSR models cannot be fixed with a selection of “better” spatial basis vectors or dimension reduction techniques.
Quasi-exact Solvability of Planar Dirac Electron in Coulomb and Magnetic Fields
Creators: name: Chiang, Chun-Ming
name: Ho, Choon-Lin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Dirac equation for an electron in two spatial dimensions in the Coulomb and homogeneous magnetic fields is a physical example of quasi-exactly solvable systems. This model, however, does not belong to the classes based on the algebra $sl(2)$ which underlies most one-dimensional and effectively one-dimensional quasi-exactly solvable systems. In this paper we demonstrate that the quasi-exactly solvable differential equation possesses a hidden $osp(2,2)$ superalgebra.
description: LaTex, 10 pages, no figures
Anwendung der Analysis des Unendlichen auf die Zahlentheorie, Vorlesung von Leopold Kronecker.
Vorlesungsnachschrift, ausgearbeitet von Adolf Hurwitz
Creators: name: Hurwitz, Adolf
Publisher: name: [s.n.]
Year: 1877

description: Nachschrift der Vorlesung, vorgetragen im Wintersemester 1877/78 an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
Text mit Figuren.
Abschliessend 1 Bl. leer.
Titel und Datierung gemäss Vorlesungsverzeichnis 1977/78 der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: Math. Wiss., Dr. Kronecker, Anwendung der Analysis des Unendlichen auf die Zahlentheorie
Electronic reconstruction in correlated electron heterostructures
Creators: name: Okamoto, Satoshi
name: Millis, Andrew J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Electronic phase behavior in correlated-electron systems is a fundamental problem of condensed matter physics. We argue here that the change in the phase behavior near the surface and interface, i.e., {\em electronic reconstruction}, is the fundamental issue of the correlated-electron surface or interface science. Beyond its importance to basic science, understanding of this behavior is crucial for potential devices exploiting the novel properties of the correlated systems. % We present a general overview of the field, and then illustrate the general concepts by theoretical studies of the model heterostructures comprised of a Mott-insulator and a band-insulator, which show that spin (and orbital) orderings in thin heterostructures are generically different from the bulk and that the interface region, about three-unit-cell wide, is always metallic, demonstrating that {\em electronic reconstruction} generally occurs. % Predictions for photoemission experiments are made to show how the electronic properties change as a function of position, and the magnetic phase diagram is determined as a function of temperature, number of layers, and interaction strength. Future directions for research are also discussed.
description: Proceedings of SPIE conference on Strongly Correlated Electron Materials: Physics and Nanoengineering, San Diego, CA, 31 July - 4 August, 2005
RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS IN THE AUSTRALIAN WOOL INDUSTRY
Creators: name: Fisher, Brian S.
name: Fisher, Brian S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1983
Subjects: Demand and Price Analysis
Risk and Uncertainty

description: The process by which producers form expectations has implications for model building and policy analysis. An econometric model of the Australian wool market is estimated. It is shown that the rational expectations hypothesis is not inconsistent with the data for both the period before the floor price scheme was implemented and since that date. This finding has important implications, since it has been shown that the welfare gains from stabilisation are small if producers form rational expectations.
Electrically switchable Rashba-type Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and skyrmion in two-dimensional magnetoelectric multiferroics
Creators: name: Liang, Jinghua
name: Cui, Qirui
name: Yang, Hongxin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Realizing topological magnetism and its electric control are intensive topics in the spintronics due to their promising applications in information storage and logic technologies. Here we unveil that both can be achieved in the two-dimensional (2D) magnetoelectric multiferroics. Using first-principles calculations, we show that strong Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI), which is the key ingredient for the formation of exotic chiral magnetism, could be induced in 2D multiferroics with vertical electric polarization via Rashba effect. We verify that such significant DMI can promote sub-10 nm skyrmion in 2D multiferroics with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy such as CrN monolayer. In addition, the presence of both magnetization and electric polarization in 2D multiferroics provides us unique opportunity for the effective electric control of both strength and chirality of DMI and thereby the topological magnetism. As an example, we introduce the four multiferroic skyrmions with different chirality and polarity that can be manipulated by external field.
description: 16 pages 5 figures
A semiparametric instrumental variable approach to optimal treatment regimes under endogeneity
Creators: name: Yifan Cui
name: Tchetgen, Eric Tchetgen
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 60506 Virology
subject: Computational Biology

description: There is a fast-growing literature on estimating optimal treatment regimes based on randomized trials or observational studies under a key identifying condition of no unmeasured confounding. Because confounding by unmeasured factors cannot generally be ruled out with certainty in observational studies or randomized trials subject to noncompliance, we propose a general instrumental variable approach to learning optimal treatment regimes under endogeneity. Specifically, we establish identification of both value function E[YD(L)] for a given regime D and optimal regimes argmaxDE[YD(L)] with the aid of a binary instrumental variable, when no unmeasured confounding fails to hold. We also construct novel multiply robust classification-based estimators. Furthermore, we propose to identify and estimate optimal treatment regimes among those who would comply to the assigned treatment under a monotonicity assumption. In this latter case, we establish the somewhat surprising result that complier optimal regimes can be consistently estimated without directly collecting compliance information and therefore without the complier average treatment effect itself being identified. Our approach is illustrated via extensive simulation studies and a data application on the effect of child rearing on labor participation.
THE ROLE OF TELEOLOGY IN ADAM SMITH'S WEALTH OF NATIONS: A BELATED REPLY TO KLEER
Creators: name: Alvey, James E.
name: Alvey, James E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: International Development

description: In a recent article in the History of Economics Review, Richard Kleer discussed the role of teleology in Adam Smith’s economic work. Kleer has been at the forefront in promoting the ‘new teleological and theological view’ of Smith. In this view, Smith is portrayed as a theorist whose system of thought is fundamentally shaped by a belief in divine design and Providence. This revisionist account is in sharp contrast to the mainstream view of Smith as a secular follower of David Hume. As the title of his article indicates, Kleer focuses on the Wealth of Nations. In fact, Kleer’s focus is on economic growth, which is probably the central theme of that book. He shows that the mechanisms underlying economic growth are human instincts (rather than human foresight); teleology enters when Kleer claims that instincts are part of the divine design. In this reply, I wish to draw attention to some gaps in Kleer’s account and some difficulties with his interpretation. I will also suggest some possible extensions to Kleer’s work.
The Trouble with Water: Condensation, Circulation and Climate
Creators: name: Vallis, Geoffrey K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This article discussesl a few of the problems that arise in geophysical fluid dynamics and climate that are associated with the presence of moisture in the air, its condensation and release of latent heat. Our main focus is Earth's atmosphere but we also discuss how these problems might manifest themselves on other planetary bodies, with particular attention to Titan where methane takes on the role of water. GFD has traditionally been concerned with understanding the very basic problems that lie at the foundation of dynamical meteorology and ocean\-ography. Conventionally, and a little ironically, the subject mainly considers `dry' fluids, meaning it does not concern itself overly much with phase changes. The subject is often regarded as dry in another way, because it does not consider problems perceived as relevant to the real world, such as clouds or rainfall, which have typically been the province of complicated numerical models. Those models often rely on parameterizations of unresolved processes, parameterizations that may work very well but that often have a semi-empirical basis. The consequent dichotomy between the foundations and the applications prevents progress being made that has both a secure basis in scientific understanding and a relevance to the Earth's climate, especially where moisture is concerned. The dichotomy also inhibits progress in understanding the climate of other planets, where observations are insufficient to tune the parameterizations that weather and climate models for Earth rely upon, and a more fundamental approach is called for. Here we discuss four diverse examples of the problems with moisture: the determination of relative humidity and cloudiness; the transport of water vapor and its possible change under global warming; the moist shallow water equations and the Madden-Julian Oscillation; and the hydrology cycle on other planetary bodies.
description: 20 pages, 12 figures. Eur. Phys. J. Plus
A Semiparametric Instrumental Variable Approach to Optimal Treatment Regimes Under Endogeneity
Creators: name: Yifan Cui
name: Tchetgen, Eric Tchetgen
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 60506 Virology
subject: Computational Biology

description: There is a fast-growing literature on estimating optimal treatment regimes based on randomized trials or observational studies under a key identifying condition of no unmeasured confounding. Because confounding by unmeasured factors cannot generally be ruled out with certainty in observational studies or randomized trials subject to noncompliance, we propose a general instrumental variable (IV) approach to learning optimal treatment regimes under endogeneity. Specifically, we establish identification of both value function E[YD(L)] for a given regime D and optimal regimes argmaxDE[YD(L)] with the aid of a binary IV, when no unmeasured confounding fails to hold. We also construct novel multiply robust classification-based estimators. Furthermore, we propose to identify and estimate optimal treatment regimes among those who would comply to the assigned treatment under a monotonicity assumption. In this latter case, we establish the somewhat surprising result that complier optimal regimes can be consistently estimated without directly collecting compliance information and therefore without the complier average treatment effect itself being identified. Our approach is illustrated via extensive simulation studies and a data application on the effect of child rearing on labor participation. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
THE GATT/WTO HAS PROMOTED TRADE, BUT ONLY IN CAPITAL-INTENSIVE COMMODITIES!
Creators: name: Engelbrecht, Hans-Jurgen
name: Pearce, Christopher
name: Engelbrecht, Hans-Jurgen
name: Pearce, Christopher
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: GATT/WTO
subject: gravity model
subject: bilateral trade
subject: commodity aggregates
subject: capital-intensive commodities.

description: This paper contributes to the recent empirical debate about the effectiveness of the GATT and the WTO in promoting trade. We use gravity models to explore the impact of the GATT/WTO on bilateral trade in a sample of 46 countries over the period 1965-1997. Our data enable us to disaggregate trade by broad commodity aggregates. The results for total trade are similar to those reported by Rose (2004). However, the disaggregated estimates reveal that the GATT/WTO has had a positive and statistically significant impact on trade in capital-intensive commodities, but that it has had no statistically significant impact on trade in other commodities. The paper demonstrates that simple modifications of Rose's approach lead to results that are much more 'common sense' than his.
Vorster, Hans, Das Freiheitsverständnis bei Thomas von Aquin und Martin Luther
Creators: name: Kantzenbach, Friedrich Wilhelm
Publisher: name: Ökumenische Rundschau
Year: 2025

description: Ökumenische Rundschau, Bd. 14 Nr. 4 (1965): Ökumenische Rundschau, Band 14, Heft 4
Diffractive parton density functions
Creators: name: Watt, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the perturbative QCD description of diffractive deep-inelastic scattering, and extract diffractive parton distributions from recent HERA data. The asymptotic collinear factorisation theorem has important modifications in the sub-asymptotic HERA regime. In addition to the usual resolved Pomeron contribution, the direct interaction of the Pomeron must also be accounted for. The diffractive parton distributions are shown to satisfy an inhomogeneous evolution equation, analogous to the parton distributions of the photon.
description: 10 pages, 6 figures. To appear in the proceedings of the Ringberg Workshop on "New Trends in HERA Physics 2005", Ringberg Castle, Tegernsee, Germany, 2-7 October 2005
ADAM SMITH'S OPTIMISTIC TELEOLOGICAL VIEW OF HISTORY
Creators: name: Alvey, James E.
name: Alvey, James E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Political Economy

description: Adam Smith's four-stage theory provides the framework for his writings on history. The fourth stage is the commercial epoch; the culmination of history in this stage is a key component in the conventional interpretation of Adam Smith as a prophet of commercialism. In two historical case studies Smith shows the capacity of commercial society to regenerate itself. This potent capacity suggests that commercial society is inevitable. At a certain point in time it also overcomes the major obstacles to its permanence. Smith's philosophy of history anticipates the end of history views of Kant and Hegel.
Large optical tunability from charge density waves in 1T-TaS$_2$ under incoherent illumination
Creators: name: Li, Weijian
name: Naik, Gururaj V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Strongly correlated materials possess a complex energy landscape and host many interesting physical phenomena, including charge density waves (CDWs). CDWs have been observed and extensively studied in many materials since their first discovery in 1972. Yet, they present ample opportunities for discovery. Here, we report a large tunability in the optical response of a quasi-2D CDW material, 1T-TaS$_2$, upon incoherent light illumination at room temperature. We show that the observed tunability is a consequence of light-induced rearrangement of CDW stacking across the layers of 1T-TaS$_2$. Our model, based on this hypothesis, agrees reasonably well with experiments suggesting that the interdomain CDW interaction is a vital knob to control the phase of strongly correlated materials.
description: 16 pages, 4 figures
A ROAD AHEAD FROM CANCUN? WEIGHING UP SOME GIVE-AND-TAKE SCENARIOS IN A DDA SPIRIT
Creators: name: Shakur, Shamim
name: Rae, Allan N.
name: Chatterjee, Srikanta
name: Shakur, Shamim
name: Rae, Allan N.
name: Chatterjee, Srikanta
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: Given that around 20 percent of the members of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) are identified as least developed countries (LDC's), global trade negotiations, resumed after the Cancun fiasco of September 2003, must address some major development issues in the spirit of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), if they are to make any headway. This will, predictably, involve some sensible give-and-take not only between the developed countries and the LDC's, but also amongst the LDC's themselves, and between them and other developing countries. Issues of restrictions affecting agricultural trade - a major factor in the failure at Cancun - need re-addressing; but non-agricultural trade issues must also feature in the negotiations as that could make some acceptable policy compromises possible. This paper investigates, in a computable-general-equilibrium (CGE) framework, the welfare impacts on selected developed and developing country groupings of several scenarios of trade liberalisation that are likely to enhance agricultural and non-agricultural trade flows within the LDC's, and between them and other developing countries. The scenarios will involve experimentation with selected commodities that are of special export interest to LDC's to identify some modalities of trade liberalisation and policy reciprocity, that are more likely to be acceptable to all parties.
Causal Inference with Interference and Noncompliance in Two-Stage Randomized Experiments*
Creators: name: Imai, Kosuke
name: Zhichao Jiang
name: Anup Malani
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Cancer
subject: Plant Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 60506 Virology

description: In many social science experiments, subjects often interact with each other and as a result one unit’s treatment influences the outcome of another unit. Over the last decade, a significant progress has been made towards causal inference in the presence of such interference between units. Researchers have shown that the two-stage randomization of treatment assignment enables the identification of average direct and spillover effects. However, much of the literature has assumed perfect compliance with treatment assignment. In this paper, we establish the nonparametric identification of the complier average direct and spillover effects in two-stage randomized experiments with interference and noncompliance. In particular, we consider the spillover effect of the treatment assignment on the treatment receipt as well as the spillover effect of the treatment receipt on the outcome. We propose consistent estimators, and derive their randomization-based variances under the stratified interference assumption. We also prove the exact relationships between the proposed randomization-based estimators and the popular two-stage least squares estimators. The proposed methodology is motivated by and applied to our own randomized evaluation of the India’s National Health Insurance Program (RSBY), where we find some evidence of spillover effects. The proposed methods are implemented via an open-source software package.
A Solvable Sequence Evolution Model and Genomic Correlations
Creators: name: Messer, Philipp W.
name: Arndt, Peter F.
name: Lässig, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Genomics (q-bio.GN)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study a minimal model for genome evolution whose elementary processes are single site mutation, duplication and deletion of sequence regions and insertion of random segments. These processes are found to generate long-range correlations in the composition of letters as long as the sequence length is growing, i.e., the combined rates of duplications and insertions are higher than the deletion rate. For constant sequence length, on the other hand, all initial correlations decay exponentially. These results are obtained analytically and by simulations. They are compared with the long-range correlations observed in genomic DNA, and the implications for genome evolution are discussed.
description: 4 pages, 4 figures
Mapping the co-evolution of artificial intelligence, robotics, and the internet of things over 20 years (1998-2017)
Creators: name: Börner, Katy
name: Scrivner, Olga
name: Cross, Leonard E.
name: Gallant, Michael
name: Ma, Shutian
name: Martin, Adam S.
name: Record, Elizabeth
name: Yang, Haici
name: Dilger, Jonathan M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Digital Libraries (cs.DL)
subject: Information Retrieval (cs.IR)
subject: Social and Information Networks (cs.SI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Understanding the emergence, co-evolution, and convergence of science and technology (S&T) areas offers competitive intelligence for researchers, managers, policy makers, and others. The resulting data-driven decision support helps set proper research and development (R&D) priorities; develop future S&T investment strategies; monitor key authors, organizations, or countries; perform effective research program assessment; and implement cutting-edge education/training efforts. This paper presents new funding, publication, and scholarly network metrics and visualizations that were validated via expert surveys. The metrics and visualizations exemplify the emergence and convergence of three areas of strategic interest: artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and internet of things (IoT) over the last 20 years (1998-2017). For 32,716 publications and 4,497 NSF awards, we identify their conceptual space (using the UCSD map of science), geospatial network, and co-evolution landscape. The findings demonstrate how the transition of knowledge (through cross-discipline publications and citations) and the emergence of new concepts (through term bursting) create a tangible potential for interdisciplinary research and new disciplines.
description: 10 figures
Star counts in the Galaxy. Simulating from very deep to very shallow photometric surveys with the TRILEGAL code
Creators: name: Girardi, L.
name: Groenewegen, M. A. T.
name: Hatziminaoglou, E.
name: da Costa, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe TRILEGAL, a new populations synthesis code for simulating the stellar photometry of any Galaxy field. The code attempts to improve upon several technical aspects of star count models, by: dealing with very complete input libraries of evolutionary tracks; using a stellar spectral library to simulate the photometry in any broad-band system; being very versatile allowing easy changes in the input libraries and in the description of all of its ingredients -- like the SFR, AMR, IMF, and geometry of Galaxy components. In a previous paper (Groenewegen et al. 2002), the code was first applied to describe the very deep star counts of the CDFS stellar catalogue. Here, we briefly describe its initial calibration using EIS-deep and DMS star counts, which are adequate samples to probe both the halo and the disc components of largest scale heights (oldest ages). We then present the changes in the calibration that were necessary to cope with some improvements in the model input data, and the use of more extensive photometry datasets: the relatively shallower 2MASS catalogue, which probes mostly the disc at intermediate ages, and the immediate solar neighbourhood as sampled by Hipparcos, which contains a somewhat larger fraction of younger stars than deeper surveys. Remarkably, the same model calibration can reproduce well the star counts in all the above-mentioned data sets, that span from the very deep magnitudes of CDFS (16
description: To appear in Astronomy & Astrophysics
ADAM SMITH'S VIEW OF HISTORY: CONSISTENT OR PARADOXICAL?
Creators: name: Alvey, James E.
name: Alvey, James E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Political Economy

description: The conventional interpretation of Adam Smith is that he is a prophet of commercialism. The liberal capitalist reading of Smith is consistent with the view that history culminates in commercial society. The first part of the article develops this optimistic interpretation of Smith's view of history. Smith implies that commercial society is the end of history because 1) it supplies the ends of nature that he identifies; 2) it is inevitable; and 3) it is permanent. The second part of the article shows that Smith has some dark moments in his writings where he seems to reject completely such teleological notions. In this more civic humanist mood he confesses that commercial society does not supply the ends of nature, nor is it inevitable, nor is it permanent. Both views exist in Smith and the commentator is forced to choose between passages in Smith's work in order to support a particular interpretation of the former's view of history.