Alloperla prognoides Surdick &amp; Stark 2004
Creators: name: Ray, Donald H.
name: Rasmussen, Andrew K.
name: Peters, Janice G.
name: Stark, Bill P.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Plecoptera
Chloroperlidae
Alloperla
Alloperla prognoides

description: <i>Alloperla prognoides</i> Surdick &amp; Stark (Figs. 1-21) <i>Alloperla furcula</i>: <i>sensu</i> Stark &amp; Harris, 1986:177, Not Surdick, 1981. <i>Alloperla prognoides</i> Surdick &amp; Stark in Surdick, 2004:20. Holotype &amp;male; (United States National Museum), Little River, Hwy 59, Baldwin Co., Alabama. <i>Alloperla prognoides</i>: Willet &amp; Stark, 2009:117.Redescription of male epiproct. <b>Material examined. New State Record. FLORIDA: <b>Escambia Co</b>, Pine Barren Creek, below US Hwy 29, N 30°46’30.04”, W 87°20’15.64”, 30 April 2008, D. Ray, G. Chiello, 3 adult &amp;male; (reared), 5 larvae.</b> Same, except 22 April 2008 with F. Butera, 5 larvae. Big Escambia Creek, below Fannie Rd, N 30°58’50.4”, W 87°13’43.9”, 25 March 2010, 5 larvae, D. Ray, R. Abad. Same, except 28 April 2010, 1 adult &amp;male;, 1 larva. Canoe Creek, above Bratt Rd, N 30°57’22”, W 87°20’49” 24, April 2009, D. Ray, R. Abad, 1&amp;male;, 3 larvae. Perdido River, 250 m above Brushy Creek confluence, N 30°47’37”, W 87°33’42”, 22 April 2009, D. Ray, R. Abad, 2&amp;male; (reared), 36&amp;female; (2 reared), 4 larvae. Pine Barren Creek, below US Hwy 29, N 30°46’30.04”, W 87°20’15.64”, 28 April 2009, D. Ray, R. Abad, 1&amp;male; (reared), 3&amp;female; (reared). Brushy Creek, above Pineville Road, N 30°47’47.6”, W 87°33’24.4”, 25 February 2008, D. Ray, L. Donelan, G. Chiello, 3 larvae. <b>Egg.</b> Outline elongate oval. Length ca. 290 µm, width ca. 174 µm. Collar short, ca. 14 µm long and ca. 33 µm wide, and consisting of a single irregular row of large, irregularly shaped meshes (Figs. 1-2). Chorionic surface covered throughout with fine micropunctures (Figs. 2-3). Micropylar orifices somewhat tear drop shaped and at least twice as large as micropunctures (Fig. 4); micropylar canals slanted. <b>Larva.</b> Body length (not including cerci) 5.2-7.2 mm (n = 18); body slender, dorsoventrally flattened; general color pale brown, faint brown markings on head, thorax, and abdomen; legs pale; abdominal tergites with brown speckling anteriorly. <b>Head.</b> Mandible with ca. 5 teeth, apical tooth scoopshaped; dorsal surface bearing a submarginal setal row more or less parallel to marginal setal row which terminates near base of tooth 4 (Fig. 5); ventral surface with patch of acanthae near base of tooth 5; marginal setal row consisting of ca. 12 major setae. Maxillary laciniae with single apical tooth and prominent row of ca. 12 long setae (Figs. 6-7). Postocular area with 2 long setae (Fig. 11). <b>Thorax.</b> Pronotal disk darkened marginally, body of sclerite uniformly pale brown. Pronotal setae arising antero- and posterolaterally; anterolateral setae set in cluster of 1 long seta and 5-7 shorter setae; posterolateral area with 2 widely spaced setae (Fig. 11). Wingpad outer margins broadly rounded, inner margins slightly divergent; short setae scattered along lateral margins (Fig. 12); distinct medial notch apparent during pre-emergent stage. Mesonotal setae of various lengths anterolaterally; group of short setae extending mesally near anterior margin. Foretibia with dorsal fringe of dense, very long hairs; sparse ventral fringe of long hairs, mixed with stout setae (Fig. 13); apex set with several stout spine-like setae ventrally. Forefemora dorsally covered with many spine-like appressed setae; dorsal fringe of long hairs, denser distally; mix of long and short setae ventrally. <b>Abdomen.</b> Sparse covering of fine, pale clothing hairs; posterior abdominal tergal margins fringed with short setae, incomplete mesally, pair of longer submesal setae, additional longer setae laterally (Fig. 14). Cerci 10-12 segmented; plumate vertical fringe on distal half; dorsal fringe of intercalary hairs on posterior 4-5 segments (Fig. 15); ventral fringe of intercalary hairs on posterior 5-6 segments; fringe somewhat more strongly developed along ventral margin than along dorsal margin; segmental cercal whorls consist of mixed setal types including groups of fine setae and larger, spine-like setae (Figs. 8-10). <b>Remarks.</b> As mentioned, larvae of most species of <i>Alloperla</i> remain undescribed; therefore, it is presently not possible to provide a definitive diagnosis. However, for the eastern Nearctic species for which detailed illustrations are available, <i>A</i>. <i>concolor</i> Ricker by Fiance (1977), <i>A</i>. <i>natchez</i> by Brown &amp; Stark (1995), and <i>A</i>. <i>imbecilla</i> (Say) by Stewart &amp; Stark (2002), a comparison of their illustrations reveals a number of potentially promising characters for distinguishing larvae of <i>Alloperla</i> species (Brown &amp; Stark 1995). Further comparison of the illustrations of the cerci from the publications listed above with Fig. 15 of this study shows that the larvae can be separated based on the number of cercal segments. The cercus comprises 10-12 segments in penultimate and last instar <i>A</i>. <i>prognoides</i>, whereas its sister species, <i>A</i>. <i>natchez</i> has 13 segments, <i>A</i>. <i>imbecilla</i> has 15-16 segments, and <i>A</i>. <i>concolor</i> has 18 segments. Additionally, <i>A</i>. <i>natchez</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>prognoides</i> have a cercal fringe of intercalary hairs which is more strongly developed dorsally than ventrally, whereas the dorsal and ventral fringes appear equally developed for <i>A</i>. <i>imbecilla</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>concolor</i>. Another character with diagnostic value is the setation of the posterolateral area of the pronotum, which in <i>A</i>. <i>imbecilla</i> has 4 posterolateral setae, compared with 2 posterolateral setae as seen in <i>A</i>. <i>concolor</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>natchez</i>, and <i>A</i>. <i>prognoides</i>. The egg is very similar to that of <i>A. natchez</i> (Brown &amp; Stark 1995) in shape, collar form and chorionic detail, although the surface micropores of that species appear finer and more defined than in <i>A. prognoides</i>. Images of the male epiproct (Figs. 16-21) are presented for comparison with those in Willett &amp; Stark (2009) made from Alabama specimens. <b>Distribution.</b> <i>Alloperla prognoides</i> is currently known from only Coastal Plain Alabama and the far western Florida panhandle (Escambia County). The species was first reported from Alabama (Baldwin, Escambia, Monroe Cos.) in Stark &amp; Harris (1986) as <i>A</i>. <i>furcula</i> based on one male and 13 females collected between 11 May and 24 June. The authors noted that “the epiproct of the single male specimen is shorter and wider than in South Carolina specimens,” which suggested the specimen represented an undescribed species. Subsequently, <i>A. prognoides</i> was described by Surdick and Stark (2004) based on specimens collected in 1985 (late April-May) by Steve Harris from the Little River (Alabama: Baldwin, Monroe County) and Autauga Creek (Alabama: Autauga County). No other <i>Alloperla</i> species have been recorded from Coastal Plain Alabama or Florida. Other <i>Alloperla</i> species do occur in Alabama above the Fall Line: <i>A</i>. <i>atlantica</i> Baumann, <i>A</i>. <i>caudata</i> Frison, <i>A</i>. <i>hamata</i> Surdick, <i>A</i>. <i>idei</i> (Ricker), and <i>A</i>. <i>usa</i> Ricker (Stark &amp; Harris 1986; Surdick 2004). There is always the possibility that one of these species, or another Coastal Plain endemic <i>of Alloperla</i>, overlaps in range with <i>A</i>. <i>prognoides</i>.
description: Published as part of <i>Ray, Donald H., Rasmussen, Andrew K., Peters, Janice G. &amp; Stark, Bill P., 2010, The Larva And Egg Of Alloperla Prognoides (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae), With Ecological Notes And New State Records From Florida, U. S. A., pp. 256-266 in Illiesia 6 (19)</i> on pages 257-259, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4760024
description: {"references": ["Stark, B. P. &amp; S. C. Harris. 1986. Records of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Alabama. Entomological News, 97: 177 - 182.", "Surdick, R. F. 1981. New Neartic Chloroperlidae (Plecoptera). Great Basin Naturalist, 41: 349 - 359.", "Surdick, R. F. 2004. Chloroperlidae (The Sallflies). Pp. 1 - 60. In B. P. Stark &amp; B. J. Armitage (eds.). Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of eastern North America. Volume II. Chloroperlidae, Perlidae, and Perlodidae (Perlodinae). Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey, New Series, Volume 14. Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus.", "Willet, M. R. &amp; B. P. Stark. 2009. The Alloperla leonarda Group of eastern North America, with SEM images of four out-group species (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Illiesia, 5 (11): 108 - 127.", "Fiance, S. B. 1977. The genera of eastern North American Chloroperlidae (Plecoptera): key to larval stages. Psyche, 84: 308 - 316.", "Brown, L. D. &amp; B. P. Stark. 1995. Nymphs and eggs of Alloperla natchez and Haploperla chukcho (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 68: 120 - 125.", "Stewart, K. W. &amp; B. P. Stark. 2002. Nymphs of North American stonefly genera (Plecoptera). 2 nd edition. The Caddis Press. Columbus, Ohio. 510 pp.", "Stark, B. P., R. W. Baumann, &amp; R. E. DeWalt. 2009. Valid stonefly names for North America. http: // plsa. inhs. uiuc. edu / plecoptera / validnames. aspx."]}