cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Phytomyza notopleuralis Spencer
Creators: name: Eiseman, Charles S.
name: Lonsdale, Owen
name: Linden, John Van Der
name: Feldman, Tracy S.
name: Palmer, Michael W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Agromyzidae
Phytomyza
Phytomyza notopleuralis

description: Phytomyza notopleuralis Spencer
(Figs. 58, 84)
Material examined. MASSACHUSETTS: Berkshire Co., Great Barrington, 42.197870, -73.335897, 17.ix.2017, em. ~ 16.iv.2018, C.S. Eiseman, ex Cornus sericea, # CSE4416, CNC1144083–1144084 (1♁ 1♀).
Host. * Cornaceae: Cornus sericea L.
Leaf mine. (Fig. 84) Entirely linear, on the upper leaf surface; frass in somewhat liquidy strips along the sides.
Puparium. Shining dark brown with paler brown intersegmental boundaries; formed outside the mine.
Phenology and voltinism. Our specimens were collected as larvae in mid-September and emerged as adults the following spring. There is presumably at least one earlier generation; the only other known specimens were collected as adults on 3 June (Ontario) and 9 July (Michigan) (Spencer 1969; Spencer & Steyskal 1986).
Distribution. USA: *MA, MI; Canada: ON (Spencer & Steyskal 1986).
Comments. Neither Spencer (1969) nor Spencer & Steyskal (1986) made any statements about the possible relationships of Phytomyza notopleuralis to other Phytomyza. Winkler et al. (2009) indicated that it is near P. spinaciae Hendel, a Palearctic species mining leaves of Cynareae (Asteraceae) and forming a white puparium within the leaf, and placed it in the syngenesiae group. However, the leaf mine is identical with that of P. agromyzina Meigen, which feeds on various dogwoods including Cornus sericea, and the younger P. notopleuralis may eventually prove to be its junior synonym. External morphology is nearly identical, excluding the presence of a strongly pale yellow notopleuron in P. notopleuralis (Fig. 58) (yellowish tint with margins yellower in P. agromyzina), and the genitalia (Spencer 1969: Fig. 470) only differ in that the distiphallus of P. agromyzina is basally straight (not shallowly curved) and sometimes slightly abbreviated; the apex of the distiphallus is also sometimes a bit straighter. The phallus of P. agromyzina illustrated in Spencer (1969: Fig. 395) shows the distiphallus as a simple membranous lobe without the narrow, apically forked and medially deviated sclerotized band; this is apparently an artifact of illustration, as this structure is present in all dissected material examined at the CNC.
description: Published as part of Eiseman, Charles S., Lonsdale, Owen, Linden, John Van Der, Feldman, Tracy S. & Palmer, Michael W., 2021, Thirteen new species of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from the United States, with new host and distribution records for 32 additional species, pp. 1-68 in Zootaxa 4931 (1) on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4931.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4545337
Activation of NF-kB by cigarette smoke
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: There are many ways in which the body responds to toxins such as cigarette smoke. One way is through the formation and storage of protective chemicals that prevent injury before it occurs. Antioxidants such as Vitamin E and Vitamin C, and the chemicals they help to synthesize, are good examples of this mechanism. Another manner in which the body responds to toxins is by elimination. There are many systems in the body that are able to trap and the remove harmful elements. Another mechanism to respond to injury is through the production of protective proteins, or genes. This gene production is dependent on signals that allow the cell to recognize the presence of the toxin and to communicate the appropriate response that is needed. Finally, when injury does occur the body has many well balanced systems to ensure that repair takes place. All of these are important in protecting against injury and activating repair.

 Of specific interest is the individual variability to tobacco smoke. With respect to smoking related lung diseases such as emphysema and lung cancer, there is clear evidence that cigarette smoke is one of the major risk factors for the development of both. Yet, only a minority of all cigarette smokers will develop either lung disease. There currently is not a clear explanation of why some individuals are partially protected against the pulmonary effects of cigarette smoke, while others are acutely sensitive to its effects. There may be individual differences in the protective and reparative mechanisms that were outlined above.

 This particular research project will attempt to identify potential differences in individuals that will explain the variability that is observed. Specifically, we will focus on the signaling pathways that recognize the presence of cigarette smoke and are able to direct the cell to respond appropriately We plan to examine a protein, NF KB, whose role is to increase the production of specific genes. Some of these genes are responsible for responding to inflammation and cellular injury. Our hypothesis is that NF KB is important in the response of lungs to cigarette smoke. We plan to carefully examine the molecular events that occur after cells are exposed to cigarette smoke using NF KB as our focal point. We will initially use lung cells in isolation. Once we are able to describe the events that occur in isolated cells, we will determine if similar events can be observed in whole lungs. We will compare smoke exposed and non smoke exposed cells and tissues. With this work, we hope to identify important differences between non smokers and smokers hat may lead to future preventative measures or new therapeutic options.
Race, class, and early childhood education
Creators: name: Smith, Stephanie C.
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: While it is becoming increasingly recognized that early childhood education is a valuable part of the educational process, the methods used to teach young children are often ignored by government agencies and researchers touting the value of prekindergartenprograms. Although reforms may dictate that early childhood programs be more available to all children, the programs created to address low-income communities are often different than those in more affluent communities. Just as pedagogy differsbetween affluent and low-income elementary and secondary schools, the pedagogy in low-income and affluent preschools is dissimilar. However, the work of some educational scholars suggests that low-income children—especially low-income minority children—require a more structured and directed pedagogy than their more affluent white peers. This is a duel case study of two schools using differing pedagogical approaches for low-income minority children, one progressive (Malaguzzi) and one traditional(Woodlawn). Using a Bernsteinian theoretical framework, this study compares of two Head Start centers in high-minority Chicago neighborhoods to examine the effects of different pedagogic practices on the development of cognitive and non-cognitive skills ofyoung children. The study was conduced over a five month period in included observation of two classrooms (four classrooms) at each site, teacher and parent interviews, photo documentation, and pre and post testing of children. Pre and post testing showed that students at Malaguzzi had twice the level ofacademic growth as students at Woodlawn. Observational data showed more consistentacademic growth at Malaguzzi than Woodlawn across more developmental areas. Children at both sites showed growth in pre-literacy and social/emotional skills, but the children at Malaguzzi also showed growth in problem solving and imagination—skillsthat aid in abstract thought. Additionally, children at Malaguzzi were better behaved, having better internalized classrooms rules and expectations. While further study is needed on a broader scale, results from this study suggest that progressive early education programs have the potential to better prepare children for elementary school. Improved kindergarten preparation among low-income minoritychildren is an important step in closing the educational achievement gap. Child-directed progressive programs may better close the gap than teacher-directed traditional programs.
The impact of the financial press on accrual anomaly and earnings management
Creators: name: Kang, Pyung Kyung
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: This dissertation consists of two essays investigating the impact of news released in the financial press on accrual anomaly and earnings management. Sloan (1996) shows earnings announcements to be information events driving the correction process of the mispricing of accruals. The first essay focuses on news released in the financial press as an additional driver of the correction process. Using 83,016 Wall Street Journal news articles from 1993 to 2006, I find that in addition to earnings announcements, news in the financial press also reveals valuable information for the correction of accruals mispricing. Prior studies have documented that the existence of information asymmetry between managers and shareholders creates an information environment conducive to earnings management. In the second essay, I investigate the impact of news coverage on earnings management by classifying news articles into two distinct types of news: earnings-related News (EN) and non-earnings-related news (NEN). Based on 48,972 news items reported in the Wall Street Journal and 32,177 firm-years for firms traded on the NYSE/AMEX/NASDAQ between 1994 and 2004 fiscal-years, I find that NEN is positively related to the degree of information asymmetry, whereas EN is negatively related. More importantly, I find that NEN, which increases information asymmetry, is positively associated with earnings management, while EN, which reduces information asymmetry, is negatively associated. The results also show that these associations of NEN and EN with earnings management are more profound for firms engaging in income-increasing earnings management and for large-size firms. This dissertation improves the understanding of the role of financial press as an information intermediary in capital markets.
Goniocheton brassii Hauenschild & Holzmeyer 2021, comb. nov.
Creators: name: Holzmeyer, Laura
name: Hauenschild, Frank
name: Mabberley, David J.
name: Muellner-Riehl, Alexandra N.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Sapindales
Meliaceae
Goniocheton
Goniocheton brassii

description: 2. Goniocheton brassii (Merr. & L.M.Perry) Hauenschild & Holzmeyer, comb. nov.
≡ Dysoxylum brassii Merr. & L.M.Perry in J. Arnold Arbor. 21: 309. 1940 – Holotype: Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Jayapura, Idenburg [= Taritatu] River, 4 km SW Bernhard Camp, Brass 13278 (A barcode 00044790!).
Distribution. – New Guinea. This species does not have the morphological features characteristic of Goniocheton.
Note. – See also Mabberley (1995b: 114).
description: Published as part of Holzmeyer, Laura, Hauenschild, Frank, Mabberley, David J. & Muellner-Riehl, Alexandra N., 2021, Confirmed polyphyly, generic recircumscription and typification of Dysoxylum (Meliaceae), with revised disposition of currently accepted species, pp. 1248-1272 in TAXON 70 (6) on page 1265, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12591, http://zenodo.org/record/14047415
A case study of Dwight Morrow High School and the Academies at Englewood
Creators: name: Jones McGowan, Emily Joy
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: This study examines the impact of a voluntary school desegregation program—the Academies @ Englewood (A@E)—on the Dwight Morrow High School (DMHS)campus in the upper-middle- class city of Englewood, New Jersey. The author of this dissertation conducted observations in both academic and social settings, in-depth interviews, surveys, and focus groups. The data that were collected and analyzed provided stark counter-narratives to the dominant discourse that linked diminished expectations and low academic ability with Black and Latino students at DMHS, but, in contrast, related academic privilege and cultural elitism with the racially heterogeneous students attending the A@E. Critical Race Theory in Education (Ladson-Billings & Tate, 1995; Solorzano & Yosso, 2001) was utilized as the theoretical framework in the analysis of the litigation that eventually led to the development and implementation of the A@E, to the currentcultures and organization of both academic programs, and to the academic and social experiences of the students in both programs. This research suggests the following: the A@E achieved its intended goal of attracting high- achieving White and Asian students to the DMHS campus and of providing a smallnumber (50 students per class) of high-achieving Englewood students with an academically rigorous high school option. However, the A@E students were not effectively integrated into the DMHS culture, but were, instead, kept isolated in a separate facility, where the A@E functioned as an autonomous, academically selective, school-within-a-school. Students who attended the A@E benefited from this rigorous,enriched educational environment, but implementing the program fostered feelings of second-class citizenship in the DMHS students, who exhibited, and continue to exhibit, initiative in their ongoing attempts to maximize what they perceive to be limitedacademic opportunities.
Haptic metal spinning
Creators: name: Russo, IM
name: Cleaver, CJ
name: Allwood, JM
Publisher: name: Elsevier BV
Year: 2019
Subjects: Metal spinning
Toolpath design
Force control
Haptic interface
Bilateral teleoperation

description: Sheet metal spinning is an incremental forming technique practiced for a long time only by experienced, skilled craftsmen. Over the last sixty years, attempts have been made to automate the process, but today the industrial practice still relies heavily on the skill of experienced operators. Complete analytical solutions to predict workpiece failure based on the path of the tool are not available, and finite element simulations of the process are too time-intensive to be of practical use for online toolpath correction. Therefore, today the design of toolpaths to avoid failure in spinning remains an art acquired by practice. In this paper, we approach the issue by designing an enhanced teach-in/playback system. We connect a haptic device to a CNC spinning machine; this device allows a human operator to control the working roller manually while feeling the force applied to the workpiece. Position, force and workpiece shape sensors allow collecting information on the toolpath followed by the operator and on its influence over the mechanics of the process. The opportunities offered by this system to derive rules for toolpath design are explored in two case studies on force control and wrinkling recovery, with new insights on the relationship between toolpaths and failure. A research agenda is outlined to exploit the full potential of haptic metal spinning.
Signata Frizzell & Dante 1965
Creators: name: Ebersole, Jun A.
name: Cicimurri, David J.
name: Stringer, Gary L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Ophidiiformes
Ophidiidae
Signata

description: Genus Signata Frizzell & Dante, 1965
Type species
Signata stenzeli Dante & Frizzell in Frizzell & Dante, 1965, middle Eocene.
description: Published as part of Ebersole, Jun A., Cicimurri, David J. & Stringer, Gary L., 2019, Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths, pp. 1-274 in European Journal of Taxonomy 585 on page 199, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.585, http://zenodo.org/record/3660259
Visual processing strategies underlying expertise in the fusiform face area and lateral occipital cortex
Creators: name: Schmidt, Arielle
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: Human face processing is an important and fascinating function. Recent neuroimaging studies of face processing have focused on the ‘fusiform face area’ (FFA) in the ventral visual stream, and on three conflicting hypotheses about its true function: (1) that it is a region specialized for processing the category of faces; (2) that it is a region specialized for the process of visual expertise; and (3) that its response is highly functionally heterogeneous and its function is shared with other areas in high-level visual cortex. In Experiment 1, the FFA’s response to 4 categories was investigated using high-resolution fMRI and multi-voxel pattern analysis/pattern detection (MVPA/PD), and was found to contain information for all object categories, which argues against (1) and supports (3). Next, (2) was investigated in the FFA and lateral occipital cortex (LOC) which is implicated in novice visual processing. Shortcomings of existing studies on (2) wereeliminated by defining the vague term “visual expertise” in terms of known visual processes, local and holistic processing, which are theorized to be components of visual expertise and novice processing. The fMRI responses to differential levels of local and holistic processing were investigated using MVPA/PD analyses. Experiments 2 and 3 used the other-race effect in combination with each of two manipulations, an inversion and a composite task. Experiment 4 used cars, an object of expertise which evoked behavioral effects of holistic processing. Experiment 5 provided a direct contrast of local vs. holistic processing. Three types of fMRI analysis (mean ROI analysis, spatial general linear model (GLM) analysis, and generalization accuracy of classifiers) were used to compare the manipulations of local and holistic processing in the FFA and LOC. Behavior revealed ararely-found car inversion effect. GLM’s revealed separate subclusters responsive to all conditions. Analyses showed strong preferences for a condition within subjects, but the preferred condition was not consistent across subjects. No evidence supported the FFA and LOC being specialized for visual processes; in fact, both areas were involved in local and holistic processing approximately equally. The results showed functional heterogeneity with respect to both object category and visual process, supporting (3).
Two exogenous issues related to market quality
Creators: name: Pomeranets, Anna
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: I examine two exogenous issues and their impact on market quality. The first is the New York State imposed Securities Transaction Tax (STT). Over the last two decades there has been an ongoing debate among academics, politicians and regulators, across various jurisdictions, on the impact a STT has on market quality. I contribute to this debate by examining eight changes in the level of a STT, include all firms trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and American Stock Exchange (AMEX) to test the impact on volatility and liquidity, and employ a dataset that offers the opportunity to study the impact of a STT on market share. Overall, there is no impact of a STT on volatility, contrary to proponents of the tax suggesting that a STT reduces volatility. I also find that spreads are directly related to a STT as spreads widen (tighten) when there is an increase (decrease) in the level of the tax. In addition, I find support for the hypothesis that a STT in New York State drives volume to regional exchanges. These findings confirm what opponents of the STT suggest: a STT does not decrease volatility, increases spreads and is accompanied by a decline in market share on the local exchange. The second issue I study is the impact of forced consolidation. There is a general lack of agreement among academics as to the optimal level of consolidation in markets. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate by examining the impact of the SEC mandated consolidation of US markets on various measures of market quality. The overall findings suggest that consolidation improves market quality. In particular I find that volatility, effective spreads, and Amihud's illiquidity measure all decline following the imposition of three consolidating systems on US markets in the 1970s: the Consolidated Tape System, the Inter-market Trading System, and the Consolidated Quote System. My findings are robust to changes in firm-specific variables, market wide trends, and the endogeneity of control variables. Given recent announcements concerning consolidation efforts on both sides of the Atlantic, this paper has immediate policy implications.
Goniocheton Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.
Creators: name: Holzmeyer, Laura
name: Hauenschild, Frank
name: Mabberley, David J.
name: Muellner-Riehl, Alexandra N.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Sapindales
Meliaceae
Goniocheton

description: IV. Goniocheton Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.: 177. 1825 ≡
Dysoxylum subg. Goniocheton (Blume) Hook.f. in Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1: 333. 1862 ≡ Dysoxylum sect. Goniocheton (Blume) Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 4: 9. 1868 – Type: Goniocheton arborescens Blume.
Distribution. – Four species from India and China to Australia and Vanuatu.
description: Published as part of Holzmeyer, Laura, Hauenschild, Frank, Mabberley, David J. & Muellner-Riehl, Alexandra N., 2021, Confirmed polyphyly, generic recircumscription and typification of Dysoxylum (Meliaceae), with revised disposition of currently accepted species, pp. 1248-1272 in TAXON 70 (6) on page 1265, DOI: 10.1002/tax.12591, http://zenodo.org/record/14047415
Carbon monoxide as a modulator of myocardial function
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Subjects exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) inhale the poisonous gas, carbon monoxide (CO). Because CO readily displaces oxiygen in blood, it can inhibit the oxygen delivery to the tissue. Indeed many researchers have found that the levels of CO found in ETS can significantly increase the risk of heart disease and can reduce the capacity to perform strenuous exercise in persons with preexisting heart conditions.

 However, the toxic effect of CO is not restricted solely to its capacity to block oxygen delivery. Some researchers believe that CO can directly inhibit cellular function. In particular, CO can also bind with a high affinity to the intracellular oxygen storage protein, myoglobin. In effect, CO can impair oxygen delivery to the cell and oxygen availability within the cell. Myoglobin inhibition can then aggravate the deleterious effects of ETS on heart function.

 To understand how CO inhibition of myoglobin can impair heart cells, we must understand more precisely how myoglobin actually functions in vivo. The proposed study will determine to what extent myoglobin contributes to oxygen transport within the cell during the normal state as well as during increased oxygen demand or diminished blood flow. Furthermore the study will explore whether CO inhibition of myoglobin can directly impact cellular respiration. The results will lead to a better understanding on how CO in ETS can impair respiratory and heart function.
Emerging military technologies in the 21st century
Creators: name: O'Meara, Richard Michael
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: This work proceeds from three assumptions. First, the genie is out of the bottle. Second, the genie is capable of good and ill in staggering and perhaps, unheard of proportions. And finally, third, for humankind to survive the genie, some sort of governance is both necessary and possible. The genie includes a wide range of emerging technologies including nanotechnology, biotechnology, human enhancement, non-lethal weapons, information or Cyber technology and robotics. It is argued that these technologies are being innovated, adapted and used at an unprecedented rate in a culture of technological uncertainty which provides very little time and minimal governance in order to ask the question not can we do this but should we do this? This paper reviews the nature of the problem and then describes the various technological innovations which are presently being considered and adapted for use on the contemporary battlefield. It takes a specific look at the culture in which these developments are occurring and assesses the intended and unanticipated consequences of their use. Finally, it assesses the contemporary governance architecture which exists and suggests additional tools which might be available in the future.
Effects of exposure to secondhand smoke
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: We are proposing a new study of the long-term health consequences of being exposed to the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) of others, also called "secondhand smoke". Exposure to ETS has been associated with increased risk of heart disease, cancers of the lung and other organs, emphysema, asthma, and other breathing disorders in previous epidemiological studies. However, the strength of the associations, the relative importance of the source of exposures (home, workplace), and whether certain subgroups of the population are particularly impacted by ETS, remain unresolved questions.

 Specifically, we are interested in finding out whether non-smokers who said they were exposed to ETS at home, in small spaces (e.g., offices, cars, airplanes), and/or in large spaces (e.g., restaurants, hotel lobbies or lecture halls) are at increased risk of developing tobacco-related cancers, heart disease, and lung disease. To conduct this study, we will utilize information collected over the years from a large, well-defined population of over 114,000 members of the northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program (KPMCP), in conjunction with comprehensive follow-up data for this group regarding cancer incidence, hospitalizations, and mortality from 1979 through the end of 1998. Because the members of the KPMCP of northern California have diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds, we will be able to discern whether the risks linked to ETS are particularly important for certain populations.

 This study offers a unique opportunity to gather a considerable body of data on ETS and long-term health outcomes in a cost-effective manner. The findings will add to our understanding of the damaging effects of secondhand smoke and will help inform efforts of public health authorities and policy makers.
Phytomyza palmeri Eiseman & Lonsdale
Creators: name: Eiseman, Charles S.
name: Lonsdale, Owen
name: Linden, John Van Der
name: Feldman, Tracy S.
name: Palmer, Michael W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Agromyzidae
Phytomyza
Phytomyza palmeri

description: Phytomyza palmeri Eiseman & Lonsdale
Material examined. OKLAHOMA: Payne Co., Mehan, 36.013839°, -96.998103°, 15.xi.2017, em. 22.xi.2017, M.W. Palmer, ex Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, # CSE4380, CNC1135649 (1♁); 30.xii.2017, em. 30.xii.2017, M.W. Palmer, ex Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, # CSE4375, CNC1144114–1144115 (1♁ 1♀).
Host. Caprifoliaceae: Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench.
Leaf mine. Upper surface, gradually widening, at least sometimes linear throughout, but often contorted to form a secondary blotch. The black frass is in closely spaced grains or beaded strips, allowing the larva’s path to be traced even when the mine forms a nearly continuous blotch (Eiseman & Lonsdale 2018).
Puparium. Brown; formed within the mine, its anterior spiracles projecting ventrally through the upper epidermis (Eiseman & Lonsdale 2018). A broad, dark ventral stripe is at least sometimes present, as in Phytomyza flavilonicera, but this is not evident in all photographed mines, perhaps due to the rest of the puparium being fairly dark and not providing sufficient contrast to show through the epidermis.
Phenology and voltinism. 25 October is the earliest date we have found probable mines of this species, with some mines recently initiated and some already complete. Specimens have been reared from mines collected between 7 November and 30 December, with adults emerging indoors without a pupal diapause (17 November to 30 December).
Distribution. USA: OK.
Comments. These additional rearings do not provide new host or distribution records for Phytomyza palmeri, but it is worth noting that the genitalia of these specimens differ slightly from those of the type series, representing new intraspecific variation. While agreeing in overall external and genitalic morphology, the apex of the ill-defined and slightly annulated distiphallus of the new specimens is slightly larger, in some cases up to ¼ longer, and one male has a slight medial constriction in the segment (seen ventrally).
description: Published as part of Eiseman, Charles S., Lonsdale, Owen, Linden, John Van Der, Feldman, Tracy S. & Palmer, Michael W., 2021, Thirteen new species of Agromyzidae (Diptera) from the United States, with new host and distribution records for 32 additional species, pp. 1-68 in Zootaxa 4931 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4931.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4545337
Hoplobrotula Gill 1863
Creators: name: Ebersole, Jun A.
name: Cicimurri, David J.
name: Stringer, Gary L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Ophidiiformes
Ophidiidae
Hoplobrotula

description: Genus Hoplobrotula Gill, 1863
Type species
Brotula armata Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, Recent.
description: Published as part of Ebersole, Jun A., Cicimurri, David J. & Stringer, Gary L., 2019, Taxonomy and biostratigraphy of the elasmobranchs and bony fishes (Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) of the lower-to-middle Eocene (Ypresian to Bartonian) Claiborne Group in Alabama, USA, including an analysis of otoliths, pp. 1-274 in European Journal of Taxonomy 585 on page 200, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2019.585, http://zenodo.org/record/3660259
What are the lessons that can be learned from Turkey's  transnational operational police cooperation experiences?
Creators: name: Ors, Huseyin
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: Although transnational organized crime and terrorism are not new, they are becoming increasingly intersected. Their combined activities threaten today‘s globalized world, making police collaboration across national borders more crucial than ever. As a consequence, bilateral and multilateral collaborations among national law enforcement agencies are increasing, and multinational police organizations are expanding their operations in order to cope more effectively with transnational crimes and terror. This dissertation explores the parameters of operational police cooperation across borders, by examining Turkey‘s policing relationships with other states as well as with international police cooperation organizations. Understanding how trans-border police cooperation works in practice, including what enhances or hinders such cooperation at the grassroots level, is the main objective of this study. The research methodology involved interviews with police professionals who had working experiences in these areas.
Exploring the silence among children of prisoners
Creators: name: Muhammad, Bahiyyah
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: The current incarceration rate is at an historic high, with more than 1 in every 100 adults serving time in Federal and State prisons (Pew Center on the States, 2010). With more than half of all incarcerated adults in the United States being parents, many children are directly affected by parental incarceration. Research on children of incarcerated parents provides limited information resulting in few services responding to their needs (Bernstein, 2005; Eddy and Poehlmann, 2010; Henriques, 1982; Johnston, 1995; McGowan and Blumenthal, 1978; Muhammad, 2008, 2009; Pew Center on the States, 2008; 2010; Phillips, 2010). Although the U.S. government’s criminal justice data collection agency, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, has provided national estimates of children affected by parental incarceration, the actual complex nature of the problem remains unclear. To respond to these lack of data, researchers have investigated children of the incarcerated by talking to their parents, caregivers and family members. Although 1 in every 28 children has an incarcerated parent (Pew Center on the States, 2010), few studies have directly focused on children. This absence has resulted in a limited understanding of their circumstances. Therefore, this qualitative dissertation explored the experiences and perceptions of young urban children of the incarcerated through semi-structured interviews. These data were collected from a sample of 57 child participants, aged 7-18 years, who resided in New Jersey and who were recruited from a local community organization. The findings indicate that children’s experiences are often different than what others describe them to be. Respondents described both negative and positive effects of parental imprisonment. Among the negative consequences was enforced and voluntary silence regarding their parents, the use of drugs and alcohol to cope with parental incarceration, and uncertainty in changing homes and schools. Among the positive experiences were comfort in their foster care placements and with their grandparents, new opportunities in new schools, and improved communication with their incarcerated parent. These findings have implications for programs and policy related to the well-being of children and their families affected by parental incarceration.
Smoking & depression in Chinese vs. non-Chinese
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Research has shown separately that depression level and readiness to quit smoking are significant factors affecting smoking cessation treatment outcome. However, little is known about the relationship between depression and readiness to quit smoking. In addition, research data are scared on the important information relevant for smoking cessation among Asian-American smokers despite it is the fastest growing minority group in the U.S. In this study, we choose to specifically recruit Chinese, the largest ethnic group of the Asian and Pacific Islander community, as an initial step to increase our understanding in smoking behaviors in relation to depression.

 The long-term goal of this program of research is to design efficacious smoking cessation programs that can successfully reach out Chinese-American smokers in the community. The current proposal represents the first phase of the research program. It is designed to establish descriptive information on readiness to quit smoking, smoking behaviors, and depression among Chinese smokers. In addition, we propose to conduct a direct comparison between Chinese and non-Chinese smokers in the relationship between smoking and depression. This will provide guidelines to effectively adapt smoking cessation treatment approaches that have been tested in the general population (e.g., Zyban, mood management, stage-matched expert system), to the Chinese smokers in our community. This study will recruit 400 current smokers from the Chinese and non-Chinese populations in the San Francisco Bay Area using a longitudinal survey design to examine the association among depression, readiness of change and smoking behaviors. All study participants will receive a self-help manual for smoking cessation in Chinese or English depending on their language preference. Smoking behaviors, readiness to quit smoking, mood measures and depression symptoms will be assessed at baseline. Participants will be reassessed at 6 months on smoking status, quit attempts, stages of change, and methods used to quit smoking.

 The primary goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between smoking and depression among Chinese and non-Chinese smokers. Based on the findings of this study, we will aim at answering the following questions:

 1) How prevalent lifetime and current depression is among Chinese smokers?

 2) Whether or not smokers who are at not ready to quit smoking will experience more depressive symptoms?

 3) whether smokers who experience depressive symptoms will be less likely to attempt to quit smoking.

 In addition, we will explore whether differences in ethnicity, gender and/or acculturation are associated with smoking behaviors, depression profiles, awareness and acceptance of smoking cessation methods.
Family gentrification, student diversity, and academic achievement
Creators: name: Morrison, Elizabeth
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: In this study, I examine the history and effects of a parent-organized charter school in Jersey City, New Jersey in the context of the gentrification of the city. Based on ethnographic, survey, and school- and student-level achievement data, I analyze how theschool influences equity and academic achievement. Using the concepts of cultural, economic, and social capital, I provide a comprehensive examination of how public school characteristics can attract or deter families from sending their children to particular schools. At the charter school, students from most subgroup outperform the state-specific subgroup average. On average, students demonstrate a small amount of growth over time; however, there are wide racial and economic achievement gaps between subgroups. The gaps narrow to some extent in math, but during middle school the gap expand in languagearts. Interestingly, free-lunch students in more economically balanced cohorts perform better than free-lunch students in less economically balanced cohorts. The study has policy implications for both the state of New Jersey and Jersey City. At the state level, policies currently enable economic segregation in charter schools. Both a lack of busing services and an early application deadline create an advantage forprivileged families. Similarly, the policies disadvantage low-income families, who may lack social networks and charter school information. Therefore, this study illustrates the importance of equalizing access to charter schools for all parents. This study also has implications for the Jersey City. Currently, Jersey City isassisting housing developments and local businesses with tax abatements and other incentives. However, the population Jersey City is attempting to attract will only remain in the city if the quality of the schools improves or school choice options increase. The focal school has successfully integrated families who would otherwise send their children to private school or leave the district. Without quality schools, wealthier families will leave Jersey City and its relatively high taxes for more affordable alternatives with better educational opportunities. Thus, the city’s already small tax base will become even smaller. More importantly, there will be fewer opportunities for low-income children tointeract with middle- and high-income children and experience high-quality schools.
Genetic links to nicotine addiction: ethics of testing teens
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Studies are currently underway to examine the genetic, environmental and metabolic contributors to smoking initiation and nicotine dependence. Research seeks to identify particular genetic mutations or polymorphisms that may predispose individuals to smoke or make them particularly susceptible to the effects of addictive substances such as nicotine. Most common illnesses or traits are multifactorial; a single gene is rarely implicated. With the dramatic increase in teenage smoking, the hope is that multifactorial studies will lead to new and innovative prevention and treatment approaches.

 Genetic testing for susceptibility to behavioral traits such as smoking raises complex questions and serious ethical dilemmas, however. When the potential research subjects or users of a genetic test are minors, the concerns become even more accentuated. Since the current candidate genes have also been associated with other addictive behaviors, as well as serious mental illness, testing programs that aim to prevent teens from smoking may reveal potentially harmful information about their future health. Who should provide informed consent for teens to participate in such studies? Do they and their parents understand the implications of participation in genetic research? What safeguards must be in place to assure the adequate protection of study participants? Are such safeguards currently in place?

 Investigators at the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics propose to study the emerging ethical dilemmas which accompany our scientific efforts to reveal genetic contributions to nicotine addiction, and smoking behavior more generally. The Stanford Program in Genomics, Ethics, and Society (PGES), a multi-disciplinary program established in 1995, conducts basic research and policy analysis targeted to advances in human genetics. Through a combination of empirical research and policy analysis, PGES investigators strive to identify and proactively address the ethical dilemmas involved with genetic research. For this study, we will develop appropriate instruments, such as interview guides, to investigate how teens understand participation in such research as well as the broader issues of genetic predisposition to smoking initiation and nicotine dependence . Simultaneously, we will establish an ethics working group that will examine policy issues and develop guidelines based upon empirical research and examination of ethical concerns.
Regulation of proNGF processing and its effects on p75NTR-mediated cell death following seizure
Creators: name: Le, Audrey P. (Audrey Pham)
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2011

description: Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been known to play critical roles in neuronal survival and differentiation during development. Recent studies havediscovered that its immature form, proNGF, is a ligand for the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). proNGF binding to p75NTR activates apoptotic signaling, andthis binding occurs with a five-fold higher affinity than that of mature NGF (Lee et al., 2001). This binding preference, along with the increased prevalence ofproNGF after injury (Harrington et al., 2004), creates a cellular environment susceptible to cell death; thus, the balance between levels of pro- and mature NGF may be a key factor in determining whether a neuron lives or dies (Lee et al., 2001; Volosin et al., 2006). Using both in vitro and in vivo methods, this thesis examined the mechanisms that regulate the extracellular processing of proNGF and the consequences of that processing on p75NTR-mediated cell death following injury. The results discussed here demonstrate that 1) proNGF binding leads to cell death via the p75NTR signaling pathway; 2) after injury, proNGF is upregulated and preferentially secreted in a functional manner capable ofactivating the p75NTR-mediated apoptotic pathway; 3) the enzymes plasmin and MMP7 extracellularly cleave proNGF, 4) after injury, plasmin activation andMMP7 activity are reduced, leading to increased proNGF-induced apoptosis, and 5) restoring plasmin or MMP7 activity following brain injury reduces proNGFlevels and consequently, p75NTR-mediated apoptosis. Overall, these data suggest that increased cell death following injury may be mediated in part by achange in the balance between extracellular proNGF and the activity of its processing enzymes, leading to increased cell death via p75NTR.
Smoking, gender, hormones and the brain
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Despite steady progress in the fight against nicotine addiction over the past 25 years, the percentage of female smokers is increasing. The United States may soon become the first society in history in which more women than men smoke. In part, this is because women are less likely to be able to quit, whether they try on their own or with the help of smoking cessation programs. This appears to be especially true for nicotine replacement therapies (such as nicotine patches or gum), which have helped a greater percentage of men than women in almost every study. There is thus a clear need for new forms of treatment which are tailored especially for women.

 Nicotine is an addictive drug, and the primary reason people use cigarettes is to get nicotine. However, other aspects such as the taste of smoke also become pleasurable to the smoker. These other aspects may be more important for women, and this could be one reason that nicotine in the patch and gum may be less likely to help them give up cigarettes. To test this theory, we will study the differences in men and women's reaction to nicotine alone, or to smoking a cigarette which contains very little nicotine.

 Smokers often feel that cigarettes help them stay focused, and one of the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal is difficulty paying attention. In women, withdrawal symptoms and attentional ability may change at different points of the menstrual cycle. Our research will use a measure of attention to study the effect of smoking and withdrawal across the menstrual cycle. Our test is also able to determine differences between the right and left sides of the brain, and the effectiveness of the connections between the two sides. This is useful since gender, menstrual hormones, and withdrawal may be associated with changes in right/left balance.

 The brain controls smoking, as it does any other behavior. Knowledge of which brain areas are responsible will let new treatments to help smokers quit become more effective, by specifically targeting those areas. Our research will help provide this knowledge, with special emphasis on factors (attention, menstrual cycle, and right/left brain function) that are believed to be important to female smokers.