Barrosia balearica Souto, Reverter-Gil & Fernández-Pulpeiro, 2010, n. sp.
Creators: name: Souto, Javier
name: Reverter-Gil, Oscar
name: Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Perciformes
Plesiopidae
Barrosia
Barrosia balearica

description: Barrosia balearica n. sp.
(Figs 2–9; Table 2)
Material examined. Holotype: MNCN-25.03/3808: Stn P4, 39.95810º N, 3.10632º E, 02/03/2009, 70 m. Paratypes: MNCN-25.03/3809–3819: Stn P4, 39.95810º N, 3.10632º E, 02/03/2009, 70 m (24 colonies); MNCN-25.03/3820–3821: Stn P2, 39.77571º N, 3.49746º E, 01/03/2009, 57.4 m (2 colonies).
Diagnosis. As for the genus.
Etymology. Latin, Balearica, Balearic Islands.
Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, light brown in colour, with a hirsute appearance owing to the presence of zooidal spines. Autozooids oval, elongate, arranged in alternating series, the frontal surface almost completely membranous. Articulated oral spines 4–6, stout, erect, cylindrical to fusiform, usually truncate at the apex, rarely bifurcate. Additional spines produced periopesially on the vestigial gymnocystal rim, 6–8 spines, these less developed than the oral spines and more frontally curved, decreasing in size proximally. Cryptocyst absent. Large uniporous mural septula present in lateral and transverse walls. Ovicell kenozooidal, subglobular, small; ectooecium forming a smooth calcified rim with a tongue-like process on its proximal edge and 2–3 erect hollow spines distally; a large ectooecial window present frontally, sloping somewhat distally; uniporous septula distally. Avicularia absent. Ancestrula tatiform, with 11 slender erect spines; two pairs of lateral uniporous septula, and one distal. Astogenesis begins with a distal bud.
Remarks. Owing to the arrangement and development of their spines, autozooids of B. balearica display certain similarities to several species of Beania Johnston, 1840 (e.g. B. conferta MacGillivray, 1886; B. plurispinosa Uttley & Bullivant, 1972; B. quadricornuta (Hincks, 1885); B. stonycha Gordon, 1986), which, in contrast to Barrosia, have more or less reticulate colonies that are loosely adherent to the substratum via rhizoids, with multiporous septula and reduced endozooidal ovicells.
We consider that Barrosia may be included in the Calloporidae sensu lato, which nominally comprises 75 genera (Gordon 2010), approximately half of which are exclusively fossil, while the other half have at least one Recent species (Bock 2009). Calloporid genera generally have encrusting colonies; their autozooids have an extensive membranous frontal wall, often obscured by marginal spines; ovicells are typically prominent and hyperstomial, sometimes with one or more ectooecial windows (tabulae); avicularia are present or absent (see e.g. Gordon 1984; Hayward & Ryland 1998; Ostrovsky et al. 2009). In overall characters including the well-developed autozooidal spines, Barrosia most resembles calloporid genera.
Retevirgula caribbea (Osburn, 1947) has a similar distribution of spines (16–17) to B. balearica insofar as the three distal pairs are long, thick, and curve upwards while the periopesial spines are more delicate and curve inwards over the frontal membrane. Retevurgula species, however, are disjunct, connected by tubules and interspersed with small oval avicularia; the ovicells are globular and generally crowned by a distal avicularium (see by Winston & Håkansson 1986).
Likewise, zooids in Corbulella corbula (Hincks, 1880), as illustrated by Gordon (1986) and Bock (2008), bear a certain similarity to those in B. balearica owing to the development of the distal spines. Again, Corbulella is distinguished by other characters including the presence of avicularia, a well-developed gymnocyst, and a prominent ovicell with a broad proximal fenestra and thin bordering rim.
In B. balearica, the ooecium is formed by a distal kenozooid as in other genera of Calloporidae. In general, its structure corresponds to that illustrated by Ostrovsky (2008, fig. 2C). Thus, the maternal autozooid produces a distal kenozooid that, in its turn, forms an ooecium. Its general structure is similar to other calloporids, i.e. a two-walled protective fold with enclosed coelom; the outer ooecial wall (ectooecium) is partially calcified, having a frontal membranous area (see Ostrovsky et al. 2009). The initial development of the ovicell in B. balearica is similar to that seen in the first phase of development in Corbulella maderensis (Waters, 1898), as shown by Harmelin (1973, fig. 1 a–d). Subsequently the external layer closes at its proximal end by means of two plates that join over the ovicell aperture, forming a tongue-like process on the proximal edge, while the larger part of the ectooecium is non-calcified; 2–3 distal spines are also formed by the same (ooecial) kenozooid, hence its structure is therefore quite different from that in Corbulella.
The ovicell is also quite different from that in Valdemunitella Canu, 1900, some of whose species also have well-developed spines. This genus is characterized by a medially sutured ovicell with paired frontal fenestrae.
SD, Standard deviation; N, number of measurements.
The zooidal characters of Barrosia balearica are rather difficult to observe using light microscopy owing the concealment of some characters by the many spines. Ideally, material should be treated in 4% sodium hypochlorite to remove cuticular structures and the articulated spines for observation by SEM. This treatment of the limited fertile material at our disposal would have destroyed structures associated with ovicell closure and was not applied.
description: Published as part of Souto, Javier, Reverter-Gil, Oscar & Fernández-Pulpeiro, Eugenio, 2010, Bryozoa from detritic bottoms in the Menorca Channel (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean), with notes on the genus Cribellopora, pp. 36-52 in Zootaxa 2536 on pages 39-41, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196619