cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
2-C-methylated nucleotides terminate virus RNA synthesis by preventing active site closure of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Creators: name: Arnold, J.J.
name: Oh, H.S.
name: Arnold, J.J.
name: Boehr, D.D.
name: Boehr, D.D.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Oh, H.S.
name: Boehr, A.K.
name: Boehr, A.K.
Publisher: name: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Inc.
Year: 2019

description: The 2-C-methyl ribonucleosides are nucleoside analogs representing an important class of antiviral agents, especially against positive-strand RNA viruses. Their value is highlighted by the highly successful anti-hepatitis C drug sofosbuvir. When appropriately phosphorylated, these nucleotides are successfully incorporated into RNA by the virally encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). This activity prevents further RNA extension, but the mechanism is poorly characterized. Previously, we had identified NMR signatures characteristic of formation of RdRp-RNA binary and RdRp-RNA-NTP ternary complexes for the poliovirus RdRp, including an open-to-closed conformational change necessary to prepare the active site for catalysis of phosphoryl transfer. Here we used these observations as a framework for interpreting the effects of 2-C-methyl adenosine analogs on RNA chain extension in solution-state NMR spectroscopy experiments, enabling us to gain additional mechanistic insights into 2-C-methyl ribonucleoside-mediated RNA chain termination. Contrary to what has been proposed previously, poliovirus RdRp that was bound to RNA with an incorporated 2-C-methyl nucleotide could still bind to the next incoming NTP. Our results also indicated that incorporation of the 2-C-methyl nucleotide does not disrupt RdRp-RNA interactions and does not prevent translocation. Instead, incorporation of the 2-C-methyl nucleotide blocked closure of the RdRp active site upon binding of the next correct incoming NTP, which prevented further nucleotide addition. We propose that other nucleotide analogs that act as nonobligate chain terminators may operate through a similar mechanism.
Statistical investigation of the reproducibility of stack components in a PEM water electrolyzer
Creators: name: Hoppe, Eugen
name: Janssen, Holger
name: Müller, Martin
Publisher: name: Forschungzentrum Jülich
Year: 2023

description: 245th ECS, San Francisco, USA, 26 May 2024 - 30 May 2024
description: see attached
CS - Globalisation And Agricultural Cooperatives
Creators: name: Hansen, Henning Otte
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: Agribusiness
International Relations/Trade

description: Globalization is one of the greatest strategic challenges for agricultural cooperatives. Globalization has increased significantly over the last decade, and despite financial crises and recession in many parts of the world globalization will likely continue â€” albeit with less force than before. Cooperatives have specific challenges of globalization. In some areas, cooperative challenges have been solved. Critical issues such as the use of foreign raw materials and production abroad are now a part of business development in several large cooperatives. Foreign members are also increasingly common, still not without challenges. In other areas, however, more structural and fundamental problems persist. Here major changes in the organization of cooperatives are required if all advantages of globalization are to be exploited. Danish agriculture has for decades been characterized by a high market share for cooperatives and a structure which to a high degree has been export and globally oriented, indicating no specific problem concerning globalization of cooperatives.
description: Seventeenth International Farm Management Congress, Illinois State University, USA, July 19-24, 2009
One-Electron Ionization of Multielectron Systems in Strong Nonresonant Laser Fields
Creators: name: Spanner, Michael
name: Patchkovskii, Serguei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a novel approach to calculating strong field ionization dynamics of multielectron molecular targets. Adopting a multielectron wavefunction ansatz based on field-free ab initio neutral and ionic multielectron states, a set of coupled time-dependent single-particle Schroedinger equations describing the neutral amplitude and continuum electron are constructed. These equations, amenable to direct numerical solution or further analytical treatment, allow one to study multielectron effects during strong field ionization, recollision, and high harmonic generation. We apply the method to strong field ionization of CO_2, and suggest the importance of intermediate core excitation to explain previous failure of analytical models to reproduce experimental ionization yields for this molecule.
description: 25 pages, 6 figures
title: Nachschulische Bildung  in Deutschland
title: Zentrale Ergebnisse und bildungspolitische Einordnung
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Eckelt, Marcus
name: Burkard, Claudia
Publisher: name: Bertelsmann Stiftung
Year: 2022
Subjects: Bildungspolitik
Bildungsverlauf
Berufsbildung
Berufliche Bildung
Ausbildung

description: Die Übergänge von der Schule in den Beruf sind seit jeher Thema der Berufsbildungspolitik. Dabei bezieht sie sich in der Regel jeweils auf bestimmte Zielgruppen, Problemlagen oder Bildungsbereiche.

Im Fokus stehen häufig Ungleichgewichte am Ausbildungsmarkt, die sich allerdings stark gewandelt haben. Während in den letzten Jahrzehnten das zentrale Problem vor allem darin bestand, dass gemessen an der Zahl der Bewerber:innen zu wenig Ausbildungsplätze angeboten wurden, haben wir derzeit eine umgekehrte Situation: Auszubildende scheinen Mangelware, sodass Betriebe zunehmend Schwierigkeiten beklagen, angebotene Ausbildungsplätze zu besetzen. Paradoxerweise finden aber auch viele Jugendliche keine Ausbildungsstelle.

Was in der bildungspolitischen Diskussion meist fehlt, ist eine bildungsbereichsübergreifende Betrachtung der Entwicklung in der nachschulischen Bildung insgesamt.

In einem von der Bertelsmann Stiftung finanzierten Forschungsprojekt hat die Georg-August-Universität Göttingen unter Mitarbeit der Helmut-Schmidt-Universität Hamburg daher die Übergänge von Jugendlichen mithilfe der Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (NEPS) für einen Zeitraum von 48 Monaten nach Verlassen des allgemeinbildenden Schulwesens untersucht.

Anders als in anderen Studien wird in dieser Analyse die Gesamtkohorte betrachtet, statt einzelne Teilgruppen oder Übergänge in einzelne Bildungsangebote zu fokussieren. So ist es möglich, bildungsbereichsübergreifend die unterschiedlichen Wege junger Menschen in der nachschulischen Bildung zu analysieren und in ihrer quantitativen Bedeutung zu bestimmen.

Folgende Fragestellungen waren dabei von besonderem Interesse: Welche „typischen“ Bildungsverläufe lassen sich durch die Analysen erkennen? Gibt es Bildungsverläufe, die mit einem hohen Risiko zu „scheitern“ einhergehen? Und schließlich: Gibt es bestimmte Eigenschaften/Voraussetzungen bei Jugendlichen, die für bestimmte Verläufe typisch sind? Identifiziert wurden sechs typische Verlaufsmuster. Die vorliegende Zusammenfassung stellt die wesentlichen Erkenntnisse der Untersuchung (Michaelis et al. 2022) dar und diskutiert auf dieser Grundlage bildungspolitische Ableitungen und Empfehlungen.

Diese Publikation ist eine überarbeitete Fassung und steht mit der neuen DOI als Download zur Verfügung.
CS - Analyzing Regional And Place Marketing Activities In Hungary Through The Example Of Specific Regions
Creators: name: Szabo, Zoltan
name: Szeles, Zsuzsanna
name: Gergely, Aniko
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: 1st 2 paragraphs of the Introduction: The competition between the regional areas has become stronger and stronger as a consequence of the transnational companiesâ€™ appearance. The competitiveness has gained a new meaning and can be interpreted on each fundamental unit of the economy: the ability of firms, industrial branches, settlements, regions, nations, regions above nations to establish a long-lasting relatively high level of earnings and rate of employment, while they are exposed to the international (global) competition. (Europe 2000) While the economy of Europe is competing with America and Asia, there are more than 500 regions, and more than 100000 settlements that compete for the foreign investors the ventures that aspire to become inhabited and the high qualified workforce. The small difference between some areas characteristics and qualities can have deterministic importance in the settling down decisions of companies, therefore the long-lasting successes in the competition can be assured by these local factors that hardly change, and cannot be created on the spot for example: knowledge based, innovative industrial environment, the intellectual block of the inhabitants, unique, natural environment with plenty of resources. (Enyedi, 1997, 2000).
description: Seventeenth International Farm Management Congress, Illinois State University, USA, July 19-24, 2009
Scoparia abo Leger 2024, sp. n.
Creators: name: Léger, Théo
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Crambidae
Scoparia
Scoparia abo

description: Scoparia abo Léger, sp. n.
https://zoobank.org/C2EA5E50-7EDC-40B9-8A3E-B62837FDC5C0
Figs. 06, 62.
MATERIAL
Holotype: ♂ (DNA voucher MFNLEP1178, genitalia on slide TL1487♂; BOLD sample ID PYPHI090-21, Genbank Accession Number PP196776). PHILIPPINES: Negros, Mt Talinis, shore of lake Nailig, 9.247706° N, 123.174851° E, 1580 m, 10-11.08.2012 (collector unknown). Deposited in SMNS.
SIMILAR SPECIES
Scoparia philippinensis (Hampson, 1917).
DIAGNOSIS
The grey forewing with the marked postmedian white Xshaped pattern is similar to that of S. philippinensis. In male genitalia, the two long, slender cornuti allow to separate this species from other Scoparia from the Philippines. No female specimen could confidently be assigned to this species.
HABITUS (FIG. 06)
Forewing length 6.5 mm (n = 1), ground color dark brown. Base white. Two antemedian white lines originating from costal 1/5, one running down to dorsum 1/5, the other one running down to dorsum 1/3. Large median transverse white patch. Postmedian line white, forming marked Xshaped pattern with median and subterminal markings. Subterminal area with marked patch near apex and tornus. Margin white. Fringes chequered white and light brown.
MALE GENITALIA (FIG. 62)
Uncus 3/4 X tegumen arm length, triangular, laterally setose, apex pointed. Gnathos projection about 4/3 of uncus length, slender, with tip pointing downwards. Valva dorsal margin slightly convex, ventral process marked, apex rounded. Vesica with two large cornuti of 430 μm.
FEMALE GENITALIA
Unknown.
DISTRIBUTION
PHILIPPINES: Mindanao (Davao Oriental: Mt Agtuuganon). Collected at an altitude of 1050 m.
DNA BARCODING
Three MOTUs for Scoparia abo were identified in the species delimitation analysis for Mindanao, Mindoro, and Negros. The MOTU from Mindoro, which includes specimens superficially resembling S. abo sp. n., is represented by one single female. The maximum intraspecific p-distance of 7.6% is found between samples MFNLEP-PYRALPHIL07-C01 from Mindanao (Davao Oriental) and the two specimens from Negros.
ETYMOLOGY
From the Tagalog “abo,” ash, referring to the color of the forewings.
REMARKS
Female specimen with identifier coll.mfn-berlin.de_u_822d89 from Mindoro looks very similar in wing pattern. Examination of male specimens from this locality is needed in order to confirm whether this haplotype is conspecific or not.
description: Published as part of Léger, Théo, 2024, Half of the Diversity Undescribed: Integrative Taxonomy Reveals 32 New Species and a High Cryptic Diversity in the Scopariinae and Crambinae of the Philippines (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), pp. 1-93 in Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 3 (2) on page 7, DOI: 10.18061/bssb.v3i2.9527, http://zenodo.org/record/15116964
V I R O L O G Y More than efficacy revealed by single-cell analysis of antiviral therapeutics
Creators: name: Wilke, C.O.
name: Liu, W.
name: Mao, Z.
name: Arnold, J.J.
name: Mao, Z.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Wilke, C.O.
name: Woodman, A.
name: Caglar, M.U.
name: Arnold, J.J.
name: Liu, W.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Caglar, M.U.
name: Woodman, A.
Publisher: name: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Year: 2019

description: Because many aspects of viral infection dynamics and inhibition are governed by stochastic processes, single-cell analysis should provide more information than approaches using population averaging. We have developed a microfluidic device composed of ~6000 wells, with each well containing a microstructure to capture single, infected cells replicating an enterovirus expressing a fluorescent reporter protein. We have used this system to characterize enterovirus inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of action. Single-cell analysis reveals that each class of inhibitor interferes with the viral infection cycle in a manner that can be distinguished by principal component analysis. Single-cell analysis of antiviral candidates not only reveals efficacy but also facilitates clustering of drugs with the same mechanism of action and provides some indication of the ease with which resistance will develop.
Discovery of Enterovirus A71-like nonstructural genomes in recent circulating viruses of the Enterovirus A species
Creators: name: Woodman, A.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Hsieh, T.-H.
name: Shih, S.-R.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Dekker, N.H.
name: Shih, S.-R.
name: Lee, K.-M.
name: Gong, Y.-N.
name: Dekker, N.H.
name: Woodman, A.
name: Hsieh, T.-H.
name: Gong, Y.-N.
name: Lee, K.-M.
Publisher: name: Nature Publishing Group
Year: 2018

description: Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an important nonpolio enterovirus that causes severe neurological complications. In 1998, Taiwan experienced an EV-A71 outbreak that caused 78 deaths. Since then, periodic epidemics of EV-A71 associated with newly emerging strains have occurred. Several of these strains are known to be recombinant; however, how these strains arose within such a short period of time remains unknown. Here, we sequenced 64 full-length genomes from clinical isolates collected from 2005 to 2016 and incorporated all 91 Taiwanese genomes downloaded from the Virus Pathogen Resource to extensively analyze EV-A71 recombination in Taiwan. We found that the B3 subgenotype was a potential recombinant parent of the EV-A71 C2-like and C4 strains by intratypic recombination. Such B3-similar regions were also found in many cocirculating coxsackieviruses belonging to Enterovirus A species (EV-A) through a series of intertypic recombinations. Therefore, locally enriched outbreaks of cocirculating viruses from different genotypes/serotypes may facilitate recombination. Most recombination breakpoints we found had nonrandom distributions and were located within the region spanning from the boundary of P1 (structural gene) and P2 (nonstructural) to the cis-Acting replication element at P2, indicating that specific genome reassembly of structural and nonstructural genes may be subject to natural selection. Through intensive recombination, 11 EV-A71-like signatures (including one in 3A, two in 3C, and eight in 3D) were found to be present in a variety of recently cocirculating EV-A viruses worldwide, suggesting that these viruses may be targets for wide-spectrum antiviral development.
The aggregate consumption function : an analysis, including an estimate of the Australian short-run consumption function, 1959-1969.
Creators: name: Rayner, Philip James
Publisher: name: University Of Tasmania
Year: 2023

description: In recent years the debate as to the correct form of the aggregate consumption function has continued unabated. Research on the question has been stimulated by the increasing efforts to build up econometric models of national economies. Over the years these models have grown both in size (i.e. in the number of equations and variables employed) and complexity. However, the consumption function has remained an important relationship in these models. The continuing debate has now generated an exceedingly large literature, and it is the first aim of this thesis to review the more important contributions to this literature. Four chapters are devoted to this aim. The first deals with work based essentially upon the original formulation of the consumption function by Keynes, the second deals with Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis and the literature which that has inspired, while the final two chapters are given over to a discussion of wealth and the consumption function, including the Life Cycle Hypothesis of Ando, Modigliani and Brumberg. Research into the nature of the Australian consumption function has not kept pace with overseas work, and the resulting literature is small both in terms of the total number of studies and in terms of the number of successful overseas ideas that have been tried using Australian data. It is the second aim of this thesis to review the work on the Australian consumption function, and a conscientious effort has been made to collect together all available estimates.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Awareness towards Sickle Cell Disease among People of Nine Villages of Koraput District: A Psychosocial Study
Creators: name: Bindhani, Basanta Kumar
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Health Care
subject: Diseases
subject: 111711 Health Information Systems (incl. Surveillance)
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 111708 Health and Community Services

description: The present study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and awareness towards sickle cell disease (SCD) among the people in Koraput district of Odisha. A qualitative case study approach has been employed among 78 individuals, in which 43 individuals were with sickle cell haemoglobin, in 9 villages of Koraput district, which is one of the most backward districts of the state and predominantly tribal populated one. The villages were selected accordingly to the availability of individuals having sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. More priority was given to those villages which have more numbers individuals with sickle cell hemoglobin and more remote, where medical facilities are not easily assessable. Self-modified pretested schedules were used to assess the knowledge, attitude, and awareness of SCD among the studied population. The study found that 48.7% of the population have a good knowledge and awareness about SCD and this level of knowledge is significantly high among the SCD individuals as compared to the normal individuals or their family members. Improving awareness of the disease and its manifestation will help to alleviate the knowledge level of SCD and would be helpful to reduce the disease burden in the studied population.
CS - Improved Forms Of Business Collaboration For Primary Producers Operating Within The UK Food Supply Chain
Creators: name: Alliston, J.C.
name: Gonzalez-Diaz, F.
name: Dent, J.B.
name: Newton, D.J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Cooperation
subject: food chain
subject: business

description: The lack of collaboration in the food chain has long been recognised as a barrier to improved efficiency. A series of three interviews, using the Delphi technique, were conducted to inform on the specific nature of the reasons for this and to also suggest methods for overcoming the difficulties. The interviewees were carefully selected so that all participants were senior enough in organisations to reflect authoritative views and that several stake holder categories were represented. The first round of interviews demonstrated that farmers had a domestic focus and a lack of business vision. There was also no clear sense of ownership within existing farmer cooperatives and these organisations often had a lack of commitment and dedication, inadequate structures and inflexible rules. Finally the personal qualities of the members often showed a lack of good leadership, no clear definition of roles and not enough professional training. The second and third round of interviews tested three theoretical models that were constructed as a result of the first round of interviews. These models were called Net Associations, Net Cooperatives and Net Businesses. Each one was a more complex structure than the previous one. The conclusions from these interviews was that what is required is more tangible benefits for members, clearer property rights and financial frameworks which could attract investments and payments to members and managers in accordance with performance. The key factor in the UK was to gain recognition among participants of the food chain in general and farmers in particular of the need to fundamentally address organisational structure. An increase in the business education level would be necessary in order to professionalise the different roles.
description: Seventeenth International Farm Management Congress, Illinois State University, USA, July 19-24, 2009
CS - Role Of Egyptian Women In Farming And Rural Activities
Creators: name: Abdou, Amin Ismail
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: Labor and Human Capital

description: In response to the world wide growing interest in the role of women in human welfare, this study focused on conditions of the Egyptian rural women and the potentials of their role progress. Most of their activities were revealed home or field stationed. Raising poultry and cottage dairy production are major female activities. Women field work, though contributing almost 81% for the small farms, is confined to practicing the simplest and least hazardous techniques. According to characteristics of the Egyptian farm women governed by both traditions and level of education, they are expected to constantly require male assistance in marketing activities, especially off-village. Moreover, efforts paid to solve animal production domestic problems, with special reference to animal diseases such as the Birds Flu and cattle sterilization, would indirectly sustain women mentioned above major economic activities.
description: Seventeenth International Farm Management Congress, Illinois State University, USA, July 19-24, 2009
Spin polarized liquid 3He
Creators: name: Bordbar, G. H.
name: Zebarjad, S. M.
name: Vahdani, M. R.
name: Bigdeli, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have employed the constrained variational method to study the influence of spin polarization on the ground state properties of liquid $^3{\rm He}$. The spin polarized phase, we have found, has stronger correlation with respect to the unpolarized phase. It is shown that the internal energy of liquid $^3{\rm He}$ increases by increasing polarization with no crossing point between polarized and unpolarized energy curves over the liquid density range. The obtained internal energy curves show a bound state, even in the case of fully spin polarized matter. We have also investigated the validity of using a parabolic formula for calculating the energy of spin polarized liquid $^3{\rm He}$. Finally, we have compared our results with other calculations.
description: 16 pages, 6 figures
Some alternative policy approaches to agricultural development : the Pakistan case
Creators: name: Raziq, Mohammad
Publisher: name: University Of Tasmania
Year: 2023

description: This study examines the role of agricultural policies, past and present, adopted by the various governments of Pakistan in agricultural development and suggests, at the end, some alternative policy approaches to achieve¬¨‚àë key objectives which past policies have failed to achieve. It is not concerned with policy-making as an institutional discipline which should help to make better policy nor with the dynamics of decision making except occasionally for illustrating a point. Agricultural policies can be viewed as a comprehensive, broad framework of action plans relating to crop production, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry, plant protection, water-management, improvement of cultural practices,biological control of water-logged and salt-affected soil and to the associated institutional mechanisms such as land reforms, land utilization and tenure, co-operatives, procurement and supply of key agricultural inputs, subsidies and price-supports, agricultural extension,research, marketing, storage and so on. This study does not go into the detail of policies relating to all of these technological and institutional factors; it is confined specially to the socio-economic problems created by the agricultural modernisation programmes and policies pursued by the successive governments of Pakistan after independence in 1947 and to the policy options that can be suggested for dealing with these problems.
The hepatitis C viral nonstructural protein 5A stabilizes growth-regulatory human transcripts
Creators: name: Wiesner, D.L.
name: Debes, J.
name: Bohjanen, P.R.
name: Guo, L.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Sharma, S.D.
name: Wiesner, D.L.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Rattenbacher, B.
name: Louis, I.V.-S.
name: Louis, I.V.-S.
name: Debes, J.
name: Guo, L.
name: Sharma, S.D.
name: Bohjanen, P.R.
name: Rattenbacher, B.
name: Beisang, D.
name: Beisang, D.
Publisher: name: Oxford University Press
Year: 2018

description: Numerous mammalian proto-oncogene and other growth-regulatory transcripts are upregulated in malignancy due to abnormal mRNA stabilization. In hepatoma cells expressing a hepatitis C virus (HCV) subgenomic replicon, we found that the viral nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A), a protein known to bind to viral RNA, also bound specifically to human cellular transcripts that encode regulators of cell growth and apoptosis, and this binding correlated with transcript stabilization. An important subset of human NS5A-target transcripts contained GU-rich elements, sequences known to destabilize mRNA. We found that NS5A bound to GU-rich elements in vitro and in cells. Mutation of the NS5A zinc finger abrogated its GU-rich element-binding and mRNA stabilizing activities. Overall, we identified a molecular mechanism whereby HCV manipulates host gene expression by stabilizing host transcripts in a manner that would promote growth and prevent death of virus-infected cells, allowing the virus to establish chronic infection and lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.
A speed–fidelity trade-off determines the mutation rate and virulence of an RNA virus
Creators: name: McCrone, J.T.
name: Evans, R.
name: Yennawar, M.
name: Evans, R.
name: Lauring, A.S.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Woodman, A.
name: Yennawar, M.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Arnold, J.J.
name: Woods, R.J.
name: McCrone, J.T.
name: Woods, R.J.
name: Fitzsimmons, W.J.
name: Arnold, J.J.
name: Fitzsimmons, W.J.
name: Woodman, A.
name: Lauring, A.S.
Publisher: name: Public Library of Science
Year: 2018

description: Mutation rates can evolve through genetic drift, indirect selection due to genetic hitchhiking, or direct selection on the physicochemical cost of high fidelity. However, for many systems, it has been difficult to disentangle the relative impact of these forces empirically. In RNA viruses, an observed correlation between mutation rate and virulence has led many to argue that their extremely high mutation rates are advantageous because they may allow for increased adaptability. This argument has profound implications because it suggests that pathogenesis in many viral infections depends on rare or de novo mutations. Here, we present data for an alternative model whereby RNA viruses evolve high mutation rates as a byproduct of selection for increased replicative speed. We find that a poliovirus antimutator, 3D G64S , has a significant replication defect and that wild-type (WT) and 3D G64S populations have similar adaptability in 2 distinct cellular environments. Experimental evolution of 3D G64S under selection for replicative speed led to reversion and compensation of the fidelity phenotype. Mice infected with 3D G64S exhibited delayed morbidity at doses well above the lethal level, consistent with attenuation by slower growth as opposed to reduced mutational supply. Furthermore, compensation of the 3D G64S growth defect restored virulence, while compensation of the fidelity phenotype did not. Our data are consistent with the kinetic proofreading model for biosynthetic reactions and suggest that speed is more important than accuracy. In contrast with what has been suggested for many RNA viruses, we find that within-host spread is associated with viral replicative speed and not standing genetic diversity.
Studies on the brown alga Ectocarpus in culture : senescence, an ultrastructural study
Creators: name: Oliveira, Luis Augusto Fernandes
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: A study of cell differentiation and senescence on the brown alga Ectocarpus sp. was carried out using standard techniques of light- and electron microscopy as well as cytochemistry. The first 6-8 cells in each filament of Ectocarpus are characterized by a large round and well organized nucleus, a dense cytoplasm rich in ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts with conspicuous stalked pyrenoids. Few small vacuoles are present in the cytoplasm. New features not previously reported for the brown algae are also described. These include the presence of pore-like interruptions and bridge-like filaments in the cisternae of dictyosomes and chloroplast thylakoids, as well as the formation of concentric bodies of chloroplast origin. Microbody-like organelles are also reported; cytochemical studies have shown catalase activity associated with them. Peroxidase activity is reported in the cell wall, while acid phosphatase activity is found in association with both the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi elements, as well as inside the vacuoles. Adenosine triphosphatase is present in mitochondria, chloroplast thylakoids, and plasma membrane. These cells, therefore, can be described as meristematic or the immediate consequence of the differentiation of the meristematic cells. The processes of autophagy and vacuolation are studied in detail and found to be particularly significant during the stages of cell differentiation which lead to the aging of Ectocarpus sporophytic cells. Increases in vacuolation and autophagy are paralleled by an increase in acid phosphatase activity. The ultimate results of these processes are: a reduction in cytoplasmic matrix, a general deterioration of cytoplasmic organelles, and the formation of residual bodies which overcrowd the cytoplasm. Other features are: the irregularity of the nuclear boundary, the disorganization of the E.R. system through vesiculation, the increasing difficulty in detecting mitochondria, the development of large stacks of chloroplast thylakoids as well as numerous patches of electron dense metabolites, distinct from the plastoglobuli, and the formation of conspicuous cell wall ingrowths. Assays of enzyme systems other than acid phosphatase show their distribution to be similar to those reported for young cells. In the final stages of senescence the cells become typically necrotic; no enzymes can be localized, except acid phosphatase whose reaction products are no longer compartmentalized but have become distributed all over the cell cavity. The nucleus and dictyosomes have disintegrated. Only small remnants of the E.R. system remain. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have lost their internal organization, no cytoplasmic matrix can be detected. At the very end even the cell wall shows signs of disorganization. It is concluded that these cells represent the final stage of autolysis.
CS - The Economics Of Organic Grazing And Confinement Dairy Farms
Creators: name: Kriegl, Thomas S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Industrial Organization
subject: Confinement
subject: Dairy
subject: Economics

description: Actual farm financial data shows that dairy farms practicing management intensive rotational grazing (MIRG) and organic practices can be economically competitive with dairy farms practicing neither. The data also indicates that MIRG contributes more toward profitability than organic practices do. Organic dairy farms clearly need the price premium to be competitive with graziers without organic practices. Organic dairy data is still relatively scarce. Some of the data used in this comparison came from a project initially sponsored by USDA IFAFS grant project #00-52501-9708 titled â€œRegional Multi-State Interpretation of Small Farm Financial Dataâ€.
description: Seventeenth International Farm Management Congress, Illinois State University, USA, July 19-24, 2009
A Numerical Simulation of a Plunging Breaking Wave
Creators: name: Adams, Paul
name: George, Kevin
name: Stephens, Mike
name: Brucker, Kyle A.
name: O'Shea, Thomas
name: Dommermuth, Douglas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This article describes the fluid dynamics video, "A Numerical Simulation of a Plunging Breaking Wave", which was submitted to the gallery of fluid motion at the 2009 APS/DFD conference. The simulation was of a deep-water plunging breaking wave. It was a two-phase calculation which used a Volume of Fluid (VOF) method to simulate the interface between the two immiscible fluids. Surface tension and viscous effects were not considered. The initial wave was generated by applying a spatio-temporal pressure forcing on the free surface. The video shows the 50% isocontour of the volume fraction from several different perspectives. Significant air entrainment is observed as well as the presence of stream-wise vortex structures.
description: Article to accompany the fluid dynamics video, "A Numerical Simulation of a Plunging Breaking Wave", which was submitted to the gallery of fluid motion at the 2009 APS/DFD conference
PR - A Comparison Between High Yielding And Low Yielding Farmers With Reference To Summer Paddy Cultivation In West Bengal, India: A Case Study (p54-59)
Creators: name: Bhattacharyya, Kalyan
name: Mitra, Arabinda
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Farm Management
subject: High yielding farmers
subject: low-yielding farmers
subject: Linear Discriminant Analysis

description: This paper attempts to focus and identify the distinct characteristics between high-yielding & lowyielding farmers growing summer paddy. The study is based on empirical evidence referring to an agriculturally advanced region in West Bengal, India. The study addresses the objectives using Linear Discriminant Analysis. Our study found that high-yielding farmers are best practitioners as well as relatively high adopters of technology and they realize greater average yields. This class of farmers is ahead of low-yielding groups in managerial practices in terms of land preparation, soil-health care & intercultural operations. The significant factors discriminating between the groups have been identified. This study concludes that technology adoption does not depend on the holding size and income level of the growers rather than on know-how practices and skills of the farmers. At the end the authors made suggestions to change the status of low-yielding farmers incorporating interventions.
description: Eighteenth International Farm Management Congress, Methven, New Zealand, 2011
Hijacking of multiple phospholipid biosynthetic pathways and induction of membrane biogenesis by a picornaviral 3CD protein
Creators: name: Aponte-Diaz, D.
name: Han, Q.
name: Umeda, M.
name: Banerjee, S.
name: Yeager, C.
name: Umeda, M.
name: Oh, H.S.
name: Oh, H.S.
name: Ning, G.
name: Han, Q.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Hara, Y.
name: Wang, R.Y.L.
name: Ning, G.
name: Yeager, C.
name: Sharma, S.D.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Banerjee, S.
name: Wang, R.Y.L.
name: Sharma, S.D.
name: Hara, Y.
name: Aponte-Diaz, D.
Publisher: name: Public Library of Science
Year: 2018

description: RNA viruses induce specialized membranous structures for use in genome replication. These structures are often referred to as replication organelles (ROs). ROs exhibit distinct lipid composition relative to other cellular membranes. In many picornaviruses, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) is a marker of the RO. Studies to date indicate that the viral 3A protein hijacks a PI4 kinase to induce PI4P by a mechanism unrelated to the cellular pathway, which requires Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1, GBF1, and ADP ribosylation factor 1, Arf1. Here we show that a picornaviral 3CD protein is sufficient to induce synthesis of not only PI4P but also phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Synthesis of PI4P requires GBF1 and Arf1. We identified 3CD derivatives: 3CDmand 3CmD, that we used to show that distinct domains of 3CD function upstream of GBF1 and downstream of Arf1 activation. These same 3CD derivatives still supported induction of PIP2 and PC, suggesting that pathways and corresponding mechanisms used to induce these phospholipids are distinct. Phospholipid induction by 3CD is localized to the perinuclear region of the cell, the outcome of which is the proliferation of membranes in this area of the cell. We conclude that a single viral protein can serve as a master regulator of cellular phospholipid and membrane biogenesis, likely by commandeering normal cellular pathways.
Loss of exchange symmetry in multiqubit states under Ising chain evolution
Creators: name: Shenoy, Sudha
name: G, Divyamani B.
name: Devi, A. R. Usha
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Keeping in view the exchange symmetry aspects in studies on spin squeezing of multiqubit states, we show that Ising type Hamiltonian does not retain the exchange symmetry of initially symmetric multiqubit states. Specifically, we show that all N-qubit states (N greater than or equal to 5) obeying permutation symmetry lose their symmetry after evolution with one dimensional Ising chain with nearest neighbor interactions. Among 4-qubit symmetric pure states, only W type states retain their symmetry under time evolution with Ising Hamiltonian.
description: 8 pages, No figures Changed Title; Revised Content;Submitted version
Multiple poliovirus-induced organelles suggested by comparison of spatiotemporal dynamics of membranous structures and phosphoinositides
Creators: name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Banerjee, S.
name: Sharma, S.D.
name: Aponte-Diaz, D.
name: Sharma, R.
name: Sharma, S.D.
name: Aponte-Diaz, D.
name: Sharma, R.
name: Oh, H.S.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Lodeiro, M.F.
name: Oh, H.S.
name: Aligo, J.
name: Ning, G.
name: Arnold, J.J.
name: Banerjee, S.
name: Ning, G.
name: Arnold, J.J.
name: Lodeiro, M.F.
name: Aligo, J.
Publisher: name: Public Library of Science
Year: 2018

description: At the culmination of poliovirus (PV) multiplication, membranes are observed that contain phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) and appear as vesicular clusters in cross section. Induction and remodeling of PI4P and membranes prior to or concurrent with genome replication has not been well studied. Here, we exploit two PV mutants, termed EG and GG, which exhibit aberrant proteolytic processing of the P3 precursor that substantially delays the onset of genome replication and/or impairs virus assembly, to illuminate the pathway of formation of PV-induced membranous structures. For WT PV, changes to the PI4P pool were observed as early as 30 min post-infection. PI4P remodeling occurred even in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride, a replication inhibitor, and was accompanied by formation of membrane tubules throughout the cytoplasm. Vesicular clusters appeared in the perinuclear region of the cell at 3 h post-infection, a time too slow for these structures to be responsible for genome replication. Delays in the onset of genome replication observed for EG and GG PVs were similar to the delays in virus-induced remodeling of PI4P pools, consistent with PI4P serving as a marker of the genome-replication organelle. GG PV was unable to convert virus-induced tubules into vesicular clusters, perhaps explaining the nearly 5-log reduction in infectious virus produced by this mutant. Our results are consistent with PV inducing temporally distinct membranous structures (organelles) for genome replication (tubules) and virus assembly (vesicular clusters). We suggest that the pace of formation, spatiotemporal dynamics, and the efficiency of the replication-to-assembly-organelle conversion may be set by both the rate of P3 polyprotein processing and the capacity for P3 processing to yield 3AB and/or 3CD proteins.
Single-Cell Virology: On-Chip Investigation of Viral Infection Dynamics
Creators: name: Li, S.
name: Woodman, A.
name: Guo, F.
name: Wilke, C.O.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Caglar, M.U.
name: Cameron, C.E.
name: Huang, T.J.
name: Woodman, A.
name: Liu, W.
name: Arnold, J.J.
name: Mao, Z.
name: Caglar, M.U.
name: Liu, W.
name: Mao, Z.
name: Li, S.
name: Huang, T.J.
name: Guo, F.
name: Arnold, J.J.
name: Wilke, C.O.
Publisher: name: Elsevier B.V.
Year: 2017

description: We have developed a high-throughput, microfluidics-based platform to perform kinetic analysis of viral infections in individual cells. We have analyzed thousands of individual poliovirus infections while varying experimental parameters, including multiplicity of infection, cell cycle, viral genotype, and presence of a drug. We make several unexpected observations masked by population-based experiments: (1) viral and cellular factors contribute uniquely and independently to viral infection kinetics; (2) cellular factors cause wide variation in replication start times; and (3) infections frequently begin later and replication occurs faster than predicted by population measurements. We show that mutational load impairs interaction of the viral population with the host, delaying replication start times and explaining the attenuated phenotype of a mutator virus. We show that an antiviral drug can selectively extinguish the most-fit members of the viral population. Single-cell virology facilitates discovery and characterization of virulence determinants and elucidation of mechanisms of drug action eluded by population methods. Guo et al. use a microfluidics device installed on a fluorescence microscope to monitor the kinetics of viral infection in single cells. Between-cell variation in outcomes of infection exists at all phases of the life cycle. Cellular gene expression governs the eclipse phase; viral genetics govern replication rate and yield.
PR - What Is The Potential Of Substituting Legumes For Synthetic Nitrogen In Warm Season Perennial Grasses Used For Stocker Cattle Grazing? (p335-346)
Creators: name: Biermacher, Jon T.
name: Guretzky, John A.
name: Reuter, Ryan
name: Kering, Maru K.
name: Butler, Twain
name: Springer, Job D.
name: Rogers, James K.
name: Blanton Jr, John
name: Bouton, Joe H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Bermudagrass
subject: economics
subject: grazing

description: Stocker cattle grazing warm season perennial grasses is an important economic activity in the southern Great Plains. Substantial increases in the price of nitrogen fertilizer is negatively affecting forage producersâ€™ profitability. Two alternative nitrogen management systems that use annual and perennial legumes have been developed for bermudagrass pastures. The goal of the study is to determine if the legumes systems are more profitable than the conventional practice of applying synthetic sources of nitrogen. Enterprise budgeting techniques were employed to compare the economics of the legume systems relative to the common practice. Results of the two-year grazing study show that the legume systems could not compete economically with the common practice. The perennial legume system was most sensitive to the expected life of the stand and the number of grazing days.
description: Eighteenth International Farm Management Congress, Methven, New Zealand, 2011
Local Derivations on Algebras of Measurable Operators
Creators: name: Albeverio, S.
name: Ayupov, Sh. A.
name: Kudaybergenov, K. K.
name: Nurjanov, B. O.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Operator Algebras (math.OA)
subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 46L57, 46L51, 46L55

description: The paper is devoted to local derivations on the algebra $S(\mathcal{M},τ)$ of $τ$-measurable operators affiliated with a von Neumann algebra $\mathcal{M}$ and a faithful normal semi-finite trace $τ.$ We prove that every local derivation on $S(\mathcal{M},τ)$ which is continuous in the measure topology, is in fact a derivation. In the particular case of type I von Neumann algebras they all are inner derivations. It is proved that for type I finite von Neumann algebras without an abelian direct summand, and also for von Neumann algebras with the atomic lattice of projections, the condition of continuity of the local derivation is redundant. Finally we give necessary and sufficient conditions on a commutative von Neumann algebra $\mathcal{M}$ for the existence of local derivations which are not derivations on algebras of measurable operators affiliated with $\mathcal{M}.$
description: 20 pages
MOSTWAS: Multi-Omic Strategies for Transcriptome-Wide Association Studies
Creators: name: Li, Y.
name: Love, M.I.
name: Bhattacharya, A.
Publisher: name: Public Library of Science
Year: 2021

description: Traditional predictive models for transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) consider only single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) local to genes of interest and perform parameter shrinkage with a regularization process. These approaches ignore the effect of distal-SNPs or other molecular effects underlying the SNP-gene association. Here, we outline multi-omics strategies for transcriptome imputation from germline genetics to allow more powerful testing of gene-trait associations by prioritizing distal-SNPs to the gene of interest. In one extension, we identify mediating biomarkers (CpG sites, microRNAs, and transcription factors) highly associated with gene expression and train predictive models for these mediators using their local SNPs. Imputed values for mediators are then incorporated into the final predictive model of gene expression, along with local SNPs. In the second extension, we assess distal-eQTLs (SNPs associated with genes not in a local window around it) for their mediation effect through mediating biomarkers local to these distal-eSNPs. Distal-eSNPs with large indirect mediation effects are then included in the transcriptomic prediction model with the local SNPs around the gene of interest. Using simulations and real data from ROS/MAP brain tissue and TCGA breast tumors, we show considerable gains of percent variance explained (1–2% additive increase) of gene expression and TWAS power to detect gene-trait associations. This integrative approach to transcriptome-wide imputation and association studies aids in identifying the complex interactions underlying genetic regulation within a tissue and important risk genes for various traits and disorders.