Modelling the Neuropsychopharmacology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Creators: name: Jackson, Stacey Anne Winifred
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2019
Subjects: continency learning
reversal learning
orbitofrontal cortex
striatum
putamen
caudate
OFC
marmoset
obsessive-compulsive disorder
OCD
amygdala
serial reversal
serotonin
dopamine
perigenual anterior cingulate
perigenual ACC
pgACC
contingency degradation
action–outcome associations
stimulus–reward associations
area 32
reversible inactivation
muscimol
serotoninergic depletion

description: This thesis extends the understanding of the neural and neurochemical contributions to two forms of behavioural adaptation, reversal learning and contingency degradation, in which stimulus/action–reward contingencies are altered. The results are interpreted within the psychological framework of the compulsivity construct, and their implications for the pathological behaviour of obsessive-compulsive-disorder (OCD) are considered. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and striatum are key brain structures involved in reversal learning, as are the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and dopamine (DA) within those respective regions. However, there has been little empirical evidence of how these two structures and neurochemical systems interact, especially in the functional context of reversal learning. In Chapter Three, the impact of experimentally-induced reductions of 5-HT in the anterior OFC on monoamine levels in subcortical structures such as the striatum and amygdala was determined, DA being found to be significantly up-regulated in the amygdala. Functionally, 5-HT depletion of the OFC has previously been shown to induce deficits in reversal learning. To determine the possible causal significance of amygdala dopamine up-regulation for said reversal learning deficit, the effects of blocking the upregulation with the infusion of intra amygdala DA receptor antagonists following bilateral OFC 5-HT depletion were investigated in a reversal learning paradigm. In Chapter Four, the differential roles of regions of striatum were examined in visual reversal learning. Two recent investigations in non-human primates highlighted the role of the striatum in reversal learning,but pinpointed the critical region to be either the ventromedial caudate or the putamen. Marmosets were trained on a serial reversal task that allowed multiple acute neural manipulations, and the ventromedial caudate and putamen were then reversibly inactivated using the GABAA agonist muscimol. Results indicated dose-related impairments specifically in reversal learning within the putamen, with sparing of discrimination retention. By contrast, similar reversible inactivation of the caudate nucleus produced marked deficits in visual discrimination performance (retention). In Chapter Five, the neural basis of action–outcome contingency knowledge was investigated by inactivating distinct regions of the PFC, the perigenual ACC (pgACC; area 32) and the anterior OFC, and determining response sensitivity to the degradation of action–outcome contingencies. In previous work, excitotoxic lesions of either the pgACC or the OFC had been found to induce insensitivity to contingency degradation in marmosets. However, the design of that experiment did not allow specification of whether stimulus– or action–outcome associations were disrupted, and a precise neural locus could not be determined for the behavioural effects as the OFC lesions included parts of the lateral and medial OFC. I therefore developed a novel contingency degradation paradigm that distinguished between stimulus– and action–outcome associations to enable the study of acute pharmacological manipulations in both brain regions. The pgACC and OFC were reversibly inactivated using GABAA–GABAB agonists (muscimol–baclofen). Whereas the pgACC inactivation produced selective deficits in sensitivity to action–outcome contingency degradation, OFC inactivation reduced the suppressive effect of noncontingent reward on responding more generally but left intact sensitivity to degradation of the contingencies. These results are discussed in terms of different theories of the functions of the pgACC and OFC. In the final discussion the findings on the neural substrates of reversal learning and contingency degradation are drawn together in terms of their significance for theories of PFC involvement in cognitive control, and for the understanding of OCD and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
description: Research that formed the thesis was supported by a Programme Grant (G0901884) from the Medical Research Council UK (MRC) to Professor Angela Roberts and a Wellcome Trust Senior Investigator Award (104631/Z/14/Z) to Professor Trevor Robbins. I was personally supported by a BCNI-MRC studentship. The research was conducted at the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, which was supported by a joint award from the MRC and Wellcome Trust (G00001354).