cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Soliton gas in bidirectional dispersive hydrodynamics
Creators: name: Congy, Thibault
name: El, Gennady
name: Roberti, Giacomo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The theory of soliton gas had been previously developed for unidirectional integrable dispersive hydrodynamics in which the soliton gas properties are determined by the overtaking elastic pairwise interactions between solitons. In this paper, we extend this theory to soliton gases in bidirectional integrable Eulerian systems where both head-on and overtaking collisions of solitons take place. We distinguish between two qualitatively different types of bidirectional soliton gases: isotropic gases, in which the position shifts accompanying the head-on and overtaking soliton collisions have the same sign, and anisotropic gases, in which the position shifts for head-on and overtaking collisions have opposite signs. We construct kinetic equations for both types of bidirectional soliton gases and solve the respective shock-tube problems for the collision of two "monochromatic" soliton beams consisting of solitons of approximately the same amplitude and velocity. The corresponding weak solutions of the kinetic equations consisting of differing uniform states separated by contact discontinuities for the mean flow are constructed. Concrete examples of bidirectional Eulerian soliton gases for the defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation and the resonant NLS equation are considered. The kinetic equation of the resonant NLS soliton gas is shown to be equivalent to that of the shallow-water bidirectional soliton gas described by the Kaup-Boussinesq equations. The analytical results for shock-tube Riemann problems for bidirectional soliton gases are shown to be in excellent agreement with direct numerical simulations.
description: 18 pages, 9 figures
Retrospective Examination of Demand-Side Energy Efficiency Policies
Creators: name: Gillingham, Kenneth
name: Newell, Richard G.
name: Palmer, Karen L.
name: Gillingham, Kenneth
name: Newell, Richard G.
name: Palmer, Karen L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: energy efficiency policy
subject: appliance standards
subject: information
subject: incentives
subject: voluntary programs

description: Energy efficiency policies are a primary avenue for reducing carbon emissions, with potential additional benefits from improved air quality and energy security. We review literature on a broad range of existing non-transportation energy efficiency policies covering appliance standards, financial incentives, information and voluntary programs, and government energy use (building and professional codes are not included). Estimates indicate these programs are likely to have collectively saved up to 4 quads of energy annually, with appliance standards and utility demand-side management likely making up at least half these savings. Energy Star, Climate Challenge, and 1605b voluntary emissions reductions may also contribute significantly to aggregate energy savings, but how much of these savings would have occurred absent these programs is less clear. Although even more uncertain, reductions in CO2, NOX, SO2, and PM-10 associated with energy savings may contribute about 10% more to the value of energy savings.
Coherent Curvature Radiation and Proton Counterflow in the Pulsar Magnetosphere
Creators: name: Asano, Katsuaki
name: Takahara, Fumio
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In the proton counterflow model of a pulsar magnetosphere that we have recently proposed, non-relativistic protons are supplied from the magnetosphere to flow toward the pulsar surface and screen an electric field above the polar cap region. In this Letter, we show that the proton counterflow is also suitable for the bunching of pair plasma. The two-stream instability is easily excited and can produce bunches of pairs with a relevant length scale to emit coherent curvature radiation.
description: 11pages, 1 figure
REDE: End-to-end Object 6D Pose Robust Estimation Using Differentiable Outliers Elimination
Creators: name: Hua, Weitong
name: Zhou, Zhongxiang
name: Wu, Jun
name: Huang, Huang
name: Wang, Yue
name: Xiong, Rong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Object 6D pose estimation is a fundamental task in many applications. Conventional methods solve the task by detecting and matching the keypoints, then estimating the pose. Recent efforts bringing deep learning into the problem mainly overcome the vulnerability of conventional methods to environmental variation due to the hand-crafted feature design. However, these methods cannot achieve end-to-end learning and good interpretability at the same time. In this paper, we propose REDE, a novel end-to-end object pose estimator using RGB-D data, which utilizes network for keypoint regression, and a differentiable geometric pose estimator for pose error back-propagation. Besides, to achieve better robustness when outlier keypoint prediction occurs, we further propose a differentiable outliers elimination method that regresses the candidate result and the confidence simultaneously. Via confidence weighted aggregation of multiple candidates, we can reduce the effect from the outliers in the final estimation. Finally, following the conventional method, we apply a learnable refinement process to further improve the estimation. The experimental results on three benchmark datasets show that REDE slightly outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches and is more robust to object occlusion.
Pollution Control in the Informal Sector: The Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project
Creators: name: Blackman, Allen
name: Bannister, Geoffrey J.
name: Blackman, Allen
name: Bannister, Geoffrey J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: informal sector
subject: air pollution
subject: Mexico
subject: brickmaking
subject: community pressure

description: Low-technology unlicensed micro-enterprises known as "informal" firms are a significant source of pollution in developing countries that are virtually impossible to regulate in the conventional manner. This paper describes an example of an innovative and promising approach to the problem: the Ciudad Juarez Brickmakers' Project, a private-sector-led initiative aimed at abating highly polluting emissions from Ciudad Juarez, Mexico's approximately 300 informal brick kilns. We draw four lessons from the Project's history. First, private-sector-led initiatives can work -- indeed they may be more effective than public-sector-initiatives -- but they require strong public sector support. Second, necessary conditions for effective environmental management in the informal sector include enlisting the cooperation of local organizations, relying upon peer monitoring, and offsetting compliance costs. Ineffective strategies include promoting too-advanced technologies and intervening in informal markets. Third, pollution control strategies that provide the greatest environmental benefits may be less appropriate than low-cost intermediate strategies. Finally, in volatile developing economies, market-based environmental initiatives in the informal sector are bound to be fragile.
Generalised extreme value statistics and sum of correlated variables
Creators: name: Bertin, Eric
name: Clusel, Maxime
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show that generalised extreme value statistics -the statistics of the k-th largest value among a large set of random variables- can be mapped onto a problem of random sums. This allows us to identify classes of non-identical and (generally) correlated random variables with a sum distributed according to one of the three (k-dependent) asymptotic distributions of extreme value statistics, namely the Gumbel, Frechet and Weibull distributions. These classes, as well as the limit distributions, are naturally extended to real values of k, thus providing a clear interpretation to the onset of Gumbel distributions with non-integer index k in the statistics of global observables. This is one of the very few known generalisations of the central limit theorem to non-independent random variables. Finally, in the context of a simple physical model, we relate the index k to the ratio of the correlation length to the system size, which remains finite in strongly correlated systems.
description: To appear in J.Phys.A
Time-step targetting methods for real-time dynamics using DMRG
Creators: name: Feiguin, Adrian E.
name: White, Steven R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a time-step targetting scheme to simulate real-time dynamics efficiently using the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG). The algorithm works on ladders and systems with interactions beyond nearest neighbors, in contrast to existing Suzuki-Trotter based approaches.
description: 4 pages, 5 eps figures
Bacterial Resistance and the Optimal Use of Antibiotics
Creators: name: Laxminarayan, Ramanan
name: Laxminarayan, Ramanan
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Health Economics and Policy
subject: antibiotic resistance
subject: natural resource
subject: optimization

description: The increasing resistance of harmful biological organisms (bacteria, parasites, and pests) to selection pressure from the widespread use of control agents such as antibiotics, antimalarials, and pesticides is a serious problem in both medicine and agriculture. Modeling resistance-or, conversely, the effectiveness of these control agents as a biological resource-yields insights into how these agents should be optimally managed to maximize their economic benefit to society. This paper uses a model of evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics-in which resistance places an evolutionary disadvantage on the resistant organism-to develop a simple sequential algorithm of optimal antibiotic use. Although the solution to this problem follows the well-recognized rule of using resources in the order of increasing marginal cost, the unique ways in which these economic costs arise from differing biological traits distinguishes this problem from others in the natural resources arena. This paper also examines the option of periodically rotating between two or more antibiotics and characterizes the economic and biological criteria under which a cycling strategy is superior to simultaneous use of two or more antibiotics.
Quantum particle across Grushin singularity
Creators: name: Gallone, Matteo
name: Michelangeli, Alessandro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Spectral Theory (math.SP)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A class of models is considered for a quantum particle constrained on degenerate Riemannian manifolds known as Grushin cylinders, and moving freely subject only to the underlying geometry: the corresponding spectral analysis is developed in detail in view of the phenomenon of transmission across the singularity that separates the two half-cylinders. Whereas the classical counterpart always consists of a particle falling in finite time along the geodesics onto the metric's singularity locus, the quantum models may display geometric confinement, or on the opposite partial transmission and reflection. All the local realisations of the free (Laplace-Beltrami) quantum Hamiltonian are examined as non-equivalent protocols of transmission/reflection and the structure of their spectrum is characterised, including when applicable their ground state and positivity. Besides, the stationary scattering analysis is developed and transmission and reflection coefficients are calculated. This allows to comprehend the distinguished status of the so-called `bridging' transmission protocol previously identified in the literature, which we recover and study within our systematic analysis.
description: 36 pages; 12 figures; added a section on scattering; equivalent to published version
Detection of HCO2+ toward the Low-Mass Protostar IRAS 04368+2557 in L1527
Creators: name: Sakai, Nami
name: Sakai, Takeshi
name: Aikawa, Yuri
name: Yamamoto, Satoshi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The millimeter-wave rotational emission lines (4(04)-3(03) and 5(05)-4(04)) of protonated carbon dioxide, HCO2+(HOCO+), has been detected toward the low-mass class 0 protostar IRAS 04368+2557 in L1527 with the IRAM 30 m telescope. This is the first detection of HCO2+ except for the Galactic Center clouds. The column density of HCO2+ averaged over the beam size (29") is determined to be 7.6x10^10 cm^-2, assuming the rotational temperature of 12.3 K. The fractional abundance of gaseous CO2 relative to H2 is estimated from the column density of HCO2+ with an aid of a simplified chemical model. If the HCO2+ emission only comes from the evaporation region of CO2 near the protostar (T>50 K), the fractional abundance of CO2 is estimated to be higher than 6.6x10^-4. This is comparable to the elemental abundance of carbon in interstellar clouds, and hence, the direct evaporation of CO2 from dust grain is unrealistic as a source of gaseous CO2 in L1527. A narrow line width of HCO2+ also supports this. On the other hand, the fractional abundance of CO2 is estimated to be 2.9x10^-7, if the source size is comparable to the beam size. These results indicate that gaseous CO2 is abundant even in the low-mass star-forming region. Possible production mechanisms of gaseous CO2 are discussed.
description: To be published in ApJ(Letter)
Can Carbon Sinks Be Operational? RFF Workshop Proceedings
Creators: name: Sedjo, Roger A.
name: Toman, Michael
name: Sedjo, Roger A.
name: Toman, Michael
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: carbon
subject: sinks
subject: global warming
subject: sequestration
subject: forests

description: An RFF Workshop brought together experts from around the world to assess the feasibility of using biological sinks to sequester carbon as part of a global atmospheric mitigation effort. The chapters of this proceeding are a result of that effort. Although the intent of the workshop was not to generate a consensus, a number of studies suggest that sinks could be a relatively inexpensive and effective carbon management tool. The chapters cover a variety of aspects and topics related to the monitoring and measurement of carbon in biological systems. They tend to support the view the carbon sequestration using biological systems is technically feasible with relatively good precision and at relatively low cost. Thus carbon sinks can be operational.
Study of a range of blister packaging materials using the new technique of moisture profiling to give early indications of moisture barrier properties
Creators: name: Moir, Peter
Publisher: name: F1000Research
Year: 2016

description: A key role of pharmaceutical packaging is to limit the exposure of pharmaceutical products to moisture and the consequential affects on the chemical and physical stability. An early indication during product development on a suitable choice of packaging for clinical trials and stability testing can save time and cost as well as reducing the risk of product failure. Moisture-sensitive products require a higher degree of protection facilitated by more efficient barrier properties of the packaging material. Data are presented generated by a novel approach for testing the barrier effectiveness of three different types of blister packing materials chosen for their claimed different permeation properties. Specifically chosen test tablets based on their moisture interaction properties are analyzed by the new technique of Moisture Profiling which is used in our investigations of product-moisture interactions.

The Moisture Profiles generated are interpreted to gain valuable information and insights into the moisture barrier properties of blister packaging with the potential of quickly eliminating ineffective packaging material types for the particular test drug.  This type of information has not previously been available for pharmaceutical packaging selection.
The possible temperatures for flows on a simple AF algebra
Creators: name: Thomsen, Klaus
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Operator Algebras (math.OA)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It is shown that for any infinite dimensional simple unital AF algebra A and any closed lower bounded set K of real numbers containing zero there is a flow on A for which the set of possible inverse temperatures is K.
description: v6: Various minor edits. 32 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2011.06377
Theoretical uncertainties for cosmological first-order phase transitions
Creators: name: Croon, Djuna
name: Gould, Oliver
name: Schicho, Philipp
name: Tenkanen, Tuomas V. I.
name: White, Graham
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We critically examine the magnitude of theoretical uncertainties in perturbative calculations of first-order phase transitions, using the Standard Model effective field theory as our guide. In the usual daisy-resummed approach, we find large uncertainties due to renormalisation scale dependence, which amount to two to three orders-of-magnitude uncertainty in the peak gravitational wave amplitude, relevant to experiments such as LISA. Alternatively, utilising dimensional reduction in a more sophisticated perturbative approach drastically reduces this scale dependence, pushing it to higher orders. Further, this approach resolves other thorny problems with daisy resummation: it is gauge invariant which is explicitly demonstrated for the Standard Model, and avoids an uncontrolled derivative expansion in the bubble nucleation rate.
description: 103 pages, 11 figures
Adjusting Carbon Cost Analyses to Account for Prior Tax Distortions
Creators: name: Parry, Ian W.H.
name: Parry, Ian W.H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Public Economics
subject: carbon permits
subject: tax distortions
subject: revenue recycling
subject: general equilibrium costs

description: This paper discusses how carbon abatement policies interact with the tax system, and how these interactions affect the overall costs of carbon controls. We provide formulas for adjusting cost estimates of auctioned and grandfathered carbon emissions from partial equilibrium energy models into rough estimates of general equilibrium costs that account for fiscal interactions. In the basic model with a tax on labor income, the general equilibrium costs of (revenue-neutral) auctioned permits are around 25% higher than the partial equilibrium costs; those of grandfathered permits, which do not directly raise revenues for recycling, are typically more than 100% higher. However, when allowance is made for complicating factors, such as the effect of tax subsidies on raising the distortionary costs of the tax system, the efficiency gains from recycling revenues from auctioned permits are larger. Indeed the general equilibrium costs of (revenue-neutral) auctioned permits can be negative for modest abatement levels.
Position resolution and particle identification with the ATLAS EM calorimeter
Creators: name: Sacco, Roberto
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In the years between 2000 and 2002 several pre-series and series modules of the ATLAS EM barrel and end-cap calorimeter were exposed to electron, photon and pion beams. The performance of the calorimeter with respect to its finely segmented first sampling has been studied. The polar angle resolution has been found to be in the range 50-60 mrad/sqrt(E (GeV)). The neutral pion rejection has been measured to be about 3.5 for 90% photon selection efficiency at pT=50 GeV/c. Electron-pion separation studies have indicated that a pion fake rate of (0.07-0.5)% can be achieved while maintaining 90% electron identification efficiency for energies up to 40 GeV.
description: 32 pages, 22 figures, to be published in NIM A
Effects of thinning on tree growth and soil physiochemical properties in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation
Creators: name: Li, Xuehui
name: Wang, Ruihui
name: Liu, Kaili
name: Zhou, Yuhuai
name: Hu, Jiayi
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Plant Biology
subject: Computational Biology

description: Tree growth, along with soil properties, is greatly affected by forest management. We used a typical sampling to study the impact of four thinning intensities (T1: 0%, 2500 stems ha−1; T2: 20%, 2010 stems ha−1; T3: 30%, 1750 stems ha−1; T4: 40%, 1500 stems ha−1) on the tree growth and soil physicochemical properties and their correlation in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations. The average annual increments in tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and volume increased with thinning intensity, and those of T4 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from those of T1. The average annual stand volume increments of T4 were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of T1, while the maximum value presented at T3. However, the effect of thinning in promoting the growth of Chinese fir diminished with time. As the thinning intensity increased, the diameter class distribution of the sample stands moved rightwards. Moreover, thinning improved soil physiochemical properties. The effects of thinning on soil properties in 0–20 cm soil layer were greater than those in 20–40 cm soil layer. There was a positive correlation between available nitrogen, available potassium and tree growth. The results of this study showed that thinning had a potential effect on tree growth and soil properties. The heavy thinning intensity (approximately 1500 stems ha−1) was the optimum for maintaining economic and ecological benefits. However, heavy thinning significantly reduced stand volume. From the perspective of improving stand volume and biomass, a moderate thinning intensity (approximately 1750 stems ha−1) could be considered for adoption.
Public Disclosure of Industrial Pollution: The PROPER Approach for Indonesia?
Creators: name: Lopez, Jorge Garcia
name: Sterner, Thomas
name: Afsah, Shakeb
name: Lopez, Jorge Garcia
name: Sterner, Thomas
name: Afsah, Shakeb
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: environmental policy
subject: pollution control
subject: public disclosure
subject: Asia
subject: Indonesia

description: This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the Program for Pollution Control Evaluation and Rating (PROPER) in Indonesia. PROPER, the first major public disclosure program in the developing world, was launched in June 1995; though it collapsed in 1998 with the Asian financial crisis, it is currently being revived. There have been claims of success for this pioneering scheme, yet little formal analysis has been undertaken. We analyze changes in emissions concentrations (mg/L) using panel data techniques with plant-level data for participating firms and a control group. The results show that there was indeed a positive response to PROPER, especially among firms with poor environmental compliance records. The response was immediate, and firms pursued further emissions reductions in the following months. The total estimated reductions in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were approximately 32%.
Effective gauge group of pure loop quantum gravity is SO(3): New estimate of the Immirzi parameter
Creators: name: Chou, Chung-Hsien
name: Ling, Yi
name: Soo, Chopin
name: Yu, Hoi-Lai
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We argue that the effective gauge group for {\it pure} four-dimensional loop quantum gravity(LQG) is SO(3) (or $SO(3,C)$) instead of SU(2) (or $SL(2,C)$). As a result, links with half-integer spins in spin network states are not realized for {\it pure} LQG, implying a modification of the spectra of area and volume operators. Our observations imply a new value of $γ\approx 0.170$ for the Immirzi parameter which is obtained from matching the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy to the number of states from LQG calculations. Moreover, even if the dominant contribution to the entropy is not assumed to come from configurations with the minimum spins, the results of both pure LQG and the supersymmetric extension of LQG can be made compatible when only integer spins are realized for the former, while the latter also contains half-integer spins, together with an Immirzi parameter for the supersymmetric case which is twice the value of the SO(3) theory. We also verify that the $-{1/2}$ coefficient of logarithmic correction to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula is robust, independent of whether only integer, or also half-integer spins, are realized.
description: new value of Immirzi parameter is ~0.170; dominance of miminum spin configurations is not assumed in comparing with Bekenstein-Hawking formula; typos corrected. Version pressed in PLB
Effects of plantation intensity on longhorn and carabid beetles in conifer plantations mixed with broadleaved trees in northern Japan
Creators: name: Irie, Takeshi
name: Kawamura, Kazuhiro
name: Yamanaka, Satoshi
name: Nakamura, Futoshi
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: Plant Biology

description: Reconciling timber production with biodiversity conservation is essential. Increasing the mixture of broadleaved (BL) trees into conifer plantations increases the abundance of species that prefer natural BL forests but can reduce conifer yields. Therefore, modeling of the relationships of the abundances of various taxa with conifer and BL trees is necessary for effective biodiversity conservation. Longhorn and carabid beetles are useful ecological indicators; however, their responses to the amount (e.g. basal area and coverage) of conifer and BL trees within stands remain unknown. We surveyed the abundances of longhorn and carabid beetles in plantations of Todo fir Abies sachalinensis and Sakhalin spruce Picea glehnii mixed with various amounts of BL trees and in natural BL forests. We analyzed the response of each taxon to the basal area of conifer trees (CBA) within stands. Unexpectedly, for longhorn beetles, no effect of CBA was detected for species using BL trees as larval host plants and the effect was positive for generalist species. For carabid beetles, the total abundance of forest-dependent species decreased almost linearly with increasing CBA. The species-level mean response was decreasing abundance with increasing CBA, which occurred more rapidly in the lower range of CBA. These results suggest large negative impacts of conifer trees, even in small amounts, for many carabid species. To reconcile timber production with carabid beetle conservation, it is essential to maintain remnant natural BL forests and revert unsuccessful conifer plantations containing abundant BL trees into BL forests.
The Basel Problem
Creators: name: Ghosh, Sourangshu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: General Mathematics (math.GM)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 11M06

description: Because of its relation to the distribution of prime numbers, the Riemann zeta function ζ (s) is one of the most important functions in mathematics. The zeta function is defined by the following formula for any complex number s with the real component greater than 1.Taking s=2, we see that ζ(2) is equal to the sum of the squares of reciprocals of all positive integers. This leads to the famous problem by Basel in mathematical analysis with important relevance to number theory, solved by Leonhard Euler in 1734. In this paper, we discuss some of the notable proofs given by mathematicians to the basal problem. Most of the theorems are very well known whereas some can be found as proofs of problems present in textbooks.We also give one new proof using the theory of calculus of residues.
description: 14 Pages,16 references
A WHITE PAPER ON THE RELEVANCE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL FOR THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES (CANR)
Creators: name: Robison, Lindon J.
name: Robison, Lindon J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: Institutional and Behavioral Economics
Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession

description: Social capital is about relationships that are often based on earned or inherited kernels of commonality. Social capital raises the ethical question of when relationships should be allowed to influence outcomes. The essential theory underlying the social capital paradigm is that relationships of sympathy or social capital influence almost every interpersonal transaction. Since interpersonal transactions occur in many settings, the study of social capital is multi-disciplinary and interested in such diverse topics as charitable giving, leadership development, educational achievements, migration patterns, formation of cooperatives, how people care for the environment, diffusion of technology, advertising, economic development, family integrity, flow of legal, recreational, and health services, management of organizations, community development, animal health, passage of legislation, and the creation of civil society. Social capital is relevant to the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources (CANR) because it represents an important resource that must be studied and managed to achieve CANR's mission.
ANALYSIS OF SOCIOECONOMIC DATA FOR THE I-75 CLUSTER OF MICHIGAN COUNTIES
Creators: name: Phillips, Jon C.
name: Phillips, Jon C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1998
Subjects: Community/Rural/Urban Development

description: This paper presents an analysis of socioeconomic data for a cluster of five counties in northern lower Michigan. These adjacent counties (Cheboygan, Crawford, Ogemaw, Otsego, and Roscommon) are part of a three-year rural development project. Data for individual counties as well as averages for the cluster are given. Topics covered include population growth, age of residents, educational attainment, unemployment, employment/jobs, sources of personal income, household income, poverty rates, and household composition. An executive summary is also provided.
"It’s not a secret but-- " : predictive testing and patterns of communication about genetic information in families at risk for Huntington Disease
Creators: name: Cox, Susan M.
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The increasing transparence of the human genome has profound implications for how we understand health and illness and perceive our biological and social relatedness to others. Presymptomatic testing for adult onset conditions, in particular, creates the novel situation in which some individuals know in advance of impending illness while others learn that they have escaped such a fate. How families at risk for one adult onset condition — Huntington Disease (HD) — communicate about such information is the topic of this dissertation. HD is often described as a 'genetic time bomb'. It is an autosomal dominant neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by mid-life onset, involuntary movements, cognitive impairment, and depression. There is no effective prevention or cure but with the advent of predictive testing in 1987 it became possible for at risk individuals to learn if they had inherited the mutation associated with HL\ Empirical studies on predictive testing for HD focus primarily on the individual psychological impacts of the test; few studies consider how families understand and attempt to manage genetic information in their everyday lives. This dissertation begins to address these lacunae by examining the stories that test candidates and their families tell about hereditary risk and predictive testing. These stories derive from a prospectively designed study which includes 102 in-depth, at-home interviews conducted in the pre and post-results period with 16 test candidates and 33 family members. Focusing on three narrative 'moments', the dissertation explores how study participants storied their experiences of: 1) learning about the family history of HD, 2) deciding to request the predictive test and, 3) making sense of an informative result. Drawing upon a social constructionist approach, the analysis emphasizes the processual nature of predictive testing as well as the significance of interpersonal communication in producing and reproducing the social realities in which genetic information acquires a particular salience. Given the recent proliferation of genetic tests as well as the absence of an adequate popular discourse on embodied risk, the research underscores lay actors' abilities to reframe existing clinical schema in order to interpret and manage hereditary risk in an intersubjectively meaningful way.
Scales of Mass Generation for Quarks, Leptons and Majorana Neutrinos
Creators: name: Dicus, Duane A.
name: He, Hong-Jian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study 2 --> n inelastic fermion-(anti)fermion scattering into multiple longitudinal weak gauge bosons and derive universal upper bounds on the scales of fermion mass generation by imposing unitarity of the S-matrix. We place new upper limits on the scales of fermion mass generation, independent of the electroweak symmetry breaking scale. We find that the strongest 2 --> n limits fall in a narrow range, 3-170 TeV (with n=2-24), depending on the observed fermion masses.
description: Phys. Rev. Lett.(in press), minor rewording
MICHIGAN FARM DATABASE NEW DIRECTIONS FOR 1995
Creators: name: Nott, Sherrill B.
name: Hepp, Ralph E.
name: Nott, Sherrill B.
name: Hepp, Ralph E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1996
Subjects: Farm Management

description: The purpose of this paper is to provide financial and production performance data for Michigan farms in 1995. Separate sections report on the farm types of Cash Grain, Dairy, Fruit, General Crop, General Livestock, and Swine. This data can be used as a comparative data base for individual farmers to conduct a financial analysis of their own farm to identify strengths and weaknesses. This report can also provide information to those interested in the financial well being of Michigan agriculture. Immediately following are sections on the data source, and how farm types were defined. The last section of the publication has definitions of calculations. Reader response is requested.
Cooperative cluster-Jahn-Teller effect as a possible route to antiferroelectricity
Creators: name: Geirhos, K.
name: Langmann, J.
name: Prodan, L.
name: Tsirlin, A. A.
name: Missiul, A.
name: Eickerling, G.
name: Jesche, A.
name: Tsurkan, V.
name: Lunkenheimer, P.
name: Scherer, W.
name: Kézsmárki, I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report the observation of an antipolar phase in cubic GaNb$_4$S$_8$ driven by an unconventional microscopic mechanism, the cooperative Jahn-Teller effect of Nb$_4$S$_4$ molecular clusters. The assignment of the antipolar nature is based on sudden changes in the crystal structure and a strong drop of the dielectric constant at $T_\mathrm{JT}=31$\,K, also indicating the first-order nature of the transition. In addition, we found that local symmetry lowering precedes long-range orbital ordering, implying the presence of a dynamic Jahn-Teller effect in the cubic phase above $T_\mathrm{JT}$. Based on the variety of structural polymorphs reported in lacunar spinels, also including ferroelectric phases, we argue that GaNb$_4$S$_8$ may be transformable to a ferroelectric state, which would further classify the observed antipolar phase as antiferrolectric.
Homogenization of understory vegetation by an overabundance of deer (Cervus nippon) in a temperate forest in central Japan
Creators: name: Fukamachi, Atsuko S.
name: Yoshida, Tomohiro
name: Hoshino, Yoshinobu
name: Watanabe, Naoaki
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Plant Biology

description: Deer browsing is a form of selective disturbance that homogenizes plant community composition and structure. In mountainous regions, disturbance intensity, together with topographical factors, affect plant communities. However, studies on the multiple effects of deer browsing and topographical factors on plant communities are limited. Here, we investigated the effects of deer exclusion on understory vegetation across the upper and lower slopes of a temperate deciduous forest in a mountainous area of Japan. We established six pairs of exclosure and control quadrats, with three pairs at each topographical position. We assessed changes in vegetation and plant structure (coverage and height), species composition, numbers of flowering/fruiting species, and damage to the plant species caused by deer browsing between 2009–2016. Vegetation coverage and the number of flowering/fruiting plant species increased in the exclosure quadrats during the study period, indicating that browsing prevents herb-layer species from reaching the flowering and fruiting stages in this site. Moreover, dissimilarity in species composition between the exclosure and control quadrats increased on the upper slope. However, the dissimilarity between upper and lower slopes in the control quadrats tended to decrease. Large herbs, which mainly include forbs and perennial species, were characteristically abundant on the lower slopes and decreased in the control quadrats on the lower slope. Our results indicate that the exclusion of deer had different effects on the understory vegetation of upper and lower slopes, suggesting that deer overbrowsing weakens the correlation between plant functional traits and topographic factors, resulting in homogenized plant communities.
2004 Michigan Swine (Farrow to Finish) Business Analysis Summary
Creators: name: Wittenberg, Eric
name: Harsh, Stephen B.
name: Wittenberg, Eric
name: Harsh, Stephen B.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Livestock Production/Industries

description: This report summarizes the financial and production records of 12 Michigan, farrow to finish, swine farms. To be included, the farms must have produced at least 50 percent of gross cash farm income from one or a combination of fat hogs, feeder pigs and cull breeding hogs sales. The records came from Michigan State University's TelFarm project and the Farm Credit Service system in Michigan. The values were pooled into averages for reporting purposes. Farm records were included if a farm financial summary was completed on 2004 data including beginning and ending balance sheets, plus income and expenses. The data were checked to verify that cash discrepancy was less than 10% of gross cash inflow and that debt discrepancy was less than $1,000. While considerable variation in the data exists, average values are reported in the summary tables below.
FQPA IMPLEMENTATION TO REDUCE PESTICIDE RESIDUE RISKS: PART II: IMPLEMENTATION ALTERNATIVES AND STRATEGIES
Creators: name: Swinton, Scott M.
name: Batie, Sandra S.
name: Schulz, Mary A.
name: Swinton, Scott M.
name: Batie, Sandra S.
name: Schulz, Mary A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: Crop Production/Industries
Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety

description: Implementation of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) is fraught with difficulty due to the divergent perspectives and demands of stakeholders in the process. In "Part I: Agricultural Producer Concerns," the authors reviewed the concerns of food producers about potential FQPA threats to farm profitability, international competitiveness, consumer perceptions, and the development of pest resistance to remaining pesticides. Fortunately, lessons from past environmental policy and economic theory offer useful principles for how to implement the FQPA. This paper, "Part II: Implementation Alternatives and Strategies" addresses ways to accommodate producer concerns while meeting the policy mandate of reducing risk from pesticide exposure, especially for infants and children. In so doing, the authors are neither advocating nor criticizing this FQPA policy mandate; rather, they are providing policy analysis of alternative implementation strategies.
Existence and Uniqueness for P-Area Minimizers in the Heisenberg Group
Creators: name: Cheng, Jih-Hsin
name: Hwang, Jenn-Fang
name: Yang, Paul
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 35L80; 35J70; 32V20; 53A10; 49Q10

description: In \cite{CHMY04}, we studied $p$-mean curvature and the associated $p$-minimal surfaces in the Heisenberg group from the viewpoint of PDE and differential geometry. In this paper, we look into the problem through the variational formulation. We study a generalized $p$-area and associated ($p$-) minimizers in general dimensions. We prove the existence and investigate the uniqueness of minimizers. Since this is reduced to solving a degenerate elliptic equation, we need to consider the effect of the singular set and this requires a careful study. We define the notion of weak solution and prove that in a certain Sobolev space, a weak solution is a minimizer and vice versa. We also give many interesting examples in dimension 2. An intriguing point is that, in dimension 2, a $C^2$-smooth solution from the PDE viewpoint may not be a minimizer. However, this statement is true for higher dimensions due to the relative smallness of the size of the singular set.
description: 37 pages, 5 figures
Toward Reproducible Enzyme Modeling with Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
Creators: name: Ott, Felix
name: Rabe, Kersten S.
name: Niemeyer, Christof M.
name: Gygli, Gudrun
Publisher: name: Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
Year: 2023

description: To apply enzymes in technical processes, a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms is required.
Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of enzyme catalysis are crucial to plan, model, and implement biocatalytic
processes more efficiently. While the kinetic parameters, Km and kcat, are often accessible by optical methods, the
determination of thermodynamic parameters requires more sophisticated methods. Isothermal titration calorimetry
(ITC) allows the label-free and highly sensitive analysis of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of individual steps
in the catalytic cycle of an enzyme reaction. However, since ITC is susceptible to interferences due to denaturation
or agglomeration of the enzymes, the homogeneity of the enzyme sample must always be considered, and this can
be accomplished by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The here presented ITC-dependent
workflow[1] was used to determine both the kinetic and the thermodynamic data for a cofactor-dependent enzyme.
Using a standardized approach with the implementation of sample quality control by DLS, we obtained high-quality
data suitable for the advanced modeling of the enzyme reaction mechanism. Specifically, we investigated
stereoselective reactions catalyzed by the NADPH-dependent ketoreductase Gre2p under different reaction
conditions. The results revealed that this enzyme operates with an ordered sequential mechanism in which the
cofactor NADPH binds first, resulting in Gre2pholo, and that only Gre2p(holo) can then bind the substrate NDK. In
addition, the enzyme was found to be affected by substrate or product inhibition depending on the reaction buffer.
Data reproducibility, a mandatory prerequisite to achieve robust modeling, is ensured by specifying standard
operating procedures, using programmed workflows for data analysis and storing all data in a F.A.I.R. (findable,
accessible, interoperable, and reusable) repository. Our approach highlights the utility for combined binding and
kinetic studies for such complex multisubstrate reactions. Because it is amenable to automation and scale-up for
high-throughput, the combination of such diverse approaches will provide the high-quality data needed for the
engineering of enzymes and biocatalytic processes through machine learning to accelerate future development of
industrial biocatalysis.
Spatial heterogeneity analysis for estimating breeding values of tree height in a hybrid larch progeny test plantation
Creators: name: Chen, Shufen
name: Ishizuka, Wataru
name: Kuromaru, Makoto
name: Goto, Susumu
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Plant Biology
subject: Virology

description: Microenvironmental heterogeneity in forest stands results in spatial variations in growth traits. Especially in progeny tests in tree breeding, this spatial variation can prevent the accurate estimation of genetic parameters, including breeding values. To quantify spatial heterogeneity, genetic models incorporating spatial coordinate information have been effectively used to accurately estimate breeding values of individuals. In this study, we measured the height of all Japanese larch and hybrid larch individuals in a progeny trial at 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 years after planting and calculated genetic parameters, including breeding values, using genetic models. According to the fittings of the candidate models, a genetic model incorporating spatial coordinate information is more suitable for estimating genetic parameters. Overall, a genetic model incorporating spatial coordinate information could be effective in explaining the genetic effects of tree height, which will be useful for estimating more accurate breeding values in hybrid larch breeding programs.
THE SOCIAL CAPITAL FOUNDATIONS OF TRUST IN GLOBAL AGRI-FOOD SYSTEM TRANSACTIONS
Creators: name: Peterson, H. Christopher
name: Robison, Lindon J.
name: Siles, Marcelo E.
name: Peterson, H. Christopher
name: Robison, Lindon J.
name: Siles, Marcelo E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: Agribusiness

description: The concept of social capital is defined as a third process (along with individual incentives and authority relationships) for assuring transaction cost efficiency. Social capital is especially relevant to international transactions because cultural differences, large distances, and limited international institutional scope lessen the effectiveness of incentives and authority relationships while social capital can be built within the context of specific international transactions. Methods for building social capital in international settings are explored. A research agenda is articulated as well as a list of managerial implications for using social capital in an international context.