cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty Shocks, Adjustment Costs and Firm Beliefs: Evidence From a Representative Survey
Creators: name: Dibiasi, Andreas
name: Mikosch, Heiner
name: Sarferaz, Samad
name: Bloom, Nicholas
name: Davis, Steven
name: Fernandez-Villaverde, Jesus
name: Liu, Zheng
name: Sun, Bo
name: Xu, Nancy
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Uncertainty
subject: Shock
subject: Firms
subject: Survey
subject: Vignettes
subject: Expectations
subject: Investment
subject: Employment
subject: Production

description: This paper studies the dynamic effects of an uncertainty shock on firm expectations. We conduct a survey that confronts managers from a representative firm sample with a model-consistent uncertainty shock scenario. An exogenous increase in uncertainty significantly reduces managers’ expected investment, employment, and production in the short and mid-run. We collect novel direct firm-level measures for different types of capital and labor adjustment costs. Adjustment costs vary strongly across types and sectors. They help explain firms’ reactions to the shock, which provides evidence for the relevance of real-options channels. We compare the findings to DSGE and VAR results.
M. SANTAGNELLO, MAESTRO DI LINGUA ITALIANA NELLA LONDRA DEL PRIMO OTTOCENTO
Creators: name: Iamartino, Giovanni
name: Berti, Lucia
Publisher: name: Italiano LinguaDue
Year: 2018

description: Il saggio si focalizza su M. Santagnello, un maestro di lingue straniere che insegnò l’italiano ai membri delle classi agiate londinesi nella prima metà dell’Ottocento. Santagnello compilò e pubblicò una serie abbastanza ampia e diversificata di testi per aiutare i suoi studenti a padroneggiare la lingua italiana: grammatiche, eserciziari, manuali di fraseologia e sulle peculiarità lessicali e morfosintattiche della lingua italiana, e infine repertori antologici di letteratura italiana. Questi testi vengono brevemente analizzati allo scopo di presentare la metodologia e gli obiettivi didattici di Santagnello. Nel suo insieme, il saggio intende far luce su un periodo ancora poco considerato nella storia delle relazioni anglo-italiane, e più specificatamente sullo studio della lingua, letteratura e cultura italiana nella Gran Bretagna dell’Ottocento.

M. Santagnello, a master of italian language in London in the first half of the nineteenth century
The essay focuses on M. Santagnello, a master of languages who taught Italian to well-to-do Londoners  in the first half of the nineteenth century. Santagnello compiled and published a fairly wide range of texts to help his students become proficient in the Italian language: grammar books, exercise books, handbooks on Italian phraseology and the lexico-grammatical peculiarities of the Italian language, and readers.  These texts are briefly surveyed in order to discuss Santagnello’s methodology and teaching  objectives and aims. All in all, the essay is meant to throw light on a still under-researched period in the history of Anglo-Italian relations, and more specifically on  the study of the Italian language, literature and culture in 19th-century Britain.
description: Italiano LinguaDue, V. 10, N. 1 (2018)
Insensitive Investors
Creators: name: Charles, Constantin
name: Frydman, Cary
name: Kilic, Mete
name: Exley, Christine
name: Nielsen, Kirby
name: Niederle, Muriel
name: Roth, Alvin
name: Vesterlund, Lise
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: Stock market
Demand
Belief-based asset pricing models
Asset Valuations

description: We experimentally study the transmission of subjective expectations into actions. Subjects in our experiment report valuations that are far too insensitive to their expectations, relative to the prediction from a frictionless model. We propose that the insensitivity is driven by a noisy cognitive process that prevents subjects from precisely computing asset valuations. The empirical link between subjective expectations and actions becomes stronger as subjective expectations approach rational expectations. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating weak transmission into belief-based asset pricing models. Finally, we discuss how cognitive noise can provide a microfoundation for inelastic demand in the stock market.
Comité International de la Croix-Rouge, Agence Internationale des Prisonniers de Guerre, an Louis Rollier (1859-1931)
Creators: name: Comité International de la Croix-Rouge, Agence Internationale des Prisonniers de Guerre
Publisher: name: [s.n.]
Year: 1919

description: Brief aus Genève
description: ETH-Bibliothek
Administrative Burden and Consolidation in Health Care: Evidence from Medicare Contractor Transitions
Creators: name: League, Riley
name: Cuesta, Jose Ignacio
name: Einav, Liran
name: Illanes, Gaston
name: Tebaldi, Pietro
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicare
subject: Drivers of consolidation in health care sector
subject: Health care
subject: Medical billing

description: The US health care system is rife with administrative burdens, but little is known about their causal effects on provider behavior. Using exogenous changes to the jurisdictions of Medicare Administrative Contractors, I show that the resulting increase in claim denials causes providers to adopt cost-saving technologies, bill more aggressively, and consolidate into larger practices. These endogenous responses by providers fully offset the mechanical reduction in Medicare spending we would expect from the increased claim denials. I explain this counterintuitive result using a model of firms’ investment in billing effort and technology. Estimates from this model show that investment costs amount to $89 billion per year and that increasing administrative burdens reduces providers’ profits by 4–6% while raising Medicare spending, making both providers and the government worse off. Counterfactual simulations indicate that increased administrative burdens would result in substantial reductions in health care spending if providers were unable to adjust investment, highlighting the short-run incentives insurers may have to raise administrative burdens.
GLI EDITORI POSTUNITARI E LA DIDATTICA DELL’ITALIANO TRA CARTELLONI E MANUALI
Creators: name: Marazzi, Elisa
Publisher: name: Italiano LinguaDue
Year: 2018

description: Sulla scorta del magistero di Marino Raicich, sostenitore dell’idea che lo studio della didattica della lingua italiana non possa prescindere dall’“acribia degli storici”, né dall’attenzione all’editoria, il contributo intende presentare alcuni esiti delle più recenti ricerche sulla storia dei libri di testo per le scuole elementari. Dalla politica scolastica, che sulla necessità di utilizzare testi didattici insistette progressivamente all’indomani dell’Unità, alle strategie degli editori, che dal semplice testo di lettura si dedicarono a una produzione sempre più variegata, le vicende che condussero alla proliferazione di testi scolastici a fine Ottocento saranno delineate per poi approfondire un caso di studio, quello delle tavole di nomenclatura. Stampate in volume o proposte sotto forma di cartellone didattico, in un intreccio tra pedagogia pestalozziana, object lessons e necessità di insegnare “i nomi delle cose” ai bambini dialettofoni, queste illustrazioni didattiche rappresentarono un grande mercato per gli editori otto-novecenteschi. Questi ultimi, grazie all’importazione e all’imitazione di materiali di produzione svizzera e tedesca, seppero imprimere maggiore varietà all’offerta ottocentesca di sussidi didattici per l’apprendimento dell’italiano.

Nomenclature books and wall charts. Publishers’ strategies and Italian language teaching after Unification

The article aims to outline the results of recent works on the history of textbooks for primary schools in the wake of Marino Raicich’s teachings, i.e. the necessity to include a historical perspective concerning publishing in the research on the history of the Italian language. Post-unification literacy policies that aimed to promote the use of textbooks in schools will be briefly described, as well as the new strategies put into practice by publishers, in order to increase and differentiate the offer of textbooks. In such a context, teaching tools containing illustrated nomenclature will be taken into account. Printed in volumes or as wall charts, their use was fostered by an intertwined interest for Pestalozzian pedagogy, object lessons and the need to teach “the names of things” to dialect-speaking pupils. Importing and imitating illustrated nomenclature materials produced in Switzerland and Germany, Italian publishers contributed to diversifying the offer of didactic tools for teaching the Italian language in the 19th century.
description: Italiano LinguaDue, V. 10, N. 1 (2018)
Sonnenfleckenzeichnung Nr. 10343.
Zeichnung von Flecken und Fackelflächen zur Ermittlung der Sonnenaktivität am 20.04.1927, erstellt von William Otto Brunner
Creators: name: Eidgenössische Sternwarte in Zürich (ETH Zürich bzw. vor 1911 Polytechnikum)
Publisher: name: [s.n.]
Year: 1927

description: Bleistiftzeichnung mit Tinte und Farbstift überschrieben, erstellt als Projektionsbildzeichnung in der Eidgenössischen Sternwarte Zürich. Instrument: Kern-Merz-Refraktor.
Die Beobachtungen zu Einzelflecken und zu Sonnenfleckengruppen wurden mit Bleistift auf einem Vordruck eingetragen. Zugeordnete numerische Werte wurden in einer separat geführten, chronologischen Tabelle erfasst. Unter Umständen sind tabellarisch notierte Werte, die für Protuberanzen mit rot geschrieben wurden (zum Teil Doppelbeobachtungen), direkt auf der Fleckenzeichnung vermerkt
description: ETH-Bibliothek
Cochylidia Obraztsov 1956
Creators: name: Sun, Yinghui
name: Li, Houhun
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Tortricidae
Cochylidia

description: Cochylidia Obraztsov, 1956
Cochylidia Obraztsov, 1956: 14; Razowski, 1968: 3; Razowski, 1970: 374; Razowski, 1987: 169; Liu & Li, 2002: 65; Brown, 2005: 200.
Type species: Tortrix subroseana Haworth, [1811].
Diagnosis. Cochylidia is characterized by the combination of the following characters: labial palpus porrect, the second segment dilated, the third segment short and small, often concealed in the scaling of the second; forewing with all veins separate, R2 and R3 coalescent, or R4 and R5 stalked in some species, R5 to the costal margin, 1A and 2A stalked distally; hindwing with Rs and M1 stalked at base or arising from the same point, M3 separate from CuA1 basally; male hindwing with costal fold; female hindwing usually with two spines in the frenulum; male genitalia with the tegumen moderately developed, the uncus and gnathos absent, the socius drooped or erect, the median process of the transtilla with or without teeth, and the vinculum membranous ventrally; and female genitalia with the apophysis posterioris having a basal plate, the sterigma partially hidden in a membranous pocket formed by the seventh sternum, the ductus bursae sclerotized, and the corpus bursae membranous, not conspicuously differentiated from the ductus bursae, with tiny spines and lacking a signum.
Cochylidia is extremely similar to Diceratura in the presence of broad costal arm of the valva. Cochylidia can be distinguished from Diceratura by the absence of the uncus (well developed in Diceratura) and the costal arm of valva with tiny distal spines (lacking spines in Diceratura).
Biology. There are one or two generations annually, and over-wintering occurs in the larval stage. The larvae are oligophagous and utilize mainly plants in the Asteraceae (Razowski 1987).
Distribution. The nine described Cochylidia species and one subspecies are distributed in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions. In China the genus occurs mainly in the southeastern area and is encountered rarely in the northwestern area (Fig. 1).
description: Published as part of Sun, Yinghui & Li, Houhun, 2012, Review of the genus Cochylidia Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Cochylini) in China, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 3268 on page 2, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213209
Selective Memory Equilibrium
Creators: name: Fudenberg, Drew
name: Lanzani, Giacomo
name: Strack, Philipp
name: Bernheim, Douglas
name: Beshears, John
name: Crawford, Vincent
name: Laibson, David
name: Malmendier, Ulrike
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: Selective memory equilibrium
Equilibrium concept
Memory Bias

description: We study agents who are more likely to remember some experiences than others but update beliefs as if the experiences they remember are the only ones that occurred. We show that if the agent’s behavior converges, their limit strategy is a selective memory equilibrium. We illustrate how this new equilibrium concept can be used to understand the long-run effects of several well-documented memory biases. We then extend our analysis to cases where the expected number of recalled experiences is bounded. Here we characterize the long-run action frequencies that can arise.
Online Throughput Maximization on Unrelated Machines: Commitment is No Burden
Creators: name: Eberle, Franziska
name: Megow, Nicole
name: Schewior, Kevin
Publisher: name: Association for Computing Machinery
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Deadline scheduling
subject: Throughput
subject: Online algorithms
subject: Competitive analysis
subject: Unrelated machines
subject: 0

description: We consider a fundamental online scheduling problem in which jobs with processing times and deadlines arrive online over time at their release dates. The task is to determine a feasible preemptive schedule on a single or multiple possibly unrelated machines that maximizes the number of jobs that complete before their deadline. Due to strong impossibility results for competitive analysis on a single machine, we require that jobs contain some slack ε > 0, which means that the feasible time window for scheduling a job is at least 1 + ε times its processing time on each eligible machine. Our contribution is two-fold: (i) We give the first non-trivial online algorithms for throughput maximization on unrelated machines, and (ii), this is the main focus of our paper, we answer the question on how to handle commitment requirements which enforce that a scheduler has to guarantee at a certain point in time the completion of admitted jobs. This is very relevant, e.g., in providing cloud-computing services, and disallows last-minute rejections of critical tasks. We present an algorithm for unrelated machines that is Θ( 1ε )-competitive when the scheduler must commit upon starting a job. Somewhat surprisingly, this is the same optimal performance bound (up to constants) as for scheduling without commitment on a single machine. If commitment decisions must be made before a job’s slack becomes less than a δ-fraction of its size, we prove a competitive ratio of O( 1ε−δ ) for 0 < δ < ε. This result nicely interpolates between commitment upon starting a job and commitment upon arrival. For the latter commitment model, it is known that no (randomized) online algorithm admits any bounded competitive ratio. While we mainly focus on scheduling without migration, our results also hold when comparing against a migratory optimal solution in case of identical machines.
LA “GRAMMATICHETTA POPOLARE CON NUOVA ORDITURA SUL SISTEMA D’INSEGNAMENTO NATURALE DELLA LINGUA” (1843) DEL TICINESE GIUSEPPE CURTI (CON UNA POSTILLA DI ROMEO MANZONI)
Creators: name: Vaucher-De-La-Croix, Joël F.
Publisher: name: Italiano LinguaDue
Year: 2018

description: L’intervento si sofferma sulle idee linguistiche e la pratica grammaticale del ticinese Giuseppe Curti che, a metà dell’Ottocento, si fa promotore di una riforma didattica per l’insegnamento dell’italiano, pubblicando una Grammatichetta popolare con nuova orditura sul sistema d’insegnamento naturale della lingua (1843), basata sui principi pestalozziani e sulle nuove tendenze pedagogiche e didattiche in uso nella Svizzera interna. A questo manuale il Curti fece seguire una Guida per i docenti e altri testi di carattere generale sulla riforma dell’insegnamento della lingua italiana. La Grammatichetta del Curti, di cui si analizzano nel dettaglio i principi teorici e pratici, venne subito adottata dalla scuola ticinese e fu per anni al centro di un ampio dibattito politico sulla pubblica istruzione del popolo, suscitando il vivo interesse del filosofo radicale Romeo Manzoni che ne farà il vessillo della battaglia contro l’indirizzo cattolico della scuola pubblica.

The “Grammatichetta popolare con nuova orditura sul sistema d’insegnamento naturale della lingua” (1843) by Giuseppe Curti from Ticino (with a note by Romeo Manzoni)

This paper focuses on the linguistic ideas and grammatical practice of Giuseppe Curti from Ticino, who in the mid-nineteenth century promoted a didactic reform for teaching Italian, Grammatichetta popolare con nuova orditura sul sistema d’insegnamento naturale della lingua (1843), based on Pestalozzian principles and the new pedagogical and didactic tendencies used in parts of Switzerland. In addition to this textbook, Curti published a guide for teachers as well as other general texts on the reform of Italian language teaching. The theoretical and practical principles of the Grammatichetta are analyzed in detail. It was immediately adopted by the Ticino school system and was for years at the center of a broad political debate on public education, arousing the interest of the radical philosopher Romeo Manzoni who made it the banner of the battle against Catholic orientation in public schools.
description: Italiano LinguaDue, V. 10, N. 1 (2018)
Beyond Unbounded Beliefs: How Preferences and Information Interplay in Social Learning
Creators: name: Kartik, Navin
name: Lee, SangMok
name: Liu, Tianhao
name: Rappoport, Daniel
name: Skrzypacz, Andrzej
name: Sugaya, Takuo
name: Ramos, João
name: Bardhi, Arjada
name: Board, Simon
name: Madsen, Erik
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Social learning
subject: Herds
subject: Information cascades
subject: Single crossing
subject: Euclidean preferences
subject: Unbounded beliefs

description: When does society eventually learn the truth, or take the correct action, via observational learning? In a general model of sequential learning over social networks, we identify a simple sufficient—and, in a sense, necessary—condition for learning dubbed excludability. Excludability is a joint property of agents’ preferences and their information. When required to hold for all preferences, it is equivalent to information having 'unbounded beliefs', which demands that any agent can individually identify the truth, even if only with small probability. But unbounded beliefs may be untenable with more than two states: e.g., it is incompatible with the monotone likelihood ratio property. Excludability reveals that what is crucial for learning, instead, is that a single agent must be able to rule out any wrong action, even if she cannot take the correct action. Consequently, excludability helps study classes of preferences and information that mutually ensure learning. We develop two such pairs: (i) for a one-dimensional state, preferences with single-crossing differences and a new informational condition, directionally unbounded beliefs; and (ii) for a multi-dimensional state, Euclidean preferences and subexponential location-shift information.
Cochylidia rupicola
Creators: name: Sun, Yinghui
name: Li, Houhun
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Tortricidae
Cochylidia
Cochylidia rupicola

description: The rupicola group
Diagnosis. The rupicola group is characterized by the drooped socius, the costal arm of valva dilated distally, the juxta developed, and the cylinder-shaped phallus with a short thin spine on the ventral surface in the male genitalia; the sterigma developed, the ductus bursae and the corpus bursae slender in the female genitalia.
description: Published as part of Sun, Yinghui & Li, Houhun, 2012, Review of the genus Cochylidia Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Cochylini) in China, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 3268 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213209
Principal Trading Arrangements: Optimality under Temporary and Permanent Price Impact
Creators: name: Baldauf, Markus
name: Frei, Christoph
name: Mollner, Joshua
name: Akbarpour, Mohammad
name: Dworczak, Piotr
name: Jagadeesan, Ravi
name: Li, Shengwu
name: Muir, Ellen
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: Agency conflict
Price impact
Block trading
Dealer-client relationship
Contracting

description: We study the optimal execution problem in a principal-agent setting. A client contracts to purchase a large position from a dealer at a future date. The dealer first buys the position from the market, creating temporary and permanent price impact. The client chooses a contract, which specifies payment as a function of market prices; hidden action precludes her from conditioning on the dealer’s trade sequence. Weighted-average-price contracts are commonly-used. We explicitly characterize the optimal weights: they are symmetric and generally U-shaped over time. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that switching to our optimal contract significantly reduces transaction costs.
L'OPERA GRAMMATICALE DI BENEDETTO COLAROSSI
Creators: name: Silvestri, Paolo
Publisher: name: Italiano LinguaDue
Year: 2018

description: Benedetto Colarossi, maestro attivo nella Barcellona dei primi decenni del Novecento, è autore (e in alcuni casi adattatore) di una serie di manuali per l’insegnamento dell’italiano a ispoanofoni, nonché di una grammatica di spagnolo per italofoni. Un’opera caduta nel dimenticatoio, che vale la pena di essere recuperata perché riveste un certo interesse  non solo dal punto di vista documentario, ma anche per le sue implicazioni grammaticografiche, glottodidattiche, metodologiche, linguistiche e storiche. I testi esaminati riflettono inoltre un’approfondita conoscenza delle due lingue e dei problemi specifici degli apprendenti, che è il risultato della sua diretta e prolungata esperienza come insegnante di italiano in Spagna.

The grammatical work of Benedetto Colarossi

Benedetto Colarossi, an Italian teacher in Barcelona in the early decades of the twentieth century, is the author (and in certain cases the “adapter”) of several manuals for teaching Italian to Spanish speakers, in addition to a Spanish grammar for Italian speakers. These publications, having fallen into oblivion, are worth recovering, due to the interest not in terms of documentation, but also for the implications on grammatical, didactic, methodological, linguistic and historical levels. The texts examined also reflect his profound knowledge of both languages and the specific problems for the learners, the result of his direct and long-standing experience as an Italian teacher in Spain.
description: Italiano LinguaDue, V. 10, N. 1 (2018)
Sonnenfleckenzeichnung Nr. 10392.
Zeichnung von Flecken und Fackelflächen zur Ermittlung der Sonnenaktivität am 13.06.1927, erstellt von William Otto Brunner
Creators: name: Eidgenössische Sternwarte in Zürich (ETH Zürich bzw. vor 1911 Polytechnikum)
Publisher: name: [s.n.]
Year: 1927

description: Bleistiftzeichnung mit Tinte und Farbstift überschrieben, erstellt als Projektionsbildzeichnung in der Eidgenössischen Sternwarte Zürich. Instrument: Kern-Merz-Refraktor.
Die Beobachtungen zu Einzelflecken und zu Sonnenfleckengruppen wurden mit Bleistift auf einem Vordruck eingetragen. Zugeordnete numerische Werte wurden in einer separat geführten, chronologischen Tabelle erfasst. Unter Umständen sind tabellarisch notierte Werte, die für Protuberanzen mit rot geschrieben wurden (zum Teil Doppelbeobachtungen), direkt auf der Fleckenzeichnung vermerkt
description: ETH-Bibliothek
title: Fusionen und Übernahmen am Beispiel der Luxusbranche
Creators: name: Passemier-Bernet, Pierre Julien
Year: 2011

description: Diese Arbeit versucht eine Erklärung für das Phänomen von Konzentrationen in der Luxusindustrie zu geben. Dabei zeigt diese Arbeit mit der Fallstudie über den Richemont Konzern, warum dieses Phänomen in der Luxusindustrie mehr als in anderen Sektoren verbreitet ist.
An Adversarial Model for Scheduling with Testing
Creators: name: Dürr, Christoph
name: Erlebach, Thomas
name: Megow, Nicole
name: Meißner, Julie
Publisher: name: Springer
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Explorable uncertainty
subject: Competitive analysis
subject: Lower bounds
subject: Scheduling
subject: 510

description: We introduce a novel adversarial model for scheduling with explorable uncertainty. In this model, the processing time of a job can potentially be reduced (by an a priori unknown amount) by testing the job. Testing a job j takes one unit of time and may reduce its processing time from the given upper limit ̄pj (which is the time taken to execute the job if it is not tested) to any value between 0 and ̄pj . This setting is motivated e.g., by applications where a code optimizer can be run on a job before executing it. We consider the objective of minimizing the sum of completion times on a single machine. All jobs are available from the start, but the reduction in their processing times as a result of testing is unknown, making this an online problem that is amenable to competitive analysis. The need to balance the time spent on tests and the time spent on job executions adds a novel flavor to the problem. We give the first and nearly tight lower and upper bounds on the competitive ratio for deterministic and randomized algorithms. We also show that minimizing the makespan is a considerably easier problem for which we give optimal deterministic and randomized online algorithms.
FARE (STORIA DELLA) LINGUA ITALIANA CON LESSICI DELL’OTTOCENTO IN RETE
Creators: name: Marello, Carla
Publisher: name: Italiano LinguaDue
Year: 2018

description: Il tipo di testo “voce lessicografica digitale”, molto strutturato, dovrebbe esser studiato fra i tipi di testo. Servirebbe a controbilanciare una diffusa credenza secondo cui la consultazione dei dizionari digitali online è talmente facile da non richiedere una specifica propedeutica. In questo contributo tratteremo dell’allenamento a usare dizionari interrogabili per intero con modalità tutto testo  ed eventuale ricerca avanzata. In particolare si commenteranno gli esercizi pensati per allenare a ricerche in dizionari dell’Ottocento come il Tommaseo-Bellini o la quarta e quinta edizione del Vocabolario dell’Accademia della Crusca, anche partendo da brani letterari. Non sempre è indispensabile ricorrere alla consultazione di un dizionario per svolgere questi esercizi, ma pensiamo che le esercitazioni nel loro insieme siano un esempio di come fare (storia della) lingua italiana facendo letteratura italiana e imparando a fare ricerche in basi di dati in rete, quali i dizionari digitali di fatto sono.

The history of Italian language through lexicons of the xix century in the network

As a type of text the “digital dictionary entry” is very complex and should be studied as a text type.  It should be explained in classes dealing with text types in order to counterbalance the widespread belief that looking up material in digital dictionaries is easy and therefore there is no need for explanation or specific training. In this paper we present and discuss training exercises to exploit pieces of information contained in Eighteenth and Nineteenth centuries dictionaries freely accesible on-line such as Tommaseo-Bellini, fourth and fifth editions of Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca.  We will show exercises designed to start from literary passages. It is not always necessary to use dictionaries in order to carry out proposed tasks, but we believe that such tasks help to explain to users the history of Italian language through Italian literature and that they are all the more useful since the users must conduct searches on those online databases, which is what digital dictionaries are.
description: Italiano LinguaDue, V. 10, N. 1 (2018)
Signaling Good Faith
Creators: name: McClellan, Andrew
name: Rappoport, Daniel
name: Bobkova, Nina
name: Callander, Steven
name: Eraslan, Hülya
name: Foarta, Dana
name: Izzo, Federica
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: Decision maker
Fixed agenda
Leniency
Communication equilibrium
Evidence distribution

description: A decision maker (DM) takes a binary decision and cares about their reputation for being responsive to evidence—a non-partisan type—as opposed to having a fixed agenda—a partisan type. Non-partisans have heterogeneous "leniency," i.e., evidence thresholds above which the high action is preferred, whereas partisans always prefer the low action. Before the evidence is realized, the DM can send a cheap talk message to the public about his plans following the evidence. A wide range of communication equilibria exists, including an "ex-ante signaling" in which the DM announces (and follows through on) a threshold above which he will take the high action. We show that the ex-ante signaling equilibrium generates the highest probability of taking the high action across all equilibria. We then endogenize the evidence distribution as the choice of an investigator who seeks to maximize the probability of the high action. Allowing for communication qualitatively changes the structure of the optimal investigation, pushing towards "unpredictability" in the distribution of evidence that hinders the partisan type in targeting his announced action threshold.
Evaluating the Evidence of Daily Income Targeting with Experimental and Observational Data
Creators: name: Brandon, Alec
name: Camerer, Colin
name: List, John
name: Muir, Ian
name: Wang, Jenny
name: Bernheim, Douglas
name: Beshears, John
name: Crawford, Vincent
name: Laibson, David
name: Malmendier, Ulrike
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: Daily income targeting
Rideshare drivers
Windfall treatment
Daily income measure
Flexible controls

description: We evaluate the evidence of daily income targeting by designing and analyzing a field experiment that randomly assigns financial windfalls across thousands of rideshare drivers. Over the year leading up to our windfall experiment, our sample replicates the observational finding that the faster a driver accumulates daily income the earlier they conclude their workdays. However, we find that our windfall treatment, which increases daily income by more than thirty percent, has no detectable effect on the labor supply of our sample. This null effect is estimated precisely enough to reject the effects predicted by the prior evidence and our replications. Heterogeneity analyses also fail to detect a statistically significant effect of the treatment windfall. Revisiting our replications, we find that a more complete measure of daily income and more flexible controls causes higher levels of daily income to no longer coincide with the early conclusion of workdays. The precision of our experimentally estimated nulls and the sensitivity of our replications to alternative specifications call into question much of the evidence of daily income targeting and provide guidance for future research.
DIZIONARI DEI SINONIMI PER STUDIARE L’ITALIANO TRA OTTO E NOVECENTO
Creators: name: Maconi, Ludovica
Publisher: name: Italiano LinguaDue
Year: 2018

description: Il contributo ripercorre la storia dei dizionari dei sinonimi tra Otto e Novecento. Accanto al grande e celebre Tommaseo, si segnalano tre dizionari di piccola mole di Giuseppe Grassi, Stefano Zecchini e Pietro Fanfani, che ebbero fortunato impiego nella scuola dell’Ottocento, quando il dizionario dei sinonimi fu verosimilmente impiegato come testo per la lettura continuata e interpretato come tassello intermedio tra dizionario dialettale e vocabolario monolingue nel passaggio dal dialetto alla lingua. Nella Relazione sui mezzi per unificare la lingua italiana, nessun riferimento fu fatto da Manzoni sull’utilità di questo strumento, eppure persino maestri manzoniani proposero ai loro allievi lo studio dei sinonimi (Luigi Morandi, ad esempio, condusse un esperimento lessicografico nel quale distinse con apposite marche le forme fiorentine e introdusse distinzioni di registro. Giuseppe Rigutini curò una riedizione del Tommaseo con aggiunte e correzioni che andavano nella direzione del fiorentino vivo). Nella seconda metà dell’Ottocento, anche gli apparati di note di antologie scolastiche dei Promessi sposi, nei quali si commentavano le scelte linguistiche operate da Manzoni, avevano forma e funzioni proprie dei dizionari dei sinonimi.

19th and 20th century Italian synonym dictionaries

The article recounts the history of Italian synonym dictionaries between the 19th and the 20th centuries, when this kind of dictionary  was used for consultation and no longer read during lessons. Tommaseo is the author of the most important dictionary of synonyms, but the article focuses on three small dictionaries published in the 19thcentury written by Giuseppe Grassi, Stefano Zecchini and Pietro Fanfani. They are important both as instruments for teaching Italian at school and as a first step for young students to learn the national language, before consulting bigger, monolingual dictionaries.  Manzoni never spoke about the utility of synonym dictionaries in Relazione sull’unità della lingua, but teachers who followed Manzoni’s linguistic theories approached this kind of dictionary, adding the notation “fiorentino”, giving information on the stylistic register (eg. Luigi Morandi and Giuseppe Rigutini).
description: Italiano LinguaDue, V. 10, N. 1 (2018)
Selection of Anabaena sp. PCC 7938 as a Cyanobacterium Model for Biological ISRU on Mars
Creators: name: P. Ramalho, Tiago
name: Chopin, Guillaume
name: Pérez Carrascal, Olga Maria
name: Tromas, Nicolas
name: Verseux, Cyprien
Publisher: name: American Society for Microbiology
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Space exploration
subject: Biological life-support systems
subject: Perchlorate resistance
subject: Geomicrobiology
subject: In situ resource utilization
subject: 570

description: Crewed missions to Mars are expected to take place in the coming decades. After short-term stays, a permanent presence will be desirable to enable a wealth of scientific discoveries. This will require providing crews with life-support consumables in amounts that are too large to be imported from Earth. Part of these consumables could be produced on site with bioprocesses, but the feedstock should not have to be imported. A solution under consideration lies in using diazotrophic, rock-weathering cyanobacteria as primary producers: fed with materials naturally available on site, they would provide the nutrients required by other organisms. This concept has recently gained momentum but progress is slowed by a lack of consistency across contributing teams, and notably of a shared model organism. With the hope to address this issue, we present the work performed to select our current model. We started with preselected strains from the Nostocaceae family. After sequencing the genome of Anabaena sp. PCC 7938—the only one not yet available—we compared the strains’ genomic data to determine their relatedness and provide insights into their physiology. We then assessed and compared relevant features: chiefly, their abilities to utilize nutrients from Martian regolith, their resistance to perchlorates (toxic compounds present in the regolith), and their suitability as feedstock for secondary producers (here a heterotrophic bacterium and a higher plant). This led to the selection of Anabaena sp. PCC 7938, which we propose as a model cyanobacterium for the development of bioprocesses based on Mars’s natural resources.
Inventory of frozen samples : Ticks collected in 2007 at site DA1
Creators: name: (German Part Of EU FP6) EDEN
Publisher: name: OSF
Year: 2017
Subjects: 2007
Bavaria
DA1
Dachau
EDEN Project
EU FP6
Frozen Samples
Germany
Inventory
Ticks

description: Inventory of frozen samples : Ticks collected in 2007 at site DA1
Design on Matroids: Diversity vs Meritocracy
Creators: name: Yenmez, M. Bumin
name: Hafalir, Isa
name: Kojima, Fuhito
name: Yokote, Koji
name: Akbarpour, Mohammad
name: Dworczak, Piotr
name: Jagadeesan, Ravi
name: Li, Shengwu
name: Muir, Ellen
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Diversity
subject: Ordinal concavity
subject: Matroids
subject: Meritocracy
subject: College admissions

description: We provide optimal solutions to an institution that has dual goals of diversity and meritocracy when choosing from a set of applications. For example, in college admissions, administrators may want to admit a diverse class in addition to choosing students with the highest qualifications. We provide a family of choice rules that maximize merit subject to attaining a diversity level. We study the desirable properties of choice rules in this family and use them to find all subsets of applications on the diversity-merit Pareto frontier. In addition, we provide two novel characterizations of matroids.
Configuration Balancing for Stochastic Requests
Creators: name: Eberle, Franziska
name: Gupta, Anupam
name: Megow, Nicole
name: Moseley, Benjamin
name: Zhou, Rudy
Publisher: name: Springer
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Stochastic scheduling
subject: Stochastic routing
subject: Load balancing
subject: 510

description: The configuration balancing problem with stochastic requests generalizes well-studied resource allocation problems such as load balancing and virtual circuit routing. There are given m resources and n requests; each request has multiple possible configurations, each of which increases the load of each resource by some amount. The goal is to select one configuration for each request to minimize the makespan: the load of the most-loaded resource. In the stochastic setting, the amount by which a configuration increases the resource load is uncertain until the configuration is chosen, but we are given a probability distribution. We develop both offline and online algorithms for configuration balancing with stochastic requests. When the requests are known offline, we give a non-adaptive policy for configuration balancing with stochastic requests that O( log m / log log m)-approximates the optimal adaptive policy, which matches a known lower bound for the special case of load balancing on identical machines. When requests arrive online in a list, we give a non-adaptive policy that is O( log m ) competitive. Again, this result is asymptotically tight due to information-theoretic lower bounds for special cases (e.g., for load balancing on unrelated machines). Finally, we show how to leverage adaptivity in the special case of load balancing on related machines to obtain a constant-factor approximation offline and an O( log log m )-approximation online. A crucial technical ingredient in all of our results is a new structural characterization of the optimal adaptive policy that allows us to limit the correlations between its decisions.
Unemployment Insurance in Macroeconomic Stabilization with Imperfect Expectations
Creators: name: Bardóczy, Bence
name: Guerreiro, Joao
name: Auclert, Adrien
name: Bocola, Luigi
name: Mitman, Kurt
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: information frictions
bounded rationality
expectations surveys
unemployment insurance
heterogeneous agent New Keynesian models
stabilization policy

description: We study the power of state-dependent unemployment insurance (UI) to stabilize short-run fluctuations, allowing for arbitrary deviations from full information and rational expectations. Expectations are critical because higher UI generosity raises consumption, to a large extent, by lowering precautionary savings. If UI generosity is indexed to the unemployment rate, households must forecast the unemployment rate to anticipate the policy stance. We estimate unemployment expectations in response to identified aggregate shocks. We quantify the consequences of these imperfect expectations through the lens of a Heterogeneous Agent New Keynesian model. First, we work directly with the estimated forecast errors. Our methodological contribution is to use the non-parametric history of forecast errors and forecast revisions to solve dynamic decisions of optimizing agents. By doing so, we sidestep the need to choose a particular model of belief formation. The estimated model implies that imperfect anticipation substantially affects the stimulative power of UI extensions. Second, we compare alternative ways of implementing UI policies. To run counterfactuals, we estimate a structural model of belief formation. We show that a combination of noisy information and diagnostic expectations fits the data best among a large set of popular alternatives. A UI extension that is announced directly is more stimulative in the very short run than one that is indexed to the unemployment rate.
Santa Claus meets Makespan and Matroids: Algorithms and Reductions
Creators: name: Bamas, Étienne
name: Lindermayr, Alexander
name: Megow, Nicole
name: Rohwedder, Lars
name: Schlöter, Jens
Publisher: name: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Makespan
subject: matroids
subject: Santa Claus problem
subject: Makespan minimization
subject: 510

description: In this paper we study the relation of two fundamental problems in scheduling and fair allocation: makespan minimization on unrelated parallel machines and max-min fair allocation, also known as the Santa Claus problem. For both of these problems the best approximation factor is a notorious open question; more precisely, whether there is a better-than-2 approximation for the former problem and whether there is a constant approximation for the latter. While the two problems are intuitively related and history has shown that techniques can often be transferred between them, no formal reductions are known. We first show that an affirmative answer to the open question for makespan minimization implies the same for the Santa Claus problem by reducing the latter problem to the former. We also prove that for problem instances with only two input values both questions are equivalent. We then move to a special case called “restricted assignment”, which is well studied in both problems. Although our reductions do not maintain the characteristics of this special case, we give a reduction in a slight generalization, where the jobs or resources are assigned to multiple machines or players subject to a matroid constraint and in addition we have only two values. Since for the Santa Claus problem with matroids the two value case is up to constants equivalent to the general case, this draws a similar picture as before: equivalence for two values and the general case of Santa Claus can only be easier than makespan minimization. To complete the picture, we give an algorithm for our new matroid variant of the Santa Claus problem using a non-trivial extension of the local search method from restricted assignment. Thereby we unify, generalize, and improve several previous results. We believe that this matroid generalization may be of independent interest and provide several sample applications. As corollaries, we obtain a polynomial-time (2 — 1/nɛ)-approximation for two-value makespan minimization for every ɛ > 0, improving on the previous (2 — 1/m)-approximation, and a polynomial-time (1.75 + ɛ)- approximation for makespan minimization in the restricted assignment case with two values, improving the previous best rate of .
Cochylidia altivaga Diakonoff 1976
Creators: name: Sun, Yinghui
name: Li, Houhun
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Tortricidae
Cochylidia
Cochylidia altivaga

description: Cochylidia altivaga Diakonoff, 1976
(Figs. 2, 12)
Cochylidia altivaga Diakonoff, 1976: 5; Diakonoff, 1984: 283; Brown, 2005: 200. Type locality: Nepal (Prov. Chisapani Garhi).
Material examined. CHINA: Sichuan Province: 13, Zhubalong Town, Batang County (30°00ʹN, 99°09ʹE), 2500 m, 10.vii.2001, leg. Houhun Li and Xinpu Wang. Gansu Province: 13, Bifenggou, Wen County, 860 m, 14.vii.2005, leg. Haili Yu.
Diagnosis. Adult (Fig. 2) with wingspan 14.0 mm. The male genitalia of this species are similar to those of C. contumescens (Meyrick, 1931) (Fig. 12), but in C. altivaga the length of the valva is about 1.5 times its width, the phallus bears a spine at the distal 3/5, and the cornuti are a dense bundle of thin spines. In C. contumescens, the length of valva is about 2.0 times its width, the phallus bears a spine at the distal 1/4, and the cornuti consist of three curved, thick spines.
Distribution. China (Gansu, Sichuan), Nepal.
Note. This species is recorded for the first time in China.
description: Published as part of Sun, Yinghui & Li, Houhun, 2012, Review of the genus Cochylidia Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Cochylini) in China, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 3268 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213209
The Zero-Beta Interest Rate
Creators: name: Hébert, Benjamin
name: Di Tella, Sebastian
name: Kurlat, Pablo
name: Wang, Qitong
name: Bianchi, Francesco
name: Krishnamurthy, Arvind
name: Nico Lustig, Hanno
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Government debt
subject: Surplus
subject: Bonds
subject: Interest rate

description: We use equity returns to construct a time-varying measure of the interest rate that we call the zero-beta rate: the expected return of a stock portfolio orthogonal to the stochastic discount factor. The zero-beta rate is high and volatile. In contrast to safe rates, the zero-beta rate fits the aggregate consumption Euler equation remarkably well, both unconditionally and conditional on monetary shocks, and can explain the level and volatility of asset prices. We claim that the zero-beta rate is the correct intertemporal price.
Permutation Predictions for Non-Clairvoyant Scheduling
Creators: name: Lindermayr, Alexander
name: Megow, Nicole
Publisher: name: Association for Computing Machinery
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Non-clairvoyant
subject: Unrelated machines
subject: Competitive ratio
subject: Predictions
subject: Learning-augmented algorithms
subject: 510

description: In non-clairvoyant scheduling, the task is to find an online strategy for scheduling jobs with a priori unknown processing requirements with the objective to minimize the total (weighted) completion time. We revisit this well-studied problem in a recently popular learning-augmented setting that integrates (untrusted) predictions in online algorithm design. While previous works used predictions on processing requirements, we propose a new prediction model, which provides a relative order of jobs which could be seen as predicting algorithmic actions rather than parts of the unknown input. We show that these predictions have desired properties, admit a natural error measure as well as algorithms with strong performance guarantees and that they are learnable in both, theory and practice. We generalize the algorithmic framework proposed in the seminal paper by Kumar et al. (NeurIPS'18) and present the first learning-augmented scheduling results for weighted jobs and unrelated machines. We demonstrate in empirical experiments the practicability and superior performance compared to the previously suggested single-machine algorithms.