Desmobathrinae Meyrick 1886
Creators: name: Murillo-Ramos, Leidys
name: Brehm, Gunnar
name: Sihvonen, Pasi
name: Hausmann, Axel
name: Holm, Sille
name: Ghanavi, Hamid Reza
name: Õunap, Erki
name: Truuverk, Andro
name: Staude, Hermann
name: Friedrich, Egbert
name: Tammaru, Toomas
name: Wahlberg, Niklas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Geometridae

description: Desmobathrinae Meyrick, 1886 Taxa placed in Desmobathrinae were formerly recognized as Oenochrominae genera with slender appendages. <i>Holloway (1996)</i> revived Desmobathrinae from synonymy with Oenochrominae and divided it into the tribes Eumeleini and Desmobathrini. Desmobathrinae species have a pantropical distribution and they apparently (still) lack recognized morphological apomorphies (<i>Holloway, 1996</i>). Our phylogenetic analysis has questioned the monophyly of Desmobathrinae <i>sensu</i> Holloway because some species currently placed in Oenochrominae were embedded within the group (see also <i>Sihvonen et al., 2011</i>), and also the phylogenetic position of the tribe Eumeleini is unstable (see below). Desmobathrinae can be regarded as a monophyletic group after the transfer of <i>Zanclopteryx, Nearcha</i> and <i>Racasta</i> from Oenochrominae to Desmobathrinae, and the removal of Eumeleini (Table 2). Desmobathrinae as circumscribed here are an independent lineage that is sister to all Geometridae except Sterrhinae, Larentiinae and Archiearinae. The monobasic Eumeleini has had a dynamic taxonomic history: <i>Eumelea</i> was transferred from Oenochrominae <i>s.l</i>. to Desmobathrinae based on the pupal cremaster (<i>Holloway, 1996</i>), whereas <i>Beljaev (2008)</i> pointed out that <i>Eumelea</i> could be a member of Geometrinae based on the skeleto-muscular structure of the male genitalia. Molecular studies (<i>Sihvonen et al., 2011</i>, <i>Ban et al., 2018</i>) suggested that <i>Eumelea</i> was part of Oenochrominae <i>s.str</i>., but these findings were not well-supported and no formal taxonomic changes were proposed. Our analyses with IQTREE and RAxML recovered Eumeleini in two very different positions, either as sister to Geometrinae (SH-like = 93.6, UFBoot2 = 71) (Figs. 4 and 5), or as sister of <i>Plutodes</i> in Ennominae (RBS = 60) (Data S3). The examination of morphological details suggests that the position as sister to Geometrinae is more plausible: hindwing vein M2 is present and tubular; anal margin of the hindwing is elongated; and large coremata originate from the saccus (<i>Holloway, 1994</i>, our observations). The morphology of <i>Eumelea</i> is partly unusual, and for that reason we illustrate selected structures (Data S4), which include for instance the following: antennae and legs of both sexes are very long; forewing vein Sc (homology unclear) reaches wing margin; in male genitalia coremata are extremely large and branched; uncus is crossshaped (cruciform); tegumen is narrow and it extends ventrally beyond the point of articulation with vinculum; saccus arms are extremely long, looped; and vesica is with lateral rows of cornuti. However, the green geoverdin pigment concentration of <i>Eumelea</i> is low in comparison to Geometrinae (<i>Cook et al., 1994</i>). We tentatively conclude that <i>Eumelea</i> is probably indeed associated with Geometrinae. However, since eleven genetic markers were not sufficient to clarify the phylogenetic affinities of <i>Eumelea</i>, we provisionally place the genus as <i>incertae sedis</i> (Table 2).
description: Published as part of <i>Murillo-Ramos, Leidys, Brehm, Gunnar, Sihvonen, Pasi, Hausmann, Axel, Holm, Sille, Ghanavi, Hamid Reza, Õunap, Erki, Truuverk, Andro, Staude, Hermann, Friedrich, Egbert, Tammaru, Toomas &amp; Wahlberg, Niklas, 2019, A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies, pp. 1-39 in PeerJ 7</i> on page 20, DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7386, http://zenodo.org/record/5767530
description: {"references": ["Holloway J. 1996. The moths of Borneo, part 9: Geometridae (incl. Orthostixini), Oenochrominae, Desmobathrinae, Geometrinae. Ennominae Malayan Nature Journal 49: 147 - 326.", "Sihvonen P, Mutanen M, Kaila L, Brehm G, Hausmann A, Staude HS. 2011. Comprehensive molecular sampling yields a robust phylogeny for geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). PLOS ONE 6 (6): e 20356 DOI 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0020356.", "Beljaev EA. 2008. A new concept of the generic composition of the geometrid moth tribe Ennomini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) based on functional morphology of the male genitalia. Entomological Review 88 (1): 50 - 60 DOI 10.1134 / S 0013873808010089.", "Ban X, Jiang N, Cheng R, Xue D, Han H. 2018. Tribal classification and phylogeny of Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) inferred from seven gene regions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184 (3): 653 - 672 DOI 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zly 013.", "Holloway J. 1994. The moths of Borneo, part 11: family Geometridae, subfamily Ennominae. Malayan Nature Journal 47: 1 - 309.", "Cook MA, Harwood LM, Scoble MJ, McGavin GC. 1994. The chemistry and systematic importance of the green wing pigment in emerald moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae, Geometrinae). Biochemical systematics and ecology 22 (1): 43 - 51 DOI 10.1016 / 0305 - 1978 (94) 90113 - 9."]}