cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Photoproduction of mesons from nuclei - In-medium properties of hadrons
Creators: name: Krusche, B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent experimental results for the in-medium properties of hadrons obtained with photoproduction of mesons from nuclei are discussed. The experiments were done with the TAPS detector at the tagged photon beam of the MAMI accelerator in Mainz. Measured were the final states $π^o X$, $ηX$, $2π^oX$, and $π^oπ^{\pm}X$ for $^{12}$C, $^{40}$Ca, $^{93}$Nb, and $^{208}$Pb up to the second resonance region. The results were used for an investigation of the in-medium properties of the P$_{33}$(1232), the P$_{11}$(1440), the D$_{13}$(1520), and the S$_{11}$(1535) resonances. It was found that the cross sections can be spilt into a component which originates from the low density surface region of the nuclei and a component which scales like the nuclear volume. The energy dependence of the surface component is strikingly similar to the deuteron, it shows a clear signal for the second resonance peak. The volume component is lacking this peak and shows an enhancement at intermediate energies. Furthermore the measurement of coherent $η$-photoproduction and the final state $pπ^o$ from $^3$He is discussed in the context of the search for $η$-mesic nuclei.
description: Proceedings of International School of Nuclear Physics, 26th Course, Lepton Scattering and the Structure of Hadrons and Nuclei, Erice-Sicily, Italy 16. - 24. September 2004, to be published in Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys
Additional file 2 of Towards an understanding of the burdens of medication management affecting older people: the MEMORABLE realist synthesis
Creators: name: Maidment, Ian
name: Lawson, Sally
name: Wong, Geoff
name: Booth, Andrew
name: Watson, Anne
name: Hadar Zaman
name: Mullan, Judy
name: McKeown, Jane
name: Bailey, Sylvia
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Science Policy
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 2. MEMORABLE: Interview Schedules: key content of the interview schedules
Relaxation of the Boussinesq system and applications to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability
Creators: name: Gebhard, Björn
name: Kolumbán, József J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We consider the evolution of two incompressible fluids with homogeneous densities $ρ_-
description: 39 pages
Closing the Gap in non-Latin script data: An example of git-based pragmatism
Creators: name: Müller-Laackman, Jonas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Slides for the presentation at the DARIAH-Workshop "Creating Managing and Archiving Textual Corpora in Under-resourced Languages" in Hamburg in August 2024, see https://gitlab-ce.rrz.uni-hamburg.de/uahh-digitale-dienste/creating-managing-and-archiving-textual-corpora
Three-Loop Radiative-Recoil Corrections to Hyperfine Splitting in Muonium
Creators: name: Eides, Michael I.
name: Grotch, Howard
name: Shelyuto, Valery A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider three-loop radiative-recoil corrections to hyperfine splitting in muonium. These corrections are enhanced by the large logarithm of the electron-muon mass ratio. The leading logarithm cubed and logarithm squared contributions were obtained a long time ago. We calculate the single-logarithmic and nonlogarithmic contributions of order $α^3(m/M)E_F$ generated by gauge invariant sets of diagrams with one- and two-loop polarization insertions in diagrams with two exchanged photons and radiative photons, and by diagrams with one-loop radiative photon insertions both in the electron and muon lines. The results of this paper constitute a next step in the implementation of the program of reduction of the theoretical uncertainty of hyperfine splitting below 10 Hz. They improve the theory of hyperfine splitting, and affect the value of the electron-muon mass ratio extracted from experimental data on the muonium hyperfine splitting.
description: 13 pages, 18 figures
Multiphoton ionization of xenon in the VUV regime
Creators: name: Santra, Robin
name: Greene, Chris H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In a recent experiment at the VUV free-electron laser facility at DESY in Hamburg, the generation of multiply charged ions in a gas of atomic xenon was observed. This paper develops a theoretical description of multiphoton ionization of xenon and its ions. The numerical results lend support to the view that the experimental observation may be interpreted in terms of the nonlinear absorption of several VUV photons. The method rests on the Hartree-Fock-Slater independent-particle model. The multiphoton physics is treated within a Floquet scheme. The continuum problem of the photoelectron is solved using a complex absorbing potential. Rate equations for the ionic populations are integrated to take into account the temporal structure of the individual VUV laser pulses. The effect of the spatial profile of the free-electron laser beam on the distribution of xenon charge states is included. An Auger-type many-electron mechanism may play a role in the VUV multiphoton ionization of xenon ions.
description: 21 pages, 6 figures
title: The cranial placodes of vertebrates – an overview
Creators: name: Schlosser, Gerhard
Publisher: name: CRC Press
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: vertebrates
subject: cranial placodes

description: Chapter 2 opens a series of chapters dedicated to the mechanisms underlying the embryonic development of sensory and endocrine neurosecretory cell types and organs arising from cranial placodes. After a brief introduction to cell types, the second chapter provides an overview of the various cranial placodes and their derivatives in vertebrates. The adenohypophyseal placode develops into the anterior pituitary with six different neurosecretory cell types. The olfactory placode forms the olfactory and vomeronasal epithelia with the olfactory/vomeronasal primary sensory cells and several other cell types (e.g. cells secreting GnRH and other neuropeptides, mucus producing cells of the Bowman glands, sustentacular cells). The lens placode gives rise to the transparent lens fiber cells of the lens. The otic placode invaginates to form the inner ear with its mechanosensory hair cells and the sensory neurons transmitting information from these to the brain. These are involved in the perception of gravity and body position and in hearing. The lateral line placodes produces similar cell types on the surface of the body, which respond to water movements (and in some groups to electric stimuli) in aquatic vertebrates. Finally, the profundal, trigeminal and epibranchial placodes contribute sensory neurons to various cranial ganglia.
Microscopic theory of the fluctuating hydrodynamics in nonlinear lattices
Creators: name: Saito, Keiji
name: Hongo, Masaru
name: Dhar, Abhishek
name: Sasa, Shin-ichi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The theory of fluctuating hydrodynamics has been an important tool for analyzing macroscopic behavior in nonlinear lattices. However, despite its practical success, its microscopic derivation is still incomplete. In this work, we provide the microscopic derivation of fluctuating hydrodynamics, using the coarse-graining and projection technique; the equivalence of ensembles turns out to be critical. The Green-Kubo (GK) like formula for the bare transport coefficients is presented in a numerically computable form. Our numerical simulations show that the bare transport coefficients exist for a sufficiently large but finite coarse-graining length in the infinite lattice within the framework of the GK like formula. This demonstrates that the bare transport coefficients uniquely exist for each physical system.
description: 6+13 pages, 6 figures
Spin correlations and velocity-scaling in color-octet NRQCD matrix elements
Creators: name: Bodwin, Geoffrey T.
name: Lee, Jungil
name: Sinclair, D. K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We compute spin-dependent decay matrix elements for S-wave charmonium and bottomonium in lattice nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD). Particular emphasis is placed upon the color-octet matrix elements, since the corresponding production matrix elements are expected to appear in the dominant contributions to the production cross sections at large transverse momenta. We use three slightly different versions of the heavy-quark lattice Green's functions in order to minimize the contributions that scale as powers of the ultraviolet cutoff. The lattice matrix elements that we calculate obey the hierarchy that is suggested by the velocity-scaling rules of NRQCD.
description: 25 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, further discussion of effective lattice cutoffs and uncertainties, additional minor revisions, version to be published in Phys. Rev. D
Checkworthiness in Automatic Claim Detection Models: Definitions and Analysis of Datasets
Creators: name: Allein, Liesbeth
name: Moens, Marie-Francine
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Public, professional and academic interest in automated fact-checking has drastically increased over the past decade, with many aiming to automate one of the first steps in a fact-check procedure: the selection of so-called checkworthy claims. However, there is little agreement on the definition and characteristics of checkworthiness among fact-checkers, which is consequently reflected in the datasets used for training and testing checkworthy claim detection models. After elaborate analysis of checkworthy claim selection procedures in fact-check organisations and analysis of state-of-the-art claim detection datasets, checkworthiness is defined as the concept of having a spatiotemporal and context-dependent worth and need to have the correctness of the objectivity it conveys verified. This is irrespective of the claim's perceived veracity judgement by an individual based on prior knowledge and beliefs. Concerning the characteristics of current datasets, it is argued that the data is not only highly imbalanced and noisy, but also too limited in scope and language. Furthermore, we believe that the subjective concept of checkworthiness might not be a suitable filter for claim detection.
Optimal Investment and Financial Strategies under Tax Rate Uncertainty
Creators: name: Fedele, Alessandro
name: Panteghini, Paolo M.
name: Vergalli, Sergio
name: Fedele, Alessandro
name: Panteghini, Paolo M.
name: Vergalli, Sergio
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Financial Economics
subject: Capital Levy
subject: Corporate Taxation
subject: Default Risk
subject: Real Options

description: In this paper we apply a real-option model to study the effects of tax rate uncertainty on a firm's decisions. In doing so, we depart from the relevant literature, which focuses on fully equity-financed investment projects. By letting a representative firm borrow optimally, we show that debt finance not only encourages investment activities but can also substantially mitigate the effect of tax rate uncertainty on investment timing.
title: The vertebrates’ new head
Creators: name: Schlosser, Gerhard
Publisher: name: CRC Press
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: vertebrates
subject: head

description: The first chapter introduces the vertebrate head. The chapter argues that the vertebrate head is an evolutionary novelty that originated only in the vertebrate lineage. This was first proposed by Northcutt and Gans in their “New Head” hypothesis, which suggested that the “New Head” evolved when filter-feeding ancestors adopted a more active and predatory life-style. These authors also highlighted that the novel structures of the vertebrate head develop from only two novel embryonic tissues, the neural crest and the cranial placodes. After sketching this proposal, the chapter gives a brief overview of vertebrate head development (early development, neural crest, cranial placodes, head segmentation). This is followed by a short survey of the sensory (inner ear and lateral line, olfactory organs) and neurosecretory organs (anterior pituitary) of the vertebrate head developing from cranial placodes. The eye is also briefly introduced here, because the lens develops from a placode and the photoreceptors of the retina are evolutionarily related to other, placode-derived sensory cells (as shown later in the book). A final section provides an introduction to cranial nerves, which are also partly placode derived.
On the Convergence of Tsetlin Machines for the IDENTITY- and NOT Operators
Creators: name: Zhang, Xuan
name: Jiao, Lei
name: Granmo, Ole-Christoffer
name: Goodwin, Morten
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The Tsetlin Machine (TM) is a recent machine learning algorithm with several distinct properties, such as interpretability, simplicity, and hardware-friendliness. Although numerous empirical evaluations report on its performance, the mathematical analysis of its convergence is still open. In this article, we analyze the convergence of the TM with only one clause involved for classification. More specifically, we examine two basic logical operators, namely, the "IDENTITY"- and "NOT" operators. Our analysis reveals that the TM, with just one clause, can converge correctly to the intended logical operator, learning from training data over an infinite time horizon. Besides, it can capture arbitrarily rare patterns and select the most accurate one when two candidate patterns are incompatible, by configuring a granularity parameter. The analysis of the convergence of the two basic operators lays the foundation for analyzing other logical operators. These analyses altogether, from a mathematical perspective, provide new insights on why TMs have obtained state-of-the-art performance on several pattern recognition problems.
description: 23 pages, 10 figures
Regulatory Independence and Political Interference: Evidence from EU Mixed-Ownership Utilities’ Investment and Debt
Creators: name: Cambini, Carlo
name: Rondi, Laura
name: Cambini, Carlo
name: Rondi, Laura
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Financial Economics
subject: Regulated Utilities
subject: Investment
subject: Capital Structure
subject: Private and State Ownership
subject: Regulatory Independence
subject: Government’s Political Orientation

description: This paper examines the investment and financial decisions of a sample of 92 EU regulated utilities, taking into account key institutional features of EU public utilities, such as: a) regulation by agencies with various degrees of independence; b) partial ownership of the state in the regulated firm; and c) the government’s political orientation, which may ultimately influence the regulatory climate to be either more pro-firm or more pro-consumers. Our results show that regulatory independence matters for both investment and financial decisions. Investment increases under an Independent Regulatory Agency (IRA), while ownership has no effect. Leverage also increases when the IRA is in place, especially so if the regulated firm is privately controlled. Finally political orientation does matter, as firm investment increases under more conservative (pro-firm) governments, but this effect appears to revert when the IRA is in place.
Covariant baryon charge radii and magnetic moments in a chiral constituent quark model
Creators: name: Berger, K.
name: Wagenbrunn, R. F.
name: Plessas, W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The charge radii and magnetic moments of all the light and strange baryons are investigated within the framework of a constituent quark model based on Goldstone-boson-exchange dynamics. Following the point-form approach to relativistic quantum mechanics, the calculations are performed in a manifestly covariant manner. Relativistic (boost) effects have a sizeable influence on the results. The direct predictions of the constituent quark model are found to fall remarkably close to the available experimental data.
description: 6 pages, 4 tables
Numerical simulations of a falling film on the inner surface of a rotating cylinder
Creators: name: Farooq, Usmaan
name: Stafford, Jason
name: Petit, Camille
name: Matar, Omar K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A flow in which a thin film falls due to gravity on the inner surface of a vertical, rotating cylinder is investigated. This is performed using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) direct numerical simulations, with a volume-of-fluid approach to treat the interface. The problem is parameterised by the Reynolds, Froude, Weber and Ekman numbers. The variation of the Ekman number ($Ek$), defined to be proportional of the rotational speed of the cylinder, has a strong effect on the flow characteristics. Simulations are conducted over a wide range of $Ek$ values ($0 \leq Ek \leq 484$) in order to provide detailed insight into how this parameter influences the flow. Our results indicate that increasing $Ek$, which leads to a rise in the magnitude of centrifugal forces, produces a stabilising effect, suppressing wave formation. Key flow features, such as the transition from a 2D to a more complex 3D wave regime, are influenced significantly by this stabilisation, and are investigated in detail. Furthermore, the imposed rotation results in distinct flow characteristics such as the development of angled waves, which arise due to the combination of gravitationally- and centrifugally-driven motion in the axial and azimuthal directions, respectively. We also use a weighted residuals integral boundary layer method to determine a boundary in the space of Reynolds and Ekman numbers that represents a threshold beyond which waves have recirculation regions.
description: 18 pages, 10 figures
title: Differentiation of sensory and neuronal cell types from neurogenic placodes
Creators: name: Schlosser, Gerhard
Publisher: name: CRC Press
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Neurogenic placodes

description: Chapter 6 discusses, how general mechanisms of sensory/neuronal differentiation are modulated in a placode-specific way to produce the specific sensory and neuronal cell types generated by individual placodes. For each placode, structure and function of its various derivative cell types is first reviewed, followed by an overview of transcription factors regulating specification and differentiation of these cell types. This survey suggests that the specification of general somatosensory neurons (GSNs) developing from the profundal and trigeminal placodes depends on a core-regulatory network (CoRN) of Neurog1/2, POU4f1, Islet1, Tlx1/3, and Pax3. The viscerosensory neurons derived from epibranchial placodes, instead require Phox2b (which represses POU4f1), but share other transcription factors with GSNs (e.g. Neurog1/2, Islet1, Tlx1/3). The CoRNs of the special somatosensory neurons (SSNs) derived from the otic and lateral line placodes (including Neurog1, Islet1 and POU4f1) likewise overlap with those of GSNs, while some members of the CoRNs specifying the hair cells derived from the same placodes (e.g. Atoh1, POU4f3, Gfi1 and Prox1) are shared with other sensory cell types. The CoRNs specifying SSNs and hair cells, therefore, most likely involve additional, regionally confined transcription factors such as Pax2/8. The receptor neurons originating from the olfactory placode, in contrast, rely on a different CoRN (e.g. Ascl1, Lhx2, DMRT4/5).
UNIDAD DE MANEJO PARA LA CONSERVACION DE LA VIDA SILVESTRE COMO ALTERNATIVA PARA “LOS NUEVOS AGRONEGOCIOS”
Creators: name: Retes Lopez, Rafael
name: Cuevas Gonzalez, Martha Isela
name: Moreno Medina, Salomon
name: Denogean Ballesteros, Francisco G.
name: Ibarra Flores, Fernando A.
name: Martin Rivera, Martha H.
name: Retes Lopez, Rafael
name: Cuevas Gonzalez, Martha Isela
name: Moreno Medina, Salomon
name: Denogean Ballesteros, Francisco G.
name: Ibarra Flores, Fernando A.
name: Martin Rivera, Martha H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Unit
subject: handling
subject: conservation
subject: cinegetic
subject: agribusiness
subject: viable
subject: wild hunting.

description: The contamination of the ecosystems, over-exploitation and introduction of invading plants as well as the climatic change are considered causes of the loss of the biodiversity combined to the illegal animal traffic and plants that are exported of clandestine way to other countries which has gotten to represent between the 60 and 70 percent of the illegal commerce of our country; it is obligatory that the agronegocios do a use viable of the natural resources trying a sensible development. At international level Convention exists an organism denominated “on Commercial the International of Threatened Species of Wild Fauna and Flora” (CITES) signed in 1973 in Washington, D.C whose function is to regulate the international trade and at the same time to promote the conservation and the viable advantage of the wild life; ever since it entered in force, no species protected by this one has been extinguished as a result of the international trade. At national level and through the Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), the National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of the Biodiversity (CONABIO) that is a scientific authority helps in workings of supervision and preservation of the flora and wild fauna. It is counted in addition on Areas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) those are aquatic earth areas or included within the national territory representative of diverse ecosystems and where the original atmosphere has not been modified essentially. The Management Unit for the Wildlife Conservation (UMA's) are a good alternative for the agronegocios through the modality of cinegetic farm having the registered State of Sonant 1.409 with a surface of 7,66 million hectares; they represent an additional entrance the producers when allowing a controlled hunting of some species like the wild lamb, deer white tail, among others. This agribusiness represent a good known alternative the being like “the new agribusiness” which allows to have a better advantage of the resources through development with conservation of the natural resources like flora and wild fauna.
ANÁLISIS FODA Y PERSPECTIVAS DEL CULTIVO DEL NOGAL PECANERO EN CHIHUAHUA
Creators: name: Ojeda Barrios, Damaris L.
name: Arras Vota, Ana Maria
name: Hernandez Rodriguez, O. Adriana
name: Lopez Diaz, Julio Cesar
name: Aguilar Valdes, Alfredo
name: Denogean Ballesteros, Francisco G.
name: Ojeda Barrios, Damaris L.
name: Arras Vota, Ana Maria
name: Hernandez Rodriguez, O. Adriana
name: Lopez Diaz, Julio Cesar
name: Aguilar Valdes, Alfredo
name: Denogean Ballesteros, Francisco G.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: WOTS-UP analysis
subject: pecan system
subject: production and commercialization.

description: Pecan production is one of the most important crops in our country. It not only has an economical capacity as a generator of foreign currency, but also for the social context in which it develops its production. Most of the pecan growers have small sized orchards, but at the same time, there are few pecan growers with large sized orchards that use modern technology. The objective of this study is to present a SWOT analysis of the pecan system and to describe the contexts in which it is produced and commercialized, as well as the main characteristics and problems that appear in pecan production, as well as the prediction of its future under current production and management conditions.
Asteroseismology of Procyon A with SARG at TNG
Creators: name: Claudi, R. U.
name: Bonanno, A.
name: Leccia, S.
name: Ventura, R.
name: Desidera, S.
name: Gratton, R.
name: Cosentino, R.
name: Paterno, L.
name: Endl, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present high precision radial velocity measurements on the F5 IV star alpha CMi obtained by the SARG spectrograph at TNG (Telescopio Nazionale Galileo) exploiting the iodine cell technique. The time series of about 950 spectra of Procyon A taken during 6 observation nights are affected by an individual error of 1.3 m/s. Thanks to the iodine cell technique, the spectrograph contribution to the Doppler shift measurement error is quite negligible and our error is dominated by the photon statistics Brown et al 1994. An excess of power between 0.5 and 1.5 mHz, detected also by Martic et al. 2004 has been found. We determined a large separation frequency Delta nu0 = 56\pm 2 microHz, consistent with both theoretical estimates Chaboyer et al. 1999 and previous observations Martic et al. 2004.
description: 4 pages, 5 figures, accepted to be published in A&A Letters
Automating the Communication of Cybersecurity Knowledge: Multi-Case Study
Creators: name: Shojaifar, Alireza
name: Fricker, Samuel A.
name: Gwerder, Martin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Cybersecurity is essential for the protection of companies against cyber threats. Traditionally, cybersecurity experts assess and improve a company's capabilities. However, many small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) consider such services not to be affordable. We explore an alternative do-it-yourself (DIY) approach to bringing cybersecurity to SMBs. Our method and tool, CYSEC, implements the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to guide and motivate SMBs to adopt good cybersecurity practices. CYSEC uses assessment questions and recommendations to communicate cybersecurity knowledge to the end-user SMBs and encourage self-motivated change. In this paper, the operationalisation of SDT in CYSEC is presented and the results of a multi-case study shown that offer insight into how SMBs adopted cybersecurity practices with CYSEC. Effective automated cybersecurity communication depended on the SMB's hands-on skills, tools adaptedness, and the users' willingness to documenting confidential information. The SMBs wanted to learn in simple, incremental steps, allowing them to understand what they do. An SMB's motivation to improve security depended on the fitness of assessment questions and recommendations with the SMB's business model and IT infrastructure. The results of this study indicate that automated counselling can help many SMBs in security adoption. The final publication is available at Springer via https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-030-59291-2_8
description: 14 pages, 1 figure, 13th World Conference on Information Security Education
title: Origin of cranial placodes from a common primordium
Creators: name: Schlosser, Gerhard
Publisher: name: CRC Press
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Cranial placodes
subject: Common primordium

description: Chapter 3 shows that, in spite of the distinct derivatives and functions of different placodes, all cranial placodes have a common origin in embryonic development. The chapter first highlights some important similarities between the development of different placodes, viz. the generation of neurons or sensory cells by most placodes and the importance of cell shape changes and morphogenetic movements during placode development. It then argues that these shared aspects of placode development are due to the origin of all placodes from a common primordium, the so-called pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE). The PPE is characterized by the expression of Six1/2 and Six4/5 transcription factors and their cofactors of the Eya family. The second part of the chapter reviews how the PPE originates in early vertebrate development in parallel to other ectodermal territories such as neural crest, neural plate and epidermis. This review focusses in particular on the role of transcription factors during this process (including the increasingly dorsally restricted TFAP2a, Msx1, Dlx3/5, Ventx2, an FoxI1-4, and the increasingly ventrally restricted Sox3, Sox11, Zic1/3, and Geminin), since these appear to play central roles for the cell fate decisions that step by step convert pluripotent cells into sensory and neurosecretory cell types.
Development of Rural Banks in Yellow River Delta
Creators: name: Sun, Jin-Feng
name: Zhou, Xue-Sheng
name: Sun, Jin-Feng
name: Zhou, Xue-Sheng
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Yellow River Delta
subject: rural banks
subject: rural economy
subject: countermeasures
subject: China

description: The current status of new-type rural financial institutions in the Yellow River delta is summarized. It is pointed out that these financial institutions have improved the development of economy concerning agriculture, rural areas and peasants, but due to the shortage of capital, deficit and many other reasons, the outlets is fewer, which can not serve the agriculture, rural areas and peasants well. The necessity of developing rural banks in the Yellow River delta is introduced: in the first place, rural banks can serve the agriculture, rural areas and peasants well with flexible system and management methods. Secondly, rural banks can serve and support the vulnerable groups of the three rural issues concerning agriculture, countryside and famers well. Thirdly, the rural bank provides strong support for the comprehensive development of rural business concerning the agriculture, rural areas and peasants. Fourthly, rural banks have significant advantages in serving the agriculture, rural areas and peasants. The probability of developing rural banks in the Yellow River delta is analyzed from the three advantages of policy, environment and economy. The challenges faced by the development of rural banks are studied as follows: firstly, the short-term gains are hard to take effect. Secondly, the capital quantity of rural banks is large. Thirdly, the pressure of competition and operation is great. Thus the countermeasures of developing rural banks in the Yellow River delta are put forward: for instance, clarifying the service object in a certain area; using the minority to bring along the majority; reducing the risk of asymmetric information by information technology.
The ABCs of antigen presentation : defining antigen processing pathways
Creators: name: Johnson, Laura Alexandra
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter TAP (ABCB2/3) is an integral component of the endogenous antigen processing pathway. Without TAP, antigenic peptides cannot enter the ER to bind to class I MHC molecules en route to the cell surface, and as a result, no cellmediated immune response can occur. All normal cells can present endogenous antigens, but exogenous antigen presentation is conducted solely by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs). The precise mechanism of intracellular transport of these exogenous antigens remains unknown. As TAP plays an integral role in endogenous peptide transport, it is conceivable that other ABC transporters play a similar role in exogenous antigen processing. Using RT-PCR, gene expression of all 46 known murine ABC transporters was assayed in APCs and non-APCs in response to various stimulatory cytokines and exogenous antigens. A pattern emerged, whereby APCs induced many specific ABC genes compared to non-APCs, and activated dendritic cells (DCs) expressed the highest number. Incorporating information based on the evolutionary phylogeny of sequence similarity to known antigen transporters, 18 candidate antigen presenting genes were identified. The ABCB9 transporter gene shared the highest sequence homology to the TAP genes, was differentially expressed in activated DCs, and localized to endosome and lysosomal compartments. An ABCB9[sup -/-] mouse was made and characterized for an immunological phenotype. While no defect in live viral immune response was observed, a defective T-cell response to cross-presented exogenous antigens such as ovalbumin and heat-inactivated Sendai virus was discovered, but not to MHC class-II restricted antigens. This defect was traced back to an inability of ABCB9[sup -/-] DCs to present these antigens on the cell surface, and was consistent with a lack of antigen transport between the endo/lysosome and the cytoplasm, as introduction of endogenous antigen corrected the defect. The contribution of the ABCB9 gene to cancer immunology was then evaluated, and it was found that upon challenge with live tumour cells, pre-immunized ABCB9[sup -/-] mice were no more susceptible than wild-type mice. Thus, exogenous antigen presentation is not the primary method by which a cellular anti-tumour response is primed in-vivo.
title: General mechanisms of sensory and neuronal differentiation
Creators: name: Schlosser, Gerhard
Publisher: name: CRC Press
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Sensory differentiation
subject: Neuronal differentiation

description: Chapters 5-8 review how the differentiation of various placodal cell types is regulated. The first of these, chapter 5, summarizes common mechanisms regulating the formation of neurons and sensory cells in most placodes. The first section discusses how SoxB1 transcription factors cooperate with other proteins (including HES and Id factors) to keep cells in a proliferating progenitor state, while biasing them towards neuronal or sensory fate. The second section then summarizes how bHLH transcription factors of the Achaete-Scute- (Ascl), Atonal- (Atoh), and Neurogenin- (Neurog) subfamilies initiate the neuronal and sensory differentiation program in a subset of cells while repressing differentiation and maintaining progenitor states in adjacent cells (lateral inhibition). Finally, it is briefly sketched, how bHLH transcription factors cooperate with additional, regionally restricted transcription factors including LIM-type (e.g., Islet1), Paired-type (e.g., Phox2a, Phox2b, DRG11), and POU-type (e.g., Brn3a and Brn3c) homeodomain proteins, COE-type bHLH proteins, Runx proteins and Fox proteins (e.g., FoxG1) in the specification of sensory and neuronal cell types specific for individual placodes.
An Analysis of Evolution of Lending Patterns of IFAD China’s Rural Financial Project
Creators: name: Wang, Yun-Kui
name: Xin, Rui
name: Wang, Yun-Kui
name: Xin, Rui
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: IFAD
subject: Rural Finance Project
subject: FAO
subject: Lending patterns
subject: China

description: This paper tells us briefly the background and aims of the foundation of IFAD. It points out that IFAD plays an important part in helping the development of agricultural and food production in developing countries, and in reducing the poverty conditions in the poorest countries. It tells us that IFAD has offered donation to China for 8 times, with a total amount reaching to 56.839 million dollars. With the development of the economy of China, IFAD has changed its leading financial policies to China from a highly beneficial policy to a moderate lending policy. The operation of the loan projects have greatly improved the living conditions and of the local and the conditions of agricultural production, promoting the improvement of economy, social stability, and environment. It discusses several lending patterns of IFAD China’ s rural financial projects. The government-lending model, which is represented by the IFAD financial loan. Market-oriented model of formal financial institution, which is represented by IFAD Rural Credit Cooperatives, with market oriented. Government supporting as secondary model, which are dominated by IFAD Women’s lending patterns and Village Development Fund lending model. In this paper, advantages and disadvantages are analyzed and evaluated. It discusses the development trend of IFAD financial lending patterns in terms of Rural Credit Cooperatives and a pattern which is community –oriented and farmers-benefited.
Multiresolution techniques for the detection of gravitational-wave bursts
Creators: name: Chatterji, S
name: Blackburn, L
name: Martin, G
name: Katsavounidis, E
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present two search algorithms that implement logarithmic tiling of the time-frequency plane in order to efficiently detect astrophysically unmodeled bursts of gravitational radiation. The first is a straightforward application of the dyadic wavelet transform. The second is a modification of the windowed Fourier transform which tiles the time-frequency plane for a specific Q. In addition, we also demonstrate adaptive whitening by linear prediction, which greatly simplifies our statistical analysis. This is a methodology paper that aims to describe the techniques for identifying significant events as well as the necessary pre-processing that is required in order to improve their performance. For this reason we use simulated LIGO noise in order to illustrate the methods and to present their preliminary performance.
description: Proceedings of the 8th Gravitational Wave Data Analysis Workshop, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 12 pages, 3 figures
title: Differentiation of photoreceptors
Creators: name: Schlosser, Gerhard
Publisher: name: CRC Press
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Photoreceptors

description: Chapter 7 discusses how photoreceptors and other cells found in the retina of the vertebrate eye or in the pineal body differentiate. These cell types do not develop from cranial placodes but from the neural tube. However, part three of the book will reveal that these cell types are evolutionarily closely related to other sensory cell types (e.g. mechanoreceptors) that are placode derived. To prepare for this argument, this chapter reviews vertebrate photoreceptors and related cell types and summarizes how their specification is transcriptionally regulated. This survey shows that these cells fall into two broad classes suggesting an evolutionary origin from two distinct types of photoreceptors in the vertebrate ancestor. The rods and cones of the retina and most other photoreceptors in the brain (e.g of the pineal body) are ciliary photoreceptors, which rely on ciliary opsin for phototransduction and depend on a core regulatory network (CoRN) involving Rx, Otx2 and Otx5/Crx. Bipolar cells may be evolutionarily derived from such ciliary photoreceptors, but have lost photosensitivity. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), on the other hand, are modified rhabdomeric photoreceptors, which rely on rhabdomeric opsin (melanopsin) and depend on a CoRN involving Pax6, Atoh7, POU4f2 and Islet1. Other RGCs, amacrine and horizontal cells may also be evolutionarily derived from rhabdomeric photoreceptors, but have lost photosensitivity.
Comprehensive Study on the Human Driving Forces of Cultivated Land and Construction Land Use Change in Hubei Province, China
Creators: name: Xu, Xin-Chuang
name: Cheng, Dong-Lai
name: Liu, Cheng-Wu
name: Xu, Xin-Chuang
name: Cheng, Dong-Lai
name: Liu, Cheng-Wu
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Cultivated land
subject: Construction land
subject: Factor analysis
subject: Human driving force
subject: China

description: Change trend of cultivated land in Hubei Province is analyzed. The years 1998-2003 are the reduction period of cultivated land; the years 2004-2007 are the increase period of cultivated land; the years 1988-2002 are the slow growth period of construction land; and the years of 2003 and 2007 are the increase period of construction land. Based on related social economic statistical data in 1988-2007, human driving forces on cultivated land and construction land in Hubei Province are analyzed quantitatively and comparatively by using SPSS software and mathematical statistical method. Result shows that driving forces have negative driving effect on cultivated land, and positive driving effect on construction land. Driving forces have significant differences of driving effects on cultivated land and construction land. Three principal components affecting the changes of cultivated land and construction land are policy, population and economic development level, and gap between urban and rural living standards. The three principal components have different degrees of sensitivity on the two land use types and the effects direction is reverse. The other factor driving abilities are relatively weak, and there factors have relatively stronger driving forces on construction land than that on cultivated land. It is put forward that Hubei Province should implement rational allocation of land resources and scientific and rational use in order to ensure land security and to realize the sustainable development of regional economy and society based on the intensive land use, the planning constraints and the agricultural and industrial production.
Polariton condensation with localised excitons and propagating photons
Creators: name: Keeling, Jonathan
name: Eastham, P. R.
name: Szymanska, M. H.
name: Littlewood, P. B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We estimate the condensation temperature for microcavity polaritons, allowing for their internal structure. We consider polaritons formed from localised excitons in a planar microcavity, using a generalised Dicke model. At low densities, we find a condensation temperature T_c \propto ρ, as expected for a gas of structureless polaritons. However, as T_c becomes of the order of the Rabi splitting, the structure of the polaritons becomes relevant, and the condensation temperature is that of a B.C.S.-like mean field theory. We also calculate the excitation spectrum, which is related to observable quantities such as the luminescence and absorption spectra.
description: 5 pages, 4 figures, Corrected typos, replaced figure 3
The evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in greenhouse Trichoplusia ni populations
Creators: name: Janmaat, Alida Francisca
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), has become the mainstay of nonchemical control of Lepidopteran pests either as sprays or through the incorporation of Bt toxins into transgenic crops. Findings in the present study, report the frequent and rapid development of resistance to Bt subsp. kurstaki in populations of cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni, in commercial greenhouses in British Columbia, Canada. Studies of the genetic inheritance of resistance to Bt (DiPel) in these populations suggest that the Bt resistance is inherited as an autosomal, partially recessive trait and is due to more than one gene. However in a second study, dominance of Bt resistance varied with the host plant on which Bt was provided suggesting that the host plant will impact resistance evolution. Cucumber, tomato and sweet pepper are the three principal crops grown in commercial greenhouses. In laboratory studies, T. ni performance varied considerably among the three crops with the most rapid growth and highest fecundity on cucumber leaves and the least rapid growth and lowest fecundity on pepper leaves. This finding suggests that there is intense selection pressure on T. ni populations in pepper environments. Suprisingly, a negative relationship between fecundity and offspring size was observed across the three host plant treatment groups. Offspring of the most fecund cucumber treatment group were significantly smaller than offspring of the least fecund pepper treatment group. Resistance traits are often assumed to be associated with fitness costs and the presence of such costs may depend on the environment. In herbivorous insects, the host plant is a pivotal component of the herbivore's environment and it is likely that resistance-associated fitness costs are magnified by poor nutritional resources. Therefore, the performance of four genotypic lines (resistant, susceptible and reciprocal hybrids) and their progeny were compared among the three greenhouse crops. Interestingly, the magnitude of fitness costs associated with Bt resistance increased with declining host plant suitability. Moreover, no viable progeny were produced by resistant lines fed the least suitable host plant. Therefore, tritrophic interactions between T. ni, Bt, and the host plant will play a significant role in the evolution of resistance.
title: Development of individual placodes from their common primordium
Creators: name: Schlosser, Gerhard
Publisher: name: CRC Press
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Placodes
subject: Common primordium

description: Chapter 4 discusses how the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE), once it is established, gives rise to different types of placodes. Whereas adenohypophyseal, olfactory and lens placodes will form from its anterior portion, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes will form from the posterior PPE, with profundal and trigeminal placodes sandwiched in between. The subdivision of the PPE into individual placodes is a complex process comprising several phases. The first phase involves the multistep regional specification of different placodes within the PPE due to the region-specific induction of different transcription factors. In a second phase, individual placodes separate from each other by a combination of transcriptional cross-repression, apoptosis, and cell movements. The chapter summarizes the development of placodes during these two phases, placing particular emphasis on the role of transcription factors during the first phase, which is most relevant for our understanding of how different placodal cell types are generated in a region-specific manner.
Additional file 1 of Towards an understanding of the burdens of medication management affecting older people: the MEMORABLE realist synthesis
Creators: name: Maidment, Ian
name: Lawson, Sally
name: Wong, Geoff
name: Booth, Andrew
name: Watson, Anne
name: Hadar Zaman
name: Mullan, Judy
name: McKeown, Jane
name: Bailey, Sylvia
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Science Policy
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 1. MEMORABLE search concepts