cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Integrating MBE materials with graphene to induce novel spin-based phenomena
Creators: name: Schwartz, A. G.
name: McCreary, K. M.
name: Han, W.
name: Wong, J. J. I.
name: Odenthal, P. M.
name: Wen, H.
name: Chen, J.
name: Hao, Y.
name: Ruoff, R. S.
name: Fabian, Jaroslav
name: Kawakami, R. K.
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: 530 Physik

description: Magnetism in graphene is an emerging field that has received much theoretical attention. In particular, there have been exciting predictions for induced magnetism through proximity to a ferromagnetic insulator as well as through localized dopants and defects. Here, the authors discuss their experimental work using molecular beam epitaxy to modify the surface of graphene and induce novel spin-dependent phenomena. First, they investigate the epitaxial growth of the ferromagnetic insulator EuO on graphene and discuss possible scenarios for realizing exchange splitting and exchange fields by ferromagnetic insulators. Second, they investigate the properties of magnetic moments in graphene originating from localized pz -orbital defects (i.e., adsorbed hydrogen atoms). The behavior of these magnetic moments is studied using nonlocal spin transport to directly probe the spin-degree of freedom of the defect-induced states. They also report the presence of enhanced electron g-factors caused by the exchange fields present in the system. Importantly, the exchange field is found to be highly gate dependent, with decreasing g-factors with increasing carrier densities.
The war lawyers : U.S., Israel and the spaces of targeting
Creators: name: Jones, Craig Andrew
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2021

description: This dissertation examines the involvement of war lawyers (military lawyers) in targeting operations carried out by the US and Israeli militaries. It draws on over 50 interviews with war lawyers and military operators as well as extensive research with primary and secondary sources. The research shows that war lawyers are extensively involved in US and Israeli targeting operations – though there are some key differences between them – and that law plays a significant role in the planning and conduct of targeting operations. The research also shows that the reach of war lawyers is not unlimited; their involvement in time-sensitive targeting, especially, is extremely limited and sometimes non-existent. Nevertheless, the involvement of war lawyers in targeting operations is novel from a historical perspective. In the US, war lawyers have served their military for centuries; war lawyers in Israel have served since the state was founded in 1948. Yet despite these histories – which I trace – war lawyers did not begin to provide legal advice to military commanders in targeting operations until the early 1990s. This dissertation asks: 1) Why and when did military lawyers become involved in giving legal advice on targeting operations? 2) Why has war become more juridical? 3) What effect do military lawyers have on the conduct and outcome of targeting operations? 4) What effect does law have on the conduct of later modern war? Warfare became more legalistic in the late twentieth century; this and other factors meant that war lawyers were increasingly relied upon to make sense of complex legal problems on the modern battlefield. War lawyers work with and across several bodies of law but the most important is a branch of international law called the laws of war. This dissertation finds that war lawyers employ the laws of war not only to minimise military violence but also to enable, legitimise and sometimes even extend it.
Nonconcentration of return times
Creators: name: Gurel-Gurevich, Ori
name: Nachmias, Asaf
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We show that the distribution of the first return time $τ$ to the origin, v, of a simple random walk on an infinite recurrent graph is heavy tailed and nonconcentrated. More precisely, if $d_v$ is the degree of v, then for any $t\geq1$ we have \[\mathbf{P}_v(τ\ge t)\ge\frac{c}{d_v\sqrt{t}}\] and \[\mathbf{P}_v(τ=t\midτ\geq t)\leq\frac{C\log(d_vt)}{t}\] for some universal constants $c>0$ and $C
description: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/12-AOP785 the Annals of Probability (http://www.imstat.org/aop/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
The Fundamental Flaws in the Euro Zone Framework
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Economics
Eurozone
Marginal productivity
Balance of payments

description: Europe has not done well in the years since the 2008 crisis, with a double dip recession and a recovery far slower than that of the US from whence the crisis came. Among the key reasons for this dismal performance is the euro, or more precisely, the structure of the Eurozone, the institutions, rules, and regulations that were created to ensure growth and stability of a single currency amongst a diverse set of countries—and the failure to do some of the things (like the establishment of a common deposit insurance system) that should have been done. The paper describes how Europe created a divergent system, with increasing disparities between the richer and poorer countries, and the role of certain beliefs, prevalent at the time, but since questioned, about what makes for good economic performance.
Stable thin-shell wormholes with a Chaplygin gas in Einstein-Maxwell-Gauss-Bonnet gravity
Creators: name: Amirabi, Z.
name: Halilsoy, M.
name: Mazharimousavi, S. Habib
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the stability of thin-shell wormholes in Einstein-Maxwell-Gauss-Bonnet gravity. The equation of state of the thin shell wormhole is considered first to obey a generalized Chaplygin gas and then we generalize it to an arbitrary state function which covers all known cases studied so far. In particular we study the modified Chaplygin gas and give an assessment for a general parotropic fluid. Our study is in d-dimensions and with numerical analysis in d=5 we show the effect of the GB parameter in the stability of thin-shell wormholes against the radial perturbations.
description: 7 pages, 7 figures, final version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D
Pareto efficient taxation and expenditures: Pre- and re-distribution
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Economics
Taxation
Capital gains tax
Government spending policy

description: This paper shows that there is a presumption that Pareto-efficient taxation entails a positive tax on capital. When tax and expenditure policies can affect the market distribution of income in ways that cannot be directly offset, those effects need to be taken into account, reducing the burden imposed on distortionary redistribution. The paper extends the 1976 Atkinson-Stiglitz results to a dynamic, overlapping generations model, correcting a misreading of the result on the desirability of a zero capital tax. That result required separability of consumption from labor and that the only unobservable differences among individuals were in (fixed) labor productivities. In a general equilibrium model, one needs to take into account the effects of policy changes on binding self-selection constraints. In a simple model with time separability but with non-separability between consumption and leisure, capital taxation depends on the complementarity/substitutability of leisure during work with retirement consumption. The final section constructs a simple two class model, capitalists who maximize dynastic welfare and workers who save for retirement, whose productivity can be enhanced by (publicly provided) education. It derives a simple expression for the optimal capital tax, which is positive, so long as the social welfare function is sufficiently equalitarian and the productivity of educational expenditures is sufficiently high.
On the sum of a prime and a Fibonacci number
Creators: name: Lee, K. S. Enoch
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Number Theory (math.NT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 11P32 (Primary) 11B39 (Secondary)

description: We show that the set of the numbers that are the sum of a prime and a Fibonacci number has positive lower asymptotic density.
title: ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ НОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСНОГО БИОУДОБРЕНИЯ  НА ОСНОВЕ ВЫТЯЖКИ ПТИЧЬЕГО ПОМЁТА НА БИОМЕТРИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ВИКО-ПШЕНИЧНОЙ ТРАВОСМЕСИ
Creators: name: Скамарохова, Александра Сергеевна
name: Юрина, Наталья Александровна
name: Гнеуш, Анна Николаевна
name: Петенко, Александр Иванович
Publisher: name: ФГБНУ КНЦЗВ
Year: 2019

description: В исследовании подробно рассматривается положительное влияние гуматсодержащего комплексного биоудобрения на биометрические показатели вико-пшеничной травосмеси. В статье  представлены экспериментальные данные по биометрическим показателям растений  озимой пшеницы сорта Таня и четырех сортов вики озимой - Орлан, Луговская 2, Черноморка, Глинковская - с обработкой биоудобрением и без об-работки (контроль).
Uniform existence of the integrated density of states on metric Cayley graphs
Creators: name: Pogorzelski, Felix
name: Schwarzenberger, Fabian
name: Seifert, Christian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Spectral Theory (math.SP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 47E05, 34L40, 47B80, 81Q10

description: Given a finitely generated amenable group we consider ergodic random Schrödinger operators on a Cayley graph with random potentials and random boundary conditions. We show that the normalised eigenvalue counting functions of finite volume parts converge uniformly. The integrated density of states as the limit can be expressed by a Pastur-Shubin formula. The spectrum supports the corresponding measure and discontinuities correspond to the existence of compactly supported eigenfunctions.
description: 17 pages, 1 figure
Synthesis and dual histamine H1 and H2 receptor antagonist activity of cyanoguanidine derivatives
Creators: name: Sadek, Bassem
name: Alisch, Rudi
name: Buschauer, Armin
name: Elz, Sigurd
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: dual H1/H2 receptor antagonists; mepyramine; roxatidine; tiotidine; ranitidine
subject: 540 Chemie
subject: 615 Pharmazie

description: Premedication with a combination of histamine H1 receptor (H1R) and H2 receptor (H2R) antagonists has been suggested as a prophylactic principle in anesthesia and surgery. Aiming at pharmacological hybrids combining H1R and H2R antagonistic activity, a series of cyanoguanidines (14-35) was synthesized by linking mepyramine-type H1R antagonist substructures with roxatidine-, tiotidine-, or ranitidine-type H2R antagonist moieties. N-desmethylmepyramine was connected via a polymethylene spacer to a cyanoguanidine group as the “urea equivalent” of the H2R antagonist moiety. The title compounds were screened for histamine antagonistic activity at the isolated ileum (H1R) and the isolated spontaneously beating right atrium (H2R) of the guinea pig. The results indicate that, depending on the nature of the H2R antagonist partial structure, the highest H1R antagonist potency resided in roxatidine-type compounds with spacers of 6 methylene groups in length (21), and tiotidine-type compounds irrespective alkyl chain length (28, 32, 33), though the difference between the homologues was rather small. N-Cyano-N’-[2-[[(2-guanidino-4-thiazolyl)methyl]thio]ethyl]-N”-[6-[N-[2-[N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N-(2-pyridyl)amino]ethyl]-N-methylamino]hexyl]guanidine (32) with a mepyramine substructure and a six-membered chain connected to a tiotidine-like partial structure (pKB values of 8.61 (H1R, ileum) and 6.61 (H2R, atrium) was among the most potent hybrid compounds. With respect to the development of a potential pharmacotherapeutic agent, structural optimization seems possible through selection of other H1R and H2R pharmacophoric moieties with mutually affinity-enhancing properties.
Spin-orbit coupled particle in a spin bath
Creators: name: Stano, Peter
name: Fabian, Jaroslav
name: Zutic, Igor
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: 530 Physik

description: We consider a spin-orbit coupled particle confined in a quantum dot in a bath of impurity spins. We investigate the consequences of spin-orbit coupling on the interactions that the particle mediates in the spin bath. We show that in the presence of spin-orbit coupling, the impurity-impurity interactions are no longer spin conserving. We quantify the degree of this symmetry breaking and show how it relates to the spin-orbit coupling strength. We identify several ways how the impurity ensemble can in this way relax its spin by coupling to phonons. A typical resulting relaxation rate for a self-assembled Mn-doped ZnTe quantum dot populated by a hole is 1 μs. We also show that decoherence arising from nuclear spins in lateral quantum dots is still removable by a spin echo protocol, even if the confined electron is spin-orbit coupled.
Real exchange rate policies for economic development
Creators: name: Guzman, Martin
name: Ocampo, Jose A.
name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2018
Subjects: Economics
Economic development
Foreign exchange rates
Comparative advantage (International trade)
Industrial policy

description: This paper analyzes the role of real exchange rate (RER) policies in promoting economic development. Markets provide a suboptimal amount of investment in sectors characterized by learning spillovers. We show that a stable and competitive RER policy may correct for this externality and other related market failures. The resulting development of these sectors leads to overall faster economic growth. A system of effectively multiple exchange rates is required when spillovers across different tradable sectors differ. The impact of RER policies is increased when they are complemented by traditional industrial policies that increase the elasticity of the aggregate supply to the RER. Among the instruments required to implement a stable and competitive RER are interventions in the foreign exchange market and regulation of capital flows. We also discuss the trade-offs associated with alternative stable and competitive RER policies and the relationship between the use of exchange rate policies for macro-stability and for development.
Free subexponentiality
Creators: name: Hazra, Rajat Subhra
name: Maulik, Krishanu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: Operator Algebras (math.OA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this article, we introduce the notion of free subexponentiality, which extends the notion of subexponentiality in the classical probability setup to the noncommutative probability spaces under freeness. We show that distributions with regularly varying tails belong to the class of free subexponential distributions. This also shows that the partial sums of free random elements having distributions with regularly varying tails are tail equivalent to their maximum in the sense of Ben Arous and Voiculescu [Ann. Probab. 34 (2006) 2037-2059]. The analysis is based on the asymptotic relationship between the tail of the distribution and the real and the imaginary parts of the remainder terms in Laurent series expansion of Cauchy transform, as well as the relationship between the remainder terms in Laurent series expansions of Cauchy and Voiculescu transforms, when the distribution has regularly varying tails.
description: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/11-AOP706 the Annals of Probability (http://www.imstat.org/aop/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
Transformation between dense and sparse spirals in symmetrical bistable media
Creators: name: He, Ya-feng
name: Ai, Bao-quan
name: Hu, Bambi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Transformation between dense and sparse spirals is studied numerically based on a bistable FitzHugh-Nagumo model. It is found that the dense spiral can transform into two types of sparse spirals via a subcritical bifurcation: Positive Phase Sparse Spiral (PPSS) and Negative Phase Sparse Spiral (NPSS). The choice of the two types of sparse spirals after the transformation is affected remarkably by the boundary effect if a small domain size is applied. Moreover, the boundary effect gives rise to novel meandering of sparse spiral with only outward petals.
description: 6figures,
Magnetic control of spin-orbit fields; A first-principles study of Fe/GaAs junctions
Creators: name: Gmitra, Martin
name: Matos-Abiague, Alex
name: Draxl, Claudia
name: Fabian, Jaroslav
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: 530 Physik

description: The microscopic structure of spin-orbit fields for the technologically important Fe/GaAs interface is uncovered from first principles. A symmetry based method allows us to obtain the spin-orbit fields—both their magnitude and orientation—for a generic Bloch state, from the electronic band structure for any in-plane magnetization orientation. It is demonstrated that the spin-orbit fields depend not only on the electric field across the interface, but also surprisingly strongly on the Fe magnetization orientation, opening prospects for their magnetic control. These results give important clues in searching for spin-orbit transport and optical phenomena in ferromagnet/nonmagnet heterostructures.
The Price of Complexity in Financial Networks
Creators: name: Battiston, Stefano
name: Caldarelli, Guido
name: May, Robert M.
name: Roukny, Tarik
name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: Finance
Default (Finance)
Financial risk
Economics

description: Financial institutions form multilayer networks by engaging in contracts with each other and by holding exposures to common assets. As a result, the default probability of one institution depends on the default probability of all of the other institutions in the network. Here, we show how small errors on the knowledge of the network of contracts can lead to large errors in the probability of systemic defaults. From the point of view of financial regulators, our findings show that the complexity of financial networks may decrease the ability to mitigate systemic risk, and thus it may increase the social cost of financial crises.
Impact of Electron-Impurity Scattering on the Spin Relaxation Time in Graphene: A First-Principles Study
Creators: name: Fedorov, D. V.
name: Gradhand, M.
name: Ostanin, S.
name: Maznichenko, I. V.
name: Ernst, A.
name: Fabian, Jaroslav
name: Mertig, I.
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: 530 Physik

description: The effect of electron-impurity scattering on momentum and spin relaxation times in graphene is studied by means of relativistic ab initio calculations. Assuming carbon and silicon adatoms as natural impurities in graphene, we are able to simulate fast spin relaxation observed experimentally. We investigate the dependence of the relaxation times on the impurity position and demonstrate that C or Si adatoms act as real-space spin hot spots inducing spin-flip rates about 5 orders of magnitude larger than those of in-plane impurities. This fact confirms the hypothesis that the adatom-induced spin-orbit coupling leads to fast spin relaxation in graphene.
The state, the market, and development
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: Economic policy
Economics
Economic development

description: The state has played a major role in the most important developmental successes. This paper discusses the advances in our understanding of the role of the state in the developmental process over the past thirty years, and the contribution to those advances played by changes in economics, changes in the world, and key experiences (in particular the successes in East Asia and the failures in the countries pursuing Washington Consensus policies).
Spin-Orbit Coupling in Hydrogenated Graphene
Creators: name: Gmitra, Martin
name: Kochan, Denis
name: Fabian, Jaroslav
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: 530 Physik

description: First-principles calculations of the spin-orbit coupling in graphene with hydrogen adatoms in dense and dilute limits are presented. The chemisorbed hydrogen induces a giant local enhancement of spin-orbit coupling due to sp3 hybridization which depends strongly on the local lattice distortion. Guided by the reduced symmetry and the local structure of the induced dipole moments, we use group theory to propose realistic minimal Hamiltonians that reproduce the relevant spin-orbit effects for both single-side semihydrogenated graphene (graphone) and for a single hydrogen adatom in a large supercell. The principal linear spin-orbit band splittings are driven by the breaking of the local pseudospin inversion symmetry and the emergence of spin flips on the same sublattice.
Towards a Broader View of Competition Policy
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Capitalism
Competition--Government policy
Economics--Political aspects
Economics

description: For over a hundred years, competition policy has been a central part of a market economy’s legal framework. Over the past third of a century, however, the scope and effectiveness of competition policy has been narrowed under the influence of certain ideas about the functioning of the market economy, sometimes referred to as the Chicago School of Law and Economics—ideas which have subsequently been widely discredited within the economics profession, but whose influence within antitrust law remains significant. This paper argues that, to the contrary, changes in our economy and our understandings of the interplay between economics and politics necessitates a broader reach for competition policy even than envisaged by the original advocates of antitrust law. This takes on particular significance with recent reports, such of that of the Council of Economic Advisers of President Obama, highlighting the increase in market power across many important sectors of the US economy and persistent higher rates of return to capital than seem consistent with competition. These monopoly rents may, in turn, play an important role in the country’s growing inequality.
Photocatalytic surface patterning of cellulose using diazonium salts and visible light
Creators: name: Schroll, Peter
name: Fehl, Charlie
name: Dankesreiter, Stephan
name: König, Burkhard
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Coumarin-functionalized cellulose sheets, "Photo-Meerwein" arylation
subject: 540 Chemie

description: Coumarin-functionalized cellulose sheets were chemically modified using a visible light catalyzed “Photo-Meerwein” arylation. Use of a photomask to pattern the surface resulted in directly visible images.
Cardiocondyla pirata sp. n. - a new Philippine ant with enigmatic pigmentation pattern (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Creators: name: Seifert, Bernhard
name: Frohschammer, Sabine
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Cardiocondyla; ergatoid males; Indo-Malayan region
subject: 590 Tiere (Zoologie)

description: A new species of the ant genus Cardiocondyla Emery, 1869 - Cardiocondyla pirata sp. n. - is described from the Philippines. The species belongs to an Indo-Malayan group of six species that is characterized by workers having a strongly bilobate postpetiolar sternite and a thickset mesosoma with strongly convex dorsal profile as well as wingless, ergatoid males with sickle-shaped mandibles. The female castes show a pigmentation pattern not known from any ant worldwide. If having any adaptive value, a possible function of this structure is supposed to be visual dissolution of body shape in order to irritate predators.
The Revolution of Information Economics: The Past and the Future
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Information society--Economic aspects
Economics--Psychological aspects
Economic history
Institutional economics

description: The economics of information has constituted a revolution in economics, providing explanations of phenomena that previously had been unexplained and upsetting longstanding presumptions, including that of market efficiency, with profound implications for economic policy. Information failures are associated with numerous other market failures, including incomplete risk markets, imperfect capital markets, and imperfections in competition, enhancing opportunities for rent seeking and exploitation. This paper puts into perspective nearly a half century of research, including recent advances in understanding the implications of imperfect information for financial market regulation, macro-stability, inequality, and public and corporate governance; and in recognizing the endogeneity of information imperfections. It explores the consequences of recent advances in technology and the policy challenges and opportunities they present for competition policy and policies regarding privacy and transparency. The paper notes the role that information economics played in stimulating other advances in economics, including contract theory and behavioral economics. It reinvigorated institutional economics, showing how institutions mattered, in some cases explaining institutional features that could not be well-understood in the conventional paradigm, and in others showing how institutional responses to market failures might or might not be welfare enhancing. The paper argues that the new paradigm provides a markedly different, and better, lens for looking at the economy than the older perfect markets competitive paradigm.
Identification of nnp and npp Auger recombination as significant contributor to the efficiency droop in (GaIn)N quantum wells by visualization of hot carriers in photoluminescence
Creators: name: Binder, M.
name: Nirschl, A.
name: Zeisel, R.
name: Hager, T.
name: Lugauer, H.-J.
name: Sabathil, M.
name: Bougeard, Dominique
name: Wagner, J.
name: Galler, B.
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: aluminium compounds, Auger effect, carrier density, electron-hole recombination, excited states, gallium compounds, hot carriers, III-V semiconductors, indium compounds, optical pumping, photoluminescence, semiconductor quantum wells, wide band gap semiconductors
subject: 530 Physik

description: We report the direct observation of hot carriers generated by Auger recombination via photoluminescence spectroscopy on tailored (AlGaIn)N multiple quantum well (QW) structures containing alternating green and ultra-violet (UV) emitting (GaIn)N QWs. Optically pumping solely the green QWs using a blue emitting high power laser diode, carrier densities similar to electrical light-emitting diode (LED) operation were achieved, circumventing possible leakage and injection effects. This way, luminescence from the UV QWs could be observed for excitation where the emission from the green QWs showed significant droop, giving direct evidence for Auger generated hot electrons and holes being injected into the UV QWs. An examination of the quantitative relation between the intensity of the UV luminescence and the amount of charge carriers lost due to drooping of the QWs supports the conclusion that Auger processes contribute significantly to the droop phenomenon in (AlGaIn)N based light-emitting diodes.
Spatial Memory in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR)
Creators: name: Sontag, Thomas-Alexander
name: Fuermaier, Anselm B. M.
name: Hauser, Joachim
name: Kaunzinger, Ivo
name: Tucha, Oliver
name: Lange, Klaus W.
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: 150 Psychologie

description: The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is an established animal model of ADHD. It has been suggested that ADHD symptoms arise from deficits in executive functions such as working memory, attentional control and decision making. Both ADHD patients and SHRs show deficits in spatial working memory. However, the data on spatial working memory deficits in SHRs are not consistent. It has been suggested that the reported cognitive deficits of SHRs may be related to the SHRs' locomotor activity. We have used a holeboard (COGITAT) to study both cognition and activity in order to evaluate the influence of the activity on the cognitive performance of SHRs. In comparison to Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, SHRs did not have any impairment in spatial working memory and reference memory. When the rats' locomotor activity was taken into account, the SHRs' working memory and reference memory were significantly better than in WKY rats. The locomotor activity appears to be a confounding factor in spatial memory tasks and should therefore be controlled for in future studies. In the SHR model of ADHD, we were unable to demonstrate an impairment of working memory which has been reported in patients with ADHD.
The Overselling of Globalization
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Economics
Globalization
Protectionism
Collective labor agreements

description: Globalization was oversold. Politicians and some economists wrongly argued for trade agreements on the basis of job creation. The gains to GDP or growth were overestimated, and the costs, including adverse distributional effects, were underestimated. There have been important political consequences of this overselling, including the undermining of confidence in the elites that advocated globalization. The failures of globalization and the misguided backlash against it contain many lessons: about the importance of science and learning in society, the importance of the shared acceptance of facts, the dangerous consequences of deliberately misinforming the public, and the folly of ignoring the distributional consequences of economic forces just because they may lead to growth. The new protectionism advocated by the administration of Donald Trump will only worsen the plight of those already hurt by globalization. What is needed is a comprehensive system of social protection. After cataloguing the failures of globalization and explaining how they led to our current political mire, this paper outlines a set of policies that could put the economy and our politics back on a better path.
Impact of doping on epitaxial Ge thin film quality and Si-Ge interdiffusion
Creators: name: Guangnan, Zhou
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2017

description: Germanium-on-silicon (Ge-on-Si) structure-based semiconductor devices are playing an increasingly important role in large-scale dense photonic integration, especially in silicon (Si) photonics. Si photonics has emerged as an effective solution to overcome the wiring limit imposed on integrated circuits with continued scaling by using optical interconnects instead metal interconnects. A Si-compatible laser is the last missing piece in optical interconnects on Si platforms. Recently, III-V lasers on Ge/Si substrates and Ge-on-Si lasers were demonstrated as the most promising candidates, in which Ge layers function as either the transition layers or the optical gain layers. For different applications, the requirements on Ge film quality and Ge/Si interface interdiffusion are different. Si-Ge interdiffusion during high-temperature growth or fabrication steps changes the distribution of Ge and increases atomic intermixing, which degrades device performance. However, studies on the doping impact on Ge film quality and Si-Ge interdiffusion are very limited, which were addressed in this work. We investigate Ge-on-Si film quality systematically under different types of doping conditions (phosphorus, arsenic and boron) for the first time. It’s found that the boron doping significantly impairs the Ge film quality, while arsenic and phosphorus can effectively reduce the threading dislocation density without the commonly used defect annealing. This provides a new method to fabricate high-quality Ge-on-Si films, which can avoid undesired Si-Ge interdiffusion. Si-Ge interdiffusion with different doping at Ge/Si interfaces has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. The enhancement of interdiffusion was observed in n-type (phosphorus and arsenic) doped Ge-on-Si. The phenomenon is attributed to the Fermi-level effect. A quantitative model of Si-Ge interdiffusion under high n-type doping was proposed. The model agrees well with the experimental data. This is also the first study on the quantitative modeling of Si-Ge interdiffusion with high n-type doping across the full Ge range. This work is of technical significance for the structure, doping and process design of Ge-on-Si structure-based devices including the two laser types mentioned above, Ge modulators and Ge photodetectors.
Structural Transformation, Deep Downturns, and Government Policy
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Economic policy
Unemployment
Economic development

description: Most recessions are a result of some shock to the economic system, typically amplified by financial accelerators, and leading to large balance sheet effects of households and firms, which result in the effects persisting. But, over time, the balance sheets get restored. Even banks recover. But episodically, the “shock” is deeper. It is structural. Among advanced countries, the movement from agricultural to manufacturing in the last century, and the more recent movement from manufacturing to the service sector reflect such a large economic transformation. The associated downturns are longer lasting. The usual responses, in particular, monetary policy, are only of limited efficacy. Policies have to be designed to facilitate such transformations: markets on their own typically do not do well. This paper explains why such transformations are associated with persistently high unemployment, and describes the effects of particular government policies. It looks at the lessons of the Great Depression both for the advanced countries and the developing countries as they go through their structural transformations.
The use of farmers' knowledge in coffee agroforestry management: implications for the conservation of tree biodiversity
Creators: name: Valencia, Vivian
name: West, Paige
name: Sterling, Eleanor J.
name: García-Barrios, Luis
name: Naeem, Shahid
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2015
Subjects: Agroforestry--Management
Biodiversity conservation
Coffee growers
Shade trees
Inga (Plants)

description: In agroforestry systems, the survival of shade trees is often the result of farmers' deliberate selection. Therefore, how communities generate knowledge and apply it to resource management practices influence the potential for biodiversity conservation of agroforestry systems. In this study, we investigated the use of knowledge by farmers to manage coffee (Coffea arabica) agroforests and the consequences for the conservation of tree biodiversity and composition of surrounding forests. We interviewed 50 coffee farmers to investigate their shade tree preferences and sources of knowledge of the properties of shade trees and coffee management practices; we also conducted tree inventories in 31 coffee farms and 10 forest sites in La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico. Our results showed that farmers are modifying agroforests according to their knowledge and tree preferences, and that the resulting agroforest is lower in tree diversity and dominated by pioneer and farmers' preferred tree species as compared to forests. The principal sources of knowledge of management practices are external sources, such as governmental and non‐governmental organizations, whereas the primary source of tree specific knowledge is empirical knowledge. We found that the higher proportion of pioneer trees relative to forest is mostly explained by farmers' tree selection decisions (63%) rather than as a byproduct of management practices (37%) that disturb the soil and open the canopy, altering light penetration and microclimate conditions. Based on interviews and tree inventories, we found that farmers gradually replace canopy trees of neutral and disliked species by preferred species, in particular Inga spp. We found that external sources continue to promote the idea that Inga spp. trees bring significant benefits to coffee production in spite of a lack of scientific evidence to support this claim. This indicates that farmers are receptive to incorporate outside knowledge into their knowledge systems and adapt their resource management practices accordingly. Our findings highlight the importance of disseminating sound and clear scientific information to practitioners who work directly with farming communities to ensure that accurate and up‐to‐date information is being contributed to local knowledge systems.
On minimum integer representations of weighted games
Creators: name: Freixas, Josep
name: Kurz, Sascha
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: Computer Science and Game Theory (cs.GT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 91A12, 90C11

description: We study minimum integer representations of weighted games, i.e., representations where the weights are integers and every other integer representation is at least as large in each component. Those minimum integer representations, if the exist at all, are linked with some solution concepts in game theory. Closing existing gaps in the literature, we prove that each weighted game with two types of voters admits a (unique) minimum integer representation, and give new examples for more than two types of voters without a minimum integer representation. We characterize the possible weights in minimum integer representations and give examples for $t\ge 4$ types of voters without a minimum integer representation preserving types, i.e., where we additionally require that the weights are equal within equivalence classes of voters.
description: 29 pages
Belowground neighbor perception in Arabidopsis thaliana studied by transcriptome analysis: roots of Hieracium pilosella cause biotic stress
Creators: name: Schmidt, Christoph
name: Bauer, Sibylle
name: Müller, Benedikt
name: Bartelheimer, Maik
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Arabidopsis thaliana, Hieracium pilosella, belowground, biotic interaction, interspecific interaction, microarray, pathogenesis-related proteins, root distribution
subject: 580 Pflanzen (Botanik)

description: Root-root interactions are much more sophisticated than previously thought, yet the mechanisms of belowground neighbor perception remain largely obscure. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses allow detailed insight into plant reactions to environmental cues. A root interaction trial was set up to explore both morphological and whole genome transcriptional responses in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana in the presence or absence of an inferior competitor, Hieracium pilosella. Neighbor perception was indicated by Arabidopsis roots predominantly growing away from the neighbor (segregation), while solitary plants placed more roots toward the middle of the pot. Total biomass remained unaffected. Database comparisons in transcriptome analysis revealed considerable similarity between Arabidopsis root reactions to neighbors and reactions to pathogens. Detailed analyses of the functional category "biotic stress" using MapMan tools found the sub-category "pathogenesis-related proteins" highly significantly induced. A comparison to a study on intraspecific competition brought forward a core of genes consistently involved in reactions to neighbor roots. We conclude that beyond resource depletion roots perceive neighboring roots or their associated microorganisms by a relatively uniform mechanism that involves the strong induction of pathogenesis-related proteins. In an ecological context the findings reveal that belowground neighbor detection may occur independently of resource depletion, allowing for a time advantage for the root to prepare for potential interactions.
Bringing the Kok effect to light: A review on the integration of daytime respiration and net ecosystem exchange
Creators: name: Heskel, Mary Allison
name: Atkin, Owen K.
name: Turnbull, Matthew H.
name: Griffin, Kevin L.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Photosynthesis
subject: Respiration
subject: Carbon
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) represents the difference between carbon assimilated through photosynthesis, or gross primary productivity (GPP), and carbon released via ecosystem respiration (ER). NEE, measured via eddy covariance and chamber techniques, must be partitioned into these fluxes to accurately describe and understand the carbon dynamics of an ecosystem. GPP and daytime ER may be significantly overestimated if the light inhibition of foliar mitochondrial respiration, or “Kok effect,” is not accurately estimated and further integrated into ecosystem measurements. The light inhibition of respiration, a composite effect of multiple cellular pathways, is reported to cause between 25‐100% inhibition of foliar mitochondrial respiration, and for this reason needs to be considered when estimating larger carbon fluxes. Partitioning of respiration between autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration, and applying these scaled respiratory fluxes to the ecosystem‐level proves to be difficult, and the integration of light inhibition into single and continuous measures of ecosystem respiration will require new interpretations and analysis of carbon exchange in terrestrial ecosystems.
Steady-state $\mathit{GI}/\mathit{GI}/\mathit{n}$ queue in the Halfin-Whitt regime
Creators: name: Gamarnik, David
name: Goldberg, David A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We consider the FCFS $\mathit{GI}/\mathit{GI}/n$ queue in the so-called Halfin-Whitt heavy traffic regime. We prove that under minor technical conditions the associated sequence of steady-state queue length distributions, normalized by $n^{1/2}$, is tight. We derive an upper bound on the large deviation exponent of the limiting steady-state queue length matching that conjectured by Gamarnik and Momcilovic [Adv. in Appl. Probab. 40 (2008) 548-577]. We also prove a matching lower bound when the arrival process is Poisson. Our main proof technique is the derivation of new and simple bounds for the FCFS $\mathit{GI}/\mathit{GI}/n$ queue. Our bounds are of a structural nature, hold for all $n$ and all times $t\geq0$, and have intuitive closed-form representations as the suprema of certain natural processes which converge weakly to Gaussian processes. We further illustrate the utility of this methodology by deriving the first nontrivial bounds for the weak limit process studied in [Ann. Appl. Probab. 19 (2009) 2211-2269].
description: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/12-AAP905 the Annals of Applied Probability (http://www.imstat.org/aap/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
A Liquid Inorganic Electrolyte Showing an Unusually High Lithium Ion Transference Number: A Concentrated Solution of LiAlCl4 in Sulfur Dioxide
Creators: name: Hartl, Robert
name: Fleischmann, Matthias
name: Gschwind, Ruth Maria
name: Winter, M.
name: Gores, H. J.
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: lithium ion transference number; lithium tetrachloroaluminate; sulfur dioxide; Hittorf’s method; diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY)-NMR
subject: 540 Chemie

description: We report on studies of an inorganic electrolyte: LiAlCl4 in liquid sulfur dioxide. Concentrated solutions show a very high conductivity when compared with typical electrolytes for lithium ion batteries that are based on organic solvents. Our investigations include conductivity measurements and measurements of transference numbers via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and by a classical direct method, Hittorf’s method. For the use of Hittorf’s method, it is necessary to measure the concentration of the electrolyte in a selected cell compartment before and after electrochemical polarization very precisely. This task was finally performed by potentiometric titration after hydrolysis of the salt. The Haven ratio was determined to estimate the association behavior of this very concentrated electrolyte solution. The measured unusually high transference number of the lithium cation of the studied most concentrated solution, a molten solvate LiAlCl4 × 1.6SO2, makes this electrolyte a promising alternative for lithium ion cells with high power ability.
Weak disorder in the stochastic mean-field model of distance II
Creators: name: Bhamidi, Shankar
name: van der Hofstad, Remco
name: Hooghiemstra, Gerard
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this paper, we study the complete graph $K_n$ with n vertices, where we attach an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) weight to each of the n(n-1)/2 edges. We focus on the weight $W_n$ and the number of edges $H_n$ of the minimal weight path between vertex 1 and vertex n. It is shown in (Ann. Appl. Probab. 22 (2012) 29-69) that when the weights on the edges are i.i.d. with distribution equal to that of $E^s$, where $s>0$ is some parameter, and E has an exponential distribution with mean 1, then $H_n$ is asymptotically normal with asymptotic mean $s\log n$ and asymptotic variance $s^2\log n$. In this paper, we analyze the situation when the weights have distribution $E^{-s},s>0$, in which case the behavior of $H_n$ is markedly different as $H_n$ is a tight sequence of random variables. More precisely, we use the method of Stein-Chen for Poisson approximations to show that, for almost all $s>0$, the hopcount $H_n$ converges in probability to the nearest integer of s+1 greater than or equal to 2, and identify the limiting distribution of the recentered and rescaled minimal weight. For a countable set of special s values denoted by $\mathcal{S}=\{s_j\}_{j\geq2}$, the hopcount $H_n$ takes on the values j and j+1 each with positive probability.
description: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.3150/11-BEJ402 the Bernoulli (http://isi.cbs.nl/bernoulli/) by the International Statistical Institute/Bernoulli Society (http://isi.cbs.nl/BS/bshome.htm)
Morphological and electrophysiological field observations on electric freshwater fish of the genus Mormyrops Müller 1843 (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from West and southern Africa
Creators: name: Kramer, Bernd
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: allopatric speciation, amplitude spectra, communication signal, differentiation, electric organ discharges, polarity reversal, sex difference
subject: 570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie
subject: 590 Tiere (Zoologie)

description: Different specimens of Mormyrops anguilloides (Linnaeus 1758) were reported to display electric organ discharge (EOD) pulses of either initially head-positive or initially negative polarity, a hypothetical sex difference that has not been substantiated to date. The morphology and EODs of M. anguilloides of both sexes and a sexually mature size from the Comoé and Bandama rivers, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Lower and Middle Zambezi, Mozambique, displayed initially positive EODs. The morphologically similar M. breviceps Steindachner 1895 of both sexes and a sexually mature size from the Bandama River displayed initially head-negative EODs of biphasic waveform and long duration (0.93–1.15 ms) in the very-low-frequency spectral range. Mormyrops anguilloides from the Comoé and Bandama rivers were differentiated in caudal peduncle depth and in EOD waveform, pulse duration and spectral energy content. The former samples displayed a biphasic, lower-frequency EOD pulse of up to 0.42 ms duration, the latter a tetraphasic, high-frequency EOD of up to 0.33 ms. It is suggested that reports of EODs of both polarities in M. anguilloides indicate the presence of an unrecognised species.