Orthorapha (Balsania) sagittata Hamilton, 2013, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Andrew Hamilton, K. G.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Aphrophoridae
Orthorapha
Orthorapha sagittata

description: Orthorapha (Balsania) sagittata sp. nov.
Etymology. sagitta— (noun); - ata (adjective), from the Latin for “like an arrow.”
Distribution. Confined to the mountains of coastal Brazil.
Diagnosis. Tegmina with darker brown chevron marking embracing disc of clavi and scutellum, tapering towards anteapical cells, and tips of apical cells mottled (Fig. 33 J); tip of theca distinctly sagittate.
Description. Tan, darker brown on venter except for apex of frons, clypellus, fore femora and apices of other femora. Head bluntly produced, longer than median length of pronotum, frons scarcely inflated; crown declivous, face nearly horizontal, frons not as low as clypellus at maximum expansion; ocelli present; head distinctly narrower than pronotum; lateral margins of pronotum much shorter than eye; tegmina punctate, 1.6 × as long as broad, veins scarcely raised; hind wings as in O. obliqua (Fig. 2 C). Theca shaft broadest in lateral aspect, rapidly tapered at tip, apically sagittate (Fig. 7 A–B), abruptly widening below gonopore in caudal aspect, tip pointed; gonopore extending nearly half length of shaft. Female unknown. Length: male 4.7 mm. Width across pronotum: male 1.7 mm.
Types. Holotype male, BRAZIL: Rio [de] Jan [eiro]—P.N. Itatiaia-Maromba, 19 June 1988 (L. Boa Nova); in UFRJ.
Remarks. Considering that other species in this genus sometimes have strong sexual dimorphism, there is a distinct possibility that this unassociated male might belong to one of the three related species known only from females. Of these, only O. concinna has similar body shape and proportions, but the very great discrepancies in size and markings seem to rule out this possibility. In addition, this species has a hind wing dissimilar to those of the three species known only from females.
Orthorapha (Balsania) testacea Walker
Orthorhaphia [sic] testacea Walker, 1851:729.
Lepyronia reducta: Stål, 1862b: 494 (incorrect synonymy). Lepyronia fusconotata var. simplex Lallemand, 1938:349 (new synonymy). Balsana reducta: Metcalf & Wade, 1962:192 (in part).
Distribution. Southeastern Brazil.
Diagnosis. Unmarked ochreous yellow to olive green, tegmina sometimes brown (Fig. 33 L); one of the smallest species in the genus.
Description. Muscle impressions of frons, apices of tarsi and apex of rostrum blackish brown; venter clouded with pale brown. Form as in O. reducta. Male genitalia as in O. reducta (Fig. 6 A), but theca parallel-margined well above gonopore. Length: male 4.4–4.8 mm, female 4.4–5.2 mm. Width across pronotum: 1.6–1.8 mm.
Types. Holotype male of testacea, BRAZIL: 48/89. Holotype male and 1 paratype male of simplex, BRAZIL: Ctr. [= Bahia]—Santo Amaro (R. Fischer). Both types in BMNH
Additional material. BRAZIL: 2 males, 5 females from: Miss[ão] Pascoe 69–41; Minas Gerais —Santa Barbara, March 1971 (F.M. Oliveira) BM 1972–541; Rio [de Janeiro]; São Paulo —Est. Biol. Boracea, Salesopolis, 17–26 Dec. 1969 (J.M. & B.A. Campbell), all in BMNH; 2 females, Boracea, 16–18 Nov. 1970 (J&M Sedlacek) in BPBM.
Remarks. This species may be variable in colour. The type of simplex is green but the type of testacea is tawny; this may represent discoloration with preservation. It is structurally very similar to Orthorapha reducta but short series suggest that the tegminal bands of the latter are distinctive.
Orthorapha (Lepyronoxia) Melichar, stat.nov.
Balsa Stål, 1866 a: 66 [description], 1866 b: 384 [validation by inclusion of species], junior homonym of Balsa Walker, 1860). Type-species by subsequent designation (Lallemand 1912): Lepyronia obscurata Amyot & Serville, 1843.
Lepyronia subgenus Balsa: Lallemand 1912: 53 (error).
Lepyronoxia Melichar, 1915c: 8. Type-species by monotypy: L. venosa Melichar, 1915 c (= Lepyronia bufo Walker, 1858, new synonymy).
Balsana Metcalf, 1952: 228 (new synonymy); replacement name for Balsa Stål.
Distribution. Mostly from the coastal states of Brazil, but two species are from Bolivia.
Diagnosis. Similar to Orthorapha, but with less produced frons and rugulose tegmina, and usually with ocelli and venation of tegmina apparent (Figs. 35 A–M). The dark face with characteristic pale markings (Figs. 34 A–B) is a synapomorphy of the subgenus, and the irregular venation which gives the wings a “crumpled” look is a synapomorphy of most of the subgenus, but is absent in O. obliqua (Fig. 35 D). Frons weakly to strongly inflated, in profile not projecting below plane of clypellus; ocelli usually present. Pronotum more or less declivous, medially sulcate on anterior half, lateral margins distinct, shorter than eye; propleura broad. Tegmina various in length, more or less convex, claval suture usually distinct, terminating near midlength of tegmen; venation weak to carinate, apical cells usually irregular. Hindwings absent, or broad and fanlike; venation well developed except sometimes at tip, where veins may be irregular or evanescent, costal margin strongly concave, armed with 5–9 fine spines directed outwards (Fig. 2 G). Hind basitarsomere with diffuse setae on lower surface; pectens of hind tarsomeres composed of tiny spines evenly spaced on hind margin, except for outer 3–4 pegs on basitarsomere which are largest.
Included species. Twelve species, including six new species and seven new combinations. The subgenus divides into two halves on the body size (Figs. 35 B–D, and 35J representing the small species) and shape of the hind wing (Figs. 2 C, D), with O. oculata sp. nov. (Fig. 35 H) and O. quadrimaculata Lallemand (Fig. 35 E) occupying an intermediate position.
Orthorapha (Lepyronoxia) boliviana sp. nov.
Etymology. Patronym based on its host country.
Diagnosis. Differs from the only other species of Orthorapha known from Bolivia, the widespread O. frontalis, in its less obvious veins (in the latter species, the veins are both carinate and contrastingly pale; compare figs. 35B–C). The theca is also larger, similar to those of the much larger males of O. subfasciata.
Description. Brown, hind legs tan, tegmina mottled with tan and yellow; apex of frons with V-shaped tan area extending from its centre outwards to antennal ledges, midline within V yellow; tegmina darkest on base of corium, on small triangular areas just before midlength of clavi, and somewhat less contrastingly so on large triangular patches across outer half of corium tapering from costa towards tip of clavus; two smaller dark patches across apical cells before wing tips (Fig. 35 C). Head very strongly produced, as long as pronotum; frons strongly inflated, rounded at apex; crown declivous, face convex in profile, frons as low as clypellus at maximum expansion; head slightly narrower than pronotum; lateral margins of pronotum much shorter than eye; tegmina rastrate, strongly inflated, 1.7 × as long as broad, veins scarcely raised; hind wings rather narrow, as in O. obliqua (Fig. 2 C). Style narrowed preapically, hooked inwards, tip sharp. Theca as in O. subfasciata (Fig. 14 A). Female unknown. Length: 4.7 mm. Width across head or pronotum: 1.7 mm.
Type. Holotype male, BOLIVIA 1904–311 (J. Steinbach); in BMNH.
Orthorapha (Lepyronoxia) bufo (Walker), comb.nov.
Lepyronia bufo Walker, 1858: 190.
Lepyronia subfasciata: Stål, 1862b: 494 (incorrect synonymy). Lepyronoxia venosa Melichar, 1915: 8 (new synonymy). Balsana subfasciata: Metcalf & Wade, 1962: 193 (in part).
Diagnosis. The largest and bulkiest species in the genus (Fig. 35 M) with theca distinctly tapered beyond midlength (Fig. 12 A).
Description. Brown, mottled with tawny on tegmina and with pale veins, face marked with fine, yellow Vshaped line surmounted by short yellow median line extending less than a third length of frons (as in Fig. 34 B); male pronotum and scutellum with yellow to pale brown lenticular marks; tegmina marked with a few pale spots, the first pair sometimes fused to form pallid costal spot at one-third distance from base. Head well produced but not as long as median length of pronotum; frons strongly inflated, rounded in profile; crown declivous, frons as low as clypellus at maximum expansion; head narrower than pronotum; lateral margins of pronotum somewhat shorter than eye; tegmina rugulose, 2 × as long as broad, veins distinctly raised, carinate at tips; hind wings as in Orthorapha concinna (Fig. 2 D). Style preapically curved mesad, abruptly tapered to sharp tip. Theca shaft lamellate, widest near base, strongly tapered near midlength, upper half straight and narrow, tip truncate and membranous (Fig. 12 A). Length: male 8.3–8.8 mm, female 8.8–10.2 mm. Width across head or pronotum: male 2.9–3.1 mm; female 3.1–3.2 mm.
Type. Holotype female of bufo, [BRAZIL:] Tejuca, Jan. 1857 (H. Clark) 57.50; in BMNH. Holotype female of venosa, Brazil: São Paulo; in Moravské Museum, Brno, Czech Republic. The type-locality of bufo ("Tejuca") which Walker (1858) clarified as "province of Rio" may refer to Parque Nacional da Tijuca just south of Rio de Janeiro, or (less possibly) to Lagoa de Tijuca in the adjacent state of Guanabara.
Additional material. BRAZIL: 2 males, 5 females from: Rio de Janeiro —Salesopolis, Biol. Boracea, 17–26 Dec. 1969 (J.M. & B.A. Campbell) in CNCI; Itatiaia 1100 m [ASL], 13 Feb. 1933 (W. Zikán), Japuhyba and Jussaral, Oct. 1934 (L. Trav. & Lopes), in UFRJ; Rio Grande do Sul —San Leopoldo, 1940 (E.D. Ball), in NMNH; Santa Catarina —"St. Catharine" (Crowley), 1901– 78 in BMNH.
Orthorapha (Lepyronoxia) decorata sp. nov.
Etymology. decorata (adjective), from the Latin for “adorned”
Diagnosis. Blackish brown, boldly marked with 3 costal spots, 2–4 smaller spots on middle of corium and clavus, and with pale veins (Fig. 35 G).
Description. Head marked with fine, yellow lines across coronal margin and posterior margins of tylus and crown intersecting pale midline of crown; yellow to ivory spots on sides of pronotum, with yellow to pale brown lenticular marks (often also on scutellum), in palest individuals pronotal spots are fused with lateral spots to form transverse bar broken only by dark triangle on midline; paler brown on legs (at least on coxae and leg joints) and greenish brown on a variable amount of tegmina, at least disc of inner anteapical cell, at most with pale triangular area (summit on tip of clavi, outer angles on tips of central anteapical cells) more or less fused with two sockshaped areas (encompassing clavus, brachial cell and base of central anteapical cell). Head well produced, longer than median length of pronotum; frons strongly inflated, rounded in dorsal aspect, quadrangular in profile; crown declivous, frons lower than clypellus at maximum expansion; head narrower than pronotum; lateral margins of pronotum much shorter than eye; tegmina densely covered with small pits, 2 × as long as broad, shiny with veins weakly carinate only at tips; hind wings as in Orthorapha concinna (Fig. 2 D). Style strongly curved mesad, enlarged preapically, then rapidly tapered to sharp tip. Theca shaft lamellate, widest at midlength in lateral aspect, apical third narrow and parallel-margined, tip truncate, membranous on caudal surface (Fig. 10 A), in caudal aspect with short, triangular lateral processes (Fig. 10 B). Length: male 6.4–6.7 mm, female 6.8–7.5 mm. Width across head or pronotum: male 2.4–2.6 mm, female 2.5–2.7 mm.
Type. Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais —Delfim Moreira 1100m [ASL], Feb. 1972 (F.M. Oliviera) BM 1972–541. Paratypes: 4 males, 6 females, same data as holotype; 1 male, 1 female, Rio de Janeiro —Itatiaya 850m [ASL], Feb. [18]99 (E. Counelle); in BMNH and No. 23948 in CNCI. Three females, São Paulo —Campos de Jordão 1600 m [ASL], March 1945 (Wygodzinsky); in UFRJ and CNCI.
Orthorapha (Lepyronoxia) frontalis (Stål), comb.nov.
Diagnosis. A small species with tegminal veins of male carinate on apical cells, in female strongly carinate throughout (Fig. 35 B).
Description. Brown, darker ventrally, face marked with brown to yellow mark, roughly W-shaped, with slender median line ending in knob and divergent winglike lines from base overlaid by black muscle arcs (Fig. 34 B); tegmina marked with irregular oblique, dark stripes extending from scutellum, and paler on veins and lenticular spots in cells (Fig. 35 B). Head strongly produced, longer than median length of pronotum in male, subequal in female; frons distinctly inflated in profile, nearly pointed at apex; crown weakly declivous, face not horizontal, frons not as low as clypellus at maximum expansion; head as wide as pronotum; lateral margins of pronotum much shorter than eye; tegmina rugulose, 1.7 × as long as broad (Fig. 36 B); hind wings as in O. obliqua (Fig. 2 C). Style abruptly narrowed preapically, tip strongly hooked outwards. Theca shaft lamellate, widest at midlength, excavated on upper half of posterior margin, tip spinelike (Fig. 15 A). Length: male 4.7 mm, female 4.6–5.0 mm. Width across head or pronotum: 1.8–1.9 mm.
Type. Lectotype female, here designated: BRAZIL: (F. Sahlb[erg]), Typus; specimen with wings spread on one side of body, and bearing Stål's handwritten identification tag. Paralectotypes: 1 female, same data, Allotypus; 3 females, same data, Rio [de] Jan[iero], one bearing "Typ." label; 1 female, “Rio Jan” (Stål), Paratypus. All types in NRSE.
Additional Material. BOLIVIA: 1 male from Santa Cruz —Buena Vista, April 1950 (Pena); in BMNH.
Remarks. The dark color with contrasting distinctive head mark (Fig. 34 B) suggests that the male is conspecific with the females, although it was taken very far from Rio de Janeiro, and has a longer, more pointed head than the female types, and less strongly carinate venation.
The following species, also from Rio de Janiero, has similar head markings but associated specimens of both sexes are spotted on the head, pronotum and wing veins, and also differ in male genialia.
description: Published as part of Andrew Hamilton, K. G., 2013, Revision of Neotropical aphrophorine spittlebugs, part 2: tribe Orthoraphini (Hemiptera, Cercopoidea), pp. 201-225 in Zootaxa 3710 (3) on pages 216-220, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3710.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/217113