title: Ð¡ÑÐ¿ÐµÑÐ²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ¸ Ð½Ð° Ð¡Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÑÐµ Ð¸ Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ðµ Ð½Ð° Ð¸Ð·Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð½ÑÐ¹ ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ°Ð² Ð°ÑÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑÑ Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐ»Ð¾ÐµÐ² Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¡Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ
title: Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ°
titleType: Subtitle
title: Solar Superflares and Their Influence on the Isotopic Composition of the Atmospheres and Surface Layers of the Planets in the Solar System
Creators: name: ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°, ÐÐºÐ°ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°
Publisher: name: Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑ ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
Year: 2024
Subjects: Ð¡Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÑÐ½ÑÐµ Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ¸
Ð¡Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð°
ÐÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ Ð»ÑÑÐ¸
Ð¸Ð·Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð½ÑÐµ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½ÑÐ¹ Ð³ÑÑÐ½Ñ
ÑÐ°Ð´Ð¸Ð¾ÑÐ³Ð»ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´
isotopic ratios
lunar rocks
radiocarbon

description: ÐÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ²ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð° Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ°Ð¼ÐµÑÑÐ¾Ð² ÑÑÐ¿ÐµÑÐ²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐµÐº Ð½Ð° Ð¡Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÑÐµ Ð² Ð¿ÐµÑÐ²ÑÐ¹ Ð¼Ð»ÑÐ´ Ð»ÐµÑ ÑÑÑÐµÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÐ»ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð´ÐµÑÐ¶Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÐ°Ð±Ð¸Ð»ÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð² Ð² Ð°ÑÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐµÑÐ°Ñ ÐÐ°ÑÑÐ° Ð¸ ÐÐµÐ½ÐµÑÑ Ð¸ Ð² ÑÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð½Ð¸Ñ 20000 Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 14C/12C Ð² Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ Ð³ÑÑÐ½ÑÐµ. Ð¡ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑÐ° GEANT4.10 Ð±ÑÐ»Ð¸ ÑÐ°ÑÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÑÑÐ½ÐºÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð²ÑÑÐ¾Ð´Ð° Ð¸Ð·Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð² Ð² Ð°ÑÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐµÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸ Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ Ð³ÑÑÐ½ÑÐµ. ÐÑÐ»Ð¾ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¾ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ ÑÑÐ°Ð±Ð¸Ð»ÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð² Ð² Ð°ÑÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐµÑÐ°Ñ ÐÐ°ÑÑÐ° Ð¸ ÐÐµÐ½ÐµÑÑ Ð¸ Ð³Ð»ÑÐ±Ð¸Ð½Ð½ÑÐ¹ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð»Ñ Ð°ÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ ÑÐ°Ð´Ð¸Ð¾ÑÐ³Ð»ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ð° Ð½Ð° ÐÑÐ½Ðµ. ÐÐ¾Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¾, ÑÑÐ¾ ÑÑÑÐµÑÑÐ²ÑÑÑÐ¸Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸ Ð°ÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¼Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¡Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÑÐ° Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð³Ð»Ð°ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð½ÑÐ¼ ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ð¼ Ð°ÑÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐµÑÑ ÐÐ°ÑÑÐ°, ÐµÑÐ»Ð¸ Ð¾Ð½Ð° Ð½Ð° ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±ÑÐ»Ð° Ð°Ð·Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð¸ Ð½Ð° ÐÐ°ÑÑÐµ ÑÑÑÐµÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð» ÑÐµÐ·ÐµÑÐ²ÑÐ°Ñ ÑÐ³Ð»ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ð° Ð¼Ð°ÑÑÐ¾Ð¹ Ð½Ð° Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ´Ð¾Ðº Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐµ Ð¼Ð°ÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑÐ¾Ð²ÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð°ÑÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐµÑÑ. ÐÑÑÐ³Ð¸Ð¼ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½ÑÐ¼ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ Ð¼ÑÐ³ÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½ÐµÑÐ³ÐµÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑÑ ÑÑÐ¿ÐµÑÐ²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐµÐº Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑÐ½ÑÐ¼. ÐÐ° ÐÐµÐ½ÐµÑÐµ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½ÑÐµ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð½ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð·Ð° ÑÑÐµÑ Ð°ÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ°Ð½Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð¡Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÑÐ° Ð½Ð°ÑÐ¾Ð´ÑÑÑÑ Ð² Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð³Ð»ÑÐ±Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð»Ñ ÑÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ¸ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ 14C Ð² Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ½ÐµÐ¼ ÑÐ»Ð¾Ðµ Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð³ÑÑÐ½ÑÐ° Ð·Ð° Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð½Ð¸Ðµ 20000 Ð»ÐµÑ ÑÑÐµÐ±ÑÐµÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑÐµÐ´Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑÑÐ° ÑÐ¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÑÐ½ÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¼Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ¹ Î³ = 6. Ð¡Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÐ¸Ñ, Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°ÑÑÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÐµ Ð² ÑÐ°Ð´Ð¸Ð¾ÑÐ³Ð»ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ ÑÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð° ÐÐµÐ¼Ð»Ðµ Ð¸ ÐºÐ»Ð°ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐµÐ¼ÑÐµ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑÐ¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÑÑÐ¿ÐµÑÐ²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ¸, ÑÐºÐ¾ÑÐµÐµ Ð²ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾, Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑÑ Ð´ÑÑÐ³Ð¾Ðµ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¸ÑÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ.
description: The given work is devoted to the study of the parameters of superflares on the Sun in the first billion years of the Solar Systemâs existence by the relative content of stable isotopes in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus and over the past 20000 years by the isotopic ratio 14C/12C in the lunar rocks. Using the GEANT4.10 package, the isotope yield functions in the atmospheres and lunar soil were calculated. The formation of stable isotopes in the atmospheres of Mars and Venus and the deep profile of radiocarbon activity on the Moon were obtained. It was found that the existing models of an active young Sun can be consistent with the isotopic composition of the Martian atmosphere if it was nitrogen at that time and there was a carbon reservoir on Mars weighing an order of magnitude more than the mass of its modern atmosphere. Another possible explanation may be a softer energy spectrum of superflares compared to the model one. On Venus, possible changes in isotopic ratios due to the active early Sun are within the measurement error. To describe the deep profile of the rate of formation of 14C in the upper layer of the lunar soil over the past 20000 years, it is required that the average index of the spectrum of solar cosmic rays Î³ = 6. Events detected in the radiocarbon series on Earth and classified as solar superflares are most likely of a different origin.