cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Bioelectric signaling coordinates patterning decisions during embryogenesis Pitcairn and Mclaughlin 2016.pdf
Creators: name: McLaughlin, Kelly
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: 60103 Cell Development, Proliferation and Death
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: 60404 Epigenetics (incl. Genome Methylation and Epigenomics)
subject: 60405 Gene Expression (incl. Microarray and other genome-wide approaches)
subject: 60407 Genome Structure and Regulation
subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Stem Cells

description: All cells generate an electrical potential across their membranes through the unequal distribution of ions. Changes in voltage potentials in non-excitable cells act as key regulators of pattern formation during embryogenesis through integration with the biochemical signaling and genetic hardwiring of an organism. Alteration of these signals leads to incorrect cell fate decisions, ectopic structure formation and overall body mispatterning. Here we review the important advances in bioelectricity as it relates to embryonic development across multiple organisms.
Statistical properties of the nebular spectra of 103 stripped envelope core collapse supernovae
Creators: name: Fang, Qiliang
name: Maeda, Keiichi
name: Kuncarayakti, Hanindyo
name: Tanaka, Masaomi
name: Kawabata, Koji S.
name: Hattori, Takashi
name: Aoki, Kentaro
name: Moriya, Takashi J.
name: Yamanaka, Masayuki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present an analysis of the nebular spectra of 103 stripped envelope (SE) supernovae (SNe) collected from the literature and observed with the Subaru Telescope from 2002 to 2012, focusing on [O I] 6300, 6363. The line profile and width of [O I] are employed to infer the ejecta geometry and the expansion velocity of the inner core. These two measurements are then compared with the SN sub types, and further with the [O I]/[Ca II] ratio, which is used as an indicator of the progenitor CO core mass. Based on the best fit results of the [O I] profile, the objects are classified into different morphological groups, and we conclude that the deviation from spherical symmetry is a common feature for all types of SESNe. There is a hint (at about 1 sigma level) that the distributions of the line profile fractions are different between canonical SESNe and broad-line SNe Ic. A correlation between [O I] width and [O I]/[Ca II] ratio is discerned, indicating that the oxygen-rich material tends to expand faster for objects with a more massive CO core. Such a correlation can be utilized to constrain the relation between the progenitor mass and the kinetic energy of the explosion. Further, when [O I]/[Ca II] ratio increases, the fraction of objects with Gaussian [O I] profile increases, while those with double-peaked profile decreases. This phenomenon connects ejecta geometry and the progenitor CO core mass.
description: 40 pages, 23 figures, 10 tables. Accepted for publication in ApJ
Lattice Black Branes at Large $D$
Creators: name: Licht, David
name: Luna, Raimon
name: Suzuki, Ryotaku
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We explore the phase space of non-uniform black branes compactified on oblique lattices with a large number of dimensions. We find the phase diagrams for different periodicities and angles, and determine the thermodynamically preferred phases for each lattice configuration. In a range of angles, we observe that some phases become metastable.
description: 24 pages, 13 figures. v3: Matches published version
Modern Lower Bound Techniques in Database Theory and Constraint Satisfaction
Creators: name: Marx, Dániel
Publisher: name: CISPA
Year: 2024

description: Conditional lower bounds based on $P\neq NP$, the Exponential-Time Hypothesis (ETH), or similar complexity assumptions can provide very useful information about what type of algorithms are likely to be possible. Ideally, such lower bounds would be able to demonstrate that the best known algorithms are essentially optimal and cannot be improved further. In this tutorial, we overview different types of lower bounds, and see how they can be applied to problems in database theory and constraint satisfaction.
Background reduction at the KATRIN experiment by the shifted analysing plane configuration
Creators: name: Lokhov, Alexey
name: Bieringer, Benedikt
name: Drexlin, Guido
name: Dyba, Stephan
name: Gauda, Kevin
name: Fränkle, Florian
name: Glück, Ferenc
name: Hannen, Volker
name: Hinz, Dominic
name: Mertens, Susanne
name: Rodenbeck, Caroline
name: Schaller, Anna
name: Weinheimer, Christian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The KATRIN experiment aims at measuring the electron neutrino mass with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV$/c^2$ after five years of data taking. Recently a new upper limit for the neutrino mass of 0.8 eV$/c^2$ (90% CL) was obtained. To reach the design sensitivity, a reduction of the background rate by one order of magnitude is required. The shifted analysing plane (SAP) configuration exploits a specific shaping of the electric and magnetic fields in the KATRIN main spectrometer to reduce the spectrometer background by a factor of two. We discuss the general idea of the SAP configuration and describe the main features of this novel measurement mode.
description: 16 pages, 6 figures
Removal of dentin non-collagenous structures results in the unraveling of microfibril bundles in collagen type I
Creators: name: Luiz E. Bertassoni
name: Swain, Michael V.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Aims: The structural organization of collagen from mineralized tissues, such as dentin and bone, has been a topic of debate in the recent literature. Recent reports have presented novel interpretations of the complexity of collagen type I at different hierarchical levels and in different tissues. Here, we investigate the nanostructural organization of demineralized dentin collagen following the digestion of non-collagenous components with a trypsin enzyme. Materials and Methods: Dentin specimens were obtained from healthy third-molars, cut into small cubes, and polished down to 1 µm roughness. Samples were then demineralized with 10% citric acid for 2 min. Selected specimens were further treated with a solution containing 1 mg/ml trypsin for 48 hours at 37 °C (pH 7.9–9.0). Both untreated and trypsin digested samples were analyzed using SDS-PAGE, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and nanoindentation, where surface hardness and creep properties were compared before and after treatments. Results: FE-SEM images of demineralized dentin showed the banded morphology of D-periodical collagen type I, which upon enzymatic digestion with trypsin appeared to dissociate longitudinally, consistently unraveling ~20 nm structures (microfibril bundles). Such nanoscale structures, to the best of our knowledge, have not been characterized in dentin previously. Mechanical characterization via nanoindentation showed that the unraveling of such microfibril bundles affected the creep displacement and creep rate of demineralized dentin. Conclusion: In summary, our results provide novel evidence of the organization of collagen type I from dentin, which may have important implications for the interaction of dental materials with the organic dentin matrix and the mechanical properties of mineralized tissues.
Temporal Analysis of GRB Precursors in the Third Swift-BAT Catalog
Creators: name: Li, Liande
name: Mao, Jirong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We select 52 long gamma-ray bursts(GRBs) having the precursor activity in the third Swift-BAT catalog. Each episode shown in both the precursors and the main bursts is fitted by the Norris function. We systematically analyze the temporal properties for both the precursors and the main bursts. We do not find any significant difference between the temporal profile of the precursor and that of the main burst. The photon count of the precursor is related to that of the main burst. It is indicated that the precursor and the main burst might have the same physical origin, as the precursor and the main burst follow the same $τ_p-ω$ relation. However, we do not find the explicit relation between the energy release of the precursor and the quiescent time. Some theoretical models, such as the fallback collapsar scenario and the jet-cocoon scenario, may be helpful to explain the GRB-precursor phenomena.
description: ApJ accepted
Moffat's Modified Gravity tested on X-COP galaxy clusters
Creators: name: Harikumar, Sreekanth
name: Biesiada, Marek
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Scalar Tensor Vector Gravity(STVG) is a fully covariant Lorentz invariant alternative theory of gravity also called as MOdified Gravity(MOG) which modifies General Relativity(GR) with dynamical massive vector field and scalar fields. In STVG the mass $μ$ of the vector field $ϕ$ and the Universal gravitational constant G enjoys the status of a dynamical field. We use the reconstructed total cluster mass obtained from X-ray observations by XMM-Newton telescope in combination with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich(SZ) effect observed within Planck all-sky survey to estimate the parameters $ α$ and $μ$ with modified cluster mass in MOG.
Quasi-periodic microjets driven by granular advection as observed with high-resolution imaging at He I 10830 Å
Creators: name: Hong, Zhenxiang
name: Wang, Ya
name: Ji, Haisheng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: With high-resolution narrowband He I 10830 Å filtergrams from GST, we give an extensive analysis for 4 granular sized microeruptions which appear as the gentle ejection of material in He I 10830 Å band. The analysis was aided with the EUV data from AIA and line-of-sight magnetograms from HMI on board SDO. The microeruptions are situated on magnetic polarity inversion lines (PILs), and their roots are accurately traced down to intergranular lanes. Their durations are different, two microeruptions are repetitive microjets, lasting ~ 50 and 27 minutes respectively, while the other two events are singular, lasting ~ 5 minutes. For the two microjets, they are continuous and recurrent in He I 10830 Å band, and the recurrence is quasi-periodic with the period of ~ 5 minutes. We found that only transient co-spatial EUV brightenings are observed for the longer duration microjets and EUV brightenings are absent for the two singular microeruptions. What is essential to the longer duration microjets is that granules with the concentration of positive magnetic field persistently transport the magnetic field to the PILs, canceling the opposite magnetic flux and making the base of the two microjets and the underlying granules migrate with the speed of ~ 0.25 and 1.0 km/s. The observations support the scenario of magnetic reconnection for the quasi-periodic microjets and further show that the reconnection continuously generates multi-temperature components, especially the cool component with chromospheric temperature. In addition, the ongoing reconnection is modulated by p-mode oscillations inside the Sun.
Delphic Offline Reinforcement Learning under Nonidentifiable Hidden Confounding
Creators: name: Pace, Alizée
name: Yèche, Hugo
name: Schölkopf, Bernhard
name: Rätsch, Gunnar
name: Tennenholtz, Guy
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2023

description: A prominent challenge of offline reinforcement learning (RL) is the issue of hidden confounding: unobserved variables may influence both the actions taken by the agent and the observed outcomes. Hidden confounding can compromise the validity of any causal conclusion drawn from data and presents a major obstacle to effective offline RL. In the present paper, we tackle the problem of hidden confounding in the nonidentifiable setting. We propose a definition of uncertainty due to hidden confounding bias, termed delphic uncertainty, which uses variation over world models compatible with the observations, and differentiate it from the well-known epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties. We derive a practical method for estimating the three types of uncertainties, and construct a pessimistic offline RL algorithm to account for them. Our method does not assume identifiability of the unobserved confounders, and attempts to reduce the amount of confounding bias. We demonstrate through extensive experiments and ablations the efficacy of our approach on a sepsis management benchmark, as well as on electronic health records. Our results suggest that nonidentifiable hidden confounding bias can be mitigated to improve offline RL solutions in practice.
description: arXiv
UQLab & UQ[py]Lab - project updates and outlook
Creators: name: Hlobilová, Adéla
name: Lataniotis, Christos
name: Marelli, Stefano
name: Sudret, Bruno
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2023

description: The adoption of advanced uncertainty quantification techniques is steadily increasing throughout the academic and industrial applications landscape. The assessment of uncertainty in technological systems of societal relevance (e.g. in civil and aerospace engineering) is being gradually mandated, or at least included in engineering construction codes all around the world. In parallel, the design and maintenance of renewable energy systems (e.g. wind turbine generators) and related policies crucially depend on the highly volatile socio-economic and climate-related conditions. As a result, the need for powerful and accessible uncertainty quantification software tools keep growing.

For almost ten years, the UQLab project has been dedicated to the development and dissemination of an open source software platform for uncertainty quantification in engineering and applied sciences. Counting now close to 6,000 users, UQLab has achieved widespread recognition as one of the reference software in UQ, despite being based on Matlab, a relatively less popular platform. To further boost the dissemination potential of such a tool, in 2020 we launched the UQCloud project, which provides a platform- and language- independent cloud version of UQLab, followed by the first beta release of its python client, UQ[py]Lab (https://uqpylab.uq-cloud.io).

In this contribution, we will officially present the first public release of UQ[py]Lab 1.0, which provides a fairly complete UQLab experience in python, and paves the way to future clients in additional languages, such as R and Julia. We will also provide an overview of the intertwined development roadmap of both UQLab and UQ[py]Lab, with an eye on the novel scenarios made possible by the unique features of a software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform.
The Atmospheric Response to High Nonthermal Electron Beam Fluxes in Solar Flares. II. Hydrogen Broadening Predictions for Solar Flare Observations with the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope
Creators: name: Kowalski, Adam F.
name: Allred, Joel C.
name: Carlsson, Mats
name: Kerr, Graham S.
name: Tremblay, Pier-Emmanuel
name: Namekata, Kosuke
name: Kuridze, David
name: Uitenbroek, Han
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Red-shifted components of chromospheric emission lines in the hard X-ray impulsive phase of solar flares have recently been studied through their 30 s evolution with the high resolution of IRIS. Radiative-hydrodynamic flare models show that these redshifts are generally reproduced by electron-beam generated chromospheric condensations. The models produce large ambient electron densities, and the pressure broadening of hydrogen Balmer series should be readily detected in observations. To accurately interpret upcoming spectral data of flares with the DKIST, we incorporate non-ideal, non-adiabatic line broadening profiles of hydrogen into the RADYN code. These improvements allow time-dependent predictions for the extreme Balmer line wing enhancements in solar flares. We study two chromospheric condensation models, which cover a range of electron beam fluxes ($1-5 \times 10^{11}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$) and ambient electron densities ($1 - 60 \times 10^{13}$ cm$^{-3}$) in the flare chromosphere. Both models produce broadening and redshift variations within 10 s of the onset of beam heating. In the chromospheric condensations, there is enhanced spectral broadening due to large optical depths at H$α$, H$β$, and H$γ$, while the much lower optical depth of the Balmer series H12$-$H16 provides a translucent window into the smaller electron densities in the beam-heated layers below the condensation. The wavelength ranges of typical DKIST/ViSP spectra of solar flares will be sufficient to test the predictions of extreme hydrogen wing broadening and accurately constrain large densities in chromospheric condensations.
description: 33 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal
Defining what is a probability of failure for systems modelled by stochastic simulators
Creators: name: Pires, Anderson
name: Moustapha, Maliki
name: Marelli, Stefano
name: Sudret, Bruno
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2023
Subjects: Reliability analysis
Stochastic emulators

description: Reliability analysis is a field of uncertainty quantification primarily concerned with estimating the probability that a system response exceeds a critical threshold, resulting in failure. By design, such a probability of failure is small. Consequently, accurately computing it requires many evaluations of the so-called limit state function, a computational model that classifies whether the system fails or not, and that is often expensive to evaluate.
Historically, limit-state functions have been considered deterministic simulators, a particular class of models that have a fixed response for a given input. Some systems, however, are inherently stochastic and cannot be deterministically modelled. Instead, so-called stochastic simulators must be used in their modelling. Examples of these simulators include disease propagation models or wind turbine simulators. In contrast to their deterministic counterparts, different outputs may be obtained when repeating their evaluation for the same input.
Because the current definition of reliability analysis relies on deterministic limit-state functions, defining a reliability index for stochastic simulators is not straightforward. In this contribution, we aim to broaden the definition of reliability analysis, to comply with stochastic simulators. With that aim, we discuss suitable reliability measures and estimate them using a Monte-Carlo approach. Additionally, we showcase our results using suitably designed benchmark problems that serve as academic validation, while emulating credible scenarios.
We show that when considering stochastic limit-state functions, the failure probability is not always a scalar value. Instead, it becomes a random variable that may be fully characterized by its probability density function. Moreover, we show that the stochasticity of the model severely affects the estimated probability of failure, causing it to vary up to several orders of magnitude.
Public financial management in Indonesia: Review of Islamic public finance
Creators: name: Jaelani, Aan
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Economics
subject: 140207 Financial Economics
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: 140215 Public Economics- Taxation and Revenue
subject: 140214 Public Economics- Publically Provided Goods
subject: 140213 Public Economics- Public Choice
subject: 140219 Welfare Economics
subject: 160606 Government and Politics of Asia and the Pacific
subject: FOS: Political science
subject: 150201 Finance
subject: 150312 Organisational Planning and Management

description: Public financial management by the government is very important in view of the level of welfare in Indonesia is still low, as there are still much poverty with the level of fulfillment of the needs of low, corruption that occurs in every area of government, income distribution is uneven, low economic growth, and various irregularities other budget. With a qualitative approach that emphasises the phenomenon of the social reality and the country's financial management practices in Indonesia, the approach to history and historical analysis is able to provide solutions to the existing problems. Reviewing public financial revenues and government spending become instruments in creating public welfare
Quantitative weight-of-evidence analysis of the persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and potential for long-range transport of the cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes
Creators: name: Bridges, Jim
name: Solomon, Keith R.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Pharmacology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Inorganic Chemistry

description: Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMSs) are highly volatile and have an unusual combination of physicochemical properties, which are unlike those of halocarbon-based chemicals used to establish criteria for identification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that undergo long-range transport (LRT). A transparent quantitative weight of evidence (QWoE) evaluation was conducted to characterize their properties. Measurements of concentrations of cVMSs in the environment are challenging, but currently, concentrations measured in robust studies are all less than thresholds of toxicity. The cVMSs are moderately persistent in air with half-lives ≤11 d (greater than the criterion of 2 d) but these compounds partition into the atmosphere, the final sink. The cVMSs are rapidly degraded in dry soils, partition from wet soils into the atmosphere, and are not classifiable as persistent in soils. Persistence in water and sediment is variable, but the greatest concentrations in the environment are observed in sediments. Based upon the measurements that have been made in the environment, cVMSs should not be classified as persistent. Studies in food webs support a conclusion that the cVMSs do not biomagnify, a conclusion that is consistent with results of toxicokinetic studies. Concentrations in air in remote locations are small and deposition has not been detected. Taken together, evidence indicates that traditional measures of persistence and biomagnification used for legacy POP are not suitable for cVMS. Refined approaches used here suggest that cVMSs are not classifiable as persistent, bioaccumulative, or toxic. Further, these chemicals do not undergo LRT in the sense of legacy POPs.
Extreme Variation in Star Formation Efficiency Across a Compact, Starbursting Disk Galaxy
Creators: name: Fisher, D. B.
name: Bolatto, A. D.
name: Glazebrook, K.
name: Obreschkow, D.
name: Obreschkow, R. G.
name: Kacprzak, G. G.
name: Nielsen, N. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report on the internal distribution of star formation efficiency in IRAS 08339+6517 (hereafter IRAS08), using $\sim$200~pc resolution CO(2-1) observations from NOEMA. The molecular gas depletion time changes by 2 orders-of-magnitude from disk-like values in the outer parts to less than 10$^8$~yr inside the half-light radius. This translates to a star formation efficiency per free-fall time that also changes by 2 orders-of-magnitude, reaching 50-100\%, different than local spiral galaxies and typical assumption of constant, low star formation efficiencies. Our target is a compact, massive disk galaxy that has SFR 10$\times$ above the $z=0$ main-sequence; Toomre $Q\approx0.5-0.7$ and high gas velocity dispersion ($σ_{mol}\approx 25$~km~s$^{-1}$). We find that IRAS08 is similar to other rotating, starburst galaxies from the literature in the resolved $Σ_{SFR}\proptoΣ_{mol}^N$ relation. By combining resolved literature studies we find that distance from the main-sequence is a strong indicator of the Kennicutt-Schmidt powerlaw slope, with slopes of $N\approx1.6$ for starbursts from 100-10$^4$~M$_{\odot}$~pc$^{-2}$. Our target is consistent with a scenario in which violent disk instabilities drive rapid inflows of gas. It has low values of Toomre-$Q$, and also at all radii the inflow timescale of the gas is less than the depletion time, which is consistent with the flat metallicity gradients in IRAS08. We consider these results in light of popular star formation theories, in general observations of IRAS08 find the most tension with theories in which star formation efficiency is a constant. Our results argue for the need of high spatial resolution CO observations are a larger number of similar targets.
description: Accepted to ApJ
100-kT Magnetic field generation using paisley targets by femtosecond laser-plasma interactions
Creators: name: Zosa, Myles Allen
name: Gu, Yan-Jun
name: Murakami, Masakatsu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A target using a paisley pattern generates 100-kT-level magnetic fields. Laser irradiation induces local charge separation on the target, which creates surface currents along the concave surface, generating a magnetic field. For a laser intensity of $10^{21}$ W/cm$^2$, the target generates a 150-kT magnetic field. We developed a simple model to describe the magnetic field as a function of laser intensity and target radius. A double paisley configuration extends the lifetime of the magnetic field to the picosecond scale. The paisley design generates comparable results even if it is simplified. Thus, it is a robust and modular target suitable for magnetic field applications such as 100-kT magnetic field generation and magnetic reconnection.
The Non-Belgic Iron Age in Surrey
Creators: name: Bishop, M W
Publisher: name: Archaeology Data Service
Year: 2008

description: Surrey Archaeological Collections, 68, 1-30
description: Gazetteer of hillforts, open settlements, field systems and surface finds, with discussion. Metalwork is rare in the county (Thames finds being excluded) and pottery remains the principal basis for classification and dating. Twelve main vessel forms are represented and fall into three chronological phases. The LBA-EIA transition is represented by "featureless jars" and vessels with applied cordons and fingertip decoration or with white-filled decoration. The Weybridge cylindrical bronze bucket could belong to this phase or the next. Phase 2 shows the introduction of carinated bowls and other types contemporary with the Thames series of La T�ne I daggers. The Phase 3 material, associated with the construction of multivallate hillforts, consists of saucepan pots and globular jars with smooth profiles and dark surfaces, and may begin in mid-2nd century BC. Wessex influence is rarer than has been suggested in the past.
How accurate are neural approximations of complex network dynamics?
Creators: name: Vasiliauskaite, Vaiva
name: Antulov-Fantulin, Nino
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2023

description: Data-driven approximations of ordinary differential equations offer a promising alternative to classical methods of discovering a dynamical system model, particularly in complex systems lacking explicit first principles. This paper focuses on a complex system whose dynamics is described with a system of such equations, coupled through a complex network. Numerous real-world systems, including financial, social, and neural systems, belong to this class of dynamical models. We propose essential elements for approximating these dynamical systems using neural networks, including necessary biases and an appropriate neural architecture. Emphasizing the differences from static supervised learning, we advocate for evaluating generalization beyond classical assumptions of statistical learning theory. To estimate confidence in prediction during inference time, we introduce a dedicated null model. By studying various complex network dynamics, we demonstrate that the neural approximations of dynamics generalize across complex network structures, sizes, and statistical properties of inputs. Our comprehensive framework enables accurate and reliable deep learning approximations of high-dimensional, nonlinear dynamical systems.
description: arXiv
Superfluidity in the 1D Bose-Hubbard Model
Creators: name: Kiely, Thomas G.
name: Mueller, Erich J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study superfluidity in the 1D Bose-Hubbard model using a variational matrix product state technique. We determine the superfluid density as a function of the Hubbard parameters by calculating the energy cost of phase twists in the thermodynamic limit. As the system is critical, correlation functions decay as power laws and the entanglement entropy grows with the bond dimension of our variational state. We relate the resulting scaling laws to the superfluid density. We compare two different algorithms for optimizing the infinite matrix product state and develop a physical explanation why one of them (VUMPS) is more efficient than the other (iDMRG). Finally, we comment on finite-temperature superfluidity in one dimension and how our results can be realized in cold atom experiments.
description: 16 pages, 9 figures (some equations use graphicx)
Equivalence principle and HBAR entropy of an atom falling into a quantum corrected black hole
Creators: name: Sen, Soham
name: Mandal, Rituparna
name: Gangopadhyay, Sunandan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this work, we have investigated the phenomenon of acceleration radiation exhibited by an atom falling into a quantum corrected Schwarzschild black hole. We observe that the excitation-probability of the atom with simultaneous emission of a photon satisfies the equivalence principle when we compare it to the excitation probability of a mirror accelerating with respect to an atom. We also demonstrate the validity of the equivalence principle for a generic black hole geometry. Then we calculate the horizon brightened acceleration radiation (HBAR) entropy for this quantum corrected black hole geometry. We observed that the HBAR entropy has the form identical to that of Bekenstein-Hawking black hole entropy along with universal quantum gravity corrections.
description: This revised version of the manuscript is accepted for publication in Physical Review D
Removal of Dentin Non-collagenous Structures Results in the Unraveling of Microfibril Bundles in Collagen Type I
Creators: name: Luiz E. Bertassoni
name: Swain, Michael V.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Aims: The structural organization of collagen from mineralized tissues, such as dentin and bone, has been a topic of debate in the recent literature. Recent reports have presented novel interpretations of the complexity of collagen type I at different hierarchical levels and in different tissues. Here we investigate the nanostructural organization of demineralized dentin collagen following the digestion of non-collagenous components with a trypsin enzyme. Materials and Methods: Dentin specimens were obtained from healthy third-molars, cut into small cubes and polished down to 1 µm roughness. Samples were then demineralized with 10% citric acid for 2 min. Selected specimens were further treated with a solution containing 1 mg/ml trypsin for 48 hours at 37ºC (pH 7.9 - 9.0). Both untreated and trypsin digested samples were analyzed using SDS-PAGE, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and nanoindentation, where surface hardness and creep properties where compared before and after treatments. Results: FE-SEM images of demineralized dentin showed the banded morphology of D-periodical collagen type I, which upon enzymatic digestion with trypsin appeared to dissociate longitudinally, consistently unraveling ~20 nm structures (microfibril bundles). Such nanoscale structures, which we call microfibril bundles, to the best of our knowledge, have not been characterized in dentin previously. Mechanical characterization via nanoindentation showed that the unraveling of such microfibril bundles affected the creep displacement and creep rate of demineralized dentin. Conclusion: In summary, our results provide novel evidence of the organization of collagen type I from dentin, which may have important implications for the interaction of dental materials with the organic dentin matrix and the mechanical properties of mineralized tissues.
Deep sub-wavelength localization of light and sound in dielectric resonators
Creators: name: Bozkurt, Alkim
name: Joshi, Chaitali
name: Mirhosseini, Mohammad
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Optomechanical crystals provide coupling between phonons and photons by confining them to commensurate wavelength-scale dimensions. We present a new concept for designing optomechanical crystals capable of achieving unprecedented coupling rates by confining optical and mechanical waves to deep sub-wavelength dimensions. Our design is based on a dielectric bowtie unit cell with an effective optical/mechanical mode volume of $7.6 \times 10^{-3} {(λ/n_{\textrm{Si}})}^3$/$ 1.2 \times 10^{-3} {λ_{\textrm{mech}}}^3$. We present results from numerical modeling, indicating a single-photon optomechanical coupling of 2.2 MHz with experimentally viable parameters. Monte Carlo simulations are used to demonstrate the design's robustness against fabrication disorder.
Assessing and communicating erosion risk: An interdisciplinary case study in Bangladesh and the USA
Creators: name: Freihardt, Jan
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: natural hazard
subject: Disaster risk management
subject: erosion
subject: risk communication
subject: Framing effects
subject: Bangladesh
subject: Satellite imagery
subject: SAR
subject: Google Earth Engine
subject: info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/300
subject: info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550
subject: Social sciences
subject: FOS: Social sciences
subject: Earth sciences

description: Climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of many natural hazards such as storms or fires. Governments and public officials have the duty to protect their citizens and to prevent these hazards from turning into disasters. To do so effectively, they first need a scientific assessment of the disaster risk, which they communicate to affected people in the second step. This thesis examined both steps, by assessing past events of riverbank erosion in Bangladesh using radar imagery, and by investigating how the resulting disaster risk information could aid in risk communication. I could show that analyzing radar imagery on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) can assess riverbank erosion shortly after the end of the monsoon, and hence earlier than it would be possible with optical imagery. I developed an interactive online tool allowing the user to explore where riverbank erosion has occurred along Jamuna River in the last five monsoon seasons (2015-2019). Further, the source code of this tool is made publicly available, providing an option to apply the algorithm in other geographical settings. This can be attractive for authorities in low resource settings, given that the GEE can be used free of charge. In the second part of this study, I conducted an online experiment in seven coastal US states to investigate how aerial photographs containing information on past events of coastal erosion can help to decrease framing effects inherent in disaster risk communication. I found no framing effects in a risky choice situation and a goal framing setup, casting doubt on the strength of framing effects in real world scenarios. Adding the aerial photographs to the textual description of the scenario made respondents more risk seeking and increased their stated behavioral intention to take preventive measures against coastal erosion. The overall awareness among respondents about the issue of coastal erosion was high, resulting in few risky choices and high levels of stated behavioral intentions. Further research is required on the nature of framing effects in more realistic scenarios and on how people read and interpret aerial photographs containing information on past disaster events. In addition, I will test the findings from the online survey in a large scale household survey in Bangladesh.
Evidence for Bronze Age settlement on Coombe Warren, Kingston Hill
Creators: name: Field, David J
name: Needham, Stuart P
Publisher: name: Archaeology Data Service
Year: 2008

description: Surrey Archaeological Collections, 77, 127-151
description: Artefacts collected since 19th century suggest intermittent Neo-MBA activity, with an actual settlement inferred for LBA (fairly complete vessels and domestic artefacts). Possible evidence for contemporary burial and strong evidence for metalworking reinforce this; did the settlement produce some of the many bronzes found in the West London Thames? And do late med references imply survival of an earthwork?
Accelerating Alchemical Free Energy Prediction Using a Multistate Method: Application to Multiple Kinases
Creators: name: Champion, Candide
name: Gall, René
name: Ries, Benjamin
name: Rieder, Salomé R.
name: Barros, Emilia P.
name: Riniker, Sereina
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2023
Subjects: Free energy calculation
Kinase
Multistate methods

description: lchemical free-energy methods based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have become important tools to identify modifications of small organic molecules that improve their protein binding affinity during lead optimization. The routine application of pairwise free-energy methods to rank potential binders from best to worst is impacted by the combinatorial increase of calculations to perform when the number of molecules to assess grows. To address this fundamental limitation, our group has developed replica-exchange enveloping distribution sampling (RE-EDS), a pathway-independent multistate method, enabling the calculation of alchemical free-energy differences between multiple ligands (N > 2) from a single MD simulation. In this work, we apply the method to a set of four kinases with diverse binding pockets, and their corresponding inhibitors (42 in total), chosen to showcase the general applicability of RE-EDS in prospective drug design campaigns. We show that for the targets studied, RE-EDS is able to model up to 13 ligands simultaneously with high sampling efficiency, leading to a substantial decrease in computational cost when compared to pairwise methods.
description: ChemRxiv
description: ISSN:2573-2293
Quantitative Weight-of-Evidence Analysis of the Persistence, Bioaccumulation, Toxicity, and Potential for Long-Range Transport of the Cyclic Volatile Methyl Siloxanes
Creators: name: Bridges, Jim
name: Solomon, Keith R.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Pharmacology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Inorganic Chemistry

description: Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMSs) are highly volatile and have an unusual combination of physicochemical properties, which are unlike those of halocarbon-based chemicals used to establish criteria for identification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that undergo long-range transport (LRT). A transparent quantitative weight of evidence (QWoE) evaluation was conducted to characterize their properties. Measurements of concentrations of cVMSs in the environment are challenging, but currently, concentrations measured in robust studies are all less than thresholds of toxicity. The cVMSs are moderately persistent in air with half-lives ≤11 d (greater than the criterion of 2 d) but these compounds partition into the atmosphere, the final sink. The cVMSs are rapidly degraded in dry soils, partition from wet soils into the atmosphere, and are not classifiable as persistent in soils. Persistence in water and sediment is variable, but the greatest concentrations in the environment are observed in sediments. Based upon the measurements that have been made in the environment, cVMSs should not be classified as persistent. Studies in food webs support a conclusion that the cVMSs do not biomagnify, a conclusion that is consistent with results of toxicokinetic studies. Concentrations in air in remote locations are small and deposition has not been detected. Taken together, evidence indicates that traditional measures of persistence and biomagnification used for legacy POP are not suitable for cVMS. Refined approaches used here suggest that cVMSs are not classifiable as persistent, bioaccumulative, or toxic. Further, these chemicals do not undergo LRT in the sense of legacy POPs.
Investigation of the Lorentz invariance violation in two-neutrino double-beta decay
Creators: name: Ghinescu, S. A.
name: Nitescu, O.
name: Stoica, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We make a comprehensive investigation of the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) effects that may occur in two-neutrino double-beta ($2νββ$) decay for all the experimentally interesting nuclei. We deduce the formulas for the LIV deviations and provide single and summed energy electron spectra and angular correlation between electrons with and without LIV contributions, to be used for constraining the LIV coefficient $\mathring{a}_{\text{of}}^{(3)}$. First, we confirm the shifting of the electron spectra to higher electron energies due to LIV for all nuclei. Next, we analyze other LIV signatures that can be used in LIV investigations. Thus, from the comparison of the electron and angular correlation spectra calculated with the inclusion of the LIV contributions, with their standard forms, information can be obtained about the strength versus observability of the LIV effects in the current experimental statistics. Then, we present the alternative method of constraining $\mathring{a}_{\text{of}}^{(3)}$ from the measurement of the angular correlation coefficient and estimate the statistics that different double-beta decay experiments should reach to constrain the LIV coefficient at the level of the current beta decay experiments. We hope that our work will improve the theoretical support and further stimulate the search for LIV in double-beta decay.
Wood fuel in Switzerland: energy potential, technology development, resource mobilization, and its role in the energy transition: White paper
Creators: name: Thees, Oliver
name: Erni, Matthias
name: Burg, Vanessa
name: Bowman, Gillianne
name: Biollaz, Serge
name: Damartzis, Theodoros
name: Griffin, Timothy
name: Luterbacher, Jeremy
name: Maréchal, François
name: Nussbaumer, Thomas
name: Schildhauer, Tilman
name: Schweier, Janine
name: Studer, Michael
name: Kröcher, Oliver
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2023

description: To enable the energy transition in Switzerland, SCCER BIOSWEET (i) assessed the current and future potentials of primary energy from the different woody biomass types in Switzerland; (ii) developed and implemented innovative technologies for biomass utilization in the fields of heat, electricity and fuels; and (iii) investigated the future role of woody biomass in the energy system.
SCCER BIOSWEET started with the vision of 100 petajoules (PJ) of primary energy consumption per year from bioenergy by 2050, which means a doubling of the current energy consumption from biomass. According to the results of the analyses completed through SCCER BIOSWEET, this target is achievable and woody biomass could contribute 50 %. Nevertheless, with regard to resource efficiency and the decarbonization of industry and society, priority should be given to the material use of wood (cascading use), for example as chemicals produced in biorefineries. In Switzerland, the use of wood for energy would ideally include the production of high-temperature heat for industrial process heating, as well as fuels in gaseous and liquid form for ground- and air-based transportation. A further key point is the need to compensate for fluctuations in the production of other types of energy, especially solar power.
Two Late Post-Medieval Pottery Groups from Farnham Castle, Surrey
Creators: name: Moorhouse, Stephen A
Publisher: name: Archaeology Data Service
Year: 2008

description: Surrey Archaeological Collections, 68, 39-55
description: [SU 8347]. Illustrated catalogue and discussion of a group from a well probably filled in 1521, and another probably representing Civil War occupation of the keep in 1642-5. The well group consists of red wares of London and Oxford manufacture, fine Surrey White wares and German stonewares from Raeren and Cologne. The Civil War material is all Surrey White ware originating from a kiln site as yet unidentified.