title: Ð ÐµÐ³Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð² Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ¿ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑÐ¼Ð¸ Ð´ÐµÑÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¸
title: Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ°
titleType: Subtitle
title: Registration of single photons using semiconductor detectors
Creators: name: ÐÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°, ÐÐ½Ð½Ð°
Publisher: name: Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑ ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
Year: 2022
Subjects: ÐÐµÑÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÑ
Ð¤Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ
Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½ÑÐ¹ ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¾Ð´
ÑÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ð¼ Ð³ÐµÐ¹Ð³ÐµÑÐ°
Ð¿Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑ ÐµÐ¼Ð° Ð³Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
Ð°ÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑ ÐµÐ¼Ð° Ð³Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
avalanche photodiode
geiger mode
passive quenching scheme
active quenching scheme

description: ÐÐ±ÑÐµÐºÑ Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ â Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½ÑÐ¹ ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¾Ð´, ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ Ð² Ð½ÐµÐ¿ÑÐµÑÑÐ²Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ ÑÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ð¼Ðµ. Ð¦ÐµÐ»Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ â Ð²ÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ ÑÐ»ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½ÑÐ¾Ð² Ð¸ ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÑÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ° Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð², ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÑÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð² Ð½ÐµÐ¿ÑÐµÑÑÐ²Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ ÑÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ð¼Ðµ. Ð ÑÐµÐ·ÑÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÑÐµ Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÑÐ»Ð¸ Ð¸Ð·ÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð½ÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð², ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÑÐ¾Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ð¸, ÑÐ²ÐµÑÑÐ¿ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´ÑÑÐ¸Ðµ Ð´ÐµÑÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÑ Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ¿ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑÐµ Ð´ÐµÑÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÑ, Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ Ð½Ð° Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¾Ð´Ðµ (ÐÐ¤Ð). ÐÑÐ»Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÐ°ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐµÑÐ¸ÑÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ Ð´ÐµÑÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð² (ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð½ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ, ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ° ÑÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑÐµÑÐ¾Ð², Ð²ÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÐµ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ°Ð¼ÐµÑÑÑ (Ð·Ð°Ð´ÐµÑÐ¶ÐºÐ°, ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¸ Ñ. Ð´.), Ð²ÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ¸Ð¼ÑÑÐµÑÑÐ²Ð° Ð´ÐµÑÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð² Ð½Ð° Ð±Ð°Ð·Ðµ ÐÐ¤Ð. Ð ÑÐ¾Ð´Ðµ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ Ð±ÑÐ»Ð¸ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ð¼Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¾Ð´Ð°, ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð°ÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¸ Ð¿Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ»Ðµ ÑÑÐ°Ð±Ð°ÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¸Ð¾Ð´Ð°, Ð¸Ð·ÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¸Ð¾Ð´Ð° (Ð±Ð°ÑÐ°ÑÐµÐ¸ Ð¸Ð· ÑÐ»ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½ÑÐ¾Ð² ÐÐµÐ»ÑÑÑÐµ, Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð¡ÑÐ¸ÑÐ»Ð¸Ð½Ð³Ð°). ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑ ÑÐµÐ¼Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÑÑ Ð² Ð´ÐµÑÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐµ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¾ Ð¸ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑÐµÐ¿Ð»Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð¡ÑÐ¸ÑÐ»Ð¸Ð½Ð³Ð°, ÑÐ°Ðº ÐºÐ°Ðº Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ðµ ÑÑÑÑÐ¾Ð¹ÑÑÐ²Ð¾ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑÐ¿ÐµÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÐ»Ð°Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð²Ð¿Ð»Ð¾ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ 20 Ð. Ð ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐµ Ð±ÑÐ»Ð° ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ°Ð½Ð° ÑÑÐ½ÐºÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð»ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð° Ð´ÐµÑÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ° Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð² Ð¸ Ð²ÑÐ±ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÑÐ»ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑ, Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑÐ¿ÐµÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ðµ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÐ°ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐµÑÐ¸ÑÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ Ð´ÐµÑÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ°. Ð¢Ð°ÐºÐ¶Ðµ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÐ±ÑÐ°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð² Ð±ÑÐ» Ð¾Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½ Ð²ÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð³Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ñ Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð· Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ ÑÐ»ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½ÑÐ¾Ð² Ð¿Ð¾ ÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ.ÐÐ°Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÐµÐ·ÑÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÐµ Ð´ÐµÑÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð² Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð², ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² ÑÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ð¼Ðµ ÐÐµÐ¹Ð³ÐµÑÐ°.
description: The subject of the graduate qualification work is avalanche photodiode operating in Geiger mode. The main types of single-photon detectors such as photoelectronic multipliers, superconducting detectors and semiconductor detectors based on an avalanche photodiode were studied. The main characteristics of the detectors (quantum efficiency, frequency of dark samples, time parameters (delay, resolution, etc.) were analyzed, the advantages of SPAD were revealed.In the course of the work, the modes of operation of the avalanche photodiode, the schemes of active and passive avalanche suppression after the diode was triggered were considered, the main methods of diode cooling (batteries from Peltier cells, Stirling machines) were studied. To obtain the necessary temperatures in the reactor, it is proposed to use a Stirling heat machine, since this device provides cooling up to 20 K.In the work, a functional scheme of a single photon detector was developed, and elements were selected that provide the specified characteristics of the detector. Also, for the selected photodiodes, the choice of an avalanche extinguishing scheme was justified, and an analysis of the selected elements was carried out according to the criterion of completing the technical task. These results can be applied in the development of single-photon detectors operating in Geiger mode.