Ramulus ussurianus
Creators: name: Storozhenko, Sergey Yu.
name: Kim, Taewoo
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Phasmida
Phasmatidae
Ramulus
Ramulus ussurianus

description: Ramulus ussurianus (Bey-Bienko, 1960)
(Figs 1–15)
Baculum ussurianum Bey-Bienko, 1960: 690, fig. 1 (holotype—female, Russia: Primorskii krai, “middle stretch of Daubikhe River, Anuchinskii district” [= Arsenyevka River, vicinity of Vinogradovka village, 43°45ʹ N, 132°57ʹ E]; deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia); Sinchilina, 1972: 154; Storozhenko, 1986: 240, fig. 113; Perepelkina & Veriga, 2005: 62.
Ramulus ussurianus: Otte & Brock, 2005: 307; Brock, 2007: 55.
Baculum koreanus Kwon, Ha & Lee, 1992: 50, 51, fig. 3, Pl. 3A-G (holotype—female, Korea: “ Kyonpuk Prov., Chuwangsan ” [= Mt. Juwangsan, Cheongsong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 36°23ʹ N, 129°10ʹ E]; deposited in the Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea); syn. nov.
Ramulus koreanus: Otte & Brock, 2005: 307.
Baculum minutidentatum Chen & He, 1994: 197, figs. 3, 4 (holotype—female, China: ‘ Liaoning Province, Huanren Co. ” [= Huanren Manchu Autonomous County, 41°16ʹ N, 125°21ʹ E]; deposited in the Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China]; syn. nov.
Baculum minutidentatum: Wang & Zhou, 2003: 31; Chen & He, 2008: 288, fig. 253.
Ramulus minutidentatus: Otte & Brock, 2005: 304; Hennemann et al., 2008: 31, 50.
Type material examined. RUSSIA. Primorskii krai: Anuchinskii district, vicinity of Vinogradovka village, 28-30 August 1957, 2 ♀ (holotype and paratype), leg. E.S. Sinchilina (ZIN).
Other material examined. RUSSIA. Spasskii district, vicinity of Tatyanovka village, 12 August 1960, 4 ♀, leg. E.S. Sinchilina; the same locality, 12 August 1965, 14 ♀, leg. N.A. Krylov; Spasskii district, vicinity of Dubovskoe village, 20-30 August 1996, 13 ♀, leg. M.A. Koshcheev; Chernigovskii district, 10 km SE Chernigovka, vicinity of Gribnoe village, 29 July 1996, 1 ♀ (nymph), leg. S.A. Belokobylskij; Anuchinskii district, 30 km NW Arseniev city, 9 October 2002, 12 ♀, leg. S. V. Veriga; the same locality, 10 August 2004, 98 ♀, 1 ³, leg. S.A. Veriga and other local collectors (FSCB). REPUBLIC OF KOREA. Gangwon-do: Baekdamsa Temple, Mt. Seolaksan, Buk-myeon, Inje-gun, 27 June 2015, 3 ♀ (nymphs), leg. Kim Taewoo; Jeohangryeong, Mt. Seolaksan, Sokcho-si, 22 July 2004, 1 ♀ (nymph), leg. JK Kim; Gotoil-gil, Gonhan-eup, Jeongseon-gun, 4 September 2015, 2 ♀, leg. Kang Euyong & Oh Heungyun; Mt. Gariwangsan, Hoedong-ri, Jeongseon-eup, Jeongseon-gun, 2 September, 2009, 1 ♀ (sweeping), leg. WY Choi, OS Kim, & YW Lee; Mt. Chiaksan, Wonju-si, 19 July 1998, 1 ♀, leg. Kim Seong-A; Chungcheongbuk-do: Miwon-ri, Miwon-myeon, Cheongwon-gun, 22 July 2013, 1 ♀ (nymph), Kim In-Hee; Mt. Wolaksan, Jecheon-si, 13 August 1987, 1 ♀, collector unknown; Gyeongsangbuk-do: Jukgye, Sunheung-myeon, Yeongju-si, 21 July 2008, 1 ♀, leg. Lee Jongwook; Abgokam Temple, Mt. Seonamsan, Gaap-ri, Goro-myeon, Gunwi-myeon, 20 July 1998, 2 ♀, leg. An Taeho & An Namyoung; Mt. Geumosan, Gumi, 19-20 July 2001, 1 ♀, leg. Kim Jin-ill & Kim A-yong; Huibangsa Temple, Mt. Sobaeksan, Yeongju-si, 2 August 1994, 2 ♀, leg. Moon Tae-Young; Gyeongsangnam-do: Icheon-ri, Sangbuk-myeon, Ulsan-si, 6-8 August 1992, 1 ♀, collector unknown; Hansin-gyegok, Chuseong-ri, Macheon-myeon, Hamyang-gun, 29-30 July 1992, 1 ♀, collector unknown; Mt. Jirisan, Jungsan-ri, Sicheon-myeon, Sancheong-gun, 12 August 2010, 1 ♀, leg. Kim Taewoo (NIBR).
Description. FEMALE. Body smooth, medium size for the genus. Apterous. There are two color forms: green (Fig. 2) and brown (Fig. 1); the former is most common (about 95 % of studied specimens). Head prognathous (Fig. 7), slightly extended, longer than pronotum (Fig. 4). Vertex without granules or transverse ridge between compound eyes. Occiput and genae smooth. Compound eyes oval, prominent. Antennae 21–22-segmented, 2.7–2.8 times shorter than fore femora; scapus flat and broad, about three times length of pedicel, other segments cylindrical, 3rd segment longest. Pronotum elongated, slightly expanded posteriorly, anterior margin concave, posterior margin truncate, transverse and longitudinal sulci crossing at the middle (Fig. 4). Mesonotum and metanotum smooth, with distinct median carina. Mesonotum longer than metanotum and median segment combined. Median segment shorter than tergite II. Mesopleurae and metapleurae smooth. Abdomen cylindrical, smooth, dorsally with vestigial median carina. The length of tergites III-VII almost equal. Tergite VIII distinctly longer than tergite IX (Fig. 6). Tergite X (= anal segment) relatively narrow, apically with two lateral lobes and a short anal plate between them (Fig. 5). Sternite VII without praeopercular organ. Operculum (= sternite VIII; subgenital plate) reaching apex of tergite X; laterally boat-shaped (Fig. 6); ventrally with distinct median carina in apical third of sternite. Cerci short, cylindrical, not reaching posterior margin of the tergite X. Fore femora curved basally, shorter than fore tibiae. Mid femora and mid tibiae approximately equal length; hind femora shorter than hind tibiae. All femora dorsally unarmed, ventrally with short apical carinula armed by 3–4 small blackish teeth.
MALE (first description). Similar to female but smaller and slender. Body smooth, light brown with black lateral stripes along thorax and abdomen (Fig. 3). Head longer than wide and 1.1 times longer than pronotum; dorsum of head without depressions between bases of antennae and spines between eyes; vertex, occiput and genae smooth. Compound eyes oval, prominent. Antennae 22-segmented, 1.4 times shorter than fore femora; scapus elongated, slightly flat, about two times length of pedicel, other segments cylindrical, almost equal. Pronotum distinctly expanded posteriorly, elongated; anterior margin concave, posterior margin truncate, lateral margins S-shaped; transverse and longitudinal sulci as in female. Mesonotum and metanotum smooth, without median carina. Mesonotum 1.2 times longer than metanotum and median segment combined. Median segment 1.7 times shorter than tergite II. Mesopleurae and metapleurae smooth. Abdomen narrow, cylindrical, smooth. The length of tergites II-III almost equal; tergites IV-VII slightly longer. Tergite VIII and IX short, widened (Fig. 8). Tergite X (= anal segment) as long as tergite IX, dilated into two distinct lobes, tapering posteriorly. Inner margins of lobes curved inwards, with more than 10 irregularly arranged blackish teeth and numerous short setae (Figs. 9, 10). Posterior margin of the last sternite triangularly concave. Poculum laterally boat-shaped, not reaching the apex of tergite IX (Fig. 9), ventrally shallow concave at apex. Cerci short, cylindrical, not reaching posterior margin of tergite X (Fig. 10). Fore femora curved basally, dorsally and ventrally unarmed, 1.4 times shorter than fore tibiae. Mid femora and mid tibiae distinctly shorter than fore ones. Hind hind femora shorter than hind tibiae. Mid and hind femora ventrally with short apical carinula armed by 2–3 small blackish teeth.
Measurements. Lengths (in mm). Body: ♀ 75.0–90.0, ³ 57.0; head: ♀ 4.2–4.5, ³ 2.8; antenna: ♀ 8.7–9.1, ³ 19.5; pronotum: ♀ 2.8–3.0, ³ 2.5; mesonotum: ♀ 13.7–16.5, ³ 12.7; metanotum: ♀ 9.5–10.3, ³ 8.4; median segment: ♀ 2.0–2.5, ³ 2.1; abdomen: ♀ 45.0–51.0, ³ 35.0; fore femur: ♀ 23.5–25.0, ³ 26.5; fore tibia: ♀ 27.5–29.0, ³ 37.2; mid femur: ♀ 14.3-15.5, ³ 16.5; mid tibia: ♀ 14.9-16.3, ³ 19.7; hind femur: ♀ 18.0–20.0, ³ 20.5; hind tibia: ♀ 19.5-20.4, ³ 18.0; cercus: ♀ 0.9–1.0, ³ 1.0.
Egg. Capsule length 3.4–3.5 mm, width 1.1–1.2 mm, height 1.6–1.7 mm. Capsule generally flattened and slightly concave; surface matt, grey to dark brown; ventral and dorsal sides with a pair of longitudinal ridges (Figs. 11, 12). Capitulum absent. Operculum broadly oval with numerous irregular short ridges (Fig. 13). Micropylar plate elliptical; micropyle situated almost in the central part of plate (Fig. 14). The eggs described herein from Russia appear to be identical to figured ones from China (Chen & Li, 1999) and Korea (Kwon et al., 1992), further supporting the proposed new synonymy.
Notes. Ramulus ussurianus was described by two females which Brock (2007: 55) considered as syntypes. This is incorrect because Bey-Bienko (1960: 691) discussed variability of his new species and compared the type (marked by golden circle) with paratype (without circle); therefore the type series consists of holotype and paratype (Fig. 15).
Biology. The nocturnal Ramulus ussurianus is known as a parthenogenetic species overwintering in the egg stage. Development takes place through four nymphal instars: 1st (body length 10–15 mm), 2nd (17–28), 3rd (28–35), and 4th (40–70 mm) (Perepelkina & Veriga, 2005). In nature the nymphs hatch from late May while adults are observed from late July to the early November.
The maximum density of immature and adult Ramulus ussurianus in Russia is a reported 30– 45 specimens per m 2 (Perepelkina & Veriga, 2005) while in China (Tongua city, Jilin province) 2000–5000 insects were scored on a single Tilia mandshurica tree (Wang & Zhou, 2003). The density of dropped eggs was 500–600 per m 2 in Russia and 1000–3000 per m 2 in China, each female laying 180– 280 eggs.
The first and only one male so far collected and here described has been found in Primorskii krai in 2004 together with thousands of females collected at the same locality and time. A copulation lasting 10 minutes was observed on 17 August 2004; male takes position above the female and the heads of both sexes are directed in the same direction (Perepelkina & Veriga, 2005).
Food plants. The main food plants are Betula dahurica Pall., B. mandshurica (Rgl.) Nakai (Betulaceae), Ulmus propinqua Koidz. (Ulmaceae), Acer tegmentosum Maxim., A. mandshuricum Maxim., A. mono Maxim. (Sapindaceae), Filipendula palmata Maxim. (Rosaceae), Tilia amurensis Rupr., T. mandshurica Rupr. et Maxim. (Malvaceae), while the leaves of Actindia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. (Actinidiaceae), Euonymus sp. (Celastraceae), Quercus mongolica Fisch. (Fagaceae), Lonicera maackii Rupr., Weigela subsessilis Bail. (Caprifoliaceae), Salix caprea L. (Salicaceae), Ulmus laciniata (Trautv.) Mayr., Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Mak. (Ulmaceae), Carpesium macrocephalum Franch. et Sav. (Asteraceae), Acer barbinerve Maxim. (Sapindaceae), Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae), Corylus mandshuricum Maxim. et Rupr. (Betulaceae), and Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. (Oleaceae) are also used (Sinchilina, 1961, 1972; Kwon et al., 1992; Wang & Zhou, 2003; Perepelkina & Veriga, 2005).
Pest status. In Russian Far East (Primorskii krai) this species is known as a serious pest, badly defoliating forests in several districts in 1959 and 2002–2004 (Sinchilina, 1972; Perepelkina & Veriga, 2005). All younger trees and bushes were killed and bigger trees became dry and withered. In 1991 and 1998–2001 similar serious damage occurred in Jilin province, China (Xu et al., 1994; Wang & Zhou, 2003).
Distribution. China (Liaoning and Jilin provinces), Korea (Gangwon-do, Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeollabuk-do), and Russia (Primorskii krai).
description: Published as part of Storozhenko, Sergey Yu. & Kim, Taewoo, 2021, Studies on Ramulus ussurianus (Bey-Bienko, 1960) (Phasmida: Phasmatidae), pp. 587-593 in Zootaxa 4941 (4) on pages 587-591, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4941.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4595762