Hecalini Distant 1908
Creators: name: Zahniser, James N.
name: Dietrich, Chris H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Cicadellidae

description: Hecalini Distant, 1908
Figs 27, 28
Type genus: Hecalus Stål, 1864.
= Reuteriellini Evans, 1947.
Diagnosis
Hecalini are medium sized to large, somewhat to strongly dorsoventrally flattened, stramineous, yellow, green, or brown leafhoppers, sometimes with bright orange or reddish markings. They can be identified by the produced and parabolically shaped head, dorsoventrally flattened body, lateral margin of pronotum as long as or longer than the basal width of the eye, ocelli closer to they eyes than the laterofrontal sutures, apodemes of male sternite I long and relatively narrow, apodemes of male sternite II broad and well-developed, male pygofer often produced or pointed posterodorsally, segment X withdrawn into the pygofer, ventral margins of the male pygofer often lobate, aedeagus often with one or two pairs of apical processes, first valvula dorsal sculpturing granulose to maculose and submarginal, first valvula often with distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing, second valvula usually without teeth, humpbacked dorsally, and concave ventrally.
Description
HEAD. Head subequal to or wider than pronotum; often produced anteriorly and/or parabolically shaped. Discal portion of crown glabrous with radial or longitudinal striae, shagreen or granulose. Anterior margin of head shagreen, glabrous, irregularly textured, foliaceous, with a single transverse carina, or with 2 or 3 parallel carinae. Frontoclypeus tumid or flat; texture shagreen. Clypellus parallel-sided, tapering apically, or rarely widening apically; apex following or slightly surpassing normal curve of gena. Lorum narrower than, subequal to, wider than clypellus near base. Antennal bases near middle or posteroventral (lower) corners of eyes. Antennae short, less than 1.5 x width of head. Gena obtusely incised laterally or strongly incised laterally (nearly forming right angle); with or without (Attenuipyga, some Glossocratus) fine erect seta beside laterofrontal suture. Antennal ledge absent. Ocelli present; close to eyes, closer to eyes than laterofrontal sutures; on anterior margin of head.
THORAX. Pronotum lateral margin carinate; lateral margin as long as or longer than basal width of eye.
WINGS. Forewing brachypterous to macropterous; if macropterous, appendix restricted to anal margin or rarely large, extending around wing apex; with 3 anteapical cells; veins not elevated or rarely elevated (Attenuipyga); without reflexed costal veins; A1-A2 crossvein absent or present; A1 and A2 sometimes confluent (Attenuipyga [Dorycara]).
LEGS. Profemur with AM1 seta only or rarely with AM1 and with one or more additional proximal setae (some Glossocratus) or AM1 absent (Attenuipyga); intercalary row with one row of five or more fine setae or setae scattered, not in one row, or setae absent or reduced; row AV with short, stout setae or with relatively long macrosetae. Protibia dorsal surface rounded, convex. Metafemur apex macrosetae 2+2+1, 2+2+1 and with additional proximal macrosetae (some Glossocratus), or 2+0 (Attenuipyga). Metatarsomere I not expanded apically or expanded apically; plantar setae simple, tapered.
MALE GENITALIA. Apodemes of sternite I usually long, usually as long as those of sternite II, relatively narrow. Apodemes of sternite II large, broad (exception: Glossocratus). Valve articulated with pygofer; lateral margin short, articulating with pygofer at a point. Pygofer basolateral membranous cleft present; macrosetae well differentiated into several rows; often produced or pointed posterodorsally, with ‘anal tube’ withdrawn into pygofer; ventral margins often lobate. Subgenital plates free from each other; articulated with valve; macrosetae scattered, irregularly arranged or uniseriate laterally. Style broadly bilobed basally, median anterior lobe pronounced. Basal processes of the aedeagus/connective absent or reduced. Aedeagus with single shaft and gonopore; often with one or two pairs of apical processes, or rarely with preapical processes. Connective anterior arms somewhat divergent, Y - or U -shaped; articulated with aedeagus.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Pygofer with macrosetae absent, reduced, or with numerous macrosetae. Ovipositor usually protruding or sometimes not protruding far beyond pygofer apex. First valvula not strongly convex; dorsal sculpturing pattern granulose or maculose; sculpturing submarginal or rarely reaching dorsal margin; usually with ventroapical sculpturing distinctly delimited. Second valvula gradually broadened medially or subapically; humpbacked dorsally; concave ventrally; usually without dorsal median tooth (except Glossocratus); dorsal teeth usually absent but if present (some Glossocratus), teeth small, regularly or irregularly shaped, on apical 1/3 or more.
Geography and ecology
Distribution: cosmopolitan. Hecalini are grass feeders and are sometimes very brightly colored with yellow, green (in live specimens), or orange. Some are extremely elongate and dorsoventrally flattened, apparently an adaptation enhancing crypsis on their grass hosts.
Remarks
Hecalini contains 23 genera and 180 species. The three included exemplars (Hecalus, Attenuipyga and Glossocratus) were resolved as a monophyletic group here in MP analyses, but not in ML or Bayesian analyses. In the MP analysis, the partitioned Bremer support from the Histone H3 data was -14.4 which apparently strongly conflicted with the signal from the 28S and morphology data sets (DI= 7.7 and 13.2, respectively). This conflict in signal likely influenced the results of the ML and Bayesian analyses which resolved different topologies for the hecalines included here. MP analyses of the combined data suggest that Hecalini is closely related to Arrugadini, but more data are needed to confirm this.
Hamilton (2000) revised the concept of Hecalini and excluded several genera that have only a superficial similarity to the tribe. He also pointed out several characters that are shared between Hecalini and “Dorycephalini”, although of the latter he was apparently referring only to the New World Attenuipyga and Neoslossonia, and not to Dorycephalus which does not share several of the characters he mentioned. The characters listed by Hamilton (2000) and others noted here that are shared between Attenuipyga, Neoslossonia, and other Hecalini and not with Dorycephalus are listed in the Diagnosis. Based on their shared morphological characters and support from the molecular data, Attenuipyga and Neoslossonia are transferred to Hecalini here. Dorycephalini is maintained as a separate monotypic tribe.
Morrison (1973) revised the Oriental fauna and suggested that Clavena may belong to Ledrini based on the position of the ocelli stated in the original description of C. sulcata Melichar. He did not examine the type, so its inclusion in Hecalini has not been confirmed. Sectoculus is removed from Hecalini and placed in Eupelicini: Paradorydiina (see discussion under Paradorydiina).
Selected references
Linnavuori (1957, 1959, 1975), Morrison (1973), Linnavuori & DeLong (1978c), Hamilton (2000), Dmitriev (2002).
Included subtribes:
description: Published as part of Zahniser, James N. & Dietrich, Chris H., 2013, A review of the tribes of Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), pp. 1-211 in European Journal of Taxonomy 45 on pages 91-92, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.45, http://zenodo.org/record/3822710