Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics No. 2
Creators: name: Mühlhäusler, P. (Ed.)
name: Lattey, E. (Ed.)
name: Woolford, E. (Ed.)
name: Camden, W. (Ed.)
name: Steffenson, M. (Ed.)
name: Clyne, M. (Ed.)
name: Peet Jr., W. (Ed.)
name: Mosel, U. (Ed.)
name: Smith, I. (Ed.)
name: Gebhard, J. (Ed.)
name: Nguyen, D. (Ed.)
name: Dreyfuss, G. (Ed.)
name: Oka, D. (Ed.)
name: Reigo {De, M.Dios} (Ed.)
Publisher: name: Pacific Linguistics
Year: 1979

description: A-57
description: Editor's Note iiiContents iv{Peter Mühlhäusler.} 1SYNONYMY AND COMMUNICATION ACROSS LECTAL BOUNDARIES IN TOK PISIN. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. SYNONYMY IN TOK PISIN 2 3. THE FUNCTION OF SYNONYM PAIRS 3 3.1. Introduction of New Lexical Items 5 3.2. Communications Across Regional Boundaries 5 3.3. Replacement of Long-winded and Non-prestigious Forms 6 3.4. Replacement of Non-English Forms 7 3.5. Supplementation of Referentially Wide or Vague Items With More Specialised Items 8 3.6. Other Functions of Synonym Pairs 9 4. NOTES ON THE STRUCTURE OF SYNONYM PAIRS 10 5. THE SOCIO-HISTORICAL SETTING OF LEXICAL CHANGE 12 6. PARALLELS WITH THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH 13 7. APPLICATIONS 14NOTES 16BIBLIOGRAPHY 18{Elsa Lattey} 21BEYOND VARIABLE RULES.NOTES 33BIBLIOGRAPHY 35{Ellen Woolford} 37VARIATION AND CHANGE IN THE i 'PREDICATE MARKER' OF NEW GUINEA TOK PISIN.APPENDIX 46NOTE 48BIBLIOGRAPHY 49{W. Camden} 51PARALLELS IN STRUCTURE AND LEXICON AND SYNTAX BETWEEN NEW HEBRIDES BISLAMA AND THE SOUTH SANTO LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT TANGOA. 1. INTRODUCTION 51 1.1. The New Hebrides 51 1.2. Bislama, the New Hebrides-English Pidgin English 52 1.3. The Tangoan Language 53 2. PARALLELS IN STRUCTURE OF THE LEXICON 53 2.1. Analysis of the Bislama Lexicon 53 2.2. Parallels in Area of Meaning of Bislama and Tangoan Lexical Items 55 2.2.1. Nouns 55 2.2.2. Verbs 55 2.2.3. The Aspect Marker 'save' 58 2.2.4. The Modifier 'tumas' 59 2.3. Parallels in Area of Meaning of Bislama and English Lexical Items 60 2.3.1. Nouns 60 2.3.2. Verbs 60 2.3.3. Residuals 60 2.4. Parallels in Area of Meaning of Bislama and French Lexical Items 61 2.5. Bislama Words With No Close Parallels in Tangoan or English Lexicon 61 2.5.1. 'blong' 62 2.5.2. 'long' 64 2.5.3. 'from' 67 2.6. Parallels in Formation of Compound Verbs in Bislama and Tangoan 68 2.7. Parallels in Psychological and Spiritual Terms in Bislama and Tangoan 69 2.8. Parallels in Language Viewed as 'Swearing' in Bislama and Tangoan 71 3. PARALLELS IN SYNTAX 71 3.1. Introduction 74 3.1.1. The 'Definite Article' 75 3.1.2. Marking 'Number' on Nouns 78 3.1.3. Marking 'Number and Intensification' on Adjectives 81 3.1.4. Marking 'Gender' on Nouns 83 3.1.5. The Formation of Noun Phrases 84 3.1.6. The System of Pronouns 87 3.1.7. The Predicate Markers 88 3.1.8. Verb Stem Morphology 90 3.1.9. The Verb Phrase 92 3.1.10. Discourse Level Features of 'Verb Structure' 95 3.1.11. The Order of Constituents in a Clause 98 3.1.12. Focussing Through Variation in Clause Order 104 3.2. Differences in Syntax in Bislama and Tangoan 105 3.2.1. The Placement of Adjectives 105 3.2.2. The Form of the Demonstrative 106 3.2.3. The Form of Noun Phrases 106 3.2.4. The Irrealis Predicate 106 3.2.5. The Clause Marker 'we' 106 4. DISCUSSION OF MATERIAL PRESENTED 108 5. CONCLUSIONS 110NOTES 112BIBLIOGRAPHY 116{Margaret S. Steffensen} 119REDUPLICATION IN BAMYILI CREOLE. 1. INTRODUCTION 119 2. THE SYNTACTIC STRUCTURES WHICH UNDERGO REDUPLICATION 120 3. REDUPLICATION IN PRONOUNS, ADJECTIVALS AND VERBALS 121 4. REDUPLICATION IN THE NOMINAL SYSTEM 127 5. CONCLUSION 128NOTES 130BIBLIOGRAPHY 131{M.G. Clyne} 135 GERMAN AND ENGLISH WORKING PIDGINS. 1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 135 2. GERMAN PIDGIN 135 2.1. Karl May's Negro German as a Basis of Comparison 136 3. DATA 137 4. ENGLISH PIDGIN IN AUSTRALIA 137 4.1. Comparison With Ferguson's Study 139 4.2. Me for I 139 5. CONTACT BETWEEN GERMAN AND ENGLISH PIDGIN IN AUSTRALIA 141 6. SIMILARITY BETWEEN GERMAN AND ENGLISH PIDGIN, AND THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 144 NOTES 147 BIBLIOGRAPHY 149{William Peet, Jr} 151 THE NOMINATIVE SHIFT IN HAWAIIAN CREOLE PRONOMINALISATION. 0. INTRODUCTION 151 1. HYPNO-ELICITATION IN LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS 151 2. THE NOMINATIVE SHIFT 152 3. CONSTRAINTS ON THE NOMINATIVE SHIFT 154 4. ACCUSATIVE SUBJECTS IN PIDGINS AND NOMINATIVE SHIFT IN DE-CREOLISATION 156 5. CONCLUSION 158 NOTES 159 BIBLIOGRAPHY 161{Ulrike Mosel.} 163 EARLY LANGUAGE CONTACT BETWEEN TOLAI, PIDGIN AND ENGLISH IN THE LIGHT OF ITS SOCIOLINGUISTIC BACKGROUND (1875-1914). 0. INTRODUCTION 163 1. THE SPREADING OF PIDGIN IN THE BISMARCH ARCHIPELAGO 163 2. THE SOCIOCULTURAL SETTING ON THE GAZELLE 165 2.1. Tolais, Government Officials, Traders and Recruited Labourers 165 2.2. Tolais and Missionaries 166 2.3. Traders and Missionaries 167 3. LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND LANGUAGE USAGE 168 3.1. The Missionaries 168 3.2. The German Government, Traders and Settlers 168 3.3. The Tolais 169 4. LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE 170 5. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT 176 6. CONCLUSION 176 BIBLIOGRAPHY 178{Ian Smith.} 183 SUBSTRATA VS. UNIVERSALS IN THE FORMATION OF SRI LANKA PORTUGUESE. 1. INTRODUCTION 183 2. EVIDENCE FROM SRI LANKA PORTUGESE 186 3. DISCUSSION 189 4. CONCLUSIONS 190APPENDIX 192NOTES 197BIBLIOGRAPHY 199{Jerry G. Gebhard.} 201THAI ADAPTATION OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE FEATURES: A STUDY OF THAI-ENGLISH. 0. INTRODUCTION 201 1. THE AMERICAN ASSIMILATION 202 2. THE RESULTANT SOCIAL MATRIX 203 3. VARIATION IN T-E 206 4. VARIATION BETWEEN OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS 207 5. CONCLUSION 209Table I 210Table II 211Table III 212Chart I 210Chart II 211Chart III 212NOTES 213BIBLIOGRAPHY 216{Nguyễn Đăng Liem} 217CASES AND VERBS IN PIDGIN FRENCH (TAY BOI) IN VIETNAM. 0. INTRODUCTION 217 1. PHONOLOGY 218 1.1. Consonants 219 1.2. Vowels 220 1.3. Tones 222 2. CASE RELATIONS AND CASE REALISATIONS 223 3. VERB CLASSIFICATION 232 4. CLAUSE TYPES AND CLAUSE CLASSES 237 4.1. Clause Types 237 4.1.1. Stative Clauses 237 4.1.2. Transitive Clauses 237 4.1.3. Intransitive Clauses 237 4.2. Clause Classes 237 4.2.1. Declarative Clause 239 4.2.2. Imperative Clause 239 4.2.3. Alternative Interrogative Clause 239 4.2.4. Right-Wrong Interrogative Clause 239 4.2.5. Possibility Interrogative Clause 240 4.2.6. Yes-No Interrogative Clause 240 4.2.7. Nominative Interrogative Clause 240 4.2.8. Objective Interrogative Clause 240 4.2.9. Extra Interrogative Clause 241 4.2.10. Dependent Nominative Clause 241 4.3. Clause Types and Clause Classes 241 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 242NOTES 243BIBLIOGRAPHY 244Chart I - PF Initial Consonants 219Chart II - PF Final Consonants 220 Chart III - PF Vowels 221 Chart IV - Case Relations and Case Realisations in VN 225 Chart V - Case Relations and Case Realisations in SF 226 Chart VI - Case Relations and Case Realisations in PF 227 Chart VII - Classification of Verbs in PF 233 Chart VIII - Clause Classes in PF 238{Gail Raimi Dreyfuss and Djoehana Oka} 247 CHINESE INDONESIAN: A NEW KIND OF LANGUAGE HYBRID? ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 247 ABBREVIATIONS 247 0. INTRODUCTION 247 1. INDONESIAN AND JAVANESE IN EAST AND CENTRAL JAVA 248 2. CHINESE INDONESIAN 250 3. THE ORIGIN OF CHINESE INDONESIAN 253 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE INDONESIAN 255 5. CHINESE INDONESIAN AND LANGUAGE MIXING 258 6. THE IMPORTANCE OF CHINESE INDONESIAN FOR THE DEFINITION OF PIDGINISATION AND CREOLISATION 261 TEXT EXAMPLE 263 NOTES 268 BIBLIOGRAPHY 272 Table I - Occurrence of Javanese and Indonesian Forms 251 Table II - Comparison of Javanese Forms in JI and CI 256 Table III - Comparison of CI and Mbugu 260 Table IV - Checklist of Mixed-Language Phenomena 261 Figure I - Comparison of Javanese Forms in CI and JI 257{Maria Isabelita O. Riego de Dios, RVM.} 275 THE COTABATO CHABACANO (Ct) VERB. 1. A BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 275 1.1. Introduction 275 1.2. Native Ct. Speakers 275 1.3. The Socio-cultural Background of Ct 276 1.4. The Socio-cultural Situation 277 1.5. The Zamboanga Contact 277 1.6. The Creolisation of Ct 278 2. THE Ct VERB 278 2.1. Types of Ct Verb Stems 278 2.1.1. Type V-1 279 2.1.2. Type V-2 279 2.2. The Equivalent of Inflectional Processes 280 2.3. Ct Verbal Derivations 280 2.3.1. The Verbalising Affixes 280 2.3.2. The Reduplication of Certain V Stems and D Stems 282 2.3.3. Stress Shift to the Next Syllable to the Right in N Stems and D Stems 283 3. A Ct COMPLEX VERBAL EXPRESSION 284 3.1. Introduction 284 3.2. The Ct Verbal Chain 284Table I - Ct Tense-aspect Markers in Affirmatives and Negatives 281Table II - Comparing the Ct Verbal Chain and the Tagalog Verb 286NOTES 287BIBLIOGRAPHY 289