Rhinolophus virgo K. Andersen 1905
Creators: name: Burgin, Connor
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus virgo

description: 54. Yellow-faced Horseshoe <i>Bat</i> <i> Rhinolophus <i>virgo</i> </i> French: Rhinolophe à face <i>jaune</i> / <b>German:</b> Gelbgesichthufeisennase / <b>Spanish:</b> Herradura de cara amarillenta <b>Other common names:</b> <b>Taxonomy.</b> <i>Rhinolophus virgo</i> K. Andersen, 1905, “ S[outh]. Camarines, Luzon, Philippine Islands.” This species is included in the <i> <i>megaphyllus</i> species group and seems to be closest to <i>R celebensis.</i> Based on genetic studies, <i>R</i> virgo, as currently defined, may be a species complex, <i>but</i> further research is needed. Monotypic.</i> <b>Distribution</b>. Philippines on Batan, Sabtang, Calayan, Luzon, Lubang, Mindoro, Tablas, Sibuyan, Catanduanes, Gigantes, Maripipi, Leyte, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Camotes, Bohol, Camiguin, Mindanao, Busuanga, Palawan, Dondonay, andjolo <b>Is</b>; probably throughout the other islands of the archipelago as well. Descriptive <b>notes.</b> <i>Head-body</i> 45-59 mm, tail 17-23 mm, ear 14- 7-21 mm, hindfoot 7-9 mm, forearm 36- 5-44 mm; weight 4-7 g. Dorsal pelage is <i>distinctly</i> reddish to brownish orange, whereas ventral pelage is slightly lighter. Ears are small to mediumsized. Most individuals have a yellowish face. Noseleaf is small overall, with elongate lancet with <i>slightly</i> concave sides; connecting process is rounded; sella is nearly <i>parallel-sided</i> or slightly narrower at center, and base is a little wider than broadly rounded tip; horseshoe is very narrow (greatest breadth is 7-7- 5 mm), has indications of lateral leaflets and prominent median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is moderately robust with zygomatic width <i>usually</i> slightly exceeding mastoid width (rarely subequal); anterior and posterior rostral swellings are moderately developed (rostral profile <i>gently</i> sloped <i>posteriorly</i>); sagittal crest is low to medium, and frontal depression is of medium depth, well defined, and bordered by generally conspicuous supraorbital ridges. P2 is well developed and within tooth row, separating P4 and C1; P3 is small or medium-sized and partly or <i>completely</i> displaced labially, which allows P2 and P4 to come in contact. <b>Habitat.</b> The Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat is generally recorded in primary and <i>secondary</i> lowland forest and less <i>commonly</i> in montane forest; it occurs from sea level up to 1050 m, though <i>mainly</i> below 800 m elevation. It has also been found in agricultural areas <i>relatively</i> regularly, and in lowland dipterocarp forest. <b>Food and</b> Feeding. Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous, feeding in the canopy for insects, primarily lepidopterans and dipterans, and occasionally spiders. This indicates that they forage <i>by</i> fly-catching and possibly foliage-gleaning. Stomach samples of bats on Mindanao included some hair fibers and insect parts, along with bird feathers and 78-6% unidentified flesh; this <i>suggests</i> that the species hunts birds as well. Breeding. Litter consists of a single young. <b>Activity patterns.</b> Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. <i>They</i> generally roost in caves, culverts, and crevices, but <i>occasionally</i> in dark cavities in trees. Call shape is FM/ CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 83-88 kHz (averaging 85-6 kHz) in Laguna Province, Luzon, and 83-89 kHz on <i>Panay</i> (identity not totally certain). <b>Movements, Home range and Social</b> organization. The Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat roosts in small groups and has been recorded roosting with the Small Asian Sheathtailed Bat (<i>Emballonura alecto)</i> and Geoffrey's Rousette <i>(ousettus amplexicaudatus).</i> <b>Status and Conservation.</b> Classified as Least Concern on <i>The IUCN ed List.</i> The Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat is considered to be common and widespread with no major threats currendy identified. <b>Bibliography.</b> Csorba et al. (2003), Esselstyn, Widmann &amp; Heaney (2004), Gaiorio &amp; Nuneza (2014), <i>Heaney</i>, Balete, Dolar <i>et</i> al. (1998), <i>Heaney</i>, Balete, Gee et al. (2005), <i>Heaney</i>, Gonzales et al. (1991), Mould (2012), <i>Nuneza</i> &amp; <i>Gaiorio</i> (2014), Ong, Rosell-Ambal &amp;Tabaranza (2008), <i>Rickart</i> et al. (1993), <i>Sedlock</i> &amp;Weyandt (2009).
description: Published as part of <i>Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, pp. 280-332 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on pages 307-308, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525