Lycopodina calyx
Creators: name: Ekins, Merrick
name: Erpenbeck, Dirk
name: Hooper, John N. A.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Poecilosclerida
Cladorhizidae
Lycopodina
Lycopodina calyx

description: Lycopodina calyx (Hentschel, 1914)
Fig. 26, Tables 14 & 15
Asbestopluma calyx Hentschel, 1914: 66, Pl. IV, Fig. 4, PL. V, Fig. 11; Burton 1932: 293;
Burton 1934: 24; Koltun 1964: 32, Pl. V, Figs 8–12.
Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) cf. calyx: Lopes & Hajdu 2014: 333, Fig. 3.
Lycopodina calyx: Goodwin et al. 2017: 54, Fig. 11; Dressler-Allame et al. 2017: 200, Fig. 13.
Material examined: QM G337513 off Central New South Wales, Tasman Sea, Station 88, New South Wales, Australia, 30° 15’ 50.4”– 30° 17’ 12.1” S, 153° 52’ 12”– 153° 49’ 48.7” E, 4481– 4401 m, Beam Trawl, Coll. Merrick Ekins on RV Investigator, Cruise IN2017_ V03, Sample 88-141, 2 specimens, 6/vi/2017. QM G337463 same collection details as QM G337513, Sample 88-141.2. QM G337476, off Gippsland, Tasman Sea, Station 33, Victoria, Australia, 38° 31’ 15.6”– 38° 29’ 52.8” S, 150° 12’ 46.8”– 150° 12’ 25.2” E, 4107– 4064 m, Brenke epibenthic Sledge, Coll. Merrick Ekins on RV Investigator, Cruise IN2017_ V03, Sample 33-156, 24/v/2017. SAMA S314, off Kaiser Wilhelm Land, Antarctica, BANZARE Station 100, 65° 48’ S, 89° 49’ E, 393 m, large rectangular dredge, Coll. BANZARE, 3/v/1931.Mycalostyles 621-(1364)-1816 x 7-(19)-33 Subtylostyles 202-(285)-328 x 4-(5)-8 undifferentiated unknown palmate anisochelae (11-(13)-15 x 2-(3)-5 absent absent Off Moreton Island, Queensland, Australia, abyssal
.....Continued on the next pagepalmate anisochelae 11–16 x 5–8 Sigmancistras 9–11 30–51 x 3–11 Great Australian Bight, bathyal
.....Continued on the next pageundifferentiated undifferentiated palmate anisochelae 9–22 x 4–9 (10–14) [11–13] absent absent Wilkes Land, Willhem II Coast & Drake Passage, Antarctica, mesophotic- abyssal
.....Continued on the next pageaxial mycalostyles, 440–510 x 11–12 subtylostyles 1, 238–476 x 7–8 subtylostyles 2, 149–230 x 5–7 polytylote styles 3, 700–1400 x 5 unknown arcuate to palmate anisochelae, 17–19 absent absent Reykjanes Ridge, N Atlantic, bathyal
.....Continued on the next pageup to 100 x 40 Axis with longitudinally arranged styles, with single styles radiating from the centre, ridges or filaments have denser bundles of styles than rest of the tissue, tylostyles associated with embryos styles 370-(650)-963 x 5-(10)-16 tylostyles 66-(96)-152 x 2-(3.5)-6 undifferentiated undifferentiated palmate anisochelae 1, 21-(25)-28 palmate anisochelae 2, 13-(14.5)-17 absent 36-(41)-49 N Atlantic, mesophotic
.....Continued on the next pageabsent absent Off Acapulco- Panama, bathyal
.....Continued on the next page7 x 2 Axis of stem with a longitudinal bundles and surface is hispid from small radial spicule bundles packed closely together mycalostyles 1500–3200 x 25–35 styles 700–850 x 20–22 unknown palmate anisochelae 14–16 absent 65–75 x 1 Kermadec Trench, off New Zealand, hadal
.....Continued on the next pagestyles- subtylostyles 1, 350–920 x 3–7 styles- undifferentiated subtylostyles 2, 385–780 x 2–7 palmate anisochelae 11–13 absent 25–34 La Ciotat, French Mediterranean, aphotic shallo cave
.....Continued on the next page50 x 4 Axial skeleton formed by longitudinal tracts of megascleres, lateral shoots also composed of short tracts internally superimposed on axial skeleton mycalostyles 1, 110–2000 x 8–22 subtylostyles 200–500 x 6–10 undifferentiated unknown palmate anisochelae 10–14 absent absent Oyashio Current, off Kuril Is, photicmesophotic
.....Continued on the next page11 x 7 Axis with longitudinal bundles of styles/ mycalostyles 1, filaments perpendicular to main axis, slightly conical at the base, with mycalostyles 1 anchored in the main axis by their heads with points directed towards the apex of filament styles/ mycalostyles 1, 300–3275 x 3–25 styles/ subtylostyles 2, 123–246 x 10–15 undifferentiated undifferentiated palmate anisochelae 10–20 microstrongyl es 82–103 x 5–13 absent off SE Diego Ramírez Archipelago, South of Chile, bathyal
.....Continued on the next pagestyles 1, 1390 x19 styles 2, 410–680 x 13 styles palmate 2, 410–680 x 13 anisochelae 13 absent 32 Vancouver Island, Canada, photic
.....Continued on the next page6 x 3 Skeletal structure not described (subtylo-)styles 1, 1786–2774 x 8–20 subtylostyles 2, 390–730 x 8–14 subtylostyles 3, 160–355 x 6–10 styles 1, 600– 1080x 26–37 styles 2, 1615– 1950 x 11–17 undifferentiated undifferentiated anisochelae 1, 34–42 x 14–25 palmate anisochelae 2, 22–27 x 10–14 absent 53–83 x 3–5 Antarctic Weddell Sea, abyssal
.....Continued on the next pagestyles 1, 599-(736)-804 x 8-(11)-12 tylostyles (embryos), 89-(125)-156 x 4-(4.2)-6 styles 2, palmate 344-(406)-484 anisochelae x 8-(10)-12 1, 20-(23)-24 palmate anisochelae 2 (embryos), 10-(12)-14 absent 36-(41)-44 Barents Sea, West Greenland, Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge, mesophotic- bathyal
.....Continued on the next pagestyles 428-(1049)-974 x 5-(11)-19 tylostyles (embryos), 96-(118)-163 x 2-(4)-6 undifferentiated palmate anisochelae 12-(15)-18 absent 37-(49)-57 Norwegian Shelf and E Greenland Shelf, mesophotic- bathyal
.....Continued on the next page25 x 8 Axis of stem made up of tightly packed subtylostyles that diverge to form the main body subtylostyles 580 x? oxeas to strongyles (embryos) unknown palmate/ arcuate anisochelae, 27 absent 76 Grand Banks, off Newfoundland, probably bathyal
Distribution: This species is a Southern Ocean species known predominately from the mesophotic, bathyal and abyssal depths of Antarctica (Hentschel 1914, Burton 1932, 1934, Koltun 1964, Dressler-Allame et al. 2017), Drakes Passage (Goodwin et al. 2017), Campos Basin, SE Brazil, SW Atlantic Ocean (Lopes & Hajdu 2014), and now off Southern and central Eastern Australia, Tasman Sea, at abyssal depth.
Description:
Growth form: A delicate erect cup-shaped pedunculate sponge on a thin stem, with a slightly expanded basal attachment (Figure 26 A, K–M). Stems measure 7–30 mm long, 0.5–1 mm diameter; sponge bodies are elongated, 3–7 mm long, 3–4 mm in diameter. Apex of the body is a shallow convex cup.
Colour: Beige on deck and in ethanol.
Ectosomal skeleton: The ectosome on the exterior surface of the cup-shaped body is composed of a palisade of radially projecting mycalostyles 3, formed into vertical columns tangential to the surface all orientated towards the cup aperture (Figure 26 A, I–J). These are overlaying the two other sizes of mycalostyle in the endosome in parallel. There are also anisochelae incorporated into the ectosome. The ectosome on the interior surface is covered with anisochelae (Figure 26 J). The ectosome of the stem is also covered with the anisochelae and perforated by the smallest mycalostyles 3, forming a hispid surface.
Endosomal skeleton: The endosome of the body is composed of ribs of longitudinally projecting large mycalostyles 1, formed into vertical columns tangential to the surface all orientated towards the cup aperture, together forming a palisade. This palisade is overlaid by the smaller mycalostyles 2, which in turn are overlaid by the smallest mycalostyles 3, in the ectosome, all in parallel. The endosome of the stem is a series of longitudinally orientated mycalostyles 1.
Megascleres: There are three size classes of mycalostyles. The largest mycalostyle 1 with tapering points, slightly subtylote or tylote bases, and with their largest diameter in the midsection of the spicule (511-(667)-911 x 9.6-(16.7)- 30.1 µm, n=29) (Figure 26 C–D).
Mycalostyle 1 provides all the support longitudinally aligned in the stem and forms the structural component of the axis of the calyx body. The medium sized mycalostyle 2, also with tapering points, slightly subtylote or tylote bases, and with their largest diameter in the midsection of the spicule (371-(464)-566 x 6.0-(8.7)-11.6 μm, n=12) (Figure 26 E–F).
Mycalostyle 2 only occurs in the calyx surrounding the mycalostyle 1 and projecting all the way to the lip of the calyx. The smallest mycalostyle 3 occurs in the calyx as a protective sheath over mycalostyles 2 and at right angles to the longitudinally mycalostyles 1 in the stem, producing the hispid stem (128-(174)-234 x 2.6-(4.1)-6.1 μm, n=15) (Figure 26 G–H). (Table 15).
Microscleres: Anisochelae have three larger upper palmate alae with the two lateral alae fully attached to the fimbriae, and three smaller basal arcuate alae, partially or nearly fully fused together, and with serrations on the upper edges of the alae (Table 15) (Figure 26 B).
Molecular data: It was not possible to get unambiguous molecular data from the present material
Remarks: These specimens from the Tasman Sea conform to the description and measurements of the predominately Antarctic species, L. calyx, as described by Hentschel (1914). The spicule measurements also fall within the range of those published by other authors (Koltun 1964, Lopes & Hajdu 2014, Dressler-Allame et al. 2017, Goodwin et al. 2017). The general morphology of these specimens differ from those of Goodwin et al. (2017) in that the external surface of the cup is composed entirely of subtylostyles (Figure 26 A, I–J), and it is only the inside of the cup that contains all the anisochelae (Figure 26 J). This species currently has a Southern circum-polar distribution and may possibly be found to extend into lower latitudes as deep-ocean sampling continues.
description: Published as part of Ekins, Merrick, Erpenbeck, Dirk & Hooper, John N. A., 2020, Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition, pp. 1-159 in Zootaxa 4774 (1) on pages 123-141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4774.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3825140