cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Dietary trends inteh United States [1] (multiple letters)
Creators: name: Walker, A.R.P.
name: Popkin, B.M.
name: Haines, P.S.
name: Nusbaum, N.J.
name: Eshleman, A.M.
name: Siega-Riz, A.M.
name: Kumamyika, S.
Publisher: name: Massachussetts Medical Society
Year: 1997

description: The authors reply: To the Editor: Nusbaum and Eshleman suggest that dietary trends may reflect respondents’ adherence to the dietary guidelines of the time. From 1916 to 1976, nutritional recommendations relative to the basic food groups were fairly stable. The basic five food groups of 1916 were reduced to the basic four (two daily servings of milk and of meat, poultry, or eggs and four daily servings of fruits and vegetables and of breads and grains) in the 1960s. Not until the introduction of the U.S. Dietary Goals in 1977 did dietary guidelines explicitly recommend nutrient limitations for fats, sugars, and cholesterol. Neither our group nor others have attempted to quantify the dietary guidelines of the 1960s or to ascertain who followed the guidelines most closely.
DIGESTION DE LA CHITINE CHEZ LES ACTINIA!RES (COELENTÉRÉS ANTHOZOAIRES)
Creators: name: JEUNIAUX, Charles
Publisher: name: Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)
Year: 1962

description: Four species of Sea-anemones (Adamsia palliata Boh., Anemonia sulcata Penn., Anthopleura balli Cocks et Edwardsia callimorpha Gosse) have been studied. High amounts of chitinases and chitobiases have been found in the gastroderm. The chitinolytic activities of the gastroderm are as high as those of the gastric mucosa of some insectivorous Vertebrates, in terms of wet weight of tissues.
In the coelenteric fluid, little or no activity has been observed. Fragments of pure "native" chitin, prepared from leg tendons of Maia squinado, too big to be absorbed by phagocytosis, have been partially digested in the gastrocoel of Anemonia and Anthopleura. The digestion of the chitin proceeded irregularly along the free edges of the fragments, and many mesenteric filaments could be observed adhering closely to the chitin fragments. These observations suggest a process of "contact digestion", as described by early investigators, and recently confirmed by Nicol (1959) in the case of extracellular digestion of proteins.
Extracellular digestion of chitin by Sea-anemones may be considered, in addition to extracellular digestion of proteins, as a biochemical adaptation in relation to predatory habits involving the capture of large sized preys, often covered with chitinous exosqueleton.
A comparison of dietary trends among racial and socioeconomic groups in the United States
Creators: name: Popkin, B.M.
name: Haines, P.S.
name: Siega-Riz, A.M.
Publisher: name: Massachussetts Medical Society
Year: 1996

description: Background: There may be dietary differences among racial and socioeconomic groups in the United States. Methods: Using data from a representative sample of adults, we compared dietary trends among blacks and whites of varying socioeconomic status. We developed comparable measures of diet and of the consumption of macronutrients and food groups for 6061 participants in the 1965 Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys, 16,425 in the 1977-1978 Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys, and 9920 in the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (all conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture). The primary outcome was the score (range, 0 to 16) on the Diet Quality Index, a composite of eight food-and-nutrient-based recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences. A score of 4 or less was considered to indicate a relatively more healthful diet, and a value of 10 or more a relatively less healthful diet. Results: Overall dietary quality improved in all groups, from a mean Diet Quality Index score of 7.4 in 1965 to 6.4 in 1989-1991. In 1965, blacks of low socioeconomic status and, to a lesser extent, whites of low socioeconomic status had better diets than whites of high socioeconomic status. By the 1989-1991 survey, the differences among racial and socioeconomic groups had narrowed. In 1965, 9.3 percent of whites of low socioeconomic status, 16.4 percent of blacks of low socioeconomic status, and 4.7 percent of whites of high socioeconomic status had mean scores of 4 or less. In the 1989-1991 survey, the respective percentages were 19.9, 23.5, and 20.0. Fat consumption decreased in all groups. The consumption of fruits and vegetables varied little over time, except for an increase among blacks of medium and high socioeconomic status. The consumption of grains and legumes increased over time among whites of medium and high socioeconomic status and declined among blacks of low socioeconomic status. Conclusions: In 1965, there were large differences among groups in dietary quality, with whites of high socioeconomic status eating the least healthful diet, as measured by the index, and blacks of low socioeconomic status the most healthful. By the 1989-1991 survey, the diets of all groups had improved and were relatively similar.
Multi-layer network approach in modeling epidemics in an urban town
Creators: name: Turker, Meliksah
name: Bingol, Haluk O.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: J.3; J.4; K.4.1

description: The last three years have been an extraordinary time with the Covid-19 pandemic killing millions, affecting and distressing billions of people worldwide. Authorities took various measures such as turning school and work to remote and prohibiting social relations via curfews. In order to mitigate the negative impact of the epidemics, researchers tried to estimate the future of the pandemic for different scenarios, using forecasting techniques and epidemics simulations on networks. Intending to better represent the real-life in an urban town in high resolution, we propose a novel multi-layer network model, where each layer corresponds to a different interaction that occurs daily, such as "household", "work" or "school". Our simulations indicate that locking down "friendship" layer has the highest impact on slowing down epidemics. Hence, our contributions are twofold, first we propose a parametric network generator model; second, we run SIR simulations on it and show the impact of layers.
description: 10 pages, 2 figures, 3 tables
Poverty and the economic transition in the Russian Federation
Creators: name: Mroz, T.A.
name: Popkin, B.M.
Publisher: name: University of Chicago Press
Year: 1995

description: Introduction In what some describe as one of the great natural experiments of our time, the Russian Federation has introduced a series of sweeping economic reforms over a very short period of time, beginning in January 1992. These include the elimination of most food subsidies; the reduction of other food subsidies and subsidies for fuel and most other basic commodities; the use of freely fluctuating market prices; the privatization of selected state enterprises; the creation of conditions for the establishment of a private sector in many areas of economic activity; and the initiation of a process that will ultimately transfer much property and land into private ownership. The result is rapid economic and social change. Western observers agree that this transformation will produce significant dislocations and affect many people adversely. Most expect that the worst dislocations will be in the short term, with the transformation leading to substantial long-term benefits. The Russians involved in the design and implementation of this transition, as well as Russian politicians, have been and continue to be deeply concerned about the impacts of the reforms on poverty levels.
Additional file 1 of Repeated positron emission tomography tracing neutrophil elastase in a porcine intensive-care sepsis model
Creators: name: Wilske, Frida
name: Eriksson, Olof
name: Amini, Rose-Marie
name: Estrada, Sergio
name: Janols, Helena
name: Khalil, Amina
name: Larsson, Anders
name: Lipcsey, Miklós
name: Mangsbo, Sara
name: Sigfridsson, Jonathan
name: Sjölin, Jan
name: Skorup, Paul
name: Wall, Anders
name: Wilson, Viola
name: Castegren, Markus
name: Antoni, Gunnar
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Hematology
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 1. Table S1. 11[C]-NES PET, pigs scanned over the lung, static scan at – 1 h, 2 h and 4 h.
(421) Thomas Blair
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Stopping narrow-band x-ray pulses in nuclear media
Creators: name: Kong, Xiangjin
name: Pálffy, Adriana
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A control mechanism for stopping x-ray pulses in resonant nuclear media is investigated theoretically. We show that narrow-band x-ray pulses can be mapped and stored as nuclear coherence in a thin-film planar x-ray cavity with an embedded $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ nuclear layer. The pulse is nearly resonant to the 14.4 keV Mössbauer transition in the $^{57}\mathrm{Fe}$ nuclei. The role of the control field is played here by a hyperfine magnetic field which induces interference effects reminding of electromagnetically induced transparency. We show that by switching off the control magnetic field, a narrow-band x-ray pulse can be completely stored in the cavity for approximately 100 ns. Additional manipulation of the external magnetic field can lead to both group velocity and phase control of the pulse in the x-ray cavity sample.
description: 5 pages, 3 figures; v2 slight modifications in title, abstract, marketing, to match the final published version; added a supplementary material; results unchanged
Birth weight, maturity and proportionality in Filipino infants
Creators: name: Adair, L.S.
name: Popkin, B.M.
Publisher: name: Wayne State University Press
Year: 1988

description: In order to improve assessment of risk and poor postnatal health and growth and developmental outcomes, groups of infants were defined using low birth weight status (LBW ≤ 2,500 g) and an index of body proportions at birth (Rohrer's Index, RI = weight X 100/length3). The sample, dreived from a prospective study of infant-feeding practices, health and survival in the Philippines, cnsisted of 1971 mother-infant pairs from randomly selected urban and rural communities of metro Cebu. Multi-nominal logistic regressions assessed how the probability of belonging to a particular risk group was influenced by a set of maternal and infant biological and behavioral variables. Increased risk of falling into a LBW risk grou was associated with low gestational age (GA), low maternal stature, and primiparity. Proportionate and disproportionately grown LBW infants could be differentiated by the magnitude of the effects of gestational age, mother's height, and primiparity (all stronger determinants of proportionate small size) and rural residence, low maternal arm fat area, and smoking during pregnancy (all of which increased risk of being proportionately small by had no effect on risk of being disproportionate). The analyses show that the determinants of weight and proportionality at birth differ markedly. RI, by capturing information about patterns of prenatal growth that contribute to proportionality, should prove to be an important predictor of postnatal outcomes when used along with birth weight.
title: Zukunft ungewiss:  Ausbildungsperspektiven von Jugendlichen  mit niedriger Schulbildung
title: Ergebnisse einer Delphi-Befragung
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Bertelsmann Stiftung
name: Deutsche Kinder- und Jugendstiftung
Publisher: name: Bertelsmann Stiftung
Year: 2022
Subjects: Berufliche Bildung
Berufsausbildung
Schulbildung
Schulabschluss
Geringqualifizierte
Ausbildungsperspektive

description: Der Fachkräftemangel macht sich vielerorts bemerkbar und Auszubildende werden händeringend gesucht. Entsprechend vielfältig sind die beruflichen Perspektiven für junge Menschen – aber gilt das für alle Jugendlichen? Leider nicht: Trotz zahlloser unbesetzter Ausbildungsplätze bleiben laut Statistik mehr als ein Drittel der Personen mit Hauptschulabschluss zwischen 20 und 34 Jahren ohne Ausbildung. Von denjenigen ohne Schulabschluss sind es sogar fast zwei Drittel. Eine beunruhigende Entwicklung.

Vor diesem Hintergrund haben die Deutsche Kinder- und Jugendstiftung und die Bertelsmann Stiftung über 100 Expert:innen aus dem Bereich der beruflichen Bildung zu den Ausbildungsperspektiven junger Menschen mit niedriger Schulbildung befragt.

Die Ergebnisse dieser Befragung sind aufrüttelnd und zeigen: Im Spannungsfeld zwischen steigenden Qualifikationsanforderungen einerseits und rückläufigen Jobperspektiven für Ungelernte andererseits wird es für Jugendliche mit niedriger Schulbildung immer schwieriger werden, ihren Weg in der Arbeitswelt zu finden. Aber es zeigen sich auch Hebel, um einer solchen Entwicklung entgegenzuwirken: Viel Potenzial wird bspw. in Berufsorientierung und individueller Begleitung gesehen, um jungen Menschen Übergänge zu erleichtern.
Critical fluctuations and the rates of interstate switching near excitation threshold of a quantum parametric oscillator
Creators: name: Lin, Z. R.
name: Nakamura, Y.
name: Dykman, M. I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the dynamics of a nonlinear oscillator near the critical point where period-two vibrations are first excited with the increasing amplitude of parametric driving. Above the threshold, quantum fluctuations induce transitions between the period-two states over the quasienergy barrier. We find the effective quantum activation energies for such transitions and their scaling with the difference of the driving amplitude from its critical value. We also find the scaling of the fluctuation correlation time with the quantum noise parameters in the critical region near the threshold.
(417) Jane P [Blair]
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Have a break from making decisions, have a MARS: The Multi-valued Action Reasoning System
Creators: name: Badea, Cosmin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computer Science and Game Theory (cs.GT)
subject: Logic in Computer Science (cs.LO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The Multi-valued Action Reasoning System (MARS) is an automated value-based ethical decision-making model for artificial agents (AI). Given a set of available actions and an underlying moral paradigm, by employing MARS one can identify the ethically preferred action. It can be used to implement and model different ethical theories, different moral paradigms, as well as combinations of such, in the context of automated practical reasoning and normative decision analysis. It can also be used to model moral dilemmas and discover the moral paradigms that result in the desired outcomes therein. In this paper, we give a condensed description of MARS, explain its uses, and comparatively place it in the existing literature.
The demand for primary health care services in the Bicol Region of the Philippines.
Creators: name: Griffin, C.C.
name: Guilkey, D.K.
name: Atkin, J.S.
name: Popkin, B.M.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1986

description: Analyzes the demand for primary health care using community and household data from one of the poorest regions of the Philippines. Finds, among other things that the distance is not nearly as important to health service demand as it has often been assumed to be; and that visit prices, drug and transport costs, and waiting times do not greatly affect demand patterns for essential or more optional services.
Interpreting the X-ray state transitions of Cygnus X-1
Creators: name: Čechura, Jan
name: Vrtilek, Saeqa Dil
name: Hadrava, Petr
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a novel method for interpreting observations of high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) based on a combination of spectroscopic data and numerical results from a radiation hydrodynamic model of stellar winds. We calculate synthetic Doppler tomograms of predicted emission in low/hard and high/soft X-ray states and compare them with Doppler tomograms produced using spectra of Cygnus X-1, a prototype of HMXBs. Emission from HMXBs is determined by local conditions within the circumstellar medium, namely density, temperature, and ionization state. These quantities depend strongly on the X-ray state of the systems. By increasing intensity of an X-ray emission produced by the compact companion in the HMXB model, we achieved a complete redistribution of the circumstellar medium in the vicinity of the modelled system. These changes (which simulate the transitions between two major spectral states) are also apparent in the synthetic Doppler tomograms which are in good agreement with the observations.
description: 12 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1303.1198 by other authors
Determinants of infant feeding: a household production approach.
Creators: name: Popkin, B.M.
name: Atkin, J.S.
name: Griffin, C.C.
name: Guilkey, D.K.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1985

description: The presentation of the infant-feeding decision as a joint selection of breast milk, breast milk, substitutes, and supplemental foods is an entirely new approach. It represents one of the first efforts to model the structure of household production decisions. The approach provides a plausible statistical 'reenactment' of how one small but important household decision is made: how to feed a baby. Statistically, the work suggests that the omission of correlations among feeding methods may lead to incorrect inferences. The results show that the independent variables appear not to affect breast-feeding behaviour strongly per se but to affect the feeding of breast milk substitutes and the timing of supplementation with solid food, which in turn work in a somewhat diluted fashion on breast-feeding.
Four Cardinals and Their Relations in ZF
Creators: name: Halbeisen, Lorenz
name: Plati, Riccardo
name: Schumacher, Salome
name: Shelah, Saharon
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Logic (math.LO)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: {\bf 03E35}, 03E10, 03E25

description: For a set $M$, $\operatorname{fin}(M)$ denotes the set of all finite subsets of $M$, $M^2$ denotes the Cartesian product $M\times M$, $[M]^2$ denotes the set of all $2$-element subsets of $M$, and $\operatorname{seq}^{1-1}(M)$ denotes the set of all finite sequences without repetition which can be formed with elements of $M$. Furthermore, for a set $S$, let $|S|$ denote the cardinality of $S$. Under the assumption that the four cardinalities $|[M]^2|$, $|M^2|$, $|\operatorname{fin}(M)|$, $|\operatorname{seq}^{1-1}(M)|$ are pairwise distinct and pairwise comparable in ZF, there are six possible linear orderings between these four cardinalities. We show that at least five of the six possible linear orderings are consistent with ZF.
description: 19 pages, 1 figure
STUDIES ON SIPUNCULID BLOOD: IMMUNOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF COELOMIC FLUID AND MORPHOLOGY OF "URN CELLS"
Creators: name: BANG, Frederik B.
name: BANG, Betsy G.
Publisher: name: Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)
Year: 1962

description: Properties of the blood of two marine sipunculid worms to respond to injections of foreign organisms have been described. Phascolosoma (Goldfingia) gouldii coelomic fluid was found to be sterile and to be capable of destroying massive concentrations of bacteria. Sipunculus nudus coelomic fluid had the same capacity, and was also capable of the induced ability to immobilize and lyse heavy concentrations of a protozoan parasitic ciliate. This ability became attenuated after about a week, but could be repeatedly re-invoked. New information on the structure of the bicellular urns, which selectively scavenge foreign or morbid matter from the coelomic fluid, has been presented.
Modified gravity inside astrophysical bodies
Creators: name: Saito, Ryo
name: Yamauchi, Daisuke
name: Mizuno, Shuntaro
name: Gleyzes, Jérôme
name: Langlois, David
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Many theories of modified gravity, including the well studied Horndeski models, are characterized by a screening mechanism that ensures that standard gravity is recovered near astrophysical bodies. In a recently introduced class of gravitational theories that goes beyond Horndeski, it has been found that new derivative interactions lead to a partial breaking of the Vainshtein screening mechanism inside any gravitational source, although not outside. We study the impact of this new type of deviation from standard gravity on the density profile of a spherically symmetric matter distribution, in the nonrelativistic limit. For simplicity, we consider a polytropic equation of state and derive the modifications to the standard Lane-Emden equations. We also show the existence of a universal upper bound on the amplitude of this type of modified gravity, independently of the details of the equation of state.
description: 11 pages, 6 figures
GMRES algorithms over 35 years
Creators: name: Zou, Qinmeng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: This paper is about GMRES algorithms for the solution of nonsingular linear systems. We first consider basic algorithms and study their convergence. We then focus on acceleration strategies and parallel algorithms that are useful for solving challenging systems. We also briefly discuss other problems, such as systems with multiple right-hand sides, shifted systems, and singular systems.
CYCLE ÉVOLUTIF DE PARAGNATHIA FORMICA (HESSE) (ISOPODE - GNATHIIDAE)
Creators: name: STOLL, Claire
Publisher: name: Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)
Year: 1962

description: We studied the complete evolutive cycle of Paragnathia formica (Hesse) (Isopoda-Gnathiidae), getting evidence of 3 larval stages which probably would characterize all the Gnathiidae. Experiences of various temperatures conditions enable us to conclude that the seasonal rythm of female metamorphosis and the differences between male and female biological cycle depends on the temperature variations.
Comparison between RHD simulation of supercritical accretion flows and steady model with outflows
Creators: name: Jiao, Cheng-Liang
name: Mineshige, Shin
name: Takeuchi, Shun
name: Ohsuga, Ken
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We apply our two-dimensional (2D), radially self-similar steady-state accretion flow model to the analysis of hydrodynamic simulation results of supercritical accretion flows. Self-similarity is checked and the input parameters for the model calculation, such as advective factor and heat capacity ratio, are obtained from time-averaged simulation data. Solutions of the model are then calculated and compared with the simulation results. We find that in the converged region of the simulation, excluding the part too close to the black hole, the radial distribution of azimuthal velocity $v_ϕ$, density $ρ$ and pressure $p$ basically follows the self-similar assumptions, i.e. they are roughly proportional to $r^{-0.5}$, $r^{-n}$, and $r^{-(n+1)}$, respectively, where $n\sim0.85$ for the mass injection rate of $1000L_\mathrm{E}/c^2$, and $n\sim0.74$ for $3000L_\mathrm{E}/c^2$. The distribution of $v_r$ and $v_θ$ agrees less with self-similarity, possibly due to convective motions in the $rθ$ plane. The distribution of velocity, density and pressure in $θ$ direction obtained by the steady model agrees well with the simulation results {within the calculation boundary of the steady model}. Outward mass flux in the simulations is overall directed toward polar angle of 0.8382 rad ($\sim 48.0^\circ$) for $1000L_\mathrm{E}/c^2$, and 0.7852 rad ($\sim 43.4^\circ$) for $3000L_\mathrm{E}/c^2$, and $\sim$94\% of the mass inflow are driven away as outflow, while outward momentum and energy fluxes are focused around the polar axis. Part of these fluxes lie in the region that are not calculated by the steady model, and special attention should be paid when the model is applied.
description: 37 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
title: Application of in-situ U-Pb-He double-dating on detrital zircons – an example of Alpine sediments from the Inn river and its tributaries
Creators: name:  Malis ,  Falko
name:  Dunkl ,  István
name:  von Eynatten ,  Hilmar
Publisher: name: Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft - Geologische Vereinigung e.V. (DGGV)
Year: 2021

description: In-situ U-Pb-He double-dating of detrital zircon provides information regarding formation and cooling ages of source rocks. Its advantage over conventional dating methods is the unique ability to obtain a high quantity of precise single zircon data with constraints for both low- and high-temperature chronology. In provenance studies the information collected by double-dating can be used to reconstruct more complex tectonic settings and geologic evolution of individual zircons. Here, it is used to distinguish the components and tentative mixing ratios of sediments from multi-source catchments with the aim of assigning them to their respective sources. The European Alps provide a great natural laboratory to test the capabilities of the method. Considering their well-studied and complex tectonic evolution, i.e. the combination of Proterozoic to Tertiary magmatism and high-grade metamorphism with spatially strongly contrasting Late Mesozoic to Neogene exhumation, none of the conventional chronological tools can draw a nearly as accurate picture. Detrital zircons from modern river sands taken in the catchments of the Alpine Inn and its tributaries were dated: Ages derived from the Zillertal (dewatering mostly the Tauern window) and the Ötztal (incising the Austroalpine basement nappes) correspond to published data and can explain the complex age distribution of zircons collected near the end of the Alpine Inn. Double-dating is extraordinarily well suited to decipher such in-depth information, especially in complex orogens where different structural units experienced different overprinting of isotopic systems, leading to high spatial contrasts in low- and high-temperature chronological data.
Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning for End-to-End Autonomous Driving on Urban Environments
Creators: name: Couto, Gustavo Claudio Karl
name: Antonelo, Eric Aislan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Autonomous driving is a complex task, which has been tackled since the first self-driving car ALVINN in 1989, with a supervised learning approach, or behavioral cloning (BC). In BC, a neural network is trained with state-action pairs that constitute the training set made by an expert, i.e., a human driver. However, this type of imitation learning does not take into account the temporal dependencies that might exist between actions taken in different moments of a navigation trajectory. These type of tasks are better handled by reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, which need to define a reward function. On the other hand, more recent approaches to imitation learning, such as Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning (GAIL), can train policies without explicitly requiring to define a reward function, allowing an agent to learn by trial and error directly on a training set of expert trajectories. In this work, we propose two variations of GAIL for autonomous navigation of a vehicle in the realistic CARLA simulation environment for urban scenarios. Both of them use the same network architecture, which process high dimensional image input from three frontal cameras, and other nine continuous inputs representing the velocity, the next point from the sparse trajectory and a high-level driving command. We show that both of them are capable of imitating the expert trajectory from start to end after training ends, but the GAIL loss function that is augmented with BC outperforms the former in terms of convergence time and training stability.
(418) Janet Morton
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
LES ESPÈCES FRANÇAISES DU GENRE CONOPEUM GRAY. (BRYOZOAIRES CHILOSTOMES)
Creators: name: BOBIN, Geneviève
name: PRENANT, Marcel
Publisher: name: Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)
Year: 1962

description: Hastings having pointed out the mistake made by Borg (1931), who had not known how to distinguish, on the Channel coasts, Electra crustulenta (Pallas), from a species of Membraniporidae living in the same salt media, that she names Membranipora seurati (Canu) ; and that discrimination having been confirmed by Cook (1962) from an embryologie point of view, the authors present, in the same sense, morphological arguments which are founded on the structure of the operculum, the spines, the cryptocyst and anatomy of the polypides. The operculum of M. seurati has a particular type, close to Conopeum reticulum’s (Linné), which leads to integrate that species to the Conopeum genus, while modifying the diagnosis of the latter.
Impact of E-Cigarette Liquid Flavoring Agents on Activity of Microsomal Recombinant CYP2A6, the Primary Nicotine-Metabolizing Enzyme
Creators: name: Winters, B.R.
name: Jaspers, I.
name: Clapp, P.W.
name: Madden, M.C.
name: Kochar, T.K.
Publisher: name: American Chemical Society
Year: 2020

description: Nicotine is the primary psychoactive chemical in both traditional and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Nicotine levels in both traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes are an important concern for public health. Nicotine exposure due to e-cigarette use is of importance primarily due to the addictive potential of nicotine, but there is also concern for nicotine poisoning in e-cigarette users. Nicotine concentrations in e-liquids vary widely. Additionally, there is significant genetic variability in the rate of metabolism of nicotine due to polymorphisms of CYP2A6, the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of approximately 80% of nicotine. Recent studies have shown CYP2A6 activity is also reduced by aromatic aldehydes such as those added to e-liquids as flavoring agents, which may increase nicotine serum concentrations. However, the impacts of flavored e-liquids on CYP2A6 activity are unknown. In this study, we investigated the impact of three flavored e-liquids on microsomal recombinant CYP2A6. Microsomal recombinant CYP2A6 was challenged at e-liquid concentrations ranging up to 0.125% (v/v) and monitored for metabolic activity using a probe molecule approach. Two e-liquids exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of CYP2A6 activity. Mass spectrometry was conducted to identify flavoring agents in flavored e-liquids that inhibited CYP2A6. Microsomal recombinant CYP2A6 was subsequently exposed to flavoring agents at concentrations ranging from 0.03 μM to 500 μM. Cinnamaldehyde and benzaldehyde were found to be the most potent inhibitors of microsomal CYP2A6 of the flavoring agents tested, with identified IC50 values of 1.1 μM and 3.0 μM, respectively. These data indicate certain aromatic aldehyde flavoring agents are potent inhibitors of CYP2A6, which may reduce nicotine metabolism in vivo. These findings indicate an urgent need to evaluate the effects of flavoring agents in e-cigarette liquids on the pharmacokinetics of nicotine in vivo.
Modeling Radicalization Phenomena in Heterogeneous Populations
Creators: name: Galam, Serge
name: Javarone, Marco Alberto
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Social and Information Networks (cs.SI)
subject: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The phenomenon of radicalization is investigated within a mixed population composed of core and sensitive subpopulations. The latest includes first to third generation immigrants. Respective ways of life may be partially incompatible. In case of a conflict core agents behave as inflexible about the issue. In contrast, sensitive agents can decide either to live peacefully adjusting their way of life to the core one, or to oppose it with eventually joining violent activities. The interplay dynamics between peaceful and opponent sensitive agents is driven by pairwise interactions. These interactions occur both within the sensitive population and by mixing with core agents. The update process is monitored using a Lotka-Volterra-like Ordinary Differential Equation. Given an initial tiny minority of opponents that coexist with both inflexible and peaceful agents, we investigate implications on the emergence of radicalization. Opponents try to turn peaceful agents to opponents driving radicalization. However, inflexible core agents may step in to bring back opponents to a peaceful choice thus weakening the phenomenon. The required minimum individual core involvement to actually curb radicalization is calculated.It is found to be a function of both the majority or minority status of the sensitive subpopulation with respect to the core subpopulation and the degree of activeness of opponents. The results highlight the instrumental role core agents can have to hinder radicalization within the sensitive subpopulation. Some hints are outlined to favor novel public policies towards social integration.
description: 15 pages, 3 figures. Published on PloS ONE
E-cigarettes, vaping-related pulmonary illnesses, and asthma: A perspective from inhalation toxicologists
Creators: name: Jaspers, I.
name: Clapp, P.W.
name: Peden, D.B.
Publisher: name: Mosby Inc.
Year: 2020

description: The recent outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping-product use–associated lung injury (EVALI) is alarming. As of October 18, 2019, 33 deaths and nearly 1500 hospitalizations associated with e-cigarette use have been reported in 49 states and the US Virgin Islands. Initial epidemiologic investigations of EVALI cases in Illinois and Wisconsin identified that more than 80% of the reported cases occurred in young white male subjects who presented with respiratory, gastrointestinal, and constitutional symptoms that rapidly progressed to severe acute lung injury. Interestingly, underlying asthma was reported in 30% of these cases, which is much higher than the 8% to 10% of asthmatic patients seen in the general population. Although many questions regarding the safety of e-cigarettes have come to the forefront with the emergence of EVALI, health care providers and concerned parents are also asking what might be causing this outbreak and who might be susceptible to EVALI.
Cinnamaldehyde in flavored e-cigarette liquids temporarily suppresses bronchial epithelial cell ciliary motility by dysregulation of mitochondrial function
Creators: name: Lavrich, K.S.
name: Jaspers, I.
name: Carson, J.L.
name: van Heusden, C.A.
name: Lazarowski, E.R.
name: Clapp, P.W.
Publisher: name: American Physiological Society
Year: 2019

description: Aldehydes in cigarette smoke (CS) impair mitochondrial function and reduce ciliary beat frequency (CBF), leading to diminished mucociliary clearance (MCC). However, the effects of aldehyde e-cigarette flavorings on CBF are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cinnamaldehyde, a flavoring agent commonly used in e-cigarettes, disrupts mitochondrial function and impairs CBF on well-differentiated human bronchial epithelial (hBE) cells. To this end, hBE cells were exposed to diluted cinnamon-flavored e-liquids and vaped aerosol and assessed for changes in CBF. hBE cells were subsequently exposed to various concentrations of cinnamaldehyde to establish a dose-response relationship for effects on CBF. Changes in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis were evaluated by Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer, and adenine nucleotide levels were quantified by HPLC. Both cinnamaldehyde-containing e-liquid and vaped aerosol rapidly yet transiently suppressed CBF, and exposure to cinnamaldehyde alone recapitulated this effect. Cinnamaldehyde impaired mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in a dosedependent manner, and intracellular ATP levels were significantly but temporarily reduced following exposure. Addition of nicotine had no effect on the cinnamaldehyde-induced suppression of CBF or mitochondrial function. These data indicate that cinnamaldehyde rapidly disrupts mitochondrial function, inhibits bioenergetic processes, and reduces ATP levels, which correlates with impaired CBF. Because normal ciliary motility and MCC are essential respiratory defenses, inhalation of cinnamaldehyde may increase the risk of respiratory infections in e-cigarette users.
(419) Peter Blair
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Gene Expression Profiling in Human Lung Cells Exposed to Isoprene-Derived Secondary Organic Aerosol
Creators: name: Lin, Y.-H.
name: Cui, T.
name: Jaspers, I.
name: Fry, R.C.
name: Vizuete, W.
name: Gold, A.
name: Clapp, P.W.
name: Sexton, K.G.
name: Arashiro, M.
name: Surratt, J.D.
Publisher: name: American Chemical Society
Year: 2017

description: Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from the photochemical oxidation of isoprene contributes a substantial mass fraction to atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The formation of isoprene SOA is influenced largely by anthropogenic emissions through multiphase chemistry of its multigenerational oxidation products. Considering the abundance of isoprene SOA in the troposphere, understanding mechanisms of adverse health effects through inhalation exposure is critical to mitigating its potential impact on public health. In this study, we assessed the effects of isoprene SOA on gene expression in human airway epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) through an air-liquid interface exposure. Gene expression profiling of 84 oxidative stress and 249 inflammation-associated human genes was performed. Our results show that the expression levels of 29 genes were significantly altered upon isoprene SOA exposure under noncytotoxic conditions (p < 0.05), with the majority (22/29) of genes passing a false discovery rate threshold of 0.3. The most significantly affected genes belong to the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor network. The Nrf2 function is confirmed through a reporter cell line. Together with detailed characterization of SOA constituents, this study reveals the impact of isoprene SOA exposure on lung responses and highlights the importance of further understanding its potential health outcomes.
(420) Richard Somers Gard
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Economic value impacts on Tourism and Aquaculture (WEBINAR 25/06/2020)
Creators: name: Arabadzhyan, Anastasia
name: González, Matías
name: Figini, Paolo
name: Vici, Laura
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020

description: Presentation at SOCLIMPACT webinar on 25/06/2019 to the online community Main topics: Tourism overview Choice Experiments Tourism results Aquaculture
NEW SPECIES OF ONCHIDORIS (MOLLUSCA, OPISTHOL-BRANCHIATA, DORIDACCA) OF THE NORTH AND NORTHEAST OF SPAIN - ONCHIDORIS-CERVINOI NSP
Creators: name: Ortea, J. A.
name: Urgorri, V.
Publisher: name: Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR)
Year: 1979

Abstract
Electronic Cigarettes: Their Constituents and Potential Links to Asthma
Creators: name: Jaspers, I.
name: Clapp, P.W.
Publisher: name: Current Medicine Group LLC 1
Year: 2017

description: Purpose of Review: Vaping is gaining popularity in the USA, particularly among teens and young adults. While e-cigs are commonly represented as safer alternatives to tobacco cigarettes, little is known regarding the health effects of their short- or long-term use, especially in individuals with pre-existing respiratory diseases such as asthma. Flavored e-cig liquids (e-liquids) and e-cig aerosols contain airway irritants and toxicants that have been implicated in the pathogenesis and worsening of lung diseases. In this review, we will summarize existing data on potential health effects of components present in e-cig aerosols, such as propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and flavorings, and discuss their relevance in the context of asthma. Recent Findings: Recent survey data indicate that adolescents with asthma had a higher prevalence of current e-cig use (12.4%) compared to their non-asthmatics peers (10.2%) and conveyed positive beliefs about tobacco products, especially e-cigs. Similarly, a study conducted among high school students from Ontario, Canada, indicated a greater likelihood of e-cig use in asthmatics as compared to their non-asthmatic peers. Availability of different flavorings is often cited as the main reason among youth/adolescents for trying e-cigs or switching from cigarettes to e-cigs. Occupational inhalation of some common food-safe flavoring agents is reported to cause occupational asthma and worsen asthmatic symptoms. Moreover, workplace inhalation exposures to the flavoring agent diacetyl have caused irreversible obstructive airway disease in healthy workers. Additionally, recent studies report that thermal decomposition of propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG), the base constituents of e-liquids, produces reactive carbonyls, including acrolein, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde, which have known respiratory toxicities. Furthermore, recent nicotine studies in rodents reveal that prenatal nicotine exposures lead to epigenetic reprogramming in the offspring, abnormal lung development, and multigenerational transmission of asthmatic-like symptoms. Summary: Comparisons of the toxicity and health effects of e-cigs and conventional cigarettes often focus on toxicants known to be present in cigarette smoke (CS) (i.e., formaldehyde, nitrosamines, etc.), as well as smoking-associated clinical endpoints, such as cancer, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, this approach disregards potential toxicity of components unique to flavored e-cigs, such as PG, VG, and the many different flavoring chemicals, which likely induce respiratory effects not usually observed in cigarette smokers.
Petrov type I spacetime curvature: principal null vector spanning dimension
Creators: name: Bini, Donato
name: Geralico, Andrea
name: Jantzen, Robert T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The class of Petrov type I curvature tensors is further divided into those for which the span of the set of distinct principal null directions has dimension four (maximally spanning type I) or dimension three (nonmaximally spanning type I). Explicit examples are provided for both vacuum and nonvacuum spacetimes.
description: v1: 16 pages; v2: 21 pages, references added, discussion expanded; v3: 21 pages, final version matching the published one