cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Parhypochthonius urticinus Berlese
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Parhypochthoniidae
Parhypochthonius
Parhypochthonius urticinus

description: Parhypochthonius urticinus Berlese, 1910
Parypochthonius urticinus Berlese, 1910, p. 219, pl. 19 fig. 43.
Parhypochthonius urticinus, Lombardini, 1936, p. 46.
The following characters are mentioned in the original description of the species. The colour is hyaline whitish. The posterior border of the notogaster bears 8 long, remarkably shaped hairs that gradually enlarge in the basal part, but end in a long sharp point; the other notogastral hairs are simple. The sensillus is long, provided with 8 pectinations. The claws resemble those of P. aphidinus; the median claw is considerably smaller than the laterals. The measurements are 0.380 X 0.180 mm. Berlese did not observe the tubeshaped orifice of the latero-abdominal gland, which is a striking character of P. aphidinus.
The figure shows that cp is notably long. Berlese omitted a number of notogastral hairs, among which f2 that in P. aphidinus is inserted on the thickened border of the orifice of the latero-abdominal gland; I think that h3, ps2 and ps3 also escaped his notice. Consequently, the remarkably shaped hairs probably are f1, h2, h1; and ps1. In Berlese's fig. 43 the hairs are drawn as gradually thickened in the basal part, whilst they end in a long sharp point.
In the Berlese Collection one slide (no. 80/24) is present; it contains the type, originating from Lake City, Florida. The preparation is suited for the Observation of the following supplementary details. In the left sensillus the pectinations are directed backwards, whilst these are turned upwards in the other one. The notogaster is slightly damaged, but at the right side the thickened orifice of the latero-abdominal gland is distinctly visible; when seen from above the orifice does, however, not extend beyond the lateral border of the body. Because of some deposits in the slide it was impossible to study the shape of the posterior notogastral hairs.
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on pages 11-12
phos4dtools: Reconstructing the daylight conditions in an insula of antique Pompeii
Creators: name: Noback, Andreas
name: Monteoliva Peralta, Juan Manuel
name: Grobe, Lars Oliver
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Roman architecture
daylight
metrics
Raytraverse
Radiance
light simulation
House of the Europa Ship
Casa della Nave Europa

description: The excavated ruins of Pompeii present unique access to the architecture of Roman dwellings. Within the interdisciplinary project "ΦΩΣ 4D – A tool for affordance-based daylight analysis in ancient houses by means of simulation " a reconstruction based on the material remains of the antique city allows to model daylight conditions, that we assume to be one precondition for many domestic activities. The Python module phos4dtools implements a work-flow from geometric reconstruction to tabular metrics that can be processed with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), employing efficient zonal lighting simulation with Radiance-based raytraverse. We demonstrate the process of a) importing a geometric model an entire insula in Pompeii with encoded non-geometric attributes, b) the initialization of the raytraverse model, c) the daylight simulation with raytraverse/Radiance, d) the extraction of metrics tables, and d) the import and processing in the GIS software QGis. Exemplary spatial data produced by the purely open-source driven method is shown that provides a common basis for interdisciplinary research.
Pseudoechthistatus acutipennis Chiang 1981
Creators: name: Li, Zhu
name: Chen, Li
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Pseudoechthistatus
Pseudoechthistatus acutipennis

description: Pseudoechthistatus acutipennis Chiang, 1981: 81, 84, pl. 1, fig. 7 (Fig. 62)
Type locality: China, Sichuan, Mt. Emei.
Gender: female.
Date collected: 1962.VII.9.
Collector: Li-Juan CHEN.
description: Published as part of Li, Zhu & Chen, Li, 2020, Primary types of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Vesperidae and Disteniidae) of Southwest University (SWU), pp. 25-46 in Zootaxa 4718 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3602206
Rubus chambicus Rolfe 1920
Creators: name: Gupta, Chandani
name: Dash, Sudhansu Sekhar
name: Brach, Anthony Robert
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Rosales
Rosaceae
Rubus
Rubus chambicus

description: Rubus chambicus Rolfe (1920: 132)
Type (lectotype, designated here):— INDIA. Himachal Pradesh: erstwhile known Chamba state, Pangi, Kagal Reserve, 3 August 1919, 2250 m, R. N. Parker s.n. (K barcode K 000737989 [digital image!], isolectotypes A barcodes A 00571268 [digital image!], A 00571269 [digital image!] DD No. 22324!, No. 22326!, P barcode P 03135621 [digital image!]), Fig. 2.
Shrubs; stem, petioles and pedicels with recurved prickles which extended up to the midvein of the terminal leaflet; leaves 3-foliolate (rarely 5-foliolate), lateral leaflets sessile; flowers white.
Distribution:— Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, probably endemic to the Dhauladhar and Zanskar ranges, south of the inner Himalayas (India).
Nomenclatural notes:— Rubus chambicus was described by Rolfe (1920) based on specimens collected by R. N. Parker in 1919 from Kagal Reserve (Pangi, Himachal Pradesh erstwhile Chamba state). We traced several specimens in A, DD, K and P which can be considered original material. The specimen kept in K (barcode K000737989) fits the description and is best preserved. Thus, we selected that specimen as lectotype.
Taxonomic notes:— Rubus chambicus is characterized by linear-lanceolate stipules, size of free lobes of calyx, sparsely hirsute ovary and glabrous style. The most similar taxon is R. niveus Wall. ex G. Don (1832:530) var. concolor Wall. ex Hooker.f. (1878: 335).
description: Published as part of Gupta, Chandani, Dash, Sudhansu Sekhar & Brach, Anthony Robert, 2016, Lectotypification of two names in the genus Rubus L. (Rosaceae), pp. 297-300 in Phytotaxa 266 (4) on pages 299-300, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.266.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/13668769
Addressing socioeconomic inequalities in obesity: Democratising access to resources for achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.
Creators: name: Adams, Jean
Publisher: name: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Year: 2020
Subjects: Adult
Body Weight
COVID-19
Coronavirus Infections
England
Exercise
Feeding Behavior
Food Supply
Health Services Accessibility
Health Status Disparities
Humans
Obesity
Pandemics
Pneumonia, Viral
Socioeconomic Factors

description: Funder: Medical Research Council (GB)
Hypochthoniidae Berlese
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Hypochthoniidae

description: HYPOCHTHONIIDAE Berlese, 1910
In his early publications Berlese (1896a, 1896b) regarded the genus Hypochthonius as part of the family Nothridae in which it had a separate Position because of the divided notogaster. The genus consisted of species that are now regarded as representatives of separate families, although (with one exception) these still belong to a single group (Enarthronota). Due to the erroneous Observation of a subdivision of the notogaster, Berlese (1896) described also a strongly different species as a Hypochthonius (H. tectorum); this species (afterwards the type of the genus Trhypochthonius) shows, however, little relationship with the Enarthronota.
In 1910 (p. 218) Berlese created a family Hypoctonidae (sic!) 3); he divided the genus Hypochthonius, and added other genera so that the family in his opinion consisted of Parhypochthonius, Trhypochthonius, Trizetes, Sphaerochthonius, Cosmochthonius, Hypochthonius (with subgenus Hypochthoniella), and Brachychthonius. Some years after, he gave the same classification (Berlese, 1913a, p. 7). According to moderns views the first-mentioned 2 genera are now classified in groups that are widely remote of the Hypochthoniidae, whilst Trizetes even does not belong to the primitive Oribatid mites. The other ones are all reckoned among the Enarthronota.
3) In the same paper the name is, however, also spelt as Hypochthonidae.
Nowadays the genera Hypochthonius, Eohypochthonius, and Malacoangelia only are considered representatives of the family Hypochthoniidae 1).
1) Recently Schweizer (1956, pp. 234-244, figs. 151-159) described a new genus Alphypochthonius with 9 new species, which he classified with the Hypochthoniidae. All species are, however, nymphs and larvae of higher Oribatei, probably Melanozetes, Fuscozetes, Trichoribates, Sphaerozetes, etc. The type of the genus Alphypochthonius is A. alpinus; description and figures of this species strongly resemble Melanozetes nymphs, probably M. mollicomus (cf. Van der Hammen, 1952, p. 97, fig. 8d). Alphypochthonius must therefore be placed in the synonymy of Melanozetes. I remark that the differences in measurements, which Schweizer regards as differences between males and females, are of course due to the presence of different nymphal stages.
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on pages 13-14
Allecula Fabricius 1801
Creators: name: Novák, Vladimír
name: Jansson, Nicklas
name: Chiari, Stefano
name: Zauli, Agnese
name: Audisio, Paolo
name: Carpaneto, Giuseppe M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Tenebrionidae
Allecula

description: Key to males of European species of Allecula Fabricius, 1801
1 Antennomere 4 1.6–2.6 times as long as antennomere 3....................................................... 2
- Antennomere 4 only 0.8–1.2 times as long as antennomere 3................................................... 6
2 Antennomere 4 less than twice as long as antennomere 3...................................................... 3
- Antennomere 4 more than twice as long as antennomere 3..................................................... 4
3 Elytra dark brown, pronotum narrow (PI about 75). Europe............................... A. morio (Fabricius, 1787)
- Elytra ochre yellow, pronotum broad (PI about 60). Italy ....................................... A. suberina sp. nov.
4 Antennomere 4 distinctly longer than twice as long as antennomere 3, space between eyes narrower (OI about 30)......... 5
- Antennomere 4 slightly longer than twice as long as antennomere 3, space between eyes broader (OI about 35). Europe....................................................................................... A. rhenana Bach, 1856
5 Elytra brown, antennae, tibiae, tarsi reddish-brown, elytral interspaces distinctly convex, pronotum broader (PI about 60) with fine microgranulation, rather dull. Turkey ................................................ A. turcica Novák, 2011
- Elytra ochre yellow, antennae, tibiae, tarsi black, elytral interspaces flatter, pronotum narrower (PI about 70), microgranulation indistinct, shiny. Turkey ............................................................. A. janssoni Novák, 2011
6 Antennomere 3 slightly shorter than antennomere 4......................................... A. divisa Reitter, 1883
- Antennomere 3 as long as or distinctly longer than antennomere 4.............................................. 7
7 Antennomere 3 distinctly longer than antennomere 4, antennomeres 5–10 narrower and shorter than antennomere 4, ultimate palpomere strongly dilated.................................................... A. oronthea Baudi di Selve, 1881
- Antennomere 3 as long as antennomere 4, antennomeres 5–10 distinctly longer than antennomere 4, ultimate palpomere only slightly dilated..................................................................... A. estriata Seidlitz, 1896
description: Published as part of Novák, Vladimír, Jansson, Nicklas, Chiari, Stefano, Zauli, Agnese, Audisio, Paolo & Carpaneto, Giuseppe M., 2012, A new species of Allecula (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Alleculinae) from cork oak stands of Italy, pp. 29-38 in Zootaxa 3483 on page 37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.210852
Hypochthonius C. L. Koch
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Hypochthoniidae
Hypochthonius

description: Hypochthonius C. L. Koch, 1836
Hypochthonius C. L. Koch, 1836, fasc. 3 (19, 20); 1842, vol. 3, p. 109.
Hypocthonius, Berlese, 1896a, fasc. 79 (11); 1896b, pp. 24, 25.
Hypochthonius, Berlese, 1910, p. 217; 1913a, p. 36.
In the above the development is explained of Berlese's conception of the genus Hypochthonius. Berlese (1913a) finally regarded the following species as representatives: rufulus C. L. Koch (the type of the genus), ventricosus Canestrini (a species of uncertain relationship, possibly Archegozetes), pallidulus (non C. L. Koch; now Eniochthonius fam. Eniochthoniidae), crosbyi Ewing (recently redescribed, although insufficiently, by Woolley, 1956, p. 290, figs. 3, 4; the species certainly does not belong to the Hypochthoniidae or the Eniochthoniidae), and asiaticus Berlese (now Eohypochthonius).
Berlese dated the genus Hypochthonius at first as 1842, and later as 1835; in fact the correct date is 1836. I remark that for some time Berlese spelt the generic name as Hypocthonius.
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on page 14
Pseudomacrochenus albipennis Chiang 1981
Creators: name: Li, Zhu
name: Chen, Li
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Pseudomacrochenus
Pseudomacrochenus albipennis

description: Pseudomacrochenus albipennis Chiang, 1981: 81, 84, pl. 1, fig. 9(Figs. 63a, b)
Type locality: China, Sichuan, Leibo.
Gender: male.
Date collected: 1997. IX.
Collector: Zheng-Hua ZHANG.
Paratypes: 1 male with the same data as the holotype in SWU. The other paratype is supposed to be in Tianjin Natural History Museum.
Remarks: The collector is indicated as Zhenghua ZHANG in the original description while there is no collector on the label.
description: Published as part of Li, Zhu & Chen, Li, 2020, Primary types of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Vesperidae and Disteniidae) of Southwest University (SWU), pp. 25-46 in Zootaxa 4718 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3602206
Hypochthonius rufulus C. L. Koch
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Hypochthoniidae
Hypochthonius
Hypochthonius rufulus

description: Hypochthonius rufulus C. L. Koch, 1836
Hypochthonius rufulus C. L. Koch, 1836, fasc. 3 (19).
Hypocthonius rufulus, Berlese, 1896, fasc. 78 (6); 1896b, p. 25.
Hypochthonius rufulus, Berlese, 1913a, p. 57, textfig., prep. I-15 2); Lombardini, 1936, P. 42.
This is a common species in Europe and North America. According to Berlese (1896) it occurs throughout Italy. In the Collection many specimens are present, but I studied only the slide from the " Acarotheca italica " and one slide from the Berlese Collection (no. 213/22, Florence, park " delle Cascine"); both identifications are correct.
2) The preparations are those of the " Acarotheca italica ", prepared by Berlese for sale.
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on page 14
Additional file 5: Figure S4. of In silico prioritization and further functional characterization of SPINK1 intronic variants
Creators: name: Zou, Wen-Bin
name: Wu, Hao
name: Boulling, Arnaud
name: Cooper, David
name: Zhao-Shen Li
name: Zhuan Liao
name: Chen, Jian-Min
name: Férec, Claude
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Further analyses of the SPINK1 c.194 + 13T > G variant in a minigene assay. (PDF 184 kb)
MOESM2 of Safety and efficacy of the choline analogue SAR97276 for malaria treatment: results of two phase 2, open-label, multicenter trials in African patients
Creators: name: Held, Jana
name: Supan, Christian
name: Salazar, Carmen
name: Halidou Tinto
name: LĂŠa Bonkian
name: Nahum, Alain
name: SiĂŠ, Ali
name: Abdulla, Salim
name: Cantalloube, Cathy
name: Elhadj Djeriou
name: Bouyou-Akotet, Marielle
name: Bernhards Ogutu
name: MordmĂźller, Benjamin
name: Kreidenweiss, Andrea
name: Siribie, Mohamadou
name: Sodiomon Sirima
name: Kremsner, Peter
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 2. Preparation of the investigational product SAR9727A (Study 1).
MOESM3 of Safety and efficacy of the choline analogue SAR97276 for malaria treatment: results of two phase 2, open-label, multicenter trials in African patients
Creators: name: Held, Jana
name: Supan, Christian
name: Salazar, Carmen
name: Halidou Tinto
name: LĂŠa Bonkian
name: Nahum, Alain
name: SiĂŠ, Ali
name: Abdulla, Salim
name: Cantalloube, Cathy
name: Elhadj Djeriou
name: Bouyou-Akotet, Marielle
name: Bernhards Ogutu
name: MordmĂźller, Benjamin
name: Kreidenweiss, Andrea
name: Siribie, Mohamadou
name: Sodiomon Sirima
name: Kremsner, Peter
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 3. Definition of early and late treatment failure (Study 2).
MOESM4 of Safety and efficacy of the choline analogue SAR97276 for malaria treatment: results of two phase 2, open-label, multicenter trials in African patients
Creators: name: Held, Jana
name: Supan, Christian
name: Salazar, Carmen
name: Halidou Tinto
name: LĂŠa Bonkian
name: Nahum, Alain
name: SiĂŠ, Ali
name: Abdulla, Salim
name: Cantalloube, Cathy
name: Elhadj Djeriou
name: Bouyou-Akotet, Marielle
name: Bernhards Ogutu
name: MordmĂźller, Benjamin
name: Kreidenweiss, Andrea
name: Siribie, Mohamadou
name: Sodiomon Sirima
name: Kremsner, Peter
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 4. Details on sample size calculation (Study 2).
Sternohammus yunnana Wang & Chiang 1998
Creators: name: Li, Zhu
name: Chen, Li
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Sternohammus
Sternohammus yunnana

description: Sternohammus yunnana Wang & Chiang, 1998c: 461, 462, fig. 9 (Figs. 64a, b)
Type locality: China, Yunnan, Jinghong, Fule. (According to the writing, it’s likely to be Youle, which is Mt. Jinuoshan now).
Gender: female.
Altitude: 672m.
Date collected: 1980.VI.21.
Collector: Longdeng expedition team.
description: Published as part of Li, Zhu & Chen, Li, 2020, Primary types of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Vesperidae and Disteniidae) of Southwest University (SWU), pp. 25-46 in Zootaxa 4718 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3602206
Eohypochthonius Jacot
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Hypochthoniidae
Eohypochthonius

description: Eohypochthonius Jacot, 1938
Eohypochthonius Jacot, 1938b, p. 133.
Jacot founded the present genus on Hypochthonius gracilis, a species described by him in 1936c (p. 251, pl. 20 fig. 9) from North Carolina (U.S.A.). The genus distinctly belongs to the Hypochthoniidae but differs from Hypochthonius among others by the transversely divided genital covers.
Judging from Jacot's description, E. gracüis is much smaller and slenderer than Hypochthonius rufulus; the notogastral hairs are longer (c2 is nearly as long as c1); according to the figure e1 and e2 are virtual 1).
1) Grandjean characterizes a hair as "virtuel" when the place of insertion only is present.
In my opinion the following species must be added to the genus.
Eohypochthonius asiaticus (Berlese, 1910).
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on pages 14-15
Eohypochthonius asiaticus
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Hypochthoniidae
Eohypochthonius
Eohypochthonius asiaticus

description: Eohypochthonius asiaticus (Berlese, 1910)
Hypochthonius asiaticus Berlese, 1910b, p. 380; Lombardini, 1936, p. 42.
Judging from the original, very short description, the species has a superficial resemblance to " Hypochthoniella pallidula ", although it is slightly more elongate; the notogaster has only one "coupure"; the notogastral hairs are long; the measurements are 0.330 X 0.160 mm. The species was described from "Tjompea", Java; I remark that undoubtedly "Tjompea" is a lapsus for Tjampea (near Bogor, West Java). According to the catalogue 4 slides must be present in the collection 2); slide 110. 199/22 is, however, missing. No. 103/14 bears the label "Tjompea, Giava, tipico". The nos. 141/31, 32 bear the indications "Samarang, Giava", and "Giava" respectively. The last-mentioned slide is the single one that in its present state is more or less suitable for a superficial examination. I observed that the genital covers are divided, and that the notogastral hairs are long, with the exception of e1 and e2 that are probably virtual (the bad condition of the slide did not allow of a definite observation). From this I conclude that the species belongs to the genus Eohypochthonius.
2) The Catalogue of the Berlese Collection consists of several hand-written volumes, in which the generic names occur in alphabetic order. Berlese ornamented the initial letters with coloured pictures of the mites in question; reduced reproductions of two of these letters are given by Melis (1950).
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on page 15
Thylactus densepunctatus Chiang & Li 1984
Creators: name: Li, Zhu
name: Chen, Li
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Thylactus
Thylactus densepunctatus

description: Thylactus densepunctatus Chiang & Li, 1984: 98, 100, fig. 3 (Figs. 65a, b)
Type locality: China, Yunnan, Yongde County, Xiaomengtong.
Gender: female.
Altitude: 1050m.
Date collected: 1980.VI. 10.
Collector: Xi-Fu FAN.
description: Published as part of Li, Zhu & Chen, Li, 2020, Primary types of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Vesperidae and Disteniidae) of Southwest University (SWU), pp. 25-46 in Zootaxa 4718 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3602206
Malacoangelia
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Hypochthoniidae
Malacoangelia
Medacoangelia
Medacoangelia remigera

description: Malacoangelia Berlese, 1913
Malacoangelia Berlese, 1913, p. 101; 1913a, p. 8; Ewing, 1917, p. 124; Grandjean, 1935, p. 237; 1947, p. 223; 1954, p. 429.
Originally, Berlese described Malacoangelia as having the characters and the habitus of the genus Malaconothrus with the exception of the differently shaped sensillus and bothridium. In a survey of the System of the Acari, Berlese (1913a) classified Malacoangelia together with Lohmannia, Malaconothrus, etc. in the tribe " Michaeliini ", a subdivision of the family Nothridae. Shortly after (Berlese 1916a, p. 176), he created a new tribe " Lohmannini " (a subdivision of the Malaconothridae) containing the genera Lohmannia, Perlohmannia, Epilohmannia, Medacoangelia, and Eulohmannia. The conformity of Malacoangelia with Malaconothrus or Lohmannia, which Berlese erroneously supposed, is inconceivable to us. Ewing (1917) already, relying on the original description only, correctly placed the genus in the family Hypochthoniidae. Grandjean (1935) again demonstrated the close relationship with Hypochthonius; the same opinion is found in his later classification of the Enarthronota (1947, 1954).
Medacoangelia remigera is the type and single representative of the genus.
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on pages 15-16
Osmunda regalis L.
Creators: name: Konrad Lauber
name: Gerhart Wagner
name: Andreas Gygax
Publisher: name: Haupt Verlag
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Polypodiopsida
Osmundales
Osmundaceae
Osmunda
Osmunda regalis

description: Osmunda regalis L.
Artbeschreibung: 60-200 cm hoch. Sporangienstand vom übrigen Blatt getrennt, rispig verzweigt am Ende des Blattes, dieses unter dem Sporangienstand doppelt gefiedert: Abschnitte 1. Ordnung mit 7-9 Paaren nach vorn gerichteter, länglicher, ganzrandiger oder fein gezähnter, stumpfer Abschnitte 2. Ordnung.
Blütezeit: 6-7
Standort und Verbreitung in der Schweiz: Buschwälder an feuchten, schattigen Stellen / kollin / TI
Verbreitung global: Weltweit verbreitet
Ökologische Zeigerwerte nach Landolt & al. (2010)
BodenfaktorenKlimafaktorenSalztoleranzFeuchtezahl Fsehr feucht; Feuchtigkeit stark wechselnd (mehr als ± 2 Stufen)Lichtzahl LhalbschattigSalzzeichen1Reaktionszahl Rsauer (pH 3.5-6.5)Temperaturzahl Tkollin (Laubmischwälder mit Eichen)Nährstoffzahl Nmässig nährstoffarm bis mässig nährstoffreichKontinentalitätszahl Ksubozeanisch (hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit, geringe Temperaturschwankungen, eher milde Winter)
Volksname Deutscher Name: Königsfarn, Königs-Rispenfarn Nom français: Fougère royale Nome italiano: Osmunda regale, Felce florida
description: Published as part of Konrad Lauber, Gerhart Wagner & Andreas Gygax, 2018, Flora Helvetica - Osmundaceae, pp. 70 in Flora Helvetica, Bern :Haupt Verlag on page 70
Malacoangelia remigera
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Hypochthoniidae
Malacoangelia
Malacoangelia remigera

description: Malacoangelia remigera Berlese, 1913
Malacoangelia remigera Berlese, 1913, p. 101, pl. 7 figs. 86, 86a, pl. 8 fig. 88; Grandjean. 1935, p. 237, figs. 1, 2.
The species is no more present in the Berlese Collection, nor does the name occur in the Catalogue. The original description is, however, aecompanied by three drawings, by which the identity of the species is certain. The redescription by Grandjean contains many important characters that Berlese did not observe.
Up to now the species is known from Java and Panama only.
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on page 16
Eniochthoniidae
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Eniochthoniidae
Hypochthoniella

description: ENIOCHTHONIIDAE Grandjean, 1947
In his preliminary classification of the Enarthronota, Grandjean (1947, p. 223) created a subfamily Eniochthoniinae that later (Grandjean, 1954, p. 429) was raised to family rank (Eniochthoniidae).
Although the generic name Hypochthoniella Berlese (1910) has priority against Eniochthonius Grandjean (1947), the family name Eniochthoniidae is valid.
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on page 16
Eniochthonius Grandjean 1933
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Oribatida
Eniochthoniidae
Eniochthonius

description: Eniochthonius Grandjean, 1933
Hypochthoniella Berlese, 1910, p. 218.
Eniochthonius Grandjean, 1933, p. 32.
Some misunderstanding has arisen about the validity of the generic name Hypochthoniella. In a discussion of the classification of the family Hypochthoniidae, Berlese (1910, p. 218) wrote the following in a foot-note "L' H. pallidulus K. avendo l'addome diviso in tre parti potrebbe formare sottogenere (Hypocthoniella) 1) nel gen. Hypocthonius di cui e tipo l' H. rufulus K. ". This subgenus is sufficiently characterized, not only because of the cited description, but also by the fact that it is distinctly founded on the species that since Michael is known by the name pallidulus C. L. Koch.
1) This manner of writing certainly is a lapsus; Berlese 1910, p. 218) spells the Greek word chthonios in three ways: ctonius, cthonius, and chthonius. I prefer the correct orthography chthonius that is in common use.
The subgenus was raised to generic rank and later authors generally cited the species as Hypochthoniella pallidula, tili Grandjean (1933, p. 32) drew attention to the fact that Hypochthonius pallidulus C. L. Koch undoubtedly must be regarded as the nymph of H. rufulus C. L. Koch, and therefore distinctly differs from H. pallidulus sensu Michael. At the same time Grandjean placed the generic name Hypochthoniella in the synonymy of Hypochthonius, and created a new genus Eniochthonius with H. pallidulus sensu Michael as the type 1).
Considering that Berlese's conception of the genus Hypochthoniella is unmistakable, and because the material in his collection precludes any doubt, it appears to be correct to use the name Hypochthoniella. Because the family name Eniochthoniidae is already in use, I prefer, however, to conserve also the name Eniochthonius. Below I demonstrate that Eniochthonius minutissimus is the correct name of the type.
1) Arthrochthonius Ewing (1917) has also H. pallidulus as type, so that it is a synonym of Hypochthoniella; Ewing apparently contributed also some Brachychthoniidae and other Enarthronota to it. After its publication, the name Arthrochthonius has not been in use.
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on pages 16-17
Eniochthonius minutissimus Grandjean 1933
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Oribatida
Eniochthoniidae
Eniochthonius
Eniochthonius minutissimus

description: Eniochthonius minutissimus (Berlese, 1904) (= pallidulus auct.)
Hypocthonius pallidulus, Berlese, 1896b, p. 25.
Hypochthonius minutissimus Berlese, 1904, p. 252.
Hypochthonius (Hypochthoniella) pallidulus, Berlese, 1910, p. 218.
The original description of H. minutissimus appears to have escaped the notice of later authors; it is, besides, a remarkable fact that afterwards Berlese never recorded the species again. The diagnosis, as usually much too short, gives no decisive answer as to specific identity, but nevertheless reminds of the genus Hypochthoniella.
In the hand-written catalogue of the Berlese Collection the name H. minutissimus does not occur. Among the material booked as H. pallidulus I found, however, the slides of three types; these bear on the labels the name H. minutissimus that in pencil, in Berlese's own handwriting, is corrected into pallidulus. It concerns the slides nos. 19/8, 20/2, and 20/3 that are still labelled as "tipico"; the specimens have been collected at Florence in the "Giardino di Boboli", as was recorded in the original description. A further study of the type specimens shows that they are indeed identical with pallidulus sensu Michael; the same conclusion applies to the remaining material of pallidulus.
It is a proof of inaccuracy that Berlese never published his correction; in this manner he has been the cause that the name minutissimus was not introduced before. Grandjean (1933), who discovered the real identity of H. pallidulus C. L. Koch, supposed that it is possible to preserve the name pallidulus in the genus Eniochthonius; consequently he cites the species afterwards as Eniochthonius pallidulus (Michael). Because this is contrary to the international rules of nomenclature I created (Van der Hammen, 1952) the name Eniochthonius grandjeani. It is evident now that both names must be placed in the synonymy of E. minutissimus.
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on page 17
Thylactus dentipennis Wang & Chiang 1998
Creators: name: Li, Zhu
name: Chen, Li
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Thylactus
Thylactus dentipennis

description: Thylactus dentipennis Wang & Chiang, 1998c: 458, 462, figs. 1–4 (Figs. 66a, b)
Type locality: China, Yunnan, Lincang City, Fengqing County, Shili.
Gender: male.
Altitude: 1800m.
Date collected: 1980.VII.8
Collector: Fu ZHANG.
description: Published as part of Li, Zhu & Chen, Li, 2020, Primary types of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Vesperidae and Disteniidae) of Southwest University (SWU), pp. 25-46 in Zootaxa 4718 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3602206
Xenohammus albomaculata Wang & Chiang 2000
Creators: name: Li, Zhu
name: Chen, Li
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Xenohammus
Xenohammus albomaculata

description: Xenohammus albomaculata Wang & Chiang, 2000b: 78, 80, figs. 8, 9–12 (Figs. 68a, b)
Type locality: China, Sichuan, Hongya County, Mujianggang [29° 54' N, 103° 24' E].
Gender: male.
Date collected: 1981.VII.11
Collector: Pu-Jun WANG.
description: Published as part of Li, Zhu & Chen, Li, 2020, Primary types of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Vesperidae and Disteniidae) of Southwest University (SWU), pp. 25-46 in Zootaxa 4718 (1) on page 44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3602206
Brachychthoniidae
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Brachychthoniidae

description: BRACHYCHTHONIIDAE Grandjean, 1947
Although the Enarthronota mainly consist of relics or isolated genera, the Brachychthoniidae still represent a branch rich in species. The group was separated as a special family from the Hypochthoniidae by Grandjean (1947). The following genera (mentioned in chronological order) are to be distinguished: Brachychthonius Berlese, 1910 (= Brachychochthonius Jacot, 1938); Eobrachychthonius Jacot, 1936; Synchthonius Van der Hammen, 1952; and Liochthonius nov. gen. (= Brachychthonius auct. non Berlese). In the Berlese Collection three of these are represented by one or more species. With some hesitation I have created here a new name for the genus Brachychthonius auct. non Berlese; many authors already pointed out that Brachychthonius Berlese and Brachychochthonius Jacot are synonyms, but up to now nobody has renamed Brachychthonius auct.
Forsslund (1957) published a revision of some of Berlese's Brachychthoniidae, so that in the following I have made only a few notes about these species.
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on page 18
Xylariopsis albofasciata Wang & Chiang 1998
Creators: name: Li, Zhu
name: Chen, Li
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Xylariopsis
Xylariopsis albofasciata

description: Xylariopsis albofasciata Wang & Chiang, 1998a: 232, 233, figs. 1–3 (Figs. 69a, b)
Type locality: China, Yunnan, Nujiang.
Gender: female.
Date collected: 1985.VI. (1985.VI.29, in the original description)
Collector: Hui YE.
description: Published as part of Li, Zhu & Chen, Li, 2020, Primary types of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Vesperidae and Disteniidae) of Southwest University (SWU), pp. 25-46 in Zootaxa 4718 (1) on page 44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3602206
Onagraceae Jussieu 1789
Creators: name: Luo, Yike
name: Xie, Lei
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Myrtales
Onagraceae

description: Onagraceae Jussieu (1789: 317), as “Onagrae”, nom. cons.
Type:— Onagra Miller (1754: 434) [= Oenothera Linnaeus (1753: 346)].
= Epilobiaceae Ventenat (1799: 307), as “Epilobianae”.
Type:— Epilobium L.
= Jussiaeaceae Martinov (1820: 350), as “Jussieae”.
Type:— Jussiaea Linnaeus (1753: 388).
= Circaeaceae Ruthe (1827: 137), as “Circaeae”.
Type:— Circaea L.
Annual or perennial herbs in the Pan-Himalaya region. Leaves alternate to opposite, occasionally whorled; margin entire or serrate, petiolate to sessile. Flowers (2–)4(–5)-merous, actinomorphic or zygomorphic; floral tube present, or absent in Chamaenerion Séguier (1754: 168), Ludwigia, nectariferous within; sepals valvate; petals one or two times as many as sepals, variously colored; stamens twice as many as sepals, the antisepalous set of stamens longer, rarely (in Chamaenerion) all equal, or as many as sepals; ovary inferior, ovules 1 to numerous in 1 or several rows; style 1, stigma with lobes or not. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds small, smooth or papillose, anatropous; endosperm absent. Base chromosome numbers: x = 7, 8, 15, and 18 (Wagner et al. 2007).
Key to genera of Onagraceae in the Pan-Himalaya region
1 Sepals 2; fruit bristly with hooked hairs.................................................................................................................................. Circaea
- Sepals more than 2; fruit not bristly with hooked hairs......................................................................................................................2
2 Seeds with a coma of hairs .................................................................................................................................................................3
- Seeds lacking a coma of hairs ............................................................................................................................................................4
3 Leaves spirally arranged or alternate; petals entire; stigma deeply 4-lobed ............................................................... Chamaenerion
- Leaves opposite, or alternate in inflorescence; petals 2-lobe; stigma entire or 4-lobed...................................................... Epilobium
4 Sepals persistent after anthesis; floral tube inexistence ........................................................................................................ Ludwigia
- Sepals deciduous after anthesis; floral tube existence, often well beyond ovary................................................................ Oenothera
description: Published as part of Luo, Yike & Xie, Lei, 2023, A checklist of Onagraceae in the Pan-Himalaya region, pp. 245-268 in Phytotaxa 597 (4) on pages 246-247, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7958600
Eobrachychthonius
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Brachychthoniidae
Eobrachychthonius

description: Eobrachychthonius Jacot, 1936
Eobrachychthonius Jacot, 1936b, p. 24.
Jacot created the genus Eobrachychthonius in 1936, and designated E. sexnotatus as the type. According to Forsslund (1957) the type-species is identical with Brachychthonius latior Berlese (1910).
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on page 18
Collitoptyx (Insolitoptyx) meghalaya Volynkin & Černý, 2024, sp. n.
Creators: name: Volynkin, Anton V.
name: Černý, Karel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Erebidae
Collitoptyx
Collitoptyx meghalaya

description: Collitoptyx (Insolitoptyx) meghalaya sp. n.
https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: FAE50C55-9E46-456A-AC15-A105316BFF4E
(Figs 17–20, 42, 43, 58)
Type material. Holotype (Figs 17, 42): male, “NE- India, Assam | W. Meghalaya, Garo Hills | Nokrek National Park | 25°40'N, 91°04'E | 1150 m, 2–13. VII. 1997 | leg. Afonin & Sinajev [recte: Sinyaev] | Museum Witt” / “Genitalpräparat | Heterocera | Nr. 35.799 | Museum Witt München” (MWM/ ZSM).
Paratypes. INDIA: 1 male, 6 females, same data as holotype, gen. prep. Nos.: MWM 36.018 (male), MWM 35.800, MWM 36.801 (females) (MWM/ ZSM); 1 male, 1 female, Khasis, Nat. Coll. / Collectio H.J. Elwes / Rothschild Bequest B.M. 1939-1, unique ID: NHMUK010604520 (♂), NHMUK010292463 (♀) (NHMUK); 1 male, Khasis, Nat. Coll. / Ex Oberthür Coll., Brit. Mus. 1927– 3., unique ID: NHMUK010292469 (NHMUK); 1 female, Khasis, Nat. Coll. / Joicey Bequest. Brit. Mus. 1934–120., unique ID: NHMUK010604519, gen. prep. No.: NHMUK010313296 (NHMUK).
Diagnosis. The forewing length is 15.5–17.0 mm in males and 17.5–18.5 mm in females. Collitoptyx meghalaya sp. n. is externally reminiscent of the partially sympatric C. duplex sp. n. but differs in the somewhat smaller size, the presence of the small black subbasal dash on the anal forewing margin in male, and the intense greyish-brown suffusion on the distal half of the hindwing. Compared to C. sordida also known from Northeast India, the new species has a more tapered forewing apex, and a shorter and distally broader medial spot of the forewing. The genital differences between C. meghalaya sp. n. and species from the nominate subgenus are listed above in the diagnosis of the subgenus Insolitoptyx subgen. n.
Distribution. The new species is known from Northeast India (Meghalaya: Garo and Khasi Hills).
Etymology. The specific epithet is homonymic of the Indian state of Meghalaya, where the new species occurs. The name is a noun in nominative case in apposition.
description: Published as part of Volynkin, Anton V. & Černý, Karel, 2024, Taxonomic review of the Thysanoptyx Hampson generic complex (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini). I. The genus Collitoptyx Volynkin with descriptions of two new genera, two new subgenera and six new species, pp. 44-68 in Ecologica Montenegrina 77 on page 61, DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.77.5, http://zenodo.org/record/14654632
Eobrachychthonius latior
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Brachychthoniidae
Eobrachychthonius
Eobrachychthonius latior

description: Eobrachychthonius latior (Berlese, 1910)
Brachychthonius latior Berlese, 1910, p. 220, pl. 19 fig. 38; Lombardini, 1936, p. 38.
Eobrachychthonius sexnotatus Jacot, 1936b, p. 24, pl. 1 figs. 3, 4.
Eobrachychthonius latior, Forsslund, 1957, p. 584, figs. 1-3.
As mentioned above, Forsslund placed E. sexnotatus in the synonymy of E. latior; a list of further synonyms is also given by him. I remark that Jacot (1936b, p. 25) erroneously cites Berlese's species as Eobrachychthonius latus (latus being a lapsus for latior); of course, B. latus Jacot (1936c, p. 248) is a different species.
E. latior was described after specimens from Lake City, Florida; it is now also known from Europe and other parts of North America.
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on pages 18-19
Liochthonius Hammen, 1959, nov. gen.
Creators: name: van der Hammen, L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1959
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Sarcoptiformes
Brachychthoniidae
Liochthonius

description: Liochthonius 1) nov. gen. (= Brachychthonius auct.)
Because the genus Brachychthonius Berlese is used here in the correct sense of Brachychochthonius Jacot, a new genus must be created for Brachychthonius auct. I introduce the name Liochthonius for the genus with the same characters as Brachychthonius auct., and I designate Brachychthonius perpusillis Berlese (redescription by Forsslund, 1942, p. 4, fig. 4) as the type.
1) From leios (smooth) and chthonios.
description: Published as part of van der Hammen, L., 1959, Berlese's Primitive Oribatid Mites, pp. 1-93 in Zoologische Verhandelingen 40 on page 19
Molecular Biology Instructor Guide: Integrating Leadership Roles, Artificial Intelligence and Google Tools to Explore Molecular Biology: Insights into Hydroxylamine Oxidoreductase and NE0961 Proteins from Nitrosomonas europaea expressed in Escherichia co
Creators: name: Mehrotra, Dr
name: Goller, Carlos
name: Bergmann, David
Publisher: name: QUBES Educational Resources
Year: 2025

description: Scientific Thinking, Leadership, Research, Google Tools, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are essential skills to be included in the course curriculum. All together or individually, these skills can advance knowledge, scientific communication, critical thinking, creativity, leadership, and management abilities. In this Instructor Guide, in which the primary resource is the Research article and secondary resources are- Google tools, Leadership roles and Artificial Intelligence, we provide an overview of leadership roles, leadership skills, research article reading & understanding and AI can be integrated into class activities to help students understand and advance application of molecular biology concepts and knowledge in the bacterial system. Through the activities, students develop an understanding that molecular biology is an integrative, cross-disciplinary, and multifaceted discipline to study prokaryotic systems. Using research skills and leadership roles, students use the research article as a major resource to learn about Nitrosomonas europea, Escherichia coli, regulatory processes of transcription and translation of HAO and NE0961 genes. By studying the expression of these genes, students can apply these concepts by performing independent literature searches as an extension activity to other species of Nitrosomonas to further understand molecular biology and its application. This lesson highlights the nature of central dogma of molecular biology and also provides introduction of key concepts in transcription and translation.