cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
COPD: oxygen transport and metabolism in skeletal muscle
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow obstruction. COPD predominantly encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and affects up to 15 million people in the United States. While the mortality rates associated with other chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular disease and stroke have declined over the last 20 years, the mortality rate for COPD rose nearly 33% from 1979 to 1991. The major factor associated with the development of COPD is cigarette smoking. A major impact on the quality of life of patients with COPD is a reduced tolerance for exercise. In this case exercise refers to the ability to perform everyday tasks. While it is intuitive to think that damage to the lungs is responsible for exercise intolerance, recent evidence suggests that the skeletal muscles of COPD patients may also be impaired. However, the prevalence of this skeletal muscle dysfunction and the mechanisms responsible for it are not well understood. By the nature of the disease the skeletal muscles of COPD patients become deconditioned, thus a focus of this research will be examining the contributions of skeletal muscle disuse to the exercise intolerance associated with COPD.

 Crucial to examining the question of skeletal muscle disuse versus dysfunction in COPD is an understanding of the relationship between blood flow to the exercising muscle and the ability of the muscle to use the oxygen that is carried by the blood. We will conduct a clinical study in which COPD patients and healthy individuals will exercise their calf muscles by pushing on a pedal. This type of exercise only involves a small muscle mass thus removing the limitation to exercise caused by airflow obstruction in COPD. While the subjects are performing the exercise, state-of-the-art techniques will be used to measure blood flow and metabolism in the exercising muscle. Doppler flowmetry will assess the blood flow to the muscle during exercise and this will determine if sufficient oxygen is being delivered to the muscles. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging will measure the metabolism of the muscles and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen during exercise. This combination of techniques will assess the contributions of the peripheral factors of blood flow and muscle metabolism to the reduced exercise tolerance of COPD patients.

 The results of this research may allow guidance and evaluations of interventions designed to improve exercise tolerance in COPD patients. Long tern goals include the application of these techniques to assess the effects of interventions such as exercise training, and lung transplantation on skeletal muscle oxygen delivery.
Additional file 6: of An Arabidopsis introgression zone studied at high spatio-temporal resolution: interglacial and multiple genetic contact exemplified using whole nuclear and plastid genomes
Creators: name: Hohmann, Nora
name: Koch, Marcus
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology
subject: 60506 Virology

description: Structure-sum output, analysis of deltaK and similarity values between STRUCTURE runs. (PDF 165Â kb)
Ptilomyia Coquillett
Creators: name: Sinclair, Bradley J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Ephydridae
Ptilomyia

description: Genus Ptilomyia Coquillett
undetermined species
Distribution. Not determined. Galápagos: Darwin, Santa Cruz.
Material examined. Galápagos: Darwin: sea cliff spraying, arid zone, 13.v.1996, S.B. Peck (5 ♁, 4 ♀, CNC). Santa Cruz: Academy Bay, lagoon, 1 km E CDRS, 18.ix.2001, B.J. Sinclair (9 ♁, 10 ♀, CNC); CDRS, littoral zone, 19.vi.2016, B.J. Sinclair (1 ♀, CNC).
Remarks. Adults of this species were collected in the arid and littoral zones.
description: Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667
Additional file 16 of Functional screening reveals genetic dependencies and diverging cell cycle control in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors
Creators: name: Merk, Daniel J.
name: Tsiami, Foteini
name: Hirsch, Sophie
name: Walter, Bianca
name: Haeusser, Lara A.
name: Maile, Jens D.
name: Stahl, Aaron
name: Jarboui, Mohamed A.
name: Lechado-Terradas, Anna
name: Klose, Franziska
name: Babaei, Sepideh
name: Admard, Jakob
name: Casadei, Nicolas
name: Roggia, Cristiana
name: Spohn, Michael
name: Schittenhelm, Jens
name: Singer, Stephan
name: Schüller, Ulrich
name: Piccioni, Federica
name: Persky, Nicole S.
name: Claassen, Manfred
name: Tatagiba, Marcos
name: Kahle, Philipp J.
name: Root, David E.
name: Templin, Markus
name: Tabatabai, Ghazaleh
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer

description: Additional file 16: Uncropped western blots for Figure S8C.
Liolaemus tregenzai Pincheira-Donoso & Scolaro 2007
Creators: name: Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel
name: Scolaro, J. Alejandro
name: Sura, Piotr
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2008
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Reptilia
Squamata
Liolaemidae
Liolaemus
Liolaemus tregenzai

description: Liolaemus tregenzai Pincheira-Donoso & Scolaro
Liolaemus tregenzai Pincheira-Donoso & Scolaro 2007: 59 (type locality: Copahue Volcano slopes [37°50’S; 71°06’W], 2150 m, near Termas del Copahue, Ñorquín Department, Neuquén Province, Argentina).
description: Published as part of Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Scolaro, J. Alejandro & Sura, Piotr, 2008, A monographic catalogue on the systematics and phylogeny of the South American iguanian lizard family Liolaemidae (Squamata, Iguania), pp. 1-85 in Zootaxa 1800 on page 32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6789337
Effects of tobacco smoke on airway bactericidal activity
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Environmental stresses such as microorganisms and toxic chemicals have profound effects on lung injury and pulmonary disease. Airway bacterial infection has been associated with various lung diseases such as pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and tuberculosis. Tobacco smoke is known to induce pulmonary diseases such as emphysema and lung cancer and has effects on the host defense mechanism against pathogens, but the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs is not completely understood. The long-term goal of this proposal is to investigate the functional characteristics of a novel airway specific gene, DD4, its regulation and its potential role in health and tobacco smoke related human airway diseases. We have recently identified the DD4 gene and found its expression specifically in airway serous cells. DD4 protein is a secretory protein and can be found in clinical sputum samples. The secretion of DD4 was elevated in sputum samples obtained from patients with COPD and asthma, while it diminished dramatically in all CF sputum examined. Of potential significance, our preliminary studies revealed that DD4 has antibacterial activities against both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. These results suggest that DD4 encodes an as-yet uncharacterized bactericidal protein, which may play a significant role against bacterial infection in airways. At the completion of this research, we expect to have determined the bactericidal potency of DD4 and the regulation of the antibacterial defense mechanism of DD4 in association with tobacco smoke.
Naxioides robillardi
Creators: name: Lee, Bee Yan
name: Forges, Bertrand Richer De
name: Ng, Peter K. L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Decapoda
Epialtidae
Naxioides
Naxioides robillardi

description: Naxioides robillardi (Miers, 1882)
Fig. 13A
Naxia (Naxioides) robillardi Miers, 1882: 339–341, pl. 20 fig. 1 (type locality: Mauritius).
Hyastenus elegans Miers, 1886: 26 (list), 40 (list), 44 (list), 58–59, pl. 6 fig. 3.
Naxia mammillata Ortmann, 1893: 56, pl. 3 fig. 7 (type locality: Kagoshima, Japan).
Naxioides robillardi – Balss 1929: 14 (list). — Griffin 1974: 21–22. — Griffin & Tranter 1986a: 169 (key), 171. — Poupin 1995: 86–96, 105 (key), figs 7, 8a–b, 9a–b. — Takeda & Komatsu 2005: 278. — Ng et al. 2008: 104 (list). — Richer de Forges & Ng 2013: 479 (list).
Naxioides mamillata – Rathbun 1911: 194 (list), 253. — Balss 1929: 14 (list). — Sakai 1938: 268–270, pl. 27 fig. 1; 1965: 78, pl. 35 fig. 1. — Serène & Lohavanijaya 1973: 52, figs 98–103, pl. 9C–D. — Takeda 1982: 124, un-numbered text-fig.
? Naxioides robillardi – Guinot & Richer de Forges 1986: 149 –150, pl. 11 figs A–D.
(For complete synonymy, see Poupin 1995: 89).
Material examined
SOUTH CHINA SEA: 1 ♂ (39.2 × 24.5 mm) (ZRC 2016.0065), northwest of Dongsha, stn CP4159, 20°45.92′ N, 116°41.11′ E to 20°47.62′ N, 116°42.34′ E, 221– 190 m, coll. ZHONGSHA 2015 Expedition, 30 Jul. 2015.
Remarks
Poupin (1995) provided a detailed review of Naxioides mammillata Ortmann, 1893 (type locality Japan), under which he synonymised with N. robillardi (Miers, 1882) (type locality Mauritius). On the basis of a large series of specimens from the Indian and Pacific Oceans, Poupin (1995) observed that there was too much variation in the carapace armature to recognise both as separate species. Poupin’s (1995) arguments in synonymising the two taxa are followed in this study.
Distribution
This species was recorded from Mauritius (Miers 1882), Japan (Ortmann 1893), the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Poupin 1995) and South China Sea (Serène & Lohavanijaya 1973).
description: Published as part of Lee, Bee Yan, Forges, Bertrand Richer De & Ng, Peter K. L., 2017, Deep-sea spider crabs of the families Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838 and Inachidae MacLeay, 1838, from the South China Sea, with descriptions of two new species (Decapoda, Brachyura, Majoidea), pp. 1-37 in European Journal of Taxonomy 358 on page 4, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.358, http://zenodo.org/record/3836444
THE MODE FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT IN EFL PROFICIENCY DEVELOPMENT
Creators: name: Gulyamova Shakhzoda Baxtiyor kizi associate professor of Tashkent Management and Economics Institute
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Formative assessment is increasingly recognized as a vital component in the teaching and learning of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). This study explores the role of formative assessment in enhancing EFL proficiency, focusing on its impact on learner outcomes, teacher practices, and classroom dynamics. By employing research methods, the study examines the effectiveness of formative assessment strategies such as providing feedback, peer evaluation sheets, and self-assessment tasks. Findings reveal that formative assessment fosters learner autonomy, improves language accuracy, and boosts overall confidence in language use. The current article emphasizes the need for integrating formative assessment into EFL curricula to achieve more effective and sustainable language learning outcomes. Besides, it provides various successful methods of formative assessment in EFL classes.

Keywords: Formative assessment, English as a Foreign Language (EFL), language proficiency, feedback, learner autonomy, peer evaluation, self-assessment.
Oxypleurodon Miers 1885
Creators: name: Lee, Bee Yan
name: Forges, Bertrand Richer De
name: Ng, Peter K. L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Decapoda
Epialtidae
Oxypleurodon

description: Genus Oxypleurodon Miers, 1885
Remarks
There are currently 30 recognised species within this genus (Richer de Forges & Ng 2009a, b; Richer de Forges 2010; Richer de Forges & Corbari 2012; Lee et al. 2015). The type species of this genus is Oxypleurodon stimpsoni Miers, 1885, by monotypy. With the description of another new species from the SCS, there are now 31 species in Oxypleurodon.
description: Published as part of Lee, Bee Yan, Forges, Bertrand Richer De & Ng, Peter K. L., 2017, Deep-sea spider crabs of the families Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838 and Inachidae MacLeay, 1838, from the South China Sea, with descriptions of two new species (Decapoda, Brachyura, Majoidea), pp. 1-37 in European Journal of Taxonomy 358 on page 5, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.358, http://zenodo.org/record/3836444
Additional file 3: of The impact of patient advisors on healthcare outcomes: a systematic review
Creators: name: Sharma, Anjana
name: Margae Knox
name: Mleczko, Victor
name: J. Olayiwola
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Pharmacology
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: Science Policy
subject: Computational Biology

description: Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool Scores. This supplementary table includes details on the scoring rationale for our quality assessment of our final included articles using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (DOCX 109 kb)
Liolaemus umbrifer Espinoza & Lobo 2003
Creators: name: Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel
name: Scolaro, J. Alejandro
name: Sura, Piotr
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2008
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Reptilia
Squamata
Liolaemidae
Liolaemus
Liolaemus umbrifer

description: Liolaemus umbrifer Espinoza & Lobo
Liolaemus umbrifer Espinoza & Lobo 2003: 96 (type locality: Quebrada de Randolfo, Provincial Road 43, 60.3 km NW intersection Provincial Road 4 and Provincial Road 43, 166 km SE Antofagasta de la Sierra, Antofagasta Department, Catamarca Province, Argentina); Avila et al. 2003: 534; Sura 2005: 430; Díaz & Lobo 2006: 264; Díaz 2007: 114.
description: Published as part of Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Scolaro, J. Alejandro & Sura, Piotr, 2008, A monographic catalogue on the systematics and phylogeny of the South American iguanian lizard family Liolaemidae (Squamata, Iguania), pp. 1-85 in Zootaxa 1800 on page 32, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6789337
Philygria galapagensis Curran
Creators: name: Sinclair, Bradley J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Ephydridae
Philygria
Philygria galapagensis

description: galapagensis Curran
Scatella galapagensis Curran, 1934: 161. Linsley & Usinger 1966: 169 [checklist]; Wirth 1968: 25 [catalogue]; Wirth 1969b: 593 [remarks]; Linsley 1977: 41 [checklist]; Arnaud 1979: 353 [type catalogue]; Mathis 1995b: 637 [review]; Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995: 272 [catalogue].
Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Floreana (ICCDRS), Isabela, San Cristóbal.
Remarks. This species ranges from the littoral to highland humid zones (Mathis 1995b).
description: Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667
Benthana trinodulata Araujo and Lopes 2003
Creators: name: Aguiar, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho Giovanna Monticelli Cardoso José Otávio
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Isopoda
Philosciidae
Benthana
Benthana trinodulata

description: 62. Benthana trinodulata Araujo and Lopes, 2003
Benthana trinodulata Araujo and Lopes, 2003: 2430, figs. 17–31, 46, 48. – Schmalfuss, 2003: 54. – Lopes et al., 2005: 101, Tab. 1. – Campos-Filho et al., 2015b: 53, fig. 33B.
Distribution. Endemic to Brazil (state of Rio Grande do Sul) (Campos-Filho et al., 2015b).
description: Published as part of Aguiar, Ivanklin Soares Campos-Filho Giovanna Monticelli Cardoso José Otávio, 2018, Catalogue of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) from Brazil: an update with some considerations, pp. 1-40 in Nauplius (e 2018038) (e 2018038) 26 on page 12, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2018038, http://zenodo.org/record/14666839
The role of P450s in tobacco-mediated lung cancer
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in both men and women in the U.S. A major cause of lung cancer is tobacco smoking. Thus, cigarette smoking is a major health issue which must be addressed. As the addictive agent that prevents smokers from quitting, nicotine is a major cause of human cancers. Although nicotine itself is not carcinogenic, derivatives of nicotine and other nicotine metabolites are carcinogenic. A better understanding of nicotine and tobacco-related carcinogens would provide a means for determining the mechanisms by which tobacco use causes disease. The cytochrome P450 (P450) are a multi-gene family of oxidative enzymes. The primary role of P450s is the deactivation of a wide range of drugs and foreign compounds called xenobiotics. These include the tobacco constituents nicotine and nitrosamines. In order for nitrosamines to cause cancer, they must be activated by P450 enzymes. P450 enzymes in the liver are known to metabolize and activate nicotine and nitrosamines to procarcinogens, but the role of P450s in the lungs are not as well understood. The overall goal of this proposal is to study the P450s involved in nicotine and nitrosamine metabolism in human lung and their role in tobacco-mediated lung cancer. This project is using a variety of scientific techniques to determine which P450s in the lungs are involved in nicotine breakdown.

 In the second year of this grant, we have identified several P450s expressed in human lungs. These P450s are currently being studied further to determine if their levels are increased by exposure to nicotine and other constituents of tobacco smoke. We have also cultured a human lung cell line that we can use in the laboratory as a model of human lung cells that are exposed to tobacco smoke. Furthermore, we have isolated regulatory regions of a P450 gene and are currently identifying the region of the gene responsible for activation by nicotine and other tobacco constituents. This will allow us to study, in the laboratory, the effects of tobacco smoke on specific P450s in the human lung.

 As this project continues, the specific region of a P450 gene involved in tobacco activation should be identified. This should lead to a better understanding of P450s, the enzymes that breakdown nicotine and other tobacco constituents. In turn, this can lead to a better understanding of tobacco-mediated lung cancer in humans. Furthemore, this research can establish a basis for improved and novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of tobacco addiction and other tobacco-related diseases.
Liolaemus valdesianus Hellmich 1950
Creators: name: Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel
name: Scolaro, J. Alejandro
name: Sura, Piotr
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2008
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Reptilia
Squamata
Liolaemidae
Liolaemus
Liolaemus valdesianus

description: Liolaemus valdesianus Hellmich
Liolaemus leopardinus valdesianus Hellmich 1950: 142 (type locality: Baños Morales, Lo Valdés, Cajón del Maipo, Los Andes Range, Metropolitan Region, Chile); Donoso-Barros 1966a: 313, 1970a: 185, 1970b: 93; Vanzolini 1986: 15; Veloso & Navarro 1988: 506; Laurent 1992: 32.
Liolaemus kriegi Donoso-Barros 1966a: 289 (in part, see Pincheira-Donoso 2001).
Liolaemus valdesianus Núñez & Jaksic 1992: 76; Etheridge 1995: 33; Etheridge & Espinoza 2000: 9; Sura 2005: 430; Díaz & Lobo 2006: 264.
Liolaemus (Liolaemus) valdesianus Pincheira-Donoso & Núñez 2005: 274.
description: Published as part of Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Scolaro, J. Alejandro & Sura, Piotr, 2008, A monographic catalogue on the systematics and phylogeny of the South American iguanian lizard family Liolaemidae (Squamata, Iguania), pp. 1-85 in Zootaxa 1800 on page 33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6789337
Additional file 7: of An Arabidopsis introgression zone studied at high spatio-temporal resolution: interglacial and multiple genetic contact exemplified using whole nuclear and plastid genomes
Creators: name: Hohmann, Nora
name: Koch, Marcus
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: VENN diagrams with absolute numbers of SNPs. (PDF 2549Â kb)
Paralimna obscura Williston 1896
Creators: name: Sinclair, Bradley J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Ephydridae
Paralimna
Paralimna obscura

description: obscura Williston
Scatella obscura Williston, 1896: 403. Mathis 1995b: 637 [review]; Mathis 1997: 67 [remarks].
Distribution. Native. Nearctic, Neotropical; Galápagos: Santa Cruz.
Remarks. Adults of this species were collected in the littoral and arid zones (Mathis 1995b).
description: Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667
The role of P450s in tobacco-mediated lung cancer
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Smoking is a chronic condition that affects more than 46 million Americans. People who smoke are at risk for many diseases including heart disease, cancer, and other smoking-related illnesses. Together, treatment of these diseases costs more than $50 billion annually and an additional $47 billion in indirect costs from lost time at work and disability. Thus, cigarette smoking is a major health issue which must be addressed.

 Cigarette smoke contains many compounds including nicotine. As the addictive agent that prevents smokers from quitting, nicotine is a major cause of human cancers. Although nicotine itself is not carcinogenic, derivatives of nicotine and other nicotine metabolites are carcinogens. A better understanding of nicotine and tobacco-related carcinogens would provide a means for determining the mechanisms by which tobacco use causes disease.

 The cytochrome P450 (P450s) are a multi-gene family of oxidative enzymes. The primary role of P450s is the deactivation of a wide range of drugs and xenobiotics. These include the tobacco constituents nicotine and nitrosamines. In order for nitrosamines to cause cancer, they must be activated by P450 enzymes. P450 enzymes in the liver are known to metabolize and activate nicotine and nitrosamines to procarcinogens, but the role of P450s in the lungs are not as well understood.

 The overall goal of this proposal is to study the P450s involved in nicotine and nitrosamine metabolism in human lung and their role in tobacco-mediated lung cancer. The proposed grant application will use a variety of scientific techniques to determine which P450s in the lungs are involved in nicotine breakdown.

 Nicotine metabolites are generated in humans not only from tobacco smoke, but also from the use of nicotine replacement medications (ie. patch, gum, inhalers, etc.) that are used to help people stop smoking. Thus, the treatment for smoking (the use of these medications) supplies people with nicotine, which can also be converted to cancer-causing nitrosamines. Thus, the treatment for tobacco addiction can also cause cancer.

 A better understanding of P450s, the enzymes that break down nicotine, can lead to a better understanding of tobacco-mediated lung cancer. Furthermore, this research can establish a basis for improved and novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of tobacco addiction and other tobacco-related diseases.
Zeros fenestralis
Creators: name: Sinclair, Bradley J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Ephydridae
Zeros
Zeros fenestralis

description: fenestralis (Cresson)
Ilythea fenestralis Cresson, 1918: 51.
Zeros fenestralis: Wirth 1969b: 592 [records]; Linsley 1977: 41 [checklist]; Mathis 1995b: 635 [review]; Mathis & Zatwarnicki 1995: 189 [catalogue]; Mathis 1997: 60 [remarks].
Distribution. Cryptogenic. Nearctic, Neotropical; Galápagos: Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago.
Remarks. Adults of this species were collected primarily from humid highland zones (Wirth 1969b; Mathis 1995b).
description: Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667
Liolaemus variegatus Laurent 1984
Creators: name: Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel
name: Scolaro, J. Alejandro
name: Sura, Piotr
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2008
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Reptilia
Squamata
Liolaemidae
Liolaemus
Liolaemus variegatus

description: Liolaemus variegatus Laurent
Liolaemus variegatus Laurent 1984b: 273 (type locality: Tiraque, 3100 m, Cochabamba Department, Bolivia), 1992: 33; Vanzolini 1986: 16; Etheridge 1995: 33; Etheridge & Espinoza 2000: 9; Lobo 2001: 139; Martínez-Oliver & Lobo 2002: 53; Pincheira-Donoso 2002b: 21; Lobo & Espinoza 2004: 852; Sura 2005: 430; Díaz & Lobo 2006: 264.
description: Published as part of Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Scolaro, J. Alejandro & Sura, Piotr, 2008, A monographic catalogue on the systematics and phylogeny of the South American iguanian lizard family Liolaemidae (Squamata, Iguania), pp. 1-85 in Zootaxa 1800 on page 33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6789337
Additional file 2: of Evidence of reduced recombination rate in human regulatory domains
Creators: name: Yaping Liu
name: Abhishek Sarkar
name: Pouya Kheradpour
name: Ernst, Jason
name: Kellis, Manolis
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Supplementary methods. (DOCX 65 kb)
Liolaemus velosoi Ortiz 1987
Creators: name: Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel
name: Scolaro, J. Alejandro
name: Sura, Piotr
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2008
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Reptilia
Squamata
Liolaemidae
Liolaemus
Liolaemus velosoi

description: Liolaemus velosoi Ortiz
Liolaemus velosoi Ortiz 1987: 265 (type locality: Desvío Cerro Imán, Copiapó, Atacama Region, Chile); Veloso & Navarro 1988: 512; Brygoo 1989: 102; Laurent 1992: 33; Núñez & Jaksic 1992: 76; Etheridge 1995: 33; Etheridge & Espinoza 2000: 9; Lobo 2001: 139; Sura 2005: 430; Díaz & Lobo 2006: 264.
Liolaemus josephorum Núñez et al. 2001: 93 (synonym fide Pincheira-Donoso & Núñez 2005); Sura 2005: 429 (in part).
Liolaemus velosi Núñez et al. 2001: 104 (nomen enmendatum).
Liolaemus (Liolaemus) velosoi Pincheira-Donoso & Núñez 2005: 429.
description: Published as part of Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Scolaro, J. Alejandro & Sura, Piotr, 2008, A monographic catalogue on the systematics and phylogeny of the South American iguanian lizard family Liolaemidae (Squamata, Iguania), pp. 1-85 in Zootaxa 1800 on page 33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6789337
OpenGIMS: Developing a Genetic Information Management System Towards Precision Medicine
Creators: name: Chikwambi, Zedias
name: Chikondowa, Pageneck
name: Jonhera, Catherine
name: Mapira, Nyasha
name: Hidjo, Marie
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025

description: OpenGIMS (Open Genetic Information Management System) is an open-access software designed to translate laboratory genomic results into clinically relevant reports, facilitating pharmacogenomics implementation. The system aims to provide affordable, accessible, and effective tools for managing patient genetic information, particularly for underrepresented populations, such as those of African ancestry.
Additional file 2: of Evidence of reduced recombination rate in human regulatory domains
Creators: name: Yaping Liu
name: Abhishek Sarkar
name: Pouya Kheradpour
name: Ernst, Jason
name: Kellis, Manolis
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Supplementary methods. (DOCX 65 kb)
Zeros flavipes
Creators: name: Sinclair, Bradley J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Ephydridae
Zeros
Zeros flavipes

description: flavipes (Williston)
Ilythea flavipes Williston, 1896: 403.
Zeros flavipes: Mathis 1995b: 635 [review].
Distribution. Introduced. Afrotropical, Nearctic, Neotropical; Galápagos: Isabela.
Remarks. Adults of this species were collected in wet coastal meadows.
description: Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667
Liolaemus walkeri Shreve 1938
Creators: name: Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel
name: Scolaro, J. Alejandro
name: Sura, Piotr
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2008
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Reptilia
Squamata
Liolaemidae
Liolaemus
Liolaemus walkeri

description: Liolaemus walkeri Shreve
Liolaemus walkeri Shreve 1938: 404 (type locality: Llocllapampa, Junín Department, Perú); Barbour & Loveridge 1946: 145; Vanzolini 1986: 16; Laurent 1992: 33; Etheridge 1995: 33; Carrillo de Espinoza & Icochea 1995: 10; Etheridge & Espinoza 2000: 9; Martínez-Oliver & Lobo 2002: 53; Lobo & Espinoza 2004: 852; Sura 2005: 430; Díaz & Lobo 2006: 264.
Liolaemus alticolor walkeri Hellmich 1961: 5; Donoso-Barros 1966a: 201, 1970a: 179, 1970b: 88; Vanzolini 1986: 12; Veloso & Navarro 1988: 499; Baudoin et al. 1990: 429; Ibish & Böhme 1993: 18.
description: Published as part of Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Scolaro, J. Alejandro & Sura, Piotr, 2008, A monographic catalogue on the systematics and phylogeny of the South American iguanian lizard family Liolaemidae (Squamata, Iguania), pp. 1-85 in Zootaxa 1800 on page 33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6789337
Additional file 6: of An Arabidopsis introgression zone studied at high spatio-temporal resolution: interglacial and multiple genetic contact exemplified using whole nuclear and plastid genomes
Creators: name: Hohmann, Nora
name: Koch, Marcus
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Plant Biology
subject: Virology

description: Structure-sum output, analysis of deltaK and similarity values between STRUCTURE runs. (PDF 165Â kb)
Liolaemus yanalcu Martinez-Oliver & Lobo 2002
Creators: name: Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel
name: Scolaro, J. Alejandro
name: Sura, Piotr
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2008
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Reptilia
Squamata
Liolaemidae
Liolaemus
Liolaemus yanalcu

description: Liolaemus yanalcu Martínez-Oliver & Lobo
Liolaemus yanalcu Martinez-Oliver & Lobo 2002: 49 (type locality: On the road to El Acay from Estacion Muñano [24°18’S, 66°09’W], 4027 m, 5–6 km S from Provincial Road 51, La Poma Department, Salta Province, Argentina); Lobo & Espinoza 2004: 852; Sura 2005: 430; Díaz & Lobo 2006: 264; Díaz 2007: 113.
description: Published as part of Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel, Scolaro, J. Alejandro & Sura, Piotr, 2008, A monographic catalogue on the systematics and phylogeny of the South American iguanian lizard family Liolaemidae (Squamata, Iguania), pp. 1-85 in Zootaxa 1800 on page 33, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6789337
The appearance of physical exercises in the territory of our country in ancient times
Creators: name: Kurbanov Djurabek Ismatovich
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Annotation. Avitsenna gave the form and content of the exercise and its essence in the complex of measures for hygiene, health improvement and treatment of the patient. Avitsenna was the first to create a doctrine, that is, a classification of physical exercises, which determined when and in what order each person should practice. According to Avitsenna, "the main measure of health is physical fitness."

 

Key words: Alpinism, humanism, archery, chess, horse racing, javelin throwing, chavgon, wrestling, fencing, horse riding, strong, persistent, enthusiastic, brave.
Lung cancer therapy with in vivo-generated dendritic cells
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Lung Cancer is a major cause of tobacco-related death all over the world and new strategies are being developed for its treatment. Our research group has developed an immune-based treatment in which patients take a daily injection of immune-boosting growth factors. These growth factors increase the number and function of special white blood cells, called dendritic cells, that can be used to jump start the immune system so that it recognizes and destroys cancer cells. Preliminary studies suggest that this approach is well tolerated in cancer patients and can stimulate their natural anti-cancer defenses.

 We have developed a mouse model so that new combinations of immune boosting growth factors can be tested and the mechanisms by which they activate the dendritic cells understood. Specifically, we will combine these growth factors with an anti-tumor vaccine and with drugs that recruit the activated dendritic cells to the tumor site. These studies should provide insight into how the immune system fights cancer and provide important information for designing new clinical trials for lung cancer patients. If we are successful in our proposed research procedure, it has the potential to provide a simple, safe and reliable treatment for lung cancer.
Additional file 17 of Functional screening reveals genetic dependencies and diverging cell cycle control in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors
Creators: name: Merk, Daniel J.
name: Tsiami, Foteini
name: Hirsch, Sophie
name: Walter, Bianca
name: Haeusser, Lara A.
name: Maile, Jens D.
name: Stahl, Aaron
name: Jarboui, Mohamed A.
name: Lechado-Terradas, Anna
name: Klose, Franziska
name: Babaei, Sepideh
name: Admard, Jakob
name: Casadei, Nicolas
name: Roggia, Cristiana
name: Spohn, Michael
name: Schittenhelm, Jens
name: Singer, Stephan
name: Schüller, Ulrich
name: Piccioni, Federica
name: Persky, Nicole S.
name: Claassen, Manfred
name: Tatagiba, Marcos
name: Kahle, Philipp J.
name: Root, David E.
name: Templin, Markus
name: Tabatabai, Ghazaleh
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer

description: Additional file 17: Uncropped western blots for Figure 6B.
Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Adiponectin is required for maintaining normal body temperature in a cold environment
Creators: name: Wei, Qiong
name: Lee, Jong
name: Hongying Wang
name: Odelia Bongmba
name: Chia-Shan Wu
name: Geetali Pradhan
name: Zilin Sun
name: Chew, Lindsey
name: Bajaj, Mandeep
name: Chan, Lawrence
name: Chapkin, Robert
name: Miao-Hsueh Chen
name: Yuxiang Sun
Publisher: name: Figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: 29999 Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Adiponectin ablation reduces UCP1 and IRS-1 protein levels. (PDF 65 kb)
Effect of nicotine on bone marrow cells
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Hematopoietic stem cells are the building blocks of both the blood and the immune system. They form the white cells, which fight infections, the red cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, and the platelets, which promote healing. Hematopoietic stem cells are found in the bone marrow, where they continue to generate mature blood cells throughout our lives. Thus, any changes in the ability of stem cells to function normally could be deleterious to the body. Nicotine is one such factor that could result in serious alterations in the bone marrow microenvironment, resulting in an imbalance of the hematopoietic homeostasis and a changed ratio of mature cells in the blood. Indeed, transplantation of the bone marrow into the mice exposed to cigarette smoke results in a delay of the platelet recovery in the peripheral blood. In addition, our preliminary experiments show that the number of progenitor cells, which could develop into myeloid cells, is significantly reduced in animals exposed to cigarette smoke. Long-term bone marrow cultures treated with nicotine exhibit a lower count of non-adherent cells and delayed formation of hematopoietic foci within the adherent layer. Based on our preliminary observations, we propose to investigate how nicotine can alter the ability of bone marrow stromal cells to support proliferation and the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells into mature blood cells. In addition, we plan to examine the effects of nicotine on trafficking of murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, including their rolling, adhesion and transendothelial migration through peripheral blood vessels.

 This project will use the current knowledge in experimental hematology to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that affect hematopoietic cell function. We are confident that the planned studies will provide an explanation of how nicotine affects bone marrow cell functions. Studying the effect of nicotine on the bone marrow may open a new area of research that could ultimately establish a basis for novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of tobacco-related diseases.
Desmometopa leptometopoides Sabrosky 1983
Creators: name: Sinclair, Bradley J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Milichiidae
Desmometopa
Desmometopa leptometopoides

description: leptometopoides Sabrosky(Lehnenet al. unpubl.)
Desmometopa leptometopoides Sabrosky, 1983: 40.
Distribution. Introduced. Afrotropics; Galápagos: Santa Cruz.
Remarks. This is an African species and is the only species of this genus with broadly flattened hind tibiae. Adults of this species were recently reared from fruit in the Scalesia zone (Los Gemelos) and in the arid urban lowlands (Puerto Ayora) on Santa Cruz (Lehnen et al. unpubl.).
description: Published as part of Sinclair, Bradley J., 2023, An annotated checklist of the Diptera of the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador), pp. 1-102 in Zootaxa 5283 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5283.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7912667
Assessing nicotine relapse in a mouse model
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Nicotine plays a critical role in maintenance of tobacco dependence. Following a period of abstinence, the likelihood of relapse to nicotine use is high and limits the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions (Simpson et al., 1999). Animal models have been developed to study the rewarding effects of drugs. One such model is the place conditioning (PC) paradigm. The PC paradigm measures the incentive motivational properties of stimuli that become associated with drug effects through classical conditioning. The drug is administered in a distinct environment. After several pairings the environment becomes associated with the effects of the drug, thereby acquiring incentive-motivational properties. Thus, the environment becomes a cue eliciting approach (i.e., conditioned place preference; CPP) or avoidance (i.e., conditioned place aversion; CPA) depending on whether rewarding or aversive properties of the drug have been conditioned respectively. In fact, drugs that have addictive properties in humans such as cocaine, morphine, alcohol, and nicotine are also deemed to be rewarding in animals using the PC paradigm. This provides validity to the PC paradigm since this model can effectively measure the

 rewarding properties of drugs.

 Recently the PC paradigm was further developed to assess relapse to extinguished cocaine and morphine seeking in rats (i.e., Mueller and Stewart, 2000; Parker and McDonald 2000, Wang, 2000). However, with the development of a complete genetic library in mice, the mouse is becoming an increasingly valuable tool for studying the genetic contributions to drug dependence. Thus, the objective of the proposed research is to adapt the PC reinstatement paradigm to assess relapse to nicotine seeking in mice. During conditioning, nicotine injections will be paired with a distinct compartment, whereas vehicle injections will be paired with another compartment. Twenty-four hours following the last conditioning day, animals will be given access to both compartments in order to assess nicotine-induced PC. Following the test for PC, animals will undergo extinction training such that the compartment previously associated with nicotine does not elicit a CPP or a CPA. Subsequently, a range of doses of nicotine as well as vehicle will be assessed for their ability to reinstate nicotine-induced PC. Thus, in future studies, we can examine other variables important in nicotine dependence such as the effect of the environment on nicotine seeking. Indeed, the proposed experiments will lay the foundation from which we can develop animal models of gene-environment interactions in nicotine-induced reward.
Oxypleurodon forte Lee, Corbari & Richer de Forges 2015
Creators: name: Lee, Bee Yan
name: Forges, Bertrand Richer De
name: Ng, Peter K. L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Decapoda
Epialtidae
Oxypleurodon
Oxypleurodon forte

description: Oxypleurodon forte Lee, Corbari & Richer de Forges, 2015
Fig. 13D
Oxypleurodon forte Lee, Corbari & Richer de Forges, 2015: 1258–1262, figs 2–4 (type locality: South China Sea).
Material examined
SOUTH CHINA SEA: 1 ♂ (12.9 × 7.7 mm) [photographed] (ZRC 2016.0075), 2 ♂♂ (17.7 × 11.9 mm, 10.7 × 6.6 mm), 1 ♀ (10.1 × 6.5mm) (ZRC 2016.0076), 1 ♂ (11.6 × 7.3 mm), 1 ♀ (13.1 × 8.7 mm) (MNHN- IU-2016-177), west of Zhongsha, stn CP4152, 16°01.55′ N, 113°53.35′ E to 16°04.72′ N, 113°55.11′ E, 412– 410 m, coll. ZHONGSHA 2015 Expedition, 27 Jul. 2015; 1 ♂ (13.3 × 8.2 mm), 1 ovigerous ♀ (13.2 × 8.1 mm) (ZRC 2016.0077), north of Dongsha, stn DW4158, 21°06.76′ N, 116°44.64′ E to 21°04.88′ N, 116°44.23′ E, 325– 310 m, coll. ZHONGSHA 2015 Expedition, 30 Jul. 2015; 1 ♂ (14.2 × 9.1 mm) [photographed] (ZRC 2016.0078), west of Zhongsha, stn CP4151, 16°04.72′ N, 113°55.09′ E to 16°02.58′ N, 113°53.93′ E, 410– 356 m, coll. ZHONGSHA 2015 Expedition, 27 Jul. 2015.
Remarks
Oxypleurodon forte was collected on seamounts in the middle of the SCS during the NANHAI 2014 cruise (Lee et al. 2015). The new series of small specimens collected during ZHONGSHA shows that the species has a wider distribution in the SCS.
Distribution
This species is known only from the South China Sea.
description: Published as part of Lee, Bee Yan, Forges, Bertrand Richer De & Ng, Peter K. L., 2017, Deep-sea spider crabs of the families Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838 and Inachidae MacLeay, 1838, from the South China Sea, with descriptions of two new species (Decapoda, Brachyura, Majoidea), pp. 1-37 in European Journal of Taxonomy 358 on page 9, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.358, http://zenodo.org/record/3836444
Deposition of inhaled carcinogens in ETS
Creators: name: University Of California Office Of The President
Publisher: name: University of California Office of the President
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/00dmfq477
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: The goals of this project are to determine the particle size(s) of four of the major carcinogens in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), verify predicted local airflow patterns within airways and then estimate carcinogen doses for adults and children. To obtain realistic estimates various daily activity profiles for both adults and children are used to cover all exposure conditions. The proposed research generates scientific information for risk assessment including potential carcinogenic doses to children and adults.

 Epidemiology studies have found associations between high exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and increased respiratory diseases. To estimate the risk, accurate predictions of the amount of inhaled sidestream smoke that deposits in the respiratory tract are required. The main factors that determine deposition in the respiratory tract are particle size and airborne concentration. One assumption used in such predictions has been that all of the chemicals in ETS have the same particle size. Preliminary studies of one carcinogen in sidestream tobacco smoke, benzo(a)pyrene, found that the particle size of benzo(a)pyrene is statistically significantly smaller than that for the rest of sidestream tobacco smoke. This particle size difference leads to a 10% increase in deposition efficiency for infants and children (0 – 6 years) while resulting in less than a 1% increase for adults. It is not known if particle sizes are also smaller for other carcinogens that have been identified in ETS. However, if true, this would result in a significantly greater projected risk from carcinogens for children than currently predicted.

 The proposed research will determine the particle sizes of several carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons and the most potent N-nitrosamine carcinogen in ETS. In order to see how much of these compounds deposit in the respiratory tract dosimetry, predictions will be done using different activity pattern assumptions that cover all potential exposure conditions. By using carcinogen-specific particle size data, enhancement factors, age-specific lung airway size data and breathing patterns, more accurate estimates of doses and risk can be established.