Cupuladria monotrema
Creators: name: Almeida, Ana C. S.
name: Souza, Facelucia B. C.
name: Vieira, Leandro M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Bryozoa
Gymnolaemata
Cheilostomatida
Cupuladriidae
Cupuladria
Cupuladria monotrema

description: Cupuladria monotrema (Busk, 1884)
(Figs 1–3; Table 2)
Cupularia monotrema Busk, 1884: p. 207, pl. 14, figs 5a–b.
Cupuladria monotrema: Cook, 1965a: p. 209; Buge, 1975: p. 443; Cook & Chimonides, 1994: p. 261, figs 4, 16 (cum syn.); Vieira et al., 2008: p. 15; Almeida et al., 2015a: p. 3; Souza & Almeida, 2017: p. 265.
Cupularia canariensis: Waters, 1888: p. 36, pl. 3, fig. 2.
Non Cupularia canariensis Busk, 1859: p. 66, pl. 23, figs 6–9.
Material examined. Non-type specimens collected by H.M.S. Challenger: NHMUK 1889.1.30.30–44, 1890.3.22.11, Cupularia monotrema, duplicates 5/1/99 R.K. [Kirkpatrick], coll. H.M.S. Challenger, off Bahia, Brazil; NHMUK 1889.12.12.9, Cupularia canariensis, det. A. Waters, coll. H.M.S. Challenger, off Bahia, Brazil, 10–80 fathoms (18–146 m); NHMUK 1890.1.30.30–44, Cupularia monotrema, coll. H.M.S. Challenger, 11º75’ S, 37º15’ W, Bahia and Pernambuco, Brazil, 16–28 fathoms (29–51 m). Additional specimens: UFBA 1410.2, UFBA 1411.2, UFBA 1494.1, BA (Abrolhos Archipelago), 5 colonies; UFBA 182.1, UFBA 188.1, UFPE 533, BA (Ilhéus-Porto Seguro), 103 colonies; UFBA 125.1, UFBA 133.1, UFBA 190.1, UFBA 1737.1, UFPE 534, BA (Cairu), 39 colonies; UFBA 191.1, UFBA 193.1, UFBA 211.1, UFBA 2187.1, UFBA 2367.1, UFBA 2584.1, UFBA 2720.2, BA (Maraú), 13 colonies; UFBA 166.1, BA (off Baía de Todos os Santos), 86 colonies; UFBA 169.1, UFBA 195.1, UFBA 248.2, UFBA 746.1, UFBA 747.1, UFBA 748.1, UFBA 854.1, BA (Baía de Todos os Santos), 10 colonies; UFBA 134.1, UFBA 162.1, UFBA 164.1, UFPE 535, BA (Salvador), 141 colonies; UFBA 007.1, UFBA 132.1, UFBA 135.1, UFBA 136.1, UFBA 149.2, UFBA 150.1, UFBA 152.1, UFBA 155.1, UFBA 163.2, UFBA 181.1, UFBA 184.1, UFBA 209.1, UFBA 1275.1, UFBA 1475.1, UFBA 1484.1, UFBA 1495.1, UFBA 1738.1, UFBA 2404.2, UFBA 2405.1, UFPE 536, BA (Camaçari), 206 colonies; MOUFPE 02 - Akaroa 170, MOUFPE 03 -B-Akaroa184, MOUFPE 27 - Akaroa 180, AL (S„o Francisco River Mouth), 6 colonies; MOUFPE 69 - Akaroa 122, SE (Pirambu), 3 colonies; MOUFPE 42.1 - Akaroa 139, SE (Aracaju), 1 colony; MOUFPE 34.1 - Akaroa 152, MOUFPE 40.1 - Akaroa 154, SE (Itaporanga d’Ajuda), 6 colonies; MOUFPE 56.1 - Akaroa 181, MOUFPE 46.1 - Akaroa 92, MOUFPE 39.1 - Akaroa 94, MOUFPE 36.1 - Akaroa 103, MOUFPE 52.1 - Akaroa 171, MOUFPE 65 - Akaroa 176, MOUFPE 51 - Akaroa 179, AL (Coruripe), 24 colonies; UFPE 529, RN (Guamaré), 4 colonies; MOUFPE 07 -MA14, MA (Cedral), 2 colonies; MOUFPE 27.1 -MA18, MOUFPE 18.1 -MA27, MOUFPE 35.1 -MA41, PA (Bragança), 4 colonies; MOUFPE 33 - MA32, MOUFPE 17.1 -MA34, PA (S„o Jo „o de Pirabas), 10 colonies; MOUFPE 02.1 -MA56, MOUFPE 22.1 - MA59, MOUFPE 05.1 -MA60, MOUFPE 03.1 -MA62, MOUFPE 30.1 -MA64, MOUFPE 24.1 -MA68,AP (Macapá), 11 colonies.
D. 1 mm; B, E. 500 µm; C, F. 200 µm.
Description. Colony flat, discoidal (Figs 1A, D; 2 A–D), diameter 2.2–15.6 mm (mean 5.1 mm; n = 50; standard deviation 2.1 mm). Central area of colony occupied mostly by autozooids; vicarious avicularia randomly scattered among autozooids (Figs 1A, D; 2 A–D; 3A). Autozooids rhombic, nearly lozenge-shaped in frontal outline, with oval opesia (Figs 1B, C, E, F; 3B). Cryptocyst granular, wider distally and laterally than proximally; descending laterally but septula remain visible. Gymnocyst reduced to a sharp, narrow rim around autozooid. Vicarious avicularia lozenge-shaped; surface of chamber smooth, gymnocystal; oval opesia occupying more than half zooidal length distally, surrounded by narrow, granular cryptocyst (Figs 1B, F; 3C). Subtriangular vibracular chamber distal to each autozooid and avicularium; surface of chamber smooth, gymnocystal; opesia auriform, with unilateral proximal flange, and surrounded by short, granular cryptocyst distally (Figs 2C, F; 3C, D). Basal sectors square, with 1–4 (commonly 1–2) large openings per sector (Fig. 3D).
Remarks. Busk (1884) described Cupularia monotrema [sic] (= Cupuladria monotrema) based on a single specimen collected off Bahia (10 to 20 fathoms depth) by H.M.S. Challenger stating that “The only specimen is covered with its epidermis or epitheca ... ”, as illustrated (Busk 1884: pl. 12, fig. 5a). Thus, this specimen is the only specimen included by Busk (1884) in the new nominal taxon C. monotrema (ICZN 1999: Article 72.4). Based on additional specimens collected on the same expedition, Waters (1888) assigned similar specimens to C. canariensis; he also designated C. monotrema as a junior synonym of C. canariensis. Cook (1965a) later assigned all specimens from Bahia collected by the H.M.S. Challenger (e.g. Busk 1884; Waters 1888) to C. monotrema, thus considering this species to be distinct from C. canariensis. Presumably, due to more than one colony having been deposited in the Zoological Collection (Bryozoa) of the NHMUK, Cook (1965a) misinterpreted these specimens as syntypes and wrongly selected a lectotype (NHMUK 1887.12.9.820) among five other specimens (NHMUK 1944.1.8.346, 1889.12.12.9, 1890.3.22.11, 1890.1.30.33–44pt, 1890.1.30.33pt), which is not in accordance with the Article 72.4.1 of ICZN (1999). The specimen misassigned as the lectotype (NHMUK 1887.12.9.820) was later correctly revised as to be the holotype of C. monotrema (Cook & Chimonides 1994), which has pigmented cuticle. Mary Spencer Jones (NHMUK) kindly sent us SEM images of some the specimens collected by H.M.S. Challenger and studied by Waters (1888) and Cook (1965a) (see material examined), which allowed us to confirm that the specimens examined in our study belong to C. monotrema.
Waters (1888) misidentified specimens of C. monotrema from Bahia as C. canariensis due to the lack of avicularia. However, he illustrated two types of opercula (Waters 1888: pl. 3, fig. 2), which likely represented the autozooids and the vicarious avicularia of C. monotrema (seen in specimens collected by H.M.S. Challenger; Figs 1B, E). Moreover, he also described the basal sectors as concentric sulci with cross division (Waters 1888), which is consistent with the square sectors of C. monotrema and distinct from the generally long, irregular sectors of C. canariensis (Cook & Chimonides 1994).
Cupuladria monotrema is characterized by having the central area of the colony occupied mostly by lozengeshaped autozooids, vicarious avicularia scattered randomly among the autozooids, and squared basal sectors, with 1–4 openings per sector (also according to Cook & Chimonides 1994).
Herrera-Cubilla & Jackson (2014) attributed some fossil and Recent specimens from the Caribbean and Guyana shelf to C. monotrema, noting that “the central area of the colony is occupied mostly by vicarious avicularia up to the fifth astogenetic generation, but occasionally autozooids are present”. Specimens collected by H.M.S. Challenger (NHMUK 1890.3.22.1 and 1889.1.30.30-44; Fig. 1) have avicularium with an acuminate mandible pointing downwards, and a wide cup-shaped beak (Busk 1884). Vicarious avicularia in the topotype colonies from Bahia studied here are scattered throughout the colony and are not placed predominantly in the central area, as already noticed by Cook & Chimonides (1994). Other differences between the specimens studied by HerreraCubilla & Jackson (2014) and those from Bahia include: conical colonies with a maximum diameter of 6.8 mm (discoidal and flat with a maximum diameter of 15.6 mm in C. monotrema), hexagonal autozooids (lozenge-shaped in C. monotrema), lateral septula not visible in frontal view (visible in C. monotrema), and basal sectors with up to two openings per sector (with up to four openings in C. monotrema). Thus, it is likely that specimens described by Herrera-Cubilla & Jackson (2014) belong to a different species.
Distribution. WesternAtlantic: Guyana and Brazil (Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Maranh„o, Pará and Amapá) (Cook & Chimonides 1994; Vieira et al. 2008; present study).
description: Published as part of Almeida, Ana C. S., Souza, Facelucia B. C. & Vieira, Leandro M., 2021, Free-living bryozoans (Cheilostomatida, Cupuladriidae) from northeastern and northern Brazil, pp. 39-62 in Zootaxa 4933 (1) on pages 42-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4547928