Leisure Activities
Creators: name: Anonymous
Publisher: name: Open Science Framework
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Social and Behavioral Sciences

description: Leisure Activities, Personality and Social Attitudes Background: The degree to which media depictions influence attitudes continues to be debated among scholars and in the general public. The inspiration for the current study actually came from public debates regarding whether defining monster “races” as evil (orcs, goblins, etc.) as a facet of biological essentialism (i.e. they are evil by their very nature) promotes racism in real life. Much of this debate has focused on the Dungeons and Dragons (D&amp;D) role playing game (e.g. Hoffer, 2020). However, there is no empirical evidence to either support or refute this belief. What evidence does exist suggests D&amp;D tends to promote positive moral development (Wright, Weissglass &amp; Casey, 2017). This study seeks to address this by examining relations between D&amp;D and ethnocentrism, perceived racism in orc monsters, as well as stress levels, with distractor tasks in place to reduce hypothesis guessing. Hypotheses: D&amp;D playing will be associated with increased ethnocentrism. D&amp;D playing will be associated with reduced stress. Descriptively, I am curious as to the proportion of players and non-players who perceive the D&amp;D orc description to be “racist.” Expected # of Participants: 200 (though may depend on response rate) Measures: Predictor: Buss-Perry Trait Aggression Short Form (Bryant and Smith, 2001) Demographic Questionnaire (developed for this study) Social Desirability from the Defendant and Offender Screening Test (Ferguson &amp; Negy, 2006) Outcome: Orc Questionnaire (developed for this study) State Stress (Spielberger, 1983) Multiethnic Climate Inventory (Johnson &amp; Johnson, 1996) Distractor: Music Questionnaire (distractor task, developed by Anna Birman for her senior research). Open Materials: All materials are included at the end of this preregistration. Data Analyses: Regression analyses: Predicting both the MCI and State Stress outcomes, OLS regressions (pairwise deletion for missing data) will be used. Predictors will be age, gender, ethnicity (white v non-white, as white racial prejudice is a key variable of interest), education level, trait aggression, social desirability, hours spent playing D&amp;D. Similar regression analysis (as well as basic descriptive data) will be run using disapproval items (#s 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14 (reverse coded)). These items will be meaned for a scale score. Note items may be dropped to maintain coefficient alpha above .70, but this will be documented in the ms. Lastly a similar regression (same predictor variables) will be run with the 5-item orc racism scale. Interpretation Cut-Off. To prevent false positive results, a Bonferroni correction will be applied across the number of regression models. A minimum threshold of .10 will be used for interpretation of standardized regression coefficients as hypothesis supportive (Orben &amp; Przybylski, 2019). Values between .10 and .20 will be interpreted cautiously with those above .20 being interpreted as potentially of non-trivial importance (Ferguson, 2009). Materials APPENDIX Buss-Perry 12-item SF (Bryant &amp; Smith, 2001) (Rated from 1-4) 1. Given enough provocation, I may hit another person. 2. There are people who pushed me so far that we came to blows. 3. I have threatened people I know. 4. I often find myself disagreeing with people. 5. I can’t help getting into arguments when people disagree with me. 6. My friends say that I’m somewhat argumentative. 7. I flare up quickly but get over it quickly. 8. Sometimes I fly off the handle for no good reason 9. I have trouble controlling my temper. 10. At times I feel I have gotten a raw deal out of life. 11. Other people always seem to get the breaks. 12. I wonder why sometimes I feel so bitter about things. Demographic Questionnaire Please fill out the following information about yourself. This information will not be used to match you with your confidentiality agreement. Parent/Guardian may assist in completing this form if necessary. Age:________ Gender: _____Male _____Female Ethnicity _____Caucasian (White, non-Hispanic) _____African American or Black _____Hispanic or Latino _____Asian _____Other What was the highest level of educational level attained by yourself (circle one)? 7 8 (junior high) 9 10 11 12 (high school or GED) 1 2 (vocational school) 1 2 3 4 (college) 1 2 3 4 5 (graduate school) 1) How many hours per week would you estimate you spend on a cell or smartphone? 2) How many hours per week would you estimate you spend watching TV? 3) How many hours per week do you spend doing housework or chores? 4) How many hours per week have you spent playing the video game Animal Crossing? 5) How many hours per week do you spend gardening? 6) How many hours per week do you spend donating time to charity? 7) How many hours per week do you spend playing Dungeons and Dragons? 8) How many hours per week do you spend reading the New York Times? 9) How many hours per week do you spend swimming in a pool, lake or ocean? 10) How many hours per week do you spend jogging or biking? Music Distraction Questionnaire 1. Why do you listen to music? 1 - Never 2 3 4 5 – Very Often Relaxation To work better To bring back certain feelings To increase certain feelings Excitement Motivation Other Multiethnic Climate Inventory 1. It is important to me to live only with someone of the same race and culture as I am. 1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Undecided 4 Agree 5 Strongly Agree 2. I am angry with people of other races or cultures much of the time. 1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Undecided 4 Agree 5 Strongly Agree 3. I want to live in the same neighborhood only with people who are of my own race or cultural background. 1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Undecided 4 Agree 5 Strongly Agree 4. I don’t trust people of some other races or cultures. 1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Undecided 4 Agree 5 Strongly Agree 5. I don’t trust most people. 1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Undecided 4 Agree 5 Strongly Agree 6. I want to do social things only with people of my own race and culture. 1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Undecided 4 Agree 5 Strongly Agree 7. Belonging to a group of people of my same race or culture is important to me. 1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Undecided 4 Agree 5 Strongly Agree 8. I don’t trust most people whose race or culture is different from mine. 1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Undecided 4 Agree 5 Strongly Agree 9. I don’t like some other races or cultures. 1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Undecided 4 Agree 5 Strongly Agree 10. I want most people in my school to be of the same race as I am. 1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Undecided 4 Agree 5 Strongly Agree Orc Questionnaire Part 1 (Rated from 1 to 4) Whether or not you play Dungeons and Dragons (a fictional role-playing game based in fantasy worlds) consider the following depiction of the “orc” a kind of monster often fought by players in the game. 1) I think this sounds like an exciting monster to fight. 2) These creatures sound scary 3) I think I would consider playing an orc character were I to play the game 4) The description makes me feel angry 5) I think this is a great description 6) Please mark this answer as “3” 7) This description offended me 8) This description made me feel good 9) This description made me feel sad 10) These creatures sound like worthwhile foes for good guys to fight 11) The description feels unfair 12) These creatures sound intimidating 13) This description seems too reductive or simplistic 14) This description is just fine the way it is. Orc Questionnaire Part 2 (Rated from 1 to 4) Consider again the description of the orc provided earlier. We just have a few more questions. 1) I am concerned that orcs represent real life human cultures 2) I find the depiction to be racist 3) I worry players of Dungeons of Dragons experiencing this may become more racist in real life 4) It is unacceptable to define even monster races as inherently evil 5) I would advocate that this depiction be removed from all D&amp;D products Social Desirability (DOST) 1. I have stolen things from other people or businesses T F 2. I have some habits other people would think are strange or gross T F 3. I enjoy pictures of people having sex T F 4. It’s okay get even with people who have done me wrong T F 5. I never take advantage of anyone ® T F 6. Sometimes when I hurt the feelings of someone I hate it feels good T F 7. I have never betrayed anyone’s trust ® T F 8. If I could tell a lie to get out of trouble, I would T F 9. I am being treated fairly by the criminal justice system ® T F 10. If I found a wallet, I would return it to the owner without taking the money inside® T F 11. I don’t like talking bad about other people ® T F 12. Some people make me want to hit them T F 13. I would steal something if I knew I wouldn’t be caught T F 14. I have done some wrong things at times T F 15. Some people make me so mad that I want to hit them T F 16. Many people will lie to get things that they want T F 17. Doing drugs is morally wrong ® T F 18. When others yell at me it can hurt my feelings T F 19. Being arrested is enough to make me obey the law in the future ® T F 20. I have never done anything against the law ® T F 21. If someone calls me a coward I would feel like hitting them to prove I wasn’t T F 22. If a driver cut me off on the highway I would give them the finger T F 23. I would tell someone I loved them even if I didn’t to get sex or money from them T F 24. If someone is angry with me, I usually try to understand why ® T F 25. If people yell at me, I usually yell back T F Note: ® = reverse scoring State Stress A number of statements which people have used to describe themselves are given below. Read each statement and then select the appropriate one to indicate how you feel right now, that is, at this moment. Please answer using the following response options 1) Not at all 2) Somewhat 3) Moderately So 4) Very Much So 1. I feel calm: 1 2 3 4 2. I feel secure: 1 2 3 4 3. I am tense: 1 2 3 4 4. I am regretful: 1 2 3 4 5. I feel at ease: 1 2 3 4 6. I feel upset: 1 2 3 4 7. I am presently worrying over possible misfortunes: 1 2 3 4 8. I feel rested: 1 2 3 4 9. I feel anxious: 1 2 3 4 10. I feel comfortable: 1 2 3 4 11. I feel self-confident: 1 2 3 4 12. I feel nervous: 1 2 3 4 13. I am jittery: 1 2 3 4 14. I feel "high strung": 1 2 3 4 15. I am relaxed: 1 2 3 4 16. I feel content: 1 2 3 4 17. I am worried: 1 2 3 4 18. I feel overexcited and rattled: 1 2 3 4 19. I feel joyful: 1 2 3 4 20. I feel pleasant: 1 2 3 4 The following manipulation check question will also be included in the study: I have once owned a three-headed dog (T/F)