Children’s travel to school : the influence of built form and perceptions of safety
Creators: name: Niece, Jennifer Lynn
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2010

description: Background: Children in developed nations are spending more time in cars and fewer are walking to school than 40 years ago. This trend has important implications for children’s physical activity and health, pollution and traffic congestion in the vicinity of schools, and children’s opportunities to practice independent decision-making. Objective: To examine the relationship between children’s mode of travel to school and factors of demographics, micro-scale built form, and perceptions of safety. To compare micro-scale built environment conditions with parental perceptions of safety. Methods: Gender, age, income, distance, household vehicle ownership, mode of travel to school, and perceptions of safety while walking to school were obtained from travel surveys distributed to grade 4 and 5 children and their parents at 7 elementary schools in the Lower Mainland of B.C. Built environment features were evaluated at the street-segment and intersection scale using a standardized survey. Each child was assigned a unique "pedestrian friendliness" score based on an estimated route between their home and school. A binary logistic regression model was developed to statistically examine relationships. Results: Distance between home and school had the strongest influence on travel mode choice with vehicle ownership and parental perceptions of safety from traffic and from strangers or bullies being significant but less influential. Contrary to accepted norms in the literature, household income was not significant even after removing distance and vehicle ownership from the model. Indexed scores of micro-scale pedestrian environment variables were found to be highly influential for children living within a 500 metre radius of school, but not for the overall sample. Parental perceptions of safety from traffic were significantly associated with the "worst case" street segment and intersection scores on a child’s route to school, but other measures of perception of safety were not. The influence of distance is confounded by its close relationships with perception of safety from traffic and pedestrian friendliness scores. The lack of significance of the built environment measures is likely affected by the relatively low level of variation in measured characteristics in the neighbourhoods selected for study. Conclusion: Home to school distance had the strongest influence on whether children would be active or not on the way to school. The index of micro-scale measures of the pedestrian environment examined in this study were highly influential for children living less than half a kilometre from school even after controlling for vehicle ownership and parental perceptions of safety. The pedestrian environment was not significant for the entire sample, although the influence of distance may mask this relationship. Household vehicle ownership and parental perceptions of safety from traffic and strangers were significant across the entire sample. Further research should include a broader diversity of street characteristics to more completely understand the influence of the micro-scale built environment. The factors influencing parental perception of safety, and the role of convenience in decision-making should also be studied in more detail.