Evippinae Zyuzin 1985
Creators: name: Steinpress, Igor Armiach
name: Alderweireldt, Mark
name: Cohen, Mira
name: Chipman, Ariel
name: Gavish-Regev, Efrat
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Lycosidae

description: Subfamily Evippinae Zyuzin, 1985
Diagnosis
Zyuzin defined this subfamily by the character “The embolus enters the tegular apophysis, forming a single structural complex with it” (Zyuzin 1985: 48). Roewer recognized this distinguishing feature for Evippinae (at the time, tribe Evippeae): Metatarsus IV shorter than patella IV + tibia IV (Roewer 1959). Roewer's character is invalid for identification, as Evippa amitaii sp. nov. deviates from these proportions.
Description
Small- to medium-sized lycosids (Figs 1–5), superficially similar to Pardosinae and Lycosinae in somatic appearance, but distinct in genital structure (Figs 6–13). Anterior eye row narrower than second eye row (PME). Tibia I with 2–6 pairs of ventral spines (apart from apical pair). Spinnerets not elongated. Body densely covered with short (often specialized) setae (Alderweireldt 1992) (Figs 1, 14). Sexual dimorphism usually weak (Figs 4–5) (but see section about Evippomma (Figs 1–2, 4–5)). Zyuzin (1985) described the Evippinae as having an embolus encased in a sheath of transparent tissue (Figs 6–8); embolus base in mesoapical position, partly flattened, lying against cymbium; bent sharply near tip, inserted into tegular apophysis, forming single structure. Epigyne atria very shallow, pale, conspicuous; septum with narrow base, often covered with setae; spermathecae usually large and conspicuous (Figs 10–11, 13). Coloration variable; carapace often with median band (Figs 1 – 3). Certain genera (Evippa, Zenonina) have a derived habitus, clearly discernible from other lycosid genera (Roewer 1959; Alderweireldt 1991, 1992; Marusik Kovblyuk & Koponen 2011).
Natural history
Most species inhabit deserts, steppes and savannas, but species of open patches in and along forests (Xerolycosa spp.) are known. Zyuzin (1985) described Xerolycosa as found in dry conifer forests, steppes and arable land, while Evippa inhabits flood plains, semideserts and deserts, often as a sole representative of Lycosidae. They are largely presumed vagrant (Alderweireldt & Jocqué 2017), although burrow construction behavior is known from species of Xerolycosa (Marusik et al. 2011) and Evippomma (Bayer et al. 2017). Both diurnal and nocturnal activity has been observed (Zyuzin 1985;
* Direct submission to Gen Bank by Astrin J., Hoefer H., Spelda J., Holstein J., Bayer S., Hendrich L., Huber B.A., Kielhorn K.-H., Krammer H.-J., Lemke M., Monje J.C., Moriniere J., Rulik B., Petersen M., Janssen H. and Muster C.
I. Armiach Steinpress, pers. obs.). As in all lycosids, the female carries the egg sac attached to her spinnerets and carries the young on her body for some time after hatching (I. Armiach Steinpress, pers. obs.).
Distribution
The subfamily is restricted to the Old World where it is widely distributed, except in the polar region, wet tropics and wet subtropics. Xerolycosa is found across the Palearctic, from Europe to Japan (with a doubtful species from Zanzibar). Proevippa, Pseudevippa and Zenonina are restricted to sub-Saharan Africa. Evippomma is found in Africa and India (Indian species might belong to a different genus). Evippa is found across arid and semiarid climates throughout Africa and Eurasia, from Tanzania to Siberia (World Spider Catalog 2020).
Relationships
Molecular studies that included Xerolycosa tend to place it in a rather basally branching position in Lycosidae, away from the Lycosinae (Park et al. 2007; Zehethofer & Sturmbauer 1998). Murphy et al. (2006) have placed Xerolycosa as a sister taxon of the venoniin genera Aulonia (C.L. Koch, 1847) and Hygrolycosa (Dahl, 1908) (Venoniinae was not recovered in the study). A recent molecular phylogeny
included for the first time three representatives of Evippinae: Proevippa, Xerolycosa, and Evippomma, and recovered Evippinae as monophyletic (Piacentini 2019).
Composition
Evippinae consists of 67 species in six genera: 38 species in Evippa Simon, 1882; seven species in Evippomma Roewer, 1959; eleven species in Proevippa Purcell, 1903; one species in Pseudevippa Simon, 1910; four species in Xerolycosa Dahl, 1908; and six species in Zenonina Simon, 1898.
description: Published as part of Steinpress, Igor Armiach, Alderweireldt, Mark, Cohen, Mira, Chipman, Ariel & Gavish-Regev, Efrat, 2021, Synopsis of the Evippinae (Araneae, Lycosidae) of Israel, with description of a new species, pp. 87-124 in European Journal of Taxonomy 733 on pages 90-94, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2021.733.1225, http://zenodo.org/record/4505891