Erenna laciniata Pugh 2001
Creators: name: Pugh, P. R.
name: Haddock, S. H. D.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Cnidaria
Hydrozoa
Siphonophorae
Erennidae
Erenna
Erenna laciniata

description: Erenna laciniata Pugh, 2001
Diagnosis. Nectophores large, dorso-ventrally flattened, with only basic erennid ridge pattern; with apico-laterals dividing into three close to ostium. Thrust block small, with U-shaped median indentation and lower flaps, but no conical protuberances. Lateral radial canals only slight thickened at apico-lateral corners of nectosac. Bracts of two types, with lateral flap, more extensive in one type than the other. Tentilla characteristic, with terminal process arising close to base of cnidoband and bearing two distal photophores.
Material examined. Only two further specimens have become available for examination and, although they were large, they mainly consisted of nectophores with very little of the siphosome either collected and/or preserved. Recently, three others, see below, have been caught, but they have not been examined for the present study and are housed in the siphonophore collections at Brown University.
Description. Figure 8 shows a large specimen of Erenna laciniata from Doc Ricketts Dive 339 at a depth 1581 m with 40+ mature nectophores, and some extended tentacles with their relatively small Y-shaped branches, or tentilla, that characterize this species. Figure 9 A shows a smaller specimen from Tiburon Dive 534 at a depth of 1173 m. Here the black pigmentation in the radial and ostial ring canals can clearly be seen. In both the distal tips of the bracts are demarcated by a white patch that was filled with nematocysts. The small, circular nature of this patch clearly distinguishes specimens of E. laciniata from those of E. cornuta, which has elongated patches. This is a useful character as the two species have overlapping depth distributions.
Nectosome: Figure 9 B shows a close up of the nectosome, and the anterior portion of the siphosome, of the Doc Ricketts Dive 339 specimen photographed in situ. The pigmentation in the radial canals of the nectophores and the central gastrovascular cavity can clearly been seen, and it is also present in the canals of the bracts. Small white dots were present on the nectophores and also on the bracts. For the nectophores the majority of these were found randomly distributed on the muscular walls of the nectosac. They were round or ovoid and totally amorphous, and measured between 110 and 165 µm in diameter. Other, smaller spots, c. 90 µm in diameter, were found on the external surfaces of the nectophores and bracts, but they were far less common. The function of these spots is unknown.
Nectophores: The nectophores of the new material were slightly larger than those of the type specimen, with the Doc Ricketts Dive 334 ones averaging 30 mm in length and 33 mm in width, with a maximum of 33 x 39 respectively. The division of the upper lateral ridges close to the ostium was confirmed, particularly for the younger nectophores (Figure 10), whereas in the mature ones it was very vague. There appeared to be three pairs of broad branches, forming the letter "m", although the outermost one, which formed part of the lateral ostial process, was often very vague The extensive lateral ostial processes originally possessed nematocysts but by the time the nectophores were mature they had largely disappeared, either through abrasion or usage. The large lateral patches of ectodermal cells, just distal to the vertical lateral ridges, were not very distinct at this early stage of development (Figure 10). As with other Erenna species, there appeared to be a black-pigmented canal through the centre of the lateral ostial process and connecting with the ostial ring canal at the same level as the lateral radial canals.
Siphosome: Figure 11 shows a close up of the in situ siphosome of the specimens observed during Tiburon Dive 534 and Doc Ricketts Dive 339. The black-pigmented canals of the bracts, ending in the circular white patches of nematocysts can clearly be seen. The structure of the two types of bract was sufficiently described by Pugh (2001) and nothing more needs be added here.
Gastrozooid: The in situ photographs (Figure 11) clearly show some gastrozooids. The distal proboscis region was pellucid and, on one specimen (Figure 11 A) continued imperceptibly into the stomach, while in the other (Figure 11 B) the stomach region was inflated and whitish yellow in colour. In the former the basigaster had a distinct pinkish colour, while for the other it was translucent. In the preserved state the basigaster was found to have two lateral lobes that were nowhere near as prominent as those of Erenna richardi.
Tentacle and Tentilla: The in situ photographs often showed Erenna laciniata with several tentacles extended to considerable lengths and bearing small side branches that could look like a string of beads. However, on one specimen (Figure 12) the distal part of the tentacle was contracted, while the proximal part remained relaxed, with the young tentilla spaced apart. A much more pronounced manifestation of this character will be described for one of the new Erenna species.
The relatively small size of the tentilla can clearly been seen in Figure 12, and photographs of mature tentilla are shown in Figure 13A. The cnidoband was characteristically forked at its proximal end and encased either side of a vacuolated tissue that arose from the pedicle of the tentillum. At the point where the cnidoband forked it separated from this spongy tissue, which then formed a long, narrow tube that extended further than the cnidoband itself. Towards its distal end there was a pair of small photophores filled with calcium-activated proteins. In the shipboard laboratory these tubular processes were seen to wriggle and writhe in an apparently uncoordinated manner quite unlike the coordinated "squid jigging" movements performed by one of the new Erenna species (Haddock et al, 2005). Nevertheless, they no doubt were acting as lures. The Doc Ricketts Dive 334 specimen possessed only immature tentilla and a series of developmental stages in shown in Figure 13 B. In general the cnidoband and the tubular process increased in size concomitantly, and the photophores were more obvious than on the mature tentillum.
Pugh (2001) noted the presence of the three usual types of nematocysts, with large anisorhizas, which measured c. 128 x 27 µm, arranged along the lateral margins of the cnidoband. Between them were numerous smaller nematocysts of two shapes with the more cylindrical ones measuring c. 40 x 15 µm and the more ovoid ones c. 32 x 18 µm. No further investigations were carried out on the present material.
Palpon: The palpons of the new material were investigated for the presence of nematocysts, as Pugh (2001) had only noted that they were absent on the palpacles. It was found that there was a serried ring of 20–30 nematocysts surrounding the distal mouth opening. These nematocysts measured c. 98 x 27 µm.
Gonophore: No mature gonophores were found with the new material, although they can clearly be seen on the aforementioned in situ photographs.
Distribution. The original specimens, as described by Pugh (2001) came from the Dry Tortugas (JSL1454 – type) and The Bahamas (JSL1688) at depths of 811 and 853 m, respectively. Some additional material may have come from the Discovery collections on the equator (800–900 m) and 3°N (0–1000m oblique). The only other published records are from Sagami Bay, Japan (Kitamura et al., 2008; Lindsay & Miyake, 2009). The former authors included a typical in situ photograph of a specimen and a picture of a mature tentillum. The specimens were collected, or observed, between 690 and 860 m. We also list below the specimens of Erenna laciniata that have either been identified from in situ photographs or collected (emboldened) by the MBARI ROVs in recent years.
Thirty specimens of Erenna laciniata, six of which were collected, have been identified from the MBARI database of in situ photographs. They were observed in two main localities: Monterey Bay (MB— 10 specimens) and the Gulf of California (GOC— 20 specimens). For MB the mean depth for the specimens was 1145 ± 620.1 m; the result, however, being heavily skewed by one specimen (Ventana 2570) that was found at the unusually shallow depth of 289 m. If this specimen was excluded, then the mean depth becomes 1230 ± 75.7 m. For the GOC specimens it was 1320 ± 149.5 m. Thus, in general the Monterey Bay specimens existed at shallower depths than those in the Gulf of California, as one might expect if their depth distribution was related to water temperature. Indeed, the temperatures at these depths were 3.4 ± 0.7°C for MB (excluding the Ventana Dive 2570 specimen), and at GOC it was 3.5 ± 0.4° C. As the 20 specimens of E. laciniata from the Gulf of California were collected during just three cruises, while there have been at least an order of magnitude more cruises in the vicinity of Monterey Bay, then this would indicate that the species is much commoner in warmer fish-replete waters.
description: Published as part of Pugh, P. R. & Haddock, S. H. D., 2016, A description of two new species of the genus Erenna (Siphonophora: Physonectae: Erennidae), with notes on recently collected specimens of other Erenna species, pp. 401-446 in Zootaxa 4189 (3) on pages 408-413, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4189.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/166117