cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Tidal Deformation and Dissipation of Rotating Black Holes
Creators: name: Chia, Horng Sheng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show that rotating black holes do not experience any tidal deformation when they are perturbed by a weak and adiabatic gravitational field. The tidal deformability of an object is quantified by the so-called "Love numbers", which describe the object's linear response to its external tidal field. In this work, we compute the Love numbers of Kerr black holes and find that they vanish identically. We also compute the dissipative part of the black hole's tidal response, which is non-vanishing due to the absorptive nature of the event horizon. Our results hold for arbitrary values of black hole spin, for both the electric-type and magnetic-type perturbations, and to all orders in the multipole expansion of the tidal field. The boundary conditions at the event horizon and at asymptotic infinity are incorporated in our study, as they are crucial for understanding the way in which these tidal effects are mapped onto gravitational-wave observables. In closing, we address the ambiguity issue of Love numbers in General Relativity, which we argue is resolved when those boundary conditions are taken into account. Our findings provide essential inputs for current efforts to probe the nature of compact objects through the gravitational waves emitted by binary systems.
description: 6+1 pages, 1 figure; updated to match published version
Assessment of saddle-point-mass predictions for astrophysical applications
Creators: name: Kelic, Aleksandra
name: Schmidt, Karl-Heinz
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using available experimental data on fission barriers and ground-state masses, a detailed study on the predictions of different models concerning the isospin dependence of saddle-point masses is performed. Evidence is found that several macroscopic models yield unrealistic saddle-point masses for very neutron-rich nuclei, which are relevant for the r-process nucleosynthesis.
description: 8 pages, 5 figures
THE RATIONALE OF BANK LENDING IN PRE-CRISIS THAILAND
Creators: name: Menkhoff, Lukas
name: Suwanaporn, Chodechai
name: Menkhoff, Lukas
name: Suwanaporn, Chodechai
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Financial Economics

description: A data set of 560 credit files from Thai commercial banks is compiled. The loans granted between 1992 and 1996 follow a pattern known from mature markets as a similar set of variables explains much of the variance in interest rate spread. A second finding is the expected higher importance of "relationship banking". Third, risk is controlled via credit availability and not via pricing. Fourth, the ex post information about riskiness reveals that banks could have made better use of available information. Overall, the problem was not excessive lending to firms with which the lenders had close relationships, but rather one of fully recognizing the risk factors.
NUTRIENT FLOWS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE: ECOLOGICAL AND POLICY ISSUES
Creators: name: Craswell, Eric T.
name: Grote, Ulrike
name: Henao, Julio
name: Vlek, Paul L.G.
name: Craswell, Eric T.
name: Grote, Ulrike
name: Henao, Julio
name: Vlek, Paul L.G.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy

description: This paper addresses the issue of environmental and ecological impacts of nutrient flows within and between countries by reviewing and presenting data on nutrient balances and global nutrient movements. The results for nutrient depletion in agricultural soils during 1996-1999 show that in most countries in Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean rates of depletion are so high that current land use is not sustainable. At the other end of the scale, nutrient surplus derived from agriculture is most serious in the USA and industrialized countries of Europe, but also occurs in some densely populated areas of countries such as India and China. International net flows of NPK in traded agricultural commodities were estimated to total 4.8 Tg in 1997 and predicted to increase to 8.8 Tg in 2020. Flows vary widely across regions. Major net importers of NPK are West Asia/North Africa and China. Although soils in countries of Sub-Saharan Africa are widely known to be heavily degraded due to nutrient depletion, this region is nevertheless a net importer of NPK in agricultural commodities. However, the nutrients imported in food and feed commodities to Sub-Saharan countries are commonly concentrated in the cities creating waste disposal problems rather than alleviating deficiencies in rural soils. Countries with a net loss of NPK in agricultural commodities are the major food exporting countries - the United States, Australia, and some countries of Latin America. A wide range of policy measures influence agricultural trade, nutrient flows and balances. The effects of agricultural trade liberalization and the reduction of production subsidies are briefly described, as well as more direct environmental policies like nutrient accounting schemes, eco-labeling, and nutrient trading. Our study highlights the need for environmental costs to be factored into the debate on nutrient management and advocates more interdisciplinary research on these important problems.
Considerations in the Automatic Development of Electric Grid Restoration Plans
Creators: name: Jang, Wonhyeok
name: Huang, Hao
name: Davis, Katherine R.
name: Overbye, Thomas J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Power system restoration is a highly complex task that must be performed in a timely manner following a blackout. It is crucial to have the capability of developing a reliable restoration plan that can be adjusted quickly to different system conditions. This paper introduces a framework of an automated process that creates a restoration plan for a given power system. The required input includes the original system data under normal operating conditions and the status of the resources in the system that can be used for restoration. With a set of criteria to select as an option, the presented process can produce a restoration sequence in terms of which generator, load, branches, and breakers to close until a stopping criterion is met. The algorithm of the restoration process is described, and its application to a synthetic 200-bus case provides a restoration sequence from blackstart generating units to critical loads first and then to the rest of the system without violating any limits for frequency, voltage and branch loading.
description: Published in The 52nd North American Power Symposium
"Where’s Mom?" : the meanings of fetal alcohol syndrome
Creators: name: Northey, Tracy Anne
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Since it was first described in the medical literature in 1968, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) has become recognized as the leading cause of preventable birth defects in Canada. As a diagnostic category, FAS refers to the teratogenic affects of alcohol which result in facial anomalies, growth deficiencies, and central nervous system dysfunction. The portrayals of FAS in the mass media, and elsewhere in the popular realm, indicate that FAS does not simply exist as a diagnostic category. Persons with FAS seem to be portrayed as tragedies and social deviants who place an economic burden on society. The mothers who give birth to children born with FAS are seen as irresponsible and in need of surveillance. Troubled by what the author perceived as oppressive representations of persons with FAS and their biological mothers, the present study set-out to investigate the portrayal of mothers in popular and professional discourse about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Semi-structured interviews, clinical observations, and an analysis of educational material and information in the mass media, were the tools of inquiry used to uncover what is said about FAS and mothers in the professional realms of medicine and social services, and in the popular realms of the mass media, educational material and the internet. Regarding and analyzing FAS as discourse reveals the multiple and contested meanings that are associated with that term. A number of processes and discourses interact to produce a shroud over mothers of children with FAS. Systems problems within the medical and social service sectors, the ambivalence surrounding FAS as a diagnostic category, and ideologies and values attached to the fetus, to mothers, and to alcohol all contribute to an eclipsing of mothers within the discourse of FAS.
Histories without collapse
Creators: name: Sudbery, Anthony
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This paper is a comparison of two theories of the probability of a history in quantum mechanics. One is derived from Copenhagen quantum mechanics using the projection postulate and is the basis of the "consistent histories" interpretation; the other is based on a proposal by Bell, originally for the "pilot state" theory but here applied to pure unitary quantum mechanics. The first can be used for a wider class of histories but depends on the projection postulate, or "collapse", which is widely held to be an unsatisfactory feature of the theory; the second can be used in a theory of the universal state vector without collapse. We examine a simple model based on Wigner's friend, in which Bell's model and the projection postulate give different probabilities for the histories of a sentient system. We also examine the Frauchiger-Renner extension of this model, in which comparison of the two calculations of histories throws light on the contradiction found by Frauchiger and Renner. By extending the model to equip the observer with a memory, we reduce the probability of histories to the use of the Born rule at a single time, and show that the Born rule, with the memory, gives the same result as applying projection in the course of the history, because of entanglement with the memory: entanglement implements collapse. We discuss the implications of this for the use of histories in quantum cosmology.
description: 17 pages. Version to be published in International Journal of Theoretical Physics. Contains added discussion of Bell's transition probabilities, and of the history of Wigner's friend
Mixed-Integer Optimization for Bio-Inspired Robust Power Network Design
Creators: name: Huang, Hao
name: Panyam, Varuneswara
name: Narimani, Mohammad Rasoul
name: Layton, Astrid
name: Davis, Katherine R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Power systems are susceptible to natural threats including hurricanes and floods. Modern power grids are also increasingly threatened by cyber attacks. Existing approaches that help improve power system security and resilience may not be sufficient; this is evidenced by the continued challenge to supply energy to all customers during severe events. This paper presents an approach to address this challenge through bio-inspired power system network design to improve system reliability and resilience against disturbances. Inspired by naturally robust ecosystems, this paper considers the optimal ecological robustness that recognizes a unique balance between pathway efficiency and redundancy to ensure the survivability against disruptive events for given networks. This paper presents an approach that maximizes ecological robustness in transmission network design by formulating a mixed-integer nonlinear programming optimization problem with power system constraints. The results show the increase of the optimized power system's robustness and the improved reliability with less violations under N-x contingencies.
description: Published in The 52nd North American Power Symposium
RESOURCE ABUNDANCE, GOVERNANCE AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN TURKMENISTAN AND UZBEKISTAN
Creators: name: Pomfret, Richard
name: Pomfret, Richard
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: International Development
Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: This paper analyses the connection between resource wealth, governance and economic performance in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Since independence, both countries have remained heavily resource-dependent and they have had political stability, but despite some similarities, their economic situations have been diverging since the transition shock in 1991. Although the two countries are resource-abundant, their resource endowments differ: both have energy resources and farmland suited to cotton-growing, but Turkmenistan's resource base is heavily skewed towards natural gas, with cotton and oil of lesser importance, and with very little other economic activity. Uzbekistan's major exports are cotton and gold, with energy endowments sufficient to cover domestic needs but without substantial energy exports. Both oil fields and cotton fields yield rents and this paper estimates their scale and also examines how the different socio-economic linkages associated with each set of rents differentiates the capture of the rents and their deployment. The paper argues that during the first decade of transition the rents from both sets of natural resources could be realised with little recourse to FDI so that both regimes were able to resist pressure for rapid reform. However, despite acknowledged policy errors, Uzbekistan managed its rents more effectively and responsibly than Turkmenistan and it faces the more promising future.
[Brev til DKNVS]
Creators: name: Schopenhauer, Arthur
name: Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab (DKNVS)
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1839

description: Takker for gullmedaljen som han er tildelt av VS
description: Kopi, brevet er overført til qMs 551. Polydoc nr. 1: 4382. Polydoc nr. 2: 3490.
SCHOOLING COSTS AND CHILD LABOUR IN RURAL PAKISTAN
Creators: name: Hazarika, Gautam
name: Bedi, Arjun S.
name: Hazarika, Gautam
name: Bedi, Arjun S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Labor and Human Capital

description: A conventional argument in the child-labor debate is that improvements in access to schools are an effective way to reduce the labor force participation of children. It is argued that schooling competes with economic activity in the use of children's time, and enhanced access to schools, interpretable as reduction in schooling costs, may raise school attendance at the expense of child labor. In this paper, we draw a distinction between child labor within the household (intra-household) and child work in the labor market (extra-household), and examine the separate effects of schooling costs on the two types of child labor. Consistent, at least in part, with our theoretical framework, we find that extra-household child labor and schooling costs are positively related while intra-household child labor is insensitive to changes in the costs of schooling. Our results suggest that reduction in schooling costs will have limited success in the abatement of child labor in rural Pakistan.
First results from the VIMOS-IFU survey of gravitationally lensing clusters at z~0.2
Creators: name: Covone, Giovanni
name: Kneib, Jean-Paul
name: Soucail, Genevieve
name: Jullo, Eric
name: Richard, Johan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the on-going observational program of a VIMOS Integral Field Unit survey of the central regions of massive, gravitational lensing galaxy clusters at redshift z~0.2. We have observed six clusters using the low-resolution blue grism (R about 200), and the spectroscopic survey is complemented by a wealth of photometric data, including Hubble Space Telescope optical data and near infrared VLT data. The principal scientific aims of this project are: the study of the high-z lensed galaxies, the transformation and evolution of galaxies in cluster cores and the use of multiple images to constrain cosmography. We briefly report here on the first results from this project on the clusters Abell 2667 and Abell 68.
description: 5 pages, 5 figures. To appear in "Sciences Perspectives for 3D Spectroscopy. ESO Astrophysics Symposia". Ed by M.Kissler-Patig, M.M. Roth and J.R. Walsh
THE IMPACT OF INCREASED SCHOOL ENROLLMENT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN TANZANIA
Creators: name: Seebens, Holger
name: Wobst, Peter
name: Seebens, Holger
name: Wobst, Peter
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: International Development
Labor and Human Capital

description: Failure to accumulate human capital is one of the pressing problems of developing countries. Lacking human capital formation bears consequences on an economy wide level, since education contributes to labor productivity. We examine the impact of increased school enrollment with regard to economic growth and income inequality. A dynamic computable general equilibrium (DCGE) model applying a 2000 SAM for Tanzania is used to evaluate the quantitative long-term effects of increased school attendance on overall economic growth and welfare. In order to get an insight in how a potential skill upgrade would affect the economy, we simulate a government program that aims at increasing primary school enrollment. We find that an increase in human capital formation in the long run leads to higher economic growth rates and increases household incomes in a Pareto sense. The results show that the positive effects of enhanced human capital formation are rather moderate in terms of the distribution of the gains from economic growth and hence income inequality does not change substantially.
Tunable Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
Creators: name: Louyer, Y.
name: Meschede, D.
name: Rauschenbeutel, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We theoretically study the properties of highly prolate shaped dielectric microresonators. Such resonators sustain whispering gallery modes that exhibit two spatially well separated regions with enhanced field strength. The field per photon on the resonator surface is significantly higher than e.g. for equatorial whispering gallery modes in microsphere resonators with a comparable mode volume. At the same time, the frequency spacing of these modes is much more favorable, so that a tuning range of several free spectral ranges should be attainable. We discuss the possible application of such resonators for cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments with neutral atoms and reveal distinct advantages with respect to existing concepts.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures
Quark helicity flip generalized parton distributions from two-flavor lattice QCD
Creators: name: Gockeler, M.
name: Hagler, Ph.
name: Horsley, R.
name: Pleiter, D.
name: Rakow, P. E. L.
name: Schafer, A.
name: Schierholz, G.
name: Zanotti, J. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present an initiatory study of quark helicity flip generalized parton distributions (GPDs) in n_f=2 lattice QCD, based on clover-improved Wilson fermions for a large number of coupling constants and pion masses. Quark helicity flip GPDs yield essential information on the transverse spin structure of the nucleon. In this work, we show first results on their lowest moments and dipole masses and study the corresponding chiral and continuum extrapolations.
description: 15 pages, 6 figures
Two-loop beta-functions and their effects for the R-parity Violating MSSM
Creators: name: Jack, I.
name: Jones, D. R. T.
name: Kord, A. F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the full two-loop beta-functions for the MSSM including R-parity violating couplings. We analyse the effect of two-loop running on the bounds on R-parity violating couplings, on the nature of the LSP and on the stop masses.
description: 12 pages, including 2 figures. Plain TeX. Uses Harvmac and epsf. Revised version with corrected Table and Figures
ETHNIC CONFLICT AND FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA
Creators: name: Jinadu, L. Adele
name: Jinadu, L. Adele
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Political Economy

description: The problem I want to examine is how to characterize the relationship between ethnicity and federalism in Nigeria. I want to illustrate how the dynamics of ethnicity, by which I mean its manipulation as a political resource of conflict and accommodation by the political elite, has shaped the development of federalism in the country. In what follows I attempt to build on arguments I have advanced elsewhere (Jinadu, 1982; 1984; 1985; 1994), drawing on recent trends in Nigerian politics, and situating the discussion in historical and comparative perspective.
KST-GCN: A Knowledge-Driven Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network for Traffic Forecasting
Creators: name: Zhu, Jiawei
name: Han, Xin
name: Deng, Hanhan
name: Tao, Chao
name: Zhao, Ling
name: Wang, Pu
name: Tao, Lin
name: Li, Haifeng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: While considering the spatial and temporal features of traffic, capturing the impacts of various external factors on travel is an essential step towards achieving accurate traffic forecasting. However, existing studies seldom consider external factors or neglect the effect of the complex correlations among external factors on traffic. Intuitively, knowledge graphs can naturally describe these correlations. Since knowledge graphs and traffic networks are essentially heterogeneous networks, it is challenging to integrate the information in both networks. On this background, this study presents a knowledge representation-driven traffic forecasting method based on spatial-temporal graph convolutional networks. We first construct a knowledge graph for traffic forecasting and derive knowledge representations by a knowledge representation learning method named KR-EAR. Then, we propose the Knowledge Fusion Cell (KF-Cell) to combine the knowledge and traffic features as the input of a spatial-temporal graph convolutional backbone network. Experimental results on the real-world dataset show that our strategy enhances the forecasting performances of backbones at various prediction horizons. The ablation and perturbation analysis further verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that constructs and utilizes a knowledge graph to facilitate traffic forecasting; it also offers a promising direction to integrate external information and spatial-temporal information for traffic forecasting. The source code is available at https://github.com/lehaifeng/T-GCN/tree/master/KST-GCN.
description: 11 pages, 14 figures, 7 tables
A review of the ocean-atmosphere interactions during tropical cyclones in the north Indian Ocean
Creators: name: Singh, Vineet Kumar
name: Roxy, M K
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The north Indian Ocean accounts for 6% of the global tropical cyclones annually. Despite the small fraction of cyclones, some of the most devastating cyclones have formed in this basin, causing extensive damage to the life and property in the north Indian Ocean rim countries. In this review article, we highlight the advancement in research in terms of ocean-atmosphere interaction during cyclones in the north Indian Ocean and identify the gap areas where our understanding is still lacking.
Technical Report - Systematic Mapping Study
Creators: name: Guerino, Guilherme
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 80602 Computer-Human Interaction
subject: FOS: Psychology

description: This report presents the execution of a Systematic Literature Mapping of technologies being used to evaluate the Usability and/or User Experience in Conversational Systems. It presents the mapping planning in detail as well as inclusion and exclusion criteria, information sources used, list of papers found according to the criteria defined in the mapping protocol, and complete data extraction. Besides, an analysis of the resulting papers is performed. Therefore, this report documents the mapping process and serves as a reference source for the paper that deals with the analysis of the findings of this literature review.
POWER, INSTITUTIONS AND MORAL ENTREPRENEURS
Creators: name: Reich, Simon
name: Reich, Simon
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Institutional and Behavioral Economics

description: This paper constitutes a component of a larger research project. The larger project attempts to address two issues in international relations - one substantive and theoretical, the second epistemological and ontological. The first issue, which will be the focus of this paper, considers the puzzle of variance in the successful application of global norms. It seeks to explain the conditions under which global norms become part of the agenda of global governance and thus consequential to the actions of state and non-state actors alike. In that sense, the paper focuses on the critical factors that explain variance in the adoption of norms onto the agenda of global governance, their widespread acceptance as legitimate, and their enforcement. I outline three explanatory variables and, according to their configuration, eight possible combinations. The second aspect of this project attempts to apply some of the theoretical aspects of the project to the case of the development of the norm of "preventative intervention" in intrastate conflicts. In doing so I seek to understand both how, and the extent to which, the concept has evolved during the course of the last decade. Specifically, to what degree has the idea of preventative intervention become widely discussed and part of the policy agenda, and to what degree and how is it implemented?
Parameter estimation of compact binaries using the inspiral and ringdown waveforms
Creators: name: Luna, Manuel
name: Sintes, Alicia M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We analyze the problem of parameter estimation for compact binary systems that could be detected by ground-based gravitational wave detectors. So far this problem has only been dealt with for the inspiral and the ringdown phases separately. In this paper, we combine the information from both signals, and we study the improvement in parameter estimation, at a fixed signal-to-noise ratio, by including the ringdown signal without making any assumption on the merger phase. The study is performed for both initial and advanced LIGO and VIRGO detectors.
description: matching cqg version
THE EFFECTS OF FARMLAND, FARMLAND PRESERVATION AND OTHER NEIGHBORHOOD AMENITIES ON PROXIMATE HOUSING VALUES: RESULTS OF A CONJOINT ANALYSIS OF HOUSING CHOICE
Creators: name: Irwin, Elena G.
name: Roe, Brian E.
name: Morrow-Jones, Hazel
name: Irwin, Elena G.
name: Roe, Brian E.
name: Morrow-Jones, Hazel
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Land Economics/Use

description: Using stated-preference data from a choice-based conjoint analysis instrument, we estimate willingness to pay for the presence of neighboring land that is dedicated to agricultural use (versus a developed land use) and for the preservation of surrounding farmland as permanent cropland. The data also elucidate how individuals balance the values associated with nearby agricultural land patterns with other key neighborhood characteristics such as neighborhood parks, housing density, commute times, school quality and neighborhood safety. The median respondent from a randomly chosen sample of Columbus, Ohio homeowners was willing to pay $843 annually to avoid immediate conversion of 10 percent of agricultural land within one mile of the house valued in the conjoint experiment while the same respondent was willing to pay $277 annually to preserve the same amount of farmland as permanent cropland. We find provision of neighborhood parks within housing developments to be a strong substitute for farmland preservation.
Analyzing Password Strength: A Combinatorial Entropy Approach
Creators: name: Chowdhury, Naem Azam
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Passwords have long served as a primary means for user authentication, facilitating access to restricted resources. The critical concern surrounding passwords lies in their quality or strength—determining how susceptible they are to being "guessed" by unauthorized entities attempting to gain entry by impersonating the legitimate user. In this research, we systematically examine diverse metrics assessing password quality, including a metric proposed within this study. Our investigation involves a comprehensive comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of these metrics, along with an exploration of the interrelationships among them. Furthermore, we present the outcomes of experiments designed to crack a set of passwords with varying quality levels. The results of these experiments demonstrate a notable positive correlation between the difficulty of guessing passwords and their overall quality. To provide a nuanced understanding, we employ a clustering analysis on the set of passwords, considering their quality measures as variables. This analysis reveals distinct groups based on password quality. Moreover, to bolster the strength of our passwords, we introduce the integration of a Combinatorial Entropy Calculation algorithm. This algorithm is designed to enhance password resilience by leveraging combinatorial methods. Through this combined approach, we aim to contribute to the broader discourse on password security and provide insights into developing more robust authentication practices.
An isogeometric finite element formulation for geometrically exact Timoshenko beams with extensible directors
Creators: name: Choi, Myung-Jin
name: Sauer, Roger A.
name: Klinkel, Sven
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science (cs.CE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: An isogeometric finite element formulation for geometrically and materially nonlinear Timoshenko beams is presented, which incorporates in-plane deformation of the cross-section described by two extensible director vectors. Since those directors belong to the space ${\Bbb R}^3$, a configuration can be additively updated. The developed formulation allows direct application of nonlinear three-dimensional constitutive equations without zero stress conditions. Especially, the significance of considering correct surface loads rather than applying an equivalent load directly on the central axis is investigated. Incompatible linear in-plane strain components for the cross-section have been added to alleviate Poisson locking by using an enhanced assumed strain (EAS) method. In various numerical examples exhibiting large deformations, the accuracy and efficiency of the presented beam formulation is assessed in comparison to brick elements. We particularly use hyperelastic materials of the St. Venant-Kirchhoff and compressible Neo-Hookean types.
description: 67 pages, 29 figures
THE EFFECT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES ON PROPERTY VALUES IN ZONES OF HIGH INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY: A HEDONIC APPROACH
Creators: name: Deaton, Brady J.
name: Hoehn, John P.
name: Deaton, Brady J.
name: Hoehn, John P.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Superfund
subject: Spatial Correlates
subject: Industrial Activity
subject: Hedonic Price Function

description: Hedonic pricing methods typically employ a distance-to-site variable to measure variation in exposure to environmental disamenities. Some environmental disamenities, like hazardous waste sites, may be spatially correlated with another prominent feature of the urban plain - zones of industrial activity. In these cases, failure to account for industrial activity is hypothesized to bias coefficient estimates of the distance-to-site measure. The data set includes a distance-to-site measure as well as a distance-to-industrial measure. These measures allow for empirical estimations of the hedonic price function that distinguish the property value effect associated with exposure to hazard from the property value effect associated with industrial activity. The results suggest that failure to account for industrial activity will overstate the effect of hazardous waste sites on property values and inflate benefit estimates associated with hazardous waste clean-up.
Half metals at intermediate energy scales in Anderson-type insulators
Creators: name: Park, Kyung-Yong
name: Lee, Hyun-Jung
name: Kim, Ki-Seok
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Although quantum phase transitions involved with Anderson localization had been investigated for more than a half century, the role of spin polarization in these metal-insulator transitions has not been clearly addressed as a function of both the range of interactions and energy scales. Based on the Anderson-Hartree-Fock study, we reveal that the spin polarization has nothing to do with Anderson metal-insulator transitions in three dimensions as far as effective interactions between electrons are long-ranged Coulomb type. On the other hand, we find that metal-insulator transitions appear with magnetism in the case of Hubbard-type local interactions. In particular, we show that the multifractal spectrum of spin $\uparrow$ electrons differs from that of spin $\downarrow$ at the high-energy mobility edge, which indicates the existence of spin-dependent universality classes for metal-insulator transitions. One of the most fascinating and rather unexpected results is the appearance of half metals at intermediate energy scales above the high-energy mobility edge in Anderson-type insulators of the Fermi energy, that is, only spin $\uparrow$ electrons are delocalized while spin $\downarrow$ electrons are Anderson-type localized.
Monocular Depth Estimation via Listwise Ranking using the Plackett-Luce Model
Creators: name: Lienen, Julian
name: Hüllermeier, Eyke
name: Ewerth, Ralph
name: Nommensen, Nils
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In many real-world applications, the relative depth of objects in an image is crucial for scene understanding. Recent approaches mainly tackle the problem of depth prediction in monocular images by treating the problem as a regression task. Yet, being interested in an order relation in the first place, ranking methods suggest themselves as a natural alternative to regression, and indeed, ranking approaches leveraging pairwise comparisons as training information ("object A is closer to the camera than B") have shown promising performance on this problem. In this paper, we elaborate on the use of so-called listwise ranking as a generalization of the pairwise approach. Our method is based on the Plackett-Luce (PL) model, a probability distribution on rankings, which we combine with a state-of-the-art neural network architecture and a simple sampling strategy to reduce training complexity. Moreover, taking advantage of the representation of PL as a random utility model, the proposed predictor offers a natural way to recover (shift-invariant) metric depth information from ranking-only data provided at training time. An empirical evaluation on several benchmark datasets in a "zero-shot" setting demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach compared to existing ranking and regression methods.
description: 15 pages, 5 figures, 7 tables, IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 2021
High Frequency Behavior of the Infrared Conductivity of Cuprates
Creators: name: Norman, M. R.
name: Chubukov, A. V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We analyze recent infrared conductivity data in the normal state of the cuprates. We find that the high frequency behavior, which has been suggested as evidence for quantum critical scaling, is generally characteristic of electrons interacting with a broad spectrum of bosons. From explicit calculations, we find a frequency exponent for the modulus of the conductivity, and a phase angle, in good agreement with experiment. The data indicate an upper cut-off of the boson spectrum of order 300 meV. This implies that the bosons are of electronic origin rather than phonons.
description: 4 pages
EUROPEAN UNION ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND IMPORTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS FROM THE UNITED STATES
Creators: name: Larson, Bruce A.
name: Larson, Bruce A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy
International Relations/Trade

description: The EU is the third largest regional export market for US agricultural products, with over $6 billion in annual sales. In principle, EU environmental policies designed to control domestic externalities could alter US agricultural exports to the EU. This paper develops a range of theoretically consistent and empirically relevant sectoral models that can be used to estimate the impact of environmental regulations on EU imports of US agricultural products. Section 2 reviews EU environmental policies to discuss how they may directly and indirectly affect EU demand for US agricultural imports. Section 3 develops models for size cases. Cases 1-3 are developed for homogeneous products. Case 1 assumes prices are fixed and the EU policy is a process regulation imposed on domestic producers. Case 2 extends Case 1 to include equilibrium price adjustments. Case 3 extends Case 2 to the situation where the EU policy is a product standard that affects both EU and US producers, although not necessarily in the same way. Cases 4-6 are developed for differentiated products. Case 4 focuses on EU process regulations with equilibrium price adjustments, and Case 5 extends the model to allow for eco-label policies that might shift EU consumer demands for both domestic and imported items. Case 6 extends Case 5 to allow for product standard policies in markets for differentiated products with eco-labels. Section 4 concludes.
Approximation of Semiclassical Expectation Values by Symplectic Gaussian Wave Packet Dynamics
Creators: name: Ohsawa, Tomoki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 35Q41, 81Q05, 81Q20, 81Q70

description: This paper concerns an approximation of the expectation values of the position and momentum of the solution to the semiclassical Schrödinger equation with a Gaussian as the initial condition. Of particular interest is the approximation obtained by our symplectic/Hamiltonian formulation of the Gaussian wave packet dynamics that introduces a correction term to the conventional formulation using the classical Hamiltonian system by Hagedorn and others. The main result is a proof that our formulation gives a higher-order approximation than the classical formulation does to the expectation value dynamics under certain conditions on the potential function. Specifically, as the semiclassical parameter $\varepsilon$ approaches $0$, our dynamics gives an $O(\varepsilon^{3/2})$ approximation of the expectation value dynamics whereas the classical one gives an $O(\varepsilon)$ approximation.
description: 21 pages
FOOD INSECURITY IN THE LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE
Creators: name: Trueblood, Michael A.
name: Shapouri, Shahla
name: Trueblood, Michael A.
name: Shapouri, Shahla
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Food Security and Poverty

description: Despite adequate food supplies at the global level, many low-income countries experience food insecurity. Given that food deficits are projected to get even bigger in the future, the problem probably will only get worse. Added to the concern is the likelihood that global trade liberalization will increase prices and price volatility of major imported staple food commodities. Presently, the international safety nets that do exist are inadequate in stabilizing food supplies for the more vulnerable countries. Food aid has been the primary safety net, but is not sufficient to meet estimated needs around the world. The few alternatives to food aid that have been implemented so far have been either underutilized or ineffective. New safety net proposals could help stabilize grain import prices or manage import costs. This paper shows that 3 selected proposals (grain options, a revolving import compensation fund, and import insurance) would be much less costly than international food aid. The 3 programs would have cost about $300-$600 million per year, compared with the recent cost of food aid from all donors estimated at $2.9 billion. Each of the programs would be effective in stabilizing consumption variability. Improving the international safety net programs may help temper food security concerns and improve support in low-income countries for trade liberalization.
Dilepton decays and oscillation of $B_{s}$ in split supersymmetry with R-parity violation
Creators: name: Chen, Chuan-Hung
name: Geng, Chao-Qiang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study $B$ physics phenomenology in the scenario of split supersymmetry without R-parity. By assuming the constraints of bilinear (trilinear) R-parity violating couplings, which are introduced to solve the problem of the atmospheric (solar) neutrino mass, we show that the decay branching ratios of $B_{s}\to \ell^{+} \ell^{-}$ and the mixing of $B_s-\bar{B}_s$ can be large. Explicitly, we find that $B(B_s\toμ^+μ^-)=O(10^{-7})$ and $Δm_{B_s}=O(10^{-9}) GeV$, which should be observed at future hadron colliders.
description: 10 pages, 4 figures, version to appear in Phys. Rev. D
CONTRACTING FOR SOIL CARBON CREDITS: DESIGN AND COSTS OF MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING
Creators: name: Mooney, Sian
name: Antle, John M.
name: Capalbo, Susan Marie
name: Paustian, Keith H.
name: Mooney, Sian
name: Antle, John M.
name: Capalbo, Susan Marie
name: Paustian, Keith H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy

description: Many firms anticipate that a cap on greenhouse gas emissions will eventually be imposed, either through an international agreement like the Kyoto protocol or through domestic policy, and have started to take voluntary actions to reduce their emissions. If agricultural producers participate in the emerging market for tradable C-credits, it must be possible to verify that actions farmers take do increase the amount of C in soils and this increase can be maintained over the length of the contract. In this paper we develop a prototype measurement and monitoring scheme for C-credits sequestered in agricultural soils and estimate its costs for the small grain-producing region of Montana using an econometric-process simulation model. Three key results emerge from the prototype framework. First, the efficiency of measurement and monitoring procedures for agricultural soil C sequestration depends on the price of C credits. Second, we find that at all price levels, costs of measuring and monitoring are largest in areas that exhibit the greatest heterogeneity in carbon values. Third, in a case study application of our prototype measurement and monitoring scheme, we find that if we assume similar error and confidence levels as forestry contracts, the upper estimate of measurement and monitoring costs associated with a contract that pays farmers per tonne of C sequestered is 3% of the value of a C-credit. This cost is small relative to the estimated net value of the contract. Thus we conclude that measurement and monitoring costs are not likely to be large enough to prevent producers from participating in a market for tradable credits.
THE ROLE OF SEED COMPANY SUPPLIED INFORMATION IN FARMERS' DECISIONS
Creators: name: Alexander, Corinne E.
name: Alexander, Corinne E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Agribusiness
Farm Management

description: Structural and technological change in American agricultural input markets has increased the influence of seed company supplied information relative to other information sources in farmers' decisions. I examine theoretically the incentives for biotechnology firms to provide reliable, useful information to potential customers.
Asymptotic Behavior of Bohmian Trajectories in Scattering Situations
Creators: name: Roemer, S.
name: Duerr, D.
name: Moser, T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the asymptotic behavior of Bohmian trajectories in a scattering situation with short range potential and for wave functions with a scattering and a bound part. It is shown that the set of possible trajectories splits into trajectories whose long time behavior is governed by the scattering part of the wave function (scattering trajectories) and trajectories whose long time behavior is governed by the bound part of the wave function (bound trajectories). Furthermore the scattering trajectories behave like trajectories in classical mechanics in the long time limit. As an intermediate step we show that the asymptotic velocity v_{infty}:=lim_{t to infty}Q/t exists almost surely and is randomly distributed with the density |hat{Psi}^{out}|^2, where Psi^{out} is the outgoing asymptote of the scattering part of the wave function.
description: 24 pages, 2 figures; added references in section 1