Carvalhoma Slater & Gross 1977
Creators: name: Namyatova, Anna A.
name: Cassis, Gerasimos
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Miridae
Carvalhoma

description: Carvalhoma Slater & Gross, 1977
Carvalhoma Slater & Gross, 1977: 135 (type species Carvalhoma malcolmae Slater & Gross, 1977, by original designation).
Carvalhoma – Schuh & Schwartz 1984: 48 (transferred to Cylapinae: Fulviini). — Schuh 1995: 20 (catalogue). — Cassis & Gross 1995: 145 (catalogue, transferred to Cylapinae: Cylapini).
Diagnosis
Distinguished by staphylinoid hemelytron, reaching abdominal segments V–VI, veins obsolete, with distinct punctation or rugopunctate; hypognathous head with shallow midline depression, eyes embedded into head, not pedunculate (Figs 1, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B); pronotum ca 1.1–1.6× as wide as long as in males and ca 1.1–1.5× in females; metathoracic scent gland evaporative area elongate (Figs 2K, 3G, 4D, 5G, 6G); right paramere straight, left paramere longer than right one, c-shaped (Figs 7 D–E, 8D–E, 9D– E, 10D–E); aedeagus longer than left paramere, theca often sclerotised at least apically; ductus seminis short, sclerotised around secondary gonopore; endosoma voluminous, not subdivided into conjunctiva and vesica, bearing sclerotisation (Figs 7 A–B, 8A–B, 9A–B, 10A–B); sclerotised rings of dorsal labiate plate large and curved (Figs 7F, 9F, 10F).
Description
Male
COLOURATION. Body often mostly dark brown to black, rarely mostly pale brown (Fig. 1).
clypeus; AntSeg = the antennal segment; InterOcDi = the vertex width.
SURFACE AND VESTITURE. Dorsum often more or less shiny, rarely entirely shagreened; head smooth or shagreened (Fig. 1), gula with finely rugulose area clothed with short setae (Figs 2C, 4C, 5A, 6B); pronotum dorsally shiny, with shagreened collar or entirely shagreened (Fig. 1), with round or longitudinal depression on midline, rugulose or smooth laterally (Figs 2C, 3A, 4C, 5A, 6B); hemelytron often shiny, with distinct punctation, scarcely and shallowly punctate (Figs 1, 4E, 5G, 6F). Dorsum often clothed with long erect setae (Figs 2C, 4 B–C, 5A), denser on hemelytron and abdomen than on head and pronotum, rarely dorsum almost without setae (Figs 3 A–B, 6B–C); pronotum with or without short dense setae laterally (Figs 2C, 3A, 4C, 5A, 6B); entire pleura or at least metepisternum anteriorly clothed with short setae (Figs 2K, 3G, 4D, 5G); abdomen and legs with short and long setae; antenna with adpressed setae, shorter than width of antennal segment II.
HEAD (Figs 2 A–C, 3A–C, 4A–C, 5A–C, 6A–C). Hypognathous; distinctly wider than long in dorsal view, somewhat wider than high in anterior view, higher than long in lateral view; posterior margin straight and carinate posteriorly in dorsal view; vertex with shallow longitudinal depression; eye contiguous with pronotum, its diameter shorter or subequal to vertex width in dorsal view, eye removed from ventral side of head at distance subequal to eye height in lateral view; inferior margin of antennal fossa placed below inferior margin of eye in anterior view, antennal fossa removed from eye at distance subequal to antennal segment I width or slightly more and placed slightly above mandibular plate in lateral view; clypeus separated from frons by depression, its base placed below inferior margin of antennal fossa; mandibular and maxillary plates separated from remainder of head by weak suture posteriorly; buccula not reaching posterior margin of head, gula subequal in length to buccula.
ANTENNA (Figs 1, 2F, 3I, 4K, 5H, 6D). Shorter than body (Fig. 1); segment I almost straight, slightly widened medially, wider than other segments; segment II cylindrical, not incrassate; segments III and IV filiform; segment IV longer than others.
LABIUM (Figs 2H, 4H, 5D, 6E). Reaching abdominal segment II or III, four-segmented, its segments not subdivided.
THORAX (Figs 2 B–C, 3A–B, 4B–C, 5A–B, 6B–C). Pronotum wider than long, often distinctly raised, sometimes flat in lateral view; collar delimited by shallow depression, pronotum not constricted medially; calli indistinct; lateral margins of pronotum rounded, not carinate; posterior margin rounded; scutellum small, acute apically; mesepimeral apodeme indistinct; mesepimeral spiracle elongate, slitlike, distinctly visible, without evaporative bodies; metepisternum with shallow ridge running from spiracle to evaporative area; metathoracic gland evaporative area oval, directed posteriorly, peritreme upraised, setose; metepimeron covered by abdomen.
HEMELYTRON (Figs 4F, 6F). Staphylinoid, shortened, without venation, apex truncate; clavus, cuneus and embolium not differentiated; costal margins parallel-sided, apical margin weakly upturned, reaching abdominal segment V–VI.
LEGS (Figs 2D, G, 3D, 4G, M, 5F, 6H, K). Forefemur widened, wider than middle and hind femora, hind femur somewhat wider than middle femur; segment I of hind tarsus distinctly longer than segments II and III each; clavus narrow, with apical tooth, unguitractor with three rows of lamellae, placed close to each other and with the medial row of lamellae being characteristically acute; parempodia setiform, outer parempodium reduced (asymmetry described in dorsal view, pretarsus directed anteriorly).
ABDOMEN (Figs 2J, 3F, 4J, 5I, 6G). Genital segment not rotated.
GENITALIA. Genital capsule (Figs 7C, 8C, 9C, 10C) trapeziform, almost symmetrical, without supragenital bridge. Right paramere small, C-shaped, its outer margin straight or concave (Figs 7D, 8D, 9D, 10D); left paramere somewhat longer than right one, C-shaped, with swelling in basal half (Figs 7E, 8E, 9E, 10E). Aedeagus (Figs 7 A–B, 8A–B, 9A–B, 10A–B). Theca slightly curved apically, either mostly membranous, sclerotised apically or mostly sclerotised; ductus seminis short, its apical part, surrounding secondary gonopore, sclerotised; endosoma membranous with sclerotised areas.
Female
Similar to male, but longer and broader, sometimes also somewhat darker than male (Fig. 1), legs shorter than in male; hemelytra often gradually incrassate posteriorly (Figs 2E, 3E, 4F, 5G, 6I).
GENITALIA. Dorsal labiate plate (Figs 7F, 9F, 10F) with large sclerotised rings, curved dorsoventrally, sometimes elongate posteriorly, outer margin of dorsal labiate plate sometimes with additional elongate
sclerite. Posterior wall (7G, 9G, 10G) membranous, with or without small tubercles. Vulva membranous, not surrounded by sclerites.
Distribution
Known from South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Australian Capital Territory and Western Australia (Fig. 11).
Key to species
1. Hemelytron shiny with distinct punctures (Figs 1, 2E, 4 E–F, 5G, 6F, I) ……………………………2 – Hemelytron matte and shagreened, with shallow punctures (Figs 1, 3E) …… C. ovatum sp. nov.
2. Head and pronotum shagreened (Figs 1, 5J), females ovate, ca 3.6–3.8× longer than pronotum width (Fig. 1) ………………………………………………………… C. taplini Slater & Gross, 1977
– Head and pronotum shiny (Fig. 1), females elongate, ca 4.1–5.2× longer than pronotum width (Fig. 1) ……………………………………………………………………………………………3
3. Smaller, body length 1.5–1.6 in male and 1.9–2.2 in female (Fig. 1); lateral margin of pronotum distinctly rugulose and densely setose (Fig. 4C); thoracic pleura distinctly setose (Fig. 4D); antennal segment I short, ca 1.4–1.8× as long as vertex width in male and ca 1.3–1.4× in female ………………………………………………………………………………… C. parvum sp. nov.
– Larger, body length 2.2–2.3 in male and 2.3–2.8 in female (Fig. 1); lateral margins of pronotum smooth, without rugosity and almost without setae; thoracic pleura mostly smooth, with short setae only on metepisternum (Fig. 2K), antennal segment I relatively long, ca 1.9– 2.1× as long as vertex width in male and ca 1.8–2.2× in female …………………………4
4. Male dorsum and antennal segment I dark brown to black (Fig. 1); frons protruding anteriad at distance more than half of eye diameter in dorsal view, ca 2.1× as wide as long in male and ca 1.7–2.2× in female (Figs 1, 2B); upper part of sclerotised rings of dorsal labiate plate twice as long as wide (Fig. 7F) ……………………………………… C. malcolmae Slater & Gross, 1977
– Male dorsum pale brown, antennal segment I whitish yellow to pale brown (Fig. 1); frons protruding at distance less than half of eye diameter in dorsal view, ca 2.7–2.9× as wide as long in male and ca 2.3× in female (Fig. 6C); upper part of sclerotised rings of dorsal labiate plate ca 4× as long as wide (Fig. 10F) ………………………………………………… C. weiri sp. nov.
description: Published as part of Namyatova, Anna A. & Cassis, Gerasimos, 2016, Revision of the staphylinoid and ground-dwelling genus Carvalhoma Slater & Gross (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Cylapinae) of Australia, pp. 1-27 in European Journal of Taxonomy 253 on pages 3-6, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.253, http://zenodo.org/record/3850847