cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake and the termination of inhibitory synaptic potentials in the rat hippocampal slice.
Creators: name: Dingledine, R
name: Korn, S J
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1985

description: Intracellular recordings were made from CA1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampal slice to study the processes that influence the time course of inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (i.p.s.p.s) mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and conductance changes evoked by ionophoretically applied GABA. The GABA-uptake inhibitors, nipecotic acid and cis-4-OH-nipecotic acid (1 mM), greatly prolonged conductance increases associated with both hyperpolarizing and depolarizing responses to ionophoretically applied GABA. In contrast to their effects on GABA-evoked conductances, uptake inhibitors only slightly prolonged antidromically evoked i.p.s.p.s. Their primary effect occurred after the i.p.s.p. had decayed to 5-30% of its peak. 4-OH-isonipecotic acid, a nipecotic acid analogue that does not inhibit GABA uptake, did not prolong i.p.s.p.s or ionophoretically evoked conductance changes. Sodium pentobarbitone (100 microM), a drug that prolongs the open time of GABA-activated chloride channels, potentiated both i.p.s.p.s and responses to ionophoretically applied GABA. Whereas pentobarbitone also prolonged i.p.s.p.s, it did not prolong responses to ionophoretically applied GABA. The prolongation of i.p.s.p.s by pentobarbitone occurred equally in both the early and late phases of the i.p.s.p., in contrast to the effects of GABA-uptake inhibitors. I.p.s.p.s did not usually decay exponentially. The observation that uptake inhibitors prolonged the late but not the early decay phase of the i.p.s.p., together with the previous finding that the conductance change persists for the duration of the i.p.s.p., indicate that GABA is present in the synapse throughout much of the i.p.s.p. These data suggest that diffusion of GABA out of the synapse, a non-exponential process, is an important determinant of the i.p.s.p. decay time course. Increasing the extracellular potassium concentration from 3.5 to 8.5 mM resulted in spontaneously occurring, synchronous burst firing of pyramidal cells. Cis-4-OH-nipecotic acid significantly reduced the number and amplitude of extracellularly recorded population spikes within each burst. We conclude that diffusion, channel open time and GABA uptake all influence the time course of GABA-mediated i.p.s.p.s. The time course of a single, brief i.p.s.p. is determined predominantly by post-synaptic channel kinetics and diffusion of GABA out of the synapse, whereas the inhibition produced by prolonged synaptic bursts or relatively long application of exogenous GABA can be markedly influenced by GABA uptake.
Esaki diodes in van der Waals heterojunctions with broken-gap energy band alignment
Creators: name: Yan, Rusen
name: Fathipour, Sara
name: Han, Yimo
name: Song, Bo
name: Xiao, Shudong
name: Li, Mingda
name: Ma, Nan
name: Protasenko, Vladimir
name: Muller, David A.
name: Jena, Debdeep
name: Xing, Huili Grace
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions composed of 2-dimensional (2D) layered materials are emerging as a solid-state materials family that exhibit novel physics phenomena that can power high performance electronic and photonic applications. Here, we present the first demonstration of an important building block in vdW solids: room temperature (RT) Esaki tunnel diodes. The Esaki diodes were realized in vdW heterostructures made of black phosphorus (BP) and tin diselenide (SnSe2), two layered semiconductors that possess a broken-gap energy band offset. The presence of a thin insulating barrier between BP and SnSe2 enabled the observation of a prominent negative differential resistance (NDR) region in the forward-bias current-voltage characteristics, with a peak to valley ratio of 1.8 at 300 K and 2.8 at 80 K. A weak temperature dependence of the NDR indicates electron tunneling being the dominant transport mechanism, and a theoretical model shows excellent agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, the broken-gap band alignment is confirmed by the junction photoresponse and the phosphorus double planes in a single layer of BP are resolved in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the first time. Our results represent a significant advance in the fundamental understanding of vdW heterojunctions, and widen the potential applications base of 2D layered materials.
description: 27 pages, 11 figures
(120) James Lamont
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Lack of nicotinic supersensitivity in frog sympathetic neurones following denervation.
Creators: name: Marshall, L M
name: Dunn, P M
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1985

description: The sensitivity of bull-frog sympathetic neurones to nicotinic, cholinergic agonists has been studied in both normal (control) and surgically denervated ganglia. Using gross extracellular recording, the sensitivity to acetylcholine (ACh) increased 18-fold following denervation, while that to carbachol (CCh) was unchanged. Normal ganglia showed a similar sensitivity increase after inhibition of cholinesterase. This suggests that the rise in ACh sensitivity is due to reduced cholinesterase activity, not to true supersensitivity. There was no significant difference in resting membrane potential or input resistance between normal and denervated neurones. Neurones denervated for 7-50 days showed no significant change in sensitivity to ACh or CCh applied iontophoretically at a distance of 10 micron from the cell surface. In control ganglia, localized iontophoretic application of ACh revealed an uneven distribution of sensitivity which is attributed to the localization of receptors to synaptic areas. Fourteen days after denervation, the geometric mean sensitivity to focally applied ACh was not significantly different from that found in control ganglia. The variation in sensitivity to focally applied ACh at randomly chosen sites on denervated neurones was as great as that found in control ganglia. It is concluded that denervation does not cause frog sympathetic neurones to become supersensitive to ACh. The apparent increase in nicotinic ACh sensitivity observed using extracellular recording from whole ganglia is due not to a change in the number or distribution of ACh receptors, but to a decrease in cholinesterase activity.
(116) Daniel McEwen Lamont
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
(117) Margaret Christina Lamont
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Respiratory responses to medullary hydrogen ion changes in cats: different effects of respiratory and metabolic acidoses.
Creators: name: Eldridge, F L
name: Millhorn, D E
name: Kiley, J P
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1985

description: The steady-state responses of respiration, measured as integrated phrenic nerve activity, to hypercapnic acidosis of the medullary extracellular fluid (e.c.f.) and to metabolically generated acidosis were compared in paralysed, vagotomized and glomectomized cats. E.c.f. hydrogen ion concentration [( H+]) was measured directly by means of a small (2 mm diameter) pH electrode placed on the ventral medulla. The results in ten cats show that changes of medullary e.c.f. [H+] were linearly related to changes of end-tidal PCO2 both before (r = 0.999) and after (r = 0.996) development of metabolic acidosis. There was a curvilinear relation between hypercapnic e.c.f. [H+] changes and the respiratory response that reflects progressive saturation of a central neural pathway between the chemoreceptors and the respiratory controller. This relation was similar in form both before and after development of metabolic acidosis. When acidosis of metabolic origin was present, apnea occurred with only small decreases of CO2 despite a high [H+]. The respiratory responses to the same e.c.f. [H+] change were only about one-half as large when they were generated metabolically as when they were generated by raising PCO2. Both exogenously induced metabolic acidosis (HCl infusion) and endogenous acidosis yielded similar results. We conclude that the e.c.f. [H+] does not represent the unique stimulus to the central chemoreceptors. We discuss several alternate mechanisms for the action of CO2 and [H+] on central chemoreceptors but none can be considered definitive at the present time.
de Sitter Thin Brane Model
Creators: name: Nishi, Masato
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the large mass hierarchy problem in a braneworld model which represents our acceleratively expanding universe. The Randall-Sundrum (RS) model with warped one extra dimension added to flat 4-dimensional space-time cannot describe our expanding universe. Here, we study instead the de Sitter thin brane model. This is described by the same action as that for the RS model, but the 4-dimensional space-time on the branes is $\rm dS_4$. We study the model for both the cases of positive 5-dimensional cosmological constant $Λ_5$ and negative one. In the positive $Λ_5$ case, the 4-dimensional large hierarchy necessitates a 5-dimensional large hierarchy, and we cannot get a natural explanation. On the other hand, in the negative $Λ_5$ case, the large hierarchy is naturally realized in the 5-dimensional theory in the same manner as in the RS model. Moreover, another large hierarchy between the Hubble parameter and the Planck scale is realized by the ${\mathcal O}(10^2)$ hierarchy of the 5-dimensional quantities. Finally, we find that the lightest mass of the massive Kaluza-Klein modes and the intervals of the mass spectrum are of order $10^2\,\rm GeV$, which are the same as in the RS case and do not depend on the value of the Hubble parameter.
description: 24 pages, 6 figures. v5: published version
(113) Thomas Gourley Lamont
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Medical Herbalism Research Shifting the Paradigm
Creators: name: Carberry, Alexander
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 110499 Complementary and Alternative Medicine not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 110404 Traditional Chinese Medicine and Treatments
subject: Medicine
subject: 220205 History and Philosophy of Medicine
subject: FOS: Other medical sciences
subject: 60114 Systems Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: This paper seeks to establish a paradigm for Medical Herbalism research, harmonious with the manner in which Medical Herbalism is conducted. Researching herbal medicines in controlled experiments with un-standardised extracts to identify causal relationships is inherently difficult. The poly-phytochemical nature and complex interactions of medicinal herbs make definitively identifying active ingredients challenging. The effects and variability of the phytochemical makeup within plant material also complicate controlling for phytochemical consistency and observed effect. Utilising pharmaceutical research methods, where a single chemical can be isolated, standardised and its effect observed, is not possible for the conduct of herbal medicinal research. It requires a significant deviation from the natural variations in plantsʼ poly-phytochemical profiles occurring within species, which is assumed implicitly in Medical Herbalism. We propose a paradigm which shifts the observation from the phytochemicals to observable effects, by utilising continuous biomonitoring technology through using Wearable Health Technology. The purpose is to observe quantitative and qualitative patterns of change in actual people engaged in their everyday activities, which is then subjected to Machine Learning analysis of the gathered data to find patterns of physiological change and develop ontological databases of effects. We may overlay the quantitative research with qualitative data to understand the experience of people as a result of the changes. For this we need to explore and develop Medical Herbalism specific approaches. The necessity of shifting the focus from the poly-phytochemical problem to quantitative changes in the experimental subject opens new horizons. It shifts the focus from causative to statistical correlative methods and provides a platform for more targeted phytochemical profile research, utilising Machine Learning methods such as Semantic Similarity to identify complex effects resulting from variations within the poly-phytochemical profiles of herbs. Such a framework would require ontological databases of effects linked to herbs, providing infrastructure for more targeted phytochemical research.
Neural respiratory and circulatory interaction during chemoreceptor stimulation and cooling of ventral medulla in cats.
Creators: name: Millhorn, D E
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1986

description: The effects on respiratory and sympathetic neural activity, measured as integrated phrenic and cervical nerve activities respectively, during changing input from the central chemoreceptors was studied in anaesthetized, paralysed cats whose carotid sinus nerves and vagus nerves had been cut. Central respiratory drive was altered either by graded cold block of the intermediate areas, located bilaterally near the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata, or by step increases in end-tidal PCO2. Cervical nerve activity showed both a tonic (or mean) level of activity and a prominent cyclic discharge that was in phase with phrenic nerve activity. Graded focal cooling of the intermediate areas to 20 degrees C when end-tidal PCO2 was kept constant caused progressive decreases in phrenic activity, the amplitude of the inspiratory related discharge and mean arterial pressure, but only a small decrease in mean cervical nerve activity. Cooling the intermediate areas in the absence of the inspiratory related discharge (i.e. when phrenic activity was below the apnoeic threshold) led to a much smaller decrease in arterial pressure. Step increases of end-tidal PCO2 caused progressive increases of both cervical and phrenic nerve activities. The increase in cervical activity was due primarily, if not wholly, to a progressive increase in the amplitude of the inspiratory related discharge. These findings show that the predominant effect on sympathetic activity during stimulation of the central chemoreceptor and graded cold block of the intermediate areas is a change in the amplitude of the inspiratory related discharge and suggest that the change in arterial pressure that accompanies central chemoreceptor stimulation and graded cold block of the intermediate areas is mediated by the inspiratory related discharge rather than by an increase in the mean level of sympathetic activity. When phrenic activity was lowered to below apnoeic threshold by cooling the intermediate areas, step increases in end-tidal PCO2 caused inhibition rather than stimulation of cervical nerve activity. This finding indicates that sympathetic neurones are not activated by central chemoreceptor input directly, but rather indirectly via intracranial connexions with neuronal networks involved in regulation of respiration.
Noradrenaline modulates calcium channels in avian dorsal root ganglion cells through tight receptor-channel coupling.
Creators: name: Schulz, D
name: Oxford, G S
name: Forscher, P
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1986

description: Averaged ensemble Ba currents were recorded from tissue cultured embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion (d.r.g.) cells using the cell-attached patch-clamp technique. Noradrenaline (NA) applied to extrapatch membrane had no clear consistent effect on drug-free patch currents. This finding supports a previous suggestion that second messengers may not be involved in NA-mediated decreases in Ca currents in sensory neurones (Forscher & Oxford, 1985). Cell-attached patch currents sometimes increased slowly after extrapatch application of NA, but were not reversibly decreased by drug treatment. Large patch currents were used to trigger cellular action potentials. NA reversibly decreased action potential duration as reflected in extracellularly recorded patch action currents. Simultaneously recorded inward patch currents were not affected. D.r.g. cell adenylate cyclase activity was assayed. NA did not affect intracellular cyclic AMP levels at concentrations which cause 30-70% decreases in gCa in dialysed cells (Forscher & Oxford, 1985). Treatment with forskolin (50 microM) or isoprenaline (10 microM) resulted in 60- and 2-fold increases respectively in adenylate cyclase activity over basal levels. These results suggest that NA decreases Ca currents by direct NA interactions with the Ca channel or a molecule tightly coupled to channel function in d.r.g. cells.
Light top squarks in $U(1)_{R}$-lepton number model with a right handed neutrino and the LHC
Creators: name: Chakraborty, Sabyasachi
name: Datta, AseshKrishna
name: Huitu, Katri
name: Roy, Sourov
name: Waltari, Harri
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the phenomenology of top squarks at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in a supersymmetric model where lepton number is identified with an approximate $U(1)_R$ symmetry in such a way that one of the left chiral sneutrinos can acquire a large vacuum expectation value ($vev$) and can play the role of the down-type Higgs. This $R$-symmetry allows a subset of trilinear $R$-parity violating interactions, which determine the collider phenomenology of this model in a significant way. The gauginos are Dirac particles and gluinos are relatively heavy in this class of models. The model contains a right handed neutrino superfield, which gives a tree level mass to one of the active neutrinos. An order one neutrino Yukawa coupling also helps enhance the Higgs boson mass at the tree level and results in a very light bino-like neutralino ($\widetilde χ_2^0$) with mass around a few hundred MeV, which is a carrier of missing (transverse) energy (\met). The model can accommodate two rather light top squarks, compatible with the observed mass of the Higgs boson. The lighter top squark (${\widetilde t}_1$) can decay into $t\widetildeχ_2^0$, and thus the signal would be similar to the signal of top quark pair production at the LHC. In addition, fully visible decays such as ${\widetilde t}_2 \rightarrow b e^+$ can give rise to interesting final states. Such signals at the LHC combined with other features like a heavy gluino could provide a strong evidence for this kind of a model. Our analysis shows that $m_{\widetilde t_1}\lsim 575~(750)$ GeV and $m_{\widetilde t_2}\lsim 1.2~(1.4)$ TeV can be probed with 5$σ$ statistical significance at the 13 TeV LHC with 300~(3000) fb$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity. Finally, we observe that in the presence of super-light carriers of \met, the so-called `stealth' top squark scenario may naturally appear in our model.
description: Two new figures added, matches with the published version
Selective responsiveness of polymodal nociceptors of the rabbit ear to capsaicin, bradykinin and ultra-violet irradiation.
Creators: name: Szolcsányi, J
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1987

description: 1. The activity of single C- and A-fibre cutaneous sensory units was recorded from the great auricular nerve of anaesthetized rabbits to compare the effects of chemical with other forms of stimulation under several experimental conditions. Chemical agents were delivered by close arterial injection. 2. Small intra-arterial injections of bradykinin (0.2 microgram) and a substantial range of capsaicin doses (2-200 micrograms) consistently activated C polymodal nociceptors without exciting other types of C- or A-fibre cutaneous sense organs. 3. Topical application of xylene to the receptive field of polymodal nociceptors evoked a strong excitation which lasted several minutes. 4. The responses of polymodal nociceptors to mechanical, chemical (bradykinin, xylene) and noxious thermal stimuli were suppressed or abolished after large intra-arterial doses of capsaicin. Capsaicin desensitization of polymodal nociceptors to one kind of stimulation often was not paralleled by similar changes in responsiveness to other stimuli. However, on the average, capsaicin desensitization altered responses to thermal, chemical and mechanical stimuli without afferent selectivity. 5. Background discharge developed in C polymodal nociceptors of the rabbit ear following ultra-violet irradiation sufficient to produce evidence of delayed inflammation. Noxious heat and bradykinin injection (0.2 micrograms) evoked more activity from C polymodal nociceptors in the irradiated ears than from control units.
Конституция общности Русь
Creators: name: Полеев, Андрей
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: конституция
Русь
Фонд конституционного строительства
constitution
constitutional order

description: Конституция общности Русь введена в действие Указом от 26 февраля 2017 года: http://constitution.fund/pages/declaration.htm
title: Bilder mit Impact. Eine Analyse zur Diskursmächtigkeit von Bildern aus Themenausstellungen zu Migration
Creators: name: Tim, Wolfgarten
Publisher: name: ZZF - Centre for Contemporary History: Visual History
Year: 2020

description: Das Zeigen von Bildern ist innerhalb sozialgesellschaftlicher Kontexte keine unbedeutende Handlung. Bereits die Frage, welche Bilder für eine Betrachtung und Veranschaulichung eines Gegenstands ausgewählt werden und welche nicht, verweist auf ihre diskursive Einbettung und lässt darauf schließen, dass über das Medium Bild Diskurse nicht nur abgebildet, sondern auch mitgeschrieben beziehungsweise ausgeformt werden.
Evidence for reduced Cl- and increased Na+ permeability in cystic fibrosis human primary cell cultures.
Creators: name: Yankaskas, J R
name: Gatzy, J T
name: Cotton, C U
name: Knowles, M R
name: Boucher, R C
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1988

description: 1. Employing a primary cell culture system and intracellular microelectrodes, we quantitated and compared the Na+ and Cl- pathways in apical membranes of normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) human airway epithelia. 2. Like the transepithelial difference (PD) in situ, the PD of CF epithelia in culture (-27 +/- 4 mV, mean +/- S.E.M.; n = 28) exceeded the PD of normal epithelia (-10 +/- 1 mV; n = 22). The raised PD principally reflected an increase in the rate of active transport (equivalent short circuit, Ieq) for CF epithelia (61 +/- 9 microA cm-2) as compared with normal epithelia (23 +/- 3 microA cm-2). No significant differences in transepithelial resistance were detected. 3. As indicated by ion replacement studies (gluconate for Cl-), the apical membrane of normal cells exhibits an apical membrane Cl- conductance (GCl) that can be activated by isoprenaline. CF cells do not exhibit an apical membrane GCl, nor can a GCl be activated by isoprenaline. 4. CF cells exhibited a larger amiloride-sensitive Ieq and amiloride-sensitive apical membrane conductance (GNa) than normal cells. Further, the amiloride-sensitive Ieq was increased by isoprenaline in CF but not normal airway epithelia. 5. Equivalent circuit analysis yielded evidence for a more positive electromotive force (EMF) across the apical membrane and a more negative EMF across the basolateral membrane of CF cells as compared with normal cells. Baseline resistances of the apical (Ra) and basolateral (Rb) membranes did not differ for normal and CF cells. 6. Estimates of the resistance of the paracellular path to ion flow (Rs) by equivalent circuit analysis or ion substitution detected no differences in Rs between CF and normal cells. 7. We conclude that abnormalities in both cellular Cl- permeability (reduced) and Na+ permeability (increased) are characteristic of the cultured CF respiratory epithelial cell. These data suggest that a defect in the regulation of apical membrane permeabilities is a central feature of this disease.
(114) James Gilkinson Lamont
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Two long-lasting central respiratory responses following acute hypoxia in glomectomized cats.
Creators: name: Millhorn, D E
name: Gallman, E A
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1988

description: 1. Central respiratory response to acute (10 min) hypoxia, as measured by phrenic nerve activity, was determined in peripheral chemo-denervated cats. 2. Hypoxia was induced by ventilating cats for 10 min at reduced inspired oxygen levels (inspired O2 fraction, FI,O2 = 0.06-0.15). The degree of hypoxaemia was determined from an arterial blood sample and ranged from 'severe' (arterial O2 pressure, Pa,O2 less than 26 Torr) to 'mild' (Pa,O2 greater than 35 Torr). The respiratory response was monitored for 1 h following return to ventilation with 100% oxygen. 3. The results confirmed the finding of prolonged (greater than 60 min) inhibition of respiration upon return to hyperoxic conditions following severe hypoxia, as reported previously (Millhorn, Eldridge, Kiley & Waldrop, 1984). A new finding was a long-lasting (greater than 60 min) facilitation of respiration following exposure to less severe (Pa,O2 greater than 35 Torr) hypoxia. 4. Medullary extracellular fluid pH was measured in six cats. Changes in pH could not explain either the prolonged inhibition following severe hypoxia or the long-lasting facilitation observed following mild hypoxia. 5. Ablation studies were performed in order to determine the locations of the neuronal substrates for the inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms. The results of this series of experiments indicate that the mesencephalon is necessary for activation of the inhibitory mechanism, while the facilitatory mechanism requires the presence of higher brain structures, notably the diencephalon. 6. Following removal of the diencephalon, the inhibitory response was seen following even mild hypoxic insults, i.e. those shown to produce facilitation in animals with intact brains. In the absence of the mesencephalon, neither prolonged inhibition nor prolonged facilitation could be produced following hypoxia. 7. It is proposed that there are two centrally mediated long-lasting responses to acute hypoxia. Facilitation is seen following mild hypoxia. Inhibition is more likely following severe hypoxia. However, both mechanisms appear to be triggered simultaneously and the output of the central respiratory controller reflects the influence of each.
Some integral representations and limits for (products of) the parabolic cylinder function
Creators: name: Veestraeten, Dirk
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 33B20, 33C10, 33C15, 44A10, 60J60

description: Veestraeten [1] recently derived inverse Laplace transforms for Laplace transforms that contain products of two parabolic cylinder functions by exploiting the link between the parabolic cylinder function and the transition density and distribution functions of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. This paper first uses these results to derive new integral representations for (products of two) parabolic cylinder functions. Second, as the Brownian motion process with drift is a limiting case of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process also limits can be calculated for the product of gamma functions and (products of) parabolic cylinder functions. The central results in both cases contain, in stylised form, D_{v}(x)D_{v}(y) and D_{v}(x)D_{v-1}(y) such that the recurrence relation of the parabolic cylinder function straightforwardly allows to obtain integral representations and limits also for countless other combinations in the orders such as D_{v}(x)D_{v-3}(y) and D_{v+1}(x)D_{v}(y).
Multiple components of both transient and sustained barium currents in a rat dorsal root ganglion cell line.
Creators: name: Boland, L M
name: Dingledine, R
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1990

description: 1. Currents through voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) x mouse neuroblastoma hybrid (F-11) cells were studied using the whole-cell patch clamp technique with 30 mM-Ba2+ as charge carrier. Two components of the inward Ba2+ current were distinguished on the basis of voltage dependence and time course. Each component could be further subdivided based on pharmacology. 2. A transient inward current activated at test potentials positive to -40 mV, peaked within 20 ms and then decayed during a 200 ms depolarization. The peak amplitude of the transient current occurred between -10 and +10 mV. With a 300 ms conditioning pulse, half-inactivation of the transient current occurred at -30 mV. A sustained inward current activated at test potentials positive to -30 mV and reached a maximum at +20 to +30 mV. The sustained current showed little voltage-dependent inactivation over 200 ms. The amplitudes of both the transient and sustained currents were increased by perfusing with Ba2+ instead of Ca2+. 3. Most F-11 cells had both the transient and sustained Ba2+ currents although the relative amount of the two currents varied with culture conditions. The transient current was more prominent in cells fed with a 'growth' medium (15-20% serum) whereas the sustained current was increased in cells fed with a 'differentiation' medium (1% serum plus growth factors). F-11 cells can be used to study transient current in relative isolation from sustained Ca2+ current under certain culture conditions. The neuroblastoma parent of the F-11 cell line, N18TG-2 cells, exhibited little or no voltage-dependent Ba2+ current. 4. Brief application of omega-conotoxin fraction GVIA (10 microM) produced a long-lasting block of 81% of the sustained current and 27% of the transient current. 5. The transient and sustained Ba2+ currents in F-11 cells were reversibly blocked by brief exposure to Cd2+ or Ni2+. Block of the sustained current was evident with 100 nM-Cd2+ whereas the threshold concentration for Ni2+ block was 1 microM. Cd2+ and Ni2+ were equipotent blockers of the transient current. Dose-response curves for Cd2+ and Ni2+ block of both sustained and transient currents had shallow slopes suggesting that the block was more complex than a simple bimolecular interaction between blocker and one blocking site. Dose-response curves were fitted by a model that included two binding sites for each divalent blocker.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Objects of maximum electromagnetic chirality
Creators: name: Fernandez-Corbaton, Ivan
name: Fruhnert, Martin
name: Rockstuhl, Carten
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We introduce a definition of the electromagnetic chirality of an object and show that it has an upper bound. Reciprocal objects attain the upper bound if and only if they are transparent for all the fields of one polarization handedness (helicity). Additionally, electromagnetic duality symmetry, i.e., helicity preservation upon interaction, turns out to be a necessary condition for reciprocal objects to attain the upper bound. We use these results to provide requirements for the design of such extremal objects. The requirements can be formulated as constraints on the polarizability tensors for dipolar objects or on the material constitutive relations for continuous media. We also outline two applications for objects of maximum electromagnetic chirality: a twofold resonantly enhanced and background-free circular dichroism measurement setup, and angle-independent helicity filtering glasses. Finally, we use the theoretically obtained requirements to guide the design of a specific structure, which we then analyze numerically and discuss its performance with respect to maximal electromagnetic chirality.
description: This version contains an example of how to use the theoretically derived constraints for designing realistic structures. It also contains a discussion related to the optical chirality density
(115) William Lamont
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Mesencephalic stimulation elicits inhibition of phrenic nerve activity in cat.
Creators: name: Gallman, E A
name: Lawing, W L
name: Millhorn, D E
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1991

description: 1. Previous work from this laboratory has indicated that the mesencephalon is the anatomical substrate for a mechanism capable of inhibiting central respiratory drive in glomectomized cats for periods of up to 1 h or more following brief exposure to systemic hypoxia; phrenic nerve activity was used as an index of central respiratory drive. 2. The present study was undertaken to further localize the region responsible for the observed post-hypoxic inhibition of respiratory drive. We studied the phrenic nerve response to stimulations of the mesencephalon in anaesthetized, paralysed peripherally chemo-denervated cats with end-expired PCO2 and body temperature servo-controlled. 3. Stimulations of two types were employed. Electrical stimulation allowed rapid determination of sites from which phrenic inhibition could be elicited. Microinjections of excitatory amino acids were used subsequently in order to confine excitation to neuronal cell bodies and not axons of passage. 4. Stimulation of discrete regions of the ventromedial aspect of the mesencephalon in the vicinity of the red nucleus produced substantial inhibition of phrenic activity which lasted up to 45 min. Stimulation of other areas of the mesencephalon either produced no phrenic inhibition or resulted in a slight stimulation of phrenic activity. 5. The results are discussed in the context of the central respiratory response to hypoxia.
Torsional Elastic Waves in Double Wall Tube
Creators: name: Katanaev, M. O.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Classical Physics (physics.class-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe the double wall tube with cylindrical dislocation in the framework of the geometric theory of defects. The induced metric is found. The dispersion relation is obtained for the propagation of torsional elastic waves in the double wall tube.
description: 10 pages, 4 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1502.07935
Respiratory-associated rhythmic firing of midbrain neurones in cats: relation to level of respiratory drive.
Creators: name: Chen, Z
name: Wagner, P G
name: Eldridge, F L
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1991

description: 1. We recorded phrenic nerve activities and single unit firing of mesencephalic neurones in unanaesthetized supracollicularly decerebrated, paralysed and ventilated cats, in which vagi and carotid sinus nerves had been ablated. We made these measurements first at low levels of respiratory drive associated with normal PCO2 levels, then with increased respiratory drive and levels of phrenic activity produced by hypercapnia or by carotid sinus nerve stimulation. 2. We found that at least a quarter of the neurones in the central tegmental field of the mesencephalon, which were irregularly tonic or silent at low respiratory drives, developed a rhythmic increase of firing associated with each respiration. There appeared to be a threshold at about 50% of maximum respiratory activity, below which the respiratory-associated rhythm did not occur. Above this level, neuronal firing increased in graded fashion with increasing magnitude of respiratory activity. The latency from onset of phrenic activity to onset of increased neuronal firing was quite long (1.0 s) at drives just above the threshold but shortened to as little as 0.3 s as drive increased towards its maximum. 3. Cutting the spinal cord at C1-C2 had no effect on the ability of increased respiratory activity to generate a respiratory-associated rhythm in mesencephalic neurones. 4. Short-lasting anaesthesia with the agent Saffan caused mesencephalic neurones to lose the respiratory-associated rhythm with little change in phrenic activity and no change in respiratory cycle timing. 5. We also found a mesencephalic response to ventilator-induced chest expansion. The latency of the response from onset of expansion, indexed by fall of airway PCO2, to onset of neurone firing was shorter (0.2 s) than that found with the respiratory-associated rhythm. In seventeen neurones we found both the respiratory-associated rhythm and the independent ventilator-associated rhythm. 6. We interpret our findings to show that the respiratory-associated rhythmic firing of midbrain neurones is not primarily involved in generation or modulation of the motor function of the respiratory oscillator. We believe, instead, that these neurones are part of a sensory pathway conveying information about the magnitude of central neural respiratory drive, as well as spinally transmitted information from receptors in the chest wall, to thalamus and cortex. We suggest that the sensation ultimately generated may be that of 'air hunger' or dyspnoea.
(112) Janet [Jessie] McEwen
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Intracellular pH and its relationship to regulation of ion transport in normal and cystic fibrosis human nasal epithelia.
Creators: name: Willumsen, N J
name: Boucher, R C
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 1992

description: 1. Intracellular pH (pHi) of cultured human airway epithelial cells from normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) subjects were measured with double-barrelled pH-sensitive liquid exchanger microelectrodes. The cells, which were grown to confluence on a permeable collagen matrix support, were mounted in a modified miniature Ussing chamber. All studies were conducted under open circuit conditions. Values are given as means +/- S.E.M. and n refers to the number of preparations. 2. Normal preparations (n = 15) were characterized by a transepithelial potential difference (Vt) of -18 +/- 2 mV, an apical membrane potential (Va) of -19 +/- 2 mV, a basolateral membrane potential (Vb) of -37 +/- 2 mV, a transepithelial resistance (Rt) of 253 +/- 15 omega cm2, a fractional apical membrane resistance (fRa) of 0.40 +/- 0.04 and an equivalent short circuit current (Ieq) of -73 +/- 7 microA cm-2. 3. CF preparations (n = 13) were characterized by a Vt of -46 +/- 7 mV, a Va of 3 +/- 5 mV, a Vb of -43 +/- 3 mV, Rt of 373 +/- 47 omega cm2, fRa of 0.44 +/- 0.04 and an Ieq of -130 +/- 16 microA cm-2. All parameters except Vb and fRa were significantly different (P < 0.025) from those of normal preparations. 4. Despite large differences in electrochemical driving force for proton flow across the apical cell membranes between normal and CF preparations (-4 +/- 3 mV and 20 +/- 7 mV, respectively), pHi was similar (7.15 +/- 0.02 and 7.11 +/- 0.05, respectively). The driving force across the basolateral membrane was similar in normal and CF preparations (22 +/- 3 and 26 +/- 3 mV, respectively). 5. Intracellular alkalinization achieved by removal of CO2 from the luminal Ringer solution or by luminal ammonium prepulse led to stimulation of Ieq in both normal (from -58 to -70 microA cm-2, n = 4; P < 0.05) and CF (from -144 to -163 microA cm-2, n = 4; P < 0.005) preparations. The increase in Ieq was associated with a reduction of Rt, increase in fRa, and hyperpolarization of Vb. All changes in bioelectric properties in response to intracellular alkalinization were fully reversible. 6. Intracellular acidification achieved by serosal ammonium prepulse led to marked reductions of Ieq in both normal (from -95 to -31 microA cm-2, n = 6; P < 0.05) and CF (from -111 to -67 microA cm-2, n = 7; P < 0.005) preparations.
State of matter at high density and entropy bounds
Creators: name: Masoumi, Ali
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Entropy of all systems that we understand well is proportional to their volumes except for black holes given by their horizon area. This makes the microstates of any quantum theory of gravity drastically different from the ordinary matter. Because of the assumption that black holes are the maximum entropy states there have been many conjectures that put the area, defined one way or another, as a bound on the entropy in a given region of spacetime. Here we construct a simple model with entropy proportional to volume which exceeds the entropy of a single black hole. We show that a homogeneous cosmology filled with this gas exceeds one of the tightest entropy bounds, the covariant entropy bound and discuss the implications.
description: This essay was written for the 2015 Gravity Research Foundation essay competition and received an honorable mention
To what extent is Bauhaus even possible nowadays?
Creators: name: Bürdek, Bernhard E.
name: Wagner, Christiane
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Design
Industry
Art
Innovation
Design Solutions
Social Demands

description: Art Style | Art & Culture International Magazine Bauhaus Special Edition An interview by Christiane Wagner for the Art Style Magazine’s Bauhaus Special Edition, with the author Bernhard E. Bürdek of the book Design: History, Theory, and Practice of Product Design.
description: Art Style, Art & Culture International Magazine is an open-access, biannual, and peer-reviewed online magazine that aims to bundle cultural diversity. All values of cultures are shown in their varieties of art. Beyond the importance of the medium, form, and context in which art takes its characteristics, art is considered the significance of socio-cultural, historical, and market influence.