cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Tephrosia villosa Pers.
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Fabales
Fabaceae
Tephrosia
Tephrosia villosa

description: Galega villosa (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 2: 1172. 1759.
["Habitat in India."] Sp. Pl. 2: 752 (1753). RCN: 5563.
Basionym: Cracca villosa L. (1753).
Lectotype (Gillett in Kew Bull. 13: 121. 1958; Ali in Biologia (Lahore) 10: 25. 1964): Herb. Hermann 1: 31, No. 299 (BM-000621337).
Current name: Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. (Fabaceae: Faboideae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Tephrosia virginiana Pers.
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Fabales
Fabaceae
Tephrosia
Tephrosia virginiana

description: Galega virginiana (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 2: 1172. 1759.
["Habitat in Virginia, Canada."] Sp. Pl. 2: 752 (1753). RCN: 5562.
Basionym: Cracca virginiana L. (1753).
Lectotype (Wood in Rhodora 51: 267. 1949): Kalm, Herb. Linn. No. 924.4 (LINN; iso- UPS).
Current name: Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. (Fabaceae: Faboideae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
title: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
title: Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
titleType: AlternativeTitle
Creators: name: CERN
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018

description: Hamburg, Germany, 31 May– 10 June 2016
Edited by Roger Bailey
CERN-2018-001-SP, ISBN 978–92–9083–482–3 (paperback), ISBN 978–92–9083–483–0 (PDF)
description: Machine Protection...613
Undulator Technology...55
Bunch Length Compressors...363
Coherent Synchrotron Radiation and Microbunching Instability...381
Crystallography and Molecular Imaging using X-ray Lasers...605
Motion in the Undulator...347
Pendulum Equations and Low Gain Regime...355
Coherence Properties of the Radiation from X-ray Free Electron Lasers...539
Wakefields - An Overview...125
LLRF Controls and Feedback: Free-Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs...501
The Quantum Free-Electron Laser...467
Transverse Beam Dynamics...145
Beam Dynamics of Energy Recovery Linacs...439
Classical Electrodynamics and Applications to Particle Accelerators...1
Short Theory of Special Relativity and Invariant Formulation of Electrodynamics...27
Historical Survey of Free Electron Lasers...195
Space Charge Mitigation...177
Different Applications of Energy Recovery Linacs...631
Lasers in FEL Facilities...327
Linear Accelerator Technology...79
Electron Sources and Injection Systems...401
Energy Efficiency...421
The European XFEL—Status and commissioning...597
High-Gain Regime: 1D...455
High-Gain Regime: 3D...483
Temporal Coherence of Radiation from a Collection of Electrons...489
FEL Oscillator Principles...493
Front matter...i-viii
Back matter...651
Full text
Bunch Length Compressors
Creators: name: Di Mitri, Simone
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Electron bunches; radio-frequency linear accelerators; electron optics.

description: An introduction to radio-frequency and magnetic bunch length compression of ultra-relativistic particle beams in linear accelerators is given, with a treatment of the single-particle motion up to the second order, and attention to the production of high peak current bunches for free-electron lasers.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Coherent Synchrotron Radiation and Microbunching Instability
Creators: name: Di Mitri, Simone
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Electron bunches; linear accelerators; electron optics; synchrotron radiation; impedance; microbunching instability.

description: Emission of coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) in dipole magnets by ultra-relativistic electron beams is treated. The CSR impact on beam energy distribution and transverse emittance is discussed, and methods for minimizing emittance growth are recalled. A qualitative explanation of the contribution of CSR to the microbunching instability is given. This instability is treated in some detail in the presence of longitudinal space-charge force and magnetic bunch-length compression. Special attention is given to the aforementioned collective effects such as for the production of high peak current bunches driving free-electron lasers.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Undulator Technology
Creators: name: Pflueger, Joachim
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Undulators; free-electron lasers; permanent magnets.

description: Since the 1970s undulators are used in storage rings and free-electron lasers as sources of intense radiation. This tutorial gives an elementary introduction and describes the principles as well as electromagnetic, superconducting and permanent magnet technologies, which are used in practice. Special emphasis is put on permanent magnet technology, which is most developed and used in most practical applications. An overview illustrated by many examples of the state of the art is given.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Crystallography and Molecular Imaging using X-ray Lasers
Creators: name: White, Thomas Ashley
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Crystallography; biochemistry; free-electron laser.

description: A very successful application of X-ray free-electron lasers has been made in structural biology. Acquiring diffraction data using X-ray pulses with durations of a few tens of femtoseconds allows the conventional processes of radiation damage to be sidestepped, breaking limits that previously applied, while at the same time permitting experiments to probe chemical dynamics on short timescales. This contribution gives an introduction to applications of free-electron lasers in biochemistry, including potential future applications to single-molecule diffraction.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Machine Protection
Creators: name: Fröhlich, Lars
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Machine protection; linear accelerators; free-electron lasers; energy recovery linacs; radiation-induced demagnetization.

description: Conventional linacs used for modern free-electron lasers carry electron beams of unprecedented brightness with average powers ranging from a few watts to hundreds of kilowatts. Energy recovery linacs are already operated as radiation sources with nominal electron beam powers beyond 1 MW, and this figure can only be expected to increase in the future. This lecture discusses the scope of machine protection for these accelerators, reviews the parameters of existing and planned facilities, and gives an overview of typical hazards and damage scenarios. A brief introduction to the interaction of electron beams with matter is given, including a simple model for estimating some properties of electromagnetic cascades. A special problem common to most light sources—the field loss of permanent magnet undulators and its consequences for the emission of radiation—is discussed in the final section.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Galenia africana Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Caryophyllales
Aizoaceae
Galenia
Galenia africana

description: Galenia africana Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 359. 1753.
"Habitat in Africa." RCN: 2849.
Lectotype (Adamson in J. S. African Bot. 22: 91. 1956): Herb. Linn. No. 507.1 (LINN).
Generitype of Galenia Linnaeus.
Current name: Galenia africana L. (Aizoaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Lamiastrum galeobdolon Ehrend. & Polatschek
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Lamiales
Lamiaceae
Lamiastrum
Lamiastrum galeobdolon

description: Galeopsis galeobdolon Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 580. 1753.
"Habitat in Europae nemoribus." RCN: 4227.
Lectotype (Polatschek in Österr. Bot. Zeitschr. 122: 267. 1973): Herb. Linn. No. 734.4 (LINN).
Current name: Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek (Lamiaceae).
Note: See discussion by Gutermann & al. (in Österr. Bot. Zeitschr. 122: 266-267. 1973). Mennema (in Leiden Bot. Ser. 11: 36. 1989) incorrectly regarded G. galeobdolon as the basionym of Lamium galeobdolon L. (Amoen. Acad. 4: 485. 1759), an invalid name.
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Stachys ocymastrum Briq.
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Lamiales
Lamiaceae
Stachys
Stachys ocymastrum

description: Galeopsis hirsuta Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 580. 1753.
"Habitat in Hispania." RCN: 4244.
Replaced synonym of: Sideritis ocymastrum L. (1759); Stachys hirta L. (1763), nom. illeg.
Lectotype (Turland in Jarvis & al. in Taxon 50: 511. 2001): Herb. Linn. No. 736.16 (LINN).
Current name: Stachys ocymastrum (L.) Briq. (Lamiaceae).
Note: Galeopsis hirsuta was transferred to Sideritis in 1759 (as S. ocymastrum L. because of the existence of Sideritis hirsuta L. (1753)), and then appeared as Stachys hirta L. in 1763. The use of “hirta” may originally have been an error for “hirsuta” (as G. hirsuta is included in its synonymy), but as Linnaeus continued to use “hirta” in later works (Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 2: 395. 1767; Syst. Nat., ed. 13: 447. 1774), Stachys hirta is treated as illegitimate.
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Galeopsis ladanum Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Lamiales
Lamiaceae
Galeopsis
Galeopsis ladanum

description: Galeopsis ladanum Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 579. 1753.
"Habitat in Europae arvis & campis sabulosis." RCN: 4225.
Lectotype (Townsend in Watsonia 5: 143. 1962): Herb. Linn. No. 734.1 (LINN).
Current name: Galeopsis ladanum L. (Lamiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Wakefields - An Overview
Creators: name: Reimann, Franziska
name: Van Rienen, Ursula Helga
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Wakeﬁelds; Green’s functions; loss parameters; impedances.

description: In this paper, we will report on the basic concepts of ultra-relativistic wake-ﬁelds and their effects on particles while focusing; in this context, particularly on particle accelerators. We will introduce the commonly used terminology, and will derive and explain important quantities, such as the wake potential and wake function, the impedance as the Fourier transform of the wake potential, and loss parameters. To deepen knowledge on wake functions and potentials further, we will illustrate the derived quantities using, as examples, the cylindrical cavity and a rectangular waveguide lined with dielectrics.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Transverse Beam Dynamics
Creators: name: Holzer, Bernhard
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Accelerator physics; synchrotron; storage ring; transverse dynamics.

description: This paper gives an overview of the transverse particle dynamics in synchrotrons and storage rings. The main emphasis is on giving an introduction to the basic concepts, described in linear approximation and allowing the reader to deduce the main parameters of a machine, based on some simple scaling laws.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Motion in the Undulator
Creators: name: Reiche, Sven
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Free-electron laser; theory; undulator; electron motion.

description: This paper gives an introduction to the theoretical framework for the motion of an electron in the periodic field of an undulator and wiggler. The equations of motion are derived and solved for planar and helical devices.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Pendulum Equations and Low Gain Regime
Creators: name: Reiche, Sven
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Free-electron laser; theory; low-gain regime; resonance condition.

description: This paper introduces the theoretical framework for the motion of an electron in the periodic field of an undulator and wiggler. It is a continuation of the previous article on motion in the undulator but includes the interaction with a co-propagating radiation field. The longitudinal motion of each electron is similar to a pendulum and, in resonance with the co-propagating field, energy can be exchanged between the electron beam and the radiation field in the small signal low-gain regime of the free-electron laser.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
The Quantum Free-Electron Laser
Creators: name: Robb, Gordon
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Free-electron laser; quantum; recoil.

description: The quantum regime of the free-electron laser (FEL) interaction, where the recoil associated with photon emission plays a significant role, is discussed. The role of quantum effects and their relation to electron beam coherence are considered. An outline derivation of a 1D quantum high-gain FEL model and some of its predictions for the behaviour of a quantum FEL in the linear and non-linear regimes are presented. The effect of slippage and, consequently, the quantum regime of self-amplified spontaneous emission are discussed. Suggestions on how to realise a quantum FEL are presented and some recent related work is summarized.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Galeopsis tetrahit Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Lamiales
Lamiaceae
Galeopsis
Galeopsis tetrahit

description: Galeopsis tetrahit Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 579. 1753.
"Habitat in Europae segetes & olera." RCN: 4226.
Lectotype (Press in Jarvis & al., Regnum Veg. 127: 48. 1993): Herb. Clifford: 314, Galeopsis 2 β (BM-000646117).
Generitype of Galeopsis Linnaeus (vide Green, Prop. Brit. Bot.: 165. 1929).
Current name: Galeopsis tetrahit L. (Lamiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
LLRF Controls and Feedback: Free-Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Creators: name: Pfeiffer, Sven
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Low-level radio frequency; LLRF; feedback; system identification; controller design.

description: The low-level radio frequency (LLRF) system generates the drive sent to the high-power components. In this paper, we give the basics of LLRF controls and feedback. This includes a brief introduction to the two concepts for this school, i.e., the energy recovery linac and the free-electron laser, and their main differences, from a LLRF perspective. The physical behaviour of the subcomponents (detector, amplifier, cavity, etc.) within an LLRF feedback loop is outlined, together with its system modelling in the time and frequency domains. System identification using special input–output signals is introduced. Furthermore, stability checks for the closed-loop operation and the feedback controller design in the time and frequency domains are briefly discussed. This paper concludes with some examples for system identification, its feedback design, and the achieved stability at different facilities, showing the need for LLRF control and feedback eration.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Coherence Properties of the Radiation from X-ray Free Electron Lasers
Creators: name: Yurkov, Mikhail
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Free electron laser; X-ray laser; self-amplified spontaneous emission FEL; SASE FEL; statistics; fluctuations; coherence; temporal coherence; spatial coherence; harmonics.

description: A description of the statistical and coherence properties of the radiation from X-ray free electron lasers is one of the most complicated topics in free electron laser physics. Results of studies in this field are distributed over many papers published during the past three decades. We have made an attempt to put together all knowledge on the subject available to date. We avoid complicated mathematical derivations, and put the main emphasis on physical features and final results. Free electron laser theory has reached mature status, making it possible to present final results in an elegant form. Application of similarity techniques to the results of numerical simulations allowed us to derive universal scaling relations for the main characteristics of an X-ray free electron laser operating in the saturation regime: efficiency, coherence time, degree of transverse coherence, and pointing stability of the radiation. Statistical and coherence properties of the higher harmonics of the radiation are highlighted as well.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Galium aparine Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium aparine

description: Galium aparine Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 108. 1753.
"Habitat in Europae cultis & ruderatis." RCN: 882.
Lectotype (Jafri in Jafri & El-Gadi, Fl. Libya 65: 15. 1979): Herb. Linn. No. 129.33 (LINN).
Current name: Galium aparine L. (Rubiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Classical Electrodynamics and Applications to Particle Accelerators
Creators: name: Herr, Werner
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Electrodynamics; Maxwell's equations; electromagnetic waves; cavities.

description: Classical electrodynamic theory is a required theoretical training for physicist and engineers working with particle accelerators. The basic and empirical phenomena are reviewed and lead to the Maxwell equations, which form the framework for any calculations involving electromagnetic fields. Some necessary mathematical background is included in the appendices so the reader can follow the work and the conventions used in this text. Plane waves in vacuum and in different media, radiofrequency cavities and the propagation in wave guide are presented.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Space Charge Mitigation
Creators: name: Ferrario, Massimo
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Beam matching; rms emittance; laminar beam; space charge effects; rms envelope equations.

description: In this paper we introduce, from basic principles, the main concepts of beam focusing and transport of space charge dominated beams in high brightness accelerators using the beam envelope equation as a convenient mathematical tool. Matching conditions suitable for preserving beam quality are derived from the model for significant beam dynamics regimes.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Historical Survey of Free Electron Lasers
Creators: name: Couprie, Marie-Emmanuelle
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Free Electron Laser; laser; undulator.

description: Free electron lasers are presently unique tuneable powerful lasers ranging from the infrared to the X-ray, serving for the exploration of light–matter interaction.They make use of a simple and elegant gain medium. The coherent radiation is generated using free electrons in a periodic permanent magnetic ﬁeld generated by a so-called undulator as an ampliﬁcation medium. The light–electron interaction in the undulator leads to a bunching process, setting in phase the electron emitters and establishing a longitudinal coherence. The ampliﬁca-tion of the light wave takes place to the detriment of the kinetic energy of the electrons. First, the origins of the free electron laser, starting from the photon–matter interaction, the early times of synchrotron radiation and the undulator, the development of vacuum tubes, masers, and lasers are introduced. Then, motivated by the search of an exotic laser, the invention of the free electron conceptual idea laser is discussed, with a quantum approach followed by a classical one. The ﬁrst low gain free electron laser experiments are then presented. Finally, some insight is given in the case of the high gain free electron lasers.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Short Theory of Special Relativity and Invariant Formulation of Electrodynamics
Creators: name: Herr, Werner
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Special relativity; electrodynamics; four-vectors.

description: The basic concepts of special relativity are presented in this paper. Consequences for the design and operation of particle accelerators are discussed, along with applications. Although all branches of physics must fulﬁl the principles of special relativity, the focus of this paper is the application to electro-magnetism. The formulation of physics laws in the form of four-vectors allows a fully invariant formulation of electromagnetic theory and a reformulation of Maxwell’s equations. This signiﬁcantly simpliﬁes the treatment of moving charges in electromagnetic ﬁelds and can explain some open questions.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Lasers in FEL Facilities
Creators: name: Divall, Marta
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Lasers; optical timing distribution; photo-injector; pump-probe experiments.

description: This paper gives an overview about where and how conventional lasers are used in Free-Electron Laser (FEL) facilities, covering lasers utilized for timing system distribution, electron injection, beam treatment and diagnostics, as well as in experimental stations. It starts with a short introduction to the necessary laser terminology. The required laser parameters for each application are shown, especially highlighting the specifications, which are state-of-the-art. Examples from FEL facilities are listed. Finally, the future for the building of compact FELs is discussed.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Electron Sources and Injection Systems
Creators: name: Chiadroni, Enrica
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Brightness; photo-emission; photo-injectors.

description: High-brightness photo-injectors are mandatory for several applications, for instance plasma-based accelerators, linear colliders, novel radiation sources, such as free-electron lasers, terahertz radiation sources, and inverse Compton scattering sources; all require the production, acceleration, and manipulation of high-brightness electron beams.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Beam Dynamics of Energy Recovery Linacs
Creators: name: Jankowiak, Andreas
name: Abo-Bakr, Michael
name: Matveenko, Aleksandr
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: ERL; beam dynamics; optics; collective effects.

description: Energy recovery linacs (ERLs) combine the advantages of the two major accelerator types used at present: the high currents and low energy consumption of storage rings and the rapidly accelerated, high-brilliance beams of linear ccelerators (linacs). As concepts from both accelerator types are adopted, similar beam physics challenges need to be overcome in the design of an ERL. In the first part of this article we describe the main requirements and layout options for an ERL’s beam optics, pointing out the individual demands of the various subparts of the ERL: injector, merger and splitter, linac section, and recirculator. In the second part, collective high-current effects are introduced with a focus on space charge, coherent synchrotron radiation, the microbunching instability, and beam break-up. A comprehensive list of references is given for readers interested in further details of the topics introduced.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Different Applications of Energy Recovery Linacs
Creators: name: Aulenbacher, Kurt
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Energy recovery linac; electron ion collider; Mainz energy-recovering superconducting accelerator.

description: Besides their application for radiation generation, energy recovery linacs may become a unique tool for scattering experiments in nuclear and particle physics. Applications for fixed target and also for collider experiments are discussed. Spin polarized operation is an essential feature which requires additional attention.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Galium aristatum Linnaeus 1762
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium aristatum

description: Galium aristatum Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, ed. 2, 1: 152. 1762.
"Habitat in monte Ventoso & m. Virginis Neapolitano. C. G. Minuart." RCN: 872.
Type not designated.
Original material: Herb. Linn. No. 56.5 (S); Herb. Linn. No. 129.16 (LINN); Herb. Linn. No. 129.17 (LINN); [icon] in Barrelier, Pl. Galliam: 12, t. 583. 1714; [icon] in Boccone, Mus. Piante Rar. Sicilia: 83, t. 75. 1697; [icon] in Barrelier, Pl. Galliam: 12, t. 356. 1714.
Current name: Galium aristatum L. (Rubiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Galium bermudense Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium bermudense

description: Galium bermudense Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 105. 1753.
"Habitat in Virginia." RCN: 880.
Lectotype (Reveal & al. in Huntia 7: 234. 1987): [icon] " Rubia tetraphyllos glabra latiore folio Bermudensis, seminibus binis atropurpureis" in Plukenet, Phytographia: t. 248, f. 6. 1692; Almag. Bot.: 324. 1696. - Typotype: Dickinson s.n., Bermuda (32: 82, BMSL).
Current name: Galium bermudense L. (Rubiaceae).
Note: Britten (in J. Bot. 47: 41-42. 1909) discussed this name in detail, concluding that it should be used in the sense of the Plukenet plate, and making the combination Relbunium bermudense (L.) Britten to accompany it. However, he did not explicitly designate a type though Reveal & al. subsequently did so. Weatherby & Blake (in Rhodora 18: 193. 1916) proposed that the name be rejected as a nomen confusum; see Gillis & Proctor (in Sida 6: 59. 1975). Although evidently a mixture with G. pilosum Aiton, typification has subsequently established correct usage of the name.
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Energy Efficiency
Creators: name: Jensen, Erk
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Energy conversion; exergy; efficiency; beam loading; Sankey diagram.

description: Particle accelerators are precious tools, not only for high-energy and nuclear physics, but also for many other areas of science, medicine, and security. They do, however, have a substantial energy consumption, which makes it important to design them to make best use of the consumed energy. Maximizing the energy efficiency of an accelerator means minimizing not only the energy consumption and the environmental impact, but also allowing for smaller installations. The concepts and technologies developed to improve the energy efficiency of particle accelerators are not limited to accelerators, but will have a significant impact on energy systems generally. These developments include smart power grids and short-term energy storage devices, better energy conversion efficiencies for subsystems, efficient cryogenic systems, and, ultimately, the recovery of unused energy in more valuable forms than low-temperature heat. Energy recovery linacs are the prime example for good efficiency, since they accelerate, use, and decelerate a continuous beam, using the energy recovered during deceleration for acceleration.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Galium boreale Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium boreale

description: Galium boreale Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 108. 1753.
"Habitat in Europae borealis pratis." RCN: 877.
Lectotype (Nazimuddin & Qaiser in Nasir & Ali, Fl. Pakistan 190: 70. 1989): Herb. Linn. No. 129.25 (LINN).
Current name: Galium boreale L. (Rubiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
High-Gain Regime: 1D
Creators: name: Kim, Kwang-Je
name: Ryan, Lindberg
name: Huang, Zhirong
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: High-gain regime; FELs

description: We discuss the free-electron laser physics in high-gain regime in 1D regime, which contains the most important aspects of the free-electron laser dynamics. The high-gain regime is particularly important when mirrors are not available to build oscillators, and has been used as the most straightforward way to produce intense X-rays from FELs.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
High-Gain Regime: 3D
Creators: name: Kim, Kuang-Je
name: Ryan, Lindberg
name: Huang, Zhirong
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: High-gain regime; FELs.

description: Although the FEL interaction is predominantly longitudinal in nature, transverse physics cannot be neglected if one wants to have a complete picture of the FEL. Specifically, we must understand the roles of radiation diffraction and how the electron’s betatron motion in the undulator affects performance. We discuss these effects emphasizing the underlying physical picture. A high-gain FEL has a set of transverse modes, of which the fundamental mode has the largest growth rate and thus become dominant as the radiation-electron beam system travels along the undulator. To maximize the growth rate, the electron beam phase space distribution should be matched to the guided optical beam, leading to criteria on electron beam parameters. The FEL gain length is presented near the end of this chapter.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Temporal Coherence of Radiation from a Collection of Electrons
Creators: name: Kim, Kwang-Je
name: Ryan, Lindberg
name: Huang, Zhirong
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Radiation; electron beam; time domain; frequency domain.

description: We review [1] the temporal characteristics of the radiation produced by an electron beam, in time-domain as well as in the frequency domain. For synchrotron radiation, the radiation is chaotic, while it is coherent when the beam is micro-bunched as in a free-electron laser.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Galium glaucum Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium glaucum

description: Galium glaucum Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 107. 1753.
"Habitat in Tataria, Helvetia, Austria, Monspelii." RCN: 874.
Lectotype (Krendl in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 104B: 609. 2003): Herb. Linn. No. 129.20 (LINN). - Epitype (Krendl in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 104B: 609. 2003): Austria. Niederösterreich, Waldviertel, W Pulkau, Pulkhaul-N. oberhalb der Hammerschmeide, bei der Einmünding des Passendorfer Baches, ca. 340m, 2n=44, 20 May 1994. F. Krendl 30112 (W).
Current name: Galium glaucum L. (Rubiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
FEL Oscillator Principles
Creators: name: Kim, Kwang-Je
name: Ryan, Lindberg
name: Huang, Zhirong
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: FEL oscillator; basic principles.

description: In this lecture we discuss the principles of an FEL oscillator, in which a radiation pulse is trapped in an optical cavity but receives repeated amplification as the pulse meets an electron bunch as it come to the entrance of a low-gain FEL. We provide a qualitative picture of how the power and the longitudinal and transverse modes of the pulse develop.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
The European XFEL—Status and commissioning
Creators: name: Weise, Hans
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: European XFEL; superconducting linac; long bunch trains.

description: The European XFEL under construction in Hamburg, Northern Germany, aims to produce X-rays in the range 260 eV to 24 keV using three undulators that can be operated simultaneously with up to 27,000 pulses per second. The FEL is driven by a 17.5 GeV superconducting linac. Installation of this linac is now finished and commissioning will take place next. First lasing is expected for spring 2017. This paper summarizes the status of the project. First results of the injector commissioning are given.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Linear Accelerator Technology
Creators: name: Alesini, David
Publisher: name: CERN
Year: 2018
Subjects: Radio Frequency; particle accelerators; cavity; electromagnetic field; superconductivity; linac.

description: The expression ‘linear accelerator technology’ usually addresses all technological topics related to linear accelerators’ (linac) realization. These topics comprise, for instance, accelerating structures, Radio Frequency (RF) sources, magnets, diagnostics systems, controllers, power supplies, vacuum systems, particle sources, etc. Obviously, the extent of all these subjects is too wide to be covered in a single one-hour lecture and, therefore, this paper will only present an verview of the RF structures (including their fabrication technology) with a few examples of particle sources, RF sources and waveguide components. Moreover, the focus will be on linac technology for Free-Electron Lasers (FELs) and Energy Recovery Lasers (ERLs), which are electron accelerators. Electrons, in fact, even at very low energies (a few MeV) travel very close to the speed of light, and this fact has a direct consequence in the accelerating structures design, since they can be identical all along the linac.
description: CERN Yellow Reports: School Proceedings, Vol 1 (2018): Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on Free Electron Lasers and Energy Recovery Linacs
Galium graecum subsp. graecum Linnaeus 1767
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium graecum
Galium graecum l. subsp. graecum

description: Galium graecum Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, 2: 118; Mantissa Plantarum: 38. 1767.
"Habitat in Insulis Archipelagi. D. Schreber." RCN: 881.
Lectotype (Ehrendorfer & Schönbeck-Temesy in Davis, Fl. Turkey 7: 826. 1982): Schreber, Herb. Linn. No. 129.32 (LINN).
Current name: Galium graecum L. subsp. graecum (Rubiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Galium hierosolymitanum Linnaeus 1756
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium hierosolymitanum

description: Galium hierosolymitanum Linnaeus, Flora Palaestina: 13. 1756.
"Habitat in Hierosolym." RCN: 873.
Type not designated.
Original material: Hasselquist, Herb. Linn. No. 129.18 (LINN).
Current name: Galium hierosolymitanum L. (Rubiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Galium laevigatum Linnaeus 1763
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium laevigatum

description: Galium laevigatum Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, ed. 2, 2: 1667. 1763.
"Habitat in Italia. Arduini." RCN: 872.
Type not designated.
Original material: [icon] in Boccone, Mus. Piante Rar. Sicilia: 83, t. 75. 1697.
Current name: Galium laevigatum L. (Rubiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Galium maritimum Linnaeus 1767
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium maritimum

description: Galium maritimum Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, 2: 118; Mantissa Plantarum: 38. 1767.
"Habitat in Oriente." RCN: 878.
Type not designated.
Original material: Schreber, Herb. Linn. No. 129.28 (LINN).
Current name: Galium maritimum L. (Rubiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Galium minutum Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium minutum

description: Galium minutum Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 106. 1753.
"Habitat in Imperio Ruthenico." RCN: 867.
Type not designated.
Original material: none traced.
Current name: Galium minutum L. (Rubiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Galium mollugo Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium mollugo

description: Galium mollugo Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 107. 1753.
"Habitat in Europa mediterranea." RCN: 870.
Lectotype (Krendl in Österr. Bot. Zeitschr. 114: 528. 1967): Herb. Linn. No. 129.14 (LINN).
Current name: Galium mollugo L. (Rubiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Galium glaucum Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium glaucum

description: Galium montanum Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, ed. 2, 1: 155. 1762.
"Habitat in Germania." RCN: 862.
Lectotype (Krendl in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien 104B: 609. 2003): Herb. Linn. No. 129.4 (LINN).
Current name: Galium glaucum L. (Rubiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Galium palustre Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Gentianales
Rubiaceae
Galium
Galium palustre

description: Galium palustre Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 105. 1753.
"Habitat in Europae rivulis limosis." RCN: 860.
Type not designated.
Original material: Herb. Burser XIX: 31 (UPS); Herb. Linn. No. 129.3 (LINN); Herb. Linn. No. 59 (LAPP).
Current name: Galium palustre L. (Rubiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part G), pp. 529-556 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 529, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
MPEC 2024-J86 : 2024 JY1
Creators: name: Minor Planet Center Staff
Publisher: name: The Minor Planet Center
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Small Solar System bodies
valueUri: http://astrothesaurus.org/uat/1469
subject: 2024 JY1

description: The Minor Planet Electronic Circulars contain information on unusual minor planets, routine data on comets and natural satellites, and occasional editorial announcements.  They are published on behalf of Division F of the International Astronomical Union by the Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.