Temenis laothoe subsp. meridionalis Ebert 1965
Creators: name: Salik, Lucy Mila Garcia
name: Dias, Fernando Maia Silva
name: Carneiro, Eduardo
name: Casagrande, Mirna Martins
name: Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Nymphalidae
Temenis
Temenis laothoe
Temenis laothoe meridionalis ebert, 1965

description: Temenis laothoe meridionalis Ebert, 1965
(Figs. 1, 2, 4–41)
Egg (Figs. 4, 5, 21, 22, 25, 26)
Yellowish green, barrel-shaped, with nine vertical carinae, which are more expanded dorsally, and with dorsal aeropiles. Micropilar area concave, surrounded by a circular dorsally projected carina (“bottleneck” sensu Nieves-Uribe et al., 2015, 2016), connected to the nine vertical carinae.
Eggs oviposited singly on the underside of the folioles of S. laruotellana.
Average duration: 4 days (n = 33). Average diameter – 1.5 mm; average height – 1 mm.
Larva
First instar (Figs. 6–8, 23, 27–33)
Head capsule dark brown, round, smooth, with dark brown setae. Labrum bilobed. Mandibles strongly sclerotized. Stemmata in groups of six, located on the latero-inferior region of the epicranium, isometric, being 1–4 and 6 arranged in a semicircle and 5 positioned ventrally and close to the antennal base.
Body greenish brown with dorsal and subdorsal white markings; prothoracic plate trapezoidal; anal plate irregularly sclerotized; both dark brown. Thoracic and abdominal legs dark brown.
Larvae initially feed on the chorion, and then they moved to the apical portion of the leaves where they feed on the leaf blade. When inactive, the larvae rest on a perch constituted of silk and fecal pellets attached to the end of the midrib of a leaflet, occasionally on secondary veins. Often the pellets are adhered by the larvae to the larval body.
Average duration: 6 days (n = 23). Head capsule: average diameter – 1.05 mm; average height – 1.05 mm.
Head chaetotaxy (Figs. 23, 27–30)
21 pairs of primary setae on the head capsule:
Clypeal group (C): C1 smaller in relation to C2, positioned close to the latero-ventral region of the clypeus; C2 positioned close to the sagittal midline of the head.
Frontal group (F): F1 positioned close to the epicranial suture, the only one present in the frons; pore Fa latero-ventral to F1, close to the sagittal midline of the head.
Adfrontal group (AF): AF1 and AF2 of equal size, positioned in the adfrontal region, AF1 ventral to AF2; pore AFa at a small distance from AF2.
Anterior group (A): A1 longer than other setae, positioned on the latero-inferior region of the epicranium; between stemmata 4 and 5 and the clypeus; A2 dorso-lateral to A1, at level with stemma 3; A3 latero-dorsal to the stemmata region; pore Aa latero-ventral to A3.
Stemmatal group (S): S1 lateral to stemmata 2 and 3; S2 dorsal to stemma 1; S3 lateral to the semicircle of stemmata; pore Sa lateral to stemma 4 and Sb latero-dorsal to S3.
Substemmatal group (SS): SS1 lateral to SS2 and close to mouthparts; SS2 located between SS1 and SS3, and ventral to pore SSb; SS3 ventral to stemma 6 and smaller than the others.
Lateral group (L): L1 dorsal to S2; pore La latero-ventral to L1.
Postero-dorsal group (P): P1 between AF2 and P2; P2 latero-dorsal to P1 and of equal length; pore Pa close and lateral to A3; pore Pb ventral to P2.
Microdorsal group (MD): MD1 dorsal to MD2; MD2 dorsal to MD3; MD3 latero-dorsal to L1; pore MDa at the same level and between MD2 and MD1.
Microgenal group (MG): MG1 very small, close to posteroinferior margin of the epicranium and the occipital foramen; pore MGa latero-ventral to MG1 and latero-dorsal to S3.
Thorax chaetotaxy (Figs. 31, 32)
Prothorax: Ten pairs of acutely tipped setae. Dorsal Group (D):
D1 and D2 positioned on the antero-dorsal margin of the pronotal plate; D1 positioned on the antero-lateral region to D2; XD1 ventral to D1, and XD2 latero-ventral to XD1. Subdorsal Group (SD) ventral to pronotal plate, positioned on a wart, SD1 very small and antero-lateral to SD2. Lateral Group (L) ventral to Subdorsal Group, L1 postero-lateral to L2. Supraventral Group (SV) dorsal to prothoracic leg, positioned on a wart, SV1 smaller and postero-lateral to SV2.
Meso and Methatorax: Six pairs of acutely tipped setae. Dorsal Group (D): D1 dorsal to D2. Subdorsal Group (SD) ventral to D2, positioned on a wart, SD1 antero-lateral to SD2. Lateral Group (L): L1 antero-ventral to Subdorsal Group. Supraventral Group (SV): SV1 ventral to Lateral Group.
Abdomen chaetotaxy (Fig. 31, 33)
A1: Seven pairs of setae. D1 antero-dorsal to D2. SD1 ventral to Dorsal Group. L1 postero-ventral to spiracle; L2 antero-ventral to L1. SV1 ventral to Lateral Group. V1 ventral to SV1.
A2: Eight pairs of setae, with similar positions to A1, except for the presence of SV2 ventral to SV1; V1 ventral to SV2 and with similar size.
A3–A6: Eight pairs of setae, with similar positions to A2, except for the position of subventral setae.
A7: Seven pairs of setae, with positions similar to A1, except for the closer proximity of L1 and L2 to the spiracle.
A8: Seven pairs of setae, with disposition similar to A7, except for the closer proximity of L1 and L2 to the dorsally displaced spiracle, SD1 ventral to D1, and V1 with position similar to A3–A6.
A9 + A10: Eighteen pairs of setae. On the A9 region: D1 antero-dorsal to D2; L1 antero-ventral to D2; SV1 ventral to L1; V1 antero-ventral to SV1. On the A10 region: D1 dorsal to D2; SD1 antero-ventral to D2 and closer to the anterior margin of the anal plate in comparison to the remaining setae; SD2 postero-ventral to SD1. On the A10 postero-ventral region, PP dorsal to SV1; L1, L2, L3, SV2 and SV3 positioned on the ocrea, being L1 dorsal to the remaining setae; L2 and L3 on the posterior region, and SV2 and SV4 on the anterior margin of the wart; SV3 ventral to SV4 and V1 ventral to SV1.
Second instar (Figs. 9, 10, 34)
Head capsule dark brown, region of the stemmata, labrum and mandible pale brown, with a pair of truncated scoli. Position of the stemmata similar to first instar. Body dark brown, with small whitish brown scoli. In this instar the larvae remain on a ‘perch’ that may be built on the same foliole where the larva is feeding or in another foliole of the same leaf.
39
40 41
Average duration: 6 days (n = 23). Head capsule: average diameter – 1.4 mm; average height – 1.45 mm.
Third instar (Figs 11, 12, 35)
Head capsule dark brown, with developed scoli around 2.5 times the height of the head, with 4 series of 2, 4, 4 and 5 spines from base to apex; body alternating between dark and pale brown on the thoracic and abdominal segments; scoli large, with metallic blue base on the subdorsal and dorsal scoli of T2, T3, A3, A5, A7 and A8; scoli with clavate projections on T3, A7 and A8.
Average duration: 7 days (n = 24). Head capsule: average diameter – 2.05 mm; average height – 2.3 mm.
Fourth instar (Figs 13, 14, 36)
Similar to the third, but larger. Color pattern similar to the previous instar, but more clearly noticeable.
Average duration: 7 days (n = 25). Head capsule: average diameter – 3.1 mm; average height – 3.4 mm.
Fifth instar (Figs 15, 16, 24, 37, 38)
Head capsule similar to the fourth instar. Body dark brown, dorsal and subdorsal areas mostly green with dark brown markings in T1–T2, T3, A3, A5, A7 and A8; lateral area with pale green diagonal stripes; body with subdorsal and lateral scoli; T3 subdorsal scoli clavate and projected, around half the length of the scoli from the head capsule; A7 and A8 single dorsal scoli clavate and projected, around 2/3 the length of the clavate projections of T3; A9 subdorsal scoli large, yellowish brown.
From the third to the fifth instar, when resting, the head capsule stays parallel to the substrate.
Average duration: 14 days (n = 22). Head capsule: average diameter – 4 mm; average height – 4.3 mm.
Pupa (Figs. 17–20, 39–41)
Pupa mainly pale green, encircled by a pale yellowish green stripe from the vertex until A3, with whitish markings throughout the dorsum; the dark green lateral band on the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax narrows between A4–A8 and A9 + 10; hind wings dark green; irregular whitish markings mixed with pale and dark brown on T1, on the margin of the anterior wings and laterally on A4–A8; thoracic and abdominal spiracles dark brown.
Ventral region mainly pale green, with reticulate dark green markings; with three whitish markings surrounded by pale brown on the frons; prothoracic leg with an anterior whitish spot and medial dark brown spot; antenna pale yellow; A4–A8 with a narrow pale brown stripe surrounded by yellowish green medially, and two dark brown spots in each segment; dark green on A9 + 10, and dark green and brown on the cremaster.
Vertex with a pair of projections, being half the extension of the prothoracic leg; frons smooth; eye oval and positioned laterally on head; tentorial fovea visible; mandible trapezoidal, labium pentagonal and between the mandibles; galea extending from distal margin of the mandibles and labium until the proximal margin of A4.
Prothorax subtriangular with proximal region rounded; mesothorax projected dorsally, concave on mesonotum; meso and metathoracic spiracles visible dorsally and laterally; prothoracic legs 2/3 of the length of the mesothoracic ones; metathorax with strongly convex antero-medial margin.
Abdomen conical, moving laterally when disturbed; abdominal spiracles ellipsoidal; spiracle A1 not visible, A2 and A3 dorsal, A4–A8 lateral.
Cremaster bilobed, directed ventrally, with bifid hooks on its extremity.
Average duration: 13 days (n = 19). Average length from the vertex to the cremaster – 17.5 mm.
description: Published as part of Salik, Lucy Mila Garcia, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Carneiro, Eduardo, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2017, Immature stages of Temenis laothoe meridionalis Ebert (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Biblidinae), pp. 16-24 in Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 61 on pages 17-23, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2016.10.002, http://zenodo.org/record/8111224