Paraplectograptus Pribyl 1948
Creators: name: Bates, Denis E. B.
name: Kirk, Nancy H.
name: Kozłowska, Anna
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Hemichordata
Pterobranchia
Retiolitidae
Paraplectograptus

description: MORPHOLOGY
General characteristics
Paraplectograptus and Pseudoplectograptus differ mostly in the size of tubaria and arrangement of the lateral walls of ancora sleeve and ventral walls (Kozłowska-Dawidziuk 1995; Lenz et al. 2012). They have distally open-ended tubaria, which may contain about 20 pairs of thecae in the longest specimens. Pseudoplectograptus has a more robust and wider rhabdosome whereas that of Paraplectograptus is slender and parallel-sided. Their thecal frameworks include: connecting rods linking transverse rods with the nema, lateral apertural rods, and thecal lips (Fig. 1). Their ancora umbrellas are simple, orderly, with well-defined rims, sometimes very thin and not preserved (Figs 1-4). The ancora sleeves of Paraplectograptus and Pseudoplectograptus are variably developed, from more or less regular simple lists, to a reticulated wall (Lenz et al. 2012).
The ancora sleeve reticulum is better developed in Pseudoplectograptus species. The lists of the ventral wall have seams inside with well-developed pustules on their outer sides, as opposed to ancora sleeve lists with seams outside and inner smooth surfaces.
Sicula and nema
As with most retiolitines, the earliest part of the Paraplectograptus tubarium to survive is the composite list which comprises the proximal part of the nema, the virga, which forms part of the prosicula; and, with the development of the metasicula, the virgella. The length of the prosicula, based on the position of the prosicular apex and prosicular rim, is about 0.4 mm. The sicular length is about 0.9-1.15 mm.
The preservation of the prosicula is commonly incomplete, generally limited to the prosicular rim (Fig. 2). This rim is very variable, ranging from a complete, circular rim (Fig. 2E, F) to scarcely visible vestiges on the inner face of the virga-virgella (Fig. 2G). Where the rim is more fully preserved, traces of longitudinal rods can occasionally be seen extending from the adapical edge of the prosicular rim (Fig. 2D).
The structure of the prosicula and longitudinal rods is similar to that of Ordovician diplograptid species (Bates 1996), suggesting that their construction is a very conservative feature. The wall is formed of randomly oriented fibrils; the longitudinal rods are formed of parallel fibrils making a keel which fades towards the prosicular aperture; and the prosicular rim has parallel fibrils, probably forming a bandage (Fig. 2D).
The virga, the unique structure for retiolitines, is formed on the outer face of the prosicula by the deposition of bandages, and has a concave internal face. On this there may be traces of the prosicular wall, including fibrils which may be parallel to the spiral line (Fig. 2A). The ab-apertural end of the virga, and the transition to the nema, is marked by the end of the concave face; it becomes “internal” at the apex of the prosicula (Figs 2A, B; 5C). It should be noted that it has not been possible to establish the presence of a cauda (Bates 1996) apically from the conus.
Distal to the virga, the nema is characterised by having a concentric structure, around a central, largely hollow, axis. The thickening of the nema was by the deposition of bandages, with a pustular ornament (Fig. 2B).
The virgella of Paraplectograptus is very similar to that of most retiolitines, including those of both Retiolites and Stomatograptus. It is formed of a fusellar core, thickened both internally and externally by bandages running along its length (Fig. 5A, E). Traces of metasicular fusellar closures are usually only preserved in the slots on the obverse and reverse faces of the virgella nearer to the metasicular aperture (Fig. 5E). They sweep forwards into the slots, indicating the forwards sweep of the fuselli themselves.
Ancora umbrella
In Paraplectograptus the ancora umbrella commences, as in other ancorate retiolitines, by forking of the virgella to form the first two lists (Figs 3; 4A, B). These are inclined at an angle of about 40°, anticlockwise (viewed looking from outside the specimen) from the plane of symmetry of the two thecal series. A second forking then results in four secondary lists separating the four central meshes of the umbrella. Two of these lists extend to the rim of the ancora umbrella adjacent to the obverse and reverse proximal lateral orifices. The other two lists fork again to give rise to lists which define a minor mesh proximal to th1 1, and three minor meshes proximal to th12 (Fig. 3).
The resulting ancora umbrella is consequently oval in plan and asymmetrical about the virgella, being more elongated where it arches over the sicular aperture and ventral wall of th12. In some other tubaria, and possibly in certain Paraplectograptus species, the number of minor meshes in the umbrella reticulum became greater, but a similar asymmetrical oval form seems to have been retained.
The ancora umbrella of Paraplectograptus is completed with a definite rim. This is similar to that in most retiolitines like Pseudoplegmatograptus (Bates & Kirk 1992: figs 212, 213) but is in contrast to the umbrella in both Retiolites and Stomatograptus, in which there is no distinct rim (Bates et al. 2005: fig. 6B; Lenz & Kozłowska 2007: fig. 4).
The rim is a somewhat lobate oval list closure, with a centripetally facing insertion slot continuous with the attachment grooves over the absicular faces of the adjoining radiating lists of the umbrella reticulum. Distinctive shards of possible fuselli are associated with the list/rim junctions (Fig. 3 A-G).
The ancora umbrella is connected to the thecal framework by four main pleural lists, which mark the “corners” of the tubarium between the ventral and lateral sides (Fig. 4D, E).
Growth of tubarium walls
In the growth of any graptolite, bandages are always laid down on a pre-existing surface, not produced “in space”. So, in the growth stages illustrated, all of the lists, as preserved, are represented by the bandaging which was laid down on a fusellum: this can be either a wall, as in the sicula and ancora umbrella, or a spine, as in the nema, the pleural lists and the four initial lists joining the ancora umbrella to the first two thecae (Fig. 4D, E). Therefore, each growth stage illustrated is actually a record of the appearance of the secondary bandaging, not of the actual growth.
The earliest growth stage is the production of the prosicula and the associated nema (Fig. 4A). Both the nema and the virga are preserved because they were thickly bandaged. The succeeding walls of the metasicula are only preserved as the deep seams which have within them the traces of the fuselli (Fig. 5E). These are angled forwards in the direction of growth, as is seen in the growth of most siculae.
The early growth stages show the development of the ancora umbrella; in Figure 4A the radial lists do not extend to the rim, in Figure 4B and C forkings of some of these lists show the position of the ancora umbrella rim. This forking is also seen in Figure 3, in a mature ancora umbrella.
The appearance of the lists of th11 and th12 is shown in Figure 4C, those of th11 being more complete than those of th12 (which lacks the apertural lip). Together with these, the first pleural lists of the ancora sleeve have already joined the ancora rim to the lateral apertural lists of th11. At this stage, however, the lists on th12 are not complete: they give the appearance of pairs of spines projecting towards one another.
In Figure 4D the umbrella rim is bandaged sufficiently to be preserved as a complete rim. Both initial thecae are complete, and the next four pleural lists are projecting forwards. The four pleural lists are now completely present proximal to the first thecae, marking the presence of the four proximal orifices (Fig. 4D).
The development of the ancora sleeve lists is shown in Figure 4E. Two lists are projecting proximally towards the ancora umbrella rim, and other lists of the sleeve are starting to form the sleeve growing distally. As further thecae are generated, this pattern of growth is continued.
Thecal framework
Paraplectograptus has a thecal framework which differs from that of Retiolites and Stomatograptus principally in having no dorsal or zigzag list (Fig. 1), a structural element which is also noticeably attenuated in Stomatograptus (Bates & Kirk 1997). The thecal framework is again supplemented by ancora sleeve lists extending from the proximal ancora umbrella. Examination at the ultrastructural level shows the strongly notched ventral margins of the Paraplectograptus rhabdosome, like those of Stomatograptus, to be due to an alternation of lateral apertural thecal lists (yellow) and pleural ancora sleeve lists (gray) bordering the proximal ventral orifices (Figs 1; 4; 5). There are also obverse and reverse orifices adjacent to the rim of the ancora umbrella, but no stomata.
Thecae 11 and 12 are defined by lists with seams arising from the region of the prosicula (Figs 1; 5). Th 11 probably had its origin in a porus on the sicula, growing proximally before turning distally towards its aperture, defined by the first transverse rod, lateral apertural rods and thecal lip (Fig. 6A). The aperture of th12 is similarly marked by the equivalent lists on the other side (Fig. 6C). Subsequent thecae have their apertures also formed of transverse rods, lateral apertural rods, and thecal lips (Figs 1; 6). Details of the fusellar seams of Paraplectograptus eiseli can be seen in all four photographs on Figure 6 B-E: note that the seams are rotated as they pass from proximal-facing on the transverse rods to inward-facing on the lateral apertural rods.
The transverse rod marks the initiation of the ventral thecal wall of successive thecae (Figs 5B; 6A). It is probably homologous with the ab-apertural list in diplograptids and monograptids. In these the list forms the base of the interthecal septum and forms initially as a spine (perhaps a pair of spines extending towards one-another) extending from side to side of the tubarium. It is also found in Retiolites and Stomatograptus, with the thecal wall extending distally from it to the thecal lip. In Rotaretiolites (Bates & Kirk 1992: fig. 114) the transverse rod also has a strong seam on its proximal side.
On the obverse side of the tubarium the thecal walls include the nema and connecting rods, in a continuous lateral wall, inside the lists of the ancora sleeve (Figs 1 A-C; 6A). The same arrangement is found in both Retiolites (Fig. 1E) and Stomatograptus. Note that the sleeve lists are secreted from the inside, implying that there was a space between the thecal wall and the ancora sleeve, the obverse external common canal (Fig. 1E). On the reverse side there is no zigzag or dorsal list, as is found in Retiolites and Stomatograptus. However, the ancora sleeve lists here, in Paraplectograptus, are also secreted from the inside, and it is probable that the reverse external wall lay inside the ancora sleeve, with an external common canal between them.
The walls of successive thecae would have overlapped one another (Fig. 7B), but there was no thickening along their junctions, which would have generated the zigzag list (cf. the generation of the zigzag list in Retiolites (Bates & Kirk 1978: pl. 12)).
Ancora sleeve
The ancora sleeve of Paraplectograptus is formed of lists which have outward-facing seams (Fig. 5A, B), as have those in Retiolites and Stomatograptus, in which they form a continuation of the lists of the ancora umbrella. This indicates that the bandages were laid down on the inner side of the sleeve, in spaces between the sleeve and the thecal framework, the external common canals. In the absence of a preserved dorsal or zigzag list on the reverse side of Paraplectograptus, it is not possible to be certain of the presence of an external common canal on this side. However, the bandages of the sleeve lists here were also laid down on the inside, so there was probably a space internal to the sleeve, but outside the thecal framework –the reverse external common canal.
In Retiolites and Stomatograptus the dorsal list marks the proliferation of successive thecae (thn2 succeeding thn1), its bandaging being laid down before the wall of thn2 is deposited (Bates & Kirk 1997). It is presumed to have been present here also, but, without any bandaging to thicken and so form the lists, it is not preserved; its likely path is indicated in Figure 1D. Pleural lists mark the ventral limits of the ancora sleeve, and occupy similar positions to those of both Retiolites and Stomatograptus.
The sleeve bandages have a pustular ornament (Fig. 5A, B), unlike those of Retiolites and Stomatograptus, which are simply striated. The pustular ornamentation is an advanced feature characteristic of all post- lundgreni period retiolitines. Paraplectograptus is one of a few pre- lundgreni retiolitines having pustules on its bandages (Kozłowska-Dawidziuk 2004: 510).
Proximal lateral orifices
Proximal lateral orifices form a prominent feature of many retiolitines, and, together with the proximal ventral orifices, form a circlet of four proximal orifices. In young specimens of Paraplectograptus they are separated only by four single lists (Fig. 4D, E). However, as growth continues, other lists of the ancora sleeve are developed, and they constrain the shape of the proximal lateral orifice. This, in common with that of a number of other genera of retiolitines, has a kidney-shaped appearance (Figs 1A; 7-9A, B). The rim of the ancora umbrella bends outwards and upwards to form a re-entrant shape when viewed laterally, while the other section of the rim is convex. In flattened specimens this feature can be accentuated, as the ancora rim section is bent upwards.
description: Published as part of Bates, Denis E. B., Kirk, Nancy H. & Kozłowska, Anna, 2023, Morphology and reconstruction of the retiolitines: Silurian graptolites of the Paraplectograptus lineage (Graptolithina), pp. 45-57 in Comptes Rendus Palevol 22 (4) on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.5852/cr-palevol2023v22a4, http://zenodo.org/record/14204219