cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Costs of Revenue Assurance
Creators: name: Xu, Feng
name: Hart, Chad E.
name: Smith, Darnell B.
name: Meyers, William H.
name: Xu, Feng
name: Hart, Chad E.
name: Smith, Darnell B.
name: Meyers, William H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1995
Subjects: Risk and Uncertainty

description: This study estimates the government cost of revenue assurance, one of the many proposals for the 1995 Farm Bill. Under the assumptions of nonnegativity and normality of revenue, a formula for computing the government cost of revenue assurance is derived. This formula is employed to estimate per acre revenue assurance costs at the 70, 75, and 80 percent levels of expected revenue coverage. These costs are compared with results from previous studies and with crop insurance premiums. The relative impacts of changes in yield mean, yield standard deviation, and price-yield correlation are also explored through metamodel analysis. The costs estimated for revenue assurance show that this program would result in substantial budget savings over the current program.
On Centers and Direct Sum Decompositions of Higher Degree Forms
Creators: name: Huang, Hua-Lin
name: Lu, Huajun
name: Ye, Yu
name: Zhang, Chi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Rings and Algebras (math.RA)
subject: Commutative Algebra (math.AC)
subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 15A69, 11E76, 14J70

description: Higher degree forms are homogeneous polynomials of degree $d > 2,$ or equivalently symmetric $d$-linear spaces. This paper is mainly concerned about the algebraic structure of the centers of higher degree forms with applications specifically to direct sum decompositions, namely expressing higher degree forms as sums of forms in disjoint sets of variables. We show that the center algebra of almost every form is the ground field, consequently almost all higher degree forms are absolutely indecomposable. If a higher degree form is decomposable, then we provide simple criteria and algorithms for direct sum decompositions by its center algebra. It is shown that the direct sum decomposition problem can be boiled down to some standard tasks of linear algebra, in particular the computations of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. We also apply the structure results of center algebras to provide a complete answer to the classical problem of whether a higher degree form can be reconstructed from its Jacobian ideal.
description: 12 pages. Linear and Multilinear Algebra, in press
ИСТОРИЯ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ УГОЛОВНОЙ ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТИ ЗА НЕЗАКОННУЮ ОХОТУ
Creators: name: ЩЕРБАКОВ А.А.
Publisher: name: Международный журнал гуманитарных и естественных наук
Year: 2020
Subjects: ОХОТА
НЕЗАКОННАЯ ОХОТА
БРАКОНЬЕРСТВО
ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ
УГОЛОВНАЯ ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТЬ
НАКАЗАНИЕ
УК РФ
HUNTING
ILLEGAL HUNTING
POACHING
HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT
CRIMINAL LIABILITY
PUNISHMENT
CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

description: В статье рассматриваются ключевые этапы становления российской уголовной ответственности за незаконную охоту. Автор проводит исследование исторических правовых актов, содержащих ответственность за браконьерство, выделяет этапы видоизменения такой ответственности. На примере анализа предложенного в данной статье автор показывает приоритетность охраны животного мира с древних времен по сегодняшний день. В заключение предложенного исследования автор делает детальный акцент на современном состоянии ст. 258 УК РФ, устанавливающей уголовную ответственность за незаконную охоту, анализируя последние ее изменения и новшества.
Numerical simulation of the stochastic dynamics of inclusions in biomembranes in presence of surface tension
Creators: name: Rafii-Tabar, H.
name: Sepangi, H. R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The stochastic dynamics of inclusions in a randomly fluctuating biomembrane is simulated. These inclusions can represent the embedded proteins and the external particles arriving at a cell membrane. The energetics of the biomembrane is modelled via the Canham-Helfrich Hamiltonian. The contributions of both the bending elastic-curvature energy and the surface tension of the biomembrane are taken into account. The biomembrane is treated as a two-dimensional sheet whose height variations from a reference frame is treated as a stochastic Wiener process. The lateral diffusion parameter associated with this Wiener process coupled with the longitudinal diffusion parameter obtained from the standard Einsteinian diffusion theory completely determine the stochastic motion of the inclusions. It is shown that the presence of surface tension significantly affects the overall dynamics of the inclusions, particularly the rate of capture of the external inclusions, such as drug particles, at the site of the embedded inclusions, such as the embedded proteins.
description: 17 pages, 4 figures, to appear in physica A
Lejeunea drehwaldii Heinrichs et Schaf.
Creators: name: Söderström, Lars
name: Hagborg, Anders
name: Konrat, Matt Von
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Bryophyta
Jungermanniopsida
Porellales
Lejeuneaceae
Lejeunea
Lejeunea drehwaldii

description: Lejeunea drehwaldii Heinrichs et Schäf.-Verw.,
Phytotaxa 69: 14, 2012 (see Heinrichs et al. 2012b). NOM. NOV. PRO Sphaerolejeunea umbilicata Herzog, Ann. Bryol. 11: 88, 1938 (see Herzog 1938). BLOCKING NAME: Lejeunea umbilicata (Nees) Nees, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur., suppl. 19 (2): 472, 1843. (see Gottsche et al. 1843).
description: Published as part of Söderström, Lars, Hagborg, Anders & Konrat, Matt Von, 2014, Early Land Plants Today: Index of Liverworts & Hornworts 2011 - 2012, pp. 61-85 in Phytotaxa 170 (2) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.170.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4779611
Low Voltage Electrohydraulic Actuators for Untethered Robotics
Creators: name: Gravert, Stephan-Daniel
name: Varini, Elia
name: Kazemipour, Amirhossein
name: Michelis, Mike Y.
name: Buchner, Thomas
name: Hinchet, Ronan
name: Katzschmann, Robert K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Rigid robots can be precise in repetitive tasks, but struggle in unstructured environments. Nature's versatility in such environments inspires researchers to develop biomimetic robots that incorporate compliant and contracting artificial muscles. Among the recently proposed artificial muscle technologies, electrohydraulic actuators are promising since they offer performance comparable to that of mammalian muscles in terms of speed and power density. However, they require high driving voltages and have safety concerns due to exposed electrodes. These high voltages lead to either bulky or inefficient driving electronics that make untethered, high-degree-of-freedom bio-inspired robots difficult to realize. Here, we present hydraulically amplified low voltage electrostatic (HALVE) actuators that match mammalian skeletal muscles in average power density (50.5 W kg-1) and peak strain rate (971 % s-1) at a driving voltage of just 1100 V. This driving voltage is approx. 5-7 times lower compared to other electrohydraulic actuators using paraelectric dielectrics. Furthermore, HALVE actuators are safe to touch, waterproof, and self-clearing, which makes them easy to implement in wearables and robotics. We characterize, model, and physically validate key performance metrics of the actuator and compare its performance to state-of-the-art electrohydraulic designs. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our actuators on two muscle-based electrohydraulic robots: an untethered soft robotic swimmer and a robotic gripper. We foresee that HALVE actuators can become a key building block for future highly-biomimetic untethered robots and wearables with many independent artificial muscles such as biomimetic hands, faces, or exoskeletons.
description: Stephan-Daniel Gravert and Elia Varini contributed equally to this work
New Bubble Decays In Kaluza-Klein Theories
Creators: name: Carballo, J. Lopez
name: Russo, J. G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe new bubble decays in pure D+1 dimensional Einstein theory with two compact directions. The instanton solution is constructed by analytic continuation of the Kaluza-Klein electrically charged black hole solution. We show that the instanton describes the decay of a Kaluza-Klein vacuum M^{D-1} x T^2 with a non-vanishing torus tilt parameter. The decay is produced by the creation of a bubble of nothing which expands with time. We compute the instanton action, which shows that this Kaluza-Klein vacuum becomes more stable as the torus tilt parameter is increased. As an application, we consider the decay of M-theory torus compactifications leading to type 0A/0B string theories.
description: 15 pages
Optimal Transport and Generalized Ricci Flow
Creators: name: Kopfer, Eva
name: Streets, Jeffrey
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We prove results relating the theory of optimal transport and generalized Ricci flow. We define an adapted cost functional for measures using a solution of the associated dilaton flow. This determines a formal notion of geodesics in the space of measures, and we show geodesic convexity of an associated entropy functional. Finally, we show monotonicity of the cost along the backwards heat flow, and use this to give a new proof of the monotonicity of the energy functional along generalized Ricci flow.
Training Speech Recognition Models with Federated Learning: A Quality/Cost Framework
Creators: name: Guliani, Dhruv
name: Beaufays, Francoise
name: Motta, Giovanni
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: I.2.7
subject: 68T10

description: We propose using federated learning, a decentralized on-device learning paradigm, to train speech recognition models. By performing epochs of training on a per-user basis, federated learning must incur the cost of dealing with non-IID data distributions, which are expected to negatively affect the quality of the trained model. We propose a framework by which the degree of non-IID-ness can be varied, consequently illustrating a trade-off between model quality and the computational cost of federated training, which we capture through a novel metric. Finally, we demonstrate that hyper-parameter optimization and appropriate use of variational noise are sufficient to compensate for the quality impact of non-IID distributions, while decreasing the cost.
description: Paper published at ICASSP 2021
Program Participation and Farm-Level Adoption of Conservation Tillage: Estimates from a Multinomial Logit Model
Creators: name: Babcock, Bruce A.
name: Chaherli, Nabil M.
name: Lakshminarayan, P.G.
name: Babcock, Bruce A.
name: Chaherli, Nabil M.
name: Lakshminarayan, P.G.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1995
Subjects: Land Economics/Use

description: The conservation compliance provision of the 1985 Food Security Act requires highly erodible land to be cropped according to a locally approved conservation plan. There is overwhelming evidence that conservation compliance has reduced soil erosion. A key issue confronting Congress as they consider 1995 Farm Bill options is the fate of these erosion benefits if commodity programs are eliminated or it the subsidy level is greatly reduced. This study provides policymakers with additional insights into the relationship between conservation tillage practices and government programs by using observed farmer behavior. The central question addressed is: If future program benefits are not tied to conservation practices, will there be a significant decline in the amount of acreage on which conservation practices are adopted? Tillage adoption decisions are modeled within a multinomial logit framework. There is limited evidence to argue that there will be a significant decline in conservation tillage for corn if program benefits are reduced. For wheat, the results suggest that conservation tillage practices are costly, and that wheat farmers may reduce conservation tillage if conservation compliance provisions are weakened or eliminated. However, no-till on wheat fields may increase with more flexibility. For corn, there is significant support for an increased in no-till if more corn-soybean rotations are adopted.
PPT from spectra
Creators: name: Hildebrand, Roland
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this contribution we solve the following problem. Let H_{nm} be a Hilbert space of dimension nm, and let A be a positive semidefinite self-adjoint linear operator on H_{nm}. Under which conditions on the spectrum has A a positive partial transpose (is PPT) with respect to any partition H_n \otimes H_m of the space H_{nm} as a tensor product of an n-dimensional and an m-dimensional Hilbert space? We show that the necessary and sufficient conditions can be expressed as a set of linear matrix inequalities on the eigenvalues of A.
description: 6 pages, no figures
ON MONOCULTURE AND THE STRUCTURE OF CROP ROTATIONS
Creators: name: Hennessy, David A.
name: Hennessy, David A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: dominance
subject: jointness
subject: quasiconvexity
subject: rotation algebra
subject: specialization
subject: time rationing

description: While rotation strategies are important in determining agricultural commodity supply and environmental benefits from land use, little has been said about the economics of crop rotation. An issue when seeking to identify rotation dominance is whether yield and input-saving carry-over effects persist for one or more years. Focusing on length of carry-over, expected profit maximization, and the monoculture decision, this paper develops principles concerning choice of rotation structure. For some rules that we develop, rotations may be discarded without reference to price levels while other rules require price data. We also show how risk aversion in the presence of price uncertainty can alter preferences over rotations. A further consideration in rotation choice is the allocation of time. The problem of crop choice to manage time commitments through the crop year is formally similar to that of crop choice to manage profit risk.
Outlook for Asian Dairy Markets: The Role of Demographics, Income, and Prices
Creators: name: Dong, Fengxia
name: Dong, Fengxia
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: International Relations/Trade
Livestock Production/Industries

description: The paper first presents a 10-year outlook for major Asian dairy markets (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) based on a world dairy model. Then, using Heien and Wessells's technique, dairy product consumption growth is decomposed into contributions generated by income growth, population growth, price change, and urbanization and these contributions are quantified. Using the world dairy model, the paper also analyzes the impacts of alternative assumptions of higher income levels and technology development in Asia on Asian dairy consumptions and world dairy prices. The outlook projects that Asian dairy consumption will continue to grow strongly in the next decade. The consumption decomposition suggests that the growth would be mostly driven by income and population growth and, as a result, would raise world dairy prices. The simulation results show that technology improvement in Asian countries would dampen world dairy prices and meanwhile boost domestic dairy consumption.
Lejeunea fawcettiae D. J. Carr
Creators: name: Söderström, Lars
name: Hagborg, Anders
name: Konrat, Matt Von
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Bryophyta
Jungermanniopsida
Porellales
Lejeuneaceae
Lejeunea
Lejeunea fawcettiae

description: ** Lejeunea fawcettiae D.J.Carr,
Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria 116 (2): 229, 2004, nom. inval. ICN Art. 40.7; no herbarium specified (see Carr 2004).
ORIGINAL MATERIAL: “ Holotype. The following description is based on the specimen (Carr, S.GM. 357) collected by Mrs Carr in March 1957 growing on the bark of Blackwood (Acacia melanoxyon) tree near the Railway Station; Tooronga Falls, Noojee, Victoria ”.
description: Published as part of Söderström, Lars, Hagborg, Anders & Konrat, Matt Von, 2014, Early Land Plants Today: Index of Liverworts & Hornworts 2011 - 2012, pp. 61-85 in Phytotaxa 170 (2) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.170.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4779611
URBAN DEMAND FOR DAIRY PRODUCTS IN CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM NEW SURVEY DATA
Creators: name: Fuller, Frank H.
name: Beghin, John C.
name: Rozelle, Scott
name: Fuller, Frank H.
name: Beghin, John C.
name: Rozelle, Scott
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: China
subject: dairy products
subject: demand analysis
subject: limited dependent variable models
subject: survey data

description: In this paper we use 2001-2002 urban survey data we collected to analyze demographics, cultural factors, and purchasing behaviors influencing the consumption of fresh milk, yogurt, ice cream, and powered milk in urban areas of China. The data include frequency of consumption by product, location of consumption and purchase, exposure to advertising and foreign culture, and school milk programs. The variables serve as regressors in a double-hurdle model that examines the decision to consume or not to consume and the level of consumption. We also estimate consumption levels and participation equations with tobit and probit models.
Polarization as a signature of local parity violation in hot QCD matter
Creators: name: Becattini, F.
name: Buzzegoli, M.
name: Palermo, A.
name: Prokhorov, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show that local parity violation due to chirality imbalance in relativistic nuclear collisions can be revealed by measuring the projection of the polarization vector onto the momentum, i.e. the helicity, of final state baryons. The proposed method does not require a coupling to the electromagnetic field, like in the Chiral Magnetic Effect. By using linear response theory, we show that, in the presence of a chiral imbalance, the spin 1/2 baryons and anti-baryons receive an additional contribution to the polarization along their momentum and proportional to the axial chemical potential. The additional, parity-breaking, contribution to helicity can be detected by studying helicity-helicity azimuthal angular correlation.
description: 13 pages, 3 figures; final version to appear in Physics Letters B
Machine Learning Framework for Modeling Exciton-Polaritons in Molecular Materials
Creators: name: Li, Xinyang
name: Lubbers, Nicholas
name: Tretiak, Sergei
name: Barros, Kipton
name: Zhang, Yu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A light-matter hybrid quasiparticle, called a polariton, is formed when molecules are strongly coupled to an optical cavity. Recent experiments have shown that polariton chemistry can manipulate chemical reactions. Polariton chemistry is a collective phenomenon and its effects increase with the number of molecules in a cavity. However, simulating an ensemble of molecules in the excited state coupled to a cavity mode is theoretically and computationally challenging. Recent advances in machine learning techniques have shown promising capabilities in modeling ground state chemical systems. This work presents a general protocol to predict excited-state properties, such as energies, transition dipoles, and non-adiabatic coupling vectors with the hierarchically interacting particle neural network. Machine learning predictions are then applied to compute potential energy surfaces and electronic spectra of a prototype azomethane molecule in the collective coupling scenario. These computational tools provide a much-needed framework to model and understand many molecules' emerging excited-state polariton chemistry.
Bautz, Friedrich-Wilhelm (hrsg.): Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon
Creators: name: Kg.
Publisher: name: Ökumenische Rundschau
Year: 2025

description: Ökumenische Rundschau, Bd. 20 Nr. 3 (1971): Ökumenische Rundschau, Band 20, Heft 3
Economic Evaluation of Bt Corn Refuge Insurance
Creators: name: Mitchell, Paul D.
name: Hurley, Terrance M.
name: Hellmich, Richard L.
name: Mitchell, Paul D.
name: Hurley, Terrance M.
name: Hellmich, Richard L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: Bt corn
subject: crop insurance
subject: refuge crops
subject: pest-resistant management
subject: European corn borer
subject: yield loss

description: The EPA has imposed mandatory refuge requirements for Bt crops to prolong the efficacy of Bt. Growers have no economic incentive to plant the required refuge because refuge crops are on average less productive and more risky. This paper evaluates refuge insuranceinsurance thatpays indemnities for yield losses on refuge due to insect damageas a tool to increase grower compliance incentives. We determine actuarially fair insurance premiums, then evaluate the feasibility of private provision of refuge insurance and its impact on grower incentives to comply with refuge requirements. A private market for refuge insurance appears unlikely because our analysis suggests that even a 2 percent load on the actuarially fair premium makes growers unwilling to buy refuge insurance. This load is not sufficient to cover administrative costs and provide a normal economic return. Even actuarially fair refuge insurance increases grower compliance incentives less than 3 percent. This result occurs because the primary benefit of Bt corn is yield enhancement and not risk reduction, but refuge insurance only reduces risk. For refuge insurance to provide significant compliance incentives, conventional insurance products must be restructured to draw premiums from sources other than grower risk premiums.
Analogues of Alladi's formula over global function fields
Creators: name: Duan, Lian
name: Wang, Biao
name: Yi, Shaoyun
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Number Theory (math.NT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this paper, we show an analogue of Kural, McDonald and Sah's result on Alladi's formula for global function fields. Explicitly, we show that for a global function field $K$, if a set $S$ of prime divisors has a natural density $δ(S)$ within prime divisors, then $$-\lim_{n\to\infty} \sum_{\substack{1\le °D\le n\\ D\in \mathfrak{D}(K,S)}}\frac{μ(D)}{|D|}=δ(S),$$ where $μ(D)$ is the Möbius function on divisors and $\mathfrak{D}(K,S)$ is the set of all effective distinguishable divisors whose smallest prime factors are in $S$. As applications, we get the analogue of Dawsey's and Sweeting and Woo's results to the Chebotarev Density Theorem for function fields, and the analogue of Alladi's result to the Prime Polynomial Theorem for arithmetic progressions. We also display a connection between the Möbius function and the Fourier coefficients of modular form associated to elliptic curves. The proof of our main theorem is similar to the approach in Kural et al.'s article.
description: 17 pages. To appear in Finite Fields and Their Applications
A Diffusion Model for SU(N) QCD Screening
Creators: name: Arcioni, Giovanni
name: de Haro, Sebastian
name: Gao, Peng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider a phenomenological model for the dynamics of Wilson loops in pure SU(N) QCD where the expectation value of the loop is the average over an interacting diffusion process on the group manifold SU(N). The interaction is provided by an arbitrary potential that generates the transition from the Casimir scaling regime into the screening phase of the four-dimensional gauge theory. The potential is required to respect the underlying center symmetry of the gauge theory, and this predicts screening of arbitrary SU(N) representations to the corresponding antisymmetric representations of the same N-ality. The stable strings before the onset of screening are therefore the k-strings. In the process we find a non-trivial but solvable modification of the QCD_2 matrix model that involves an arbitrary potential.
description: 33 pages
Lejeunea fawcettiae D. J. Carr
Creators: name: Söderström, Lars
name: Hagborg, Anders
name: Konrat, Matt Von
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Bryophyta
Jungermanniopsida
Porellales
Lejeuneaceae
Lejeunea
Lejeunea fawcettiae

description: Lejeunea fawcettiae D.J.Carr,
Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria 117: 325, 2005 (see Carr 2005). BASED ON: Lejeunea fawcettiae D.J.Carr, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria 116 (2): 229, 2004, nom. inval. ICN Art. 40.7; no herbarium specified (see Carr 2004).
description: Published as part of Söderström, Lars, Hagborg, Anders & Konrat, Matt Von, 2014, Early Land Plants Today: Index of Liverworts & Hornworts 2011 - 2012, pp. 61-85 in Phytotaxa 170 (2) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.170.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4779611
An Allais Measure of Production Sector Waste Due to Quotas
Creators: name: Fulginiti, Lilyan E.
name: Perrin, Richard K.
name: Fulginiti, Lilyan E.
name: Perrin, Richard K.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1996
Subjects: subject: Production Economics
subject: waste
subject: deadweight loss
subject: production sector
subject: quotas

description: This paper adapts a partial equilibrium approach of Allais and Diewert to measure the efficiency loss in the producing sector due to quotas. The measure of waste is the additional profits available for reallocation subject to constraints that the welfare of persons and firms outside the sector is unaffected. It is relevant to a sector which faces fixed prices for some commodities, but endogenous prices for others. Tobacco quotas in the United State are estimated to have caused quota-induced producer-sector waste of approximately $95 million per year during 1950-82, or about 3 percent of the average value of the crop.
Non-Diffracting Polarisation Features around Far-Field Zeros of Electromagnetic Radiation
Creators: name: Vernon, Alex J.
name: Kille, Andrew
name: Rodríguez-Fortuño, Francisco J.
name: Afanasev, Andrei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Light from any physical source diffracts over space, as spherical wavefronts grow and energy density is spread out. Diffractive effects pose fundamental limits to light-based technologies, including communications, spectroscopy, and metrology. Polarisation becomes paraxial in the far field limit and, by ignoring longitudinal field components, the rich physics of non-paraxial fields which exist in near-fields or a beam's tight focus are lost. The longitudinal field cannot, however, be ignored when transverse field components vanish (in a transverse field zero) and carry a small non-paraxial region to infinity. We show that a transverse field zero is always accompanied by non-diffracting polarisation structures, whose geometries are independent of the distance to the source, including an enclosing intensity ratio tube, and parallel, non-diverging polarisation singularities. We illustrate these features in multipole radiation and in double slit interference, two examples which have time-fixed transverse field zeros. Non-diffracting structures with changing position are coupled to time-varying zeros, which are present in all far field radiation.
description: 13 pages, 3 figures; journal version
Re-evaluation of Welfare Changes during the Transition in Poland
Creators: name: Huffman, Sonya Kostova
name: Johnson, Stanley R.
name: Huffman, Sonya Kostova
name: Johnson, Stanley R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Political Economy
subject: Transition economy
subject: Poland
subject: cost-of-living indices

description: The costs of shortages and rationing are not captured by standard consumer price indices. Thus the change in real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is an overestimate of welfare losses in transition economies. In this study virtual prices are used to calculate new cost-of-living indices, making it possible to construct more accurate pre- and postreform welfare comparisons. The results for Poland using virtual prices show a 62 to 84 percent decline in welfare over the transition period 1987 to 1992. This welfare loss is approximately one-third the value obtained using actual prices.
Surface Modes on Bursting Neutron Stars and X-ray Burst Oscillations
Creators: name: Piro, Anthony L.
name: Bildsten, Lars
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Accreting neutron stars (NSs) often show coherent modulations during type I X-ray bursts, called burst oscillations. We consider whether a nonradial mode can serve as an explanation for burst oscillations from those NSs which are not magnetic. We find that a surface wave in the shallow burning layer transitions into a crustal interface wave as the envelope cools, a new and previously uninvestigated phenomenon. The surface modulations decrease dramatically as the mode switches, explaining why burst oscillations often disappear before burst cooling ceases. When we include rotational modifications, we find mode frequencies and drifts consistent with those observed. The large NS spin ($\approx270-620 {\rm Hz}$) needed to make this match implies that accreting NSs are spinning at frequencies $\approx4 {\rm Hz}$ above the burst oscillation. Since the asymptotic frequency is set by the crustal interface wave, the observed late time frequency drifts are a probe of the composition and temperature of NS crusts. We compare our model with the observed drifts and persistent luminosities of X-ray burst sources, and find that NSs with a higher average accretion rate show smaller drifts, as we predict. Furthermore, the drift sizes are consistent with crusts composed of iron-like nuclei, as expected for the ashes of the He-rich bursts that are exhibited by these objects.
description: Submitted to Astrophysical Journal on February 7, 2005. 14 pages, 12 figures; some equation errors fixed and note added in proof included
Two-loop leading-color helicity amplitudes for three-photon production at the LHC
Creators: name: Chawdhry, Herschel A.
name: Czakon, Michal
name: Mitov, Alexander
name: Poncelet, Rene
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We calculate all planar contributions to the two-loop massless helicity amplitudes for the process $q\bar q\to γγγ$. The results are presented in fully analytic form in terms of the functional basis proposed recently by Chicherin and Sotnikov. With this publication we provide the two-loop contributions already used by us in the NNLO QCD calculation of the LHC process $pp\to γγγ$ [Chawdhry et al. (2019)]. Our results agree with a recent calculation of the same amplitude [Abreu et al. (2020)] which was performed using different techniques. We combine several modern computational techniques, notably, analytic solutions for the IBP identities, finite-field reconstruction techniques as well as the recent approach [Chen (2019)] for efficiently projecting helicity amplitudes. Our framework appears well-suited for the calculation of two-loop multileg amplitudes for which complete sets of master integrals exist.
description: 19 pages, 2 figures, published version
title: Direct Numerical Simulation of Multi-Phase Flows using Extended Discontinuous Galerkin Methods
Creators: name: Smuda, Martin
Publisher: name: UNSPECIFIED
Year: 2021

description: The scientific study of multi-phase flows is a challenging task for analytical and experimental works. Thus, sophisticated and specialized numerical methods are in need for the direct numerical simulation of such problems. In this work a high-order multi-phase flow solver on the basis of the extended Discontinuous Galerkin (extended DG/XDG) method is developed. This allows the direct numerical simulation of the transient incompressible two-phase Navier-Stokes equations in their sharp interface formulation. The approximation space of the local ansatz-functions is adapted to be conform to the position of the interface. The interface, described as a level-set function, is discretized by a standard DG method that enables a sub-cell accurate representation of sharp jumps in the pressure field and kinks in the velocity field. For the numerical treatment of the surface tension force the Laplace-Beltrami formulation without regularization is implemented. Stability issues regarding the energy conservation of the solver are addressed. The developed solver is validated against a wide range of typical two-phase surface tension driven flow phenomena including capillary waves, an oscillating droplet and a rising bubble. Allowing the simulation of dynamic contact line problems, the generalized Navier boundary condition is adapted for the XDG discretization. The results regarding the rise of liquid in a capillary build the basis of a new benchmark setup for capillarity driven flow problems. Another extension of the solver is the implementation of the coupled two-phase heat equation in context of the XDG method. Furthermore, the discretization for both the Navier-Stokes equations and the heat equation is extended to allow a mass and energy flow across the interface. This way the velocity field exhibits a sharp jump and the temperature field shows a kink at the interface. A first basic validation is provided against analytical solutions. This work presents a multi-purpose flow solver for the direct simulation of multi-phase flows involving dynamic contact lines and phase changes due to evaporation. It is based on the XDG method to allow a sub-cell accurate approximation in context of the sharp interface formulation.
[Brev til DKNVS]
Creators: name: Malling, Iver
name: Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab (DKNVS)
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1806

description: Malling beklager at han ikke har noen myndighet å utbetale penger til premier fra arveprinsens dødsbo. Prinsen døde 7/12 1805
Limitations of the point-count method for inferring stand-level species-resource relationships : a sampling simulation approach
Creators: name: Goodinson, Clive
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: In this thesis, I suggest that only under special, simplified circumstances is the point-count method appropriate for deducing stand-level species-resource relationships. As a field evaluation of the point-count method, I developed stand-level species-resource models for two woodpecker species, the red-naped sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) and the northern flicker (Colaptes auratus). Compounding sources of uncertainty severely compromised the usefulness of this exercise in elucidating species-resource relationships. In response to the difficulties with the field data, I developed Sample Sim'on, a program that simulates the repeated sampling of a population of mobile, territorial organisms in a landscape with one or more resources. I show that the spatial distribution of resources, species behaviour, and sampling design can greatly affect the success rate with which species-resource relationships can be determined correctly (i.e., the sampling success rate). Realistic values for parameters describing these elements result in a very low sampling success rate, even when sampling effort is impracticably high. In addition, other variables that are not explicitly defined in Sample Sim'on, including those acting over larger spatial scales, can only add variance to species-resource data, further weakening sampling success.
The Effect of Future Availability of Information on Willingness to Pay
Creators: name: Corrigan, Jay R.
name: Corrigan, Jay R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: commitment cost
subject: contingent valuation
subject: real options

description: This paper analyzes the effect that potential future availability of information has on willingness to pay in a contingent market characterized by uncertainty and irreversibility. In particular, I test whether the effect is consistent with the predictions of Zhao and Kling's (forthcoming) theory of commitment cost. The analysis is performed using the results of a contingent valuation study designed to estimate the degree to which local residents value improved water quality in Clear Lake, a spring-fed, glacial lake located in north-central Iowa. The results show that willingness to pay is highly sensitive to the potential for future learning. Offering survey respondents the opportunity to delay their purchasing decision until more information is available led to a significant decrease in willingness to pay. This suggests that contingent valuation practitioners must take care to accurately represent the potential for future learning or else risk biased valuation estimates.
Generalized Gibbons-Werner method for stationary spacetimes
Creators: name: Huang, Yang
name: Cao, Zhoujian
name: Lu, Zhenyan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Gibbons-Werner (GW) method is a powerful approach in studying the gravitational deflection of particles moving in curved spacetimes. The application of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem (GBT) to integral regions constructed in a two-dimensional manifold enables the deflection angle to be expressed and calculated from the perspective of geometry. However, different techniques are required for different scenarios in the practical implementation which leads to different GW methods. For the GW method for stationary axially symmetric (SAS) spacetimes, we identify two problems: (a) the integral region is generally infinite, which is ill-defined for some asymptotically nonflat spacetimes whose metric possesses singular behavior, and (b) the intricate double and single integrals bring about complicated calculation, especially for highly accurate results and complex spacetimes. To address these issues, a generalized GW method is proposed in which the infinite region is replaced by a flexible region to avoid the singularity, and a simplified formula involving only a single integral of a simple integrand is derived by discovering a significant relationship between the integrals in conventional methods. Our method provides a comprehensive framework for describing the GW method for various scenarios. Additionally, the generalized GW method and simplified calculation formula are applied to three different kinds of spacetimes--Kerr spacetime, Kerr-like black hole in bumblebee gravity, and rotating solution in conformal Weyl gravity. The first two cases have been previously computed by other researchers, affirming the effectiveness and superiority of our approach. Remarkably, the third case is newly examined, yielding an innovative result for the first time.
Generalized S-matrix in Mixed Representations
Creators: name: Ishikawa, Kenzo
name: Shimomura, Takashi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A generalized scattering amplitude where momenta of incoming-particles and outgoing-particles as well as positions of incoming-particles and outgoing-particles are specified is formulated. Idealistic beams and idealistic measuring instruments where momenta and positions satisfy minimum uncertainty are studied with a use of minimum wave packets, coherent states. In the present work, we show general features of the generalized scattering amplitudes based on $ϕ^4$ theory. We give a proof of completeness of many body states, asymptotic behaviors in the large distance region, and factorization of the amplitudes. Despite of the non-orthogonal properties of wave packets, we found that the probability interpretation is verified. A differential probability depends upon the wave packet size but a total probability that is integrated in the final states is independent from the size of final state wave packet and becomes universal. Few body amplitudes are studied as examples.
description: 33 pages, 1 figure
Kirschbaum, Engelbert (hrsg.): Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie
Creators: name: Goldammer, Kurt
Publisher: name: Ökumenische Rundschau
Year: 2025

description: Ökumenische Rundschau, Bd. 20 Nr. 3 (1971): Ökumenische Rundschau, Band 20, Heft 3
[Brev til DKNVS]
Creators: name: , Carl
name: Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab (DKNVS)
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1806

description: Takker for tilsendte statutter for VS
description: Landgreve av Hessen-Cassel. Polydoc nr. 1: 1048. Polydoc nr. 2: 442.
Turbulent Filamentation in Lasers with High Fresnel Numbers
Creators: name: Yukalov, V. I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The theory of turbulent photon filamentation in lasers with high Fresnel numbers is presented. A survey of experimental observations of turbulent filamentation is given. Theoretical description is based on the method of eliminating field variables, which yields the pseudospin laser equations. These are treated by the scale separation approach, including the randomization of local fields and the method of stochastic averaging. The initial, as well as the transient and final stages of radiation dynamics are carefully analysed. The characteristics of photon filaments are obtained by involving the probabilistic approach to pattern selection.
description: Latex file, 26 pages, Review chapter
Should We Expect Government Policy to Be Pareto Efficient?: The Consequences of an Arrow-Debreu Economy with Violable Property Rights
Creators: name: Bullock, David S.
name: Bullock, David S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Pareto efficiency
subject: property rights

description: To address the question, "Should we expect government policy to be efficient?" at its roots, I modify the well-known Arrow-Debreu private ownership economy, allowing property rights to be violable. The result is that equilibria tend to be Pareto inefficient.
Theoretical and numerical perspectives on cosmic distance averages
Creators: name: Breton, Michel-Andrès
name: Fleury, Pierre
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The interpretation of cosmological observations relies on a notion of an average Universe, which is usually considered as the homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model. However, inhomogeneities may statistically bias the observational averages with respect to FLRW, notably for distance measurements, due to a number of effects such as gravitational lensing and redshift perturbations. In this article, we review the main known theoretical results on average distance measures in cosmology, based on second-order perturbation theory, and we fill in some of their gaps. We then comprehensively test these theoretical predictions against ray tracing in a high-resolution dark-matter $N$-body simulation. This method allows us to describe the effect of small-scale inhomogeneities deep into the non-linear regime of structure formation on light propagation up to $z=10$. We find that numerical results are in remarkably good agreement with theoretical predictions in the limit of super-sample variance. No unexpectedly large bias originates from very small scales, whose effect is fully encoded in the non-linear power spectrum. Specifically, the directional average of the inverse amplification and the source-averaged amplification are compatible with unity; the change in area of surfaces of constant cosmic time is compatible with zero; the biases on other distance measures, which can reach slightly less than $1\%$ at high redshift, are well understood. As a side product, we also confront the predictions of the recent finite-beam formalism with numerical data and find excellent agreement.
description: 21+8 pages, 23 figures. Accepted version
Snapshot hyperspectral imaging of intracellular lasers
Creators: name: Caixeiro, Soraya
name: Wijesinghe, Philip
name: Dholakia, Kishan
name: Gather, Malte C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Intracellular lasers are emerging as powerful biosensors for multiplexed tracking and precision sensing of cells and their microenvironment. This sensing capacity is enabled by quantifying their narrow-linewidth emission spectra, which is presently challenging to do at high speeds. In this work, we demonstrate rapid snapshot hyperspectral imaging of intracellular lasers. Using integral field mapping with a microlens array and a diffraction grating, we obtain images of the spatial and spectral intensity distribution from a single camera acquisition. We demonstrate widefield hyperspectral imaging over a 3$\times$3 mm$^2$ field of view and volumetric imaging over 250$\times$250$\times$800 $μ$m$^3$ volumes with a spatial resolution of 5 $μ$m and a spectral resolution of less than 0.8 nm. We evaluate the performance and outline the challenges and strengths of snapshot methods in the context of characterising the emission from intracellular lasers. This method offers new opportunities for a diverse range of applications, including high-throughput and long-term biosensing with intracellular lasers.
description: 15 pages, 6 figures
Origin of the mid-infrared peaks in the optical conductivity of LaMnO$_{3}$
Creators: name: Munkhbaatar, Purevdorj
name: Myung-Whun, Kim
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We calculated the infrared conductivity spectrum of orbitally ordered LaMnO$_3$ in phonon frequency and overtone frequency ranges. We considered orbital exchange, Jahn-Teller electron-phonon coupling, and phonon--phonon coupling. The fundamental excitation of the phonon-coupled orbiton was only Raman active, not infrared active, while its overtone modes were both Raman and infrared active. Our calculations reproduced the small peaks near 1300 cm$^{-1}$ observed both in Raman scattering and infrared conductivity spectra, as consistent with previous experimental results.
description: 10 pages, 3 figures