cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Impact of presymptomatic transmission on epidemic spreading in contact networks: A dynamic message-passing analysis
Creators: name: Li, Bo
name: Saad, David
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Infectious diseases that incorporate pre-symptomatic transmission are challenging to monitor, model, predict and contain. We address this scenario by studying a variant of a stochastic susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered model on arbitrary network instances using an analytical framework based on the method of dynamic message-passing. This framework provides a good estimate of the probabilistic evolution of the spread on both static and contact networks, offering a significantly improved accuracy with respect to individual-based mean-field approaches while requiring a much lower computational cost compared to numerical simulations. It facilitates the derivation of epidemic thresholds, which are phase boundaries separating parameter regimes where infections can be effectively contained from those where they cannot. These have clear implications on different containment strategies through topological (reducing contacts) and infection parameter changes (e.g., social distancing and wearing face masks), with relevance to the recent COVID-19 pandemic.
MPEC 2024-A121 : 2001 FB90 = 2023 VM6
Creators: name: Minor Planet Center Staff
Publisher: name: The Minor Planet Center
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Small Solar System bodies
valueUri: http://astrothesaurus.org/uat/1469
subject: 2001 FB90 = 2023 VM6

description: The Minor Planet Electronic Circulars contain information on unusual minor planets, routine data on comets and natural satellites, and occasional editorial announcements.  They are published on behalf of Division F of the International Astronomical Union by the Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.
U.S. Food Expenditures Away from Home by Type of Meal
Creators: name: Jensen, Helen H.
name: Yen, Steven T.
name: Jensen, Helen H.
name: Yen, Steven T.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1995
Subjects: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety

description: A nonnormal and heteroskedastic double-hurdle model is used to study household expenditure on breakfast, lunch and dinner away from home in the United States. In the 1992-93 period, nearly 40 percent of households purchased breakfast, and about 75 percent of households purchased lunch or dinner in a two-week period. Wife's employment has a positive effect on the probability and level of lunch and dinner expenditures but not on breakfast expenditures. Income effects are al statistically significant and positive. The role of household composition, other demographics and region are also important.
G-gerbes, principal 2-group bundles and characteristic classes
Creators: name: Ginot, Gregory
name: Stienon, Mathieu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Algebraic Topology (math.AT)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Category Theory (math.CT)
subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Let $G$ be a Lie group and $G\to\Aut(G)$ be the canonical group homomorphism induced by the adjoint action of a group on itself. We give an explicit description of a 1-1 correspondence between Morita equivalence classes of, on the one hand, principal 2-group $[G\to\Aut(G)]$-bundles over Lie groupoids and, on the other hand, $G$-extensions of Lie groupoids (i.e.\ between principal $[G\to\Aut(G)]$-bundles over differentiable stacks and $G$-gerbes over differentiable stacks). This approach also allows us to identify $G$-bound gerbes and $[Z(G)\to 1]$-group bundles over differentiable stacks, where $Z(G)$ is the center of $G$. We also introduce universal characteristic classes for 2-group bundles. For groupoid central $G$-extensions, we introduce Dixmier--Douady classes that can be computed from connection-type data generalizing the ones for bundle gerbes. We prove that these classes coincide with universal characteristic classes. As a corollary, we obtain further that Dixmier--Douady classes are integral.
description: Presentation improved, 38 pages
Baryon and lepton number violation rates across the electroweak crossover
Creators: name: Burnier, Y.
name: Laine, M.
name: Shaposhnikov, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We point out that the results of many baryogenesis scenarios operating at or below the TeV scale are rather sensitive to the rate of anomalous fermion number violation across the electroweak crossover. Assuming the validity of the Standard Model of electroweak interactions, and making use of previous theoretical work at small Higgs masses, we estimate this rate for experimentally allowed values of the Higgs mass (m_H = 100 ... 300 GeV). We also elaborate on how the rate makes its appearance in (leptogenesis based) baryogenesis computations.
description: 12 pages. v2: figure added for further clarification
Coase and Car Repair: Who Should Be Responsible for Emissions of Vehicles in Use?
Creators: name: Harrington, Winston
name: McConnell, Virginia D.
name: Harrington, Winston
name: McConnell, Virginia D.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: mobile sources
subject: emissions
subject: Coase
subject: liability
subject: I/M

description: This paper examines the current assignment of liability for in-use vehicle emissions and suggests some alternative policies that may reduce the cost and increase the effectiveness. We first discuss the cost, performance and incentives under current Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) programs, using the recently implemented Arizona "Enhanced I/M" program as an example. These programs were designed to identify and repair vehicles with malfunctioning emission control systems. Since their inception, however, I/M programs have been plagued by transaction costs that have drastically raised the cost of I/M as well as limited its effectiveness. These transaction costs fall into three categories: emission monitoring, repair avoidance, and non-transferability of emission reductions. We argue that most of these transaction costs can be attributed to the current assignment of liability for I/M to motorists, and we examine the potential for other liability assignments to reduce transaction costs and improve program efficiency. Among the alternative institutional arrangements discussed are greater imposition of liability on manufacturers, emission repair subsidies, repair liability auctions, and vehicle leasing.
Interacting dark energy, holographic principle and coincidence problem
Creators: name: Hu, Bo
name: Ling, Yi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The interacting and holographic dark energy models involve two important quantities. One is the characteristic size of the holographic bound and the other is the coupling term of the interaction between dark energy and dark matter. Rather than fixing either of them, we present a detailed study of theoretical relationships among these quantities and cosmological parameters as well as observational constraints in a very general formalism. In particular, we argue that the ratio of dark matter to dark energy density depends on the choice of these two quantities, thus providing a mechanism to change the evolution history of the ratio from that in standard cosmology such that the coincidence problem may be solved. We investigate this problem in detail and construct explicit models to demonstrate that it may be alleviated provided that the interacting term and the characteristic size of holographic bound are appropriately specified. Furthermore, these models are well fitted with the current observation at least in the low red-shift region.
description: 20 pages, 3 figures
Identifying Majorana bound states by tunneling shot-noise tomography
Creators: name: Perrin, Vivien
name: Civelli, Marcello
name: Simon, Pascal
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Majorana fermions are promising building blocks of forthcoming technology in quantum computing. However, their non-ambiguous identification has remained a difficult issue because of the concomitant competition with other topologically trivial fermionic states, which poison their detection in most spectroscopic probes. By employing numerical and analytical methods, here we show that the Fano factor tomography is a key distinctive feature of a Majorana bound state, displaying a spatially constant Poissonian value equal to one. In contrast, the Fano factor of other trivial fermionic states, like the Yu-Shiba-Rusinov or Andreev ones, is strongly spatially dependent and exceeds one as a direct consequence of the local particle-hole symmetry breaking.
description: 6 pages, 2 figures+ 11 pages supplementary material
Longitudinal and transverse components of a vector field
Creators: name: Stewart, A. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Classical Physics (physics.class-ph)
subject: General Physics (physics.gen-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A unified account, from a pedagogical perspective, is given of the longitudinal and transverse projective delta functions proposed by Belinfante and of their relation to the Helmholtz theorem for the decomposition of a three-vector field into its longitudinal and transverse components. It is argued that the results are applicable to fields that are time-dependent as well as fields that are time-independent.
description: 9 pages pdf format. Includes derivation and extension of the Frahm relation and volume integrals of projectors
Large magneto-thermal effect and the spin-phonon coupling in a parent insulating cuprate Pr_{1.3}La_{0.7}CuO_4
Creators: name: Sun, X. F.
name: Tsukada, I.
name: Suzuki, T.
name: Komiya, Seiki
name: Ando, Yoichi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The magnetic-field (H) dependence of the thermal conductivity κof Pr_{1.3}La_{0.7}CuO_4 is found to show a pronounced minimum for in-plane fields at low temperature, which is best attributed to the scattering of phonons by free spins that are seen by a Schottky-type specific heat and a Curie-Weiss susceptibility. Besides pointing to a strong spin-phonon coupling in cuprates, the present result demonstrates that the H-dependence of the phonon heat transport should not be naively neglected when discussing the κ(H) behavior of cuprates, since the Schottky anomaly is ubiquitously found in cuprates at any doping.
description: 6 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. B
BIMA Array Detections of HCN in Comets LINEAR (C/2002 T7) and NEAT (C/2001 Q4)
Creators: name: Friedel, D. N.
name: Remijan, Anthony J.
name: Snyder, L. E.
name: A'Hearn, M. F.
name: Blake, Geoffrey A.
name: de Pater, Imke
name: Dickel, H. R.
name: Forster, J. R.
name: Hogerheijde, M. R.
name: Kraybill, C.
name: Looney, L. W.
name: Palmer, Patrick
name: Wright, M. C. H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present interferometric detections of HCN in comets LINEAR (C/2002 T7) and NEAT (C/2001 Q4) with the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA) Array. With a 25.4"x20.3" synthesized beam around Comet LINEAR and using a variable temperature and outflow velocity (VTOV) model, we found an HCN column density of N_T=6.4+-2.1x10^12 cm^-2, and a production rate of Q(HCN)=6.5+-2.2x10^26 s^-1, giving a production rate ratio of HCN relative to H_2O of ~3.3+-1.1x10^-3 and relative to CN of ~4.6+-1.5. With a 21.3"x17.5" synthesized beam around Comet NEAT and using a VTOV model, we found an HCN column density of N_T=8.5+-4.5x10^11 cm^-2, and a production rate of Q(HCN)=8.9+-4.7x10^25 s^-1, giving a production rate ratio of HCN relative to H_2O of ~7.4+-3.9x10^-4 and relative to CN of ~0.3+-0.2. For both comets, the production rates relative to H_2O are similar to those found in previous comet observations. For Comet LINEAR the production rate relative to CN is consistent with HCN being the primary parent species of CN, while for Comet NEAT it is too low for this to be the case.
description: 20 pages, 2 figures, to be published in the Astrophysical Journal
Algorithmic Risk Assessments Can Alter Human Decision-Making Processes in High-Stakes Government Contexts
Creators: name: Green, Ben
name: Chen, Yiling
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Governments are increasingly turning to algorithmic risk assessments when making important decisions, such as whether to release criminal defendants before trial. Policymakers assert that providing public servants with algorithmic advice will improve human risk predictions and thereby lead to better (e.g., fairer) decisions. Yet because many policy decisions require balancing risk-reduction with competing goals, improving the accuracy of predictions may not necessarily improve the quality of decisions. If risk assessments make people more attentive to reducing risk at the expense of other values, these algorithms would diminish the implementation of public policy even as they lead to more accurate predictions. Through an experiment with 2,140 lay participants simulating two high-stakes government contexts, we provide the first direct evidence that risk assessments can systematically alter how people factor risk into their decisions. These shifts counteracted the potential benefits of improved prediction accuracy. In the pretrial setting of our experiment, the risk assessment made participants more sensitive to increases in perceived risk; this shift increased the racial disparity in pretrial detention by 1.9%. In the government loans setting of our experiment, the risk assessment made participants more risk-averse; this shift reduced government aid by 8.3%. These results demonstrate the potential limits and harms of attempts to improve public policy by incorporating predictive algorithms into multifaceted policy decisions. If these observed behaviors occur in practice, presenting risk assessments to public servants would generate unexpected and unjust shifts in public policy without being subject to democratic deliberation or oversight.
Self-reliance as a development strategy for low-income countries
Creators: name: Prinet, Emmanuel Jean
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The growth-based neoclassical economic paradigm, which is being adopted by virtually all countries as a development model, has created enormous wealth for some. Yet, more than a billion people still live in absolute poverty, and the disparity between the rich and the poor, both within and between countries, is growing. As well, the Earth's ecosystems, the ones on which humans and countless other species depend for life, are becoming severely stressed and sometimes irreversibly damaged, a clear testimony to our unsustainable behavior as a species. The global population is increasing by some 80 million per year, and with this expansion comes a rise in material and energy demands. Although the Ecological Footprint of the affluent countries alone is already larger than the planet, economists are counting on another round of economic growth to alleviate poverty, protect the "environment" and improve quality of life everywhere. This raises questions as to what lies ahead for low-income countries, and what kind of future awaits our planet. The challenge of development today is to improve quality of life, especially for those who need it most, within the carrying capacity of the planet. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to expose the weaknesses of neoclassical economics, and to propose self-reliance as a development strategy, particularly for low-income countries, as a means to address today's ecological and socio-economic reality. The concept of self-reliance is based on ecological economics, a more equitable and ecologically sensitive development paradigm that leads to sustainable development. Self-reliance is discussed with special emphasis on self-sufficiency in food, water and energy. Self-reliance is measured against the two extremes, self-sufficiency at one end of the spectrum, and interdependence at the other. Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of swadeshi illustrates how adopting self-reliance as a way of life can solidify the bonds within a community, and can improve the citizens' overall well-being. Two policy tools are proposed that will help society to become more self-reliant: ecological tax reform, and the closing of the "ecological loop". The southern Indian state, Kerala, demonstrates that it is possible to enjoy a high quality of life without high rates of growth and consumption of resources. But because the State is currently facing some development challenges, it is shown how a policy of self-reliance may solve some of its problems.
Forestry in the Next Millennium: Challenges and Opportunities for the USDA Forest Service
Creators: name: Binkley, Clark S.
name: Binkley, Clark S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: forestry
subject: Forest Service
subject: economics
subject: environment
subject: timber
subject: forest plantations

description: Throughout the globe, forestry faces predictable trends associated with the transition from reliance on natural forests to ones created through human stewardship. Laid over the ordinary economics of this transition are increases in the values of the environmental services that forests provide. The three general approaches to forest management--natural forest management, plantation forest management, and preserve management--are evaluated in this economic context. The USDA Forest Service has interesting opportunities to apply each approach, but doing so will require profound organizational changes.
Unified Interacting Quark Matter and its Astrophysical Implications
Creators: name: Zhang, Chen
name: Mann, Robert B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate interacting quark matter (IQM), including the perturbative QCD correction and color superconductivity, for both up-down quark matter ($ud$QM) and strange quark matter (SQM). We first derive an equation of state (EOS) unifying all cases by a simple reparametrization and rescaling, through which we manage to maximally reduce the number of degrees of freedom. We find, in contrast to the conventional EOS $p=1/3(ρ-4B_{\rm eff})$ for non-interacting quark matter, that taking the extreme strongly interacting limit on the unified IQM EOS gives $p=ρ-2B_{\rm eff}$, where $B_{\rm eff}$ is the effective bag constant. We employ the unified EOS to explore the properties of pure interacting quark stars (IQSs) composed of IQM. We describe how recent astrophysical observations, such as the pulsar-mass measurements, the NICER analysis, and the binary merger gravitational-wave events GW170817, GW190425, and GW190814, further constrain the parameter space. An upper bound for the maximum allowed mass of IQSs is found to be $M_{\rm TOV}\lesssim 3.23 M_{\odot}$. Our analysis indicates a new possibility that the currently observed compact stars, including the recently reported GW190814's secondary component ($M=2.59^{+0.08}_{-0.09}\, M_{\odot}$), can be quark stars composed of interacting quark matter.
description: Final published version. 6 pages, 3 figures
Evidence for Novel Pairing State in Noncentrosymmetric Superconductor CePt3Si: 29Si-NMR Knight Shift Study
Creators: name: Yogi, Mamoru
name: Mukuda, Hidekazu
name: Kitaoka, Yoshio
name: Hashimoto, Shin
name: Yasuda, Takashi
name: Settai, Rikio
name: Matsuda, Tatsuma D
name: Haga, Yoshinori
name: Onuki, Yoshichika
name: Rogl, Peter
name: Bauer, Ernst
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report the measurements of the $^{29}$Si Knight shift $^{29}K$ on the noncentrosymmetric heavy-fermion compound CePt$_{3}$Si in which antiferromagnetism (AFM) with $T_{\rm N}=2.2$ K coexists with superconductivity (SC) with $T_{c}=0.75$ K. Its spin part $^{29}K_{\rm s}$, which is deduced to be $K_{\rm s}^{c}\ge 0.11$ and 0.16% at respective magnetic fields $H=2.0061$ and 0.8671 T, does not decrease across the superconducting transition temperature $T_{c}$ for the field along the c-axis. The temperature dependence of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation of $^{195}$Pt below $T_{c}$ has been accounted for by a Cooper pairing model with a two-component order parameter composed of spin-singlet and spin-triplet pairing components. From this result, it is shown that the Knight-shift data are consistent with the occurrence of the two-component order parameter for CePt$_{3}$Si.
description: 4pages, 4figures
SumGNN: Multi-typed Drug Interaction Prediction via Efficient Knowledge Graph Summarization
Creators: name: Yu, Yue
name: Huang, Kexin
name: Zhang, Chao
name: Glass, Lucas M.
name: Sun, Jimeng
name: Xiao, Cao
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Information Retrieval (cs.IR)
subject: Quantitative Methods (q-bio.QM)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Thanks to the increasing availability of drug-drug interactions (DDI) datasets and large biomedical knowledge graphs (KGs), accurate detection of adverse DDI using machine learning models becomes possible. However, it remains largely an open problem how to effectively utilize large and noisy biomedical KG for DDI detection. Due to its sheer size and amount of noise in KGs, it is often less beneficial to directly integrate KGs with other smaller but higher quality data (e.g., experimental data). Most of the existing approaches ignore KGs altogether. Some try to directly integrate KGs with other data via graph neural networks with limited success. Furthermore, most previous works focus on binary DDI prediction whereas the multi-typed DDI pharmacological effect prediction is a more meaningful but harder task. To fill the gaps, we propose a new method SumGNN: knowledge summarization graph neural network, which is enabled by a subgraph extraction module that can efficiently anchor on relevant subgraphs from a KG, a self-attention based subgraph summarization scheme to generate a reasoning path within the subgraph, and a multi-channel knowledge and data integration module that utilizes massive external biomedical knowledge for significantly improved multi-typed DDI predictions. SumGNN outperforms the best baseline by up to 5.54\%, and the performance gain is particularly significant in low data relation types. In addition, SumGNN provides interpretable prediction via the generated reasoning paths for each prediction.
description: Published in Bioinformatics 2021
Neutrino emission and initial evolution of axionic quark nuggets
Creators: name: Santillán, O.
name: Morano, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The axion quark nuggets introduced in \cite{zhitnitsky}-\cite{zhitnitsky13} are a candidate for cold dark matter which, in addition, may be relevant in baryogenesis scenarios. The present work studies their evolution till they enter in the colour superconducting phase. This evolution was already considered in \cite{zhitnitsky5}, where it is concluded that a large chemical potential $μ$ is induced on the bulk of the object. The baryon number accumulated at the domain wall surrounding the object is taken as predominant in \cite{zhitnitsky5}, and it is suggested that internal and external fluxes are compensated and can be neglected. In the present work, the possibility that the bulk contribution to the baryon number may be relevant at initial stages and that the object may emit a large amount of neutrinos due to quark-antiquark annihilations is taken into account. The outcome is a more violent contraction of the object and, perhaps, a more effective cooling. Therefore, the resulting objects may have a smaller size. Even taking into account these corrections, it is concluded that the cosmological applications of these objects are not spoiled. These applications are discussed along the text.
description: Accepted in Phys Rev D
Random-Turn Hex and other selection games
Creators: name: Peres, Yuval
name: Schramm, Oded
name: Sheffield, Scott
name: Wilson, David B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 91A15; 82B43; 06E30

description: The game of Hex has two players who take turns placing stones of their respective colors on the hexagons of a rhombus-shaped hexagonal grid. Black wins by completing a crossing between two opposite edges, while White wins by completing a crossing between the other pair of opposite edges. Although ordinary Hex is famously difficult to analyze, Random-Turn Hex--in which players toss a coin before each turn to decide who gets to place the next stone--has a simple optimal strategy. It belongs to a general class of random-turn games--called selection games--in which the expected payoff when both players play the random-turn game optimally is the same as when both players play randomly. We also describe the optimal strategy and study the expected length of the game under optimal play for Random-Turn Hex and several other selection games.
description: 17 pages, 7 figures
Forest Carbon Sinks: European Union, Japanese, and Canadian Approaches
Creators: name: Amano, Masahiro
name: Sedjo, Roger A.
name: Amano, Masahiro
name: Sedjo, Roger A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: climate
subject: sinks
subject: Kyoto Protocol
subject: forestry
subject: Canada
subject: Japan
subject: European Union

description: This report compares the approaches of the governments of Japan, Canada, and the European Union member countries toward using carbon sinks to meet their respective Kyoto Protocol carbon reduction targets. Various policies have been proposed by which governments can sequester carbon by promoting afforestation and reforestation, slowing deforestation, and undertaking forest management activities under Articles 3.3 and 3.4. At this time, carbon emissions reduction programs are still under development, both within individual countries and within the context of the protocol. Although some of the details have been worked out, concrete definitions are often still lacking, especially as regards impermanence of forests, additionality, leakage, and socioeconomic and environmental impacts. Japan appears most likely to rely most heavily on forest and biological sinks to meet its Kyoto targets. For Canada, sinks are likely to play a rather modest role. For the EU, the role of sinks is likely to be even smaller, with sinks playing no role for some EU countries (including Sweden, our case study country). However, the final decisions have not yet been made for any of these countries, and the actual role of sinks remains to be determined.
Towards a field theoretic understanding of NN->NNpi
Creators: name: Lensky, V.
name: Baru, V.
name: Haidenbauer, J.
name: Hanhart, C.
name: Kudryavtsev, A. E.
name: Meißner, U. -G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the production amplitude for the reaction NN->NNpi up to next--to--leading order in chiral perturbation theory using a counting scheme that takes into account the large scale introduced by the initial momentum. In particular we investigate a subtlety that arises once the leading loop contributions are convoluted with the NN wavefunctions as demanded by the non--perturbative nature of the NN interaction. We show how to properly identify the irreducible contribution of loop diagrams in such type of reaction. The net effect of the inclusion of all next-to-leading order loops is to enhance the leading rescattering amplitude by a factor of 4/3, bringing its contribution to the cross section for pp->dpi+ close to the experimental value.
description: 15 Pages, 5 Figures
Classification of Filament Formation Mechanisms in Magnetized Molecular Clouds
Creators: name: Abe, Daisei
name: Inoue, Tsuyoshi
name: Inutsuka, Shu-ichiro
name: Matsumoto, Tomoaki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent observations of molecular clouds show that dense filaments are the sites of present-day star formation. Thus, it is necessary to understand the filament formation process because these filaments provide the initial condition for star formation. Theoretical research suggests that shock waves in molecular clouds trigger filament formation. Since several different mechanisms have been proposed for filament formation, the formation mechanism of the observed star-forming filaments requires clarification. In the present study, we perform a series of isothermal magnetohydrodynamics simulations of filament formation. We focus on the influences of shock velocity and turbulence on the formation mechanism and identified three different mechanisms for the filament formation. The results indicate that when the shock is fast, at shock velocity v_sh = 7 km/s, the gas flows driven by the curved shock wave create filaments irrespective of the presence of turbulence and self-gravity. However, at a slow shock velocity v_sh = 2.5 km/s, the compressive flow component involved in the initial turbulence induces filament formation. When both the shock velocities and turbulence are low, the self-gravity in the shock-compressed sheet becomes important for filament formation. Moreover, we analyzed the line-mass distribution of the filaments and showed that strong shock waves can naturally create high-line-mass filaments such as those observed in the massive star-forming regions in a short time. We conclude that the dominant filament formation mode changes with the velocity of the shock wave triggering the filament formation.
description: 25 pages, 21 figures, accepted to ApJ
[Brev til DKNVS]
Creators: name: Schilder, Franciscus
name: Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab (DKNVS)
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1775

description: Schilder anbefaler seg selv til etablering av en messing- og kobbersmie. 1 trykt vedlegg: "Nachricht"
Modeling the nonlinear aeroacoustic response of a harmonically forced side branch aperture under turbulent grazing flow
Creators: name: Pedergnana, Tiemo
name: Bourquard, Claire
name: Faure-Beaulieu, Abel
name: Noiray, Nicolas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 76Q05

description: Hydrodynamic modes in the turbulent mixing layer over a cavity can constructively interact with the acoustic modes of that cavity and lead to aeroacoustic instabilities. The resulting limit cycles can cause undesired structural vibrations or noise pollution in many industrial applications. To further the predictive understanding of this phenomenon, we propose two physics-based models which describe the nonlinear aeroacoustic response of a side branch aperture under harmonic forcing with variable acoustic pressure forcing amplitude pa. One model is based on Howe's classic vortex sheet formulation, and the other on an assumed vertical velocity profile in the side branch aperture. These models are validated against experimental data. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was performed to quantify the turbulent and coherent fluctuations of the shear layer under increasing pa. The specific acoustic impedance Z of the aperture was acquired over a range of frequencies f for different bulk flow velocities U and acoustic pressure forcing amplitudes pa. We show that, once the handful of parameters in the two models for Z have been calibrated using experimental data at a given condition, it is possible to make robust analytical predictions of this impedance over a broad range of f, U and pa. In particular, the models allow prediction of a necessary condition for instability, implied by negative values of the acoustic resistance Re(Z). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the models are able to describe the nonlinear saturation of the aeroacoustic response caused by alteration of the mean flow at large forcing amplitudes, which was recently reported in literature. This effect stabilizes the coupling between the side branch opening and the acoustic field in the cavity, and its quantitative description may be of value for control of aeroacoustic instabilities.
description: 33 pages, 10 figures
Limits and Security of Free-Space Quantum Communications
Creators: name: Pirandola, Stefano
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The study of free-space quantum communications requires tools from quantum information theory, optics and turbulence theory. Here we combine these tools to bound the ultimate rates for key and entanglement distribution through a free-space link, where the propagation of quantum systems is generally affected by diffraction, atmospheric extinction, turbulence, pointing errors, and background noise. Besides establishing ultimate limits, we also show that the composable secret-key rate achievable by a suitable (pilot-guided and post-selected) coherent-state protocol is sufficiently close to these limits, therefore showing the suitability of free-space channels for high-rate quantum key distribution. Our work provides analytical tools for assessing the composable finite-size security of coherent-state protocols in general conditions, from the standard assumption of a stable communication channel (as is typical in fiber-based connections) to the more challenging scenario of a fading channel (as is typical in free-space links).
description: Results of the paper: (i) Ultimate limits/capacities of free-space quantum communications; (ii) General analytical toolbox for composable security analysis of CV-QKD protocols under general conditions (fiber and free-space). REVTeX 36 pages. 6 figures
[Brev til DKNVS]
Creators: name: Suhm, Peter Friderich
name: Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab (DKNVS)
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1775

description: Vedr. trykking av bind V av VS' skrifter. Suhm utlover 100 til premiering av personer av bondestanden
description: Dahl nr.: 1000 (kun første del av brevet er tr.her). Polydoc nr. 1: 778. Polydoc nr. 2: 162.
AIC, BIC, Bayesian evidence against the interacting dark energy model
Creators: name: Szydlowski, Marek
name: Krawiec, Adam
name: Kurek, Aleksandra
name: Kamionka, Michal
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent astronomical observations have indicated that the Universe is in the phase of accelerated expansion. While there are many cosmological models which try to explain this phenomenon, we focus on the interacting $Λ$CDM model where the interaction between the dark energy and dark matter sectors takes place. This model is compared to its simpler alternative---the $Λ$CDM model. To choose between these models the likelihood ratio test was applied as well as the model comparison methods (employing Occam's principle): the Akaike information criterion (AIC), the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and the Bayesian evidence. Using the current astronomical data: SNIa (Union2.1), $h(z)$, BAO, Alcock--Paczynski test and CMB we evaluated both models. The analyses based on the AIC indicated that there is less support for the interacting $Λ$CDM model when compared to the $Λ$CDM model, while those based on the BIC indicated that there is the strong evidence against it in favor the $Λ$CDM model. Given the weak or almost none support for the interacting $Λ$CDM model and bearing in mind Occam's razor we are inclined to reject this model.
description: LaTeX svjour3, 12 pages, 3 figures
Biological Limits on Agricultural Intensification: An Example from Resistance Management
Creators: name: Laxminarayan, Ramanan
name: Simpson, R. David
name: Laxminarayan, Ramanan
name: Simpson, R. David
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: pest resistance
subject: biotechnology
subject: optimization

description: When the application of pesticides places selective evolutionary pressure on pest populations, it can be useful to plant refuge areas-crop areas intended to encourage the breeding of pests that are susceptible to the pesticide. Renewed interest in refuge areas has arisen with recent advances in biotechnology and genetically modified (GM) crops. In this paper, we use a simple model of the evolution of pest resistance to characterize the socially optimal refuge strategy for managing pest resistance. We demonstrate some interesting analogies with other models of renewable resource management, such as those of fisheries. Among the analogous results are findings that maintaining what we might call "maximal sustainable susceptibility" is typically not economically optimal and that the stock of pesticide effectiveness maintained is a declining function of the discount rate. The former result is in contrast to some existing studies based solely on biological considerations. We also examine the land use consequences of the enhanced agricultural productivity that results from the use of GM crops. Arguments are frequently encountered to the effect that GM crops could reduce the total area required for agriculture and thereby increase the quantity of land conserved for natural habitat. We show that the situation may not be as simple as standard arguments portray it. If refuge areas are used to manage resistance, then more land will be devoted to agriculture than would be the case were it simply a matter of adopting a technology that offered the same yield per hectare without requiring the management of a biological stock such as pest susceptibility.
Costs, Emissions Reductions, and Vehicle Repair: Evidence from Arizona
Creators: name: Ando, Amy Whritenour
name: McConnell, Virginia D.
name: Harrington, Winston
name: Ando, Amy Whritenour
name: McConnell, Virginia D.
name: Harrington, Winston
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: I/M
subject: repair
subject: emissions
subject: mobile sources

description: The Arizona I/M program provides one of the first opportunities to examine the costs and effectiveness of vehicle emission repair. This paper examines various aspects of emission reductions, fuel economy improvements, and costs of repair, drawing data from over 80,000 vehicles failing the I/M test in Arizona between 1995 and the first half of 1996. We summarize the wealth of repair data from the Arizona program and highlight its limitations. Because missing or incomplete cost information has been a serious shortcoming for evaluation of I/M programs, we develop a method for estimating the costs of repair when those costs are not reported. We find surprising evidence that almost one quarter of all vehicles that take the I/M test are never observed to pass the test. Using a statistical analysis, we provide some information about the differences between the vehicles that pass and those that do not. Older, more polluting vehicles are much more likely to never pass the I/M test, and their expected costs of repair are much higher than those of new cars. The paper summarizes the evidence on cost and emission reduction in the Arizona program, comparing costs and emission reductions for both cars and trucks. Finally, we examine the potential for more cost-effective repair, first through an analysis of tightening I/M cutpoints, and then by calculating the cost savings of achieving different emission reduction goals when the most cost effective repairs are made first.
Information Programs for Technology Adoption: The Case of Energy-Efficiency Audits
Creators: name: Anderson, Soren T.
name: Newell, Richard G.
name: Anderson, Soren T.
name: Newell, Richard G.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies
subject: energy efficiency
subject: information
subject: technology adoption
subject: energy audits

description: We analyze technology adoption decisions of manufacturers in response to energy audits provided by Department of Energy Industrial Assessment Centers. Using fixed effects logit estimation to control for unobserved plant characteristics, we find that plants respond as expected to financial costs and benefits, though there are unmeasured project-related factors that also influence investment decisions. Revealed behavior of plants suggests that most require a payback of 15 months or less as their investment threshold, corresponding to an 80% or greater hurdle rate. This is consistent with survey results for stated investment thresholds, suggesting that these programs do not lower hurdle rates, as some suggest. Plants reject about half of recommended projects; the primary rationale given is their economic undesirability, as opposed to remaining market or organizational barriers. This raises concerns regarding engineering-economic estimates of the degree to which there are feasible no-net-cost opportunities for reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions.
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis through the lens of autocorrelation functions
Creators: name: Schönle, C.
name: Jansen, D.
name: Heidrich-Meisner, F.
name: Vidmar, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Matrix elements of observables in eigenstates of generic Hamiltonians are described by the Srednicki ansatz within the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH). We study a quantum chaotic spin-fermion model in a one-dimensional lattice, which consists of a spin-1/2 XX chain coupled to a single itinerant fermion. In our study, we focus on translationally invariant observables including the charge and energy current, thereby also connecting the ETH with transport properties. Considering observables with a Hilbert-Schmidt norm of one, we first perform a comprehensive analysis of ETH in the model taking into account latest developments. A particular emphasis is on the analysis of the structure of the offdiagonal matrix elements $|\langle α| \hat O | β\rangle|^2$ in the limit of small eigenstate energy differences $ω= E_β- E_α$. Removing the dominant exponential suppression of $|\langle α| \hat O | β\rangle|^2$, we find that: (i) the current matrix elements exhibit a system-size dependence that is different from other observables under investigation, (ii) matrix elements of several other observables exhibit a Drude-like structure with a Lorentzian frequency dependence. We then show how this information can be extracted from the autocorrelation functions as well. Finally, our study is complemented by a numerical analysis of the fluctuation-dissipation relation for eigenstates in the bulk of the spectrum. We identify the regime of $ω$ in which the well-known fluctuation-dissipation relation is valid with high accuracy for finite systems.
description: v3: Data shown in figures now available as ancillary files
The Case for Intensity Targets
Creators: name: Pizer, William A.
name: Pizer, William A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: carbon
subject: climate
subject: policy
subject: intensity
subject: global warming

description: While the rest of the world has pursued absolute emissions limits for greenhouse gases, the Bush administration has proposed an alternative policy formulation based, among other things, on reducing emissions intensity-that is, emissions per dollar of real gross domestic product. Critics of this formulation have denounced the general idea of an intensity-based emissions target, along with its voluntary nature and weak targets. This raises the question of whether intensity-based emissions limits, distinct from the other features of the Bush initiative, offer a useful alternative to absolute emissions limits. This paper makes the case that they do, based on how emissions targets are framed. The argument draws on four key observations: greenhouse gas emissions will continue to rise over the near term, absolute targets emphasize zero or declining emissions growth while intensity targets do not, developing countries' economic development is integrally tied to emissions growth for the foreseeable future, and intensity targets need not be any more complicated to administer than absolute targets.
A class of remarkable submartingales
Creators: name: Nikeghbali, Ashkan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 05C38, 15A15, 15A18

description: In this paper, we consider the special class of positive local submartingales (X_{t}) of the form: X_{t}=N_{t}+A_{t}, where the measure (dA_{t}) is carried by the set {t: X_{t}=0}. We show that many examples of stochastic processes studied in the literature are in this class and propose a unified approach based on martingale techniques to study them. In particular, we establish some martingale characterizations for these processes and compute explicitly some distributions involving the pair (X_{t},A_{t}). We also associate with X a solution to the Skorokhod's stopping problem for probability measures on the positive half-line.
description: Typos corrected. Close to the published version
ASSET FUNCTIONS AND LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES: A FRAMEWORK FOR PRO-POOR ANALYSIS, POLICY AND PRACTICE
Creators: name: Dorward, Andrew
name: Anderson, Simon
name: Clark, Susanne
name: Keane, Bernadette
name: Moguel, Julieta
name: Dorward, Andrew
name: Anderson, Simon
name: Clark, Susanne
name: Keane, Bernadette
name: Moguel, Julieta
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: Food Security and Poverty
Labor and Human Capital

description: Building upon the current emphasis on the importance of assets in increasing the productivity and reducing the vulnerability of poor peoples' livelihoods, a conceptual framework is developed that relates the functions and attributes of poor peoples' assets to their livelihood status and strategies. The framework promotes more integrated consideration of different assets held by the poor, and hence facilitates analysis for policy, capacity building and technological interventions to expand livelihood opportunities for the poor. The application of the conceptual framework is illustrated with preliminary analysis of small livestock keeping by campesinos in south east Mexico.