Solanum weddellii Phil., Anales Mus. Nac. Chile, Segunda Secc., Bot. 1891: 65. 1891.
Creators: name: Knapp, Sandra
name: Saerkinen, Tiina
name: Barboza, Gloria E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Solanales
Solanaceae
Solanum
Solanum weddellii

description: 60. Solanum weddellii Phil., Anales Mus. Nac. Chile, Segunda Secc., Bot. 1891: 65. 1891. Figs 2A, 181, 182 Chamaesaracha boliviensis Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 215. 1913. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: Between Palca and La Paz, <i>K. Pflanz 145</i> (holotype: B, destroyed [F neg. 2710]). Bolivia. La Paz: Prov. Ingavi, cantón Jesus de Machaca, comunidad Titicani-Tacaca, a 20 km de Guaqui, 3820 m, 22 Mar 1989, <i>X. Villavencio L. 318</i> (neotype, designated here: LPB; isoneotype: CORD [CORD00101735]). Solanum chamaesarachidium Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 94. 1917. Type. Based on Chamaesaracha boliviensis Dammer. Type. Chile. Región I (Tarapacá): Prov. Tarapacá, Calcalhuay, Jan 1886, <i>C. Rahmer s.n.</i> (no herbaria cited; lectotype, designated here: SGO [SGO000004605]; isolectotype: WU [acc. # 1903-0010229]). Description. Tiny annual herbs to 0.2 m high, usually appearing as a prostrate rosette. Stems terete, sparsely pubescent with eglandular, 2-4-celled simple uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long, these antrorse and slightly verrucose, and shorter 1-2-celled glandular trichomes to 0.2 mm long; new growth sparsely to densely pubescent with tangled, weak-walled eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes; older stems green. Sympodial units plurifoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, shallowly to deeply lobed, the blades 1-3(4) cm long, 0.5-1.5(2) cm wide, elliptic to narrowly elliptic in outline, widest at the middle, thick and somewhat fleshy in live plants, concolorous; adaxial and abaxial surfaces sparsely pubescent with tangled, eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long, these denser on the veins; principal veins 3-4 pairs, not clearly visible (except as lobes) in live plants; base attenuate onto the winged petiole; margins shallowly to deeply lobed, revolute and undulate, the sinuses reaching 1/4-3/4 of the distance the midrib, the lobes triangular with deltate, rounded tips; petiole 0.4-1.5 cm long, winged from the attenuate leaf base. Inflorescences internodal, sometimes very near the nodes and then appearing almost opposite the leaves, unbranched, 0.3-1 cm long, with 3-5 flowers clustered at the tip, a single flower open at a time, sparsely to moderately pubescent with tiny glandular papillae and longer eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long like those of the stems; peduncle 0.25-0.9 cm long; pedicels 0.2-0.4 cm long, ca. 0.25 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 0.25 mm in diameter at the apex, erect at anthesis, sparsely to moderately pubescent with a mixture of glandular papillae and tangled simple uniseriate trichomes like the rest of the inflorescence, articulated at the base; pedicel scars clustered or to ca. 1 mm apart, occasionally to as much as 4 mm apart in larger inflorescences. Buds ellipsoid, the corolla ca. halfway exserted from the calyx before anthesis (only just surpassing the tips of the calyx lobes). Flowers 5-merous, cosexual (hermaphroditic). Calyx tube 1-1.5 mm long, conical, the lobes 1.1.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, deltate with rounded tips, sparsely pubescent with a mixture of glandular papillae and 2-4-celled eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes. Corolla ca. 0.6 cm in diameter, purple or white (fading with flower age through anthesis) with a large greenish yellow, purple-edged central eye, rotate, lobed less than 1/4 of the way to the base, the lobes (acumens) ca. 1 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, spreading at anthesis, adaxially glabrous except for the papillate lobe tips, abaxially with scattered eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes over the entire surface. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 0.5-0.7 mm long, densely pubescent with tangled simple uniseriate trichomes adaxially; anthers ca. 1 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, globose to broadly ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary conical, glabrous; style ca. 1.5 mm long, straight, only just exceeding the anther cone, densely papillate in the lower 3/4 of its length; stigma large-capitate and globose, ca. 1 mm in diameter, the surface minutely papillate, bright green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 0.5-0.7 cm in diameter, pale green to pale whitish green at maturity, the pericarp thin, matte, opaque, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 0.6-0.7 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the apex, not markedly woody, deflexed with the berry pointing down to rest on the soil, not persistent; fruiting calyx accrescent and inflated, the calyx tube ca. 0.5 cm long strongly angled between the lobes, the lobes ca. 0.5 cm long, 0.5-0.6 cm wide, more or less halfmoonshaped to deltate, the margins somewhat overlapping, the venation prominent and slightly purplish black or dark green in live plants, darker in dry specimens, the berry always visible inside the inflated calyx. Seeds 2-7(17) per berry, 2-3 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, irregularly shaped to somewhat teardrop shaped, not markedly flattened, black to dark brown, the surface tuberculate, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number: 2n = 24 (Chiarini et al. 2017, voucher <i>Särkinen et al. 4038</i> ). Distribution <b>(Fig. 183).</b> <i>Solanum weddellii</i> occurs in the high Andes of Peru (Depts. Arequipa, Cusco, Huancavelica, Moquegua, Puno), Bolivia (Depts. La Paz, Potosí), Argentina (Provs. Catamarca, La Rioja, Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán) and Chile (Regions I [Tarapacá], II [Antofagasta]). Ecology and habitat. <i>Solanum weddellii</i> is a plant of open sandy areas above treeline in the puna or high elevation semi-desert (xerophytic) habitats, growing in loose sandy soil among gravel and with other small herbs, from 2,300 to 4,550 m elevation. Common names and uses. None recorded. Preliminary conservation status (IUCN 2022) Vulnerable [VU, B 2a,b(iv), D2]. EOO = 603,950 km2 [LC]; AOO = 220 km2 [EN]. <i>Solanum weddellii</i> has a large extent of occurrence but grows only in very loose sandy soils in widely dispersed populations. It is known from fewer than ten sites. Given these parameters we would suggest it is of some conservation concern. It is known to occur within protected areas in Argentina (e.g., Humahuaca World Heritage site) but is often collected in areas around mining operations; whether this is an access issue or more related to the soil type specificity of <i>S. weddellii</i> is not known. Discussion. <i>Solanum weddellii</i> is morphologically very similar to <i>S. gilioides</i> and it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish them from fragmentary herbarium specimens. The most striking differences are in calyx shape through anthesis and fruit development. In flower, the calyx lobes of <i>S. gilioides</i> are linear or narrowly triangular and grow considerably in length when fruiting (Fig. 62G, H), while those of <i>S. weddellii</i> are more ovate-deltate and expand in width in fruit, forming a broadly open, somewhat frilly-looking cup (Fig. 182D). Leaves of <i>S. weddellii</i> are more densely pubescent and usually less deeply divided than those of <i>S. gilioides</i> and flowers are smaller (ca. 0.6 cm in diameter with anthers ca. 1 mm long in <i>S. weddellii</i> versus ca. 1.6 cm in diameter with anthers 1-3 mm long in <i>S. gilioides</i>). These two species were previously recognised as section Solanum Chamaesarachium Bitter (Barboza 2003), along with <i>S. annuum</i>. Molecular data confirm the close relationship of <i>S. weddellii</i> and <i>S. gilioides</i> as the monophyletic Chamaesarachidium clade (Särkinen et al. 2015b), but <i>S. annuum</i> is not related to them (Gagnon et al. 2022). Plants of <i>S. weddellii</i> vary enormously in size even in similar habitats; this may be due to local microenvironmental differences. The patchy distribution of <i>S. weddellii</i> may be due to its preference for loose sandy soils; we have only collected it in high elevation areas with sand soil or dune-like habitats; <i>S. gilioides</i> in contrast is found in a wide variety of rocky and sandy areas. No herbaria were cited in the original description of <i>S. weddellii</i>; we have selected a specimen in SGO (SGO000004605) corresponding to the collector, locality and date from the protologue as the lectotype. We have found no duplicates of the Pflanz collection used to describe <i>Chamaesaracha boliviensis</i> and it is likely to have been a sheet in Berlin that was destroyed (B, F neg. 2710), but no herbaria were cited in the protologue (Dammer 1913). Barboza et al. (2013) did not neotypify this name, but we here select a fruiting collection gathered in March from the vicinity of La Paz, Bolivia (<i>Villavicencio L. 318</i>, LPB) as the neotype for this name.
description: Published as part of <i>Knapp, Sandra, Saerkinen, Tiina &amp; Barboza, Gloria E., 2023, A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade (Solanum L., Solanaceae), pp. 1-342 in PhytoKeys 231</i> on page 1, DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894
description: {"references": ["Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2013. Grupo VII. Moreloide. In: Anton, AM, Zuloaga, FO, Eds., Barboza GE (Coord.) Flora Argentina (Vol. 13), Solanaceae. IOBDA- IMBIV, CONICET: Buenos Aires &amp; Cordoba, Argentina: 231 - 264", "Chiarini, FE, Lipari, D, Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, 2017. Solanaceae. In: Marhold, K, Bresitwiser, I, Eds., IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 25. Taxon 66(5): 1246 - 1247, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/665.29", "2022. . https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines", "Barboza, GE, 2003. Taxonomic revision of Solanum sect. Chamaesarachidium (Solaneae, Solanaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany 23 (2): 155 - 168, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2003.tb00377.x", "Saerkinen, T, Barboza, GE, Knapp, S, 2015b. True Black nightshades: Phylogeny and delimitation of the Morelloid clade of Solanum. Taxon 64 (5): 945 - 958, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/645.5", "Gagnon, E, Hilgenhof, R, Orejuela, A, McDonnell, A, Sablok, G, Aubriot, X, Giacomin, LL, Gouvea, Y, Bohs, L, Dodsworth, S, Martine, C, Poczai, P, Knapp, S, Saerkinen, T, 2022. Phylogenomic discordance suggests polytomies along the backbone of the large genus Solanum. American Journal of Botany 109 (4): 580 - 601, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1827", "Dammer, U, 1913. Solanaceae. In: Perkins, J, Ed., Beitrage zuer Flora von Bolivia. Botanische Jahrbuecher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 49: 215 - 217"]}