cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
On Black Panther (2018) Afrofuturist Sociotechnical Imaginary Practices in Action
Creators: name: Johnston, Corazón
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: Afrofuturism
Black Panther
Science, Technology, & Society
African Diaspora
race
future
social media
socio-technical imaginaries
Black techo-culture
Black cyber-culture
global society
Futurism
imagination
movement
social impact
film

description: Determinants of the future is and always has been a powerful capital to possess and participate in. Storytelling as possibly one of the most determining tools of the future finds its exemplar self in the medium of film. The concrete form to storytelling’s abstraction is technology. Technology globally has determined the advancement of society, i.e. the future. STS which argues that technology is a fixed practice of society, which inadvertently subverts that belief. Scholars for a long time found science fiction, which heavily engaged in technological societies and futures, to be an artistic meditation of determining possible futures. More recently, due to the success of the film Black Panther, another artistic meditation of determining the future was popularized in the eyes of the global public: Afrofuturism. This paper explores how Black Panther artistically manifested Afrofuturism; how those manifestations navigated socio-technological problems within the world of the film; and how the film’s audience received those manifestations. What kind of Afrofuturism is being portrayed in the film, by the production of the film, and what kind of discussion resulted from that? Lastly, what kind of future was accepted, critiqued, and ultimately could arise?
Hernandia sonora Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Laurales
Hernandiaceae
Hernandia
Hernandia sonora

description: Hernandia sonora Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 981. 1753.
"Habitat in Indiis." RCN: 7107.
Lectotype (Stearn, Introd. Linnaeus’ Sp. Pl. (Ray Soc. ed.): 47. 1957): [icon] " Hernandia " in Linnaeus, Hort. Cliff.: 485, t. 33. 1738.
Generitype of Hernandia Linnaeus.
Current name: Hernandia sonora L. (Hernandiaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 568, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Herniaria fruticosa Linnaeus 1755
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Caryophyllales
Caryophyllaceae
Herniaria
Herniaria fruticosa

description: Herniaria fruticosa Linnaeus, Centuria I Plantarum: 8. 1755.
"Habitat in Hispania." RCN: 1796.
Lectotype (Chaudhri in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 53: 1052. 2004): Löfling 186a, Herb. Linn. No. 312.4 (LINN).
Current name: Herniaria fruticosa L. (Caryophyllaceae).
Note: Chaudhri (in Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 285: 386. 1968) stated "Type: Spain: Herb. Linnaeus 312/3-4 (LINN)". This did not distinguish between the two cited sheets, the material of which does not appear to be part of a single gathering (so Art. 9.15 does not apply). Chaudhri subsequently designated a Löfling collection as the lectotype.
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 568, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Herniaria glabra Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Caryophyllales
Caryophyllaceae
Herniaria
Herniaria glabra

description: Herniaria glabra Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 218. 1753.
"Habitat in Europae apricis, glareosis, siccis." RCN: 1794.
Lectotype (Pugsley in J. Bot. 68: 214. 1930): Herb. Linn. No. 312.1 (LINN).
Generitype of Herniaria Linnaeus (vide Hitchcock, Prop. Brit. Bot.: 137. 1929).
Current name: Herniaria glabra L. (Caryophyllaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 568, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
“HELL HATH NO THEORY”: THE ABYSS OF EPISTEMIC DISSONANCE IN POSTCOLONIAL AFRICA
Creators: name: Babalola, Temiloluwa
Publisher: name: Stanford Digital Repository
Year: 2024
Subjects: post-colonization
Africa
Indigeneity
Knowledge
Intellectual Property
Hauntology
Epistemology
Academia

description: Walter Powell and Kaisa Snellman define knowledge economy as production and services based on knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to an accelerated pace of technological and scientific advancement, in addition to equally rapid obsolescence. The knowledge economy is based on theoretical knowledge being a source of innovation, and the primary sources of theoretical knowledge in the economy are sites of knowledge production. Academia is one such site. By conducting a content analysis on papers about Intellectual Property and Indigenous Knowledge protection to examine academia’s role in the knowledge economy of colonized African nations, I argue that the globalized form of the knowledge economy manifests as a phenomenon of postcolonial hauntology by creating a neocolonial hell that locks African nations into a model not serving their development needs.
Herniaria hirsuta Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Caryophyllales
Caryophyllaceae
Herniaria
Herniaria hirsuta

description: Herniaria hirsuta Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 218. 1753.
"Habitat in Angliae, Hispaniae, Italiae agris." RCN: 1795.
Lectotype (Hartvig in Strid & Kit Tan, Fl. Hellenica 1: 231. 1997): Herb. Linn. No. 312.2 (LINN).
Current name: Herniaria hirsuta L. (Caryophyllaceae).
Note: Chaudhri (in Pakistan Syst. 1(2): 30. 1977) indicated unseen Bauhin material in BAS as the holotype. However, this collection was not seen by Linnaeus and is not original material for the name.
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 568, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
A sensitivity analysis of electron injection and acceleration in LWFA using PIConGPU
Creators: name: Tiebel, Jessica
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025
Subjects: PIConGPU
LPA
STII
Bayesian optimization
LWFA
Multivariate polynomial interpolation

description: Laser-plasma accelerators (LPAs) hold great promise for generating high-charge, low-emittance electron beams with various applications in science and industry. However, their integration into high-demand applications requires precise control of the properties of the generated electron beams, which is not yet fully achieved and requires further understanding of the underlying dynamics. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are the leading method to model relativistic laser-plasma interactions and probing the dynamics of these LPAs. 

In this study, a realistic experimental setup of a laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) employing self-truncated ionization injection was recreated using the open-source PIC code PIConGPU. Translating experimental conditions into simulations is inherently difficult due to the large number of possibly unknown laser and plasma parameters and their fluctuation in the experiment. To address this challenge, a Bayesian optimization campaign was conducted, employing an iterative feedback loop to explore the parameter space efficiently. This optimization framework was implemented with Snakemake, a Python-based workflow engine that automated and simplified the submission process of the simulations.

The recreated experimental setup enabled not only a better understanding of the experiment, but also a detailed multi-dimensional mapping of laser and plasma parameters to electron beam properties. This study offers a comprehensive, highly detailed analysis of LWFA electron beam characteristics, uncovering complex multi-parameter dependencies. The findings provide valuable guidance for experimentalists, enabling optimized input parameters and improved efficiency in achieving high-quality electron beams.
Cressa cretica Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Magnoliophyta
Magnoliopsida
Solanales
Convolvulaceae
Cressa
Cressa cretica

description: Herniaria lenticulata Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 218. 1753.
"Habitat in Hispaniae montibus Escurial, Monspelii." RCN: 1797.
Neotype (designated here by Staples): Herb. Linn. No. 312.5 (LINN).
Current name: Cressa cretica L. (Convolvulaceae).
Note: Burtt & Lewis (in Kew Bull. 7: 337-338. 1952) argued that although 312.5 (LINN) is identifiable as Cressa cretica L. (Convolvulaceae), it is not original material for H. lenticulata, which should be based instead on material in Herb. Bauhin (BAS). This, too, would not be original material but Burtt & Lewis declined to make any formal type choice. Chaudhri (Rev. Paronychiinae: 398. 1968), however, excluded this name from Herniaria and treated it as a synonym of Cressa cretica. In the absence of original material, this synonymy is formalised by the designation of 312.5 (LINN) as a neotype.
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Malcolmia africana R. Br.
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Brassicales
Brassicaceae
Malcolmia
Malcolmia africana

description: Hesperis africana Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 663. 1753.
"Habitat in Africa." RCN: 4832.
Lectotype (Ball in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 533. 2002): Herb. Clifford: 335, Hesperis 3 (BM-000646325).
Current name: Malcolmia africana (L.) R. Br. (Brassicaceae).
Note: Botschantzev (in Bot. Zhurn. 57: 1038. 1972) indicated unspecified material at LINN (but evidently 841.5) as type, as have later authors, but the lack of a relevant Species Plantarum number (in this case “4”) indicates it is a post-1753 addition to the herbarium.
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Rorippa dentata
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Brassicales
Brassicaceae
Rorippa
Rorippa dentata

description: Hesperis dentata Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 664. 1753.
"Habitat in Sicilia." RCN: 4785.
Type not designated.
Original material: Herb. A. van Royen No. 901.256-327 (L); Herb. A. van Royen No. 901.256-326? (L); [icon] in Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 1: 179, t. 148, f. 177. 1732.
Current name: Rorippa dentata (L.) O. Bolòs & Vigo (Brassicaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Аналіз факторів щодо зміни витрати палива в процесі експлуатації автомобілів
Creators: name: Сакно О.П., Медведєв Є.П., Колеснікова Т.М., Мойся Д.Л., Половой П.О.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025

description: Сакно О.П., Медведєв Є.П., Колеснікова Т.М., Мойся Д.Л., Половой П.О. Аналіз факторів щодо зміни витрати палива в процесі експлуатації автомобілів / Наукові праці Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції присвяченої 90-річчю кафедри автомобілів ім. А.Б. Гредескула Харківського автомобільно-дорожнього університету "Новітні технології в автомобілебудуванні, транспорті та при підготовці фахівців" (27-29 жовтня 2021 р.) – Харків : Харківський національний автомобільно-дорожній університет, 2021 – С. 157-160

https://www.scribd.com/document/729036440/D1-82-D0-B5-D0-B7-D0-B821-D0-BF-1-335-338-D1-81-D1-82-D0-BE-D1-80
Hesperis inodora Linnaeus 1763
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Brassicales
Brassicaceae
Hesperis
Hesperis inodora

description: Hesperis inodora Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, ed. 2, 2: 927. 1763.
"Habitat Wiennae, Monspelii." RCN: 4831.
Lectotype (Ball in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 533. 2002): Jacquin 67, Herb. Linn. No. 841.4 (LINN), see p. 213.
Current name: Hesperis inodora L. (Brassicaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Malcolmia lacera
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Brassicales
Brassicaceae
Malcolmia
Malcolmia lacera

description: Hesperis lacera (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, Systema Vegetabilium, ed. 13: 501. 1774.
["Habitat in Lusitania."] Sp, Pl. 2: 762 (1753). RCN: 4834.
Basionym: Cheiranthus lacerus L. (1753).
Lectotype (Ball in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 532. 2002): [icon] " Leucoium Lusitanicum purpureum " in Hermann, Parad. Bat.: 193. 1698. - Epitype (Ball in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 532. 2002): Portugal. Abundant in sandy places by the Douro, about Pinhão, 10 Jun 1889, R.P Murray s.n. (BM).
Current name: Malcolmia lacera (L.) DC. (Brassicaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Hesperis matronalis subsp. matronalis Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Brassicales
Brassicaceae
Hesperis
Hesperis matronalis
Hesperis matronalis l. subsp. matronalis

description: Hesperis matronalis Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 663. 1753.
"Habitat in Italia." RCN: 4829.
Lectotype (Ball in Jarvis & al., Regnum Veg. 127: 54. 1993): Herb. Clifford: 335, Hesperis 2 (BM-000646321).
Generitype of Hesperis Linnaeus (vide Green, Prop. Brit. Bot.: 171. 1929).
Current name: Hesperis matronalis L. subsp. matronalis (Brassicaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Matthiola fruticulosa Maire 1932
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Brassicales
Brassicaceae
Matthiola
Matthiola fruticulosa

description: Hesperis provincialis Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 664. 1753.
"Habitat in Galloprovincia." RCN: 4821.
Lectotype (Gowler in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 533. 2002): Herb. Clifford: 335, Cheiranthus 4 (BM-000646317).
Current name: Matthiola fruticulosa (L.) Maire (Brassicaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Hesperis matronalis subsp. matronalis Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Brassicales
Brassicaceae
Hesperis
Hesperis matronalis
Hesperis matronalis l. subsp. matronalis

description: Hesperis sibirica Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 663. 1753.
"Habitat in Sibiria." RCN: 4830.
Lectotype (Ebel in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 533. 2002): Herb. Linn. No. 841.3 (LINN).
Current name: Hesperis matronalis L. subsp. matronalis (Brassicaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Hesperis tristis Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Brassicales
Brassicaceae
Hesperis
Hesperis tristis

description: Hesperis tristis Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 663. 1753.
"Habitat in Hungaria." RCN: 4828.
Lectotype (Ball in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 533. 2002): Herb. Linn. No. 841.1 (LINN).
Current name: Hesperis tristis L. (Brassicaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Arabis verna R. Br.
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Brassicales
Brassicaceae
Arabis
Arabis verna

description: Hesperis verna Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 664. 1753.
"Habitat in Galloprovinciae maritimis." RCN: 4833.
Lectotype (Meikle, Fl. Cyprus 1: 150. 1977): Herb. Linn. No. 841.6 (LINN).
Current name: Arabis verna (L.) R. Br. (Brassicaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Heuchera americana Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Saxifragales
Saxifragaceae
Heuchera
Heuchera americana

description: Heuchera americana Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 226. 1753.
"Habitat in Virginia." RCN: 1852.
Lectotype (Reveal in Jarvis & al., Regnum Veg. 127: 54. 1993): Herb. Clifford: 82, Heuchera 1 (BM-000558190).
Generitype of Heuchera Linnaeus.
Current name: Heuchera americana L. (Saxifragaceae).
Note: Fernald (in Rhodora 43: 496. 1941; 44: 39. 1942) discussed many of the original elements but did not typify the name, and Wells (in Syst. Bot. Monogr. 3: 83, 90. 1984) noted the Clayton and Clifford sheets but also did not make a typification. Reveal appears to have been the first to make an unambiguous choice.
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Using Complex Citations to Close the Provenance Gap Between IPCC AR6 Figures and CMIP6 Simulations
Creators: name: Pascoe, Charlotte
name: Parton, Graham
name: Stockhause, Martina
name: MacRae, Molly
name: Fisher, Ellie
name: Sitz, Lina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025

description: Many of the figures in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) are derived from the data of more than 100 climate model simulations.

However, recording over 100 data citations for a single figure would overwhelm traditional publication methods.

The complex citation, named by the Research Data Alliance (RDA), is an idea to combine many metadata references into a single citable object.

We present an implementation solution for the IPCC complex citation use case which uses the CERN publication platform, Zenodo.

Our Zenodo innovation uses a widely available resource to provide traceability, credit, and impact metrics, and has the potential to be adopted as best practice by the data publication community. It is an example of how innovation that has come about through the effort to increase IPCC data transparency can benefit the wider scientific community.
Verfahrensdokumentation für CRAFFT-d: CRAFFT - deutsche Fassung
Creators: name: Tossmann, P.
name: Kasten, L.
name: Lang, P.
name: Strüber, E.
Publisher: name: ZPID (Leibniz Institute for Psychology) – Open Test Archive
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Alkoholismus
subject: Sucht
subject: Alkoholkonsumgewohnheiten
subject: Trinkverhalten
subject: Alkoholmissbrauch
subject: Suchtprävention
subject: Alcoholism
subject: Alcohol Abuse
subject: Addiction
subject: Alcohol Drinking Patterns
subject: Drinking Behavior
subject: Drug Abuse Prevention
subject: 150

description: Der CRAFFT-d ist ein eindimensionales Screeningverfahren zur Erfassung eines problematischen Alkoholkonsums Jugendlicher im Alter von 12 bis 18 Jahren. Der Test besteht aus sechs dichotomen Fragen zu Folgen und Funktionen des Alkoholkonsums. Bei zwei oder mehr Ja-Antworten liegt ein weitergehender Untersuchungs- bzw. Interventionsbedarf vor. Reliabilität: Die Inter-Item-Korrelation des CRAFFT-d wurde mit dem Alpha-Koeffizienten von Cronbach an einer via Internet gewonnenen Stichprobe (N = 12 250) bestimmt. In der Gruppe der 12- bis 18-Jährigen liegt dieser bei Alpha = .63. Validität: Zur Überprüfung der Validität wurde parallel zum CRAFFT-d der Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) verwendet. Die Testergebnisse zeigen eine hohe Übereinstimmung (Phi = .57; Chi-Quadrat = 3978.671, df = 1, p < .001) bei einem Cut-off-Wert von 2 Punkten. Unter Verwendung dieses Cut-off-Werts liegt die Sensitivität des CRAFFT-d in der Gesamtstichprobe bei 88.8 %, die Spezifität bei 66.2 %. Die faktorielle Struktur wurde mit Hilfe einer explorativen Faktorenanalyse bestimmt. Sowohl im Screeplot als auch anhand des Kaiser-Guttman-Kriteriums konnte nur ein Faktor bestimmt werden.
description: The CRAFFT-d is a one-dimensional screening test for the assessment of problem alcohol consumption among adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years. The test consists of six dichotomous questions on the consequences and functions of alcohol consumption. Two or more yes-answers indicate a need for further investigation or intervention. Reliability: The inter-item correlation of the CRAFFT-d was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient on a sample obtained via the Internet (N = 12 250). In the group of 12 to 18 year olds, it is alpha = .63. Validity: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used parallel to the CRAFFT-d to check validity. The test results show a high agreement (Phi = .57; Chi-square = 3978.671, df = 1, p < .001) with a cut-off value of 2 points. Using this cut-off value, the sensitivity of the CRAFFT-d in the total sample is 88.8 %, the specificity 66.2 %. The factorial structure was determined by means of an explorative factor analysis. Only one factor could be determined both in the scree plot and on the basis of the Kaiser-Guttman criterion.
Properties of the Back Contact Interface for Non-Vacuum Deposited Precursor-Based Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Solar Cells
Creators: name: Haug, Annegret Veronika
Publisher: name: Karlsruhe
Year: 2018
Subjects: solar cells
photovoltaics
thin film
chalcopyrite
recombination
selenisation

description: In this work two possibilities for steps on the way towards cost-efficient solar cells are presented. Non-vacuum processes for the absorber fabrication are implemented and an idea how thinner absorber layers can still show relatively high conversion efficiencies is substantiated.
In order to investigate the interface properties of absorbers built with non-vacuum processes a basic non-vacuum selenisation process has been developed initially. The selenisation set-up has been designed and built up and the corresponding process has been optimized. 
As a next step the molybdenum selenide formation and the influence of the changed selenium partial pressure and the precursor layers on it has been investigated: Both the molybdenum fabrication process (especially sputter pressure) and the selenisation (especially substrate temperature) were found to influence the MoSe2 formation. For sputtered precursors MoSe2 was formed during the selenisation. For doctor bladed precursors made from metal salts with ethylcellulose no molybdenum selenide formation has been observed. During the formation of the CIGS absorber layer a carbon layer was left between absorber and back contact which protected the molybdenum. 
Finally the influence of this carbon layer on the solar cell properties has been investigated. For thin absorber layers an additional thin carbon layer between back contact and absorber material was beneficial. Especially very thin layers showed significantly higher open circuit voltages. Most likely a lower recombination at the back contact is a key factor for the higher voltages in samples with a carbon layer at the back contact. Simulations with the Solar Cell Capacity Simulator (SCAPS) back up this assumption.
Hibiscus abelmoschus Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
Hibiscus abelmoschus

description: Hibiscus abelmoschus Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 696. 1753.
"Habitat in Indiis." RCN: 5096.
Lectotype (Borssum Waalkes in Blumea 14: 92. 1966): Herb. Clifford: 349, Hibiscus 4 (BM-000646497).
Current name: Hibiscus abelmoschus L. (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Hibiscus aethiopicus Linnaeus 1771
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
Hibiscus aethiopicus

description: Hibiscus aethiopicus Linnaeus, Mantissa Plantarum Altera: 258. 1771.
"Habitat ad Cap. b. spei." RCN: 5103.
Type not designated.
Original material: Herb. Linn. No. 875.37 (LINN); [icon] in Plukenet, Phytographia: t. 254, f. 2. 1694; Almag. Bot.: 13. 1696.
Current name: Hibiscus aethiopicus L. (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
ENHANCING COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA) SEED GERMINATION WITH INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID
Creators: name: Adeola Olufemi, Johnson
name: Chinwe Amadi, Okoro
Publisher: name: continental
Year: 2025
Subjects: Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), plant growth regulators, seed development, nutritional value.

description: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a vital food crop in sub-Saharan Africa, known for its high protein content and nutritional value. Despite its importance, cowpea production has struggled to meet the growing demand in the region. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as auxins, specifically Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), play a crucial role in controlling plant growth and development. IAA is involved in processes like cell division, elongation, and fruit development.

This study investigates the impact of IAA, a synthetic auxin, on cowpea seed development. While previous research has demonstrated the influence of PGRs on the growth and yield of other plants like mungbean and tomatoes, its specific effects on cowpea remain relatively unexplored. Understanding how auxins affect cowpea seeds is essential for breeding new varieties with improved traits.

The research examines whether IAA treatment can enhance cowpea seed quality, growth performance, and chemical composition. By shedding light on the interaction between auxins and cowpea seeds, this study aims to contribute valuable insights into optimizing cowpea production and meeting the region's nutritional needs.
Historic Books and Manuscripts Concerning General Agriculture in the Collection of the National Agricultural Library
Creators: name: Naftalin, Mortimer L.
name: Naftalin, Mortimer L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1967
Subjects: Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession

description: Excerpts from the Preface: During the more than one hundred years the National Agricultural Library has been in existence, it has acquired a notable collection of historical, agricultural, scientific, and economic books published during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. The Library is now engaged in a program of reorganizing this collection to make it more accessible to its users. This bibliography, the first of its kind issued by the Library, includes works in the general agriculture category. Those published in Europe bear imprints prior to 1800 and those published in the United States bear imprints prior to 1830. Also included are several unique historical titles of later date.
Hibiscus brasiliensis Linnaeus 1763
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
Hibiscus brasiliensis

description: Hibiscus brasiliensis Linnaeus, Species Plantarum, ed. 2, 2: 977. 1763.
"Habitat in Brasilia." RCN: 5085.
Type not designated.
Original material: [icon] in Plumier in Burman, Pl. Amer.: 153, t. 160, f. 1. 1758.
Current name: Hibiscus brasiliensis L. (Malvaceae).
Note: This has been treated as a nomen dubium by some authors, including Robyns (in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52: 509. 1966) and Fryxell (in Fl. Neotropical 76. 254. 1999), but no proposal for rejection has been made. Hibiscus phoenicea Jacq. has sometimes been taken up in its place.
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Pavonia cancellata Cav.
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Magnoliophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Pavonia
Pavonia cancellata

description: Hibiscus cancellatus Linnaeus, Plantae Surinamenses: 12. 1775.
"Habitat [in Surinamo.]" RCN: 5108.
Lectotype (Fryxell in Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 319. 1988): Herb. Linn. No. 875.8 (LINN; iso- S?).
Current name: Pavonia cancellata (L.) Cav. (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 569, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Hibiscus cannabinus Linnaeus 1759
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
Hibiscus cannabinus

description: Hibiscus cannabinus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 2: 1149. 1759.
["Habitat in India."] Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 979 (1763). RCN: 5093.
Neotype (Wijnands, Bot. Commelins: 144. 1983): [icon] " Alcea Bengalensis spinosissima " in Commelin, Hort. Med. Amstelod. Pl. Rar. 1: 35, t. 18. 1697.
Current name: Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Malvaceae).
Note: Following a suggestion by Borssum Waalkes (in Blumea 14: 63. 1966), Wijnands treated a Commelin plate as the lectotype. However, this is not cited in the protologue (though it was added in the later account in Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 979. 1763). It is therefore not original material for the name but, in the absence of any original material at all (sheet 875.27 (LINN) is original material for H. sabdariffa L.), Wijnands’ statement is treated as correctable to a neotypification (Art. 9.8).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 570, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
title: The Great Fuzzy Hashing Debate
Creators: name: Schwartz, Edward
Publisher: name: Software Engineering Institute
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/01xqjjn94
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2024

description: Edward Schwartz and Cory Cohen, both researchers in the Carnegie Mellon University Software Engineering Institute, debated whether there is utility in applying fuzzy hashes to instruction bytes, and their debate and resulting experiments motivated this blog post.
Fostering Computation Competence with Non-Counting Strategies and Conceptual Subitizing in Grade 1: An Intervention Study in Inclusive Classrooms
Creators: name: Leuenberger, Delia
name: Diener, Marion
name: Wehren-Müller, Maria
name: Hofmann-Villiger, Andreas
name: Vogt, Franziska
name: Moser Opitz, Elisabeth
Publisher: name: Springer Nature
Year: 2024
Subjects: Computation strategies
Persistent counting
Conceptual subitizing
Cooperative learning
Low achievers

description: Computation competence (CC) with non-counting (NC) strategies is an important aim of Grade 1 mathematics education, but studies have shown that many students struggle to acquire these skills and continue to rely on counting strategies in later years. Therefore, even though counting is an important first strategy for young children, it is vital to support the development of CC with NC strategies from the earliest stages of mathematics education. This study examined the success of an intervention to promote the use of CC and NC strategies and conceptual subitizing (CS). The study was conducted with a sample of N = 1017 Grade 1 students, and investigated whether the achievement gain was affected by the intervention setting: cooperative learning, individual support for low achievers, a combination of the two settings, and a control group. Students in the combined setting had greater achievement gains in CC with NC strategy use and CS than the control group and outperformed those in the other intervention groups in CS. The combined setting also benefitted low achievers in mathematics for CS, but not for CC and strategy use. A combination of cooperative learning and individual support seems to be the best option for improving the CS and CC and NC strategy use of first graders, especially low achievers in mathematics.
description: -
Mehrsprachig Aufwachsen: Wissenschaftliche Begleitstudie zu den Freiwilligenprojekten im Rahmen des Programms «ici.gemeinsam hier.»
Creators: name: Vogt, Franziska
name: Ray Von Siebenthal, Mita
name: Kolovou, Dimitra
name: Robin Chuat, Claire
name: Negrinelli, Stefano
Publisher: name: PHSG
Year: 2024
Subjects: Sprachentwicklung
Mehrsprachigkeit
Frühe Kindheit
Erstsprache
Integration
Familie
Sprachpraxis

description: Das Programm «ici.gemeinsam hier.» des Migros Genossenschaftsbundes beauftragte das Institut Frühe Bildung 0 bis 8 der Pädagogischen Hochschule St.Gallen mit der wissenschaftlichen Begleitstudie zum Schwerpunkt mehrsprachig aufwachsen. Die Forschenden stellten zwei Fragestellungen ins Zentrum der Begleitstudie: • Welche Stärken, Herausforderungen und Lösungsstrategien zeigen sich in Projekten, die die Eltern zur Förderung der Familiensprache ihrer Kinder anregen wollen, um die für die Eltern zentralen Themen zu thematisieren und die Eltern für die Teilnahme zu gewinnen? • Wie zeigen sich Sprachpraxis und Einstellungen zu den Sprachen in Bezug auf das mehrsprachige Aufwachsen in Familien, lassen sich verschiedene Typen von Einstellungen und Sprachpraxis differenzieren?
Моделювання варіабельності технічного стану автомобілів в складній соціально-технічній системі
Creators: name: О. Сакно
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025

description: Сакно О., Бас К., Олішевська В. Моделювання варіабельності технічного стану автомобілів в складній соціально-технічній системі / Міжнар. наук.-метод. конф. «Інноваційні технології у військовій освіті», 25 червня 2021 року, Військова академія (м. Одеса)
Hibiscus clypeatus Linnaeus 1759
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
Hibiscus clypeatus

description: Hibiscus clypeatus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 2: 1149. 1759.
["Habitat in America."] Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 980 (1763). RCN: 5098.
Lectotype (Fryxell in Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 203. 1988): [icon] " Hibiscus foliis cordato-angulatis " in Plumier in Burman, Pl. Amer.: 153, t. 160, f. 2. 1758.
Current name: Hibiscus clypeatus L. (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 570, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Hibiscus esculentus Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
Hibiscus esculentus

description: Hibiscus esculentus Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 696. 1753.
"Habitat in Indiis." RCN: 5097.
Lectotype (Borssum Waalkes in Blumea 14: 100. 1966): Herb. Linn. No. 875.31 (LINN).
Current name: Hibiscus esculentus L. (Malvaceae).
Note: Although Fawcett & Rendle (Fl. Jamaica 5: 143. 1926) indicated material in LINN as type, they did not distinguish between sheets 875.31 and 875.32 (which are evidently not part of a single gathering so Art. 9.15 does not apply).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 570, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Project Management Manual
Creators: name: Sconecka, Dominika
name: Bacchetti De Gregoris, Tristano
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: The Project Management Manual (PMM) was prepared to serve as a guidance tool and handbook for all partners of the CREDIBLE project. It contains all key information on rules and procedures covering both the overall implementation of the CREDIBLE project as well as the details needed for day-to-day activities. Partners can refer to this document to understand the management structure and decision-making procedures, the communication and quality monitoring system, or how to fulfil the requirements of the European Commission defined in the Grant Agreement (GA).

The general principles for the project execution are defined in the GA, the Description of the Action (DoA) and the Consortium Agreement (CA). This PMM does not replace any of these established agreements, nor does it replace any of the European Union guidelines for project implementation and documentation, rather adapting these to a simpler format for all partners to consult.

The PMM includes several references and links to official EU documentation or to standard templates for CREDIBLE project partners to fill in regularly. It should be considered as a dynamic document to be updated when new or better procedures are identified and set up in the consortium as the project progresses.

The PMM was last updated in May 2024. This update is related to the use of EMDESK (the initially selected project management software). The general reasoning behind this change is outlined at the end of the introduction.
Report of the First European Carbon Farming Summit (version under review)
Creators: name: Oragbade, Christiana
name: Zimmer, Daniel
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: The first European Carbon Farming Summit was organised in Valencia (Spain) from 5-7 March 2024 as part of the EU-funded project Credible: Building momentum and trust to achieve credible carbon farming in the EU (GA-101112951; HE topic call HORIZON-MISS- 2022-SOIL-01-06).

The summit gathered 600+ participants, including 265 on site and 358 on-line from around 20 countries. It was organised around a mix of plenary sessions and breakout sessions (BOS) organised by 11 focus groups (FG) of the Credible project.

DG Clima of the EU Commission opened and actively contributed to the Summit. Credible indeed complements the work of its Expert Group guiding the development of the Carbon Removal Certification Framework (CRCF), which general directions have been adopted by the EU in February 2024.

The plenary sessions opened the discussions and comprised keynote lectures aiming to set the stage and inspire participants as well introductory presentations of the topics to be addressed as resulting from the work of the FGs of the project. The core of the discussion occurred in workshops organised and moderated by the 11 FGs.

Overall, this first Summit was a success: participation was more than initially expected, motivation of the participants for such a Summit was high, contribution and insights provided were of high quality. It was also recognized that the work produced by the various FGs (and related breakout sessions) complements well the work of the Expert Group of the CRCF of DG Clima. It also highlighted a shared view of most participants: carbon farming is more than an approach to store carbon in agricultural soils, it is -and needs to be- a tool to help the transformation of agriculture toward a more agroecological approach.
Hibiscus ficulneus Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
Hibiscus ficulneus

description: Hibiscus ficulneus Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 695. 1753.
"Habitat in Zeylona." RCN: 5091.
Lectotype (Borssum Waalkes in Blumea 14: 102. 1966): [icon] " Ketmia Zeylanica, Fid folio, perianthio oblongo integro " in Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 1: 190, t. 157, f. 190. 1732.
Current name: Hibiscus ficulneus L. (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 570, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
Additional file 1 of Oral mouthwashes for asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adults with COVID-19 and salivary viral load: a randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label clinical trial
Creators: name: Onozuka, Daisuke
name: Takatera, Satoko
name: Matsuo, Hiroo
name: Yoshida, Hisao
name: Hamaguchi, Shigeto
name: Yamamoto, Shungo
name: Sada, Ryuichi Minoda
name: Suzuki, Koichiro
name: Konishi, Keiji
name: Kutsuna, Satoshi
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Science Policy
subject: Mental Health
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology

description: Supplementary Material 1
Jahresbericht der Universität Ulm 2023
Creators: name: (:Unkn) Unknown
Publisher: name: Universität Ulm
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Universities; Germany; Ulm
subject: DDC 370 / Education
subject: Research; Germany; Ulm
subject: Universities and colleges; Germany
subject: Universität Ulm
subject: Forschungsbericht

description: Jahresbericht der Universität Ulm 2023
Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus 1753
Creators: name: Jarvis, Charlie
Publisher: name: Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
Hibiscus sabdariffa

description: Hibiscus fraternus Linnaeus, Plantae Surinameses: 12. 1775.
"Habitat [in Surinamo.]" RCN: 5105.
Lectotype (Fryxell in Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 225. 1988): Herb. Linn. No. 875.36 (LINN; iso- S).
Current name: Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae).
description: Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part H), pp. 557-585 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 570, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971
PYROPTOSIS: An introduction and overview in fish
Creators: name: Ravikumar M. Chovatiaa, Arpit Acharyab, *, Chandana Dinakaranb, Parmar Bindiya Kirtikumara, Samad Sheikhb, Swapnil Ananda Narsaleb, Sourabh Debbarmac and Maharshi L. Limbolab
Publisher: name: The Science world a Monthly e magazine
Year: 2024

description: Research on pyroptosis began in 1986 when Friedlander observed that anthrax lethal toxin (LT) treatment of primary mouse macrophages led to cell death and rapid release of cell contents. In 1989, Cerretti et al. and Thornberry et al. identified ICE (interleukin-1β-converting enzyme, caspase-1) as an inflammatory caspase. Zychlinsky et al. made the first observation of pyroptosis in 1992, noting its occurrence in Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Shigella-infected macrophages. Chen and colleagues (1996) discovered that Shigella flexneri invasion plasmid antigen B (ipaB) directly attaches to ICE, activating the enzyme within infected macrophages. Initially mistaken for apoptosis due to similarities such as caspase dependence, DNA damage, and nuclear condensation, this form of cell death was later recognized as distinct. The term ‘pyroptosis,’ derived from the Greek word’s ‘pyro’ (fire/fever) and ‘ptosis’ (falling), was coined to describe pro-inflammatory programmed cell death (D’Souza and Heitman, 2001).