Macaca ochreata
Creators: name: Russell A. Mittermeier
name: Anthony B. Rylands
name: Don E. Wilson
Publisher: name: Lynx Edicions
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Cercopithecidae
Macaca
Macaca ochreata

description: 8.
Booted Macaque
Macaca ochreata
French: Macaque a bras gris / German: Grauarm-Makak / Spanish: Macaco calzado
Other common names: Gray-armed Macaque; Buton / Muna-buton / Muna-butung Macaque (brunnescens)
Taxonomy. Papio ochreatus Ogilby, 1841,
type locality unknown.
M. ochreata is a member of the silenus species group of macaques, including M. siberu, M. pagensis, M. leonina, M. nemestrina, M. silenus, and the other Sulawesi species. The form brunnescens was listed as a species byJ. Fooden in his 1969 review, but he also found it to be the least differentiated, being very similar to its neighbor, ochreata, on mainland south-eastern Sulawesi. In their review, The Mammals of the Indomalayan Region, published in 1992, G. Corbet and J. Hill considered brunnescens to be a junior synonym of M. ochreata. It has been separated from ochreata by a maximum of only ¢.10,000 years. Two subspecies recognized.
Subspecies and Distribution.
M.o.ochreataOgilby,1841—SESulawesi,throughtheentireSEpeninsula,extendingtotheNofthelakesregion;intheE,theborderbetweenthissubspeciesandtheTonkeanMacaque(M.tonkeana)istheLaRiver,whileintheWitextendsalongthecoast,acrosstheKaraenaRiverinitslowercourse,butnotreachingintouplandsfurtherinland.
M. o. brunnescens Matschie, 1901 — Muna and Buton Is, and possibly the neighboring islet of Pulau Labuan Blanda, off the coast of Sulawesi; it may no longer occur on Muna because it is almost completely deforested.
Descriptive notes. Head-body 48-59 cm (males) and 40-48 cm (females), tail 4-6 cm (males) and 3-5 cm (females); weight 6-9 kg (males) and 3-5 kg (females). The Booted Macaqueis blackish or brown above, with paler forearms, shanks, and rump. Hairs on the crown are darker than surrounding fur and stand erect, forming a circular cap. Tail is button-like, and ischial callosities are oval and bend outward (Type 2). The nominate form ochreata is mostly blackish, with forearms, shanks, and rump ocherousgray to whitish. The “Buton Macaque” (M. o. brunnescens) is not as dark as the mainland nominate subspecies, being generally brown, with forearms, shanks, and rump a lighter shade, and has a shorter face.
Habitat. Nominate form found in mangrove and coastal forests, savanna habitat (Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park), and steep upland tropical forest at elevations up to 800 m (Faruhumpenai Nature Reserve). The Buton Macaque occupies lowland and hill forest on the island of Buton.
Food and Feeding. Systematic feeding data come from short-term studies of the Buton Macaque: 66% fruit (including crops), 20% stems and flowers, 12% leaves, and 2% invertebrates. Wild fruit consumed include Ficus (Moraceae) and kapok (Ceiba pentandra, Malvaceae). Cultivated crops (e.g. cacao, sweet potato, bananas, and maize) comprised 24% of food items eaten. The most common cultivated crop raided is sweet potato. Near Faruhumpenai Nature Reserve, the nominate subspecies is known to raid cacao plantations.
Breeding. Female Booted Macaques exhibit a sexual swelling during their periovulatory period. They are assumed to have a c.36day reproductive cycle and a gestation of c¢.24 weeks, as has been found for other Sulawesi macaques. Females and males are sexually mature at about five and seven years old, respectively.
Activity patterns. Booted Macaques are diurnal, arboreal, and terrestrial. Buton Macaques spend about the same amount of time in trees as they do on the ground. The level of terrestriality depends on habitat type; they are more terrestrial in areas disturbed by people. Activity budget data come from the Buton Macaque. It spends the majority of its time traveling between feeding sites (43%) and foraging and feeding (21%), followed by resting (17%) and grooming (10 5%). Crop-raiding groups spend more time grooming and resting than forest-based groups, which spend more time traveling. Those that do raid crops spend ¢.32-38% of their day engaged in this activity.
Movements, Home range and Social organization. Booted Macaques live in multimale-multifemale groups. Group size is 12-28 individuals for the nominate subspecies and 20-40 individuals (mean 32) for the Buton Macaque. The Buton Macaque has an adult male to female sex ratio of 1:2. Larger groups of Buton Macaques have been observed breaking up into smaller subgroups. The mean home range size of Buton Macaques is 62 ha. Population densities of the nominate subspecies are 0-97-2 groups/km?. The mean density of three study groups on Buton was 55-3 ind/km?*.
Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List, including both subspecies. Both subspecies of the Booted Macaque are primarily threatened by conversion of habitat to human uses. While they are not typically killed for food, poisoned bait is used against crop-raiding macaques by local cacao farmers. The nominate subspecies is considered Vulnerable because of the projected increase in oil palm, cacao, and cotton plantations and human settlement. It is known to occur in at least five protected areas: Tanjung Batikolo Wildlife Reserve, Tanjung Peropa Game Reserve, Rawa Aopa Watomahai National Park, and Padang Mata Osu and Faruhumpenai nature reserves. The population size of the Booted Macaque is ¢.71,000 individuals. On Buton Island, the Buton Macaque is considered Vulnerable because of the projected increase in teak plantations, illegal logging, and human settlements. In addition, the extent of its occurrence is less than 20,000 km?, and this area is severely fragmented and continuing to diminish. The rate of deforestation in the area where the Buton Macaque is well studied is ¢.10% /year and increasing annually. The Buton Macaque is known to occur in three protected areas: Lambusango, Buton Utara, Napabalano reserves. Its population size ¢.40,000 individuals.
Bibliography. Abegg & Thierry (2002a), Corbet & Hill (1992), Groves (1980, 2001), Juliandi et al. (2009), Priston (2005, 2009), Priston et al. (2012), Riley (2010a), Riley et al. (2007), Schillaci & Stallmann (2005), Shaifuddin et al. (1993), Supriatna & Hendras (2000), Thierry (2000b, 2007, 2011), Watanabe, Matsumura et al. (1991), Williams (2004).
description: Published as part of Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson, 2013, Cercopithecidae, pp. 550-755 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 634, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6867065