Physiphora clausa Macquart 1843
Creators: name: Elena P. Kameneva
name: Valery A. Kroneyev
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Ulidiidae
Physiphora
Physiphora clausa

description: Physiphora clausa (Macquart 1843)
Figures 89–105.
Musca aenea Fabricius, 1794: 335, invalid name (primary junior homonym of Musca aenea Scopoli 1763). Ulidia aenea: Wiedemann, 1830: 167.
Chrysomyza aenea: Hendel, 1913a: 35; 1913b: 218; Séguy, 1941: 115. Physiphora aenea: Steyskal, 1977: 167.
Ulidia clausa Macquart, 1843: 251.
Physiphora clausa: Steyskal, 1980: 576; Evenhuis, 1989: 481; Kameneva, 2001: 156; Kameneva & Korneyev, 2010: 625. Ulidia melanopsis Walker, 1849:1058.
Ulidia divergens Walker, 1852:397.
Ulidia fulviceps Walker, 1858:227.
Physiphora hainanensis Chen in Chen & Kameneva, 2007: 24, syn. n.
Material. Type. Syntypes of Musca aenea: 2 specimens (damaged; only thoraces and one wing remained) with handwritted label: “ aenea ” (Fig. 92) from the Kiel collection; 1♂ (in good condition), 1♀ (partly eaten by dermestids) with common handwritten label “MD. aeneaus / Ind [ia]. or.” from Lund & Sehestedt collection (ZMUC); Syntype ♀ Ulidia clausa (Fig. 90): with Bosc’s black-bordered label “… Java”, “526”, “Museum Paris / coll. Bosc 1828” and Macquart’s handwritten label “ Ulidia clausa ” (Fig. 91) (MHNP). Holotype ♀ Physiphora hainanensis: “Sanya, Hainan Province, China, 10m, 6.IV.1960 ” (Li Shoufu) (IZAS) and paratypes: 4♀, same label data as in the holotype; 1♀, “Tongshi, Hainan Province, China, 340m, 24.IV.1960 ” (Li Changqing) (IZAS). Australia: Western Austr., 2 km E Kununurra, 17. viii.1996, 1 ♂ (Hidden) (SMNS); Queensland: Cairns, 1907, 3 ♂, 5♀ (DEI); Brazil: Rio de Janeiro [several localities], 1931–1935, 2 ♂, 2♀ (“ Chrysomyza aenea Fabr. Det H. S. Lopes) (MNKB); China: Szechwan, Yachow, 16. viii.1928, 1 ♂ (Graham) (USNM); Taiwan: “Chipum”, vii.1912, 2 ♂, 1♀ “Pilam”, vii.1912, 1 ♂, 2♀;Tainan, 7. xi.1909, 7 ♂, 2♀; “Aiping”, v.1912, 2 ♂, 4♀ (H. Sauter), “Kosempo”, vii.1909, 1 ♀ (coll. Oldenberg) (DEI); “ Formosa, Takao”, 26. vii.1907, 2 ♀, idem, no data, 1♂; Amping, v.1910, 1 ♀ (Sauter) (MNKB); Congo, D. R. (Zaïre): “Elizabethville” (at light), ix.1959, 1 ♂ (dissected) (Ch. Seydel) (MRAC); Gambia: 3km NW Central Banjul garden at Wadner Beach Hotel, Loc. No 1A, 21. ii.1977, 1 ♂ (Cederholm, Danielsson, Larsson, Mireström, Norling & Samuelsson) (ZMLU); India: S. India, Tanjore Dt., 26.v.1938, 90♂ ♀ (Nathan) (BINH); Rishikesh, UP 450 m N—India, viii.1988, 1 ♀ (Werner) (ZSSM); “ India Oc.”, “Matheran”, 1902, 4 ♂, 6♀ (Biró) (HMNH); Indonesia: “Java?”, 2♀; “Borneo”, 29. viii.1906, 1 ♀ (” Ulidia aenea ”); “Borneo, Bolok Ayer”, 29. vii.1906, 1 ♂ (MNKB); “ Indonesia, Südl. M.—Java, Djokjarta”, ii.1933 – v.1934, 5 ♂, 12♀ (Overbeck); Java, Samarang, iii.1910, 1 ♂ (Jacobson); Batavia, v.1908, 3 ♀ (Jacobson) (MTD); “Java” 1922, 1 ♂ (DEI); Japan: “ Japan Kuste, 92º Breite”, iv.1895, 15 ♂♀ (DEI); Kenya: “ Mombassa ”, 1♂ (Hildenbrandt) (with labels “ Chrysomyza flavipes Karsch P. Speiser det., “ Cliochloria flavipes Karsch ”, “ Type ” [Enderlein’s handwriting and printed red label; not a type!] (MNKB); Madagascar: “Alp. marit. 42323” (mislabelled by Staudinger & Bang-Haas); [actual locality, according to Becker’s handwritten catalogue: “ Madagaskar, 28.vii.1912 (Sikora)”], 1♂ (“conf. Ulidia aenea Wied. —Mik 1900”) (MNKB); Malawi: Chiromo, on cattle dung, 12. xii.1952, 2 ♂, 2♀ (R. J. Wood) (BMNH); Mauricius, Reduit, 1949, 1 ♂, 1♀ (Williams) (NHMW); Myanmar: Rangoon, 1. i.1905, 2 ♂; Phil. Is. Inr. Tacloban, 20. viii.1945, 2 ♂ (Hall) (USNM); Namibia: Windhoek, “SE 2217 Ca”, 5– 12.xi, 13.xi, 13–15.xi, 7–9. xii.1973, 3 ♂, 6♀ (NICW); Nepal: Katmandu, Swayanbunath, 13. ix.1983, 1 ♂; idem, Balaju, 16. ix.1983, 1 ♂, 1♀ (Mohr) (ZSSM); New Caledonia: Noumea (Anse Vata), vii.1958, 6 ♀ (J. Rageau) (MHNP) Pakistan: West-Pakistan: Rawal Pindi ca 500 m, 20. xii.1955, 1 ♂, 1♀ (Lindemann) (ZSSM); Philippines: “Manilla”, “43”, “coll. H. Loew”, no data, 1♂ (MNKB); Reunion: “les Colimacona”, on manure, 1♀ (J. Etienne) (BMNH); Seychelles: Iles Séchelles, Mahe Sud: Anse a la Mouche, 1– 15. vii.1972, 2 ♂, 1♀ (P. L. G. Benoit & J. J. Van Mol) (MRAC) Singapore: “ Singapur ”, 14. i.1933, 2 ♂ (DEI); Sri Lanka: “ Ceylon ”, no data, 2♂, 1♀ (“ clausa Macq. ”) (Nietner) (MNKB); Bagamojo, iii.[19]93, 1♀; Okahandza, 10.x. [19]61, 3♀; Sri Lanka South, 5 km E Galle, Unawatuna, 18. x.1994, 2 ♂ (Schmid-Egger) (SMNS); Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal, Tenaru, 15. vii.1964, 3 ♀ (M. McQuillan) (BMNH); South Africa: Pearston [32.5821136S 25.1358604E], 15. iii.1969, 1 ♂, 1♀ (M. W. Strydom) (SANC); Roodeplaat [25.6378122S 28.3594894E], 12. ii.1969, 1 ♀ (M. W. Strydom) (SANC); idem, 2, 3, 10, 17, 24.11.1970, 3♂, 2♀ (B. Barnes) (SANC); TP: Letaba, xii.1958, 1 ♂ (A. L. Capener); TP: Pretoria, vi.1952, 2 ♀ (SANC); idem, iii.1959, 1 ♀ (A. C. van Bruggen) (SANC); TP: Westfalia Estate, 23º44′S 30º05′E, on flowering avocados, 6. xi.1992, 1 ♂, 1♀ (C. Eardley, M. Mansell) (SANC); Umbelusi, 20. iii.1921, 1 ♂ (C. B. Hardenberg) (SANC); TP: Presidentsrus nr Witbank, 25º41′S 29º22′E, 19. iii.1986, 1 ♂ (B. Grobbelaar) (SANC); TP: Johannesburg, 20. vi.1969, 1 ♂ (SANC?); TP: Hendrina, 3. viii.1961, 6 ♂, 1♀ (O. S. Rabie) (SANC; BMSA); T.P.: Messina, 7. v.1985, 1 ♂ (I. J. Bruwer) (SANC); Bedford View, T.P., ii.1958, 2 ♂, 1♀ (A. L. Capener) (SANC); Cape Province: Cape Town, 20. xii.1960, 4 ♂, 3♀ (V. B. Whitehead) (SANC); Uitenhage, C.P., ex larva in compost, 11. ix.1961, 1 ♂ (J. S. Taylor) (SANC); C. P.: Mafelling, 15. iv.1970, 1 ♂ (SANC); Swellendam, xi.1933, 1 ♂ (R. E. Turner) (BMNH); Groblersdal, 12. xi.1952, 1 ♂ (Barnard) (SANC); OFS: Senekal, 28º19′S 27º37′E, 6. iv.1973, 6 ♂, 2♀`(K.S. O.) (SANC); OFS: Harrismith, ii.1927 (R. E. Turner) (BMNH); KwaZulu– Natal: Kloof, 1500ft, ix.1926, (R. E. Turner) (BMNH); Umgeni, 20. i.1918, 1 ♀ (C.P.W.D. Merwe) (BMNH); Weenen, i–ii.1925, 3 ♀ (H. P. Thomasset) (BMNH); KwaZulu– Natal: Cedara, 14. v.1920, 1 ♂ (NMSA); Umtentweni, N.P., vii.1958, 1 ♀ (A. L. Capener) (SANC); Tanzania: Lindi, Ndanda, 300 m, 8. viii.1952, 1 ♂ (Lindemann, Pavlitzki) (ZSSM); “Usambara” ii–iii.1886 (C.W.Schmidt) (“ Chrysomyza clausa Mcq. det. Karsch”) (MNKB); East Usambara, Amani, 1000m, 23. i.1977, 1 ♀ (H. Enghoff, O. Lomholdt, O. Martin) (ZMUC); Moba, 780m, viii–x.1953, 1 ♀ (H. Bomans) (MRAC); Thailand: N.- Thailand 350, Chiang-Mai Prov., Chiang Mai (Univ), 18º80′N 98º95′E, 31. x.2000, 1 ♀ (Merz) (NHMG); Pattaya Dez., 1991, 1 ♂ (Schacht) (ZSSM); Turkey: Istambul, vi.1973, 1 ♀ (Ardö) (BMNH); United Arab Emirates: Fujairah, light trap, 28.ii–21.iii.2006, 32♂, 33♀; 28.ii–1. iv.2006, 3 ♂; 2–30. i.2006, 6 ♂, 1♀. Hatta, 19– 28.03.2006, 39♂, 35♀; Wadi Maidaq, 27.iv–4. v.2006, 1 ♂ (SIZK); United States of America: North Carolina: Willard, 5, 7. x.1934, 4 ♂ (“ Chrysomyza aenea Fbr. det.
Reinchard”) (Blanton) (MNKB); Hawaii: Ноnolulu, Colopeas, 2. i.1940, 1 ♀ (USNM); Vietnam: Saigon E, vi.1984, 2 ♀ (Schacht) (ZSSM); Thanh Loc, 12–19. x.1988, 1 ♂ (Mahunka & Vásárhelyí) (HMNH).
Diagnosis. This species can be easily recognized from all other species of Physiphora by the combination of closed, petiolate cell r4+5, yellow femora, scutellum with reddish sheen contrasting to mostly green sheen of scutum, epistome black, parafrontal microtrichose spots cuneiform, scutellum posteroventrally with white microtrichia, and phallus glans with 5–6 narrow claw-like lobes, and basalmost lobe reclinate. From the closely related and superficially similar P. flavipes it can be differentiated with the key above.
Description. Head (Figs. 89, 94, 95). Frons 1.2 times as long as wide, with two pairs of calluses in posterior half and slightly concave at middle, brownish yellow to red-brown, satin shining, with very sparse and fine whitish setulae above lunule and between frontal calluses, with cuneiform white microtrichose parafrontal spot reaching anterolateral corners of frons. Vertical plates black, with greenish sheen, bearing 2 pairs of black, short, slightly reclinate orbital setae. Face reddish yellow to reddish brown, usually with dark brown or black epistome (medioventral portion), dorsal half of median carina and antennal grooves white microtrichose. Lunule, facial ridge, parafacial and gena shining brownish yellow or brown, gena 1/3 times as high as eye; parafacial with narrow white microtrichose stripe along anteroventral eye margin. Occiput black, with yellowish brown area behind ocellar triangle and postgena; orbit between posterodorsal eye margin and row of black postocular setae with narrow white microtrichose stripe. Medial vertical seta half as long as frons width, 1.2–1.5 times as long as lateral vertical and 4–5 times as long as ocellar, orbital and postocellar setae. Antenna reddish brown, sparsely greyish microtrichose; flagellomere 1 rounded apically, 1.5 times as long as wide; arista bare, yellow in basal ¼, black in the rest.
Compound eye in live or freshly killed specimens yellow to green with pattern of four or five wide purple longitudinal bands; of them, two medial bands medially constricted, with two pairs of semicircular dilations (Fig. 94).
Clypeus brown to black, often with greenish sheen. Palp brown to black, microtrichose, with moderately long black setulae. Mouthparts black.
Thorax. Scutum and scutellum (Fig. 89) brown to black, with green, usually transiting into yellowish, red or purple metallic sheen, finely shagreened, except antepronotum, posterior surface of postpronotal lobe and notopleuron, as well as pleura strongly shining, except posterodorsal part of anepisternum shagreened; supra-alar area and tympanal fossa distinctly matt grey, with sparse, curled microtrichia, as well as postscutellum, posterior part of katatergite and anatergite; postero-ventral margin of scutellum bright white microtrichose. Mesonotal scutum with one (or two very close) medial (or acrostichal) row of setulae becoming disperse at posterior end, pair of regular dorsocentral and intra-alar rows (latter having shape of digit ‘3’), all setae very fine and short, yellow or brown; pair of very tiny, hair-like dorsocentral seta twice as long as setulae anterior of it, and pair of acrostichal setae hardly distinguishable from setulae. One postprononal, 2 postsutural supra-alar, one intra-alar and one postalar setae black. Scutellum with fine and sparse yellow setulae scattered over its disc and 2 pairs of black scutellar setae.
Wing (Fig. 96). Entirely hyaline, with pale yellow veins; cell r4+5 closed, vein M before wing apex falling into R4+5 forming petiole at wing tip; postero-apical extension of cell cup 1.5 times as long as vein CuA2+A1, and twice as long as transverse section of vein CuA2. Costal vein from middle of costal cell to middle of r1 cell with alternate thickened and thin setae in antero-dorsal and antero-ventral rows.
Legs. Yellow except fore femur often with black or dark brown spot, fore tibia sometimes brown to black and fore tarsus black with basitarsomere entirely yellow; fore femur with black or yellow setulae; postero-ventrally with 5–7 thickened, but rather short setae in apical half; mid and hind femora mostly white setulose, mid femur with row of black (apically) and white (basally) setae.
Abdomen. Both tergites and sternites brown or black-brown, with green, red-golden, purple or blue reflection; abdominal tergite 2 yellowish white setulose on sides, in female, with pair of dimple-like structures (matt gray spots) laterally.
Male postabdomen yellow, otherwise similar to that of P. alceae; epandrium as on Figs. 99–100; cerci with moderately wide nipple-like structures; phallus with bare preglans and moderately long caecum; preglans moderately long, 0.7 times as long as stipe (Fig. 97); glans as in Figures 97–98, with sclerotized projections short.
Female terminalia: aculeus 6.5–8 times as long as wide at base; 3 spherical spermathecae.
Distribution: Afrotropical (incl. Madagascar, Seychelles, Reunion, and Mauritius) and Oriental Regions, Australia, North and South Americas, Oceania (Hawaii, Fiji); occasionally collected in Europe (Istambul), but apparently not established there.
Biology. Larvae live in compost and (judging from their distribution) are believed to infest also rotting palms, as other Physiphora do. Adults are attracted to dung and occasionally captured at light.
Remarks. The original description of P. hainanensis clearly indicates that the holotype and paratype females have R4+5 and M joining into petiole, ventral half of face black and white microtrichose postero-ventral margin of scutellum, the characters of P. clausa clearly differing it from other species of the genus. The “uniformly purplegreen sheen” is the only character to differentiate the nominal species P. hainanensis, having doubtful or no weight: none of the hitherto examined numerous specimens of Physiphora has entirely “purple-greenish” scutum, but most P. clausa really have reddish or puplish reflections on supra-alar area of scutum and dorsum of scutellum. We therefore see no reliable differences between P. clausa and P. hainanensis and consider these names to be synonyms.
description: Published as part of Elena P. Kameneva & Valery A. Kroneyev, 2016, Revision of the Genus Physiphora Fallén 1810 (Diptera: Ulidiidae: Ulidiinae), pp. 1-88 in Zootaxa 4087 (1) on pages 27-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4087.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399511