Constraints on the cosmic expansion history from GWTC-3
Creators: name: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration
name: The Virgo Collaboration
name: The KAGRA Collaboration
name: Abbott, R.
name: Abe, H.
name: Acernese, F.
name: Ackley, K.
name: Adhikari, N.
name: Adhikari, R. X.
name: Adkins, V. K.
name: Adya, V. B.
name: Affeldt, C.
name: Agarwal, D.
name: Agathos, M.
name: Agatsuma, K.
name: Aggarwal, N.
name: Aguiar, O. D.
name: Aiello, L.
name: Ain, A.
name: Ajith, P.
name: Akutsu, T.
name: Albanesi, S.
name: Alfaidi, R. A.
name: Allocca, A.
name: Altin, P. A.
name: Amato, A.
name: Anand, C.
name: Anand, S.
name: Ananyeva, A.
name: Anderson, S. B.
name: Anderson, W. G.
name: Ando, M.
name: Andrade, T.
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name: Andrés-Carcasona, M.
name: Andrić, T.
name: Angelova, S. V.
name: Ansoldi, S.
name: Antelis, J. M.
name: Antier, S.
name: Apostolatos, T.
name: Appavuravther, E. Z.
name: Appert, S.
name: Apple, S. K.
name: Arai, K.
name: Araya, A.
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name: Areeda, J. S.
name: Arène, M.
name: Aritomi, N.
name: Arnaud, N.
name: Arogeti, M.
name: Aronson, S. M.
name: Arun, K. G.
name: Asada, H.
name: Asali, Y.
name: Ashton, G.
name: Aso, Y.
name: Assiduo, M.
name: Melo, S. Assis de Souza
name: Aston, S. M.
name: Astone, P.
name: Aubin, F.
name: AultONeal, K.
name: Austin, C.
name: Babak, S.
name: Badaracco, F.
name: Bader, M. K. M.
name: Badger, C.
name: Bae, S.
name: Bae, Y.
name: Baer, A. M.
name: Bagnasco, S.
name: Bai, Y.
name: Baird, J.
name: Bajpai, R.
name: Baka, T.
name: Ball, M.
name: Ballardin, G.
name: Ballmer, S. W.
name: Balsamo, A.
name: Baltus, G.
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name: Bankar, D.
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name: Barta, D.
name: Bartlett, J.
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name: Wong, I. C. F.
name: Wright, M.
name: Wu, C.
name: Wu, D. S.
name: Wu, H.
name: Wysocki, D. M.
name: Xiao, L.
name: Yamada, T.
name: Yamamoto, H.
name: Yamamoto, K.
name: Yamamoto, T.
name: Yamashita, K.
name: Yamazaki, R.
name: Yang, F. W.
name: Yang, K. Z.
name: Yang, L.
name: Yang, Y. -C.
name: Yang, Y.
name: Yang, Yang
name: Yap, M. J.
name: Yeeles, D. W.
name: Yeh, S. -W.
name: Yelikar, A. B.
name: Ying, M.
name: Yokoyama, J.
name: Yokozawa, T.
name: Yoo, J.
name: Yoshioka, T.
name: Yu, Hang
name: Yu, Haocun
name: Yuzurihara, H.
name: Zadrożny, A.
name: Zanolin, M.
name: Zeidler, S.
name: Zelenova, T.
name: Zendri, J. -P.
name: Zevin, M.
name: Zhan, M.
name: Zhang, H.
name: Zhang, J.
name: Zhang, L.
name: Zhang, R.
name: Zhang, T.
name: Zhang, Y.
name: Zhao, C.
name: Zhao, G.
name: Zhao, Y.
name: Zhao, Yue
name: Zhou, R.
name: Zhou, Z.
name: Zhu, X. J.
name: Zhu, Z. -H.
name: Zimmerman, A. B.
name: Zucker, M. E.
name: Zweizig, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We use 47 gravitational-wave sources from the Third LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-3) to estimate the Hubble parameter $H(z)$, including its current value, the Hubble constant $H_0$. Each gravitational-wave (GW) signal provides the luminosity distance to the source and we estimate the corresponding redshift using two methods: the redshifted masses and a galaxy catalog. Using the binary black hole (BBH) redshifted masses, we simultaneously infer the source mass distribution and $H(z)$. The source mass distribution displays a peak around $34\, {\rm M_\odot}$, followed by a drop-off. Assuming this mass scale does not evolve with redshift results in a $H(z)$ measurement, yielding $H_0=68^{+12}_{-7} {\rm km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$ ($68\%$ credible interval) when combined with the $H_0$ measurement from GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterpart. This represents an improvement of 17% with respect to the $H_0$ estimate from GWTC-1. The second method associates each GW event with its probable host galaxy in the catalog GLADE+, statistically marginalizing over the redshifts of each event's potential hosts. Assuming a fixed BBH population, we estimate a value of $H_0=68^{+8}_{-6} {\rm km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$ with the galaxy catalog method, an improvement of 42% with respect to our GWTC-1 result and 20% with respect to recent $H_0$ studies using GWTC-2 events. However, we show that this result is strongly impacted by assumptions about the BBH source mass distribution; the only event which is not strongly impacted by such assumptions (and is thus informative about $H_0$) is the well-localized event GW190814.
description: Main paper: 30 pages, 15 figure, 7 tables