cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Quantum Mechanics of Proteins in Explicit Water: The Role of Plasmon-Like Solute-Solvent Interactions
Creators: name: Stöhr, Martin
name: Tkatchenko, Alexandre
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Quantum-mechanical van der Waals dispersion interactions play an essential role for both intra-protein and protein-water interactions -- the two main driving forces for the structure and dynamics of proteins in aqueous solution. Typically, these interactions are only treated phenomenologically via pairwise potential terms in classical force fields. Here, we use an explicit quantum-mechanical approach based on density-functional tight-binding with the many-body dispersion formalism, which allows us to demonstrate the unexpected relevance of the many-body character of dispersion interactions for protein energetics and the protein-water interaction. In contrast to commonly employed pairwise approaches, many-body effects significantly decrease the relative stability of the native state in the absence of water. In an aqueous environment, the collective character of the protein-water van der Waals interaction counteracts this effect and stabilizes native conformations and transition states. This stabilization arises due to a high degree of delocalization and collectivity of protein-water dispersion interactions, suggesting a remarkable persistence of long-range electron correlation through aqueous environments. Our findings are exemplified on prototypical showcases of proteins forming $β$-sheets, hairpins, and helices, emphasizing the crucial role of plasmon-like solute-solvent interactions in biomolecular systems.
Unknowns after the SNO Charged-Current Measurement
Creators: name: Barger, V.
name: Marfatia, D.
name: Whisnant, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We perform a model-independent analysis of solar neutrino flux rates including the recent charged-current measurement at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). We derive a universal sum rule involving SNO and SuperKamiokande rates, and show that the SNO neutral-current measurement can not fix the fraction of solar $ν_e$ oscillating to sterile neutrinos. The large uncertainty in the SSM $^8$B flux impedes a determination of the sterile neutrino fraction.
description: Version to appear in PRL; includes analysis with anticipated SNO NC measurement
SOCIAL REPRODUCTION IN THE NEW ENGLAND COMMUNITY COLLEGE SYSTEM: A CRITICAL CULTURAL STUDIES PERSPECTIVE
Creators: name: Marmon, Sarah
Publisher: name: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Year: 2017

description: Statistical data on community colleges confirms how vast the community college institution is: Serving 46% of all undergraduates in the country, or 12.4 million students. A large body of literature exists on the specifics of social reproduction in four-year universities; as well as the specifics of social reproduction in racially and economically segregated high schools. However, there exists a blind spot in this literature when it comes to social reproduction at the community college.
Through conducting interviews with students, faculty and staff at three local community colleges, this ethnographic study explores this theoretical and empirical blind spot by using a critical cultural studies perspective on social reproduction, asking questions around community college students’ experiences on three levels: students themselves, the institutional level through administration and governance; and, lastly, the communication strategy of the community college.
Community colleges largely serve working class students, immigrants and older learners. They are the embodiment of the classic American dream that social mobility is possible through a democratic and public education system that allows anyone to ‘work their way up.’ On the other hand, they can work to funnel students too quickly into vocational tracks that foreclose the possibility of a higher-prestige, and higher-earning, bachelor’s degree. Community colleges straddle this tension between upward social mobility and class reproduction, as well as institutional tensions produced by needing to adapt to pervasive neoliberal logic. Student interviews highlight the ways their educational experiences are shaped by these tensions, given the community college’s unique structural education within higher education, and how these tensions can work to foreclose or open their future education possibilities.
This thesis also explores the following themes: the community college’s positioning relative to public state schools and elite private schools; community college governance; workforce changes among faculty and staff and it’s effect on students; political implications of the community college education model; and, more broadly, understanding the place of public education in a wider neoliberal sociopolitical context.
Classical Stability of Charged Black Branes and the Gubser-Mitra Conjecture
Creators: name: Hirayama, Takayuki
name: Kang, Gungwon
name: Lee, Youngone
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have investigated the classical stability of magnetically charged black $p$-brane solutions for string theories that include the case studied by Gregory and Laflamme. It turns out that the stability behaves very differently depending on a coupling parameter between dilaton and gauge fields. In the case of Gregory and Laflamme, it has been known that the black brane instability decreases monotonically as the charge of black branes increases and finally disappears at the extremal point. For more general cases we found that, when the coupling parameter is small, black brane solutions become stable even before reaching to the extremal point. On the other hand, when the coupling parameter is large, black branes are always unstable and moreover the instability does not continue to decrease, but starts to increase again as they approach to the extremal point. However all extremal black branes are shown to be stable even in this case. It has also been shown that main features of the classical stability are in good agreement with the local thermodynamic behavior of the corresponding black hole system through the Gubser-Mitra conjecture. Some implications of our results are also discussed.
description: 19 pages, 3 figures, revtex
Eucyclops Claus 1893
Creators: name: Tang, Danny
name: Knott, Brenton
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2009
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Hexanauplia
Cyclopoida
Cyclopidae
Eucyclops

description: Key to females of Australian species of Eucyclops
1 Caudal rami with short longitudinal row of spinules along lateral margin, or longitudinal row of spinules entirely absent............................................................................................................................................................................ 2
- Caudal rami with spinules along almost the entire length of lateral margin................................................................ 3
 2 Caudal rami with 6–8 small spinules (these spinules rarely absent) along lateral margin; leg 5 with inner spine about half as long as middle seta....................................................................................................... E. ruttneri Kiefer, 1933
 - Caudal rami without longitudinal row of spinules along lateral margin; leg 5 with inner spine slightly longer than middle seta ......................................................................................................................................... E. edytae sp. nov.
3 Leg 5 with setiform inner spine, equal in width to middle and outer setae.................................................................. 4
- Leg 5 with broad inner spine, about twice as wide as middle and outer setae............................................................ 5
 4 Legs 3 and 4 with spatulate distal seta on the terminal exopodal segment ........................... E. nichollsi Brehm, 1950
 - Legs 3 and 4 with unmodified distal seta on the terminal exopodal segment.......................... E. baylyi Morton, 1990
 5 Leg 4 rami with spatulate setae on the terminal segments ................................................. E. spatulatus Morton, 1990
 - Leg 4 rami with unmodified setae on the terminal segments ........................................ E. australiensis Morton, 1990
description: Published as part of Tang, Danny & Knott, Brenton, 2009, Freshwater cyclopoids and harpacticoids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Gnangara Mound region of Western Australia, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 2029 on page 13
Use Of Different Ripening Inhibitors To Enhance Antimicrobial Activity Of Essential Oil Nanoemulsion
Creators: name: Ryu, Victor
Publisher: name: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Year: 2017

description: The objective of this research was to study the impact of ripening inhibitor level and type on the formation, stability, and activity of antimicrobial thyme oil nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsification. Oil-in-water antimicrobial nanoemulsions (10 wt%) were formed by titrating a mixture of essential oil, ripening inhibitor, and surfactant (Tween 80) into 5mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 3.5). Stable nanoemulsions containing small droplets (d < 70 nm) were formed. The antimicrobial activity of the nanoemulsions decreased with increasing ripening inhibitor concentration, which was attributed to a reduction in the amount of hydrophobic antimicrobial constituents transferred to the separated hydrophobic domain, mimicking bacterial cell membranes, by using dialysis and chromatography. The antimicrobial activity of the nanoemulsions also depended on the nature of the ripening inhibitor used: palm ≈ corn > canola > coconut which also depended on their ability to transfer hydrophobic antimicrobial constituents to the separated hydrophobic domain.
The impact of filamentary accretion of subhaloes on the shape and orientation of haloes
Creators: name: Morinaga, Yu
name: Ishiyama, Tomoaki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Dark matter haloes are formed through hierarchical mergers of smaller haloes in large-scale cosmic environments, and thus anisotropic subhalo accretion through cosmic filaments have some impacts on halo structures. Recent studies using cosmological simulations have shown that the orientations of haloes correlate with the direction of cosmic filaments, and these correlations significantly depend on the halo mass. Using high-resolution cosmological $N$-body simulations, we quantified the strength of filamentary subhalo accretion for galaxy- and group-sized host haloes ($M_{\rm host}=5\times10^{11-13}M_{\odot}$) by regarding the entry points of subhaloes as filaments and present statistical studies that how the shape and orientation of host haloes at redshift zero correlate with the strength of filamentary subhalo accretion. We confirm previous studies that found the host halo mass dependence of the alignment between orientations of haloes and filaments. We also show that, for the first time, the shape and orientation of haloes weakly correlate with the strength of filamentary subhalo accretion even if the host halo masses are the same. Minor-to-major axis ratios of haloes tend to decrease as their filamentary accretion gets stronger. Haloes with highly anisotropic accretion become more spherical or oblate, while haloes with isotropic accretion become more prolate or triaxial. For haloes with strong filamentary accretion, their major axes are preferentially aligned with the filaments, while their angular momentum vectors tend to be slightly more misaligned.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 9 pages, 6 figures, 1 table
Digitale Stellenwerttafel – Leitfaden für Lehrerinnen und Lehrer
Creators: name: Kortenkamp, Ulrich
name: Etzold, Heiko
name: Goral, Johanna
name: Schmidt, Alexander
name: Börrnert, Matthias
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Digitale Werkzeuge
Stellenwertverständnis

description: Der Leitfaden beschreibt den möglichen Einsatz der App Stellenwerttafel im Mathematikunterricht.
Celebrating the Polish Immigrant Community: Strengthening Cultural Bonds and Representation in Westfield, MA
Creators: name: Smialek, Alexandra
Publisher: name: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Year: 2017

description: Immigrant communities are a part of every city and town in the United States. Sentiments towards immigrants, however, continue to vary, but in recent years, anti-immigrant sentiments have become more widely encountered, especially because of the recent presidential election (Southern Poverty Law Center, 2016). A lack of knowledge and representation of diverse cultures, along with recurring negative rhetoric, may influence how immigrant populations are received. This report argues that acknowledging culture and heritage can strengthen cultural bonds, create and celebrate a unique city identity, and improve cultural representation. The City of Westfield, Massachusetts, located in Hampden County, will be studied in this report. Amongst the several immigrant communities in the city, the Polish population is one that is present, but underrepresented. Through participant interviews, elements of place attachment, cultural representation, and cultural values will be studied. This research hopes to encourage greater cultural representation by enhancing place attachment and representation for present and future immigrant residents. This report will also aim to contribute to the greater studies and literature surrounding cultural planning by examining the importance of culture and heritage in the planning field and offering recommendations.
Combining information from multiple bone turnover markers as diagnostic indices for osteoporosis using support vector machines
Creators: name: Zhang, Tianxiao
name: Liu, Ping
name: Zhang, Yunzhi
name: Wang, Weiwei
name: Lu, Yiwen
name: Xi, Ming
name: Duan, Sirui
name: Guan, Fanglin
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: Context: Osteoporosis (OP) is a progressive systemic bone disease. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is routinely employed and is considered the gold standard method for the diagnosis of OP. Objective: We aimed to investigate the potential use of combined information from multiple bone turnover markers (BTMs) as a clinical diagnostic tool for OP. Materials and methods: A total of 9053 Chinese postmenopausal women (2464 primary OP patients and 6589 healthy controls) were recruited. Serum levels of six common BTMs, including BAP, BSP, CTX, OPG, OST and sRANKL were assayed. Models based on support vector machine (SVM) were constructed to explore the efficiency of different combinations of multiple BTMs for OP diagnosis. Results: Increasing the number of BTMs used in generating the models increased the predictive power of the SVM models for determining the disease status of study subjects. The highest kappa coefficient for the model with one BTM (BAP) compared to DXA was 0.7783. The full model incorporating all six BTMs resulted in a high kappa coefficient of 0.9786. Conclusion: Our findings showed that although single BTMs were not sufficient for OP diagnosis, appropriate combinations of multiple BTMs incorporated into the SVM models showed almost perfect agreement with the DXA.
Numerical Simulation of Multi-Phase Core-Shell Molten Metal Drop Oscillations
Creators: name: Sumaria, Kaushal
Publisher: name: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Year: 2018

description: The surface tension of liquid metals is an important and scientifically interesting parameter which affects many metallurgical processes such as casting, welding and melt spinning. Conventional methods for measuring surface tension are difficult to use for molten metals above temperatures of 1000 K. Containerless methods are can be used to measure the surface tension of molten metals above 1000 K. Oscillating drop method is one such method where a levitated droplet is allowed to undergo damped oscillations. Using the Rayleigh’s theory for the oscillation of force-free inviscid spherical droplets, surface tension and viscosity of the sample can be calculated from oscillation frequency and damping respectively.
In this thesis, a numerical model is developed in ANSYS Fluent to simulate the oscillations of the molten metal droplet. The Volume of Fluid approach is used for multiphase modelling. The effect of numerical schemes, mesh size, and initialization boundary conditions on the frequency of oscillation and the surface tension of the liquid are studied. The single-phase model predicts the surface tension of zirconium within a range of 13% when compared to the experimental data. The validated single phase model is extended to predict the interfacial tension of a core-shell structured compound drop. We study the effect of the core and shell orientation at the time of flow initialization. The numerical model we developed predicts the interfacial tension between copper and cobalt within the range of 6.5% when compared to the experimental data. The multiphase model fails to provide any conclusive data for interfacial tension between molten iron and slag.
Non-local modelling of heat conduction with phase change
Creators: name: Nikolaev, Petr
name: Sedighi, Majid
name: Jivkov, Andrey
name: Margetts, Lee
Publisher: name: Loughborough University
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Accurate analysis of heat transfer with phase change is important for many natural phenomena and engineering applications. Modelling of this phenomenon is a challenging mathematical problem due to the multi-physical nature of the processes involved. The phase transition introduces strong non-linearity caused by rapid variations of thermo-physical properties of the material and release of latent heat of solidification or evaporation. We present a non-local approach for modelling heat diffusion with phase change (solidification) by developing a bond-based Peridynamic formulation that considers the enthalpy form of the heat transfer equation. The material domain is categorised into three regions -liquid, mushy and solid-separated by temperature-dependent boundaries. We present results obtained by the proposed model and compare them with the 1D analytical solution of a test problem. The comparison demonstrates that the model can predict accurately the position of the phase change front and the temperature distribution. Our approach can be used for coupled modelling of materials’ behaviour at various temperatures and phase states.
Analyzing Spark Performance on Spot Instances
Creators: name: Tian, Jiannan
Publisher: name: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Year: 2017

description: Amazon Spot Instances provide inexpensive service for high-performance computing. With spot instances, it is possible to get at most 90% off as discount in costs by bidding spare Amazon Elastic Computer Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances. In exchange for low cost, spot instances bring the reduced reliability onto the computing environment, because this kind of instance could be revoked abruptly by the providers due to supply and demand, and higher-priority customers are first served.
To achieve high performance on instances with compromised reliability, Spark is applied to run jobs. In this thesis, a wide set of spark experiments are conducted to study its performance on spot instances. Without stateful replicating, Spark suffers from cascad- ing rollback and is forced to regenerate these states for ad hoc practices repeatedly. Such downside leads to discussion on trade-off between compatible slow checkpointing and regenerating on rollback and inspires us to apply multiple fault tolerance schemes. And Spark is proven to finish a job only with proper revocation rate. To validate and evaluate our work, prototype and simulator are designed and implemented. And based on real history price records, we studied how various checkpoint write frequencies and bid level affect performance. In case study, experiments show that our presented techniques can lead to ~20% shorter completion time and ~25% lower costs than those cases without such techniques. And compared with running jobs on full-price instance, the absolute saving in costs can be ~70%.
Breaking of scaling symmetry by massless scalar on de Sitter
Creators: name: Glavan, D.
name: Miao, S. P.
name: Prokopec, T.
name: Woodard, R. P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the response of a classical massless minimally coupled scalar to a static point scalar charge on de Sitter. By considering explicit solutions of the problem we conclude that -- even though the dynamics formally admits dilatation (scaling) symmetry -- the physical scalar field profile necessarily breaks the symmetry. This is an instance of symmetry breaking in classical physics due to large infrared effects. The gravitational backreaction, on the other hand, does respect dilatation symmetry, making this an example of symmetry non-inheritance phenomenon.
description: 10 pages
Paracyclops Claus 1893
Creators: name: Tang, Danny
name: Knott, Brenton
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2009
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Hexanauplia
Cyclopoida
Cyclopidae
Paracyclops

description: Key to females of Australian species of Paracyclops
 1 Urosomal somites 2–4 with numerous cuticular pits; caudal rami with cuticular depressions on ventral surface; legs 2 and 4 with 2 inner setae on middle endopodal segment ................................................. P. chiltoni (Thomson, 1882)
- Urosomal somites 2–4 with surface ridges; caudal rami without cuticular depressions on ventral surface; legs 2 and 4 with 1 inner seta on middle endopodal segment...................................................................................................... 2
 2 Caudal seta III longer than seta VI; leg 3 with 3 spines on terminal exopodal segment .... P. affinis (G. O. Sars, 1863)
 - Caudal seta III shorter than seta VI; leg 3 with 4 spines on terminal exopodal segment ......... P. intermedius sp. nov.
description: Published as part of Tang, Danny & Knott, Brenton, 2009, Freshwater cyclopoids and harpacticoids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Gnangara Mound region of Western Australia, pp. 1-70 in Zootaxa 2029 on page 26
How the E. Coli Hsp70 Molecular Chaperone, DnaK, Binds a Client Protein
Creators: name: Tilitsky, Joseph
Publisher: name: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Year: 2017

description: Protein folding is essential for all cellular life. While some proteins are able to reach their folded state reliably using nothing but their amino acid sequence, a great number of essential proteins are unable to do so without the aid of molecular chaperones. One family of molecular chaperone, the Hsp70 family, is found in virtually all cell types and across all domains of life. Certain to the function of Hsp70s are how they bind their client proteins. Substantial effort has been expended to study how Hsp70s work on model peptides as a substrate mimic, but relatively little work has been performed using full-length protein substrates. This work examines how the E. coli Hsp70, DnaK, binds a full-length unfolded client protein, the pro-form of E. coli alkaline phosphatase, or proPhoA. I use a combination of biophysical techniques to under how DnaK binds proPhoA with regards to affinity, stoichiometry, and binding site selection. I find that DnaK binds each vii of the potential binding sites within proPhoA with roughly equal affinity. In addition, DnaK for a complex with proPhoA with a 1:1 stoichiometry and is selective for a single binding site on proPhoA.
Gamma-ray luminosity function of BL Lac objects and contribution to the extragalactic gamma-ray background
Creators: name: Qu, Yankun
name: Zeng, Houdun
name: Yan, Dahai
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using a significantly enlarged \textit{Fermi}-LAT BL Lac objects (BL Lacs) sample, we construct the gamma-ray luminosity function (GLF) of BL Lacs, by the joint use of the space density distribution and source counts distribution. We use three well-studied forms of the GLF, i.e., the forms of pure density evolution (PDE), pure luminosity evolution (PLE) and luminosity-dependent density evolution (LDDE). The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique is used to constrain model parameters. Our results suggest that LDDE model can give the best description for the BL Lac GLF. And the model shows that the BL Lacs with a harder GeV spectrum and a less luminosity evolve as strongly as FSRQs, and the evolution decreases as increasing luminosity. We also model the average photon spectra of BL Lacs with a double power laws model. Using this modeled spectra, BL Lacs contribute $ \sim 20\%$ of the total extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGB) at $E>100$ MeV, $\sim 100\%$ of the EGB at $E>50$ GeV, and the unresolved BL Lacs contribute $\sim 20 \%$ of the isotropic diffuse gamma-ray background (IGRB) at $E>100$ MeV. A prediction of the TeV EGB spectra are given, which may be tested by the future detectors.
description: 9 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS
Time-ordered Perturbation Theory on Noncommutative Spacetime II: Unitarity
Creators: name: Liao, Yi
name: Sibold, Klaus
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We examine the unitarity issue in the recently proposed time-ordered perturbation theory on noncommutative (NC) spacetime. We show that unitarity is preserved as long as the interaction Lagrangian is explicitly Hermitian. We explain why it makes sense to distinguish the Hermiticity of the Lagrangian from that of the action in perturbative NC field theory and how this requirement fits in the framework.
description: 19 pages, 3 figures using axodraw; version 2: typos fixed and very minor rewording, to appear in Eur Phys J C
Chronology
Creators: name: Harmsen, Henk
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: 50202 Conservation and Biodiversity
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: A detailed chronology was made of the events and decisions leading up to the construction of a 220 kV transmission line through a Ramsar and near a World Heritage site.
Only publicly available documents were used.
Saliency Methods for Explaining Adversarial Attacks
Creators: name: Gu, Jindong
name: Tresp, Volker
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The classification decisions of neural networks can be misled by small imperceptible perturbations. This work aims to explain the misled classifications using saliency methods. The idea behind saliency methods is to explain the classification decisions of neural networks by creating so-called saliency maps. Unfortunately, a number of recent publications have shown that many of the proposed saliency methods do not provide insightful explanations. A prominent example is Guided Backpropagation (GuidedBP), which simply performs (partial) image recovery. However, our numerical analysis shows the saliency maps created by GuidedBP do indeed contain class-discriminative information. We propose a simple and efficient way to enhance the saliency maps. The proposed enhanced GuidedBP shows the state-of-the-art performance to explain adversary classifications.
Boson pair production in arbitrarily polarized electric fields
Creators: name: Li, Z. L.
name: Xie, B. S.
name: Li, Y. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The momentum spectrum and number density of created bosons for two types of arbitrarily polarized electric fields are calculated and compared with those of created fermions, employing the equal-time Feshbach-Villars-Heisenberg-Wigner formalism which is confirmed that for an uniform and time-varying electric field it is completely equivalent to the quantum Vlasov equation in scalar QED. For an elliptically polarized field, it is found that the number density of created bosons is a square root of the number density of spin-up electrons times that of spin-down ones for a circularly polarized multicycle field. Moreover, the degree of spin polarization roughly grows as the Keldysh adiabaticity parameter increases for arbitrarily polarized multicycle fields. For a field constituted of two circularly polarized fields with a time delay, it is shown that momentum vortices also exist in boson pair creation and are induced only by the orbital angular momentum of particles. However, the vortices can reproduce the quantum statistic effect due to the effect of spin of particles. These results further deepen the understanding of some significant signatures in pair production.
description: 11 pages, 5 figures
Generalization of the KKW Analysis for Black Hole Radiation
Creators: name: Vagenas, Elias C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: An extension of the Keski-Vakuri, Kraus and Wilczek (KKW) analysis to black hole spacetimes which are not Schwarzschild-type is presented. Preserving the regularity at the horizon and stationarity of the metric in order to deal with the across-horizon physics, a more general coordinate transformation is introduced. In this analysis the Hawking radiation is viewed as a tunnelling process which emanates from the non-Schwarzschild-type black hole. Expressions for the temperature and entropy of these non-Schwarzschild-type black holes are extracted. As a paradigm, in the context of this generalization, we consider the Garfinkle-Horowitz-Strominger (GHS) black hole as a dynamical background and we derive the modified temperature and entropy of GHS black hole. Deviations are eliminated and corresponding standard results are recovered to the lowest order in the emitted shell of energy. The extremal GHS black hole is found to be non-``frozen'' since it is characterized by a constant non-zero temperature. Furthermore, the modified extremality condition forbids naked singularities to form from the collapse of the GHS black hole.
description: 14 pages, reference added, to appear in PLB
Exploring Long-term Fault Evolution in Obliquely Loaded Systems Using Tabletop Experiments and Digital Image Correlation Techniques
Creators: name: Toeneboehn, Kevin
Publisher: name: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Year: 2017

description: This thesis focuses on the use of scaled physical experiments to better understand the development and long-term evolution of fault systems that are otherwise impossible to observe directly. The document is divided into three chapters. The first chapter documents the implementation of an inexpensive stereo vision method for acquiring high resolution three-dimensional strain data for table-top experiments. The second chapter applies the stereo vision method to a tectonic problem—the development of slip partitioning in obliquely loaded crustal systems. Slip partitioned fault systems accommodate oblique convergence with different slip rake on two or more faults and are well documented in the crust. In this chapter, we simulate oblique convergence using blocks with 30° dipping contacts under wet kaolin clay. The experiments reveal three styles of slip partitioning development—contingent upon convergence angle and the presence or absence of a pre-existing vertical fault. Across all experiments, the slip rates along slip-partitioned faults vary temporally suggesting that the faults continuously adjust to conditions produced by the other fault. The lack of steady state in the experiments suggests that slip-partitioned crustal systems may also evolve with oscillating behavior rather than developing a single efficient active fault structure to accommodate oblique convergence. The third chapter documents rheological tests of wet kaolin for applications to crustal deformation experiments. This chapter investigates thixotropy in the clay as well as the role of grain size distribution and water content on its shear strength.
Cost of land degradation and improvement in Eastern Africa
Creators: name: Kirui, Oliver K.
name: Mirzabaev, Alisher
name: Kirui, Oliver K.
name: Mirzabaev, Alisher
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2016
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy
Land Economics/Use

description: Land degradation – defined by the Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) initiative as a “reduction in the economic value of ecosystem services and goods derived from land” – is a serious impediment to improving rural livelihoods and food security of millions of people in the Eastern Africa region. The objectives of this paper are three fold; to identify the state, extent and patterns of land degradation, to estimate the costs of land degradation, and to compares the costs of action against inaction against land degradation using the Total Economic Value approach in four countries – Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania. Results show that land degradation hotspots cover about 51%, 41%, 23% and 22% of the terrestrial areas in Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia and Kenya respectively. Following the Total Economic Value (TEV) framework, the cost of land degradation between 2001-2009 periods is about 2 billion USD in Malawi, 11 billion USD in Kenya, 18 billion USD in Tanzania and 35 billion USD in Ethiopia. These represents about 5%, 7%, 14% and 23%, of GDP in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Ethiopia respectively. Taking action against land degradation is more favorable than inaction in both short-term (6 year) and a long-term (30 year) periods. During the 30-year period, for every dollar spent on taking action against land degradation users will expect a return of about $ 4.2 in Ethiopia, $ 4.1 in Kenya, $ 3.8 in Tanzania, and $ 3.7 in Malawi.
Staff training and development in academic libraries: a response to the Fielden Report
Creators: name: Drury, Jennifer C.
Publisher: name: Loughborough University
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: 89999 Information and Computing Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Staff training and development in academic libraries: a response to the Fielden Report
Electrodynamic friction of a charged particle passing a conducting plate
Creators: name: Milton, Kimball A.
name: Li, Yang
name: Guo, Xin
name: Kennedy, Gerard
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Classical Physics (physics.class-ph)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The classical electromagnetic friction of a charged particle moving with prescribed constant velocity parallel to a planar imperfectly conducting surface is reinvestigated. As a concrete example, the Drude model is used to describe the conductor. The transverse electric and transverse magnetic contributions have very different character both in the low velocity (nonrelativistic) and high velocity (ultrarelativistic) regimes. Both numerical and analytical results are given. Most remarkably, the transverse magnetic contribution to the friction has a maximum for $|\mathbf{v}|
description: 13 pages, 7 figures. This is the extensively revised version accepted by Physical Review Research
Associativity of crossed products by partial actions, enveloping actions and partial representations
Creators: name: Dokuchaev, M.
name: Exel, R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Rings and Algebras (math.RA)
subject: Operator Algebras (math.OA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 16S99

description: Given a partial action αof a group G on an associative algebra A we consider the crossed product A x_αG. Using the algebras of multipliers of ideals of A we prove that A x_αG is associative, provided that all ideals of A are idempotent. This generalizes a previous result on the associativity of A x_αG in the context of C*-algebras. We also give a criteria for the existence of a global extension of a given partial action on an algebra and use crossed products to study relations between partial actions of groups on algebras and partial representations. As an application we endow partial group algebras with crossed product structure.
description: A false statement about the cyclic group of order four after example 3.5 is corrected, plus minor changes. 23 pages, no figures
Finite deformation simulation of CPTu tests in saturated structured clays
Creators: name: Oliynyk, Kateryna
name: Ciantia, Matteo O.
name: Tamagnini, Claudio
Publisher: name: Loughborough University
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this paper a finite deformation version of an isotropic hardening elastoplastic constitutive model for bonded soils is used to reproduce the behaviour of a saturated soft structured clay during the penetration of a piezocone in standard CPTu tests. The formulation of the model is based on the multiplicative split of the deformation gradient and on the existence of a free energy function for the elastic behaviour. The model is equipped with two bonding–related internal variables which provide a macroscopic description of the effects of clay structure. The mechanical effects of structure degradation associated to the plastic deformations are quantified by suitable evolution equations. In order to deal with strain localization, typically observed in bonded geomaterials upon yielding, the model has been equipped with a non–local version of the hardening laws for the internal variables, which has proven to be capable of regularizing the pathological mesh dependence of classical finite element solutions in the post–localization regime. The results of the numerical simulations, conducted for different soil permeabilities and bond strengths, show that the model is capable of capturing: a) the development of plastic deformations induced by the advancement of the cone tip; b) the destructuration of the clay associated with such plastic deformations; c) the space and time evolution of pore water pressure as the cone tip advances. The possibility of modelling the CPTu tests in a rational and computationally efficient way opens a promising new perspective for their interpretation in geotechnical site investigations.
Assessment of farmer willingness to pay for quality planting materials of biofortified and non-biofortified varieties of sweetpotato
Creators: name: Mwiti, Florine K.
name: Okello, Julius J.
name: Munei, Kimpei
name: Low, Jan
name: Mwiti, Florine K.
name: Okello, Julius J.
name: Munei, Kimpei
name: Low, Jan
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Farm Management
subject: Biofortified crops
subject: quality planting materials
subject: smallholder sweetpotato farmers
subject: willingness to pay
subject: Tanzania

description: The current fight against Vitamin A deficiency has focused on promoting biofortified staples that are rich in beta carotene, such as Orange Fleshed Sweetpotato (OFSP). These efforts usually entail providing quality planting materials to vulnerable households accompanied by sensitization about the benefits of OFSP. Most such interventions heavily subsidize the planting materials, with subsidies ranging from 50-100%. The subsidies are often premised on the hope that farmers will eventually absorb the full cost of the planting materials once they experience the benefits of consuming OFSP. This study uses data from 481 farmers drawn from different regions that benefited from a sweetpotato project, and the ANOVA and descriptive statistics, to examine farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for OFSP planting materials. It specifically compares the WTP for quality planting materials of OFSP and non-OFSP varieties and assesses differences in WTP by region and agroecology. It finds a higher WTP for clean planting materials of a non-OFSP variety than for all OFSP varieties studied. It also finds that WTP differs by region and agroecology. The study concludes that there is higher demand for quality planting materials of some of the non-OFSP varieties of sweetpotato than for OFSP varieties, and that WTP for differs by intervention area. These findings imply that farmers’ demand for clean planting materials of non-OFSP varieties is higher than for the OFSP varieties. They suggest the need for sweetpotato breeding to continue considering some of the attributes that make local varieties popular, e.g., taste and dry matter content, in their breeding programs.
Effects of biochar on cadmium (Cd) uptake in vegetables and its natural downward movement in saline-alkali soil
Creators: name: Sun, Jianxiong
name: Fan, Qinya
name: Ma, Jingwen
name: Cui, Liqiang
name: Quan, Guixiang
name: Yan, Jinlong
name: Wu, Limin
name: Hina, Kiran
name: Abdul, Basit
name: Wang, Hui
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: The focus was to assess the effects of biochar on Cd uptake by various vegetables and its downward movement in saline-alkali soil and carried out in polluted pots experiment. The results showed that the biomass of vegetables increased significantly by 16.9% to 519.9% while the Cd concentration in green pepper and eggplant fruits was decreased by 6.8% to 11.5% and 15.1% to 15.4% with the biochar application. The Cd in contaminated soil profile was transferred from topsoil (0-6 cm) to subsoil (6-12 cm) that was observed as 14.30 ± 4.17 mg kg-1. The concentrations of Cd in soil with different fractions like exchangeable, reducible and oxidizable and the Cd uptake by vegetables were reduced. The release of residual Cd was decreased by 0.3 to 20.1% over time with biochar application (0-12 cm). The biochar was effective in mitigating the soil Cd pollution by preventing the vertical Cd leaching.
The Characterization of Chitin Microparticle Preparations: Degree of Acetylation and its Effect on Immunologic Response
Creators: name: Zimmerman, Julianne R
Publisher: name: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Year: 2014

description: Studies examining the immune response upon exposure to chitin microparticles in living models have reached drastically differing conclusions, and the reason remains unclear. One notable issue between the experiments is that they have not characterized their chitin preparations for degree of acetylation. They all use different chitin processing methods prior to administration, which could potentially be the source of the variance between studies. Chitin and chitosan preparations specified in the literature and several novel preparations were analyzed for degree acetylation (DA) using High Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD). It was found that autoclaving and sonication processing steps do not have a significant influence on degree of acetylation. Chitin and chitosan preparations were used to create a dose-response curve of DA compared to cytokine elicitation from THP-1 monocytes, and it was found that the initial response was dominated by TNF (similar to previous studies), though after 12 hours showed a tip toward the start of an IL-1β-dominated Th17 effector response. This study also confirmed that immunostimulatory effects can occur from chitin and chitosan particles at orparticles, which would have long residence times in air, might be implicated in initiating allergic or asthmatic processes.
Electrostatics and fold topology of H-NS-like proteins from The architects of bacterial DNA bridges: a structurally and functionally conserved family of proteins
Creators: name: L. Qin
name: A. M. Erkelens
name: F. Ben Bdira
name: R. T. Dame
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: Structural Biology

description: Comparison of the charge distribution of the four families of H-NS like protein across a range of species
Parity Violating Photoproduction of $π^\pm$ on the $Δ$ Resonance
Creators: name: Zhu, Shi-Lin
name: Maekawa, C. M.
name: Holstein, B. R.
name: Ramsey-Musolf, M. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We analyze the real photon asymmetry $A^\pm_γ$ for the parity violating (PV) $π^\pm$ production on the $Δ$ resonance via the reactions ${\vec γ} + p \to Δ^+ \to π^+ + n$ and ${\vec γ} + d \to Δ^0 + p \to π^- + p + p$. This asymmetry is nonvanishing due to a PV $γN Δ$ coupling constant, $d^\pm_Δ$. We argue that an experimental determination of this coupling would be of interest for hadron dynamics, possibly shedding light on the S-wave/P-wave puzzle in the hyperon nonleptonic decays and the violation of Hara's theorem in weak radiative hyperon decays.
description: RevTex, 4 pages + 2 eps figures
Partition Function of the Bose-Einstein Condensed Dark Matter and the Modified Gross-Pitaevskii Equation
Creators: name: Nazarenko, A. V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Intending to describe the dark matter of dwarf galaxies, we concentrate on one model of the slowly rotating and gravitating Bose-Einstein condensate. For a deeper understanding of its properties, we calculate the partition function and compare the characteristics derived from it with the results based on the solution of Gross-Pitaevskii equation. In our approach, which uses the Green's functions of spatial evolution operators, we formulate in a unified way the boundary conditions, important for applying the Thomas-Fermi approximation. Taking this into account, we revise some of the results obtained earlier. We also derive the spatial particle distribution, similar to the model with rotation, by using the deformation of commutation relations for a macroscopic wave function and modifying the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. It is shown that such an approach leads to the entropy inhomogeneity and makes the distribution dependent on temperature.
description: 1 figure; to appear in Int. J. Mod. Phys. D (2020)