The Max Omega Theory and Its Related Details
Creators: name: MD, Shaikhul Hadis Nazat
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Physics
subject: Quantum Physics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: Quantum Mechanics

description: Abstract

Physics lies at the foundation of our understanding of nature. Theories such as relativity and quantum mechanics have fundamentally changed our perspective on physics. This article discusses a theory, along with other details, which is inspired by both relativity and quantum mechanics.

Article

The velocity of electromagnetic radiation, commonly denominated as the "speed of light" and symbolically represented as "c," manifests as a fundamental constant registering at approximately 299,792 kilometers per second within the confines of a vacuum. This cardinal metric assumes a paramount status in our cosmic comprehension and establishes an intricate symbiosis with Albert Einstein's elucidation in the realm of special relativity, propounded in 1905.

Special relativity, a ground-breaking theoretical framework, posits the invariance of the speed of light for all observers irrespective of their relative velocities. This departure from classical mechanics engenders manifold ramifications, notably the phenomenon of temporal dilation. As an entity traverses toward the speed of light, temporal progression, relative to a stationary observer, undergoes perceptible deceleration. Experimental verification of this temporal distortion is discernible in particle accelerators wherein subatomic particles attain relativistic velocities.

Furthermore, the tenets of special relativity dictate that, concomitant with an entity's acceleration, its relativistic mass burgeons, thereby exacerbating the formidable impediment to attaining the speed of light. This conceptualization finds crystalline expression in the celebrated equation E=mc^2, signifying the equipollence of energy (E) and mass (m), thus underscoring the formidable energy requisition attendant upon propelling a massive entity to the velocity of light.

The intricate interplay between the velocity of light and the edifice of relativity bequeaths profound repercussions to our cognitive schema of the cosmos. It configures our conceptualization of temporal and spatial dimensions and unveils the intricate nexus between energy and mass. As humanity endeavors into the profound depths of cosmic exploration, the inviolability of the speed of light stands as a cardinal postulate, steering our foray into the labyrinth of the fundamental precepts dictating the cosmic order.Before delving into the main topic let us have a discussion concerning the angular velocity.Angular velocity, a fundamental concept in physics, quantifies the rate of change in an object's angular position over time. It reflects the speed of rotation within a circular trajectory, typically expressed in radians per second. Crucially, angular velocity is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction. The magnitude signifies the rate of angular alteration, while the direction follows the right-hand rule, remaining perpendicular to the plane of rotation. To calculate angular velocity, divide the change in angular position by the time interval during which this change occurs. The formula is:

ω = Δθ/Δt  ....................(1)

In this equation, (ω) represents angular velocity,  (Δθ) denotes the alteration in angular position, (Δt) and signifies the duration over which this change unfolds. Angular velocity plays a pivotal role in physics, characterizing the movement of objects in rotation or circular motion. Its applications extend to calculating rotational speeds in gears, wheels, and understanding celestial body dynamics. Beyond physics, angular velocity proves crucial in engineering, especially in turbine design and robotics, where precise control over rotating elements is paramount.However,We acknowledge the ω relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity as,

     s = rθ=> ds/dt = r dθ/dt.            (Differentiating on both sides with respect to time)=> v = r ω......(2)  {We have taken, sinθ = 1, Angle, θ = 90 Degree, v = r ω sinθ (Original form)}

Nevertheless,It can be expressed as, ω = v / r It is noteworthy that for v(max), we will obtain ω(max). v(max) is the maximum velocity in the universe. 

So, ω(max) = v(max)/r

As the speed of light is the highest velocity in our universe, we can state,

ω(max) = c/r  ........(3)

Here, 'r' represents the radius of a circular path/orbit.[Radius is 1-dimensional and is a type of length. An orbit with a 0 m radius has no entity; the smallest orbit's radius will be equal to the smallest length in the universe, considering Planck's length as the smallest meaningful length (for circle path). We can also state that the minimum value will be equal to the Planck's length]

Let's consider a scenario where an object is in motion along a circular path, and we identify the central point of this circular path as O. The radius of this circular path is r(1) [r(1) = OA]. Let's picture an orbit with that same radius, which we'll designate as P. Within this orbit, the maximum angular velocity is represented as ω(max-1) = c/r(1). It's crucial to emphasise that should the angular velocity of this object exceed ω(max-1), it implies that the object is moving at a speed greater than the speed of light in terms of linear velocity. This would, in turn, conflict with the theory of relativity. According to the theory of relativity, the speed of light is the utmost velocity achievable within our universe. Nevertheless, if we contemplate a different orbit with an alternative radius, let's say r(2) [r(2) = OB] and name this orbit as Q, the maximum angular velocity within Q will be ω(max-2) = c/r(2). We observe that, as r(1) is not equal to r(2), ω(max-1) will not equate to ω(max-2). However, it's noteworthy that the product of ω(max-2) and r(2) will be equivalent to c, and the product of ω(max-1) and r(1) will also be equal to c. The same principle applies to orbits with various radii.Consequently, we can summarise as follows:Given that,

 r(1) ≠ r(2) ≠ r(3) ≠ r(4) ≠ ... ≠ r(n),

 ω(max-1) ≠ ω(max-2) ≠ ω(max-3) ≠ ω(max-4) ≠ ... ≠ ω(max-n).

As each radius differs, the maximum angular velocities within these orbits will not be uniform.Nonetheless,

ω(max-1) × r(1) = ω(max-2) × r(2) = ω(max-3) × r(3) = ω(max-4) × r(4) = ... = ω(max-n) × r(n) = c = v(max)                                    

Hence, we can introduce our theory, which has been coined the 'Max Omega Theory.'Max Omega Theory (MOT): The maximum angular velocity of an object moving in a circular path is the quotient of speed of light (c) and the radius of the circular path.Or, The product of maximum angular velocity of a object moving in a circular path and the radius of circular path is equal to the speed of light.The theory can function within the realms of classical physics, quantum physics and find applications in astronomy and astrophysics.It is crucial to note that massive objects and particles will never achieve those maximum angular velocities, and massless particles always travel straight (normally).[For an 2D elliptical path, the equation contains some complex parts. Hence, writing it here isn't possible. It will be shared soon]However, we can also set relationship with this equation,c = f × λ = lp /tp

With the last equation, we can determine the value of the highest angular velocity for the orbit (With Bohr Model). Even at these maximum angular velocities, the electron cannot travel, thus proving the validity of relativity.There,         n =  Main quantum number;         h = Planck's constant;        m = Mass of an electron;         e = Charge of an electron;      ∈_0 = Permittivity constant;         z = Atomic number.

We can also mention that:

"It is not possible to change the frequency of EM without changing its wavelength."

However, let us introduce another topic. Before delving into that, let's have a brief discussion once again.In consonance with the precepts of quantum theory, electromagnetic undulations are explicatively delineated in the particle paradigm, assuming the nomenclature of photons. Quantum theory proffers a conceptual framework wherein electromagnetic radiation, encompasing the luminiferous spectrum and cognate forms, undergoes a process of quantization, wherein discrete quanta of energy, denominated as photons, emerge as discrete entities. The energy encapsulated within a photon evinces a direct proportionality to its frequency, a relationship enunciated through the algebraic representation E = h f, where (E) signifies the quantum energy magnitude, (h) symbolizes Planck's constant, and (f) denotes the frequency characterizing the electromagnetic oscillation.Quantum theory imparts an imperative facet in the form of wave-particle duality, positing that subatomic entities, notably photons, demonstrate a dual nature, oscillating between wave-like and particulate attributes. This dualistic ontology constitutes a foundational tenet within the ambit of quantum mechanics, endowing our comprehension with a nuanced lens to decipher the intricate comportments inherent to electromagnetic radiation at the subatomic echelon.Furthermore, the delineation of the electromagnetic wave distribution along the continuum of the spectrum assumes paramount significance within the quantum paradigm. The electromagnetic spectrum, encompassing radiofrequency emanations, microwaves, infrared radiance, discernible light frequencies, ultraviolet radiation, X-ray emissions, and gamma-ray wavelengths, bespeaks a manifold of frequencies and wavelengths characteristic of the diverse typologies of electromagnetic perturbations. Noteworthy is the corollary that protracts from the protraction of wavelengths, which adhere to a concomitant descent in frequencies and a commensurate attenuation in energetic proclivity, whereas conversely, abbreviated wavelengths correlate with heightened frequencies and a commensurable augmentation in energetic quantification.The acumen pertaining to the electromagnetic undulation dispersion, as proffered by the aegis of quantum theory, substantiates its indispensability across a panoply of scientific and technological disciplines, spanning the realms of telecommunication technologies, diagnostic medical methodologies employing Roentgen radiation, and the sundry utilitarian applications within the domain of microwave irradiation, among other multifarious domains. Ergo, the quantum lexicon fundamentally shapes and informs our cognitive schema pertaining to the bifurcated essence of electromagnetic radiation and its punctiliously quantized comportment.

However, a photon's energy also depends on its wavelength. The maximum energy occurs when the wavelength equals the smallest length of the universe, known as Planck's length (lp). The energy of an ideal photon is given by E(Ideal Photon) = hc / lp = 1.23×10^10 J (Theoretical).

The definition of an Ideal Photon is based on its wavelength being equal to the smallest length of the universe. An Ideal Photon is hypothetical and represents the most energetic photon in the cosmos.

The momentum of an Ideal Photon is calculated as P(Ideal Photon) = h / lp = 41.0024 Kgm/s (Theoretical). The energy of 1 mole of Ideal Photons is U = 6.023×10^23 × E(Ideal Photon) = 7.40 × 10^33 J (Theoretical).

Using the concept of an Ideal Photon, one can determine the level of other photons. In the context of level of photon, it represents the percentage ratio of a photon's energy to the ideal photon.. For example, the level of a gamma-ray photon with a frequency of 3×10^20 Hz is calculated as, 

 L = {hv / E(Ideal Photon)} × 100% = 1.61×10^-22%.

Comparing this tiny level with a photon, holding a level of 1%, we observe the significant difference. The level of an Ideal Photon is 100%, emphasizing its immense energy. Gamma rays, despite having a small level, are powerful and potentially harmful. Measuring photon levels helps understand their impact and assess potential risks.

What is the reason for measuring the levels of photons, and what would we do? It was not necessary.

However, before answering the question, let us again discuss the Big Bang. The Big Bang is the prevailing cosmological model explaining the origin of the universe. It suggests that approximately 13.8 billion years ago, all matter and energy were concentrated in an extremely hot and dense state. This singularity rapidly expanded, initiating cosmic inflation and giving birth to the universe.As the universe expanded, it cooled, allowing elementary particles to form and later coalesce into atoms. The first few minutes of this expansion marked the synthesis of light elements like hydrogen and helium. Over millions of years, gravity played a crucial role, causing matter to clump together and form stars and galaxies.Evidence for the Big Bang theory comes from various sources, including the cosmic microwave background radiation—a faint glow left over from the early universe. Edwin Hubble's observations of distant galaxies moving away from us also support the idea of an expanding universe.

The Big Bang theory revolutionized our understanding of cosmology, providing a comprehensive framework to explain the large-scale structure and dynamics of the universe. While many questions remain, such as the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the Big Bang remains a cornerstone in our quest to comprehend the cosmos.However, the problem is that beneath a Planck's length, our current understanding breaks down. That's why it is not possible to explain the early state of the universe. The Big Bang tells us that our universe has come from a singularity.Let us consider a tiny phase of the universe, very tiny but not like the singularity; it will be bigger than the singularity, and also lengths available in that tiny 3D universe are 100 to 300 times bigger than Planck's length. It is crucial to note that we don't know the actual shape of our universe. However, for electromagnetic wavelength, it is the fundamental property of it. That means in the early state of the universe when our universe was too tiny, as there were not any sufficiently bigger lengths, there was no existence of gamma rays to radio waves. Their wavelengths are too big if we compare them to the lengths that were available in the early state of the universe. All photons' wavelengths should be very near to Planck's length and very tiny. They should behave as ideal photons.Although we have developed the concept of an ideal photon to describe the early state of the universe, unfortunately, it challenges the Big Bang. Why don't we see such types of photons (higher level)? What is the reason? Why have they lost their high frequency?Although we have an answer, it is not satisfying. However, the answer is, “All those highly energetic photons (Level= 90% to 99%) have turned into matter. Like this, 

Photon ----> Antiparticle + Particle 

After developing atoms and other particles, due to their interaction, the radiation we see has been regarded as background radiation; using them (JWST) helps us to see.

However, still, there is no satisfying answer. At least we should see the electromagnetic radiation, which has the photons, containing a level of 1% or 2%. Unfortunately, we have not achieved that.The Ideal Photon presents a new type of bomb. This bomb has a distinctive feature – post-explosion, it releases a significant quantity of ideal photons with a high frequency. Declared as the most potent bomb in human history, envision that all photons possess a considerable amount of momentum. To stop a gamma ray photon (Level: 1.61×10^-22%), you need a thick layer of Lead (Pb). Now, consider what's needed to stop these ideal photons (Level: 100%). They are unstoppable. The only way to halt them is by converting them into matter. While it may seem fictional, increasing the frequency of a photon is feasible, turning it into a theory limited by our current technology. We do not advocate violence; we share for knowledge.

Furthermore, we acknowledge the limitations of our theory. There may be constraints. We hope that our findings contribute significantly to physics, altering our perspective on cosmology and the big bang theory. Perhaps it can aid in understanding the nature of the universe, its early phases, and validating the big bang theory. Lastly, we express gratitude to the audience for participating in this cosmic journey. Your involvement has made the journey dynamic and successful, and for that, I am truly appreciative.