Unveiling the evolutionary history of a puzzling antlion genus Gatzara Navás (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae) based on systematic revision, molecular phylogenetics, and biogeographic inference
Creators: name: Liu, Xingyue
name: Zheng, Yuchen
name: Hayashi, Fumio
name: Price, Benjamin
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022

description: The antlion genus <em>Gatzara</em> Navás, 1915 is one of the major lineages of the subfamily Dendroleontinae Banks, 1899 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Asia, but having chaotic background of systematics. Here we present a comprehensive systematic revision and mitochondrial phylogenomic analysis to clarify the identity and to unravel the evolutionary history of this genus. Combining morphological and molecular evidence, we separate the species of <em>Gatzara</em> into two clades, and most of these species are transferred to the genus <em>Nepsalus</em> Navás, 1912 herein restored. The dated phylogeny with ancestral area reconstruction indicates that the common ancestor of <em>Gatzara</em> and <em>Nepsalus</em> might have been widely distributed in East Asia and these two genera might have diverged during the late Miocene. The speciation of most <em>Nepsalus</em> species that are allopatric in distribution might have been driven by a series of vicarience events related to the rise of the Himalayas and the formation of the major islands of East Asia during the late Miocene and Pliocene. A new species, namely <em>N. chikuni</em> sp. n., is described from Tibet. New taxonomic changes include the six new combinations: <em>N. caelestis</em> (Krivokhatsky, 1997) comb. n., <em>N. decorillus</em> (Yang, 1997) comb. n., <em>N. decorosus</em> (Yang, 1988) comb. n., <em>N. indicus</em> (Navás, 1914) comb. n., <em>N. insolitus</em> (Walker, 1860) comb. n., <em>N. jezoensis</em> (Okamoto, 1910) comb. n., and <em>N. petrophilus</em> (Miller &amp; Stange, 1999) comb. n.
description: <strong>Supporting information of the article</strong>: 2021ISD Gatzara SUPPORTING INFORMATION.docx <strong>Fig. S1</strong>. Holotype of <em>Neglurus vitripennis</em> Navás, 1912 (current name: <em>Dendroleon vitripennis</em>) from BMNH. (A) Habitus; (B) female genitalia, ventral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view. Abbreviations: agx: anterior gonocoxites, pgx: posterior gonocoxites. <strong>Fig. S2</strong>. Type photos of <em>Nepsalus</em> spp. from China. (A) Holotype of <em>Dendroleon decorillus</em> Yang, 1997 (current name: <em>N. decorillus</em>); (B) Holotype of <em>Dendroleon decorosus </em>Yang, 1988 (current name: <em>N. decorosus</em>). <strong>Fig. S3</strong>. Chronogram with divergence times estimated under calibrated root based on Michel et al. (2017). <strong>File Zip 1</strong>. (divergence times estimated (fixed rate)): divergence times (fixed rate).tre; Nepsalus (fixed rate).xml <strong>File Zip 2</strong>. (divergence times estimated under calibrated root based on Michel et al. (2017)): divergence times estimated under calibrated root based on Michel et al. (2017).tre; divergence times estimated under calibrated root based on Michel et al. (2017).xml <strong>File Zip 3</strong>. (RASP Ancestral area reconstruction):Gatzara_dis.csv; Gatzara_tree.tre; Gatzara_treeset.trees; RASP.txt <strong>File 1</strong>. BI tree.tre <strong>File 2</strong>. ML tree.contree <strong>File 3</strong>. Gatzara&amp;Nepsalus MT DNA comparison file.fas <strong>File 4.</strong> partition.nexFunding provided by: National Natural Science Foundation of China<br>Crossref Funder Registry ID: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809<br>Award Number: 31972871
description: Data Matrix