Falco haliaetus Linnaeus 1758
Creators: name: Schmitt, Stéphane
name: Gouraud, Christophe
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Aves
Accipitriformes
Falconidae
Falco
Falco haliaetus

description: 9. Buffon’s “Balbuzard” (full species)    9.1. Linnaeus (1758: 91): “ FALCO HALIAETUS ”  G41, S21, order “ Accipitres ”.   
 REFERENCES. — Linnaeus (1746: [19] no. 57), “ Falco pedibus ceraque caeruleis; corpore supra fusco; capite albo ”, based on direct observation in Sweden, and reference to Gessner, Aldrovandi, Willughby, and Ray; Gessner (1585: 74), “ Falco […] Cyanopus ”; Aldrovandi (1599:[187]), “ Halietus ”, and (1599:[209]), “ Morphnus seu Clanga ”; Willughby (1676: 37), “ Balbusardus, The Bald Buzzard”; Ray (1713: 16 no. 3), “ Balbusardus Anglorum, Haliaeëtus Aldrov. ”.   
DISTRIBUTION / HABITAT.— Europe, on the ground, among reeds.  
 MODERN IDENTIFICATION. — * Pandion haliaetus haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758), according to the diagnosis and most of the mentioned sources, in particular the Fauna Svecica (Linnaeus, 1746) and Willughby and Ray, who observed a freshly killed bird. However, Gessner’s “ Falco cyanopus ” is probably * Falco biarmicus Temminck, 1825 (Springer & Kinzelbach 2009: 189); Aldrovandi’s “ Haliaetus ” may correspond to * Pandion haliaetus or to * Haliaeetus albicilla, and his “ Morphnus ” to undetermined eagles. Furthermore, Gessner and Aldrovandi refer to a tradition in natural history which goes back to Antiquity and confuses several birds of prey under the name “ haliaeetos ” (“marine eagle”).   
 MODERN NOMENCLATURE. — Falco haliaetus Linnaeus, 1758 is an available and valid name, the protonym of the name currently in use for the species; “restricted type locality, Sweden ex Fn. Suec.” according to Peters (1931: 275), who relied on Linnaeus (1761: 22).   
  9.2. Brisson (1759a: 440-443, plate XXXIV, 1762: 26, 1763a: 126-127): “ AIGLE DE MER  ”, “ HALIAEETUS  ,  SEU AQUILA MARINA ”, species 10 of genus IX (“Aigle”, “ Aquila ”), order III, section 1.   
OBSERVATION. — Direct observation in Réaumur’s cabinet of one specimen sent by the bishop of Senlis.  
 REFERENCES. — Belon (1555: 96), “Orfraye”; Belon (1557: 13 ro.), “Orfraye, ou bien Aigle de mer”; Gessner (1560: 6), “ Aquila anataria ”; Gessner (1560: 129), “ Haliaeetus ”; Gessner (1585: 196-197), “ Aquila Anataria ” or “ Clanga ” or “ Planga ”; Gessner (1585:201, 804-805), “ Haliaetus , seu Aquila marina ”; Aldrovandi (1599: 187- 190, 209-211); Schwenckfeld (1603: 216), “ Aquila marina ”, direct observation; Belon (1605: 138), “ Haliaeetus ”; Laët (1633: 575), “Haliaetus ” of Brazil; Jonston (1657: 3), “ Haliaetus ”, based on Belon and other authors; Jonston (1657: 4, pl. II), “ Morphnos ”, plate borrowed from Gessner; Charleton (1668: 62 no. 2, 1677: 70 no. 2), “ Haliaetus , Aquila marina ”, based on Belon’s “ Ossifragus ”; Charleton (1668: 63 no. 5, 1677: 70 no. 5), “ Morphnos ”; Willughby (1676: 32, pl. 6), “ Morphnos seu Clanga ”, based on Gessner and Aldrovandi; Willughby (1676: 37), “ Balbusardus ”; Sibbald (1684: 15), “ Balbusardus ” (in a list of Scottish birds); Ray (1713: 7 no. 6), “ Morphnos ”; Ray (1713: 16 no. 3), “ Balbusardus Anglorum ”; Kolb (1741: 139-140), “Aigle canardière”, “Aigle marine”; Rzączyński (1721: 283, 1745: 362), “ Aquila Pygargus seu Clanga Aldrovandi ”; Rzączyński (1745: 383), “ Haliaetus seu Aquila marina ”; Barrère (1745: 28), “ Aquila Pyrenaica, leucophaea ”; Linnaeus (1746: [19] no. 57); Linnaeus (1748: [17]), G36, S5 (“ Haliaetus ” in genus “ Falco ”); Linnaeus (1758: [91]), G41, S21.   
DISTRIBUTION / HABITAT.— “Rivers and ponds”.  
 MODERN IDENTIFICATION. — The specimen of Réaumur’s cabinet described and illustrated by Brisson is clearly * Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758), probably the nominate subspecies (especially if it was taken near Senlis, as suggested). On the mentioned sources, see the comments on Linnaeus (1758). Several references added by Brisson correspond to * Pandion haliaetus (e.g., the “ Aquila anataria ” and the “ Aquila marina ” of Gessner, the “ Aquila marina ” of Schwenckfeld, and probably the “Orfraye” of Belon: see Glardon in Belon 1997: 408). Charleton’s “ Haliaetus , Aquila marina ”, which is the same as Belon’s “ Ossifragus ”, is unidentifiable, as well as the “eagles” from the Cape of Good Hope mentioned by Kolb and Laët’s “ haliaetus ” of Brazil. Brisson (1759a: 359) considers that Gessner’s “ Falco Cyanopus ” corresponds to another species, the “Faucon étoilé”.   
  9.3. Linnaeus (1766: 129-130): “ FALCO HALIAETUS ”  G42, S26, order “ Accipitres ”.   
 REFERENCES. — Linnaeus (1761: [22] no. 63), “ Falco Haliaetus ”; direct observation and ref. to Gessner, Aldrovandi, Willughby, and Ray; Brisson (1759a: 440, pl. 34); Aldrovandi (1599: 188, 190, 211); Willughby (1676: 37); Ray (1713: 16 no. 3).   
DISTRIBUTION / HABITAT.— Europe, on the ground, among reeds.  
 MODERN IDENTIFICATION. — * Pandion haliaetus haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758). On the mentioned sources, see the comments on Linnaeus (1758) and Brisson.   
  9.4. Buffon in Buffon & Guéneau de Montbeillard (1771a: 103- 111, pl. II), quarto edition; (1771b: 81-87, PE 414), folio edition: “ BALBUZARD ”.    
PLATE II. — “Le Balbuzard”.  
 PE 414. — “Le Balbuzard” (published in March 1770).   
 REMARK. — “Balbuzard” is a neologism in French, coined from the English bald buzzard.   
 OBSERVATION. — Direct observation maybe of a specimen from Réaumur’s cabinet (the specimen on PE 414 may be the same as on Brisson’s pl. XXXIV).   
 REFERENCES. — Aristotle (“ haliaetos ”); Gessner (1585:[201]), “ Haliaeetus s. Aquila marina ”; Willughby (1676: 37); Ray (1713: 16 no. 3); Linnaeus (1758: [91]), G41, S21; Brisson (1759a: 440, pl. 34); Pennant (1766: 63, pl. A1), “Osprey”; etc. (including travelers).   
DISTRIBUTION / HABITAT. — All Europe, from Sweden to Greece, Egypt, “Nigritie” (regions to the South of Sahara), next to rivers and ponds.  
 IDENTIFICATIONS PROPOSED BY LATER AUTHORS FOR PE 414. — Boddaert (1783: 25): Brisson (1759a: 440, pl. 34); Linnaeus (1766: 129-130), G42, S26; Latham (1781: 45 no. 26), “Osprey”, refers to Linnaeus’s “ Falco Haliaetus ”, Brisson’s “Aigle de mer”, Buffon’s “Balbuzard” and PE 414, Pennant’s “Osprey”, etc., and the Leverian collection.   
 Kuhl (1820: 7): “ Falco Haliaëtos L.”   
 Temminck (1839: 3): “Aigle balbuzard”, adult, “ Falco haliaetus. Linn.” Gray (1849: 33): “ Pandion haliaetus ”.   
 MODERN IDENTIFICATION. — * Pandion haliaetus haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758) on the plates (PE 414 and pl. II of De Sève), and, as a whole, in the text. On the mentioned sources, see the comments on Linnaeus (1758), and on Brisson. Aristotle’s “ haliaetos ” was probably * Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758): see Arnott (2007: 93).   
  9.5. Gmelin (1788: 263): “ FALCO HALIAËTOS ” G42, S26, order “ Accipitres ”. Includes three varieties: β “ arundinaceus ” (based on Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin); γ “ carolinensis ” (see below: 18.5); and δ “ cayennensis ” (based on Latham). Variety names are written in the margin, like species names, which is important from the point of view of modern nomenclature (see below). REFERENCES (WITHOUT THE VARIETIES). — Linnaeus (1761: [22] no. 63); Brisson (1763a: 126); Aldrovandi (1599: 188, 190, 211); Ray (1713: 7 no. 6);  Buffon & Guéneau de Montbeillard (1771a: 103, pl. II) and PE 414 ; Willughby (1678: 69, pl. 6), “Bald Buzzard”; Leem (1767: 234), “Fiske-Gjöe”; Pennant (1776:[174] no. 46, 1785: 199 no. 91), “Osprey”; Latham (1781: 45 no. 26), based on Linnaeus, Brisson, Buffon, etc., the British Museum, and the Leverian collection.    
DISTRIBUTION / HABITAT (INCLUDING THE VARIETIES). — Europe, America, Siberia, Isle of Pines (New Caledonia); among reeds.  
 MODERN IDENTIFICATION. — * Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758). Considering the large distribution admitted by Gmelin, it is not possible to identify the subspecies precisely. On the mentioned sources, see the comments on Linnaeus (1758), and Brisson.
description: Published as part of Schmitt, Stéphane & Gouraud, Christophe, 2024, The significance of Buffon and Guéneau de Montbeillard's Histoire naturelle des oiseaux ([1765] - 1783) in the taxonomy of birds: General presentation and correspondence between Buffon's " eagles " and the species acknowledged by Linnaeus (1758, 1766), Brisson (1759 - 1762), and Gmelin (1788 - 1789), pp. 361-409 in Zoosystema 46 (16) on pages 390-391, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2024v46a16, http://zenodo.org/record/12667134