cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
A Dual-Heat-Pump Residential Heating System for Shaping Electric Utility Load
Creators: Emily Barrett
Conrad Eustis
Robert B. Bass
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2018

PES Open Access Paper
We present a residential heating system designed specifically to provide electric utilities with a means for achieving intra-hour load shifting. The system couples two heat pumps with a large water tank, which serves as a thermal storage unit. One heat pump uses the water tank as a source and serves residential heating load. The other uses the outdoor air as a source and heats the water tank during favorable weather conditions, thereby improving the efficiency of the first. By aggregating large numbers of such systems distributed throughout its balancing area, a utility may use this resource as a means for achieving load shaping, the intra-hour shifting of generation resources from periods of peak demand to periods of low demand.  This paper focuses on the potential for using such an aggregated resource as a technological solution for realizing winter peak demand reduction and overall lower energy consumption, thereby displacing the need for capital investment in peak generation plants. The results of this paper are promising, demonstrating potential savings for both the utility and residential customers
Cost Effective Wide Area Measurement Systems for Smart Power Network
Creators: Rahul Dubey
Marjan Popov
and Jose de Jesus Chavez Muro
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2018

PES Open Access Paper
Due to the large number of applications of wide area monitoring systems (WAMSs), many power utilities are implementing phasor measurement units (PMUs)-based WAMS replacing the conventional supervisory control and data acquisition system. The biggest challenge in implementing the technology is the cost of WAMS. Many researchers are trying to minimize the cost of WAMS by making the system observable with optimal placement of PMU. Along with the cost of PMU, the cost of communication infrastructure (CI) is dominating the cost of WAMS. Hence, it is necessary to optimize the communication path link and also to find out the optimal location of phasor data concentrator (PDC). In this paper, an optimization model to find the optimal placement of PMU, optimal location of PDC, and their CI is developed. For this, both independent and simultaneous optimization carried out by using differential evolution algorithm. The multiobjective differential evolution is used for simultaneous optimization. The presence of conventional flow measurement device and its effect on overall cost of WAMS with and without considering presence of optical fiber is presented. The method is implemented with different (N - 1) contingency considerations. Also, the results with the presence of pre-existing PMUs and optical fiber paths are provided.
A Tool to Characterize Delays and Packet Losses in Power Systems With Synchrophasor Data
Creators: Christoph Lackner
Felipe Wilches-Bernal
Brian J. Pierre
and David A. Schoenwald
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2018

PES Open Access Paper
This paper describes the implementation of a tool to estimate latencies and data dropouts in communication networks transferring synchrophasor data defined by the C37.118 standard. The tool assigns a time tag to synchrophasor packets at the time it receives them according to a global positioning system clock and with this information is able to determine the time those packets took to reach the tool. The tool is able to connect simultaneously to multiple phasor measurement units (PMUs) sending packets at different reporting rates with different transport protocols such as user datagram protocol or transmission control protocol. The tool is capable of redistributing every packet it receives to a different device while recording the exact time this information is re-sent into the network. The results of measuring delays from a PMU using this tool are presented and compared with those of a conventional network analyzer. The results show that the tool presented in this paper measures delays more accurately and precisely than the conventional network analyzer.
Commitment to the nursing profession: an exploration of factors which may explain its variability
Creators: name: Flannery, Suzanne C.
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2010

description: The purpose of the study was to determine factors which may explain variability in the degree of commitment to their profession among nurses in British Columbia. A common theme in the literature on commitment to nursing is that it is a powerful force which shapes a nurse's career. As such, it is the responsibility of the nursing profession to understand the nature of commitment. This in part can be accomplished by having knowledge about factors which explain variability in the commitment of nurses to their profession. Review of the literature revealed the factors to be personal and work-related. Based on the work of Alluto and Hrebiniak, a five-part questionnaire was pilot tested, then mailed to a stratified random sample of four hundred nurses living in the Greater Vancouver District. Of this number 256 (64%) were returned. The total number of usable questionnaires following, a process of elimination was 217 (54.2%). Data analysis took place in three stages. The principal findings were as follows. First, an analysis of the sub-tests revealed them to be internally consistent with the exception of the Professional Actions sub-test. The reliability estimates of the five sub-tests ranged from r = .93 to r = .52. Second, analysis of the demographic data revealed a sample closely resembling the population of interest. Third, a stepwise multiple regression analysis produced an R² of 23%. Four variables entered the regression equation. Of these, three were personal variables: professional orientation, marital status and basic education. The fourth, a work-related variable, was work satisfaction. Thus, it was found that certain personal and work-related variables did explain variability in commitment, accounting for 23% of the total , variability. This, however, leaves a large portion of the variability unexplained. Of the 77% remaining, 7% is due to random error (as indicated by the reliability estimate of the Commitment Index r = .93). In view of the findings in the present study and similar findings in the studies by Alluto and Hrebiniak, other untested variables which may explain variability in commitment need to be researched. In addition to new variables, a change in methodology using path analysis instead of the linear model is also recommended.
Droop Control for a Multi-Line Current Flow Controller in Meshed Multi-Terminal HVDC Grid Under Large DC Disturbances
Creators: Puyu Wang and Xiao-Ping Zhang
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2018

PES Open Access Paper
The security, stability, and reliability of power supply are essential and must be guaranteed during operation of multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grids, particularly under disturbances, such as a line or converter loss, on the dc grid side. In this paper, a multi-line current  ow controller (CFC) is expanded from the existing two-line CFC for meshed MTDC grids with two main contributions: a droop control scheme for a multi-line CFC, which is capable of coordinating dc line current/power sharing under large dc disturbances is proposed and a selection method for the droop gains is proposed. The multi-line CFC with the droop control scheme proposed can achieve full controllability of the currents among multiple dc lines and the security and continuity of power supply of the unfaulty dc lines can be guaranteed. The stability and dynamic performance of the droop controller can both be satis ed with the proposed selection method. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme and selection method is justi ed by RTDS simulations. The proposed scheme is simple and easy to implement. The proposed dynamic simulation-based selection method has the  exibility suiting both online and of ine calculation tools and the consideration of system nonlinear characteristics and control limits/constraints.
Reinforcement Learning for Building Energy Optimization Through Controlling of Central HVAC System
Creators: Jun Hao
David Wenzhong Gao
and Jun Jason Zhang
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2020

This paper presents a novel methodology to control HVAC system and minimize energy cost on the premise of satisfying power system constraints.
This paper presents a novel methodology to control HVAC system and minimize energy cost on the premise of satisfying power system constraints. A multi-agent architecture based on game theory and reinforcement learning is developed so as to reduce the cost and computational complexity of the microgrid. The multi-agent architecture comprising agents, state variables, action variables, reward function and cost game is formulated. The paper fills the gap between multi-agent HVAC systems control and power system optimization and planning. The results and analysis indicate that the proposed algorithm is beneficial to deal with the problem of "curse of dimensionality" for multi-agent microgrid HVAC system control and speed up learning of unknown power system conditions.
A Transactive Operating Model for Smart Airport Parking Lots
Creators: Maigha and M. L. Crow
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2018

PES Open Access Paper
Successful adoption of electric vehicles requires adequate and widespread public charging infrastructure to address customer confidence. Technological advancements in smart parking infrastructures and vehicle-to-grid energy transfer have the capability to add value to the vehicle, grid, and electricity markets. As a deferrable load and flexible source, an aggregate electric vehicle fleet can enhance system resilience. In this paper, a long-term airport parking is used as a platform on which transactive business models for electric vehicles have been developed. Different cost components were tested and compared under profit maximization with due consideration with battery degradation costs. Technical details coupled with business propositions have been developed in this paper using a mixed integer optimization implementation. A day-ahead energy transaction portfolio was created considering customer convenience. Results indicate that long-term smart parking can be profitable to all entities while providing significant benefits to the grid.
REPORT ON COORDINATION OF GRID CODES AND GENERATOR STANDARDS: Consequences of Diverse Grid Code Requirements on Synchronous Machine Design and Standards
Creators: Evert Agneholm
William Bloethe
Edson Bortoni
Kevin Chan
Kay Chen
Bob Cummings
Robert F. Gray
Randall Groves
Les Hajagos
Joe Hurley
Relu Ilie
Chavdar Ivanov
Ana Joswig
Jason Kapelina
Ruediger Kutzner
Jim Lau
Kevin Mayor
Bill Moore
Lon Montgomery
Nils Nilsson
Ryan Quint
Steve Richards
Michel Rioual
Luis Rouco
Mike Sedlak
Uwe Seeger
Nico Smit
Fabian Streiff
Robert Thornton-Jones
John Yagielski
Marc Zeidman
Carsten Zuehlke
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

2018 PES Technical Report TR69
In recent years energy transitions are occurring worldwide whereby large-scale integration of renewable energy sources into the electrical supply system is occurring to combat global CO2 emissions. This has resulted in grid operators specifying more stringent requirements, as well as flexibility requirements, for generating equipment, to safeguard power network operational integrity and stability. This has caused significant concerns for owners and manufacturers of generators and for those responsible for specifying generators and excitation systems. To avoid serious financial consequences these stakeholders need to take special care to ensure that equipment will be grid code compliant. The IEEE PES Electrical Machinery Committee constituted a task force to review worldwide grid codes and report on these issues. The resulting report covers the following key subject areas: 1. Current changes in electrical supply networks related to generation mix and introduction of new technologies impacting system parameters, operational procedures and the increased risks of system disturbances and interactions on control systems. 2. Issues related to the different aspects of generator capability envelope as specified in the technical standards and design challenges to accommodate current and future grid code requirements faced by equipment manufacturers. 3. The impact of system fault related requirements on generator design and standards  4. The impact of grid code requirements on the generator excitation system and the related equipment standards. 5. The influence of current grid code requirements and the tendency of system operators to apply flexible operation regimes to existing generators.
A Hybrid MMC-Based Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage System
Creators: Hasan Bayat and Amirnaser Yazdani
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

PES Open Access Paper
This paper proposes a new configuration and its control strategy for a modular multilevel converter (MMC)-based photovoltaic (PV)-battery energy storage (BES) system. In the MMC-based PV-BES system, each PV submodule is interfaced from its dc side with multiple PV generators using isolated dual active bridge (DAB) dc/dc converters. One BES system is embedded into each arm of the converter and is connected to the dc port of the associated BES submodule using multiple isolated DAB converters. The embedded BES systems are used to smooth the output power of the PV generators and limit the rate of change of the power delivered to the host grid. Moreover, they enable compensation of power mismatches between the arms and legs of the system by exchanging power with the arms of the converter. This paper then proposes a hybrid power mismatch elimination strategy using a combination of power exchange with the arms of the converter and internal power flow control of the MMC. The proposed hybrid power mismatch elimination strategy employs BES systems and differential currents to compensate power mismatches and transfer power between the arms and legs of the converter, respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed power smoothing technique using the embedded BES systems and hybrid power mismatch elimination strategy is demonstrated using time-domain simulations conducted on a switched model of the PV-BES system in PSCAD/EMTDC software environment.
PMU Multilevel End-to-End Testing to Assess Synchrophasor Measurements During Faults
Creators: Tamara Becejac and Payman Dehghanian
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

PES Open Access Paper
This paper introduces a framework for comprehensive testing and evaluation of the phasor measurement units (PMUs) and synchrophasor systems under normal power system operating conditions, as well as during disturbances such as faults. The evaluation is suggested to be accomplished using three different testing approaches, namely, type testing, application testing, and end-to-end testing, for each of which, systematic characterization of the hardware and software modules is presented in detail. Through the proposed approach of PMU testing in a controlled environment and detailed analysis of different estimation techniques used in PMU algorithms, one can gain insights on which estimation technique is most accurate for a certain end-use application. This hypothesis has been validated through series of realistic test scenarios on a 23-bus system running on an Opal Real Time simulator using the hardware-in-the-loop interface. In addition, the impact of synchrophasor estimation errors and their propagation from the PMU toward the end-use applications has been quantified for a fault location algorithm that uses only PMU measurements.
Reduction of Forced Outages in Islanded Microgrids by Compensating Model Uncertainties in PV Rating and Battery Capacity
Creators: Dennis Michaelson
Hisham Mahmood
and Jin Jiang
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2018

PES Open Access Paper
Energy management systems for islanded microgrids often rely on predictions of energy availability and usage. Such predictions can be used to plan actions, such as shedding non-essential loads, so that critical loads continue to be served. However, uncertainties in the prediction models may lead to incorrect decisions, and subsequently jeopardize reliable operation of the microgrid. For a photovoltaic (PV) and battery based microgrid, uncertainties in the PV rating and the battery capacity model parameters can lead to otherwise avoidable outages. In this paper, techniques have been developed to identify and compensate for such model uncertainties. The approach uses differences between the actual and predicted data sequences to determine compensation factors to improve prediction accuracy. The developed techniques account for operating condition changes automatically, and no additional sensors are needed for their implementation. The method has been evaluated using data from rooftop irradiance and temperature sensors and the corresponding forecasts. It has been shown that the proposed techniques can improve the accuracy of the predictions and hence lead to more effective energy management decisions. Together with a pre-emptive load shedding strategy, the total outage time of the microgrid can be shortened by as much as 11% for the chosen scenario.
Hurricane Maria Effects on Puerto Rico Electric Power Infrastructure
Creators: Alexis Kwasinski
Fabio Andrade
Marcel J. Castro-Sitiriche
and Efrain O'Neill-Carrillo
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

PES Open Access Paper
This paper discusses the effects of Hurricane Maria on Puerto Rico's electric grid. Arguably, the most significant effect of Hurricane Maria on Puerto Rico was the electric power outage that initially affected the entire island and lasted more than ten months. Although the damage to the conventional electric power generation infrastructure was relatively minor, both the transmission and distribution portions of the grid suffered much worse damage than that observed during other hurricanes that affected the U.S. in the past decade. This extensive damage added to logistical limitations and the island orography were important factors that contributed to an extremely slow restoration process leading to a very low resilience for the island's power grid. This paper describes all these aspects in detail and supports the explanation of the hurricane effects with photographic evidence collected during a damage assessment conducted in the early December 2017 when about half of the electricity customers were still without service. This paper concludes by exploring some lessons from these observations including potential options to increase resilience, such as the use of microgrids.
Intelligent Monitoring and Inspection of Power Line Components Powered by UAVs and Deep Learning
Creators: Van Nhan Nguyen
Robert Jenssen
and Davide Roverso
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

PES Open Access Paper
In this paper, we present a novel automatic autonomous vision-based power line inspection system that uses unmanned aerial vehicle inspection as the main inspection method, optical images as the primary data source, and deep learning as the backbone of the data analysis. To facilitate the implementation of the system, we address three main challenges of deep learning in vision-based power line inspection: (i) the lack of training data; (ii) class imbalance; and (iii) the detection of small components and faults. First, we create four medium-sized datasets for training component detection and classification models. Furthermore, we apply a series of effective data augmentation techniques to balance out the imbalanced classes. Finally, we propose the multi-stage component detection and classification based on the Single Shot Multibox detector and deep Residual Networks to detect small components and faults. The results show that the proposed system is fast and accurate in detecting common faults on power line components, including missing top caps, cracks in poles and cross arms, woodpecker damage on poles, and rot damage on cross arms. The field tests suggest that our system has a promising role in the intelligent monitoring and inspection of power line components and as a valuable addition to smart grids.
Compositional Power Flow for Networked Microgrids
Creators: Yan Li
Peng Zhang
and Chongqing Kang
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

PES Open Access Paper
In this paper, a compositional power flow (ComPF) is devised for networked microgrids to take into account power sharing and voltage regulation between microgrids while preserving data privacy of each microgrid. The main contributions of the ComPF include: 1) devising an advanced-droop-control-based power flow to incorporate distributed energy resources and load droops within microgrids and 2) establishing an adaptive-secondary-control-based compositional power flow scheme to account for power sharing and voltage regulation between microgrids. As an inherently distributed method, the ComPF supports plug-and-play of microgrids and preserves customer privacy.
Below Grade Coated Direct Imbedded Steel Pole Corrosion Failures With Solutions
Creators: William A. Byrd
Sr.
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

PES Open Access Paper
A history and descriptions of below grade coated direct imbedded steel pole corrosion failures is presented. Examples of actual coated steel pole corrosion failures are shown. The methods of the corrosion attacks are disclosed. A cost effective cathodic protection scheme for mitigating the below grade steel pole corrosion is presented.
Estimating the Frequency Response of an Excitation System and Synchronous Generator: Sinusoidal Disturbances Versus Empirical Transfer Function Estimate
Creators: Daniel Dos Santos Mota
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2018

PES Open Access Paper
It is not uncommon for excitation system commissioning engineers to choose the timeconsuming sinusoidal disturbance method when faced with the task of estimating the frequency response from an input of the voltage regulator to an electrical quantity of a synchronous machine. This method consists of exciting the system with a sinusoidal signal, each time with a different frequency, and comparing disturbance against resulting oscillations. Despite being simple to explain, the results of the sinusoidal disturbance method may be inaccurate if noise and low-frequency oscillations are not properly handled. Resonance can even prevent its application. The empirical transfer function estimate (ETFE) method, which is much quicker and demands only a single test, is usually considered dif cult to understand and inaccurate by the same commissioning engineers. This paper uses data from the commissioning of four hydropower generators, rated from 45 to 373 MVA, to discuss practical issues concerning the application of the sinusoidal disturbance and ETFE methods. It intends to show that the ETFE is not as complicated as it seems and that its results are remarkably accurate when compared to the sinusoidal disturbance method.
A Benchmark System for Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing of Distributed Energy Resources
Creators: Panos Kotsampopoulos
Dimitris Lagos
Nikos Hatziargyriou
M. Omar Faruque
Georg Lauss
Onyi Nzimako
Paul Forsyth
Michael Steurer
F. Ponci
A. Monti
V. Dinavahi
and Kai Strunz
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2018

PES Open Access Paper
In order to overcome challenges associated with the integration of distributed energy resources (DER) into state-of-the-art and future power grids, a common basis for testing using appropriate benchmark systems is required. Real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation has proven to be an advanced and efficient tool for the analysis and validation of electric power systems and DER components. However, a common methodology for HIL testing of DER along with the required set of reference systems has not yet been developed. This task-force paper proposes a benchmark system for HIL testing incorporating DER into the real-time simulation environment. A low-voltage benchmark system with detailed HIL setup is proposed for the testing of DER performance. The modeling of DER for real-time applications is discussed, and the detailed laboratory procedures and setups for both controller HIL (CHIL) and power HIL (PHIL) are provided. Results from CHIL simulation related to the centralized controls and experimental results of PHIL simulation related to local control on the benchmark system substantiate the suitability of the proposed real-time simulation approach.
Secure Communication Architecture for Dynamic Energy Management in Smart Grid
Creators: Sarmadullah Khan
Rafiullah Khan
and Ali Hilal Al-Bayatti
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

PES Open Access Paper
Smart grid takes advantage of communication technologies for efficient energy management and utilization. It entails sacrifice from consumers in terms of reducing load during peak hours by using a dynamic energy pricing model. To enable an active participation of consumers in load management, the concept of home energy gateway (HEG) has recently been proposed in the literature. However, the HEG concept is rather new, and the literature still lacks to address challenges related to data representation, seamless discovery, interoperability, security, and privacy. This paper presents the design of a communication framework that effectively copes with the interoperability and integration challenges between devices from different manufacturers. The proposed communication framework offers seamless auto-discovery and zero-configuration-based networking between heterogeneous devices at consumer sites. It uses elliptic-curve-based security mechanism for protecting consumers' privacy and providing the best possible shield against different types of cyberattacks. Experiments in real networking environment validated that the proposed communication framework is lightweight, secure, portable with low-bandwidth requirement, and flexible to be adopted for dynamic energy management in smart grid.
Mitigation of DER-Caused Over-Voltage in MV Distribution Systems Using Voltage Regulators
Creators: Pooya Bagheri
Yu Liu
Wilsun Xu
and Dawit Fekadu Teshome
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

PES Open Access Paper
This paper presents an investigation on the performance of voltage regulators (VRs) in mitigating overvoltage problems caused by distributed energy resources (DERs) in medium-voltage (MV) distribution systems. The control method of VRs is found to be a crucial factor. Studies reveal that even advanced control modes of commercial VRs cannot be relied upon as effective solutions to manage every scenario. The main problems associated with local control methods are identified. A supplementary voltage control scheme is proposed to enhance the capability of VRs as a solution option. The proposed scheme addresses the problems due to local control methods with a minimal investment. The studies are accompanied by several simulations on IEEE 123 nodes system as well as an actual feeder facing such overvoltage problems. Merits of the proposed supplementary control scheme are also demonstrated through simulation results.
Transmission Design and Analysis for Large-Scale Offshore Wind Energy Development
Creators: Elpiniki Apostolaki-Iosifidou
Regina McCormack
Willett Kempton
Paul McCoy
and Deniz Ozkan
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

PES Open Access Paper
The offshore wind resource is very large in many coastal regions, over 80,000 MW capacity in the region studied here. However, the resource cannot be utilized unless distant offshore wind generation can be effectively collected and brought to shore. Based on extensive oceanographic, environmental, and shipping data, a realistic wind energy deployment layout is designed with 160 wind power plants each 500 MW. The power collection and transmission infrastructure required to bring this power to shore and connect it to the electricity grid is designed and analyzed. Three types of connection to shore are compared; high voltage AC to the nearest onshore point of interconnection (POI), high voltage DC with voltage-source converter (HVDC-VSC) to the nearest onshore POI, and connecting to an offshore HVDC backbone running parallel to shore that interconnects multiple wind power plants and multiple POIs ashore. The electrical transmission losses are estimated step by step from the wind turbines to the POI. The results show that such a large system can be built with existing technology in near-load resources, and that losses in the HVDC-VSC systems are approximately 1%-2% lower than that in the AC system for a distance about 120 km from shore.
Rapid Transfer Matrix-Based Calculation of Steady-State Temperature Rises in Cable Ducts Containing Groups of Three Phase Cable
Creators: Chenzhao Fu
Wenrong Si
Lingyu Zhu
Yongchun Liang
Honglei Li
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

This paper presents a heat transfer matrix and superposed thermal field-based method that can rapidly calculate steady state temperature rises in three-core cable groups laid in ducts.
This paper presents a heat transfer matrix and superposed thermal field-based method that can rapidly calculate steady state temperature rises in three-core cable groups laid in ducts. The temperature rise of any cable is a combination of self-reaction and interaction from other cables. A heat transfer matrix is formed by self-reaction coefficient and interaction transfer coefficient representing the thermal characteristics of the cable groups in ducts. The heat transfer matrix can be obtained by enough samples including temperature rise and cable losses based on numerical analysis, trial or commercial software. Rapid calculations can then be performed by simplify iteration of temperature-loss. Extraction of the transfer matrix using CYMCAP ampacity and temperature calculation software and application of the fast calculation method are illustrated and compared, confirming the feasibility and relative simplicity and accuracy of the fast calculation method.
Parallel High-Fidelity Electromagnetic Transient Simulation of Large-Scale Multi-Terminal DC Grids
Creators: Ning Lin and Venkata Dinavahi
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

PES Open Access Paper
Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation of power electronics conducted on the CPU slows down as the system scales up. Thus, the massively parallelism of the graphics processing unit (GPU) is utilized to expedite the simulation of the multi-terminal DC (MTDC) grid, where detailed models of the semiconductor switches are adopted to provide comprehensive device-level information. As the large number of nodes leads to an inefficient solution of the DC grid, three levels of circuit partitioning are applied, i.e., the transmission line-based natural separation of converter stations, splitting of the apparatus inside the station, and the coupled voltage-current sources for fine-grained partitioning. Components of similar attributes are written as one CUDA C function and computed in massive parallelism by means of single-instruction multithreading. The GPU's potential as a new EMT simulation platform for the analysis of large-scale MTDC grids is demonstrated by a remarkable speedup of up to 270 times for the Greater CIGRE DC grid with time-steps of 50 ns and 1 μs for device-level and system-level simulation over the CPU implementation. Finally, the accuracy of GPU simulation is validated by the commercial tools SaberRD and PSCAD/EMTDC.
Battery Internal Resistance Testing
Creators: Rick Tressler
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2013

Topics Covered: ? Methodology of making a cell resistance measurement ? The value in performing thesemeasurements ? Measurementlimitations ? Managing thedata ? Standards ? Changing testinstruments
Topics Covered:
? Methodology of making a cell resistance measurement
? The value in performing thesemeasurements
? Measurementlimitations
? Managing thedata
? Standards
? Changing testinstruments
Stationary Battery System Catastrophic Failures ?Safety Concerns
Creators: Rick Tressler
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2011

Topics Reviewed: Safety Considerations to Avoid CatastrophicFailure/Incident/Accident ? Installation Based ? Maintenance Based
Topics Reviewed:
Safety Considerations to Avoid CatastrophicFailure/Incident/Accident
? Installation Based
? Maintenance Based
Data-Driven Risk Analysis of Joint Electric Vehicle and Solar Operation in Distribution Networks
Creators: Alejandro Palomino and Masood Parvania
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2020

This paper proposes a user-defined, data-driven risk assessment method to quantify the severity and likelihood of transformer and secondary conductor overload conditions posed by high levels of EV charging demand coupled with rooftop solar PV.
Increasing electric vehicle (EV) charging demand and residential solar photovoltaic (PV) generation greatly alter traditional distribution system operation and have the potential to overload and otherwise threaten the operating life of legacy infrastructure. The rate and location of adoption of these technologies on residential distribution systems introduce operational uncertainties for which traditional utilities may not be prepared. This paper proposes a user-defined, data-driven risk assessment method to quantify the severity and likelihood of transformer and secondary conductor overload conditions posed by high levels of EV charging demand coupled with rooftop solar PV. The stochasticity inherent in the operation of a distribution secondary system is captured by employing data-driven probability distribution functions for residential loading, EV charging, rooftop solar generation and ambient temperature. Samples then are repeatedly drawn from each function as inputs to a Monte-Carlo, multi-period power flow analysis to calculate secondary line currents, total loading and accelerated transformer aging. The proposed approach is utilized to study transformer and secondary conductor overload risk as well as transformer loss-of-life for multiple EV and PV penetration scenarios using historical EV charging profiles and residential Salt Lake City load profile data for a peak summer load day.
On proportional fairness of uplink spectral efficiency in cell-free massive MIMO systems
Creators: name: Pham, Viet Quoc
name: Kha, Ha Hoang
name: Khanh, Le Ty
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Information Theory (cs.IT)
subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: This paper is concerned with the proportional fairness (PF) of the spectral efficiency (SE) maximization of uplinks in a cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system in which a large number of single-antenna access points (APs) connected to a central processing unit (CPU) serve many single-antenna users. To detect the user signals, the APs use matched filters based on the local channel state information while the CPU deploys receiver filters based on knowledge of channel statistics. We devise the maximization problem of the SE PF, which maximizes the sum of the logarithm of the achievable user rates, as a jointly nonconvex optimization problem of receiver filter coefficients and user power allocation subject to user power constraints. To handle the challenges associated with the nonconvexity of the formulated design problem, we develop an iterative algorithm by alternatively finding optimal filter coefficients at the CPU and transmit powers at the users. While the filter coefficient design is formulated as a generalized eigenvalue problem, the power allocation problem is addressed by a gradient projection (GP) approach. Simulation results show that the SE PF maximization not only offers approximately the achievable sum rates as compared to the sum-rate maximization but also provides an improved trade-off between the user rate fairness and the achievable sum rate.
description: The article was published in International Journal of Communication Systems, volume 33, issue 14; 25 September 2020; https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4534
Evolution of Codes Covering Stationary Batteries (including for Energy Storage [BESS])
Creators: Curtis Ashton
American Power Systems Training Director
& 2020 Chair of IEEE PES ESSB Committee
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

The proliferation of battery energy storage systems (BESS), most of which are presently using Li-ion technology, and the incidence of fires in such BESS around the world has driven large changes in the battery sections of the Fire Codes in North America and elsewhere, including a brand new Code (NFPA 855).  This presentation attempts to shortly summarize those changes as of October 2019 so that those dealing with stationary batteries (whether they are part of a BESS or not, and even when they are not Li-ion technology, since the Code changes also affect traditional stationary standby battery systems), especially in North America, can start to get an idea of how to properly design their systems to meet these changing Code requirements.
The proliferation of battery energy storage systems (BESS), most of which are presently using Li-ion technology, and the incidence of fires in such BESS around the world has driven large changes in the battery sections of the Fire Codes in North America and elsewhere, including a brand new Code (NFPA 855).  This presentation attempts to shortly summarize those changes as of October 2019 so that those dealing with stationary batteries (whether they are part of a BESS or not, and even when they are not Li-ion technology, since the Code changes also affect traditional stationary standby battery systems), especially in North America, can start to get an idea of how to properly design their systems to meet these changing Code requirements.
Overview of Battery Internal Conductance Testing
Creators: Edward Amato
Franklin Grid
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2020

Presentation Overview: - Methodology of ConductanceTesting - Value of Ohmic Testing from Franklin�sPerspective - Concerns/Points from Franklin�s Viewpoint - Limitations from Franklin�s Perspective
Presentation Overview:
- Methodology of ConductanceTesting
- Value of Ohmic Testing from Franklin�sPerspective
- Concerns/Points from Franklin�s Viewpoint
- Limitations from Franklin�s Perspective
A community support system for the chronically mentally disabled of Vancouver Island
Creators: name: Tomlinson, Peter Brook
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2010

description: The chronically mentally disabled need to be defined as a special needs group in order to receive the social and health services they require for community survival. Their needs can be identified by reviewing the relationships between chronic mental disability and schizophrenia, poor social margin, long term use of treatment facilities, and poor social and vocational functioning. Before the 1950's, services to the chronic patient were provided mainly within the asylum system. Although some innovations in psychiatric services were developed earlier, these were directed to patient groups other than the chronically mentally disabled. This tradition of attention to other patient groups has influenced the community mental health movement of the last 25 years. This movement was expected to provide for the needs of the chronically disabled in the community as the mental hospitals were reduced in population. Recognizing that community centered care of the former asylum populations is a technically feasible goal, the National Institute of Mental Health (N.I.M.H.) has proposed a model community system of services for this patient group. This model addresses their special needs, but its application requires a concerted and coordinated effort by several separate agencies. Recent changes in Canadian health care financing allows a realistic look at the American model. This paper uses Vancouver Island, British Columbia, as a planning area for services to the chronically mentally disabled. The population of the area is 441,000. The mental health services available to these patients are reviewed in order to determine the extent of this availability. Criticisms of community services in other jurisdictions were found to be relevant in the planning region. Recommendations are made based on the model service system developed by N.I.M.H. A comparison of the costs of the existing services to chronic patients and the ideal system shows that the required improvements could be made with little extra cost.
High-ionization emission line ratios from quasar broad line regions: metallicity or density?
Creators: name: Temple, Matthew J.
name: Ferland, Gary J.
name: Rankine, Amy L.
name: Chatzikos, Marios
name: Hewett, Paul C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The flux ratios of high-ionization lines are commonly assumed to indicate the metallicity of the broad emission line region in luminous quasars. When accounting for the variation in their kinematic profiles, we show that the NV/CIV, (SiIV+OIV])/CIV and NV/Lya line ratios do not vary as a function of the quasar continuum luminosity, black hole mass, or accretion rate. Using photoionization models from CLOUDY , we further show that the observed changes in these line ratios can be explained by emission from gas with solar abundances, if the physical conditions of the emitting gas are allowed to vary over a broad range of densities and ionizing fluxes. The diversity of broad line emission in quasar spectra can be explained by a model with emission from two kinematically distinct regions, where the line ratios suggest that these regions have either very different metallicity or density. Both simplicity and current galaxy evolution models suggest that near-solar abundances, with parts of the spectrum forming in high-density clouds, are more likely. Within this paradigm, objects with stronger outflow signatures show stronger emission from gas which is denser and located closer to the ionizing source, at radii consistent with simulations of line-driven disc-winds. Studies using broad-line ratios to infer chemical enrichment histories should consider changes in density and ionizing flux before estimating metallicities.
description: 12 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS. The interactive version of Figs. 3 and 4 will be made available as supplementary online material with the journal, and will be available at https://people.ast.cam.ac.uk/~alr53/CIV_yvar/all_plots.html until August 2021
Parametric bootstrap approximation to the distribution of EBLUP and related prediction intervals in linear mixed models
Creators: name: Chatterjee, Snigdhansu
name: Lahiri, Partha
name: Li, Huilin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 62D05 (Primary) 62F40, 62F25 (Secondary)

description: Empirical best linear unbiased prediction (EBLUP) method uses a linear mixed model in combining information from different sources of information. This method is particularly useful in small area problems. The variability of an EBLUP is traditionally measured by the mean squared prediction error (MSPE), and interval estimates are generally constructed using estimates of the MSPE. Such methods have shortcomings like under-coverage or over-coverage, excessive length and lack of interpretability. We propose a parametric bootstrap approach to estimate the entire distribution of a suitably centered and scaled EBLUP. The bootstrap histogram is highly accurate, and differs from the true EBLUP distribution by only $O(d^3n^{-3/2})$, where $d$ is the number of parameters and $n$ the number of observations. This result is used to obtain highly accurate prediction intervals. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of this method over existing techniques of constructing prediction intervals in linear mixed models.
description: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/07-AOS512 the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
The Regensburg Dental Trauma Registry: Methodical Framework for the Systematic Collection of Dentoalveolar Trauma Data
Creators: name: Widbiller, Matthias
name: Huppertz, Gunnar
name: Müller, Karolina
name: Koller, Michael
name: Reichert, Torsten E.
name: Buchalla, Wolfgang
name: Smeda, Martyna
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: tooth injuries; traumatology; registries; patient care; risk factors; prevalence
subject: 610 Medizin

description: Objectives: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are common, particularly in children and adolescents, and require timely, well-documented treatment for optimal long-term functional and esthetic outcomes. Despite their prevalence, comprehensive data on TDI remain limited. The Regensburg Dental Trauma Registry (RDTR) was established to enable structured data collection, documentation and analysis of dentoalveolar trauma cases to improve both research and clinical practice. Methods: The RDTR was developed at the Centre for Dental Traumatology at the University Hospital Regensburg as part of a multi-stage implementation process, which involved creating clinical infrastructure, establishing treatment protocols, providing continuous clinician training, and designing a standardized documentation form to capture essential data, including patient demographics, accident details, clinical assessments, and initial treatment. Data are transferred into a REDCap electronic case report form (eCRF), which is hosted on secure university servers, ensuring efficient administration, controlled access and high data integrity. Quality assurance measures, including automated and manual data checks and regular treatment protocol updates, maintain high data accuracy and consistency. Results: This initial methodological report outlines the systematic approach of the RDTR and its potential to generate large datasets. These will enable in-depth analyses of injury patterns, treatment effectiveness, risk factors, and more. Future expansion includes collaboration with additional university hospitals to broaden the dataset and support multi-center approaches. Conclusions: The RDTR offers a framework for consistent data collection and quality control, laying the foundation for comprehensive analyses that contribute to the development of preventive strategies and treatment protocols.
Sampling-Based Model Predictive Control of PV-Integrated Energy Storage System Considering Power Generation Forecast and Real-Time Price
Creators: Juan Ospina
Nikhil Gupta
Alvi Newaz
Mario Harper
M. Omar Faruque
Emmanuel G. Collins
Jr.
Rick Meeker
Gwen Lofman
Publisher: name: IEEE
Year: 2019

This paper proposes a novel control solution designed to solve the local and grid-connected distributed energy resources (DERs) management problem by developing a generalizable framework capable of controlling DERs based on forecasted values and real-time energy prices.
This paper proposes a novel control solution designed to solve the local and grid-connected distributed energy resources (DERs) management problem by developing a generalizable framework capable of controlling DERs based on forecasted values and real-time energy prices. The proposed model uses sampling-based model predictive control (SBMPC), together with the real-time price of energy and forecasts of PV and load power, to allocate the dispatch of the available distributed energy resources (DERs) while minimizing the overall cost. The strategy developed aims to find the ideal combination of solar, grid, and energy storage (ES) power with the objective of minimizing the total cost of energy of the entire system. Both offline and controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) results are presented for a 7-day test case scenario and compared with two manual base test cases and four baseline optimization algorithms (Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Quadratic Programming interior-point method (QP-IP), and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP)) designed to solve the optimization problem considering the current status of the system and also its future states. The proposed model uses a 24-hour prediction horizon with a 15-minute control horizon. The results demonstrate substantial cost and execution time savings when compared to the other baseline control algorithms.