Abutilon striatum Dicks. ex Lindley 1839
Creators: name: Takeuchi, Cátia
name: Esteves, Gerleni Lopes
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Malvales
Malvaceae
Abutilon
Abutilon striatum

description: Abutilon striatum Dicks. ex Lindley (1839: 39). Type: The Botanist 3: t. 144 (1839) (holotype). Fig. 3E, 5C.   
 Distribution and habitat:— Argentina, Uruguay to Brazil (São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul). In the state of São Paulo it is known only from the municipality of Apiaí, next to Paraná where it was collected in this work. It grows in dense rainforest.   
 Specimens examined:— ARGENTINA. Corrientes: Santo Tomé, 11 February 1972, A . Krapovickas 21585 et al. (CESJ). BRAZIL. São Paulo: Apiaí, 6 July 2010, C . Takeuchi & T. Takeuchi 74 (SP). Paraná: Adrianópolis, 28 July 1999, J. M . Cruz & L. M . Abe 129 (MBM). Rio Grande do Sul: Flores de Cunha, 30 December 1999, L . Scur 104 (MBM). Santa Catarina: Iporã do Oeste, 3 March 2009, M . Verdi et al. 1685 (RB).   
 This is the first record of Abutilon striatum in the state of São Paulo. The species was introduced worldwide as an ornamental, becoming somewhat spontaneous in many Neotropical countries and in Asia (Kearney 1958, Macbride 1956, Waalkes 1966).   
 Abutilon striatum is characterized by the 3–5-lobed to parted leaf blades, and orange petals with reddish veins and yellowish basal spot. The flowers are notable for the length of the staminal tube (with reddish staminiferous portion), which is exserted beyond the corolla.   
 The taxonomic relationship of this species with A. pictum (a species also distributed in southern Brazil and Uruguay) is not certain, due to the similarity in external morphology. They are regarded either as synonyms (Kearney 1958, Krapovickas 1999, 2008 b, Waalkes 1966) or as distinct species (Fryxell 2002). In the present account we follow Fryxell (2002).   
Variation in the coloration of the petals (yellowish, orange and pink) is reported especially in cultivated plants (Waalkes 1966), however in the the material from its native southern Brazil, it does not show plasticity for this character.  
 Conservation status:— According to the criteria found in Mamede et al. (2007) A. striatum should be included in the Vulnerable category.   
 Abutilon rufinerve Saint-Hilaire (1824: 205). Type: BRAZIL. “Valla do Principe, propèque praedium Domingo Alfonso”, s.a., A. Saint-Hilaire s.n. (holotype P, isotype P-2). Fig. 4C–E.   
 Distribution and habitat:— Abutilon rufinerve is endemic to southeastern Brazil (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo), and southern Brazil (Paraná and Santa Catarina). In the state of São Paulo it is one of the species with the widest geographical distribution, occurring from the coast to the interior regions. It grows in dense rainforest and in semideciduous forest. In other states it also occurs in Cerrado and rocky grasslands.   
 Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: Apiaí, 7 June 2010, C . Takeuchi & T . Takeuchi 77 (SP). Bananal, 14 April 2007, C. N . Fraga 1684 & M. C. Nadruz (SP, RB). Bom Sucesso de Itararé, 19 August 1995, V. C . Souza et al. 8906 (ESA, HRCB, SP, SPF, UEC). Cananéia, 30 August 1977, O . Yano 822 (SP). Cunha, 22 November 1989, J. B . Baitello 385 (SP, SPSF); 27 April 1993, S . Buzato & M. Sazima 28713 (SPF, UEC); 20 July 1993, S . Buzato & M. Sazima 28726 (UEC, SPSF); 12 November 1996, Albuquerque et al. 30 (ESA, UEC, SP). Eldorado, 3 September 1995, V. C . Souza 9006 et al. (ESA, SP, UEC). Ilha Bela, 8 July 1990, V. C . Souza & C. M. Sakuragui 1930 (ESA, SP); July 1991, V. C . Souza et al. 2545 (ESA). Iporanga, 18 June 1951, A. B . Joly 1244 (SP); 27 January 1994, K . D. Barreto et al. 1923 (ESA, SP); 24 May 1996, S. L . Proença et al. 146 (SP, UEC). Piedade, 11 August 1954, M . Kuhlmann 3562 (SP). São Luiz do Paraitinga, 24 June 1989, M . Kirizawa 2211 & J. A . Correa (SP); 6 June 1998, M . Sazima 35803 (UEC). São Miguel do Arcanjo, 20 August 1985, A. C . Dias & M. P . Machado 55 (MBM, SP, SPSF). São Paulo, 20 June 1918, F. C . Hoehne (SP2166). Sete Barras, 24 May 1977, M . Sakane 574 (SP); 12 December 1994, M . Sugiyama & M. L . Kawasaki 1255 (SP). Tapiraí, 9 September 1994, M. R . Goresnstein et al. 52 (ESA, HRCB, UEC); 18 December 1994, K . D. Barreto et al. 3060 (ESA, SP). Distrito Federal: 15 July 1982, B. A. S . Pereira 309 (IBGE). Espírito Santo: Alfredo Chaves, 7 July 1996, G . Hatschbach et al. 65248 (MBM). Minas Gerais: Caeté, 16 September 1990, G. L . Esteves 2275 (SPSF). Paraná: Adrianópolis, 28 July 1999, J. M . Cruz & L. M. Abe 137 (MBM). Rio de Janeiro: Teresópolis, 22 April 1966, G . Eiten & L. T. Eiten 7091 (SP). Santa Catarina: Araranguá, 28 August 1992, G . Hatschbach 57874 & J. M . Silva (MBM).   
Saint-Hilaire (1824) and Schumann (1891) recognized three varieties, based mainly on the form of the leaf blades and the length of the flowers, but the material from state of São Paulo showed a wide range of variability in relation to these characteristics. Thus, it is not possible to assign the specimens to any infraspecific taxa.  
 Abutilon rufinerve can be confused with A. longifolium, in having ferruginous indumentum and mostly narrowly elliptic to ovate leaf blades, but it is easily distinguished by its erect flowers, cupuliform calyx, yellowish anthers and calyx partially enclosing the schizocarp.   
 Conservation status:— According to the criteria found in Mamede et al. (2007) A. rufinerve should not be considered a threatened species.   
 Abutilon nigricans Esteves & Krapovickas (2002: 479). Type: BRAZIL. São Paulo: Piquete, 25 May 1996, Macias et al. 96142 (holotype UEC! isotypes ESA!, HRCB!, SP!, SPF). Figs. 4F–G, 5D.   
 Distribution and habitat:— Endemic to Brazil, A. nigricans is known only from three specimens from a locality in Serra da Matiqueira above 1200 m in elevation. One of the specimens was collected during field work for this project. It grows on the margins of dense rainforest.   
 Specimens examined:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: Piquete, 1 July 2004, S. E . Martins & B. A. Moreira 849 (SP); 23 May 2010, C . Takeuchi & S. E . Martins 69 (SP).   
 Abutilon nigricans is easily distinguished by having leaf blades with invariably blackish veins, and calices glabrous and blackish at the base. It has the largest number of flowers per fascicle (up to 5), differing from other species with flowers either solitary, or with 2–4 flowers per fascicle, as in A. itatiaiae.   
 Esteves & Krapovickas (2002) related it to A. bedfordianum (Hook.) A.St. -Hil. & Naud. mainly due to nigrescence sometimes observed in the vegetative parts, pedicel and base of the calyx. However, besides the distinctive characters mentioned, A. nigricans differs from A. bedfordianum in having entirely white petals, and papillate dorsal mericarp sutures.   
 Conservation status:— According to the criteria found in Mamede et al. (2007) A. nigricans should be included in the Vulnerable category.
description: Published as part of Takeuchi, Cátia & Esteves, Gerleni Lopes, 2012, Synopsis of Abutilon (Malvoideae, Malvaceae) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 39-57 in Phytotaxa 44 (1) on pages 49-53, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.44.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5059069