cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: Dritte Ordnung zur Änderung des Besonderen Teils der Prüfungsordnung für den Bachelorstudiengang „Biologie" der Fakultät für Lebenswissenschaften an der Technischen Universität Braunschweig
Creators: name: Technische Universität Braunschweig, Fakultät 2
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek Braunschweig
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Prüfungsordnung
subject: 379

description: Hochschulöffentliche Bekanntmachungen der Technischen Universität Braunschweig, vol. 1619
JINOYATLARNI OCHISH VA TERGOV QILISHNING TAKTIK-KRIMINALISTIK TA'MINOTI METODLARI TUSHUNCHASI HAMDA TIZIMI
Creators: name: Yo'lchixonova, Sadoqatxon
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Mazkur maqola doirasida taktik-kriminalistik metodlarning asosiy mazmuni, jinoyatlarni ochishda va tergov qilishda ularning ahamiyati o‘rganildi. Taktik-kriminalistik metodlar tushunchasining kelib chiqishi, unga nazariyachi va amaliyotchi olimlarning yondashuvi tahlil qilindi. Taktik-kriminalistik metodlarning jinoyatchilar yoki guvohlar bilan ishlash amaliyotda samarali jihatari bayon etildi.
Xestospongia arenosa
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Haplosclerida
Petrosiidae
Xestospongia
Xestospongia arenosa

description: Xestospongia arenosa van Soest & de Weerdt, 2001
Synonymy and references. Xestospongia arenosa van Soest & de Weerdt, 2001: 110, figs. 1–3.
Material. USNM 1229138, Carrie Bow Cay forereef crevice, 25 m; M. C. Diaz col. 8 Sep 2009.
External morphology. The specimen is a conical process rising from the substratum (a crevice bottom), 40 x 25 mm at the base, 90 mm tall, ending in an osculum of 12 mm diameter. Surface finely rough, consistency brittle. Color in life white, more like cream in alcohol.
Skeleton structure. At the surface, oxeas form a tangential uni- or paucispicular meshwork. The choanosomal network is similar but accompanied by loose spicules in no particular orientation. Sand grains are common throughout the sponge’s interior.
Spicules. All are oxeas, slightly bent and many with blunt tips: 420–560 x 8–18 (480 x 13) Μm.
Ecology. A coral reef-associated species, 14– 41 m.
Distribution. Caribbean-wide.
Comments. The type specimens were reported to have been found largely covered by sand and small-size coral rubble. Our specimen was free of sand cover but instead was light-protected inside a reef crevice. Sand grains inside the body showed its affinity for such foreign material.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Joadis Mews & Sperber
Creators: name: Mews, Carina Marciela
name: Perigolo, Abel
name: Sperber, Carlos Frankl
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2009
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Orthoptera
Haglotettigoniidae
Joadis

description: Joadis Mews & Sperber gen. nov. et sp. nov.
Type species: Joadis mesai Mews & Sperber sp. nov.
Etymology. The genus name is in honor to the ecologist Joachim Adis.
Diagnosis. Head with three ocelli, forming an equilateral triangle. Male forewing reduced (Fig. 1 C); forewing without glandular hair, stridulatory vein and glandular border. Tympanum absent. Metanotal gland present. Tibia III with four internal dorsal spurs and four external, similar in size. Three large internal apical spurs: the first two time smaller than third, and three small external apical spurs: first and third smaller than second. Male terminalia with phallic glands; pseudepiphallic arms parallel, straight, not jagged (Fig. 8 A); pseudepiphallic paramere 2 not jagged (Fig. 8 A, B); pseudepiphallic paramere 1 draped in ventral view (Fig. 8 B); ectophallic fold localized in the base of paramere (Fig. 8 A); rami short (Fig. 8 A, C); female copulatory papilla sclerotized, long and narrow (Fig. 9 A, B), dorso-ventrally flattened (Fig. 9 C), anterior portion rugged and posterior portion smooth (Fig. 9 A-C).
description: Published as part of Mews, Carina Marciela, Perigolo, Abel & Sperber, Carlos Frankl, 2009, Crickets with phallic glands: two new genera and one new species of Brazilian Luzarinae (Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae), pp. 34-48 in Zootaxa 2292 on page 44, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.191447
Xestospongia deweerdtae Lehnert
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Haplosclerida
Petrosiidae
Xestospongia
Xestospongia deweerdtae

description: Xestospongia deweerdtae Lehnert & van Soest, 1999
Synonymy and references. Xestospongia deweerdtae Lehnert & van Soest, 1999: 163, figs. 44–47; van Soest & de Weerdt (2001): 114; figs 4C, D; 5C, D.
Material. USNM 1229139, Carrie Bow Cay forereef cave, 26 m; M. C. Diaz col. 8 Sep 2009.
External morphology. Encrusting, up to 20 mm thick, covering about 90 cm 2 substratum. Irregularly dispersed oscula, most of them elevated on conical protrusions, 3–5 mm diameter. Surface smooth, consistency firm but crumbly. Color, a milky rose red.
Skeleton structure. An unispicular reticulation of strongyles in the ectosome. A similar reticulation in the choanosome, but complemented by multispicular tracts which also form meshes.
Spicules. All are strongyles, most a bit curved, of similar lengths but two classes of thickness; the thinner ones could be considered as earlier growth stages (Lehnert & van Soest, 1999) although juvenile stages were also identified to be oxeote (van Soest & de Weerdt, 2001). Strongyles I: 280–330 x 11–15 (311 x 13) Μm; strongyles II: 270–340 x 3–9 (308 x 6) Μm; strongyles I and II combined: 270–340 x 3–15 (310 x 10) Μm. No oxeote spicules were found in our preparations.
Ecology. So far found on the open, deep forereef to 82 m and in reef caves at 10– 26 m.
Distribution. Caribbean-wide.
Comments. Our specimen entirely covered another sponge, Plakortis angulospiculatus, adhering tightly to the exopinacoderm of the substratum sponge. A similar situation is also described by Zea et al. (2009), who noted that specimens of Xestospongia deweerdtae are “always living over Plakortis halichondrioides.”
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Xestospongia purpurea Rützler, Piantoni, Van & Díaz, 2014, new species
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Haplosclerida
Petrosiidae
Xestospongia
Xestospongia purpurea

description: Xestospongia purpurea new species
(Figures 4 f, 41)
Material. Holotype: USNM 1229140, Carrie Bow forereef cave, 18 m. K. Ruetzler col. 19 May 1979.
Paratype: USNM 1229141, Carrie Bow South reef, lower surface of rock slab, 1 m. K. Ruetzler col. 13 Mar 0 9.
Diagnosis. Encrusting to cushion-shaped, knobbed, purple Xestospongia, with dull-pointed oxeas and styloids of 385 x 19 Μm mean dimensions, accompanied by less common, shorter and thinner oxeas, 308 x 7 Μm, possibly developmental stages.
External morphology. A knob or knobby cushion, to 20 mm thick, covering up to 15 cm 2 area (holotype), with some scattered oscula (2–5 mm) on the top of the bumps. Firm and brittle consistency, bristly surface. Live color deep purple outside, whitish interior; preserved, light tan in alcohol.
Skeleton structure. A multispicular, choanosomal network of fiber tracts (60–90 Μm thick), which end in the ectosome and cause the bristly surface, alternating with an isodictyal, multispicular mesh. Loose, disorganized spicules throughout.
Spicules. Mostly curved oxeas, points ranging from sharp to dull; styloid modifications are common. In the holotype they measure 340–420 x 15–20 (383 x 17) Μm, in the paratype they are thicker, 370–400 x 18–24 (387 x 21) Μm. A smaller, thinner kind could be developmental; it has the same range and means in both specimens: 240–350 x 4–8 (316 x 6) Μm.
Ecology. Cryptic habitats on the forereef, 1– 18 m.
Distribution. Only known from the Belize barrier reef.
Etymology. The species is named for its purple color, purpurea (Latin).
Comments. Of the 10 recognized Caribbean species of Xestospongia (van Soest et al., 2013b) and based on the important characteristics of growth form and color (van Soest & de Weerdt, 2001), X. purpurea compares best with X. bocatorensis Diaz, Thacker, Ruetzler & Piantoni. This species from Caribbean Panama is also encrusting and purple, but it occurs as much thinner crusts, with very small oscula (1–2 mm), and it is purple throughout and associated with endosymbiotic, filamentous cyanobacteria. Accordingly, it grows on shallow, light-exposed reef and mangrove substrata. It also differs from the present species by having smaller and more delicate oxeas, which are supplemented by sigmas.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on pages 92-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Xestospongia rampa
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Haplosclerida
Petrosiidae
Xestospongia
Xestospongia rampa

description: Xestospongia rampa (de Laubenfels, 1934)
Synonymy and references. Strongylophora rampa de Laubenfels, 1934: 19; Xestospongia rampa (de Laubenfels, 1934): van Soest et al. (2013b).
Material. USNM 1229142, Carrie Bow Cay, back reef near crest, 0.3 m; inside and underside of Acroporal palmata coral rubble. K. Ruetzler col. 23 Apr 1974.
Other material studied: holotype USNM 22386 from Puerto Rico.
External morphology. A low cushion (22 x 15 mm, 4 mm thick) bearing two slightly raised oscula (1–2 mm diameter). Smooth surface, spongy but fragile consistency; color gray.
Skeleton structure. The thinner spicules (oxeas), are in tangential position in the ectosome, some are connected to form an unispicular network. In the choanosome, strongyles form a multispicular mesh, with a few poorly defined tracts and numerous loose strongyles and oxeas in between.
Spicules. The principal spicules are strongyles, some grading into blunt-pointed styles and oxeas; all are somewhat bent: 270–345 x 10–19 (310 x 16) Μm; in addition there are slender oxeas: 270–345 x 10–19 (310 x 16) Μm.
Ecology. Our specimen was found cryptic under shallow reef rubble. The type material from Puerto Rico was dredged from 68– 216 m.
Distribution. Belize and Puerto Rico; presumably Caribbean-wide.
Comments. The type material was described as irregular to cylindrical; ours is obviously a young, encrusting specimen. The spicules agree morphologically well with the type, except that the strongyles are slightly shorter and thicker (holotype: 360 x 13 Μm). The oxeas are of the same dimension.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Ircinia felix Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Irciniidae
Ircinia
Ircinia felix

description: Ircinia felix (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Synonymy and references. Ircinia felix (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864): Wiedenmayer (1977): 60, pl. 4: 3; van Soest (1978): 33, fig. 11; pl. 6: 4.
Material. USNM 1229143, Carrie Bow Cay west, under concrete dock, 0.5 m; K. Ruetzler col. 12 May 1978. More specimens were observed under rock and in forereef caves but not collected.
External morphology. Irregular massive and lobate, with oscula slightly raised on lobes. Overall dimensions, 10 x 7 cm, 2 cm thick. Finely conulose surface, conules about 1 mm tall and 2 mm apart. Oscules measure up to 8 mm in diameter. Consistency very tough; color purplish brown, oscules surrounded by a darker, nearly black collar.
Skeleton. The ectosome is a tough, conulose skin. Ascending, fasciculated primary fibers (300–500 Μm thick) support the conules and are loaded with sediment particles. The connecting secondaries (20–100 Μm) are mostly clear of debris. Associated filaments (3 Μm) occur in thick strands, their ends ball-shaped and about 10 Μm in diameter.
Ecology. A member of the open-reef and mangrove community, but also observed under rocks and in cave habitats, 0.5– 20 m.
Distribution. Bermuda, Florida, and the entire Caribbean region.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on pages 93-94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Ircinia strobilina Lamarck 1816
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Irciniidae
Ircinia
Ircinia strobilina

description: Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck, 1816)
Synonymy and references. Ircinia strobilina (Lamarck, 1816): Wiedenmayer (1977): 61, pl. 5: 1, 2; van Soest (1978): 40; pl. 8: 2.
Material. USNM 1229144, Curlew Bank forereef cave, 20 m; C. Piantoni col. 29 Jun 2007.
External morphology. This specimen is cone-shaped, 4 cm tall, 3 cm in diameter. The surface conules are large, up to 7 mm tall and about that much apart from each other, and many are interconnected by ridges. There are a few oscula of 2 mm diameter, one of 5 mm near the top. Color is dark grayish brown.
Skeleton. The ectosome is a tough skin, with sand grains embedded. The fiber network is very similar to that in Ircinia felix, but coarser: primary, fasciculated fibers can be nearly 1 mm thick and are connected by branching secondaries. Filaments and their end knobs too resemble the ones in I. felix.
Ecology. Large specimens occur in abundance on the open reef, occasionally in the mangrove, but the species is rare in caves; most specimens were seen in 2– 20 m.
Distribution. Bermuda, Florida, and the entire Caribbean region; also off Brazil.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Smenospongia cerebriformis Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Thorectidae
Smenospongia
Smenospongia cerebriformis

description: Smenospongia cerebriformis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Synonymy and references. Fasciospongia cerebriformis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864): van Soest (1978): 43, fig. 14, pl. 8: 3,
Material. USNM 1229145, Curlew Bank forereef cave, 20 m. C. Piantoni col. 28 Jun 2007.
External morphology. A massive, egg-shaped specimen, 40 x 45 mm tall and wide, 60 mm long, with one osculum on top, 9 mm in diameter. Surface conulose (about 3 mm tall conules), consistency stiff elastic, colot in life dark grayish brown.
Skeleton. Fasciculated main fibers are 80–190 µm in diameter; they are connected by perpendicular secondary fibers of 20–60 µm. On our microscope section (made at the periphery of the specimen), fiber meshes measure about 100–800 µm in diameter. All fibers are clear, without core or foreign inclusions, and striated, particularly the primary ones.
Ecology. Found in reef habitats, including forereef caves, 18– 30 m.
Distribution. Florida, Golf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Dysidea etheria
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dictyoceratida
Dysideidae
Dysidea
Dysidea etheria

description: Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels, 1936
Synonymy and references. Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels, 1936: van Soest (1978): 53, pl. 10: 1.
Material. Field observation 78-0512-4A (photo and microscope examination only, not preserved). Carrie Bow Cay west, concrete pillar under concrete dock, 1 m; B. Spracklin photo 12 May 1978.
External morphology. A small cushion, about 3 cm 2 and 4 mm thick, covered by 1 mm tall conules; a few scattered oscula. Soft, compressible consistency, grayish-blue color in life.
Skeleton. A reticulation of fibers (70–300 Μm thick) charged with sediment grains (sand particles and foreign spicules).
Ecology. Common on mangrove stilt roots and on rock and coral bases in the lagoon, also observed in limestone caves, 1– 10 m.
Distribution. Bermuda, Florida, Bahamas, and throughout the Caribbean region.
Comments. The dysideid skeleton and the characteristic color make this species easy to identify.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Igernella notabilis Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Dendroceratida
Dictyodendrillidae
Igernella
Igernella notabilis

description: Igernella notabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
Synonymy and references. Igernella notabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864): van Soest (1978): 77, fig. 26, pl. 14: 4; Uriz & Maldonado (1996): 154, fig. 1, 2.
Material. USNM 1229147, Carrie Bow Cay forereef, low spur & groove, lower surface of Agaricia coral rubble, 8–9 m; K. Ruetzler col. 7 May 1973.
External morphology. A crust of 6 cm 2, 5 mm thick, covered by 2 mm tall conules and showing two minute oscular openings. Consistency very soft, color brick red in life, cream in alcohol.
Skeleton. A base layer of spongin supporting dendritic fibers, some of which are interconnected. Sediment particles occur throughout the body, some are incorporated in the fibers. There are numerous spongin spiculoids, mainly triactines with rays, 30–50 µm at the center and lengths of 540–1650 (905) µm.
Ecology. The species is known from reef locations, but not much is known about its habitats; to 20 m. Distribution. Bermuda and Caribbean region.
Comments. Our only specimen from cryptic locations is a juvenile but its skeleton is typical for the species; only the rays of its triradiate spiculoids are a bit longer than described from other material.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on pages 96-97, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Aplysina cauliformis Carter 1882
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Verongida
Aplysinidae
Aplysina
Aplysina cauliformis

description: Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882)
Synonymy and references. Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882): Wiedenmayer (1977): 68, pl. 7: 1–3 (including synonymy); van Soest (1978): 62, pl. 11: 1, pl. 13: 2.
Material. USNM 1191351, Carrie Bow forereef cave, off Curlew Bank, 20 m; C. Piantoni col. 2 Jul 2007.
External morphology. A single branch, attached by a small encrusting base, protruding perpendicularly from a cave wall toward the light. Diameter 12 mm at the base, reaching 16 mm toward the distal rounded end. Tiny oscular opening (less than 0.5 mm, after fixation), irregularly dispersed along the branch. Firm but elastic consistency. Color reddish brown, changing to brown in alcohol (no aeophobic blackening).
Skeleton. The fiber meshes are 0.2–2.5 mm in diameter. Thickness of the amber fibers is 70–120 (202) Μm, the pith takes up about a third of the diameter.
Ecology. Common on the open reef where its color is brownish to purplish, often with a bluish iridescent hue; less common in shaded environments; 8– 30 m.
Distribution. Tropical western Atlantic, from the Bahamas to Brazil.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 97, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Aplysina fistularis Pallas 1766
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Verongida
Aplysinidae
Aplysina
Aplysina fistularis

description: Aplysina fistularis (Pallas, 1766)
Synonymy and references. Aplysina fistularis (Pallas, 1766) forma fistularis: Wiedenmayer (1977): 64, pl. 5 fig. 3 (including synonymy).
Material. USNM 1191349, Curlew Bank forereef slope (wall), framework cave, 20 m; C. Piantoni col. 28 Jun 2007.
External morphology. The specimen is cushion-shaped, measuring 20 x 15 mm, 15 mm thick. There is one principal osculum on top, 2.5 mm in diameter, a few smaller ones dispersed over the body. The surface is conulose, with some conules connected by ridges. The consistency is spongy but firm, the color yellow to brown, turning to greenish upon exposure to air and, finally (after fixation), to dark purple.
Skeleton. The amber, striated and pithed skeleton fibers form contorted meshes, 0.6–2.2 mm in diameter. Their diameters have a large range: 30–150 (88) Μm; the pith occupies about 40 % of that, on average.
Ecology. A common sponge of the forereef, its distribution spreads occasionally into shaded habitats. under a coral slab and inside the entrance of a small reef crevice under semi-obscure conditions; 3– 20 m.
Distribution. From Bermuda throughout the Caribbean to Brazil.
Comments. Typical specimens of this species develop thick-walled chimneys but those were not found in the caves. But the cushions observed by us have the same surface structure, consistency, color (including aerophobic change), and skeleton properties and are therefore considered conspecific.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 97, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Aplysina fulva Pallas 1766
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Verongida
Aplysinidae
Aplysina
Aplysina fulva

description: Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1766)
Synonymy and references. Aplysina fistularis (Pallas, 1766) forma fulva (Pallas): Wiedenmayer (1977): 66, pl. 6 (including synonymy); van Soest (1978): 57, pl. 11 fig. 2.
Material. USNM 1191350, Carrie Bow forereef cave, off Curlew Bank, 20 m; C. Piantoni col. 29 Jun 2007.
External morphology. A creeping branch, 4 cm long (fragment), 14 mm diameter. Finely conulose surface, with a few skeleton fibers protruding; oscular openings (1 mm) along the sides. Spongy but firm sonsistency. Color yellow-brown, which turned to dark purple in alcohol preservative.
Skeleton. Amber fibers form meshes, 0.5–3 mm in diameter. The fibers are 60–110 (100) Μm in diameter, the pith averaged 41% of the width.
Ecology. Common on the forereef, only a sporadic cave dweller; 4– 25 m.
Distribution. Throughout the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic, from Bermuda to Brazil.
Comments. More specimens need to be studied as it is unusual to find only a creeping branch of this usually erect-growing sponge.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on pages 97-98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Aplysina ocracea Alcolado 1984
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Verongida
Aplysinidae
Aplysina
Aplysina ocracea

description: Aplysina ocracea Alcolado, 1984
Synonymy and references. Aplysina ocracea Alcolado, 1984: 2, fig. 1A.
Material. USNM 1191348, Carrie Bow forereef, spur & groove zone cave, 8–10 m; crevice entrance. K. Ruetzler col. 11 May 1975. USNM 1229148, Curlew Bank forereef slope (wall), framework cave, 18 m; C. Piantoni & M. Parrish, col. 25 Aug 2012.
External morphology. The sponge grows in cushion-shape, 30 x 20 x 12 mm (thick) to 70 x 30 x 20 mm. There are individual oscula, 1–2 mm, or one large atrial opening of about 10 mm diameter, into which lead 4 canals of 2–4 mm. The surface is finely conulose, with conules that are less than 0.5 mm tall and less than 1 mm distant from each other. The color is rich ochre, with a luminescent purple hue over the surface; it barely changes after conservation in alcohol.
Skeleton. The skeleton fibers are amber, as typical in the genus, 50–145 (97) Μm in diameter, with the pith occupying on average 24 % of the width.
Ecology. Found under coral slabs and inside the entrance of small reef caves under semi-obscure conditions; 8– 30 m.
Distribution. Described originally from Cuba, this is the first record from Belize.
Comments. The most distinctive features of this species are the finely conulose surface and ochre color that does not change during fixation.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Suberea
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Verongida
Aplysinellidae
Suberea

description: Suberea? flavolivescens (Hofman & Kielman, 1992)
Synonymy and references. Axinyssa flavolivescens Hofman & Kielman, 1992: 210, fig. 5, pl. 1: A–D.
Material. USNM 1229151, 1229152, Carrie Bow Cay back reef near crest, under- and inside Acropora palmata coral rubble, 0.3 m; K. Ruetzler col. 23 Apr 1974. USNM 1229153, Carrie Bow Cay reef crest, underside of Acropora palmata coral rubble, 0.5 m; K. Ruetzler col. 26 Apr 1974. USNM 1229154, Carrie Bow Cay forereef, low spur and groove zone, lower side of Agaricia coral rubble, 8-10 m; K. Ruetzler col. 11 May 1975. USNM 1229155, Carrie Bow Cay forereef, high spur and groove zone, small cave, 4 m; K. Ruetzler col. 11 May 1979. USNM 1229156, Curlew Bank, forereef slope cave, 21 m; C. Piantoni and M. Parrish col. 21 Aug 2012. USNM 1229157, Curlew Bank, forereef slope cave, 18 m; C. Piantoni and M. Parrish col. 23 Aug 2012.
Field examination only (86-01-G), no specimen preserved: Carrie Bow Cay reef flat, under Porites porites and Acropora cervicornis rubble, 0.5 m; K. Ruetzler col. 29 Jan 1986.
External morphology. Small crusts and cushions protruding from the substratum, some with circular oscula (3-5 mm diameter). These cushions also penetrate the coral rock below and fill cavities of several cubic centimeter volume, some of which the sponge seems to excavate. Consistency is soft, the color deep yellow, which turns to purplish black when exposed to air.
Skeleton. We observed fragments of verongid fibers and a great variety of spicules and other sediment particles throughout the tissue. All spicules seem to be foreign, as were those described and figured by Hofman & Kielman (1992).
Ecology. Common inside reef coral and rubble, also in caves, 0.3–21 m; may occur to 100 m and more (P. Alcolado, pers. comm.)
Distribution. Caribbean.
Comments. The generic relocation of this species is tentative, pending further study of its fiber structure and histology (in progress by S. Zea, pers. comm.)
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 100, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Clathrina hondurensis Klautau & Valentine 2003
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Calcarea
Clathrinida
Clathrinidae
Clathrina
Clathrina hondurensis

description: Clathrina hondurensis Klautau & Valentine, 2003
Synonymy and references. Clathrina hondurensis Klautau & Valentine, 2003: 46, fig. 38; Clathrina coriacea (Montague, 1814): Wiedenmayer (1977): 190; Clathrina aff. coriacea: Rützler et al. (2004): 7.
Material. USNM 1191353, Carrie Bow forereef, spur and groove zone, 8–10 m; lower surface of coral block. K. Ruetzler, col. 11 May 1975. USNM 1191356, Carrie Bow south reef crest, under coral rubble, 1 m. K. Ruetzler col. 6 Mar 2006. USNM 1191354, USNM 1191355, Carrie Bow forereef, 25 m. M. C. Diaz col. 8 Sep 2009. USNM 1229159, Carrie Bow Cay, south back reef, lower surface of platy coral rubble, 1 m; K. Ruetzler, col. 17 Aug 2012.
External morphology. Clusters of meshwork of tubes, forming cushions of 0.5–8 cm 2 extension. Oscula (1–3 mm) are in places where several tubules merge, forming an atrium, but distinctive water-collecting tubes are only seen in young specimens. The sponges are strongly contractile and shrink considerably when touched and removed from the substrate. Color is bright yellow to brownish yellow.
Skeleton structure. Spicules are triactines packed densely and tangentially in the wall of the asconoid tubes, thus allowing for strong contractions.
Spicules. The triactines have equal actines and are equiangular, except for a few that are misformed. The actins taper gradually to a sharp point; they measure 85–100 (92) Μm in length, 8–12 (10) Μm in width at the base.
Ecology. Common in forereef cavities and on the lower surfaces of coral rubble; also in peat caves in the mangrove, away from sediment bottoms (Rützler et al., 2004). Depth: 0.5 – 25 m.
Distribution. Probably Caribbean-wide but easily overlooked and generally misidentified as C. coriacea, a Mediterranean species.
Comments. The triactines of the studied material have shorter and thinner rays as described for the holotype from Turneffe Island atoll (Belize) (mean, 133 x 16 Μm), but the closeness of the type location to our study area and the fact that triactines are the only spicules and their morphology is identical with the type illustration prompt us to accept the name C. hondurensis for our species.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Clathrina panis Haeckel 1872
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Calcarea
Clathrinida
Clathrinidae
Clathrina
Clathrina panis

description: Clathrina cf. panis (Haeckel, 1872)
Synonymy and references. Clathrina panis (Haeckel, 1872): Klautau and Valentine, 2003: 31, fig. 24.
Material. USNM 1229160, Curlew Bank forereef, small cave, 20 m; C. Piantoni, col. 28 Jun 2007.
External morphology. A whitish cushion made up by interconnected, compressed tubules, the entire specimen was only about 6 mm in diameter, 3 mm high. All was used up in making a microscope preparation.
Skeleton structure. Mostly composed of intermeshed triractines, with a few accompanying diactines and rare tetractines.
Spicules. Triactines are equiradial and equiangular, with actines gradually tapering to dull points. Tetractines are similar in shape but the apical actine is about 20 % shorter than the others. Actines, as much as one can see in the section, measure about 120–140 Μm in length and are 14 Μm thick at the base. Diactines, also tapering gradually toward the points, are 350–500 Μm long, 14–16 Μm thick.
Ecology. Not much is known about the habitats of this inconspicuous species. We only found one specimen in a medium-dark cave environment, along with encrusting demosponges, such as Spirastrella mollis and Monanchora arbuscula.
Distribution. Florida Atlantic coast, Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean; Cape Verde.
Comments. The specimen is too small to be certain of a correct identification.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 101, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Leucetta floridana Haeckel 1872
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Calcarea
Clathrinida
Leucettidae
Leucetta
Leucetta floridana

description: Leucetta floridana (Haeckel, 1872)
Synonymy and references. Leucetta floridana (Haeckel, 1872): Valderrama et al. (2009): 8, fig. 5.
Material. USNM 1229161, Carrie Bow Cay forereef cave, 18 m; K. Ruetzler col. 19 May 1979.
External morphology. An egg-shaped specimen, 28 x 16 x 16 mm, with two slightly elevated oscula (1.5 mm). Hard consistency, rough surface from large, tangential spicules. Color white.
Skeleton structure. Large triactines and tetractines are tangentially oriented and make up the cortex, tetractines have the apical actine pointing inward, into the choanosome. Spicule arrangement in the choanosome, mainly composed of small triactines, is disorganized; the smaller tetractines are most common along the canals and the atrium.
Spicules. All types are equiradiate and equiangular, actines tapering gradually to a point. Only the apical actine of tetractines is shorter than the others; sagittal deformations are rare. Measurements are lengths of actines x width at the base. The most common are the small triactines I: 116–230 x 12–25 (168 x 20) Μm; small tetractines I: 100–210 x 10–22 (137 x 16) Μm; large triactines II: 450– 1520 x 30–250 (897 x 137) Μm; large tetractines II: 270–2050 x 70 –360 (1220 x 229) Μm.
Ecology. Observed in several caves on the foerereef, 18–25 m,
Distribution. Tropical western Atlantic: Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, to Brazil.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Sycon
Creators: name: Rützler, Klaus
name: Piantoni, Carla
name: Van, Rob W. M.
name: Díaz, Cristina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Calcarea
Leucosolenida
Sycettidae
Sycon

description: Sycon sp.
Synonymy and references. Scypha ciliata (Fabricius): de Laubenfels (1950): 143, fig. 63. Sycon ciliatum (Fabricius): Rützler (1986): 126, fig. 45, pl. 4: 7.
Material. USNM 1229162, Carrie Bow back reef near crest, underside of Acropora palmata coral rubble, 0.3 m; K. Ruetzler col. 23 Apr 1974. USNM 1229163, Carrie Bow Cay, south back reef, lower surface of platy coral rubble, 1 m; K. Ruetzler col. 17 Aug 2012.
External morphology. Vase-shaped, thickest in the middle, syconoid aquiferous system, 14 mm tall, 4 mm diameter, one apical atrium of 2 mm diameter, crowned by oxeas. Firm but fragile, white in color.
Skeleton structure. Oxeas and sagittal tetractines surround the atrium, oxeas, triactines and tetractines make up the choanoskeleton.
Spicules. Dimensions are difficult to determine from this small sample, as many spicules are broken. Oxeas I: 300– 1600 x 2–6 µm; oxeas II: 430– 1950 x 8–20 µm; triactines, regular or sagittal, with two actines bent backward toward the third (which may be longer), at varying degree; actine dimensions: 60–180 x 5-13 µm; tetractines, many sagittal, with paired actines straight or bent in various directions; actine dimensions: 50–140 x 5–10 µm.
Ecology. Observed in most cryptic habitats, undersides of shallow rubble to forereef caves, 0.5– 30 m.
Distribution. Reported from many locations in the northern Atlantic.
Comments. Records from outside the northern Atlantic region are considered doubtful or not valid (van Soest et al., 2013b). A more focused study of Sycon species (and many other Calcarea) from the tropical western Atlantic is most desirable.
description: Published as part of Rützler, Klaus, Piantoni, Carla, Van, Rob W. M. & Díaz, Cristina, 2014, Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay, pp. 1-129 in Zootaxa 3805 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3805.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/249983
Chondrilla caribensis Rutzler, Duran & Piantoni 2007
Creators: name: Van, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Chondrosida
Chondrillidae
Chondrilla
Chondrilla caribensis

description: Chondrilla caribensis Rützler, Duran & Piantoni, 2007
Figures 3 a–b
Chondrilla nucula sensu Wilson 1902: 386; Hechtel 1965: 74; Wiedenmayer 1977: 186, pl. 41 figs 5–7, pl. 42 figs 1–2, text-fig. 178; Muricy et al. 2011: 52 (with many further synonyms) (Not: Schmidt 1862).
Chondrilla nucula forma mangle Duran & Rützler, 2006: 296.
Chondrilla nucula forma hermatypica Duran & Rützler, 2006: 296.
Chondrilla caribensis Rützler et al. 2007a: 100, fig. 4.
Material examined. RMNH Por. 9816, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 68, 7.4167°N 57.1333°W, depth 51 m, muddy sand bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 10538, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E66, 7.1°N 56.178°W, depth 65 m, Agassiz trawl, 10 May 1966.
Description. Thinly encrusting smooth sponge (Fig. 3 a), dark brown in alcohol, 6 x 5 cm in lateral expansion, thickness 2–4 mm. Consistency firm, slippery surface.
Choanosome. Cartilaginous, with an interior skeleton of scattered spherasters, concentrated at the surface.
Spicules. Spherasters (Fig. 3 b), with small irregular spines on the apices of the conical rays, diameter 21– 27.6 –33 µm.
Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, widespread throughout the Caribbean and NE Brazil, in mangroves, on reefs, and on sandy mud, 0.5–65 m (previously down to 51 m).
Remarks. The details provided here match those of the descriptions in Rützler et al. (2007a). The species was previously known in the region as Chondrilla nucula (Schmidt, 1862), but this is now considered to be restricted to the Mediterranean. Two ecological forma’s were distinguished by Duran & Rützler (2008), but as infrasubspecific units these names are not available in the sense of the ICZN. Subsequently, Rützler et al. (2007a) renamed the Caribbean species as C. caribensis.
description: Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., 2017, Sponges of the Guyana Shelf, pp. 1-225 in Zootaxa 1 on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
JAMIYATNING  MA'NAVIY MUHITINI SHAKLLANTIRISHDA OILANING O'RNI
Creators: name: Qurbonova, Mohlaroy
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Mazkur maqolada jamiyatning ma'naviy muhitini shakllantirishda oilaning o'rni ahamiyatli ekanligi va jamiyatni isloh qilishni jamiyatning bir bo'g'ini hisoblangan oiladan boshlash kerakligi hamda oiladagi ma'naviy muhit paydo bo'lishining asosiy sabab va vositalari ko'rsatib o'tilgan.
Chondrosia collectrix Schmidt 1870
Creators: name: Van, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Chondrosida
Chondrosiidae
Chondrosia
Chondrosia collectrix

description: Chondrosia collectrix (Schmidt, 1870)
Figures 4 a–b
Cellulophana collectrix Schmidt, 1870: 25.
Chondrosia collectrix; De Laubenfels 1936: 183, pl. 20 fig. 1; De Laubenfels 1950: 135, fig. 60; Wiedenmayer 1977: 189, pl. 42 fig. 7; Alcolado 1980: 6; Van Soest 1981: 7; Rützler 1986: 125, pl. 5; Pulitzer-Finali 1986: 99; Rützler et al. 2000: 234; Moraes 2011: 106, with several unnumbered figs; Muricy et al. 2011: 52 (with additional Brazilian records). Chondrilla reniformis; Wiedenmayer 1977: 188, pl. 42 figs 3–6; Pulitzer-Finali 1986: 100 (Not: Schmidt 1862).
Material examined. RMNH. Por. 9338, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 14, 6.7333°N 52.75°W, depth 76 m, bottom muddy calcareous sand, 26 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9933, Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 63, 7.5833°N 57.0667°W, depth 71 m, sandy bottom, 31 August 1970; RMNH Por. 9992, Suriname, ‘ Snellius O.C.P.S. ’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station E66, 7.1°N 56.1783°W, depth 65 m, Agassiz trawl, 13 May 1966.
Description. Massive sponges with smooth-shiny surface (Fig. 4 a). Largest specimen 7 x 5 x 1 cm. Color (in alcohol) grey-brown or blackish grey, mottled with lighter and darker patches. No apparent oscules (presumably constricted in preservation). Consistency firm, incompressible. Choanosome (Fig. 4 b) featureless, densely collagenous with few canals and lacunae. In cross section the upper 1–2 mm is usually lighter colored and presumably is the cortex (verifiable only with histology), deeper in the choanosome scattered spicule fragments and calcareous nodules are found.
Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, throughout the Greater Caribbean and NE Brazil, from the tidemark down to 76 m depth (previously down to 40 m).
Remarks. The variability of this species, including several Caribbean reports of the Mediterranean Chondrosia reniformis, is indicative of the possible existence of more than a single species of Chondrosia in the Central West Atlantic.
description: Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., 2017, Sponges of the Guyana Shelf, pp. 1-225 in Zootaxa 1 on page 13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
Aplysina caissara Pinheiro & Hajdu 2001
Creators: name: Van, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Verongida
Aplysinidae
Aplysina
Aplysina caissara

description: Aplysina caissara Pinheiro & Hajdu, 2001
Figures 5 a–b
Aplysina caissara Pinheiro & Hajdu, 2001: 145, figs 1–2, 4–6; Pinheiro et al. 2007: 3, figs 1A, 2, 3A (with further synonyms).
Material examined. RMNH Por. 9340, French Guyana, ‘Luymes’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station 14, 6.7333°N 52.75°W, depth 76 m, bottom muddy calcareous sand, 26 August 1970.
Description. A short tubular branch (Fig. 5 a) of 9 x 2–3 cm diameter. The surface is finely conulose. The apical oscule has an iris-type diaphragm and is 5 mm in diameter. Color in alcohol is dark pink. Consistency compressible.
Skeleton. (Fig. 5 b) A three-dimensional reticulation of rounded or elongately polygonal meshes made by amber colored fibers, of 70–130 µm diameter. The fibers have a vaguely striated bark and a pith occupying about 1/ 3 of the fiber thickness.
Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf (if correctly identied), Eastern Brazil, from 2–76 m depth (previously down to 12 m).
Remarks. The descriptions by Pinheiro & Hajdu (2001) and Pinheiro et al. (2007) match the present specimen closely, but the depth from where it was obtained and the distance from the type locality throw some doubt on the identification.
description: Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., 2017, Sponges of the Guyana Shelf, pp. 1-225 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951
Aplysina cauliformis Carter 1882
Creators: name: Van, Rob W. M.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Porifera
Demospongiae
Verongida
Aplysinidae
Aplysina
Aplysina cauliformis

description: Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882)
Figures 6 a–b
Restricted synonymy:
Luffaria cauliformis Carter, 1882a: 268 (in part).
Aplysina cauliformis; Wiedenmayer 1977: 68, pl. 7 figs 1–3 (with further synonyms); Pinheiro et al. 2007: 8, figs 1B–C, 3B, 4A–C (with additional synonyms).
Material examined. RMNH Por. 9334, Suriname, ‘ Luymes O.C.P.S. II’ Guyana Shelf Expedition, station I115, 7.21°N 54.8617°W, depth 81 m, triangular dredge, 24 April 1969.
Description. Thin-branched, ramose sponges (two specimens were obtained, Fig. 6 a). Size of largest specimen about 25 cm high, individual branches up to 1.5 cm diameter. Surface finely conulose. Color in alcohol dark pink. Consistency firmly compressible.
Skeleton. (Fig. 6 b) An isotropical reticulation of pithed spongin fibres, 35–100 µm diameter, forming meshes of 200–600 µm diameter. Pith occupies 30–75 % of the fiber diameter.
Distribution and ecology. Guyana Shelf, Greater Caribbean, E and NE Brazil, from 3–100 m depth. Remarks. The present material matches quite closely with Pinheiro et al. ’s (2007) review of the species. The identification is made with confidence, despite the absence of live color information.
description: Published as part of Van, Rob W. M., 2017, Sponges of the Guyana Shelf, pp. 1-225 in Zootaxa 1 on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.272951