cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Coronal Mass Ejections Associated with Slow Long Duration Flares
Creators: name: Bak-Steslicka, U.
name: Kolomanski, S.
name: Mrozek, T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It is well known that there is temporal relationship between coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and associated flares. The duration of the acceleration phase is related to the duration of the rise phase of a flare. We investigate CMEs associated with slow long duration events (LDEs), i.e. flares with the long rising phase. We determined the relationships between flares and CMEs and analyzed the CME kinematics in detail. The parameters of the flares (GOES flux, duration of the rising phase) show strong correlations with the CME parameters (velocity, acceleration during main acceleration phase and duration of the CME acceleration phase). These correlations confirm the strong relation between slow LDEs and CMEs. We also analyzed the relation between the parameters of the CMEs, i.e. a velocity, an acceleration during the main acceleration phase, a duration of the acceleration phase, and a height of a CME at the end of the acceleration phase. The CMEs associated with the slow LDEs are characterized by high velocity during the propagation phase, with the median equal 1423 km/s. In half of the analyzed cases, the main acceleration was low (a<300 m/s^2), which suggests that the high velocity is caused by the prolongated acceleration phase (the median for the duration of the acceleration phase is equal 90 minutes). The CMEs were accelerated up to several solar radii (with the median 7 Rsun), which is much higher than in typical impulsive CMEs. Therefore, slow LDEs may potentially precede extremely strong geomagnetic storms. The analysis of slow LDEs and associated CMEs may give important information for developing more accurate space weather forecasts, especially for extreme events.
description: Solar Physics, accepted
Upper bound on lattice stick number of knots
Creators: name: Hong, KyungPyo
name: No, SungJong
name: Oh, SeungSang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Geometric Topology (math.GT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: The lattice stick number $s_L(K)$ of a knot $K$ is defined to be the minimal number of straight line segments required to construct a stick presentation of $K$ in the cubic lattice. In this paper, we find an upper bound on the lattice stick number of a nontrivial knot $K$, except trefoil knot, in terms of the minimal crossing number $c(K)$ which is $s_L(K) \leq 3 c(K) +2$. Moreover if $K$ is a non-alternating prime knot, then $s_L(K) \leq 3 c(K) - 4$.
description: 7 pages, 7 figures
title: Πρόβλεψη κατανάλωσης ενέργειας ανά πηγή ενέργειας  στις Η.Π.Α. με χρήση μοντέλου πρόβλεψης ANFIS
Creators: name: Μακριδη Ευδοκια
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 2017

description:   Ο ρόλος του ερευνητή, μηχανικού είναι να επιτυγχάνει επιστημονική περιγραφή του αντικειμένου που μελετά, να το επεξηγεί και να το αναλύει στο μέγιστο δυνατό βαθμό και στη συνέχεια να πραγματοποιεί επιστημονική πρόγνωση/πρόβλεψη του τι μέλει γενέσθαι. Στο επίπεδο που έχει φτάσει ο τομέας της παραγωγής και της διοίκησης, χρειάζεται βραχυπρόθεσμος και μακροπρόθεσμος προγραμματισμός αυτών των διαδικασιών, ο οποίος επιτυγχάνεται με τη χάραξη τακτικών και στρατηγικών. Στόχος αυτής της εργασίας είναι ο σχεδιασμός ενός μοντέλου μακροπρόθεσμης πρόβλεψης για την κατανάλωση ενέργειας ανά πηγή ενέργειας στις ΗΠΑ, χρησιμοποιώντας ένα υβριδικό μοντέλο πρόβλεψης που η λογική του διέπεται από τη θεωρία των νευρωνικών δικτύων και της ασαφούς λογικής. Τα δεδομένα που θα εισαχθούν είναι των τελευταίων 69 χρόνων και εκφράζουν την ετήσια ποσότητα ενέργειας που καταναλώθηκε ανά πηγή στις ΗΠΑ, μετρημένη σε Quadrillion Btu (british thermal unit). Είναι εξαιρετικά κομβικής σημασίας η δυνατότητα πρόβλεψης της κατανάλωσης και της επικείμενης ζήτησης της ενέργειας, διότι από την πορεία και τις διακυμάνσεις της, εκτός από τη βελτίωση της οργάνωσης για την παραγωγή , εξάγονται και σημαντικά συμπεράσματα για την οικονομία της χώρας συνολικά. Το συγκεκριμένο μοντέλο ANFIS (Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system) διαφέρει από τα συμβατικά μοντέλα πρόβλεψης που η λογική τους βασίζεται στη στατιστική. Έχει εξακριβωθεί ότι σε πολύπλοκα προβλήματα με πολλούς παράγοντες και παραμέτρους τέτοιου είδους μοντέλα εξάγουν αντικειμενικά και ακριβέστερα αποτελέσματα απ΄ ότι τα συμβατικά μοντέλα.
Additional file 24 of Pain mechanisms in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes
Creators: name: Sobeeh, Mohamed Gomaa
name: Hassan, Karima Abdelaty
name: da Silva, Anabela Gonçalves
name: Youssef, Enas Fawzy
name: Fayaz, Nadia Abdelazim
name: Mohammed, Maha Mostafa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 24. Fig. S24 Pooled results of mechanical pain threshold (MPT) of the remote areas. SD: standard deviation, CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome, and Std Mean Difference: standardized mean difference.
Quasar Cartography: from Black Hole to Broad Line Region Scales
Creators: name: Chelouche, Doron
name: Zucker, Shay
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A generalized approach to reverberation mapping (RM) is presented, which is applicable to broad- and narrow-band photometric data, as well as to spectroscopic observations. It is based on multivariate correlation analysis techniques and, in its present implementation, is able to identify reverberating signals across the accretion disk and the broad line region (BLR) of active galactic nuclei (AGN). Statistical tests are defined to assess the significance of time-delay measurements using this approach, and the limitations of the adopted formalism are discussed. It is shown how additional constraints on some of the parameters of the problem may be incorporated into the analysis thereby leading to improved results. When applied to a sample of 14 Seyfert 1 galaxies having good-quality high-cadence photometric data, accretion disk scales and BLR sizes are simultaneously determined, on a case-by-case basis, in most objects. The BLR scales deduced here are in good agreement with the findings of independent spectroscopic RM campaigns. Implications for the photometric RM of AGN interiors in the era of large surveys are discussed.
description: 12 pages, 12 figures
Additional file 25 of Pain mechanisms in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes
Creators: name: Sobeeh, Mohamed Gomaa
name: Hassan, Karima Abdelaty
name: da Silva, Anabela Gonçalves
name: Youssef, Enas Fawzy
name: Fayaz, Nadia Abdelazim
name: Mohammed, Maha Mostafa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 25. Fig. S25 Pooled results of pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the affected area (deep tissue PPT). SD: standard deviation, CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome, and Std Mean Difference: standardized mean difference.
title: Μεθευρετικός αλγόριθμος για το πρόβλημα δρομολόγησης οχημάτων με χρονικά παράθυρα
title: Metaheuristic algorithm for the vehicle routing problem with time windows
Creators: name: Σταυριδης Χρηστος
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 2017

description: Η εκπόνηση της συγκεκριμένης διατριβής αφορά την επίλυση του Προβλήματος Δρομολόγησης Οχημάτων με Χρονικά Παράθυρα, με χρήση μεθευρετικών αλγορίθμων Τοπικής Αναζήτησης, κι ως επίλυση εννοείται μια διαδικασία που χωρίζεται σε δύο στάδια και έχει ώς σκοπό την ελαχιστοποίηση του συνολικού κόστους δρομολόγησης. Στο πρώτο στάδιο αποσκοπείται η εξαγωγή αρχικών δεδομένων και στο δεύτερο στάδιο αποσκοπείται η επεξεργασία αυτών ως στόχο την βελτίωση τους.
Πιο συγκεκριμένα σε πρώτη φάση γίνεται χρήση του αλγορίθμου του Πλησιέστερου Γείτονα για την επίλυση του Προβλήματος του Πλησιέστερου Γείτονα με σκοπό την δημιουργία αρχικών λύσεων.
Σε δεύτερη φάση γίνεται βελτιστοποίηση των λύσεων που προκύπτουν από την επίλυση του Προβλήματος του Πλησιέστερου Γείτονα, ως στόχο την απόκτηση νέων βελτιωμένων λύσεων.
Τα περιεχόμενα της συγκεκριμένης εργασίας χωρίζονται σε 4 κεφάλαια, όπου στο πρώτο γίνεται αναφορά εισαγωγικών εννοιών που σχετίζονται με τα Logistics. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται περιγραφή διαφόρων προβλημάτων δρομολόγησης οχημάτων, καθώς και του προβλήματος που επιλύθηκε στην συγκεκριμένη εργασία. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται αναλυτική περιγραφή της διαδικασία επίλυσης του προβλήματος και εκτενής ανάλυση των δύο σταδίων επίλυσης. Τέλος στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται περιγραφή των προβλημάτων που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, καθώς και αναλυτική περιγραφή και παρουσίαση των αποτελεσμάτων που προκύψανε.
title: Επίλυση του προβλήματος προσανατολισμού ομάδας με χωρητικότητα με χρήση αλγορίθμου μεταβλητής γειτονιάς αναζήτησης
title: Solving capacitated team orienteering problem with variable neighborhood search algorithm
Creators: name: Κουλιδης Γεωργιος
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 2017

description: Λόγω της παγκοσμιοποίησης και των διαρκών αυξανόμενων απαιτήσεων των πελατών, η ανάπτυξη της εφοδιαστικής αλυσίδας αποτελεί καθοριστικό ρόλο για τις επιχειρήσεις. Οι βασικές δραστηριότητες της Εφοδιαστικής Αλυσίδας είναι οι μεταφορές και τα αποθέματα τα οποία απορροφούν μεγάλο μερίδιο του κόστους. Συνεπώς ο σκοπός της διαχείρισης της Εφοδιαστικής Αλυσίδας είναι η ελαχιστοποίηση αυτού του κόστους. Στη παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία επιλύουμε το πρόβλημα προσανατολισμού ομάδας με χωρητικότητα (CTOP). Στο πρόβλημα μας έχουμε πελάτες οι οποίοι δεν μπορούν να εξυπηρετηθούν πάνω από 1 φορά. Κάθε πελάτης έχει ντετερμινιστική ζήτηση και κέρδος. Το όχημα μπορεί να συλλέξει το κέρδος από τον πελάτη ικανοποιώντας του την ζήτηση , αλλά η συνολική ζήτηση  από όλους του πελάτες δεν θα πρέπει να ξεπερνάει την συνολική χωρητικότητα του οχήματος και ένα συγκεκριμένο μήκος διαδρομής. Η διαδρομή ολοκληρώνεται όταν ένα όχημα δεν μπορεί να εξυπηρετήσει άλλον πελάτη. Στόχος του προβλήματος είναι η μεγιστοποίηση του συνολικού κέρδους που έχει συλλεχθεί από τα οχήματα [1]. Αρχικά υλοποιείται ο αλγόριθμος του Πλησιέστερου Γείτονα όπου και προκύπτουν οι αρχικές εφικτές μας λύσεις. Στη συνέχεια εφαρμόζεται ο Αλγόριθμος Μεταβλητής Γειτονίας Αναζήτησης (Variable Neighborhood Search Algorithm) με σκοπό την βελτίωση της λύσης. Στη εργασία παρουσιάζεται η υλοποίηση του VNS αλγορίθμου καθώς και τα αποτελέσματα από τη χρήση του αλγορίθμου. Για την ανάπτυξη του αλγορίθμου χρησιμοποιήθηκε το προγραμματιστικό περιβάλλον Matlab.
Additional file 26 of Pain mechanisms in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes
Creators: name: Sobeeh, Mohamed Gomaa
name: Hassan, Karima Abdelaty
name: da Silva, Anabela Gonçalves
name: Youssef, Enas Fawzy
name: Fayaz, Nadia Abdelazim
name: Mohammed, Maha Mostafa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 26. Fig. S26 Funnel plot of pressure pain threshold of the affected side.
Nucleon structure with pion mass down to 149 MeV
Creators: name: Green, Jeremy
name: Engelhardt, Michael
name: Krieg, Stefan
name: Negele, John
name: Pochinsky, Andrew
name: Syritsyn, Sergey
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present isovector nucleon observables: the axial, tensor, and scalar charges and the Dirac radius. Using the BMW clover-improved Wilson action and pion masses as low as 149 MeV, we achieve good control over chiral extrapolation to the physical point. Our analysis is done using three different source-sink separations in order to identify excited-state effects, and we make use of the summation method to reduce their size.
description: 7 pages, 5 figures. Talk presented at the 30th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2012), June 24-29, 2012, Cairns, Australia
Extracting quantum work statistics and fluctuation theorems by single qubit interferometry
Creators: name: Dorner, R.
name: Clark, S. R.
name: Heaney, L.
name: Fazio, R.
name: Goold, J.
name: Vedral, V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose an experimental scheme to verify the quantum non-equilibrium fluctuation relations using current technology. Specifically, we show that the characteristic function of the work distribution for a non-equilibrium quench of a general quantum system can be extracted from Ramsey interferometry of a single probe qubit. Our scheme paves the way for the full characterisation of non-equilibrium processes in a variety of complex quantum systems ranging from single particles to many-body atomic systems and spin chains. We demonstrate our idea using a time-dependent quench of the motional state of a trapped ion, where the internal pseudo-spin provides a convenient probe qubit.
description: 4.5 pages. 2 Figures. See related paper "Measuring the characteristic function of the work distribution" by L. Mazzola et al. This version - additional analysis undertaken
title: Crisis management: Compare study of company restructuralizations in the Tier 2 level of Automotive Industry in the Czech Republic
Creators: name: Sedlacek, Marek
Publisher: name: TU Wien
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Crisis management
subject: Suppliers
subject: Plastic parts producers
subject: Tier 2

description: The submitted Master thesis solves the problems which appears during this time in Automotive Industry worldwide as consequences of many factors like macroeconomic situation, state debts, rising inflation, pandemic situation and so on. Also some megatrends in Automotive Industry needs to be taken into account as impacts on company performance, existence, survival and potential future development.One of the main aim of this thesis is to reveal impacts of the global economic situation and megatrends in Automotive Industry especially in the time period from 2019 to 2021 when the new phenomenon like worldwide pandemic situation appeared. These negative influences on the company existence are mostly manageable but during this time period there has been a mix of them and also a lot of additional problems such a customer call offs decrease, raw material shortages, enormous electricity and gas price rising, lack of worker staff and so on. All these influences at the same time have been so negative impacts on the company performance and in some cases the company existence too.The other aims of this study are focused on company performance and company or management approaches in the analyzed companies.To find answers for this research the author uses chosen methods like Theoretic – logical methods, some statistical methods like Descriptive statistic methods, Time series analyses,Exploratory data analyses, Regression and correlation analyses etc. Also some controlled discussions is used.In this study the author tries to create some compare study especially in the Tier 2 level in Automotive Industry to identify most negative factors and to find some factors or similarities in the analysed companies. These common factors and similarities can be helpful for a definition of a universal managerial way in this unpredictable world and unique situation. The result of the study is to find and determinate the general approachand recommendations for the managers which can be helpful to steer the company not only during similar time periods but also generally in all time periods to achieve the goal.
Additional file 27 of Pain mechanisms in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes
Creators: name: Sobeeh, Mohamed Gomaa
name: Hassan, Karima Abdelaty
name: da Silva, Anabela Gonçalves
name: Youssef, Enas Fawzy
name: Fayaz, Nadia Abdelazim
name: Mohammed, Maha Mostafa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 27. Fig. S27 Pooled results of pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the remote areas (deep tissue PPT). SD: standard deviation, CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome, and Std Mean Difference: standardized mean difference.
Study of underlying regulatory mechanisms of colorectal cancer cells by a novel combination of vitexin and aspirin: based on systems biology, molecular docking and in vitro experiments
Creators: name: Chen, Dengsheng
name: Chen, Ying
name: Huang, Fang
name: Zhang, Xiaoling
name: Zhou, Yulv
name: Xu, Luning
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Cancer
subject: Cell Biology
subject: 60102 Bioinformatics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Vitexin, as a natural flavonoid, has anti-colorectal cancer effects. Therefore, this study is intended to investigate the potential mechanism of action of the novel combination of vitexin and aspirin against colorectal cancer through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro experiments.
Growth of dust grains in a low-metallicity gas and its effect on the cloud fragmentation
Creators: name: Chiaki, Gen
name: Nozawa, Takaya
name: Yoshida, Naoki
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In a low-metallicity gas, rapid cooling by dust thermal emission is considered to induce cloud fragmentation and play a vital role in the formation of low-mass stars (~ 0.1 um. The formation of a recently discovered low-mass star with extremely low metallicity (<= 4.5x10^{-5} Zsun) could have been triggered by grain growth.
description: [v1] 5 pages, 4 figures [v2] minor revision, to appear in ApJL
Spontaneous fission half-lives of heavy and superheavy nuclei within a generalized liquid drop model
Creators: name: Bao, Xiaojun
name: Zhang, Hongfei
name: Royer, G.
name: Li, Junqing
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We systematically calculate the spontaneous fission half-lives for heavy and superheavy nuclei between U and Fl isotopes. The spontaneous fission process is studied within the semi-empirical WKB approximation. The potential barrier is obtained using a generalized liquid drop model, taking into account the nuclear proximity, the mass asymmetry, the phenomenological pairing correction, and the microscopic shell correction. Macroscopic inertial-mass function has been employed for the calculation of the fission half-life. The results reproduce rather well the experimental data. Relatively long half-lives are predicted for many unknown nuclei, sufficient to detect them if synthesized in a laboratory.
description: 20 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, accepted version by Nucl. Phys. A
Additional file 28 of Pain mechanisms in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes
Creators: name: Sobeeh, Mohamed Gomaa
name: Hassan, Karima Abdelaty
name: da Silva, Anabela Gonçalves
name: Youssef, Enas Fawzy
name: Fayaz, Nadia Abdelazim
name: Mohammed, Maha Mostafa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 28. Fig. S28 Funnel plot of pressure pain threshold of the remote areas.
The ‘Nigerian diet’ and its evolution: Review of existing literature and survey data
Creators: name: Petrikova, Ivica
Publisher: name: Open Science Framework
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Comparative Nutrition
subject: Nutrition
subject: Life Sciences
subject: Social and Behavioral Sciences
subject: Food Studies
subject: literature review
subject: Living Standard Measurement Survey
subject: Nigeria
subject: Nigerian diet
subject: nutrition transition

description: Natural and social-science studies have commonly referenced a ‘typical’ or ‘habitual’ Nigerian diet, without defining what such diet entails. Our study, based on a systematic review of existing literature and analysis of household survey data, describes the general contours of common Nigerian diets and how they vary based on spatial, demographic, and socio-economic characteristics. We further try to establish whether Nigeria has embarked on a dietary transition common to most modern economies, marked by a greater consumption of processed foods, fats, and sugar at the expense of traditional whole cereals and pulses. We conclude that while traditional Nigerian diet is still relatively healthy from an international perspective, it has indeed been transitioning, with increasing inclusion of high-energy, high-fat, and high-sugar processed foods and a related growing incidence of overweight, obesity, and diet-related non-communicable diseases.
A framework for invertible, real-time constant-Q transforms
Creators: name: Holighaus, Nicki
name: Dörfler, Monika
name: Velasco, Gino Angelo
name: Grill, Thomas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Audio signal processing frequently requires time-frequency representations and in many applications, a non-linear spacing of frequency-bands is preferable. This paper introduces a framework for efficient implementation of invertible signal transforms allowing for non-uniform and in particular non-linear frequency resolution. Non-uniformity in frequency is realized by applying nonstationary Gabor frames with adaptivity in the frequency domain. The realization of a perfectly invertible constant-Q transform is described in detail. To achieve real-time processing, independent of signal length, slice-wise processing of the full input signal is proposed and referred to as sliCQ transform. By applying frame theory and FFT-based processing, the presented approach overcomes computational inefficiency and lack of invertibility of classical constant-Q transform implementations. Numerical simulations evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and the method's applicability is illustrated by experiments on real-life audio signals.
title: Στρατηγική χειρισμού της Δόρα Α.Ε. σε συνθήκες φθίνουσας ανταγωνιστικότητας
Creators: name: Ποϊράζης Ανέστης
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 1999

description: Μη διαθέσιμο
Improving VERITAS Sensitivity by Fitting 2D Gaussian Image Parameters
Creators: name: Christiansen, Jodi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Our goal is to improve the acceptance and angular resolution of VERITAS by implementing a camera image-fitting algorithm. Elliptical image parameters are extracted from 2D Gaussian distribution fits using a (chi)^2 minimization instead of the standard technique based on the principle moments of an island of pixels above threshold. We optimize the analysis cuts and then characterize the improvements using simulations. We find an improvement of 20% less observing time to reach 5-sigma for weak point sources.
Additional file 29 of Pain mechanisms in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes
Creators: name: Sobeeh, Mohamed Gomaa
name: Hassan, Karima Abdelaty
name: da Silva, Anabela Gonçalves
name: Youssef, Enas Fawzy
name: Fayaz, Nadia Abdelazim
name: Mohammed, Maha Mostafa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 29. Fig. S29 Pooled results of pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the affected area (joint PPT). SD: standard deviation, CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome, and Std Mean Difference: standardized mean difference.
title: Μελέτη βιωσιμότητας Μουσείου Αλιευτικών Σκαφών, Εργαλείων και Θαλάσσιου Πλούτου
Creators: name: Αλεβίζου Κατερίνα
name: Καφφετζάκη Αναστασία
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 2001

description: Μη διαθέσιμο
Exomoon habitability constrained by energy flux and orbital stability
Creators: name: Heller, René
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Detecting massive satellites of extrasolar planets has now become feasible, which led naturally to questions about their habitability. In a previous study we presented constraints on the habitability of moons from stellar and planetary illumination as well as from tidal heating. Here I refine our model by including the effect of eclipses on the orbit-averaged illumination. Moons in low-mass stellar systems must orbit their planet very closely to remain bound, which puts them at risk of strong tidal heating. I first describe the effect of eclipses on stellar illumination of satellites. Then I calculate the orbit-averaged energy flux including illumination from the planet and tidal heating. Habitability is defined by a scaling relation at which a moon loses its water by the runaway greenhouse process. As a working hypothesis, orbital stability is assumed if the moon's orbital period is less than 1/9 of the planet's orbital period. Due to eclipses, a satellite in a close orbit can experience a reduction in orbit-averaged stellar flux by up to about 6%. The smaller the semi-major axis and the lower the inclination of the moon's orbit, the stronger the reduction. I find a lower mass limit of ~0.2M_sun for exomoon host stars to avoid the runaway greenhouse effect. Precise estimates depend on the satellite's orbital eccentricity. Deleterious effects on exomoon habitability may occur up to ~0.5M_sun. Although the habitable zone lies close to low-mass stars, which allows for many transits of planet-moon binaries within a given observation cycle, resources should not be spent to trace habitable satellites around them. Gravitational perturbations by the star, another planet, or another satellite induce eccentricities that likely make any moon uninhabitable. Estimates for individual systems require dynamical simulations that include perturbations among all bodies and tidal heating in the satellite.
description: 4 pages, 2 figures, accepted by A&A
title: Επίλυση προβλημάτων αναμίξεων πετρελαϊκών προϊόντων με χρήση γραμμικού προγραμματισμού
Creators: name: Μιχαήλ Αντώνης
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 2001

description: Μη διαθέσιμο
title: Ανάπτυξη πειραματικής συσκευής για μετρήσεις πτώσεις πίεσης και μεταφορά θερμότητας για παλινδρομική ροή δια μέσου αναγεννητήρα μηχανής Stirling
Creators: name: Αχλαδιανάκης Κώστας
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 2004

description:  Εισαγωγή -- 2. Μηχανή Stirling στις μέρες μας-Εφαρμογές -- 3. Μηχανές κύκλου Stirling-Διάταξη -- 4. Ανάλυση μηχανής κύκλου Stirling -- 5. Αναγεννητήρας -- 6. Ανάπτυξη πειραματικής συσκευής για μετρήσεις πτώσεις πίεσης και μεταφορά θερμότητας για παλινδρομική ροή δια μέσου αναγεννητήρα μηχανής Stirling
Additional file 30 of Pain mechanisms in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes
Creators: name: Sobeeh, Mohamed Gomaa
name: Hassan, Karima Abdelaty
name: da Silva, Anabela Gonçalves
name: Youssef, Enas Fawzy
name: Fayaz, Nadia Abdelazim
name: Mohammed, Maha Mostafa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 30. Fig. S30 Pooled results of pressure pain threshold (PPT) of the remote areas (joint PPT). SD: standard deviation, CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome, and Std Mean Difference: standardized mean difference.
Modern trends in Superconductivity and Superfluidity. Chapters 11, 13
Creators: name: Kagan, M. Yu.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In Chapter 11 we present Fermi-gas approach for the search of s-wave and p-wave superfluidity in three-dimensional solutions of He-3 in He-4 and in He-3 submonolayers. In Chapter 13 on the basis of the anisotropic and isotropic t-J models we study spin-charge separation and confinement in ladder systems and in high-Tc superconductors.
description: In preparation for Springer-Verlag
title: Διαχωρισμός αποβλήτων ελαιοτριβείου με συνδυασμένη χρήση ανόργανων και οργανικών κροκιδωτικών και χαρακτηρισμός φάσεων
Creators: name: Γκίνος Ανδρέας
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 2005

description:  Παραγωγή λαδιού και αποβλήτων-Τρόποι επεξεργασίας -- 2. Κροκίδωση-Συσσωμάτωση -- 3. Πειραματική διαδικασία-Μέθοδοι μετρήσεων-Όργανα
Additional file 31 of Pain mechanisms in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes
Creators: name: Sobeeh, Mohamed Gomaa
name: Hassan, Karima Abdelaty
name: da Silva, Anabela Gonçalves
name: Youssef, Enas Fawzy
name: Fayaz, Nadia Abdelazim
name: Mohammed, Maha Mostafa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 31. Fig. S31 Pooled results of mechanical pain sensitivity (MPS) of the affected area. SD: standard deviation, CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome, and Std Mean Difference: standardized mean difference.
title: Σχηματισμός και έλεγχος των τριαλογονομεθανίων κατά την χλωρίωση επεξεργασμένων αστικών λυμάτων
Creators: name: Κουκουράκη Ελισάβετ
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 2002

description: Μη διαθέσιμο
title: Πολυκριτήρια και χρηματοοικονομική ανάλυση του ελληνικού τραπεζικού συστήματος για την περίοδο 1989-1993
Creators: name: Σταυροπούλου Ελένη
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 1995

description: Μη διαθέσιμο
title: Μελέτη των μηχανών αναζήτησης στο Διαδίκτυο καθώς και των τεχνικών τους-ανάπτυξη ενός μοντέλου-πρότυπου ενιαίας αναζήτησης
Creators: name: Γεωργάκης Κωνσταντίνος
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 2004

description: φ. 1: Εισαγωγή στις μηχανές αναζήτησης -- Κεφ. 2: Κεφ. 2: Μέθοδοι και τεχνικές αναζήτησης -- Κεφ. 3: Τα εργαλεία αναζήτησης -- Κεφ. 4: Οι κύριες μηχανές αναζήτησης -- Κεφ. 5: Οι μηχανές πολλαπλής αναζήτησης -- Κεφ. 6: Θεματικοί κατάλογοι-θεματικά ευρετήρια -- Κεφ. 7: Μηχανές αναζήτησης με βάση το προφίλ του χρήστη -- Κεφ. 8: Πρότυπο των μηχανών αναζήτησης
3D Simulations of the Thermal X-ray Emission from Young Supernova Remnants Including Efficient Particle Acceleration
Creators: name: Ferrand, Gilles
name: Decourchelle, Anne
name: Safi-Harb, Samar
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Supernova remnants (SNRs) are believed to be the major contributors to Galactic cosmic rays. The detection of non-thermal emission from SNRs demonstrates the presence of energetic particles, but direct signatures of protons and other ions remain elusive. If these particles receive a sizeable fraction of the explosion energy, the morphological and spectral evolution of the SNR must be modified. To assess this, we run 3D hydrodynamic simulations of a remnant coupled with a non-linear acceleration model. We obtain the time-dependent evolution of the shocked structure, impacted by the Rayleigh-Taylor hydrodynamic instabilities at the contact discontinuity and by the back-reaction of particles at the forward shock. We then compute the progressive temperature equilibration and non-equilibrium ionization state of the plasma, and its thermal emission in each cell. This allows us to produce the first realistic synthetic maps of the projected X-ray emission from the SNR. Plasma conditions (temperature, ionization age) can vary widely over the projected surface of the SNR, especially between the ejecta and the ambient medium owing to their different composition. This demonstrates the need for spatially-resolved spectroscopy. We find that the integrated emission is reduced with particle back-reaction, with the effect being more significant for the highest photon energies. Therefore different energy bands, corresponding to different emitting elements, probe different levels of the impact of particle acceleration. Our work provides a framework for the interpretation of SNR observations with current X-ray missions (Chandra, XMM-Newton, Suzaku) and with upcoming X-ray missions (such as Astro-H).
description: Accepted for publication in ApJ. Figures quality has been reduced for the arXiv
Soliton-induced relativistic-scattering and amplification
Creators: name: Rubino, E.
name: Lotti, A.
name: Belgiorno, F.
name: Cacciatori, S. L.
name: Couairon, A.
name: Leonhardt, U.
name: Faccio, D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Solitons are of fundamental importance in photonics due to applications in optical data transmission and also as a tool for investigating novel phenomena ranging from light generation at new frequencies and wave-trapping to rogue waves. Solitons are also relativistic scatterers: they generate refractive-index perturbations moving at the speed of light. Here we found that such perturbations scatter light in an unusual way: they amplify light by the mixing of positive and negative frequencies, as we describe using a first Born approximation and numerical simulations. The simplest scenario in which these effects may be observed is within the initial stages of optical soliton propagation: a steep shock front develops that may efficiently scatter a second, weaker probe pulse into relatively intense positive and negative frequency modes with amplification at the expense of the soliton. Our results show a novel all-optical amplification scheme that relies on relativistic scattering.
Additional file 32 of Pain mechanisms in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes
Creators: name: Sobeeh, Mohamed Gomaa
name: Hassan, Karima Abdelaty
name: da Silva, Anabela Gonçalves
name: Youssef, Enas Fawzy
name: Fayaz, Nadia Abdelazim
name: Mohammed, Maha Mostafa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 32. Fig. S32 Pooled results of mechanical pain sensitivity (MPS) of the remote areas. SD: standard deviation, CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome, and Std Mean Difference: standardized mean difference.
title: Χρηματοοικονομική στρατηγική μικρομεσαίων εμπορικών και μεταποιητικών επιχειρήσεων στην Κρήτη
Creators: name: Κατσούλης Χρήστος Μ.
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 2004

description: φ. 1: Χαρακτηριστικά ΜΜΕ -- Κεφ. 2: Πηγές-φορείς-προγράμματα χρηματοδότησης ΜΜΕ -- Κεφ. 3: Χρηματοοικονομική στρατηγική κρητικών ΜΜΕ
Implications for electron acceleration and transport from non-thermal electron rates at looptop and footpoint sources in solar flares
Creators: name: Simões, Paulo J. A.
name: Kontar, Eduard P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The interrelation of hard X-ray (HXR) emitting sources and the underlying physics of electron acceleration and transport presents one of the major questions in high-energy solar flare physics. Spatially resolved observations of solar flares often demonstrate the presence of well-separated sources of bremsstrahlung emission, so-called coronal and footpoint sources. Using spatially resolved X-ray observations by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) and recently improved imaging techniques, we investigate in detail the spatially resolved electron distributions in a few well-observed solar flares. The selected flares can be interpreted as having a standard geometry with chromospheric HXR footpoint sources related to thick-target X-ray emission and the coronal sources characterised by a combination of thermal and thin-target bremsstrahlung. Using imaging spectroscopy techniques, we deduce the characteristic electron rates and spectral indices required to explain the coronal and footpoint X-ray sources. We found that, during the impulsive phase, the electron rate at the looptop is several times (a factor of 1.7-8) higher than at the footpoints. The results suggest that a sufficient number of electrons accelerated in the looptop explain the precipitation into the footpoints and imply that electrons accumulate in the looptop. We discuss these results in terms of magnetic trapping, pitch-angle scattering, and injection properties. Our conclusion is that the accelerated electrons must be subject to magnetic trapping and/or pitch-angle scattering, keeping a fraction of the population trapped inside the coronal loops. These findings put strong constraints on the particle transport in the coronal source and provide quantitative limits on deka-keV electron trapping/scattering in the coronal source.
description: 12 pages, 7 figures
An analysis of the FIR/RADIO Continuum Correlation in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Creators: name: Leverenz, Howard
name: Filipović, Miroslav D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The local correlation between far-infrared (FIR) emission and radio-continuum (RC) emission for the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is investigated over scales from 3 kpc to 0.01 kpc. Here, we report good FIR/RC correlation down to ~15 pc. The reciprocal slope of the FIR/RC emission correlation (RC/FIR) in the SMC is shown to be greatest in the most active star forming regions with a power law slope of ~1.14 indicating that the RC emission increases faster than the FIR emission. The slope of the other regions and the SMC are much flatter and in the range of 0.63-0.85. The slopes tend to follow the thermal fractions of the regions which range from 0.5 to 0.95. The thermal fraction of the RC emission alone can provide the expected FIR/RC correlation. The results are consistent with a common source for ultraviolet (UV) photons heating dust and Cosmic Ray electrons (CRe-s) diffusing away from the star forming regions. Since the CRe-s appear to escape the SMC so readily, the results here may not provide support for coupling between the local gas density and the magnetic field intensity.
description: 19 pages, 7 Figures
On properties of principal elements of Frobenius Lie algebras
Creators: name: Diatta, Andre
name: Manga, Bakary
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Commutative Algebra (math.AC)
subject: Symplectic Geometry (math.SG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 17B05, 17B08, 22E60

description: We investigate the properties of principal elements of Frobenius Lie algebras, following the work of M. Gerstenhaber and A. Giaquinto. We prove that any Lie algebra with a left symmetric algebra structure can be embedded, in a natural way, as a subalgebra of some sl(m,K), for K= R or C. Hence, the work of Belavin and Drinfeld on solutions of the Classical Yang-Baxter Equation on simple Lie algebras, applied to the particular case of sl(m, K) alone, paves the way to the complete classification of Frobenius and more generally quasi-Frobenius Lie algebras. We prove that, if a Frobenius Lie algebra has the property that every derivation is an inner derivation, then every principal element is semisimple, at least for K=C. As an important case, we prove that in the Lie algebra of the group of affine motions of the Euclidean space of finite dimension, every derivation is inner. We also bring a class of examples of Frobenius Lie algebras, that hence are subalgebras of sl(m, K), but yet have nonsemisimple principal elements as well as some with semisimple principal elements having nonrational eigenvalues, where K=R or C.
description: Latex, 16 pages. The last version appeared at Journal of Lie Theory. Keywords and phrases: Frobenius Lie algebra, affine Lie algebra, Left symmetric Lie algebra, affine motion, symplectic Lie algebra, seaweed Lie algebra, symplectic Lie group, invariant symplectic structure, invariant affine structure
Comparison of Scatter Correction Methods for CBCT
Creators: name: Suri, Roland Erwin
name: Virshup, Gary
name: Kaissl, Wolfgang
name: Zurkirchen, Luis
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2010
Subjects: Scatter (SCAT)
RÖNTGENTOMOGRAPHIE (MEDIZINISCHE DIAGNOSTIK)
X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY (MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS)
SCATTER PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES (ELECTRICAL OSCILLATION TECHNOLOGY)
TRANSMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS)
TRANSMISSIONSTOMOGRAPHIE (MEDIZINISCHE DIAGNOSTIK)
CT
STREUAUSBREITUNG ELEKTROMAGNETISCHER WELLEN (ELEKTRISCHE SCHWINGUNGSTECHNIK)
Algorithms (ALG)
info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/610
Medical sciences, medicine

description: In contrast to the narrow fan of clinical Computed Tomography (CT) scanners, Cone Beam scanners irradiate a much larger proportion of the object, which causes several times more X-rays scattering. If this scatter is not corrected, the reconstructed images exhibit artifacts: The middle area of the object becomes darker than the outer area, as the density in the middle of the object is underestimated. We compared three methods of correcting for scatter artifacts. 1) A heuristically-estimated constant was subtracted from each projection image (Uniform Scatter Fraction). 2) A beam-hardening-type correction followed by comparing with a cylindrical norm. 3) A combination of both. 4) Using the projections, the object dimensions were estimated in order to compute the scatter with a physical model. In our preliminary results, the first method significantly reduced scatter artefacts. Method two and method three lead to similar image quality and effectively reduced scatter artifacts.
title: Μεθοδολογία ανάλυσης και προσομοίωσης της συμπεριφοράς των καταναλωτών με τη βοήθεια τεχνικών πολυκριτήριας ανάλυσης και τεχνητής νοημοσύνης
Creators: name: Ναλμπάντης Ιωάννης
Publisher: name: Technical University of Crete
Year: 2004

description:  Η συμπεριφορά του καταναλωτή -- 2. Η έρευνα αγοράς -- 3. Η πολυκριτήρια θεωρία -- 4. Η θεωρία της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης -- 5. Εφαρμογή στατιστικής ανάλυσης -- 6. Εφαρμογή μεθόδων της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης -- 7. Εφαρμογή μεθόδων της πολυκριτήριας θεωρίας
Additional file 33 of Pain mechanisms in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes
Creators: name: Sobeeh, Mohamed Gomaa
name: Hassan, Karima Abdelaty
name: da Silva, Anabela Gonçalves
name: Youssef, Enas Fawzy
name: Fayaz, Nadia Abdelazim
name: Mohammed, Maha Mostafa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 33. Fig. S33 Pooled results of wind-up ratio (WUR) of the affected area. SD: standard deviation, CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome, and Std Mean Difference: standardized mean difference.
Multigap Superconductivity in GdFeAsO$_{0.88}$ Evidenced by SnS-Andreev Spectroscopy
Creators: name: Shanygina, T. E.
name: Kuzmichev, S. A.
name: Mikheev, M. G.
name: Ponomarev, Ya. G.
name: Tchesnokov, S. N.
name: Eltsev, Yu. F.
name: Pudalov, V. M.
name: Sadakov, A. V.
name: Usol'tsev, A. S.
name: Khlybov, E. P.
name: Kulikova, L. F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using intrinsic multiple Andreev reflection effect (IMARE) spectroscopy we studied superconducting properties of nearly optimal oxygen-deficient GdFeAsO$_{0.88}$ polycrystalline samples (bulk critical temperatures $T_C^{bulk} = 49 ÷52$\,K). Temperature dependences for two superconducting gaps $Δ_{L,S}(T)$ ($T_C^{local} = 48 ÷50$\,K) have been measured in the range from 4.2 to 50\,K. The $Δ_{L,S}(T)$ dependences were found to deviate from the BCS-like function; this suggests an importance of the $k$-space (internal) proximity effect between the two condensates.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures. Submitted to J. Supercond. Novel Magn. (Superstripes 2012 Proceedings)
Repatriating the sacred: strengthening NAGPRA against institutional resistance
Creators: name: Robbins, Laura Danielle
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2023

description: The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act was passed in 1990 as a response to centuries of Native American ancestral remains and sacred objects being removed from their homes and stowed in the archives of federally-funded museums and institutions. The law was a culmination of decades of effort on the part of Native people fighting for the ownership of their own cultural heritage. While NAGPRA began the much-needed process of repatriation, the remains of 127,000 Native Americans and millions of sacred objects are still held by American museums and institutions. This study aims to address the loopholes in the legislation that allow for the continued retention of culturally-significant objects while proposing solutions to expedite repatriation. Reframing the law to define what constitutes sacred is a necessary step in this process for the protection and preservation of U.S. Native people’s cultural heritage. This thesis addresses numerous topics concerning Native American sacred object repatriation including the legislative history of repatriation in the United States, legislative loopholes present in NAGPRA, redefining what a sacred object should be considered, and how to move towards a more effective legislative solution for repatriation. Narrow definitions of the sacred and lack of legal enforcement have ensured that NAGPRA has not met its potential as a strong legal basis for repatriation. These gaps can be closed through amendments that expand definitions of cultural affiliation and the sacred, along with new measures for enforcing the provisions outlined by the law. The future success of sacred object repatriation law requires a new approach that values the voices of United States Native peoples over that of its museums and institutions. Only then can Native American tribes, Alaska Native villages, and Native Hawaiian organizations be afforded their inherent rights to religious freedom and cultural heritage ownership and control.
Additional file 34 of Pain mechanisms in complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative sensory testing outcomes
Creators: name: Sobeeh, Mohamed Gomaa
name: Hassan, Karima Abdelaty
name: da Silva, Anabela Gonçalves
name: Youssef, Enas Fawzy
name: Fayaz, Nadia Abdelazim
name: Mohammed, Maha Mostafa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 34. Fig. S34 Pooled results of wind-up ratio (WUR) of the remote areas. SD: standard deviation, CRPS: complex regional pain syndrome, and Std Mean Difference: standardized mean difference.