Masses, Radii, and Orbits of Small Kepler Planets: The Transition from Gaseous to Rocky Planets
Creators: name: Marcy, Geoffrey W.
name: Isaacson, Howard
name: Howard, Andrew W.
name: Rowe, Jason F.
name: Jenkins, Jon M.
name: Bryson, Stephen T.
name: Latham, David W.
name: Howell, Steve B.
name: Gautier, Thomas N.
name: Batalha, Natalie M.
name: Rogers, Leslie A.
name: Ciardi, David
name: Fischer, Debra A.
name: Gilliland, Ronald L.
name: Kjeldsen, Hans
name: Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jørgen
name: Huber, Daniel
name: Chaplin, William J.
name: Basu, Sarbani
name: Buchhave, Lars A.
name: Quinn, Samuel N.
name: Borucki, William J.
name: Koch, David G.
name: Hunter, Roger
name: Caldwell, Douglas A.
name: Van Cleve, Jeffrey
name: Kolbl, Rea
name: Weiss, Lauren M.
name: Petigura, Erik
name: Seager, Sara
name: Morton, Timothy
name: Johnson, John Asher
name: Ballard, Sarah
name: Burke, Chris
name: Cochran, William D.
name: Endl, Michael
name: MacQueen, Phillip
name: Everett, Mark E.
name: Lissauer, Jack J.
name: Ford, Eric B.
name: Torres, Guillermo
name: Fressin, Francois
name: Brown, Timothy M.
name: Steffen, Jason H.
name: Charbonneau, David
name: Basri, Gibor S.
name: Sasselov, Dimitar D.
name: Winn, Joshua
name: Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto
name: Christiansen, Jessie
name: Adams, Elisabeth
name: Henze, Christopher
name: Dupree, Andrea
name: Fabrycky, Daniel C.
name: Fortney, Jonathan J.
name: Tarter, Jill
name: Holman, Matthew J.
name: Tenenbaum, Peter
name: Shporer, Avi
name: Lucas, Philip W.
name: Welsh, William F.
name: Orosz, Jerome A.
name: Bedding, T. R.
name: Campante, T. L.
name: Davies, G. R.
name: Elsworth, Y.
name: Handberg, R.
name: Hekker, S.
name: Karoff, C.
name: Kawaler, S. D.
name: Lund, M. N.
name: Lundkvist, M.
name: Metcalfe, T. S.
name: Miglio, A.
name: Aguirre, V. Silva
name: Stello, D.
name: White, T. R.
name: Boss, Alan
name: Devore, Edna
name: Gould, Alan
name: Prsa, Andrej
name: Agol, Eric
name: Barclay, Thomas
name: Coughlin, Jeff
name: Brugamyer, Erik
name: Mullally, Fergal
name: Quintana, Elisa V.
name: Still, Martin
name: hompson, Susan E.
name: Morrison, David
name: Twicken, Joseph D.
name: Désert, Jean-Michel
name: Carter, Josh
name: Crepp, Justin R.
name: Hébrard, Guillaume
name: Santerne, Alexandre
name: Moutou, Claire
name: Sobeck, Charlie
name: Hudgins, Douglas
name: Haas, Michael R.
name: Robertson, Paul
name: Lillo-Box, Jorge
name: Barrado, David
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report on the masses, sizes, and orbits of the planets orbiting 22 Kepler stars. There are 49 planet candidates around these stars, including 42 detected through transits and 7 revealed by precise Doppler measurements of the host stars. Based on an analysis of the Kepler brightness measurements, along with high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, Doppler spectroscopy, and (for 11 stars) asteroseismology, we establish low false-positive probabilities for all of the transiting planets (41 of 42 have a false-positive probability under 1%), and we constrain their sizes and masses. Most of the transiting planets are smaller than 3X the size of Earth. For 16 planets, the Doppler signal was securely detected, providing a direct measurement of the planet's mass. For the other 26 planets we provide either marginal mass measurements or upper limits to their masses and densities; in many cases we can rule out a rocky composition. We identify 6 planets with densities above 5 g/cc, suggesting a mostly rocky interior for them. Indeed, the only planets that are compatible with a purely rocky composition are smaller than ~2 R_earth. Larger planets evidently contain a larger fraction of low-density material (H, He, and H2O).
description: 94 pages, 55 figures, 25 tables. Accepted by ApJS