Sicarius cariri Magalhães, Brescovit & Santos, 2013, new species
Creators: name: Magalhães, Ivan L. F.
name: Brescovit, Antonio D.
name: Santos, Adalberto J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Sicariidae
Sicarius
Sicarius cariri

description: Sicarius cariri new species
Figs 2–15; 17–19; 21–27; 35–36; 47, 64–87; 126–127; 136–137; 144–145; 154–159; 166
Sicarius tropicus: Lucas et al. 1981: 132, Figs 1–2 (misidentification); Pinto-da-Rocha 1995: 71 (misidentification).
Remarks. This species is the most widespread in the Brazilian Caatinga. As S. tropicus was the only species known from Brazil, some authors erroneously assumed that the individuals they had examined belonged to that species. We have examined the specimens mentioned in the two studies cited above and are certain that they are S. cariri n. sp.
Type material. Male holotype from Desfiladeiro, Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara (8°46'0.3''S 42°28'39.9''W, 508m), São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí, Brazil, 19/II/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., deposited in IBSP 162345. Paratypes: same collecting data, 13 (IBSP 162345), 13 (CHNUFPI 259), 13 (IBSP 162347), 13 (IBSP 162348), 13 (MNRJ 6522), 13 (MPEG ARA- 19205), 13 (IBSP 162351), 13 (IBSP 162352), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162356), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162357), 1Ƥ (CHNUFPI 260), 1Ƥ (MZSP 48988), 13 (UFMG 11040), 13 (UFMG 11041), 13 (MZSP 48987), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11043), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11044), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11045); Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara, Toca da Boca do Sapo (8°51'0.5''S 42°33'55.2''W, 446m), 21/II/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162338), 13 (IBSP 162339), 1Ƥ (MPEG ARA- 19206), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162342), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162343), 13 (UFMG 11038), 1Ƥ (MNRJ 6523); (8°52'46.6''S 42°43'14.8''W, 535m), 13 (IBSP 162714), 13 (IBSP 162714); (8°53'10.1''S 42°33'19.5''W, 368m), 18/II/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162335), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162337), 13 (UFMG 11037); [8°46'0.3''S 42°28'39.9''W, 318m], 30/VI/2001, A.C. Aguiar coll., 1Ƥ (DZUB 1226).
Etymology. The species name honors the Cariri people, a group of Native Americans whose territory is located in Northeastern Brazil. Cariri is a word meaning silent or sullen.
Diagnosis. Males of S. cariri n. sp. are similar to those of S. diadorim n. sp. in the embolus, which forms an almost right angle in relation to the rest of the bulb and has a curvature in apical view, with its concavity facing retrolaterally (Fig. 66), but differ in the shorter embolus (Figs 64–71, 127). Females differ from those of other species by having fewer branches in the spermathecae (typically 12 or less in S. cariri n. sp., 16 or more in other species), which are highly convoluted and usually long (Figs 72–85, 136–137, 144–145). This species has second femora of intermediate length between S. tropicus and S. diadorim n. sp. (mean±SD of femur II/carapace length: males 1.51±0.07, females 1.16±0.05; see Variation) (Fig. 47). Subadult females have few (8–10) incipient branches in the spermathecae, which are very similar in shape to those of adults (Figs 86–87).
Description. Male (IBSP 162345, holotype). Coloration and general appearance as described for the genus. Total length 12.25. Carapace: length 5.93, anterior width 2.44, thoracic region width 6.34. Clypeus height 0.97. Eyes diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.25, PLE 0.23, PME 0.2, ALE–PLE 0.25, PME–ALE 0.66. Sternum: length 2.43, width 3.14. Leg I: femur 8.17, patella 2.75, tibia 9.1, metatarsus 7, tarsus 3.34. II: femur 9.4, tibia 9.6. III: femur 8.4, tibia 8.1.IV: femur 7.92, patella 2.47, tibia 7.75, metatarsus 6.42, tarsus 2.92. Opisthosoma: length 5.83, width 5.42. Seven picks in the palpal femur. Palp as in Figs 64–71, 126–127.
Female (IBSP 56025, Guaribas, Piauí). Coloration and general appearance as described for the genus. Total length 13.05. Carapace: length 5.83, anterior width 2.94, thoracic region width 6.41. Clypeus height 1.02. Eyes diameters and interdistances: ALE 0.25, PLE 0.23, PME 0.2, ALE–PLE 0.23, PME–ALE 0.71. Sternum: length 2.51, width 3.12. Leg I: femur 6.14, patella 2.27, tibia 6.68, metatarsus 4.98, tarsus 2.8. II: femur 6.75, tibia 6.58. III: femur 6.25, tibia 5.58. IV: femur 6.2, patella 2.04, tibia 5.8, metatarsus 4.84, tarsus 2.52. Opisthosoma: length 6.58, width 6.08. Six picks in the palpal femur. Spermathecae as in Figs 72–85, 136–137, 144–145.
Variation. Carapace length: males 4.8–6.7 (n=37), females 5.1–7.75 (n=25). Femur II: males 7.2–10.13 (n=37), females 6.0–9.1 (n=25). Picks in the palpal femur: 5–7. Spermathecae branches: 9–13 (typically 12 or less). Genitalic morphology is variable in both sexes (Figs 64–85).
Distribution. Central and Northeastern Brazil, in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Pernambuco, Piauí and Tocantins (Fig. 166).
Natural history. This species is usually collected in Caatinga areas (Figs 154–158), where individuals lie beneath logs, stones or termite nests. This species is also known from Restinga vegetation (Fig. 159) and dry forest enclaves in the Cerrado domain. Specimens have been observed preying on cockroaches, small mygalomorph spiders and conspecifics. The observations on mating behavior mentioned above have been taken from a couple of this species from Morro do Chapéu, Bahia (Fig. 44). Eggsacs have been found attached to fallen logs, cave walls and living tree trunks. Twenty-five newly hatched individuals had between 1.19 and 1.37mm in carapace length.
Other material examined. Alagoas: Delmiro Gouveia, Caverna do Morcego [9°23'33''S 38°11'26''W], 20/ IV/2007, 2Ƥ (ISLA 2225). Bahia: Barra, Brejo Olhos D'Água (10°48'26.8''S 43°21'9.7''W, 450m), 26/I/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162247), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162688), 13 (IBSP 162690), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162691), 13 (UFMG 11017), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11684), Ibiraba [10°48’S 42°50’W], 1Ƥ 5 juveniles (MZUFBA 2579); Campo Formoso, Gruta Boa Vista [10°9'45''S 40°51'35''W, 556m], F. Chaimowicz coll., 1Ƥ (MZSP 11885), Gruta Boa Vista, Salão Telécio [10°9'45''S 40°51'35''W], 2/I/1992, L.S. Horta coll., 1Ƥ (MNRJ 3417), Gruta Morrinho [10°12'33''S 40°55'5''W], 13/VI/2012, R.L. Ferreira coll., 13 (ISLA 2200); Canudos [9°53’S 39°1’W], 1Ƥ (MNRJ 6265); Central (11°8'8''S 42°6'46''W), 10/VII/1997, 13 1Ƥ (IBSP 13349), Fazenda Paulo [11°8'8''S 42°6'46''W, 698m], 15/VII/1997, E.F. Ramos coll., 1Ƥ (IBSP 13335), same locality and collector, VII/1997, 13 (IBSP 13382), Peixe-Candeia (11°8'8''S 42°6'46''W), 10/VII/1997, 33 (IBSP 13354), Roça do Paulo [11°8'8''S 42°6'46''W, 698m], 9/VII/1997, 13 (IBSP 13340), Toca Esperança, 13/VII/1997, 13 (IBSP 13397); Itaguaçu da Bahia (11°0'42''S 42°23'58''W), 17/VII/2000, 13 1Ƥ (IBSP 28955), VII/2000, 1Ƥ (IBSP 28959), VI/2002, A.D. Brescovit coll., 13 (IBSP 37813); Jaborandi, divisa com Posse/GO (13°55'54''S 46°0'12''W, 960m), 28/IV/ 2008, O.R. Pires Jr. coll., 23 (DZUB 5019); Jaguarari, Toca do Angico [10°14'16''S 40°17'59''W], 9/I/2008, 13 (ISLA 2201); Lençóis [12°33’S 41°23’W], 13/XI/2002, A.P.L. Giupponi & R.L.C. Baptista coll., 13 (MNRJ 6264); Miguel Calmon, Distrito de Bagres, Caatinga arbórea (11°19'31.8''S 40°35'40.4''W, 512m), 23/I/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162256), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162257); Morro do Chapéu, Caatinga rupestre e pasto (11°28'39.2''S 41°22'7.9''W, 761m), 19/I/2012, 13 (IBSP 162258), 13 (UFMG 11685), Parque Estadual Morro do Chapéu, Caatinga sobre areia (11°29'51.2''S 41°19'49.3''W, 949m), 20/I/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162262), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162265), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162266), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162267), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162268), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162269), 13 (UFMG 11021), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11022), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11023), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11686), campo ruspestre e pasto (11°29'56.9''S 41°15'5.2''W, 1134m), 21/I/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 1Ƥ (IBSP 162272), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162273), 13 (IBSP 162274), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162276), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162277), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162279), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162280), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162281), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162282), 13 (UFMG 11024), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11025), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11026); Paripiranga (10°37'19''S 37°55'2''W), 25/II/2012, T.J. Porto coll., 13 (UFMG 11731); Paulo Afonso, Estação Ecológica Raso da Catarina (9°39'58.1''S 38°28'15.1''W, 586m), 22 – 23/V/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães & J.L. Chavari coll., 13 (IBSP 162694), VII/1983, T.B.Nunes coll., 1Ƥ (IBSP 3755); Queimadas (10°58'40''S 39°37'28''W), V/2003, 13 (IBSP 39283); Riacho Seco [8°48’S 39°40’W], VI/2010, A. Medeiros coll., 13 (IBSP 161057), 13 (IBSP 161058), 13 (IBSP 161059), 1Ƥ (IBSP 161060), 13 (IBSP 161061), 13 (IBSP 161062), 13 (IBSP 161063), 1Ƥ (IBSP 161064), 13 (IBSP 161065), 33 (IBSP 161066), 1Ƥ (IBSP 161067), 13 (IBSP 161068), 13 (IBSP 161069), 13 (IBSP 161070), 13 (IBSP 161071), 13 (IBSP 161072), 13 (IBSP 161073), 13 (IBSP 161074), 13 (IBSP 161075), 1Ƥ (IBSP 161083); Salvador, Lagoa do Abaeté [12°56’S 38°21’W, 8m], III/ 1996, 1Ƥ (IBSP 10326), 13 (IBSP 10327), 13 (IBSP 10328), 13 (IBSP 10329), 13 (IBSP 10330); Santa Teresinha [12°46'19''S 39°31'22''W], 9/XI/2010, L.S. Carvalho coll., 13 (CHNUFPI 75); Senhor do Bonfim, Campus VII da UNEB [10°26’S 40°10’W, 606m], III/ VII/2008, J.S. Costa coll., 1Ƥ (IBSP 133729), 13 (IBSP 133732), 13 (IBSP 133734), 1Ƥ (IBSP 133735), 1Ƥ (IBSP 133736), 13 (IBSP 133738), 13 1Ƥ (IBSP 133739), 1Ƥ (IBSP 133740), 13 (IBSP 133741), 1Ƥ (IBSP 133742), 13 (IBSP 133743), 13 (IBSP 133745), 13 1Ƥ (IBSP 133746), 33 3Ƥ (IBSP 133747); Xique-Xique, Caatinga rupestre (11°4'48.9''S 42°43'46.3''W, 419m), 27/ I/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162285), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162286), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162287), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162288), 13 (IBSP 162695), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11027), 13 (UFMG 11687). Ceará: Aiuaba, Estação Ecológica de Aiuaba (6°40'9.3''S 40°10'47.5''W, 436m), 8/V/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães & A.J. Santos coll., 13 (IBSP 162697), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162699), 13 (UFMG 11688), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11689); Araripe, Gruta Brejinho [7°13'51''S 39°59'49''W, 605m], E. Trajano, M.E. Bichuetti & L.A.Souza coll., 1Ƥ (IBSP 56058), Toca das Onças, 13/VII/2002, 13 1Ƥ 9 juveniles (IBSP 56037); Crato, Floresta Nacional do Araripe, Trilha do Picoto (7°20'42''S 39°25'5''W), 6/II/ 2011, A.S. Lopes coll., 1Ƥ (CHNUFPI 71), Parque Estadual Sítio Fundão (7°13'56.5''S 39°26'16.8''W, 482m), 9/ V/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães & A.J. Santos coll., 13 (IBSP 162701), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162703), 13 (UFMG 11690), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11691), Pedra Fedorenta [7°13'56.5''S 39°26'16.8''W, 426m], 15/VII/2002, E. Trajano, M.E. Bichuetti & L.A. Souza coll., 1Ƥ (IBSP 56047), 13 (IBSP 56056), Serra do Cariri [7°13'56.5''S 39°26'16.8''W], 6/X/2003, A.B. Kury coll., 13 1Ƥ (MNRJ 1476); Santana do Cariri [7°11’S 39°44’W], 18/III/1999, A.B. Kury & A.P.L. Giupponi coll., 13 (MNRJ 3434). Goiás: Posse, Fazenda Veredas [14°4’S 46°22’W, 811m], 30/I/2008, J.C.A. Rodrigues coll., 13 3Ƥ (DZUB 5583); São Domingos, Parque Estadual Terra Ronca [13°37'30''S 46°19'29''W, 739m], 19/XII/2010, P.C. Motta et al. coll., 13 1Ƥ (DZUB 5957), same locality, V/2000, A.M. Chagas Jr coll., 13 (IBSP 35023) [13°37'30''S 46°19'29''W], 8/V/2000, A. Chagas & L. Bichuette coll., 13 (MNRJ 6250). Maranhão: Barão de Grajaú, ponte sobre o Rio Parnaíba (6°43'23''S 43°6'17''W, 125m), 23/III/1999, A.B. Kury & A.P.L. Giupponi coll., 13 1 juvenile (MNRJ 6257); Barreirinhas, Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses (2°44'49''S 42°49'39''W), X/2001, Equipe Biota coll., 1Ƥ (IBSP 76676); Santa Quitéria do Maranhão (3°30'56''S 42°32'48''W), II – XII/1999, M. Mendonça coll., 1Ƥ 2 juveniles (IBSP 35742), 11/XII/1999, M.A. Mendonça coll., 1Ƥ (IBSP 36071), 13 (IBSP 36073). Pernambuco: Buíque, Parque Nacional do Catimbau (8°26'45.4''S 37°20'22.4''W, 586m), 9/IV/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães coll., 13 (UFMG 11115), same locality and collector, (8°30'14.4''S 37°21'4.5''W, 683m), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11117), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11118), Pedra do Cachorro (8°34'39.9''S 37°14'48.6''W, 795m), 2/IV/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães coll., 1Ƥ (UFMG 11119), (8°26'45.4''S 37°20'22.4''W, 586m), 9/IV/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães coll., 13 (UFMG 11733); Caruaru [8°16’S 35°58’W], 2008 – 2009, H.P. Amorim coll., 13 (IBSP 161051), 13 (IBSP 161052), 13 (IBSP 161053); Serra Talhada [7°59’S 38°17’W], 13 (IBSP 161054), 13 (IBSP 161055), 13 (IBSP 161056). Piauí: Alvorada do Gurguéia, Fazenda Escola da UFPI, Caatinga (8°22'28.6''S 43°51'32.5''W, 230m), 15 – 17/II/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162323), 13 (IBSP 162324), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162326), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162327), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162328), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162329), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162705), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162706), 13 (UFMG 11035), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11036); Avelino Lopes (10°8'12''S 43°56'55''W), II/1979, M.C. Santos coll., 13 (IBSP 3149); Bom Jesus [9°4’S 44°21’W, 277m], 12/ XI/2010, D.E. Oliveira coll., 1Ƥ (DZUB 5828), Estação Ecológica Uruçuí-Una (8°52'6''S 44°58'12''W), II/2000, P. Valdus, C. Nogueira & F. Curccio coll., 13 1 juvenile (IBSP 27793), same locality, 19 – 29/I/2001, G.G. Martingelli coll., 13 1Ƥ (MZSP 21551); Caracol, Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões (9°13'16''S 43°29'21''W), X/2006, P.R.R. Silva et al. coll., 53 (CHNUFPI 42), 2Ƥ (CHNUFPI 43), 43 6 juveniles (CHNUFPI 44), 23 5 juveniles (CHNUFPI 45), 83 (CHNUFPI 46), 63 2 juveniles (CHNUFPI 47), 43 4 juveniles (CHNUFPI 48), 5Ƥ (CHNUFPI 49), 23 9 juveniles (CHNUFPI 50), 83 (CHNUFPI 51), 6Ƥ (CHNUFPI 52), 43 (CHNUFPI 53), same locality, L.S. Carvalho & F.S. Silva coll., 2Ƥ (CHNUFPI 65), 13 (CHNUFPI 66), 1Ƥ (CHNUFPI 67), 13 (CHNUFPI 68), 23 (CHNUFPI 69), 13 (CHNUFPI 70) (9°13'16''S 43°29'21''W), X/2006, P.R.R. Silva et al. coll., 13 (CHNUFPI 72); Castelo do Piauí, Parque Municipal Pedra do Castelo, Caatinga e grutas (5°12'5.9''S 41°41'14.2''W, 197m), 26/II/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162386), 13 (IBSP 162387), 13 (IBSP 162388), 13 (IBSP 162389), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162392), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162393), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162394), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162395), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162396), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162397), 13 (UFMG 11051), 13 (UFMG 11052), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11053), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11054); Floriano, Fazenda do Colégio Agrícola de Floriano, Caatinga (6°45'41.5''S 43°3'16.5''W, 117m), 14/II/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162316), 13 (IBSP 162707), 13 (UFMG 11034); Guaribas, Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões [9°13'16''S 43°29'21''W], I/ 2002, Giovana coll., 13 1Ƥ 1 juvenile (IBSP 56025); Ilha Grande do Piauí, Vilarejo Saquinho, Restinga (2°45'59.4''S 41°48'27.4''W, 22m), 28/II/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162420), 13 (IBSP 162421), 13 (IBSP 162422), 13 (IBSP 162423), 13 (IBSP 162424), 13 (IBSP 162425), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162430), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162431), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162432), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162433), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162434), 13 (IBSP 162440), 13 (IBSP 162441), 13 (IBSP 162442), 13 (IBSP 162443), 13 (IBSP 162444), 13 (IBSP 162445), 13 (UFMG 11061), 13 (UFMG 11062), 13 (UFMG 11063), 13 (UFMG 11064), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11068), 13 (UFMG 11069), 13 (UFMG 11070), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11692); José de Freitas, Nazareth Eco Resort [4°45’S 42°34’W, 138m], 1Ƥ (IBSP 56731); Luís Corrêa, BR-343, Restinga (2°53'54.3''S 41°40'41.3''W, 14m), 30/II/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162377), 13 (IBSP 162378), 13 (IBSP 162379), 13 (IBSP 162380), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162383), 13 (UFMG 11048), 13 (UFMG 11049), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11050); Parnaíba, Campus Embrapa Meio-Norte (3°5'0.99''S 41°47'0.19''W), 1/II/2005, D. Loebmann coll., 13 (IBSP 51603), Distrito de Irrigação dos Tabuleiros Litorâneos do Piauí [3°2'12.7''S 41°46'45.8''W, 5m], 2008, J.A.S. Cunha coll., 13 (IBSP 144004), Restinga (3°2'12.7''S 41°46'45.8''W, 29m), 29/II/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162374), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162709) (3°2'12.7''S 41°46'45.8''W), 6/XI/1994, R. Bertani & D. Diniz coll., 1Ƥ (IBSP 5721); Picos, Baixio, Caatinga (7°9'47.5''S 41°19'50.3''W, 239m), 22 – 24/II/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162366), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162367), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162710), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162711), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11046), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11693), 13 (UFMG 11694), Valparaíso, Caatinga e pasto (7°4'1.3''S 41°20'19.3''W, 274m), 23 – 24/II/2012, I.L.F. Magalhães et al. coll., 13 (IBSP 162371), 1Ƥ (IBSP 162372), 1Ƥ (UFMG 11047); Piracuruca, Parque Nacional das Sete Cidades, (4°5'56.2''S 41°43'12.9''W, 169m), V/2011, G. Ruiz et al. coll., 23 (IBSP 161293), 3Ƥ (IBSP 161293). Tocantins: Dianópolis [11°37’S 46°49’W, 693m], 25/IX/2003, F.S.P. Godói coll., 1Ƥ (DZUB 2666); Mateiros, Parque Estadual do Jalapão [10°22’S 46°41’W, 430m], 16/VI/2003, R. Alves coll., 13 (DZUB 2250), same locality, 1/XI/2004, S. Balbino coll., 1Ƥ 1 juvenile (DZUB 3368), same locality, 1999, A.B. Kury & A.P.L. Giupponi coll., 13 (MNRJ 3919).
description: Published as part of Magalhães, Ivan L. F., Brescovit, Antonio D. & Santos, Adalberto J., 2013, The six-eyed sand spiders of the genus Sicarius (Araneae: Haplogynae: Sicariidae) from the Brazilian Caatinga, pp. 101-135 in Zootaxa 3599 (2) on pages 117-121, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.248572