cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Peace and Security in the Nuclear Age
Creators: name: Wayman, Francis "Frank"
Publisher: name: My University
Year: 1984
Subjects: subject: arms race
subject: deterrence
subject: threat of nuclear war
subject: Social Sciences
subject: Political Science
subject: FOS: Political science

description: at one of the most perilous periods of the cold war, five specialists reflect on the best path to peace and security for the United States and the world. Panelist are: 1) J. David Singer, founder of the Correlates of War Project and Professor at the University of Michigan. 2) James Blight, Harvard Kennedy Center Associate and Specialist on the history of the Cuban Missile Crisis. 3) Susan Koch, US Defense Department Analyst. 4) Bishop Thomas Gumbleton, Co-author of the US Catholic Bishops' Pastoral Letter on Nuclear War. 5) Frank Wayman, Moderator and Professor of Political Science ant University of Michigan - Dearborn, and Author of Resort to War a summary and expansion of the findings of the Correlates of War Project.
The Dirichlet problem for the Bellman equation at resonance
Creators: name: Armstrong, Scott N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 35J60; 35P30

description: We generalize the Donsker-Varadhan minimax formula for the principal eigenvalue of a uniformly elliptic operator in nondivergence form to the first principal half-eigenvalue of a fully nonlinear operator which is concave (or convex) and positively homogeneous. Examples of such operators include the Hamilon-Jacobi-Bellman operator and the Pucci extremal operators. In the case that the two principal half-eigenvalues are not equal, we show that the measures which achieve the minimum in this formula provide a partial characterization of the solvability of the corresponding Dirichlet problem at resonance.
description: Appendix added. 28 pages
On an alternative explanation of anomalous scaling and how well-defined is the concept of inertial range
Creators: name: Kholmyansky, M.
name: Tsinober, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The main point of this communication is that there is a small non-negligible amount of eddies-outliers/very strong events (comprising a significant subset of the tails of the PDF of velocity increments in the nominally-defined inertial range) for which viscosity/dissipation is of utmost importance at whatever high Reynolds number. These events contribute significantly to the values of higher-order structure functions and their anomalous scaling. Thus the anomalous scaling is not an attribute of the conventionally-defined inertial range, and the latter is not a well-defined concept. The claim above is supported by an analysis of high-Reynolds-number flows in which among other things it was possible to evaluate the instantaneous rate of energy dissipation.
description: 7 pages, 6 figures
Workforce Diversity and Employees’ Performance: Evidence from a Nigerian Bank
Creators: name: Obamiro, John Kolade
name: Kumolu-Johnson, Babatunde Oladipupo
name: Ngwamaj, Justice Chidi
Publisher: name: International Journal of Economic Behavior
Year: 2019

description: The study examined the relationship between workforce diversity and employee performance in selected branches of First Bank of Nigeria. The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between gender diversity and job satisfaction. Also. examine the relationship between ethnic diversity and employee intention to quit. Survey research method was adopted in this study. One hundred and twenty-one (121) copies of questionnaire were distributed and eighty-three (83) copies were returned and valid for the analysis of stated hypotheses. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) analysis was adopted to test the relationship between variables. The gender diversity correlate with job satisfaction at a value of r = 0.891, while ethnic diversity correlate with employee intention to quit at a value of r = 0.825. The results showed a strong relationship between workforce diversity variables and employee performance of First Bank of Nigeria Plc. Alimosho branches. The study recommended that management should continue to promote equal employment and opportunity for career growth for all gender and should improve cultural awareness of the employees through social interaction. Keywords: Diversity; Employees’ intention to quit; Ethnic diversity; Gender diversity; Job satisfaction.
description: International Journal of Economic Behavior, Vol 9, No 1 (2019): International Journal of Economic Behavior
Fragmentation of a trapped bosonic mixture
Creators: name: Alon, Ofir E.
name: Cederbaum, Lorenz S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Fragmentation of bosons and pairs in a trapped imbalanced bosonic mixture is investigated analytically using an exactly solvable model, the generic harmonic-interaction model for mixtures. Closed-form expressions for the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the reduced one-particle and two-particle density matrices as a function of all parameters, the masses, numbers of bosons, and the intraspecies and interspecies interactions, are obtained and analyzed. As an application, we consider a system made of $N_1=100$ non-interacting species $1$ bosons embedded in a bath made of $N_2=10^6$ non-interacting species $2$ bosons, and show how fragmentation of the system's bosons and pairs emerges from the system--bath interaction only. Interestingly, the lighter the bosons comprising the bath are the stronger is the system's fragmentation. Further applications are briefly discussed.
description: 12 pages, 2 figures
The Black Hole Mass, Stellar M/L, and Dark Halo in M87
Creators: name: Gebhardt, Karl
name: Thomas, Jens
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We model the dynamical structure of M87 (NGC4486) using high spatial resolution long-slit observations of stellar light in the central regions, two-dimensional stellar light kinematics out to half of the effective radius, and globular cluster velocities out to 8 effective radii. We simultaneously fit for four parameters, black hole mass, dark halo core radius, dark halo circular velocity, and stellar mass-to-light ratio. We find a black hole mass of 6.4(+-0.5)x10^9 Msun(the uncertainty is 68% confidence marginalized over the other parameters). The stellar M/L_V=6.3+-0.8. The best-fitted dark halo core radius is 14+-2 kpc, assuming a cored logarithmic potential. The best-fitted dark halo circular velocity is 715+-15 km/s. Our black hole mass is over a factor of 2 larger than previous stellar dynamical measures, and our derived stellar M/L ratio is 2 times lower than previous dynamical measures. When we do not include a dark halo, we measure a black hole mass and stellar M/L ratio that is consistent with previous measures, implying that the major difference is in the model assumptions. The stellar M/L ratio from our models is very similar to that derived from stellar population models of M87. The reason for the difference in the black hole mass is because we allow the M/L ratio to change with radius. The dark halo is degenerate with the stellar M/L ratio, which is subsequently degenerate with the black hole mass. We argue that dynamical models of galaxies that do not include the contribution from a dark halo may produce a biased result for the black hole mass. This bias is especially large for a galaxy with a shallow light profile such as M87, and may not be as severe in galaxies with steeper light profiles unless they have a large stellar population change with radius.
description: 12 pages, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal
3D-QSAR, docking and molecular dynamics simulations of novel Pyrazolo-pyridazinone derivatives as covalent inhibitors of FGFR1: a scientific approach for possible anticancer agents
Creators: name: Hamza, Shafaq
name: Abid, Abira
name: Khanum, Affia
name: Chohan, Talha Ali
name: Saleem, Hammad
name: Khan, Kashif Maqbool
name: Khurshid, Umair
name: Butt, Juwairiya
name: Anwar, Sirajudheen
name: Alafnan, Ahmed
name: Ansari, Siddique Akber
name: Qayyum, Aisha
name: Raza, Ali
name: Chohan, Tahir Ali
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biochemistry
Pharmacology
Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Information Systems not elsewhere classified

description: Developing highly potent covalent inhibitors of Fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 (FGFR1) has always been a challenging task. In the current study, various computational techniques, such as 3D-QSAR, covalent docking, fingerprinting analysis, MD simulation followed by MMGB/PBSA, and per-residue energy decomposition analysis were used to explore the binding mechanism of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazinone derivatives to FGFR1. The high q2 and r2 values for the CoMFA and CoMSIA models, suggest that the constructed 3D-QSAR models could reliably predict the bioactivities of FGFR1 inhibitors. The structural requirements revealed by the model’s contour maps were strategically used to computationally create an in-house library of more than 100 new FGFR1 inhibitors using the R-group exploration technique implemented in the SparkTM software. The compounds from the in-house library were also mapped in the 3D-QSAR model that predicts comparable pIC50 values with the experimental values. A comparison between 3D-QSAR generated contours and molecular docking conformation of ligands was performed to reveal the fundamentals to design potent FGFR1 covalent inhibitors. The estimated binding free energies (MMGB/PBSA) for the selected compounds were in agreement with the experimental value ranking of their binding affinities towards FGFR1. Furthermore, per-residue energy decomposition analysis has identified Arg627 and Glu531 to contribute significantly in improved binding affinity of compound W16. During ADME analysis, the majority of in-house library compounds exhibited pharmacokinetic properties superior to those of experimentally produced compounds. These new compounds may help researchers better understand FGFR1 inhibition and lead to the creation of novel, potent FGFR1 inhibitors. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
Isomorphism between the Bialynicki-Birula and the Landau-Peierls Fock space quantization of the electromagnetic field in position representation
Creators: name: Federico, Maxime
name: Jauslin, Hans Rudolf
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We first present a summary of the quantization of the electromagnetic field in position space representation, using two main approaches: the Landau-Peierls approach in the Coulomb gauge and the Bialynicki-Birula approach, based on the Riemann-Silberstein vector. We describe both in a framework that starts with a classical Hamiltonian structure and builds the quantum model in a bosonic Fock space by a precisely defined principle of correspondence. We show that the two approches are completly equivalent. This is formulated by showing that there is a unitary map between the Fock spaces that makes them isomorphic. Since all the physically measurable quantities can be expressed in terms of scalar products, this implies that the two quantizations lead to exactly the same physical properties. We show furthemore that the isomorphism is preserved in the time evolutions. To show the equivalence, we use the concepts of helicity and frequency operators. The combination of these two operators provides a formulation that allows one to make the link between these two methods of quantization in a precise way. We also show that the construction in the Bialynicki-Birula quantization that avoids the presence of negative eigenvalues in the Hamiltonian, in analogy with the one for the Dirac equation for electrons and positrons, can be performed through an alternative choice of the canonical variables for Maxwell's equations.
On dynamics of fermion generations
Creators: name: Simonov, Yu. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The hierarchy of fermion masses and EW symmetry breaking without elementary Higgs is studied on the basis of strong gauge field distributions governing the EW dynamics. The mechanism of symmetry breaking due to quark bilinears condensation is generalized to the case, when higher field correlators are present in the EW vacuum. Resulting wave functional yields several minima of quark bilinears, giving masses of three (or more) generations. Mixing is suggested to be due to kink solutions of the same wave functional. For a special form of this mixing ("coherent mixing") a realistic hierarhy of masses and of CKM coefficients is obtained and arguments in favor of the fourth generation are given. Possible important role of topological charges for CP violating phases and small masses of the first generation is stressed.
description: 31 pages, typos corrected, references added
Non-Hermitian higher-Order Weyl semimetal with surface diabolic points
Creators: name: Bid, Subhajyoti
name: Dash, Gaurab Kumar
name: Thakurathi, Manisha
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Higher-order topology in non-Hermitian (NH) systems has recently become one of the most promising and rapidly developing fields in condensed matter physics. Many distinct phases that were not present in the Hermitian equivalents are shown in these systems. In this work, we examine how higher-order Weyl semimetals are impacted by NH perturbation. We identify a new type of topological semimetal, i.e., non-Hermitian higher-order Weyl semimetal (NHHOWS) with surface diabolic points. We demonstrate that in such an NHHOWS, new exceptional points inside the bulk can be created and annihilated, therefore allowing us to manipulate their number. At the boundary, these exceptional points are connected through unique surface states with diabolic points and hinge states. For specific system parameters, the surface of NHHOWS behaves as a Dirac phase with linear dispersion or a Luttinger phase with a quadratic dispersion, thus paving a way for Dirac-Luttinger switching. Finally, we employ the biorthogonal technique to reinstate the standard bulk boundary correspondence for NH systems and compute the topological invariants. The obtained quantized biorthogonal Chern number and quadruple moment topologically protect the unique surface and hinge states, respectively.
description: 16 pages, 11 figures
A Study of the Influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation on the Business Performance of Auto Artisans Firms within Lagos State Metropolis in Nigeria
Creators: name: Rahim, Ajao Ganiyu
Publisher: name: International Journal of Economic Behavior
Year: 2019

description: This study investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of small scale auto artisans within Lagos state metropolis. Descriptive survey research design was adopted using quantitative research approach. Questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents selected through multistage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics were used to present a snap view of the data collected, while correlation, regression analysis and ANOVA were used to test the hypotheses. Results of the analysis established that all the entrepreneurial orientation dimensions (innovativeness, risk taking, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, and autonomy) are significantly related to one another and business performance. Also all the entrepreneurial orientation dimensions individually and jointly significantly predicted and influenced business performance. Findings of the study also revealed that the degree of entrepreneurial orientation is related to the year/period the business has been in operation. The study concluded that the competitive nature of contemporary business environment, require that firms are highly entrepreneurial-oriented to succeed. The study recommended that small scale entrepreneurs should develop capability that will foster entrepreneurial orientation so as to build a formidable learning and adaptive organization. Key words: Innovativeness; Risk taking; Proactiveness; Competitive aggressiveness; Autonomy; Small scale artisans; Business performance.
description: International Journal of Economic Behavior, Vol 9, No 1 (2019): International Journal of Economic Behavior
Understanding Dynamics in Coarse-Grained Models: V. Extension of Coarse-Grained Dynamics Theory to Non-Hard Sphere Systems
Creators: name: Jin, Jaehyeok
name: Voth, Gregory A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Coarse-grained (CG) modeling has gained significant attention in recent years due to its wide applicability in enhancing the spatiotemporal scales of molecular simulations. While CG simulations, often performed with Hamiltonian mechanics, faithfully recapitulate structural correlations at equilibrium, they lead to ambiguously accelerated dynamics. In the first paper of this series [J. Chem. Phys. 158, 034103 (2023)], we proposed the excess entropy scaling relationship to understand the CG dynamics. Then, in the following companion paper [J. Chem. Phys. 158, 034104 (2023)], we developed a theory to map the CG system into a dynamically-consistent hard sphere system to analytically derive an expression for fast CG dynamics. However, many chemical and physical systems do not exhibit hard sphere-like behavior, limiting the extensibility of the developed theory. In this paper, we aim to generalize the theory to the non-hard sphere system based on the Weeks-Chandler-Andersen perturbation theory. Since non-hard sphere-like CG interactions affect the excess entropy term as it deviates from the hard sphere description, we explicitly account for the extra entropy to correct the non-hard sphere nature of the system. This approach is demonstrated for two different types of interactions seen in liquids, and we further provide a generalized description for any CG models using the generalized Gaussian CG models using Gaussian basis sets. Altogether, this work allows for extending the range and applicability of the hard sphere CG dynamics theory to a myriad of CG liquids.
description: 47 pages, 13 figures
Gauge fields on noncommutative geometries with curvature
Creators: name: Buric, Maja
name: Grosse, Harald
name: Madore, John
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It was shown recently that the lagrangian of the Grosse-Wulkenhaar model can be written as lagrangian of the scalar field propagating in a curved noncommutative space. In this interpretation, renormalizability of the model is related to the interaction with the background curvature which introduces explicit coordinate dependence in the action. In this paper we construct the $U_1$ gauge field on the same noncommutative space: since covariant derivatives contain coordinates, the Yang-Mills action is again coordinate dependent. To obtain a two-dimensional model we reduce to a subspace, which results in splitting of the degrees of freedom into a gauge and a scalar. We define the gauge fixing and show the BRST invariance of the quantum action.
description: 18 pages
Multiscale mechanics of thermal gradient coupled graphene fracture: A molecular dynamics study
Creators: name: Zhai, Hanfeng
name: Yeo, Jingjie
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 81Vxx, 82Cxx, 74Axx

description: The thermo-mechanical coupling mechanism of graphene fracture under thermal gradients possesses rich applications whereas is hard to study due to its coupled non-equilibrium nature. We employ non-equilibrium molecular dynamics to study the fracture of graphene by applying a fixed strain rate under different thermal gradients by employing different potential fields. It is found that for AIREBO and AIREBO-M, the fracture stresses do not strictly follow the positive correlations with the initial crack length. Strain-hardening effects are observed for "REBO-based" potential models of small initial defects, which is interpreted as blunting effect observed for porous graphene. The temperature gradients are observed to not show clear relations with the fracture stresses and crack propagation dynamics. Quantized fracture mechanics verifies our molecular dynamics calculations. We provide a unique perspective that the transverse bond forces share the loading to account for the nonlinear increase of fracture stress with shorter crack length. Anomalous kinetic energy transportation along crack tips is observed for "REBO-based" potential models, which we attribute to the high interatomic attractions in the potential models. The fractures are honored to be more "brittle-liked" carried out using machine learning interatomic potential (MLIP), yet incapable of simulating post-fracture dynamical behaviors. The mechanical responses using MLIP are observed to be not related to temperature gradients. The temperature configuration of equilibration simulation employing the dropout uncertainty neural network potential with a dropout rate of 0.1 is reported to be the most accurate compared with the rest. This work is expected to inspire further investigation of non-equilibrium dynamics in graphene with practical applications in various engineering fields.
description: refined the manuscript and corrected minor issues
Alterations in countermovement jump performance following completion of a mountainous ultramarathon
Creators: name: Schmitt, Ethan
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2024

description: BACKGROUND: Ultramarathons lie on the extreme end of endurance sport duration. With ultramarathon participation increasing in recent years, there is a need for more research to understand factors that influence ultramarathon performance, and the potential effects of completing an ultramarathon on muscular fatigue. This study investigated countermovement jump mechanics in ultramarathon runners and identified potential changes following a race. METHODS: Twenty-one runners (6 female, 15 male) were recruited from an ultramarathon trail race. Runners were examined before and after ultra-endurance races of 64 km, 80 km, 100 km, and 192 km. Height, weight, percentage body fat were collected, and the participants performed five jumps on a dual force plate system (Hawkin Dynamics, USA) to assess jump height, as well as related force-time variables in the braking and propulsive phases of the jump. Paired samples T-tests were conducted to assess changes from pre- to post. Pearson product correlations were calculated to determine the association between indices of vertical ground reaction forces and race performance RESULTS: Significant decreases were observed in jump height (-33.6 ± 17%, p < 0.001), average relative net braking impulse (-33.1 ± 19 % change, p < 0.001), braking rate of force development (-60.1 ± 25%, p < 0.001), and propulsive net impulse (-19.3 ± 11%, p < 0.001). Significant increases were observed in braking phase time (s) (52.7 ± 55%, p < 0.001), and propulsive phase time (s) (8.85 ± 16%, p = 0.012). Peak propulsive force was not significantly different between pre- and post-race (-1.39 ± 9.8%, p = 0.474) No countermovement jump variables displayed significant correlations to relative finishing time. However, both body weight (r = 0.49, p = 0.025), and BMI (r = 0.52, p = 0.015), demonstrated significant associations with race performance. CONCLUSION: Ultramarathons elicit altered jump timing, limiting the ability to use elastic energy, but does not affect maximal concentric force generated. This research may translate to improving strength training or running programs for ultrarunners.
Detection of a tertiary brown dwarf companion in the sdB-type eclipsing binary HS 0705+6700
Creators: name: Qian, S.
name: Zhu, L.
name: Zola, S.
name: Liao, W.
name: Liu, L.
name: Li, L.
name: Winiarski, M.
name: Kuligowska, E.
name: Kreiner, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: HS 0705+6700 is a short-period (P=2.3 hours), close binary containing a hot sdB-type primary and a fully convective secondary. We have monitored this eclipsing binary for more than 2 years and as a result, 32 times of light minimum were obtained. Based on our new eclipse times together with these compiled from the literature, it is discovered that the O-C curve of HS 0705+6700 shows a cyclic variation with a period of 7.15 years and a semiamplitude of 92.4 s. The periodic change was analyzed for the light-travel time effect that may be due to the presence of a tertiary companion. The mass of the third body is determined to be M3 sin i = 0.0377 (+/-0.0043) Msun when a total mass of 0.617 Msun for HS 0705+6700 is adopted. For orbital inclinations i >= 32.8, the mass of the tertiary component would be below the stable hydrogen-burning limit of M3~0.072 Msun, and thus it would be a brown dwarf. The third body is orbiting the sdB-type binary at a distance shorter than 3.6 astronomical units (AU). HS 0705+6700 was formed through the evolution of a common envelope after the primary becomes a red giant. The detection of a sub-stellar companion in HS 0705+6700 system at this distance from the binary could give some constraints on stellar evolution in such systems and the interactions between red giants and their companions.
description: 10 pages, 3 figures To be published in Astrophysical Journal
Thermal expansion and the glass transition
Creators: name: Lunkenheimer, P.
name: Loidl, A.
name: Riechers, B.
name: Zaccone, A.
name: Samwer, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Melting is well understood in terms of the Lindemann criterion, essentially stating that crystalline materials melt when the thermal vibrations of their atoms become such vigorous that they shake themselves free of the binding forces. However, how about another common type of solids: glasses, where the nature of the solid-liquid crossover is highly controversial? The Lindemann criterion implies that the thermal expansion coefficients alpha of crystals are inversely proportional to their melting temperatures. Here we find that, unexpectedly, alpha of glasses decreases much stronger with increasing glass-transition temperature Tg marking the liquid-solid crossover in this material class. However, scaling alpha by the fragility m, a measure of particle cooperativity, restores the proportionality, i.e., alpha/m ~ 1/Tg. Obviously, for a glass to become liquid, it is not sufficient to simply overcome the interparticle binding energies. Instead, more energy has to be invested to break up the typical cooperative particle network which is considered a hallmark feature of glassy materials. Surprisingly, alpha of the liquid phase reveals similar anomalous behaviour and is universally enhanced by a constant factor of ~3. The found universalities allow estimating glass-transition temperatures from thermal expansion and vice versa.
description: 6 pages, 2 figures + Supplementary Information (9 pages, 1 figure, 2 tables). First submitted version of manuscript
Corruption: Where and Why (and How to Beat It)?
Creators: name: Šumah, FabioŠtefan
name: Borošak, Matic
Publisher: name: International Journal of Economic Behavior
Year: 2019

description: Corruptive environment is a phenomenon we are facing every single day through different point of views. It can have positive or negative impact from both macro and micro perspective. The study is focusing on two key questions: WHERE corruption is occurring (geographical, phenomenal levels etc.) and WHY is it occurring by identifying factors causing it (country specific factors). While the question “where” is relatively easy to answer, the question “why” requires a significantly more complex response. Country analysis was made according to their rankings through Corruption Perceptions Index, published annually by Transparency International. I have researched the main factors that affect the level of corruption in each group of countries, or rather tried to find similarities and differences between individual groups of countries with regard to what affects the level of corruption in these groups. A basic model of three factors (risk, benefit, and awareness) was created based on several known, scientifically confirmed factors that either generate or reduce corruption and affect the level of corruption in each country respectively. Depending on the level of corruption analyzed, countries can be placed into five classes by their common characteristics. During the discussion, the results of the study were then compared with the results of the already-known research, and the matches and differences defined. The findings were also commented upon with the aim to answer the question of how to fight corruption. Key words: Corruption; causes of corruption; corruption: where?; corruption: why?; fight against corruption.
description: International Journal of Economic Behavior, Vol 9, No 1 (2019): International Journal of Economic Behavior
Spatially Resolved Properties of High Redshift Galaxies in the SMACS0723 JWST ERO Field
Creators: name: Giménez-Arteaga, Clara
name: Oesch, Pascal A.
name: Brammer, Gabriel B.
name: Valentino, Francesco
name: Mason, Charlotte A.
name: Weibel, Andrea
name: Barrufet, Laia
name: Fujimoto, Seiji
name: Heintz, Kasper E.
name: Nelson, Erica J.
name: Strait, Victoria B.
name: Suess, Katherine A.
name: Gibson, Justus
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the first spatially resolved measurements of galaxy properties in the JWST ERO SMACS0723 field. We perform a comprehensive analysis of five $5
description: Submitted to ApJ
Apparent shape of super-spinning black holes
Creators: name: Bambi, Cosimo
name: Freese, Katherine
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider the possibility that astrophysical Black Holes (BHs) can violate the Kerr bound; i.e., they can have angular momentum greater than BH mass, $J > M$. We discuss implications on the BH apparent shape. Even if the bound is violated by a small amount, the shadow cast by the BH changes significantly (it is $\sim$ an order of magnitude smaller) from the case with $J \le M$ and can be used as a clear observational signature in the search for super--spinning BHs. We discuss briefly recent observations in the mm range of the super--massive BH at the Center of the Galaxy, speculating on the possibility that it might violate the Kerr bound.
description: 7 pages, 3 figures. v3: refereed version
Appraising the Efficacy of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (Needs) as Policy Intervention in Nigeria (2003-2007)
Creators: name: Adebisi, Sunday Abayomi
name: Oyedele, Abiodun Adebowale
name: Adelakun, Christo Gbenga
Publisher: name: International Journal of Economic Behavior
Year: 2019

description: This study appraised the efficacy of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategies (NEEDS) as policy intervention in Nigeria. The study adopted mixed methods. Using convenience sampling method, 240 citizens were randomly selected public and private institution in Ogun State. Comparatively, mean analysis was adopted in analyzing the percentage mean of the secondary data collected while self-designed questionnaires were used to elicit responses as primary data for the study. The instrument used for data collection was a self-designed questionnaire with a test-retest correlation coefficient of 0.86 for the reliability test. The study generated four research questions and four hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the hypotheses indicated that: (i) NEEDS policy was not effective objectively on the targeted growth and development indicators (GDI). (ii) The study also revealed that there were no significant differences after the intervention of NEEDS. (iii) Based on the findings of the study, it was inferred that NEEDS produces no significant differences on GDI. It was therefore recommended that thorough appraisal of the previous and existing policies should be undertaken before the formulation of new one in order to ascertain the reason for its ineffectiveness, failure, need for replacement and sustainability methods for subsequent policy after implementation. Key words: Efficacy; Appraisal; GDI; Sustainability; NEEDS
description: International Journal of Economic Behavior, Vol 9, No 1 (2019): International Journal of Economic Behavior
Calculations in Lorentz-breaking scalar QED
Creators: name: Felipe, Jean C. C.
name: Petrov, A. Yu
name: Scarpelli, A. P. B.
name: Brito, L. C. T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We purpose a study a Lorentz-breaking extension of the scalar QED. We calculate the contributions in the Lorentz-violating parameters to the two-point functions of scalar and gauge fields. We found that the two background tensors, coming from the two sectors (scalar and gauge) are mixed in the one-loop corrections. This shows that these two Lorentz-breaking terms cannot be studied in an isolated form.
description: Presented at the Ninth Meeting on CPT and Lorentz Symmetry, Bloomington, Indiana, May 17-26, 2022
Dark energy with dark spinors
Creators: name: Boehmer, Christian G.
name: Burnett, James
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Ever since the first observations that we are living in an accelerating universe, it has been asked what dark energy is. There are various explanations all of which with have various draw backs or inconsistencies. Here we show that using a dark spinor field it is possible to have an equation of state that crosses the phantom divide, becoming a dark phantom spinor which evolves into dark energy. This type of equation of state has been mildly favored by experimental data, however, in the past there were hardly any candidate theories that satisfied this crossing without creating ghosts or causing a singularity which results in the universe essentially ripping. The dark spinor model converges to dark energy in a reasonable time frame avoiding the big rip and without attaining negative kinetic energy as it crosses the phantom divide.
description: 12 pages, 7 figures
Nominal or Proportional Investments: Investment Strategies, Judgments of Asset Accumulations and Time Preference
Creators: name: Gonzalez, Nichel
Publisher: name: International Journal of Economic Behavior
Year: 2019

description: This study investigated how fund investment strategies can be influenced by the response format, nominal or proportional. Additionally, judgments of accumulated assets and time preference were investigated. Participants were randomized to express their investments either as SEK or as a percentage of fund assets, in vignette scenarios. Historical and forecasted fund interest rate information was varied in a factorial design. The SEK participants ignored more information than the percent participants, and used a fixed strategy to a greater extent (investing all or no assets). Furthermore, SEK participants relied more on forecasts than percent participants. Importantly, strategies varied a lot among individuals in both conditions. Interestingly, asset judgments were barely related to investment decisions, but time preference was. The large intra-individual variation suggests that there is no “one size fits all” way to give investment advice. Furthermore, advisors should be aware that people may invest differently if they think proportionally instead of nominally. Key words: Asset accumulation; Investments; Response format; Nominal value; Proportional value.
description: International Journal of Economic Behavior, Vol 9, No 1 (2019): International Journal of Economic Behavior
An essential mechanism of heat dissipation in carbon nanotube electronics
Creators: name: Rotkin, Slava V.
name: Perebeinos, Vasili
name: Petrov, Alexey G.
name: Avouris, Phaedon
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Excess heat generated in integrated circuits is one of the major problems of modern electronics. Surface phonon-polariton scattering is shown here to be the dominant mechanism for hot charge carrier energy dissipation in a nanotube device fabricated on a polar substrate, such as $SiO_2$. Using microscopic quantum models the Joule losses were calculated for the various energy dissipation channels as a function of the electric field, doping, and temperature. The polariton mechanism must be taken into account to obtain an accurate estimate of the effective thermal coupling of the non-suspended nanotube to the substrate, which was found to be 0.1-0.2 W/m.K even in the absence of the bare phononic thermal coupling.
Contrastive Language-Vision AI Models Pretrained on Web-Scraped Multimodal Data Exhibit Sexual Objectification Bias
Creators: name: Wolfe, Robert
name: Yang, Yiwei
name: Howe, Bill
name: Caliskan, Aylin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Nine language-vision AI models trained on web scrapes with the Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP) objective are evaluated for evidence of a bias studied by psychologists: the sexual objectification of girls and women, which occurs when a person's human characteristics, such as emotions, are disregarded and the person is treated as a body. We replicate three experiments in psychology quantifying sexual objectification and show that the phenomena persist in AI. A first experiment uses standardized images of women from the Sexual OBjectification and EMotion Database, and finds that human characteristics are disassociated from images of objectified women: the model's recognition of emotional state is mediated by whether the subject is fully or partially clothed. Embedding association tests (EATs) return significant effect sizes for both anger (d >0.80) and sadness (d >0.50), associating images of fully clothed subjects with emotions. GRAD-CAM saliency maps highlight that CLIP gets distracted from emotional expressions in objectified images. A second experiment measures the effect in a representative application: an automatic image captioner (Antarctic Captions) includes words denoting emotion less than 50% as often for images of partially clothed women than for images of fully clothed women. A third experiment finds that images of female professionals (scientists, doctors, executives) are likely to be associated with sexual descriptions relative to images of male professionals. A fourth experiment shows that a prompt of "a [age] year old girl" generates sexualized images (as determined by an NSFW classifier) up to 73% of the time for VQGAN-CLIP and Stable Diffusion; the corresponding rate for boys never surpasses 9%. The evidence indicates that language-vision AI models trained on web scrapes learn biases of sexual objectification, which propagate to downstream applications.
description: 12 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables
Mach Number Dependence of Electron Heating in High Mach Number Quasiperpendicular Shocks
Creators: name: Matsukiyo, Shuichi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Efficiency of electron heating through microinstabilities generated in the transition region of a quasi-perpendicular shock for wide ange of Mach numbers is investigated by utilizing PIC (Particle-In-Cell) simulation and model analyses. In the model analyses saturation levels of effective electron temperature as a result of microinstabilities are estimated from an extended quasilinear (trapping) analysis for relatively low (high) Mach number shocks. Here, MTSI (modified two-stream instability) is assumed to become dominant in low Mach number regime, while BI (Buneman instability) to become dominant in high Mach number regime, respectively. It is revealed that Mach number dependence of the effective electron temperature in the MTSI dominant case is essentially different from that in the BI dominant case. The effective electron temperature through the MTSI does not depend much on the Mach number, although that through the BI increases with the Mach number as in the past studies. The results are confirmed to be consistent with the PIC simulations both in qualitative and quantitative levels. The model analyses predict that a critical Mach number above which steep rise of electron heating rate occurs may arise at the Mach number of a few tens.
description: 9 pages, 5 figures, Phys. Plasmas in press
Contractual Obligation of Claims. A Factor Influencing Investors Choices of Capital
Creators: name: Obeng, George
Publisher: name: International Journal of Economic Behavior
Year: 2019

description: Advocacy for entrepreneurship and innovation to ease unemployment is stampeded by funding. Uncertainty of reward, unenforceability of rights in case of default, obscures attracting financiers. Risk of investment security and returns, information opaqueness and their effect on securing funding entrepreneurship has received little attention. The study investigated how contractual obligations of claims influence choice of capital in emerging markets, as against capital structure optimality intrusion in investors’ decision. A cohort of 250 potential investors responded to structured questionnaires in a survey, and quantitative approach used to analyse the data on how contractual obligation of claims affects choice of capital. The study revealed influence of security over assets and contracted claims on decisions. Perception of trust is gradually giving way to formality and choice of debt in investment decisions. Developing the bond market, trade off equity, is eminent to mobilize funds to develop entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Key words: Capital structure; Contractual obligation; Entrepreneurship; Information asymmetry.
description: International Journal of Economic Behavior, Vol 9, No 1 (2019): International Journal of Economic Behavior
Comphy v3.0 -- A Compact-Physics Framework for Modeling Charge Trapping Related Reliability Phenomena in MOS Devices
Creators: name: Waldhoer, Dominic
name: Schleich, Christian
name: Michl, Jakob
name: Grill, Alexander
name: Claes, Dieter
name: Karl, Alexander
name: Knobloch, Theresia
name: Rzepa, Gerhard
name: Franco, Jacopo
name: Kaczer, Ben
name: Waltl, Michael
name: Grasser, Tibor
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Charge trapping plays an important role for the reliability of electronic devices and manifests itself in various phenomena like bias temperature instability (BTI), random telegraph noise (RTN), hysteresis or trap-assisted tunneling (TAT). In this work we present Comphy v3.0, an open source physical framework for modeling these effects in a unified fashion using nonradiative multiphonon theory on a one-dimensional device geometry. Here we give an overview about the underlying theory, discuss newly introduced features compared to the original Comphy framework and also review recent advances in reliability physics enabled by these new features. The usefulness of Comphy v3.0 for the reliability community is highlighted by several practical examples including automatic extraction of defect distributions, modeling of TAT in high-k capacitors and BTI/RTN modeling at cryogenic temperatures.
Exploring the disk-jet connection from the properties of narrow line regions in powerful young radio-loud AGNs
Creators: name: Kawakatu, Nozomu
name: Nagao, Tohru
name: Woo, Jong-Hak
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the optical emission-line flux ratios of narrow-line regions, in order to determine whether the formation of AGN jets requires specific accretion conditions. We find that bright compact radio galaxies, which are powerful radio galaxies in the early stage of the jet activity, exhibit systematically larger flux ratios of [O{\sc i}]$λ$6300/[O{\sc iii}]$λ$5007 and smaller flux ratios of [O{\sc iii}]$λ$5007/[O{\sc iii}]$λ$4363 than radio-quiet (RQ) Seyfert 2 galaxies. Comparing the observed line ratios with photoionization models, it is found that the difference in the flux ratio of low- to high-ionization lines (e.g., [O{\sc i}]$λ$6300/[O{\sc iii}]$λ$5007) can be well understood by the difference in the spectral energy distribution (SED) of ionizing sources. Powerful young radio-loud (YRL) AGNs favor SED without a strong big blue bump, i.e., a radiatively inefficient accretion flow (RIAF), while RQ AGNs are consistent with the models adopting SED with a strong big blue bump, i.e., a geometrically thin, optically thick disk. These findings imply that the formation of powerful AGN jets requires the accretion disk with harder ionizing SED (i.e., a RIAF). We discuss the obscuring structure of YRL AGNs as a plausible origin of the difference in flux ratios of [O{\sc iii}]$ λ$5007/[O{\sc iii}]$λ$4363.
description: 17 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ