cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Fault-tolerant quantum error correction using error weight parities
Creators: name: Tansuwannont, Theerapat
name: Leung, Debbie
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In quantum error correction using imperfect primitives, errors of high weight arising from a few faults are major concerns since they might not be correctable by the quantum error correcting code. Fortunately, some errors of different weights are logically equivalent and the same correction procedure is applicable to all equivalent errors, thus correcting high-weight errors is sometimes possible. In this work, we introduce a technique called weight parity error correction (WPEC) which can correct Pauli error of any weight in some stabilizer codes provided that the parity of the weight of the error is known. We show that the technique is applicable to concatenated codes constructed from the [[7,1,3]] Steane code or the [[23,1,7]] Golay code. We also provide a fault-tolerant error correction protocol using WPEC for the [[49,1,9]] concatenated Steane code which can correct up to 3 faults and requires only 2 ancillas.
description: 13 pages, 6 figures, comments welcome. V2: minor revision. V3: proof of Fact 1 added & minor revision
Asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator in autoregressive models with Markov regime
Creators: name: Douc, Randal
name: Moulines, Eric
name: Ryden, Tobias
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 62M09 (Primary) 62F12. (Secondary)

description: An autoregressive process with Markov regime is an autoregressive process for which the regression function at each time point is given by a nonobservable Markov chain. In this paper we consider the asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator in a possibly nonstationary process of this kind for which the hidden state space is compact but not necessarily finite. Consistency and asymptotic normality are shown to follow from uniform exponential forgetting of the initial distribution for the hidden Markov chain conditional on the observations.
description: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/009053604000000021 in the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
Implications of the Measured Image Size for the Radio Afterglow of GRB 030329
Creators: name: Granot, Jonathan
name: Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico
name: Loeb, Abraham
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We use data on the image size of the radio afterglow of GRB 030329 (Taylor et al. 2004) to constrain the physical parameters of this explosion. Together with the observed broad band spectrum, this data over-constrains the physical parameters, thus enabling to test different GRB jet models for consistency. We consider two extreme models for the lateral spreading of the jet: model 1 with relativistic expansion in the local rest frame, and model 2 with little lateral expansion as long as the jet is highly relativistic. We find that both models are consistent with the data for a uniform external medium, while for a stellar wind environment model 1 is consistent with the data but model 2 is disfavored by the data. Our derivations can be used to place tighter constraints on the dynamics and structure of GRB jets in future afterglows, following a denser monitoring campaign for the temporal evolution of their image size.
description: 12 pages, 6 figues; submitted to ApJ
Additional file 2 of The first seven years of nationally organized helicopter emergency medical services in Finland – the data from quality registry
Creators: name: Saviluoto, Anssi
name: Björkman, Johannes
name: Olkinuora, Anna
name: Virkkunen, Ilkka
name: Kirves, Hetti
name: Setälä, Piritta
name: Pulkkinen, Ilkka
name: Laukkanen-Nevala, Päivi
name: Raatiniemi, Lasse
name: Jäntti, Helena
name: Iirola, Timo
name: Nurmi, Jouni
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 2. Central variables in FHDB
Promoting a local brand: Assessing the Economic Benefits of the Texas Superstar® and Earth-Kind® Promotion on Place (POP) Program
Creators: name: Collart, Alba J.
name: Palma, Marco A.
name: Carpio, Carlos E.
name: Collart, Alba J.
name: Palma, Marco A.
name: Carpio, Carlos E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: Brand recognition
subject: Willingness to pay
subject: Consumer preferences
subject: Ornamentals

description: This paper aims to evaluate consumer’s awareness and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for two ornamental brands in Texas: Texas Superstar® and Earth-Kind®, after a Promotion on Place (POP) Program was developed by the Texas Department of Agriculture (TDA). Consumer’s characteristics that are more likely to influence brand awareness and WTP are identified.
Additional file 2 of Inter-annual variability of the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic drivers affecting West Nile virus vector Culex pipiens population dynamics in northeastern Italy
Creators: name: Fornasiero, Diletta
name: Mazzucato, Matteo
name: Barbujani, Marco
name: Montarsi, Fabrizio
name: Capelli, Gioia
name: Mulatti, Paolo
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 2: Table S3. Lists of models per year included in the subsets considered in the study; models are ordered by decreasing wAICc and likelihood-ratio-based pseudo-R2 ($$ R^{2}{_{\text{LR}} }$$R2LR) is reported to indicate the goodness-of-fit of each model.
Neutrino Oscillations in Deconstructed Dimensions
Creators: name: Hallgren, Tomas
name: Ohlsson, Tommy
name: Seidl, Gerhart
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a model for neutrino oscillations in the presence of a deconstructed non-gravitational large extra dimension compactified on the boundary of a two-dimensional disk. In the deconstructed phase, sub-mm lattice spacings are generated from the hierarchy of energy scales between 1 TeV and the usual B-L breaking scale 10^{15} GeV. Here, short distance cutoffs down to 1 eV can be motivated by the strong coupling behavior of gravity in local discrete extra dimensions. This could make it possible to probe the discretization of extra dimensions and non-trivial field configurations in theory spaces which have only a few sites, i.e., for coarse latticizations. Thus, the model has relevance to present and future precision neutrino oscillation experiments.
description: 38 pages, 11 figures, typos corrected
Biodiversity and Enzyme Activity of Marine Fungi with 28 New Records from the Tropical Coastal Ecosystems in Vietnam
Creators: name: Pham, Thu Thuy
name: Dinh, Khuong V.
name: Van Duy Nguyen
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: The coastal marine ecosystems of Vietnam are one of the global biodiversity hotspots, but the biodiversity of marine fungi is not well known. To fill this major gap of knowledge, we assessed the genetic diversity (ITS sequence) of 75 fungal strains isolated from 11 surface coastal marine and deeper waters in Nha Trang Bay and Van Phong Bay using a culture-dependent approach and 5 OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) of fungi in three representative sampling sites using next-generation sequencing. The results from both approaches shared similar fungal taxonomy to the most abundant phylum (Ascomycota), genera (Candida and Aspergillus) and species (Candida blankii) but were different at less common taxa. Culturable fungal strains in this study belong to 3 phyla, 5 subdivisions, 7 classes, 12 orders, 17 families, 22 genera and at least 40 species, of which 29 species have been identified and several species are likely novel. Among identified species, 12 and 28 are new records in global and Vietnamese marine areas, respectively. The analysis of enzyme activity and the checklist of trophic mode and guild assignment provided valuable additional biological information and suggested the ecological function of planktonic fungi in the marine food web. This is the largest dataset of marine fungal biodiversity on morphology, phylogeny and enzyme activity in the tropical coastal ecosystems of Vietnam and Southeast Asia. Biogeographic aspects, ecological factors and human impact may structure mycoplankton communities in such aquatic habitats.
Selected Trade Agreements and Implications for U.S. Agriculture
Creators: name: Wainio, John
name: Gehlhar, Mark J.
name: Dyck, John H.
name: Wainio, John
name: Gehlhar, Mark J.
name: Dyck, John H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: market access
subject: free trade agreements
subject: tariffs
subject: trade agreements
subject: trade creation
subject: trade diversion
subject: trade promotion agreements
subject: GTAP model.

description: Since 2001, the United States has concluded negotiations with 13 countries, resulting in 8 trade agreements (TAs). Three additional agreements have been negotiated but not yet ratified by Congress, as of March 2011. Other countries have become increasingly active in negotiating their own trade pacts. This proliferation of TAs between key U.S. trading partners and competitors may have raised concerns among U.S. exporters, whose share in established markets could be eroded by such deals. In this study, ERS examines how recently concluded TAs between ASEAN (Southeast Asia) countries and China and Australia/New Zealand, as well as pending TAs between the United States and Korea, Colombia, and Panama, will likely affect U.S. agricultural trade. Model results suggest that TAs between ASEAN countries and China and ASEAN countries and Australia/New Zealand would result in moderate losses to U.S. agricultural exports of about $350 million to those countries, but losses would be partially offset by gains in other markets. U.S. agricultural exports to Korea would expand by an estimated $1.9 billion per year if the U.S. TA with Korea were implemented. The U.S.-Colombia TA would result in an estimated $370 million in additional U.S. exports per year. U.S. exports would realize smaller gains of about $50 million per year under the pact with Panama. Empirical results confirm theoretical findings that trade created under TAs exceeds trade diverted, but that results depend on the specific circumstances of each agreement.
Discovery and Functional Study of a Novel Genomic Locus Homologous to Bα-Mating-Type Sublocus of Lentinula edodes
Creators: name: Lee, Yun Jin
name: Kim, Eunbi
name: Eom, Hyerang
name: Yang, Seong-Hyeok
name: Choi, Yeon Jae
name: Ro, Hyeon-Su
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Ecology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: 60506 Virology
subject: Computational Biology

description: The interaction of mating pheromone and pheromone receptor from the B mating-type locus is the first step in the activation of the mushroom mating signal transduction pathway. The B mating-type locus of Lentinula edodes is composed of Bα and Bβ subloci, each of which contains genes for mating pheromone and pheromone receptor. Allelic variations in both subloci generate multiple B mating-types through which L. edodes maintains genetic diversity. In addition to the B mating-type locus, our genomic sequence analysis revealed the presence of a novel chromosomal locus 43.3 kb away from the B mating-type locus, containing genes for a pair of mating pheromones (PHBN1 and PHBN2) and a pheromone receptor (RCBN). The new locus (Bα-N) was homologous to the Bα sublocus, but unlike the multiallelic Bα sublocus, it was highly conserved across the wild and cultivated strains. The interactions of RcbN with various mating pheromones from the B and Bα-N mating-type loci were investigated using yeast model that replaced endogenous yeast mating pheromone receptor STE2 with RCBN. The yeast mating signal transduction pathway was only activated in the presence of PHBN1 or PHBN2 in the RcbN producing yeast, indicating that RcbN interacts with self-pheromones (PHBN1 and PHBN2), not with pheromones from the B mating-type locus. The biological function of the Bα-N locus was suggested to control the expression of A mating-type genes, as evidenced by the increased expression of two A-genes HD1 and HD2 upon the treatment of synthetic PHBN1 and PHBN2 peptides to the monokaryotic strain of L. edodes.
Additional file 2 of Association of simple renal cysts and chronic kidney disease with large abdominal aortic aneurysm
Creators: name: Miszczuk, Milena
name: Müller, Verena
name: Althoff, Christian E.
name: Stroux, Andrea
name: Widhalm, Daniela
name: Dobberstein, Andy
name: Greiner, Andreas
name: Kuivaniemi, Helena
name: Hinterseher, Irene
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Cancer

description: Additional file 2: Table S1. Data dictionary, in alphabetical order. Includes detailed information about collected data. Table S2. Comparison of height, weight, and BMI between the AAA and control group. Table S3. SA-Scores. Table S4. AB0-blood groups. Table S5. Rhesus factor.
Stereo Darkfield Interferometry : a versatile localization method for subnanometer force spectroscopy of single molecules and 3D-tracking of single cells
Creators: name: Rieu, Martin
name: Vieille, Thibault
name: Radou, Gaël
name: Jeanneret, Raphaël
name: Ruiz, Nadia
name: Ducos, Bertrand
name: Allemand, Jean-François
name: Croquette, Vincent
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Super-resolutive 3D tracking, such as PSF engineering or evanescent field imaging has long been used to track microparticles and to enhance the throughput of single molecules force spectroscopic measurements. However, current methods present two drawbacks. First, they lack precision compared with optical tweezers or AFM. Second, the dependence of their signal upon the position is complex creating the need for a time-consuming calibration step. Here, we introduce a new optical technique that circumvents both issues and allows for a simple, versatile and efficient 3D tracking of diluted particles while offering a sub-nanometer frame-to-frame precision in all three spatial directions. The principle is to combine stereoscopy and interferometry, such that the z (axial) position is measured through the distance between two interferometric fringe patterns. The linearity of this stereoscopy technique alleviates the need for lookup tables while the structured interferometric pattern enhances precision. On the other hand, the extended spatial footprint of this PSF maximizes the number of photons detected per frame without the need of fancy cameras, nor the need for complex hardware. Hence, thanks to its simplicity and versatility, we believe that SDI (Stereo Darkfield Interferometry) technology has the potential to significantly enhance the spreading of 3D tracking. We demonstrate the efficiency of this technique on various single-molecule measurements thanks to magnetic tweezers. In particular we demonstrate the precise quantification of two-state dynamics involving axial steps as short as 1 nm. We then show that SDI can be directly embedded in a commercial objective providing a means to track multiple single cells in 3D .
description: 15 pages main text, 3 main figures, 28 pages supplementary, 35 supplementary figures 2020/08/13 : corrected typos, merged parts 3.1 and 3.3 for more clarity
SNP-Based Genetic Linkage Map and Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping Associated with the Agronomically Important Traits of Hypsizygus marmoreus
Creators: name: Oh, Youn-Lee
name: Choi, In-Geol
name: Jang, Kab-Yeul
name: Kim, Min-Seek
name: Oh, Min ji
name: Im, Ji-Hoon
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Plant Biology

description: White strains of Hypsizygus marmoreus are more difficult to cultivate than are brown strains; therefore, new white strain breeding strategies are required. Accordingly, we constructed the genetic map of H. marmoreus with 1996 SNP markers on 11 linkage groups (LGs) spanning 1380.49 cM. Prior to analysis, 82 backcrossed strains (HM8 lines) were generated by mating between KMCC03106-31 and the progenies of the F1 hybrid (Hami-18 × KMCC03106-93). Using HM8, the first 23 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of yield-related traits were detected with high limit of detection (LOD) scores (1.98–9.86). The length, thickness, and hardness of the stipe were colocated on LG 1. Especially, length of stipe and thickness of stipe were highly correlated given that the correlation coefficients were negative (−0.39, p value ≤ .01). And a typical biomodal distribution was observed for lightness of the pileus and the lightness of the pileus trait belonged to the LG 8, as did traits of earliness and mycelial growth in potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. Therefore, results for color traits can be suggested that color is controlled by a multi-gene of one locus. The yield trait was highly negatively correlated with the traits for thickness of the stipe (−0.45, p value ≤ .01). Based on additive effects, the white strain was confirmed as recessive; however, traits of mycelial growth, lightness, and quality were inherited by backcrossed HM8 lines. This new genetic map, finely mapped QTLs, and the strong selection markers could be used in molecular breeding of H. marmoreus.
Local and global stability analysis of a Curzon-Ahlborn model applied to power plants working at maximum $k$-efficient power
Creators: name: Valencia-Ortega, G.
name: Levario-Medina, S.
name: Barranco-Jiménez, M. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The analysis of the effect of noisy perturbations on real heat engines, working on any steady-state regime has been a topic of interest within the context of Finite-Time Thermodynamics (FTT). The study of their local stability has been proposed through the so-called performance regimes: maximum power output, maximum ecological function, among others. Recently, the global stability analysis of an endoreversible heat engine was also studied taking into account the same performance regimes. We present a study of local and global stability analysis of power plant models (the Curzon-Ahlborn model) operating on a generalized efficient power regime called maximum k-efficient power. We apply the Lyapunov stability theory to construct the Lyapunov functions to prove the asymptotically stable behavior of the steady-state of intermediate temperatures in the Curzon-Ahlborn model. We consider the effect of a linear heat transfer law on the phase portrait description of real power plants, as well as the role of the $k$ parameter in the evolution of perturbations to heat flow. In general, restructured operation conditions show better stability in external perturbations.
description: 14 pages, 21 figures
Primordial Intermediate Mass Black Holes as Dark Matter
Creators: name: Frampton, Paul H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Among particle theory candidates for the dark matter constituents. axions and WIMPs are the most popular. In this talk we discuss these then focus on our preferred astrophysical candidate, the Primordial Intermediate Mass Black Holes in the acronym $DM=PIMBHs$. The earliest experimental confirmation may come from microlensing of the Magellanic Clouds at the LSST 8m telescope in the mid-2020s, or possibly a few years earlier in 2021 from work being pursued, using DECam data from the smaller Blanco 4m tescope, at LLNL.
description: 11 pages LaTeX. Contribution to Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics (ICNFP-2019), Conference Center of the Orthodox Academy of Crete (OAC), Kolymbari, Crete, Greece. August 21-29, 2019. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1705.04373
Resistivity in Y Ba₂Cu₃O₆₃̣₃₃:
Creators: name: DeBenedictis, Jennifer Jean
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The resistivity of two high quality YBa₂Cu₃O₆.₃₃₃ single crystals was measured, the first via the Montgomery method, which allows the determination of all three components of the resistivity tensor, and the second via a colinear arrangement of contacts that allows the determination of pa. A comparison of ρ[sub a] between the two crystals allowed the intrinsic behaviour to be separated from the extrinsic behaviour. The intrinsic behaviour of the resistivity was found to be a quadratic temperature dependence, subject to two abrupt and doping independent changes in the fitting parameters, which occurred at 45 K and 206 K (these changes were most visible in the derivatives of the resistivity). A low temperature Ln(1/T) behaviour, reported elsewhere in the literature, was found to be sample dependent, and thus extrinsic. The intrinsic behaviour of the resistivity showed a very weak upturn at low temperatures, but the ground state appears to be essentially metallic. ρ[sub c] was fit to a model having two components added in series, one component being of the form of one over a quadratic expression. This inverse quadratic term contained almost all the doping dependence of the c-axis resistivity, with the remaining term (dominant at low temperatures) proving to be almost doping independent. The derivative of one over the inverse quadratic term showed a remarkable similarity to the derivatives of the intrinsic in-plane resistivities, implying that the inverse quadratic term is also intrinsic behaviour. Most notably, the derivative of the inverse quadratic showed discontinuous changes of slope at 45 K and 206 K again. However, a further two changes of slope, occurring at 172 K and 239 K, were seen as well. It is suggested that all four of these changes in behaviour affect the resistivity along all three principal axes, but that the ones at 172 K and 239 K are too subtle to be seen above the experimental noise in the in-plane data. These changes of behaviour cannot be due to the charge carriers alone or associated with the CuO₂ planes only. It is conjectured that they may be due to subtle structural changes in the unit cell that alter either the charge carrier-phonon coupling in the crystal, or the shape of the Fermi surface. A model due to Rojo and Levin was found to fit both the in-plane and out-of-plane resistivity data very well, provided that the low temperature (possibly extrinsic) contribution to the resistivity is neglected, and the temperature dependence of boson-assisted hopping along the c-axis is taken to be proportional to T². This model is consistent with the metallic ground state suggested by the in-plane data, and further suggests that the ρ[sub a] ~ 1/ρ[sub c] behaviour seen in the data is to be expected ρ[sub c] for underdoped YBa₂Cu₃O₆[sub +x].
Application of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to lensing in the NUT metric
Creators: name: Halla, Mourad
name: Perlick, Volker
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show with the help of Fermat's principle that every lightlike geodesic in the NUT metric projects to a geodesic of a two-dimensional Riemannian metric which we call the optical metric. The optical metric is defined on a (coordinate) cone whose opening angle is determined by the impact parameter of the lightlike geodesic. We show that, surprisingly, the optical metrics on cones with different opening angles are locally (but not globally) isometric. With the help of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem we demonstrate that the deflection angle of a lightlike geodesic is determined by an area integral over the Gaussian curvature of the optical metric. A similar result is known to be true for static and spherically symmetric spacetimes. The generalisation to the NUT spacetime, which is neither static nor spherically symmetric (at least not in the usual sense), is rather non-trivial.
Reciprocal Trade Agreements: Impacts on Bilateral Trade Expansion and Contraction in the World Agricultural Marketplace
Creators: name: Vollrath, Thomas L.
name: Hallahan, Charles B.
name: Vollrath, Thomas L.
name: Hallahan, Charles B.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: International Development
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: trade policy
subject: reciprocal trade agreements
subject: bilateral
subject: regional
subject: missing trade
subject: gravity models

description: The rapid increase in the number of bilateral and regional free-trade agreements since 1995 is a striking development. The proliferation of these agreements has raised questions about whether they have, in fact, opened markets, created trade, promoted economic growth, and/or distorted trade. This study uses panel data from 1975 to 2005 and a gravity framework model to identify the influence of reciprocal trade agreements (RTAs) on bilateral trade in the world agricultural marketplace. A benchmark, Heckman sample-selection and two generalized models, one of which accounts for RTA phase-in effects, are used to gauge the impact on partner trade of mutual as well as asymmetric RTA membership. Empirical results show that RTAs increase agricultural trade between member countries but decrease trade between member and nonmember countries. Interestingly, RTAs were found to be particularly effective at expanding agricultural trade and opening markets in developing countries when developing- country trading partners are part of the same agreement.
Why quarks cannot be fundamental particles
Creators: name: Kalman, C. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Many reasons why quarks should be considered composite particles are found in the book Preons by D'Souza and Kalman. One reason not found in the book is that all the quarks except for the u quark decay. The electron and the electron neutrino do not decay. A model of fundamental particles based upon the weak charge is presented.
description: 3 pages - PDF file. to be published Proceedings of the 6th International Conference Hyperons, Charm and Beauty Hadrons
How Retail Beef and Bread Prices Respond to Changes in Ingredient and Input and Costs
Creators: name: Roeger, Edward
name: Leibtag, Ephraim S.
name: Roeger, Edward
name: Leibtag, Ephraim S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: pass through
subject: wholesale
subject: retail
subject: farm prices
subject: beef
subject: bread
subject: supply chain
subject: price transmission
subject: price response

description: The extent to which cost changes pass through a vertically organized production process depends on the value added by each producer in the chain as well as a number of other organizational and marketing factors at each stage of production. Using 36 years of monthly Bureau of Labor Statistics price indices data (1972-2008), we model pass-through behavior for beef and bread, two retail food items with different levels of processing. Both the farm-to-wholesale and wholesale-to-retail price responses are modeled to allow for the presence of structural breaks in the underlying long-term relationships between price series. Broad differences in price behavior are found not only between food categories (retail beef prices respond more to farm-price changes than do retail bread prices) but also across stages in the supply chain. While farm-to-wholesale relationships generally appear to be symmetric, retail prices have a more complicated response behavior. For both bread and beef, the pass through from wholesale to retail is weaker than that from farm to wholesale.
ALMA reveals the coherence of the magnetic field geometry in OH 231.8+4.2
Creators: name: Sabin, L.
name: Sahai, R.
name: Vlemmings, W. H. T.
name: Zhang, Q.
name: Zijlstra, A. A.
name: Gledhill, T.
name: Huarte-Espinosa, M.
name: Sánchez, A. F. Pérez
name: Lagadec, E.
name: Navarro, S. G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In a continuing effort to investigate the role of magnetic fields in evolved low and intermediate mass stars (principally regarding the shaping of their envelopes), we present new ALMA high resolution polarization data obtained for the nebula OH 231.8+4.2. We found that the polarized emission likely arises from aligned grains in the presence of magnetic fields rather than radiative alignment and self scattering. The ALMA data show well organized electric field orientations in most of the nebula and the inferred magnetic field vectors (rotated by 90 degrees) trace an hourglass morphology centred on the central system of the nebula. One region in the southern part of OH 231.8+4.2 shows a less organized distribution probably due to the shocked environment. These findings, in conjunction with earlier investigations (maser studies and dust emission analysis at other scales and wavelengths) suggest an overall magnetic hourglass located inside a toroidal field. We propose the idea that the magnetic field structure is closely related to the architecture of a magnetic tower and that the outflows were therefore magnetically launched. While the current dynamical effect of the fields might be weak in the equatorial plane principally due to the evolution of the envelope, it would still be affecting the outflows. In that regard, the measurement of the magnetic field at the stellar surface, which is still missing, combined with a full MHD treatment are required to better understand and constrain the events occurring in OH 231.8+4.2.
description: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Main Journal
Asymptotic operating characteristics of an optimal change point detection in hidden Markov models
Creators: name: Fuh, Cheng-Der
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 60B15 (Primary) 60F05, 60K15. (Secondary)

description: Let ξ_0,ξ_1,...,ξ_{ω-1} be observations from the hidden Markov model with probability distribution P^{θ_0}, and let ξ_ω,ξ_{ω+1},... be observations from the hidden Markov model with probability distribution P^{θ_1}. The parameters θ_0 and θ_1 are given, while the change point ωis unknown. The problem is to raise an alarm as soon as possible after the distribution changes from P^{θ_0} to P^{θ_1}, but to avoid false alarms. Specifically, we seek a stopping rule N which allows us to observe the ξ's sequentially, such that E_{\infty}N is large, and subject to this constraint, sup_kE_k(N-k|N\geq k) is as small as possible. Here E_k denotes expectation under the change point k, and E_{\infty} denotes expectation under the hypothesis of no change whatever. In this paper we investigate the performance of the Shiryayev-Roberts-Pollak (SRP) rule for change point detection in the dynamic system of hidden Markov models. By making use of Markov chain representation for the likelihood function, the structure of asymptotically minimax policy and of the Bayes rule, and sequential hypothesis testing theory for Markov random walks, we show that the SRP procedure is asymptotically minimax in the sense of Pollak [Ann. Statist. 13 (1985) 206-227]. Next, we present a second-order asymptotic approximation for the expected stopping time of such a stopping scheme when ω=1. Motivated by the sequential analysis in hidden Markov models, a nonlinear renewal theory for Markov random walks is also given.
description: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/009053604000000580 in the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
Climate Change Policy and the Adoption of Methane Digesters on Livestock Operations
Creators: name: Key, Nigel D.
name: Sneeringer, Stacy E.
name: Key, Nigel D.
name: Sneeringer, Stacy E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Financial Economics
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: methane
subject: methane digesters
subject: manure
subject: livestock
subject: climate change
subject: greenhouse gases
subject: carbon offset

description: Methane digesters—biogas recovery systems that use methane from manure to generate electricity—have not been widely adopted in the United States because costs have exceeded benefits to operators. Burning methane in a digester reduces greenhouse gas emissions from manure management. A policy or program that pays producers for these emission reductions—through a carbon offset market or directly with payments—could increase the number of livestock producers who would profit from adopting a methane digester. We developed an economic model that illustrates how dairy and hog operation size, location, and manure management methods, along with electricity and carbon prices, could influence methane digester profits. The model shows that a relatively moderate increase in the price of carbon could induce significantly more dairy and hog operations, particularly large ones, to adopt a methane digester, thereby substantially lowering emissions of greenhouse gases.
Adaptive 3D convolutional neural network-based reconstruction method for 3D coherent diffraction imaging
Creators: name: Scheinker, Alexander
name: Pokharel, Reeju
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We present a novel adaptive machine-learning based approach for reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) crystals from coherent diffraction imaging (CDI). We represent the crystals using spherical harmonics (SH) and generate corresponding synthetic diffraction patterns. We utilize 3D convolutional neural networks (CNN) to learn a mapping between 3D diffraction volumes and the SH which describe the boundary of the physical volumes from which they were generated. We use the 3D CNN-predicted SH coefficients as the initial guesses which are then fine tuned using adaptive model independent feedback for improved accuracy.
Polynomial identity rings as rings of functions
Creators: name: Reichstein, Zinovy
name: Vonessen, Nikolaus
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Rings and Algebras (math.RA)
subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 16R30, 16R20 (Primary) 14L30, 14A10 (Secondary)

description: We generalize the usual relationship between irreducible Zariski closed subsets of the affine space, their defining ideals, coordinate rings, and function fields, to a non-commutative setting, where "varieties" carry a PGL_n-action, regular and rational "functions" on them are matrix-valued, "coordinate rings" are prime polynomial identity algebras, and "function fields" are central simple algebras of degree n. In particular, a prime polynomial identity algebra of degree n is finitely generated if and only if it arises as the "coordinate ring" of a "variety" in this setting. For n = 1 our definitions and results reduce to those of classical affine algebraic geometry.
description: 24 pages. This is the final version of the article, to appear in J. Algebra. Several proofs have been streamlined, and a new section on Brauer-Severi varieties has been added
title: Эффективность лечения пациентов с артериальной гипертонией и сопутствующей неалкогольной жировой болезнью печени
title: Efficacy of Treatment of Patients with Arterial Hypertension and Comorbid Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Creators: name: Ефремова, Ольга Алексеевна
name: Чернобай, Павел Егорович
name: Погурельская, Елена Павловна
name: Камышникова, Людмила Александровна
Publisher: name: Издательский центр СурГУ
Year: 2021

description: Цель – изучение эффективности схем назначения ≪Лозартана≫ или ≪Телмисартана≫ в сочетании с ≪Аторвастатином≫ и урсодезоксихолевой кислотой в комплексном лечении пациентов с артериальной гипертонией и сопутствующей неалкогольной жировой болезнью печени. Материал и методы. 65 пациентов с диагнозом ≪артериальная гипертензия≫ с сопутствующей неалкогольной жировой болезнью печени были разделены на 2 группы: в 1-ю группу вошли 26 пациентов, которым назначали ≪Лозартан≫ 50 мг в сочетании с ≪Аторвастатином≫ 20 мг и урсодезоксихолевой кислотой 10 мг/кг; во 2-ю группу – 39 пациентов, которым назначали ≪Телмисартан≫ 20 мг в сочетании с ≪Аторвастатином≫ 20 мг и урсодезоксихолевой кислотой 10 мг/кг. Всем пациентам проводили общепринятые физикальные и лабораторные исследования, электро- и эхокардиографическую диагностику. Результаты. Установлено, что комбинации как ≪Телмисартана≫, так и ≪Лозартана≫ с ≪Аторвастатином≫ и урсодезоксихолевой кислотой у пациентов с коморбидной патологией снижали уровень систолического и диастолического артериального давления, увеличивали фракцию выброса левого желудочка, уменьшали размеры левых отделов сердца, массу миокарда и индекс массы миокарда левого желудочка. Также под действием этих комбинаций препаратов снижался уровень провоспалительного интерлейкина 6 и повышался уровень адипонектина.
description: The study aims to analyze the efficacy of prescribing losartan or telmisartan in combination with atorvastatin and ursodeoxycholic acid during the comprehensive treatment of patients with arterial hypertension and comorbid non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Material and methods. 65 patients with arterial hypertension and comorbid non-alcohol fatty liver disease were divided into 2 groups. The first group consisted of 26 patients who were prescribed with 50 mg of losartan combined with 20 mg of atorvastatin and 10 mg/kg of ursodeoxycholic acid. The second group consisted of 39 patients who were prescribed with 20 mg of telmisartan combined with 20 mg of atorvastatin and 10 mg/kg of ursodeoxycholic acid. All patients underwent routine physical and laboratory examinations, electro- and echocardiographic diagnostics. Results. It was found that combination of both telmisartan and losartan with atorvastatin and ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with comorbid pathology reduced the level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increased left ventricle ejection fraction, decreased the size of the left heart, myocardial mass and left ventricle myocardial mass index. Moreover, the level of pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 was reduced and the level of adiponectin was increased due to the use of these drugs combinations.
Heart Rate Variability as a Predictive Biomarker of Thermal Comfort
Creators: name: Nkurikiyeyezu, Kizito
name: Suzuki, Yuta
name: Lopez, Guillaume
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Thermal comfort is an assessment of one's satisfaction with the surroundings; yet, most mechanisms that are used to provide thermal comfort are based on approaches that preclude physiological, psychological, and personal psychophysics that are precursors to thermal comfort. This leads to many people feeling either cold or hot in an environment that was supposed to be thermally comfortable to most users. To address this problem, this paper proposes to use heart rate variability (HRV) as an alternative indicator of thermal comfort status. Since HRV is linked to homeostasis, we conjectured that people's thermal comfort could be more accurately estimated based on their heart rate variability (HRV). To test our hypothesis, we analyzed statistical, spectral, and nonlinear HRV indices of 17 human subjects doing light office work in a cold, neutral, and hot environment. The resulting HRV indices were used as inputs to machine learning classification algorithms. We observed that HRV is distinctively different depending on the thermal environment and that it is possible to reliably predict each subject's thermal state (cold, neutral, and hot) with up to 93.7% accuracy. The result of this study suggests that it could be possible to design automatic real-time thermal comfort controllers based on people's HRV.
Vacuum Polarization of a Massless Scalar Field in the Background of a Global Monopole with Finite Core
Creators: name: Spinelly, J.
name: de Mello, E. R. Bezerra
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper we analyze the vacuum polarization effects of a massless scalar field in the background of a global monopole considering a inner structure to it. Specifically we investigate the effect of its structure on the vacuum expectation value of the square of the field operator, $$, admitting a non-minimal coupling between the field with the geometry: $ξ{\cal{R}}\hatΦ^2$. Also we calculate the corrections on the vacuum expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor, $$, due to the inner structure of the monopole. In order to develop these analysis, we calculate the Euclidean Green function associated with the system for points in the region outside the core. As we shall see, for specific value of the coupling parameter $ξ$, the corrections caused by the inner structure of the monopole can provide relevant contributions on these vacuum polarizations.
description: Accepted for publication in Classical and Quantum Gravity. Added references. 22 pages, 1 figure
Light nuclei in the hadron resonance gas
Creators: name: Dönigus, Benjamin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The description of the production of light (anti-)(hyper-)nuclei in a hadron resonance gas, or statistical-thermal model approach, has proven to be rather successful, despite the fact that the binding energies of these compound objects are small compared to the emitting fireball temperature. We summarise some recent developments and findings in this approach.
description: 19 pages, 10 figures, Invited review IJMPE
Additional file 1 of Associations of urological malignancies with renal progression and mortality in advanced chronic kidney disease: a propensity-matched cohort study
Creators: name: Chinnadurai, Rajkumar
name: Clarke, Noel W.
name: Kalra, Philip A.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 1: Table S1. Management strategies according to site of malignancy. Table S2. Association of urological malignancy with all-cause mortality (Cox regression analysis- univariate model). Table S3. Association of urological malignancy with end-stage renal disease (Cox regression analysis- univariate model).
First-principles calculations for the adsorption of water molecules on the Cu(100) surface
Creators: name: Wang, Sanwu
name: Cao, Yanzhao
name: Rikvold, P. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: First-principles density-functional theory and supercell models are employed to calculate the adsorption of water molecules on the Cu(100) surface. In agreement with the experimental observations, the calculations show that a H2O molecule prefers to bond at a one-fold on-top (T1) surface site with a tilted geometry. At low temperatures, rotational diffusion of the molecular axis of the water molecules around the surface normal is predicted to occur at much higher rates than lateral diffusion of the molecules. In addition, the calculated binding energy of an adsorbed water molecule on the surfaces is significantly smaller than the water sublimation energy, indicating a tendency for the formation of water clusters on the Cu(100) surface.
description: 5 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. B
WIC Participation Patterns: An Investigation of Delayed Entry and Early Exit
Creators: name: Jacknowitz, Alison
name: Tiehen, Laura
name: Jacknowitz, Alison
name: Tiehen, Laura
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Food Security and Poverty
subject: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women
subject: Infants
subject: and Children
subject: WIC
subject: participation dynamics

description: USDA’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides nutritious foods, nutrition counseling, and referrals to health and other social services to low-income women and their infants/children up to age 5. Despite the health benefits of WIC participation, many eligible women do not participate during pregnancy, and many households exit WIC when a participating child turns 1 year old. The authors of this report use the first two waves of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) to understand these transitions into and out of WIC. Findings show that households that are more economically advantaged are more likely to delay entry into the program or exit after a child turns 1 year old. Some of the mothers exiting the program reported that WIC requires too much effort and that its benefits are not worth the time (26.2 percent of those exiting) or that they have scheduling and transportation problems (almost 10 percent of those exiting), suggesting that the costs of participation may be a barrier to continued WIC participation.