Peprilus crenulatus Cuvier 1829
Creators: name: Marceniuk, Alexandre P.
name: Caires, Rodrigo
name: Siccha-Ramirez, Raquel
name: Oliveira, Claudio
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Stromateidae
Peprilus
Peprilus crenulatus

description: Peprilus crenulatus Cuvier, 1829
(Fig. 1, Tables 2, 3)
Peprilus crenulatus Cuvier, 1829: 214 [original description; type locality: Cayenne, French Guiana. Syntypes: MNHN 0000- 4060 (1), A-5326 (1)].—Cuvier, 1836−1849: 141, fig. 3, pi. 64.— De Lanois, 1963: 222 [MNHN type catalog].
Rhombus crenulatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833: 410 [redescription].
Rhombus argentipinnis Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833: 405 [original description. Type locality: Montevideo, Uruguay. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-4061 (3)].— De Lanois, 1963: 222 [MNHN type catalog].
Stromateus gardenii Günther, 1860: 399 [in part; Catalog of Fishes of the British Museum; northeastern Brazilian coast, Bahia].
Rhombus orbicularis Guichenot, 1866: 245 [original description, type locality: Cayenne, French Guiana. Syntypes: MNHN 0000-4306 (8)].
Stromateus paru von Ihering, 1897: 43 [in part; occurrence, Rio Grande do Sul; synonymy of Stromateus gardenii and S. alepidotus].— Pozzi & Bordale, 1935: 164 [in part; occurrence; Argentina, 35o30´S to 38o30’ S].
Rhombus paru Devincenzi, 1924: 220 [fishes of Uruguay].— Devincenzi & Legrand, 1936: plate 26 [Uruguay; ichthyological album].
Seserinus paru Ringuelet & Aramburu, 1961: 83 [in part; fishes of Argentina]
Peprilus paru (not of Linnaeus, 1758).— Haedrich, 1967: 106 [in part; revision; synonymy].— Horn, 1970: 202 [in part; revision; synonymy].— Haedrich & Horn, 1972: 32 [in part; identification key; distribution, New York to Argentina].— Cervigón & Cousseau, 1971: 22 [in part; ichthyological collection Instituto de Biologia Marina, Mar del Plata, Argentina].— Lopez & Miquelarena, 1980: 281 −283 [description; distribution; synonymy; Argentina].—Shimizu in Uyeno et al., 1983: 429 [fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana; description, photograph].— Menni et al., 1984: 196, 328 [in part; fishes of Uruguay and Argentina; illustrated].— Valdez & Aguillera, 1987: 162 [Gulf of Venezuela; description; photograph].- Cerqueira & Haimovici, 1990: 599 −613 [in part; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; population dynamics].— Haimovici et al., 1994: 66 [in part; Brazil Subtropical Convergence Ecosystem].— Figueiredo & Menezes, 2000: 32 [in part; description; distribution].— Camargo & Isaac, 2001: 148 [estuarine fishes; northern Brazilian coast].− Figueiredo et al., 2002: 221 [description; material from southern Brazilian coast].— Menezes, 2003: 104 [in part; catalog of marine fishes of the Brazilian coast].− Mabragaña et al., 2011: 9 [in part; barcoding; Argentina].— Fischer, Pereira & Vieira, 2011: 101 [in part; Patos Laguna, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil].
Morphological diagnosis. Peprulis crenulatus differs from its congeners, except P. xanthurus, by having 11−12 pre-caudal vertebrae (vs. 13 or more, rarely 12, in all other representatives, excluding P. x an t hu r u s, Table 3); 28−29 total vertebrae (vs. 30 or more in P. medius, P. ovatus, P. simillimus, and P. snyderi, Table 3); body height 58.5−79.0% SL (vs. 33.0−52.% SL in P. burti, P. simillimus, P. snyderi, P. ovatus, and P. triacanthus, Fig. 1, Table 2); no series of pores along the front half of body under the dorsal fin (vs. 17−25 pores in P. triacanthus); a moderately falcate dorsal fin (vs. not falcate in P. triacanthus, or conspicuously falcate in P. pa r u Figs. 1, 4); specimens larger than 90 mm SL, with an extremely falcate anal fin (vs. not falcate or moderately falcate in P. burti, P. simillimus, P. snyderi, P. ovatus, and P. triacanthus, Fig. 1 g, h). Peprulis crenulatus is further distinguished from sympatric P. xanthurus by the lack of a conspicuous dark spot over the eyes, from snout to nape (vs. with a conspicuous dark spot over the eyes, especially conspicuous in fresh specimens, Figs. 1, 2 e,f); in specimens smaller than 110 mm SL, the orbital diameter 1.6−5.0 in anal-fin height (vs. 5.1−8.0, Fig. 3 a); in specimens larger than 109 mm SL, the orbital diameter 3.2−5.2 in anal-fin height (vs. 5.5−9.2, Fig. 3 a); in specimens larger than 109 mm SL, the orbital diameter 2.9−3.8 in pectoral-fin height (vs. 3.9−5.9, Fig. 3 b); in specimens larger than 109 mm SL, the orbital diameter 0.8−1.4 in post-orbital length (vs. 1.5−2.3, Fig. 3 c). Peprulis crenulatus is additionally distinguished from P. p ar u by having moderately long to short dorsal fin and relatively long caudal fin lobe, the length of the lower lobe of the caudal fin is more than 1.2 times the length of the dorsal fin (vs. 1.2 times the length or less) (Figs. 1, 4).
Molecular diagnosis. The DNA barcode of P. crenulatus forms a distinct cluster with genetic distances of 10.0 to 13.0% from all other species (except P. ovatus from the Pacific coast of Mexico and P. snyderi from the eastern Pacific; Fig. 5). Genetic distance to P. xanthurus is 13.0%, and 11.0% to P. burt i and P. pa r u (Table 4). The haplotypes of P. crenulatus differed from all other members of the genus (excluding P. ovatus and P. snyderi) by 60 to 74 bases, 74 from P. xanthurus, 64 from P. b ur t i, and 66 from P. paru (Table 5).
Description. Morphometric data in Table 2, meristic data in Table 3. Counts D. III −V.39 −45; A. III −IV. 36 −41; P. 20−22; vertebrae 11−12+ 17−18; gill rakers 3−7+14−18. Body compressed, short and very deep. Dorsal profile steep at snout, convex from eye to origin of dorsal fin, descending, slightly convex along base of dorsal fin to caudal peduncle. Ventral profile steep along head to pectoral girdle, descending, slightly concave from pectoral girdle to origin of anal fin, ascending, mildly convex along base of anal fin to caudal peduncle. Head dorsum and nape with vertical rows of branched, subdermal canals. Head deep, with very short snout and small mouth, barely reaching anterior border of eye, upper jaw fixed, teeth long, conical or tricuspid in upper jaw, conical in lower jaw. Eye lateral and large, post-orbital region as large as eye diameter. Opercle with small lobe on posterior margin, occasionally with concavity on posterodorsal margin. Scales cycloid, small, deciduous on flanks and dorsal and anal fin bases to nape, present also on belly, under eye (4−5 horizontal rows) and preopercle, absent on pectoral base and opercle. Dorsal-fin base long and discreetly falcate, anteriorly with small, plate-like spines partially embedded in skin. Pectoral fin falcate, 2nd and 3rd rays longest. Anal-fin base longer than dorsal fin, falcate. Caudal peduncle short, relatively low. Caudal fin forked, upper lobe slightly longer than lower. Lateral line slightly arched, with 59−79 small scales, some of them pored, extending to upper margin of caudal peduncle.
Peprulis crenulatus
Coloration of the fresh specimens. Grayish brown on upper half of the head and along the dorsal margin, silvery on flanks, with a slight orange-red hue on the snout of some specimens (Fig. 1 f, h). Dorsal fin dusky, darker on the tips of the longer rays, some individuals with a yellow hue on the posterior soft rays; anal fin whitish at base, slightly dusky at the tip, tips of soft rays slightly yellowish, with scattered melanophores in some specimens; pectoral fin hyaline with very small, pepper-like black dots, slightly yellowish in some specimens. Caudal fin light yellowish (Fig. 1 f, h).
Coloration of the preserved specimens. Light brown on the head and upper third of the trunk, silvery white on flanks; fins hyaline (Fig. 1 e, g).
Morphological variation. Significant variation is found in the development of P. crenulatus, in the 56 to 135 mm SL size interval (Fig. 6), expressed by either negative or positive allometry in 16 of the 22 characters examined (Table 2, Fig. 7). Smaller specimens present a deeper head and body (Fig. 7 b, c), larger eyes (Fig. 7 a), and wider mouth (Fig. 7 d). Smaller specimens also have longer snout to pectoral base distance and longer snout to dorsal fin distance (Fig. 7 e, f). Positive allometry was observed in the depth of the caudal peduncle (Fig. 7 i), post-orbital distance (Fig. 7 h), and the depth of the dorsal and anal fins (Fig. 7 g). No variation was detected in the profile of the lateral line.
Sexual dimorphism. The small number of fresh specimens examined did not permit the differentiation of males and females.
Distribution and habitat. Peprilus crenulatus occurs between French Guiana and Argentina (5°41’ N to 38°00’ S), inhabiting estuarine and coastal marine waters at depths of up to 136 meters (Fig. 8). The species is relatively common on the northern coast of Brazil, but it is rare or absent between Cape Frio in Rio de Janeiro State to Paraná State (22°50’ S to 26°00’ S), resurging on the coast of the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, south to Argentina (26°00’ to 38°00’ S). In the Brazilian Northeast, specimens were collected near the Mundaú Lagoon in the state of Alagoas (9°40' S). The species was not observed in the catches of the industrial fishery of São Paulo and either in the state’s fish markets, but it is common in the catches of artisanal fisheries of the northern coast of Brazil, though always in small number of specimens (A. Marceniuk, pers. obs.). It probably does not form large schools.
Remarks. Peprilus crenulatus was described by Cuvier (1829) based on two specimens collected in Cayenne. Our examination of the type specimen revealed that it represents a valid species, based on the presence of a short anal fin, which is especially short in smaller specimens (Fig. 1 e, f). The nominal species Rhombus argentipinnis (Fig. 1 c, d), described from three specimens from Montevideo, Uruguay, and Rhombus orbicularis (Fig. 1 b), described from eight specimens obtained from the same type locality of Peprilus crenulatus, share the relatively short anal fin with Peprilus crenulatus, and are thus recognized as junior synonyms of this species. The morphometric data also confirm that Rhombus argentipinnis and Rhombus orbicularis are conspecifics of Peprilus crenulatus, which is distinguished from P. xanthurus by the ratio of the orbital diameter to anal-fin height, which is 1.2 in Peprilus crenulatus, 3.0− 3.5 in Rhombus argentipinnis, and 1.4−1.6 in Rhombus orbicularis (vs. 5.1−8.8 in P. xanthurus). The exact identification of specimens presented in the literature is difficult to ascertain, given that Peprilus paru was for many years considered the only harvestfish species found in the western South Atlantic. However, it was possible to assign to Peprilus crenulatus the specimens collected in Suriname (reported in Uyeno et al., 1983), based on the provided photograph. The presence of 29 vertebrae in the specimens presented by Lopez & Miquelarena (1970) allows them to be distinguished from Peprilus paru in the western North Atlantic. This study also presents an illustration depicting a specimen with a relatively short anal fin, which can be identified as Peprilus crenulatus. The same criterion was used to identify the specimens examined by Figueiredo et al. (2002) as P. crenluatus.
Material examined: Type specimens. MNHN 4061, 3, syntypes of Rhombus argentipinnis, Montevideo, Uruguay (photographic image); MNHN 6828, 1, syntypes of Peprilus crenulatus, Cayenne (photographic image); MNHN 4306, 8, syntypes of Rhombus orbicularis, Cayenne, French Guiana (photographic image).
Non-type specimens: Brazil. MZUSP 103940 (1, 86 mm SL), 0 1o 59'09''N, 48o42'07''W, Amapá; MZUSP 67653 (1, 68 mm SL), Alegre, Marapanim, Pará; AZUSC 1067 (1, 109 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará; MPEG apm 137 (2, 115- 131 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará; MPEG apm 109 (3, 123− 128 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará; MPEG apm 1174 (7, 85− 92 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará; MPEG apm 1182 (3, 71− 110 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará; MPEG apm 1211 (2, 103− 107 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará; MPEG apm 1218 (6, 86− 109 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará; MPEG apm 275 (2, 121− 123 mm SL) Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará; MPEG apm 181 (1, 111 mm SL), Ajuruteua, Bragança, Pará; MZUSP 67583 (1, 102 mm SL), rio Curuca, Ilha de São Luís, Maranhão; MZUSP 51150 (2, 59− 63 mm SL), 9o37'S, 35o48'W, lagoa Mundaú, Maceio, Alagoas; MNH-UFAL 1134 (2, 96− 116 mm SL), Maceió, Alagoas; MZUSP 67669 (3, 56− 78 mm SL), Bahia, Maragogipe, mouth of rio Paraguaçu, 12o45' S, 38o56' W; MZUSP 61308 (3, 97− 107 mm SL), 17o45' S, 39 o10' W, mouth of rio Caravelas, Bahia; MZUSP 79266 (2, 46.7−88 mm SL), Corumbau extractive reserve, Bahia; MZUSP 67604 (4, 94− 106 mm SL), 18o45' S, 39o35' W, São Mateus, Espírito Santo; MZUSP 67668 (3, 56− 85 mm SL), rio Doce, Espirito Santo; MZUSP 67636 (4, 88− 96 mm SL), Cabo de São Tomé, Rio de Janeiro; LBP 10538 (2, 65− 76 mm SL), 22°22'26.9'' S, 41°43'14.3'' W, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro; NPM 139 (1, 114 mm SL), Santana archipelago, 15 m deep, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro; NPM 173 (1, 111 mm SL), Santana archipelago, 15 m deep, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro; NPM 2598 (1, 125 mm SL), fish marked, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; fish marked, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; MZUSP 67595 (4, 109− 121 mm SL), 22o33' S, 41o24' W, 46−74 m deep, Rio de Janeiro; MZUSP 67581 (1, 76 mm SL), Moela island, Santos, São Paulo; MZUSP 67607 (3, 87− 118 mm SL), 28o28' S, 48o29' W, 70 m deep, Santa Catarina; MZUSP 67643 (2, 107− 118 mm SL), 29o13' S, 49o35' W, Santa Catarina; MZUSP 67626 (1, 119 mm SL), 29o34' S, 49o09' W, 76−91 m deep, Rio Grande do Sul; MZUSP 67654 (1, 133 mm SL), 30o06' S, 48o56' W, 136 m deep, Rio Grande do Sul; MZUSP 67650 (3, 101− 112 mm SL), 31o45' S, 51o26' W, 15 m deep, Rio Grande do Sul; MZUSP 67649 (2, 43.4−97.7 mm SL), 32o05' S, 51o55' W, 13 m deep, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; MZUSP 67681 (1, 68 mm SL), 32o58' S, 52o30' W, 13 m deep, Rio Grande do Sul; MZUSP 67663 (2, 66− 72 mm SL), Rio Grande do Sul, 33o58' S, 52o50' W, 29 m deep; MZUSP 67586 (1, 113 mm SL), Rio Grande do Sul, 32o36' S, 51o33' W; MZUSP 67633 (8, 80− 91 mm SL), Rio Grande do Sul.
description: Published as part of Marceniuk, Alexandre P., Caires, Rodrigo, Siccha-Ramirez, Raquel & Oliveira, Claudio, 2016, Review of the harvestfishes, genus Peprilus (Perciformes: Stromateidae), of the Atlantic coast of South America, pp. 311-332 in Zootaxa 4098 (2) on pages 316-320, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4098.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/266950