cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Role of SHPS-1 in the Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor I-stimulated Shc and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Creators: name: Maile, Laura A.
name: Ling, Yan
name: Badley-Clarke, Jane
name: Clemmons, David R.
name: Lieskovska, Jaroslava
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) stimulates smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays an important role in mediating IGF-I–induced mitogenic signaling. Our prior studies have shown that recruitment of Src homology 2 domain tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-2) to the membrane scaffolding protein Src homology 2 domain–containing protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate-1 (SHPS-1) is required for IGF-I–dependent MAPK activation. The current studies were undertaken to define the upstream signaling components that are required for IGF-I–stimulated MAPK activation and the role of SHPS-1 in regulating this process. The results show that IGF-I–induced Shc phosphorylation and its subsequent binding to Grb2 is required for sustained phosphorylation of MAPK and increased cell proliferation in SMCs. Furthermore, for Shc to be phosphorylated in response to IGF-I requires that Shc must associate with SHPS-1 and this association is mediated in part by SHP-2. Preincubation of cells with a peptide that contains a phospho-tyrosine binding motif sequence derived from SHPS-1 inhibited IGF-I–stimulated SHP-2 transfer to SHPS-1, the association of Shc with SHPS-1, and IGF-I–dependent Shc phosphorylation. Expression of an SHPS-1 mutant that did not bind to Shc or SHP-2 resulted in decreased Shc and MAPK phosphorylation in response to IGF-I. In addition, SMCs expressing a mutant form of the β3 subunit of the αVβ3, which results in impairment of SHP-2 transfer to SHPS-1, also showed attenuated IGF-I–dependent Shc and MAPK phosphorylation. Further analysis showed that Shc and SHP-2 can be coimmunoprecipitated after IGF-I stimulation. A cell-permeable peptide that contained a polyproline sequence from Shc selectively inhibited Shc/SHP-2 association and impaired Shc but not SHP-2 binding to SHPS-1. Exposure to this peptide also inhibited IGF-I–stimulated Shc and MAPK phosphorylation. Cells expressing a mutant form of Shc with the four prolines substituted with alanines showed no Shc/SHPS-1 association in response to IGF-I. We conclude that SHPS-1 functions as an anchor protein that recruits both Shc and SHP-2 and that their recruitment is necessary for IGF-I–dependent Shc phosphorylation, which is required for an optimal mitogenic response in SMCs.
On residually finite groups with Engel-like conditions
Creators: name: Bastos, Raimundo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Group Theory (math.GR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 20F45, 20E26

description: Let $m,n$ be positive integers. Suppose that $G$ is a residually finite group in which for every element $x \in G$ there exists a positive integer $q=q(x) \leqslant m$ such that $x^q$ is $n$-Engel. We show that $G$ is locally virtually nilpotent. Further, let $w$ be a multilinear commutator and $G$ a residually finite group in which for every product of at most $896$ $w$-values $x$ there exists a positive integer $q=q(x)$ dividing $m$ such that $x^q$ is $n$-Engel. Then $w(G)$ is locally virtually nilpotent.
description: 9 pages
ROLE OF ACCUMULATED LIPID DROPLETS IN DROSOPHILA MACROPHAGES DURING BACTERIAL INFECTION
Creators: name: Kaur, Ishneet
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: infection
inflammation
macrophages
lipid droplets
lamellocytes
plasma membrane

description: Macrophages are white blood cells of the immune response, in mammals, fruit flies, and most animals. They are important for Fighting infections in many ways including phagocytosis and production of inflammatory signals. Curiously, in many inflammatory conditions, macrophages often accumulate lipids in the form of lipid droplets, although the purpose of this accumulation is not well understood. I have used the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the purpose of macrophage lipid droplets and have found the lipids are essential to allow the differentiation of the macrophages into a specialized form called “lamellocytes”, which is a very large and flattened cell type. Additionally, I found that one way that lipid droplets promote lamellocyte differentiation is by supplying the lipids needed to make the plasma membrane of the enormous lamellocytes.
Roles of Polymerization Dynamics, Opposed Motors, and a Tensile Element in Governing the Length of Xenopus Extract Meiotic Spindles
Creators: name: Desai, A.
name: Salmon, E. D.
name: Gaetz, J.
name: Groen, A.
name: Kapoor, T. M.
name: Shirasu, M.
name: Maddox, P.
name: Mitchison, T. J.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: Metaphase spindles assemble to a steady state in length by mechanisms that involve microtubule dynamics and motor proteins, but they are incompletely understood. We found that Xenopus extract spindles recapitulate the length of egg meiosis II spindles, by using mechanisms intrinsic to the spindle. To probe these mechanisms, we perturbed microtubule polymerization dynamics and opposed motor proteins and measured effects on spindle morphology and dynamics. Microtubules were stabilized by hexylene glycol and inhibition of the catastrophe factor mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) (a kinesin 13, previously called XKCM) and destabilized by depolymerizing drugs. The opposed motors Eg5 and dynein were inhibited separately and together. Our results are consistent with important roles for polymerization dynamics in regulating spindle length, and for opposed motors in regulating the relative stability of bipolar versus monopolar organization. The response to microtubule destabilization suggests that an unidentified tensile element acts in parallel with these conventional factors, generating spindle shortening force.
Taxol-stabilized Microtubules Can Position the Cytokinetic Furrow in Mammalian Cells
Creators: name: Canman, Julie C.
name: Salmon, E. D.
name: Moree, C. Ben
name: Shannon, Katie B.
name: Tirnauer, Jennifer S.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: How microtubules act to position the plane of cell division during cytokinesis is a topic of much debate. Recently, we showed that a subpopulation of stable microtubules extends past chromosomes and interacts with the cell cortex at the site of furrowing, suggesting that these stabilized microtubules may stimulate contractility. To test the hypothesis that stable microtubules can position furrows, we used taxol to rapidly suppress microtubule dynamics during various stages of mitosis in PtK1 cells. Cells with stabilized prometaphase or metaphase microtubule arrays were able to initiate furrowing when induced into anaphase by inhibition of the spindle checkpoint. In these cells, few microtubules contacted the cortex. Furrows formed later than usual, were often aberrant, and did not progress to completion. Images showed that furrowing correlated with the presence of one or a few stable spindle microtubule plus ends at the cortex. Actin, myosin II, and anillin were all concentrated in these furrows, demonstrating that components of the contractile ring can be localized by stable microtubules. Inner centromere protein (INCENP) was not found in these ingressions, confirming that INCENP is dispensable for furrow positioning. Taxol-stabilization of the numerous microtubule-cortex interactions after anaphase onset delayed furrow initiation but did not perturb furrow positioning. We conclude that taxol-stabilized microtubules can act to position the furrow and that loss of microtubule dynamics delays the timing of furrow onset and prevents completion. We discuss our findings relative to models for cleavage stimulation.
Supplementary information from Deforestation strengthens environmental filtering and competitive exclusion in Neotropical streams and rivers
Creators: name: Cantera, Isabel
name: Jézéquel, Céline
name: Dejean, Tony
name: Murienne, Jérôme
name: Vigouroux, Régis
name: Valentini, Alice
name: Brosse, Sébastien
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Understanding how anthropization impacts the assembly of species onto communities is pivotal to go beyond the observation of biodiversity changes and reveal how disturbances affect the environmental and biotic processes shaping biodiversity. Here, we propose a simple framework to measure the assembly processes underpinning functional convergence/divergence patterns. We apply this framework to Northern Amazonian fish communities inventoried using environmental DNA in 35 stream sites and 64 river sites. We found that the harsh and unstable environmental conditions characterizing streams convey communities towards functional convergence, by filter traits related to food acquisition and, to a lower extent, dispersal. Such environmental filtering also strengthens competition by excluding species having less competitive food acquisition traits. Instead, random species assembly was more marked in river communities, which may be explained by the downstream position of rivers facilitating the dispersion of species. Although fish assembly rules differed between streams and river fish communities, anthropogenic disturbances reduced functional divergence in both ecosystems, with a reinforcement of both environmental filtering and weaker competitor exclusion. This may explain the substantial biodiversity alterations observed under slight deforestation levels and underlines the vulnerability of Neotropical freshwater ecosystems to anthropic disturbances that not only affect species persistence but also modify community assembly rules.
Tension-dependent Regulation of Microtubule Dynamics at Kinetochores Can Explain Metaphase Congression in Yeast
Creators: name: Salmon, E. D.
name: Bloom, Kerry
name: Zarzar, Ted R.
name: Pearson, Chad G.
name: Gardner, Melissa K.
name: Odde, David J.
name: Sprague, Brian L.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: During metaphase in budding yeast mitosis, sister kinetochores are tethered to opposite poles and separated, stretching their intervening chromatin, by singly attached kinetochore microtubules (kMTs). Kinetochore movements are coupled to single microtubule plus-end polymerization/depolymerization at kinetochore attachment sites. Here, we use computer modeling to test possible mechanisms controlling chromosome alignment during yeast metaphase by simulating experiments that determine the 1) mean positions of kinetochore Cse4-GFP, 2) extent of oscillation of kinetochores during metaphase as measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) of kinetochore Cse4-GFP, 3) dynamics of kMTs as measured by FRAP of GFP-tubulin, and 4) mean positions of unreplicated chromosome kinetochores that lack pulling forces from a sister kinetochore. We rule out a number of possible models and find the best fit between theory and experiment when it is assumed that kinetochores sense both a spatial gradient that suppresses kMT catastrophe near the poles and attachment site tension that promotes kMT rescue at higher amounts of chromatin stretch.
A closer look at art abroad : a study of the Terra Foundation for American Art’s educational programming for international audiences
Creators: name: Chestnut, Sarah Alynne
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 2020
Subjects: Art education
Cultural diplomacy
Art diplomacy
Cultural exchange
Terra Foundation for American Art
Daniel J. Terra
Museum education
Museum diplomacy
International museum education
International museum programming
Comparative museum education
Comparative museum programming
American art history scholarship
Museum without walls

description: This case study explores the educational offerings intended for international audiences through the work of the Terra Foundation for American Art. Founded by wealthy Chicago businessman, art collector, and U.S. Ambassador at Large for Cultural Affairs Daniel J. Terra in 1978, the Terra Foundation has paved the way for scholarly investigation and appreciation of historical art of the United States on a global scale. The foundation’s art collection was once displayed among several dedicated art museums spanning two continents (in the United States and France), however at the turn of the millennium, the foundation pivoted to a “museum without walls” model and now facilitates the exhibition of their artwork by collaborating with museums around the world. Through a combination of historical research, site observations in both Chicago and Paris, and interviews with key staff members on both continents, this study provides a greater holistic understanding of the challenges and motivations at play for all sectors engaged in international cultural exchange. This qualitative research study reveals implications for art and museum educators, as well as stakeholders invested in international cultural exchange and diplomacy, which point to a need for greater awareness of the dialogues and narratives around historical American art and culture unfolding outside the United States. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations are made for practitioners that address issues of language, audience, and cultural assumptions
title: Respiratory failure in patients with hematologic malignancies
Creators: name: Azeiteiro, Alexandre
Publisher: name: European Congress of Radiology
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Oncology
subject: Thorax
subject: CT-High Resolution
subject: Education
subject: Haematologic diseases

description: Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References
description: Learning objectives: - To describe the principal causes of respiratory failure in patients with hematological diseases and how imaging findings can guide the differential diagnosis. - To recognize the key points in the clinical information that will guide the...
The Unique N-Terminus of R-Ras Is Required for Rac Activation and Precise Regulation of Cell Migration
Creators: name: Parise, Leslie V.
name: Larson, Mark K.
name: Holly, Stephen P.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: The Ras family GTPase, R-Ras, elicits important integrin-dependent cellular behaviors such as adhesion, spreading and migration. While oncogenic Ras GTPases and R-Ras share extensive sequence homology, R-Ras induces a distinct set of cellular behaviors. To explore the structural basis for these differences, we asked whether the unique N-terminal 26 amino acid extension of R-Ras was responsible for R-Ras–specific signaling events. Using a 32D mouse myeloid cell line, we show that full-length R-Ras activates Rac and induces Rac-dependent cell spreading. In contrast, truncated R-Ras lacking its first 26 amino acids fails to activate Rac, resulting in reduced cell spreading. Truncated R-Ras also stimulates more β3 integrin-dependent cell migration than full-length R-Ras, suggesting that the N-terminus may negatively regulate cell movement. However, neither the subcellular localization of R-Ras nor its effects on cell adhesion are affected by the presence or absence of the N-terminus. These results indicate that the N-terminus of R-Ras positively regulates specific R-Ras functions such as Rac activation and cell spreading but negatively regulates R-Ras–mediated cell migration.
Realization of arbitrary discrete unitary transformations using spatial and internal modes of light
Creators: name: Dhand, Ish
name: Goyal, Sandeep K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Any lossless transformation on $n_{s}$ spatial and $n_{p}$ internal modes of light can be described by an $n_{s}n_{p}\times n_{s}n_{p}$ unitary matrix, but there is no known procedure to effect an arbitrary $n_{s}n_{p}\times n_{s}n_{p}$ unitary matrix on light in $n_{s}$ spatial and $n_{p}$ internal modes. We devise an algorithm to realize an arbitrary discrete unitary transformation on the combined spatial and internal degrees of freedom of light. Our realization uses beamsplitters and operations on internal modes to effect arbitrary linear transformations. The number of beamsplitters required to realize a unitary transformation is reduced as compared to existing realization by a factor $n_{p}^2/2$ at the cost of increasing the number of internal optical elements by a factor of two. Our algorithm thus enables the optical implementation of higher dimensional unitary transformations.
description: Updated to published version
(401619) David Jobson
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
A Golgi-localized Hexose Transporter Is Involved in Heterotrimeric G Protein-mediated Early Development in Arabidopsis
Creators: name: Marzluff, William F.
name: Weerasinghe, Ravisha R.
name: Wang, Helen X.
name: Taylor, J. Philip
name: Cakmakci, Nihal G.
name: Perdue, Tony D.
name: Jones, Alan M.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2006

description: Signal transduction involving heterotrimeric G proteins is universal among fungi, animals, and plants. In plants and fungi, the best understood function for the G protein complex is its modulation of cell proliferation and one of several important signals that are known to modulate the rate at which these cells proliferate is d-glucose. Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings lacking the β subunit (AGB1) of the G protein complex have altered cell division in the hypocotyl and are d-glucose hypersensitive. With the aim to discover new elements in G protein signaling, we screened for gain-of-function suppressors of altered cell proliferation during early development in the agb1-2 mutant background. One agb1-2-dependent suppressor, designated sgb1-1D for suppressor of G protein beta1 (agb1-2), restored to wild type the altered cell division in the hypocotyl and sugar hypersensitivity of the agb1-2 mutant. Consistent with AGB1 localization, SGB1 is found at the highest steady-state level in tissues with active cell division, and this level increases in hypocotyls when grown on d-glucose and sucrose. SGB1 is shown here to be a Golgi-localized hexose transporter and acts genetically with AGB1 in early seedling development.
Games of paint and print : strategies of juxtaposition in the Hours of Charles d’Angoulême
Creators: name: Kottke, Ingrid Grace
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 2020
Subjects: Book of hours
Cognac
Robinet Testard
Manuscript illumination
Early print culture
Book culture
Late medieval France

description: Dating to the early 1480s, the Hours of Charles d’Angoulême (Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, ms. Latin 1173) stands as a notable venue for imaginative engagement between painter and reader. A hybrid volume, it integrates prints and print imagery into the painted world of the manuscript, often through humorous or inventive means. The book is attributed to Robinet Testard (active c. 1471-1531), court illuminator to Charles d’Angoulême (1459-96), a Valois noble of the Orléans branch, best-known as the father of François I. It contains forty-three compositions directly derived from prints, sixteen of which are actual engravings glued directly onto the vellum and overpainted. Although on certain pages, Testard’s adaptation of print is direct, the artist frequently engages in some degree of alteration–from slight embellishment to almost total reinterpretation. He employed contemporary German and Netherlandish prints, especially those by Israhel van Meckenem. The manner in which Testard’s pairing of paint and print affects viewing experience merits thorough exploration. Print-derived couplings and oppositions, cast through motifs of courting and quarrel or wilderness and cultivation, recur consistently throughout the volume, often within the same miniature or figural pairing. I concentrate on these patterns of accord and discord throughout the volume as they relate to audience engagement, focusing particularly depictions of seasonality and the pastoral. In the manuscript’s calendar sequence, Testard’s inclusion and seasonalization of satirical love and battle scenes may have been intended to surprise and amuse his patron who, as scion of aristocratic bookworms, would be familiar with calendrical tropes. Elsewhere, full-page miniatures demonstrate further his strategies of creative selection and juxtaposition. I explore the extent to which the tragic wild couple of the Office of the Dead miniature and the ludic herders of the Annunciation to the Shepherds reshape northern print motifs to the nostalgic pastoral tastes of the French court
Research Paper Summary: Shared Vision for Land Use in Wairau Marlborough
Creators: name: Barry, Michelle
Publisher: name: AgResearch
Year: 2024
Subjects: classificationCode: 3002
subject: Agriculture, land and farm management

description: This research project aimed to explore the potential for the development of diverse agricultural systems and places to achieve greater social licence among the communities that inhabit them, and address regional social, environmental, and economic challenges.
This was explored through two sets of semi-structured interviews, with local Māori and the wider community. This approach was adopted to create an appropriate space for Māori place-based perspectives to be acknowledged and shared inside a wider community project.
Questions had the following aims:
1) develop an understanding of the community's vision of land use in the Marlborough region, and
2) identify and understand the partnerships and relationships necessary to develop a pathway to achieving a shared vision for land use in the region.
Measurement of Hubble constant: Non-Gaussian Errors in HST key project data
Creators: name: Singh, Meghendra
name: Gupta, Shashikant
name: Pandey, Ashwini
name: Sharma, Satendra
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Assuming the Central Limit Theorem, experimental uncertainties in any data set are expected to follow the Gaussian distribution with zero mean. We propose an elegant method based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic to test the above; and apply it on the measurement of Hubble constant which determines the expansion rate of the Universe. The measurements were made using Hubble Space Telescope. Our analysis shows that the uncertainties in the above measurement are non-Gaussian.
description: 8 pages, 2 figures
Dynamic Regulation of Mammalian Numb by G Protein-coupled Receptors and Protein Kinase C Activation: Structural Determinants of Numb Association with the Cortical Membrane
Creators: name: McGlade, C. Jane
name: Dho, Sascha E.
name: Siderovski, David P.
name: Trejo, Jo Ann
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2006

description: The cell fate determinant Numb is a membrane-associated adaptor protein involved in both development and intracellular vesicular trafficking. It has a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain and COOH-terminal endocytic-binding motifs for α-adaptin and Eps15 homology domain-containing proteins. Four isoforms of Numb are expressed in vertebrates, two of which selectively associate with the cortical membrane. In this study, we have characterized a cortical pool of Numb that colocalizes with AP2 and Eps15 at substratum plasma membrane punctae and cortical membrane-associated vesicles. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged mutants of Numb were used to identify the structural determinants required for localization. In addition to the previously described association of the PTB domain with the plasma membrane, we show that the AP2-binding motifs facilitate the association of Numb with cortical membrane punctae and vesicles. We also show that agonist stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are linked to phospholipase Cβ and protein kinase C (PKC) activation causes redistribution of Numb from the cortical membrane to the cytosol. This effect is correlated with Numb phosphorylation and an increase in its Triton X-100 solubility. Live-imaging analysis of mutants identified two regions within Numb that are independently responsive to GPCR-mediated lipid hydrolysis and PKC activation: the PTB domain and a region encompassing at least three putative PKC phosphorylation sites. Our data indicate that membrane localization of Numb is dynamically regulated by GPCR-activated phospholipid hydrolysis and PKC-dependent phosphorylation events.
Measuring Nanometer Scale Gradients in Spindle Microtubule Dynamics Using Model Convolution Microscopy
Creators: name: Bloom, Kerry
name: Paliulis, Leocadia V.
name: Pearson, Chad G.
name: Gardner, Melissa K.
name: Salmon, E. D.
name: Odde, David J.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2006

description: A computational model for the budding yeast mitotic spindle predicts a spatial gradient in tubulin turnover that is produced by kinetochore-attached microtubule (kMT) plus-end polymerization and depolymerization dynamics. However, kMTs in yeast are often much shorter than the resolution limit of the light microscope, making visualization of this gradient difficult. To overcome this limitation, we combined digital imaging of fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP) with model convolution methods to compare computer simulations at nanometer scale resolution to microscopic data. We measured a gradient in microtubule dynamics in yeast spindles at ∼65-nm spatial intervals. Tubulin turnover is greatest near kinetochores and lowest near the spindle poles. A β-tubulin mutant with decreased plus-end dynamics preserves the spatial gradient in tubulin turnover at a slower time scale, increases average kinetochore microtubule length ∼14%, and decreases tension at kinetochores. The β-tubulin mutant cells have an increased frequency of chromosome loss, suggesting that the accuracy of chromosome segregation is linked to robust kMT plus-end dynamics.
Multiple Sequence Elements Facilitate Chp Rho GTPase Subcellular Location, Membrane Association, and Transforming Activity
Creators: name: Der, Channing J.
name: Mitin, Natalia Y.
name: Chenette, Emily J.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2006

description: Cdc42 homologous protein (Chp) is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases and shares significant sequence and functional similarity with Cdc42. However, unlike classical Rho GTPases, we recently found that Chp depends on palmitoylation, rather than prenylation, for association with cellular membranes. Because palmitoylation alone is typically not sufficient to promote membrane association, we evaluated the possibility that other carboxy-terminal residues facilitate Chp subcellular association with membranes. We found that Chp membrane association and transforming activity was dependent on the integrity of a stretch of basic amino acids in the carboxy terminus of Chp and that the basic amino acids were not simply part of a palmitoyl acyltransferase recognition motif. We also determined that the 11 carboxy-terminal residues alone were sufficient to promote Chp plasma and endomembrane association. Interestingly, stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-α activated only endomembrane-associated Chp. Finally, we found that Chp membrane association was not disrupted by Rho guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitory proteins, which are negative regulators of Cdc42 membrane association and biological activity. In summary, the unique carboxy-terminal sequence elements that promote Chp subcellular location and function expand the complexity of mechanisms by which the cellular functions of Rho GTPases are regulated.
(401615) Alexander Henderson
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Role of Cell Cycle-regulated Expression in the Localized Incorporation of Cell Wall Proteins in Yeast
Creators: name: Schenkman, Laura R.
name: Smits, Gertien J.
name: Brul, Stanley
name: Klis, Frans M.
name: Pringle, John R.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2006

description: The yeast cell wall is an essential organelle that protects the cell from mechanical damage and antimicrobial peptides, participates in cell recognition and adhesion, and is important for the generation and maintenance of normal cell shape. We studied the localization of three covalently bound cell wall proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Tip1p was found only in mother cells, whereas Cwp2p was incorporated in small-to-medium–sized buds. When the promoter regions of TIP1 and CWP2 (responsible for transcription in early G1 and S/G2 phases, respectively) were exchanged, the localization patterns of Tip1p and Cwp2p were reversed, indicating that the localization of cell wall proteins can be completely determined by the timing of transcription during the cell cycle. The third protein, Cwp1p, was incorporated into the birth scar, where it remained for several generations. However, we could not detect any role of Cwp1p in strengthening the birth scar wall or any functional interaction with the proteins that mark the birth scar pole as a potential future budding site. Promoter-exchange experiments showed that expression in S/G2 phase is necessary but not sufficient for the normal localization of Cwp1p. Studies of mutants in which septum formation is perturbed indicate that the normal asymmetric localization of Cwp1p also depends on the normal timing of septum formation, composition of the septum, or both.
Origin of Low-Lying Enhanced E1 Strength in Rare-Earth Nuclei
Creators: name: Spieker, M.
name: Pascu, S.
name: Zilges, A.
name: Iachello, F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The experimental $E1$ strength distribution below 4 MeV in rare-earth nuclei suggests a local breaking of isospin symmetry. In addition to the octupole states, additional $1^-$ states with enhanced E1 strength have been observed in rare-earth nuclei by means of ($γ,γ'$) experiments. By reproducing the experimental results, the spdf interacting boson model calculations provide further evidence for the formation of an $α$ cluster in medium-mass nuclei and might provide a new understanding of the origin of low-lying E1 strength.
Specific and Nonspecific Membrane-binding Determinants Cooperate in Targeting Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Protein beta-Isoform to the Mammalian Trans-Golgi Network
Creators: name: Bankaitis, Vytas A.
name: Ile, Kristina E.
name: Phillips, Scott E.
name: Huijbregts, Richard P.H.
name: Boukhelifa, Malika
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2006

description: Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) regulate the interface between lipid metabolism and specific steps in membrane trafficking through the secretory pathway in eukaryotes. Herein, we describe the cis-acting information that controls PITPβ localization in mammalian cells. We demonstrate PITPβ localizes predominantly to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and that this localization is independent of the phospholipid-bound state of PITPβ. Domain mapping analyses show the targeting information within PITPβ consists of three short C-terminal specificity elements and a nonspecific membrane-binding element defined by a small motif consisting of adjacent tryptophan residues (the W202W203 motif). Combination of the specificity elements with the W202W203 motif is necessary and sufficient to generate an efficient TGN-targeting module. Finally, we demonstrate that PITPβ association with the TGN is tolerant to a range of missense mutations at residue serine 262, we describe the TGN localization of a novel PITPβ isoform with a naturally occurring S262Q polymorphism, and we find no other genetic or pharmacological evidence to support the concept that PITPβ localization to the TGN is obligately regulated by conventional protein kinase C (PKC) or the Golgi-localized PKC isoforms δ or ε. These latter findings are at odds with a previous report that conventional PKC-mediated phosphorylation of residue Ser262 is required for PITPβ targeting to Golgi membranes.
The Intracellular Domain of ErbB4 Induces Differentiation of Mammary Epithelial Cells
Creators: name: Earp III, H. Shelton
name: Husted, Carty
name: Sandahl, Melissa
name: Elenius, Klaus
name: Miraglia, Leah
name: Hunter, Debra
name: Muraoka-Cook, Rebecca S.
name: Feng, Shu Mang
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2006

description: Differentiation of mammary epithelium in vivo requires signaling through prolactin- and ErbB4/HER4-dependent mechanisms; how these pathways intersect is unknown. We show herein that HC11 mouse mammary cells undergo ErbB4-dependent lactational differentiation. Prolactin and the ErbB4 ligand HB-EGF each induced STAT5A activation, expression of lactogenic differentiation markers, and lumen formation in three-dimensional Matrigel cultures in HC11 cells. ErbB4 undergoes ligand-dependent transmembrane domain cleavage at Val-675, releasing a soluble 80-kDa intracellular domain (s80HER4) that localizes to nuclei; the physiological relevance of s80HER4 is unknown. A HER4V675A mutant abolishing transmembrane cleavage impaired STAT5A activity, lactogenic gene expression, and lumen formation. Kinase-dead HER4KD was neither cleaved nor able to induce differentiation of HC11 cells. Without treating HC11 cells with prolactin or HB-EGF, s80HER4 (expressed from a cDNA construct) localized to the nucleus, activated STAT5A, and induced three-dimensional lumen formation. Nuclear localization of exogenous s80HER4 required intact kinase activity of s80HER4, as did activation of STAT5A. In contrast, nuclear localization of s80HER4 and STAT5A activation did not require the 16-amino acid region of the ErbB4 intracellular domain specific to the Cyt-1 isoform of ErbB4, and absent in the Cyt-2 isoform. These results suggest that s80HER4 formation contributes to ErbB4-dependent differentiation of mammary epithelial cells.
Phenotypic profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4 T-cell responses in people with advanced human immunodeficiency virus who develop tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
Creators: name: Moseki, Raymond M
name: Barber, Daniel L
name: Du Bruyn, Elsa
name: Shey, Muki
name: Van der Plas, Helen
name: Wilkinson, Robert J
name: Meintjes, Graeme
name: Riou, Catherine
Publisher: name: The Francis Crick Institute
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Model organisms
subject: Infectious Disease
subject: Human Biology & Physiology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine

description: BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) is a frequent complication of cotreatment for TB and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. We characterized Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific CD4 T-cell phenotype and transcription factor profile associated with the development of TB-IRIS. METHODS: We examined the role of CD4 T-cell transcription factors in a murine model of mycobacterial IRIS. In humans, we used a longitudinal study design to compare the magnitude of antiretroviral therapy, activation, transcription factor profile, and cytotoxic potential of Mtb-specific CD4 T cells between TB-IRIS (n = 25) and appropriate non-IRIS control patients (n = 18) using flow cytometry. RESULTS: In the murine model, CD4 T-cell expression of Eomesodermin (Eomes), but not Tbet, was associated with experimentally induced IRIS. In patients, TB-IRIS onset was associated with the expansion of Mtb-specific IFNγ+CD4 T cells (P = .039). Patients with TB-IRIS had higher HLA-DR expression (P = .016), but no differences in the expression of T-bet or Eomes were observed. At TB-IRIS onset, Eomes+Tbet+Mtb-specific IFNγ+CD4+ T cells showed higher expression of granzyme B in patients with TB-IRIS (P = .026). CONCLUSIONS: Although the murine model of Mycobacterium avium complex-IRIS suggests that Eomes+CD4 T cells underly IRIS, TB-IRIS was not associated with Eomes expression in patients. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific IFNγ+CD4 T-cell responses in TB-IRIS patients are differentiated, highly activated, and potentially cytotoxic.
(401610) Samuel Paton
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
The Yeast Tumor Suppressor Homologue Sro7p Is Required for Targeting of the Sodium Pumping ATPase to the Cell Surface
Creators: name: Ronne, Hans
name: Rossi, Guendalina
name: Öyen, Mattias
name: Adler, Leenart
name: Forsmark, Annabelle
name: Konopka, Catherine
name: Goksör, Mattias
name: Brennwald, Patrick
name: Wadskog, Ingrid
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2006

description: The SRO7/SOP1 encoded tumor suppressor homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for maintenance of ion homeostasis in cells exposed to NaCl stress. Here we show that the NaCl sensitivity of the sro7Δ mutant is due to defective sorting of Ena1p, the main sodium pump in yeast. On exposure of sro7Δ mutants to NaCl stress, Ena1p fails to be targeted to the cell surface, but is instead routed to the vacuole for degradation via the multivesicular endosome pathway. SRO7-deficient mutants accumulate post-Golgi vesicles at high salinity, in agreement with a previously described role for Sro7p in late exocytosis. However, Ena1p is not sorted into these post-Golgi vesicles, in contrast to what is observed for the vesicles that accumulate when exocytosis is blocked in sec6-4 mutants at high salinity. These observations imply that Sro7p has a previously unrecognized role for sorting of specific proteins into the exocytic pathway. Screening for multicopy suppressors identified RSN1, encoding a transmembrane protein of unknown function. Overexpression of RSN1 restores NaCl tolerance of sro7Δ mutants by retargeting Ena1p to the plasma membrane. We propose a model in which blocked exocytic sorting in sro7Δ mutants, gives rise to quality control-mediated routing of Ena1p to the vacuole.
Signal-noise interaction in nonlinear optical fibers: a hydrodynamic approach
Creators: name: Barletti, Luigi
name: Secondini, Marco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a new perturbative approach to the study of signal-noise interactions in nonlinear optical fibers. The approach is based on the hydrodynamic formulation of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation that governs the propagation of light in the fiber. Our method is discussed in general and is developed in more details for some special cases, namely the small-dispersion regime, the continuous-wave (CW) signal and the solitonic pulse. The accuracy of the approach is numerically tested in the CW case.
description: Revised version, submitted to Optics express, 15 pages, 6 figures
Cdc6 Stability Is Regulated by the Huwe1 Ubiquitin Ligase after DNA Damage
Creators: name: Luce, K. Scott
name: Cook, Jeanette Gowen
name: Lu, Chiajung Karen
name: Hall, Jonathan R.
name: Zhong, Qing
name: Nevis, Kathleen R.
name: Kow, Evelyn
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2007

description: The Cdc6 protein is an essential component of pre-replication complexes (preRCs), which assemble at origins of DNA replication during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Previous studies have demonstrated that, in response to ionizing radiation, Cdc6 is ubiquitinated by the anaphase promoting complex (APCCdh1) in a p53-dependent manner. We find, however, that DNA damage caused by UV irradiation or DNA alkylation by methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) induces Cdc6 degradation independently of p53. We further demonstrate that Cdc6 degradation after these forms of DNA damage is also independent of cell cycle phase, Cdc6 phosphorylation of the known Cdk target residues, or the Cul4/DDB1 and APCCdh1 ubiquitin E3 ligases. Instead Cdc6 directly binds a HECT-family ubiquitin E3 ligase, Huwe1 (also known as Mule, UreB1, ARF-BP1, Lasu1, and HectH9), and Huwe1 polyubiquitinates Cdc6 in vitro. Degradation of Cdc6 in UV-irradiated cells or in cells treated with MMS requires Huwe1 and is associated with release of Cdc6 from chromatin. Furthermore, yeast cells lacking the Huwe1 ortholog, Tom1, have a similar defect in Cdc6 degradation. Together, these findings demonstrate an important and conserved role for Huwe1 in regulating Cdc6 abundance after DNA damage.
(401612) Catherine Barclay
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
(401613) William Jobson
Creators: name: Professions, Victorian
Publisher: name: University of Oxford
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 220201 Business and Labour History
subject: FOS: Philosophy, ethics and religion
subject: History
subject: 140203 Economic History
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This three-year research project began in January 2014 and investigated whether, during the Victorian period, the professions formed a distinct self-sustaining social group with its own mores and values. The project looked at 16,000 individuals drawn from census data for Alnwick, Brighton, Bristol, Dundee, Greenock, Leeds, Merthyr Tydfil, Morpeth, and Winchester. The research project was funded by the UK Economic & Social Research Council and was based at the Universities of Oxford and Northumbria.
Order and excitations in large-$S$ kagomé-lattice antiferromagnets
Creators: name: Chernyshev, A. L.
name: Zhitomirsky, M. E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We systematically investigate the ground-state and the spectral properties of antiferromagnets on a kagomé lattice with several common types of the planar anisotropy: $XXZ$, single-ion, and out-of-plane Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya. Our main focus is on the role of nonlinear, anharmonic terms, which are responsible for the quantum order-by-disorder effect and for the corresponding selection of the ground-state spin structure in many of these models. The $XXZ$ and the single-ion anisotropy models exhibit a quantum phase transition between the ${\bf q}\!=\!0$ and the $\sqrt{3}\times\!\sqrt{3}$ states as a function of the anisotropy parameter, offering a rare example of the quantum order-by-disorder fluctuations favoring a ground state which is different from the one selected by thermal fluctuations. The nonlinear terms are also shown to be crucial for a very strong near-resonant decay phenomenon leading to the quasiparticle breakdown in the kagomé-lattice antiferromagnets whose spectra are featuring flat or weakly dispersive modes. The effect is shown to persist even in the limit of large spin values and should be common to other frustrated magnets with flat branches of excitations. Model calculations of the spectrum of the $S=5/2$ Fe-jarosite with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya anisotropy provide a convincing and detailed characterization of the proposed scenario.
description: 17 pages, 13 figures, published version. Recipient of the PRB beauty award (Editors' Suggestion)