Deterioration Problems of Ankara Castle Andesites
Creators: name: Tokmak, Musa
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: 120102 Architectural Heritage and Conservation
subject: FOS: Civil engineering
subject: FOS: Civil engineering

description: The book aimed to identify deterioration problems, repair and conservation needs of andesites on the walls of the Ankara Castle. Decay forms of walls were documented by visual examination. Samples taken from the surface of the weathered andesites were examined for their basic physical, mechanical compositional and minerological properties. The bulk density and total porosity were determined as basic physical properties. The mechanical properties were expressed as ultrasonic velocity and modulus of elasticity (Emod). Compositional and mineralogical properties were determined by optical microscopy and XRD analyses. Soluble salt content of the andesite samples was determined by spot tests of anions and electrical conductivity measurements. Findings were evaluated in terms of the long-term weathering behaviour of andesites under the effect of the prevailing climate, air pollution problems of Ankara, dampness problems of the structure, previous repairs with incompatible cement mortars. The surfaces of Ankara Castle andesite blocks were heavily weathered. The results were compared with the physical and mechanical properties of fresh andesites from Gölbaşı- Ankara quarry. The surface of the andesite blocks at the Ankara Castle, had low bulk density and high porosity, low ultrasonic velocity and low Emod values. Thin section and XRD analyses supported those results by revealing the presence of physical and chemical weathering on feldspars and other main minerals of andesite, as well as the presence of amorphous minerals at the surface.ANAHTAR KELİMELER:stone deterioration,salt,decay,stone deterioration patterns,glossary,crack,fissures,alteration,deformation,blistering,bursting,delimanation,fracture,star crack,hair crack,splitting,coving,erosion,mechanical damage,alveolization,loss of components,loss of matrix,rounding,roughening,scratch,abrasion,keying,differential erosion,impact damage,cut,crust,black crust,slat crust,deposit,efflorescence,encrustation,concretion,moist area,bleaching,biological colonization,alga,crumbling,granular disintegration,powdering,chalking,sanding,sugaring,chipping,flaking,contour scalling,spalling,microkarst,missing part,performation,pitting,film,glossy aspect,graffiti,patina,iron rich patina,oxalate patina,soiling,subflorescence,lichen,moss,mould,plant,B. Fitzner, K. Heinrichs &amp; R. Kownatzki,Biological colonization,Discoloration and deposit ,Features induced by material loss,Crack and deformation,Termes généraux,Fissure et déformation,Détachement,Figures induites par une perte de matière,Altération chromatique et dépôt,Colonisation biologique,Dégât mécanique,qui regroupe,tracesd’impact,rayures,figures,abrasionFeatures induced by material loss,fissuration en etoile,microfissure,craquellement,clivage,boursouflure,eclatement,delitage,desagregation,creusement,erosion differentielle,perte, de constituants,de matrice,croute noire,croute saline,depot, alteration chromatique,coloration,algue,mousse,moisissure,desagregation, desagregation granulaire, pulverulence,farinage, desagregation sableuse, desagregation saccharoide,erosion en boule,augmentation de rugosite,degat mecanique,trace d'impact,incision,assombrissement du a l'humidite,tache, encroutement,plante,concretion,fragmentation en esquilles, partie manquante,ecaillage,patina ferrugieuse,desquamation en plaque,trou,patina d'oxalates,encrassement,weathering,ALTÉRATION MÉTÉORIQUEchemical deterioration,physcial deterioration,Modification des propriétés physicochimiques,stone,chemical or physical modification ,Limestone relief,Bas relief en pierre calcaire,Rusting iron, La corrosion d’éléments métalliques,rusting dowels,Marble sculpture,Horizontal fracture, colonne en Déformation plastique, distorsion, gauchissement pierre calcaire,Plastic deformation, bowing,tombstones, marble cladding,pierres tombales, pierres agrafées, convex deformation,sedimentary rocks, some metamorphic rocks,préféré à effritement,porosity,accumulate,BIOLOGICAL COLONIZATION,colonisation biologique,bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, fungi and lichen,bactéries, cyanobactéries, algues, moisissures etlichens,biofilm,building,conservation,cultural values,taş bozulmaları,tuz,fiziksel kimyasal bozulma,biyolojik bozulma,anıtlar ve bozula problemlerikaya anıtları,kovuk,parametre,taş eserlerde bozulma türleri ve sınıfları,mineral yapısı,gözeneklilik,doğal çimento,yüzeysel birikim,bozulma,renk değişimi,hasar,tahribat,aşınma,erozyon,atmosferik bozulma,parça kaybı,Mimari Restorasyon,The Deterioration and Conservation of Stone,Conservation of Ruins,karbon dioksit,sıcaklık değişimi,trafik,şekerleme,boşluk delik,çatlak,kılcal çatlak,oyuklanma,yüzey kaybı,bozulma türleri,doğal afetler,kavlaklanma,yapraklanma,derz boşalması,çiçeklenme,bitki oluşumu,yosun oluşumu,korozyon,pas lekesi,hatalı onarımlar,çimento kullanımı,tahribat,niteliksiz ekler,testler,aşınma,form kaybı,renk değişimi,Taşın işlenebilirliği, homojenliği, su emme kapasitesi, kuruma hızı, boşlukluluk/gözeneklilik, ısıl genleşme katsayısı, sertlik, basınç, çekme, suyun hareketi, ıslanma-kuruma, sıcaklık değişimleri, donma-erime, rüzgar, yağmur,çözünen tuzlar,ıslanma-kuruma,kılcallık,rutubet,karbon dioksit (CO2),kükürt dioksit (SO2),fosil,karbonik asit,kalker kabuk,mermer,andezit,tortul kayaçlar,kale,nem,oksijen,tüf,petrografik,mermer,taş ocakları,water repellents,volkanik tüflerde koruma,Deterioration Mapping,Diagnostic Studies,spot tuz testleri,kondaktometrik analiz,agrega ve bağlayıcı içerikleri,asidik agrega/bağlayıcı, agrega granülometrisi, ince kesit optik mikroskop ve X-ışını toz kırınımı analizleri,kireç harcı,archaeometric exploration,Spot salt test,conductometric analysis,aggregate,binder part of the mortars,the analyses of acidic aggregate &amp; binder, aggregate granulometry, thin section optic microscopy and X-ray diffraction,the physical conditions of the stones,physical tests,results of archaeometrical data,constructive stone material,andesite,marble,ignimbrite and dacite,binder materia,lime mortar,cement content,petrographic studies,constructive raw materia,soluble salt content,Archaeometry, Stone analysis, Mortar analysis, Physical tests, Thin section analysis, Ankara, Akköprü, Arkeometri, Taş analizi, Harç analizi, Fiziksel testler, İnce kesit analizi, Ankara,arkeometik çalışmalar,Geological Engineering,BİYO-REMEDİASYON,karbonatlı taşlar,biyo-temizlik,conservation, restoration, consolidation, stone, degredation, koruma, onarım, sağlamlaştırma, taş, bozulma,Mikroorganizmalar,kalsium karbonat,Lecce kireç taşı ,Taşın karakteristik özellikleri ,nitrojen dioksi,kireç katkılı harçlar,hidratasyon,Na₂SO₄,Anhidirit,dekahidrat,Na₂SO₄.10H₂O,mirabilit,gözeneklerin geometrik yapısı,iyon,molokül,sodyum sülfat,kristalizasyon,hidratasyon ,Tuz hasarları,termal genleşme,tuzların higroskopik,termal genleşme,alçıtaşı,bozulma haritalandırmaları,Fitzner ve Heinrich (1994),Massa, Naldini ve Rorro (1991),ICOMOS,Uluslararası Anıtlar ve Siteler Konseyi, International Council of Monuments and Sites,kabarma,patlama,taneciklik dağılma,ufalanma,soyulma,pullanma,pul pul dökülme,Bileşik kaybı veya matris/ana yapı kaybı,Kesik veya çizik nedenli hasar,Aşındırma veya kilitlemeye dayalı hasar,su ve kimyasal korozyon ,delikler,Lekelenme,Sub-efloresans,Renk değişimi ve tortular,Biyolojik kolonizasyonlar,algler,likenler,küfler,bitkiler,Siyah kabuk,Tuz kabuklanması,tortu,Çok renklilik,beyazlanma,nemli alan,pas görünümlü değişme,Efloresans,Kalkerlenme :kireç taşı yumruları,Film tabakası oluşumu,Parlaklık,Grafitiler,Demir oranı yüksek patina,Oksalatlı patina,Aşınmalar – kir ve siyah kabuklanma,organik ve inorganik bileşikler,Karbonatı yağmur suyu,Biocleaning,Microbe-Based Technology,Black Crust,Chemical and Biological Treatments,Sulfation of Calcitic and DolomiticLime Mortars,Carbonate Rocks,sculpture ,Microorganisms,pollution,Yapı Fiziği ve Malzemesi,Frost Resistance of Natural Stone,Kireçtaşlarında Tuzların Yıkıcı Etkileri,Deterioration of Porous Building Materials,salt damaga to limestone,Salts in the Deterioration of Porous Building Materials,Quantitative Salt Analysis in Conservation of Buildings,Tabii Yapı Taşları - Muayene ve Deney Metotları,Tuz Kristallenmesine Direncin Tayini,Atmospheric Environment,Effect of Dry Depozition of NOx and SO2 Gaseous Pollutants,Soluble Salts in Masonry,hlorides, sulphates, nitrates and carbonates. Commonly occurring salts are sodium chloride (table salt or ‘halite’; NaCl), gypsum (calcium sulphate; CaSO4) and sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)metastable heptahydrate,moisture and salts penetrate,monument,environmental conditions,Relative humidity and temperature,capillary rise from groundwater and soil water,SALT MIGRATE AND CRYSTALLISE,crystal forms (including cubic and needle-like),pH values,frost weathering processes ,cryptoflorescence or subflorescence,micro-environment and climate change,evaporation rate,supersaturation and crystallization pattern,Research,Çözünürlük; Tuz; Çözümler; Kimyasal Denklem; Doygunluk; Kimyasal Formül; Çözelti ve denge sabiti(Ksp),testler,xrd,sem-edx,kalsiyum karbonat (CaCO3) ,karbondioksit gazı (CO2), hidrojen iyonu (H+), bikarbonat (HCO3- ) ve karbonat (CO3-2) iyonları,Horasan Harcı ve Sıvaları,Standart Test Method for In Situ Measurement of Masonary,Joint Shear Strength Index,sediment taşlar,metamorfik taşlar,natural stone, physical degradation, chemical degradation, biological degradation, taş heykelde petekgözlülük,