cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
The Role of Education and Verbal Abilities in Altering the Effect of Age-Related Gray Matter Differences on Cognition
Creators: name: Steffener, Jason
name: Barulli, Daniel James
name: Habeck, Christian G.
name: O’Shea, Deirdre
name: Razlighi, Qolamreza R.
name: Stern, Yaakov
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: Age groups
Memory
Cognition
Neurology

description: Evidence suggests that individual variability in lifetime exposures influences how cognitive performance changes with advancing age. Brain maintenance and cognitive reserve are theories meant to account for preserved performance despite advancing age. These theories differ in their causal mechanisms. Brain maintenance predicts more advantageous lifetime exposures will reduce age-related neural differences. Cognitive reserve predicts that lifetime exposures will not directly reduce these differences but minimize their impact on cognitive performance. The present work used moderated-mediation modeling to investigate the contributions of these mechanisms at explaining variability in cognitive performance among a group of 39 healthy younger (mean age (standard deviation) 25.9 (2.92) and 45 healthy older adults (65.2 (2.79)). Cognitive scores were computed using composite measures from three separate domains (speed of processing, fluid reasoning, and memory), while their lifetime exposures were estimated using education and verbal IQ measures. T1-weighted MR images were used to measure cortical thickness and subcortical volumes. Results suggest a stronger role for cognitive reserve mechanisms in explaining age-related cognitive variability: even with age-related reduced gray matter, individuals with greater lifetime exposures could perform better given their quantity of brain measures.
title: Die Helvetier in Lissabon; 1792
title: Ein Original-Schauspiel in fünf Aufzügen
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Werther
name: Müller von Friedberg, Karl Franz Alois Matthias
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2016

description: Vermutl. Verf. nach Katalog der SBB: Karl Franz Alois Matthias Müller von Friedberg
Jaculus orientalis Erxleben 1777
Creators: name: Honacki, James H.
name: Kinman, Kenneth E.
name: Koeppl, James W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1982
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Rodentia
Dipodidae
Jaculus
Jaculus orientalis

description: Jaculus orientalis Erxleben, 1777. Syst. Regn. Anim., 1:404. TYPE LOCALITY: Egypt, in the “mountains separating Egypt from Arabia." DISTRIBUTION: Morocco to Sinai and S. Israel, except extremely arid habitats. ISIS NUMBER: 5301410016004004001.
description: Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Rodentia (Part 6), pp. 560-594 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 567, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353039
An efficient biologically-inspired photocell enhanced by quantum coherence
Creators: name: Creatore, C.
name: Parker, M. A.
name: Emmott, S.
name: Chin, A. W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Artificially reproducing the biological light reactions responsible for the remarkably efficient photon-to-charge conversion in photosynthetic complexes represents a new direction for the future development of photovoltaic devices. Here, we develop such a paradigm and present a model photocell based on the nanoscale architecture of photosynthetic reaction centres that explicitly harnesses the quantum mechanical effects recently discovered in photosynthetic complexes. Quantum interference of photon absorption/emission induced by the dipole-dipole interaction between molecular excited states guarantees an enhanced light-to-current conversion and power generation for a wide range of realistic parameters, opening a promising new route for designing artificial light-harvesting devices inspired by biological photosynthesis and quantum technologies.
description: 12 pages, 9 figures
Functional renormalization group study of a four-fermion model with $CP$ violation
Creators: name: Huang, Linlin
name: Kawaguchi, Mamiya
name: Maitiniyazi, Yadikaer
name: Matsuzaki, Shinya
name: Tomiya, Akio
name: Yamada, Masatoshi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We perform a functional renormalization group analysis of a four-fermion model with $CP$ and $P$ violation to explore the nonperturbative infrared dynamics of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) within the Wilsonian renormalization group framework, particularly in the context of spontaneous $CP$-violation models. Our analysis of the fixed-point structure reveals that, in the large-$N_c$ limit, the $CP$-violating $\barθ$ parameter is dynamically induced and approaches $π\cdot (N_f/2)$ (where $N_f$ is the number of flavors) as the system enters the chirally broken phase. This behavior arises due to criticality and the large anomalous dimensions of the $U(1)_A$-violating four-fermion couplings. Furthermore, this trend appears to persist beyond the leading large-$N_c$ approximation, provided that the infrared dynamics of QCD remains dominated by the scalar condensate of the quark bilinear, as expected. Notably, our findings highlight that $CP$-violating four-fermion interactions, which are perturbatively irrelevant, can become relevant in the chirally broken phase through nonperturbative effects, with potential implications for spontaneous $CP$-violation scenarios.
description: 17 pages, 3 figures, version published in Phys. Rev. D
Making Audits Meaningful – Overseeing the Use of AI in Content Moderation
Creators: name: Bloch-Wehba, Hannah
name: Fernandez, Angelica
name: Morar, David
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: algorithmic auditing
platform governance
algorithmic content moderation
transparency
accountability

description: While platforms use increasingly sophisticated technology to make content-related decisions that affect public discourse, firms are tight-lipped about exactly how the technologies of content moderation function. The laconic nature of industry disclosure relating to their use of algorithmic content moderation is thoroughly unacceptable, considering that regulators need to understand the platform ecosystem in order to design evidence-based regulations and monitor risks associated with the use of AI in content moderation. This white paper sets out to explain how and why audits, a specific type of transparency measure, should be mandated by law within the four clear principles of independence, access, publicity, and resources. We go on to unpack the types of transparency, and then contextualize audits in this framework while also describing risks and benefits. The white paper concludes with the explanation of the four principles, as they are derived from the previous sections.
Electron Correlation in Oxygen Vacancy in SrTiO$_3$
Creators: name: Lin, Chungwei
name: Demkov, Alexander A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Oxygen vacancies are an important type of defect in transition metal oxides. In SrTiO$_3$ they are believed to be the main donors in an otherwise intrinsic crystal. At the same time, a relatively deep gap state associated with the vacancy is widely reported. To explain this inconsistency we investigate the effect of electron correlation in an oxygen vacancy (OV) in SrTiO$_3$. When taking correlation into account, we find that the OV-induced localized level can at most trap one electron, while the second electron occupies the conduction band. Our results offer a natural explanation of how the OV in SrTiO$_3$ can produce a deep in-gap level (about 1 eV below the conduction band bottom) in photoemission, and at the same time be an electron donor. Our analysis implies an OV in SrTiO$_3$ should be fundamentally regarded as a magnetic impurity, whose deep level is always partially occupied due to the strong Coulomb repulsion. An OV-based Anderson impurity model is derived, and its implications are discussed.
description: 8 pages, 4 figures, double spaced
Effective field theory, three-loop perturbative expansion, and their experimental implications in graphene many-body effects
Creators: name: Barnes, Edwin
name: Hwang, E. H.
name: Throckmorton, R. E.
name: Sarma, S. Das
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Many-body electron-electron interaction effects are theoretically considered in monolayer graphene from a continuum effective field-theoretic perspective by going beyond the standard leading-order perturbative renormalization group (RG) analysis. Given that the bare fine structure constant in graphene is of order unity, which is neither small to justify a perturbative expansion nor large enough for strong-coupling theories to be applicable, the problem is a difficult one, with some similarity to 2+1-dimensional strong-coupling quantum electrodynamics (QED). In this work, we take a systematic and comprehensive analytical approach, working primarily at the Dirac point (intrinsic graphene), by going up to three loops in the diagrammatic expansion to both ascertain the validity of perturbation theory and to estimate quantitatively higher-order renormalization effects. While no direct signatures for non-Fermi liquid behavior at the Dirac point have yet been observed experimentally, there is ample evidence for the interaction-induced renormalization of the graphene velocity as the carrier density approaches zero. We provide a critical comparison between theory and experiment, using both bare- and screened-interaction (RPA) calculations. We find that while the one-loop RG analysis gives reasonable agreement with the experimental data, especially when screening and finite-density effects are included through the RPA, the two-loop analysis reveals a strong-coupling critical point in suspended graphene, signifying either a quantum phase transition or a breakdown of the weak-coupling RG approach. We show that the latter is more likely by adapting Dyson's argument for the breakdown of perturbative QED to the case of graphene. We propose future experiments and theoretical directions to make further progress on this important and difficult problem.
description: 60 pages, 28 figures, PRB version
Spatial and socio-demographic determinants of contraceptive use in the Upper East region of Ghana
Creators: name: Achana, Fabian Sebastian
name: Bawah, Ayaga A.
name: Jackson, Elizabeth
name: Welaga, Paul
name: Asuo-Mante, Eric
name: Oduro, Abraham
name: Awine, Timothy
name: Awoonor-Williams, John Koku
name: Phillips, James F.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2015
Subjects: Primary care (Medicine)
Women--Health and hygiene
Contraceptives
Public health

description: Background
This paper presents results of baseline data on the determinants of contraceptive use in 7 districts in northern Ghana where there is an ongoing integrated primary health care systems strengthening projectknown as the Ghana Essential Health Intervention Project (GEHIP).

Methods
We used a household survey data conducted within 66 randomly sampled census enumeration areas in seven rural districts of the Upper East Region of northern Ghana where health systems strengthening interventions are currently ongoing in three of the districts with four of the districts serving as comparison districts. This survey was conducted prior to the introduction of interventions. Data was collected on various indices included geographic information systems (GIS) and contraceptive use. The data was analyzed using survey design techniques that accounts for correct variance estimation. Categorical variables were summarized as proportions and associations between these variables and contraceptive use tested using Chi-square test. Uni-variable and multivariable logistic regression techniques were used to assess the effects of the selected covariates on contraceptive use. All tests were deemed to be statistically significant at 5% level statistical significance.

Results
Results show that contraceptive use is generally low (about 13 per cent) and use is nearly evenly for spacing and stopping purposes. Factors associated with the use of contraceptives include exposure to integrated primary healthcare services, the level of education, and socioeconomic status, couple fertility preference, marital status, and parity. For instance, the odds of contraceptive use among 15–45 year old women who live 2 km or more from a CHPS compound is 0.74 compared to women who live less than 2 km from a CHPS compound (p-value = 0.035).

Conclusion
The findings suggest that rapid scale up of the Community based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) program accompanied with improved door-to-door health services would kindle uptake of modern contraceptive use, reduce unwanted pregnancies and hasten the attainment of MDG 4 & 5 in Ghana.
Allele-Specific Knockdown of ALS-Associated Mutant TDP-43 in Neural Stem Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Creators: name: Nishimura, Agnes L.
name: Scotter, Emma L.
name: Abdelgany, Amr
name: Shum, Carole
name: Sardone, Valentina
name: Wright, Jamie
name: Lee, Youn-Bok
name: Chen, Han-Jou
name: Bilican, Bilada
name: Carrasco, Monica
name: Maniatis, Tom
name: Chandran, Siddharthan
name: Gallo, Jean-Marc
name: Rogelj, Boris
name: Shaw, Christopher E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: Neural stem cells
Cell differentiation
Small interfering RNA
Morphology

description: TDP-43 is found in cytoplasmic inclusions in 95% of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 60% of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Approximately 4% of familial ALS is caused by mutations in TDP-43. The majority of these mutations are found in the glycine-rich domain, including the variant M337V, which is one of the most common mutations in TDP-43. In order to investigate the use of allele-specific RNA interference (RNAi) as a potential therapeutic tool, we designed and screened a set of siRNAs that specifically target TDP-43M337V mutation. Two siRNA specifically silenced the M337V mutation in HEK293T cells transfected with GFP-TDP-43wt or GFP-TDP-43M337V or TDP-43 C-terminal fragments counterparts. C-terminal TDP-43 transfected cells show an increase of cytosolic inclusions, which are decreased after allele-specific siRNA in M337V cells. We then investigated the effects of one of these allele-specific siRNAs in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from an ALS patient carrying the M337V mutation. These lines showed a two-fold increase in cytosolic TDP-43 compared to the control. Following transfection with the allele-specific siRNA, cytosolic TDP-43 was reduced by 30% compared to cells transfected with a scrambled siRNA. We conclude that RNA interference can be used to selectively target the TDP-43M337V allele in mammalian and patient cells, thus demonstrating the potential for using RNA interference as a therapeutic tool for ALS.
Measurement-based quantum computation with trapped ions
Creators: name: Lanyon, B. P.
name: Jurcevic, P.
name: Zwerger, M.
name: Hempel, C.
name: Martinez, E. A.
name: Dür, W.
name: Briegel, H. J.
name: Blatt, R.
name: Roos, C. F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC) represents a powerful and flexible framework for quantum information processing, based on the notion of entangled quantum states as computational resources. The most prominent application is the one-way quantum computer, with the cluster state as its universal resource. Here we demonstrate the principles of MBQC using deterministically generated graph states of up to 7 qubits, in a system of trapped atomic ions. Firstly we implement a universal set of operations for quantum computing. Secondly we demonstrate a family of measurement-based quantum error correction codes, and show their improved performance as the code length is increased. We show that all our graph states violate a multipartite Bell inequality and are therefore capable of information processing tasks that cannot be described by a local hidden variable model. The methods presented can directly be scaled up to generate graph states of several tens of qubits.
description: 4 pages, 5 main figures, 10 pages of supplementary information
An Integrated Model of Multiple-Condition ChIP-Seq Data Reveals Predeterminants of Cdx2 Binding
Creators: name: Mahony, Shaun
name: Edwards, Matthew D.
name: Mazzoni, Esteban O.
name: Sherwood, Richard I.
name: Kakumanu, Akshay
name: Morrison, Carolyn A.
name: Wichterle, Hynek
name: Gifford, David K.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: Structural optimization
Sequence alignment (Bioinformatics)
Binding sites (Biochemistry)--Analysis
Biochemistry

description: Regulatory proteins can bind to different sets of genomic targets in various cell types or conditions. To reliably characterize such condition-specific regulatory binding we introduce MultiGPS, an integrated machine learning approach for the analysis of multiple related ChIP-seq experiments. MultiGPS is based on a generalized Expectation Maximization framework that shares information across multiple experiments for binding event discovery. We demonstrate that our framework enables the simultaneous modeling of sparse condition-specific binding changes, sequence dependence, and replicate-specific noise sources. MultiGPS encourages consistency in reported binding event locations across multiple-condition ChIP-seq datasets and provides accurate estimation of ChIP enrichment levels at each event. MultiGPS's multi-experiment modeling approach thus provides a reliable platform for detecting differential binding enrichment across experimental conditions. We demonstrate the advantages of MultiGPS with an analysis of Cdx2 binding in three distinct developmental contexts. By accurately characterizing condition-specific Cdx2 binding, MultiGPS enables novel insight into the mechanistic basis of Cdx2 site selectivity. Specifically, the condition-specific Cdx2 sites characterized by MultiGPS are highly associated with pre-existing genomic context, suggesting that such sites are pre-determined by cell-specific regulatory architecture. However, MultiGPS-defined condition-independent sites are not predicted by pre-existing regulatory signals, suggesting that Cdx2 can bind to a subset of locations regardless of genomic environment. A summary of this paper appears in the proceedings of the RECOMB 2014 conference, April 2–5.
Humans Optimize Decision-Making by Delaying Decision Onset
Creators: name: Teichert, Tobias
name: Ferrera, Vincent P.
name: Grinband, Jack
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Reaction time
subject: Decision making
subject: Attention
subject: Psychology
subject: FOS: Psychology

description: Why do humans make errors on seemingly trivial perceptual decisions? It has been shown that such errors occur in part because the decision process (evidence accumulation) is initiated before selective attention has isolated the relevant sensory information from salient distractors. Nevertheless, it is typically assumed that subjects increase accuracy by prolonging the decision process rather than delaying decision onset. To date it has not been tested whether humans can strategically delay decision onset to increase response accuracy. To address this question we measured the time course of selective attention in a motion interference task using a novel variant of the response signal paradigm. Based on these measurements we estimated time-dependent drift rate and showed that subjects should in principle be able trade speed for accuracy very effectively by delaying decision onset. Using the time-dependent estimate of drift rate we show that subjects indeed delay decision onset in addition to raising response threshold when asked to stress accuracy over speed in a free reaction version of the same motion-interference task. These findings show that decision onset is a critical aspect of the decision process that can be adjusted to effectively improve decision accuracy.
Understanding Public Opinion in Debates over Biomedical Research: Looking beyond Political Partisanship to Focus on Beliefs about Science and Society
Creators: name: Nisbet, Matthew
name: Markowitz, Ezra M.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Medical ethics
subject: Political parties
subject: Public opinion
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Ethics

description: As social scientists have investigated the political and social factors influencing public opinion in science-related policy debates, there has been growing interest in the implications of this research for public communication and outreach. Given the level of political polarization in the United States, much of the focus has been on partisan differences in public opinion, the strategies employed by political leaders and advocates that promote those differences, and the counter-strategies for overcoming them. Yet this focus on partisan differences tends to overlook the processes by which core beliefs about science and society impact public opinion and how these schema are often activated by specific frames of reference embedded in media coverage and popular discourse. In this study, analyzing cross-sectional, nationally representative survey data collected between 2002 and 2010, we investigate the relative influence of political partisanship and science-related schema on Americans' support for embryonic stem cell research. In comparison to the influence of partisan identity, our findings suggest that generalized beliefs about science and society were more chronically accessible, less volatile in relation to media attention and focusing events, and an overall stronger influence on public opinion. Classifying respondents into four unique audience groups based on their beliefs about science and society, we additionally find that individuals within each of these groups split relatively evenly by partisanship but differ on other important dimensions. The implications for public engagement and future research on controversies related to biomedical science are discussed.
Cyclotron resonance of single valley Dirac fermions in gapless HgTe quantum well
Creators: name: Ludwig, J.
name: Vasilyev, Yu. B.
name: Mikhailov, N. N.
name: Poumirol, J. M.
name: Jiang, Z.
name: Vafek, O.
name: Smirnov, D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report on Landau level spectroscopy studies of two HgTe quantum wells (QWs) near or at the critical well thickness, where the band gap vanishes. In magnetic fields up to $B$=16T, oriented perpendicular to the QW plane, we observe a $\sqrt{B}$ dependence for the energy of the dominant cyclotron resonance (CR) transition characteristic of two-dimensional Dirac fermions. The dominant CR line exhibits either a single or double absorption lineshape for the gapless or gapped QW. Using an effective Dirac model, we deduce the band velocity of single valley Dirac fermions in gapless HgTe quantum wells, $v_F=6.4 \times10^5$ m/s, and interpret the double absorption of the gapped QW as resulting from the addition of a small relativistic mass.
Jaculus turcmenicus Vinogradov and Bondar 1949
Creators: name: Honacki, James H.
name: Kinman, Kenneth E.
name: Koeppl, James W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1982
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Rodentia
Dipodidae
Jaculus
Jaculus turcmenicus

description: Jaculus turcmenicus Vinogradov and Bondar, 1949. C. R. Acad. Sci. U.S. S. R., 65: 559. TYPE LOCALITY: U.S. S. R., Turkmenia, Nebitagsk. Dist., Tchagil sands, S. coast of Kara-Bogaz Gol. DISTRIBUTION: S.E. coast of Caspian Sea through Turkmenia to the Kyzyl-Kum Desert, Uzbekistan (U.S. S.R.). COMMENT: May be a subspecies of blanfordi; see Heptner, 1975, Byull. Mosk. Ova. Ispyt. Prir. Otd. Biol., 8(3):5-15. For distribution see Stalmakova, 1957, Zool. Zh., 36:275-279.
description: Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Rodentia (Part 6), pp. 560-594 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 567, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353039
description: {"references": ["Heptner, V. G. 1975. [Materials on the morphology and systematics of the tridactyl jerboas (genus Jaculus Erxl., 1777) and related forms (Mammalia, Dipodidae)]. Byulleten' Moskovskovo Obshchestva Ispytatalei Prirody, Otdel Biologicheskii, 80 (3): 5 - 15 (in Russian).", "Stalmakova, V. A. 1957. [On the occurrence of the jerboa Jaculus turcmenicus Vinogr. et Bondar in the northern Kara-Kum and on some of its ecological and morphological peculiarities]. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 36 (2): 275 - 279 (in Russian)."]}
Neural Correlates of Temporal Credit Assignment in the Parietal Lobe
Creators: name: Gersch, Timothy M.
name: Foley, Nicholas C.
name: Eisenberg, Ian
name: Gottlieb, Jacqueline
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Neural conduction--Testing
subject: Decision making
subject: Neurosciences
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine

description: Empirical studies of decision making have typically assumed that value learning is governed by time, such that a reward prediction error arising at a specific time triggers temporally-discounted learning for all preceding actions. However, in natural behavior, goals must be acquired through multiple actions, and each action can have different significance for the final outcome. As is recognized in computational research, carrying out multi-step actions requires the use of credit assignment mechanisms that focus learning on specific steps, but little is known about the neural correlates of these mechanisms. To investigate this question we recorded neurons in the monkey lateral intraparietal area (LIP) during a serial decision task where two consecutive eye movement decisions led to a final reward. The underlying decision trees were structured such that the two decisions had different relationships with the final reward, and the optimal strategy was to learn based on the final reward at one of the steps (the “F” step) but ignore changes in this reward at the remaining step (the “I” step). In two distinct contexts, the F step was either the first or the second in the sequence, controlling for effects of temporal discounting. We show that LIP neurons had the strongest value learning and strongest post-decision responses during the transition after the F step regardless of the serial position of this step. Thus, the neurons encode correlates of temporal credit assignment mechanisms that allocate learning to specific steps independently of temporal discounting.
Freedom of Expression in the Digital Public Sphere – Strategies for bridging information and accountability gaps in algorithmic content moderation
Creators: name: Cowls, Josh
name: Darius, Philipp
name: Golunova, Valentina
name: Mendis, Sunimal
name: Prem, Erich
name: Santistevan, Dominiquo
name: Wang, Wayne Wei
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: transparency
accountability
platform governance
algorithmic content moderation
fundamental rights
impact assessment
redress mechanism
Ombudsperson

description: A substantial portion of contemporary public discourse and social interaction is conducted over online social media platforms, such as Facebook, YouTube, Reddit, and TikTok. Accordingly, these platforms form a core component of the digital public sphere which, although subject to private ownership, constitute a digital infrastructural resource that is open to members of the public. As private entities, platforms can set their own rules for participation, in the form of terms of service, community standards, and other guidelines. The content moderation systems deployed by such platforms to ensure that content posted on the platform complies with these terms, conditions, and standards have the potential to influence and shape public discourse by mediating what members of the public are able to see, hear, and say online. Over time, these rules may have a norm-setting effect, shaping the conduct and expectations of users about what acceptable discourse looks like. Thus, the design and implementation of content moderation systems have a powerful impact on the freedom of expression of users and their access to dialogic interaction on the platform. With great power comes great responsibility: the increasing trend towards the adoption of algorithmic content moderation systems that have a questionable track record as regards their ability to safeguard freedom of expression gives rise to urgent concerns on the need to ensure that content moderation is regulated in a manner that safeguards and fosters robust public discourse in the online sphere.
Paradipus Vinogradov 1930
Creators: name: Honacki, James H.
name: Kinman, Kenneth E.
name: Koeppl, James W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1982
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Rodentia
Dipodidae
Paradipus

description: Paradipus Vinogradov, 1930. Izv. Acad. Sci. U.S. S. R., p. 333. ISIS NUMBER: 5301410016005000000.
description: Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Rodentia (Part 6), pp. 560-594 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 567, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353039
An imbalance between specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators and pro-inflammatory leukotrienes promotes instability of atherosclerotic plaques
Creators: name: Fredman, Gabrielle
name: Hellmann, Jason
name: Proto, Jonathan D.
name: Kuriakose, George
name: Colas, Romain A.
name: Dorweiler, Bernhard
name: Connolly Jr., E. Sander
name: Solomon, Robert A.
name: Jones, David M.
name: Heyer, Eric J.
name: Spite, Matthew
name: Tabas, Ira
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: Atherosclerosis--Etiology
Inflammation
Atherosclerotic plaque
Carotid artery--Diseases
Atherosclerosis
Medicine

description: Chronic unresolved inflammation plays a causal role in the development of advanced atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms that prevent resolution in atherosclerosis remain unclear. Here, we use targeted mass spectrometry to identify specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) in histologically-defined stable and vulnerable regions of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. The levels of SPMs, particularly resolvin D1 (RvD1), and the ratio of SPMs to pro-inflammatory leukotriene B4 (LTB₄), are significantly decreased in the vulnerable regions. SPMs are also decreased in advanced plaques of fat-fed Ldlr⁻/⁻ mice. Administration of RvD1 to these mice during plaque progression restores the RvD1:LTB₄ ratio to that of less advanced lesions and promotes plaque stability, including decreased lesional oxidative stress and necrosis, improved lesional efferocytosis, and thicker fibrous caps. These findings provide molecular support for the concept that defective inflammation resolution contributes to the formation of clinically dangerous plaques and offer a mechanistic rationale for SPM therapy to promote plaque stability.
Characteristics of blood metabolome and gut microbiome associated with outcome of methotrexate therapy in psoriasis
Creators: name: 尚潇潇(SHANGXIAOXIAO)
Publisher: name: CNGB
Year: 2023
Subjects: Metagenome
Metabolome
Environment

description: Characteristics of blood metabolome and gut microbiome associated with outcome of methotrexate therapy in psoriasis.
Loss of RNA expression and allele-specific expression associated with congenital heart disease
Creators: name: McKean, David M.
name: Homsy, Jason
name: Wakimoto, Hiroko
name: Patel, Neil
name: Ware, James S.
name: DePalma, Steven R.
name: Gorham, Joshua
name: Zaidi, Samir
name: Ma, Wenji
name: Patel, Nihir
name: Shen, Yufeng
name: Chung, Wendy K.
name: Lifton, Richard P.
name: Kim, Richard
name: Brueckner, Martina
name: Goldmuntz, Elizabeth
name: Sharp, Andrew J.
name: Seidman, Christine E.
name: Gelb, Bruce D.
name: Seidman, J. G.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Gene expression
subject: Abnormalities, Human
subject: RNA
subject: Congenital heart disease
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Congenital heart disease (CHD), a prevalent birth defect occurring in 1% of newborns, likely results from aberrant expression of cardiac developmental genes. Mutations in a variety of cardiac transcription factors, developmental signalling molecules and molecules that modify chromatin cause at least 20% of disease, but most CHD remains unexplained. We employ RNAseq analyses to assess allele-specific expression (ASE) and biallelic loss-of-expression (LOE) in 172 tissue samples from 144 surgically repaired CHD subjects. Here we show that only 5% of known imprinted genes with paternal allele silencing are monoallelic versus 56% with paternal allele expression—this cardiac-specific phenomenon seems unrelated to CHD. Further, compared with control subjects, CHD subjects have a significant burden of both LOE genes and ASE events associated with altered gene expression. These studies identify FGFBP2, LBH, RBFOX2, SGSM1 and ZBTB16 as candidate CHD genes because of significantly altered transcriptional expression.
Timing and Completeness of Trial Results Posted at ClinicalTrials.gov and Published in Journals
Creators: name: Riveros, Carolina
name: Dechartres, Agnes
name: Perrodeau, Elodie
name: Haneef, Romana
name: Boutron, Isabelle
name: Ravaud, Philippe
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Clinical trials--Data processing
subject: Bioinformatics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Background:

The US Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act requires results from clinical trials of Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs to be posted at ClinicalTrials.gov within 1 y after trial completion. We compared the timing and completeness of results of drug trials posted at ClinicalTrials.gov and published in journals.

Methods and Findings:

We searched ClinicalTrials.gov on March 27, 2012, for randomized controlled trials of drugs with posted results. For a random sample of these trials, we searched PubMed for corresponding publications. Data were extracted independently from ClinicalTrials.gov and from the published articles for trials with results both posted and published. We assessed the time to first public posting or publishing of results and compared the completeness of results posted at ClinicalTrials.gov versus published in journal articles. Completeness was defined as the reporting of all key elements, according to three experts, for the flow of participants, efficacy results, adverse events, and serious adverse events (e.g., for adverse events, reporting of the number of adverse events per arm, without restriction to statistically significant differences between arms for all randomized patients or for those who received at least one treatment dose).

From the 600 trials with results posted at ClinicalTrials.gov, we randomly sampled 50% (n = 297) had no corresponding published article. For trials with both posted and published results (n = 202), the median time between primary completion date and first results publicly posted was 19 mo (first quartile = 14, third quartile = 30 mo), and the median time between primary completion date and journal publication was 21 mo (first quartile = 14, third quartile = 28 mo). Reporting was significantly more complete at ClinicalTrials.gov than in the published article for the flow of participants (64% versus 48% of trials, p<0.001), efficacy results (79% versus 69%, p = 0.02), adverse events (73% versus 45%, p<0.001), and serious adverse events (99% versus 63%, p<0.001).

The main study limitation was that we considered only the publication describing the results for the primary outcomes.

Conclusions:

Our results highlight the need to search ClinicalTrials.gov for both unpublished and published trials. Trial results, especially serious adverse events, are more completely reported at ClinicalTrials.gov than in the published article.
title: Der Taubstumme; 1791
title: Ein Lustspiel in drey Auzügen
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Hunnius, Anton Christian
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2015

description: Vorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: Schwerin und Wismar, In der Bödnerschen Buchhandlung. 1791.
Testing the Prognostic Accuracy of the Updated Pediatric Sepsis Biomarker Risk Model
Creators: name: Wong, Hector R.
name: Weiss, Scott L.
name: Giuliano Jr., John S.
name: Wainwright, Mark S.
name: Cvijanovich, Natalie Z.
name: Thomas, Neal J.
name: Allen, Geoffrey L.
name: Anas, Nick
name: Bigham, Michael T.
name: Hall, Mark
name: Freishtat, Robert J.
name: Sen, Anita
name: Meyer, Keith
name: Checchia, Paul A.
name: Nowak, Jeffrey
name: Shanley, Thomas P.
name: Quasney, Michael
name: Chopra, Arun
name: Fitzgerald, Julie C.
name: Gedeit, Rainer
name: Banschbach, Sharon
name: Beckman, Eileen
name: Lahni, Patrick
name: Hart, Kimberly
name: Lindsell, Christopher J.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: Children--Diseases--Diagnosis
Children--Mortality
Septicemia
Biochemistry

description: Background

We previously derived and validated a risk model to estimate mortality probability in children with septic shock (PERSEVERE; PEdiatRic SEpsis biomarkEr Risk modEl). PERSEVERE uses five biomarkers and age to estimate mortality probability. After the initial derivation and validation of PERSEVERE, we combined the derivation and validation cohorts (n = 355) and updated PERSEVERE. An important step in the development of updated risk models is to test their accuracy using an independent test cohort.

Objective

To test the prognostic accuracy of the updated version PERSEVERE in an independent test cohort.

Methods

Study subjects were recruited from multiple pediatric intensive care units in the United States. Biomarkers were measured in 182 pediatric subjects with septic shock using serum samples obtained during the first 24 hours of presentation. The accuracy of PERSEVERE 28-day mortality risk estimate was tested using diagnostic test statistics, and the net reclassification improvement (NRI) was used to test whether PERSEVERE adds information to a physiology-based scoring system.

Results

Mortality in the test cohort was 13.2%. Using a risk cut-off of 2.5%, the sensitivity of PERSEVERE for mortality was 83% (95% CI 62–95), specificity was 75% (68–82), positive predictive value was 34% (22–47), and negative predictive value was 97% (91–99). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.81 (0.70–0.92). The false positive subjects had a greater degree of organ failure burden and longer intensive care unit length of stay, compared to the true negative subjects. When adding PERSEVERE to a physiology-based scoring system, the net reclassification improvement was 0.91 (0.47–1.35; p<0.001).

Conclusions

The updated version of PERSEVERE estimates mortality probability reliably in a heterogeneous test cohort of children with septic shock and provides information over and above a physiology-based scoring system.
SDF1-A Facilitates Lin−/Sca1+ Cell Homing following Murine Experimental Cerebral Ischemia
Creators: name: Mocco, J.
name: Afzal, Aqeela
name: Ansari, Saeed
name: Wolfe, Annemarie
name: Caldwell, Kenneth
name: Connolly, Edward S.
name: Scott, Edward W.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: Hematopoietic stem cells
Cerebral ischemia
Bone marrow cells
Biochemistry

description: Background

Hematopoietic stem cells mobilize to the peripheral circulation in response to stroke. However, the mechanism by which the brain initiates this mobilization is uncharacterized.

Methods

Animals underwent a murine intraluminal filament model of focal cerebral ischemia and the SDF1-A pathway was evaluated in a blinded manner via serum and brain SDF1-A level assessment, Lin−/Sca1+ cell mobilization quantification, and exogenous cell migration confirmation; all with or without SDF1-A blockade.

Results

Bone marrow demonstrated a significant increase in Lin−/Sca1+ cell counts at 24 hrs (272±60%; P<0.05 vs sham). Mobilization of Lin−/Sca1+ cells to blood was significantly elevated at 24 hrs (607±159%; P<0.05). Serum SDF1-A levels were significant at 24 hrs (Sham (103±14), 4 hrs (94±20%, p = NS) and 24 hrs (130±17; p<0.05)). Brain SDF1-A levels were significantly elevated at both 4 hrs and 24 hrs (113±7 pg/ml and 112±10 pg/ml, respectively; p<0.05 versus sham 76±11 pg/ml). Following administration of an SDF1-A antibody, Lin−/Sca1+ cells failed to mobilize to peripheral blood following stroke, despite continued up regulation in bone marrow (stroke bone marrow cell count: 536±65, blood cell count: 127±24; p<0.05 versus placebo). Exogenously administered Lin−/Sca1+ cells resulted in a significant reduction in infarct volume: 42±5% (stroke alone), versus 21±15% (Stroke+Lin−/Sca1+ cells), and administration of an SDF1-A antibody concomitant to exogenous administration of the Lin−/Sca1+ cells prevented this reduction. Following stroke, exogenously administered Lin−/Sca1+ FISH positive cells were significantly reduced when administered concomitant to an SDF1-A antibody as compared to without SDF1-A antibody (10±4 vs 0.7±1, p<0.05).

Conclusions

SDF1-A appears to play a critical role in modulating Lin−/Sca1+ cell migration to ischemic brain.
Interaction of Human Laminin Receptor with Sup35, the [PSI+] Prion-Forming Protein from S. cerevisiae: A Yeast Model for Studies of LamR Interactions with Amyloidogenic Proteins
Creators: name: Pampeno, Christine
name: Derkatch, Irina L.
name: Meruelo, Daniel
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: Protein-protein interactions
Prion diseases
Yeast
Biochemistry

description: The laminin receptor (LamR) is a cell surface receptor for extracellular matrix laminin, whereas the same protein within the cell interacts with ribosomes, nuclear proteins and cytoskeletal fibers. LamR has been shown to be a receptor for several bacteria and viruses. Furthermore, LamR interacts with both cellular and infectious forms of the prion protein, PrPC and PrPSc. Indeed, LamR is a receptor for PrPC. Whether LamR interacts with PrPSc exclusively in a capacity of the PrP receptor, or LamR specifically recognizes prion determinants of PrPSc, is unclear. In order to explore whether LamR has a propensity to interact with prions and amyloids, we examined LamR interaction with the yeast prion-forming protein, Sup35. Sup35 is a translation termination factor with no homology or functional relationship to PrP. Plasmids expressing LamR or LamR fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were transformed into yeast strain variants differing by the presence or absence of the prion conformation of Sup35, respectively [PSI+] and [psi−]. Analyses by immunoprecipitation, centrifugal fractionation and fluorescent microscopy reveal interaction between LamR and Sup35 in [PSI+] strains. The presence of [PSI+] promotes LamR co-precipitation with Sup35 as well as LamR aggregation. In [PSI+] cells, LamR tagged with GFP or mCherry forms bright fluorescent aggregates that co-localize with visible [PSI+] foci. The yeast prion model will facilitate studying the interaction of LamR with amyloidogenic prions in a safe and easily manipulated system that may lead to a better understanding and treatment of amyloid diseases.
Perspective-Taking Increases Willingness to Engage in Intergroup Contact
Creators: name: Wang, Cynthia S.
name: Kenneth, Tai
name: Ku, Gillian
name: Galinsky, Adam D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Social sciences--Research
subject: Interpersonal relations
subject: Discrimination--Social aspects
subject: Psychology
subject: FOS: Psychology

description: The current research explored whether perspective-taking increases willingness to engage in contact with stereotyped outgroup members. Across three studies, we find that perspective-taking increases willingness to engage in contact with negatively-stereotyped targets. In Study 1, perspective-takers sat closer to, whereas stereotype suppressors sat further from, a hooligan compared to control participants. In Study 2, individual differences in perspective-taking tendencies predicted individuals' willingness to engage in contact with a hooligan, having effects above and beyond those of empathic concern. Finally, Study 3 demonstrated that perspective-taking's effects on intergroup contact extend to the target's group (i.e., another homeless man), but not to other outgroups (i.e., a man of African descent). Consistent with other perspective-taking research, our findings show that perspective-taking facilitates the creation of social bonds by increasing contact with stereotyped outgroup members.
Characterizing intermediate tense logics in terms of Galois connections
Creators: name: Dzik, Wojciech
name: Järvinen, Jouni
name: Kondo, Michiro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Logic (math.LO)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We propose a uniform way of defining for every logic ${\sf L}$ intermediate between intuitionistic and classical logics, the corresponding intermediate minimal tense logic ${\sf LK_t}$. This is done by building the fusion of two copies of intermediate logic with a Galois connection ${\sf LGC}$, and then interlinking their operators by two Fischer Servi axioms. The resulting system is called here ${\sf L2GC{+}FS}$. In the cases of intuitionistic logic ${\sf Int}$ and classical logic ${\sf Cl}$, it is noted that ${\sf Int2GC{+}FS}$ is syntactically equivalent to intuitionistic minimal tense logic ${\sf IK_t}$ by W. B. Ewald and ${\sf Cl2GC{+}FS}$ equals classical minimal tense logic ${\sf K_t}$. This justifies to consider ${\sf L2GC{+}FS}$ as minimal ${\sf L}$-tense logic ${\sf LK_t}$ for any intermediate logic ${\sf L}$. We define H2GC+FS-algebras as expansions of HK1-algebras, introduced by E. Orlowska and I. Rewitzky. For each intermediate logic ${\sf L}$, we show algebraic completeness of ${\sf L2GC{+}FS}$ and its conservativeness over ${\sf L}$. We prove relational completeness of ${\sf Int2GC{+}FS}$ with respect to the models defined on ${\sf IK}$-frames introduced by G. Fischer Servi. We also prove a representation theorem stating that every H2GC+FS-algebra can be embedded into the complex algebra of its canonical ${\sf IK}$-frame.
description: 28 pages, 1 figure