Benthodytes marianensis Li & Xiao & Zhang & Zhang 2018, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Li, Ya-Nan
name: Xiao, Ning
name: Zhang, Lv-Ping
name: Zhang, Haibin
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Echinodermata
Holothuroidea
Elasipodida
Psychropotidae
Benthodytes
Benthodytes marianensis

description: Benthodytes marianensis sp. nov.
(Figures 1–3)
Diagnosis. Body long, dorsum inflated, ventrum flattened, anteriorly depressed and tapered slightly posteriorly. Skin dark violet, soft, thick, wrinkled. Dorsal papillae 9 pairs, large, conical, with filiform tips, retracted, in two uneven rows along the dorsal radii. Some minute papillae scattered anteriorly. Some equal or smaller papillae often situated outside the larger papillae. Anus dorsal terminally, mouth ventral but a certain distance from the anterior edge. Brim well developed, with dark violet channels. Tentacles, at least twelve, retracted into stalks. Dorsal ossicles cross-shaped with central bipartite, tripartite, or tetrapartite apophyses. Sparse cross-shaped ossicles with high and spinous apophyses which end in two horizontal branches with downwardly directed spines on the margin, are in the dorsum. Ventral ossicles rod-shaped with central bipartite apophyses and crosses of three or four arms with central rudimentary apophyses. Brim ossicles sturdy and spinous, tripartite with bipartite apophyses and cross-shaped with tetrapartite or pentapartite apophyses. Apophyses, when divided, present at the basal region. Tentacle ossicles large rods.
Material examined. Holotype: 1 adult specimen, catalog number IDSSE-2016-0629-HS01, Genbank accession numbers MH049433, MH049434, MH049435. St. JL-Dive121-S01, Mariana Trench area, 11°47.975'N, 142°6.906'E, 5567 m, muddy sediments, 29 June 2016, coll. Haibin Zhang.
Description of the holotype. As the specimen was seriously damaged during collection, the exact numbers of tentacles, circum-oral papillae and mid-ventral tube feet were difficult to determine. The present description was mainly derived from the living individual recorded by HD video.
The specimen was about 45cm in length and 15cm in width in freshly caught condition and 15cm in length and 7cm in width after preservation in 95% alcohol for several days.
Body about three times as long as broad, dark violet and semicircular in cross-section, flattened at the anterior end, inflated in following region, and peaked slightly at posterior end (Fig.1). Anus dorsal. Skin soft, thick, gelatinous, covered with mucus. Dorsal papillae broadly conical with filiform tips, retractile, arranged almost symmetrically in two rows along the radii, with some minute papillae confined to the anterior (Fig.1C). In each row are 9 large papillae, often with equal or smaller ones situated elsewhere. Paired and smaller papillae render the dorsal skin wrinkled and uneven-coloured. Brim thin, usually bent upwards, well developed, and strongly pigmented with canals. Brim strongly expanded anteriorly, with retracted water-vascular canals forming serrated margin (Fig.1A). Mouth ventral, a short distance from the anterior edge. Tentacles, at least twelve, retracted into the tentacle stalks and forming a large and flat oral disc.
After preservation in 95% alcohol for several days, skin became reddish violet but tentacles dark violet. Skin is covered with a very superficial pigmented layer and dorsal papillae almost disappear or retract into the thick skin.
Ossicles in dorsal body wall cross-shaped, of two types. One type is about 190–300 µm in width with central spinous, bipartite, tripartite or tetrapartite apophyses. Each arm is 90–180 µm in length, slightly curved downwards tapered distally. Spines on arms commonly distributed on distal part, or throughout the arms. The other dorsal ossicle type is peculiar, cross-shaped, and uncommon. The arms are about 100µm in length, with multiple spines, and curve downwards. The central apophysis with spines is longer than arms of the cross and ends in two horizontal arms which possess downwardly vertical spines along their edge (Fig.2A, the ossicle with arrow; Fig.3f). Ossicles in ventral body wall include rods, and crosses with three and four arms. The rods are about 500 µm in length with large bipartite apophyses situated slightly off the central. Crosses of three and four arms are about 230–410 µm and 260–320 µm, respectively, and both possess central rudimentary apophyses (Fig.2B). Ossicles in brim comprise tripartite and cross-shaped types with less curved arms. The tripartite type is about 290– 375 µm across with a large and strong central bifurcate apophysis. The cross-shaped type is 240–330µm, usually with very large, spinous central tetrapartite and sometimes pentapartite apophyses. Compared to ossicles in body wall, brim ossicles usually develop rather robust and larger spines on arms and apophyses (Fig.2C). The division sites of apophyses in B. marianensis all occur at the basal region. Ossicles in tentacles are large rods about 830 µm in length with spines only in their distal part (Fig.2D).
Relationship. Benthodytes marianensis sp. nov. is unique in the number and arrangement of dorsal papillae: 9 pairs of large broadly conical papillae with equal or smaller papillae situated outside in two zigzag rows. Dorsal deposits most closely resemble those of B. incerta Ludwig, 1894.
Etymology. This species is named after the location (Mariana Trench) where the species was discovered.
Habitat. Muddy sediments.
Distribution. Known only from the type locality of the Mariana Trench, western Pacific Ocean, Depth 5567 m.
Remarks. Morphologically, B. marianensis is very close to B. incerta Ludwig, 1894. They share two rows of large dorsal papillae, and peculiar ossicles (Fig. 2A, the ossicle with arrow). B. incerta was described by Ludwig in 1894 based on two specimens from the eastern Pacific (one large and one small). The original description lacked illustrations of dorsal ossicles. Also, it was not clear if the type specimens had the peculiar type of ossicles. The papillae ossicles of the type specimens are cross-shaped with high apophyses and the apophyses are bipartite at the top. In addition, there are long side branches on the arms of ventral ossicles and in the high apophyses of papillae ossicles. In contrast. in B. marianensis, the apophyses are bipartite, tripartite and tetrapartite at the base part. The long side branches are absent in the ossicles of the Mariana specimen.
Hansen (1975) re-examined type specimens and assigned his Galathea specimens to B. incerta based on external morphology. The ossicles in the Galathea specimens are larger and more regular than those in the type specimens. The Mariana specimen and Hansen’s Galathea specimens differ in the following features: (1) In Galathea specimens, the crosses are much larger than those of Mariana specimen. (2) In Galathea specimens, the apophyses of crosses are bipartite at least half the length; in Mariana specimen, the apophyses are bipartite, tripartite or tetrapartite at the base part. (3) In Galathea specimens, the apophyses of the peculiar ossicles are smooth; in Mariana specimen, the apophyses of the peculiar ossicles are spinous.
Benthodytes gotoi Ohshima, 1915 is known from four specimens, taken in the Okhotsk Sea. Hansen (1975) considered this species to be a synonym of B. incerta. The crosses of Ohshima’s specimens differ from those of Mariana specimen in their large size. The arms of the crosses are usually 300–800 µm, and the apophyses of crosses are usually bipartite for one-half of its length. In the Mariana specimen, the arms of the crosses are usually 90–180 µm, and the apophyses of crosses are bipartite, tripartite or tetrapartite at the base part.
In addition, the Mariana specimen differs from the descriptions of B. incerta and its synonym B. gotoi in number and arrangement of dorsal large papillae: In B. incerta, there are 6–9 (5–8) large papillae in a single row along each dorsal ambulacrum, while in Mariana specimen there are 9 papillae with equal or smaller ones situated elsewhere, forming a zigzag row. Therefore, based on the external morphology and internal ossicles, the Mariana specimen can be assigned to a new species.
16 16S rRNA gene sequences, 14 COI and 14 H3 gene sequences were selected from GenBank, including almost all species in the Elasipodida especially those in the Psychropotidae. The topological structures of NJ and ML tree were all highly similar to each other based on these genes separately (Fig.4–6). The phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial (16S and COI) and nuclear genes (H3) were all consistent with the result of morphological identification, embedding the new species within the Psychropotidae clade. However, Benthodytes was paraphyletic according to mitochondrial genes (Fig.4, 5), which is inconsistent with the traditional classification system. The results showed poor support, likely due to the limited sequences available for the Psychropotidae. Sequences obtained in the present study will enrich the database and provide more data for future research.
description: Published as part of Li, Ya-Nan, Xiao, Ning, Zhang, Lv-Ping & Zhang, Haibin, 2018, Benthodytes marianensis, a new species of abyssal elasipodid sea cucumbers (Elasipodida: Psychropotidae) from the Mariana Trench area, pp. 443-450 in Zootaxa 4462 (3) on pages 444-449, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.3.10, http://zenodo.org/record/1441641