Probolodus Eigenmann 1911
Creators: name: Santos, Osmar
name: Castro, Ricardo M. C.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Characiformes
Characidae
Probolodus

description: <i>Probolodus</i> Eigenmann, 1911 <b>Type species.</b> <i>Probolodus heterostomus</i> Eigenmann, 1911 <b>Diagnosis.</b> The genus <i>Probolodus</i> can be diagnosed among the Characidae (<i>sensu</i> Oliveira <i>et al.</i>, 2011) by the following exclusive characteristics: only one row of premaxillary, maxillary and dentary teeth (Fig. 1 a-c); premaxillary teeth tricuspidate with crown curved outward (Fig. 1a); two cusps of equal size in the maxillary teeth (Fig. 1b); tricuspidate dentary teeth of approximately equal size, followed posteriorly by one or more smaller cuspidated teeth (Fig. 1c), and anterodorsal margin of the maxillary bone overlapping the expanded margin of first infraorbital. <b>Description.</b> Overall size small (largest examined specimen 110 mm SL). Body slightly compressed, relatively high, and short or long depending on the species. Greatest body depth in front of insertion of dorsal fin. Small head obtusely rounded anteriorly in lateral view. Eye diameter greater than length of snout. Mouth terminal. Only one teeth row on premaxillary, maxillary and dentary; three or four teeth on premaxilla with three cusps each and with crown curved outward; two to seven teeth on maxilla with two cusps of similar size, first two or three directed outward; four or five anterior tricuspid teeth of dentary larger than remaining cusp being directed out of the mouth. Median cusps of all teeth more developed than lateral cusps. Body covered with cycloid scales from small to large size, and firmly implanted. Lateral line completely pored from supracleithrum to base of caudal-fin. Dorsal-fin consists of two unbranched rays followed by nine branched rays; dorsal-fin origin situated approximately at middle of SL. Pectoral-fin rays with i+10-13+i and pelvic-fin rays with i+6- 8+i. Anal-fin formed by up to five unbranched rays followed by 22-31 branched rays. Adipose-fin well-developed in all examined specimens. Caudal fin forked, with distal margins of lobes obtusely pointed, with i+17+i rays. Small scales covering the upper and lower lobes of caudal fin. Hooks present on pelvic and anal fin of sexually mature males. <b>Distribution.</b> The species of <i>Probolodus</i> occur in a series of tributaries of the coastal basins of southeastern Brazil, from Espírito Santo to São Paulo states (Fig. 2).
description: Published as part of <i>Santos, Osmar &amp; Castro, Ricardo M. C., 2014, Taxonomy of Probolodus Eigenmann, 1911 (Characiformes: Characidae) with description of two new species, and comments about the phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of the genus, pp. 403-418 in Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (2)</i> on page 405, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20130232, http://zenodo.org/record/4639129
description: {"references": ["Eigenmann, C. H. 1911. New Characins in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. Annals Carnegie Museum, 8: 164 - 181.", "Oliveira, C., G. S. Avelino, K. T. Abe, T. C. Mariguela, R. C. Benine, G. Orti, R. P. Vari &amp; R. M. C. Castro. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingrooup sampling. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11: 275."]}