Protein-protein interactions and novel biomarkers in insomnia
Creators: name: Oparah, Vivian
name: Silverman, Rosalind
name: Silverman, Lorelei
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: Other health sciences not elsewhere classified

description: Insomnia occurs when there is persistent trouble getting to sleep or staying asleep which affects daytime functioning or causes distress. When this sleep difficulty occurs at least three nights per week and continues for at least three months, it is called chronic insomnia disorder . Insomnia is the most prevalent sleep disorder that affects a large proportion of the population on a situational, recurrent, or chronic basis.Persistent insomnia has been associated with adverse health outcomes, including reduced quality of life and physical and psychological morbidity. The prevalence of insomnia in epidemiological studies can range from 6% to 48% depending on the definition used (i.e., insomnia symptoms, with or without daytime consequences, dissatisfaction with sleep, and insomnia disorder). For example, it is estimated that about 25% of adults are dissatisfied with their sleep, 10% to 15% report symptoms of insomnia associated with daytime consequences, and 6% to10% meet criteria for an insomnia disorder. Nighttime insomnia symptoms are more prevalent in adults than in adolescents and children. They are also more prevalent in women and in those with less education and income. Nighttime insomnia symptoms have also become more prevalent in recent years. For example, nighttime insomnia symptoms increased by 42% over the eight-year period from 2007 to 2015 among Canadians aged 18 or older . Apart from female sex, older age, and lower socioeconomic status, other risk factors include depression, concurrent medical and mental disorders, marital status (greater risk in divorced/separated vs. married or never married individuals), and race (greater risk in African American vs. white race) . There are two types of insomnia: primary (which means your sleep problems are not linked to any other health conditions) and secondary (which means you have trouble sleeping because of a health condition). The primary causes of insomnia include stress related to big life events, like a job loss, the death of a loved one, divorce, or moving, etc. Environmental factors like noise, light, or temperature, changes to your sleep schedule like jet lag, a new shift at work, or bad habits you picked up when you had other sleep problems and biological factors like genes are also primary causes of insomnia. The secondary causes of insomnia include mental health issues like depression and anxiety, medications (for colds, allergies, depression, high blood pressure, and asthma), pain or discomfort at night, caffeine, tobacco, or alcohol use, as well as use of recreational drugs, health conditions such as hyperthyroidism and other endocrine problems, other sleep disorders, like sleep apnea or restless legs syndrome, pregnancy, Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia, ADHD, PMS and menopause. Insomnia can also be classified as: Sleep-onset insomnia (when you have trouble getting to sleep), sleep-maintenance insomnia (when you have trouble staying asleep through the night or wake up too early), mixed insomnia (when you have trouble both falling asleep and staying asleep through the night), paradoxical insomnia (when you have paradoxical insomnia, you underestimate the time you are asleep, feeling like you sleep a lot less than you really do.