Lasioglossum (Dialictus) perparvum
Creators: name: Gardner, Joel
name: Gibbs, Jason
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Halictidae
Lasioglossum
Lasioglossum perparvum

description: Lasioglossum (Dialictus) perparvum (Ellis, 1914)
Figs 45–47, 76K, 78A, 79A, 80A, 115B, 116B
Halictus perparvus Ellis, 1914: 102 (holotype, ♀, deposited in USNM, examined).
Halictus pseudotegularis non auct. – Cockerell 1898: 237 (comparison to tegulare).
Halictus perparvus – Cockerell 1916: 77 (comparative notes to helianthi).
Halictus (Chloralictus) perparvus – Sandhouse 1924: 2 (key to species), 12 (comparison to ellisiae).
Lasioglossum (Chloralictus) perparvum – Michener 1951: 1116 (catalogue).
Dialictus perparvus – Hurd 1979: 1970 (catalogue). — Moure & Hurd 1987: 121 (catalogue).
Diagnosis
Females of L. perparvum have the tegula relatively small (reaching but not exceeding posterior margin of mesoscutum in dorsal view), with inner posterior margin straight and a blunt posterior angle, and finely, sparsely punctate laterally (IS = 1–4 PD); mesoscutum densely punctate (IS <1 PD, becoming sparser (IS = 1–2 PD) anteromedially); metapostnotum very dull, finely reticulate, with fine subparallel rugae; T2 apical rim with scattered minute punctures bearing short simple setae; T4 disc with sparse tomentum; mesoscutum with sparse erect pubescence (each seta separated by about its length from the one nearest it and some gaps more than 0.5 OD visible in lateral view) and very short intervening setae no more than stubble; and mesoscutum greenish or golden, contrasting with bluer propodeum.
Females of L. perparvum are most similar to those of L. holzenthali sp. nov., L. lepidii, L. magnitegula sp. nov., and L. profundum sp. nov., all of which (except L. magnitegula) have the mesoscutum with denser erect pubescence (each seta separated by less than its length from the one nearest it and no gaps more than 0.5 OD visible in lateral view) with short intervening setae 0.25 OD long or more, mesoscutum concolourous with propodeum, and metapostnotum shiny with weak microsculpture and strong, coarse rugae. In addition, females of L. holzenthali have the T1–T3 apical rims usually deeply and distinctly punctate and L. profundum have the tegula entirely impunctate except on anterior margin. Females of L. magnitegula have the tegula much larger (clearly exceeding posterior margin of mesoscutum in dorsal view), with inner posterior margin strongly concave, and densely punctate (IS <1 PD), T2 apical rim glabrous and impunctate, and T4 disc lacking tomentum.
Males of L. perparvum have the tegula relatively small (as in the female); mesoscutum tessellate anteriorly and densely punctate laterally (IS <1 PD), with sparse erect pubescence (some gaps 0.5 OD or more visible in lateral view); metapostnotum tessellate to finely reticulate with fine subparallel rugae; discs of T1–T2 deeply and moderately densely punctate (IS = 1–2 PD); and mesoscutum more greenish or golden, contrasting with bluer propodeum.
Males of L. perparvum are most similar to those of L. diabolicum sp. nov., L. ellisiae, and L. magnitegula sp. nov. Males of L. diabolicum and L. ellisiae have the mesoscutum usually shiny, concolourous with the rest of the mesosoma, and with dense erect pubescence (no gaps more than 0.5 OD visible in lateral view). Males of L. magnitegula have the tegula much larger (exceeding posterior margin of mesoscutum in dorsal view), with inner posterior margin strongly concave, and densely punctate (IS <1 PD); and mesoscutum usually shiny and more coarsely punctate laterally (IS ≤1 PD).
In the Neotropics there are at least two (but possibly more) very similar, undescribed species. One of these has the tegula more coarsely and densely punctate laterally (IS <1 PD); the other has the mesoscutum with sparser punctures laterad of the parapsidal line (IS ≥ 1 PD) and T2 apical rim impunctate and glabrous in the female.
Lasioglossum deludens sp. nov. is not especially similar to those of L. perparvum, but has been very often misidentified as L. perparvum and it is worth diagnosing the two specifically. Both sexes of L. deludens have the tegula translucent yellow-orange and impunctate (except on anterior margin) (opaque brown and punctate in L. perparvum), mesoscutum with dense erect pubescence (sparse in L. perparvum) and concolourous with propodeum (propodeum distinctly bluer in L. perparvum), and metapostnotum shiny with strong, coarse rugae (dull with fine rugae in L. perparvum). Females have the mesoscutum usually shiny (dull and tessellate in L. perparvum). Males have the face covered in dense tomentum up to upper ocular tangent (dense tomentum limited to paraocular area in L. perparvum).
Etymology
Ellis (1914) formed the specific epithet ʻ perparvus ʼ from the Latin prefix ʻ per- ʼ (very) and the adjective ʻ parvus ʼ (little).
Material examined
Holotype UNITED STATES – Arizona • ♀; Phoenix; [33.4° N, 112.1° W]; Kunzé leg.; USNM.
Other material
MEXICO – Baja California • 1 ♀; 9 km W of Pólvora; [32.55° N, 115.29° W]; 13 Jul. 1953; R.R. Snelling leg.; ex Tamarix; LACM. – Chihuahua • 1 ♂; Rio Conchos, 2 km W of Ojinaga; [29.56° N, 104.45° W]; 19 Jun. 1968; J.E. Hafernik leg.; TAMU-ENTO X1361793. – Sonora • 2 ♂♂; 10 mi. S of Guaymas; 27.9102° N, 110.7259° W; 8 Oct. 1968; George E. Bohart leg.; ex Antigonon sp.; BBSL1100987, BBSL1100988 • 1 ♂; 5.5 km ENE of Hornos, km 23, highway 116; 27.7285° N, 109.8448° W; elev. 40 m; 23–26 Jul. 2008; M.E. Irwin leg.; BBSL FDP149246 • 1 ♂; Alamos; [27.02° N, 108.93° W]; 3 Sep. 1991; Terry L. Griswold leg.; BBSL849279 • 1 ♀; Arrollo El Limón, Rancho Las Lajas, 26 km E of Alamos; 27.0672° N, 108.7245° W; elev. 427 m; 20–22 Jun. 2008; M.E. Irwin leg.; BBSL FDP754255 • 1 ♂; ibid.; 20–22 Jun. 2008; M.E. Irwin leg.; BBSL FDP754257 • 1 ♂; Rancho El Cajón, 40 km E of Alamos; 27.05° N, 108.7318° W; elev. 420 m; 1–11 Oct. 2006; M.E. Irwin leg.; BBSL FDP746038 • 1 ♂; Rancho Palo Injerto, 40 km E of Alamos; 27.042° N, 108.7337° W; elev. 425 m; 1–7 Oct. 2006; M.E. Irwin leg.; BBSL FDP754482 • 1 ♀; Rancho San Bernardino; 31.3002° N, 109.2625° W; 3 May 2002; N. de la Torre leg.; RLM SBV066649 • 2 ♀♀; ibid.; 4 Jul. 2002; Robert L. Minckley leg.; RLM SBV063726, SBV063988 • 1 ♀; ibid.; 14 Aug. 2002; Robert L. Minckley leg.; ex Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum; RLM SBV044363 • 2 ♂♂; ibid.; 14 Aug. 2002; Robert L. Minckley leg.; ex Rorippa nasturtiumaquaticum; RLM SBV044364, SBV044367 • 2 ♀♀; ibid.; 14 Aug. 2002; Robert L. Minckley leg.; RLM SBV044228, SBV044246 • 2 ♀♀; ibid.; 14 Oct. 2002; Robert L. Minckley leg.; RLM SBV045355, SBV045365 • 1 ♂; ibid.; 14 Oct. 2002; Robert L. Minckley leg.; RLM SBV045358 • 1 ♂; Rancho San Bernardino; 31.3002° N, 109.2626° W; 14 Oct. 2002; Robert L. Minckley leg.; RLM SBV062871 • 1 ♂; Rancho San Bernardino; 31.3072° N, 109.2568° W; 29 May 2004; N. de la Torre leg.; ex Tamarix ramosissima; RLM SBV025073 • 1 ♂; Rancho San Bernardino; 31.3075° N, 109.2572° W; 16 Jun. 2004; A. Romero leg.; ex Tamarix ramosissima; RLM SBV054986 • 1 ♂; Rancho San Bernardino; 31.314° N, 109.2553° W; 15 Jun. 2004; A. Romero leg.; RLM SBV054833 • 1 ♂; Rancho San Bernardino; 31.3144° N, 109.2556° W; 6 Jun. 2004; R. Gyuro leg.; ex Tamarix ramosissima; RLM SBV062835 • 1 ♀; Rancho San Bernardino; 31.3242° N, 109.2666° W; 24 Jul. 2005; N.M. Williams leg.; ex Convolvulus arvensis; RLM SBV052037 • 1 ♀; Rancho San Bernardino; 31.3256° N, 109.2667° W; 9 Sep. 2007; A. Romero leg.; ex Physalis acutifolia; RLM SBV077987 • 2 ♀♀; Rancho San Bernardino; 31.3259° N, 109.288° W; 2 Apr. 2006; Robert L. Minckley et al. leg.; ex Physaria gordonii; RLM SBV056198, SBV056205 • 1 ♀; Rancho San Bernardino; 31.3291° N, 109.2655° W; 13 Jul. 2000; Robert L. Minckley leg.; ex Convolvulus arvensis; RLM SBV079131.
UNITED STATES – Arizona • 1 ♂; Cochise Co., Benson; [31.97° N, 110.29° W]; elev. 1091 m; 14– 15 Sep. 1974; E.G. Linsley, J.M. Linsley leg.; ex Helianthus annuus; CUIC • 2 ♀♀; Maricopa Co., 1100 W Mission Drive, Chandler; 33.346° N, 111.8599° W; elev. 367 m; 27 Mar. 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 0112721, 0113164 • 5 ♀♀; Maricopa Co., 115 E Country Gables Drive, Phoenix; 33.6223° N, 112.0718° W; elev. 412 m; 18 May 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 0113090, 0113098, 0113099, 0113102, 0113104 • 1 ♀; Maricopa Co., 1414 E Libra Drive, Tempe; 33.3656° N, 111.9163° W; elev. 365 m; 3 May 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 112726 • 4 ♀♀; Maricopa Co., 1738 E Palmcroft Drive, Tempe; 33.4044° N, 111.9099° W; elev. 361 m; 16 May 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 0113361, 0113362, 0113368, 0113370 • 7 ♂♂; ibid.; 16 May 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 0113380, 0113385, 0113387, 0113388, 0113393, 0113396, 0113398 • 1 ♀; Maricopa Co., 1926 E Calle De Caballos, Tempe; 33.3401° N, 111.9069° W; elev. 362 m; 10 May 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 113144 • 1 ♂; ibid.; 10 May 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 113193 • 2 ♀♀; Maricopa Co., 2031 S Sierra Vista Drive, Tempe; 33.406° N, 111.9308° W; elev. 357 m; 3 May 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 0112746, 0112748 • 1 ♀; Maricopa Co., 302 E Fairmont Drive, Tempe; 33.3964° N, 111.9346° W; elev. 358 m; 30 Mar. 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 113448 • 3 ♀♀; ibid.; 27 Apr. 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 0113467, 0113487, 0113493 • 1 ♂; Maricopa Co., 7 km SE of Wickenburg, Hassayampa River Preserve; 33.9097° N, 112.6752° W; elev. 550 m; 11–13 Sep. 2013; M.E. Irwin leg.; BBSL FDP152452 • 1 ♂; Maricopa Co., 8201 E Windsor Avenue, Scottsdale; 33.4783° N, 111.9038° W; elev. 373 m; 11 May 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 112605 • 2 ♀♀; Maricopa Co., McDowell Sonoran Preserve; 33.644° N, 111.8567° W; elev. 516 m; 16 May 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 0113004, 0113088 • 1 ♀; Maricopa Co., Papago Park; 33.4571° N, 111.9424° W; elev. 391 m; 3 May 2017; S.J. Hall et al. leg.; ASUHIC 113247 • 3 ♂♂; Maricopa Co., Phoenix; [33.4° N, 112.1° W]; 7 Aug. 1994; Jerome G. Rozen, K. C. Rozen leg.; AMNH • 1 ♀; Maricopa Co., Phoenix, vicinity of 1300 North Washington Street; [33.4° N, 112.1° W]; 5 Oct. 2009; K.C. Rozen leg.; ex Euphorbia; AMNH • 1 ♀; Pima Co., Tucson; [32.2° N, 110.9° W]; 31 Jul. 1954; G.D. Butler leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 1 ♂; ibid.; 29 Aug. 1954; G.D. Butler leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 1 ♀; ibid.; 13 Mar. 1955; F.G. Werner leg.; ex honeydew on arborvitae; UAIC • 1 ♂; ibid.; 15 May 1960; G.D. Butler leg.; UAIC • 1 ♂; Pima Co., Tucson, Tumamoc Hills; [32.21° N, 111° W]; 30 Apr. 1992; W. T. Wcislo leg.; ex Parkinsonia; SEMC • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; 3 mi. NE of Cottonwood; [34.77° N, 111.97° W]; 7 Jul. 1952; R.H. Beamer, L.D. Beamer, Cheng Liang, W.E. LaBerge leg.; SEMC • 5 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; Arlington; [33.33° N, 112.76° W]; 2 Aug. 1954; G.D. Butler leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 1 ♂; Canoa; [31.8° N, 111.02° W]; 21 Jun. 1960; G.D. Butler leg.; ex cotton; CUIC • 1 ♂; Casa Grande; [32.91° N, 111.77° W]; 26 May 1955; G.D. Butler leg.; UAIC • 1 ♂; ibid.; 1 Nov. 1955; G.D. Butler leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 2 ♀♀; ibid.; 28 Feb. 1956; G.D. Butler leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 1 ♀; ibid.; 18 Jul. 1956; C. Williams leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 1 ♀; Continental; [31.85° N, 110.97° W]; 14 Jun. 1955; G.D. Butler leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 2 ♂♂; ibid.; 27 Jul. 1956; C. Williams leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 1 ♀; Hassayampa; [33.35° N, 112.73° W]; 2 Aug. 1954; G.D. Butler leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 1 ♀; Litchfield Park; [33.49° N, 112.36° W]; 11 Jun. 1954; G.D. Butler leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 1 ♂; Maricopa; [33.06° N, 112.05° W]; 30 Jul. 1956; C. Williams leg.; ex cotton; UAIC • 8 ♀♀, 7 ♂♂; Marinette; [33.6° N, 112.27° W]; 6 Jul. 1950; R. H. Beamer leg.; SEMC • 1 ♂; Roll; [32.75° N, 113.99° W]; 19 Jul. 1954; G.D. Butler leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 1 ♀; St. David; [31.9° N, 110.21° W]; 2 May 1956; F.G. Werner, G.D. Butler leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; Superior, Boyce Thompson Arboretum; [33.28° N, 111.16° W]; 23 Jul. 1955; G.D. Butler leg.; ex Condalea; UAIC • 3 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂; ibid.; 23 Jul. 1955; G.D. Butler leg.; ex Melaleuca; UAIC • 1 ♂; Yuma; [32.69° N, 114.63° W]; 7 Jun. 1951; G.D. Butler leg.; CUIC • 2 ♀♀; ibid.; 7 Jun. 1951; G.D. Butler leg.; UAIC • 8 ♀♀, 12 ♂♂; ibid.; 11 Jun. 1951; G.D. Butler leg.; UAIC • 1 ♂; ibid.; 4 Jun. 1955; G.D. Butler leg.; ex Heliotrope; UAIC • 5 ♀♀; Yuma V.; [32.5° N, 114.8° W]; 3 Aug. 1954; J. Durkin leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 1 ♀; ibid.; 6 Aug. 1954; J. Durkin leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; ibid.; 12 Aug. 1954; J. Durkin leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC • 1 ♀; ibid.; 17 Aug. 1954; J. Durkin leg.; ex alfalfa; UAIC. – California • 1 ♀; Kern Co., Lost Hills; 35.6847° N, 119.9038° W; 17 Mar. 2015; A. Haack leg.; ex Phacelia ciliata; UCDC FORB201570296 • 1 ♀; ibid.; 29 Apr. 2016; M. Epperly leg.; ex Polygonum aviculare; UCDC FORB201670582 • 2 ♀♀; Los Angeles Co., 19619 Enadia Way; 34.2004° N, 118.5607° W; elev. 231 m; 29 Mar. 2018; S.B. Lerman leg.; ASUHIC LA-XS-2-BB-1 956, LA-XS-2-BB-1 963 • 1 ♀; ibid.; 19 Apr. 2018; S.B. Lerman leg.; ASUHIC LA-XS-2-BB-2 967 • 1 ♀; Los Angeles Co., 5035 Gloria Avenue; 34.1607° N, 118.4796° W; elev. 215 m; 3 Apr. 2018; S.B. Lerman leg.; ASUHIC LA-LL-3-BB-1 988 • 2 ♀♀; ibid.; 26 Apr. 2018; S.B. Lerman leg.; ASUHIC LA-LL-3-BB-2 980, LA-LL-3-BB-2 981 • 14 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂; Los Angeles Co., Chatsworth; 34.26° N, 118.601° W; 1–8 Jul. 2017; LACM • 1 ♀; Los Angeles Co., Claremont; 34.0894° N, 117.7111° W; 1–8 Aug. 2016; LACM • 1 ♀, 1 ♂; Los Angeles Co., Gardena; 33.876° N, 118.288° W; 2–9 Oct. 2018; LACM • 6 ♀♀; Los Angeles Co., Pasadena, Arroyo Park; [34.15° N, 118.165° W]; 7 Mar. 2001; John S. Ascher leg.; AMNH • 6 ♀♀, 1 ♂; Los Angeles Co., Torrance; 33.8712° N, 118.331° W; 13–23 Jul. 2017; LACM • 3 ♀♀; Los Angeles Co., Valley Village; 34.171° N, 118.398° W; 1–8 Jul. 2017; LACM • 1 ♀; Riverside Co., Blythe; [33.62° N, 114.59° W]; 31 May 2001; R. S. Beal leg.; ex Pluchea sericea; CSUC • 21 ♀♀, 7 ♂♂; Riverside Co., Norco; 33.912° N, 117.5702° W; 1–8 Jun. 2016; LACM • 4 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂; San Bernardino Co., Grand Terrace; 34.0234° N, 117.3152° W; 1–8 Jul. 2016; LACM • 1 ♀; San Diego Co., Lake Murray Park; 32.7892° N, 117.0514° W; 29 Mar. 2011; K.J. Hung leg.; WRME 518947 • 1 ♀; La Mesa; [32.77° N, 117.02° W]; 11 May 2011; K.J. Hung leg.; WRME 518946 • 1 ♀; San Diego; [32.71° N, 117.16° W]; 15 Apr. 2015; K.J. Hung, Cen leg.; WRME 518948. – New Mexico • 1 ♂; Doña Ana Co., Las Cruces; [32.32° N, 106.76° W]; 12 Jun. 1962; S. R. Race leg.; ex clover; NMSU • 1 ♀; Doña Ana Co., New Mexico State University campus; [32.28° N, 106.75° W]; elev. 1189 m; 11 Jun. 1979; G.S. Forbes leg.; NMSU • 2 ♀♀; 5 mi. N of Radium [Springs]; [32.56° N, 106.91° W]; 18 Jul. 1952; R.H. Beamer, L.D. Beamer, C. Weiner, A. Wolf, Cheng Liang, W.E. LaBerge leg.; SEMC • 5 ♀♀; Radium Springs; [32.49° N, 106.91° W]; 16 Jul. 1952; R. H. Beamer, L.D. Beamer, W.E. LaBerge, Cheng Liang leg.; SEMC • 1 ♂; Rattlesnake Springs; 32.1095° N, 104.4716° W; elev. 1115 m; 18 Jul. 2011; J.D. Herndon leg.; ex Mentha spicata; BBSL CAVE47174 • 1 ♂; ibid.; 19 Jul. 2011; N. Klass leg.; ex Mentha spicata; BBSL CAVE44906 • 1 ♂; Sandia Mountains; [35.2° N, 106.4° W]; 17 Jul. 1952; SEMC. – Texas • 1 ♂; Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park, Trap Spring; [29.163° N, 103.42° W]; elev. 870 m; 15 Apr. 1986; Terry L. Griswold leg.; BBSL700809 • 1 ♀; Hudspeth Co., Indio Mountains Research Station, vicinity of Indio Ranch House; 30.7769° N, 105.0161° W; elev. 1231 m; 12–13 Apr. 2002; M.J. Yoder leg.; TAMU-ENTO X1417407 • 1 ♀; Presidio Co., Plata; [29.88° N, 104.02° W]; 24 Aug. 1969; Veryl V. Board, Hafernik leg.; TAMU-ENTO X1398988 • 1 ♂; Presidio Co., Shafter; [29.82° N, 104.31° W]; 20 Jun. 1968; J.E. Hafernik leg.; TAMU-ENTO X1362321.
Range
California and Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts (Fig. 47).
Floral hosts
ASTERACEAE: Helianthus: H. annuus • Pluchea: P. sericea (Nutt.) Coville • BORAGINACEAE: Heliotropium • BRASSICACEAE: Nasturtium W.T.Aiton: N. officinale R.Br. • Physaria: P. gordonii • CONVOLVULACEAE: Convolvulus L.: C. arvensis L. • EUPHORBIACEAE: Euphorbia • FABACEAE: Medicago: M. sativa • Parkinsonia • LAMIACEAE: Mentha: M. spicata • MALVACEAE: Gossypium • MYRTACEAE Juss.: Melaleuca L. • POLYGONACEAE: Antigonon Endl. • RHAMNACEAE: Condalia • SOLANACEAE: Physalis: P. acutifolia • TAMARICACEAE: Tamarix: T. ramosissima.
Some additional floral hosts were reported in Moure & Hurd (1987), but many of these are likely attributable to L. deludens sp. nov.
DNA barcodes
Nine confirmed sequences available (BOLD process IDs: NCBEE350-21, NCBEE361-21, NCBEE367-21, NCBEE370-21, NCBEE371-21, NCBEE373-21, NCBEE374-21, NCBEE375-21, NCBEE464-21). These sequences are identical (0% maximum intraspecific p-distance). They are closest in terms of p-distance to L. holzenthali sp. nov. in the Nearctic (2.91% minimum interspecific p-distance) and an undescribed species in the Neotropics (1.65% minimum interspecific p-distance). Five fixed nucleotide substitutions distinguish L. perparvum from all other Nearctic species of the L. gemmatum complex: 132(A), 249(C), 334(G), 358(A), and 360(T) (Supp. file 2).
Comments
Uncommon. Most specimens determined as L. perparvum in various collections prior to this work were the much more common L. deludens sp. nov. Morphological examination and DNA barcodes suggest that L. perparvum may belong to a large and difficult species complex with most of its diversity in the Neotropics.
description: Published as part of Gardner, Joel & Gibbs, Jason, 2023, Revision of the Nearctic species of the Lasioglossum (Dialictus) gemmatum species complex (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), pp. 1-222 in European Journal of Taxonomy 858 (1) on pages 127-134, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.858.2041, http://zenodo.org/record/7629347