cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Food Stamps and Obesity: What Do We Know?
Creators: name: Ver Ploeg, Michele
name: Ralston, Katherine L.
name: Ver Ploeg, Michele
name: Ralston, Katherine L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Health Economics and Policy
subject: Food Stamp Program
subject: obesity
subject: Body Mass Index.

description: Results from reviewed studies indicate that for most participants in the Food Stamp Program—children, nonelderly men, and the elderly—use of food stamp benefits does not result in an increase in either Body Mass Index (BMI) or the likelihood of being overweight or obese. However, for nonelderly women, who account for 28 percent of the food stamp caseload, some evidence suggests that participation in the Food Stamp Program may increase BMI and the probability of obesity. Different results for age and sex subgroups remain unexplained. Further, because food stamp benefits are issued to households, not individuals, mixed results across age and sex subgroups make it difficult to target policy alternatives to address potential weight gain among some participants while not affecting others in the household.
PyTy: Repairing Static Type Errors in Python
Creators: name: Chow, Yiu Wai
name: Di Grazia, Luca
name: Pradel, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Software Engineering (cs.SE)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Gradual typing enables developers to annotate types of their own choosing, offering a flexible middle ground between no type annotations and a fully statically typed language. As more and more code bases get type-annotated, static type checkers detect an increasingly large number of type errors. Unfortunately, fixing these errors requires manual effort, hampering the adoption of gradual typing in practice. This paper presents PyTy, an automated program repair approach targeted at statically detectable type errors in Python. The problem of repairing type errors deserves specific attention because it exposes particular repair patterns, offers a warning message with hints about where and how to apply a fix, and because gradual type checking serves as an automatic way to validate fixes. We addresses this problem through three contributions: (i) an empirical study that investigates how developers fix Python type errors, showing a diverse set of fixing strategies with some recurring patterns; (ii) an approach to automatically extract type error fixes, which enables us to create a dataset of 2,766 error-fix pairs from 176 GitHub repositories, named PyTyDefects; (iii) the first learning-based repair technique for fixing type errors in Python. Motivated by the relative data scarcity of the problem, the neural model at the core of PyTy is trained via cross-lingual transfer learning. Our evaluation shows that PyTy offers fixes for ten frequent categories of type errors, successfully addressing 85.4% of 281 real-world errors. This effectiveness outperforms state-of-the-art large language models asked to repair type errors (by 2.1x) and complements a previous technique aimed at type errors that manifest at runtime. Finally, 20 out of 30 pull requests with PyTy-suggested fixes have been merged by developers, showing the usefulness of PyTy in practice.
Dietary Assessment of Major Trends in U.S. Food Consumption, 1970-2005
Creators: name: Wells, Hodan Farah
name: Buzby, Jean C.
name: Wells, Hodan Farah
name: Buzby, Jean C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Agriculture
subject: added fats and oils
subject: added sugars and sweeteners
subject: dairy
subject: Dietary Guidelines for Americans
subject: dietary recommendations
subject: eggs
subject: food
subject: food consumption
subject: fruits
subject: meat
subject: MyPyramid Food Guidance System
subject: nutrients
subject: grains
subject: nuts
subject: vegetables.

description: This report examines major trends in the amount of food available for consumption in the United States between 1970 and 2005 using data from the ERS Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System. The report also estimates whether Americans are meeting Federal dietary recommendations for each of the major food groups by comparing the data with dietary recommendations in the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the MyPyramid Food Guidance System. Findings show that Americans do not meet the Federal dietary recommendations. In order to meet them, Americans would need to substantially lower their intake of added fats, refined grains, and added sugars and sweeteners and increase their consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lowfat milk and milk products.
Áreas monetárias ótimas: desenvolvimentos recentes e perspectivas para os países do MERCOSUL
Creators: name: Coronel, Daniel Arruda
name: Amorim, Airton Lopes
name: Campos, Antonio Carvalho
name: Coronel, Daniel Arruda
name: Amorim, Airton Lopes
name: Campos, Antonio Carvalho
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Otimum Currency Areas
subject: Macroeconomic Coordination
subject: Mercosur

description: This paper consists of a review of the most important contributions to the understanding of the Optimum Currency Areas (OMA) and on the perspective of implementing such a policy measure into Mercosur. The theoretical support was obtained from reference studies on the European common currency which established the guidelines for the creation of the Euro zone. The findings on the literature review point out that a successful process of macroeconomic coordination is crucial for the implementation of a common currency area. Therefore, before engaging in a process of establishing a common currency area, Mercosur´s members must adopt supranational macroeconomic policy measures that would align their economies to reach stabilization in a regional context.
The structure of clusters formed by Stockmayer supracolloidal magnetic polymers
Creators: name: Novak, Ekaterina V.
name: Pyanzina, Elena S.
name: Sánchez, Pedro A.
name: Kantorovich, Sofia S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Unlike Stockmayer fluids, that prove to undergo gas-liquid transition on cooling, the system of dipolar hard or soft spheres without any additional central attraction so far has not been shown to have a critical point. Instead, in the latter, one observes diverse self-assembly scenarios. Crosslinking dipolar soft spheres into supracolloidal magnetic polymer-like structures (SMPs) changes the self-assembly behaviour. Moreover, aggregation in systems of SMPs strongly depends on the constituent topology. For Y- and X-shaped SMPs, under the same conditions in which dipolar hard spheres would form chains, the formation of very large loose gel-like clusters was observed [Journal of Molecular Liquids, 271, 631 (2018)]. In this work, using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate self-assembly in suspensions of four topologically different SMPs -- chains, rings, X and Y -- monomers in which interact via Stockmayer potential. As expected, compact drop-like clusters are formed by SMPs in all cases if the central isotropic attraction is introduced, however, their shape and internal structure turn out to depend on the SMPs topology.
Measures of Complexity for Large Scale Image Datasets
Creators: name: Rahane, Ameet Annasaheb
name: Subramanian, Anbumani
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Large scale image datasets are a growing trend in the field of machine learning. However, it is hard to quantitatively understand or specify how various datasets compare to each other - i.e., if one dataset is more complex or harder to ``learn'' with respect to a deep-learning based network. In this work, we build a series of relatively computationally simple methods to measure the complexity of a dataset. Furthermore, we present an approach to demonstrate visualizations of high dimensional data, in order to assist with visual comparison of datasets. We present our analysis using four datasets from the autonomous driving research community - Cityscapes, IDD, BDD and Vistas. Using entropy based metrics, we present a rank-order complexity of these datasets, which we compare with an established rank-order with respect to deep learning.
description: 6 pages, 3 tables, 4 figures
Additional file 1 of Phosphatidic acid-dependent localization and basal de-phosphorylation of RA-GEFs regulate lymphocyte trafficking
Creators: name: Ishihara, Sayaka
name: Sato, Tsuyoshi
name: Guangwei Du
name: Guardavaccaro, Daniele
name: Nakajima, Akihiko
name: Sawai, Satoshi
name: Kataoka, Tohru
name: Katagiri, Koko
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Ecology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Cancer
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 1: Figure S1.Rapgef2 and 6 in T cells. (A) Expression analysis of Rapgef2 and 6 in T and B cells by RT-PCR. RNA isolated from purified T cells and B cells was reverse transcribed and used as template for PCR amplification. PCR reactions were performed using each specific primer under optimal conditions. (B) Effect of Rapgef2 or 6 deficiency on CCL21-Rap1 activation in T cells. GTP-bound Rap1 was analyzed by a pull-down assay using GST-RalGDS-RBD. RA-GEF-1 (right) or RA-GEF-2 (left)-deficient mouse T cells stimulated with 100 nM of CCL21 at the indicated times, lysed and subjected to a pull-down assay. Bound Rap1 and total Rap1 were detected by immunoblotting with an anti-Rap1 antibody.
The Impact of Climate Change on Global Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities
Creators: name: Lee, Zayna
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: classificationCode: 410199
subject: Climate change impacts and adaptation not elsewhere classified

description: Climate change is one of the most important concerns confronting humanity today, having far-reaching consequences for several industries, most notably agriculture. This article investigates the many impacts of climate change on agricultural production, food security, and rural lives. It also addresses possible adaption techniques and technologies to help lessen the negative effects of climate change on agriculture. By exploring case examples from many countries, this article seeks to give a thorough knowledge of the problems and possibilities that climate change provides to global agriculture.

Link: https://research4everyone.top/impact-of-climate-change-on-global-agriculture/
Directed Chaotic Transport in Hamiltonian Ratchets
Creators: name: Schanz, Holger
name: Dittrich, Thomas
name: Ketzmerick, Roland
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a comprehensive account of directed transport in one-dimensional Hamiltonian systems with spatial and temporal periodicity. They can be considered as Hamiltonian ratchets in the sense that ensembles of particles can show directed ballistic transport in the absence of an average force. We discuss general conditions for such directed transport, like a mixed classical phase space, and elucidate a sum rule that relates the contributions of different phase-space components to transport with each other. We show that regular ratchet transport can be directed against an external potential gradient while chaotic ballistic transport is restricted to unbiased systems. For quantized Hamiltonian ratchets we study transport in terms of the evolution of wave packets and derive a semiclassical expression for the distribution of level velocities which encode the quantum transport in the Floquet band spectra. We discuss the role of dynamical tunneling between transporting islands and the chaotic sea and the breakdown of transport in quantum ratchets with broken spatial periodicity.
description: 22 pages
Wine Roads in Greece: A Cooperation for the Development of Local Tourism in Rural Areas
Creators: name: Karafolas, Simeon
name: Karafolas, Simeon
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: Wine roads
subject: rural tourism
subject: cooperation
subject: financing
subject: LEADER program
subject: Greece

description: An association of Wine Roads was developed in Greece at the beginning of the 1990s in an attempt to boost rural tourism. The association was created by wine producers in the regions of Macedonia and was then extended to Epirus, Thessaly and Thrace. Its main purpose has been the promotion of wine companies and the association's regional members, while its specific targets have been the development of local tourism, the support of cultural heritage and the improvement of product quality and related services. The Wine Roads initiative has received substantial financial support from the European Union and the State of Greece, mainly through the LEADER II program. However, socioeconomic results for the participating companies and regions appear to differ. An assessment using a questionnaire showed a positive effect on the enhancement of relations among members, the increase in tourist visits, publicity for the regions and cultural events. In contrast, there have been no significant positive effects on employment. Finally, it should be noted that some of the participating districts and companies have been more active and have taken better advantage of this initiative.
Entropy-Based Formulation of Thermodynamics in Arbitrary Quantum Evolution
Creators: name: Alipour, S.
name: Rezakhani, A. T.
name: Chenu, A.
name: del Campo, A.
name: Ala-Nissila, T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Given the evolution of an arbitrary open quantum system, we formulate a general and unambiguous method to separate the internal energy change of the system into an entropy-related contribution and a part causing no entropy change, identified as heat and work, respectively. We also demonstrate that heat and work admit geometric and dynamical descriptions by developing a universal dynamical equation for the given trajectory of the system. The dissipative and coherent parts of this equation contribute exclusively to heat and work, where the specific role of a work contribution from a counterdiabatic drive is underlined. Next we define an expression for the irreversible entropy production of the system which does not have explicit dependence on the properties of the ambient environment; rather, it depends on a set of the system's observables excluding its Hamiltonian and is independent of internal energy change. We illustrate our results with three examples.
description: Fixed a LaTex problem with SM
Additional file 1 of Rare genital malformations in women’s health research: sociodemographic, regional, and disease-related characteristics of patients with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome
Creators: name: Brucker, Sara Yvonne
name: Leonie-Sophia Pösch
name: Graf, Joachim
name: Sokolov, Alexander N.
name: Schaeffeler, Norbert
name: Kronenthaler, Andrea
name: Hiltner, Hanna
name: Wagner, Anke
name: Ueding, Esther
name: Rieger, Monika A.
name: Schöller, Dorit
name: Stefanescu, Diana
name: Rall, Kristin Katharina
name: Wallwiener, Diethelm
name: Simoes, Elisabeth
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Cancer
subject: 111714 Mental Health
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases

description: Additional file 1. Short questionnaire on sociodemography in the context of the interviews.
Women's Cooperatives and their Contribution to the Local Development of the North Aegean Region, Greece
Creators: name: Vakoufaris, Hristos
name: Kizos, Thanasis
name: Spilanis, Ioannis
name: Koulouri, Maria
name: Zacharaki, Anna
name: Vakoufaris, Hristos
name: Kizos, Thanasis
name: Spilanis, Ioannis
name: Koulouri, Maria
name: Zacharaki, Anna
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: women’s cooperatives
subject: North Aegean
subject: local development

description: In the last twenty years Greece has witnessed the emergence and establishment of women’s cooperatives, a form of productive agricultural cooperatives. This paper explores their importance and their contribution to local development. Evidence is presented for an island region, the North Aegean. Personal interviews, using structured questionnaires, were conducted with the chairwomen of all the region’s cooperatives in order to obtain an insight into their structure and dynamics. According to the findings of this study, women’s cooperatives are characterized by substantial potential on the one hand and by serious drawbacks on the other. The economic performance of the cooperatives is satisfactory, while the use of local resources and ‘know how’ contribute to the development of the region. Interpersonal problems, the inability of the cooperatives’ members to fully understand their new role as businesswomen and the small participation of rural women are the cooperatives’ major problems. The future of the women’s cooperatives is still unclear despite their 20 years of existence.
Hyperbolic 3-manifolds with geodesic boundary: Enumeration and volume calculation
Creators: name: Mednykh, Alexander
name: Petronio, Carlo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Geometric Topology (math.GT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 57M50

description: We describe a natural strategy to enumerate compact hyperbolic 3-manifolds with geodesic boundary in increasing order of complexity. We show that the same strategy can be employed to analyze simultaneously compact manifolds and finite-volume manifolds having toric cusps. In opposition to this we show that, if one allows annular cusps, the number of manifolds grows very rapidly, and that our strategy cannot be employed to obtain a complete list. We also carefully describe how to compute the volume of our manifolds, discussing formulae for the volume of a tetrahedron with generic dihedral angles in hyperbolic space.
description: 29 pages, 4 figures
Herrera Complexity and Shadows of Spherically Symmetric Compact Objects
Creators: name: Nalui, Subhasis
name: Bhattacharya, Subhra
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this work we investigate the effect of complexity factor on the formation of photon spheres for spherically symmetric compact objects. The complexity factor obtained from the orthogonal splitting of the Riemann curvature tensor connects the geometric attributes of a compact spherically symmetric gravitating object with its matter inhomogeneity and pressure anisotropy via a scalar term. The novelty of the complexity factor is the inherent simple definition that identifies the evolution of matter tensors inside a given region of space-time. Such identification helps to obtain an equivalence class of gravitating compact objects based on their degree of complexity with zero complexity identified as the simplest system. On the other hand shadows and photon rings have become essential for identifying compact regions of space time characterised by massive gravity. Advanced observational data analysis tools augments the hope for identification of exotic gravitational objects, like the so called ``black hole mimickers" and may serve as testing ground for other gravity theories. In this context we explore how complexity of compact objects (a fundamentally theoretical classification) is connected to the photon ring (an astrophysical observable in the universe) and its stability. We consider zero complexity systems and discuss its significance with respect to (wrt) formation of photon rings and hence shadows.
On Adversarial Examples and Stealth Attacks in Artificial Intelligence Systems
Creators: name: Tyukin, Ivan Y.
name: Higham, Desmond J.
name: Gorban, Alexander N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 68T05, 68T10, 90C31

description: In this work we present a formal theoretical framework for assessing and analyzing two classes of malevolent action towards generic Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. Our results apply to general multi-class classifiers that map from an input space into a decision space, including artificial neural networks used in deep learning applications. Two classes of attacks are considered. The first class involves adversarial examples and concerns the introduction of small perturbations of the input data that cause misclassification. The second class, introduced here for the first time and named stealth attacks, involves small perturbations to the AI system itself. Here the perturbed system produces whatever output is desired by the attacker on a specific small data set, perhaps even a single input, but performs as normal on a validation set (which is unknown to the attacker). We show that in both cases, i.e., in the case of an attack based on adversarial examples and in the case of a stealth attack, the dimensionality of the AI's decision-making space is a major contributor to the AI's susceptibility. For attacks based on adversarial examples, a second crucial parameter is the absence of local concentrations in the data probability distribution, a property known as Smeared Absolute Continuity. According to our findings, robustness to adversarial examples requires either (a) the data distributions in the AI's feature space to have concentrated probability density functions or (b) the dimensionality of the AI's decision variables to be sufficiently small. We also show how to construct stealth attacks on high-dimensional AI systems that are hard to spot unless the validation set is made exponentially large.
Additional file 1 of Large Spin-Dependent Thermoelectric Effects in NiFe-based Interconnected Nanowire Networks
Creators: name: Marchal, Nicolas
name: Gomes, Tristan Da Câmara Santa Clara
name: Araujo, Flavio Abreu
name: Piraux, Luc
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: 29999 Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 1 Thermoelectric measurements and correction factor.
Measuring the Local Economic Impact of Cooperatives
Creators: name: Zeuli, Kimberly A.
name: Deller, Steven C.
name: Zeuli, Kimberly A.
name: Deller, Steven C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: cooperatives
subject: economic impact
subject: community development
subject: input-output models

description: The ability to measure the economic importance of cooperatives to communities is not purely an academic question. Policy makers, cooperative organizations, and community development practitioners are increasingly asking for such information. The most commonly used methodology is input-output analysis. The limitations of input-output analysis when applied to cooperatives have not yet been comprehensively explained in the literature, although they significantly affect the application of the model as well as the interpretation of results. We discuss five issues that need to be addressed when using input-output models and suggest additional analysis that should be completed to gain an accurate assessment of the local economic impact of cooperatives.
Comparing the Productive Efficiency of Cooperatives and Private Enterprises: The Portuguese Wine Industry as a Case Study
Creators: name: Barros, Carlos Pestana
name: Santos, J.C. Gomes
name: Barros, Carlos Pestana
name: Santos, J.C. Gomes
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: cooperatives
subject: private enterprises
subject: technical efficiency
subject: DEA
subject: wine industry
subject: Portugal

description: This paper compares the efficiency of cooperatives and private enterprises in the Portuguese wine industry, employing data envelopment analysis (DEA). The use of DEA for the analysis of comparative efficiency within a sector is a key tool in evaluating organizational competitiveness. Competitiveness should be based on benchmarking the different types of organizations that comprise the viniculture sector. We conclude that Portuguese wine cooperatives, on average, are more efficient than their private counterparts. Economic implications arising from the study are discussed.
Spinodal instabilities of spin polarized asymmetric nuclear matter
Creators: name: Polls, Artur
name: Vidana, Isaac
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We analyze the spinodal instabilities of spin polarized asymmetric nuclear matter at zero temperature for several configurations of the neutron and proton spins. The calculations are performed with the Brueckner--Hartree--Fock (BHF) approach using the Argonne V18 nucleon-nucleon potential plus a three-nucleon force of Urbana type. An analytical parametrization of the energy density, which reproduces with good accuracy the BHF results, is employed to determine the spinodal instability region. We find that, independently of the of the orientation of the neutron and proton spins, the spinodal instability region shinks when the system is polarized, being its size smaller smaller when neutron and proton spins are antiparallel than when they are oriented in a parallel way. We find also that the spinodal instability is always dominated by total density fluctuation independently of the degree of polarization of the system, and that restoration of the isospin symmetry in the liquid phase, {\it i.e.,} the so-called isospin distillation or fragmentation effect, becomes less efficient with the polarization of the system.
description: 8 pages, 6 figures, 1 table
Annual Report Readership: A Study of an Agricultural Supply Cooperative
Creators: name: Shanahan, Yvonne P.
name: Lord, Beverley R.
name: Robb, Alan J.
name: Shanahan, Yvonne P.
name: Lord, Beverley R.
name: Robb, Alan J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: cooperatives
subject: annual reports
subject: readership
subject: understanding

description: Recent corporate collapses have focussed attention on the (un)reliability of financial information. However, although the agricultural sector, which is significant globally, is run primarily using the cooperative form, there is scant research on these users' perception of financial information. Therefore this paper examines members' readership and understanding of the annual reports of a large, fertiliser cooperative. The findings show that there is a lack of readership of the annual report, due to a lack of understanding and a lack of time. A minority of non-readers trust directors to "do a good job". Preparers of information should focus on making reports more user-friendly and evidence suggests that financial information could be released more strategically using other sources of communication, namely other print media and the internet.
Divergence of the Chaotic Layer Width and Strong Acceleration of the Spatial Chaotic Transport in Periodic Systems Driven by an Adiabatic ac Force
Creators: name: Soskin, S. M.
name: Yevtushenko, O. M.
name: Mannella, R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show for the first time that a {\it weak} perturbation in a Hamiltonian system may lead to an arbitrarily {\it wide} chaotic layer and {\it fast} chaotic transport. This {\it generic} effect occurs in any spatially periodic Hamiltonian system subject to a sufficiently slow ac force. We explain it and develop an explicit theory for the layer width, verified in simulations. Chaotic spatial transport as well as applications to the diffusion of particles on surfaces, threshold devices and others are discussed.
description: 4 pages including 3 EPS figures, this is an improved version of the paper (accepted to PRL, 2005)
Domain-specific loss design for unsupervised physical training: A new approach to modeling medical ML solutions
Creators: name: Burwinkel, Hendrik
name: Matz, Holger
name: Saur, Stefan
name: Hauger, Christoph
name: Evren, Ayse Mine
name: Hirnschall, Nino
name: Findl, Oliver
name: Navab, Nassir
name: Ahmadi, Seyed-Ahmad
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: 68T01

description: Today, cataract surgery is the most frequently performed ophthalmic surgery in the world. The cataract, a developing opacity of the human eye lens, constitutes the world's most frequent cause for blindness. During surgery, the lens is removed and replaced by an artificial intraocular lens (IOL). To prevent patients from needing strong visual aids after surgery, a precise prediction of the optical properties of the inserted IOL is crucial. There has been lots of activity towards developing methods to predict these properties from biometric eye data obtained by OCT devices, recently also by employing machine learning. They consider either only biometric data or physical models, but rarely both, and often neglect the IOL geometry. In this work, we propose OpticNet, a novel optical refraction network, loss function, and training scheme which is unsupervised, domain-specific, and physically motivated. We derive a precise light propagation eye model using single-ray raytracing and formulate a differentiable loss function that back-propagates physical gradients into the network. Further, we propose a new transfer learning procedure, which allows unsupervised training on the physical model and fine-tuning of the network on a cohort of real IOL patient cases. We show that our network is not only superior to systems trained with standard procedures but also that our method outperforms the current state of the art in IOL calculation when compared on two biometric data sets.
description: 11 pages, 2 figures
Glutamine synthetase as a biological marker for fish phylogenetics : some new insights
Creators: name: Laberge Macdonald, Tammy
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Glutamine synthetase is a key enzyme for nitrogen metabolism. It occurs in all organisms and is one of the oldest functioning genes. Many vertebrates have only one functional copy of this gene, while many plants have been shown to be multicopy for this gene. Pseudogenes for glutamine synthetase have also been reported in mammals. Until recently only a single copy of glutamine synthetase had been described in fish. However, six copies of this gene are expressed in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus myklss and two copies of this gene are expressed in the gulf toadfish Opsanus beta. We investigated a variety of intertidal fishes from British Columbia, Canada using PCR amplification of genomic DNA product and reverse transcriptase PCR to explore the diversity of glutamine synthetase in fish. We recovered two isoforms of glutamine synthetase in fourteen out of twenty-one fish. We describe the partial sequences for the two copies of this gene that differed in nucleotide composition by 8 to 22 percent. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the different glutamine synthetase isoforms to generate trees for intertidal fishes collected in this study. Fish from the following orders were represented in this study: Myxiniformes, Lepisosteiformes, Salmoniformes, Gasterosteiformes, Syngnathiformes, Scorpaeniformes, Perciformes and Pleuronectiformes. Most species adhered to the traditional taxonomic classification although some representative fish did not.
Toward a New Definition of Community Partnership: A Three-Dimensional Approach
Creators: name: Shemer, Orna
name: Schmid, Hillel
name: Shemer, Orna
name: Schmid, Hillel
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: partnership
subject: community partnership
subject: power
subject: decision-making processes
subject: kibbutz

description: We propose a new definition of partnership, which emphasizes the role and meaning of power in creating partnership. Following a case study of change processes within a kibbutz community undergoing lifestyle changes, The proposed definition focuses on three dimensions of partnership: (a) the overt dimension, in which partnership is manifested through daily community life such as organizational structure, rules and norms; (b) the covert dimension, which focuses on symbolic rites of partnership and "non-events"; (c) the latent dimension, which expresses internalized partnership and influences participants' consciousness through socialization and world views.
Analysing Deep Reinforcement Learning Agents Trained with Domain Randomisation
Creators: name: Dai, Tianhong
name: Arulkumaran, Kai
name: Gerbert, Tamara
name: Tukra, Samyakh
name: Behbahani, Feryal
name: Bharath, Anil Anthony
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE)
subject: Robotics (cs.RO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Deep reinforcement learning has the potential to train robots to perform complex tasks in the real world without requiring accurate models of the robot or its environment. A practical approach is to train agents in simulation, and then transfer them to the real world. One popular method for achieving transferability is to use domain randomisation, which involves randomly perturbing various aspects of a simulated environment in order to make trained agents robust to the reality gap. However, less work has gone into understanding such agents - which are deployed in the real world - beyond task performance. In this work we examine such agents, through qualitative and quantitative comparisons between agents trained with and without visual domain randomisation. We train agents for Fetch and Jaco robots on a visuomotor control task and evaluate how well they generalise using different testing conditions. Finally, we investigate the internals of the trained agents by using a suite of interpretability techniques. Our results show that the primary outcome of domain randomisation is more robust, entangled representations, accompanied with larger weights with greater spatial structure; moreover, the types of changes are heavily influenced by the task setup and presence of additional proprioceptive inputs. Additionally, we demonstrate that our domain randomised agents require higher sample complexity, can overfit and more heavily rely on recurrent processing. Furthermore, even with an improved saliency method introduced in this work, we show that qualitative studies may not always correspond with quantitative measures, necessitating the combination of inspection tools in order to provide sufficient insights into the behaviour of trained agents.
Isospin fluctuations in spinodal decomposition
Creators: name: Colonna, M.
name: Matera, F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the isospin dynamics in fragment formation within the framework of an analytical model based on the spinodal decomposition scenario. We calculate the probability to obtain fragments with given charge and neutron number, focussing on the derivation of the width of the isotopic distributions. Within our approach this is determined by the dispersion of N/Z among the leading unstable modes, due to the competition between Coulomb and symmetry energy effects, and by isovector-like fluctuations present in the matter that undergoes the spinodal decomposition. Hence the widths exhibit a clear dependence on the properties of the Equation of State. By comparing two systems with different values of the charge asymmetry we find that the isotopic distributions reproduce an isoscaling relationship.
description: 18 RevTex4 pages, 6 eps figures
Expenditures on Children by Families, 2007
Creators: name: Lino, Mark
name: Lino, Mark
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: Labor and Human Capital
subject: Public Economics
subject: expenditures on children
subject: cost of children
subject: Consumer Expenditure

description: Since 1960, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has provided estimates of expenditures on children from birth through age 17. This technical report presents the most recent estimates for husband-wife and single-parent families using data from the 1990-92 Consumer Expenditure Survey, updated to 2007 dollars using the Consumer Price Index. Data and methods used in calculating annual child-rearing expenses are described. Estimates are provided for major components of the budget by age of child, family income, and region of residence. For the overall United States, child-rearing expense estimates ranged between $10,930 and $12,030 for a child in a two-child, married-couple family in the middle-income group. Adjustment factors for number of children in the household are also provided. Results of this study should be of use in developing State child support guidelines and foster care payments as well as in family educational programs.
description: This publication is updated annually by the USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion.
Analyzing the Impact of Changes in Trade and Domestic Policies: The Case of the Soybean Complex
Creators: name: Costa, Rafael F.
name: Xia, Yan
name: Susanto, Dwi
name: Rosson, C. Parr
name: Adcock, Flynn J.
name: Costa, Rafael F.
name: Xia, Yan
name: Susanto, Dwi
name: Rosson, C. Parr
name: Adcock, Flynn J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: International Trade
subject: Loan Deficiency Payment
subject: Soybean
subject: Soybean Joint Products
subject: Stochastic Equilibrium Displacement Model
subject: Transportation Costs

description: This study analyzes the impacts of domestic and trade policy changes on the soybean complex using a Stochastic Equilibrium Displacement Model (SEDM). Three different policies, Loan Deficiency Payments (LDP), transportation costs and export taxes are considered in the analysis. The results indicate that Brazil benefits from a reduction in transportation costs and becomes more competitive in the global soybean market. Brazilian exports of soybeans increase due to relatively lower export prices. However, Brazil gains little improvement in the export competitiveness of the soybean joint products, soybean meal and oil. A lower U.S. LDP rate results in the loss of competitiveness for the United States in the world soybean market. Furthermore, the results show that an Argentine export tax reduction increases soybean exports from Argentina, but it reduces the global supply of soybean meal and soybean oil.
Pakistan Agricultural Export Performance in the Light of Trade Liberalization and Economic Reforms
Creators: name: Malik, Nadeem
name: Malik, Nadeem
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Agricultural Finance
subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Financial Economics
subject: Production Economics
subject: Agriculture Economics

description: The objective of this paper is to see the impacts of economic reforms and trade liberalisation policies on agricultural export performance of Pakistan. The major purpose is to examine the effects of both domestic supply-side factors and world demand on agricultural export performance. Four indicators of economic reforms and trade liberalisation policies are considered namely competitiveness, diversification, openness and world demand for agricultural products; these indicators capture the effects of both domestic supply-side policy reforms and world market potential. The effects are analysed in dynamic term both in the long-run and short-run, using co integration and vector error correction (VECM) methods. The empirical results suggest that agricultural export performance is more sensitive to the domestic supply-side conditions, which change due to the policies, discussed. These findings support the importance of domestic policies designed to improve domestic supply conditions aimed at promoting agricultural exports. The empirical conclusions also indicate that there exists a unique long-run or equilibrium relationship among real value of agricultural exports, competitiveness, diversification, openness and world demand for agricultural products
Additional file 5 of Characterizing science graduate teaching assistants’ instructional practices in reformed laboratories and tutorials
Creators: name: Wan, Tong
name: Geraets, Ashley A.
name: Doty, Constance M.
name: Saitta, Erin K. H.
name: Chini, Jacquelyn J.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 5:Figure 5. Number of physics combined tutorial and laboratory sessions in each cluster led by individual GTAs
Additional file 3 of Characterizing science graduate teaching assistants’ instructional practices in reformed laboratories and tutorials
Creators: name: Wan, Tong
name: Geraets, Ashley A.
name: Doty, Constance M.
name: Saitta, Erin K. H.
name: Chini, Jacquelyn J.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 3:.Figure 3. Average fraction of 2-min intervals per physics mini-studio (combined tutorial and laboratory) for each student code. Error bars represent standard deviations
Additional file 4 of Characterizing science graduate teaching assistants’ instructional practices in reformed laboratories and tutorials
Creators: name: Wan, Tong
name: Geraets, Ashley A.
name: Doty, Constance M.
name: Saitta, Erin K. H.
name: Chini, Jacquelyn J.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 4:Figure 4. Average fraction of 2-min intervals per physics mini-studio (combined tutorial and laboratory) for each GTA code. Error bars represent standard deviations
Casimir force acting on magnetodielectric bodies embedded in media
Creators: name: Raabe, Christian
name: Welsch, Dirk-Gunnar
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Within the framework of macroscopic quantum electrodynamics, general expressions for the Casimir force acting on linearly and causally responding magnetodielectric bodies that can be embedded in another linear and causal magnetodielectric medium are derived. Consistency with microscopic harmonic-oscillator models of the matter is shown. The theory is applied to planar structures and proper generalizations of Casimir's and Lifshitz-type formulas are given.
description: 15 pages, 2 figures; minor additions and corrections, to appear in PRA
Intensity of the cosmic X-ray backgound from HEAO1/A2 experiment
Creators: name: Revnivtsev, M.
name: Gilfanov, M.
name: Jahoda, K.
name: Sunyaev, R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We reanalyze data of HEAO1/A2 -- Cosmic X-ray Experiment -- in order to repeat the measurements of the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) intensity and accurately compare this value with other measurements of the CXB. We used the data of MED, HED1 and HED3 detectors in scan mode, that allowed us to measure effective solid angles and effective areas of detectors self consistently, in the same mode as the CXB intensity was measured. We obtained the average value of the CXB intensity is 1.96+/-0.10 x10^{-11} erg/s/cm2/deg2 in the energy band 2-10 keV, or 9.7+/-0.5 phot/s/cm2/sr at 1 keV assuming the power law spectral shape with photon index Gamma=1.4 in this energy band. We compare the obtained measurements with those obtained by different instruments over last decades.
description: 5 pages, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Additional file 2 of Characterizing science graduate teaching assistants’ instructional practices in reformed laboratories and tutorials
Creators: name: Wan, Tong
name: Geraets, Ashley A.
name: Doty, Constance M.
name: Saitta, Erin K. H.
name: Chini, Jacquelyn J.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 2:Figure 2. Average fraction of 2-min intervals per chemistry lab period for each GTA code. Error bars represent standard deviations
Collective roughening of elastic lines with hard core interaction in a disordered environment
Creators: name: Petäjä, Viljo
name: Alava, Mikko
name: Lee, Deok-Sun
name: Rieger, Heiko
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate by exact optimization methods the roughening of two and three-dimensional systems of elastic lines with point disorder and hard-core repulsion with open boundary conditions. In 2d we find logarithmic behavior whereas in 3d simple random walk-like behavior. The line 'forests' become asymptotically completely entangled as the system height is increased at fixed line density due to increasing line wandering.
Breaking the Links Between Conflict and Hunger in Africa
Creators: name: Messer, Ellen
name: Cohen, Marc J.
name: Messer, Ellen
name: Cohen, Marc J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: Food Security and Poverty

description: International humanitarian relief and development operations provide opportunities to build peace and create sustainable food security, especially in situations where operations are carried out with explicit frameworks attending to human rights and sustainable livelihoods. Achieving lasting peace is a complex proposition because there is no single set of causes of conflict or a sure way to remove them. Nevertheless, there are food and agricultural policy actions that can foster peaceful outcomes that promote food security.