cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Spiral galaxies with non-typical mass-to-light ratios
Creators: name: Saburova, A. S.
name: Shaldenkova, E. S.
name: Zasov, A. V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Total mass-to-light ratio M/L_B for S0 - Irr galaxies, where M is the dynamical mass within the optical radius R_25, increases systematically with (B-V)_0 color, but slower than that is predicted by stellar population evolution models. It shows that the mean ratio between dark halo and stellar masses is higher for more "blue" galaxies. However some galaxies don't follow this general trend. The properties of galaxies with extremely high and extremely low values of M/L_B ratios are compared, and different factors, accounting for the extremes, are analyzed. The conclusion is that in some cases too high or too low M/L_B ratios are associated with observational errors, in other cases - with non-typical dark halo mass fraction, or with peculiarities of disc stellar population. Particularly, discs of some galaxies with low M/L_B ratios turn out to be unusually "light" for their luminosity and colors, which indicates a substantial deficit of low mass stars as the most probable cause of low M/L_B.
description: 17 pages, 6 figures, Accepted in the Astronomy Reports
Towards safeguarding convolutional neural networks against physical corruptions
Creators: name: Abhijith, Sharma
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are integral to vision-based AI systems due to their remarkable performance on visual tasks. Although highly accurate, CNNs are vulnerable to natural and adversarial physical corruption in the real world. It poses a serious security concern for safety-critical systems. Such corruption often arises unexpectedly and alters the model's performance. One of the most practical adversarial corruption is the patch attack. The current form of patch attacks often involves only a single adversarial patch. Using multiple patches enables the attacker to craft a stronger adversary by utilizing various combinations of the patches and their respective locations. Moreover, mitigating multiple patches is a challenging task in practice due to the nascence of the domain. In recent years, the primary focus has been on adversarial attacks. However, natural corruptions (e.g., snow, fog, dust) are an omnipresent threat to CNN-based systems having equally devastating consequences. Hence, it is essential to make CNNs resilient against both adversarial attacks and natural disturbances. The contributions of this thesis are three-fold: First, we propose the idea of naturalistic support artifacts (NSA) for robust prediction against natural corruption. The NSAs are natural-looking objects generated through artifact training and have high visual fidelity in the scene. The NSAs are shown to be beneficial in scenarios where model parameters are inaccessible and adding artifacts in the scene is feasible. Second, we present three independent ways to perform an attack with multiple patches: Split, Mono-Multi, and Poly-Multi attacks, showcasing the true potential of patch attacks. The multi-patch attacks are shown to overcome existing state-of-the-art defenses, raising a serious risk to CNN-based systems. Ultimately, we present a novel, model-agnostic patch mitigation technique based on total variation-based image resurfacing (TVR). The TVR acts as a first line of defense against patch attacks by cleansing the image of any suspicious perturbations. The TVR can nullify single and multi-patch attacks in one scan of the image, making it the first defense technique to defend against multi-patch attacks. The thesis attempts to move one step closer to the aim of safe and robust CNN-based AI systems.
title: The Stimulation of Dendritic Cells by Cationic Lipids
Creators: name: Bush, John Peyton
Publisher: name: University of Kentucky Libraries
Year: 2019

description: The discovery that cationic lipids can independently stimulate the immune system has generated interest in their potential as vaccine adjuvants. Here, we show that the cationic lipid R-DOTAP can independently stimulate type 1 interferon production in dendritic cells in both primary culture and immortalized cell culture. Levels of type 1 interferon production are cell line-dependent and limited in vitro by lipid-induced cell death. We show that cationic lipids can independently activate TLR-7 and TLR-9, suggesting a mechanism for type 1 interferon induction. This TLR-stimulatory activity is not restricted to R-DOTAP and can be extended to other similar cationic lipids in a lipid-specific and TLR-specific manner.
description: Copyright © John Peyton C. Bush 2019
There Is No Santa Claus: The Challenge Of Teaching The Next Generation Of Civil Rights Lawyers In A “Post-Racial” Society
Creators: name: Archer, Deborah N.
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2013

description: This Essay takes a fresh look at the scholarship on the practice of cross-cultural and client-centered lawyering. The current scholarship explores methods of training law students to be mindful of the ways that cultural differences can impact legal representation. However, this scholarship has not addressed how to equip students to address issues of racial discrimination in light of the post-racial lens through which many view these problems. Legal educators must examine how law students’ beliefs regarding the current relevance of race in America affects their ability to represent clients who believe they are victims of racial discrimination.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 4 No. 1 (2013)
The Politics Of Equality: The Limits Of Collective Rights Litigation And The Case Of The Palestinian-Arab Minority In Israel
Creators: name: Jabareen, Yousef T.
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2013

description: Human and civil rights organizations have long used litigation in an attempt to advance a particular cause, to bolster a certain right, or to bring about social change. A prominent example is strategic litigation filed on behalf of minority groups–including national and indigenous minorities. Such cases typically seek remedies from the government or public institutions due to discrimination or neglect experienced by minorities, or stemming from limitations on their ability to express or enjoy their culture and practices. In many cases, however, litigation fails or only partially succeeds in creating the kind of sustainable, widespread, and group-based change that the petitioners seek. Focusing on Israel and the Palestinian-Arab minority, which constitutes nearly one-fifth of the country’s population, this Article explores the limitations and shortcomings of litigation as a strategy for obtaining collective rights. The Article examines three different kinds of collective rights that Palestinian-Arab petitioners have attempted to achieve through legal action in Israel: the right to political representation (in decision-making bodies); linguistic rights (in public accommodation); and equitable (group-based) allocation of public resources. The significance of these rights for national minorities is explored, along with the specifics of each of the cases highlighted and their outcomes. This Article demonstrates that while the outcome of each legal case was a ‘success’–on a technical level–the judgments failed to achieve the substantive equality and group-based rights that the petitioners sought. Worse still, some of the judgments actually may have led to setbacks. Accordingly, this article argues that litigation has thus far been an insufficient tool for protecting the collective rights of the Palestinian-Arab minority, as the courts have failed to draft meaningful and sustainable frameworks for action and enforcement into their judgments. The article concludes by suggesting that given the challenges and political and social constraints faced by national minorities in legal and other public spheres, the law is dependent on the will of the courts. Thus, the courts must view their role more broadly and take a more expansive–and perhaps even activist–approach in rendering its rulings.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 4 No. 1 (2013)
Highlighting Named Entities in Input for Auto-Formulation of Optimization Problems
Creators: name: Gangwar, Neeraj
name: Kani, Nickvash
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Operations research deals with modeling and solving real-world problems as mathematical optimization problems. While solving mathematical systems is accomplished by analytical software, formulating a problem as a set of mathematical operations has been typically done manually by domain experts. Recent machine learning methods have shown promise in converting textual problem descriptions to corresponding mathematical formulations. This paper presents an approach that converts linear programming word problems into mathematical formulations. We leverage the named entities in the input and augment the input to highlight these entities. Our approach achieves the highest accuracy among all submissions to the NL4Opt Competition, securing first place in the generation track.
description: Published in CICM 2023
Diversity In The Legal Profession: From Rhetoric To Reality
Creators: name: Hull, Helia Garrido
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2013

description: The legal profession, more than others, is uniquely positioned at the helm of social change. The law is shaped by cultural shifts, and it is the lawyer that plays the role of architect. Yet, the legal profession is the least diverse and inclusive profession of all, failing to adapt to the ever changing demographics of American society. Despite numerous attempts at creating diversity and inclusion within the profession, the legal profession remains today much as it was at its inception—white, male dominated. This Article aims to make contributions that will raise awareness to the crucial need for diversity and inclusion within the legal profession such as logical measures beyond sanctions, which are cost effective, responsible, and deeply rooted in the profession. The current call by diversity groups for an affirmative ethics rule that would sanction lawyers who engage in discrimination in employment practices would be costly and duplicative. Thus, this Article discusses a cross-section of available rules that are less costly, more manageable alternatives. The Article proposes that the goal of diversity and inclusion within the profession cannot be forced, but must be realized through consistent measures aimed at creating accountability, educational awareness, and building supporting connections at each level of the professional hierarchy.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 4 No. 1 (2013)
Stacking Order dependent Electric Field tuning of the Band Gap in Graphene Multilayers
Creators: name: Avetisyan, A. A.
name: Partoens, B.
name: Peeters, F. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The effect of different stacking order of graphene multilayers on the electric field induced band gap is investigated. We considered a positively charged top and a negatively charged back gate in order to independently tune the band gap and the Fermi energy of three and four layer graphene systems. A tight-binding approach within a self-consistent Hartree approximation is used to calculate the induced charges on the different graphene layers. We found that the gap for trilayer graphene with the ABC stacking is much larger than the corresponding gap for the ABA trilayer. Also we predict that for four layers of graphene the energy gap strongly depends on the choice of stacking, and we found that the gap for the different types of stacking is much larger as compared to the case of Bernal stacking. Trigonal warping changes the size of the induced electronic gap by approximately 30% for intermediate and large values of the induced electron density.
A search for meaning in life? a model for understanding violent radicalization in Australia
Creators: name: Mohamed Ali, Rosleenda Binte
Publisher: name: Monash University
Year: 2020
Subjects: Uncategorized

description: Previous research has consistently alluded to the search for meaning as a characteristic feature in the radicalization of seemingly well-integrated young Muslims in western countries. However, what these studies have not examined is whether the search for meaning in life serves as a catalyst for radicalization. This research proposes a novel conceptual model for understanding the homegrown threat of violent extremism in Australia, in particular how neojihadists construct meaning in their violent pursuit. Specifically, the research attempts to demonstrate that radicalization can be reduced to four psychological antecedents of meaning: (a) instability of values, goals and aspirations, (b) ambiguous standards and expectations, (c) competitive and hostile social environments, and (d) limited opportunities and capabilities. These antecedents evoke a plethora of biases, which translate into beliefs that perpetuate extremism, culminating in radical behaviour and even terrorist acts. Hence, the model will demonstrate that attempts to derive meaning, from biased assumptions, will impede the capacity of individuals to forge an enduring sense of meaning overall. As such, some individuals render themselves vulnerable to extreme religious ideologies, which are prescriptive on how to lead a meaningful life. Materials from wiretap recordings of convicted Australian neojihadists, interviews with former Australian neojihadists who have renounced violence, and focus group sessions with Australian Muslims elucidate these biases. With this unique approach, the research seeks to extend the knowledge on violent extremism and generate new insights to better understand the psychological determinants of radicalization. Several provisional implications for countering violent extremism are delineated.
"You survived it!": the infant, 'infant' mother and 'infant' observer: themes of disconnection and connection in an infant observation
Creators: name: Daniel, Sarah
Publisher: name: Monash University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Uncategorized

description: Infant observation is an established learning experience for many students of psychoanalysis and other clinical and human service disciplines. It provides an opportunity for the observer to connect with the experience of an infant, typically via weekly visits during the first year or two of life. Along with helping the student to develop their skills in observation and to give consideration to their own experience while holding in mind the infant and family, the observer aims to develop an understanding of ordinary early development. A number of observers have explored the more challenging aspects of infant observation and this has also contributed to learning in the field. This is a study of an infant observation that posed some rich questions for the observer, namely whether the infant's experience was predominantly good, bad, or equally both. 'Disconnection' and 'connection' were chosen as descriptive terms that best reflected this dichotomy. This paper is a qualitative study of these themes with the aim of better understanding what accounted for the disconnected experiences of the family and observer, and to also look to the moments of connection to see how this helped integrate the infant's experience. The impact of the theme of disconnection on the observer's experience of supervision and note-writing is also a feature. What emerges is the importance of the feeding relationship for this mother-baby pair to help counter the experience of disconnection and paralleling this, the containing function of the supervision group to integrate the observer's knowledge and understanding.
Intersectional Discrimination In U Visa Certification Denials: An Irremediable Violation Of Equal Protection?
Creators: name: Grant, Alexandra
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2013

description: Through the U visa, the Immigration and Nationality Act offers a means to obtain legal immigration status for undocumented victims of domestic violence and other specified crimes who cooperate with law enforcement in the investigation or prosecution of those crimes. In order to apply for such a visa, a crime victim must obtain law enforcement certification that he or she has been, is being, or will be helpful to the investigation or prosecution of the crime. This Note argues that the Act’s provision of discretion to local law enforcement officials in the decision of whether to grant U visa certification requests violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, at least as applied to battered undocumented Latina immigrants in Suffolk County, New York. The Note uses certification denials to critique the equal protection doctrine in the United States and to show how the Inter-American human rights system’s conception of equal protection would better address the intersectional discrimination faced by undocumented victims of domestic violence. The Note discusses the ways in which interrelated forms of discrimination lead to unconstitutional denials of U visa certification requests. It then predicts the outcome of a potential suit based on the equal protection violation inherent in a discriminatory certification denial before domestic courts and before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. It argues that such a suit would have a much greater chance of success in the latter system. Finally, acknowledging the limited practical effect of a successful claim before the Commission, the Note proposes a domestic grassroots movement to more meaningfully address the intersectional discrimination that faces battered undocumented women.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 3 No. 2 (2013)
Neutron Stars as a Probe for Dense Matter
Creators: name: Dexheimer, V.
name: Schramm, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study different stages of the neutron star cooling by computing neutron star properties at various temperatures and entropies using an effective chiral model including hadronic and quark degrees of freedom. Macroscopic properties of the star such as mass and radius are calculated and compared with observations. It can be seen that the effects of chiral restoration and deconfinement to quark matter in the core of the neutron star at different stages of the evolution can be significant for the evolution of the star and allow insight into the behaviour of matter at extreme densities.
description: To appear in the proceedings of the International Conference on Particles And Nuclei (PANIC08), Eilat, Israel, 9-14 Nov 2008
We Built This City: The Legality Of Community Benefit Agreements For Big Box Construction Under Title VII And The Equal Protection Clause
Creators: name: Severin, Chadé
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2013

description: Community groups have begun to employ Community Benefit Agreements (CBAs) to combat the legacy of discrimination and segregation in the construction industry. The U.S. Government as well as state and city governments have implemented various plans since the 1960s to try to eradicate discrimination and segregation with a varied pattern of success. In light of the Supreme Court’s decisions in Adarand v. Pena and City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson, it is nearly impossible for a governmental entity to impose a hiring quota or percentage for minority groups. Therefore, without state intervention, the best way for communities to secure adequate opportunities may be to negotiate with the developers directly. This is where CBAs come in. CBAs, however, can take a couple of forms: private-private between private community groups and private developers or private-public between a private developer and some state actor. CBAs in each category may also have either geography-based hiring criteria, or race-based. This Note examines seven CBAs that fit under these different categories and measures them against the Supreme Court’s Title VII and Equal Protection jurisprudence. This Note ultimately seeks to suggest strategies for making CBAs successful against possible legal challenges.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 3 No. 2 (2013)
Fractionalization of Majorana-Ising-type quasiparticles
Creators: name: Sanches, J. E.
name: Lustosa, L. T.
name: Ricco, L. S.
name: Shelykh, I. A.
name: de Souza, M.
name: Figueira, M. S.
name: Seridonio, A. C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We theoretically investigate the spectral properties of a quantum impurity (QI) hosting the here proposed {Majorana-Ising-type quasiparticle (MIQ) excitation}. It arises from the coupling between a finite topological superconductor (TSC) based on a chain of magnetic adatoms-superconducting hybrid system and an integer large spin $S$ flanking the QI. Noteworthy, the spin $S$ couples to the QI via the Ising-type exchange interaction. As the Majorana zero-modes (MZMs) at the edges of the TSC chain are overlapped, we counterintuitively find a regime wherein the Ising term modulates the localization of a fractionalized and resonant MZM at the QI site. Interestingly enough, the fermionic nature of this state is revealed as purely of electron tunneling-type and most astonishingly, it has the Andreev conductance completely null in its birth. Therefore, we find that a resonant edge state appears as a zero-mode and discuss it in terms of a poor man's Majorana[Nature 614, 445 (2023)].
Stolen Happiness
Creators: name: Bermudez, Fernando
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2013

description: The wrongful arrest and conviction of Fernando Bermudez demonstrates the American criminal justice system being forced to correct itself, despite public faith in jury trials, because Mr. Bermudez fought to exonerate himself after losing ten appeals. Mr. Bermudez’s essay entails his over eighteen-year wrongful incarceration in New York until proven “actually innocent” in 2009. This essay urges reform and accountability of mistaken eyewitness identification, perjured testimony, and police and prosecutorial misconduct as factors that began Mr. Bermudez’s ordeal in 1991. In particular, this essay examines how race, rushed judgment, and profit may have contributed to Mr. Bermudez’s ordeal while aiming to prevent the overall public safety and human rights problem of the innocent in prison and mass incarceration.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 3 No. 2 (2013)
Quarkonia measurements with ALICE at the LHC
Creators: name: Malek, Magdalena
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper, we summarize the perspectives on quarkonia detection in the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC, both in the dielectron and dimuon decay channels.
description: 4 pages, 1 figure, Talk given at Quark Matter 2009: The 21st International Conference on UltraRelativistic Nucleus- Nucleus Collisions (QM 2009), March 30-April 4, Knoxville, TN, USA
In him to do: how does a child and adolescent psychoanalytic psychotherapist effectively understand and negotiate risk of further harm occurring when working with an adolescent who has sexually abused?
Creators: name: Dwyer, Olivia
Publisher: name: Monash University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Uncategorized

description: The internal world of an adolescent who has engaged m sexually abusive behaviors is complex and requires more than a one size fits all approach for effective understanding and assistance. In recent times research and therapeutic treatment models have shifted from an adult focus to models that better conceptualise the developmental stages of children and adolescents. This has also included a move away from punitive approaches to ones that keep in mind the likely trauma, broken or difficult attachments and/or exposure to pornography these adolescents have likely had. This shift has encouraged greater focus on attachment theory and familial relationships in the development of relational templates. This thesis utilises psychoanalytic psychotherapeutic principles to examine case material and relevant literature to better conceptualise how an adolescent boy came to sexually abuse his sister. This examination informs the negotiation of the risks of an adolescent further harming, including self harming, sexually abusing a sibling or other children, stalking the therapist or harming his family and the community. The case material used is of an adolescent boy named Sam who was eleven years old when he sexually abused his eight year old sister. The case material used is presented in themes of; the adolescent's high risk behaviours, broad family history, overview of the adolescent's presentation, the therapist's countertransference responses and themes of her interpretations. Psychoanalytic principles discussed are of sexual development, the Oedipal Complex, intersubjectivity, pathological hatred, parental unconscious transmissions, projections, interpretations, transference and countertransference. The discussion of these principles provides insight into the complexities of trauma, sexually abusive behaviours and how these can be understood and negotiated in high risk children and adolescents in psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy can be an effective treatment for adolescents who have sexually abused. This thesis will discuss how an adolescent boy was able to engage in psychotherapy and, through this process, integrate and awaken previously split off and unawakened parts of the self. Through integration the adolescent was able to develop a capacity to form a cohesive self image, recognise self as distinct from other and reach the depressive position. Sam had experienced trauma and broken attachments that he reenacted, communicated and attempted to process in his psychotherapy sessions. Sam did this through high risk behaviours, creating a dynamic where the containing function of the therapist was paramount. This psychotherapy work needs to be safe enough for the client and the therapist, so discussion and recommendations of safety considerations are made.
The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: A Legacy Establishing A Case For International Reparations
Creators: name: Muhammad, Patricia M.
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2013

description: This Article examines the legal principle of restitution (reparations) as applied to crimes against humanity that were committed as a result of the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade, as enumerated in international conventions and statutes. The Trans-Atlantic Slave trade’s peculiar attractiveness to Western nation-states that implemented the institution placed a long-term social, mental, and economic hindrance upon the displaced descendants of its victims. This Article also discusses possible legal theories upon which the atrocities of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade may be adjudicated in an international criminal tribunal, thus establishing a case for international reparations, as well as legal obstacles to such cases. The crimes committed throughout the history of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade warrant a legal remedy in the form of international reparations. The award of reparations serves as an introductory measure toward compensating the descendants of the victims of the slave trade, who continue to suffer under its vestiges and are still deprived of their basic civil liberties and human rights throughout the international community.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 3 No. 2 (2013)
Amplitude expansion of the phase-field crystal model for complex crystal structures
Creators: name: De Donno, Marcello
name: Benoit--Maréchal, Lucas
name: Salvalaglio, Marco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The phase-field crystal (PFC) model describes crystal lattices at diffusive timescales. Its amplitude expansion (APFC) can be applied to the investigation of relatively large systems under some approximations. However, crystal symmetries accessible within the APFC model are limited to basic ones, namely triangular and square in two dimensions, and body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic in three dimensions. In this work, we propose a general, amplitudes-based description of virtually any lattice symmetry. To fully exploit the advantages of this model, featuring slowly varying quantities in bulk and localized significant variations at dislocations and interfaces, we consider formulations suitable for real-space numerical methods supporting adaptive spatial discretization. We explore approaches originally proposed for the PFC model which allow for symmetries beyond basic ones through extended parametrizations. Moreover, we tackle the modeling of non-Bravais lattices by introducing an amplitude expansion for lattices with a basis and further generalizations. We study and discuss the stability of selected, prototypical lattice symmetries. As pivotal examples, we show that the proposed approach allows for a coarse-grained description of the kagome lattice, exotic square arrangements, and the diamond lattice, as bulk crystals and, importantly, hosting dislocations.
description: 14 pages, 7 figures
Road To The Poll: How The Wisconsin Voter ID Law of 2011 Is Disenfranchising Its Poor, Minority, and Elderly Citizens
Creators: name: Watts, Christopher
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2013

description: The right to vote has been irrefutably established as one of the most treasured and fundamental rights guaranteed to citizens by the United States Constitution, and Wisconsin’s Act 23 (“Act 23”) violates this standard. In May 2011, the Wisconsin legislature passed this act, which mandated that any person attempting to vote in person or via absentee ballot had to present an approved form of government-issued photo identification. In application, Act 23 would fail to satisfy its main goal of preventing voter fraud because, had it not been enjoined in March 2012, the law would not have prevented any of the limited attempts at voter fraud that have already occurred in the state. In the modern era of jurisprudence, the U.S. Supreme Court has determined that this right is so fundamental that any attempt to limit or violate it must be met with an extraordinarily close and careful examination, and any such examination would find Act 23 to be unconstitutional. The process of obtaining a valid form of identification is a great burden for the state’s poor, minority and elderly citizens, and this burden is not met with a necessary and narrowly tailored law sufficient to justify the equal protection injuries inflicted on the voting population. Act 23 also violates the Twenty-Fourth Amendment by not offering a completely free form of identification for indigent citizens, thereby creating a poll tax. Lastly, the Wisconsin Constitution has a complete article on suffrage and on the conditions necessary for changing voting laws, which Act 23 fails to meet, rendering it unconstitutional at both the state and federal levels.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 3 No. 1 (2013)
Mathematics of Gravitational Lensing: Multiple Imaging and Magnification
Creators: name: Petters, A. O.
name: Werner, M. C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The mathematical theory of gravitational lensing has revealed many generic and global properties. Beginning with multiple imaging, we review Morse-theoretic image counting formulas and lower bound results, and complex-algebraic upper bounds in the case of single and multiple lens planes. We discuss recent advances in the mathematics of stochastic lensing, discussing a general formula for the global expected number of minimum lensed images as well as asymptotic formulas for the probability densities of the microlensing random time delay functions, random lensing maps, and random shear, and an asymptotic expression for the global expected number of micro-minima. Multiple imaging in optical geometry and a spacetime setting are treated. We review global magnification relation results for model-dependent scenarios and cover recent developments on universal local magnification relations for higher order caustics.
description: 25 pages, 4 figures. Invited review submitted for special issue of General Relativity and Gravitation
Supplemental Figures from Habitat isolation reduces intra- and interspecific biodiversity and stability
Creators: name: Steiner, Christopher F.
name: Asgari, Mitra
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: This file contains supplemental figures displaying species diversity responses, population stability of individual species, clonal diversity responses and stability of clone sub-populations.
Thermodynamic state convertibility is determined by qubit cooling and heating
Creators: name: Theurer, Thomas
name: Zanoni, Elia
name: Scandolo, Carlo Maria
name: Gour, Gilad
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Thermodynamics plays an important role both in the foundations of physics and in technological applications. An operational perspective adopted in recent years is to formulate it as a quantum resource theory. At the core of this theory is the interconversion between athermality states, i.e., states out of thermal equilibrium. Here, we solve the question how athermality can be used to heat and cool other quantum systems that are initially at thermal equilibrium. We then show that the convertibility between quasi-classical resources (resources that do not exhibit coherence between different energy eigenstates) is fully characterized by their ability to cool and heat qubits, i.e., by two of the most fundamental thermodynamical tasks on the simplest quantum systems.
description: Close to published version
Citizenship In Name Only: The Coloring of Democracy While Redefining Rights, Liberties And Self Determination For The 21st Century
Creators: name: Parson, E. Earl
name: McLaughlin, Monique
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2013

description: In recent times there has been an explosion of interest in the concept of citizenship. This renewed theoretical focus was sparked by voter ID statutes and jury obstruction. Defining the term “full citizenship” as it relates to African Americans has been a focus of controversy since the writing of the U.S. Constitution. Do African Americans enjoy the status of full citizenship or is it in name only? This essay examines two fundamental areas of citizenship: voting rights and jury participation. This essay, through comparative analysis, will show deep rooted voting suppression tactics and present jury obstruction methods that impact African Americans and their full citizenship rights. The jury system is one of the most important institutions of government. The right and duty to sit on a jury is granted to all adult citizens. Racial bias denies the defendant the right to a fair and impartial jury, and it denies citizens the fundamental right to participate fully in the judicial system. African Americans have been disproportionally excluded through pretextual peremptory challenges. Moreover, lawmakers have embarked on a new voter suppression tactic: voter identification requirements. The tactic involves imposing new laws and rules requiring voters to show identification in order to vote, despite virtually no evidence of voter misidentification fraud. Identification requirements pose a special burden to the poor, racial minorities, and senior citizens who often do not have specific forms of identification. The pretextual color-blind race neutrality argument made by state legislators rings hollow when this nation’s history of voting obstruction is considered.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 3 No. 1 (2013)
Gauge Coupling Unification in F-theory GUT Models
Creators: name: Blumenhagen, Ralph
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate gauge coupling unification for F-theory respectively Type IIB orientifold constructions of SU(5) GUT theories with gauge symmetry breaking via non-trivial hypercharge flux. This flux has the non-trivial effect that it splits the values of the three MSSM gauge couplings at the string scale, thus potentially spoiling the celebrated one-loop gauge coupling unification. It is shown how F-theory can evade this problem in a natural way.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures, v2: clarifying comments and refs. added, v3: footnote [24] added
Technische und Rechtliche Auseinandersetzung mit Weiterleitungs-URLs in E-Mails aus Security Gründen
Creators: name: Müllmann, Dirk
name: Veit, Maxime
name: Volkamer, Melanie
Publisher: name: Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI)
Year: 2022
Subjects: URL-Security-Check
E-Mail
IT-Sicherheit
Datenschutz
Weiterleitungs-URL

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Stenorhina quinquelincata
Creators: name: Müller, F
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1885
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Squamata
Ophidia
Colubridae
Stenorhina

description: * Stenorhina quinquelincata
(St. Degenhardti var. q. Jan.)
Guatémala v. F M. [1]
description: Published as part of Müller, F, 1885, Vierter Nachtrag zum Katalogder herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums, pp. 668-717 in Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel. 7 (3) on page 680, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.part.2388, http://zenodo.org/record/15183591
Race and Income Disparity: An Ideologiy-Neutral Approach To Reconciling Capitalism And Economic Justice
Creators: name: Hardaway, Robert
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2013

description: Income and wealth disparities along racial lines in the United States constitute a continuing threat to the political and democratic stability upon which the economy and government of the United States fundamentally depends. The quest for solutions to these economic disparities has thus far been frustrated by ideological battles between political groups and coalitions. In particular, ideological preconceptions have prevented these groups from listening to the ideas and proposals of opposing groups and working together to find real solutions to the problem of income disparities that actually work. Instead, they have created policies which, while fitting within a preconceived ideological framework, may exacerbate the problems sought to be addressed, and in many cases cause both unintended and undesired consequences. The fault for society’s failure to adequately address income disparity along racial lines does not lie exclusively with any one political group or party. Both liberals and conservatives have permitted ideology to cloud their search for meaningful solutions. If these solutions are to be found, conservatives must discard ideological preconceptions in such areas as abortion rights, family planning, and drug policy; liberals must likewise discard ideology in their approach to tax policy, immigration, housing, and education. Both conservatives and liberals must discard ideological preconceptions and abandon politically seductive, but ultimately demagogic and self-defeating policies relating to international trade, and residential exclusionary policies, particularly in the areas of zoning.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 3 No. 1 (2013)
Spin light in neutrino transition between different mass states
Creators: name: Grigoriev, Alexander
name: Lokhov, Alexey
name: Studenikin, Alexander
name: Ternov, Alexei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The spin light of neutrino is considered in the process of a neutrino radiative transition between two different mass states in presence of medium. By this study we investigate the influence of background matter on the initial and final neutrino states in the process of massive Dirac neutrino decay due to the non-zero transition magnetic moment. We derive corresponding corrections to the total width of the process over the matter density in most important for applications cases.
description: 5 pages in LaTex, to appear in proceedings of the 9th Conference on Quantum Field Theory Under the Influence of External Conditions (Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA, September 21-25, 2009), eds. Kim Milton and Michael Bordag (World Scientific, Singapore, 2010)
Fixed-domain asymptotic properties of tapered maximum likelihood estimators
Creators: name: Du, Juan
name: Zhang, Hao
name: Mandrekar, V. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 62M20 (Primary), 62G20, 60G15 (Secondary)

description: When the spatial sample size is extremely large, which occurs in many environmental and ecological studies, operations on the large covariance matrix are a numerical challenge. Covariance tapering is a technique to alleviate the numerical challenges. Under the assumption that data are collected along a line in a bounded region, we investigate how the tapering affects the asymptotic efficiency of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) for the microergodic parameter in the Matérn covariance function by establishing the fixed-domain asymptotic distribution of the exact MLE and that of the tapered MLE. Our results imply that, under some conditions on the taper, the tapered MLE is asymptotically as efficient as the true MLE for the microergodic parameter in the Matérn model.
description: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/08-AOS676 the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org)
Racial Inequality In Contracting: Teaching Race As A Core Value
Creators: name: Zalesne, Deborah
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2013

description: Today’s students live in an era that dominant social voices declare to be a “post-racial society.” Issues of “discrimination,” it follows, are simply isolated incidents easily addressed by the panoply of existing civil rights laws. This belief creates expectations on the part of first-year law students who may dismiss or ignore the existence of structural racism, sexism, and classism. The law not only creates structures of subordination, it also makes them invisible. Revelation of the subordinating effects of legal rules is an important first step in legal education. The apparent neutrality of contract law in particular masks the distributive effects of legal rules. Contract is an area of private ordering, but it is courts that invalidate or legitimize the use or allocation of power between or among parties to a contract. Unspoken assumptions about power—who has it, who may use it, and how it may be used—are embedded in contract law and theory. These assumptions may conceal bias, stereotypes, and cultural preferences in a court’s final decision. An analysis that presumes neutrality on the part of the court and autonomy on the part of the parties overlooks the various advantages and handicaps that people bring with them to each transaction, some of which may be the result of the social identity of the parties. A “neutral” free market system tolerates certain pockets of discrimination in contracting which are, in turn, endorsed by the law in the name of freedom of contract. This article addresses the importance of incorporating such discussions about identity in the first year core curriculum. It offers specific materials and techniques for doing this in a contracts class, with emphasis on the necessity and the value of grounding theoretical analysis squarely in the instruction students receive in legal reasoning. The article proposes that issues of identity should be incorporated into the classroom not only when the parties in the cases are people of color, and not simply as a politically correct exercise, but pervasively throughout the semester as a way of advancing students’ legal reasoning skills and understanding of legal doctrine. This approach should improve the law school experience for most students and produce lawyers who are more capable of practicing law holistically.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 3 No. 1 (2013)
Chances Are: Lessons From The 1962 United States Civil Rights Commission Housing Discrimination Hearings In Washington D.C. For The Current Foreclosure Crisis
Creators: name: Gilmore, Brian
Publisher: name: Columbia Journal of Race and Law
Year: 2012

description: By examining a prior government hearing that investigated instances and patterns of housing discrimination in the U.S., a more accurate picture of the damage created by government policies that supported housing discrimination, racial segregation, and economic inequality can be presented. This Article focuses specifically upon the 1962 Housing Discrimination hearings convened in Washington D.C. by the United States Civil Rights Commission. The hearings focused upon housing discrimination and patterns of racial segregation in the Washington D.C. Metropolitan region produced as a direct result of government policies pursued and endorsed for over thirty years by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). In addition, this Article will not only expose the ineffectiveness of the 1962 hearings in addressing these very important socio-economic issues but also identify current racial discrimination and economic equality at the center of today’s damaging housing crisis. In sum, this Article argues for addressing past, present, and future racial discrimination patterns in housing with a much more aggressive and honest approach to a problem rooted in economic inequality and ineffective government policy. Even in the age of resistance to governmental solutions to economic inequality, the need for just such an approach is justified in this instance.
description: Columbia Journal of Race and Law, Vol. 3 No. 1 (2013)