cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
VAFB-1982-05: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California 1982 Fuels Management Program Cultural Resources Survey/Evaluation
Creators: name: Neff, Hector
Publisher: name: Social Process Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara
Year: 1982
Subjects: subject: Santa Barbara (County)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/3486/santa-barbara-county
subject: Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/85469/vandenberg-air-force-base-vafb
subject: Vandenberg Space Force Base (VSFB)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/85584/vandenberg-space-force-base-vsfb
subject: United States of America (Country)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/384/united-states-of-america-country
subject: North America (Continent)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/2890/north-america-continent
subject: California (State / Territory)
valueUri: https://core.tdar.org/browse/geographic-keyword/1484/california-state-territory

description: This document is a report that deals with the results of a cultural resources survey undertaken by personnel of the Office of Public Archaeology (OPA), Social Process Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, on Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) during June, 1982. A total of twenty archaeological sites was examined and evaluated during Phase I of the Fuels Management Program Survey at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, including seven new sites (CA-SBa-1738, 1739, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, and 1744), and thirteen previously known sites (CA-Sba-538, 592, 593, 595, 757, 772, 939, 990, 993, 1037, 1060, 1172, and 1565). Seven of the previously known sites were already listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as part of the San Antonio Terrace Discontiguous Archaeological District (CA-Sba-593, 1060, 595, 1565, 1037, 1172, and 592).

Testing and evaluation at the sites, which span various ecological zones throughout VAFB, add further confirmation of theorized hypotheses regarding subsistence and settlement patterns. Two subsistence orientations were discerned that coincided with two distinct patterns of chipped stone procurement. The marine resource-focused subsistence system was associated with chipped stone procurement which did not involve spatial segregation of various stages of the chipped stone reduction sequence. The terrestrial resource-focused subsistence system was associated with a chipped stone procurement pattern in which quarrying and primary reduction took place away from the habitation area, with secondary and final reduction and use taking place at habitation sites. While a terrestrial resource focus dominated the latter sites, the presence of shellfish remains indicates some reliance on marine resources and economic interaction with coastal settlements.
Spaceborne COTS-Capsule Hodoscope: Detecting and Characterizing Particle Radiation
Creators: name: Simhony, Yoav
name: Segal, Alex
name: Orlov, Yuri
name: Bashi, Dolev
name: Amrani, Ofer
name: Etzion, Erez
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The COTS-Capsule Spaceborne hodoscope was launched into low earth orbit aboard the International Space Station and operated during 2021-2022. The primary objectives of the payload are: measuring and characterizing the radiation environment within the space station; serving as a technology demonstrator for the COTS-Capsule radiation mitigation apparatus; and testing the interaction of high-energy cosmic particles in space with our detectors. The payload features a particle hodoscope equipped with an array of novel detectors based on polyvinyl toluene scintillators and silicon photomultiplier sensors that are used for radiation detection and characterization. This paper provides a comprehensive account of the construction, preflight performance, testing, qualification, and in-orbit calibration of the COTS-Capsule payload. The hodoscope, sensitive to ionizing cosmic particles, facilitates impinging particle track reconstruction, energy deposition estimation, and linear energy transfer estimation. In specific instances, it also provides particle identification and energy deposition estimation.
description: 11 pages, 6 figures
Analytic solutions for the Bianchi I universe coupled to several barotropic perfect fluids
Creators: name: Brizuela, David
name: Uria, Sara F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider the Bianchi I geometry coupled to several species of comoving barotropic perfect fluids with a linear equation of state in the context of general relativity. The solution of the dynamics can be reduced to a quadrature, which can be explicitly performed in certain cases. In particular, we obtain the explicit solution for one species, as well as for two species, given their barotropic indices obey a certain relation. These solutions include and generalize different models studied in the literature. For completeness, we analyze all the different possible signs of the matter energy densities, and we obtain a particularly interesting model in which an exotic species produces a bounce of the scale factor, providing a singularity-free cosmology, and then decays to leave a nonexotic component as the dominant fluid for large volumes.
description: 16 pages. For a better readability, the first version (arXiv:2406.20070v1) has been divided into two independent and self-consistent papers. The present one contains all the results corresponding to the Bianchi I model, while arXiv:2407.17307 contains all the analysis of the Bianchi IX model. Moreover, this new version also includes some plots, and is the version accepted for publication
On a General Theoretical Framework of Reliability
Creators: name: Liu, Yang
name: Pek, Jolynn
name: Maydeu-Olivares, Alberto
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Methodology (stat.ME)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Reliability is an essential measure of how closely observed scores represent latent scores (reflecting constructs), assuming some latent variable measurement model. We present a general theoretical framework of reliability, placing emphasis on measuring the association between latent and observed scores. This framework was inspired by McDonald's (2011) regression framework, which highlighted the coefficient of determination as a measure of reliability. We extend McDonald's (2011) framework beyond coefficients of determination and introduce four desiderata for reliability measures (estimability, normalization, symmetry, and invariance). We also present theoretical examples to illustrate distinct measures of reliability and report on a numerical study that demonstrates the behavior of different reliability measures. We conclude with a discussion on the use of reliability coefficients and outline future avenues of research.
Additional file 1 of Chromatin run-on sequencing analysis finds that ECM remodeling plays an important role in canine hemangiosarcoma pathogenesis
Creators: name: Mukai, Chinatsu
name: Choi, Eunju
name: Sams, Kelly L.
name: Klampen, Elena Zu
name: Anguish, Lynne
name: Marks, Brooke A.
name: Rice, Edward J.
name: Wang, Zhong
name: Choate, Lauren A.
name: Chou, Shao-Pei
name: Kato, Yukinari
name: Miller, Andrew D.
name: Danko, Charles G.
name: Coonrod, Scott A.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer

description: Additional file 1. Supplemental methods and figure legends.
Infrastructure and tools for teaching computing throughout the statistical curriculum*
Creators: name: Çetinkaya-Rundel, Mine
name: Rundel, Colin
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Neuroscience
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: Science Policy
subject: Hematology

description: Modern statistics is fundamentally a computational discipline, but too often this fact is not reflected in our statistics curricula. With the rise of big data and data science it has become increasingly clear that students want, expect, and need explicit training in this area of the discipline. Additionally, recent curricular guidelines clearly state that working with data requires extensive computing skills and that statistics students should be fluent in accessing, manipulating, analyzing, and modeling with professional statistical analysis software. Much has been written in the statistics education literature about pedagogical tools and approaches to provide a practical computational foundation for students. This article discusses the computational infrastructure and toolkit choices to allow for these pedagogical innovations while minimizing frustration and improving adoption for both our students and instructors.
i2b2 Ontology Visualization
Creators: name: Bolin, Daniel
name: Hutcheson, Scott
name: Bouchard, Sara
name: Börner, Katy
name: Benik, Nick
name: Kohane, Isaac
name: Weber, Griffin
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: 80702 Health Informatics
subject: FOS: Media and communications

description: Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside (i2b2) data is organized by the i2b2 ontology. The SCILHS public i2b2 ontology has 490,484 concepts under root path \PCORI and is 11 levels deep and can be found at github: https://github.com/SCILHS/scilhs-ontology/tree/master/Ontology.

The interactive ontology visualization enables i2b2 administrators and others to see the overall structure of the ontology, to examine (in)activate paths, hide
branches that are not relevant, and it will soon support ontology comparisons. The visualization also enables investigators to locate specific codes/diagnosis, determine how broad the data is. It can be explored at http://demo.cns.iu.edu/client/hsd/ontology.

The static ontology visualization shown in this poster depicts a portion of the ICD-10 neoplasms diagnosis subtree. Nodes are area size coded by subtree size minus the root node; their label is printed on the left and their subtree depth plus the number of active vs. inactive child nodes to the right side of the node.
LYUPUS NEFRITLI BEMORLARDA DAVOGA VITAMID DNI QO'SHISH ORAQALI DAVO SAMARASINI YAXSHILASH
Creators: name: Xusanxodjaeva, Feruza
name: Ulug'murodova, Aziza
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: oxirgi ma’lumotlarga tayangan xolda shuni aytish mumkinki, Vitamin D nafaqat kaltsiy gomeostazida, balki immun tizimi shakllanishida va autoimmun yallig’lanish jarayonlarida ham ishtirok etadi. Doimiy quyoshdan himoyalanish natijasida tizimli qizil toshma (TQT) kassalligiga chalingan bemorlarda vitamin D yetishmovchiligi uchrash chastotasi yuqori. Оxirgi mа’lumоtlаrgа ko’rа, vitаmin Dning yеtishmоvchiligi TQTgа chаlingаn 2/3 bеmоrlаrdа, dеfitsiti esа hаr 5-bеmоrdа uchrаydi.
[Apuntes Rayuela El Mundo]
Creators: name: Saúl, Yurkievich
name: Yurkievich, Saúl
Publisher: name: NAKALA - https://nakala.fr (Huma-Num - CNRS)
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/04ces3204
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2021
Subjects: Literatura
"Rayuela"

description: Apuntes para la redacción de un artículo para El Mundo Cultural titulado: "Rayuela Calidoscopio y talismán".
description: Notas: El artículo de El Mundo Cultural está indexado en JC-DY-CAR-05.025.
description: Source: Num.Ref. : JC-DY-CAR-05.027
description: Source: Localización del archivo: Centre de Recherches Latino-Américaines (CRLA–Archivos, ITEM UMR8132). MSHS - Bât. A5, 1er étage 5 rue Théodore Lefebvre - TSA21103. 86073 Poitiers cedex 9.
description: Bibliographic citation: Yurkievich, Saúl, « Rayuela Calidoscopio y talismán », El Mundo Cultural, núm. 55 (04/06/2001).
Supplementary Material for Towards User-Centric Guidelines for Chatbot Conversational Design
Creators: name: Silva, Geovana Ramos Sousa
name: Canedo, Edna Dias
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022

description: Supplementary material for the paper entitled Towards User-Centric Guidelines for Chatbot Conversational Design.  This repository contains: Faithful prints of the web pages of the proposed guide Guidelines for Chatbot Conversational Design (GCCD) in the same way it was shared with the survey participants; A copy of the Google Forms questionnaire that was used in the survey and the answers to this survey; Dataset of the retrieved papers from the SLR, the indication of papers that were removed at each step of the protocol, the list of accepted papers, and the search strings that were used;
Marmara Üniversitesi BBY Öğrencilerinin Akıllı Telefon Tercihlerini Etkileyen Faktörler
Creators: name: Aydoğan, Fatih
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Marmara Üniversitesi, Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü, akıllı telefon, tercih, faktör

description: Bu poster çalışması, Marmara Üniversitesi Bilgi ve Belge Yönetimi Bölümü öğrencilerinin akıllı telefon kullanım tercihlerini etkileyen faktörleri ele almaktadır. Bu faktörler, grafiklerin görselliğinden faydalanılarak istatistiksel bir biçimde anlatılmaktadır.
description: Bu çalışma, anket yolu ile yapılmıştır.
Additional file 3 of Chromatin run-on sequencing analysis finds that ECM remodeling plays an important role in canine hemangiosarcoma pathogenesis
Creators: name: Mukai, Chinatsu
name: Choi, Eunju
name: Sams, Kelly L.
name: Klampen, Elena Zu
name: Anguish, Lynne
name: Marks, Brooke A.
name: Rice, Edward J.
name: Wang, Zhong
name: Choate, Lauren A.
name: Chou, Shao-Pei
name: Kato, Yukinari
name: Miller, Andrew D.
name: Danko, Charles G.
name: Coonrod, Scott A.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer

description: Additional file 3. FS1. Trichrome staining quantification.
Revisiting for maximal flavor violating $Z^{'}_{eμ}$ and its phenomenology constraints
Creators: name: Liu, Jia
name: Song, Muyuan
name: Zhang, Haohao
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Lepton flavor violation (LFV), observed conclusively in neutrino oscillations, remains a pivotal area of investigation due to its absence in the Standard Model (SM). Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) physics explores charged lepton flavor violation (CLFV), particularly through new particle candidates such as the $Z'$. This article focuses on maximal LFV interactions facilitated by the $Z'$ boson, specifically targeting its off-diagonal interactions with the first and second generations of charged and neutral leptons. In our ultraviolet (UV) model for the origin of the $Z'$, inspired by the work of [R.Foot \textit{et al.,}, Phys.Rev. D50 (1994) 4571-4580], we utilize the discrete $Z_2$ symmetry to investigate the maximal LFV mediated by the $Z'$ between the muon ($μ$) and electron ($e$) arising from the additional scalars. This symmetry prohibits flavor-conserving interactions between $Z'$ and $μ^+μ^-,\, e^+e^-$. In conjunction with collider, $(g-2)_μ, (g-2)_e$, inverse $μ$ decay, Muonium-to-Antimuonium conversion and LFV decay constraints, we provide forecasts for anticipated limits derived from processes such as $ν_μN \to ν_e μ^+ e^- N$ in neutrino trident experiments like the DUNE search at the first time. These limits highlight the prospective scope and significance of LFV investigations within these experimental frameworks. Within the mass range of 0.01 GeV to 10 GeV, the most stringent limit arises from $\it{B} (μ\to e + X + γ)$ when $M_{Z'} < m_μ$, while $Δa_e$ provides effective constraints as $M_{Z'}$ approaches 10 GeV. Looking ahead, the proposed Muonium-to-Antimuonium Conversion Experiment (MACE) is expected to impose the most stringent constraints on Muonium-to-Antimuonium oscillation, improving sensitivity by about one order of magnitude against $Δa_e$.
description: 32 pages, 9 figures, minor updated from v1, and edited the abstract. Update to matches the JHEP version, JHEP10(2024)128
Additional file 1 of Repair of osteochondral defect using icariin-conditioned serum combined with chitosan in rabbit knees
Creators: name: Zhang, Juntao
name: Ming, Dong
name: Ji, Qiang
name: Liu, Aifeng
name: Zhang, Chao
name: Jiao, Jianjie
name: Shang, Man
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology

description: Additional file 1: Table S1. ICRS macroscopic evaluation of cartilage repair.
A generalized method of constraining Warm Inflation with CMB data
Creators: name: Kumar, Umang
name: Das, Suratna
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A thorough MCMC analysis of any inflationary model against the current cosmological data is essential for assessing the validity of such a model as a viable inflationary model. Warm Inflation, producing both thermal and quantum fluctuations, yield a complex form of scalar power spectrum, which, in general, cannot be directly written as a function of the comoving wavenumber $k$, an essential step to incorporate the primordial spectra into CAMB to do an MCMC analysis through CosmoMC/Cobaya. In this paper, we devised an efficient generalized methodology to mould the WI power spectra as a function of $k$, without the need of slow-roll approximation of the inflationary dynamics. The methodology is directly applicable to any Warm Inflation model, including the ones with complex forms of the dissipative coefficient and the inflaton potential.
description: 25 pages plus 1 title page, single column, JCAP style, 14 figures, 6 tables, V2: 2 figures, some discussion and a few references added, conclusions unchanged. Version accepted for publication in JCAP
title: Το Κλεμμένο Σταυρόλεξο
title: Stolen crossword puzzle
titleType: AlternativeTitle
Creators: name: Παναγιωτοπούλου, Σταυρούλα
Publisher: name: Πανεπιστήμιο Δυτικής Αττικής
Year: 2022
Subjects: Κλεμμένο σταυρόλεξο

description: Το προσωπικής, δημιουργικής φύσης αυτό έργο αποτελεί μια αυτοβιογραφική προσέγγιση της σχέσης μεταξύ γιαγιάς και εγγονής. Μέσα σε αυτό πραγματοποιείται η παράθεση γεγονότων, σκέψεων και συλλογισμών που έχουν σχέση με το πώς μια εγγονή αντιμετωπίζει τη γιαγιά της ούσα ένα άτομο που ζει μαζί της στο ίδιο σπίτι και κατατάσσεται πια στην τρίτη ηλικία. Η ιδέα του θανάτου, η αξία της αλλαγής καθώς και το πώς αντιμετωπίζει μια γυναικά αυτής της ηλικίας τη ζωή είναι έννοιες που αναπτύσσονται μέσα στο έργο. Παρουσιάζονται έργα καλλιτεχνών οι οποίοι φωτογράφισαν συγγενικά τους πρόσωπα και συγκεκριμένα πρόσωπα που είναι σε αντίστοιχη ηλικιακή ομάδα. Γίνεται συγκριτική μελέτη των φωτογράφων αυτών βρίσκοντας σε ποια σημεία υπάρχει ταύτιση και σε ποια απόκλιση. Ακόμα, αναφέρεται στο πώς τα αντικείμενα ενός ανθρώπου είναι ικανά να τον προσδιορίσουν τόσο, έτσι ώστε να τα ταυτίζει κανείς μαζί του και να του δημιουργούν αισθήματα, εικόνες και μνήμες. Αποτελεί μια συνεχόμενη μάχη ανάμεσα στην αφήγηση και την αποτύπωση για το πώς η εγγονή επιλέγει να θυμάται και να παρουσιάσει τη γιαγιά της. Επίσης, έρχονται σε παραλληλία οι δυο πορείες τους στη ζωής και παρουσιάζεται το πώς το παρελθόν της γιαγιάς μπορεί να επηρεάσει το παρόν της εγγονής και τελικά να καθορίσει τις επιλογές της. Τέλος, αναφέρονται δυσκολίες τόσο κατά τη διάρκεια της συγγραφής όσο και της φωτογράφισης.
Understanding Visual Feature Reliance through the Lens of Complexity
Creators: name: Fel, Thomas
name: Bethune, Louis
name: Lampinen, Andrew Kyle
name: Serre, Thomas
name: Hermann, Katherine
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Recent studies suggest that deep learning models inductive bias towards favoring simpler features may be one of the sources of shortcut learning. Yet, there has been limited focus on understanding the complexity of the myriad features that models learn. In this work, we introduce a new metric for quantifying feature complexity, based on $\mathscr{V}$-information and capturing whether a feature requires complex computational transformations to be extracted. Using this $\mathscr{V}$-information metric, we analyze the complexities of 10,000 features, represented as directions in the penultimate layer, that were extracted from a standard ImageNet-trained vision model. Our study addresses four key questions: First, we ask what features look like as a function of complexity and find a spectrum of simple to complex features present within the model. Second, we ask when features are learned during training. We find that simpler features dominate early in training, and more complex features emerge gradually. Third, we investigate where within the network simple and complex features flow, and find that simpler features tend to bypass the visual hierarchy via residual connections. Fourth, we explore the connection between features complexity and their importance in driving the networks decision. We find that complex features tend to be less important. Surprisingly, important features become accessible at earlier layers during training, like a sedimentation process, allowing the model to build upon these foundational elements.
Supplementary Material.docx
Creators: name: Usman, Muhammad
name: Aitezaz Ahsan, Draitzaz786@Gmail.Com
name: Tahir Rashid, Tahir_supra0@Hotmail.Com
name: Aamer Bin Zahur, Aamerabz@Yahoo.Com
name: Muhammad Kamran Ameen, Kamranameen13@Yahoo.Com
name: Saeed-Ul-Hassan Khan, Saeedkhan@Qau.Edu.Pk
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: 70712 Veterinary Virology
subject: FOS: Veterinary sciences

description: Details of samples collection of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus (PPRV) from different regions of Pakistan.
title: Συστήματα πρόωσης πλοίων επιφανείας
title: Propulsion systems of surface ships
titleType: AlternativeTitle
Creators: name: Αρμάος, Παναγιώτης-Φανούρης
Publisher: name: Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Φρεγάτα
subject: Συνδυασμένο σύστημα πρόωσης
subject: Κατανάλωση καυσίμου

description: Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εκπονήθηκε με σκοπό την εύρεση του οικονομικότερου, από πλευράς κατανάλωσης καυσίμου, συνδυασμένου συστήματος πρόωσης πλοίου επιφανείας. Στο θεωρητικό μέρος της εργασίας αρχικά παρουσιάζονται οι κατηγορίες των μηχανών εσωτερικής καύσης που χρησιμοποιούνται στη ναυτιλία (τετράχρονοι, δίχρονοι, αεριοστρόβιλοι) και στη συνέχεια γίνετε διεξοδική ανάλυση όλων των συνδυασμένων συστημάτων πρόωσης που χρησιμοποιούνται στα πλοία επιφανείας. Στο πρακτικό και δεύτερο μέρος της εργασίας εκπονείται σενάριο αποστολής πλοίου επιφανείας τύπου φρεγάτας (Φ/Γ), 5200 τόνων, για την κάλυψη απόστασης 5000 ναυτικών μιλίων με διάφορες ταχύτητες πλεύσης. Στα πλαίσια της μελέτης, το σενάριο εκτελέστηκε δύο φορές από τον ίδιο τύπο πλοίου με διαφορετικό συνδυασμένο σύστημα πρόωσης κάθε φορά (CODAD & CODLAG) έτσι ώστε να αναδειχτεί το οικονομικότερο, ως προς την κατανάλωση καυσίμου, συνδυασμένο σύστημα. Με την ολοκλήρωση της μελέτης, το συνδυασμένο σύστημα πρόωσης CODAD αναδείχθηκε το οικονομικότερο ως προς την κατανάλωση καυσίμου.
Multimodal Imaging in Birdshot Retinochoroiditis
Creators: name: Pohlmann, Dominika
name: Macedo, Sergio
name: Stübiger, Nicole
name: Pleyer, Uwe
name: Joussen, Antonia M.
name: Winterhalter, Sibylle
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: Purpose: To describe retinal vascular changes in Birdshot Retinochoroiditis (BSRC) with multimodal imaging techniques and functional values. Methods: In this single-center study, 64 eyes of 32 subjects with BSRC were classified according to disease activity and duration and underwent imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Results: Mean age of the patients was 60 years (range, 38–74). OCTA revealed capillary loops (58%), telangiectatic vessels (44%), increased intercapillary spaces (52%), altered vascular architecture (53%), and rarefication of C-scans (63%) in retinal layers. Increased rarefications of C-scans (p = 0.0056; p = 0.0046) and altered vascular architecture (p = 0.0120; p = 0.0243) in superficial and deep capillary layers were significantly correlated with disease activity. Conclusion: OCTA adds new insights in a multimodal imaging approach of retinal vascular layer visualization in BSRC and may contribute to existing methods for diagnosing severity and potentially progression of the disease.
Supplementary Materials from A new rhynchocephalian (Reptilia: Lepidosauria) from the Late Jurassic of Solnhofen (Germany) and the origin of the marine Pleurosauridae
Creators: name: Bever, Gabriel S.
name: Norell, Mark A.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 40308 Palaeontology (incl. Palynology)
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences

description: S1. List and Description of Characters Used in the Phylogenetic Analyses; S2. Supplementary Figure, Strict Consensus of Unordered Parsimony Analysis; S3. Supplementary Table. Selected measurements of AMNH FARB 37268.
Προστασία της ιδιωτικότητας σε περιβάλλον ψηφιακής δικανικής εγκληματολογίας (Privacy in digital forensics)
Creators: name: Τριανταφυλλίδης, Ηρακλής
Publisher: name: Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Privacy
subject: Forensics
subject: GDPR
subject: Anti-forensics
subject: Privacy enhancing technologies

description: Η συνεχόμενη ψηφιοποίηση της καθημερινής ζωής λόγω της εκθετικής αύξησης της χρήσης των υπολογιστών και των προσωπικών συσκευών σε όλες τις εκφάνσεις της καθημερινότητας οδήγησαν στην άνθιση του ηλεκτρονικού εμπορίου και στη δημιουργία του ψηφιακού στίγματος κάθε χρήστη. Παράλληλα όμως αυξήθηκαν και οι περιπτώσεις ηλεκτρονικών εγκλημάτων όπου κακόβουλοι χρήστες καταχρώνται προσωπικά ψηφιακά δεδομένα με απώτερο σκοπό οικονομικό και πολιτικό όφελος. Ως εκ τούτου και ως αντιστάθμισμα των ανωτέρω, αναπτύσσονται τεχνικές, οι μέθοδοι και εργαλεία για την ιχνηλάτηση των κακόβουλων ενεργειών με σκοπό τον εντοπισμό των δραστών και την απόδοση ευθυνών. Παράλληλα, αναπτύσσεται και ο κλάδος της ψηφιακής εγκληματολογίας όπου ειδικοί επιστήμονες εφαρμόζουν σύννομες τεχνικές και εργαλεία για την εξαγωγή των ψηφιακών πειστηρίων. Στο πλαίσιο της ανωτέρω αυξημένης παρουσίας των ατόμων στο διαδίκτυο γίνεται έντονος λόγος περί προστασίας των προσωπικών δεδομένων των χρηστών του διαδικτύου και γενικά όσων κατέχουν προσωπικά στοιχεία τους σε ψηφιακή μορφή. Για το λόγο αυτό έχουν αναπτυχθεί εκτενώς σε εθνικό και ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο νομοθεσίες περί προστασίας των προσωπικών δεδομένων οι οποίες παρέχουν κατευθύνσεις για τον τρόπο επεξεργασίας και αποθήκευσης αυτών καθώς και τις προϋποθέσεις κάτω από τις οποίες αυτά μπορούν να επεξεργαστούν από τρίτα άτομα. Οι εν λόγω νομοθεσίες αποτελούν καινούργια τροχοπέδη για τους ψηφιακούς εγκληματολόγους καθώς δυσχεραίνουν την εκτέλεσης της ψηφιακής εγκληματολογικής έρευνας εισάγοντας νέες απαιτήσεις για τη συλλογή, επεξεργασία και αποθήκευση των προσωπικών δεδομένων. Η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή αποτελεί μία προσπάθεια να σκιαγραφηθεί η δραστηριότητα του ψηφιακού εγκληματολόγου κατά τη διαδικασία της συλλογής των ψηφιακών πειστηρίων εν μέσω του ανωτέρω δυναμικού και συνήθως περιοριστικού νομοθετικού και τεχνολογικού πλαισίου. Στις σελίδες που ακολουθούν θα αναλυθούν οι τεχνικές που ακολουθεί ο ψηφιακός εγκληματολόγος, το νομικό πλαίσιο το οποίο προστατεύει τα προσωπικά δεδομένα των ατόμων σε εθνικό και ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο και κάτω από το οποίο οφείλει αυτός να δρα και πως οι υφιστάμενες τεχνικές που εφαρμόζονται ενδέχεται να παραβιάσουν την ιδιωτικότητα των ατόμων. Ακολούθως, θα αναλυθούν τεχνικές που επιτρέπουν την εκτέλεση της ψηφιακής εγκληματολογικής έρευνας λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την προστασία των προσωπικών δεδομένων και στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο θα αναλυθεί με περαιτέρω λεπτομέρειες η εκτέλεση ψηφιακής εγκληματολογικής έρευνας στον τομέα των δικτύων έχοντας ως γνώμονα την προστασία της ιδιωτικότητας των ατόμων.
What is the problem with the idea that life contains suffering? – Ācārya dr. Sthaneshwar Timalsina
Creators: name: Timalsina, Staneshwar
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Guhyakālī
Kubjika
amnaya
Kaula
timalsina
Divine Mother
consciousness
krama
Kula
Īśāna
shakta upāya
Saundaryalahari
Mālinīvijayottaratantra
Chandi
advaita vedanta
sthaneshwar timalsina
vimarsha-foundation
Sarvamnaya
Abhinavagupta
vedanta
Kali
Devi Mahatmya
trika
Spanda
Shiva Sutra
Tantra
mahadeva
saivadvaita
shakti
sarvamnaya-oral-tradition-archive
Vasugupta
Tripura Rahasya
sarvamnaya
anava upaya
agama
Sadāśiva
Camunda
Shiva
Bhairava
yantra
Mahakali
tripura
Tantric philosophy
Shaiva
tantraloka
Durga
shambhava
Kashmir Shaivism
Tripurasundari

description: In this clip Śaivācārya and Professor Sthaneshwar Timalsina answers a question about suffering and its presence in our lives. Instead of seeing it as an innate category of our worldly existence, and consequently an escape from this world being the only solution to end suffering, he affirms bliss (ānanda) as the essential nature of the world and our own being. In that sense, by gazing inward we are capable of experiencing this bliss, this sense of plenitude and fullness, and engage in the world free from suffering

Course recordings are available on the website: https://www.vimarshafoundation.org/challenge-page/malinivijayottara

Original YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rt_-FRo0Ak

This presentation is part of the Sarvāmnāya Oral Tradition Archive.
Vimarsha Foundation. (2025). The Sarvāmnāya Oral Tradition Archive [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15188107
Καταναλωτικές και επενδυτικές συμπεριφορές σε περιόδους κρίσεων Μελέτη περίπτωση COVID-19
Creators: name: Ποριτσάνος, Γεώργιος
Publisher: name: Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Συμπεριφορική χρηματοοικονομική
subject: Κρίση
subject: COVID-19

description: Στην Ευρώπη η ταχεία εξάπλωση της νέας πανδημίας COVID-19 προκάλεσε υψηλό επίπεδο δυναμικής σύνδεσης μεταξύ των διεθνών χρηματιστηρίων, πρωτοφανή διακοπή των αποδόσεων των χρηματιστηρίων και αύξηση της οικονομικής αβεβαιότητας παγκοσμίως. Ως εκ τούτου, οι αρχές, οι κεντρικές τράπεζες και οι επενδυτικές τράπεζες πρέπει να εφαρμόσουν αποτελεσματικές οικονομικές στρατηγικές και πολιτικές για τη διαχείριση της κρίσης COVID-19 χωρίς να προκαλέσουν αβεβαιότητα. Από την ανασκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας σχετικά με την επενδυτική συμπεριφορά και από την παράθεση της πλειοψηφίας της βιβλιογραφίας σχετικά με την επίδραση του Covid -19 στις Ευρωπαϊκές και τις άλλες αγορές, μπορούμε να καταλήξουμε, ότι η πανδημία δεν ήταν το φαινόμενο το οποίο οδήγησε σε κατάρρευση των τιμών όπως η Παγκόσμια κρίση του 2007, αλλά οι άλλες παθογένειες, που όταν αυτές καλύπτονταν τα χρηματιστήρια ανέκαμπταν σχετικά γρήγορα στην περίοδο μετά το Covid -19.
Rhyma Castillo Interview
Creators: name: Institute For Diversity & Civic Life
name: Department Of Religious Studies
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 2021
Subjects: Religions Texas
Austin
Black Lives Matter
Bustle Digital Group
Climate change
Community
Elite Daily
Environmental racism
Immigrant parents
Journalism
Latinx
Mental health
Millennials
Polar vortex
Protesting
Racism
Reporters
San Antonio
Texas
Texas A&M University
Texas Freeze

description: This interview is with Rhyma Castillo, a journalist whose work focuses on the systemic challenges that face underprivileged communities. Rhyma speaks about the path and social concerns that led her into the field of journalism and how she believes in using her platform to speak for those whose voices are suppressed. She details her experience during the polar vortex, describing its impact on communities of color as well as her own mental health, in contrast with its lessened cost to the wealthy and privileged. She closes by speaking against ideas of profit over people and in favor of community engagement.
Blog Collect & Connect: Focus on Latin America
Creators: name: Mejias, Gabriela
Publisher: name: ORCID
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Information Systems
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: This month we are celebrating the first three Latin American ORCID members to be awarded Collect & Connect badges - CONCYTEC (Peru), Redalyc (Mexico), and Universidade de Campinas (Brazil). Congratulations and thanks to them all, as well as to the other members that were awarded badges in August!
Real Time Information Channel
Creators: name: Ilik, Violeta
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: 100503 Computer Communications Networks
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: 100504 Data Communications

description: Based on: Ilik, Violeta (2017, October 19). Real Time Information Channel [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://ilikvioleta.blogspot.com/2017/10/real-time-information-channel.html
Acknowledgment: The author would like to acknowledge Sarven Capadisli, Herbert Van de Sompel, and Lukas Koster for their constructive feedback on this idea.
Heather Malkawi Interview
Creators: name: Institute For Diversity & Civic Life
name: Department Of Religious Studies
Publisher: name: The University of Texas at Austin
Year: 2021
Subjects: Religions Texas
Austin
Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary
Church of the Nazarene
Disabilities
Discernment
Epilepsy
Generation X
Medical marijuana
Medication
Michigan
Michigan - Flint
Polar vortex
Seizures
Seminarians
Texas
Texas Freeze
Unitarian Universalism
Unitarian Universalists
Volunteering
Youth groups

description: This interview is with Heather Malkawi, a seminarian studying at Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Heather shares the story of her experiences living with and treating her epilepsy, including discerning the choice to pursue seminary and fighting for the legalization of medical marijuana. She talks about how the Texas Freeze kept her from receiving shipments of her medication, putting her at risk of seizures. She also speaks about her experiences volunteering to distribute water and home necessities with her church during the freeze.
title: ADCO, Sixième cartulaire de Saint-Étienne de Dijon (1662), Cart. 30 (G 133), 441 folios, f. 612
Creators: name: de la Côte d'Or, Archives départementales
name: Petot, Frédéric
name: Archives Départementales De La Côte-D'Or
name: Petot, Frédérique
name: Projet CBMA
name: CG21/F.PETOT/2012
Publisher: name: NAKALA - https://nakala.fr (Huma-Num - CNRS)
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/04ces3204
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Corpus Burgundiae Medii Aevi
subject: Chartes de la Bourgogne du Moyen Âge
subject: LaMOP
subject: Laboratoire de Médiévistique Occidentale de Paris
subject: cartulaire

description: Sixième cartulaire de Saint-Étienne de Dijon (1662), Archives départementales de la Côte-d'Or, Cart. 30 (G 133), 441 folios, f. 612, Numérisation en mode image.
description: Relation: http://www.cbma-project.eu/
description: Bibliographic citation: Sixième cartulaire de Saint-Étienne de Dijon (1662), Archives départementales de la Côte-d'Or, Cart. 30 (G 133), 441 folios, f. 612, in Projet CBMA - Corpus Burgundiae Medii Aevi [Ressource en ligne], https://manuscrits.cbma-project.eu/
description: Provenance: abbaye Saint-Étienne de Dijon
description: Provenance: http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q15945019
Remote sensing of wetlands in South America: status and challenges
Creators: name: Kandus, Patricia
name: Minotti, Priscilla Gail
name: Morandeira, Natalia Soledad
name: Grimson, Rafael
name: Trilla, Gabriela González
name: González, Eliana Belén
name: Martín, Laura San
name: Gayol, Maira Patricia
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: South America has a large proportion of wetlands compared with other continents. While most of these wetlands were conserved in a relatively good condition until a few decades ago, pressures brought about by land use and climate change have threaten their integrity in recent years. The aim of this article is to provide a bibliometric analysis of the available scientific literature relating to the remote sensing of wetlands in South America. From 1960 to 2015, 153 articles were published in 63 different journals, with the number of articles published per year increasing progressively since 1990. This rise is also paralleled by an increase in the contribution of local authors. The most intensively studied regions are the wetland macrosystems of South American mega-rivers: the Amazon and Paraná Rivers, along with the Pantanal at the headwaters of Paraguay River. Few studies spanned more than two countries. The most frequent objectives were mapping, covering all types of wetlands with optical data, and hydrology, focusing on floodplain wetlands with microwave data as the preferred data source. The last decade substantial growth reflects an increase in technological and scientific capacities. Nevertheless, the state of the art regarding the remote sensing of wetlands in South America remains enigmatic. Fundamental questions and guidelines which may contribute to the understanding of the functioning of these ecosystems are yet to be fully defined and there is considerable dispersion in the use of data and remote-sensing approaches.
A Robust Governance for the AI Act: AI Office, AI Board, Scientific Panel, and National Authorities
Creators: name: Novelli, Claudio
name: Hacker, Philipp
name: Morley, Jessica
name: Trondal, Jarle
name: Floridi, Luciano
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Regulation is nothing without enforcement. This particularly holds for the dynamic field of emerging technologies. Hence, this article has two ambitions. First, it explains how the EU's new Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) will be implemented and enforced by various institutional bodies, thus clarifying the governance framework of the AIA. Second, it proposes a normative model of governance, providing recommendations to ensure uniform and coordinated execution of the AIA and the fulfilment of the legislation. Taken together, the article explores how the AIA may be implemented by national and EU institutional bodies, encompassing longstanding bodies, such as the European Commission, and those newly established under the AIA, such as the AI Office. It investigates their roles across supranational and national levels, emphasizing how EU regulations influence institutional structures and operations. These regulations may not only directly dictate the structural design of institutions but also indirectly request administrative capacities needed to enforce the AIA.
description: European Journal of Risk Regulation, 2024
Albiglutide efficacy and safety in the Latino/Hispanic subpopulation for the integrated phase III program
Creators: name: Davidson, Jaime A.
name: Jones-Leone, Angela
name: Wilson, Timothy H.
name: Nino, Antonio
name: Forero-Schwanhaeuser, Sergio
name: Reinhardt, Rickey R.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Physiology
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences

description: Objective: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of albiglutide compared with placebo and active comparators from an integrated trial subpopulation of Latino/Hispanic patients whose type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was inadequately controlled on their current regimen of diet and exercise, with or without oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) and/or insulin. Methods: Latino/Hispanic patient subpopulations (N = 1204) across 7 phase III albiglutide studies (N = 4400) were evaluated post-hoc for efficacy and safety. Comparators were placebo, sulfonylureas, insulin, thiazolidinediones, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Glycatedhemoglobin (HbA1c) change from baseline to the time of the primary endpoint assessment (from 26 to 104 weeks) was evaluated in patients on diet and exercise and/or OADs, with or without insulin. Patients were allowed to continue in the study if hyperglycemic rescue was required, according to a prespecified algorithm and at the discretion of the investigator. Results: At baseline in the Latino/Hispanic subpopulation, the mean HbA1c was 8.3%, mean age was 53 years, mean body mass index was 32 kg/m2, and mean duration of T2DM was 8.0 years. The primary endpoint of mean HbA1c difference (albiglutide – placebo) was −0.94% for the Latino/Hispanic subpopulation and −0.86% (p 1c. Weight loss with albiglutide was numerically greater than with OADs and insulin in both populations, but it was smaller than with liraglutide. Within the Latino/Hispanic subpopulation, more injection-site reactions were reported with albiglutide vs all comparators, while gastrointestinal and hypoglycemic adverse events were comparable between the two groups, and the latter was uncommon when used without insulin and/or a sulfonylurea. Conclusions: In the Latino/Hispanic population, albiglutide resulted in effective lowering of glucose and modest weight loss, and it was generally well tolerated.
Thermal- and Light-Induced Spin-Crossover Characteristics of a Functional Iron(II) Complex at Submonolayer Coverage on HOPG
Creators: name: Thakur, Sangeeta
name: Golias, Evangelos
name: Kumberg, Ivar
name: Senthil Kumar, Kuppusamy
name: Hosseinifar, Rahil
name: Torres-Rodríguez, Jorge
name: Kipgen, Lalminthang
name: Lotze, Christian
name: Arruda, Lucas M.
name: Luo, Chen
name: Radu, Florin
name: Ruben, Mario
name: Kuch, Wolfgang
Publisher: name: Freie Universität Berlin
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Thin films
subject: Kinetic parameters
subject: Molecules
subject: Deposition
subject: Molecular interactions
subject: 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::530 Physik::539 Moderne Physik

description: Studies on the spin-state switching characteristics of surface-bound thin films of spin-crossover (SCO) complexes are of interest to harness the device utility of the SCO complexes. Molecule–substrate interactions govern the SCO of surface-bound films in direct contact with the underlying substrates. In this study, we elucidate the role of molecule–substrate interactions on the thermal- and light-induced spin-state switching characteristics of a functional SCO-complex—[Fe(H2B(pz)2)2COOC12H25-bipy] (pz = pyrazole, C12-bpy = dodecyl[2,2′-bipyridine]-5-carboxylate) deposited at a submonolayer coverage on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate. A spin-state coexistence of 42% low-spin (LS) and 58% high-spin (HS) is observed for the 0.4 ML deposit of the complex at 40 K, in contrast to the complete spin-state switching observed in the bulk and in SiOx-bound 10 nm thick films. Cooling the sample to 10 K results in a decrease of the LS fraction to 36%, attributed to soft-X-ray-induced excited spin-state trapping (SOXIESST). Illumination of the sample with a green light (λ = 520 nm) at 10 K caused the LS-to-HS switching of the remaining (36%) LS complexes, by a process termed light-induced excited spin-state trapping (LIESST). The mixed spin-state in the submonolayer coverage of [Fe(H2B(pz)2)2COOC12H25-bipy] highlights the role of molecule–HOPG substrate interactions in tuning the thermal SCO characteristics of the complex. The 100% HS state obtained after light irradiation indicates the occurrence of efficient on-surface light-induced spin switching, encouraging the development of light-addressable molecular devices based on SCO complexes.
Additional file 7 of Chromatin run-on sequencing analysis finds that ECM remodeling plays an important role in canine hemangiosarcoma pathogenesis
Creators: name: Mukai, Chinatsu
name: Choi, Eunju
name: Sams, Kelly L.
name: Klampen, Elena Zu
name: Anguish, Lynne
name: Marks, Brooke A.
name: Rice, Edward J.
name: Wang, Zhong
name: Choate, Lauren A.
name: Chou, Shao-Pei
name: Kato, Yukinari
name: Miller, Andrew D.
name: Danko, Charles G.
name: Coonrod, Scott A.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer

description: Additional file 7. FS5. Masson’s trichrome staining and IHC on serial sections from case B176 (HSA).
Leadership in medical ward rounds
Creators: name: Pomfret, Suzanne
Publisher: name: Imperial College London
Year: 2020

description: Leadership in Medical Ward Rounds: Abstract Medical ward rounds are an under researched area. The medical post take ward round has been cited as being a source of anxiety for new consultants. The non-technical skills involved may well be those that new consultants feel underprepared for in contrast to clinical skills. Ward rounds historically have been a principal vehicle for teaching junior doctors. There have been many changes in how junior doctors work which has potentially impacted their training and preparation towards being a consultant. The overarching aims of this thesis are firstly to expand our current understanding of the incorporation of training into medical ward rounds, and secondly to translate this understanding into an instrument that evaluates senior trainees or consultants skills in leading a ward round. Ultimately, improved training and assessment of the ward round process should enhance patient safety and effectiveness of care on medical wards. This thesis incorporates a narrative review on training and ward rounds. There is also a literature review on non-technical skills tools used in hospital medicine, how they were developed and their psychometric evaluation. The second review of non-technical skills tools leads to a choice of tool on which to base the development of a ward round leadership tool. The review on training and ward rounds, provides background to the thesis but also some of the findings are used for the instrument development. A post take ward round simulation was developed alongside the ward round leadership tool, which serves 2 purposes. One is to develop a training program by which to train senior medical registrars to lead post take ward rounds, and secondly, it is used to psychometrically evaluate the developed medical ward round leadership tool. There is also a chapter reporting an interview study of medical consultants and patients about training and post take ward rounds. The findings from this chapter feed directly into the tool and simulation development. The development of the simulation and tool are described and evaluated in detail. The tool is evaluated in terms of reliability and validity.