cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: Στα χέρια του κράτους - Δημόσια φροντίδα της τρίτης ηλικίας στην Ελλάδα και τις χώρες της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης
title: In the hands of the state - Public care of the third age in Greece and the European Union countries
titleType: AlternativeTitle
Creators: name: Γκίφα, Δήμητρα
Publisher: name: Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Τρίτη ηλικία
subject: Σύστημα πρόνοιας
subject: Κοινωνική πολιτική
subject: Παροχές
subject: Κρατικός προϋπολογισμός
subject: Πολιτική υγείας
subject: Τυπολογία
subject: Δημόσιες δαπάνες

description: Μεσα απο τη βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση και τις διαθέσιμες στατιστικές απο τους δημόσιους φορείς, θα παρουσιαστεί το ζήτημα του γήρατος και οι ειδικότερες ανάγκες που αντιετωπιζει ο πληθυσμός των ηλικιωμένων ατόμων στην Ελλάδα και την Ευρώπη. Ακόμη θα παρουσιαστουν οι πολιτικές που υιοθετούν τα κράτη για ν΄αντιμετωπίσουν τις επιπτώσεις του γήρατος στις χώρες τους και σε Ευρωπαικό επίπεδο και πως αυτό μεταφράζεται στις αντίστοιχες δαπάνες που πηγαίνουν στον τομέα υγείας για να εξασφαλίζουν στον ηλικιωμένο Ευρωπαίο πολίτη την παροχή υπηρεσιών υγείας. Είναι γνωστό οτι η δαπάνη για τα συστήματα υγείας αυξανεται για αρκετούς λόγους τα τελευταία χρόνια. Πως αυτο επηρεάζει το ποσό των συντάξεων; Απο την παρουσίαση και την ανάλυση των μοντέλων κρατών πρόνοιας που επικρατούν στα Ευρωπαικά κράτη, θα διαπιστωθούν, ομοιότητες, διαφορές και ελλείψεις στα συστήματα φροντίδας της δημόσιας υγείας και θα γίνει προσπάθεια να διαπιστωθεί αν η διαμόρφωση του κράτους πρόνοιας με τον ένα η τον άλλο τρόπο επηρεάζει τη δημόσια πολιτική φροντίδας υγείας κάθε κράτους. Θα αναλυθεί το πως διαμορφώνεται η τριπλή σχέση Παρόχου Υπηρεσιών Υγείας, Πελάτη/ Εξυπηρετούμενου και Ενδιάμεσου, το πλαίσιο των συντάξεων και οι βασικές υπηρεσίες που εξασφαλίζουν στους ηλικιωμένους στις χώρες παραδείγματα. Χρησιμοποιώντας δεδομένα για το κοινωνικοασφαλιστικο σύστημα μέσα απο το πρόγραμμα MISSOC θα αποπειραθεί να γίνει μια σύκριση μεταξύ των επικρατέστερων συστημάτων στην Ευρώπη και την Ελλάδας. Τα συμπεράσματα μας μπορούν να πληροφορήσουν τους μελλοντικούς ερευνητές για την κατάσταση της φροντίδας υγείας στο δημόσιο τομέα στο ειδικότερο θέμα της φροντίδας ηλικιωμένων και να αποτελέσουν ένα εφαλτήριο για περεταίρω έρευνα στο μέλλον.
The central limit problem for random vectors with symmetries
Creators: name: Meckes, Elizabeth S.
name: Meckes, Mark W.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: Metric Geometry (math.MG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Motivated by the central limit problem for convex bodies, we study normal approximation of linear functionals of high-dimensional random vectors with various types of symmetries. In particular, we obtain results for distributions which are coordinatewise symmetric, uniform in a regular simplex, or spherically symmetric. Our proofs are based on Stein's method of exchangeable pairs; as far as we know, this approach has not previously been used in convex geometry and we give a brief introduction to the classical method. The spherically symmetric case is treated by a variation of Stein's method which is adapted for continuous symmetries.
description: AMS-LaTeX, uses xy-pic, 23 pages; v3: added new corollary to Theorem 7
THE DETERMINANTS OF PARTICIPATION DECISION IN OFF-FARM WORK: THE IOWA CASE
Creators: name: Kwon, Chul-Woo
name: Orazem, Peter F.
name: Otto, Daniel M.
name: Kwon, Chul-Woo
name: Orazem, Peter F.
name: Otto, Daniel M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Farm Management
Labor and Human Capital

description: This paper examines factors affecting the role of individual, farm production, family finance, and regional characteristics in affecting labor force decisions by farm households. Young, more educated households are much more likely to work off-farm, suggesting that off-farm labor has become an expected part of new farm households.
"Kinks", Nodal Bilayer Splitting and Interband Scattering in YBCO
Creators: name: Borisenko, S. V.
name: Kordyuk, A. A.
name: Zabolotnyy, V.
name: Geck, J.
name: Inosov, D.
name: Koitzsch, A.
name: Fink, J.
name: Knupfer, M.
name: Buechner, B.
name: Hinkov, V.
name: Lin, C. T.
name: Keimer, B.
name: Wolf, T.
name: Chiuzb{ă}ian, S. G.
name: Patthey, L.
name: Follath, R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We apply the new-generation ARPES methodology to the most widely studied cuprate superconductor YBCO. Considering the nodal direction, we found noticeable renormalization effects known as "kinks" both in the quasiparticle dispersion and scattering rate, the bilayer splitting and evidence for strong interband scattering -- all the characteristic features of the nodal quasiparticles detected earlier in BSCCO. The typical energy scale and the doping dependence of the "kinks" clearly point to their intimate relation with the spin-1 resonance seen in the neutron scattering experiments. Our findings strongly suggest a universality of the electron dynamics in the bilayer superconducting cuprates and a dominating role of the spin-fluctuations in the formation of the quasiparticles along the nodal direction.
description: 4.5 RevTeX pages, 4 eps figures
On a polyanalytic a approach to noncommutative de Branges-Rovnyak spaces and Schur analysis
Creators: name: Alpay, Daniel
name: Colombo, Fabrizio
name: Diki, Kamal
name: Sabadini, Irene
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Functional Analysis (math.FA)
subject: Complex Variables (math.CV)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this paper we begin the study of Schur analysis and de Branges-Rovnyak spaces in the framework of Fueter hyperholomorphic functions. The difference with other approaches is that we consider the class of functions spanned by Appell-like polynomials. This approach is very efficient from various points of view, for example in operator theory, and allows to make connections with the recently developed theory of slice polyanalytic functions. We tackle a number of problems: we describe a Hardy space, Schur multipliers and related results. We also discuss Blaschke functions, Herglotz multipliers and their associated kernels and Hilbert spaces. Finally, we consider the counterpart of the half-space case, and the corresponding Hardy space, Schur multipliers and Carathéodory multipliers.
description: (Open Access)
Anti-atherogenic potential of jujube, saffron and barberry: anti-diabetic and antioxidant actions
Creators: name: Hemmati, Mina
name: Zohoori, Elham
name: Mehrpour, Omid
name: Karamian, Mehdi
name: Asghari, Somaye
name: Zarban, Asghar
name: Nasouti, Roya
Publisher: name: Technische Universität Dortmund
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Atherogenic dyslipidemia
subject: adiponectin
subject: antioxidant
subject: diabetes
subject: medicinal plants
subject: 610

description: Atherogenic dyslipidemia, characterized by an increased level of lipoprotein (a) and a decreased level of adiponectin, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in diabetic patients. To reduce cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients, use of agents with antidiabetic and anti-atherogenic potential is required. Using an animal model of diabetes, we investigated the antiatherogenic potential of extracts of three medicinal plants: jujube, barberry, and saffron. For this, serum level of fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity, adiponectin and lipoprotein (a) in diabetic control and extract treated groups were measured. Statistical analysis of measurements showed that serum levels of fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and VLDL decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in all treated groups. Treatment with all extracts reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant capacity of the experimental diabetic groups. Serum adiponectin levels increased in all treated groups, whereas lipoprotein (a) levels decreased, most markedly when treated with jujube extract. Jujube, saffron, and barberry extracts are beneficial in ameliorating oxidative stress and atherogenic risk of diabetic rats. This highlights the benefits of further investigating the cardio-protective potential of medicinal plant extracts and evaluating their usefulness as cardio protective agents in clinical practice.
description: EXCLI Journal;Vol. 14, 2015
CONSISTENT AGGREGATION IN FOOD DEMAND SYSTEMS
Creators: name: Levedahl, J. William
name: Reed, Albert J.
name: Clark, J. Stephen
name: Levedahl, J. William
name: Reed, Albert J.
name: Clark, J. Stephen
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Demand and Price Analysis

description: Two aggregation schemes for food demand systems are tested for consistency with the Generalized Composite Commodity Theorem (GCCT). One scheme is based on the standard CES classification of food expenditures. The second scheme is based on the Food Guide Pyramid. Evidence is found that both schemes are consistent with the GCCT.
Statistical optimization of culture medium for production of exopolysaccharide from endophytic fungus Bionectria ochroleuca and its antitumor effect in vitro
Creators: name: Li, Yun
name: Guo, Shoujun
name: Zhu, Hui
Publisher: name: Technische Universität Dortmund
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Endophytic fungi
subject: Bionectria ochroleuca
subject: exopolysaccharide
subject: antitumor activity
subject: 610

description: Endophytic fungi have been recognized as possible useful sources of bioactive metabolites. However, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production from endophytic fungi and its antitumor activity have been less explored. In the present study, endophtic fungus Bionectria ochroleuca M21 was exploited for the production of EPS in submerged culture. Among tested medium components, glucose, yeast extract, MgSO4 and Tween80 were found to be effective and significant on EPS production. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize medium composition. The results showed that the significant factors were glucose, yeast extract and Tween80. The optimal medium was observed at the composition of glucose 55.7 g/L, yeast extract 6.04 g/L, MgSO4 0.25g/L and Tween80 0.1 % (v/v). Using the optimized medium, EPS production was achieve at 2.65 ± 0.16 g/L after 4 days fermentation in a 5L bioreactor. Examination of cytotoxicity showed that the EPS from B. ochroleuca M21 did not have cytotoxic activity on human liver HL-7702 cells at concentration 0.025–1.6 mg/mL. In contrast, the EPS exhibited antiproliferative activities against cell lines of liver cancer (HepG2), gastric cancer (SGC-7901) and colon cancer (HT29) in a dose- and time-dependent manner in the concentration ranges of 0.1-0.45 mg/mL.
description: EXCLI Journal;Vol. 15, 2016
Sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics with low-dimensionalized flow representations
Creators: name: Fukami, Kai
name: Murata, Takaaki
name: Zhang, Kai
name: Fukagata, Koji
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We perform a sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (SINDy) for low-dimensionalized complex flow phenomena. We first apply the SINDy with two regression methods, the thresholded least square algorithm (TLSA) and the adaptive Lasso (Alasso) which show reasonable ability with a wide range of sparsity constant in our preliminary tests, to a two-dimensional single cylinder wake at $Re_D=100$, its transient process, and a wake of two-parallel cylinders, as examples of high-dimensional fluid data. To handle these high dimensional data with SINDy whose library matrix is suitable for low-dimensional variable combinations, a convolutional neural network-based autoencoder (CNN-AE) is utilized. The CNN-AE is employed to map a high-dimensional dynamics into a low-dimensional latent space. The SINDy then seeks a governing equation of the mapped low-dimensional latent vector. Temporal evolution of high-dimensional dynamics can be provided by combining the predicted latent vector by SINDy with the CNN decoder which can remap the low-dimensional latent vector to the original dimension. The SINDy can provide a stable solution as the governing equation of the latent dynamics and the CNN-SINDy based modeling can reproduce high-dimensional flow fields successfully, although more terms are required to represent the transient flow and the two-parallel cylinder wake than the periodic shedding. A nine-equation turbulent shear flow model is finally considered to examine the applicability of SINDy to turbulence, although without using CNN-AE. The present results suggest that the proposed scheme with an appropriate parameter choice enables us to analyze high-dimensional nonlinear dynamics with interpretable low-dimensional manifolds.
Some thoughts on di-jet correlation in Au + Au collisions from PHENIX
Creators: name: Jia, Jiangyong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: PHENIX has measured the two particle azimuth correlation in Au + Au at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV. Jet shape and yield at the away side are found to be strongly modified at intermediate and low $p_T$, and the modifications vary dramatically with $p_T$ and centrality. At high $p_T$, away side jet peak reappears but the yield is suppressed. We discuss the possible physics pictures leading to these complicated modifications.
description: 3 pages, 2 figures. Contributed talk at PANIC '05 conference, Santa Fe, NM, Oct24-28, 2005
Ανάλυση από κοινού ασφαλίσεων ζωής σε περιβάλλον με στοχαστικά επιτόκια
Creators: name: Αικατερίνη, Ελένη
Publisher: name: Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Ασφάλεια ζωής
subject: Στοχαστικά επιτόκια

description: Η διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη ομαδικών ασφαλιστήριων συμβολαίων ζωής που αφορούν σε δύο άτομα, σε ένα οικονομικό περιβάλλον με στοχαστικά επιτόκια. Συμβόλαια που καλύπτουν περισσότερες από μία ζωές ενδεικτικά βρίσκουν εφαρμογή στα μέλη μιας οικογένειας, στους εργαζόμενους μιας επιχείρησης, ή στα μέλη ενός σωματίου. Η ανάγκη για στοχαστικά επιτόκια προκύπτει από το γεγονός ότι η υπόθεση της ανεξαρτησίας του επιτοκίου από περίοδο σε περίοδο δεν είναι ρεαλιστική. Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 γίνεται παρουσίαση της βιβλιογραφίας που αφορά στα μοντέλα που έχουν προταθεί για την κατάσταση επιβίωσης των ασφαλισμένων ατόμων καθώς και στα μοντέλα που έχουν μελετήσει τη χρονική αξία του χρήματος. Και οι δύο αυτοί παράγοντες είναι σημαντικοί για την αποτίμηση μιας ομαδικής ασφάλισης ζωής καθώς τα ασφάλιστρα και οι ασφαλιστικές παροχές καταβάλλονται στο μέλλον και το ύψος τους καθορίζεται ανάλογα με τον αριθμό των ατόμων που επιβιώνει εκείνη τη στιγμή. Το Κεφάλαιο 2 παρουσιάζει τις υποθέσεις και την ανάλυση σχετικά με τη διακριτού χρόνου στοχαστική διαδικασία AR(1) έντασης επιτοκίου, καθώς και τα μοντέλα εξόδου σύμφωνα από τη Θεωρία Συμβάντων. Υπό το νόμο θνησιμότητας του Gompertz αναλύονται, σχετικά με τους χρόνους ζωής δύο ατόμων, το ανεξάρτητο μοντέλο θνησιμότητας καθώς και δύο μοντέλα εξαρτημένης θνησιμότητας, συγκεκριμένα της σύζευξης (copula) και του κοινού σοκ (common shock). Το Κεφάλαιο 3 εξετάζει τον τύπο του ασφαλιστηρίου συμβολαίου δύο ατόμων υπό το καθεστώς της από κοινού επιβίωσης (joint first-to-die). Θεωρώντας ότι η ένταση ανατοκισμού ακολουθεί μία AR(1) διαδικασία, μελετάται η τυχαία μεταβλητή προοπτικής απώλειας δίνοντας εκφράσεις για τις δύο πρώτες ροπές της, για ένα συμβόλαιο καθώς και για ένα γενικό χαρτοφυλάκιο συμβολαίων. Η ανάλυση αυτή επιτυγχάνεται μέσω της εφαρμογής δύο μεθόδων, συγκεκριμένα της ατομικής συνάρτησης απώλειας και των ετήσιων στοχαστικών χρηματοροών. Επίσης δίνεται η διάσπαση της συνολικής επικινδυνότητας του χαρτοφυλακίου τόσο στον ασφαλιστικό κίνδυνο όσο και στον κίνδυνο λόγων επενδύσεων. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 γίνεται αντίστοιχη ανάλυση για ένα ασφαλιστήριο συμβόλαιο δύο ατόμων υπό το καθεστώς τελευταίου επιζώντος (joint last-survivor) καθώς και για ένα χαρτοφυλάκιο τέτοιων συμβολαίων. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5, παρουσιάζεται μια αριθμητική εφαρμογή του μοντέλου που αναπτύχθηκε στο Κεφάλαιο 3 για ασφαλιστήριο συμβόλαιο από κοινού ζωής, τόσο για ένα συμβόλαιο όσο και για ένα ομοιογενές χαρτοφυλάκιο, υπό την επίδραση στοχαστικού επιτοκίου μέσω μιας AR(1) διαδικασίας. Το πρόγραμμα που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την ανάλυση ήταν το Mathematica. Τέλος, το Κεφάλαιο 6 συνοψίζει την εργασία.
Efficacy of Caltropis procera and Ficus sycomorus extracts in treating MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)-keratitis in rabbit
Creators: name: Sayed, Waiel F.
name: Salem, Wesam M. A.
name: Haridy, Mohie A. M.
name: Hassan, Ne’mat H.
Publisher: name: Technische Universität Dortmund
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Ficus sycomorus
subject: Caltropis procera
subject: latex
subject: Staphylococcus aureus MRSA
subject: keratitis
subject: 610

description: MRSA-induced keratitis in rabbit was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of F. sycomorus leaves and C. procera latex extracts. Within the 6 rabbit groups tested, group 1 received sterilized saline, while other groups (2 to 6) received 100 μl of intrastromal injections of 1.5×103 colony forming unit (cfu) ml-1 of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). After 12 hours, groups 3 to 6 also received chloramphenicol, aqueous extract of C. procera latex, aqueous and alcoholic extracts of F. sycomorus leaves, respectively 3 times daily for 12 successive days. The tested extracts inhibited MRSA growth in vitro (i.e. on culture medium). Colony counts in cornea discs from groups 3 to 6 were significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.001) compared to group 2 (untreated). Clinical signs of keratitis were observed on group 2 until the end of experiment. In groups 3 to 6, gradual recovery was observed and signs disappeared by the 12th DPI (days post inoculation). Only mild symptoms persisted in group 5 (aqueous extract of leaves). In group 3 and 5, cornea, iris, ciliary body and conjunctiva showed mild leukocytic infiltration and depigmentation of melanin cells while recovery of cornea and iris was observed in groups 4 and 6. In conclusion, the used extracts have potential therapeutic effects on MRSA-induced keratitis in rabbit.
description: EXCLI Journal;Vol. 14, 2015
microRNA-15b target Sall4 and diminish in vitro UCB-derived HSCs expansion
Creators: name: Akhavan Rahnama, Mahshid
name: Movassaghpour, Ali Akbar
name: Soleimani, Masoud
name: Atashi, Amir
name: Anbarlou, Azadeh
name: Shams Asenjan, Karim
Publisher: name: Technische Universität Dortmund
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: HSCs
subject: expansion
subject: Sall4
subject: miR-15b
subject: miR-219-5p
subject: 610

description: Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) are cells that have the ability to self-renewal and differentiate into all of hematopoietic lineages. The lack of donors and unavailable efficient protocols for ex vivo expansion of HSCs, are obstacles in successful cell therapies. MicroRNAs (also refer as miRNAs or miRs) have significant roles in hematopoiesis; they can effect on HSCs expansion, maintaining undifferentiated state, self-renewal and differentiation. Recently attentions have been given to these small regulatory molecules to utilize them in order to expand HSCs. Using bioinformatics analysis we identified Sall4 as putative target of miR-15b and miR-219-5p. Relative expression levels of miRNAs and Sall4 were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Here we show 247-fold and 4.2-fold increasing Sall4 expression level compared to control group in CD34+ cells nucleofected by anti-miR-15b and anti-miR-219-5p, respectively. These data showed that anti-miR-15b can promote clonogenic capacity of HSCs and also we found that miR-15b alone was able to increase the number of CD34+HSCs in vitro by more than 2 fold by targeting Sall4. Moreover, level of CD34 marker in HSCs nucleofected by anti-miR-15b increased more than 50 %. Our analysis showed no statistically difference in mRNA level of Sall4 after nucleofection of anti-miR-219-5p. Sall4 is a factor capable of enhancing HSC expansion significantly. We demonstrated that inhibition of miR-15b can enhance ex vivo expansion of UCB-derived HSCs and also expression of Sall4 allowed expansion and preserve self- renewal of CD34+ HSCs.
description: EXCLI Journal;Vol. 14, 2015
Der Endkrist und die Fünfzehn Zeichen vor dem Jüngsten Gericht .; [um 1470]
Creators: name: (:Unav)
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2009

description: Entstehungsort: Schwaben oder Franken. - Entstehungszeit: um 1470
On Computational Poisson Geometry II: Numerical Methods
Creators: name: Evangelista-Alvarado, M.
name: Ruíz-Pantaleón, J. C.
name: Suárez-Serrato, P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: Symplectic Geometry (math.SG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: G.1; G.4
subject: 53-04, 53D17, 65P10

description: We present twelve numerical methods for evaluation of objects and concepts from Poisson geometry. We describe how each method works with examples, and explain how it is executed in code. These include methods that evaluate Hamiltonian and modular vector fields, compute the image under the coboundary and trace operators, the Lie bracket of differential 1-forms, gauge transformations, and normal forms of Lie-Poisson structures on $\mathbf{R}^{3}$. The complexity of each of our methods is calculated, and we include experimental verifications on examples in dimensions two and three.
Black Hole Masses of Active Galaxies with Double-Peaked Balmer Emission Lines
Creators: name: Eracleous, Karen T. Lewis Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have obtained near-IR spectra of five Active Galactic Nuclei that exhibit double-peaked Balmer Emission Lines (NGC 1097, Pictor A, PKS 0921-213, 1E 0450.30-1817, and IRAS 0236.6-3101). The stellar velocity dispersions of the host galaxies were measured from the Ca II 8494,8542,8662 Angstrom absorption lines and were found to range from 140 to 200 km/s. Using the well-known correlation between the black hole mass and the stellar velocity dispersion, the black hole masses in these galaxies were estimated to range from 4x10^7 to 1.2x10^8 solar masses. We supplement the observations presented here with estimates of the black holes masses for five additional double-peaked emitters (Arp 102B, 3C 390.3, NGC 4579, NGC 4203, and M81) obtained by other authors using similar methods. Using these black hole masses, we infer the ratio of the bolometric luminosity to the Eddington luminosity, L_bol/L_Edd. We find that two objects (Pictor A and PKS 0921--213) have L_bol/L_Edd ~ 0.2, whereas the other objects have L_bol/L_Edd
description: Accepted to ApJ, 26 pages, 4 figures
Cytocompatibility of a conductive nanofibrous carbon nanotube/poly(L-lactic acid) composite scaffold intended for nerve tissue engineering
Creators: name: Kabiri, Mahboubeh
name: Oraee-Yazdani, Saeed
name: Dodel, Masumeh
name: Hanaee-Ahvaz, Hana
name: Soudi, Sara
name: Seyedjafari, Ehsan
name: Salehi, Mohammad
name: Soleimani, Masoud
Publisher: name: Technische Universität Dortmund
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: nerve tissue engineering
subject: olfactory ensheathing cells
subject: carbon nanotube
subject: composite scaffold
subject: electrospun nanofiber
subject: 610

description: The purpose of this study was to fabricate a conductive aligned nanofibrous substrate and evaluate its suitability and cytocompatibility with neural cells for nerve tissue engineering purposes. In order to reach these goals, we first used electrospinning to fabricate single-walled carbon-nanotube (SWCNT) incorporated poly(L-Lactic acid) (PLLA) nanofibrous scaffolds and then assessed its cytocompatibility with olfactory ensheathing glial cells (OEC). The plasma treated scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and water contact angle. OECs were isolated from olfactory bulb of GFP Sprague-Dawley rats and characterized using OEC specific markers via immunocytochemistry and flow cytometery. The cytocompatibility of the conductive aligned nano-featured scaffold was assessed using microscopy and MTT assay. We indicate that doping of PLLA polymer with SWCNT can augment the aligned nanosized substrate with conductivity, making it favorable for nerve tissue engineering. Our results demonstrated that SWCNT/PLLA composite scaffold promote the adhesion, growth, survival and proliferation of OEC. Regarding the ideal physical, topographical and electrical properties of the scaffold and the neurotrophic and migratory features of the OECs, we suggest this scaffold and the cell/scaffold construct as a promising platform for cell delivery to neural defects in nerve tissue engineering approaches.
description: EXCLI Journal;Vol. 14, 2015
THE WELFARE EFFECTS OF CONSUMING A CANCER PREVENTION DIET
Creators: name: Jetter, Karen M.
name: Chalfant, James A.
name: Sumner, Daniel A.
name: Jetter, Karen M.
name: Chalfant, James A.
name: Sumner, Daniel A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety

description: This study measures the welfare changes in agriculture and to consumers should people eat the recommended levels of fruits and vegetables for a cancer prevention diet. An equilibrium displacement model is used to measure the change in welfare to fruit and vegetable industries, other commodities, and agricultural input markets.
The pseudogap: friend or foe of high Tc?
Creators: name: Norman, M. R.
name: Pines, D.
name: Kallin, C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Although nineteen years have passed since the discovery of high temperature superconductivity, there is still no consensus on its physical origin. This is in large part because of a lack of understanding of the state of matter out of which the superconductivity arises. In optimally and underdoped materials, this state exhibits a pseudogap at temperatures large compared to the superconducting transition temperature. Although discovered only three years after the pioneering work of Bednorz and Muller, the physical origin of this pseudogap behavior and whether it constitutes a distinct phase of matter is still shrouded in mystery. In the summer of 2004, a band of physicists gathered for five weeks at the Aspen Center for Physics to discuss the pseudogap. In this perspective, we would like to summarize some of the results presented there and discuss its importance in the context of strongly correlated electron systems.
description: expanded version, 20 pages, 11 figures, to be published, Advances in Physics
STRATEGIC PATENT BREADTH FOR DRASTIC PRODUCT INNOVATIONS
Creators: name: Yiannaka, Amalia
name: Fulton, Murray E.
name: Yiannaka, Amalia
name: Fulton, Murray E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies

description: The paper models the patenting behavior of the innovator/patent applicant who having invented a drastic product innovation decides on the optimal breadth of protection claimed. The patenting process is modeled as a sequential game of complete information. The patentee acts strategically and with foresight. He chooses the breadth of protection that induces the desired behavior by his opponents and he incorporates transaction costs that may have to be incurred to enforce his patent rights. Our results suggest that contrary to what is traditionally assumed it is not generally optimal for the patentee to claim the broadest protection possible.
Monte Carlo simulations of the NJL model near the nonzero temperature phase transition
Creators: name: Strouthos, Costas
name: Christofi, Stavros
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present results from numerical simulations of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with an SU(2)xSU(2) chiral symmetry and N_c=4,8, and 16 quark colors at nonzero temperature. We performed the simulations by utilizing the hybrid Monte Carlo and hybrid Molecular Dynamics algorithms. We show that the model undergoes a second order phase transition. The critical exponents measured are consistent with the classical 3d O(4) universality class and hence in accordance with the dimensional reduction scenario. We also show that the Ginzburg region is suppressed by a factor of 1/N_c in accordance with previous analytical predictions.
description: 18 pages, 6 figures
Στρατηγικές ομάδες στη Μεσσηνία
Creators: name: Λάππα, Βασιλική Ανδριάνα
Publisher: name: Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Στρατηγικές ομάδες
subject: Στρατηγικό μάνατζμεντ
subject: Ξενοδοχειακός κλάδος

description: Σκοπός της μελέτης είναι η κατανόηση της θεωρίας των στρατηγικών ομάδων, όπως αυτή αποτυπώθηκε από τον καθηγητή M. Porter, στον ξενοδοχειακό κλάδο. Η Μεσσηνία επιλέχθηκε ως η Περιφέρεια ανάλυσης της χαρτογράφησης των στρατηγικών ομάδων..
Modeling Accelerated Pick-up Ion Distributions at an Interplanetary Shock
Creators: name: Summerlin, Errol J.
name: Baring, Matthew G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The acceleration of interstellar pick-up ions as well as solar wind species has been observed at a multitude of interplanetary (IP) shocks by different spacecraft. The efficiency of injection of the pick-up ion component differs from that of the solar wind, and is expected to be strongly enhanced at highly oblique and quasi-perpendicular shock events, in accord with inferences from {\it in situ} observations. This paper explores theoretical modeling of the phase space distributions of accelerated ions obtained by the Ulysses mission for the Day 292, 1991 shock associated with a corotating interaction region, encountered before Ulysses' fly-by of Jupiter. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to model the acceleration process, adapting a technique that has been successfully tested on earlier IP shocks possessing minimal pick-up ion presence. Phase space distributions from the simulation technique for various low mass ions are compared with SWICS and HI-SCALE data to deduce values of a ``turbulence parameter'' that controls the efficiency of injection, and the degree of cross-field diffusion. Acceptable fits are obtained for the $H^+$ and $He^+$ populations using standard prescriptions for the pick-up ion distribution; $He^{++}$ spectral data was only fit well for scenarios very close to the Bohm diffusion limit. It is also found that the simulation successfully accounts for the observation of energetic protons farther upstream of the forward shock than lower energy pick-up protons, using the same turbulence parameter that is required to achieve reasonable spectral fits.
description: 15 pages, 2 embedded figures, Advances Space Research, in press
Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activities of ingredients of Curcuma phaeocaulis Val
Creators: name: Hou, Yan
name: Lu, Chuan-Li
name: Zeng, Qiao-Hui
name: Jiang, Jian-Guo
Publisher: name: Technische Universität Dortmund
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Curcuma phaeocaulis Val.
subject: anti-oxidant
subject: anti-tumor
subject: anti-inflammatory
subject: 610

description: Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. is used in Chinese Pharmacopoeia as health food and folk medicine for removing blood stasis, alleviating pain and tumor therapy. This research was aimed to explore and compare three main bioactivities including anti-oxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities between the ethanol extract of C. Phaeocaulis and its fractions using different in vitro models. Firstly, 70 % ethanol was used to extract C. Phaeocaulis, and then the crude extract was re-extracted, resulting in petroleum ether (EZ-PE), ethyl acetate (EZ-EA), and water fractions (EZ-W), respectively, and then a series of index was detected. Results showed that all the extracts had medium DPPH radical scavenging activity when the concentration was 200 μg/ml and their DPPH radical scavenging activity was in a concentration-dependent manner. The extracts except ethanol extract of C. Phaeocaulis had almost no cytotoxicity to the survival of RAW264.7 cell when the concentration reached 80 μg/ml, and all of them had medium inhibitory effect on nitrite release. Extracts of C. Phaeocaulis had medium intensity antitumor activity, EZ-PE and EZ-EA fractions significantly inhibited the proliferation of four tumor cells (SMMC-7721 cell lines, HepG-2 cell lines, A549 cell lines and Hela cell lines). C. Phaeocaulis had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which did not carry out centralized phenomenon when re-extracted. EZ-PE and EZ-EA were active antitumor sites of C. Phaeocaulis.
description: EXCLI Journal;Vol. 14, 2015
MODELING TROPICAL DEFORESTATION: A SURVIVAL ANALYSIS LINKING SATELLITE AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEY DATA
Creators: name: Vance, Colin
name: Geoghegan, Jacqueline
name: Vance, Colin
name: Geoghegan, Jacqueline
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: This research estimates a hazard model of forest conversion in southern Mexico using geographical information systems, household survey data, and satellite imagery. A utility-maximizing model consistent with agricultural frontier conditions is developed. The econometric methodology incorporates temporal dynamics into the otherwise static range of analyses possible using categorical satellite data.
Συνεργατικές προσεγγίσεις μάθησης σε συστήματα συστάσεων
Creators: name: Παπαευσταθίου, Παναγιώτα
Publisher: name: Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Συνεργατικές προσεγγίσεις μάθησης
subject: Συστήματα συστάσεων

description: Η συγκεκριμένη εργασία αποτελεί προϊόν μεταπτυχιακής διατριβής που πραγματοποιήθηκε στα πλαίσια του «Μεταπτυχιακού Προγράμματος Σπουδών στα Πληροφορικά Συστήματα & Υπηρεσίες» με κατεύθυνση τα Προηγμένα Πληροφοριακά Συστήματα του Πανεπιστημίου Πειραιώς. Σκοπός της είναι η μελέτη των διαφορετικών τεχνικών federated learning σε συστήματα συστάσεων, η υλοποίηση μιας από αυτές και η διεξαγωγή πειραμάτων. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται εισαγωγή στη συνεργατική προσέγγιση μάθησης (federated learning). Στη συνέχεια, γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά στις κατηγορίες της και στην αρχιτεκτονική της. Το επόμενο κεφάλαιο περιλαμβάνει τον ορισμό των συστημάτων συστάσεων, τα αίτια χρήσης τους, τη διαδικασία σύστασης και τις μορφές της. Επίσης, αναλύονται οι διαφορετικοί τύποι των συστημάτων συστάσεων. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο, γίνεται αναφορά στην βασική ιδέα παρόμοιων σχετικών δημοσιεύσεων πάνω στην συνεργατική προσέγγιση μάθησης σε συστήματα συστάσεων και παρουσιάζεται ένας συγκεντρωτικός πίνακας. Τέλος, στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται η υλοποίηση της federated learning εφαρμογής και παρουσιάζονται τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα.
PANEL DATA DOUBLE-HURDLE MODEL: AN APPLICATION TO DAIRY ADVERTISING
Creators: name: Dong, Diansheng
name: Chung, Chanjin
name: Kaiser, Harry M.
name: Dong, Diansheng
name: Chung, Chanjin
name: Kaiser, Harry M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: double-hurdle model
subject: panel data
subject: household purchase
subject: milk
subject: advertising
subject: heterogeneity
subject: state dependence
subject: simulated maximum likelihood

description: In this study, we extend to panel data structures the double-hurdle model typically used in cross-sectional data. The new double-hurdle model can account not only for the censored nature of commodity purchases, but also for the dynamics of the purchase process. In this model, a flexible error structure is assumed to account for state dependence and household-specific heterogeneity. In the empirical application for milk purchase, we find that generic advertising increases the probability of market participation as well as the purchase quantity and incidence. Temporal dependence is also found in both purchase and participation equations.
Medical Hypothesis: Caffeic Acid
Creators: name: Petric, Domina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: caffeic acid
COVID-19
cancer

description: Caffeic acid, which is pharmacologically active compound of many traditional medicinal herbs such as Echinacea purpurea and Sambucus Formosana Nakai, might be a potent molecule for the treatment of COVID-19, especially if pared with Fe3+ ions (caffeic acid Fe3+ chelate) or other ions (MoO42- and PO43- chelates), because antiviral activity of caffeic acid increases upwards of 100-fold by the addition of cations (Fe3+) and anionic molecules (molybdate, phosphate). It has also been reported that caffeic acid, which exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties, has antioxidant property in normal cells and pro-oxidant property in cancer cells, what leads to pro-oxidant-mediated oxidative DNA damage and its downstream signaling induces apoptotic cancer cell death. Theoretically, caffeic acid and its derivatives have characteristics of a perfect chemotherapeutic agent that is protective for normal cells and destructive for cancer cells.
Liner conference shipping in the 1980's : selected aspects of the U.N. Code of conduct for liner conferences reconsidered
Creators: name: Lussenburg, Selma M
Publisher: name: The Australian National University
Year: 1984
Subjects: Maritime law
Shipping conferences

description: One of the most significant problems gripping the international community at this time relates to world trade, liner shipping, and the transportation of goods between states.
Συστημικές μεθοδολογίες και εργαλεία με εφαρμογές στη διοίκηση έργων
Creators: name: Παπαϊωάννου, Κυριακή
Publisher: name: Πανεπιστήμιο Πειραιώς
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Συστημικές μεθοδολογίες
subject: Διοίκηση έργου
subject: Πολυπλοκότητα
subject: Συστήματα
subject: Συστημικά εργαλεία
subject: Συστημική σκέψη

description: Πολυπλοκότητα είναι το χαρακτηριστικό συστημάτων ή καταστάσεων το οποίο εμποδίζει τον παρατηρητή να προβλέψει τη συμπεριφορά ή την εξέλιξή τους ενώ έχει πλήρη γνώση για τις ιδιότητες και τη συμπεριφορά όλων των στοιχείων που τα αποτελούν. Η πολυπλοκότητα κατά κανόνα οφείλεται στη δυνατότητα των επιμέρους στοιχείων, τα οποία είναι άνθρωποι ή άλλα συστήματα, να εκτιμούν καταστάσεις και να παίρνουν αποφάσεις. Η πολυπλοκότητα είναι μία ιδιότητα που χαρακτηρίζει κάθε έκφανση των ανθρώπινων οργανώσεων και της επιχειρηματικότητας. Όπως είναι αναμενόμενο εμφανίζεται και στη Διοίκηση Έργων και θεωρείται ένα από τους σοβαρότερους παράγοντες της μη εκπλήρωσης των κριτηρίων επιτυχίας ενός έργου. Οι συστημικές προσεγγίσεις έχουν αντικείμενο τα οργανωμένα κοινωνικά ή επιχειρηματικά συστήματα στα οποία εγγενώς υπάρχει πολυπλοκότητα. Ο σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι να ερευνήσει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο η συστημική σκέψη μπορεί να συνεισφέρει στη Διοίκηση Έργων για την αντιμετώπιση προβλημάτων που οφείλονται στην πολυπλοκότητα. Για το σκοπό αυτό εξετάζει τις βασικές αρχές της συστημικής σκέψης, τους βρόγχους ανάδρασης, τη συστημική δυναμική, κάποιες συγκεκριμένες συστημικές μεθοδολογίες και κάποια εννοιολογικά, κυρίως διαγραμματικά, εργαλεία στο κατά πόσο μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε γνωστικές περιοχές της Διοίκησης Έργων. Οι συστημικές μεθοδολογίες που παρουσιάζονται και εξετάζονται είναι οι ακόλουθες: Μεθοδολογία Ηπίων Συστημάτων, Σχεδιαστική Σκέψη, Μέθοδος Δελφών και Θεωρία της Αλλαγής. Τα εννοιολογικά/διαγραμματικά εργαλεία είναι τα εξής: Χάρτης Συστήματος, Διάγραμμα Περιβάλλοντος, Διάγραμμα Εισερχομένων-Εξερχομένων, Διάγραμμα Συνάφειας, Λειτουργική Μοντελοποίηση, Διάγραμμα Επιρροής, Διάγραμμα Ακολουθίας και Τετράγωνο Στόχων. Τέλος, παρουσιάζεται μια επισκόπηση δημοσιεύσεων με πρακτικές εφαρμογές ή προτάσεις οι οποίες αξιοποιούν τις συστημικές μεθοδολογίες στη Διοίκηση Έργων. Το τελικό αποτέλεσμα είναι ένας πίνακας που δείχνει τη συσχέτιση των μεθοδολογιών και εργαλείων που μελετήθηκαν με κάθε γνωστική περιοχή της Διοίκησης Έργων. Η μελέτη δείχνει ότι, πολλές από αυτές τις γνωστικές περιοχές αποτελούν πεδίο εφαρμογής αυτών των μεθοδολογιών και εργαλείων, τα οποία προσφέρουν τρόπους διαχείρισης δύσκολων καταστάσεων που οφείλονται στην πολυπλοκότητα.
On the direct integral decomposition in branching laws for real reductive groups
Creators: name: Frahm, Jan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Representation Theory (math.RT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Primary 22E45, Secondary 22E46

description: The restriction of an irreducible unitary representation $π$ of a real reductive group $G$ to a reductive subgroup $H$ decomposes into a direct integral of irreducible unitary representations $τ$ of $H$ with multiplicities $m(π,τ)\in\mathbb{N}\cup\{\infty\}$. We show that on the smooth vectors of $π$, the direct integral is pointwise defined. This implies that $m(π,τ)$ is bounded above by the dimension of the space $\operatorname{Hom}_H(π^\infty|_H,τ^\infty)$ of intertwining operators between the smooth vectors, also called symmetry breaking operators, and provides a precise relation between these two concepts of multiplicity.
description: 5 pages
Biochemical and immunological parameters as indicators of osteoarthritis subjects: role of OH-collagen in auto-antibodies generation
Creators: name: Ashraf, Jalaluddin M.
name: Haque, Quazi S.
name: Tabrez, Shams
name: Choi, Inho
name: Ahmad, Saheem
Publisher: name: Technische Universität Dortmund
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: osteoarthritis
subject: collagen-II
subject: biochemical and immunological parameters
subject: 610

description: Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by inflammation of the knee joint, which is caused by accumulation of cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the extracellular matrix as an early immune response to infection. The articular cartilage destruction is discernible by elevated tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a). In this study, blood samples of knee osteoarthritis patients were analyzed for biochemical and physiological parameters based on the lipid profile, uric acid, total leukocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin percentage (Hb%) and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC). Furthermore, immunological parameters including TNF-a, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and CRP were analyzed. The presence of antibodies against hydroxyl radical modified collagen-II (•OH-collagen-II) was also investigated in arthritis patients using direct binding ELISA. The uric acid and lipid profiles changed extensively. Specifically, increased uric acid levels were associated with OA in both genders, as were enhanced immunological parameters. The TNF-a level also increased in both genders suffering from OA. Finally, auto-antibodies against OH-collagen II antigen were found in the sera of arthritis patients. These results indicated that immunological parameters are better predictors or indexes for diagnosis of OA than biochemical parameters.
description: EXCLI Journal;Vol. 14, 2015
Future attractors of Bianchi types II and V cosmologies with massless Vlasov matter
Creators: name: Barzegar, Hamed
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It is shown that the generalized Collins--Stewart radiation and Milne solutions are attractors of the massless Einstein--Vlasov system for Bianchi types II and V spacetimes, respectively. The proof is based on an energy method and bootstrap argument which are used to determine the decay rates of the perturbations away from the attractors.
description: Some minor typos are corrected in the new version
Variability of signal to noise ratio and the network analysis of gravitational wave burst signals
Creators: name: Mohanty, Soumya D.
name: Rakhmanov, Malik
name: Klimenko, Sergei
name: Mitselmakher, Guenakh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The detection and estimation of gravitational wave burst signals, with {\em a priori} unknown polarization waveforms, requires the use of data from a network of detectors. For determining how the data from such a network should be combined, approaches based on the maximum likelihood principle have proven to be useful. The most straightforward among these uses the global maximum of the likelihood over the space of all waveforms as both the detection statistic and signal estimator. However, in the case of burst signals, a physically counterintuitive situation results: for two aligned detectors the statistic includes the cross-correlation of the detector outputs, as expected, but this term disappears even for an infinitesimal misalignment. This {\em two detector paradox} arises from the inclusion of improbable waveforms in the solution space of maximization. Such waveforms produce widely different responses in detectors that are closely aligned. We show that by penalizing waveforms that exhibit large signal-to-noise ratio (snr) variability, as the corresponding source is moved on the sky, a physically motivated restriction is obtained that (i) resolves the two detector paradox and (ii) leads to a better performing statistic than the global maximum of the likelihood. Waveforms with high snr variability turn out to be precisely the ones that are improbable in the sense mentioned above. The coherent network analysis method thus obtained can be applied to any network, irrespective of the number or the mutual alignment of detectors.
description: 13 pages, 6 figures
On commutators of equivariant homeomorphisms
Creators: name: Rybicki, Tomasz
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 22A05, 57S05

description: The long-standing problem of the perfectness of the compactly supported equivariant homeomorphism group on a $G$-manifold (with one orbit type) is solved in the affirmative. The proof is based on an argument different than that for the case of diffeomorphisms. The theorem is a starting point for computing $H_1(\mathcal{H}_G(M))$ for more complicated $G$-manifolds.
description: 5 pages
THE REAL RATE OF PROTECTION: THE STABILIZING EFFECT OF PRICE POLICIES AND DIRECT PAYMENTS
Creators: name: Thompson, Stanley R.
name: Schmitz, P. Michael
name: Thompson, Stanley R.
name: Schmitz, P. Michael
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: Traditional indicators of protection refer to the level effect of price policies on income and ignore the stabilizing effect. We derive a measure of the real rate of protection which incorporates these dual dimensions. The income stabilizing effects of price policy protection lead to a greater level of real protection than would be measured conventionally. Computed real protection rates for the European Union wheat market over the pre- and post-MacSharry reform periods were found to be some 3-5 percent greater than traditional indicators. Moreover, the compensatory payments to farmers following the 1992 reforms had a major risk reducing impact.