title: Ð¡Ð½Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÑÑ Ð² ÑÐ¸Ð»ÑÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð° Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ðµ ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÑÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð´ÑÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½ÑÑ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ¹
title: Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ°
titleType: Subtitle
title: The insertion losses in filters based on transconductance amplifiers
Creators: name: ÐÐ¸Ð³Ð¼Ð°ÑÑÐ»Ð¸Ð½, ÐÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¼
Publisher: name: Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑ ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
Year: 2024
Subjects: Gm-C ÑÐ¸Ð»ÑÑÑÑ
Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÑÐµ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÑÐ¸
ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÑÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð´ÑÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ð¸
ÑÐ¸Ð»ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ð¶Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¾Ñ
Ð²ÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ðµ ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ
Ð°Ð¼Ð¿Ð»Ð¸ÑÑÐ´Ð½Ð¾-ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð°ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐµÑÐ¸ÑÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°
RLC Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð¿
Ð¸Ð¼Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ°ÑÐ¾ÑÑ
Gm-C filters
insertion loss
transconductance amplifiers
low-pass filter
output resistance
amplitude-frequency characteristic
RLC prototype
immitators

description: ÐÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ²ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð° Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸ÑÐºÑ Ð¸ Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð² ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÑÑ Ð² Gm-C ÑÐ¸Ð»ÑÑÑÐ°Ñ. ÐÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÐ¼Ð¸ Ð¸ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¸ Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÑÑ Ð² Gm-C ÑÐ¸Ð»ÑÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑÐ²Ð»ÑÑÑÑÑ RLC Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð¿ Ð¸ Ð¢Ð£. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÑÑ Ð¢Ð£ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÐ°ÑÐ¾ÑÐ½Ð¾ Ð²ÑÑÐ¾ÐºÐ¸Ð¼ Ð²ÑÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½ÑÐ¼ ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼. Ð£Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ðµ ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¢Ð£ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²ÑÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð°Ð¼Ð¸: Ð¿ÑÑÐµÐ¼ Ð¸ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°ÑÐºÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² Ð²ÑÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ ÐºÐ°ÑÐºÐ°Ð´Ðµ Ð¢Ð£ Ð¸ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¼ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ°ÑÐµÐ»ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ°Ð»Ð»ÐµÐ»ÑÐ½Ð¾ Ð²ÑÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¢Ð£. ÐÐ¾ÑÐµÑÐ¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÑÑÐ¸Ðµ RLC Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑÑÑ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¶Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑÐµÐ¼ ÑÐ²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÐ²Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¢Ð£ Ð¿ÑÐ¸ Ð¸ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸ Ð±Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð½ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ. Ð¢Ð°ÐºÐ¶Ðµ Ð² Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐµ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÐµÐ·ÑÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÐµÐ¼ Gm-C Ð¤ÐÐ§ 3-Ð³Ð¾ Ð¸ 5-Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ´ÐºÐ¾Ð² Ñ Ð´Ð²ÑÐ¼Ñ ÐµÐ¼ÐºÐ¾ÑÑÑÐ¼Ð¸ Ð¸ Ð´Ð²ÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð½Ð´ÑÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÐ¼Ð¸. ÐÑÐ¸ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ ÑÑÐµÐ¼ Ð½Ð° Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ°Ð»ÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐ»ÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÑÑ Ð² â 6 Ð´Ð. ÐÑÐ»Ð¸ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÐµÑÐµÐ½ÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¢Ð£ Ð¸ Gm-C Ð¤ÐÐ§ 5-Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ´ÐºÐ° Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð¹ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑÐºÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ 10 ÐÐÑ Ð½Ð° ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ðµ. ÐÑÐ¸ Ð¸ÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸ ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÐµÑÐµÐ½ÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¢Ð£ Ð²ÑÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ðµ ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ð»Ð¾ 51 ÐºÐÐ¼, Ð° Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÑÐµ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÑÐ¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÑÑÐ¸Ðµ Gm-C Ð¤ÐÐ§ 5-Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ´ÐºÐ° ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ -16,7 Ð´Ð. ÐÐ°ÑÐµÐ¼ Ð±ÑÐ»Ð° ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð° ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð° Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÐµÑÐµÐ½ÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¢Ð£ ÑÐ¾ ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÐ¼ ÐºÐ°ÑÐºÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¼. ÐÑÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ðµ ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹ ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ð»Ð¾ 523 ÐºÐÐ¼, Ð° Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÑÐµ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÑÐ¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÑÑÐ¸Ðµ Gm-C Ð¤ÐÐ§ 5-Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ´ÐºÐ° ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ -9.2 Ð´Ð.
description: This work is dedicated to the search and investigation of methods for reducing the introduced losses in Gm-C filters. The main sources of introduced losses in Gm-C filters are the RLC prototype and the transconductance amplifier (TA). To reduce the losses, the TA must have sufficiently high output resistance. It is proposed to increase the output resistance of the TA in two ways: by using a cascode configuration in the output stage of the TA and by placing a negative resistance in parallel with the TA output. The losses inherent to the RLC prototype are proposed to be reduced by increasing the value of the first TA when using a balanced circuit. This work also presents the results of simulations of 3rd and 5th order Gm-C low-pass filters with two capacitors and two inductors. When simulating these circuits with ideal elements, the introduced losses were found to be -6 dB. Differential TA and 5th order Gm-C low-pass filter circuits with a 10 MHz bandwidth based on it were considered. In the study of the differential TA circuit, the amplifiers output resistance was 51 kOhm, and the introduced losses inherent to the 5th order Gm-C low-pass filter were -16.7 dB. Then, a differential TA circuit with a folded cascode was considered. The output resistance of such a circuit was 523 kOhm, and the introduced losses inherent to the 5th order Gm-C low-pass filter were -9.2 dB.