cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic cosmologies containing isotropic background radiation
Creators: name: Carneiro, Saulo
name: Marugan, Guillermo A. Mena
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present an anisotropic cosmological model based on a new exact solution of Einstein equations. The matter content consists of an anisotropic scalar field minimally coupled to gravity and of two isotropic perfect fluids that represent dust matter and radiation. The spacetime is described by a spatially homogeneous, Bianchi type III metric with a conformal expansion. The model respects the evolution of the scale factor predicted by standard cosmology, as well as the isotropy of the cosmic microwave background. Remarkably, the introduction of the scalar field, apart from explaining the spacetime anisotropy, gives rise to an energy density that is close to the critical density. As a consequence, the model is quasiflat during the entire history of the universe. Using these results, we are also able to construct approximate solutions for shear-free cosmological models with rotation. We finally carry out a quantitative discussion of the validity of such solutions, showing that our approximations are acceptably good if the angular velocity of the universe is within the observational bounds derived from rotation of galaxies.
description: 12 pages, accepted for publication in Physical Review D
Lithodes longispina Sakai 1971
Creators: name: Castro, Peter
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Decapoda
Lithodidae
Lithodes
Lithodes longispina

description: Lithodes longispina Sakai, 1971
 Lithodes longispina Sakai, 1971: 11, figs. 2a, b, pl. 4, fig. 2, pl. 10, pl. 11, fig. 2 [type locality: Japan; holotype: KMNH NH109003; paratypes KMN NH109044, NH109049].
 Hawaiian Is. record:
 Lithodes longispina Sakai, 1971 — Chave & Malahoff 1998: table 1 [Hawai‘i].
 Remarks. The identity of the Hawaiian populations requires confirmation (S. Ahyong, personal communication).
 Taxonomy. Sakai (1976)
 Geographical distribution. Japan.
 Habitat. Bathyal, 550–1300 m.
description: Published as part of Castro, Peter, 2011, Catalog of the anomuran and brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura, Brachyura) of the Hawaiian Islands 2947, pp. 1-154 in Zootaxa 2947 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2947.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5283044
Direct and Indirect Effects based on Changes-in-Changes
Creators: name: Huber, Martin
name: Schelker, Mark
name: Strittmatter, Anthony
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Econometrics (econ.EM)
subject: General Economics (econ.GN)
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: We propose a novel approach for causal mediation analysis based on changes-in-changes assumptions restricting unobserved heterogeneity over time. This allows disentangling the causal effect of a binary treatment on a continuous outcome into an indirect effect operating through a binary intermediate variable (called mediator) and a direct effect running via other causal mechanisms. We identify average and quantile direct and indirect effects for various subgroups under the condition that the outcome is monotonic in the unobserved heterogeneity and that the distribution of the latter does not change over time conditional on the treatment and the mediator. We also provide a simulation study and an empirical application to the Jobs II programme.
Efficiency of Electron-Positron Pair Productionby Neutrino Flux from Accretion Disk of a Kerr Black Hole
Creators: name: Gvozdev, A. A.
name: Ognev, I. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Dominant processes of neutrino production and neutrino-induced \ep-pair production are examined in the model of a disk hyper-accreting onto a Kerr black hole. The efficiency of plasma production by a neutrino flux from the disk, obtained for the both cases of presence and absence of a magnetic field, is found to be no more than several tenths of percent and, therefore, not enough for the origin of cosmological gamma-ray bursts.
description: 8 pages, 1 figure
Challenges to agroecosystem management
Creators: name: Pert, P. L.
name: Boelee, Eline
name: Jarvis, D. I.
name: Coates, D.
name: Bindraban, P.
name: Barron, J.
name: Tharme, R. E.
name: Herrero, M.
name: Pert, P. L.
name: Boelee, Eline
name: Jarvis, D. I.
name: Coates, D.
name: Bindraban, P.
name: Barron, J.
name: Tharme, R. E.
name: Herrero, M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Food Security and Poverty
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Production Economics
subject: Public Economics
subject: Agroecosystems
subject: Food security
subject: Economic value
subject: Fisheries
subject: Livestock
subject: Land degradation
subject: Erosion
subject: Agricultural systems
subject: Agricultural production

description: In Boelee, Eline. (Ed.). Managing water and agroecosystems for food security. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Spectral function of a quarter-filled one-dimensional CDW insulator
Creators: name: Essler, Fabian H. L.
name: Tsvelik, Alexei M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider a one-dimensional charge density wave (CDW) insulator formed by Umklapp processes in a quarter-filled band. The spectrum of the model consists of gapless, uncharged excitations carrying spin $\pm 1/2$ (spinons) and gapped, spinless excitations carrying charge $\pm e/2$ (solitons and antisolitons). We calculate the low-energy behaviour of the single-electron Green's function at zero temperature. The spectral function exhibits a rather featureless scattering continuum of two solitons and many spinons. The theory predicts that the gap observed by Angle Resolved Photoemission (ARPES) is twice the activation gap in the dc conductivity. We comment on possible applications to ${\rm PrBa_2Cu_3O_7}$ and to the Bechgaard salts.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures, figures improved, references added
HELP: A catalogue of 170 million objects, selected at 0.36-4.5 $μ$m, from 1270 deg.$^{2}$ of prime extragalactic fields
Creators: name: Shirley, Raphael
name: Roehlly, Yannick
name: Hurley, Peter D
name: Buat, Veronique
name: Varillas, María del Carmen Campos
name: Duivenvoorden, Steven
name: Duncan, Kenneth J
name: Efstathiou, Andreas
name: Farrah, Duncan
name: Solares, Eduardo González
name: Małek, Katarzyna
name: Marchetti, Lucia
name: McCheyne, Ian
name: Papadopoulos, Andreas
name: Pons, Estelle
name: Scipioni, Roberto
name: Vaccari, Mattia
name: Oliver, Seb
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present an optical to near-infrared selected astronomical catalogue covering 1270 deg.$^2$. This is the first attempt to systematically combine data from 23 of the premier extragalactic survey fields - the product of a vast investment of telescope time. The fields are those imaged by the Herschel Space Observatory which form the Herschel Extragalactic Legacy Project (HELP). Our catalogue of 170 million objects is constructed by a positional cross match of 51 public surveys. This high resolution optical, near-infrared, and mid-infrared catalogue is designed for photometric redshift estimation, extraction of fluxes in lower resolution far-infrared maps, and spectral energy distribution modelling. It collates, standardises, and provides value added derived quantities including corrected aperture magnitudes and astrometry correction over the Herschel extragalactic wide fields for the first time. $grizy$ fluxes are available on all fields with $g$ band data reaching $5σ$ point-source depths in a 2 arcsec aperture of 23.5, 24.4, and 24.6 (AB) mag at the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, by area covered, across all HELP fields. It has $K$ or $K_s$ coverage over 1146 deg.$^2$ with depth percentiles of 20.2, 20.4, and 21.0 mag respectively. The IRAC Ch 1 band is available over 273 deg.$^2$ with depth percentiles of 17.7, 21.4, and 22.2 mag respectively. This paper defines the "masterlist" objects for the first data release (DR1) of HELP. This large sample of standardised total and corrected aperture fluxes, uniform quality flags, and completeness measures provides large well understood statistical samples over the full Herschel extragalactic sky.
Aniculus hopperae McLaughlin & Hoover 1996
Creators: name: Castro, Peter
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Decapoda
Diogenidae
Aniculus
Aniculus hopperae

description: Aniculus hopperae McLaughlin & Hoover, 1996
 Aniculus hopperae McLaughlin & Hoover, 1996: 299, figs. 1–3 [type locality: O‘ahu; holotype: USNM 275921; paratype: BPBM S11284].
 Additional Hawaiian Is. record:
 Aniculus hopperae McLaughlin & Hoover, 1996 — Hoover 2006: 251, color photograph [O‘ahu].
 Taxonomy. McLaughlin & Hoover (1996)
 Geographical distribution. Hawaiian Is., southeastern Pacific Ocean, Clipperton I. (Tropical Eastern Pacific region).
 Habitat. Shallow subtidal to 23 m.
description: Published as part of Castro, Peter, 2011, Catalog of the anomuran and brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura, Brachyura) of the Hawaiian Islands 2947, pp. 1-154 in Zootaxa 2947 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2947.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5283044
Modeling Long-Range Context for Concurrent Dialogue Acts Recognition
Creators: name: Yu, Yue
name: Peng, Siyao
name: Yang, Grace Hui
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Audio and Speech Processing (eess.AS)
subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Sound (cs.SD)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In dialogues, an utterance is a chain of consecutive sentences produced by one speaker which ranges from a short sentence to a thousand-word post. When studying dialogues at the utterance level, it is not uncommon that an utterance would serve multiple functions. For instance, "Thank you. It works great." expresses both gratitude and positive feedback in the same utterance. Multiple dialogue acts (DA) for one utterance breeds complex dependencies across dialogue turns. Therefore, DA recognition challenges a model's predictive power over long utterances and complex DA context. We term this problem Concurrent Dialogue Acts (CDA) recognition. Previous work on DA recognition either assumes one DA per utterance or fails to realize the sequential nature of dialogues. In this paper, we present an adapted Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network (CRNN) which models the interactions between utterances of long-range context. Our model significantly outperforms existing work on CDA recognition on a tech forum dataset.
description: Accepted to CIKM '19
Update on the Genetics of and Systemic Therapy Options for Combined Hepatocellular Cholangiocarcinoma
Creators: name: Azizi, Alexander A.
name: Hadjinicolaou, Andreas V.
name: Goncalves, Carla
name: Duckworth, Adam
name: Basu, Bristi
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2020
Subjects: Oncology
Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma
cHCC-ICC
cHCC-CCA
biphenotypic
primary liver cancer
genomics
systemic therapy

description: Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-ICC) is an uncommon and aggressive form of primary liver cancer. Currently, there are no international guidelines for optimal management. For localized tumors, radical resection represents the preferred treatment option, whereas for advanced tumors, systemic therapies recommended for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are often selected. Emerging information from comparative cohort studies, genomic and transcriptomic data sets are starting to build a case for rationalized approaches to systemic treatment in the advanced setting specific to cHCC-ICC.
Additional file 2 of Integrated analysis of microbiome and host transcriptome reveals correlations between gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma
Creators: name: Huang, Hechen
name: Ren, Zhigang
name: Gao, Xingxing
name: Hu, Xiaoyi
name: Zhou, Yuan
name: Jiang, Jianwen
name: Lu, Haifeng
name: Yin, Shengyong
name: Ji, Junfang
name: Zhou, Lin
name: Zheng, Shusen
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer

description: Additional file 2: Supplementary Table S1. Clinical phenotype information of individuals with HCC. Supplementary Table S2. Taxon annotation of 1296 OTUs from all samples. Supplementary Table S3. Fecal microbial diversity index in all samples. Supplementary Table S4. three hundred and ten OTUs from all samples. Supplementary Table S5. Clinical phenotype information of healthy participants. Supplementary Table S6. Clinical characteristics summary of all enrolled individuals. Supplementary Table S7. Different degree of phylum level (p value) in Healthy Control and HCC Group. Supplementary Table S8. Different degree of genera level (p value) in Healthy Control and HCC Group. Supplementary Table S9. The interrelationship between 16S OTU clusters of at genus level and taxonomic compositions (NCBI Taxonomy ID). Supplementary Table S10. fifty-six OTU-gene pairs filtered by FDR test of Pearson correlation between OTUs and genes. Supplementary Table S11. Pearson correlation-based analysis of clinical characteristics (all values) and gut microbiota (75 OTUs matched to Bacteroides & Lachnospiracea incertae sedis & Clostridium XIVa). Supplementary Table S12. Pearson correlation-based analysis of clinical characteristics (abnormal values) and gut microbiota (75 OTUs matched to Bacteroides & Lachnospiracea incertae sedis & Clostridium XIVa). Supplementary Table S13. Metabolites of gut microbes according to Virtual Metabolic Human database ( http://www.vmh.life ). Supplementary Table S14. The relative abundance of six OUT-markers in each sample. Supplementary Table S15. The corresponding bacterial genera of six OTU-markers. Supplementary Table S16. Stool form scale and stool moisture in all samples. (PDF 1380 kb)
An analysis of reading out the state of a charge quantum bit
Creators: name: Goan, Hsi-Sheng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We provide a unified picture for the master equation approach and the quantum trajectory approach to a measurement problem of a two-state quantum system (a qubit), an electron coherently tunneling between two coupled quantum dots (CQD's) measured by a low transparency point contact (PC) detector. We show that the master equation of ``partially'' reduced density matrix can be derived from the quantum trajectory equation (stochastic master equation) by simply taking a ``partial'' average over the all possible outcomes of the measurement. If a full ensemble average is taken, the traditional (unconditional) master equation of reduced density matrix is then obtained. This unified picture, in terms of averaging over (tracing out) different amount of detection records (detector states), for these seemingly different approaches reported in the literature is particularly easy to understand using our formalism. To further demonstrate this connection, we analyze an important ensemble quantity for an initial qubit state readout experiment, $P(N,t)$, the probability distribution of finding $N$ electrons that have tunneled through the PC barrier in time $t$. The simulation results of $P(N,t)$ using 10000 quantum trajectories and corresponding measurement records are, as expected, in very good agreement with those obtained from the Fourier analysis of the ``partially'' reduced density matrix. However, the quantum trajectory approach provides more information and more physical insights into the ensemble and time averaged quantity $P(N,t)$. Each quantum trajectory resembles a single history of the qubit state in a single run of the continuous measurement experiment. We finally discuss, in this approach, the possibility of reading out the state of the qubit system in a single-shot experiment.
description: replaced with version to be published in March 2003
A Projection Framework for Testing Shape Restrictions That Form Convex Cones
Creators: name: Fang, Zheng
name: Seo, Juwon
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Econometrics (econ.EM)
subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: Methodology (stat.ME)
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: This paper develops a uniformly valid and asymptotically nonconservative test based on projection for a class of shape restrictions. The key insight we exploit is that these restrictions form convex cones, a simple and yet elegant structure that has been barely harnessed in the literature. Based on a monotonicity property afforded by such a geometric structure, we construct a bootstrap procedure that, unlike many studies in nonstandard settings, dispenses with estimation of local parameter spaces, and the critical values are obtained in a way as simple as computing the test statistic. Moreover, by appealing to strong approximations, our framework accommodates nonparametric regression models as well as distributional/density-related and structural settings. Since the test entails a tuning parameter (due to the nonstandard nature of the problem), we propose a data-driven choice and prove its validity. Monte Carlo simulations confirm that our test works well.
description: This version contains the following sections omitted from the published version: i) discussions of the examples in the main text, ii) proofs for Appendix C (in the online appendix), and iii) the complete set of simulation results. A previous version of this paper was circulated under the title "A General Framework for Inference on Shape Restrictions."
The Redshift of the Lensed Object in the Einstein Ring B0218+357
Creators: name: Cohen, Judith G.
name: Lawrence, Charles R.
name: Blandford, Roger D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a secure redshift of z=0.944\pm0.002 for the lensed object in the Einstein ring gravitational lens B0218+357 based on five broad emission lines, in good agreement with our preliminary value announced several years ago based solely on the detection of a single emission line.
description: Accepted for publication in the ApJ
Foundation Grants to Rural Areas From 2005 to 2010: Trends and Patterns
Creators: name: Pender, John
name: Pender, John
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: Rural community development
subject: foundations
subject: philanthropic foundations
subject: foundation grants

description: Grants to U.S. rural-based organizations accounted for 5.5 percent of the real value of domestic grants by large foundations during 2005 to 2010, with a slight downward trend over the period. If grants to urban-based organizations for rural development, rural health, and agriculture are included, the estimated rural share of large-foundation grants increases to 6.2 percent. Using a random sample of 200 large-foundation grants in 2010 and excluding grants that served both urban and rural people, the share of these grants that primarily benefited rural people was 6.3 percent. Data on grants by smaller foundations reveal that 7.5 percent of the value of these grants in 2005 and 7.0 percent in 2009 was to rural-based organizations. Considering that the rural share of the U.S. population was 19 percent in 2010, these estimates suggest an urban focus of foundation grants. A similar conclusion is suggested by the geographic distribution of grants across counties. The average real value of grants from large foundations to organizations based in nonmetro counties from 2005 to 2010 was about $88 per capita (in 2010 dollars), less than half the average given to organizations in metro counties. The analysis found that differences in educational attainment and in the capacity of local nonprofit organizations account for a substantial share of the variation across counties in grants per capita. Other trends and patterns of foundation grants are also discussed in the report.
Dark Matter Spikes and Annihilation Radiation from the Galactic Center
Creators: name: Merritt, David
name: Milosavljevic, Milos
name: Verde, Licia
name: Jimenez, Raul
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The annihilation rate of weakly interacting cold dark matter particles at the galactic center could be greatly enhanced by the growth of a density spike around the central supermassive black hole (SBH). Here we discuss the effects of hierarchical mergers on the central spike. Mergers between halos containing SBHs lead to the formation of SBH binaries which transfer energy to the dark matter particles, lowering their density. The predicted flux of annihiliation photons from the galactic center is several orders of magnitude smaller than in models that ignore the effects of SBHs and mergers. Measurement of the annihilation radiation could in principle be used to constrain the merger history of the galaxy.
description: 4 pages, 3 postscript figures, uses revtex4.sty
Additional file 3 of Integrated analysis of microbiome and host transcriptome reveals correlations between gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma
Creators: name: Huang, Hechen
name: Ren, Zhigang
name: Gao, Xingxing
name: Hu, Xiaoyi
name: Zhou, Yuan
name: Jiang, Jianwen
name: Lu, Haifeng
name: Yin, Shengyong
name: Ji, Junfang
name: Zhou, Lin
name: Zheng, Shusen
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer

description: Additional file 3. Supplementary Methods (including detailed custom code and mathematical algorithm).
Spatio-Temporal FAST 3D Convolutions for Human Action Recognition
Creators: name: Stergiou, Alexandros
name: Poppe, Ronald
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Effective processing of video input is essential for the recognition of temporally varying events such as human actions. Motivated by the often distinctive temporal characteristics of actions in either horizontal or vertical direction, we introduce a novel convolution block for CNN architectures with video input. Our proposed Fractioned Adjacent Spatial and Temporal (FAST) 3D convolutions are a natural decomposition of a regular 3D convolution. Each convolution block consist of three sequential convolution operations: a 2D spatial convolution followed by spatio-temporal convolutions in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively. Additionally, we introduce a FAST variant that treats horizontal and vertical motion in parallel. Experiments on benchmark action recognition datasets UCF-101 and HMDB-51 with ResNet architectures demonstrate consistent increased performance of FAST 3D convolution blocks over traditional 3D convolutions. The lower validation loss indicates better generalization, especially for deeper networks. We also evaluate the performance of CNN architectures with similar memory requirements, based either on Two-stream networks or with 3D convolution blocks. DenseNet-121 with FAST 3D convolutions was shown to perform best, giving further evidence of the merits of the decoupled spatio-temporal convolutions.
Multiple Myeloma Dispensing Models: Effective Practices to Improve Care Delivery and the Patient Experience
Creators: name: ACCC Advisory Committee
Publisher: name: University of Illinois at Chicago
Year: 2021
Subjects: Uncategorized

description: The Association of Community Cancer Centers (ACCC) Oncology Pharmacy Education Network (OPEN) has conducted a Multiple Myeloma Dispensing Models education program to understand how the current dispensing landscape is affecting delivery of oral therapies for patients with Multiple Myeloma. To better understand the impact on providers and patients, this publication features real-world case studies from three cancer programs that analyze and summarize their existing dispensing models and practices in caring for patients with multiple myeloma. The publication addresses the dispensing of oral oncolytics in relation to:Timeliness and effectivenessReimbursement and prior authorizations Multidisciplinary team communication and coordinationProvider-to-patient communication and shared decision-makingKey roles of internal and external team members supporting the model and efficienciesMethods of data capture and measurement Designed with all members of the multidisciplinary care team in mind, this publication offers how-to strategies to effectively achieve the safe, timely delivery of oral therapies to this patient population.
(Un)informed Consent: Studying GDPR Consent Notices in the Field
Creators: name: Utz, Christine
name: Degeling, Martin
name: Fahl, Sascha
name: Schaub, Florian
name: Holz, Thorsten
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Since the adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in May 2018 more than 60 % of popular websites in Europe display cookie consent notices to their visitors. This has quickly led to users becoming fatigued with privacy notifications and contributed to the rise of both browser extensions that block these banners and demands for a solution that bundles consent across multiple websites or in the browser. In this work, we identify common properties of the graphical user interface of consent notices and conduct three experiments with more than 80,000 unique users on a German website to investigate the influence of notice position, type of choice, and content framing on consent. We find that users are more likely to interact with a notice shown in the lower (left) part of the screen. Given a binary choice, more users are willing to accept tracking compared to mechanisms that require them to allow cookie use for each category or company individually. We also show that the wide-spread practice of nudging has a large effect on the choices users make. Our experiments show that seemingly small implementation decisions can substantially impact whether and how people interact with consent notices. Our findings demonstrate the importance for regulation to not just require consent, but also provide clear requirements or guidance for how this consent has to be obtained in order to ensure that users can make free and informed choices.
description: 18 pages, 6 figures, 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS '19), November 11-15, 2019, London, United Kingdom
Energy Landscape for the Membrane Fusion Pathway in Influenza A Hemagglutinin From Discrete Path Sampling
Creators: name: Burke, David F.
name: Mantell, Rosemary G.
name: Pitt, Catherine E.
name: Wales, David J.
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2020
Subjects: Chemistry
energy landscape
rare event algorithms
influenza
membrane fusion
discrete path sampling

description: The conformational change associated with membrane fusion for Influenza A Hemagglutinin is investigated with a model based upon pre- and post-fusion structures of the HA2 component. We employ computational methods based on the potential energy landscape framework to obtain an initial path connecting these two end points, which provides the starting point for refinement of a kinetic transition network. Here we employ discrete path sampling, which provides access to the experimental time and length scales via geometry optimization techniques to identify local minima and the transition states that connect them. We then analyse the distinct phases of the predicted pathway in terms of structure and energetics, and compare with available experimental data and previous simulations. Our results provide the foundations for future work, which will address the effect of mutations, changes in pH, and incorporation of additional components, especially the HA1 chain and the fusion peptide.
Aniculus maximus Edmondson 1952
Creators: name: Castro, Peter
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Decapoda
Diogenidae
Aniculus
Aniculus maximus

description: Aniculus maximus Edmondson, 1952
 Aniculus maximus Edmondson, 1952: 79, figs. 7, 8 [type locality: H.I. (O‘ahu); holotype: BPBM S5639].
 Additional Hawaiian Is. records:
 Aniculus maximus Edmondson, 1952 — Tinker 1965: 56, pl. 16 [H.I.]. — Forest 1984: 61, figs. 14, 22, 59–61 [O‘ahu, Hawai‘i]. — Fielding & Robinson 1987: 78, color photographs [H.I.]. — Hoover 2006: 252, color photograph [Kaua‘i].
 Taxonomy. Forest (1984)
 Geographical distribution. Across Indo-West Pacific region
 Habitat. Subtidal to 150 m.
description: Published as part of Castro, Peter, 2011, Catalog of the anomuran and brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura, Brachyura) of the Hawaiian Islands 2947, pp. 1-154 in Zootaxa 2947 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2947.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5283044
Ising thin films with modulations and surface defects
Creators: name: Selke, W.
name: Pleimling, M.
name: Peschel, I.
name: Kaulke, M.
name: Chung, M. -C.
name: Catrein, D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Condensed Matter (cond-mat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Properties of magnetic films are studied in the framework of Ising models. In particular, we discuss critical phenomena of ferromagnetic Ising films with straight lines of magnetic adatoms and straight steps on the surface as well as phase diagrams of the axial next-nearest neighbour Ising (ANNNI) model for thin films exhibiting various spatially modulated phases.
description: 6 pages, 4 figures included
On the supersymmetric solutions of the Heterotic Superstring effective action
Creators: name: Fontanella, Andrea
name: Ortin, Tomas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider the effective action of the Heterotic Superstring to first order in alpha prime and derive the necessary and sufficient conditions that a field configuration has to satisfy in order to admit at least one Killing spinor using the spinor bilinear method and making minimal coordinate and frame choices. As a previous step in this derivation, we compute the complete spinor bilinear algebra using the Fierz identities, obtaining as a by-product the algebra satisfied by the Spin(7) structure contained in the bilinears in an arbitrary basis. We find the relations existing between the left-hand-sides of the bosonic equations of motion evaluated on supersymmetric field configurations using the Killing Spinor Identities instead of the (far more complicated) integrability conditions of the Killing Spinor Equations as it is common in the literature. We show how to include the Kalb-Ramond's Bianchi identity in the Killing Spinor Identities.
description: LaTeX2e file, 49 pages, no figures. An error in the derivation of necessary conditions for unbroken supersymmetry and a few typos have been corrected
Tax Policies, Agriculture and the Environment
Creators: name: Miller, Steven
name: Miller, Steven
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Fresh cucumbers
subject: picking cucumbers
subject: industry statistics
subject: market conditions

description: This paper reviews agricultural tax policies, with particular emphasis on Michigan, that have potential implication to environmental outcomes. In this, non‐environmental tax policies are considered that may impact environmental outcomes through secondary channels. Such channels are discussed along with possible policy implications.
Black Holes with Less Entropy Than A/4
Creators: name: Page, Don N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: One can increase one-quarter the area of a black hole, A/4, to exceed the total thermodynamic entropy, S, by surrounding the hole with a perfectly reflecting shell and adiabatically squeezing it inward. A/4 can be made to exceed S by a factor of order unity before the shell enters the Planck regime, though practical limitations are much more restrictive. One interpretation is that the black hole entropy resides in its thermal atmosphere, and the shell restricts the atmosphere so that its entropy is less than A/4.
description: 26 pages, LaTeX, no figures, accepted 2001 Sept. 25 for Phys. Rev. D. Comments added on ineffective reflection of gravitational radiation
Targeting Knife-Enabled Homicides for Preventive Policing: A Stratified Resource Allocation Model
Creators: name: Harinam, Vincent
name: Sherman, Lawrence W.
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2020
Subjects: Scientific Communication
Preventive policing
Homicide
Weapons
“Wedding cake” graphics

description: Funder: University of Cambridge
description: Abstract: Research Question: How can police translate differing risk levels for knife homicide into a resource allocation model that follows the evidence? Data: The data for this publication are taken from the open access tables published in this journal by Massey et al. Cambridge Journal of Evidence-Based Policing, 3:1-20, (2019). Those data show the linear relationship between the number of non-fatal knife assaults in a lower super output area (LSOA) in 1 year and the risk of a knife-enable homicide in the subsequent year, as well as how many of the 4835 LSOAs fell into each of five levels of increasing homicide risk. Methods: The data from Massey’s research are re-calculated to show how a hypothetical number of 15-min police patrols could be allocated across all areas on the basis of a combination of knife-enabled (KE) homicide risk level and the volume of LSOAs at each of the five levels of knife homicide risk. We display these results using both tables and multi-layered “wedding cake” images to show the size of different dimensions of each level, including proportion of total homicides and directed patrol frequency per LSOA at each of the five risk levels. Findings: Based on the hypothetical allocation of 10,000 patrol visits of 15 min in length, the highest risk group, with a forecasted 6% of all KE homicides, would receive 600 police patrols, divided by the 41 LSOAs at that risk level = 15 patrols across every 10 days. At the lowest level of risk, the 2787 LSOAs would share the 3000 patrols that a group of LSOAs would recieve for having 30% of homicides, which equals 1.1 patrols every 10 days. The hypothetical premise is that every LSOA gets some patrol, but the highest risk areas get 15 times more patrol to follow the evidence of risk. The formula is to (1) allocate resources by proportion of homicide at each risk level; (2) divide the allocated resources by the number of areas in each risk level group; and (3) allocate the resulting resources per day to each area in each of the 5 levels. Conclusion: Police face difficult tradeoffs between targeting more policing to fewer areas of higher risk (with more efficiency) or to more areas of lower risk (with more effectiveness). The use of a formula combining risk and volume can help guide such decisions, illustrated by a layered “wedding cake” visualization for gaining clarity and legitimacy in communications.
Two-fluid matter-quintessence FLRW models: energy transfer and the equation of state of the universe
Creators: name: Gromov, A.
name: Baryshev, Yu.
name: Teerikorpi, P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent observations support the view that the universe is described by a FLRW model with $Ω_m^0 \approx 0.3$, $Ω_Λ^0 \approx 0.7$, and $w \leq -1/3$ at the present epoch. There are several theoretical suggestions for the cosmological $Λ$ component and for the particular form of the energy transfer between this dark energy and matter. This gives a strong motive for a systematic study of general properties of two-fluid FLRW models. We consider a combination of one perfect fluid, which is quintessence with negative pressure ($p_Q = wε_Q$), and another perfect fluid, which is a mixture of radiation and/or matter components with positive pressure ($p = βε_m$), which define the associated one-fluid model ($p = γε$). We introduce a useful classification which contains 4 classes of models defined by the presence or absence of energy transfer and by the stationarity ($w = const.$ and $β= const.$) or/and non stationarity ($w$ or $β$ time dependent) of the equations of state. It is shown that, for given $w$ and $β$, the energy transfer defines $γ$ and, therefore, the total gravitating mass and dynamics of the model. We study important examples of two-fluid FLRW models within the new classification. The behaviour of the energy content, gravitating mass, pressure, and the energy transfer are given as functions of the scale factor. We point out three characteristic scales, $a_E$, $a_{\cal P}$ and $a_{\cal M}$, which separate periods of time in which quintessence energy, pressure and gravitating mass dominate. Each sequence of the scales defines one of 6 evolution types.
Estimating the Enduring Effects of Fertilizer Subsidies on Commercial Fertilizer Demand and Maize Production: Panel Data Evidence from Malawi
Creators: name: Ricker-Gilbert, Jacob
name: Jayne, T.S.
name: Ricker-Gilbert, Jacob
name: Jayne, T.S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: International Development
subject: Malawi
subject: input subsidies
subject: enduring effects

description: Most studies of input subsidy programs confine their analysis to measuring contemporaneous program effects. This article estimates the potential longer run or enduring effects of fertilizer subsidy programs on commercial purchases of fertilizer and farmers’ maize production over time. We use four waves of panel data on 462 farm households in Malawi for whom fertilizer use can be tracked for eight consecutive seasons between 2003/04 and 2010/11. Panel estimation methods are used to control for potential endogeneity of subsidized fertilizer. Farmers acquiring subsidized fertilizer in three consecutive prior years are found to purchase slightly more commercial fertilizer in the next year. This suggests a small amount of crowding in of commercial fertilizer from the receipt of subsidized fertilizer in prior years. Acquiring subsidized fertilizer in one year has a modest positive impact on increasing maize output in the same year. However, acquiring subsidized fertilizer in prior years generates no statistically significant effect on maize output in the current year. The findings indicate that potential enduring effects of the Malawi fertilizer subsidy programs are limited. Additional interventions that increase soil fertility are needed to raise maize to fertilizer response rates. Doing so can make using inorganic fertilizer more profitable and sustainable for smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa, and increase the efficiency of input subsidy programs.
Calcinus isabellae Poupin 1997
Creators: name: Castro, Peter
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Malacostraca
Decapoda
Diogenidae
Calcinus
Calcinus isabellae

description: Calcinus isabellae Poupin, 1997
 Calcinus isabellae Poupin, 1997b: 698, figs. 2e, 3f, 5a–b, 7c [type locality: Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia); holotype: MNHN- Pg5470].
 Hawaiian Is. record:
 Calcinus isabellae Poupin, 1997: Hazlett 2009: 765 [Hawai‘i].
 Taxonomy. Poupin (1997b)
 Geographical distribution. Tropical Pacific Ocean.
 Habitat. Shallow subtidal.
description: Published as part of Castro, Peter, 2011, Catalog of the anomuran and brachyuran crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura, Brachyura) of the Hawaiian Islands 2947, pp. 1-154 in Zootaxa 2947 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2947.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5283044
Non-Bayesian Activity Detection, Large-Scale Fading Coefficient Estimation, and Unsourced Random Access with a Massive MIMO Receiver
Creators: name: Fengler, Alexander
name: Haghighatshoar, Saeid
name: Jung, Peter
name: Caire, Giuseppe
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Information Theory (cs.IT)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In this paper, we study the problem of user activity detection and large-scale fading coefficient estimation in a random access wireless uplink with a massive MIMO base station with a large number $M$ of antennas and a large number of wireless single-antenna devices (users). We consider a block fading channel model where the $M$-dimensional channel vector of each user remains constant over a coherence block containing $L$ signal dimensions in time-frequency. In the considered setting, the number of potential users $K_\text{tot}$ is much larger than $L$ but at each time slot only $K_a<
description: 58 pages, 9 figures, v2: added references, minor corrections and edits, extended section 5, v3: some corrections in Appendix B
Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy in BaRuO$_3$ systems
Creators: name: Lee, Y. S.
name: Noh, T. W.
name: Park, J. H.
name: Lee, K. -B.
name: Cao, G.
name: Crow, J. E.
name: Lee, M. K.
name: Eom, C. B.
name: Oh, E. J.
name: Yang, In-Sang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigated the temperature-dependence of the Raman spectra of a nine-layer BaRuO$_3$ single crystal and a four-layer BaRuO$_3$ epitaxial film, which show pseudogap formations in their metallic states. From the polarized and depolarized spectra, the observed phonon modes are assigned properly according to the predictions of group theory analysis. In both compounds, with decreasing temperature, while $A_{1g}$ modes show a strong hardening, $E_g$ (or $E_{2g}$) modes experience a softening or no significant shift. Their different temperature-dependent behaviors could be related to a direct Ru metal-bonding through the face-sharing of RuO$_6$. It is also observed that another $E_{2g}$ mode of the oxygen participating in the face-sharing becomes split at low temperatures in the four layer BaRuO$_3 $. And, the temperature-dependence of the Raman continua between 250 $\sim $ 600 cm$^{-1}$ is strongly correlated to the square of the plasma frequency. Our observations imply that there should be a structural instability in the face-shared structure, which could be closely related to the pseudogap formation of BaRuO$_3$ systems.
description: 8 pages, 6 figures. to be published in Phys. Rev. B
Observation of the Stimulated Quantum Cherenkov Effect
Creators: name: Nehemia, Saar
name: Dahan, Raphael
name: Shentcis, Michael
name: Reinhardt, Ori
name: Adiv, Yuval
name: Wang, Kangpeng
name: Beer, Orr
name: Kurman, Yaniv
name: Shi, Xihang
name: Lynch, Morgan H.
name: Kaminer, Ido
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: As charged particles surpass the speed of light in an optical medium they produce radiation - analogously to the way jet planes surpass the speed of sound and produce a sonic boom. This radiation emission, known as the Cherenkov effect, is among the most fundamental processes in electrodynamics. As such, it is used in numerous applications of particle detectors, particle accelerators, light sources, and medical imaging. Surprisingly, all Cherenkov-based applications and experiments thus far were fully described by classical electrodynamics even though theoretical work predicts new Cherenkov phenomena coming from quantum electrodynamics. The quantum description could provide new possibilities for the design of highly controllable light sources and more efficient accelerators and detectors. Here, we provide a direct evidence of the quantum nature of the Cherenkov effect and reveal its intrinsic quantum features. By satisfying the Cherenkov condition for relativistic electron wavefunctions and maintaining it over hundreds of microns, each electron simultaneously accelerates and decelerates by absorbing and emitting hundreds of photons in a coherent manner. We observe this strong interaction in an ultrafast transmission electron microscope, achieving for the first time a phase-matching between a relativistic electron wavefunction and a propagating light wave. Consequently, the quantum wavefunction of each electron evolves into a coherent plateau, analogous to a frequency comb in ultrashort laser pulses, containing hundreds of quantized energy peaks. Our findings prove that the delocalized wave nature of electrons can become dominant in stimulated interactions. In addition to prospects for known applications of the Cherenkov effect, our work provides a platform for utilizing quantum electrodynamics for applications in electron microscopy and in free-electron pump-probe spectroscopy.
description: 15 pages, 4 figures