Xestaspis parmata Thorell 1890
Creators: name: Suzuki, Yuya
name: Hidaka, Ryota
name: Tatsuta, Haruki
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Oonopidae
Xestaspis
Xestaspis parmata

description: Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890
[New Japanese Name: Nettai-Danigumo]
Fig. 2
Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890: p.391, female syntypes from Sumatra, Indonesia; not examined.
See the World Spider Catalog (2023) for the complete taxonomic list.
Materials examined. Okinoerabu Is. (Kagoshima Pref.): 2 males 2 females, Masana (27°22’16.2”N, 128°31’30.4”E), China Town, Ōshima District, 9-XII-2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Okinawa Is. (Okinawa Pref.): 1 male 1 female, besides Naha Port Facility, Kakinohana Town (26°12’19.8”N, 127°40’04.0”E), Naha City, 26-II-2022, Y. Suzuki leg. Kume Is. (Okinawa Pref.): 1 male 2 females, Ifu Beach, Higa (26°19’53.7”N, 126°48’33.2”E), Kumejima Town, Shimajiri District, 3-XII-2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Tarama Is. (Okinawa Pref.): 1 female, Shiokawa (24°38’41.8”N, 124°43’00.7”E), Tarama Village, Miyako District, Okinawa Pref., 18-XI-2021, Y. Suzuki leg. Iriomote Is. (Okinawa Pref.): 2 females (1 female: NSMT-Ar 21908), Haiminaka (24°17’31.1”N, 123°52’25.6”E), Taketomi Town, Yaeyama District, 20-III-2019, Y. Suzuki leg. Yonaguni Is. (Okinawa Pref.): 1 male (NSMT-Ar 21907), Yonaguni (24°27’03.3”N, 122°57’29.2”E), Yonaguni Town, Yaeyama District, 15-X-2021 Y. Suzuki leg.
Diagnosis. This species resembles X. loricata (L. Koch, 1873) in the morphology of male palp, but can clearly be distinguished by internal female genitalia: globular appendix (gap) shorter and thicker, posterior margin of A1 exceeds that of globular appendix in X. parmata (Fig. 2L, R; also see Fig. 5D in Tong & Li 2009; Fig. 3G, H in Burger 2011).
Description. Based on a male and a female specimen from Yonaguni and Iriomote Islands.
Male (NSMT-Ar 21907). Carapace almost oval, longer than wide. Palp (Figs. 2D–F, M–O): distal tip of palpal bulb branched into two long processes, shorter one (arrow 1 in Figs. 9, 17, 18) referred to as “conductor” in Burger (2011) and Eichenberger et al. (2012); longer one bifurcate with one part twisted (referred to as “median apophysis” in Eichenberger et al. 2012; arrows 2 in Fig. 2E, F, M–O) and the other part with blunt and membranous tip (referred to as “embolus” in Eichenberger et al. 2012; arrows 3 in Fig. 2E, F, M–O). Abdomen oval, longer than wide, surface smooth, dorsum and venter covered with large scuta. Coloration (Fig. 2A–C): carapace, palps and abdomen reddish orange, legs pale yellowish brown, lacking annulations. Abdomen lacking markings.
Measurements. BL 2.25, CL 0.96, CW 0.80, CH 0.43. Eye size: ALE 0.099, PME 0.087, PLE 0.073. Leg length: leg I, 0.60 + 0.33 + 0.46 + 0.37 + 0.25 = 2.00; leg II, 0.59 + 0.31 + 0.45 + 0.36 + 0.21 = 1.92; leg III, 0.43 + 0.30 + 0.33 + 0.33 + 0.26 = 1.65; leg IV, 0.68 + 0.27 + 0.50 + 0.55 + 0.25 = 2.24. AL 1.25, AW 0.92, AH 0.54.
Female (NSMT-Ar 21908). Carapace and abdomen as same as those of the male. Posterior side of ventral scutum of abdomen with upper scutuml ridge, paired scutuml ridges and book lung covers (Fig. 2J, P). Genitalia (Fig. 2L, R): external genitalia lacking characteristic structures; Vulva: globular appendix winding, A1 and A3 well developed, A2 shallow. Coloration (Fig. 3A): same as male.
Measurements. BL 2.61, CL 1.05, CW 0.82, CH 0.44. Eye size: ALE 0.106, PME 0.100, PLE 0.072, Leg length: leg I, 0.76 + 0.35 + 0.50 + 0.5 + 0.22 = 2.35; leg II, 0.70 + 0.36 + 0.49 + 0.49 + 0.25 = 2.30; leg III, 0.59 + 0.29 + 0.37 + 0.30 + 0.19 = 1.74; leg IV, 0.78 + 0.32 + 0.45 + 0.60 + 0.29 = 2.45. AL 1.54, AW 1.15, AH 0.74.
See Saaristo (2001), Burger (2011) and Brescovit et al. (2019) for further details.
Remarks. This species was originally described by Thorell (1890) based on a female specimen obtained from Sumatra, Indonesia. Brescovit et al. (2019) examined type specimens of Gamasomorpha bipeltis Thorell, 1895, G. insularis Simon, 1907, G. lutzi Petrunkevitch, 1929, and considered them as junior synonyms of X. parmata.Another similar species is G. lalana Suman, 1965, described in Hawaii and recorded only once in the Ogasawara Islands, Japan after its original description (Ono 2009). This species particularly resembles X. parmata, especially in the morphology of the male palp (Fig. 2M–O vs. Suman 1965: Figs. 24, 25). Further examination of their morphology, including female internal genitalia, and molecular analysis are required to assess their taxonomic relationships.
For etymology of the new Japanese name, see the remarks section of the genus Xestaspis.
Distribution. Myanmar, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Lombok). Introduced to USA to Panama, Caribbean, Venezuela, Brazil, Madeira, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), S„o Tomé and Príncipe, St. Helena, Mauritius, Seychelles, Yemen, Japan (the Nansei Islands). See also Fig. 11 and Table 2 for details of distribution in the Nansei Islands.
Habitat. In Japan, this species was collected from litter layers and soils at coastlines, croplands, grasslands and secondary forest floors.
description: Published as part of Suzuki, Yuya, Hidaka, Ryota & Tatsuta, Haruki, 2023, Revision of goblin spiders (Araneae: Oonopidae) in the Nansei Islands, Southwest Japan, with description of a new species, pp. 216-242 in Zootaxa 5323 (2) on pages 221-223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5323.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8204188