Metahomaloptera longicauda Yang, Chen & Yang, 2007, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Yang, Jian
name: Chen, Xiaoyong
name: Yang, Junxing
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Cypriniformes
Balitoridae
Metahomaloptera
Metahomaloptera longicauda

description: Metahomaloptera longicauda sp. nov.
(Fig. 1)
Type material. Holotype: KIZ 20060304, 41.9 mm SL, Chuanhedong village, Deze town, Zhanyi County, Yunnan Province, China; 25° 54' 9.4'' N, 103° 34' 49.5'' E; 2 Dec. 2006; J Yang, B Yang.
Paratypes: KIZ 20060305, 36.9 mm SL, 1 ex. Same data as holotype, KIZ 20060306, 43.5 mm SL, 1 ex. Tuole village, Zhanyi County, Yunnan Province, China; 25° 41' 28.2'' N, 103° 33' 01.5'' E; 1 Dec. 2006; J Yang, B Yang. KIZ 603672, 38.4 mm SL, 1 ex. Fumin, Yunnan Province, China.
Diagnosis. Metahomaloptera longicauda is distinguished from M. omeiensis omeiensis in dorsal fin inserting before the middle of body (vs. dorsal fin inserting in the middle of body), having a longer pectoral fin (expending beyond the dorsal-fin origin vs. not), anal fin far from caudal-fin base (vs. anal fin reaching base of caudal fin), pelvic fin reaching or expending beyond anus (vs. pelvic fin far from anus), head narrow (head width 19.4–22.6% SL, vs. 22.7–30.2), pre-anal length 69.0–74.3% SL (vs. 80.7–87.4), having a longer (17.1–20.7% SL vs. 8.4–11.9) and more slender (caudal-peduncle depth 33.7–43.1% caudal-peduncle length vs. 62.7–87.6) caudal peduncle, eye small (eye diameter 14.6–16.6% HL vs. 16.7–23.9), mouth wide (mouth width 63.2–75.5% body width at pectoral-fin origin vs. 30.3–42.3). Metahomaloptera longicauda can be further distinguished from M. omeiensis hangshuiensis in having fewer blackish blotches along the median dorsal line from occipital region to base of caudal (8–9 vs. 10–15), a longer pectoral fin (expending beyond the dorsal-fin origin vs. not), more lateral-line scale rows (66–78 vs. 59–63), fewer branched pectoral rays (11–15 vs. 16–18), fewer branched pelvic rays (10–12 vs. 13–15), a longer (17.1–20.7% SL vs. 7.1–10) and more slender (caudal peduncle depth 33.7–43.1% caudal peduncle length vs. 76.9–111.1) caudal peduncle.
Description. Biometric comparisons of M. longicauda and M. omeiensis omeiensis are presented in Table 1. Ventral view of head of M. longicauda is presented in Figure 2. Body elongate and compressed; head longer than width at pectoral-fin origin. Snout spatulate and broad; snout longer than half of head, 3–4 times eye diameter. Numerous small white tubercles on dorsal surface of head. Anterior and posterior nostrils closely situated; anterior nostril in short tubular flap. Eye small, 1/6 of head length; eye diameter slightly shorter than gill opening. Interorbital width shorter than snout length and less than 1/2 of head length. Gill opening very small, crescent-shaped, and situated entirely above base of pectoral fin. Mouth inferior, wide, and crescentshaped; corner of mouth almost reaching pectoral-fin origin. Mouth with four pairs of barbels, rostral fold with four notches to accommodate rostral barbels, a fleshy lobe between two neighboring notches, and the inner fleshy lobe larger than the lateral two. Four rostral barbels of equal length. Fleshy lobe enlarged between rostral and maxillary barbels. Rostral fold and upper lip separated by shallow groove; upper lip with single row of papillae and continuous with lower lip at mouth corner. Maxillary barbels at corner of mouth; inner pair of barbels shorter and more slender than outer pair. Lower lip plain and thin. Jaws with sharp largely exposed horny edge. Lower jaw with radial ridges on surface.
Dorsal-fin origin located before middle of body with iii,8 rays. Dorsal-fin margin straight. Base of dorsal fin shorter than head length. Pectoral fin with 13 simple and 11–15 branched rays; fin expanded and inserted vertical of nostrils. Tip of pectoral fin overlapping anterior part of pelvic fin and extending beyond vertical origin of dorsal fin. Pelvic fin with 8–9 simple and 10–12 branched rays. Pelvic-fin origin anterior to vertical of dorsal-fin origin. Pelvic fins fused posteriorly; posterior edge reaching or extending beyond anus and far from anal fin. Expanded muscular band present above pelvic-fin base. Anal fin with ii,5 rays and far from caudal-fin base. Anus closer to anal-fin origin than to posterior edge of pelvic-fin base. Caudal fin shallowly emarginated; lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe. Body covered with tiny cycloid scales. Lateral line complete, straight and with 66–78 scales.
Coloration. After fixed in 10% formalin and storage in 75% ethanol, body is dark grey. Median dorsal line with 8–9 blackish blotches from occipital region to base of caudal fin; 2–3 blotches anterior to dorsal-fin origin and 5–6 posterior to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin rays dark grey with two blackish bands. Caudal and anal fins with one wide vertical blackish band.
Distribution. Presently known from the Niulan Jiang River and the Pudu River (tributaries of the lower Jinsha River) (Fig. 3).
Habitat and ecology. In Tuole (Niulan Jiang River), the river is clear and fast flowing, 8–20 m wide, 0.5– 2 m deep, and with a pH 6.0. The river substrate is sand, cobbles and boulders. Metahomaloptera longicauda was collected in the rapid water amongst boulders. Other fishes found in the same locality include Discogobio yunnanensis (Cyprinidae), Abbottina rivularis (Cyprinidae), Pseudorasbora parvus (Cyprinidae), Beafortia szechuanensis (Balitoridae), Sinogastromyzon dezeensis (Balitoridae), Triplophysa grahami (Balitoridae), Schistura fasciolata (Balitoridae) and Liobagrus marginatus (Amblycipitidae). In Deze (downstream of Tuole,), the habitat is the same as that at Tuole, but more speceis coexist with M. longicauda. Those include the species listed above and Carassius auratus auratus (Cyprinidae), Pseudogyrincheilus procheilus (Cyprinidae), Rhinogobius brunneus (Gobiidae), Rhodeus ocellatus (Cyprinidae) and Paracobitis variegatus variegatus (Balitoridae).
Etymology. A noun from the Latin longus, meaning long, and caudal, meaning the tail of an animal, in reference to the species having a longer caudal peduncle when compared with M. oemeiensis omeiensis and M. oemeiensis hangshuiensis.
Discussion. To date, only one species containing two subspecies is considered valid in Metahomaloptera (Chen & Tang, 2000; Tang & Chen, 2000), viz. M. omeiensis omeiensis Chang, 1944, M. omeiensis hangshuiensis Xie, Yang & Gong, 1984. The description of M. longicauda raises the number of known species in the genus to two. The significantly longer caudal peduncle and wider mouth of M. longicauda easily distinguishes it from M. omeiensis omeiensis (Figs. 4, 5).
Metahomaloptera is is restricted to the lower Jinsha River (the name the Yangtse River in Yunnan Province) and the upper Yangtse River (Sichuan, Shanxi and Hubei Province) (Fig. 3). The distribution of M. omeiensis hangshuiensis is desctibed by Chen & Tang (2000) as the Hanshui River. Chang (1944) indicated that the rudimentary nature of the gill-opening in Metahomaloptera must be of generic significance, and Metahomaloptera is obviously more specialized and advanced than Sinogastromyzon. Chen (1980) discussed the phylogenetic position of Metahomaloptera based on an osteological study, corroborated the hypothesis of Chang (1944) that Metahomaloptera is more specialized and advanced than Sinogastromyzon. Metahomloptera is adapted to fast-flowing streams, and many of the morphological features are adaptations to the special environment. Notable adaptations includes those of the mouth, pelvic fin, maxillary barbels and gillopening, and the depressed body and head. These specialized characters are always used to distinguish genera and species. Their function and importance in phylogenetic analyses should be studied further.
Comparative material. Metahomaloptera omeiensis omeiensis: KIZ 795676, 51.1 mm SL, Yaan, Sichuan Province, China; KIZ 840157, 53.0 mm SL, KIZ 840158, 57.8 mm SL, Emei, Sichuan Province, China; KIZ 82100932 41.3 mm SL, KIZ 82100944, 36.6 mm SL, KIZ 82100943, 36.9 mm SL, Weixin, Yunnan Province, China; KIZ 82101071, 32.9 mm SL, Yanjin, Yunnan Province, China; KIZ 2004008087, 31.8 mm SL, KIZ 2004008086, 30.9 mm SL, KIZ 2004008088, 31.6 mm SL, Shizi village, Baishui River, Yanjin, Yunnan Province, China.
description: Published as part of Yang, Jian, Chen, Xiaoyong & Yang, Junxing, 2007, A new species of Metahomaloptera (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from China, pp. 63-68 in Zootaxa 1526 on pages 64-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.177533