Scopula turbulentaria
Creators: name: Wanke, Dominic
name: Hausmann, Axel
name: Lee, Kyung Min
name: Murillo-Ramos, Leidys
name: Sihvonen, Pasi
name: Rajaei, Hossein
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Geometridae
Scopula
Scopula turbulentaria

description: Scopula turbulentaria (Staudinger, 1870)   
(Plate 6, Figs 9–14; Plate 16, Fig. 2; Plate 24, Fig. 3; Map 7)  
 Acidalia turbidaria var. turbulentaria Staudinger, 1870. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, variis sermonibus in Rossia usitatis editae, 7: 151. Syntypes 1 ♁ 2 ♀ (Greece, Attika).   
 Scopula turbidaria steinbacheri Prout, 1935. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Grossschmetterlinge der Erde 4 (Supplememt): 36. Syntype (s) 15 (Iran, Elburs Mts., Mazanderan, Sabatku, Darekeroudbar) (NHMUK, examined). Valid at subspecific rank.   
 Synonymies (for more details on nomenclature see Scoble 1999 and Hausmann 2004): Craspedia collata Warren, 1901 (Lebanon: Beirut); Craspedia habenata Warren, 1901 (Lebanon: Beirut); Acidalia immutata var. syriacata Neuburger, 1904 (Lebanon); Acidalia turbidaria syriturcica Wehrli, 1934 (ZFMK).   
For the list of unavailable names, see Hausmann (2004).  
 Type material examined. Scopula turbidaria steinbacheri Syntype 1 ♁, Iran, Darekeroudbar, Sabatku, Mazandaran, Elburs Mts., 21.v.1931, F. Steinbacher, NHMUK 014173562; Syntype 1 ♁, same data, but 17.v.1931, NHMUK 014173563, g. prep. NHMUK 010317469; Syntype 1 ♁, same data, but 23.vii.1931, NHMUK 014173564, g. prep. NHMUK 010317470; all in NHMUK.   
 Additional material examined: 28 ♁/ ♀ (see appendix).   
 Diagnosis. Wingspan ♁ ♀ 18–23 mm. In Iran Scopula turbulentaria can externally be confused only with S. rubiginata, therefore characters are compared against this species. Ground colour (Plate 6, Figs 9–14) variable beige or light ocher to darker ocher (variable, from light brown to orange brown in S. rubiginata) (see Plate 6, Figs 7–14). In the male genitalia this species can be confused with S. rubiginata (see Plate 16, Figs 1–2). In the female genitalia without triangular sclerite (with triangular sclerite attached to antrum in S. rubiginata) (see Plate 24, Figs 2–3).   
 Phenology. Bi- or trivoltine in Europe (Hausmann 2004). In the Levant, bivoltine, with the first generation from late April to early July and a second generation from late October to later November (Hausmann et al. 2020). Investigated specimens in Iran were collected from March to October.   
 Biology. Food plants in Iran unknown. In Europe known to be a pest species on tobacco in southern Italy and reared on Plantago lanceolata (Sannino & Espinosa 1999). Pupation takes place in the ground (Hausmann 2004). In the Levant possibly polyphagous (Hausmann et al. 2020).   
 Habitat. In Levant from - 400 m to 1000 m (Hausmann et al. 2020). Investigated specimens in Iran were collected from 510 m to 2800 m.   
 Distribution. In Europe with East-Mediterranean distribution (Hausmann 2004). In Tunisia, Turkey and southern Transcaucasus and central and northern parts of Israel (Hausmann 2004; Hausmann et al. 2020). In Iran this species is represented by the subspecies S. turbulentaria steinbacheri distributed in the northern, western and southern parts (Map 7). Reported in the literature also for the provinces Azerbaijan-e Sharghi, Mazandaran and Tehran (Prout & Wehrli 1932–1953; Schwingenschuss 1939; Lehmann & Zahiri 2011).   
 DNA-barcoding. Nearest species: S. halimodendrata with 5.2 % (see Supplementary Table S1).   
 MAP 7. Distribution pattern of Scopula turbulentaria steinbacheri in Iran.
description: Published as part of Wanke, Dominic, Hausmann, Axel, Lee, Kyung Min, Murillo-Ramos, Leidys, Sihvonen, Pasi & Rajaei, Hossein, 2023, Systematics and integrative taxonomic revision of the tribe Scopulini Duponchel, 1845 in Iran (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae), pp. 1-96 in Zootaxa 5359 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5359.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/10147920