cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Population-Based Incidence and Clinical Characteristics of Ocular Adnexal Tumors in Olmsted County, Minnesota
Creators: name: Wang, Kenny Y.
name: Xu, Timothy T.
name: Dumbrava, Mihai G.
name: Oyemade, Kafayat A.
name: Dominguez, Johanny Lopez
name: Hodge, David O.
name: White, Launia J.
name: Tooley, Andrea A.
name: Dalvin, Lauren A.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: Cell Biology
Biotechnology
Cancer
Computational Biology

description: To determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of ocular adnexaltumors in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Retrospective population-based cohort study of all patients residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota diagnosed with any ocular tumor from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2015. The medical records of all patients with an incident diagnosis of any ocular adnexal tumor were reviewed using the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical record linkage system for patient demographics, tumor type, and histopathologic confirmation. Incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 person-years. Poisson regression analysis was used to analyze changes in incidence over time. There were 717 patients diagnosed with ocular adnexal tumors during the 10-year study period, yielding an age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate of 59.7 per 100,000 (95% CI 55.4 to 64.0, p < 0.05) per year. In total, 764 tumors were diagnosed. Most tumors were eyelid lesions (N = 756, 99.0%), which were mostly benign (N = 512, 67.8%) with epidermal inclusion cysts (N = 275, 36.0%), hidrocystoma (N = 70, 9.2%), and eyelid sebaceous cysts (N = 46, 6.1%) accounting for the majority. Malignant eyelid lesions (N = 244, 31.9%) were relatively common with basal cell carcinoma (N = 184, 24.1%) and squamous cell carcinoma (N = 49, 6.4%) having the highest frequencies. Orbital tumors (N = 8, 1.0%) were infrequent. Of the orbital tumors, the most common was lacrimal gland adenoidcystic carcinoma (N = 2, 25.0%). In a population-based setting, most ocular adnexal tumors were benign eyelid lesions. Understanding the epidemiology of ocular adnexal tumors is important to aid providers in diagnosing and facilitating appropriate referrals of potentially vision- and life-threatening malignancies.
KODY, an all-of-family response to co-occurring substance use and domestic violence: protocol for a quasi-experimental intervention trial
Creators: name: Kertesz, M
name: Humphreys, C
name: Fogden, L
name: Scott, K
name: Laslett, Anne-Marie
name: Tsantefski, M
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 420699
subject: Public health not elsewhere classified

description: Background: The co-occurrence of domestic violence with alcohol and other drugs significantly increases the severity of abuse and violence experienced by family members. Longitudinal studies indicate that substance use is one of few predictors of men’s continued use of, or desistance from, violence. Recent developments in men’s behaviour change programs have focused on men’s attitudes and behaviour towards their children, and the exploration of interventions that address the needs of all family members. However, the research evidence is limited on the most effective elements of men’s behaviour change programs in promoting the safety and wellbeing of child and women victim survivors. This study aims to build on the existing evidence by trialling the KODY program which addresses harmful substance use by men who also perpetrate domestic violence; the safety and wellbeing of women and children; the needs of children in their own right, as well as in relationship with their mothers; and the development of an ‘all-of-family’ service response. The evaluation of these innovations, and the ramifications for policy development to support less fragmented service system responses, provide the rationale for the study. Methods/Design: A quasi-experimental design will be used to assess the primary outcomes of improving the safety and wellbeing of mothers and children whose (ex)partners and fathers respectively participate in KODY (the trial program), when compared with ‘Caring Dads standard’ (the comparison group). Psychometric tests will be administered to fathers and mothers at baseline, post-program and at 3-month follow up. Data collection will occur over three years. Discussion: By building the evidence base about responses to co-occurring domestic violence and substance use, this study aims to develop knowledge about improving safety outcomes for women and children, and to better understand appropriate support for children in families living at the intersection of domestic violence and substance use. It is anticipated that study findings will point to the ramifications for policy development to support less fragmented service system responses. Trial registration: An application for registration with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (https://www.anzctr.org.au/) was lodged on 20 December 2021 (Request number: 383206)—prospectively registered.
Some Darwinian Lessons for Behavior Analysis: A Review of Bowler's the Eclipse of Darwinism
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1987

description: Even biologists who were well disposed toward the selection mechanism found it necessary to pause and take stock of the situation. They admitted that there was considerable disagreement over the future course of biology. ... Those who were opposed to the selection mechanism had no doubt about the overall trend. Darwinism was on the decline and would soon be eliminated altogether as a major evolutionary theory. This confidence is best illustrated by the title of a German work as translated into English, Eberhart Dennert's At the Deathbed of Darwinism (1903). The translation was American, symbolizing the fact that here flourished the most vocal school of neo-Lamarckism, one determined to show that selection was at best only a secondary force in evolution. Yet these reports of the death of Darwinism were exaggerated. (p. 4)
The Trends in Prevalence of Blindness Caused by Refraction Disorders in China from 1990 to 2019 and Its Predictions: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Creators: name: Yao, Qingying
name: Jiang, Bo
name: Wu, Jie
name: Liu, Gaoqin
name: Lu, Peirong
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Cancer
Science Policy

description: To examine the burden of blindness caused by refraction disorders (BCRD) in China over the past 30 years by year, age, and sex, and to estimate future projections. Data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019 database were used to analyze the number of cases and age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPRs) of BCRD in China from 1990 to 2019. We focused on changes over time using estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs). In addition, we performed the Nordpred analysis and the Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) model with integrated nested Laplace approximations to predict the BCRD burden from 2020 to 2034. The number of prevalent cases due to BCRD increased from 750,956.7 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 636,381.24–872,040.62) in 1990 to 1,145,881.76 (95% UI 931,966.43–1,342,338.18) in 2019. The ASPRs of BCRD showed a decreasing trend, with EAPCs of −0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.81–0.36). The older and female populations had a higher BCRD burden. The number of prevalent cases due to BCRD is projected to continue to increase from 1.33 million in 2020 to 1.86 million in 2034. The ASPR also showed an increasing trend over the next 15 years. Over the past three decades, the prevalence of BCRD in China has improved in both sexes and will continue to increase in the next 15 years. This study highlights the importance of prevention of BCRD, especially for women and the elderly.
Reinforcement Schedules: Retroactive and Proactive Effects of Reinforcers Inserted into Fixed-Interval Performances
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
name: Sagvolden, Terje
name: Keller, Kenneth J.
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1988
Subjects: discriminative control
fixed-interval schedules
inhibition by reinforcement
key pecks
matching law
pigeons
reinforcer delay
topographical tagging
variable-interval rate function

description: The responding maintained by a reinforcer depends on the relation of the reinforcer not merely to the response that produces it but also to other preceding responses. Early responses in a sequence that ends in a reinforcing consequence make smaller contributions to later response rates than more recent ones, by virtue of the longer delays that separate them from the reinforcer. This study shows that the relation between a response and a later reinforcer contributes to responding only if no other reinforcers intervene; in other words, each reinforcer blocks responses that precede it from the effects of later reinforcers. Pigeons' pecks were maintained by fixed-interval (FI) schedules of food reinforcement. When FI 60-s (short) and FI 75-s (long) schedules began simultaneously within constant 150-s cycles, long FIs did not affect short-FI performances, but short FIs eliminated the first 60 s of long-FI performances. Removing either short-FI reinforcers or short-FI stimuli showed that short-FI reinforcers and not short-FI stimuli blocked the first 60 s of the long-FI performance from the retroactive effects of the long-FI reinforcer. With FI 15-s and FI 75-s schedules, the short-FI reinforcer was followed by reduced long-FI responding, but a schedule that prevented discrimination based on time since a reinforcer eliminated this proactive effect of the short-FI reinforcer. In other words, the retroactive effects were reinforcer effects whereas the proactive effects were discriminative effects. Quantitative descriptions of variable-interval performances, in which reinforcer effects may operate in the absence of temporal discriminative effects, can be derived from these relations.
The Carbon Footprint of Bioinformatics
Creators: name: Grealey, Jason Gavin
name: Lannelongue, L
name: Saw, WY
name: Marten, J
name: Sign©ric, G McRossed D
name: Ruiz-Carmona, S
name: Inouye, Michael
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 310599
subject: Genetics not elsewhere classified
classificationCode: 310299
subject: Bioinformatics and computational biology not elsewhere classified
classificationCode: 310509
subject: Genomics

description: Bioinformatic research relies on large-scale computational infrastructures which have a nonzero carbon footprint but so far, no study has quantified the environmental costs of bioinformatic tools and commonly run analyses. In this work, we estimate the carbon footprint of bioinformatics (in kilograms of CO2 equivalent units, kgCO2e) using the freely available Green Algorithms calculator (www.green-algorithms.org, last accessed 2022). We assessed 1) bioinformatic approaches in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), RNA sequencing, genome assembly, metagenomics, phylogenetics, and molecular simulations, as well as 2) computation strategies, such as parallelization, CPU (central processing unit) versus GPU (graphics processing unit), cloud versus local computing infrastructure, and geography. In particular, we found that biobank-scale GWAS emitted substantial kgCO2e and simple software upgrades could make it greener, for example, upgrading from BOLT-LMM v1 to v2.3 reduced carbon footprint by 73%. Moreover, switching from the average data center to a more efficient one can reduce carbon footprint by approximately 34%. Memory over-allocation can also be a substantial contributor to an algorithm's greenhouse gas emissions. The use of faster processors or greater parallelization reduces running time but can lead to greater carbon footprint. Finally, we provide guidance on how researchers can reduce power consumption and minimize kgCO2e. Overall, this work elucidates the carbon footprint of common analyses in bioinformatics and provides solutions which empower a move toward greener research.
Examining Effectiveness and Predictors of Treatment Response of Pivotal Response Treatment in Autism: An Umbrella Review and a Meta-Analysis
Creators: name: Uljarevic, Mirko
name: Billingham, W
name: Cooper, MN
name: Condron, P
name: Hardan, AY
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 32
subject: Biomedical and clinical sciences
classificationCode: 3202
subject: Clinical sciences

description: The current study aimed to provide a comprehensive appraisal of the current evidence on the effectiveness of Pivotal Response Training (PRT) for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to explore predictors of treatment response. We conducted a systematic review of the following electronic databases and registers: PsycINFO, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ERIC, Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts. Six systematic reviews were identified, two with meta-analytic component. Identified reviews varied widely in terms of their aims, outcomes, and designs which precluded a unified and consistent set of conclusions and recommendations. Ten RCTs were identified. Eight of identified RCTs reported at least one language and communication-related outcome. Statistically significant effects of PRT were identified across a majority of identified RCTs for a range of language and communication skills. However, evidence for positive treatment effects of PRT on outcome measures assessing other domains was less robust and/or specific. Overall, both previous systematic reviews and new meta-analysis of the RCTs suggest that PRT shows promise for improving language and communication. Only four RCTs examined the association between baseline child characteristics and treatment outcomes, however, no consistent pattern emerged. This review has identified several key methodological and design improvements that are needed to enable our field to fully capitalize on the potential of RCT designs and characterize detailed profiles of treatment responders. These findings are essential for informing the development of evidence-based guidelines for clinicians on what works for whom and why.
Saying and Doing: A Contingency-Space Analysis
Creators: name: Matthews, Byron A.
name: Shimoff, Eliot
name: Catania, A. Charles
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1987
Subjects: contingency space
correspondence
generalization
verbal behavior

description: Correspondences between verbal responding (saying) and nonverbal responding (doing) may be organized in terms of the classes of verbal/nonverbal relations into which particular instances of verbal/nonverbal response sequences can enter. Contingency spaces, which display relations among events in terms of the probability of one event given or not given another, have been useful in analyses of nonverbal behavior. We derive a taxonomy of verbal/nonverbal behavior relations from a contingency space that takes into account two conditional probabilities: the probability of a nonverbal response given a verbal response and that probability given the absence of the verbal response. For example, positive correspondence may be said to exist as a response class when the probability of doing is high given saying but is otherwise low. Criteria for other generalized classes, including negative correspondence, follow from this analysis.
Correspondence Between Definitions and Procedures: A Reply to Stokes, Osnes, and Guevremont
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
name: Shimoff, Eliot
name: Matthews, Byron A.
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 1987
Subjects: contingency-space analysis
correspondence training
generalization
response classes
verbal behavior

description: Stokes, Osnes, and Guevremont's (1987) implicit definition of correspondence classes appears dose to ours (Matthews, Shimoff, & Catania, 1987). Their definition, however, is fundamentally procedural and thus may have to be modified as experimental methodologies are refined. The advantage of our contingency-space analysis is that it is independent of specific procedures and focuses attention on problems inherent in some procedural definitions. Specifically, a contingency-space analysis addresses the issue of distinguishing specific instances from classes and reminds us that correspondence can be identified as a class only on the basis of observing a population of opportunities for say/do sequences in which the subject sometimes does not say.
Additional file 3 of Haplotype-resolved assemblies and variant benchmark of a Chinese Quartet
Creators: name: Jia, Peng
name: Dong, Lianhua
name: Yang, Xiaofei
name: Wang, Bo
name: Bush, Stephen J.
name: Wang, Tingjie
name: Lin, Jiadong
name: Wang, Songbo
name: Zhao, Xixi
name: Xu, Tun
name: Che, Yizhuo
name: Dang, Ningxin
name: Ren, Luyao
name: Zhang, Yujing
name: Wang, Xia
name: Liang, Fan
name: Wang, Yang
name: Ruan, Jue
name: Xia, Han
name: Zheng, Yuanting
name: Shi, Leming
name: Lv, Yi
name: Wang, Jing
name: Ye, Kai
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 3: Supplementary notes. In this additional file, we provide detailed processes of data generation, genome assembly, and construction of variant benchmarks [100, 101].
Definition and application of indicators for urban bioeconomy: Analyzing the circularity maturity profile of european cities and regions
Creators: name: Marta Pereira Ferrer
name: Alicia Gonzalex Miguez
name: Pedro Villanueva-Rey
name: Alvarino, Teresa
name: Miguel Angel Suarez
name: Carla, Bartolome
name: D.F.R Silva
name: Jorge Rodrigues de Almeida
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025

description: This study presents an innovative set of Urban Bioeconomy Indicators (UBI) designed to assess and enhance CE initiatives in cities and regions, with a particular focus on biowaste management and valorization. Addressing the need for standardized yet locally adaptable metrics, this research proposes a comprehensive methodology for evaluating urban bioeconomy performance.
Semistability of switched linear systems with application to PageRank algorithms
Creators: name: Shen, Jinglai
name: Hu, Jianghai
name: Hui, Qing
Publisher: name: Elsevier
Year: 2014
Subjects: Generating function
PageRank algorithm
Semistability
Stability
Switched systems

description: This paper investigates semistability and its computation for discrete-time, switched linear systems under both deterministic and random switching policies. The notion of semistability pertains to a continuum of initial state dependent equilibria, and finds wide applications in multi-agent and distributed network systems. It is shown in this paper that exponential semistability on a common equilibrium space is equivalent to output exponential stability of a reduced switched linear system with a suitably defined output, under arbitrary and random switchings. Besides, their convergence rates are shown to be identical. A generating function based approach is proposed to compute convergence rates of the reduced switched systems under these switching rules. The obtained semistability results are applied to performance analysis of PageRank algorithms for distributed web-page systems subject to topology switching. The iteration processes of these algorithms are formulated as switched linear systems. Their equilibrium properties are studied, and convergence rates are characterized via the semistability techniques and the generating function approach.
Additional file 1 of Myasthenia gravis and independent risk factors for recurrent infection: a retrospective cohort study
Creators: name: Chien, Chia-Yin
name: Chang, Chun-Wei
name: Liao, Ming-Feng
name: Chu, Chun-Che
name: Ro, Long-Sun
name: Wu, Yih-Ru
name: Chang, Kuo-Hsuan
name: Chen, Chiung-Mei
name: Kuo, Hung-Chou
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology

description: Additional file 1. Identified myasthenia gravis inpatients based on the corresponding International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code, Ninth or Tenth Edition.
Antecedents and Consequences of Words
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
Publisher: name: Springer Nature
Year: 2017
Subjects: social contingencies
replication and selection
attention
scientific practice
religious fundamentalism
shaping
verbal governance
words

description: As instances of behavior, words interact with environments. But they also interact with each other and with other kinds of behavior. Because of the interlocking nature of the contingencies into which words enter, their behavioral properties may become increasingly removed from nonverbal contingencies, and their relationship to those contingencies may become distorted by the social contingencies that maintain verbal behavior. Verbal behavior is an exceedingly efficient way in which one organism can change the behavior of another. All other functions of verbal behavior derive from this most basic function, sometimes called verbal governance. Functional verbal antecedents in verbal governance may be extended across time and space when individuals replicate the verbal behavior of others or their own verbal behavior. Differential contact with different verbal antecedents may follow from differential attention to verbal stimuli correlated with consequential events. Once in place, verbal behavior can be shaped by (usually social) consequences. Because these four verbal processes (verbal governance, replication, differential attention, and verbal shaping) share common stimulus and response terms, they produce interlocking contingencies in which extensive classes of behavior come to be dominated by verbal antecedents. Very different consequences follow from verbal behavior depending on whether it is anchored to environmental events, as in scientific verbal practices, or becomes independent of it, as in religious fundamentalism.
Additional file 2 of Myasthenia gravis and independent risk factors for recurrent infection: a retrospective cohort study
Creators: name: Chien, Chia-Yin
name: Chang, Chun-Wei
name: Liao, Ming-Feng
name: Chu, Chun-Che
name: Ro, Long-Sun
name: Wu, Yih-Ru
name: Chang, Kuo-Hsuan
name: Chen, Chiung-Mei
name: Kuo, Hung-Chou
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology

description: Additional file 2. Detailed items collected for each patient upon first admission in the study.
Additional file 4 of Myasthenia gravis and independent risk factors for recurrent infection: a retrospective cohort study
Creators: name: Chien, Chia-Yin
name: Chang, Chun-Wei
name: Liao, Ming-Feng
name: Chu, Chun-Che
name: Ro, Long-Sun
name: Wu, Yih-Ru
name: Chang, Kuo-Hsuan
name: Chen, Chiung-Mei
name: Kuo, Hung-Chou
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology

description: Additional file 4. Univariate analysis via binary logistic regression of variables associated with recurrent infection of MG (full version).
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Prescription of a Novel Agent in Medical Management of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Creators: name: Kuo, Andy
name: Yue, Sophie
name: Kaelber, David C.
name: Li, Ang
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: To investigate racial and ethnic inequalities in prescription of Netarsudil, one of two anti-glaucoma medications with a novel mechanism to be introduced in the past two decades, among patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. This retrospective cohort matched study, based on electronic health records consisting of 92 million patients in the U.S, utilized Propensity Score Match, Relative Risk, Kaplan–Meier survival, and Chi-Square analysis to identify differences in rates of Netarsudil prescribing between racial and ethnic groups (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Other Race, and Hispanic). Among the sample of patients that met Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma inclusion criteria (55,942), more White patients were prescribed Netarsudil than Black; (RR:1.24, 95% CI: 1.15-1.34) and Hispanic; (RR:1.63, 95% CI: 1.29-2.07) patients. White patients had higher prescription rates than Black patients in the Midwest (6.5% vs 4.2%; p < 0.0001) and West (11.2% vs 7.1%; p = 0.0002), higher rates than Hispanic patients in the South (4.9% vs. 2.0%; p < 0.0001) and West (11.2% vs. 7.8%; p < 0.008), but lower rates than Black patients in the Northeast (7.2% vs. 13.2%; p < 0.0001). Differences in Netarsudil prescription rates within the United States exist between White and Black patients, and White and Hispanic patients. These differences exist when stratified by regions within the U.S. by varying degrees. Future studies are needed to investigate factors contributing to disparities in accessing new medications and to identify ways to eliminate such barriers to improve equity in care of glaucoma patients, especially among those historically disadvantaged.
Incidence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Urban India: Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics Study, 15yr Follow up
Creators: name: Raghu, Keerthana
name: R, Janani Surya
name: Rani, Padmaja Kumari
name: Sharma, Tarun
name: Raman, Rajiv
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Statistics
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Virology

description: Purpose: To evaluate the 15 year incidence and progression of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and identify risk factors among Indian population.Methods: From a cross-sectional study of 1425 subjects, 911 participants took part in the 4-year follow-up. Out of these 911 participants, 140 returned for the 15-year follow-up, with baseline examinations conducted between 2003 and 2006, and subsequent follow-ups occurring from 2007 to 2011 and the current 15-year follow-up from 2018 to 2021. Of the 140 participants, 112 were eligible for analysis after excluding individuals with ungradable fundus photographs.Results: The 15-year incidence of any diabetic retinopathy (DR) was 5%, with mild NPDR and moderate NPDR at 1.57% and 2.7%, respectively. Proliferative DR was observed in 0.71% of cases, while diabetic macular edema (DME) and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) rates were 0.48% and 1.10%, respectively. Age-standardized rates revealed a significant association with increasing age and incident any DR and STDR. DR progression over 15 years included 7.5% one-step and 1.75% two-step progressions, while regression was limited to 1.75% one-step regression. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that baseline duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c levels, and the presence of anemia influenced the incidence of any DR, DME, and STDR. Smoking and higher HbA1c were identified as risk factors for one-step progression of DR.Conclusion: This study provides crucial insights into the long-term incidence, progression, and regression of DR among individuals with Type 2 diabetes in India.
title: FREE-CHOICE PREFERENCE WHEN ONE ALTERNATIVE IS RARELY OR NEVER CHOSEN
title: PREFERÊNCIA POR LIBERDADE DE ESCOLHA MESMO QUANDO UMA DAS ALTERNATIVAS NUNCA (OU RARAMENTE) É ESCOLHIDA
titleType: AlternativeTitle
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
name: Souza, Deisy Das Graças De
name: Ono, Koichi
Publisher: name: Brazilian Journal of Behavior Analysis
Year: 2012

description: In free choice, two or more responses eligible for reinforcement are concurrently available, as when a pigeon’s pecks on either of two keys can produce fixed-interval (FI) reinforcers. In forced choice, only one eligible response is available, as when pecks on one key can produce FI reinforcers but extinction (EXT) is arranged for pecks on a second key. Free choice is typically preferred when pitted against forced choice in terminal links of concurrent-chain or multiple concurrent-chain schedules. When multiple concurrent-chain schedules arrange conditions A and B respectively for left and right terminal links during one initial-link stimulus but their reversal during a second initiallink stimulus, preferences can be determined within sessions as differences between relative initial-link rates. The experimental question was whether free-choice preference is demonstrable even with one free-choice alternative rarely or never chosen. A history of multiple concurrent-chains with equal single-FI terminal links was followed by training,independent of initial links, of FI 20-s (green key), FI 40-s (yellow key), and EXT (red key). Multiple concurrentchain schedules then pitted free-choice terminal links with green (FI 20-s) and yellow (FI 40-s) keys against forcedchoice terminal links with green (FI 20-s) and red (EXT) keys. These terminal links maintained responding almost exclusively on the green key whether the other key was yellow or red, and all reinforcers were produced by green-keyresponding. Even with reinforcers equal and with the yellow alternative rarely or never chosen, the green-yellow erminal link (free choice) was preferred to the green-red (forced choice) terminal link.Key words: free choice, forced choice, preference, concurrent-chain schedules, initial links, terminal links, iscriminated operants
A qualitative study of how COVID-19 impacts on Australians’ hopes and dreams
Creators: name: Huang, QF
name: Rolf, F
name: Booker, Lauren
name: Moore, T
name: Thompson, SC
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 420699
subject: Public health not elsewhere classified

description: Background: Although beginning in 2019, it was early in 2020 that the global community began to comprehend the significant impact that a pandemic of a new coronavirus might have on their own lives. This study was undertaken 6–9 months after significant public health restrictions were introduced within Australia and examined the impact of the COVID-19 on individuals’ hopes and dreams for their future. Methods: Community members who responded to a survey about COVID-19 were invited to participate in follow up interviews if they reported living with a chronic condition. Participants across Australia who consented were interviewed between August and December in 2020 over telephone or videoconferencing. A specific question was included regarding the impact of COVID-19 on their hopes and dreams for the future. Rapid identification of themes with an audio recordings technique was used to generate themes from the data. Results: The 90 participants were predominantly female (77%) and ranged in age from 20 to 81 years with a mean age of 50 years and lived in several Australian states. Following immersive analysis of interviews, the identified common themes impacting people’s hopes and dreams revealed: concerns for their own and others’ job stability and future work; the impact on travel both for holidays, business and reconnecting with family; reassessing of personal and social values; and the intergenerational impact of such a profound pandemic, with concern for younger people particularly prominent in those concerns. Participants reflected on their loss of future dreams, with possibilities they had planned and worked towards not possible in the short term. Conclusions: The responses provide a window into how people view their future goals and aspirations during a time of global and local instability and highlights the potential future impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Impact of Ambient Air Pollution on Reduced Visual Acuity Among Children and Adolescents
Creators: name: Kai, Jia-Yan
name: Dong, Xing-Xuan
name: Miao, Yi-Fan
name: Li, Dan-Lin
name: Grzybowski, Andrzej
name: Lanca, Carla
name: Ruan, Zeng-Liang
name: Pan, Chen-Wei
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2025
Subjects: Biotechnology
Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Science Policy

description: Previous studies have assessed the impact of air pollution on myopia from the individual level, while none of them have explored the role of air pollution in visual health disparities between different regions from the area level. This ecological study aimed to investigate the impact of ambient air pollution on reduced visual acuity (VA). The data were derived from the Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) conducted in 2014 and 2019, which involved 261,833 and 267,106 students respectively. The participants were 7–22 years old randomly selected from 30 mainland provinces in China. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) regression models and fixed-effects panel regression models were used to explore the associations of provincial-level prevalence of reduced VA with air quality index (AQI), fine particulate matter ;(PM2.5), PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) concentrations. There were nearly linear positive dose-response relationships between AQI, air pollutant concentrations and the prevalence of reduced VA. After adjusting for covariates, an interquartile range increase in PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with a 5.0% (95% confidence interval, 0.7%-9.3%) increase in the prevalence of reduced VA, whereas no significant associations were observed between AQI, the other five pollutants and the prevalence of reduced VA. Regions with more polluted air tend to have a higher prevalence of reduced VA. Exposure to PM2.5 might be an important risk factor for myopia among children and adolescents.
Limited Recognition of Highly Conserved Regions of SARS-CoV-2
Creators: name: Swaminathan, S
name: Lineburg, KE
name: Ambalathingal, GR
name: Crooks, P
name: Grant, Emma
name: Mohan, SV
name: Raju, J
name: Panikkar, A
name: Le Texier, L
name: Tong, ZWM
name: Chew, KY
name: Neller, MA
name: Short, KR
name: Gowda, H
name: Gras, Stephanie
name: Khanna, R
name: Smith, C
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 320499
subject: Immunology not elsewhere classified

description: Understanding the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is critical to overcome the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Efforts are being made to understand the potential cross-protective immunity of memory T cells, induced by prior encounters with seasonal coronaviruses, in providing protection against severe COVID-19. In this study we assessed T-cell responses directed against highly conserved regions of SARS-CoV-2. Epitope mapping revealed 16 CD81 T-cell epitopes across the nucleocapsid (N), spike (S), and open reading frame (ORF)3a proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and five CD81 T-cell epitopes encoded within the highly conserved regions of the ORF1ab polyprotein of SARS-CoV-2. Comparative sequence analysis showed high conservation of SARS-CoV-2 ORF1ab T-cell epitopes in seasonal coronaviruses. Paradoxically, the immune responses directed against the conserved ORF1ab epitopes were infrequent and subdominant in both convalescent and unexposed participants. This subdominant immune response was consistent with a low abundance of ORF1ab encoded proteins in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Overall, these observations suggest that while cross-reactive CD81 T cells likely exist in unexposed individuals, they are not common and therefore are unlikely to play a significant role in providing broad preexisting immunity in the community.
Additional file 1 of Commentary: Advocating for patient and public involvement and engagement in health economic evaluation
Creators: name: Staniszewska, Sophie
name: Jakab, Ivett
name: Low, Eric
name: Mossman, Jean
name: Posner, Phil
name: Husereau, Don
name: Stephens, Richard
name: Drummond, Michael
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: Medicine
Biotechnology
Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
Science Policy
Developmental Biology
Cancer
Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1. Understanding and Interpreting Economic Evaluations in Healthcare: A Guide for Patient Representatives and Organisations.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd): delay-of-reinforcement gradients and other behavioral mechanisms
Creators: name: Catania, A. Charles
Publisher: name: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2005
Subjects: observing responses
adhd
intervention
impulsiveness
self-control
exponential decay
hyperactivity
delay gradient
attention deficit
extinction deficit

description: sagvolden, johansen, aase, and russell (sagvolden et al.) examine attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) at levels of analysis ranging from neurotransmitters to behavior. at the behavioral level they attribute aspects of adhd to anomalies of delay-of-reinforcement gradients. with a normal gradient, responses followed after a long delay by a reinforcer may share in the effects of that reinforcer; with a diminished or steepened gradient they may fail to do so. steepened gradients differentially select rapidly emitted responses (hyperactivity), and they limit the effectiveness with which extended stimuli become conditioned reinforcers, so that observing behavior is less well maintained (attention deficit). impulsiveness also follows from steepened gradients, which increase the effectiveness of smaller, more immediate consequences relative to larger, more delayed ones. individuals who vary in the degree to which their delay gradients are steepened will show different balances between hyperactivity and attention deficit. given the range of adhd phenomena addressed, it may be unnecessary to appeal to additional behavioral processes such as extinction deficit. extinction deficit is more likely a derivative of attention deficit, in that failure to attend to stimuli differentially correlated with extinction should slow its progress. the account suggests how relatively small differences in delay gradients early in development might engender behavioral interactions leading to very large differences later on. the steepened gradients presumably originate in properties of neurotransmitter function, but behavioral interventions that use consistently short delays of reinforcement to build higher-order behavioral units as a scaffolding to support complex cognitive and social skills may nonetheless be feasible.
Corrected Myopia and Its Association with Mental Health Problems Among Rural Primary School Students in Northwest China
Creators: name: Ding, Yuxiu
name: Chen, Xiangzhe
name: Zhang, Lidong
name: Xue, Jing
name: Guan, Hongyu
name: Shi, Yaojiang
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy
subject: Mental Health

description: The aim of this study was to evaluate the myopia correction and its association with mental health problems among rural primary school students in China. Using survey data from 17,950 students in 251 rural primary schools, this study examines the association between corrected myopia and mental health problems, as well as academic performance among rural students in China. Vision exams were offered to sample students, and student mental health status was measured using the Mental Health Test (MHT). The results show that 21.98% of sample students failed the vision screening for myopia. Over 65% of sample students showed some form of anxiety, with 56.86% experiencing learning anxiety and 18.71% experiencing body anxiety. The MHT score of myopic students was higher than that of students with normal vision, indicating that myopic students had worse mental health overall. Correcting myopia with eyeglasses was associated with better mental health, indicated by a lower MHT score (by 0.62 points) when controlling for covariates. Myopic students with high baseline academic performance who wore eyeglasses benefited especially from myopia correction, as they had a lower total MHT score (by 1.77 points) and lower body anxiety score (by 0.49 points, p < 0.05) than their high-performing peers with uncorrected myopia. These findings suggest that future mental health prevention programs in rural China should focus on reducing the prevalence of myopia and providing eyeglasses to myopic students as potential interventions.
Rates and Determinants of Returning to Australian Rules Football in Male Nonprofessional Athletes After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Creators: name: Webster, Kate
name: Klemm, Haydn
name: Feller, Julian
Publisher: name: La Trobe
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 420699
subject: Public health not elsewhere classified
classificationCode: 320225
subject: Sports medicine

description: Background: Return to sport is a goal for most patients who undergo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. However, at a nonelite level, there are limited sport-specific data regarding rates or factors associated with return to play. Purpose: To report rates and determinants of returning to play Australian Rules football after ACL reconstruction in male nonprofessional athletes. Study Design: Case-series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 354 male nonprofessional Australian Rules football players who had undergone primary ACL reconstruction were asked to complete detailed sports activity questions at 12 months and 2 to 5 years (mean, 3 years) after surgery. Rates of return to play were calculated for both timepoints, along with preoperative patient expectations and postoperative sport performance. The following predictors of return to play were examined: age at surgery; height; weight; frequency of weekly football participation; sport participation level; psychological readiness to return to sport; and knee-related quality of life. Further ACL injuries were also documented. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize return-to-play data and contingency analysis for predictors of return to sport. Results: The rate of return to any level of play was 35% (95% CI, 30%-41%; n = 284) at the 12-month follow-up and 78% (95% CI, 72%-83%; n = 233) at the 2- to 5-year follow-up. Overall, 64% (95% CI, 57%-70%) of the patients were able to return to their same or higher level of play. Before surgery, 92% of the patients expected to return to their same preinjury level of Australian Rules football participation. At the 2- to 5-year follow-up, 61% who returned to play felt that they could perform as well as they could before their ACL injury. A greater psychological readiness to return to sport preoperatively and higher level of sport participation were significant predictors of a return at 2 to 5 years. Further ACL injuries were sustained by 21% of the cohort (15% graft rupture; 6% contralateral ACL injury). Conclusion: Most male athletes who participate in Australian Rules football returned to some level of play after ACL reconstruction; however, only 64% returned to preinjury levels. Preoperative expectations were not met, and high reinjury rates are a cause for concern.
Cost-Effectiveness of Addressing Retinopathy of Prematurity in Rwanda
Creators: name: Alder, Connor J.
name: Mutangana, Francis
name: Phillips, Victoria
name: Becker, Edmund R.
name: Fleming, Neil S.
name: Isenberg, Sherwin J.
name: Lambert, Scott R.
name: Frank, Tahvi D.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: With the expansion of neonatal care in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), an increasing number of premature babies are at risk to develop retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Previous studies have quantified the cost-effectiveness of addressing ROP in middle-income countries, but few have focused on SSA. This study estimates the cost of a national program for ROP screening and anti-VEGF injection treatment in Rwanda compared to the status quo. Medical cost data were collected from King Faisal Hospital in Rwanda (July 2022). Societal burden of vision loss included lost productivity and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Published data on epidemiology and natural history of ROP were used to estimate burden and sequelae of ROP in Rwanda. Cost of a national program for screening and treating a one-year birth cohort was compared to the status quo using a decision analysis model. Cost of ROP screening and treatment was $738 per infant. The estimated equipment cost necessary for the startup of a national program was $58,667. We projected that a national program could avert 257 cases of blindness in the cohort and increase QALYs compared to the status quo. Screening and treatment for ROP would save an estimated $270,000 for the birth cohort from reductions in lost productivity. The cost of screening and anti-VEGF treatment for ROP is substantially less than the indirect cost of vision loss due to ROP. Allocating additional funding towards expansion of ROP screening and treatment is cost-saving from a societal perspective compared to current practice.
Distribution and Determinants of Anterior Chamber Angle and Anterior Chamber Volume in Young Chinese Adults
Creators: name: Li, Dan-Lin
name: Qin, Yu
name: Zheng, Ya-Jie
name: Yin, Zhi-Jian
name: Li, Yue-Zu
name: Ma, Rong
name: Liang, Gang
name: Pan, Chen-Wei
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: Current study aimed to understand the distribution and determinants of anterior chamber angle (ACA) and anterior chamber volume (ACV) in Chinese young adults, which can help fill current data gaps and aid in early detection and intervention for high-risk population of primary angle closure glaucoma. This cross-sectional study utilized data from 2014 participants who completed questionnaire and eye examination in September 2021. ACV and ACA were measured using a Pentacam tomographer. Spherical equivalent (SE) was evaluated by autorefractor without cycloplegia. Central corneal thickness (CCT) and biomechanically corrected intraocular pressure (bIOP) were evaluated using Corvis-ST. Axial length (AL), corneal radius (CR), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and white to white were assessed using the IOL Master. A total of 1635 students were included in the analysis. The mean ACV and AVA were 194.74 ± 32.30 μL and 38.81 ± 4.84°, respectively. Males have a larger ACV and wider ACA than females. ACV was positively correlated with ACA (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), and the correlation was stronger for non-myopic students than for myopic students. Multivariable linear regression model showed that AL (β = 2.41), CR (β = –4.12), CCT (β = –0.11), ACD (β = 97.93), and bIOP (β = 0.40) were associated with ACV, and CCT (β = –0.01), CR (β = 0.38), and ACD (β = 7.41) were associated with ACA (all p < 0.05). Random forest model indicated that ACD was the most critical predictor of both ACV and ACA. This study reported the distribution and determinants of ACA and ACV. Deeper ACD was associated with larger ACV and wider ACA.
排除“不同言论”
Creators: name: 李, 丹阳
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: classificationCode: 350801
subject: Impacts of tourism
classificationCode: 350803
subject: Tourism management
classificationCode: 350804
subject: Tourism marketing
classificationCode: 350806
subject: Tourist behaviour and visitor experience

description: 本研究以感官营销理论为指导，以年轻游客为目标，基于500份问卷进行了实证调查。