Orchidaceae Juss.
Creators: name: D. M. Moore (Ed.)
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1980
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Liliopsida
Asparagales
Orchidaceae

description: C C I I I. O R C H I D A C E A E 1 Perennial herbs with rhizomes, vertical stock or tuberous roots, terrestrial, sometimes saprophytic, usually with mycorrhiza. Stems sometimes swollen at base to form pseudobulbs. Leaves entire, spirally arranged or distichous, rarely subopposite, reduced to scales or sheaths in saprophytes. Inflorescence a spike or raceme. Flowers zygomorphic, epigynous, usually hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 6, in 2 whorls; median inner segment (labellum) usually larger and of different shape from the others, usually directed downwards owing to the ovary or the pedicel twisting through 180°, often with basal spur. Anthers and stigma borne on a column formed from fused filaments and style; stamens 1, rarely 2, with sessile or subsessile, 2-locular anthers behind or at the summit of the column; pollen-grains single or in tetrads, bound by elastic threads in packets (pollinia) which may be narrowed into a sterile, stalk-iike caudicle. Ovary inferior, 1 -locular, with parietal placentation, rarely 3-locular; stigmas 3, all fertile, or with the median sterile and often consisting of a beak-like process (rostellum) between the anthers and fertile stigmas; rostellum often forming 1 or 2 viscid bodies (viscidia) to which the pollinia are attached; viscidia sometimes enclosed in 1 (2), simple or 2-lobed, membranous, pocket-like outgrowths (bursicles) of the rostellum. Fruit a capsule, dehiscing by 3 or 6 longitudinal slits; seeds numerous, minute, with undifferentiated embryo and no endosperm. Literature: E. G. Camus, Iconographie des Orchidées d'Europe et du Bassin méditerranéen. Paris. 1921; Texte. Paris. 1929. G. Keller, R. Schlechter &amp; R. von Soô, Monographie und Iconographie der Orchideen Europas und des Mittelmeergebietes 1 -5. Berlin. 1925-1944. H. Sundermann, Europäische und mediterrane Orchideen. Hildesheim. 1975. 1 Plant without green leaves 2 Spur long, slender 3 Labellum entire, directed downwards 4.Limodorum 3 Labellum 3-lobed, directed upwards 5.Epipogium 2 Spur very short or absent 4 Stem with numerous scales; labellum c. twice as long as other perianth-segments 6.Neottia 4 Stem with 2-4 scales; labellum about as long as other perianth-segments 31.Corallorhiza 1 Plant with green leaves or green, bract-like scales on a green stem 5 Flowers without a spur 6 Labellum large, inflated, slipper-shaped 7 Plant with solitary pseudobulb and one foliage-leaf; anther 1 32.Calypso 7 Plant with creeping rhizomes and 2-4 foliage-leaves; anthers 2 1.Cypripedium 6 Labellum neither inflated nor slipper-shaped 8 Labellum with distinctively coloured and shaped central area (speculum) 30.Ophrys 1 Edit. D. M. Moore. 8 Labellum without speculum 9 Labellum directed upwards 10 Labellum shorter than outer perianth-segments; inner perianth-segments c.1 /2as long as the outer 35.Hammarbya 10 Labellum about as long as outer perianth-segments; inner perianth-segments as long as or slightly shorter than the outer 11 Outer perianth-segments not more than 3 mm; labellum densely tuberculate beneath towards apex; plant with 2 pseudobulbs borne one above the other 34.Microstylis 11 Outer perianth-segments at least 5 mm; labellum not tuberculate towards apex; plant with 2 pseudobulbs joined by short horizontal stolon 33.Liparis 9 Labellum directed downwards 12 Labellum divided by a constriction into a concave basal part (hypochile) and a flat, downward- or forward-pointing distal part (epichile) 13 Plant with tubers; epichile pendent 29.Serapias 13 Plant with rhizomes or stolons; epichile not pendent 14 Outer perianth-segments not more than 4 mm 9.Goodyera 14 Outer perianth-segments at least 7 mm 15 Flowers patent or pendent, pedicellate, in a ± secund spike; column not longer than wide 2.Epipactis 15 Flowers suberect, sessile or subsessile, not in a secund spike; column longer than wide 3.Cephalanthera 12 Labellum not clearly divided by a constriction into hypochile and epichile 16 Flowers white, arranged in 1 -3 spiral rows or in a secund spike 8.Spiranthes 16 Flowers yellowish, greenish or purplish, neither arranged in spiral rows nor in a secund spike 17 Leaves about equalling stem, linear; labellum entire or shallowly lobed 14.Chamorchis 17 Leaves distinctly shorter than stem, oblong to linearlanceolate; labellum conspicuously lobed 18 Plant with rhizomes; labellum 2-lobed 7.Listera 18 Plant with 1 or 2 tubers; labellum 3-lobed, the median lobe sometimes 2-fid 19 Plant with 1 tuber at anthesis; median lobe of labellum entire 11.Herminium 19 Plant with 2 tubers at anthesis; median lobe of labellum deeply 2-fid 25.Aceras 5 Flowers with a spur 20 Labellum with median lobe much exceeding the lateral and spirally twisted 21 Bracts equalling or shorter than flowers; outer perianthsegments connivent with inner lateral to form a galea 26.Himantoglossum 21 Bracts exceeding flowers; outer perianth-segments erecto- patent, not connivent to form a galea 27.Barlia 20 Labeilum entire or with median lobe not much exceeding the lateral and not spirally twisted 22 Labellum divided by a constriction into a concave basal part (hypochile) and a flat distal part (epichile) 3.Cephalanthera 22 Labellum not divided into hypochile and epichile 23 Labellum entire or crenulate 24 Spur not more than 2 mm 17.Nigritella 24 Spur more than 2 mm 25 Flowers greenish-white 13.Platanthcra 25 Flowers white or pink to purple or brownish, not greenish-white 26 Spur 25-30 mm 13.Platanthera 26 Spur less than 25 mm 27 Bracts membranous 24.Orchis 27 Lower bracts herbaceous 19.Dactylorhiz a 23 Labellum 3- or 5-lobed or 3-dentate at apex 28 Perianth-segments free, not forming a galea 29 Flowers yellowish-green; spur saccate 10.Gennaria 29 Flowers pinkish-lilac; spur cylindrical-conical 23.Traunsteinera 28 At least some perianth-segments connivent to form a galea 30 Spur more than 10 mm 31 Spur c.1 mm wide 32 Labellum shallowly 3-lobed, without ridges at base; tubers palmately lobed 15.Gymnadenia 32 Labellum deeply 3-lobed, with 2 longitudinal ridges at base; tubers entire 28.Anacamptis 31 Spur more than 1 mm wide 33 All bracts membranous 24.Orchis 33 Lower bracts herbaceous 19.Dactylorhiza 30 Spur not more than 10 mm 34 Labellum 3-dentate at apex, the lateral teeth parallel and much longer than the median 18.Coeloglossum 34 Labellum 3- or 5-lobed, the lateral lobes not parallel 35 Lobes of labellum prolonged into long, filiform, ± spiral processes 21.Comperia 35 Lobes of labellum without long, filiform processes 36 All bracts membranous 37 Lateral lobes of labellum linear 22.Neotinea 37 Lateral lobes of labellum oblong, ovate or rhombic 24.Orchis 36 At least the lower bracts herbaceous 38 Outer perianth-segments connate almost to apex 20.Steveniella 38 Outer perianth-segments free, though sometimes connivent to form a galea 39 Perianth-segments at least 5 mm 40 Spike secund; lateral lobes of labellum linear- setaceous 12.Neottianthe 40 Spike not secund; lateral lobes of labellum oblong 19.Dactylorhiza 39 Perianth-segments not more than 3 mm 41 Spur 4-5 mm, as long as or slightly shorter than ovary; flower pinkish-lilac, purple or white 15.Gymnadenia 41 Spur not more than 2-5 mm, i - £ as long as ovary; flower yellowish- or greenish-white 16.Pseudorchis
description: Published as part of <i>D. M. Moore (ed.), 1980, CCIII Orchidaceae, pp. 325-350 in Flora Europaea, Vol 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae, Camebridge :Cambridge University Press</i> on pages 325-326, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.215522