cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Horizon-Flow off-track for Inflation
Creators: name: Vennin, Vincent
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Inflation can be parameterized by means of truncated flow equations. In this "horizon-flow" setup, generic results have been obtained, such as typical values for $r/(1-n_\mathrm{S})$. They are sometimes referred to as intrinsic features of inflation itself. In this paper we first show that the phenomenological class of inflationary potentials sampled by horizon-flow is directly responsible for such predictions. They are therefore anything but generic. Furthermore, the horizon-flow setup is shown to rely on trajectories in phase space that differ from the slow-roll. For a given potential, we demonstrate that this renders horizon-flow blind to entire relevant inflationary regimes, for which the horizon-flow trajectory is shown to be unstable. This makes horizon-flow a biased parameterization of inflation.
description: 26 pages, 20 figures. Matches published version
Songs of the Century
Creators: name: Graham, Thomas Austin
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2015
Subjects: Culture--Study and teaching
Popular music
Music

description: What is the historical context of a popular song? This essay considers a few possible answers, exploring the ways that a song can exist in something as brief as a passing moment and as broad as a century. It also suggests that when we hear those songs whose times have been the longest, we might not be hearing “songs” at all, but rather “musicking” behaviors that have survived their first iterations and been propounded by various artists over many years.
Feminist Criticism: A Tale of Two Bodies
Creators: name: Marcus, Sharon
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2006
Subjects: Feminism and the arts
Feminism and higher education
Feminist criticism
Gender identity
Sex role
Women's studies

description: How well is feminist criticism doing at what it does? To answer that question, we need to distinguish among its diverse arenas of action, which I will provisionally divide into four--three institutional and one cultural: hiring, teaching, scholarship, and cultural production.
title: Solimano; 1753
title: Drama Per Musica, Da Rappresentarsi Nel Teatro Della Regia Elettoral Corte Di Dresda Nel Carnevale Dell'Anno MDCCLIII = Soliman : ein Singspiel, welches auf dem Königl. Pohln. und Churfürstl. Sächs. Hof-Theater in Dresden, zur Carnevals-Zeit ist aufgeführet worden Im Jahr 1753
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Migliavacca, Giannambrogio
name: Hasse, Johann Adolf
name: Bibièna, Giuseppe
Publisher: name: Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Year: 2011

description: Textbuch. - Text dt. u. ital.
Gating Walls and Bridging Gaps: Validity in Language Teaching, Learning, and Assessment
Creators: name: Badon, Linda C.
name: Oller, Stephen D.
name: Yan, Ruixia
name: Oller Jr., John W.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2005
Subjects: Air pilots
English language--Study and teaching
English language--Study and teaching--Evaluation
Education
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers

description: Theoreticians and practitioners often speak as though classrooms and clinics were located outside the real world, but this is not so. The demand for the teaching, learning, and assessment of English language proficiency for international pilots and air traffic controllers is just one practical example touching almost everyone in the world that shows that contexts of actual language use are invariably in the real world just as learners and teachers are. From actual instances of discourse processing, in some cases with life or death consequences, it follows that judgments of validity, like those of ordinary truth, involve the dynamic interactions of persons, sign systems, and variable content in real contexts. Studies of so-called task-based performance assessment (in various forms and by other names) afford many ways to connect teaching, learning, and assessment. The authenticity, representativeness, and consequent generalizability of teaching, learning, and assessment tasks depends on their incorporation of the sign systems, social actions, and realia found in actual contexts of discourse. While codes, contexts, and interactions must be distinguished in theory, in practice they interact holistically. Our theories need to accommodate and account for the synergistic interactions.
Resonant state expansion applied to planar waveguides
Creators: name: Armitage, L. J.
name: Doost, M. B.
name: Langbein, W.
name: Muljarov, E. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The resonant state expansion, a recently developed method in electrodynamics, is generalized here to planar open optical systems with non-normal incidence of light. The method is illustrated and verified on exactly solvable examples, such as a dielectric slab and a Bragg reflector microcavity, for which explicit analytic formulas are developed. This comparison demonstrates the accuracy and convergence of the method. Interestingly, the spectral analysis of a dielectric slab in terms of resonant states reveals an influence of waveguide modes in the transmission. These modes, which on resonance do not couple to external light, surprisingly do couple to external light for off-resonant excitation.
On the Relationship between Aptitude and Intelligence in Second Language Acquisition
Creators: name: Teepen, Jim
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2004
Subjects: Intellect
Ability
Second language acquisition
Education
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers
Language and languages

description: Better understanding of the varied factors that account for successful second language acquisition is a goal that is of obvious interest to anyone within the field of language study. Before the influence of these factors can be adequately understood, of course, they must be defined and utilized in an accurate and consistent way. This paper endeavors to explore and clarify the ambiguity surrounding usage of the terms intelligence and aptitude in second language acquisition in effort to understand the more central issue of how the qualities designated by these terms relate to second language acquisition. This should enable a clearer picture to emerge about the relative importance of intelligence and aptitude among the constellation of factors associated with second language acquisition.
Modelling the coupling of flood discharge with glacier flow during jökulhlaups
Creators: name: Kingslake, Jonathan
name: Ng, Felix
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Glacial lakes
subject: Floods--Mathematical models
subject: Hydrology
subject: Geophysics
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences

description: We explore a mathematical model that couples together a thermomechanically evolving subglacial channel, distributed cavity drainage, and basal sliding along a subglacial flood path fed by a jökulhlaup lake. It allows water transfer between channel and cavities and a migrating subglacial water divide or 'seal' to form between floods. Notably, it accounts for full coupling between the lake and subglacial drainage in terms of both discharge and pressure, unlike models that neglect the pressure coupling by imposing a known history of lake discharge at the channel inlet. This means that flood hydrographic evolution and its impact on glacier motion are consistently determined by our model. Numerical simulations for a model alpine lake yield stable limit cycles simulating repeating jökulhlaups, with the channel drawing water from the cavities at a varying rate that modulates basal sliding during each flood. A wave of fast sliding propagates down-glacier at flood initiation, followed by deceleration as the growing channel sucks water from the cavities. These behaviours cannot be correctly simulated without the full coupling. We show that the flood's peak discharge, its initiation threshold and the magnitude of the 'fast sliding' wave decrease with the background water supply to the cavities.
Theatrical Translation and Film Adaptation: A Practitioner’s View
Creators: name: Ganat, George L.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2006
Subjects: Film adaptations
Translators--Training of
Translating and interpreting
Education
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers

description: Translated novels and poems often arrive footnoted with “cultural notes” on words and allusions obscure to the reader’s cultural heritage. But translations of performances – whether of theatrical or cinematic dramas – have no recourse to such devices. The language experienced in performance has all the transience of an eavesdropped conversation, with no opportunity for review or back channeling: the immediacy of the audience’s engagement restricts the range of options available to the translator.

Zatlin’s text Theatrical Translation & Film Adaptation: A Practitioner’s View focuses on the distinctive challenges for translators of these forms, and offers a wealth of practical experience for those willing to take on the task of dramatic translation. An experienced and adept theatrical translator herself, Zatlin focuses the first half of her text on theatrical translation (chapters 1 through 5), followed by a brief bridge chapter on subtitling and dubbing for theatre and film (chapter 6), and finally, a discussion of the film adaptation of theatrical pieces (chapters 7 and 8).
The Influence of Changing L1 on Child Second Language Acquisition
Creators: name: Kwon, Eun-Young
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2006
Subjects: Language transfer (Language learning)
English language--Study and teaching--Korean speakers
Second language acquisition--Research
Education
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers

description: This paper presents a 26-month longitudinal study of a child who began learning English while developing her native Korean, conducted in order to investigate the role of language transfer in child SLA. The study examined the subject’s first language (L1) and second language (L2) negation, and plural and possessive markings. It looked for evidence of language transfer (LT) using comparisons to English L2 data from speakers with similar and dissimilar L1s, as well as comparisons between the subject’s L2 speech and her L1 system (Jarvis, 2000). The data showed evidence of LT for all features studied, with a predominance of Korean to English transfer early in the study period, and English to Korean toward the end. Results are interpreted using Foster-Cohen’s (2001) Sliding Window approach, which states that rather than neatly distinguishing L1 from L2 acquisition or early from late SLA, individual development along a variety of axes should be considered, including age, cognitive maturity, and native-like performance in L1. From this standpoint, the subject’s waxing and waning L2 performance across the study period appears to reflect changes in her L1 and in intensity of exposure to both languages.
Providing Validity Evidence for a Speaking Test Using FACETS
Creators: name: Kim, Hyun-Joo
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2006
Subjects: English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers--Computer-assisted instruction
Oral communication--Ability testing
Rasch models
Education
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers

description: Speaking has been considered one of the most important skills in second language teaching and assessment. However, to date there has not been a clear definition of speaking ability. The present study attempts to examine what it means to be able to speak a second language using a newly designed computer-delivered speaking test. The test was created based on a theoretical definition of speaking ability, and then administered to 95 ESL students. A variety of statistical analyses were employed to examine the validity of the test, including reliability analyses, correlation analyses, and a many-facet Rasch measurement (Linacre, 1989) analysis. Results seem to provide some evidence for the validation of the test.
The Prediction value
Creators: name: Koster, Maurice
name: Kurz, Sascha
name: Lindner, Ines
name: Napel, Stefan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Computer Science and Game Theory (cs.GT)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 91B12, 91A12

description: We introduce the prediction value (PV) as a measure of players' informational importance in probabilistic TU games. The latter combine a standard TU game and a probability distribution over the set of coalitions. Player $i$'s prediction value equals the difference between the conditional expectations of $v(S)$ when $i$ cooperates or not. We characterize the prediction value as a special member of the class of (extended) values which satisfy anonymity, linearity and a consistency property. Every $n$-player binomial semivalue coincides with the PV for a particular family of probability distributions over coalitions. The PV can thus be regarded as a power index in specific cases. Conversely, some semivalues -- including the Banzhaf but not the Shapley value -- can be interpreted in terms of informational importance.
description: 26 pages, 2 tables
Low Virial Parameters in Molecular Clouds: Implications for High Mass Star Formation and Magnetic Fields
Creators: name: Kauffmann, Jens
name: Pillai, Thushara
name: Goldsmith, Paul F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Whether or not molecular clouds and embedded cloud fragments are stable against collapse is of utmost importance for the study of the star formation process. Only "supercritical" cloud fragments are able to collapse and form stars. The virial parameter, alpha=M_vir/M, which compares the virial to the actual mass, provides one way to gauge stability against collapse. Supercritical cloud fragments are characterized by alpha<2, as indicated by a comprehensive stability analysis considering perturbations in pressure and density gradients. Past research has suggested that virial parameters alpha>2 prevail in clouds. This would suggest that collapse towards star formation is a gradual and relatively slow process, and that magnetic fields are not needed to explain the observed cloud structure. Here, we review a range of very recent observational studies that derive virial parameters <<2 and compile a catalogue of 1325 virial parameter estimates. Low values of alpha are in particular observed for regions of high mass star formation (HMSF). These observations may argue for a more rapid and violent evolution during collapse. This would enable "competitive accretion" in HMSF, constrain some models of "monolithic collapse", and might explain the absence of high--mass starless cores. Alternatively, the data could point at the presence of significant magnetic fields ~1 mG at high gas densities. We examine to what extent the derived observational properties might be biased by observational or theoretical uncertainties. For a wide range of reasonable parameters, our conclusions appear to be robust with respect to such biases.
description: accepted to ApJ
Language Strategies for Bilingual Families: The One-Parent-One-Language Approach
Creators: name: Skier, Eric M.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2005
Subjects: Bilingualism in children
Applied linguistics
Bilingualism in children--Parent participation
Education
Language and languages

description: The volume, Language Strategies for Bilingual Families: The One-Parent-One-Language Approach, written by Suzanne Barron-Hauwaert, is a well-organized report on bilingualism and the one-parent-one-language approach (OPOL) to raising children in bilingual families that straddles the line. Unlike many research studies, which are only intended for an academic audience, the writer has attempted to provide both a researched yet practical guide for parents of differing linguistic backgrounds who hope to raise their children bilingually. Generally speaking, the approaches the author takes in presenting her data are both informative and accessible to the lay reader.
Auxiliary field Monte-Carlo simulation of strong coupling lattice QCD for QCD phase diagram
Creators: name: Ichihara, Terukazu
name: Ohnishi, Akira
name: Nakano, Takashi Z.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the QCD phase diagram in the strong coupling limit with fluctuation effects by using the auxiliary field Monte-Carlo method. We apply the chiral angle fixing technique in order to obtain finite chiral condensate in the chiral limit in finite volume. The behavior of order parameters suggests that chiral phase transition is the second order or crossover at low chemical potential and the first order at high chemical potential. Compared with the mean field results, the hadronic phase is suppressed at low chemical potential, and is extended at high chemical potential as already suggested in the monomer-dimer-polymer simulations. We find that the sign problem originating from the bosonization procedure is weakened by the phase cancellation mechanism; a complex phase from one site tends to be canceled by the nearest neighbor site phase as long as low momentum auxiliary field contributions dominate.
description: 25 pages, 12 figures
Politeness in Europe
Creators: name: Klein, Carina
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2005
Subjects: Comparative linguistics
Politeness (Linguistics)
Education
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers

description: Leo Hickey and Miranda Stewart’s delightful new volume, Politeness in Europe, takes a fresh look at this question, and examines the many ways in which we express politeness, such as gestures and eye contact, some of which have frequently been neglected in other studies.

A review of the field of politeness studies since the publication of Brown and Levinson’s seminal work (1978, 1987), reveals that a plethora of books and journals has sprung up on this topic in the last thirty years. But it soon emerges that this field has, up to now, been “the playground of North America” (Bayraktaroglu & Sifianou, 2001). In this light, Hickey and Stewart’s book, a collection of 22 chapters representing diverse voices from Belgium to Britain, from Norway to the Netherlands, and from Spain to Sweden, is particularly welcome.
Complexity of the minimum-time damping of a physical pendulum
Creators: name: Ovseevich, Alexander
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 49J15, 34C10

description: We study the minimum-time damping of a physical pendulum by means of a bounded control. In the similar problem for a linear oscillator each optimal trajectory possesses a finite number of control switchings from the maximal to the minimal value. If one considers simultaneously all optimal trajectories with any initial state, the number of switchings can be arbitrary large. We show that for the nonlinear pendulum there is a uniform bound for the switching number for all optimal trajectories. We find asymptotics for this bound as the control amplitude goes to zero.
Marketing California Fresh Market Tomatoes: Trends and Outlook
Creators: name: Jesse, Edward V.
name: Jesse, Edward V.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1974
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: Fresh tomatoes
subject: California
subject: production
subject: marketing

description: California provides about a third of the fresh tomatoes marke[te]d commercially in the United States, and is the only domestic source of supplies during the late fall marketing season. This report traces trends in production and marketing of the State's crop in 1948-72.
description: Reprinted from the Vegetable Situation-August 1974
Glacial melt under a porous debris layer
Creators: name: Evatt, Geoffrey W.
name: Abrahams, David
name: Heil, Matthias
name: Mayer, Christoph
name: Kingslake, Jonathan
name: Mitchell, Sarah L.
name: Fowler, Andrew C.
name: Clark, Christopher D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Moraines
subject: Energy transfer
subject: Glaciers
subject: Geophysics
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Hydrology

description: In this paper we undertake a quantitative analysis of the dynamic process by which ice underneath a dry porous debris layer melts. We show that the incorporation of debris-layer airflow into a theoretical model of glacial melting can capture the empirically observed features of the so-called Østrem curve (a plot of the melt rate as a function of debris depth). Specifically, we show that the turning point in the Østrem curve can be caused by two distinct mechanisms: the increase in the proportion of ice that is debris-covered and/or a reduction in the evaporative heat flux as the debris layer thickens. This second effect causes an increased melt rate because the reduction in (latent) energy used for evaporation increases the amount of energy available for melting. Our model provides an explicit prediction for the melt rate and the temperature distribution within the debris layer, and provides insight into the relative importance of the two effects responsible for the maximum in the Østrem curve. We use the data of Nicholson and Benn (2006) to show that our model is consistent with existing empirical measurements.
The Critical Period in the Acquisition of L2 Syntax: A Partial Replication of Johnson and Newport (1989)
Creators: name: Seol, Heekyung
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2005
Subjects: Second language acquisition--Research
English language--Study and teaching--Korean speakers
Critical periods (Biology)
Education
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers

description: The present study was conducted as an attempt to partially replicate the Johnson and Newport (1989) study (JN89). Given that JN89 yielded the most clear-cut evidence demonstrating the presence of the Critical Period (CP) in the domain of L2 syntax, it has been regarded as one of the landmark CP investigations. This study sought to ascertain whether the evidence provided in JN89 is replicable with a different population of 34 Korean native speakers of English. The results, although not in complete agreement with those of JN89, provide some modest support for the existence of the CP.
SLE and Virasoro representations: Fusion
Creators: name: Dubédat, Julien
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 60J67, 17B68

description: We continue the study of null-vector equations in relation with partition functions of (systems of) Schramm-Loewner Evolutions (SLEs) by considering the question of fusion. Starting from $n$ commuting SLEs seeded at distinct points, the partition function satisfies $n$ null-vector equations (at level 2). We show how to obtain higher level null-vector equations by coalescing the seeds one by one. As an example, we extend Schramm's formula (for the position of a marked bulk point relatively to a chordal SLE trace) to an arbitrary number of SLE strands. The argument combines input from representation theory - the study of Verma modules for the Virasoro algebra - with regularity estimates, themselves based on hypoellipticity and stochastic flow arguments.
description: 45 pages. To appear in Comm. Math. Phys
Speaking Jewish: “Yiddish” in the Discourse of First-Generation American Yiddish Speakers
Creators: name: Kronovet, Jennifer
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2005
Subjects: Critical discourse analysis
Linguistic minorities--Language
Yiddish language--Social aspects
Language and languages
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers

description: By the end of this century, well over half of the world’s languages will disappear. Analyzing how minority languages are discussed by native speakers can provide insight into the relationship between language ideologies and language survival. This paper addresses the position of Yiddish in America by examining discourse about the language by first-generation American native speakers and by demonstrating how these speakers construct an ideological version of Yiddish through their speech. How this specific version of Yiddish may have affected its current position is discussed. The paper also considers Critical Discourse Analysis as a useful method in analyzing discourse regarding Yiddish while critiquing its prizing of dominant discourse as the subject of analysis.
Supplementary materials from Do sex hormones at birth predict later-life economic preferences? Evidence from a pregnancy birth cohort study
Creators: name: Leeuwen, Boris Van
name: Smeets, Paul
name: Bovet, Jeanne
name: Nave, Gideon
name: Stieglitz, Jonathan
name: Whitehouse, Andrew
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 60801 Animal Behaviour
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Economic preferences may be shaped by exposure to sex hormones around birth. Prior studies of economic preferences and numerous other phenotypic characteristics use digit ratios (2D : 4D), a purported proxy for prenatal testosterone exposure, whose validity has recently been questioned. We use direct measures of neonatal sex hormones (testosterone and oestrogen), measured from umbilical cord blood (n = 200) to investigate their association with later-life economic preferences (risk preferences, competitiveness, time preferences and social preferences) in an Australian cohort (Raine Study Gen2). We find no significant associations between testosterone at birth and preferences, except for competitiveness, where the effect runs opposite to the expected direction. Point estimates are between 0.05–0.09 percentage points (pp) and 0.003–0.14 s.d. We similarly find no significant associations between 2D : 4D and preferences (n = 533, point estimates 0.003–0.02 pp and 0.001–0.06 s.d.). Our sample size allows detecting effects larger than 0.11 pp or 0.22 s.d. for testosterone at birth, and 0.07 pp or 0.14 s.d. for 2D : 4D (α = 0.05 and power = 0.90). Equivalence tests show that most effects are unlikely to be larger than these bounds. Our results suggest a reinterpretation of prior findings relating 2D : 4D to economic preferences, and highlight the importance of future large-sample studies that permit detection of small effects.
The Role of Connectives in Text Comprehension
Creators: name: Ben-Anath, Dafna
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Applied linguistics--Research
subject: Cohesion (Linguistics)
subject: Reading comprehension
subject: Linguistics
subject: FOS: Languages and literature
subject: Language and languages

description: Text comprehension results in a cognitive representation of meaning conveyed by the propositions that constitute a text. A variety of linguistic and cognitive factors affect a reader’s ability to construct such meaning, that is, to identify appropriate and coherent relations between the propositions. This literature review examines the role of linguistic devices such as connectives in facilitating text comprehension. Theoretical frameworks on the nature of connectives will be presented followed by a review of empirical studies that examined their function in the construction of coherent relations. These studies reveal multiple perspectives to account for the means by which connectives operate to achieve their effects. A discussion of the findings support a cognitive view whereby connectives function as procedural devices by constraining the psychological context that is brought to bear upon comprehension processes.
Fossilization in Adult Second Language Acquisition
Creators: name: Pazvant, Özlem
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Fossilization (Linguistics)
subject: English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers
subject: Second language acquisition--Research
subject: Education
subject: Linguistics
subject: FOS: Languages and literature

description: Most non-native speakers would agree that it is sometimes frustrating to communicate in another language. Many have embarrassing stories about how they have been misunderstood or have not been able to convey their intended messages at all. In the field of second language acquisition (SLA), there is little doubt that native-like mastery of a second language (L2) by adult non-native speakers is hard to attain (Bley-Vroman, 1989; Schachter, 1988). Failure in some aspects of the language is to be expected, and this is the reason why the nature of this failure has to be investigated thoroughly.
Fossilization in Adult Second Language Acquisition takes a long step
towards shedding light onto the nature of failure. This book offers a systematic analysis of fossilization, a phenomenon which occurs despite continuous exposure to the target language input, sufficient motivation to improve, and ample opportunity to practice.
What Is International English?
Creators: name: Burt, Channing
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2005
Subjects: Lingua francas
English language--Globalization
Communication, International
International relations
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers
Language and languages

description: The number of people using English for international communication is increasing on an unprecedented scale and the spread of English shows no signs of stopping. There is a growing body of research on the phenomenon of international English, yet international English is defined variously in the literature and what is included in these definitions differs considerably. This review seeks to examine what is meant by the various terms employed in the literature and focuses on the international use of English by people for whom it is not a first or official, institutionalized second language, a population which is rapidly growing in number but whose linguistic behavior is still under-researched. The central questions posed are: (1) Does English used by this population constitute a new kind of English or is it simply an error-marred, simplified performance variety of English as a native language? (2) Is it possible that lingua franca English use will affect English as a native language? This paper will review recent empirically-based descriptive studies on international lingua franca English as well as two large-scale corpora currently being compiled in an attempt to shed light on the developing global use of the English language.
Studying Speaking to Inform Second Language Learning
Creators: name: Wiseman, Cynthia
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Applied linguistics--Research
subject: Second language acquisition--Methodology
subject: Education
subject: English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers
subject: Linguistics
subject: FOS: Languages and literature

description: There seems to be an ever-widening gap between practitioners and researchers: a disconnect that never seems to close. This relationship or perhaps lack of relationship was perhaps no better evidenced than in one of the opening colloquia at TESOL 2004 Long Beach. Panelists included Diane Larsen-Freeman, Patricia Duff, and David Nunan, among others. These
researchers have long been active in our field and have held leadership roles in the American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL) as well as in TESOL. The panelists addressed the concerns of many TESOLers on the relationship between AAAL and TESOL. Perhaps foremost in everyone’s mind was the fact that AAAL did not hold its 2004 conference in Long Beach,
breaking a long tradition in which one conference piggybacked the other. Nor would AAAL hold the 2005 annual conference in San Antonio where TESOL 2005 is to be held. There was some talk among the general TESOL membership that AAAL was breaking off from TESOL. This colloquium was probably intended to allay some of those fears and to forge a continuing alliance between these two professional organizations. However, in some ways the presentations by panelists served to deepen this continuing gap between research and practice, or perhaps just make it more salient. It seems that the focus of TESOL as a conference has become more pedagogical while AAAL continues to foster research in second language acquisition and other areas of applied linguistics. The colloquium was both heartening and discouraging at the same time. It was the opening of a dialogue but the researchers seemed to have more to say than the practitioners. It is clear to me that studies such as those reported on in this present volume of articles answer a crisis in our profession as evidenced at the 2004 opening colloquium.
Bilingual Children’s Language and Literacy Development
Creators: name: Kwon, Eun-Young
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2004
Subjects: Literacy--Study and teaching (Early childhood)
Children--Language
Bilingualism in children
Education
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers

description: If asked to name a place that typifies issues in multicultural and multilingual pedagogy, few educators worldwide would think first of New Zealand. Yet in a world of increasing globalization, where many of us are forced to put English first while striving to preserve and respect the cultural and linguistic distinctiveness of our own or our students’ ethnicities, New Zealand presents an instructive case study. Long submerged under the dominant English-
speaking Pakeha (euro-New Zealand) culture, the indigenous language of the Maori people foundered until a recent movement for cultural recognition brought it into the foreground of national consciousness. During roughly the same period, since a 1987 change in the immigration law, New Zealand has experienced dramatic changes in its cultural and linguistic landscape.
Most notably, a significant influx of Pacific islanders and Asians of various nationalities has led to the presence of a range of new cultural communities and to a major challenge for New Zealand’s schools.
Corrective Feedback and Learner Uptake in Adult ESL Classrooms
Creators: name: Suzuki, Mikiko
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2004
Subjects: English language--Adult education
English language--Errors of usage
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers
Adult education
Language and languages

description: This article presents a study investigating the relationship between corrective feedback and learner uptake in adult ESL classrooms. Inspired by Lyster and Ranta (1997), the present study describes and analyzes the patterns of corrective feedback and learner uptake, observed in a different context from that of Lyster and Ranta’s study. The database consists of 21 hours of interaction between three ESL teachers and thirty-one adult ESL students. The interaction was audiotaped and transcribed, and then coded according to Lyster and Ranta’s corrective discourse model. The results show both similarities and differences to those in Lyster and Ranta’s study. While the distribution of types of corrective feedback following learner errors showed no major difference from that reported by Lyster and Ranta, the ratio of uptake following certain corrective feedback types greatly differed from their results. Possible accounts for the differences in the results are discussed from the aspects of the classroom setting, students’ ages and their motivation of participating in the language learning programs, teachers’ experience, and the target language.
Issues of Corrective Feedback in Second Language Acquisition
Creators: name: Kim, Ji Hyun
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2004
Subjects: English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers--Ability testing
English language--Errors of usage
Second language acquisition--Methodology
Education
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers

description: For decades now, questions about the role of corrective feedback in second language acquisition (SLA) have been hotly debated, spawning a great deal of theoretical and empirical research. Although the facilitative role of corrective feedback in SLA has received some empirical support, the claims regarding its impact on SLA have yet to be fully or decisively substantiated. In order to move this line of research forward, it is important to examine the issues arising in the SLA literature. To this end, this paper aims to review and discuss the literature throwing light on three major issues: (1) learners’ noticing of feedback, (2) potential mismatches between teachers’ intentions and learners’ interpretations, and (3) the role of different types of implicit corrective feedback.
Ursus maritimus Phipps 1774
Creators: name: Honacki, James H.
name: Kinman, Kenneth E.
name: Koeppl, James W.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1982
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Ursidae
Ursus
Ursus maritimus

description: Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774. A Voyage Towards North Pole, p. 185. TYPE LOCALITY: Norway, Spitzbergen Isis. DISTRIBUTION: Circumpolar in the Arctic. COMMENT: Placed in genus Ursus, subgenus Thalarctos by Gromov and Baranova, 1981:253, and in genus Thalarctos by Corbet, 1978:166. Reviewed by DeMaster and Stirling, 1981, Mamm. Species, 145:1-7. PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix II as U. (— Thalarctos) maritimus. ISIS NUMBER: 5301412002006003001 as Ursus maritimus.
description: Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Carnivora, pp. 244-289 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on pages 251-252, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7352980
description: {"references": ["Gromov, I. M., and G. I. Baranova (eds.). 1981. Katalog mlekopitayushchikh SSSR [Catalog of mammals of the USSR]. Nauka, Leningrad, 456 pp. (in Russian).", "DeMaster, D. P., and I. Stirling. 1981. Ursus maritimus. Mammalian Species, 145: 1 - 7."]}
Constraints of Implicit Focus on Form: Insights from a Study of Input Enhancement
Creators: name: Park, Eun Sung
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2004
Subjects: Second language acquisition--Methodology
Learning, Psychology of
Education
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers
Language and languages

description: Previous research on implicit focus on form (FonF) has shown that target forms are not always noticed by learners, suggesting that externally-created salience (by the teacher) does not necessarily guarantee learners’ internally-generated salience (Sharwood Smith, 1991, 1993). In an attempt to explore ways of promoting both types of salience, an input enhancement study was conducted in order to examine if, and how, externally-created salience may ideally converge with learners’ internally-generated salience. The results revealed that increasing the perceptual salience of target form(s) does not automatically lead to learners’ noticing of the form(s). In addition, the findings suggest that noticing is largely dependent on internal, cognitive factors such as learner readiness (vis-à-vis the target form), knowledge of the first language, and L2 language-learning experience. Based on the results and insights gathered from online protocol data, a number of constraining factors that need to be considered a priori in achieving a successful focus on form are identified and discussed. In particular, the current study underscores the importance of respecting learner-internal factors, such as their developmental readiness and their internal agenda for learning.
Model equations - Figure of experimental design - Pairwise constrats from How do developmental and parental exposures to predation affect personality and immediate behavioural plasticity in the snail Physa acuta?
Creators: name: Tariel, Juliette
name: Plénet, Sandrine
name: Luquet, Emilien
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 60801 Animal Behaviour

description: Individuals differ in personality and immediate behavioural plasticity. While developmental environment may explain this group diversity, the effect of parental environment is still unexplored—a surprising observation since parental environment influences mean behaviour. We tested whether developmental and parental environments impacted personality and immediate plasticity. We raised two generations of Physa acuta snails in the laboratory with or without developmental exposure to predator cues. Escape behaviour was repeatedly assessed on adult snails with or without predator cues in the immediate environment. On average, snails were slower to escape if they or their parents had been exposed to predator cues during development. Snails were also less plastic in response to immediate predation risk on average if they or their parents had been exposed to predator-cues. Group diversity in personality was greater in predator-exposed snails than unexposed snails, while parental environment did not influence it. Group diversity in immediate plasticity was not significant. Our results suggest that only developmental environment plays a key role in the emergence of group diversity in personality, but that parental environment influences mean behavioural responses to the environmental change. Consequently, although different, both developmental and parental cues may have evolutionary implications on behavioural responses.
Keoma Open Dog Robot, Uma Alternativa de Baixo Custo para Robótica Educacional
Creators: name: Santos, Alex Aquino Dos
name: Souza, Anderson Abner S.
name: Rosiery S. Maia
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Educational Robotics
Robotics
Arduino Microcontroller

description: KEOMA, a robot of low cost, applicable as an alternative to platforms used in educational robotics nowadays, making the robotics more and more accessible to all, reducing the complexity in building and facilitating the programming. KEOMA is a tool of acquirement of new knowledge, an efficient way to contextualize the learned contents in classroom with something ludic and totally applicable. A key aspect is the reuse of electronic components and the recycling of other materials in its construction.
Attention and Awareness: Evidence from Cognitive and Second Language Acquisition Research
Creators: name: Al-Hejin, Bandar
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2004
Subjects: Cognitive psychology--Research
Learning, Psychology of
Second language acquisition--Research
Education
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers
Cognitive psychology

description: Over the past two decades, researchers in the field of second language acquisition (SLA) have become increasingly interested in the concept of attention. The role of attention has significant implications for theories of second language input, processing, development, variation, and instruction. Most of the literature on attention also addresses the concept of awareness. The two concepts are inherently connected but can be operationally distinguished. This review focuses on attention and awareness with respect to their definitions, theories, and the empirical evidence of their role in learning. Emphasis will be on research from cognitive psychology. This is followed by a brief review of SLA research relevant to Schmidt’s Noticing Hypothesis (1990). The discussion suggests that: (a) Schmidt’s definition of attention, as detection among other things, disregards the possibility of learning without attention; (b) attention facilitates SLA; (c) awareness is not necessary for converting input to intake; and (d) awareness can also facilitate SLA.
Investigating the Foreign Language Needs of Professional School Students in International Affairs: A Case Study
Creators: name: Purpura, James E.
name: Graziano-King, Janine
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2004
Subjects: Laboratory schools
Language and international relations
Multilingualism--Study and teaching
Education
Language and languages
International relations

description: On-going demographic changes and increasing globalization have challenged professional schools to prepare students for the plurilinguistic and pluricultural realities of the workplace both within and across national boundaries. Given these evolving workplace realities, professional schools may need to re-assess the degree to which their students’ career needs are being met by existing language programs, so that policy and resources can be adjusted accordingly. The current inquiry reports on a large-scale assessment designed to investigate the foreign language needs of students in the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) at Columbia University and to evaluate the degree to which these needs are being addressed. Recognizing that different stakeholders may have opposing perceptions of foreign language needs, this study utilized a conceptual model of needs assessment that surveyed multiple sources of data within and across a variety of stakeholder groups. These perceived needs were then examined and compared. The findings showed a disparity among the needs of the professional school students, foreign language instruction, and SIPA’s language policy. While these results were not entirely unexpected, they were highlighted by evidence from the different perspectives surveyed. The model of needs assessment used in this study served as an invaluable framework for examining the different dimensions of foreign language needs.
Supplementary Material: Results from Production of mobile invertebrate communities on shallow reefs from temperate to tropical seas
Creators: name: Fraser, K. M.
name: J. S. Lefcheck
name: Ling, S. D.
name: C. Mellin
name: R. D. Stuart-Smith
name: G. J. Edgar
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Table S1 Results of analysis using temperature-dependent productivity; Table S2 ANOVA table assessing differences in P20 among predictor variables included in each model.
Acquisition of the English Article System by Speakers of Polish in ESL and EFL Settings
Creators: name: Ekiert, Monika
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2004
Subjects: English language--Article
Second language acquisition
English language--Study and teaching--Polish speakers
Education
English language--Study and teaching--Foreign speakers

description: This paper examines the second language (L2) developmental sequence of article acquisition by adult language learners in two different environments: English as a Second Language (ESL), and English as a Foreign Language (EFL). On the basis of an existing classification of English articles (a, the, zero), data on article usage were obtained from adult learners who were native speakers of Polish, a language that has no articles or article-like morphemes. Data analyses led to some limited conclusions about the order of acquisition of the English article system, and may contribute to a more detailed understanding of the nature of interlanguage representations.