cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Redshift estimates for fast radio bursts and implications on intergalactic magnetic fields
Creators: name: Hackstein, Stefan
name: Brüggen, Marcus
name: Vazza, Franco
name: Rodrigues, Luiz F. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Context: Fast Radio Bursts are transient radio pulses from presumably compact stellar sources of extragalactic origin. With new telescopes detecting multiple events per day, statistical methods are required in order to interpret observations and make inferences regarding astrophysical and cosmological questions. Purpose: We present a method that uses probability estimates of fast radio burst observables to obtain likelihood estimates for the underlying models. Method: Considering models for all regions along the line-of-sight, including intervening galaxies, we perform Monte-Carlo simulations to estimate the distribution of the dispersion measure, rotation measure and temporal broadening. Using Bayesian statistics, we compare these predictions to observations of Fast Radio Bursts. Results: By applying Bayes theorem, we obtain lower limits on the redshift of Fast Radio Bursts with extragalactic DM $\gtrsim 400$ pc cm$^{-3}$. We find that intervening galaxies cannot account for all highly scattered Fast Radio Bursts in FRBcat, thus requiring a denser and more turbulent environment than a SGR 1935+2154-like magnetar. We show that a sample of $\gtrsim 10^3$ unlocalized Fast Radio Bursts with associated extragalactic RM $\geq 1$ rad m$^{-2}$ can improve current upper limits on the strength of intergalactic magnetic fields.
description: 23 pages, 12 figures, accepted by MNRAS
Additional file 1 of Reproductive options for families at risk of Osteogenesis Imperfecta: a review
Creators: name: Zhytnik, Lidiia
name: Simm, Kadri
name: Salumets, Andres
name: Peters, Maire
name: Märtson, Aare
name: Maasalu, Katre
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: 110309 Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1: Table S1. Availability and legal regulations of reproductive techniques for families at risk of Osteogenesis Imperfecta across countries. § - Criteria of a disorder allowed for PGT-M is suggested by guidelines of professional organizations [172].
Vieillissement et alimentation: les effets de la prise en charge à domicile
Creators: name: Cardon, Philippe
name: Cardon, Philippe
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy
Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety

description: La prise en charge (familiale ou professionnelle) au domicile de personnes âgées atteintes d'incapacités modifie l'alimentation de leur ménage, mais ces modifications varient selon le statut de l'intervenant. L'intervention d'une aide à domicile conduit à des transformations par intégration des normes nutritionnelles et diététiques, mais ces transformations diffèrent selon les interactions entre l'aide à domicile (selon son âge et son niveau de formation) et la personne âgée et ne sont pas nécessairement efficientes. A contrario, dans la prise en charge familiale, le ménage tente de maintenir son régime alimentaire mais on observe des transformations qui dépendent de la réorganisation des activités alimentaires. Elles varient selon le statut et le sexe de l'aidant (conjoint-e ; fils/fille) et le sexe et les types d'incapacités (physiques ou psychiques) de la personne âgée. La politique préventive à destination des personnes âgées menée dans le cadre du Programme national nutrition santé (PNNS) et basée sur le maintien de la diversité alimentaire devrait prendre en compte les effets de ces interactions sociales.
Normes sanitaires et phytosanitaires et obstacles techniques au commerce: quels impacts sur les échanges internationaux de produits agricoles?
Creators: name: Disdier, Anne-Celia
name: Disdier, Anne-Celia
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: Dans le cadre des Accords sur les mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires (SPS) et sur les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC), l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) autorise les pays membres à adopter des mesures destinées à protéger la santé humaine, animale et végétale ainsi que l'environnement, la faune et la flore et la sécurité humaine. Ces mesures constituent des barrières non tarifaires susceptibles de jouer un rôle important dans le déroulement des négociations commerciales internationales ; les pays en développement protestent, en effet, régulièrement contre leur utilisation par les pays développés à des fins protectionnistes. L'analyse statistique de l'impact des mesures SPS et OTC sur les échanges agricoles indique qu'elles peuvent avoir un impact négatif significatif sur les importations des pays de l'OCDE, même si elles se traduisent par ailleurs par une normalisation et une certification qui facilitent les échanges. Les estimations par groupe de pays exportateurs montrent en fait que les échanges entre pays développés ne sont pas affectés de manière significative par les réglementations techniques, sanitaires et phytosanitaires, mais que celles-ci constituent un obstacle important aux exportations des pays en développement vers les pays développés.
Instruments économiques de gestion de la ressource en eau
Creators: name: Thomas, Alban
name: Nauges, Celine
name: Thomas, Alban
name: Nauges, Celine
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: La politique de l’eau menée en France a longtemps accordé une place prépondérante aux grands équipements et aux cofinancements d’investissements destinés à la préservation de la qualité de la ressource et à la sécurité des approvisionnements. Les épisodes récurrents de sécheresse depuis la fin des années 1980 et les restrictions d’usage associées rendent cependant plus actuel le débat sur la gestion de la demande en eau, et en particulier les instruments économiques tels les prix et les taxes sur les prélèvements d’eau. Alors que dans le passé, la sensibilité des acteurs au niveau et à la nature des instruments de gestion était considérée comme très faible, des travaux de recherche ont depuis mis en évidence le rôle important que peuvent jouer les instruments économiques dans la gestion de la demande en eau. Au-delà de l’identification des élasticités de la demande au prix et au revenu, de nouvelles recherches ont porté sur les modalités de l‘accès à l’eau potable par les ménages, notamment via l’arbitrage entre plusieurs sources d’approvisionnement, ainsi que sur l’évaluation de politiques de tarification sociale de l’eau potable. On présente ici un tour d’horizon de ces résultats portant sur le rôle des instruments économiques dans la gestion des usages résidentiels de l’eau.
Control of high-harmonic generation by tuning the electronic structure and carrier injection
Creators: name: Nishidome, Hiroyuki
name: Nagai, Kohei
name: Uchida, Kento
name: Ichinose, Yota
name: Yomogida, Yohei
name: Tanaka, Koichiro
name: Yanagi, Kazuhiro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: High-harmonic generation (HHG), which is generation of multiple optical harmonic light, is an unconventional nonlinear optical phenomenon beyond perturbation regime. HHG, which was initially observed in gaseous media, has recently been demonstrated in solid state materials. How to control the extreme nonlinear optical phenomena is a challenging subject. Compared to atomic gases, solid state materials have advantages in controlling electronic structures and carrier injection. Here, we demonstrate control of HHG by tuning electronic structure and carrier injection using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). We reveal systematic changes in the high-harmonic spectra of SWCNTs with a series of electronic structures from a metal to a semiconductor. We demonstrate enhancement or reduction of harmonic generation by more than one order of magnitude by tuning electron and hole injection into the semiconductor SWCNTs through electrolyte gating. These results open a way to control HHG within the concept of field effect transistor devices.
L’économie des services publics locaux d’alimentation en eau potable
Creators: name: Garcia, Serge
name: Garcia, Serge
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: Community/Rural/Urban Development
Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: Il existe un débat récurrent en France sur le choix d’organisation, de mode de gestion et de régulation des services d’eau. Ce sont des monopoles locaux qui peuvent être gérés directement par la commune ou délégués à un opérateur privé. L’analyse économétrique des coûts des services d’alimentation en eau potable donne des informations cruciales sur les économies réalisables en termes de performance des réseaux et sur la gestion de la ressource. La comparaison contrefactuelle des coûts des modes de gestion (public vs. privé) montre des différences d’efficacité et l’existence de rente d’information pour les opérateurs privés.
Les processus de négociation dans la gestion des ressources en eau
Creators: name: Rio, Patrick
name: Thoyer, Sophie
name: Rio, Patrick
name: Thoyer, Sophie
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy
Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: Les outils classiques d’accompagnement des négociations sur l’eau sont destinés à favoriser la compréhension mutuelle des enjeux par les parties prenantes et faciliter ainsi la construction d’accords plus robustes. Mais les animateurs des procédures de concertation ont aussi besoin d’un appui pour établir la structure de la négociation. Nous illustrons ici l’utilité d’un modèle de marchandage pour simuler et comparer des règles de négociation. L’applicabilité de cet outil est illustrée sur deux exemples de terrain.
Réduire les pollutions diffuses
Creators: name: Rio, Patrick
name: Rio, Patrick
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy

description: Les enjeux des pollutions diffuses sur la qualité de la ressource en eau et la santé humaine sont tels qu'une démarche intensive de recherche sur le contrôle de ces pollutions a été engagée, dont témoigne le rapport "Pesticides, agriculture et environnement" de l'INRA et du CEMAGREF. Les économistes y apportent leur compréhension propre des mécanismes publics de gestion mais cette démarche implique la mobilisation d'un grand nombre de disciplines.
Economics of Sourcing Cellulosic Feedstock for Energy Production
Creators: name: Gustafson, Cole R.
name: Maung, Thein A.
name: Saxowsky, David M.
name: Nowatzki, John
name: Miljkovic, Tatjana
name: Gustafson, Cole R.
name: Maung, Thein A.
name: Saxowsky, David M.
name: Nowatzki, John
name: Miljkovic, Tatjana
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Wheat Straw
subject: Corn Stover
subject: Density
subject: Transportation Cost
subject: GIS

description: This study investigates the economics of supplying wheat straw and corn stover within 100 mile radius of a potential new biorefinery in southeast North Dakota. In particular, straw and stover total delivery costs, potential straw and stover supply sites and least cost transportation routes are identified using a linear programming transport model and a GIS (Geographic Information Systems) mapping system. We show that USDA/NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service) future crop residue removal rate policies will be important for determining whether it is economically viable to harvest crop residues as potential feedstock for energy generation. Increase in residue removal rates narrow the size of residue supply areas and consequently result in lowering total transportation costs. There is an economic tradeoff between residue collection density and distance from the biorefinery. Most wheat residues are highly concentrated in the north, some distance from the biorefinery. Relying solely on wheat straw for supply needs require longer transportation distances which increases total cost. Using a combination of wheat and corn residues lowers total transportation costs. Since most wheat/corn residues are densely concentrated in north/south, regional highways would likely be the routes used often to transport the residues, as compared to interstate highways. Increased traffic volumes due to the hauling of crop residues would require additional investment in improving road conditions.
On the Bistable Behavior of a Low-Frequency Raman-Active Phonon Line in Superconducting Oxide Ba1-xKxBiO3
Creators: name: Saiko, A. P.
name: Markevich, S. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The two-loop temperature hysteresis of integrated intensity of Raman scattering of light is explained theoretically for a line of frequency 50 cm-1 in a superconducting oxide Ba1-xKxBiO3 single crystal.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures
Relationships among quasivarieties induced by the min networks on inverse semigroups
Creators: name: Feng, Ying-Ying
name: Wang, Li-Min
name: Zhou, Zhi-Yong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Group Theory (math.GR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 20M18

description: A congruence on an inverse semigroup $S$ is determined uniquely by its kernel and trace. Denoting by $ρ_k$ and $ρ_t$ the least congruence on $S$ having the same kernel and the same trace as $ρ$, respectively, and denoting by $ω$ the universal congruence on $S$, we consider the sequence $ω$, $ω_k$, $ω_t$, $(ω_k)_t$, $(ω_t)_k$, $((ω_k)_t)_k$, $((ω_t)_k)_t$, $\cdots$. The quotients $\{S/ω_k\}$, $\{S/ω_t\}$, $\{S/(ω_k)_t\}$, $\{S/(ω_t)_k\}$, $\{S/((ω_k)_t)_k\}$, $\{S/((ω_t)_k)_t\}$, $\cdots$, as $S$ runs over all inverse semigroups, form quasivarieties. This article explores the relationships among these quasivarieties.
Love, Joy, Anger, Sadness, Fear, and Surprise: SE Needs Special Kinds of AI: A Case Study on Text Mining and SE
Creators: name: Novielli, Nicole
name: Calefato, Fabio
name: Lanubile, Filippo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Software Engineering (cs.SE)
subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Do you like your code? What kind of code makes developers happiest? What makes them angriest? Is it possible to monitor the mood of a large team of coders to determine when and where a codebase needs additional help?
The Rise of Cosmological Complexity: Saturation of Growth and Chaos
Creators: name: Bhattacharyya, Arpan
name: Das, Saurya
name: Haque, S. Shajidul
name: Underwood, Bret
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We compute the circuit complexity of scalar curvature perturbations on FLRW cosmological backgrounds with fixed equation of state $w$ using the language of squeezed vacuum states. Backgrounds that are accelerating and expanding, or decelerating and contracting, exhibit features consistent with chaotic behavior, including linearly growing complexity. Remarkably, we uncover a bound on the growth of complexity for both expanding and contracting backgrounds $λ\leq \sqrt{2} \ |H|$, similar to other bounds proposed independently in the literature. The bound is saturated for expanding backgrounds with an equation of state more negative than $w = -5/3$, and for contracting backgrounds with an equation of state larger than $w = 1$. For expanding backgrounds that preserve the null energy condition, de Sitter space has the largest rate of growth of complexity (identified as the Lyapunov exponent), and we find a scrambling time that is similar to other estimates up to order one factors.
description: 19 pages, 9 figures
Additional file 9 of Managing clustering effects and learning effects in the design and analysis of multicentre randomised trials: a survey to establish current practice
Creators: name: Conroy, Elizabeth J.
name: Blazeby, Jane M.
name: Burnside, Girvan
name: Cook, Jonathan A.
name: Gamble, Carrol
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 9: Supplementary Box 4. Reasons for using fixed, random or time-varying effect for treatment provider (Question 8)
Invariant manifolds for Random Dynamical Systems on Banach Spaces exhibiting generalized dichotomies
Creators: name: Bento, António J. G.
name: Vilarinho, Helder
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Dynamical Systems (math.DS)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 37L55, 37D10, 37H99

description: We prove the existence of measurable invariant manifolds for small perturbations of linear Random Dynamical Systems evolving on a Banach space and admitting a general type of dichotomy, both for continuous and discrete time. Moreover, the asymptotic behavior in the invariant manifold is similar to the one of the linear Random Dynamical System.
description: Accepted for publication in Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations
Identifying and Reducing Overlap in Farm Program Support
Creators: name: Cooper, Joseph C.
name: O'Donoghue, Erik J.
name: Cooper, Joseph C.
name: O'Donoghue, Erik J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Production Economics
subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: commodity support
subject: average crop revenue election
subject: Supplemental Revenue Assistance
subject: expected utility
subject: corn
subject: wheat
subject: soybeans

description: The current debate surrounding the 2012 Farm Act stresses cutting costs while maintaining, or even strengthening, farmers’ “safety net.” One way to cut costs is to reduce or eliminate potential overlap of farm program payments. Using simulations, we explore the interaction between the Average Crop Revenue Election (ACRE) program and a revenue assurance (RA) crop insurance program for corn, soybean, and wheat farmers in IL, MN, and SD. Additionally, we examine whether receiving benefits from multiple programs (an RA program, the Supplemental Revenue (SURE) program, and an ad hoc disaster assistance program) distorts farmers’ business decisions. We find overlap between ACRE and crop insurance, which could lead to budgetary savings if these two programs were to be integrated. Moreover, despite policymakers explicitly incorporating insurance indemnities into SURE payment calculations, access to both programs can alter behavior. Finally, in a counter-factual analysis, we show that removing ad hoc payments from the SURE would likely alter farm behavior.
Spin-Triplet Superconductivity Mediated by Phonons in Quasi-One-Dimensional Systems
Creators: name: Suginishi, Yuuichi
name: Shimahara, Hiroshi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the spin-triplet superconductivity mediated by phonons in quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) systems with open Fermi surfaces. We obtain the ground state phase diagrams. It is found that spin-triplet superconductivity occurs for weak screening and strong on-site Coulomb interaction, even in the absence of any additional nonphonon pairing interactions. We find that the nodeless spin-triplet state is more favorable than the spin-triplet state with line nodes, for the parameter values of the Q1D superconductors (TMTSF)_2X. We also find that Q1D open Fermi surface, which is the specific feature of this system, plays an essential role in the pairing symmetry. We discuss the compatibility of the present results with the experimental results in these compounds.
description: 8 pages, 15 figures, with jpsj2.cls
Stratospheric temperature anomalies as imprints from the dark Universe
Creators: name: Zioutas, K.
name: Argiriou, A.
name: Fischer, H.
name: Hofmann, S.
name: Maroudas, M.
name: Pappa, A.
name: Semertzidis, Y. K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The manifestation of the dark Universe begun with unexpected large scale astronomical observations. Here we are investigating the origin of small scale anomalies, like that of the annually observed temperature anomalies in the stratosphere. Unexpectedly, we observe a planetary relationship of the daily stratospheric temperature distribution. Its spectral shape does not match concurrent solar activity, or solar EUV emission, whose impact on the atmosphere is unequivocal. This behavior points at an additional energy source of exosolar origin. A viable concept behind such observations is based on possible gravitational focusing by the solar system towards the Earth of low speed invisible matter. We denote generic constituents from the dark Universe as invisible matter, in order to distinguish them from ordinary dark matter candidates like axions or WIMPs, which cannot have any noticeable impact on the stratosphere. The observed peaking planetary relations exclude on their own any conventional explanation. Only a somehow strongly interacting invisible streaming matter with the little screened upper stratosphere (noverhead about 1 gr/cm 2) can be behind the occasionally observed temperature increases. We also estimate an associated energy deposition O(W/m 2), which is variable over the 11 years solar cycle. For the widely assumed picture of a quasi not interacting dark Universe, this new exosolar energy is enormous. Since the atmosphere is uninterruptedly monitored since decades, it can serve also parasitically as a novel low threshold detector for the dark Universe, with built-in spatiotemporal resolution and the solar system acting temporally as signal amplifier. In future, analyzing more observations, for example, from the anomalous ionosphere, or, the transient sudden stratospheric warmings, the nature of the assumed invisible streams could be deciphered.
description: 18 pages, 11 Figures
The Economics of Geographical Indications: Welfare Implications
Creators: name: Tauber, Ramona
name: Anders, Sven M.
name: Langinier, Corinne
name: Tauber, Ramona
name: Anders, Sven M.
name: Langinier, Corinne
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: Industrial Organization
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: geographical indications
subject: consumer preferences
subject: welfare
subject: policy

description: The debate over the “right way” of protecting geographical indicators (GIs) has resulted in a growing body of literature investigating the welfare effects of GI policies using economic modelling approaches. This paper presents a synthesis of a small yet growing number of analytical studies on GIs. We find that modelling results and related policy conclusions hinge on different assumptions regarding consumer preferences, quality differentiation and weights attributed to producer or consumer welfare measures. Inconclusive results regarding a pareto-optimal design of GI policy leave several unresolved issues to researchers and policy makers assigned with the welfare implications of GI-based market interventions.
Do Food Prices Affect Food Security? Evidence from the CPS 2002-2006
Creators: name: Gregory, Christian A.
name: Coleman-Jensen, Alisha
name: Gregory, Christian A.
name: Coleman-Jensen, Alisha
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Food Security and Poverty
subject: food price
subject: food insecurity
subject: SNAP
subject: discrete factor model

description: In this paper, we estimate the effect of food prices on food insecurity for SNAP recipients using data from the Current Population Survey and the recently published Quarterly Food At Home Price Database. We form a local food price index based on amounts of food for a household of four as established by the Thrifty Food Plan. We use an econometric model that accounts for the endogeneity of SNAP receipt to food insecurity and for household-level unobservables. We find that the average effect of food prices on the probability of food insecurity is positive and significant: an increase of one standard deviation in the price of our food basket is associated with an increase in food insecurity of between 1.3 and 2 percentage points for SNAP households. These results are fairly large in terms of the prevalence of food insecurity in our sample. An increase in food insecurity of this magnitude would be about 8 percent of total food insecurity prevalence for the populations in question. These results suggest that indexing SNAP benefits to local food prices could improve its ability to ameliorate the effects of food insecurity.
Magnetic turbulence in the plasma sheet
Creators: name: Vörös, Z.
name: Baumjohann, W.
name: Nakamura, R.
name: Runov, A.
name: Zhang, T. L.
name: Eichelberger, H. U.
name: Treumann, R.
name: Georgescu, E.
name: Balogh, A.
name: Klecker, B.
name: Rème, H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Small-scale magnetic turbulence observed by the Cluster spacecraft in the plasma sheet is investigated by means of a wavelet estimator suitable for detecting distinct scaling characteristics even in noisy measurements. The spectral estimators used for this purpose are affected by a frequency dependent bias. The variances of the wavelet coefficients, however, match the power-law shaped spectra, which makes the wavelet estimator essentially unbiased. These scaling characteristics of the magnetic field data appear to be essentially non-steady and intermittent. The scaling properties of bursty bulk flow (BBF) and non-BBF associated magnetic fluctuations are analysed with the aim of understanding processes of energy transfer between scales. Small-scale ($\sim 0.08-0.3$ s) magnetic fluctuations having the same scaling index $α\sim 2.6$ as the large-scale ($\sim 0.7-5$ s) magnetic fluctuations occur during BBF-associated periods. During non-BBF associated periods the energy transfer to small scales is absent, and the large-scale scaling index $α\sim 1.7$ is closer to Kraichnan or Iroshnikov-Kraichnan scalings. The anisotropy characteristics of magnetic fluctuations show both scale-dependent and scale-independent behavior. The former can be partly explained in terms of the Goldreich-Sridhar model of MHD turbulence, which leads to the picture of Alfvénic turbulence parallel and of eddy turbulence perpendicular to the mean magnetic field direction. Nonetheless, other physical mechanisms, such as transverse magnetic structures, velocity shears, or boundary effects can contribute to the anisotropy characteristics of plasma sheet turbulence. The scale-independent features are related to anisotropy characteristics which occur during a period of magnetic reconnection and fast tailward flow.
description: 32 pages, 12 figures
Ultrafast energy relaxation of quantum dot-generated 2D hot electrons
Creators: name: Park, Dongsung T.
name: Kim, Dongkun
name: Kim, Uhjin
name: Jung, Hwanchul
name: Choi, Juho
name: Han, Cheolhee
name: Chung, Yunchul
name: Sim, H. -S.
name: Umansky, V.
name: Choi, Hyoungsoon
name: Choi, Hyung Kook
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Through a series of transverse magnetic focusing experiments, we show that hot electrons in a two-dimensional electron gas system undergo an ultrafast relaxation when generated by a quantum dot (QD) instead of a quantum point contact (QPC). We find here that QPC hot electrons were well described by the non-interacting Fermi gas model for excitations up to 1.5 meV above the Fermi level of 7.44 meV, whereas QD hot electrons exhibited an energy loss quadratic to the excitation. The energy relaxation was a sizeable fraction of the tested excitations, up to about 55%. With the proposal that the hot electrons are relaxed by the QD immediately after emission, we present a toy model in which a capacitive coupling between the QD and its leads results in a finite, ultrafast energy relaxation.
description: 11 pages, 4 figures (main article), 9 pages, 6 figures (supplementary materials)
Additional file 8 of Managing clustering effects and learning effects in the design and analysis of multicentre randomised trials: a survey to establish current practice
Creators: name: Conroy, Elizabeth J.
name: Blazeby, Jane M.
name: Burnside, Girvan
name: Cook, Jonathan A.
name: Gamble, Carrol
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 8: Supplementary Box 3. Reasons for using fixed or random effect for centre (Question 7).
A strontium optical lattice clock with $1 \times 10^{-17}$ uncertainty and measurement of its absolute frequency
Creators: name: Hobson, Richard
name: Bowden, William
name: Silva, Alissa
name: Baynham, Charles F. A.
name: Margolis, Helen S.
name: Baird, Patrick E. G.
name: Gill, Patrick
name: Hill, Ian R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a measurement of the absolute frequency of the 5s$^2$ $^1$S$_0$ to 5s5p $^3$P$_0$ transition in $^{87}$Sr, which is a secondary representation of the SI second. We describe the optical lattice clock apparatus used for the measurement, and we focus in detail on how its systematic frequency shifts are evaluated with a total fractional uncertainty of $1 \times 10^{-17}$. Traceability to the International System of Units is provided via comparison to International Atomic Time (TAI). Gathering data over 5- and 15-day periods, with the lattice clock operating on average 74$\%$ of the time, we measure the frequency of the transition to be 429228004229873.1(5) Hz, which corresponds to a fractional uncertainty of $1 \times 10^{-15}$. We describe in detail how this uncertainty arises from the intermediate steps linking the optical frequency standard, through our local time scale UTC(NPL), to an ensemble of primary and secondary frequency standards which steer TAI. The calculated absolute frequency of the transition is in good agreement with recent measurements carried out in other laboratories around the world.
Food Calorie Intake and Food Security under Grain Price Inflation: Evidence from Malawi
Creators: name: Pan, Suwen
name: Fang, Cheng
name: Sanogo, Issa
name: Mutuc, Maria Erlinda M.
name: Pan, Suwen
name: Fang, Cheng
name: Sanogo, Issa
name: Mutuc, Maria Erlinda M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Consumer/Household Economics
subject: Food Security and Poverty
subject: Goldfeld-Quandt tests
subject: a quadratic almost ideal demand system
subject: Malawi

description: A comprehensive analysis of food demand and nutrient consumption using recent, representative household survey data from Malawi is presented. Expenditure and price elasticities have been estimated for 20 food groups using a quadratic almost ideal demand system based on 4 income groups identified by the Goldfeld-Quandt tests. Although the current boom of maize price provides an opportunity to rethink development strategies that diversify the commodity sectors, developing countries will not necessarily benefit from this change absent significant improvements in production capacities and trade infrastructures. Malawi is likely to suffer from higher commodity prices in the short-run.
High-resolution optical spectroscopic observations of comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner in Its 2018 apparition
Creators: name: Shinnaka, Yoshiharu
name: Kawakita, Hideyo
name: Tajitsu, Akito
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner is a peculiar comet from the viewpoints of the chemical and physical properties of its dust grains. We conduct optical high-resolution spectroscopic observations of the comet. The intensity ratios of forbidden oxygen lines (at 557.7, 630.0, and 636.4 nm) and ortho-to-para abundance ratios (OPRs) of water cations (H$_2$O$^+$) and amidogen radicals (NH$_2$) are obtained while only the upper limit for $^{14}$N/$^{15}$N in the amidogen radical is restricted. The OPRs of H$_2$O$^+$ and NH$_2$ are similar to those of other comets, although the real meaning of these OPRs is still debated. Based on the observation of the forbidden emission lines of oxygen atoms, it can be concluded that the comet is depleted in CO$_2$. In consideration with the depletion in other highly volatile species found in the near-infrared region and the presence of complex organics in comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner, this comet might form in a warmer region in the solar nebula compared with other comets.
description: 12 pages, 6 figures, author final submission version, published to Astronomical Journal on April 13, 2020
Soil Moisture estimation using SAR polarimetry
Creators: name: Sikdar, Millie
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: The sensitivity of microwave scattering to both dielectric and geometric characteristics of natural surfaces makes radar remote sensing one of most promising techniques for estimating soil moisture content. The potential of using polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for soil moisture estimation is investigated in this thesis. Soil moisture estimation has been an area of significant interest due to its widespread applications in the estimation and modelling of various large-scale ecological processes. Many approaches based on experimental observations or theoretical reasoning have been developed for soil moisture retrieval from SAR systems. Among the major models developed, the empirical model proposed by Dubois et al. in 1995 proves to be a good choice, because of its wide applicability and simplicity of implementation. However, one of the challenges presented by the Dubois Model as well as other originally developed models is their ineffectiveness in accurately estimating the soil moisture content in vegetated regions. In this thesis, this concern is addressed and a methodology for incorporating a suitable vegetation index into the existing Dubois Model is proposed. The Water Cloud Model is used to introduce the vegetation correction into the backscattering coefficients, which are then used in the inversion model to yield better estimation results. The vegetation index used requires the prior knowledge of several ground-measurable vegetation parameters. In order to sustain the true essence of "remote sensing", an approach for minimizing the need for ground measurements, by remotely estimating the vegetation parameters, is also suggested. The proposed algorithm applied to three different data sets - SIR-C, AIRSAR and CV-580, and its accuracy is evaluated based on the correlation and RMSE between the radar-based estimates and the published ground truth. The results show that soil moisture estimation accuracy can be improved by the addition of the vegetation correction into the model.
Inside the Black Box: Price Linkage and Transmission Between Energy and Agricultural Markets
Creators: name: Du, Xiaodong
name: McPhail, Lihong Lu
name: Du, Xiaodong
name: McPhail, Lihong Lu
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: corn
subject: ethanol
subject: gasoline
subject: structural break
subject: Structural VAR
subject: GARCH

description: This study addresses the complex relationship between energy and agricultural markets—represented by corn, ethanol, and gasoline prices—particularly in light of the growth in biofuel production. Contemporaneous price response and transmission of market shocks are investigated in a simultaneous-equation system to disclose fundamental driving forces before and after the development of large-scale ethanol production. We use a dynamic conditional correlation multivariate GARCH model to demonstrate a strengthening relationship among corn, ethanol, and gasoline prices. We identify a structural change point at March 25, 2008 using the test by Bai and Perron (2003). The strengthened market relationship is further illustrated by variance decomposition based on a structural VAR model.
Measuring the Impact of the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) on Irrigation Efficiency and Water Conservation
Creators: name: Wallander, Steven
name: Hand, Michael S.
name: Wallander, Steven
name: Hand, Michael S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: EQIP
subject: irrigation efficiency
subject: water conservation
subject: difference-in-differences
subject: matching estimator

description: Since the passage of the 1996 Farm Act, the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) has provided over $10 billion in technology adoption subsidies. One of the national conservation priorities in EQIP is water conservation, but it is not known how participation in EQIP by irrigators affects water application rates and decisions to expand or reduce a farm’s irrigated acreage. Using a farm-level panel data set drawn from three national samples of irrigators taken in 1998, 2003, and 2008, this study provides the first national scale econometric estimates of the changes in water application rates and irrigated acreage that result when a farm receives EQIP payments. Due to a five-fold increase in EQIP funding following the 2002 farm bill, the change in EQIP participation between 2008 and earlier years is largely the result of an exogenous policy shock. A difference-in-differences estimator that exploits this change in EQIP funding and also controls for unobserved farm-specific variables, suggests that for the average farm participating in EQIP between 2004 and 2008, the EQIP payments may have reduced water application rates but also may have increased total water use and led to an expansion in irrigated acreage. However, since EQIP participation is voluntary, there may still be a need to correct for bias due to sample selection. A nearest neighbor matching estimator finds no evidence of any statistically significant effect of EQIP participation on technology adoption rates, water use, water application rates or acreages, which suggests that there is a high degree of self-selection into the program.
Additional file 7 of Managing clustering effects and learning effects in the design and analysis of multicentre randomised trials: a survey to establish current practice
Creators: name: Conroy, Elizabeth J.
name: Blazeby, Jane M.
name: Burnside, Girvan
name: Cook, Jonathan A.
name: Gamble, Carrol
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 19999 Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 7: Supplementary Table 5. Comments on stratification approaches in example scenarios (Question 3).
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DAS REDES DE SUPRIMENTO DO APL DE UVA DE MESA DA REGIÃO NOROESTE DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO
Creators: name: Lima Filho, Dario De Oliveira
name: Watanabe, Eluiza Alberto De Morais
name: Silva, Luiz Carlos Floriano Da
name: Tondato, Cristina
name: Lima Filho, Dario De Oliveira
name: Watanabe, Eluiza Alberto De Morais
name: Silva, Luiz Carlos Floriano Da
name: Tondato, Cristina
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Competitividade
subject: Cadeia de suprimento
subject: Agricultura familiar
subject: Fruticultura. Supply chain
subject: Competitiveness
subject: Small farm
subject: Produce

description: A presente pesquisa propõe-se caracterizar a rede de suprimento no APL de uva de mesa do Noroeste do estado de São Paulo, utilizando o modelo de rede de suprimento de Slack e Lewis (2008). O foco do estudo foram as empresas motrizes. Para tanto, foram identificadas e caracterizadas as atividades coordenadoras, diferenciadoras e de reconfiguração presentes na rede. A metodologia baseou-se em pesquisa exploratória, com utilização de dados primários e secundários. No estudo empírico, foram feitas entrevistas em profundidade com dois especialistas. Como resultado observou-se a necessidade de uma maior coordenação e compartilhamento de informações ao longo de toda a rede de suprimentos, principalmente por parte dos atacadistas; de maiores cuidados com o manuseio da uva desde a colheita até o consumidor final; da criação de uma marca e de uma embalagem contendo informações do produto; de adoção de um selo de qualidade.------------------O objective this study is to characterize the supply networks in the fine grape APL of northwestern of the state of São Paulo, Brazilian southeast, being used the model of Slack and Lewis (2008). The focus of the study had been the hub companies. For in such a way, they had been identified and characterized the coordinating, differentiating andreconfiguration activities in the supply networks. The methodology was based on exploratory research, with use of primary and secondary data. In the empirical study, interviews in depth with two specialists had been made. As result observed it necessity of a bigger coordination and sharing of information throughout all the supply networks, mainly on the part of the wholesalers; of well-taken care of greaters with the manuscript of the grape since the harvest until the final consumer; of the creation of one it marks and of a packing I contend information of the product; of adoption of a quality stamp.
Barometric Pressure Correction to Gamma-ray Observations and its Energy Dependence
Creators: name: Datar, Gauri
name: Vichare, Geeta
name: Chelliah, Selvaraj
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Cosmic rays (CRs) have been studied extensively in the last century to understand the processes in the universe as well as in the solar system. In today's satellite era, although many observations are made from space, CR observations from the ground are still viewed as an important tool. These observations, however, mostly detect the secondary cosmic rays (SCRs) such as neutron, muon, and gamma. It is well known that the atmospheric pressure plays an important role in the SCR flux observed on the ground. Barometric pressure correction is standard practice for neutron monitor (NM) data. However, no such correction is applied to gamma-ray, being massless. But the pressure affects the particles such as $e^{\pm}$, $μ^{\pm}$, which produce gamma rays in the cascade. Subsequently, the indirect pressure dependence of the gamma-ray flux can be anticipated. We examine this aspect in detail by studying the gamma-ray counts detected by the NaI (Tl) detector. The present study confirms that there is no correlation between the atmospheric pressure and the total gamma-ray counts collected from all energies. However, the scenario differs when the gamma-ray fluxes of different energies are investigated separately. The gamma rays of energy below $\sim$3 MeV are primarily due to the radioactivity originating from the ground, whereas gamma rays above 3 MeV are mainly produced in the CR cascade. It is observed that the counts of energy above 3 MeV are well anti-correlated with the atmospheric pressure and hence need to be corrected. It is demonstrated that applying the barometric correction formula successfully removes the pressure dependence in the gamma-ray flux above 3 MeV. Therefore, we suggest that the gamma-ray data above 3 MeV needs to be corrected for the local atmospheric pressure variations.
description: 8 pages, 3 figures
Searches for sterile neutrinos (and other light particles)
Creators: name: Strumia, Alessandro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Future neutrino and cosmological experiments will perform powerful searches for new light particles. After a general introduction we discuss how a new light fermion (`sterile neutrino') could manifest.
description: 8 pages, 5 figures. Talk at Neutrino 2004, with some original content (e.g. the up-to-date global fit of solar and KamLAND data)
Adoção do composto de marketing na indústria de food service: um estudo multicasos
Creators: name: Tredezini, Cicero Antonio Oliveira
name: Kinjo, Carolina Nunes
name: Duraes, Maria Luiza Tricca
name: Rebmann, Melanie
name: Tredezini, Cicero Antonio Oliveira
name: Kinjo, Carolina Nunes
name: Duraes, Maria Luiza Tricca
name: Rebmann, Melanie
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: restaurante comercial
subject: self service
subject: serviços de alimentação
subject: mix de marketing. commercial restaurant
subject: self-service restaurant
subject: food services
subject: marketing mix.

description: Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar como são aplicadas as variáveis do composto de marketing varejista nos restaurantes self-service em Campo Grande/MS. Para tanto, foi feito um estudo multicasos junto a cinco empresas independentes. Os instrumentos de pesquisa utilizados foram: levantamento bibliográfico, entrevista em profundidade, observação não disfarçada e coleta de materiais promocionais. A análise dos dados permitiu constatar que os cinco restaurantes pesquisados contêm alguns padrões similares e que o mix de marketing por eles adotado é utilizado de forma intuitiva, apesar de conter ferramentas mercadológicas apropriadas.--------------------This study aims to verify how the variables of the retail marketing mix are applied in the selfservice restaurants in Campo Grande, Brazilian southwest. The data collection was performed with five independent companies. The instruments of research were: bibliographical research, qualitative research, observation and collection of materials. The data analysis permitted to verify that the five restaurants contain some similar patterns and that the marketing mix adopted by them is used in an intuitive form, although to contain appropriate marketing tools.