title: Automatic Detection of German Loanwords in English Versions of European Universitiesâ Websites
title: Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ°
titleType: Subtitle
title: ÐÐ²ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ðµ Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð»ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð½ÐµÐ¼ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð¸Ð· Ð°Ð½Ð³Ð»Ð¾ÑÐ·ÑÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ°Ð¹ÑÐ¾Ð² ÐµÐ²ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÐµÐ¹ÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐ¾Ð²
Creators: name: ÐÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°, ÐÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð°
Publisher: name: Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑ ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
Year: 2024
Subjects: German loanwords
Germanisms
foreign words
assimilation
cultural contacts
European universities websites
corpus of texts
parsing
corpus annotation
Ð½ÐµÐ¼ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Ð³ÐµÑÐ¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ñ
Ð¸Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ·ÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð»ÐµÐºÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°
Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÑÑÐ¸Ñ
ÐºÑÐ»ÑÑÑÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÐ°ÐºÑÑ
ÑÐ°Ð¹ÑÑ ÐµÐ²ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÐµÐ¹ÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐ¾Ð²
ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¿ÑÑ ÑÐµÐºÑÑÐ¾Ð²
Ð¿Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ð³
ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¼ÐµÑÐºÐ° ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐ°

description: In the given masterâs dissertation, the automatic search for German loanwords in English versions of European universitiesâ websites is considered. Definitions of the concepts âborrowingâ and âassimilationâ are given; causes of this linguistic process, signs of assimilation and stages of adaptation of borrowed vocabulary are identified; main classifications and ways of borrowing of foreign words from a donor to a recipient language are considered; historical periods of the penetration of foreign lexical units of different origin into English are determined. Methods for automatic extraction of loanwords of different languages are considered as well as âWeb-as-Corpusâ approach. In the practical part, a corpus containing 22465 sentences of two sections: âHistoryâ and âNewsâ was automatically built on 11 English-version websites of European universities. It was manually labeled with two tags âno German loanwordâ or âGerman loanwordâ. After that, the multilingual language model BERT was finetuned on it, and the method for automatic extraction of Germanisms from texts was developed. In addition, 42 found Germanisms were analyzed in detail in the aspect of orthography, pronunciation, morphology and semantics. All loanwords were divided into three groups according to their degree of assimilation: fully assimilated; partially assimilated and unassimilated words denoting concepts peculiar to the source language.
description: Ð Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð¸ÑÑÐµÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÐµÑÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¸ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¼Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸ÑÐº Ð½ÐµÐ¼ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð² Ð°Ð½Ð³Ð»Ð¾ÑÐ·ÑÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÑ ÑÐ°Ð¹ÑÐ¾Ð² ÐµÐ²ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÐµÐ¹ÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐ¾Ð². ÐÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ Â«Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÐµÂ» Ð¸ Â«Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÑÑÐ¸ÑÂ»; Ð²ÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ð³Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐµÑÑÐ°, Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¸ Ð¾ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð¸ ÑÑÐ°Ð¿Ñ Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÑÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²; ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¼Ð¾ÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÐµ ÐºÐ»Ð°ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð¸ ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ð° Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð² Ð¸Ð· Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ·ÑÐºÐ° Ð² Ð´ÑÑÐ³Ð¾Ð¹; Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ ÑÑÐ°Ð¿Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ·ÑÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¸ÑÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ð°Ð½Ð³Ð»Ð¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ·ÑÐº. Ð Ð°ÑÑÐ¼Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð»ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð¸Ð· ÑÐ°Ð·Ð½ÑÑ ÑÐ·ÑÐºÐ¾Ð², Ð° ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¶Ðµ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ¾Ð´ âWeb-as-Corpusâ. Ð ÑÐ¾Ð´Ðµ Ð²ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸ Ð±ÑÐ» ÑÐ¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð½ ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¿ÑÑ, ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¸Ð· 22465 Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð´Ð²ÑÑ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾Ð²: Â«ÐÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸ÑÂ» Ð¸ Â«ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Â», Ð°Ð²ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸ ÑÐ¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ Ð¸Ð· 11 Ð°Ð½Ð³Ð»Ð¾ÑÐ·ÑÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐ°Ð¹ÑÐ¾Ð² ÐµÐ²ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÐµÐ¹ÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐ¾Ð². ÐÐ½ Ð±ÑÐ» Ð²ÑÑÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¼ÐµÑÐµÐ½ Ð´Ð²ÑÐ¼Ñ ÑÐµÐ³Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ âno German loanwordâ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ âGerman loanwordâ. ÐÐ¾ÑÐ»Ðµ ÑÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð½Ð° Ð½ÐµÐ¼ Ð±ÑÐ»Ð° Ð´Ð¾Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð° Ð¼ÑÐ»ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ·ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ BERT, Ð° ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¶Ðµ ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ°Ð½ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´ Ð°Ð²ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð»ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð³ÐµÑÐ¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð² Ð¸Ð· ÑÐµÐºÑÑÐ¾Ð². ÐÑÐ¾Ð¼Ðµ ÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾, 42 Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ Ð³ÐµÑÐ¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ð° Ð±ÑÐ»Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑÐ¾ÑÐºÐ¸ Ð·ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÐ¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¸, Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÐ»ÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÐµÐ¹, Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸ Ð¸ ÑÐµÐ¼Ð°Ð½ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸. ÐÑÐµ Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÑÐ»Ð¸ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÐ¸ Ð³ÑÑÐ¿Ð¿Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð³Ð»Ð°ÑÐ½Ð¾ ÑÑÐµÐ¿ÐµÐ½Ð¸ Ð¸Ñ Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÑÑÐ¸Ð¸: Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ, ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ½Ð¾ Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ Ð¸ Ð½Ðµ Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð°, Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸Ðµ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÐ¸Ñ, ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð¹ÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÐ·ÑÐºÑ-Ð¸ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ½Ð¸ÐºÑ.