Hiodontidae Valenciennes 1847
Creators: name: Hilton, Eric J.
name: Lavoué, Sébastien
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Osteoglossiformes
Hiodontidae

description: <b>Hiodontidae</b>. Hiodontidae (Fig. 3), which is regarded as the living sister group of all other extant Osteoglossomorpha (Taverne, 1979; Li, Wilson, 1996a; Hilton, 2003; Zhang, 2006; Wilson Murray, 2008), with one or two genera (<i>Hiodon</i> and † <i>Eohiodon</i>); the fossil taxa † <i>Yanbiania</i> and † <i>Jiaohichthys</i> from the Early Cretaceous of China and † <i>Plesiolycoptera</i> from the Mid Cretaceous of China are stem group Hiodontiformes. <i>Hiodon</i> comprises two extant species (<i>H. alosoides</i> and <i>H. tergisus</i>), both found exclusively in the freshwater rivers and lakes throughout much of North America east of the Rocky Mountains. These fishes have a generalized, laterally compressed body, with large eyes, a forked caudal fin, and a silvery body with cycloid scales (Hilton <i>et al.</i>, 2014). The parasphenoid and basihyal toothplate are armed with large, caniniform teeth that serve the so-called “parasphenoid-tongue bite apparatus” (Hilton, 2001). The osteology of <i>Hiodon</i> has been described by Taverne (1977) and Hilton (2002), with specific aspects of its skeleton described by others (<i>e.g</i>., caudal skeleton, Schultze, Arratia, 1988) due in part to its overall plesiomorphic morphology, which has led to its use as a representative basal teleost in broad based systematic analyses (see discussion and references by Hilton, 2002). The three species of † <i>Eohiodon</i> from the Early Eocene of western North America have been regarded as close relatives of the extant genus <i>Hiodon</i> (Li <i>et al.</i>, 1997a; Hilton, Grande, 2008; Fig. 3b). Indeed, because of the absence of any synapomorphies distinguishing the species of † <i>Eohiodon</i> from those of <i>Hiodon</i>, Hilton, Grande (2008) regarded it as a synonym of <i>Hiodon</i>. The two extant species of <i>Hiodon</i> possess a post-pelvic bone, and this is considered a synapomorphy of the extant taxa (Hilton, 2003), although the condition in most fossil taxa, including † <i>H. consteniorum</i> and the species of † <i>Eohiodon</i>, is unknown (Hilton, 2003). Murray <i>et al.</i> (2010: fig. 10) illustrated a fragmentary bone that they interpreted as a postpelvic bone in † <i>Schuleichthys brachypteryx</i>, a species from the Early Cretaceous of China that was left as <i>incertae sedis</i> at the base of Osteoglossomorpha. These authors suggested that the presence of a postpelvic bone in † <i>Schuleichthys</i> was a character of a broader group and therefore resurrected the genus † <i>Eohiodon</i> (see also Murray <i>et al</i>., 2018). However, we find the published photograph documenting the postpelvic bone in † <i>Schuleichthys</i> to be unconvincing, and maintain that until this element is clearly seen in taxa outside of the extant taxa, it should be considered to be a synapomorphy of these two extant taxa. Regardless, there has yet to be any synapomorphies identified that group the taxa previously included in the genus † <i>Eohiodon</i> (<i>i.e</i>., all diagnostic characters cited for the genus, such as low vertebral and fin ray counts, are plesiomorphic, being similar to stem group Hiodontiformes and † Lycopteridae). We therefore support the interpretation that those taxa previously included in † <i>Eohiodon</i> should be regarded as stem group <i>Hiodon</i> (Hilton, Grande, 2008).
description: Published as part of <i>Hilton, Eric J. &amp; Lavoué, Sébastien, 2018, A review of the systematic biology of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei), pp. 1-35 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (3)</i> on page 4, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180031, http://zenodo.org/record/3709903
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