cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
RECENT REFORMS OF THE URBAN HOUSING SYSTEM IN CENTRAL AND EAST EUROPE
Creators: name: Thiesenhusen, William C.
name: Thiesenhusen, William C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2000
Subjects: subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: Housing -- Economic aspects -- Europe, Eastern
subject: Housing -- Economic aspects -- Europe, Central
subject: Housing policy -- Europe, Eastern
subject: Housing policy -- Europe, Central
subject: Privatization -- Europe
subject: Land tenure, Urban-- Europe

description: The urban housing system in most of Central and East Europe (CEE) is undergoing decentralization, deregulation, and privatization together with other basic changes due to the fall of the iron curtain, the demise of the Soviet Union, and the reinstitution of democracy. In most of the CEE, the urban housing sector is economically important, accounting for 10-20% of total economic activity. In view of its implications for land use, energy consumption, waste generation, and water pollution, it also has a significant effect on sustainability of development. A prime development need in the CEE, according to the World Bank, is to improve the performance of the urban housing sector for economic, social, environmental, and political reasons. This paper describes the urban housing model of the CEE before reform and analyzes changes to that model that began with the privatization reforms in the early 1990s. The paper details the strengths and weaknesses of the reforms and suggests that there are some resource distribution inequities that are accentuated under reform. It discusses the pricing issues in urban housing reforms, as well as the financing of urban housing, and briefly recounts matters related to mobility of labor, spatial issues of urban housing development, urban infrastructure, peripheral urban growth, and titling and property registration that have come about as state socialism is replaced by a more open market.
"Self-avoiding chain"/2/ Related to M.E. Fisher and D.S. Gaunt, "Ising model and self- avoiding walks on hypercubical lattices and 'High-density' expansions," Phys. Rev. 133, No. 1A, A224-A239 (1964)
Creators: name: Onsager, Lars
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 0

description: Tidligere referanse: 5:13
Suppression of the neutralino relic density with supersymmetric CP violation
Creators: name: Nihei, Takeshi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study pair annihilations of the neutralino dark matter in the minimal supersymmetric standard model with CP violation. We consider the case that the higgsino mass and the trilinear scalar couplings have CP-violating phases of order unity, taking a scenario that the scalar fermions in the first two generations are much heavier than those in the third generation to avoid a severe constraint from experimental limits on electric dipole moments. It is found that, when the lightest neutralino ($χ$) is bino-like, the cross sections of the $W$-boson pair production $χχ$ $\to$ $W^+W^-$ and the lightest Higgs boson pair production $χχ$ $\to$ $H^0_2 H^0_2$ for nonrelativistic neutralinos can be significantly enhanced by the phase of the higgsino mass. The relic density of the neutralino can be considerably suppressed by this effect. However, even this suppression is not enough to make bino-like dark matter consistent with a cosmological constraint. We also discuss the effect of CP violation on the positron flux from neutralino pair annihilations in the galactic halo.
description: 37 pages, 16 figures. Numerical erros are corrected in the new version
ALBANIAN LAND MARKET ACTION PLAN: PURPOSES, ACHIEVEMENTS, LESSONS
Creators: name: Jazoj, Ahmet
name: Stanfield, J. David
name: Barry, Teresa
name: Jazoj, Ahmet
name: Stanfield, J. David
name: Barry, Teresa
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1997
Subjects: subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Land titles--Registration and transfer--Albania
subject: Land use--Government policy--Albania
subject: Institution building --Albania--Evaluation
subject: Technical assistance--Albania--Evaluation
subject: Land administration--Albania
subject: Project appraisal--Albania
subject: Land markets--Albania

description: The transition in Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States from command to market-oriented economies requires new land market institutions and policies. Once privatization of land has moved far enough to permit and stimulate demand for market transactions, the question becomes one of establishing dynamic land markets (i.e., a growing volume of transactions) that also "work properly." Concerning the transition in the ownership and management of real property and the resultant efforts to create new land market institutions, the experience of Albania is instructive, and this paper outlines the establishment of an Albanian land market strategy. In the discussion of a market-oriented economy in Albania, the question was how to create the land market component of the transition following privatization of land. Four market characteristics were identified as goals: (1) the land market should be dynamic, that is, there should be numerous transactions; (2) acquisition of land through these transactions should be by people who make productive investments; (3) all sectors of the population should participate in the market as buyers and sellers of land rights; and (4) people's investments in land through these market transactions should result in sustainable uses of land so as to assure the environmental rights of future generations. This paper presents the effort to address these goals through the Land Market Action Plan, prepared by Albanian government with the assistance of the Land Tenure Center.
WHO OWNS THE WATER? A CASE STUDY OF EL PASO DEL NORTE
Creators: name: Bath, C. Richard
name: Petit, Angela
name: Bath, C. Richard
name: Petit, Angela
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Water rights--Rio Grande Valley
subject: Water supply--Management --Texas--Lower Rio Grande Valley
subject: Water supply--Management--Mexico--Rio Grande Valley

description: This paper, first, reviews the report filed by the Western Water Policy Review Advisory Commission since it touches on all the major issues associated with water rights and uses in the Upper Rio Grande Basin, defined as that part of the river from the San Luis Valley in Colorado to Fort Quitman, Texas. Second, the paper reviews historical developments over water use and water rights and briefly discusses the major characteristics of El Paso del Norte that do and will have an impact on water supply and consumption. Then the paper reviews the positions of the major stakeholders in the Basin, paying particular attention to their legal arguments. Finally, the paper attempts to describe the possible alternative outcomes of the continuing struggle over water.
Larnax vasquezii S. Leiva, E. Rodriguez Rodriguez & J. Campos 1998
Creators: name: Deanna, Rocío
name: González, Segundo Leiva
name: Barboza, Gloria E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Tracheophyta
Magnoliopsida
Solanales
Solanaceae
Larnax
Larnax vasquezii

description: Larnax vasquezii S. Leiva, E. Rodríguez Rodríguez & J. Campos (1998: 206)
Lectotype (designated here):— PERU. Cajamarca: San Ignacio, Dist. San José de Lourdes, Estrella del Oriente, 1600 m, 04°50’S 78°55’W, 8 January 1998, S. Leiva, J. Campos & E. Rodríguez 2109 (US 00623565!, isolectotypes: CONN 00055674!, CORD 00004050!, F 2198657!, M 0171574!, MO 04908632!, NY 00328793!).
The specimen designated as lectotype is the best one and consists of three branches with buds and some flowers (Fig. 19 A) that properly characterize the species. Furthermore, there are three berries enclosed by the accrescent calyx that appear to be subglobose but they are actually pyriform (Fig. 19 E).
description: Published as part of Deanna, Rocío, González, Segundo Leiva & Barboza, Gloria E., 2014, Four new species and eighteen lectotypifications of Larnax from Ecuador and Peru and a new synonym of Deprea orinocensis (Solanaceae: Solanoideae, Physalideae), pp. 1-34 in Phytotaxa 167 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.167.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5153819
A Lie-theoretic construction of representations of the degenerate affine and double affine Hecke algebras of type $BC_n$
Creators: name: Etingof, Pavel
name: Freund, Rebecca
name: Ma, Xiaoguang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Representation Theory (math.RT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Let G=GL(N), K=GL(p)xGL(q), where p+q=N, and n be a positive integer. We construct a functor from the category of Harish-Chandra modules for the pair (G,K) to the category of representations of the degenerate affine Hecke algebra of type B_n, and a functor from the category of K-monodromic twisted D-modules on G/K to the category of representations of the degenerate double affine Hecke algebra of type BC_n; the second functor is an extension of the first one. These functors are generalizations of the type A functors from q-alg/9710037 and math/0702670, respectively.
description: 17 pages, final version. to appear in Representation Theory; mistake about the exactness of the functors are corrected.
Experimental Realization of Classical $\mathbb{Z}_2$ Spin Liquids in a Programmable Quantum Device
Creators: name: Zhou, Shiyu
name: Green, Dmitry
name: Dahl, Edward D.
name: Chamon, Claudio
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We build and probe a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ spin liquid in a programmable quantum device, the D-Wave DW-2000Q. Specifically, we observe the classical 8-vertex and 6-vertex (spin ice) states and transitions between them. To realize this state of matter, we design a Hamiltonian with combinatorial gauge symmetry using only pairwise-qubit interactions and a transverse field, i.e., interactions which are accessible in this quantum device. The combinatorial gauge symmetry remains exact along the full quantum annealing path, landing the system onto the classical 8-vertex model at the endpoint of the path. The output configurations from the device allows us to directly observe the loop structure of the classical model. Moreover, we deform the Hamiltonian so as to vary the weights of the 8 vertices and show that we can selectively attain the classical 6-vertex (ice) model, or drive the system into a ferromagnetic state. We present studies of the classical phase diagram of the system as function of the 8-vertex deformations and effective temperature, which we control by varying the relative strengths of the programmable couplings, and we show that the experimental results are consistent with theoretical analysis. Finally, we identify additional capabilities that, if added to these devices, would allow us to realize $\mathbb{Z}_2$ quantum spin liquids on which to build topological qubits.
description: 6 pages, 5 figures
FORESTLAND OWNERSHIP IN ONEIDA AND VILAS COUNTIES, WISCONSIN, 1975-1994
Creators: name: Klase, William M.
name: Guries, Raymond P.
name: Klase, William M.
name: Guries, Raymond P.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Forests and forestry--Wisconsin--Oneida County
subject: Forests and forestry--Wisconsin-- Vilas County
subject: Forest landowners--Wisconsin
subject: Real property--Wisconsin
subject: Real property--Prices--Wisconsin
subject: Land prices--United States--Wisconsin

description: Privately owned forests in the United States are being divided, roaded, and developed by increasing numbers of second-home buyers, retirees, and recreation enthusiasts. Forested parcels adjacent to or embedded in public land are considered especially desirable and a premium is being paid for the aesthetic or recreational amenities associated with such properties. However, virtually all information on variations in forestland prices in northern Wisconsin is anecdotal. One objective of this study was to identify parcel characteristics that influenced forestland prices in Vilas and Oneida counties, Wisconsin, between 1975 and 1994. A second objective was to ascertain what impact the creation and expansion of the Northern Highland-American Legion State Forest (NHALSF) had on the forestland market in Vilas and Oneida counties during this time period. Several trends suggest that the drive to acquire forestland for the construction of second homes in Vilas and Oneida counties is strong and that the NHALSF continues to impact forestland prices. Forestland in Vilas and Oneida counties was shown to react to macroeconomic forces as if it were a luxury good (that is, declining sales during a recession, increasing sales during an economic upturn) and not simply a timber resource. Positive relationships were identified between the per-acre price of forestland, the presence of highway frontage, and parcel size for the years 1975, 1980, and 1990. Forested parcels adjacent to the NHALSF were shown to have higher per-acre prices than parcels without frontage on the NHALSF. The acquisition of land by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) to expand the NHALSF has continued in recent decades, taking large quantities of land off the "open market." The reduced supply of available parcels in and near the NHALSF, as well as the highly desirable nature of owning forestland with frontage on public land, has caused the price of the remaining privately owned forestland in Vilas and Oneida counties to increase faster than similar forestland in other northern counties of Wisconsin.
Constraints on the properties of warm dark matter using the satellite galaxies of the Milky Way
Creators: name: Newton, Oliver
name: Leo, Matteo
name: Cautun, Marius
name: Jenkins, Adrian
name: Frenk, Carlos S.
name: Lovell, Mark R.
name: Helly, John C.
name: Benson, Andrew J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The satellite galaxies of the Milky Way (MW) are effective probes of the underlying dark matter (DM) substructure, which is sensitive to the nature of the DM particle. In particular, a class of DM models have a power spectrum cut-off on the mass scale of dwarf galaxies and thus predict only small numbers of substructures below the cut-off mass. This makes the MW satellite system appealing to constrain the DM properties: feasible models must produce enough substructure to host the number of observed Galactic satellites. Here, we compare theoretical predictions of the abundance of DM substructure in thermal relic warm DM (WDM) models with estimates of the total satellite population of the MW. This produces conservative robust lower limits on the allowed mass, $m_\mathrm{th}$, of the thermal relic WDM particle. As the abundance of satellite galaxies depends on the MW halo mass, we marginalize over the corresponding uncertainties and rule out $m_\mathrm{th} \leq 2.02\, \mathrm{keV}$ at 95 per cent confidence independently of assumptions about galaxy formation processes. Modelling some of these - in particular, the effect of reionization, which suppresses the formation of dwarf galaxies - strengthens our constraints on the DM properties and excludes models with $m_\mathrm{th} \leq 3.99\, \mathrm{keV}$ in our fiducial model. We also find that thermal relic models cannot produce enough satellites if the MW halo mass is $M_{200}\leq 0.6\times 10^{12}\, \mathrm{M_\odot}$, which imposes a lower limit on the MW halo mass in CDM. We address several observational and theoretical uncertainties and discuss how improvements in these will strengthen the DM mass constraints.
description: 29 pages (JCAP format), 3 appendices, 10 figures, 1 table. Version accepted by JCAP and published by IOP Publishing under Gold Open Access - Transformative Agreement with a CC-BY 4.0 licence
Emergence of rheological properties in lattice Boltzmann simulations of gyroid mesophases
Creators: name: Giupponi, G.
name: Harting, J.
name: Coveney, P. V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We use a lattice Boltzmann (LB) kinetic scheme for modelling amphiphilic fluids that correctly predicts rheological effects in flow. No macroscopic parameters are included in the model. Instead, three-dimensional hydrodynamic and rheological effects are emergent from the underlying particulate conservation laws and interactions. We report evidence of shear thinning and viscoelastic flow for a self-assembled gyroid mesophase. This purely kinetic approach is of general importance for the modelling and simulation of complex fluid flows in situations when rheological properties cannot be predicted {\em a priori}.
description: 7 pages, 5 figures
URBAN GROWTH AND LAND USE CHANGES IN TIRANA, ALBANIA: WITH CASES DESCRIBING URBAN LAND CLAIMS
Creators: name: Felstehausen, Herman
name: Felstehausen, Herman
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Land use, Urban -- Albania -- Tirana
subject: Land tenure -- Albania -- Tirana
subject: Land titles -- Registration and transfer -- Albania -- Tirana
subject: City planning -- Albania -- Tirana
subject: Land tenure, Urban -- Albania -- Tirana

description: Tirana, Albania's capital city, grew rapidly in size and population following 1991 governmental reforms. Before the 1990s, Tirana was a compact city of 225,000 inhabitants. Most properties were state owned. Privatization of land and buildings opened the city to rapid development, heavy traffic, and booming construction of shops, houses, and squatter settlements. Tirana's metropolitan population grew to more than 600,000; city size increased fivefold. This study focuses on land and building claims, both legal and informal, in the context of emerging markets and newly organized land titling and land records systems. A land market action plan supported by the Albanian government, European Union, Land Tenure Center, and others aims to increase tenure security, facilitate property transactions, and strengthen public institutions. So far weak governments and poorly developed institutions still prompt many to invest in property as the only practical means to secure wealth and gain access to improved living. Five urban case studies and one peripheral settlement case are described showing how individuals and families apply a mix of traditional and official means to claim and secure land and building space. Land registration and mapping issues are discussed. Lessons include the role of customary land access and use rules, the need to resolve unclear claims, and the importance of public sector development-particularly infrastructure and government land management. These cases illustrate the difficulty in building public capacity within a private property system. In general within Albania, the public's role is yet to be defined.
"Concentrated Electrolytes"/MS, "Theories of concentrated electrolytes" (no. 10)/related calculations labelled "Gürtelberg Principle", "Approach to Debye-Hückel K", "Distribution function. Attempt for binary electrolyte". "Error in Gronwall approximation", "Miscellaneous", "?n" and unlabelled RMF. "Debye-Huckel Prediction of Phase Separation in ionized Gas Mixtures"/MS
Creators: name: Onsager, Lars
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 0

description: Tidligere referanse: 5:15
Transition to Instability in a Periodically Kicked Bose-Einstein Condensate on a Ring
Creators: name: Liu, Jie
name: Zhang, Chuanwei
name: Raizen, Mark G.
name: Niu, Qian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A periodically kicked ring of a Bose-Einstein condensate is considered as a nonlinear generalization of the quantum kicked rotor, where the nonlinearity stems from the mean field interactions between the condensed atoms. For weak interactions, periodic motion (anti-resonance) becomes quasiperiodic (quantum beating) but remains stable. There exists a critical strength of interactions beyond which quasiperiodic motion becomes chaotic, resulting in an instability of the condensate manifested by exponential growth in the number of noncondensed atoms. In the stable regime, the system remains predominantly in the two lowest energy states and may be mapped onto a spin model, from which we obtain an analytic expression for the beat frequency and discuss the route to instability. We numerically explore parameter regime for the occurrence of instability and reveal the characteristic density profile for both condensed and noncondensed atoms. The Arnold diffusion to higher energy levels is found to be responsible for the transition to instability. Similar behavior is observed for dynamically localized states (essentially quasiperiodic motions), where stability remains for weak interactions but is destroyed by strong interactions.
description: 10 pages, 12 figures. High quality figures and related note on numerical integration of Bogoiubov equation can be found at http://www.ph.utexas.edu/~cwzhang/publication.htm
INDIGENOUS LAND TENURE AND LAND USE IN ALASKA: COMMUNITY IMPACTS OF THE ALASKA NATIVE CLAIMS SETTLEMENT ACT
Creators: name: Jacobs, Harvey M.
name: Hirsch, Brian H.
name: Jacobs, Harvey M.
name: Hirsch, Brian H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: United States. -- [Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act]
subject: Indians of North America -- Legal status, laws, etc. -- Alaska
subject: Land tenure -- Law and legislation -- Alaska
subject: Indians of North America -- Alaska -- Claims
subject: Indians of North America -- Land tenure -- Alaska
subject: Indians of North America -- Alaska -- Government relations -- History

description: Through the utilization of qualitative methods such as archival analysis, semi-structured interviewing, comparative and extended case studies, and observation, this paper closely examines two related Alaska Native communities. Our purpose is to document the impact of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 (ANCSA) on land tenure, land use, and community structure. In all, 41 interviews were conducted, focusing on the following issues: (1) the role of the tribal government in relation to the regional and village corporate structure; (2) the recent changes in traditional land uses; and (3) how group decisions are made regarding land management and distribution of resources. By locating ANCSA within a broader context of economic, political, and cultural globalization that seeks to substitute traditional collective rights in land with individual tenure in a "free market" economy, the findings of this research may carefully and cautiously be applied beyond North America to other indigenous-state struggles regarding control of land and resources.
Optical spectral characterization of the gamma-ray blazars S4 0954+65, TXS 1515-273 and RX J0812.0+0237
Creators: name: González, J. Becerra
name: Acosta-Pulido, J. A.
name: Boschin, W.
name: Clavero, R.
name: Otero-Santos, J.
name: Carballo-Bello, J. A.
name: Domínguez-Palmero, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The study of gamma-ray blazars is usually hindered due to the lack of information on their redshifts and on their low energy photon fields. This information is key to understand the effect on the gamma-ray absorption due to either extragalactic background light and/or intrinsic absorption and emission processes. All this information has also an impact on the determination of the location of the emitting region within the relativistic jets. In this work a new optical spectroscopic characterization is presented for three gamma-ray blazars: S4 0954+65, TXS 1515-273 and RX J0812.0+0237. For all the three targets the redshift determination is successful, and for the first time in the case of TXS 1515-273 and RX J0812.0+0237. Their classification as BL~Lac type is confirmed based on these new optical spectra. For S4 0954+65 (z=$0.3694\pm0.0011$) an estimation on the disk, broad line region and torus luminosities is performed based on the observed optical emission lines. The results from this study are compatible with the nature of S4 0954+65 as a transitional blazar. In the case of TXS 1515-273 ($z=0.1281\pm 0.0004$), although its optical spectrum is dominated by the continuum emission from the jet, applying the pPXF technique, the stellar population can be unveiled and is compatible with an old and metallic population. It is also the case of RX J0812.0+0237 ($z=0.1721\pm 0.0002$). Moreover, this work confirms that the optical spectrum from RX J0812.0+0237 is compatible with an extreme blazar classification.
description: Submitted to MNRAS
"Poisson-Boltzmann"/TS, "Theory of the electric double layer/TS, "The Poisson-Boltzmann equation in cylindrical coordinates"/1950/probably related to Onsager and Kim, "The relaxation effect in mixed strong electrolytes" (no. 45) AP
Creators: name: Onsager, Lars
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 0

description: Tidligere referanse: 5:17
Thick GEM-like multipliers - a simple solution for large area UV-RICH detectors
Creators: name: Chechik, R.
name: Breskin, A.
name: Shalem, C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report on the properties of thick GEM-like (THGEM) electron multipliers made of 0.4 mm thick double-sided Cu-clad G-10 plates, perforated with a dense hexagonal array of 0.3 mm diameter drilled holes. Photon detectors comprising THGEMs coupled to semi-transparent CsI photocathodes or reflective ones deposited on the THGEM surface were studied with Ar/CO2 (70:30), Ar/CH4 (95:5), CH4 and CF4. Gains of ~100000 or exceeding 1000000 were reached with single- or double-THGEM, respectively; the signals have 5-10 ns rise times. The electric field configurations at the THGEM electrodes result in an efficient extraction of photoelectrons and their focusing into the holes; this occurs already at rather low gains, below 100. These detectors, with single-photon sensitivity and with expected sub-millimeter localization, can operate at MHz/mm2 rates. We discuss their prospects for large-area UV-photon imaging for RICH.
description: 5 pages, 6 figures
On the characterization of expansion maps for self-affine tilings
Creators: name: Kenyon, Richard
name: Solomyak, Boris
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Metric Geometry (math.MG)
subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 52C22

description: We consider self-affine tilings in $\R^n$ with expansion matrix $ϕ$ and address the question which matrices $ϕ$ can arise this way. In one dimension, $λ$ is an expansion factor of a self-affine tiling if and only if $|λ|$ is a Perron number, by a result of Lind. In two dimensions, when $ϕ$ is a similarity, we can speak of a complex expansion factor, and there is an analogous necessary condition, due to Thurston: if a complex $λ$ is an expansion factor of a self-similar tiling, then it is a complex Perron number. We establish a necessary condition for $ϕ$ to be an expansion matrix for any $n$, assuming only that $ϕ$ is diagonalizable over the complex numbers. We conjecture that this condition on $ϕ$ is also sufficient for the existence of a self-affine tiling.
description: Revised version. A typo corrected (after publication!) in the definition of the set $\Omega$ at the bottom of p.13
MEDIATION IN THE NORWEGIAN LAND CONSOLIDATION COURTS
Creators: name: Rognes, Jorn
name: Sky, Per Kare
name: Rognes, Jorn
name: Sky, Per Kare
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Consolidation of land holdings -- Law and legislation -- Norway
subject: Agricultural courts and procedure -- Norway
subject: Mediation -- Norway
subject: Land conflicts -- Norway

description: In Norway land consolidation is organized entirely within the judicial system. This paper describes how land consolidation courts work, and examines mediation activities in the courts. Questionnaires were used to get data on 727 cases in 1996, and in-depth interviews with 23 judges were used to get information on mediation behavior. The results indicate that mediation is a frequent activity. Many cases are settled through mediation rather than by verdicts. Mediation activities vary with case type, complexity, significance and conflict level. Mediation activities reduce conflicts even in those cases where final decisions are made through verdicts. Cases that have a mediated settlement are generally less complex, less significant and have lower conflict levels than cases ending with verdicts. Judges use a large number of mediation techniques, and there are large variations in mediation styles between judges. The results are discussed in terms of future research needs and in terms of the practice of mediation in land disputes.
First-principles study on structure and anisotropy of high N-atom density layer in 4H-SiC
Creators: name: Uemoto, Mitsuharu
name: Komatsu, Naoki
name: Egami, Yoshiyuki
name: Ono, Tomoya
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A nitridation annealing process is well employed to reduce interface trap states that degrade the channel mobility of 4H-SiC/SiO${}_2$ metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor. In recent experiments, the existence of high N-atom density layers at the annealed interface is reported and their concentrations are known to be anisotropic in the crystal planes. Until now, the role of atomic structure and the electronic states surrounding the N atoms incorporated by the nitridation annealing process on the origin of anisotropy is not well understood. In this work, we propose a simplified atomic-scale model structure of 4H-SiC with the a high N-atom density layer ($\sim 10^{15}~\mathrm{atom}/\mathrm{cm}^2$), which is of the order of the experimental observation. We use bulk 4H-SiC as host crystal and consider several sets of the atomic configurations of the N-atom incorporated structure at the quasi cubic-($k$-) and hexagonal-($h$-)sites on $a$-, $m$-, and Si-(C-)planes. Based on the density functional theory calculations, we investigate the influence of the energy stability on the distribution directions. Although our bulk model is simplified compared to the realistic interface structures, we confirm significant difference among models and observe that the incorporation of N atoms on the $a$-face is stable. Furthermore, from the analysis of the electronic states, we suggest that this anisotropy of the formation energy originates from the change of the coordinating number due to the difference in geometric configurations of the N-atom incorporated structures.
description: 15 pages, 6 figures
Low-loss resonant modes in deterministically aperiodic nanopillar waveguides
Creators: name: Zhukovsky, Sergei V.
name: Chigrin, Dmitry N.
name: Kroha, Johann
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Quasiperiodic Fibonacci-like and fractal Cantor-like single- and multiple-row nanopillar waveguides are investigated theoretically employing the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. It is shown that resonant modes of the Fibonacci and Cantor waveguides can have a Q-factor comparable with that of a point-defect resonator embedded in a periodic nanopillar waveguide, while the radiation is preferably emitted into the waveguide direction, thus improving coupling to an unstructured dielectric waveguide located along the structure axis. This is especially so when the dielectric waveguide introduces a small perturbation in the aperiodic structure, breaking the structure symmetry while staying well apart from the main localization area of the resonant mode. The high Q-factor and increased coupling with external dielectric waveguide suggest using the proposed deterministically aperiodic nanopillar waveguides in photonic integrated circuits.
description: Revised version after reviewer's comments
ETUDE: SUR LA PROBLEMATIQUE FONCIERE DANS LES PERIMETRES IRRIGUES AU MALI
Creators: name: Tall, El Hadj Oumar
name: Traor, Mamoudou
name: Gnoumou, Yazon
name: Bloch, Peter C.
name: Tall, El Hadj Oumar
name: Traor, Mamoudou
name: Gnoumou, Yazon
name: Bloch, Peter C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Land tenure -- Law and legislation -- Mali
subject: Land tenure -- Mali
subject: Irrigation farming -- Mali
subject: Agriculture and state -- Mali
subject: Land administration -- Mali

description: Today, the processes of decentralization and democratization are fundamental aspects of sustainable human development in Mali, and have a considerable impact on all strategies and policies involved in agricultural development. The role and responsibilities of the state are limited to missions of protection and of public administration. Most activities related to economic management and development programs have been transferred to civil society and local populations. The aims of the new Plan for Rural Land Development are to encourage greater flexibility and to make the related strategies and policies more consistent. Of particular interest are the following: · National environmental protection policy · Strategy for poverty reduction and accelerated growth · National strategy for irrigation development The institutions responsible for implementing these policies are handicapped by lack of skilled and experienced personnel, uncertainty, and financial constraints. All of these problems must be urgently dealt with. Inappropriate land law and weakened traditional management regimes also make it particularly difficult to solve the numerous land conflicts that arise. This problem poses a significant threat to attempts to establish sustainable natural resource management and land tenure security in irrigated areas. The authors assess these problems and recommend strategies for addressing them.
Introduction to neutrino cosmology
Creators: name: Hannestad, Steen
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: I review the basics of neutrino cosmology, from the question of neutrino decoupling and the presence of sterile neutrinos to the effects of neutrinos on the cosmic microwave background and large scale structure. Particular emphasis is put on cosmological neutrino mass measurements, both the present bounds and the future prospects.
description: 18 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Erice 2005 proceedings
ASSISTING THE FORMER SOVIET EMPIRE: AN EXAMPLE OF THE FOREIGN AID CRISIS
Creators: name: Zeuli, Kimberly A.
name: Ruttan, Vernon W.
name: Zeuli, Kimberly A.
name: Ruttan, Vernon W.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1996
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: In 1989 the revolutions in several Eastern European countries brought an end to The Soviet European empire and ultimately the Cold War. This paper examines the effect the end of the Soviet threat had on America's foreign assistance programs in general, and specifically on US attempts to aid the New Independent States (NIS) and the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). Over the course of the years, America's foreign assistance programs have been motivated by a combination of national security considerations, economic self- interest, and humanitarian concerns. However, the US desire to stem Soviet expansion, first in Europe, then in South East Asia, and then in other Third World countries, came to dominate assistance policy. When the Soviet Union disintegrated, the common thread of foreign aid goals, the threat of Soviet expansion, also disappeared. Lack of a strong, clear goal for foreign aid, coupled with a new isolationist sentiment and deficit reduction pressures have resulted in a foreign aid crisis. America's foreign aid program suffers from a lack of focus and foreign assistance resources continue to decline. An examination of the record and rationale behind US assistance to the NIS and the CEECs supports this perspective.
Hi intensity mapping with MeerKAT: Primary beam effects on foreground cleaning
Creators: name: Matshawule, Siyambonga D.
name: Spinelli, Marta
name: Santos, Mario G.
name: Ngobese, Sibonelo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Upcoming and future neutral hydrogen Intensity Mapping surveys offer a great opportunity to constrain cosmology in the post-reionization Universe, provided a good accuracy is achieved in the separation between the strong foregrounds and the cosmological signal. Cleaning methods rely on the frequency smoothness of the foregrounds and are often applied under the assumption of a simplistic Gaussian primary beam. In this work, we test the cleaning in the presence of a realistic primary beam model with a non trivial frequency dependence. We focus on the Square Kilometre Array precursor MeerKAT telescope and simulate a single-dish wide area survey. We consider the main foreground components, including an accurate full sky point source catalogue. We find that the coupling between beam sidelobes and the foreground structure can complicate the cleaning. However, when the beam frequency dependence is smooth, we show that the cleaning is only problematic if the far sidelobes are unexpectedly large. Even in that case, a proper reconstruction is possible if the strongest point sources are removed and the cleaning is more aggressive. We then consider a non-trivial frequency dependence: a sinusoidal type feature in the beam width that is present in the MeerKAT beam and is expected in most dishes, including SKA1-MID. Such a feature, coupling with the foreground emission, biases the reconstruction of the signal across frequency, potentially impacting the cosmological analysis. Interestingly, such contamination is present at a lower level even when no point sources are included and the beam is Gaussian, showing that this frequency ripple can be problematic even within the main lobe. We show that this effect is constrained to a narrow region in $k_\parallel$ space and can be reduced if the maps are carefully re-smoothed to a common lower resolution.
description: Revised version accepted for publication in MNRAS
MINNESOTA'S SHIFT TO SERVICES: ITS IMPACT ON JOBS, INCOME, AND TAXES
Creators: name: Maki, Wilbur R.
name: Maki, Wilbur R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1981
Subjects: Community/Rural/Urban Development

description: Economic trends depicting recent shifts of total employment in Minnesota to services-producing industries are presented for comparison with corresponding trends in personal income and state receipts. In this report, simple tabular presentations accompany the discussion of these trends and their immediate and long-term implications for the Minnesota economy. A shift-share model was used to partition the external and local sources of employment change which accounted for the industry employment shifts in the 1975-1980 period.
Lorenz ratio of an impure compensated metal in the degenerate Fermi liquid regime
Creators: name: Lee, Woo-Ram
name: Michaeli, Karen
name: Schwiete, Georg
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Lorenz ratio serves as a measure to compare thermal and electric conductivities of metals. Recent experiments observed small Lorenz ratios in the compensated metal WP$_2$, indicating that charge flow is strongly favored over heat conduction. Motivated by these findings, we study transport properties of compensated metals in the presence of electron-electron collisions and electron-impurity scattering. We focus on intermediate temperatures, where the phonon contributions to transport are weak and elastic and inelastic scattering rates are comparable. Our exact solution for the kinetic equation in the presence of general Fermi-liquid interactions is used to extract the Lorenz ratio for short and long range interactions. We find that the Lorenz ratio develops a temperature dependence and gets enhanced as a consequence of disorder scattering. For collisions mediated by the Coulomb interaction, impurities give rise to a non-monotonic dependence of the Lorenz ratio on the screening wave number with a minimum for intermediate screening strength. To help future experimental efforts, we establish a scheme to connect the exact results with the solution of the Boltzmann equation under the relaxation time approximation for all collision integrals. Our recipe provides simple phenomenological expressions for the transport coefficients and it allows for a physically transparent interpretation of the results.
description: 21 pages, 9 figures, close to published version
Comprehensive Evaluation on the Level of Agricultural Economic Development in Hubei Province Based on Principal Component Analysis
Creators: name: LI Simian
name: LI Simian
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Agricultural economic development level, Principal component analysis, Comprehensive evaluation

description: [Objectives] Hubei Province has a superior geographical location, and is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with pleasant climate and abundant natural resources. It is an important province of population, agriculture and resources in China. [Methods] Based on the data of Statistical Yearbook of Hubei 2018, the agricultural economic indicators of the cities and prefectures in Hubei Province were analyzed with principal component analysis method by using SPSS 19.0. [Results] The comprehensive scores and rankings of the agricultural economic development level of the 17 cities and prefectures in Hubei Province were obtained. They were divided into four agricultural development levels. [Conclusions] According to the analysis results, corresponding policy recommendations were put forward to promote the development of agricultural economy in Hubei Province.
A Novel Synthesis Algorithm for Reversible Circuits
Creators: name: Saeedi, Mehdi
name: Sedighi, Mehdi
name: Zamani, Morteza Saheb
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper, a new non-search based synthesis algorithm for reversible circuits is proposed. Compared with the widely used search-based methods, our algorithm is guarantied to produce a result and can lead to a solution with much fewer steps. To evaluate the proposed method, several circuits taken from the literature are used. The experimental results corroborate the expected findings.
description: 4 pages, 4 figures, 1 table Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
Early GRB Optical and Infrared Afterglow Observations with the 2-m Robotic Liverpool Telescope
Creators: name: Gomboc, A.
name: Mundell, C. G.
name: Guidorzi, C.
name: Monfardini, A.
name: Mottram, C. J.
name: Priddey, R.
name: Smith, R. J.
name: Pak, S.
name: Steele, I. A.
name: Tanvir, N.
name: Carter, D.
name: Fraser, S. N.
name: Bode, M. F.
name: Newsam, A. M.
name: Hughes, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the first optical observations of a Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) afterglow using the 2-m robotic Liverpool Telescope (LT), which is owned and operated by Liverpool John Moores University and situated on La Palma. We briefly discuss the capabilities of LT and its suitability for rapid follow-up observations of early optical and infrared GRB light curves. In particular, the combination of aperture, site, instrumentation and rapid response (robotic over-ride mode aided by telescope's rapid slew and fully-opening enclosure) makes the LT ideal for investigating the nature of short bursts, optically-dark bursts, and GRB blast-wave physics in general. We briefly describe the LT's key position in the RoboNet-1.0 network of robotic telescopes. We present the LT observations of GRB041006 and use its gamma-ray properties to predict the time of the break in optical light curve, a prediction consistent with the observations.
description: 4 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in Il nuovo cimento (4th Workshop Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era, Rome, 18-22 October 2004)
Destruction of the central black hole gas reservoir through head-on galaxy collisions
Creators: name: Miki, Yohei
name: Mori, Masao
name: Kawaguchi, Toshihiro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A massive black hole exists in almost every galaxy. They occasionally radiate a vast amount of light by releasing gravitational energy of accreting gas, with a cumulative active period of only a few $10^8$ years, so-called the duty cycle of the Active Galactic Nuclei. Namely, many galaxies today host a starving massive black hole. Although galaxy collisions have been thought to enhance nucleus activity, the origin of the duty cycle, especially the shutdown process, is a still critical issue. Here we show that galaxy collisions are also capable of suppressing black hole fueling by using an analytic model and three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, applying the well-determined parameter sets for the galactic collision in the Andromeda galaxy. Our models demonstrate that a central collision of galaxies can strip the torus-shaped gas surrounding the massive black hole, the putative fueling source. The derived condition for switching-off the black hole fueling indicates that a significant fraction of currently bright nuclei can become inactive, reminiscent of fading/dying active nucleus phenomena associated with galaxy merging events. Galaxy collisions may therefore be responsible both for switching-off and turning-on the nucleus activity, depending on the collision orbit (head-on or far-off-centre).
description: 41 pages, 10 figures, published in Nature Astronomy (read-only access is freely available at https://rdcu.be/cebgO)
Mathematical table turning revisited
Creators: name: Baritompa, Bill
name: Löwen, Rainer
name: Polster, Burkard
name: Ross, Marty
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: History and Overview (math.HO)
subject: General Topology (math.GN)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 00A05

description: We investigate under which conditions a rectangular table can be placed with all four feet touching a continuous ground by turning it on the spot.
description: 17 pages, 7 figures
MICROCOMPUTER ACCURACY IN SOLVING LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS WITH REDUNDANT CONSTRAINTS
Creators: name: Soler, Alvaro
name: Fuller, Earl I.
name: Soler, Alvaro
name: Fuller, Earl I.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1986
Subjects: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods

description: This study reports on how different microcomputer systems performed in the solution of two linear programming models purposely specified with redundant vectors. Comparisons were made to a Cyber 720 that used both a Fortran and Basic version of the same primal-dual algorithm. Results are mixed. But Microsoft Basic with double precision under CP/M on a Z80A processor performed at least equally well to the Cyber 720 provided that an appropriate essential zero value was specified. Different coefficient scaling schemes were also tested. The results should be of interest to all users of matrix inversion schemes on microcomputers. Extensions of the study to new hardware and software systems are encouraged.