cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Convergence Rate Analysis for Deep Ritz Method
Creators: name: Duan, Chenguang
name: Jiao, Yuling
name: Lai, Yanming
name: Lu, Xiliang
name: Yang, Zhijian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Using deep neural networks to solve PDEs has attracted a lot of attentions recently. However, why the deep learning method works is falling far behind its empirical success. In this paper, we provide a rigorous numerical analysis on deep Ritz method (DRM) \cite{wan11} for second order elliptic equations with Neumann boundary conditions. We establish the first nonasymptotic convergence rate in $H^1$ norm for DRM using deep networks with $\mathrm{ReLU}^2$ activation functions. In addition to providing a theoretical justification of DRM, our study also shed light on how to set the hyper-parameter of depth and width to achieve the desired convergence rate in terms of number of training samples. Technically, we derive bounds on the approximation error of deep $\mathrm{ReLU}^2$ network in $H^1$ norm and on the Rademacher complexity of the non-Lipschitz composition of gradient norm and $\mathrm{ReLU}^2$ network, both of which are of independent interest.
Crime and COVID-19 in Rio de Janeiro: How does organized crime shape the disease evolution?
Creators: name: Crokidakis, Nuno
name: Sigaud, Lucas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The city of Rio de Janeiro is one of the biggest cities in Brazil. Drug gangs and paramilitary groups called \textit{milícias} control some regions of the city where the government is not present, specially in the slums. Due to the characteristics of such two distinct groups, it was observed that the evolution of COVID-19 is different in those two regions, in comparison with the regions controlled by the government. In order to understand qualitatively those observations, we divided the city in three regions controlled by the government, by the drug gangs and by the \textit{milícias}, respectively, and we consider a SIRD-like epidemic model where the three regions are coupled. Considering different levels of exposure, the model is capable to reproduce qualitatively the distinct evolution of the COVID-19 disease in the three regions, suggesting that the organized crime shapes the COVID-19 evolution in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This case study suggests that the model can be used in general for any metropolitan region with groups of people that can be categorized by their level of exposure.
description: 10 pages, 2 figures, to appear in IJMPC
Neural Network Training as an Optimal Control Problem: An Augmented Lagrangian Approach
Creators: name: Evens, Brecht
name: Latafat, Puya
name: Themelis, Andreas
name: Suykens, Johan
name: Patrinos, Panagiotis
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 49L20, 49M15, 49M37, 68T07, 90C06, 90C26, 90C30

description: Training of neural networks amounts to nonconvex optimization problems that are typically solved by using backpropagation and (variants of) stochastic gradient descent. In this work we propose an alternative approach by viewing the training task as a nonlinear optimal control problem. Under this lens, backpropagation amounts to the sequential approach (single shooting) to optimal control, where the states variables have been eliminated. It is well known that single shooting may lead to ill conditioning, and for this reason the simultaneous approach (multiple shooting) is typically preferred. Motivated by this hypothesis, an augmented Lagrangian algorithm is developed that only requires an approximate solution to the Lagrangian subproblems up to a user-defined accuracy. By applying this framework to the training of neural networks, it is shown that the inner Lagrangian subproblems are amenable to be solved using Gauss-Newton iterations. To fully exploit the structure of neural networks, the resulting linear least squares problems are addressed by employing an approach based on forward dynamic programming. Finally, the effectiveness of our method is showcased on regression datasets.
description: 8 pages; typos corrected
title:  Terrorismo e clausole di esclusione nella giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia
Creators: name: Morviducci, Claudia
Publisher: name: RomaTrE-Press
Year: 2019

description: Il presente lavoro esamina le modalità di applicazione delle clausole di esclusione dallo status di rifugiato contenute nella direttiva 2011/95 dell’Unione europea, con particolare riferimento alle persone accusate di attività riconducibili al terrorismo. La giurisprudenza in materia non si presenta univoca, oscillando tra le opposte esigenze di garantire la sicurezza - particolarmente avvertite dopo gli attentati sul suolo europeo - e quella di tutelare i diritti dell’uomo, rispettando anche gli obblighi dettati dalla Convenzione di Ginevra del 1951 e da altri Trattati internazionali.  Un contributo importante è quello della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea, orientata nel senso della necessità di una verifica circa il concreto comportamento del soggetto.
description: Diritto internazionale e valori umanitari
Tables, Appendix, and Figures from Theory of electric creep and electromechanical coupling with domain evolution for non-poled and fully poled ferroelectric ceramics
Creators: name: Xiaodong Xia
name: Wang, Yang
name: Zhong, Zheng
name: Weng, George J.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Mechanical Engineering
subject: FOS: Mechanical engineering
subject: 30399 Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences

description: Electromechanical properties, Eshelby S-tensor, and figures
Realizing an Unruh-DeWitt detector through electro-optic sampling of the electromagnetic vacuum
Creators: name: Onoe, Sho
name: Guedes, Thiago L. M.
name: Moskalenko, Andrey S.
name: Leitenstorfer, Alfred
name: Burkard, Guido
name: Ralph, Timothy C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A new theoretical framework to describe the experimental advances in electro-optic detection of broadband quantum states, specifically the quantum vacuum, is devised. By making use of fundamental concepts from quantum field theory on spacetime metrics, the nonlinear interaction behind the electro-optic effect can be reformulated in terms of an Unruh-DeWitt detector coupled to a conjugate field during a very short time interval. When the coupling lasts for a time interval comparable to the oscillation periods of the detected field mode (i.e. the subcycle regime), virtual particles inhabiting the field vacuum are transferred to the detector in the form of real excitations. We demonstrate that this behavior can be rigorously translated to the scenario of electro-optic sampling of the quantum vacuum, in which the (spectrally filtered) probe works as an Unruh-DeWitt detector, with its interaction-generated photons arising from virtual particles inhabiting the electromagnetic vacuum. We discuss the specific working regime of such processes, and the consequences through characterization of the quantum light involved in the detection.
Extensively drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST307 outbreak, north-eastern Germany, June to October 2019
Creators: name: Haller, Sebastian
name: Kramer, Rolf
name: Becker, Karsten
name: Bohnert, Jürgen A.
name: Eckmanns, Tim
name: Hans, Jörg B.
name: Hecht, Jane
name: Heidecke, Claus-Dieter
name: Hübner, Nils-Olaf
name: Kramer, Axel
name: Klaper, Kathleen
name: Littmann, Martina
name: Marlinghaus, Lennart
name: Neumann, Bernd
name: Pfeifer, Yvonne
name: Pfennigwerth, Niels
name: Rogge, Simone
name: Schaufler, Katharina
name: Thürmer, Andrea
name: Werner, Guido
name: Gatermann, Sören
Publisher: name: Robert Koch-Institut
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: CTX-M
subject: Enterobacterales
subject: NDM-1
subject: OXA-48
subject: XDR
subject: clonal spread
subject: colistin resistance
subject: 610 Medizin und Gesundheit

description: From June to October 2019, 17 patients (six infected, 11 colonised) with an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae strain were notified from four Western Pomerania medical facilities. The XDR K. pneumoniae produced carbapenemases NDM-1 and OXA-48, and was only susceptible to chloramphenicol, tigecycline and cefiderocol. Synergistic activity was observed for the combination of aztreonam plus ceftazidime-avibactam. Genomic analyses showed all isolates belonged to K. pneumoniae sequence type 307. Control measures and further investigations are ongoing.
Efficient Natural Gradient Descent Methods for Large-Scale Optimization Problems
Creators: name: Nurbekyan, Levon
name: Lei, Wanzhou
name: Yang, Yunan
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Natural gradient
Constrained optimization
Least-squares methods
Gradient flow
Inverse problem

description: We propose an efficient numerical method for computing natural gradient descent directions with respect to a generic metric in the state space. Our technique relies on representing the natural gradient direction as a solution to a standard least-squares problem. Hence, instead of calculating, storing, or inverting the information matrix directly, we apply efficient methods from numerical linear algebra to solve this least-squares problem. We treat both scenarios where the derivative of the state variable with respect to the parameter is either explicitly known or implicitly given through constraints. We apply the QR decomposition to solve the least-squares problem in the former case and utilize the adjoint-state method to compute the natural gradient descent direction in the latter case. As a result, we can reliably compute several natural gradient descents, including the Wasserstein natural gradient, for a large-scale parameter space with thousands of dimensions, which was believed to be out of reach. Finally, our numerical results shed light on the qualitative differences among the standard gradient descent method and various natural gradient descent methods based on different metric spaces in large-scale nonconvex optimization problems.
description: arXiv
Single-cell profiling reveals functional heterogeneity and serial killing in human peripheral and ex vivo-generated CD34+ progenitor-derived Natural Killer cells
Creators: name: Subedi, Nikita
name: Verhagen, Liesbeht P.
name: de Jonge, Paul
name: Van Eyndhoven, Laura C.
name: van Turnhout, Mark C.
name: Koomen, Vera
name: Baudry, Jean
name: Eyer, Klaus
name: Dolstra, Harry
name: Tel, Jurjen
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022

description: bioRxiv
Overlapping boundary layers in coastal oceans
Creators: name: Yan, Chao
name: McWilliams, James C.
name: Chamecki, Marcelo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Boundary layer turbulence in coastal regions differs from that in deep ocean because of bottom interactions. In this paper, we focus on the merging of surface and bottom boundary layers in a finite-depth coastal ocean by numerically solving the wave-averaged equations using a large eddy simulation method. The ocean fluid is driven by combined effects of wind stress, surface wave, and a steady current in the presence of stable vertical stratification. The resulting flow consists of two overlapping boundary layers, i.e. surface and bottom boundary layers, separated by an interior stratification. The overlapping boundary layers evolve through three phases, i.e. a rapid deepening, an oscillatory equilibrium and a prompt merger, separated by two transitions. Before the merger, internal waves are observed in the stratified layer, and they are excited mainly by Langmuir turbulence in the surface boundary layer. These waves induce a clear modulation on the bottom-generated turbulence, facilitating the interaction between the surface and bottom boundary layers. After the merger, the Langmuir circulations originally confined to the surface layer are found to grow in size and extend down to the sea bottom (even though the surface waves do not feel the bottom), reminiscent of the well-organized Langmuir supercells. These full-depth Langmuir circulations promote the vertical mixing and enhance the bottom shear, leading to a significant enhancement of turbulence levels in the vertical column.
description: 20 pages, 15 figures
AdaBoost and robust one-bit compressed sensing
Creators: name: Chinot, Geoffrey
name: Kuchelmeister, Felix
name: Löffler, Matthias
name: van de Geer, Sara
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2021

description: This paper studies binary classification in robust one-bit compressed sensing with adversarial errors. It is assumed that the model is overparameterized and that the parameter of interest is effectively sparse. AdaBoost is considered, and, through its relation to the max-$\ell_1$-margin-classifier, prediction error bounds are derived. The developed theory is general and allows for heavy-tailed feature distributions, requiring only a weak moment assumption and an anti-concentration condition. Improved convergence rates are shown when the features satisfy a small deviation lower bound. In particular, the results provide an explanation why interpolating adversarial noise can be harmless for classification problems. Simulations illustrate the presented theory.
description: arXiv
Intermittent non-pharmaceutical strategies to mitigate the COVID-19 epidemic in a network model of Italy via constrained optimization
Creators: name: Coraggio, Marco
name: Xie, Shihao
name: De Lellis, Francesco
name: Russo, Giovanni
name: di Bernardo, Mario
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: This paper is concerned with the design of intermittent non-pharmaceutical strategies to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic exploiting network epidemiological models. Specifically, by studying a variational equation for the dynamics of the infected in a network model of the epidemic spread, we derive, using contractivity arguments, a condition that can be used to guarantee that, in epidemiological terms, the effective reproduction number is less than unity. This condition has three advantages: (i) it is easily computable; (ii) it is directly related to the model parameters; (iii) it can be used to enforce a scalability condition that prohibits the amplification of disturbances within the network system. We then include satisfaction of such a condition as a constraint in a Model Predictive Control problem so as to mitigate (or suppress) the spread of the epidemic while minimizing the economic impact of the interventions. A data-driven model of Italy as a network of three macro-regions (North, Center, and South), whose parameters are identified from real data, is used to illustrate and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
description: Accepted by Control and Decision Conference 2021
Neutron Stars in Scalar-tensor Gravity with Quartic Order Scalar Potential
Creators: name: Odintsov, S. D.
name: Oikonomou, V. K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this work we investigate the effects of a non-minimally coupled quartic order scalar model on static neutron stars, with the non-minimal coupling in the Jordan frame being of the form $f(ϕ) = 1 + ξϕ^2$. Particularly we derive the Einstein frame Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations, and by numerically integrating them for both the interior and the exterior of the neutron star, using a double shooting python 3 based numerical code, we extract the masses and radii of the neutron stars evaluated finally in the Jordan frame, along with several other related physical quantities of interest. With regard to the equation of state for the neutron star, we use a piecewise polytropic equation of state with the central part being Skyrme-Lyon (SLy), Akmal-Pandharipande-Ravenhall (APR) or the Wiringa-Fiks-Fabrocini (WFF1) equations of state. The resulting $M-R$ graphs are compatible with the observational bounds imposed by the GW170817 event which require the radius of a static $M\sim 1.6 M_{\odot}$ neutron star to be larger than $R=10.68^{+15}_{-0.04}$km and the radius of a static neutron star corresponding to the maximum mass of the star to be larger than $R=9.6^{+0.14}_{-0.03}$km. Moreover, the WFF1 EoS, which was excluded for static neutron stars in the context of general relativity, for the a quartic order scalar model neutron star model provides realistic results compatible with the GW170817 event.
description: Revised version, references added, AoP accepted
Laplace-Beltrami based Multi-Resolution Shape Reconstruction on Subdivision Surfaces
Creators: name: Alsnayyan, A. M. A.
name: Shanker, B.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science (cs.CE)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: The eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator have widespread applications in a number of disciplines of engineering, computer vision/graphics, machine learning, etc. These eigenfunctions or manifold harmonics, provide the means to smoothly interpolate data on a manifold. They are highly effective, specifically as it relates to geometry representation and editing; manifold harmonics form a natural basis for multi-resolution representation (and editing) of complex surfaces and functioned defined therein. In this paper, we seek to develop the framework to exploit the benefits of manifold harmonics for shape reconstruction. To this end, we develop a highly compressible, multi-resolution shape reconstruction scheme using manifold harmonics. The method relies on subdivision basis sets to construct both boundary element isogeometric methods for analysis and surface finite elements to construct manifold harmonics. We pair this technique with the volumetric source reconstruction method to determine an initial starting point. Examples presented highlight efficacy of the approach in the presence of noisy data, including significant reduction in the number of degrees of freedom for complex objects, the accuracy of reconstruction, and multi-resolution capabilities.
Effect of typhoons on economic activities in Vietnam: Evidence using satellite imagery
Creators: name: Espagne, Etienne
name: Ha, Boi Yen
name: Houngbedji, Kenneth
name: Ngo-Duc, Thanh
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: Natural disaster
Economic growth
Vietnam

description: This paper investigates the effect of typhoons on economic activities in Vietnam. During the period covered by our analysis, 1992-2013, we observed 63 typhoons affecting different locations of the country in different years with varying intensity. Using measures of the intensity of nightlight from satellite imagery as a proxy for the level of economic activity, we study how the nighttime light brightness varies across locations that were variably affected by the tropical cyclones. The results suggest that typhoons have on average dimmed nighttime luminosity of the places hit by 5 ± 5.8% or 8 ± 7.8% depending on the specifications we made.
description: AFD Research Papers, 263
Supplementary methods from Young relicts and old relicts: a novel palaeoendemic vertebrate from The Australian Central Uplands
Creators: name: Oliver, Paul M.
name: McDonald, Peter J.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: 60301 Animal Systematics and Taxonomy
subject: 60310 Plant Systematics and Taxonomy

description: Climatic change, and in particular aridification, has played a dominant role in shaping Southern Hemisphere biotas since the Mid-Neogene. In Australia, ancient and geologically stable ranges within the vast arid zone have functioned as refugia for populations of mesic taxa extirpated from surrounding areas, yet the extent to which relicts may be linked to major aridification events before or after the Pliocene has not been examined in detail. Here, we use molecular phylogenetic and morphological data to show that isolated populations of saxicoline geckos in the genus Oedura from the Australian Central Uplands, formerly confounded as a single taxon, actually comprise two divergent species with contrasting histories of isolation. The recently resurrected Oedura cincta has close relatives occurring elsewhere in the Australian arid biomes with estimated divergence dates concentrated in the Early Pliocene. A new taxon (described herein) diverged from all extant Oedura much earlier, well before the end of the Miocene. A review of data for Central Uplands endemic vertebrates shows that for most (including Oedura cincta), geneflow with other parts of Australia probably occurred until at least the very Late Miocene or Pliocene. There are however a small number of palaeoendemic taxa—often ecologically specialized forms—that show evidence of having persisted since earlier intensification of aridity in the Late Miocene.
Painlevé Analysis and Higher-Order Rogue Waves of a Generalized(3+1)-dimensional Shallow Water Wave Equation
Creators: name: Singh, Sudhir
name: Sakkaravarthi, K.
name: Tamizhmani, T.
name: Murugesan, K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Considering the importance of ever-increasing interest in exploring localized waves, we investigate a generalized (3+1)-dimensional Hirota-Satsuma-Ito equation describing the unidirectional propagation of shallow-water waves and perform Painlevé analysis to understand its integrability nature. We construct the explicit form of higher-order rogue wave solutions by adopting Hirota's bilinearization and generalized polynomial functions. Further, we explore their dynamics in detail, depicting different pattern formation that reveal potential advantages with available arbitrary constants in their manipulation mechanism. Particularly, we demonstrate the existence of singly-localized line-rogue waves and doubly-localized rogue waves with multiple (single, triple, and sextuple) structures generating triangular and pentagon type geometrical patterns with controllable orientations that can be altered appropriately by tuning the parameters. The presented analysis will be an essential inclusion in the context of rogue waves in higher-dimensional systems.
description: Accepted for Publication in Physica Scripta: 28 pages, 11 figures
Variational Autoencoder Analysis of Ising Model Statistical Distributions and Phase Transitions
Creators: name: Yevick, David
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Variational autoencoders employ an encoding neural network to generate a probabilistic representation of a data set within a low-dimensional space of latent variables followed by a decoding stage that maps the latent variables back to the original variable space. Once trained, a statistical ensemble of simulated data realizations can be obtained by randomly assigning values to the latent variables that are subsequently processed by the decoding section of the network. To determine the accuracy of such a procedure when applied to lattice models, an autoencoder is here trained on a thermal equilibrium distribution of Ising spin realizations. When the output of the decoder for synthetic data is interpreted probabilistically, spin realizations can be generated by randomly assigning spin values according to the computed likelihood. The resulting state distribution in energy-magnetization space then qualitatively resembles that of the training samples. However, because correlations between spins are suppressed, the computed energies are unphysically large for low-dimensional latent variable spaces. The features of the learned distributions as a function of temperature, however, provide a qualitative indication of the presence of a phase transition and the distribution of realizations with characteristic cluster sizes.
Feeding rate analysisAlternative feeding rate analysis using the number of nestlings and the mean age of nestlings instead of brood body massGrowth rates based on tarsus lengthsSupplementary growth rate analyses based on the growth of the right tarsus of coucals instead of body mass data from Sex roles, parental care and offspring growth in two contrasting coucal species
Creators: name: Goymann, Wolfgang
name: Safari, Ignas
name: Muck, Christina
name: Schwabl, Ingrid
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: 60801 Animal Behaviour

description: The decision to provide parental care is often associated with trade-offs, because resources allocated to parental care typically cannot be invested in self-maintenance or mating. In most animals, females provide more parental care than males, but the reason for this pattern is still debated in evolutionary ecology. To better understand sex differences in parental care and its consequences, we need to study closely related species where the sexes differ in offspring care. We investigated parental care in relation to offspring growth in two closely related coucal species that fundamentally differ in sex roles and parental care, but live in the same food-rich habitat with a benign climate and have a similar breeding phenology. Incubation patterns differed and uniparental male black coucals fed their offspring two times more often than female and male white-browed coucals combined. Also, white-browed coucals had more ‘off-times’ than male black coucals, during which they perched and preened. However, these differences in parental care were not reflected in offspring growth, probably because white-browed coucals fed their nestlings a larger proportion of frogs than insects. A food-rich habitat with a benign climate may be a necessary, but—perhaps unsurprisingly—is not a sufficient factor for the evolution of uniparental care. In combination with previous results (Goymann et al. 2015 J. Evol. Biol. 28, 1335–1353 (doi:10.1111/jeb.12657)), these data suggest that white-browed coucals may cooperate in parental care, because they lack opportunities to become polygamous rather than because both parents were needed to successfully raise all offspring. Our case study supports recent theory suggesting that permissive environmental conditions in combination with a particular life history may induce sexual selection in females. A positive feedback loop among sexual selection, body size and adult sex-ratio may then stabilize reversed sex roles in competition and parental care.
Scenario Model Predictive Control for Data-based Energy Management in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Creators: name: East, Sebastian
name: Cannon, Mark
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: One of the major limitations of optimization-based strategies for allocating the power flow in hybrid powertrains is that they rely on predictions of future power demand. These predictions are inherently uncertain as they are dependent on complex human behaviours that are challenging to model accurately. This paper proposes a data-based scenario model predictive control framework, where the inputs are determined at each control update by optimizing the power allocation over multiple previous examples of a route being driven. The proposed energy management optimization is convex, and results from scenario optimization are used to bound the confidence that the one-step-ahead optimization will be feasible with given probability. It is shown through numerical simulation that scenario model predictive control (MPC) obtains the same reduction in fuel consumption as nominal MPC with full preview of future driver behaviour, and that the scenario MPC optimization can be solved efficiently using a tailored optimization algorithm.
description: in IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 2022
The impact of physical activity and exercise on aerobic capacity in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression
Creators: name: Hodgkiss, Daniel D.
name: Bhangu, Gurjeet S.
name: Lunny, Carole
name: Jutzeler, Catherine
name: Chiou, Shin-Yi
name: Walter, Matthias
name: Lucas, Samuel J.E.
name: Krassioukov, Andrei V.
name: Nightingale, Tom E.
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022

description: medRxiv
Floquet-Mode Traveling-Wave Parametric Amplifiers
Creators: name: Peng, Kaidong
name: Naghiloo, Mahdi
name: Wang, Jennifer
name: Cunningham, Gregory D
name: Ye, Yufeng
name: O'Brien, Kevin P
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Simultaneous ideal quantum measurements of multiple single-photon-level signals would advance applications in quantum information processing, metrology, and astronomy, but require the first amplifier to be simultaneously broadband, quantum limited, and directional. However, conventional traveling-wave parametric amplifiers support broadband amplification at the cost of increased added noise and are not genuinely directional due to non-negligible nonlinear backward wave generation. In this work, we introduce a new class of amplifiers which encode the information in the Floquet modes of the system. Such Floquet mode amplifiers prevent information leakage and overcome the trade-off between quantum efficiency (QE) and bandwidth. Crucially, Floquet mode amplifiers strongly suppress the nonlinear forward-backward wave coupling and are therefore genuinely directional and readily integrable with qubits, clearing another major obstacle towards broadband ideal quantum measurements. Furthermore, Floquet mode amplifiers are insensitive to out-of-band impedance mismatch, which otherwise may lead to gain ripples, parametric oscillations, and instability in conventional traveling-wave parametric amplifiers. Finally, we show that a Floquet mode Josephson traveling-wave parametric amplifier implementation can simultaneously achieve $>\!20\,$dB gain and a QE of $η/η_{\mathrm{ideal}}\!> 99.9\%$ of the quantum limit over more than an octave of bandwidth. The proposed Floquet scheme is also widely applicable to other platforms, such as kinetic inductance traveling-wave amplifiers and optical parametric amplifiers.
description: 20 pages, 12 figures, appendices
Stability analysis and control of decision-making of miners in blockchain
Creators: name: Toda, Kosuke
name: Kuze, Naomi
name: Ushio, Toshimitsu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Computer Science and Game Theory (cs.GT)
subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: To maintain blockchain-based services with ensuring its security, it is an important issue how to decide a mining reward so that the number of miners participating in the mining increases. We propose a dynamical model of decision-making for miners using an evolutionary game approach and analyze the stability of equilibrium points of the proposed model. The proposed model is described by the 1st-order differential equation. So, it is simple but its theoretical analysis gives an insight into the characteristics of the decision-making. Through the analysis of the equilibrium points, we show the transcritical bifurcations and hysteresis phenomena of the equilibrium points. We also design a controller that determines the mining reward based on the number of participating miners to stabilize the state that all miners participate in the mining. Numerical simulation shows that there is a trade-off in the choice of the design parameters.
description: 8 pages, 4 figures, accepted to a journal
Graded Hilbert spaces, quantum distillation and connecting SQCD to QCD
Creators: name: Ünsal, Mithat
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The dimension of the Hilbert space of QFT scales exponentially with the volume of the space in which the theory lives, yet in supersymmetric theories, one can define a graded dimension (such as the supersymmetric index) that counts just the number of bosonic minus fermionic ground states. Can we make this observation useful in non-supersymmetric QFTs in four dimensions? In this work, we construct symmetry graded state sums for a variety of non-supersymmetric theories. Among the theories we consider is one that is remarkably close to QCD: Yang--Mills theory with $N_f = N_c$ fundamental Dirac fermions and one adjoint Weyl fermion, QCD(F/adj). This theory can be obtained from SQCD by decoupling scalars and carry exactly the same anomalies. Despite the existence of fundamental fermions, the theory possess an exact 0-form color-flavor center (CFC) symmetry for a particular grading/twist under which Polyakov loop is a genuine order parameters. By a two-loop analysis, we prove that CFC-symmetry remains unbroken at small $β$ due to grading. Chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken within the domain of validity of semi-classics on $\mathbb R^3 \times S^1$ in a pattern identical to $N_f=N_c$ SQCD on $\mathbb R^4$ and the two regimes are adiabatically connected. The vacuum structures of the theory on $\mathbb R^4$ and $\mathbb R^3 \times S^1$ are controlled by the same mixed 't Hooft anomaly condition, implying a remarkable persistent order.
description: 99 pages, 15 figures
Supplementary Figure S2 from Muskuloskeletal modelling under an evolutionary perspective: deciphering the role of single muscle regions in closely related insects
Creators: name: David, Sina
name: Funken, Johannes
name: Potthast, Wolfgang
name: Blanke, Alexander
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 110601 Biomechanics
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Full overview of spatiotemporal activity patterns of single muscle groups within the main mandibular adductor for each species. Numbers in the upper right corner of each graph show fiber quantity (##) and group designation (G #) in the format (## / G #). Activation spreads of muscle groups in the Aeshna/Sympetrum setting show that the dorsal and ventral muscle groups with the lowest activity (G1+2, 8+9) have the largest spread of single fibre activity while muscle groups with a higher overall activity show a comparable low activity spread for their single fibres. Note that activation spread is not a function of modelled fibre quantity per muscle group. In the Anax muscle setting, the medial muscle groups G10-16 show a low activation spread, while activation spread for the main muscle groups G1-9 gradually increases from dorsal to ventral. The Cordulegaster muscle setting is characterized by a higher activation spread for the medial muscle groups (G1-10) compared to Anax. Similar to the Anax setting, activation spread increases from the dorsal to the ventral main muscle groups (G11-19). The distinct patterns mentioned for the three former species/muscle settings are basically not detectable for the Onychogomphus muscle setting. Activation spreads do not show a distinct separation between more medially located muscle groups (G1-13) compared to the lateral main groups. Equally, there is no distinct pattern observable between dorsal and ventral main muscle groups (G14-29).
Different methods for increasing transmission in cyclotron-based proton therapy facilities
Creators: name: Maradia, Vivek
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022
Subjects: proton therapy
Gantry
Proton beam optics
Momentum cooling
FLASH proton therapy

description: In proton therapy (PT), high dose rates could allow efficient utilization of motion mitigation techniques for moving targets, and potentially enhance normal tissue sparing due to the FLASH effect. Cyclotrons are currently the most common accelerator for PT, accounting for two-thirds of the total installations. However, for cyclotron-based facilities, high dose rates are difficult to reach for low energy beams, which are generated passing a high-energy beam through an energy degrader and an energy selection system (ESS); due to scattering and range straggling in the degrader, the emittance and energy/momentum spread increase significantly, incurring large losses from the cyclotron to the patient position. To solve these problems, we propose two approaches: a) transporting the maximum acceptable emittance in both transverse planes (using asymmetric collimators and/or scattering foil); b) an ESS with a wedge (instead of slits), reducing the momentum spread of the beam without significant beam losses. We demonstrate in simulation that low-energy beam transmission can be increased up to a factor of 80 using these approaches compared to the currently used beamline and ESS. This concept is key to enhance the potential of proton therapy by increasing the possibilities to treat new indications in current and future proton therapy facilities while reducing the cost.
Further methods and analyses from Long-distance autumn migration across the Sahara by painted lady butterflies: exploiting resource pulses in the tropical savannah
Creators: name: Constantí Stefanescu
name: Soto, David X.
name: Talavera, Gerard
name: Vila, Roger
name: Hobson, Keith A.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: 60801 Animal Behaviour

description: Information on wing-wear categories, stable isotope analysis, and natal origin assignments to potential migrants are given as well as the acknowledgements
Bridging observation, theory and numerical simulation of the ocean using Machine Learning
Creators: name: Sonnewald, Maike
name: Lguensat, Redouane
name: Jones, Daniel C.
name: Dueben, Peter D.
name: Brajard, Julien
name: Balaji, Venkatramani
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Progress within physical oceanography has been concurrent with the increasing sophistication of tools available for its study. The incorporation of machine learning (ML) techniques offers exciting possibilities for advancing the capacity and speed of established methods and also for making substantial and serendipitous discoveries. Beyond vast amounts of complex data ubiquitous in many modern scientific fields, the study of the ocean poses a combination of unique challenges that ML can help address. The observational data available is largely spatially sparse, limited to the surface, and with few time series spanning more than a handful of decades. Important timescales span seconds to millennia, with strong scale interactions and numerical modelling efforts complicated by details such as coastlines. This review covers the current scientific insight offered by applying ML and points to where there is imminent potential. We cover the main three branches of the field: observations, theory, and numerical modelling. Highlighting both challenges and opportunities, we discuss both the historical context and salient ML tools. We focus on the use of ML in situ sampling and satellite observations, and the extent to which ML applications can advance theoretical oceanographic exploration, as well as aid numerical simulations. Applications that are also covered include model error and bias correction and current and potential use within data assimilation. While not without risk, there is great interest in the potential benefits of oceanographic ML applications; this review caters to this interest within the research community.
description: Topical review submitted to Environmental Research Letters
Supplementary Information from The family specific α4-helix of the kinesin-13, MCAK, is critical to microtubule end recognition
Creators: name: Patel, Jennifer T.
name: Belsham, Hannah R.
name: Rathbone, Alexandra J.
name: Wickstead, Bill
name: Gell, Christopher
name: Friel, Claire T.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biophysics
Biochemistry

description: Kinesins that influence the dynamics of microtubule growth and shrinkage require the ability to distinguish between the microtubule end and the microtubule lattice. The microtubule depolymerizing kinesin MCAK has been shown to specifically recognize the microtubule end. This ability is key to the action of MCAK in regulating microtubule dynamics. We show that the α4-helix of the motor domain is crucial to microtubule end recognition. Mutation of the residues K524, E525 and R528, which are located in the C-terminal half of the α4-helix, specifically disrupts the ability of MCAK to recognize the microtubule end. Mutation of these residues, which are conserved in the kinesin-13 family and discriminate members of this family from translocating kinesins, impairs the ability of MCAK to discriminate between the microtubule lattice and the microtubule end.
Ultrashort pulsed laser induced complex surface structures generated by tailoring the melt hydrodynamics
Creators: name: Fraggelakis, F.
name: Tsibidis, G. D.
name: Stratakis, E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a novel approach for tailoring the laser induced surface topography upon femtosecond-fs pulsed laser irradiation. The method employs spatially controlled double fs laser pulses to actively regulate the hydrodynamic microfluidic motion of the melted layer that gives rise to the structures formation. The pulse train used, in particular, consists of a previously unexplored spatiotemporal intensity combination including one pulse with Gaussian and another with periodically modulated intensity distribution created by Direct Laser Interference Patterning (DLIP). The interpulse delay is appropriately chosen to reveal the contribution of the microfluidic melt flow, while it is found that the sequence of the Gaussian and DLIP pulses remarkably influences the surface profile attained. Results also demonstrate that both the spatial intensity of the double pulse and the effective number of pulses per irradiation spot can further be modulated to control the formation of complex surface morphologies. The underlying physical processes behind the complex patterns generation were interpreted in terms of a multiscale model combining electrodynamic excitation with melt hydrodynamics. We believe that this work can constitute a significant step forward towards producing laser induced surface structures on demand by tailoring the melt microfluidic phenomena.
Table S1. Comparison of baseline characteristics for analysis and attrition sample. The attrition sample consists of all individuals (singleton births) in the core ALSAC sample who were alive at 1 year but not included in the analysis sample. from Coping with a changing environment: the effects of early life stress
Creators: name: Leeuwen, Abram J. Van
name: Mace, Ruth
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 60801 Animal Behaviour

description: Adolescent sexual behaviour may show clustering in neighbourhoods, schools and friendship networks. This study aims to assess how experience with sexual intercourse clusters across the social world of adolescents and whether predictors implicated by life-history theory or personality traits can account for its between-individual variation and social patterning. Using data on 2877 adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we ran logistic multiple classification models to assess the clustering of sexual experience by approximately 17.5 years in schools, neighbourhoods and friendship networks. We examined how much clustering at particular levels could be accounted for by life-history predictors and Big Five personality factors. Sexual experience exhibited substantial clustering in friendship networks, while clustering at the level of schools and neighbourhoods was minimal, suggesting a limited role for socio-ecological influences at those levels. While life-history predictors did account for some variation in sexual experience, they did not explain clustering in friendship networks. Personality, especially extraversion, explained about a quarter of friends' similarity. After accounting for life-history factors and personality, substantial unexplained similarity among friends remained, which may reflect a tendency to associate with similar individuals or the social transmission of behavioural norms. This study examined whether experience with sexual intercourse clusters in schools, neighbourhoods and friendship networks in a sample of adolescents from a British city and tests whether factors implicated by evolutionary life-history theory, such as socioeconomic deprivation and father absence, can account for between-individual variation and the social patterning of adolescent sexual experience.
In-cell Discontinuous Reconstruction path-conservative methods for non conservative hyperbolic systems -- Second-order extension
Creators: name: Pimentel-García, Ernesto
name: Castro, Manuel J.
name: Chalons, Christophe
name: de Luna, Tomás Morales
name: Parés, Carlos
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We are interested in the numerical approximation of discontinuous solutions in non conservative hyperbolic systems. An extension to second-order of a new strategy based on in-cell discontinuous reconstructions to deal with this challenging topic is presented. This extension is based on the combination of the first-order in-cell reconstruction and the MUSCL-Hancock reconstruction. The first-order strategy allowed in particular to capture exactly the isolated shocks and this new second-order extension keep this property. We also set the basis of an extension to high-order methods following this in-cell methodology and a way for capturing exactly more than one shock. Several numerical tests are proposed to validate the methods for the Coupled-Burgers system, Gas dynamics equations in Lagrangian coordinates and the modified shallow water system.
Solving the Explainable AI Conundrum: How to Bridge the Gap Between Clinicians Needs and Developers Goals
Creators: name: Bienefeld-Seall, Nadine
name: Lüthy, Rahel
name: Brodbeck, Dominique
name: Boss, Jens
name: Willms, Jan
name: Azzati, Jan
name: Blaser, Mirco
name: Keller, Emanuela
Publisher: name: ETH Zurich
Year: 2022

description: Explainable AI (XAI) is considered the number one solution for overcoming implementation hurdles of AI/ML in clinical practice. However, it is still unclear how clinicians and developers interpret XAI (differently) and whether building such systems is achievable or even desirable. This longitudinal multi-method study queries (n=112) clinicians and developers as they co-developed the DCIP – an ML-based prediction system for Delayed Cerebral Ischemia. The resulting framework reveals that ambidexterity between exploration and exploitation can help bridge opposing goals and requirements to improve the design and implementation of AI/ML in healthcare.
description: Research Square
description: ISSN:2693-5015