Aleurocanthus camelliae Kanmiya & Kasai, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Kanmiya, Kenkichi
name: Ueda, Shigenori
name: Kasai, Atsushi
name: Yamashita, Koji
name: Sato, Yasushi
name: Yoshiyasu, Yutaka
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Aleyrodidae
Aleurocanthus
Aleurocanthus camelliae

description: Aleurocanthus camelliae Kanmiya & Kasai, sp. nov.
Puparium. (Figs. 1F, H, I, 3E, 6A) Length: (female) 1084.8 ± 51.1 µm (mean ± SD), range: 988–1237 µm (n = 42); (male) 796.3 ± 23.2 µm, range: 650–858 (n = 41); width: (female) 751.5 ± 45.9 µm, range: 624–858 µm; (male) 491.3 ± 29.5 µm, range: 390–572 µm. Dorsum highly sclerotised, oval-shaped, convex on submedian areas of cephalothorax and abdomen; middle length of puparium located at abdominal segments II (75%) or III (25%) in the female and abdominal segments I (71%) or II (29%) in the male. Length/width ratio of puparium: (female) 1.45 ± 0.1 µm (n = 18); (male) 1.62 ± 0.1 µm (n = 24). Cephalic eyespot ovoid, clearly defined with a distinct rim, located laterally and close to base of 3rd submarginal spine. Dorsal abdominal sutures distinct on segments III/VIII, especially depressed as a deep suture on VII/VIII. Tergite VIII 49.0 ± 6.9 µm long and 0.74 ± 0.11 times as long as the width of the vasiform orifice (female, n = 10). Vasiform orifice distinctly elevated, obtuse, 1.28 ± 0.08 times longer than wide, 84.3 ± 4.1 µm long, 65.9 ± 2.3 µm wide (female, n = 10), inset from posterior puparial margin by its own width, fully occupied by the operculum, which obscures lingula unless operculum is raised. Operculum in dorsal view 58.9 ± 8.9 µm long, 56.1 ± 6.4 µm wide (female, n = 10), with posterior margin roundly depressed and fringed by thick, microscopic hairs. Lingula usually not visible in the final pupal stage, but always prominent in 4th nymphal stage, seemingly bi-segmented, with dense microscopic hairs and a pair of long setae apically (Fig. 4B); its length subequal to length of operculum when protruding to excrete.
Margin. Outline oblong, widest across abdominal segment II/III in the female, and across abdominal segments I/II in the male; marginal crenulation rather tightly arranged with 1.1–1.3-µm gap between the teeth (Fig. 5 E): each tooth 20–22 µm long, 12.5–14 µm wide, total number of marginal crenulations 174.6 ± 10 (n = 21) in female; number of teeth within 0.1 mm: 6–8 in female, 7–10 in male. Microscopic submarginal papillae present roughly in a row outside of submarginal spines that are approximately 2 μm long, 3–5 in number between spines (Figs. 1H, 4D).
Nymphal chaetotaxy
1st instar 2nd instar 3rd instar 4th instar
Anterior marginal setae 4 0 0 0
Cephalic setae 0 1 1 1
Cephalo-thoratic spines 2 6 7 9
Abdominal spines Submedian 0 0 1 3 Subdorsal 0 4 6 7
Submarginal spines Cephalothorax 0 0 0 5
Abdominal 0 0 0 6 (5)
8th abdominal setae 1 1 1 1
Caudal setae 1 1 1 1
Posterior marginal setae 1 0 0 0 Total setae 7 3 3 3 Total spines 2 10 14 30 (29) In total 9 13 17 33 (32)
Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of males.
FIGURE 1. (A–F): Photomicrographs of slide-mounted Aleurocanthus camelliae sp. nov. (A) 1st -instar nymph, dorsal view; (B) 1st -instar nymph, lateral view; (C) 2nd -instar nymph, dorsal; (D) 2nd -instar nymph, lateral; (E) 3rd -instar nymph, dorsal; (F) 4th -instar nymph, dorsal; (G) A. spiniferus, puparial submarginal area, dorsal; (H, I) A. camelliae, puparium; (H) submarginal area; (I) abdominal tergites III–VII, showing spines and paired pores; (J) A. spiniferus, showing subdorsal spines, single pores, submarginal spines and porettes. Scale bars show 100 µm.
Chaetotaxy. Dorsal surface with 11 (female) or 10 (male) submarginal glandular spines (Figs. 1F, 3E, Table 3) that are about 90–110 µm long. Cephalic setae and 8th abdominal seta subequal in length, about 82 µm; caudal seta much longer, about 134 µm; abdominal submedian spines 3 pairs, located on abdominal tergites I/III, of which the anteriormost is shortest, about 30 µm long, middle is longest, about 130 µm; abdominal subdorsal spines 7 pairs, of which the stout 4th spine is longest and the loci among bases of the 2nd to 5th setae placed roughly linearly. Paired, very closely placed, black microscopic pores present near outside of submedian abdominal spines in vivid puparium (Fig. 1I).
Venter. (Fig. 4A): Surface rather smooth; wool-fibre-like, waxy bundle flowing between 1st and 2nd legs, indicating tracheal fold, but no pore and comb observed in the tip; caudal fold absent; antennae often retreated behind foreleg. Rostrum seemingly 3-segmented, 128 µm long in all, basal 1/3 thickened, with 42-µm basal width, distally narrowed, with a needlelike stylet bundle nearly 56 µm long. Pair of fine ventral abdominal setae 20–23 μm long; spinules scattered around the area of setae. Row of waxy projections produced along inner side of marginal teeth, which line up at slightly wider intervals than marginal teeth, comprising approximately 70% of total marginal teeth; each projection 20–30 µm long, mushroom-like, with basal stalk and flat top, which may serve as larval adhesive to leaf surface.
FIGURE 2. Habitus photographs. (A–H, K, L) A. camelliae sp. nov. (A) ovum, lateral view; (B) 1st -instar nymph; (C) 2nd -instar nymph; (D) 3rd -instar nymph; (E) 4th -instar nymph; (F) adult emerging; (G) puparium (Osaka, Daito City, reared from Ca. japonica); (H) puparium (Kyoto, Uji City, reared from Ca. sinensis); (I, J) A. spiniferus; (I) puparium (Fukuoka, Kurume City, reared from Ci. natsudaidai); (J) puparium (Shizuoka, Shimada City, reared from Ci. unshiu); (K) female forewing; (L) female, hind wing (both Shimane, Ohchi-gun, reared from Ca. sinensis). Scale bars show 100 µm.
Adult (female). Body length 1.25–1.40 mm. Head in dorsal view 244–272 µm wide, 2.25–2.3 times wider than frons; frons 100–110 µm long, 105–132 µm wide, weakly protruded from eye margin; eye 74–84 µm wide in dorsal view, upper and lower compound eyes connected by 3 ommatidia (Fig. 5 A). Antennae (Fig. 6 B) 260–320 µm in total length, two basal segments greyish-brown, distal 5 segments yellowish-white, two basal segments thickened, the 2nd nearly 3 times longer than the 1st, the 3rd segment longest, 86.2 ± 4.9 µm long (n = 6), with subapical sensoria and a cone at distal 3/5 of its length, the 7th segment also with a sensorial cone deriving at mid-length.
Rostrum 136–155 µm total length, seemingly 3-segmented, basal segments 92 µm long, 44 µm wide, distal segments 66 µm long, 24 µm wide, apically browned. Forewing (Figs. 2K, 3A, D): 1.1–1.2 mm long, 413–550 µm wide at widest width (across Fig. 3 A,) and 320–450 µm wide at middle of wing (across Fig. 3 A,), with 9 greyish-white maculae (Figs. 2K, 3A), their maculation most distinct soon after emergence (Fig. 3 D), then turning largely brownish-green or brownish-blue, with maculae somewhat obscured by waxy powders. Hind wing (Figs. 2L, 3A) 0.95–1.02 mm long, 0.41– 0.4 mm wide, evenly greyish-white, or with several blurred maculae depending on age. Abdomen with two ventral wax plates.
Adult (male). Body length 0.90–1.10 mm. Wing maculation almost identical to that of female. In dorsal view, tergal sclerite I vestigial, II invisible, III/VIII and subgenital plate distinct (Fig. 6 E), highly darkened on tergites VI/ VII, subgenital plate and claspers; each III/V tergite subequal in length, about 44 µm; tergite VI longest, 64 µm long; tergite VII reduced, 15 µm long, laterally extended and enclosing 7th spiracle; tergite VIII a small square, distally leaning on subgenital plate. Forewing 0.84–0.9 mm long, about 0.37 mm wide. Vasiform orifice in dorsal view about 45–59 µm long, nearly 1.2–1.3 times longer than wide; operculum rounded with distal incision, 23–35 µm long and wide; lingual 23–28 µm long, 8–11 µm wide. In lateral view, subgenital plate about 85–100 µm deep and 77–85 µm long, widely concave on anterior margin and gently depressed on ventral margin. Four distinct ventral abdominal wax plates (Fig. 6 F).
Genitalia. (Figs. 4E, F, 6C) Aedeagus 108–120 µm long, gradually broadened basally to 23–27-µm basal width, upcurved toward apex and with slender distal half, apex extending near distal 3/4 length of clasper; clasper in dorsal view 108–123 µm long, weakly incurved and narrowed distally, angulate on outer subbasal corners, with a thin inflatable sac and apical spine.
Ovum. (Fig. 2A) Elliptical, the lower surface convex and the upper surface slightly concave, similar to a short banana shape; 219.7 ± 13.2 µm long (n = 11), 95.2 ± 16.5 µm wide (n = 11); stalk 49.4 ± 3.9 µm long (n = 9).
First-instar nymph. (Figs. 1A, B, 2B) (male and female): Elongate-oval, normally widest at posterior 3/5 length; 297 ± 18.9 µm long (n = 15), 132.8 ± 17.3 µm wide (n = 10), 93.9 ± 9.9 µm high (n = 9); ratio of length/ width 2.12 ± 0.12 (n = 5). Vertex conical, gradually widening posteriorly, suddenly recessed near laterobasal margins of vasiform orifice; prominent protuberance developed at mesial cephalad region and around vasiform orifice; pair of elongate arcing spines behind cephalic protuberance and posterior thoracic margin, with anterior spine 196 ± 25 µm long (n = 15), posterior spine 114 ± 12 µm long (n = 11). Four pairs of fine anterior marginal setae and one pair of fine posterior marginal setae present.
Second-instar nymph. (Figs. 1C, D, 2C) More ovate, normally widest at anterior 1/3 length; 442.8 ± 71.2 µm long (n = 10), 277.2 ± 53.5 µm wide (n = 8), about 141–144 µm high; ratio of length/width 1.62 ± 0.08 (n = 8); 6 pairs of cephalothoracic and 4 pairs of abdominal subdorsal spines well developed, of which mesial 2 thoracic spines longest, 175–223 µm.
Third-instar nymph. (Figs. 1E, 2D) Elliptical, normally widest at anterior 1/3 length; 611.3 ± 71.6 µm long (n = 10), 403.5 ± 47.4 µm wide (n = 10), ratio of length/width 1.58 ± 0.08 (n = 10); 7 pairs of cephalothoracic and 7 pairs (1 submedian and 6 subdorsal) of abdominal spines present.
Habitus. Puparium. Metallic black, medially and peripherally surrounded by white marginal waxy fringe (Fig. 2G, H), width of which (female) 90–160 µm (11–16% width of puparium), (male) 66–150 µm (6–12% width of puparium). Tips of cephalothoracic and abdominal submarginal spines extending to outer edge of white marginal fringe or slightly protruding beyond it. Exuviae of earlier instars (usually 2nd and 3rd) often remain stacked up on median area of immature insect (Fig. 2E).
Adults. After emergence, eye, thorax and abdomen predominantly reddish-yellow (pinkish), except frons, antennae and legs light yellow, then turning orange to light brown to dark brown, covered by wax powder coating except ruby eye. Wing also pale brown ground colour, with clear white original maculae (Fig. 3 D), then totally turning purple–brown to greenish-brown and the maculation somewhat obscured by white waxy powder; forewings bearing 9 white maculae as in Figures 2K and 3A; hind wing pale brown or greyish, without prominent maculae. Ocellus light brown; rostrum darkened at apex. Body and wing surfaces appear white, owing to wax secretions produced from abdominal waxy plates shortly after emergence by manipulating hind legs against glandular pores.
Ova and nymphs. Newly deposited eggs pale yellow, then turning brown to darker before hatching; newly emerged nymphs transparent, appearing rather greenish by reflecting colour of leaves, then gradually darkening, finally becoming metallic black; 1st -instar nymph starts producing white waxy fringes marginally (Fig. 2B) soon after sessile state. Width of marginal waxy fringe: 1st -instar nymph (16 ± 3 µm wide, range 12–21 µm) (n = 13); 2nd - instar nymph 29 ± 4.3 µm wide, range 23–48 µm) (n = 5); 3rd -instar nymph 56 ± 7.2 µm wide, range 4–84 µm (n = 6).
FIGURE 4. (A–F): Aleurocanthus camelliae sp. nov. (Kyoto, Uji City, reared from Ca. sinensis). (G, H) A. spiniferus. (A) SEM of 4th -instar nymph; (B) SEM of 4th -instar nymph, vasiform orifice; (C) SEM of 4th -instar nymph, with 2nd–3rd exuvia in dorsal; (D) SEM of 4th -instar nymph, marginal teeth and submarginal spines and porettes. (E–H) SEM of male aedeagus (E, Kyoto, Uji City, reared from Ca. sinensis; F, Kyoto, Kyoto City, reared from Ca. sasanqua; G, Ehime, Seiyo City, H, Shizuoka, Shimizu City, both reared from Ci. unshiu).
Host plants. Theaceous genera Camellia, Eurya and Cleyera species: Camellia sinensis, Ca. sasanqua, Ca. japonica, Eurya japonica and Cleyera japonica.
Material examined. Holotype puparium (female), Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, on tea, Camellia sinensis, 19.iii.2010, A. Kasai leg., deposited in Insect Museum, National Institutes for Agro-Environmental Science, Tsukuba, Japan. Paratypes: 20 puparia, same data as holotype; 16 puparia on tea plants, same locality as holotype, 18.v.2009, K. Kanmiya leg.; 20 puparia on tea plants, same locality as holotype, 10.i.2010, K. Yamashita leg.; 18 puparia on tea plants, Sayama, Saitama Pref., on tea plants, 9.x.2009, Y.Sato leg.; 15 puparia on tea plants, Kamiishizu-cho, Ohgaki, Gifu Pref., 13.x.2009, Y. Sato leg.; 18 puparia on tea plants, 3.iii.2009, Kameyama, Mie Pref., K. Kanmiya leg.; 15 puparia on tea plants, Tanba, Kyoto Pref., 15.ix.2008. Y. Yoshiyasu leg.; 20 puparia on Ca. sasanqua, Nishigyo, Kyoto Pref., 4.iv.2010, Y. Yoshiyasu leg.; 20 puparia on tea plants, Asamiya, Shiga Pref., 4.iv.2009, K. Kanmiya leg.; 20 puparia on tea plants, Asamiya, Shiga Pref., 2.x.2010, A. Kasai leg.; 12 puparia on tea plants, Yagyu, Nara Pref., 4.iv.2009, K. Kanmiya leg.; 10 puparia on Ca. sasanqua, Tsukigase, Nara Pref., 4.iv.2009, K. Kanmiya leg.; 7 puparia on tea plants, Kamishinden, Toyonaka, Osaka Pref., 5.v.2009, K. Kanmiya leg.; 20 puparia on tea plants, Ajimaoku, Sasayama, Hyogo Pref., 9.ix.2010, J. Yase leg.; 16 puparia on tea plants, Okayama, Okayama Pref., 7.vii.2010, Y. Sato leg.; 15 puparia on tea plants, 14.vii.2009, Ohchi-gun, Shimane Pref., Y. Sato leg.; 15 puparia on tea plants, 26.xii.2009, Kitsuki, Oita Pref., Y. Sato leg.
Specimens depository. Some paratypes of A. camelliae sp. nov. will be deposited in the following institutions: The Natural History Museum, London; US National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC; National Taiwan University, Taipei; Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing; Yokohama Plant Protection Station, Kanagawa.
Structure Character Discernible points
Comments. Despite the almost identical features of the adult and nymphal stages of A. camellinae sp. nov. and A. spiniferus (Q.), we recognised very few, but clearly distinct, morphological differences in the puparial and adult stages, as listed in Table 4. This new species is rather similar to Aleurocanthus hibisci Corbett, 1935 distributed in Malaysia, Singapore and Reunion Islands, but its pronounced length of cephalothoracic spines and closely arranged 9th and 10th submarginal spines will be well differentiated from the present new species. Aleurocanthus gordoniae Takahashi, 1942 known from Hong Kong is also peculiar in its theaceous host plant, Gordonia sp., but is distinguished from the present new species in having vasiform orifice perfectly circular and puparium with reduced spine-chaetotaxy of 8 abdominal pairs (2 submedian + 6 subdorsal), not 10 pairs.
description: Published as part of Kanmiya, Kenkichi, Ueda, Shigenori, Kasai, Atsushi, Yamashita, Koji, Sato, Yasushi & Yoshiyasu, Yutaka, 2011, Proposal of new specific status for tea-infesting populations of the nominal citrus spiny whitefly Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), pp. 25-44 in Zootaxa 2797 on pages 28-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.205633