Response of long-, medium- and short-term processes of the carbon budget to overgrazing-induced crusts in the Tibetan Plateau
Creators: name: Unteregelsbacher, Sebastian
name: Hafner, Silke
name: Guggenberger, Georg
name: Miehe, Georg
name: Xu, Xiangliang
name: Liu, Jianquan
name: Kuzyakov, Yakov
Publisher: name: Heidelberg : Springer Verlag
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: 13C pulse labeling
subject: CO2 efflux from soil
subject: Kobresia pasture
subject: Land-use changes
subject: Overgrazing
subject: Root exudates
subject: Soil organic carbon
subject: Soil respiration
subject: animal husbandry
subject: carbon budget
subject: carbon cycle
subject: crust
subject: grassland
subject: overgrazing
subject: pasture
subject: regression analysis
subject: soil analysis
subject: China
subject: Qinghai-Xizang Plateau
subject: Animalia
subject: Chlorophyta
subject: Kobresia
subject: Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::550 | Geowissenschaften

description: The Kobresia pastures of the Tibetan Plateau represent the world's largest alpine grassland ecosystem. These pastures remained stable during the last millennia of nomadic animal husbandry. However, strongly increased herds' density has promoted overgrazing, with unclear consequences for vegetation and soils, particularly for cycles of carbon (C), nutrients and water. Vegetation-free patches of dead root-mat covered by blue-green algae and crustose lichens (crusts) are common in overgrazed Kobresia pastures, but their effect on C turnover processes is completely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the crusts strongly affect the C cycle by examining: (i) the long-term C stock measured as soil organic matter content; (ii) medium-term C stock as dead roots; (iii) recent C fluxes analyzed as living roots and CO2 efflux; and (iv) fast decomposition of root exudates. Up to 7. 5 times less aboveground and 1. 9 times less belowground living biomass were found in crust patches, reflecting a much smaller C input to soil as compared with the non-crust Kobresia patches. A lower C input initially changed the long-term C stock under crusts in the upper root-mat horizon. Linear regression between living roots and CO2 efflux showed that roots contributed 23% to total CO2 under non-crust areas (mean July-August 5. 4 g C m-2 day-1) and 18% under crusts (5. 1 g C m-2 day-1). To identify differences in the fast turnover processes in soil, we added 13C labeled glucose, glycine and acetic acid, representing the three main groups of root exudates. The decomposition rates of glucose (0. 7 day-1), glycine (1. 5 day-1) and acetic acid (1. 2 day-1) did not differ under crusts and non-crusts. More 13C, however, remained in soil under crusts, reflecting less complete decomposition of exudates and less root uptake. This shows that the crust patches decrease the rates of medium-term C turnover in response to the much lower C input. Very high 13C amounts recovered in plants from non-crust areas as well as the two times lower uptake by roots under crusts indicate that very dense roots are efficient competitors with microorganisms for soluble organics. In conclusion, the altered C cycle in the overgrazing-induced crustose lichens and blue-green algae crusts is connected with strongly decreased C input and reduced medium-term C turnover.