Puri aleca Cardoso-Costa, Azevêdo & Ferreira-Jr, 2013, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Cardoso-Costa, Gil
name: Azevêdo, Carlos Augusto Silva De
name: Ferreira-Jr, Nelson
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Megaloptera
Corydalidae
Puri
Puri aleca

description: Puri aleca sp. nov.
(Figs. 1–5)
Description. Holotype male: total length (mandible to genitalia) 44 mm; maximum width 5 mm; maximum length of the head 6 mm; maximum width of the head 5 mm; maximum length of the antennae 23 mm; maximum length of the pronotum 5 mm; maximum width of the pronotum 3 mm; maximum length of the forewings 53 mm; maximum length of the hindwings 42 mm.
Body densely setose, reddish brown. Head subtriangular and robust, with short and golden filiform setae, long and yellowish filiform setae and dark spiniform setae. Compound eyes prominent. Antennae subserrate, short, less than one half of forewing.
Prothorax subcylindrical, longer than wide; meso- and metathorax distinctly robust, wider than long. Legs with long and yellowish filiform setae and spiniform setae dark brown setae; tarsal claws simple. Wings hyaline with dark macula, veins alternating dark and pale. Forewing longer than hindwings; SC fused with R on the rear quarter of the wing; with three crossveins between R and Rs; Rs four branched, anterior branch trifurcated, posterior branch simple; three crossveins between Rs and M; M trifurcated, MA simple, MP two branched; three crossveins between MA e MP; one basal crossvein between M and Cu; three crossveins between posterior branch of MP and Cu; two crossveins between basal CuA and CuP; one crossvein between CuA1 and CuA2; two crossvein between Cu and 1A; 1A two-branched; 2A with anterior branch not fused to 1A; one crossvein between 1A and 2A placed between footstalks of 1A and 2A; 2A strongly sinuated (Fig. 2 a). Hindwing with MA simple; basal r-m crossvein reconnects to M by an additional short branch (Fig. 2 b).
Ninth tergum anterior and posteriorly truncate, and wider than long, in dorsal view; with ventral margin acutely produced, in lateral view. Ninth sternum as long as ninth tergum; connected by a membrane to basal portion of tenth gonocoxite. Ninth gonocoxite and gonostylus reduced and absent, respectively. Tenth tergum as long as or longer than ninth tergum; narrowing towards apex; with spinous setae feebly modified; without strongly sclerotized distal claws; with proximal inner portion strongly sclerotized, in dorsal view; with base narrower than one-half of ninth tergum and proximal margin oblique and in lateral view; cercus distinctly prominent and fused to base of tenth tergum (Figs. 3 & 4). Tenth gonocoxite not bifurcated, with apex incised; mostly visible, curved dorsally and with distal half feebly widened, in lateral view; with lateral arm longer than one-half of the median plate; with median plate longer than wide (Fig. 5). Lateral lobes present, separated from tenth gonocoxite; connected by a broad and feebly sclerotized plate.
Variation. Body measurements variable in total length 35–45 mm; maximum length of the head 5–6 mm; maximum width of the head 4–5 mm; maximum length of the antennae 23 mm; maximum length of the pronotum 4–5 mm; maximum width of the pronotum 3–4 mm; maximum length of the forewing 43–53 mm; maximum length of the hindwing 41–42 mm.
Female: Unknown.
Type material. Holotype male (DZRJ500), BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, Itamonte, 1st order stream [riacho de primeira ordem], 22°19’38,6’’S 44°40’37,9’’W, 1898m, 09.XII.2005, Jorge Luiz Nessimian leg. Paratypes: BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, Itamonte; 1 male, 2nd order tributary to Aiuruoca River, 22°19’38,6’’S 44°40’37,9’’W, 1898m, 20.XI.2005, J. L. Nessimian & L. L. Dumas legs.; BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, Itamonte; 1 male (DZRJ501), 1st order tributary to Aiuruoca River, 22°21’44,7’’S 44°42’31,5”W, 2297m, 21.XI.2009, B. C. Mattos leg.
Etymology. The specific epithet is an expression in Puri language “ah! lekah!” meaning “I live here”.
Distribution. Itamonte Municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Parsimony analysis. A parsimony analysis was performed in PAUP*4b10 (Swofford 2002), with exhaustive search branch-and-bound and characters unordered and of equal weight. Bootstrap values for clades were calculated with 1000 replicates and 100 random stepwise additions of taxa using a general heuristic search Tree bisection and reconnection (TBR). Bremer’s decay index was calculated with TreeRot (Sorenson & Franzosa 2007) and PAUP*4.0b10 and visualized in FigTree (Rambaut 2009).
Discussion. A phylogeny by Liu & Yang (2006) proposed two main clades in Chauliodinae: one Eastern/ Northern Clade containing the five Asian and two Nearctic genera (Ctenochauliodes (( Anachauliodes, Chauliodes) (( Neochauliodes, Nigronia) (Sinochauliodes, Parachauliodes Weele)))) and other Western/Southern Clade (Archichauliodes (Neohermes, Protochauliodes )). However, in this analysis the Afrotropical genera Madachauliodes, Platychauliodes and Taeniochauliodes and the Nearctic genera Dysmicohermes, Nothochauliodes and Orohermes were not included.
A new data matrix was constructed by coding morphological characters of P. aleca and the new matrix was modified by coding of character states 7, 8, 16, 36 and 44 into Liu & Yang (2006) data matrix, using the character states in Table 1. A parsimony analysis of the new data matrix recovered three most parsimonious trees (L = 101, CI = 0,66, RI = 0,87, RC = 0,58), of which the strict consensus tree was similar to that of Liu & Yang (2006). Differences lie in the inclusion of Puri as a sister-group to Ctenochauliodes in the Clade 1 of these authors (Fig. 6, left tree). The clade Puri + Ctenochauliodes (supported by bootstrap = 63 and Bremer’s decay = 2) is supported by the unambiguous synapomorphic state of the broad plate between lateral lobes (Liu & Yang (2006) character 52); and the homoplastic states of the ninth tergum in lateral view with ventral margin acutely produced (27), that is shared with the Neochauliodes lineage, and lateral lobes connected by a sclerotized plate (51), shared with the genus Nigronia. The character states basal r-m crossvein of hindwings modified (23), tenth tergum narrowing towards apex (31), and lateral lobes present (49) are presented as ambiguous and may represent homoplastic states. In our analysis, Puri is supported by homoplastic states of the male antenna subserrate (7) shared with Parachauliodes and Nigronia serricornis (Say) (Liu & Yang (2006) indicate that the type antenna is an important diagnostic character at the generic level); coloration of veins alternating dark and pale pattern (13), shared with the Anachauliodes lineage; crossvein between 1A and 2A of forewing placed between footstalks of 1A and 2A (19) and ninth sternum with membranous apical process (29), shared with the Neochauliodes lineage + Parachauliodes lineage; ninth tergum in dorsal view anteriorly truncate (25), shared with clade 2; tenth tergum in lateral view with proximal margin vertical (36), shared with S. fujianensis (Yang & Yang) + S. maculosus (Liu & Yang); tenth sternum without bifurcation distinct (46), shared with Anachauliodes and with the Neochauliodes lineage + Parachauliodes lineage; and the plate between lateral lobes feebly sclerotized (53), shared with Nigronia.
A recent phylogeny by Liu et al. (2012), including all extant and fossil fishfly genera using fewer character states and numerous character states left uncoded for some genera, supported Lui & Yang (2006) original Clade 1 with some differences in the relationship between the genera (Ctenochauliodes (( Nigronia (Neochauliodes (Sinochauliodes, Parachauliodes ))) (Anachauliodes, Chauliodes ))). In this analysis, the Lui & Yang (2006) Clade 2 was not supported, with Archichauliodes (+ Apochauliodes) more closely related to Lui & Yang (2006) Clade 1 than to (Neohermes, Protochauliodes). A reanalysis of Liu et al. (2012) data matrix with Puri included (Table 2) recovered thirty-six equal parsimonious trees (L = 70, CI = 0,60, RI = 0,84, RC = 0,50), which the strict consensus tree presented numerous polytomies, varying from those found by Liu et al. (2012). Our second analysis (Fig. 6, right tree) included Puri as sister-group to Anachauliodes lineage + Neochauliodes lineage (Liu et al. 2012) (supported by bootstrap = 51 and Bremer’s decay = 1) and not closely related to Ctenochauliodes, as obtained in our analysis of Liu & Yang (2006) modified data matrix. In this analysis, Puri is supported by ambiguous character states of the forewing with 1A connected by a crossvein at stem of 2A (Liu et al. 2012) character 6, homoplastic states shared with Liu et al. (2012) Archichauliodes lineage and Neochauliodes lineage. The Clade Puri + Liu et al. (2012) Anachauliodes lineage + Neochauliodes lineage is supported by the homoplastic states of the male antenna subserrate or pectinate (16), shared with Ctenochauliodes; male tenth gonocoxite present as a single sclerite (37), shared with Madachauliodes and Neohermes + Protochauliodes + Taeniochauliodes.
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Puri aleca gen. nov. sp. nov. 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1????
continued.
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Puri aleca gen. nov. sp. nov. ?? 0 0 0 0 1 1? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0???
Liu & Yang (2006) proposed monophyly of New World fishfly genera based on the male characters of long filiform antenna, ninth tergum anteriorly truncate and tenth tergum in dorsal view with proximal inner portion almost membranous, and female gonocoxite with lateral sclerotized plate subquadrate. However, this hypothesis was rejected by Lui et al. (2012), demonstrating that the Oriental genera of fishflies, Anachauliodes, Ctenochauliodes, Neochauliodes, Parachauliodes and Sinochauliodes and the Nearctic genera Chauliodes and Nigronia are probably derived from Gondwanan ancestors. Our analysis indicated a relationship of Puri to the Nearctic and/or Oriental genera, also rejecting the hypothesis of monophyly of New World fishfly genera.
description: Published as part of Cardoso-Costa, Gil, Azevêdo, Carlos Augusto Silva De & Ferreira-Jr, Nelson, 2013, New genus and new species of Chauliodinae (Insecta: Megaloptera: Corydalidae) from Brazil, pp. 391-399 in Zootaxa 3613 (4) on pages 392-398, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/215587