Aulacocyclinae
Creators: name: Fonseca, Claudio Ruy Vasconcelos Da
name: Barbosa, Márcio Luís Leitão
name: Fernandez, Maria Fernanda Souza
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Passalidae

description: Subfamily Aulacocyclinae
The Aulacocyclinae forms a natural group recognized by the early authors of Passalidae taxonomy (Kaup 1868; Kuwert 1891, 1896, 1897; Gravely 1914, 1918; Dibb 1933; Reyes-Castillo 1970). In this analysis, it was possible to find three pairs of heterobatmy (levels of evolutionary development for parts of the body) to support the hypothesis of monophyly:
[Character 3] Long diverticula either not protruding (0) or protruding from the same level around the proximal region of the ileum (1). Fast optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100) (Fig. 1 D).
This character state was synapomorphic.
[Character 4] Ileum without conspicuous segmentation (0), or with conspicuous segmentation (1). Fast optimization (ci = 100; 100).
Although segmentation also occurred in Solenocyclinae (Figs 2 E, F), it was conspicuous only in Aulacocyclinae (i.e., there were strong, ring-like constrictions) (Fig. 1 D). Therefore, this state found in Aulacocyclinae was considered synapomorphic.
[Character 6] Colon not striated (0); with longitudinal striate (1). Unambiguous optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).
This character state (1) was synapomorphic for this level of hierarchy.
Branch Solenocyclinae+
The branch Solenocyclinae+ is supported by one synapomorphy:
[Character 5] Ileum with a smooth external surface (0); with a series of protuberances covering the external surface (1). Unambiguous optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).
Character state 1 was synapomorphic to this level of hierarchy. Even though the quantity of protuberances varied among the genera that composed these two branches, the presence of protuberances was constant, indicating that this character became an evolutionary novelty in the Solenocyclinae+ ancestor (Figs 2–9). In Solenocyclinae, the protuberances can be restricted to just half of the distal of the ileum (Figs 2 C–F, 3E) or, at most, covering three quarters of the surface (Fig. 2 A), but never extending throughout the ileum as occurs in Proculinae+ (Figs 4–8).
[Character 7] Proximal area of the ileum with more than one long diverticulum (0); with just one long diverticulum (1). Fast optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).
In Aulaclocyclinae, the diverticula are long, forming a ring on the proximal apex (Fig. 1). Here the diverticula were shorter and more protuberance-like, in contrast to Aulaclocyclinae, but there was always one longer diverticulum, the form and size of which differed from Solenocyclinae+ (Figs 2–8). Interestingly, the ileum in the outgroup was smooth, presenting no diverticula.
[Character 8] Diverticula restricted to the proximal extremity of the ileum (0); covering at least the third proximal of the ileum (1). Fast optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).
Character state 1 was synapomorphic for Solenocyclinae+.
[Character 9] Colon without wrinkles (0); with longitudinal wrinkles (1). Unambiguous optimization (ci = 100; ri = 100).
In Aulacocyclinae, the colon of the intestine has longitudinal striations (Fig. 1), while in the other taxa it was smooth. Additionally, the presence of longitudinal wrinkles (Figs 2–8) was an synapomorphy for this level of hierarchy.
description: Published as part of Fonseca, Claudio Ruy Vasconcelos Da, Barbosa, Márcio Luís Leitão & Fernandez, Maria Fernanda Souza, 2011, A hypothetical evolutionary history of passalid beetles narrated by the comparative anatomy of the hindgut (Coleoptera: Passalidae), pp. 1-20 in Zootaxa 3012 on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.200834