Anteros ethani Dias, Dolibaina & Mielke, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Siewert, Ricardo Russo
name: Dias, Fernando Maia Silva
name: Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo
name: Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik
name: Casagrande, Mirna Martins
name: Lamas, Gerardo
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Lycaenidae
Anteros
Anteros ethani

description: Anteros ethani Dias, Dolibaina & Mielke, sp. nov.
(Figs 13–16, 32–33)
Anteros bicunctus Zikán, 1928 [nom. nud.], p. 19.
Anteros bipunctus [sic]; Stichel, 1930, p. 540; Callaghan & Lamas, 2004, p. 116, syn: Anteros renaldus notius Stichel, 1911. Antheros [sic] bipunctus [sic]; Rebillard, 1958, p.188, pl. 2, fig. 18.
Anteros sp.; J. F. Zikán & W. Zikán, 1968, p. 53.
Diagnosis. This species can be confused in its area of occurrence with A. acheus ampyx (Drury, 1782), but may be distinguished by the presence of an additional white spot in M2–M3 on the upper side of the forewing and the presence of white spots on the upper side of the hindwing. The male genitalia of A. ethani, sp. nov. is also distinct, with the dorsal projection of the valva thicker and straighter than in A. acheus (Stoll, 1781) (cf. Rodríguez et al. 2010: fig. 39B)
Description. Head: clypeus creamy white; frons pale yellow with long scales; vertex dark brown; eyes hairy; antenna about two thirds the length of the forewing; scapus white; remaining antennal segments dark brown, ventrally with two patches of white scales at the base of each segment; club entirely dark brown; labial palpus short and pale yellow, third segment much thinner, about the same size as the first and about six times smaller than the second. Female as male.
Thorax: dorsally dark brown; pleura dark brown; ventrally mostly pale yellow; forelegs pale yellow; meso and metathoracic legs basally yellow, tarsi dark brown; all legs densely covered with long scales. Female as male.
Forewing, size and shape: male 20.5–22 mm (HT 20.5 mm), average length = 21 mm (n=2); female 21–23mm (AT 23 mm), average length = 22 mm (n=7); triangular; costal margin slightly convex, apex slightly pointed; outer margin slightly convex; tornus rounded; inner margin straight. Female wing shape as male, but outer margin rounder.
Forewing upper side (Figs 13, 15): mostly dark brown, with three distinct creamy white spots: triangular and smaller than the others in M2–M3; rounded and larger than the others at the base of CuA1–CuA2; and squared in CuA2–2A. Female as male, but with larger spots.
Forewing under side (Figs 14, 16): ground color pale yellow; small maroon spot at the base of the discal cell and a dark brown spot in CuA–2A; discal band irregular but continuous from the costal to the inner margin, dark brown from the costal margin to Sc and beyond CuA, and with a silvery-blue spot surrounded by a maroon blotch above Sc, Sc–R and at the middle of the discal cell; postdiscal band somewhat “c” shaped, dark brown from the costal margin to R2, with four rounded silvery-blue spots surrounded by marron blotches: two small spots in R1–R2 and R2–R3+4, one in M1–M2, and one in M2–M3; creamy white spot of the forewing visible at the base of CuA1–CuA2 and in CuA2–2A; submarginal band with three spots: a bar-shaped spot in M1–M2, silvery-blue scales surrounded by a maroon blotch; a rounded silvery-blue spot surrounded by a maroon blotch that reaches part of M2–M3 and CuA1–CuA2; and a small maroon spot above CuA2, partially covered by a large dark brown spot with some silveryblue scales in CuA2–2A; marginal band continuous, formed by maroon blotches with silvery-blue spots, from R3–R4 to the middle of CuA2–2A; marginal band and silvery-blue spots larger near the apex; below the middle of CuA2–2A, an irregular dark brown spot covers the marginal band and is usually connected to the postdiscal dark brown spot in that same cell; area between the marginal band and the outer margin orange, creamy white near the tornus; inner margin below 2A dark brown; fringe mostly dark brown, with some yellow or creamy white scales between the veins that reach the outer margin. Female as male.
Hind wing shape: somewhat quadrate, costal margin curved, apex rounded, outer margin slightly curved and scalloped, tornus slightly produced, inner margin almost straight. Female as male, but outer margin more rounded.
Hind wing upper side (Figs 13, 15): mostly dark brown, white along the costal margin; with two bands of creamy white spots; the first, postdiscal with up to four spots, in M1–M2, M2–M3, M3–CuA1, and CuA1–CuA2; the second, submarginal, with up to three spots, in M2–M3, M3–CuA1, and CuA1–CuA2; eventually some of the posterior most spots are lacking in these bands; fringe mostly pale yellow, longer and dark brown at the end of CuA1, CuA2, and 2A; fringe longer at the tornus. Female as male, but creamy white spots larger.
Hind wing under side (Figs 14, 16): ground color pale yellow; basal and discal bands formed by connected maroon blotches, forming a circle; discal cell spot and spot in CuA–2A with silvery-blue scales; postdiscal band formed by a small rounded maroon spot above Sc+Rs and two silvery-blue spots in M1–M2 and M2–M3 surrounded by maroon blotches; submarginal band with spots in Sc+Rs to M3 proximally displaced; spot in Sc+Rs–M1 maroon, bar-shaped and connected to the postdiscal band; the latter two cells with silvery-blue spots surrounded by maroon blotches; the remaining submarginal spots form a somewhat regular band of silvery-blue spots surrounded by maroon blotches from M3 to the inner margin, without silvery-blue scales; marginal band runs along the outer margin, from M1 to tornus, formed by a distal line of silvery-blue scales surrounded by maroon blotches, interrupted by the veins; dark brown and maroon scales at and near the tornus; fringe mostly dark brown, with some yellow or creamy white scales between the veins that reach the outer margin. Female as male.
Abdomen: mostly dark brown, with a pair of pale yellow continuous stripes ventrally. Female as male.
Male genitalia (Figs 32): tegumen narrower than uncus in lateral view and separated from it by a wide membranous area; ventral projection of the tegumen anteriorly projected and curved; uncus quadrate and with a small distal median projection; gnathos “z” shaped, dorsal projection very short and connected to the posterior edge of the tegumen, ventral projection long, obliquely and ventrally projected; saccus small and strap-like; valva about the same size of the tegumen and uncus combined, divided medially; basal part of the valva irregularly rounded; distal part of the valva with two posterior projections, dorsal projection three times longer and thicker than the ventral one; valvae connected dorsally by a slender sclerotized plate (transtilla sensu Niculescu 1972); fultura inferior (sensu Niculescu 1972; same as fibula of Stichel 1911, juxta of Klots 1970, and pedicel of Hall & Willmott 1996) dorsally attached to the first third of the aedeagus and ventrally connected to the basal part of the valvae; aedeagus curved, long and thin, tapering posteriorly; cornuti absent.
Female genitalia (Fig 33): Papillae anales narrow and long, ventral half with several spatulated scales, dorsal half with spine-like setae and surrounded by two narrow and irregular sclerotized plates; sterigma slightly sclerotized, large and quadrate, posteriorly enlarged, with long spine-like setae evenly distributed at the edge; ostium bursae in a somewhat rounded membranous area in the anterior part of the sterigma; ductus bursae long and thin, about three times the length of the corpus bursae; corpus bursae rounded; signa spindle shaped and slightly invaginated, one on each side of the anterior part of corpus bursae.
Distribution. Based on collections and literature data, this new species is distributed in areas above 900m of elevation in the states of Minas Gerais (Rebillard 1958), Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (Fig. 44), in the Atlantic forest of the Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar mountain ranges.
Etymology. This species is named after the future lepidopterist Ethan Imamura Dolibaina, the first son of DRD, and born about the same time this species was recognized as undescribed.
Type material. Holotype male with the following labels: / HOLOTYPUS / [Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Petrópolis,] Independência 28-2-1937 / Ex Col. Gagarin/ DZ 30.191/ Holotype Anteros ethani Dias, Dolibaina & Mielke det. 2014/ Gen. Prep. F. Dias 2014/ (DZUP). Allotype female with the following labels: / ALLOTYPUS/ 21-I-1992 Campos do Jordão, S[ão] P[aulo, Brazil] 1200m Mielke & Casagrande [leg.]/ OM 28.376/Allotype Anteros ethani Dias, Dolibaina & Mielke det. 2014/ (DZUP).
Paratypes: BRAZIL— Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, 1100m, 11-I-1925, J. F. Zikán leg., 1 male (IOC), 15-I-1925, J. F. Zikán leg., 1 male (IOC), 31-I-1925, J. F. Zikán leg., 1 female (IOC), 28-XII-1925, J. F. Zikán leg., 2 females (IOC), 23-XII-1935, J. F. Zikán leg., 1 male (IOC), 20-I-1936, Gagarin leg., 1 male (DZ 30.182*), 27-I-1936, Gagarin leg., 2 females, DZ 30.190 (DZUP), OM 7.453* (OM), 28-I-1936, Gagarin leg., 1 female, DZ 30.189 (DZUP), 900m, 31-I-1936, Gagarin leg., 1 female, DZ 30.193 (DZUP); Petrópolis (Independência), 900m, 28-II- 1937, Gagarin leg., 1 female, DZ 30.187 (DZUP), 7-III-1938, Gagarin leg., 1 female, DZ 30.181* (DZUP). São Paulo: Bananal (Serra da Bocaína), 8-I-1927, Travassos leg., 1 male (IOC).
Taxonomic comments. Anteros ethani, sp. nov. is probably closely related to A. acheus, A. bracteata Hewitson, 1867, and A. kupris Hewitson, 1875. All these species are much larger than others in Anteros, and share similar male genitalia (cf. Rodríguez et al. 2010: figs 39B, E–F, H), wing shape and under side pattern. Only A. acheus ampyx is potentially sympatric with A. ethani, sp. nov. (the type locality of A. acheus ampyx also is Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The remaining taxa are either Amazonian or Transandean. The description of A. ethani sp. nov. is based on 16 specimens (including the holotype and allotype).
J. F. Zikán (1928: 19) listed, but never described, a species of the genus Anteros as “[Anteros] bicunctus [sic] Zik[án]. n. sp.” Stichel (1930: 540) correctly recognized it as a nomen nudum, but substituted the obvious misprint “ bicunctus ” to “ Anteros bipunctus ”. The spelling “ bipunctus ” is here recognized as a mere correction made by Stichel and not as a new name. The same spelling was repeated by Rebillard (1958: 188), who probably followed Stichel’s catalogue. Nevertheless, the species that J. F. Zikán referred to in his 1928 paper was correctly illustrated by Rebillard (1958: pl. 2, fig. 18). The reference and illustration provided by Rebillard do not satisfy the requirements to make the name available, according to Article 13.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). Examination of the specimens collected by J. F. Zikán deposited at the IOC confirms that the species cited by J. F. Zikán (1928) as Anteros bicunctus, nom. nud. is the same species illustrated by Rebillard (1958), which is here properly described as A. ethani, sp. nov. This species certainly is the unnamed Anteros from Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (“ Mais uma sp. não determ [inada]. do Itatiaia ”) mentioned by J. F. Zikán & W. Zikán (1968: 53). Callaghan & Lamas (2004: 116) wrongly cited the unavailable name “ bipunctus ” as a junior synonym of A. renaldus notius Stichel, 1911.
description: Published as part of Siewert, Ricardo Russo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, Casagrande, Mirna Martins & Lamas, Gerardo, 2014, New species and taxonomic notes on Antero s Hübner, [1819] and Ourocnemis Bethune-Baker, 1887 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), pp. 401-418 in Zootaxa 3860 (5) on pages 409-412, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3860.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/225331