Taygetis Hubner 1819
Creators: name: Espeland, Marianne
name: Nakahara, Shinichi
name: Zacca, Thamara
name: Barbosa, Eduardo P.
name: Huertas, Blanca
name: Marín, Mario A.
name: Lamas, Gerardo
name: Benmesbah, Mohamed
name: Brévignon, Christian
name: Casagrande, Mirna M.
name: Fåhraeus, Christer
name: Grishin, Nick
name: Kawahara, Akito Y.
name: Mielke, Olaf H. H.
name: Miller, Jacqueline Y.
name: Nakamura, Ichiro
name: Navas, Vanessa
name: Patrusky, Brooke
name: Pyrcz, Tomasz W.
name: Richards, Lindsay
name: Tan, Denise
name: Tyler, Stephanie
name: Viloria, Angel
name: Warren, Andrew D.
name: Xiao, Lei
name: Freitas, André V. L.
name: Willmott, Keith R.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Nymphalidae
Taygetis

description: <i>Taygetis</i> clade The ‘ <i>Taygetis</i> clade’ is one of the most stable generic groups that has been recognized within the Euptychiina, identified first by Murray and Prowell (2005) and corroborated by increasingly comprehensive subsequent molecular and morphological studies (Espeland et al., 2019a; Marín et al., 2017; Matos-Maraví et al., 2013; Peña et al., 2006, 2010, 2011). The clade is fully supported in all datasets (Figures 7, S 2 and S 3) and contains 10 genera, <i>Forsterinaria</i> (27 species), <i>Harjesia</i> (3 species), <i>Orotaygetis</i> (monotypic), <i>Parataygetis</i> (2 species), <i>Posttaygetis</i> (monotypic), <i>Pseudodebis</i> (13 species), <i>Taguaiba</i> <b>gen.n.</b> (5 species), <i>Sepona</i> (monotypic), <i>Taygetina</i> (8 species) and <i>Taygetis</i> (25 species). It is embedded within a larger clade also containing the ‘ <i>Pareuptychia</i> -clade’, ‘ <i>Splendeuptychia</i> -clade’ and ‘ <i>Archeuptychia</i> -clade’. Multiple recent papers have helped revise the generic classification and describe new species (Matos-Maraví et al., 2013; Siewert et al., 2013 [covering species included here in <i>Taguaiba</i> <b>gen.n.</b>]; Freitas, Barbosa, Willmott, et al., 2016 [<i>Sepona</i>]; Nakahara, Willmott, et al., 2018 [<i>Orotaygetis</i>], Nakahara, Matos-Maraví, et al., 2019 [<i>Taygetina</i>], Nakahara, Matos-Maraví, Willmott, et al., 2021; Nakahara, Matos-Maraví, Schwartz, et al., 2021; Nakahara, Janzen, et al., 2022 [<i>Pseudodebis</i>]). The relationships found here are similar to previous studies, with <i>Sepona</i> being the sister group to the remainder of the clade in all trees, and the remaining genera falling into two well-supported subclades; the <i>Forsterinaria</i> subclade including <i>Forsterinaria</i>, <i>Paratygetis</i>, <i>Posttaygetis</i> and <i>Harjesia</i>, and the <i>Taygetis</i> subclade containing the remaining genera (Matos-Maraví et al., 2013; Nakahara, Willmott, et al., 2018). All genera are monophyletic and well-supported in all analyses, except for in the best 4GENES tree, where <i>Forsterinaria quantius</i> is sister to <i>Parataygetis</i> instead of the remainder of <i>Forsterinaria</i>, which is the case in all other trees. It has long been known that a new genus is needed for the former ‘ <i>Taygetis</i> ’ <i>ypthima</i> and relatives in the <i>Taygetis</i> subclade (Matos-Maraví et al., 2013; Nakahara, Matos-Maraví, et al., 2019; Nakahara, Willmott, et al., 2018; Peña et al., 2010; Siewert et al., 2013), and below we describe the new genus <i>Taguaiba</i> <b>gen.n</b>. for this species group. The ‘ <i>Taygetis</i> clade’ contains 86 described species and a number of currently known undescribed species, with the latter concentrated in particular in <i>Forsterinaria</i>, <i>Pseudodebis</i> and <i>Taygetis</i>. Taxonomic revisions are in progress for all three of the above-mentioned genera, in addition to <i>Taygetina</i>, while most of the remaining genera are monotypic or bitypic and are of less taxonomic concern. Members of the ‘ <i>Taygetis</i> -clade’ are relatively large, and indeed <i>Taygetis</i> contains the largest species in the subtribe. Perhaps as a result of their size and presumably greater conspicuousness to predators, adults of some species show remarkable intra-specific variation in their ventral wing patterns, which resemble dead leaves (e.g. <i>Sepona</i>, <i>Taguaiba</i> <b>gen.n.</b>, <i>Taygetis mermeria</i>, <i>Taygetis larua</i>). Males of many species have darker areas on the dorsal forewing and/or hindwing with variably distributed brush-like androconial scales that are widespread among euptychiines, and most species have a ventral surface with somewhat to very undulate dark discal, postdiscal and/or submarginal lines. Possible synapomorphies (not all unique) and distinctive characters for the clade include the following: (a) vesica lacking obvious sclerotized cornuti; (b) corpus bursae extending to second abdominal segment (ductus bursae and corpus bursae occupying almost entire abdomen), except in a few taxa, such as <i>Posttaygetis penelea</i>; (c) lamella antevaginalis sclerotized; (d) spatula-like primary head capsule setae in the first instar larva. Furthermore, the female abdomen of members of this clade shows some unusual characters, such as notably weakly sclerotized tergites and sternites (barely more sclerotized than the intersegmental membrane) in genera such as <i>Taygetis</i> and <i>Pseudodebis</i>, and two weakly sclerotized patches on the dorsal surface of the inter-segmental membrane of the seventh and eighth abdominal segments that are filled with scales in <i>Forsterinaria quantius</i>. Members of the clade range from Mexico to Paraguay, Argentina and south-eastern Brazil, with a slight centre of diversity in the south-western Amazon (southern Peru and adjacent areas of Brazil) driven largely by <i>Taygetis</i>. Otherwise, the clade is notable for two genera that have diversified in areas of lower euptychiine diversity, namely <i>Taguaiba</i> <b>gen.n.</b> in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest domain (Siewert et al., 2013), and <i>Forsterinaria</i> in montane regions, particularly the tropical Andes (Peña &amp; Lamas, 2005). Adults of some species appear to be crepuscular (DeVries, 1987; Murray, 2001a, 2001b; Young, 1972, 1984) and both sexes are attracted to rotting fruit (e.g. Freitas, Carreira, Santos, &amp; Barbosa, 2016; Uehara-Prado &amp; Freitas, 2019; Young, 1972), with males of <i>Forsterinaria</i> in particular also strongly attracted to carrion (Willmott &amp; Pyrcz, pers. obs.). The immature stages feed mostly on various genera of Poaceae, with infrequent records on Marantaceae and Cyperaceae (Baine et al., 2019; Corahua-Espinoza et al., 2023; Freitas, 2017; Freitas, Carreira, Santos, &amp; Barbosa, 2016; Hurtado et al., 2021; Janzen &amp; Hallwachs, 2022; Murray, 2001a, 2001b). The close spatial association of adults of many species with stands of <i>Guadua</i> (lowlands) and <i>Chusquea</i> bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) suggests that these plants are also widely used as hostplants throughout the clade. Indeed, some evidence suggests that species in <i>Posttaygetis</i>, <i>Pseudodebis</i> and <i>Taygetina</i> have a narrow diet breadth, feeding exclusively on <i>Guadua</i> or <i>Rhipidocladum</i> (Corahua-Espinoza et al., 2023; Janzen &amp; Hallwachs, 2022; Murray, 2001a, 2001b).
description: Published as part of <i>Espeland, Marianne, Nakahara, Shinichi, Zacca, Thamara, Barbosa, Eduardo P., Huertas, Blanca, Marín, Mario A., Lamas, Gerardo, Benmesbah, Mohamed, Brévignon, Christian, Casagrande, Mirna M., Fåhraeus, Christer, Grishin, Nick, Kawahara, Akito Y., Mielke, Olaf H. H., Miller, Jacqueline Y., Nakamura, Ichiro, Navas, Vanessa, Patrusky, Brooke, Pyrcz, Tomasz W., Richards, Lindsay, Tan, Denise, Tyler, Stephanie, Viloria, Angel, Warren, Andrew D., Xiao, Lei, Freitas, André V. L. &amp; Willmott, Keith R., 2023, Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), pp. 1-73 in Zoological Research 2023</i> on page 14, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12590, http://zenodo.org/record/7909395
description: {"references": ["Murray, D. &amp; Prowell, D. P. (2005) Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary history of the neotropical Satyrine subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34, 67 - 80.", "Espeland, M., Breinholt, J., Barbosa, E. P., Casagrande, M., Huertas, B., Lamas, G. et al. (2019 a) Four hundred shades of brown: higher level phylogeny of the problematic Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) based on hybrid enrichment data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 131, 116 - 124.", "Marin, M. A., Pena, C., Uribe, S. I. &amp; Freitas, A. V. L. (2017) Morphology agrees with molecular data: phylogenetic affinities of Euptychiina butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Systematic Entomology, 42, 768 - 785.", "Matos-Maravi, P. F., Pena, C., Willmott, K. R., Freitas, A. V. L. &amp; Wahlberg, N. (2013) Systematics and evolutionary history of butterflies in the \" Taygetis clade \" (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina): towards a better understanding of Neotropical biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66, 54 - 68.", "Pena, C., Wahlberg, N., Weingartner, E., Kodandaramaiah, U., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. et al. (2006) Higher level phylogeny of Satyrinae butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 29 - 49.", "Pena, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. &amp; Wahlberg, N. (2010) Biogeographic history of the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zoologica Scripta, 39, 243 - 258.", "Pena, C., Nylin, S. &amp; Wahlberg, N. (2011) The radiation of Satyrini butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a challenge for phylogenetic methods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 64 - 87.", "Siewert, R. R., Zacca, T., Dias, F. M. S., Freitas, A. V. L., Mielke, O. H. H. &amp; Casagrande, M. M. (2013) The \" Taygetis ypthima species group \" (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae): taxonomy, variation and description of a new species. ZooKeys, 356, 11 - 29.", "Pena, C. &amp; Lamas, G. (2005) Revision of the butterfly genus Forsterinaria gray, 1973 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Revista Peruana de Biologia, 12, 5 - 48.", "DeVries, P. J. (1987) The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history: papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 288.", "Murray, D. (2001 a) Immature stages and biology of Taygetis Hubner (lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 103, 932 - 945.", "Murray, D. L. (2001 b) Systematics of euptychiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Euptychiina) based on larval morphology and DNA sequence data and the evolution of life history traits (PhD thesis). Louisiana State University. 367 pp.", "Young, A. M. (1972) Community ecology of some tropical rain forest butterflies. The American Midland Naturalist, 87, 146 - 157.", "Young, A. M. (1984) Natural history notes for Taygetis andromeda (Cramer) (Satyridae) in eastern Costa Rica. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 38, 102 - 113.", "Barbosa, E., Marin, M., Giraldo, C. E., Uribe, S. &amp; Freitas, A. (2016) Description of two new species of the Neotropical genus Yphthimoides Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from the ' renata clade. '. Neotropical Biodiversity, 2, 87 - 98.", "Uehara-Prado, M. &amp; Freitas, A. V. L. (2019) Population structure of Taygetis ypthima (Nymphalidae, Euptychiina) in Southeast Brazil. The Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 73, 63 - 64.", "Baine, Q., Polo-Espinoza, G., Nakahara, S. &amp; Gallice, G. (2019) Immature stages and new host record of Taygetis rufomarginata Staudinger, 1888 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 29, 79 - 86.", "Corahua-Espinoza, T., Nakahara, S., Baine, Q., Kabir, J., Rodriguez-Melgarejo, M., Tejeira Condori, R. et al. (2023) Immature stages and new host plant records for three species in the \" Taygetis clade \" of Euptychiina in southeastern Peru (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Neotropical Entomology, 52, 67 - 80.", "Freitas, A. V. L. (2017) Immature stages of the Neotropical satyrine butterfly Taygetis acuta (Nymphalidae: Euptychiina). Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 27, 1 - 5.", "Hurtado, T., Nakahara, S., Rodriguez-Melgarejo, M., Tejeira, R., See, J., Ccahuana, R. et al. (2021) Complete immature stages of the euptychiine butterfly Taygetis cleopatra (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1862) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) in southeastern Peru. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 31, 179 - 185.", "Janzen, D. H. &amp; Hallwachs, W. (2022) Area de Conservacion\u00b4Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica - caterpillars, pupae, butterflies &amp; moths [WWW document]. Available from: http: // janzen. sas. upenn. edu / caterpillars / database. lasso [Accessed on 1 st January 2022]"]}