Additional file 1 of A potential strategy against clinical carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: antimicrobial activity study of sweetener-decorated gold nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo
Creators: name: Liu, Haifeng
name: Huang, Zeyu
name: Chen, Huanchang
name: Zhang, Ying
name: Yu, Pingting
name: Hu, Panjie
name: Zhang, Xiaotuan
name: Cao, Jianming
name: Zhou, Tieli
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Space Science
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology

description: Additional file 1: Figure S1. UV-visible spectra of NaBH4-reduced Au NPs. Inside the dashed box, a comparison of the peaks between NaBH4-reduced Au NPs and NAS_Au NPs are presented. Figure S2. The size, PDI and zeta potential of NaBH4-reduced Au NPs. Figure S3. XPS analysis of Au 4f, N1s, and O1s for ASP, Au NPs, and ASP_Au NPs. A Au 4f spectrum analysis of Au NPs. B Au 4f spectrum analysis of ASP_Au NPs. C N1s spectrum analysis of ASP. D N1s spectrum analysis of ASP_Au NPs. E O1s spectrum analysis of ASP. F O1s spectrum analysis of ASP_Au NPs. Hollow dots represent raw data, blue curves represent the overall fitting curve of the data, and black curves represent the baseline. Colored curves and their corresponding peak labels are shown in the figure. Figure S4. FTIR peaks of Au NPs, ASP, and ASP_Au NPs. Figure S5. The FTIR spectra for the remaining three nano-cargos. Figure S6. PI membrane permeability assay. There was a sharp increase in fluorescence intensity at MIC concentrations (8 μg/mL). Figure S7. The bacterial presence within the biofilm was observed through confocal microscopy with live/dead staining in the following groups. A PBS-treated group. B ETP-treated group. C ASP-treated group. D Au NPs-treated group. E ASP_Au NPs-treated group. In these images, green fluorescence represents live bacteria within the biofilm, while red fluorescence indicates dead bacteria within the biofilm. Figure S8. Toxicity experiment in Galleria mellonella larvae. Survival of Galleria mellonella larvae (10 per group) after injection with different concentrations of ASP_Au NPs. Figure S9. Weight variation curve of mice infected with clinical CRE and treated with different formulations over time. Figure S10. Histopathological sections of major organ tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney) in mice injected with PBS (represented in the figure as 0 μg/mL) or ASP_Au NPs. The sections were stained with H&amp;E and observed under a microscope. The injection dosage and time correspond to the acute intraperitoneal infection model in mice. Figure S11. Hematological analysis of mice injected with PBS (represented in the figure as 0 μg/mL) or ASP_Au NPs, reflecting changes in major inflammatory cells in the blood. WBC represents white blood cell count, and NEUT represents neutrophil count. Figure S12. Biochemical analysis of mice injected with PBS (represented in the figure as 0 μg/mL) or ASP_Au NPs. A Reflects liver function with 8 parameters. B Reflects cardiac enzyme profile with 4 parameters. C Reflects renal function with 3 parameters. The abbreviations in the figure are as follows. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST aspartate aminotransferase, T-BIL total bilirubin, D-BIL direct bilirubin, ALB albumin, ALP alkaline phosphatase, γ-GT γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, TBA total bile acid, BUN blood urea nitrogen, CREA serum creatinine, UA uric acid, CK creatine kinase, CK-MB creatine kinase-MB, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, LDH-1 lactate dehydrogenase-1. Table S1. Binding efficiencies of NAS on AuNPs. Table S2. Mechanism of carbapenem resistance and antimicrobial susceptibility of the IPM, MEM and ETP against 32 strains used in this study. Table S3. Antimicrobial susceptibility of ASP_Au NPs before and after using quercetin against the 6 clinical isolates used in this study. Table S4. Antimicrobial susceptibility of ASP and Au NPs single or in combination against the 6 clinical isolates used in this study. Table S5. Reference range of biochemical indicators in mice. Table S6. Main materials used in this study and the corresponding manufacturers. Table S7. Primers used to amplify mRNAs via RT-qPCR.