Anopheles
Creators: name: Azari-Hamidian, Shahyad
name: Harbach, Ralf E.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2009
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Culicidae
Anopheles

description: Key to subgenera, species, and subspecies of genus Anopheles: adults
(key characters are illustrated in Figs 1–4)
1. Wing entirely dark-scaled or with fewer than 4 separate dark areas involving costa (C), radius (R), and radius-one (R1) (vein 1); cibarial teeth not developed, except An. (Cellia) apoci (subgenus Anopheles and An. (Cellia) apoci) (Note 7)...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
- Anterior margin of wing with at least 4 separate dark areas involving C, R, and R1; cibarial teeth well developed (subgenus Cellia)..................................................................................................................................................... 13
2(1). Anterior margin of wing with 2 separate pale areas involving costa (C), radius (R), and radius-one (R1) (vein 1), one about 0.67 from wing base and one near apex; lateral area of clypeus with a patch of projecting dark scales; maxillary palpus with 4 pale bands; tarsi with pale bands; base of forefemur distinctly swollen (Hyrcanus Group) (Note 8)...................................................................................................................................................................... 3
- Wing entirely dark-scaled; clypeus without scales; maxillary palpus without pale bands; tarsi without pale bands; base of forefemur not swollen .................................................................................................................................. 6
3(2). Hindtarsomere 4 pale at apex or entirely pale; pale spot on subcosta (Sc) relatively large, involving radius-one (R1) (vein 1) equally with costa (C); hindtarsomere 5 dark [humeral crossvein without scales; remigium mostly pale-scaled]................................................................................................................................................................ 4
- Hindtarsomere 4 usually pale at base and apex; pale spot on Sc smaller, not involving or only incompletely involving R1; hindtarsomere 5 entirely dark or pale at base only ............................................................................. 5
4(3). Hindtarsomere 4 entirely pale; white scales on media (M) (vein 4), cubitus (Cu) (vein 5), and anal vein (1A) (vein 6) ..................................................................................................................................................... An. pseudopictus
- Hindtarsomere 4 pale at apex only; yellowish scales on M, Cu, and 1A ............................................. An. hyrcanus
5(3). Humeral crossvein usually without scales, sometimes with 1 or 2 scales; remigium mostly pale-scaled; hindtarsomere 4 and usually 5 with basal pale bands; basal third of costa (C) entirely dark; fringe spot absent at cubitustwo (Cu2) (vein 5.2); in males, maxillary palpus without a basal pale band on palpomere 3 ........ An. peditaeniatus
- Humeral crossvein with patch of dark scales; remigium mostly dark-scaled; pale markings on hindtarsomeres 4 and 5 variable, often without basal pale bands; basal third of C with a few scattered pale scales; fringe spot usually present at Cu2; in males, maxillary palpus with a basal pale band on palpomere 3 ........................ An. nigerrimus *
6(2). Scales darker and denser at crossveins and furcations, forming dark spots; furcation of radius-two-plus-three (R2+3) (petiole or stem) and media (M) (vein 4) situated at same distance from base of wing (Maculipennis Group) (Note 9)...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
- Wing scales uniformly distributed, dark spots not apparent; furcation of R2+3 and M not at same distance from base of wing....................................................................................................................................................................... 8
7(6). Wing with distinct dark spots; scutum dark brown with a broad pale longitudinal stripe; scutal fossa usually with narrow, piliform pale scales, at least on extreme upper margin; wing fringe with a conspicuous pale spot at apex .. ................................................................................................................................................. An. maculipennis s.l.
- Wing spots faint; scutum more or less pale brown without a pale longitudinal stripe; scutal fossa without pale scales; wing fringe entirely dark without a pale spot at apex.............................................................. An. sacharovi
8(6). Scutum without pale scales on median area; upper surface of scutum unicolourous; frontal tufts of head absent or poorly developed; erect head scales unicolorous ..................................................................................................... 9
- Scutum with narrow to moderately broad pale scales on median area; upper surface of scutum dark at sides with broad paler stripe down the middle; frontal tufts of head well developed, projecting forward between eyes; erect head scales broad and pale on vertex, dark laterally and posteriorly ...................................................................... 10
9(8). Erect head scales narrow, straw-yellow; furcation of media (M) (vein 4) nearer wing base than furcation of radiustwo-plus-three (R2+3) (petiole or stem); setae on thorax and scales on wing very pale .... An. (Cel.) apoci (Note 10)
- Erect head scales broad, dark brown; furcation of M farther from wing base than furcation of R2+3; setae on thorax red-brown or dark brown ................................................................................................................... An. algeriensis
10(8). Labella distinctly paler than remainder of proboscis; wing with pale spot at apical fringe; foretarsomere 1 longer than foretarsomeres 2–5 combined (An. marteri) (Note 11) ................................................................................... 11
- Labella not paler than remainder of proboscis, proboscis entirely dark; wing without pale spot at apical fringe; foretarsomere 1 shorter than or about equal to foretarsomeres 2–5 combined ....................................................... 12
11(10).Scutum with broad median longitudinal pale stripe on anterior half with lateral dark stripe .. An. marteri marteri *
- Scutum greyish yellow with narrow median longitudinal dark stripe, similar stripes laterally ................................ ............................................................................................................................................... An. marteri sogdianus
12(10).Scutum with very narrow pale piliform scales on median area; lower proepisternal setae present; palpomere 5 not longer than 0.5 length of palpomere 4; mediocubital (mcu) crossvein distant from radiomedial (rm) crossvein for less than its own length; pale scales on posterior of vertex and anterior promontory (anterior scutal margin) offwhite to yellowish; anterior promontory (anteacrostichal) patch weakly developed; antenna with sparse and poorly developed flagellar whorls; scales on wing veins less dense; larger brownish species, wing usually more than 5 mm (5.5–6.0 mm) ................................................................................................................... An. claviger (Note 12)
- Scutum with narrow to moderately broad pale spatulate scales on median area; lower proepisternal setae absent; palpomere 5 longer than 0.5 length of palpomere 4; mcu distant from rm for about its own length; pale scales on vertex and anterior promontory pure white; anterior promontory patch well developed; antenna with numerous long flagellar whorls; scales on wing veins much more dense; smaller blackish species, wing at most 5.0 mm....... ............................................................................................................................................................ An. plumbeus
13(1). Distal 0.5 of hindtarsomere 2 and all of hindtarsomeres 3–5 pale; abdominal terga densely covered with broad pale scales and prominent posterolateral dark scale-tufts; forefemur mostly pale-scaled; mid- and hindfemur with longitudinal white line terminating in an oval spot; maxillary palpus with 4 distinct pale bands [sometimes femora and tibiae slightly spotted] ............................................................................................................ An. pulcherrimus
- Distal 0.5 of hindtarsomere 2 and hindtarsomeres 3–5 not entirely pale; abdominal terga without broad pale scales and prominent posterolateral dark scale-tufts; forefemur not pale-scaled, but may have pale spots; mid- and hindfemur without longitudinal white line; maxillary palpus usually with 3 pale bands or entirely dark (Note 13) .... 14
14(13).Femora and tibiae with pale spots; abdominal terga II–VIII largely covered with pale scales; middle of maxillary palpomere 3 usually with some pale spots other than pale bands [anal vein (1A) (vein 6) with 3 dark spots; upper proepisternal setae absent; scutum with broad pale scales on median area] ....................... An. stephensi (Note 14)
- Femora and tibiae not spotted; abdominal terga II–VIII without pale scales; maxillary palpomere 3 without pale spots......................................................................................................................................................................... 15
15(14).Wing with pale scales confined to costa (C), radius (R), and radius-one (R1) (vein 1); scutum without scales; maxillary palpus with 2 or 3 indistinct pale bands or entirely dark .............................................................................. 16
- Pale spots present on nearly all veins of wing; scutum with obvious pale scales in addition to setae; maxillary pal-
pus with at least 3 distinct pale bands [vertex with broad pale erect scales at center, dark brown laterally and posteriorly] (Note 13) .................................................................................................................................................. 17 16(15).Erect head scales narrow, straw-yellow throughout; maxillary palpus with pale tip and 2 pale bands which may be so indistinct that the palpus appears entirely dark...................................................................... An. dthali (Note 15)
- Erect head scales broad and white on vertex and dark brown laterally and posteriorly; maxillary palpus either entirely dark or with apex dark and 2 narrow indistinct pale bands ............. An. rhodesiensis rupicolus * (Note 16)
17(15).Palpomere 5 dark at apex [radius-four-plus-five (R4+5) (vein 3) usually pale-scaled] ............................................ 18
- Palpomere 5 pale at apex, or entirely pale.............................................................................................................. 20
18(17).Base of costa (C) pale-scaled; cubitus (Cu) (vein 5) pale-scaled at point of furcation; scutal fossa with scattered pale scales; scutum with broad pale scales on median area; in males, tip of maxillary palpus usually dark [anal vein (1A) (vein 6) with 3 dark spots, or sometimes with outer 2 spots joined to form long distal spot; radius (vein R) without accessory sector dark spot; basal pale band on palpus either much narrower than median band, scarcely overlapping base of palpomere 3, or both basal and median pale bands very narrow]...................... An. multicolor
- Base of C dark-scaled; Cu dark-scaled at point of furcation; scutal fossa without scales, or at most a few scales present on extreme upper margin; scutum with narrow pale scales on median area; in males, tip of maxillary palpus with distinct pale scales .................................................................................................................................... 19
19(18).Wing generally pale, pale and dark areas apart from costa (C), radius (R), and radius-one (R1) (vein 1) poorly contrasted posterior to R and R1; anal vein (1A) (vein 6) with at most 2 indistinct dark spots, distal spot long, often appearing mostly dark-scaled; vein R without accessory sector dark spot; anterior promontory without conspicuous scale-tuft; tarsi mainly dark, faintly marked with very narrow pale bands at apexes of tarsomeres; basal and median pale bands of palpus narrow ...................................................................................... An. turkhudi (Note 17)
- Wing with well-defined pale- and dark-scaled areas on all veins; vein 1A with 3 dark spots; vein R with accessory sector dark spot; anterior promontory with conspicuous scale-tuft; fore- and midtarsomeres with faint and obscure apical pale spots, hindtarsomeres 1–4 with distinct apical pale spots, at least in typical form; basal band of palpus about equal to or slightly narrower than median band, broadly overlapping base of palpomere 3 ........................... ............................................................................................................................................. An. cinereus * (Note 18)
20(17).Radius-four-plus-five (R4+5) (vein 3) dark-scaled except at base and apex; scutum unicolourous; frontal tuft poorly developed [upper proepisternal setae present; hindtarsomeres 3 and 4 entirely dark; scutal fossa without scales; scutum with narrow pale scales on median area; anal vein (1A) (vein 6) with 2 dark spots, proximal small and distal long]................................................................................................................................................................... 21
- Vein R4+5 usually pale-scaled or at least pale-scaled in middle; scutum grey on top, darker at sides; frontal tuft well developed................................................................................................................................................................. 22
21(20).Radius (R) (vein 1) with a dark spot just distal to humeral crossvein; remigium dark-scaled; wing fringe usually with 1 or 2 inconspicuous pale spots on posterior margin, rarely more...................... An. culicifacies s.l. (Note 19)
- Vein R without a dark spot immediately distal to humeral crossvein; remigium pale-scaled; wing fringe usually with at least 4 pale spots on posterior margin ....................................................................... An. sergentii (Note 20)
22(20).Tarsi unbanded, with at most indistinct pale markings on joints of 1 or 2 tarsomeres; radius (R) without accessory sector dark spot, or at most with a rudimentary dark spot [anal vein (1A) (vein 6) with 2 dark spots, proximal small and distal long; scutal fossa without scales]............................................................................................................ 23
- Tarsi with conspicuous pale bands; vein R with accessory sector dark spot, sometimes represented by only a few dark scales in An. subpictus s.l. [subapical palpomere about half length of preceding palpomere] ...................... 24
23(22).No dark spot at point of furcation of cubitus (Cu) (vein 5); 1 or 2 pale spots at base of costa (C), presector pale spot present; cell R2 (anterior forked cell of vein 2) short, about same length as radius-two-plus-three (R2+3) (petiole or stem); maxillary palpus unusually long, subapical palpomere about 0.67 length of preceding palpomere; apical palpomere pale, sometimes with dark band; furcation of media (M) (vein 4) nearly equal or closer than furcation of radius-two-plus-three (R2+3) (petiole or stem) to wing base; upper proepisternal setae absent; scutum with broad pale scales on median area; fringe of wing apex mostly pale, except for small dark spot between radius-two (R2) (vein 2.1) and radius-three (R3) (vein 2.2); large, pale species [hindtarsomeres at most very faintly pale at apex] ................................................................................................................................. An. superpictus (Note 21)
- A dark spot at point of furcation of Cu; usually no pale spots at base of C, presector pale spot absent; cell R2 very long, twice or more length of R2+3; maxillary palpus not unusually long, subapical palpomere about 0.5 length of preceding palpomere; maxillary palpus always with 3 pale bands; furcation of R2+3 distinctly closer to wing base than furcation of M; upper proepisternal setae present; scutum with narrow pale scales on median area; fringe of wing apex with dark spots at R2 and R3; small, dark species ......................................... An. fluviatilis s.l. (Note 22)
24(22).Tarsi with narrow but distinct apical pale bands; usually no pale spots at base of costa (C), presector pale spot absent; upper proepisternal setae absent; scutum with broad pale scales on median area; anal vein (1A) (vein 6) with 3 dark spots; scutal fossa without scales; fringe of wing apex mostly pale, except a small dark spot between radius-two (R2) (vein 2.1) and radius-three (R3) (vein 2.2) ............................................................. An. moghulensis
- Tarsi with broad pale bands; pale spots at base of C, presector pale spot present; upper proepisternal setae present; scutum with narrow pale scales on median area; 1A with 2 small dark spots; scutal fossa with scattered pale scales; fringe of wing apex with dark spots between R2, R3, and radius-four-plus-five (R4+5) (vein 3) ...................... ...................................................................................................................................... An. subpictus s.l. (Note 23)
description: Published as part of Azari-Hamidian, Shahyad & Harbach, Ralf E., 2009, Keys to the adult females and fourth-instar larvae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Diptera: Culicidae), pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 2078 on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.187282