cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: Temporal Variability in Arctic Zooplankton and Phytoplankton Populations from Moored ADCP and Icycler Profiler Measurements
Creators: name: Hamilton, James
name: Collinsm, Kate
name: Prinsenberg, Simon
Publisher: name: ASC 2009 - Theme session I
Year: 2024
Subjects: Technologies and data
Ecosystem observation, processes and dynamics
Pressures, impacts, conservation, and management

description: No abstracts are to be cited without prior reference to the author.An instrumented mooring array across Barrow Strait in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago has provided a 10 year data time series that has been used to determine freshwater and heat transports through this important pathway connecting the Arctic Ocean and the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Measurements indicate that 20% of the total freshwater transport out of the Arctic Ocean passes through this 65 km wide passage, but also demonstrate large seasonal and inter-annual variability in these transports. The timing and duration of a short ice free period in the Strait also varies from year to year, resulting in different water temperature, light and mixing conditions throughout the biological growing season. Here, backscatter data from the acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) used to provide the transport time series, are analysed to study the behaviour, and temporal variability in the relative biomass of the zooplankton population. ADCP transducer calibrations allow for results from two different years to be compared. Daily profiles of fluorescence collected with a new under-ice moored profiler called Icycler are also presented for the same 2 years. Icycler is an innovative winch system designed to profile the top 50 m once a day, using a sonar to allow a sensor package to come to within 2 m of the ice cover. The yearlong fluorescence records provide a unique look at the nature and timing of phytoplankton activity in the Strait. The backscatter and fluorescence results presented are from 2 years for which the physical environment was notably different. High inter-annual variability in the measured biota are identified. The inter-relationship of the zooplankton and phytoplankton populations and correlations with the physical environment are also explored.
Infinite-dimensional 3-algebra and integrable system
Creators: name: Chen, Min-Ru
name: Wang, Shi-Kun
name: Wu, Ke
name: Zhao, Wei-Zhong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The relation between the infinite-dimensional 3-algebras and the dispersionless KdV hierarchy is investigated. Based on the infinite-dimensional 3-algebras, we derive two compatible Nambu Hamiltonian structures. Then the dispersionless KdV hierarchy follows from the Nambu-Poisson evolution equation given the suitable Hamiltonians. We find that the dispersionless KdV system is not only a bi-Hamiltonian system, but also a bi-Nambu-Hamiltonian system. Due to the Nambu-Poisson evolution equation involving two Hamiltonians, more intriguing relationships between these Hamiltonians are revealed. As an application, we investigate the system of polytropic gas equations and derive an integrable gas dynamics system in the framework of Nambu mechanics.
description: 12 pages
Probable Plaintext Cryptanalysis of the IP Security Protocols
Creators: name: Bellovin, Steven Michael
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1997
Subjects: Computer science

description: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is in the process of adopting standards for IP-layer encryption and authentication (IPSEC). We describe how "probable plaintext" can be used to aid in cryptanalytic attacks, and analyze the protocol to show how much probable plaintext is available. We also show how traffic analysis is a powerful aid to the cryptanalyst. We conclude by outlining some likely changes to the underlying protocols that may strengthen them against these attacks.
Cartilla, practica pedagógica
Creators: name: Burbano García, Claudia Lorena
name: ESTUDIANTES FUP
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021

description: Brinda información de las prácticas pedagógicas en Colombia, y el papel de los docentes en la formación académica de los estudiantes. En relación con la educación: Investigación, entrevistas, cuestionarios y reflexiones.
Going Public Secretly: The SEC’s Unavailing Effort to Increase Initial Public Offerings Through Confidential Registration
Creators: name: Gallagher, Patrick J.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Going public (Securities)
subject: United States. Securities and Exchange Commission
subject: Venture capital--Government policy
subject: Corporations--Finance

description: In an effort to reverse the declining number of IPOs seen over the past two decades, newly-appointed SEC Chairman Jay Clayton announced in mid-2017 that any company seeking to go public could now initially file its registration statement confidentially rather than publicly. This announcement effectively extended a policy that had originally only applied to emerging growth companies—firms with less than $1.07 billion in revenue during their last fiscal year—to larger companies. Because there are advantages to confidentially filing a registration statement, this new policy was meant to encourage more large firms to go public and, as a result, increase the overall number of IPOs. This Note empirically examines the effect of this policy change over the course of its first year to analyze whether it has succeeded in effectuating more IPOs in the marketplace. The data suggest that this new policy has failed. And because it affects a relatively small number of firms, it will likely continue to fail to meaningfully increase the number of IPOs. This Note argues that in order to encourage more companies to go public, the SEC and Congress must stop focusing on changes to the process of going public and instead make being a public company more attractive to both smaller firms, which have the potential to increase the number of IPOs, and larger firms, which can drastically increase the amount of overall public capital raised—another necessary metric in evaluating the success of the IPO market. In recent years, benefits granted to private capital markets have enabled them to flourish as viable alternatives to the public markets. This has led to greater societal inequality since average investors are often shut out from private investments, such as venture capital and private equity. Therefore, this Note argues that in order to save the public markets, benefits awarded to private capital must be reduced. In addition, this Note presents new proposals to further mitigate the structural realities that incentivize companies to remain private and, instead, encourage them to go public: (1) award firms that go public temporary exemptions from burdensome regulations that apply to public companies, such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; and (2) offer tax credits to companies that conduct IPOs. Enacting such policies would help ensure more of today’s companies see the public markets as attractive sources of capital once again.
Problem Areas for the IP Security Protocols
Creators: name: Bellovin, Steven Michael
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1996
Subjects: Computer science

description: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is in the process of adopting standards for IP-layer encryption and authentication (IPSEC). We describe a number of attacks against various versions of these protocols, including confidentiality failures and authentication failures. The implications of these attacks are troubling for the utility of this entire effort.
Capillary electrophoresis as a tool for control and development of the process of isolation and incorporation drugs into extracellular vesicles
Creators: name: Steć, Aleksandra
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: doxorubicin
extracellular vesicles
capillary electrophoresis

description: The poster presented at the 29th International Symposium on Electro- and Liquid-Phase Separation Techniques (ITP 2023) held in San Felice Circeo, from September 13-17, 2023, explored the role of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in controlling and advancing the process of isolating and incorporating drugs into extracellular vesicles (EVs). The research was presented by Aleksandra Steć.
title: Inshore spawning habitats for English Channel cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis): preliminary observations of substratum choice for egg attachment
Creators: name: Bloor, I.
name: Bezin, F.
name: Robin, J. P.
name: Jackson, E. L.
name: Attrill, M. J.
Publisher: name: ASC 2010 - Theme session I
Year: 2024
Subjects: Fisheries and aquaculture

description: No abstracts are to be cited without prior reference to the author.The cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) is an increasingly important resource for English Channel fishers. It is exploited by a range of métiers at almost all stages of its migration cycle. In spring, spawners are caught inshore with traps, a gear that is suspected to generate losses of eggs that female attach to these devices, which are unfortunately removed from the water before hatching. The environmental impact of trap fishing cannot be assessed without knowing what natural substratum is chosen by female spawners. Within the European project CRESH (Cephalopod Recruitment from English Channel Spawning Habitats), new observations are starting in pilot study sites on both English and French coasts. Each pilot site is divided into a set of strata defined according to depth, bottom type, and dominant biotope, and diving observations are made in order to test the hypothesis of differences between substrata in the density of eggs. Although fieldwork has to take into account differences in hydrodynamic conditions between sites, combined observations are necessary to study this issue at the scale of the English Channel stock.
Reachability-based Acyclicity Analysis by Abstract Interpretation
Creators: name: Genaim, Samir
name: Zanardini, Damiano
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Programming Languages (cs.PL)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: D.1.5; D.2.4
subject: 68Qxx

description: In programming languages with dynamic use of memory, such as Java, knowing that a reference variable x points to an acyclic data structure is valuable for the analysis of termination and resource usage (e.g., execution time or memory consumption). For instance, this information guarantees that the depth of the data structure to which x points is greater than the depth of the data structure pointed to by x.f for any field f of x. This, in turn, allows bounding the number of iterations of a loop which traverses the structure by its depth, which is essential in order to prove the termination or infer the resource usage of the loop. The present paper provides an Abstract-Interpretation-based formalization of a static analysis for inferring acyclicity, which works on the reduced product of two abstract domains: reachability, which models the property that the location pointed to by a variable w can be reached by dereferencing another variable v (in this case, v is said to reach w); and cyclicity, modeling the property that v can point to a cyclic data structure. The analysis is proven to be sound and optimal with respect to the chosen abstraction.
description: 38 pages (included proofs)
To Clear or Not to Clear: How SEC Implementation of Dodd-Frank Undermines Title VII’s Mandatory Clearing Requirement
Creators: name: Feder, Daniel
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: United States. Securities and Exchange Commission
subject: Derivative securities
subject: Securities industry--Government policy

description: In 2010, the United States Congress enacted the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act to prevent a recurrence of the 2008 financial collapse. Since its passage, the Act’s many reforms have reshaped the financial markets, but faulty executive implementation has undermined some of these components. One such issue arose in the United States Securities and Exchange Commission’s interpretation of Dodd-Frank’s Title VII central clearing mandate, which Congress included to stabilize and bring transparency to the over-the-counter derivatives market. The SEC has not yet effected mandatory clearing of security-based swaps—the financial products which Dodd-Frank subjected to the agency’s jurisdiction—but the SEC’s publicly contemplated approach omits “commission-initiated review,” a core component of Title VII’s structure. Without this type of review, many security-based swaps will remain outside the scope of mandatory central clearing, causing the SEC to fall short of its statutory mandate and Congress’ intent. This Note urges the SEC and lawmakers to take the necessary steps to address the “commission-initiated review” missing link and ensure the regulatory regime successfully includes the entire scope of financial products subject to the SEC’s jurisdiction.
Cryptography and the Internet
Creators: name: Bellovin, Steven Michael
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1998
Subjects: Computer science

description: After many years, cryptography is coming to the Internet. Some protocols are in common use; more are being developed and deployed. The major issue has been one of cryptographic engineering: turning academic papers into a secure, implementable specification. But there is missing science as well, especially when it comes to efficient implementation techniques.
Making short films in French class : the role of collaborative short films projects in social cohesion and student engagement in the Core French classroom
Creators: name: Garcia Castillo, Erin
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2012

description: Based on the principles of social constructivism, multiliteracies and Freire’s (1970) critical pedagogy concept of dialogue, I observed and reflected upon my current practices as a teacher of additional languages. The main purpose for this study was to examine the role of creating collaborative short films in social cohesion and student engagement in the Core French classroom. The study included one grade 10 Core French class who explored course content (television and film genres) by creating their own collaborative short films. The short film unit, including an optional show casing in the school theatre, took place over a span of 5 weeks. I collected data through a variety of forms: field notes, journal reflections, questionnaires, focus groups, and interviews. Once data were collected, I used an arts-based approach (screenplay writing) to both analyze and disseminate my findings. The research-based screenplay that I wrote is based on the data and I share this writing in the thesis along with an analysis of this artistic process which deconstructs the screenplay for the reader. I shared the screenplay with participants to seek further insights and feedback. My findings and discussions are largely based on understandings gleaned from the process of writing the screenplay.
title: Active buckling control of an imperfect beam-column with circular cross-section using piezoelastic supports and integral LQR control
Creators: name: Schäffner, Maximilian Frederic
name: Platz, Roland
Publisher: name: IOP Publishing
Year: 2023

description: For slender beam-columns loaded by axial compressive forces, active buckling control provides a possibility to increase the maximum bearable axial load above that of a purely passive structure. In this paper, the potential of active buckling control of an imperfect beam-column with circular cross-section using piezo-elastic supports is investigated numerically. Imperfections are given by an initial deformation of the beam-column caused by a constant imperfection force. With the piezo-elastic supports, active bending moments in arbitrary directions orthogonal to the beam-column's longitudinal axis can be applied at both beam- column's ends. The imperfect beam-column is loaded by a gradually increasing axial compressive force resulting in a lateral deformation of the beam-column. First, a finite element model of the imperfect structure for numerical simulation of the active buckling control is presented. Second, an integral linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) that compensates the deformation via the piezo-elastic supports is derived for a reduced modal model of the ideal beam-column. With the proposed active buckling control it is possible to stabilize the imperfect beam-column in arbitrary lateral direction for axial loads above the theoretical critical buckling load and the maximum bearable load of the passive structure.
Reputation Systems for Anonymous Networks
Creators: name: Androulaki, Elli
name: Choi, Seung Geol
name: Bellovin, Steven Michael
name: Malkin, Tal G.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2008
Subjects: Computer science

description: We present a reputation scheme for a pseudonymous peer-to-peer (P2P) system in an anonymous network. Misbehavior is one of the biggest problems in pseudonymous P2P systems, where there is little incentive for proper behavior. In our scheme, using ecash for reputation points, the reputation of each user is closely related to his real identity rather than to his current pseudonym. Thus, our scheme allows an honest user to switch to a new pseudonym keeping his good reputation, while hindering a malicious user from erasing his trail of evil deeds with a new pseudonym.
Deploying a New Hash Algorithm
Creators: name: Bellovin, Steven Michael
name: Rescorla, Eric K.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2006
Subjects: Computer science

description: The strength of hash functions such as MD5 and SHA-1 has been called into question as a result of recent discoveries. Regardless of whether or not it is necessary to move away from those now, it is clear that it will be necessary to do so in the not-too-distant future. This poses a number of challenges, especially for certificate-based protocols. We analyze a number of protocols, including S/MIME and TLS. All require protocol or implementation changes. We explain the necessary changes, show how the conversion can be done, and list what measures should be taken immediately.
Exploring the Multi-Dimensional Role of the United Nations in Afghanistan
Creators: name: Abdurahim Zai, Mohammad Edris
name: Amani, Naseebullah
name: HALIM, TIMOR SHAH
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: Political economy and social change

description: This paper examines the role of the United Nations (UN) in humanitarian intervention in Afghanistan. The UN has played a significant role in addressing the humanitarian needs of the Afghan people, particularly in the aftermath of the Taliban regime and during times of conflict. The paper provides an overview of the key humanitarian challenges faced by the Afghan people and the efforts of the UN to address them. It analyzes the effectiveness of the UN's humanitarian interventions, including its coordination with other international actors and local stakeholders. The paper also discusses the legal and ethical considerations surrounding humanitarian intervention in Afghanistan and the role of the UN in upholding human rights and promoting sustainable development. Overall, the paper argues that the UN has an important role to play in supporting humanitarian efforts in Afghanistan and that greater collaboration and coordination among stakeholders is essential for achieving lasting peace and stability in the country.
Violation of Chandrasekhar Mass Limit: The Exciting Potential of Strongly Magnetized White Dwarfs
Creators: name: Das, Upasana
name: Mukhopadhyay, Banibrata
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider a relativistic, degenerate, electron gas under the influence of a strong magnetic field, which describes magnetized white dwarfs. Landau quantization changes the density of states available to the electrons, thus modifying the underlying equation of state. In the presence of very strong magnetic fields a maximum of either one, two or three Landau level(s) is/are occupied. We obtain the mass-radius relations for such white dwarfs and their detailed investigation leads us to propose the existence of white dwarfs having a mass ~2.3M_Sun, which overwhelmingly exceeds the Chandrasekhar mass limit.
description: 10 pages including 4 figures; received Honorable Mention for the Gravity Research Foundation 2012 Awards for Essays on Gravitation; version to appear in IJMPD
Genomic Profiling Maps Loss of Heterozygosity and Defines the Timing and Stage Dependence of Epigenetic and Genetic Events in Wilms’ Tumors
Creators: name: Yuan, Eric
name: Li, Chi-Ming
name: Yamashiro, Darrell J.
name: Kandel, Jessica J.
name: Thaker, Harshwardhan
name: Vundavalli, Murty V.
name: Tycko, Benjamin
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Genomics
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Epigenetics
subject: Nephroblastoma

description: To understand genetic and epigenetic pathways in Wilms’ tumors, we carried out a genome scan for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using Affymetrix 10K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips and supplemented the data with karyotype information. To score loss of imprinting (LOI) of the IGF2 gene, we assessed DNA methylation of the H19 5V differentially methylated region (DMR). Few chromosomal regions other than band 11p13 (WT1) were lost in Wilms’ tumors from Denys-Drash and Wilms’ tumor-aniridia syndromes, whereas sporadic Wilms’ tumors showed LOH of several regions, most frequently 11p15 but also 1p, 4q, 7p, 11q, 14q, 16q, and 17p. LOI was common in the sporadic Wilms’ tumors but absent in the syndromic cases. The SNP chips identified novel centers of LOH in the sporadic tumors, including a 2.4-Mb minimal region on chromosome 4q24-q25. Losses of chromosomes 1p, 14q, 16q, and 17p were more common in tumors presenting at an advanced stage; 11p15 LOH was seen at all stages, whereas LOI was associated with early-stage presentation. Wilms’ tumors with LOI often completely lacked LOH in the genome-wide analysis, and in some tumors with concomitant 16q LOH and LOI, the loss of chromosome 16q was mosaic, whereas the H19 DMR methylation was complete. These findings confirm molecular differences between sporadic and syndromic Wilms’ tumors, define regions of recurrent LOH, and indicate that gain of methylation at the H19 DMR is an early event in Wilms’ tumorigenesis that is independent of chromosomal losses. The data further suggest a biological difference between sporadic Wilms’ tumors with and without LOI.
Novel Possibility of Nonstandard Statistics in the Inflationary Spectrum of Primordial Inhomogeneities
Creators: name: León, Gabriel
name: Sudarsky, Daniel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Inflation is considered one of the cornerstones of modern cosmology. However, the account of the origin of cosmic structure, as provided by the standard inflationary paradigm, is not fully satisfactory. The fundamental issue is the inability of the usual account to point out the physical mechanism responsible for generating the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of our Universe, starting from the exactly homogeneous and isotropic vacuum state associated with the early inflationary regime. We briefly review this issue here together with the proposal to address this shortcoming in terms of a dynamical collapse of the vacuum state of the inflaton field, which has been considered in previous works. The main goal of this manuscript is to discuss certain statistical aspects associated with the collapse and its implications in the primordial spectrum, particularly those connected with the possible appearance of a novel type of unusual correlations.
title: From 2D to 3D biomass estimates, first analysis of the impact of fish distribution and observed volume
Creators: name: Berger, Laurent
name: Doray, Mathieu
name: Trenkel, Verena
Publisher: name: ASC 2009 - Theme session I
Year: 2024
Subjects: Technologies and data
Ecosystem observation, processes and dynamics
Pressures, impacts, conservation, and management

description: No abstracts are to be cited without prior reference to the author.With an improved resolution in a wider sampling volume, the roll and pitch stabilized Simrad ME70 multibeam echosounder is expected to improve the precision of acoustic-based fish stock estimates. Using simulated data and real data collected on anchovy in the Bay of Biscay it is shown that biomass estimates based on multibeam data are more precise but also higher than those derived from single beam acoustic data. This is due to the larger sampling volume of the ME70, but possibly also avoidance behaviour which makes schools move outside the sampled volume of the single beam echosounder
Seeking for reliable double-hybrid density functionals without fitting parameters: The PBE0-2 functional
Creators: name: Chai, Jeng-Da
name: Mao, Shan-Ping
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Without the use of any empirical fitting to experimental or high-level ab initio data, we present a double-hybrid density functional approximation for the exchange-correlation energy, combining the exact Hartree-Fock exchange and second-order Moller-Plesset (MP2) correlation with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functional. This functional, denoted as PBE0-2, is shown to be accurate for a wide range of applications, when compared with other functionals and the ab initio MP2 method. The qualitative failures of conventional density functional approximations, such as self-interaction error and noncovalent interaction error, are significantly reduced by PBE0-2.
description: accepted for publication in Chem. Phys. Lett., 5 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, supplementary material not included
Cryptographic Modes of Operation for the Internet
Creators: name: Bellovin, Steven Michael
name: Blaze, Matt
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2001
Subjects: Computer science

description: Modes that may be appropriate and secure in one application or environment sometimes fail badly in others. This is especially true of stream modes where, e.g., re-use of the same segment of keystream to protect different plaintext renders the cipher insecure. The circumstances that can render a mode insecure are not always obvious, nor are the relevant characteristics of a particular application always apparent. Application and protocol designers, even those with experience and training in cryptography, cannot be expected to always identify accurately the requirements that must be met for a mode to be used securely or the conditions that apply to the application at hand. We strongly urge that, for each adopted mode, the standard include a clear statement of the requirements and assumptions that must be met in order for the mode to be used securely and what security properties the mode can be assumed to have and not have. Furthermore, we urge that detailed examples of acceptable and unacceptable application for each mode be provided as well. In this draft, we discuss some of the security properties, and pitfalls, of several proposed stream modes, and we note several ways in which these modes would be difficult to use securely in the context of Internet Network-, Transport- and Application-layer protocols.
Rotating strings and energy loss in non-conformal holography
Creators: name: Ali-Akbari, Mohammad
name: Gursoy, Umut
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the energy lost by an accelerating quark probe in the quark-gluon plasma produced in the heavy ion collisions in an approximate setting where the acceleration of the probe is due to uniform circular motion. The energy loss rate of the rotating probe is calculated at strong coupling in the confining SU(N) gauge theory based on N D4 branes on a circle, using the rotating string solutions in the dual gravitational background. The system is known to exhibit a confinement-deconfinement transition at a finite temperature T_c. We investigate energy loss both in the low and the high T phases. The high T phase is similar to the previously studied case of the conformal plasma, yet we find qualitative differences due to non-conformality of the underlying theory. The low T phase, on the other hand exhibits novel interesting behavior: We find a dual gravitational mechanism that yields a lower bound on the emitted energy of the rotating quark, proportional to the mass gap in the glueball spectrum. The low T energy loss is argued to be completely due to glueball brehmstrahlung, hence the energy loss rate calculated here determines the Lienard potential for syncrotron radiation in this confining gauge theory at strong coupling.
description: 27 pages, 21 figures v2: new comments and references added
Unicorn Stock Options—Golden Goose or Trojan Horse?
Creators: name: Alon-Beck, Anat
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Going public (Securities)
subject: New business enterprises--Finance
subject: Liquidity (Economics)
subject: Industrial relations

description: Large privately held startups valued at $1 billion or more (“unicorns”) are grappling with how to deal with employees’ expectations caused by the illiquidity of the shares of stock acquired upon exercise of their options. Until about eight years ago, many talented workers chose to work for a startup company for a lower cash salary combined with a substantial stock option grant and the dream of cashing out for a large sum of money after an initial public offering (“IPO”) of the startup’s stock. Today, unicorns remain private for extended periods of time, in part, because they are often no longer dependent on an IPO or a trade sale to raise sufficient capital. As a result, they are delaying liquidity events for their founders, employees, and investors, thereby causing their employee stock options to lose some of their allure as a hiring and retention device. This Article examines a contemporary puzzle in Silicon Valley: Is there a shift in unicorn employees’ expectations that results in labor contract renegotiations? To answer this question, this Article explores the challenges faced by unicorn firms as repeat players in competitive technology markets and offers the following possible solutions. First, it proposes new equity-based compensation contracts, and critiques them. Second, it suggests alternatives to the traditional liquidity mechanisms, and critiques them. Unfortunately, current securities and tax laws create legal barriers to private ordering, which prevent the parties from solving these issues on their own. This Article concludes with proposals to remove these legal barriers to private ordering to allow for the proposed solutions to take hold, accompanied with new mandatory disclosure requirements to limit the risks.
Mechanistic role of β2 adrenergic receptor in glucose homeostasis
Creators: name: Santulli, Gaetano
name: Iaccarino, Guido
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Heart--Diseases
subject: Coronary circulation
subject: Blood--Circulation
subject: Diabetes
subject: Glucose--Metabolism
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: In the present article, Wang, Liu, Fu and colleagues report that β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) plays a key role in hyperinsulinemia-induced cardiac dysfunction.(1) Overall, the data are very interesting and compelling. However, we noticed that in this paper β2AR-/- mice do not exhibit glucose intolerance; in fact, they seem to have a response to intraperitoneal glucose that is even better than wild-type mice (though a statistical analysis comparing these two groups is not provided). Although surprisingly not reported by the Authors, mounting evidence indicates that the deletion of β2AR has detrimental effects on glucose metabolism.(2-4) Indeed, we have demonstrated that β2AR-/- mice display impaired insulin release and significant glucose intolerance.(2) Muzzin and colleagues found that the ablation of βARs mechanistically underlies impaired glucose homeostasis.(3) Other groups have confirmed these results, also showing that β2AR-/- mice develop diabetic-related microvascular complications (i.e. retinopathy)(4). Nonetheless, the Authors fail to at least discuss previous relevant literature describing the alterations in glucose metabolism observed in β2AR-/- mice and do not accurately circumstantiate their findings. Furthermore, the Authors do not provide any measurement (not in vivo nor in isolated islets) of insulin levels following glucose challenge, showing just baseline serum levels. We believe that for the sake of scientific appropriateness the Readers of Circulation will appreciate a clarification, in particular regarding the fact that pertinent literature in the field has been overlooked.
title: Relationship Between Design Marketing Strategies and Toothbrush Purchases by Consumers
Creators: name: Garvin, Cynthia Lynn
Publisher: name: Old Dominion University Libraries
Year: 1996

description: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a relationship exists between design marketing strategies of toothbrushes (handle size, color, and shape; brush head size and shape; and bristle firmness and formation of toothbrushes) and toothbrush purchases made by consumers. To understand what consumers preferred, a self-designed, 24 item questionnaire, "Toothbrush Design and Consumer Preferences," was given to a convenience sample of 300 subjects ranging from ages 20 to 60 and over from the Old Dominion University campus in Norfolk, Virginia. Responses from each item were analyzed using frequency and percentages of responses, contingency tables, Kendall's tau b, and Chi-square. Subjects answered the questions on a separate self-designed answer sheet.

The results obtained suggest that the variables, gender and age, are significant in consumers' preferences of toothbrush design. Respondents preferred a long, thick, rubber toothbrush handle, with a thumb grip, while their color preference was blue. Toothbrush handle preference was a rubber grip, however, handle preference varied by age. The most frequent choice of toothbrush head size and shape by all respondents was a full toothbrush head and diamond shape.

Even though the majority of respondents chose a soft bristle toothbrush, bristle firmness varied among gender and age revealing interesting results. The bristle formation of choice was rippled. The amount spent on one toothbrush varied according to respondents' gender and age, whereas, respondents favorite packaging choice was a cardboard box around their toothbrush.

Results revealed that consumers do in fact buy the same toothbrush recommended to them by the dental hygienist/dentist. outcomes of this study may allow companies to determine what toothbrush design characteristics are preferred by consumers, and hence, influence the industry's design marketing strategies. However, oral healthcare practitioners need to understand consumer preference to effectively recommend a particular toothbrush design for individual needs.
FISH analysis in addition to G-band karyotyping: Utility in evaluation of myelodysplastic syndromes?
Creators: name: Yang, Wendy
name: Stotler, Brie
name: Sevilla, Deborah W.
name: Emmons, Foxwell N.
name: Vundavalli, Murty V.
name: Alobeid, Bachir
name: Bhagat, Govind
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: Cytology
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Karyotypes

description: Cytogenetic analysis provides important diagnostic and prognostic information for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Prior studies, mostly comprised of small sample sizes, have reported conflicting results while evaluating the usefulness of FISH in addition to G-band karyotyping in MDS. In the current study, the utility of performing a tailored FISH panel, in addition to G-band karyotyping was evaluated in a series of 110 MDS patients diagnosed at our institute. Using our FISH panel, clonal cytogenetic abnormalities were detected in 3/8 (38%) of MDS cases with karyotype failure and in 5/54 (9%) cases with normal G-band karyotypes, all the latter had intermediate or high grade MDS. Of the cases with abnormal G-band karyotypes, 6/48 (13%) showed discrepancies between FISH and G-band results, however, FISH analysis only lead to reassignment of karyotypic abnormalities to different chromosomes, MDS cytogenetic risk stratification was not altered. Our findings suggest that FISH testing is informative only in MDS cases with karyotype failure and intermediate-high grade MDS cases with normal G-band karyotype and has limited utility in cases that have normal G-band karyotypes and morphologic features of low grade MDS or in cases with abnormal G-band karyotypes.
The "Session Tty" Manager
Creators: name: Bellovin, Steven Michael
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1988
Subjects: Computer science

description: In many UNIX systems, it is possible for a program to retain access to the login terminal after the user has logged out. This poses obvious security risks and can also confuse the modem control signals. We solve this for System V by adding a layer of indirection known as the session tty driver. At login time, a session device is linked to the physical terminal. User programs have access to the session device only, and may not open the physical line. Upon logout or carrier drop, the link is severed. New login sessions are given new session devices, and are thus insulated from persistent processes. Use of session devices is controlled by a new system process known as the session manager; by means of suitable plumbing primitives, a "reconnect after line drop" facility can easily be implemented.
K-orbit closures on G/B as universal degeneracy loci for flagged vector bundles with symmetric or skew-symmetric bilinear form
Creators: name: Wyser, Benjamin J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: Algebraic Topology (math.AT)
subject: Representation Theory (math.RT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We use equivariant localization and divided difference operators to determine formulas for the torus-equivariant fundamental cohomology classes of $K$-orbit closures on the flag variety $G/B$, where $G = GL(n,\C)$, and where $K$ is one of the symmetric subgroups $O(n,\C)$ or $Sp(n,\C)$. We realize these orbit closures as universal degeneracy loci for a vector bundle over a variety equipped with a single flag of subbundles and a nondegenerate symmetric or skew-symmetric bilinear form taking values in the trivial bundle. We describe how our equivariant formulas can be interpreted as giving formulas for the classes of such loci in terms of the Chern classes of the various bundles.
description: Minor revisions and corrections suggested by referees. Final version, to appear in Transformation Groups
The Anticompetitive Effect of Vertical Most-Favored-Nation Restraints and the Error of Amex
Creators: name: Carlton, Dennis
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Antitrust law
subject: Credit cards--Law and legislation
subject: Price regulation

description: This Essay explains why the Supreme Court’s economic reasoning in its recent Ohio v. American Express Co. (“Amex”) decision is wrong. The Amex case involved the use of what are called “antisteering” restraints in which a retailer is not allowed to use a variety of tactics to steer a consumer away from using an American Express (“Amex”) card and toward using another payment mechanism. The reason why a merchant might want to do this is because the cost that the merchant incurs when a customer uses an Amex card can be higher than the cost that the merchant incurs when the customer uses either another credit card, debit card, or cash. Although not challenged in the Amex case, the Amex contractual rules also prevent a retailer from imposing a surcharge on customers who use an Amex card to reflect the higher merchant cost. It is interesting to note that some countries—such as Australia—have regulated certain credit card fees, others have forbidden credit card companies from telling merchants that they cannot surcharge, and some states in the United States—such as New York—have forbidden merchants from surcharging. Restraints on surcharging or steering are examples of restraints that Ralph Winter and I call “vertical most-favored-nation restraints,” (“vMFN”) in which one supplier tells a retailer that the retailer cannot set the retail price of its product higher than that of a rival, even if its wholesale price is higher than that of its rival. Such restraints have been the subject of some litigation already, but I expect that with the increasing use of web based platforms where such restraints are often used, litigation regarding such restraints will increase. This Article illustrates the underlying economic logic behind the anticompetitive effect of vMFNs. I then apply the reasoning to credit cards and finally, using the economic framework developed, explain the economic errors in the Court’s Amex decision. For a more detailed discussion, please see the Carlton and Winter paper referenced herein.
Hybridization Induced Transparency in composites of metamaterials and atomic media
Creators: name: Weis, Peter
name: Garcia-Pomar, Juan Luis
name: Beigang, René
name: Rahm, Marco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report hybridization induced transparency (HIT) in a composite medium consisting of a metamaterial and a dielectric. We develop an analytic model that explains HIT by coherent coupling between the hybridized local fields of the metamaterial and the dielectric or an atomic system in general. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we evidence HIT in a split ring resonator metamaterial that is coupled to α-lactose monohydrate. Both, the analytic model and numerical calculations confirm and explain the experimental observations. HIT can be considered as a hybrid analogue to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and plasmon-induced transparency (PIT).
description: 5 pages, 3 figures
RRI progress report - Month 12
Creators: name: Beus, Mateo
name: Miletić, Marija
name: Capuder, Tomislav
name: Pandžić, Hrvoje
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021

description: This report linked to Task 2.4 will include a summary of the Responsible Research and Innovation practices which will be used during the FLEXIGRID project to ensure the project considers important aspects such as public engagement, open access, gender, ethics, education, governance and science education, promoting institutional change among partners to adopt RRI approach. This will be a living document that may change depending on the project needs during its whole lifecycle.
Building a Secure Web Browser
Creators: name: Ioannidis, Sotiris
name: Bellovin, Steven Michael
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2001
Subjects: Computer science

description: Over the last several years, popular applications such as Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator have become prime targets of attacks. These applications are targeted because their function is to process unauthenticated network data that often carry active content. The processing is done either by helper applications, or by the web browser itself. In both cases the software is often too complex to be bug free. To make matters worse, the underlying operating system can do very little to protect the users against such attacks since the software is running with the user's privileges.
Necessary and sufficient condition for saturating the upper bound of quantum discord
Creators: name: Xi, Zhengjun
name: Lu, Xiao-Ming
name: Wang, Xiaoguang
name: Li, Yongming
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Information Theory (cs.IT)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We revisit the upper bound of quantum discord given by the von Neumann entropy of the measured subsystem. Using the Koashi-Winter relation, we obtain a trade-off between the amount of classical correlation and quantum discord in the tripartite pure states. The difference between the quantum discord and its upper bound is interpreted as a measure on the classical correlative capacity. Further, we give the explicit characterization of the quantum states saturating the upper bound of quantum discord, through the equality condition for the Araki-Lieb inequality. We also demonstrate that the saturating of the upper bound of quantum discord precludes any further correlation between the measured subsystem and the environment.
description: 5 pages, 1figures, version accepted Phys.Rev.A, 85, 032109 (2012)
Triggered star formation surrounding Wolf-Rayet star HD 211853
Creators: name: Liu, Tie
name: Wu, Yuefang
name: Zhang, Huawei
name: Qin, Sheng-Li
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The environment surrounding Wolf-Rayet star HD 211853 is studied in molecular emission, infrared emission, as well as radio and HI emission. The molecular ring consists of well-separated cores, which have a volume density of 10$^{3}$ cm$^{-3}$ and kinematic temperature $\sim$20 K. Most of the cores are under gravitational collapse due to external pressure from the surrounding ionized gas. From SED modeling towards the young stellar objects (YSOs), sequential star formation is revealed on a large scale in space spreading from the Wolf-Rayet star to the molecular ring. A small scale sequential star formation is revealed towards core A, which harbors a very young star cluster. Triggered star formations is thus suggested. The presence of PDR, the fragmentation of the molecular ring, the collapse of the cores, the large scale sequential star formation indicate the "Collect and Collapse" process functions in this region. The star forming activities in core A seem to be affected by the "Radiation-Driven Implosion" (RDI) process.
DEP Bulletin:Volume 38 Issue 18
Creators: name: No Name Supplied
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2014

description: The DEP bulletin is a semi-monthly publication of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. It contains a list of construction permit applications recently filed or acted upon by the Department along with a calendar of events of interest, a schedule of public hearings, and Environmental Impact Statements acted upon during the period.
title: Monitoring fish communities at drifting FADs: an autonomous system for data collection in an ecosystems approach
Creators: name: Brehmer, Patrice
name: Sancho, Gorka
name: Josse, Erwan
name: Taquet, Marc
name: Georgakarakos, Stratis
name: Itano, David
name: Moreno, Gala
name: Palud, Pierre
name: Trygonis, Vasilis
name: Aumeeruddy, Riaz
name: Girard, Charlotte
name: Peignon, Christophe
name: Dalen, John
name: Dagorn, Laurent
Publisher: name: ASC 2009 - Theme session I
Year: 2024
Subjects: Technologies and data
Ecosystem observation, processes and dynamics
Pressures, impacts, conservation, and management

description: No abstracts are to be cited without prior reference to the author.An increasing proportion of landings by tuna purse seine fishing vessels are taken around drifting 3 Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs). A