Scleronema Eigenmann 1917
Creators: name: Bockmann, Flávio A.
name: Ferrer, Juliano
name: Rizzato, Pedro P.
name: Esguícero, André L. H.
name: Duboc, Luiz F.
name: Ingenito, Leonardo F. S.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Siluriformes
Trichomycteridae
Scleronema

description: <i>Monophyly of</i> Scleronema The inclusion of <i>Scleronema auromaculatum</i>, a species quite morphologically divergent from all other members of <i>Scleronema</i>, in the genus required a new, more comprehensive diagnosis (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a). The monophyly of <i>Scleronema</i> in an expanded sense (<i>i.e.</i>, including <i>S. auromaculatum</i>) is currently supported by two characters, one of which is the presence of a skin flap on the posterior margin of the opercle (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a). This character has been widely and traditionally used to diagnose the genus (Eigenmann, 1917, 1918; de Pinna, 1989a, 1998; Arratia, 1990a; Wosiacki, 2002; Ferrrer &amp; Malabarba, 2020) and is conspicuously present in <i>Scleronema carijo</i> (Figs. 1–2). The second character was proposed by Costa <i>et al</i>. (2022a) as an osteological synapomorphy of <i>Scleronema</i> in their expanded sense: the anterior portion of the contralateral frontals medially separated from each other by a broad interspace, as illustrated for <i>S. auromaculatum</i> (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5a) and <i>Scleronema</i> cf. <i>guapa</i> (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5d). The plesiomorphic state, the anterior portion of the frontals near or contacting medially, would be present, according to Costa <i>et al</i>. (2022a), in all members of <i>Cambeva</i> Katz, Barbosa, Mattos &amp; Costa, 2018 and <i>Trichomycterus</i>, genera that form with <i>Scleronema</i> the so-called CST-clade (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a), as well as in all other trichomycterines. However, <i>S. carijo</i> does not display the apomorphic state; on the contrary, its frontals are in close contact anteriorly, except for a short and narrow anterior region (Figs. 3, 4A). Furthermore, such a presumably plesiomorphic condition can also be observed in all other species of <i>Scleronema</i> (Eigenmann, 1918: 282, fig. 2d; and Ferrer, 2016: 171–172, figs. 10–11, for some examples). Therefore, it is necessary to properly and thoroughly reevaluate the definition of this character and its distribution both within <i>Scleronema</i> as well as among other members of Trichomycterinae to corroborate its value as a potential synapomorphy of <i>Scleronema</i>. Here we propose a new putative synapomorphy for <i>Scleronema</i>, including <i>S. auromaculatum</i>, which, despite being easily observed externally, has been neglected so far: the presence of a more or less developed but distinctive adipose fin posterior to the dorsal fin, confluent posteriorly with the dorsal lobe of the caudal fin. This character is unequivocally present in <i>Scleronema carijo</i> (Figs. 1, 15–16), as well as in all other species of the genus (Ferrer, 2016; Ferrer &amp; Malabarba, 2020), including in the recently described <i>S. auromaculatum</i> (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 89–90, fig. 2a, 4). This character is also homoplastically present, among trichomycterids, in some members of Glanapteryginae (<i>Pygidianops</i> Myers, 1944 and <i>Typhlobelus</i> Myers, 1944; Myers, 1944; de Pinna, 1989a) and Sarcoglanidinae (<i>Malacoglanis</i> Myers &amp; Weitzman, 1966, <i>Sarcoglanis</i> Myers &amp; Weitzman, 1966, and <i>Stauroglanis</i> de Pinna, 1989; Myers &amp; Weitzman, 1966; de Pinna, 1989a), and in all species of the subfamily Copionodontinae (de Pinna, 1992; de Pinna <i>et al</i>., 2018). Schaefer <i>et al.</i> (2005) treated this structure in <i>Pygidianops</i> and <i>Typhlobelus</i> as part of a dorsal fin-fold that extends from the head to the dorsal margin of the caudal fin. As the adipose fin is a remnant of the larval dorsal fin-fold, there is no reason to reject an initial homology statement between these fins in Glanapteryginae and other trichomycterids on a structural basis (de Pinna, 1989a; Rizzato <i>et al</i>., 2011), although its occurrence in those taxa is homoplastic in relation to <i>Scleronema</i>, considering the phylogenetic distance between these taxa. Within Trichomycterinae, <i>Cambeva variegata</i> (Costa, 1992) and <i>Trichomycterus astromycterus</i> also have a vestigial adipose fin (Costa, 1992: 104, fig. 3; Reis <i>et al</i>., 2019), possibly as independent acquisitions, considering the phylogenies that include these species (Katz <i>et al</i>., 2018; Costa, 2021; Reis &amp; de Pinna, 2022). In addition, <i>Trichomycterus dali</i> Rizzato, Costa-Jr., Trajano &amp; Bichuette, 2011, a highly troglomorphic species that inhabit caves in the Serra da Bodoquena region in Brazil, also exhibits a well-developed adipose dorsal fin-fold extending along the entire dorsal profile of the trunk and confluent with the caudal fin, the posterior part of which (<i>i.e.</i>, posterior to the dorsal fin) is homologous to the adipose fin (Rizzato <i>et al</i>., 2011: 480, fig. 2, 486, fig. 12). Rizzato <i>et al</i>. (2011) hypothesized that the presence of this character in <i>T. dali</i> is related to its subterranean habits, therefore, it probably also represents an independent acquisition within Trichomycterinae. The monophyly of the genus <i>Scleronema</i>, therefore, can be supported by these two synapomorphies: (1) the presence of a skin flap on the posterior margin of the opercle, and (2) the presence of a distinct adipose fin posteriorly confluent with the dorsal fold of the caudal fin. The former is exclusive of <i>Scleronema</i> and has been traditionally used to diagnose the genus (Eigenmann, 1917, 1918; de Pinna, 1989a, 1998; Arratia, 1990a; Wosiacki, 2002; Ferrer &amp; Malabarba, 2020, Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a), while the second represents a new synapomorphy herein proposed, homoplastically shared with only a few other trichomycterines. Based on the presence of these two characters, <i>S. carijo</i> is included in the genus <i>Scleronema</i>. <b> <i>Monophyly of the subgenus</i> Plesioscleronema</b> Costa <i>et al</i>. (2022a) postulated three synapomorphies to support the subgenus <i>Plesioscleronema</i>, composed of a single species, <i>S. auromaculatum</i>, namely: 1) the presence of an expansion on the posterodorsal portion of the quadrate directed towards a concavity on the anterior outgrowth of the hyomandibula (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5f); 2) the presence of a broad hemal spine on the preural centrum 2, its width about twice or slightly more than twice the width of the anteriorly adjacent hemal spine (<i>i.e.</i>, of preural centrum 3; Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5l); and 3) the uroneural separated from the dorsal hypural plate by a small (<i>i.e.</i>, narrow) interspace (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5l). The posterodorsal margin of the quadrate of <i>S. carijo</i> (Figs. 8–9) is mostly smooth, lacking any pronounced processes, running aligned to the correspondingly smooth anterior border of the hyomandibula (Figs. 8–9). This condition, presumably plesiomorphic, is in fact present in all other species of <i>Scleronema</i> other than <i>S. auromaculatum</i>, such as illustrated for <i>S. minutum</i> (Ferrer, 2016: 177, fig. 16) and <i>S. operculatum</i> (Ferrer, 2016: 173, fig. 11; Katz <i>et al</i>., 2018: 562, fig. 5g). This character is also present in several other members of Trichomycterinae, <i>e.g.</i>, in the genera <i>Bullockia</i> Arratia, Chang, Menu-Marque &amp; Rojas, 1978 (Fig. 21; Arratia <i>et al</i>., 1978: 164, fig. 2b; Arratia, 1990b: 204, fig. 10c; Ferrer, 2016: 176, fig. 15), <i>Cambeva</i> (Bockmann <i>et al.</i>, 2004: 232, fig. 6; Katz &amp; Barbosa, 2014: 5, fig. 3; Katz <i>et al</i>., 2018: 562, fig. 5b, d, f; Reis <i>et al</i>., 2023: 6, fig. 3b), <i>Eremophilus</i> von Humboldt, 1805 (Arratia, 1990b: 204, fig. 10b; Wosiacki, 2002: 306, fig. 63), <i>Hatcheria</i> Eigenmann, 1909, <i>Ituglanis</i> Costa &amp; Bockmann, 1993 (Costa &amp; Bockmann, 1993: 45, fig. 4; Datovo &amp; Landim, 2005: 459, fig. 4; Campos-Paiva &amp; Costa, 2007: 57, fig. 3; Rizzato &amp; Bichuette, 2014: 585, fig. 9; Mendonça <i>et al</i>., 2018: 478, fig. 4), <i>Silvinichthys</i> Arratia, 1998 (Arratia, 1998:360, fig. 8b), and <i>Trichomycterus</i> (Bockmann &amp; Sazima, 2004: 66, fig. 6; Rizzato <i>et al.</i>, 2011: 482, fig. 6; Angulo <i>et al</i>., 2018: 536, fig. 4a–b; Costa <i>et al</i>., 2020b: 2912, fig. 2b, e, h; Costa, 2021: 170, fig. 3; Reis &amp; de Pinna, 2022: fig. 21; Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022b: 498, fig. 4a–g). Even when the margin exhibits some irregularity, it is quite subtle, not comparable to the conspicuous backward-facing process of the quadrate of <i>S. auromaculatum</i> (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5f). This character is, therefore, considered autapomorphic of <i>S. auromaculatum</i> and diagnostic for <i>Plesioscleronema</i>. Like most species of the subgenus <i>Scleronema</i>, the hemal spine of the preural centrum 2 of <i>S. carijo</i> is thicker than the neural spine of the preural centrum 1, but only slightly (Fig. 16), certainly not comparable to the condition of <i>S. auromaculatum</i>, in which the width of the hemal spine of preural centrum 2 is about twice or slightly more than twice the width of the anteriorly adjacent hemal spine (<i>i.e.</i>, of preural centrum 3), as described and illustrated by Costa <i>et al</i>. (2022a: 91, fig. 5l). Thus, this characteristic, which is plesiomorphically absent in <i>S. carijo</i> and all other members of the subgenus <i>Scleronema</i>, is corroborated as being autapomorphic for <i>S. auromaculatum</i> and, therefore, diagnostic for the subgenus <i>Plesioscleronema</i>. According to Costa <i>et al</i>. (2022a), the uroneural of <i>Scleronema auromaculatum</i> is separated from the dorsal hypural plate by a small (<i>i.e.</i>, narrow) space (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5l), whereas in the remaining species of the genus, the uroneural and the dorsal hypural plate contact each other (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5m). In <i>S. carijo</i>, the space between the uroneural and the dorsal hypural plate is also narrow (Fig. 16), being, in some specimens, negligible, a condition widespread among other members of the subgenus <i>Scleronema.</i> Therefore, the uroneural state of <i>S. carijo</i> appears to be polymorphic. In addition to these three synapomorphies, the two following osteological characters were listed in the diagnosis of <i>Pseudoscleronema</i>, but their phylogenetic polarities had not been evaluated by the authors (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a): 1) the presence of a well-developed lateral process in the vomer (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5c); and 2) the shape of the metapterygoid, described as robust and longer than deep (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5f). Such structures of ANATOMY, ECOLOGY, &amp; BEHAVIOR OF A NEW SPECIES OF <i>SCLERONEMA Zootaxa</i> 5297 (1) © 2023 Magnolia Press <b>·</b> 33 <i>Scleronema (Pseudoscleronema) auromaculatum</i> are compared here with those of <i>S. carijo</i> and other <i>Scleronema</i> species, to assess their phylogenetic signals for the subgenera <i>Pseudoscleronema</i> and <i>Scleronema</i>, as well as their diagnostic value for the former subgenus. The presence of a well-developed lateral process in the vomer presumably distinguishes <i>Scleronema auromaculatum</i> from all other species of the genus belonging to the subgenus <i>Scleronema</i>, which would bear, instead, a rudimentary lateral process in the vomer (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5c). Indeed, the illustration of the skull of <i>S. auromaculatum</i> provided by Costa <i>et al</i>. (2022a: 91, fig. 5c) shows a vomer with well-marked (longer and narrower), backwards-directed lateral processes, giving the bone a winged aspect.According to the authors (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5d–e), the lateral process of the vomer of other <i>Scleronema</i> species would be, differently, shorter and wider so that the bone displays a mace-like appearance. However, the state of this character in <i>S. carijo</i> cannot be determined with certainty because both conditions may be present in the same specimen (Fig. 4C). In addition, this polymorphism is also observed in other species of the subgenus <i>Scleronema</i>, such as <i>S. minutum</i> (Ferrer, 2016: 174, fig. 12). Furthermore, a well-developed and pointed lateral process in the vomer in close resemblance with the character state reported for <i>S. auromaculatum</i> by Costa <i>et al</i>. (2022a) is present in <i>S. macanuda</i> and <i>S. operculatum</i> according to Ferrer (2016). Costa <i>et al</i>. (2022a: 91, fig. 5f) described the metapterygoid of <i>S. auromaculatum</i> as robust, longer than deep, contrasting with the presumably slender, deeper than longer metapterygoid of the members of the subgenus <i>Scleronema</i> (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a: 91, fig. 5g –h). However, the metapterygoid configuration shown by <i>S. auromaculatum</i> appears to have a wider distribution in the genus than suggested, being present at least in <i>S. carijo</i> (Figs. 8–9), <i>S. minutum</i> (Ferrer, 2016: 172, fig. 10; cited as <i>S. angustirostre</i>), and <i>S. operculatum</i> (Ferrer, 2016: 173, fig. 11). In a quick analysis, we noticed that there is a relevant degree of variation in the morphology of the metapterygoid in some species of <i>Scleronema</i>. Thus, among the three synapomorphies proposed for <i>Plesioscleronema</i> (Costa <i>et al</i>., 2022a), <i>S. carijo</i> definitely has the corresponding plesiomorphic states of two of them: 1) the posterodorsal margin of the quadrate mostly smooth, not forming any noticeable process; and 2) the hemal spine of the preural centrum 2 only slightly more robust than the neural spine of the preural centrum 1. Regarding the third putative synapomorphy for <i>Plesioscleronema</i>, the uroneural apart from the dorsal hypural plate by a narrow interspace, <i>S. carijo</i> exhibits the condition considered plesiomorphic, supposedly present in species of the subgenus <i>Scleronema</i>, as wel as the apomorphic one, presumably found only in <i>Plesioscleronema</i>. Therefore, until a reassessment is made to determine its states in <i>Scleronema</i> and a phylogenetic investigation among <i>Scleronema</i> species, this character should be excluded as a synapomorphy of <i>Plesioscleronema</i>. Despite the indecision on this feature, it is evident that <i>S. carijo</i> cannot be assigned to the subgenus <i>Plesioscleronema</i>. As a result of this review, two of those characters were corroborated as diagnostic of the subgenus <i>Plesioscleronema</i>: 1) a distinctive expansion on the posterodorsal portion of the quadrate directed towards a concavity on the anterior outgrowth of the hyomandibula; and 2) a broad hemal spine on the preural centrum 2, its width about twice or slightly more than twice the width of the anteriorly adjacent hemal spine (<i>i.e.</i>, of preural centrum 1). Regarding those two other osteological features mentioned in the diagnosis of <i>Plesioscleronema</i> only (Costa <i>et al.</i>, 2022a), referring to the morphology of the vomer and the metapterygoid, it was revealed that they are intraspecifically polymorphic or that they exhibit both states among the species of the subgenus <i>Scleronema</i>, being, therefore, devoid of diagnostic value for the genus.
description: Published as part of <i>Bockmann, Flávio A., Ferrer, Juliano, Rizzato, Pedro P., Esguícero, André L. H., Duboc, Luiz F. &amp; Ingenito, Leonardo F. S., 2023, Anatomy, ecology, and behavior of a new species of Scleronema Eigenmann, 1917 (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from coastal drainages in the southern Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with comments on the monophyly and phylogeny of the genus, pp. 1-47 in Zootaxa 5297 (1)</i> on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5297.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7989227
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