Physodera eschscholtzii Parry 1849
Creators: name: Ma, Yunlong
name: Shi, Hongliang
name: Liang, Hongbin
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Carabidae
Physodera
Physodera eschscholtzii

description: Physodera eschscholtzii parry, 1849
Figs. 23, 24, 32, 43, 48.
Parry 1849: 179 (type locality: Ceylon; lectotype in MNHN); Lacordaire 1854: 130; Bates 1886: 209; Bates 1892: 425; Van de Poll 1889: 251 (misspelled as eschscholtzi); Heller 1923: 305 (misspelled as eschscholtzi); Csiki 1932: 1347 (misspelled as eschscholtzi); Jedlička 1963: 300 (misspelled as eschscholtzi); Kabak 2003: 438; Shi et al. 2013: 41.
Physodera davidis Fairmaire 1887: 92 (type locality: Fokien (China); lectotype in MNHN); Van de Poll 1889: 252; Andrewes 1921: 150 (synonymized with P. eschscholtzii Parry); Shi et al. 2013: 41.
Physodera parvicollis Van de Poll 1889: 252 (Type locality: Hongkong; syntype probably destroyed); Heller 1923: 305; Csiki 1932: 1347; Jedlička 1963: 300; Kabak 2003: 438; Shi et al. 2013: 41. syn. n.
Allocota sumatrensis Kirschenhofer 1996: 761 (Type locality: Sumatra; holotype in NHMW); Kirschenhofer 2010: 62 (as subspecies of P. eschscholtzii); Shi et al. 2013: 41. syn. n.
Material examined. Lectotype of Physodera eschscholtzii Parry, designated herein (MNHN), a male, " TYPE " [red label]; " Physodera / Eschscholtzii Parry / type. Sp. Ceylon "[yellow label]; "Janson / Acq. 1884"; " SYNTYPE ♂ / Physodera eschscholtzii / Parry, 1849 / det. SHI H.L. 2011" [red label]. (Figs. 11, 23) Lectotype of P. davidis Fairmaire, designated herein (MNHN), a male, " TYPE " [red label]; " Chine / A. DAVID " [with " Fokien " hand written on backside]; " MUSEUM PARIS / 1952 / Coll. R. OBERTHÜR"; " Physodera / Davidis / Fairm."; " LECTOTYPE ♂ / Physodera davidis / Fairmaire, 1887 / des. SHI H.L. 2011" [red label]. (Figs. 12, 24); China: 1 female (CCCC), " Fujian Prov. Nanping, 2008. VI.10 ". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Fokien "; " Ex Musaeo, Arm. David, 1900". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Chine Orient, Tchekiang, Ning Po, G. Cladin 1909". 2 specimens (MNHN), "Kiang- Si ". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Kiukiang, June 1887, A.E.Pratt ". 1 female (IZAS), " Hunan Prov., Jishou, Tangledong, 400m, 1987. VIII.8, Liao Subai lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Guangxi Prov., Jinxiu, Shengtangshan, 900m, 1999. V.18, Gao Mingyuan lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Guangxi, Jinxiu, Luoxiang, 400m, 1999. V.15, Liu Dajun lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Guangxi Prov., Ningming, Longrui, 1984. V.22, Huang Jinwen lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Guizhou Prov., Maolan, Wuyanqiao, 2008. VIII.2, Liu Ye lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Guizhou Prov., Xishui County, Dabaitang, 600m, 2000. IX.28, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Yunnan Prov., Xishuangbanna, Mengzhe, 870m, 1958. VI.8, Pu Fuji lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan Prov., Xishuangbanna, Mengla, 620–650m, 1959. VII.7, Li Suofu lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan Prov., Xishuangbanna, Xiaomengyang, 850m, 1958. VIII.18, Zhang Yiran lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan Prov., Ruili rare botanic garden, N24.07230°, E97.81944°, 1152m, 2009. VIII.8, night, rotten tree, Shi Hongliang lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Yunnan Prov., Ruili forestry academy of science, N24.05105°, E97.93767°, 846m, 2009. VIII.7, night, rotten wood, Shi Hongliang lgt.". 2 females (IZAS), " Hainan Prov., Baisha County, Naikai Town, N19.07926°, E109.41133°, 262m, 2009. XI.22, beating on vegetation, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 specimen (HBUM), " Hainan Prov., Changjiang county, Bawang, 2006. XI.14, Ren Guodong lgt.". 4 males, 1 female (IZAS), " Hainnan Prov., Jianfengling, Tianchi resort, 950m, 2009.4.6–15, Zhu Xiaoyu lgt.". 1 specimen (IZAS), " Hannan Prov., Bawangling, 2009.4.21, Tang Guo lgt.". 1 male (IZAS), " Hainan Prov., Baisha county, Nankai village, beating on vegetation, 2009.11.22, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 female (IZAS), " Hainan Prov., Qiongzhong, Baihualing, D. 2009.11.26, Liang Hongbin lgt.". 1 specimen (MNHN), " China, Hongkong ". 1 female (CCCC), " Taiwan, Taitung, Chihpen Road, 2004. IV.18, Wu Shuping lgt.". 1 male (CCCC), " Taiwan, Taipei, Sanhsia Town, Shihtsaitou, 1994. IX.5 ". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Shanmei, 400m, 23-Mai 77, Taiwan ". India: 1 specimen (MNHN), " Noa-Dehing, Valley, Assam ". Vietnam: 1 specimen (MNHN), " Coptodera, hexagonodem, Fair. Tonkin "; " Ex Musaeo, L. Fairmaire, 1896". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Tonkin, Cap. Fauguel, 1900". 4 specimens (MNHN), " Tonkin, prov. De Tuyen-Quan, Haute Rivière Claire, A. Weiss 1901". 2 specimens (MNHN), " Hoa Binh, Indo-Chine ". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Tonkin, Dr. R. Bavay 1904". 5 specimens (MNHN), " Tonkin, Région de Hoa-Binh ". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Tonkin, Rég. De Hoa Binh, A. De Cooman 1927". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Tonkin, Rég. De Hoa-Binh, A. De Cooman 1929". 8 specimens (MNHN), " Tonkin occ. Env. De Hoa-Binh, R.P.A. de Cooman, 1919.". 3 specimens (MNHN), " Hoah Binh, Tonkin XII-1934, A. De Cooman ". 5 specimens (MNHN), " Hoah binh, Tonkin ". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Hoah Bing, Tonking, leg. Coomanns ". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Cochichine, Baria, leg. A. Baebion, Dr. J.L. ". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Cochineh. Or., Kon hengo, R.P. Guerlach 98". 1 specimen (MNHN), "annam, Phuc Son, Nov. Dez., H. Fruhstorfer". 3 males and 3 females (IZAS), " Tonkin, Hoa-Binh, leg. A. de Cooman ". Laos: 2 specimens (MNHN), " Born Van Ena, pres Vientiane, Laos, 15-VI-67 ". the Philippines: 1 specimen (MNHN), " Philiipine "; " Ex Musaeo, Chaudoir "; " Eschscholtzii Parry, Iles Philippines, Coll. Waterhouse". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Philippines, Ch. Semper". Malaya: 1 specimen (MNHN), " Malcca, Deyrolle "; " Parryi, Chaud.". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Malacca "; " Ex Musaeo, Mniszech ". 2 specimens (MNHN), " Penang "; " Janson, Acq. 1884". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Pèrak., Malacca." Singapore: 1 specimen (MNHN), " Singapore ". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Singapore, A. Raffray ". Borneo: 30 specimens (MNHN), " Bornèo Occ, Pontianak, 1898". 3 specimens (MNHN), " Bornèo Occ, Pontianak, 1899". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Bornèo Occ, Pontianak, 1901". 2 specimens (MNHN), "ornèo Occ, Pontianak, 1903". 4 specimens (MNHN), " Bornèo Occ, Pontianak, 1906". 8 specimens (MNHN), " Bornéo, Riv. Mandor, Fr. Buffat 1897". 3 specimens (MNHN), "Bornéo Occ., Riv. Samben, Fr. Buffat, 7bre 1897". 1 specimen (MNHN), "Bornéo Occ., Lohaban, J.B.Ledru 1897". 1 specimen, "Boreno"; "Ex Musaeo, H.W.Bates, 1892 ". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Boreno, North "; " Ex Musaeo, H.W. Bates, 1892". 1 specimen (MNHN), " N.W. Borneo, Kuching. Capt. Jan.23.00, by Dyak coll., Pres. 1900 by R. Shelford. ". 3 speicmens (MNHN), " Ponrianak, Borneo ". 2 specimens (MNHN), " Brunnei, (Borneo)". 2 specimens (MNHN), " Brunei.". Sumatra: 1 specimen (MNHN), " Sumatra, Kepahiang ". 2 specimens (MNHN), " Pangar Alam, Sumatra, J. Bouchard ". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Sumatra, Rég de Benkoelen, Tandjong Sakti, Mme. M.E. Walsh, 1935". Java: 1 specimen (MNHN), " Java, Goen Halimoen, 1937". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Java occident. Pengalengan, 4000. 1893, H.Fruhstorfer. ". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Ile de Kangean, Pres Java, Mme E. Walsh. 1936". 1 specimen (MNHN), " Java Prient, M. Ardjoeno ". 2 specimens (NNML). " Nederland Indie, W. Java 2000ft, Z.W. Priangan, 1–15.XII.1941, J.M.A. v. Groenendael ".
Notes on types of different authors. Physodera eschscholtzii Parry: In the original literature, Parry (1849) mentioned two syntypes: the one from the Philippines brought by Cuming should be deposited in NHML, and the other one from Ceylon was in Parry's collection. However, we failed to find the one from the Philippines in NHML, but examined a male from Ceylon in MNHN. This one bears a yellow hand writing label according with Parry's script, and should be one of the syntypes. It was transferred to MNHN through EW Janson and R Oberthür. We herein designate this specimen from Ceylon as lectotype for the purpose of fixing the name to unique name-bearing type.
Physodera davidis Fairmaire: The original literature didn’t indicate or imply how many specimens were examined, but only mentioned the locality "Fokien". It can be confirmed that the male examined in MNHN belongs to the type series. We herein designate this one as lectotype for the taxonomic purpose of fixing the name to unique name-bearing type. Moreover, we examined one other specimen labeled "Fokein" used to be in the collection of A. David in MNHN. But, there is no more evident to show this one was examined by Fairmaire when the species described.
Physodera parvicollis Van de Poll: According to the original literature, the syntype of P. parvicollis should be in the collection of NNML. But, Jedlička (1963) indicated that the type was destroyed. The type of P. parvicollis was not found when the second author visited NNML. However, before finding additional evidence to support the loss of type, we are not about to designate a neotype.
Diagnosis. Body length 10.5–12.5 mm; body form strongly convex. Head and pronotum dark, with faint bluish metallic reflections; elytra dark, with strong cupreous to purplish metallic reflections, lateral margins usually different in color, bluish or greenish. Tergum and sternum VII dark, without distinct pattern, tergum lighter around spiracles. Pronotum hind angles distinct, acute or rectangular; lateral margin usually somewhat angulate in the middle (Fig. 49). Elytral third interval usually with three or four setigerous pores (sometimes with two, five, or six pores), fifth interval with only one pore near base.
P. eschscholtzii can be distinguished from most species of the genus by the absence of pattern on pronotum or elytra, and strongly convex body form, except form P. cyanipennis. The differences between these two species see diagnosis of P. cyanipennis.
Male genitalia (Fig. 43). Median lobe of aedeagus fairly slender, apex strongly bent to right side in ventral view, right margin gradually curved in the middle, weakly sinuate before apex; left margin strongly curved; apical lamella small, its length about equal to the basal width, about triangular, rounded apically. Internal sac with main flagellum fine and sinuate, reaching apical orifice; trumpet-form expansion small, length about 0.25 times as the main flagellum; secondary flagellum long and fine, strongly sclerotized, length about 0.4 times as the main flagellum, its apex widened forming a sclerotized small piece; apical bursa present.
Female genitalia (Fig. 48). Apical segment of ovipositor about 3.3 times long as its basal width, widest at base, gradually narrowed and curved to apex, apex sharp; outer margin about straight, inner margin curved; apical half of inner margin and full length of outer margin with long setae; membranous extension slender, slightly expanded at apex.
Distribution. China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan, Hong Kong and Taiwan); Vietnam; Laos; the Philippines; Singapore; Malaya; Borneo; Sumatra; Java; India; Sir Lanka. (Fig. 67)
Variation. P. eschscholtzii is one of the most common and widely distributed species of the genus, and a highly variable species as well. Even for individuals from same locality, morphological characters are variable in the following aspects: elytra disc color varies from bronzy to violaceous; pronotum varies in shape: wider to narrower, lateral margins distinctly angulate to somewhat rounded in the middle, hind angles barely to strongly projected; the third elytral interval with setigerous pores varies from two to six.
Remarks. In the original literature, van de Poll erected the species P. parvicollis for its smaller and narrower pronotum than P. eschscholtzii. And for Allocota sumatrensis, although he did not compare it with P. eschscholtzii, but latter (Kirschenhofer 2010) the author assigned it to a subspecies of P. eschscholtzii, and indicated that it is different from the nominotypical subspecies by wider pronotum, less incised marginal groove, pronotal sides more narrowing anteriorly, elytra more convex, and striae with finer punctures. As discussed above, all these differences should be considered as individual variations. So, we herein synonymize P. parvicollis Van de Poll and Allocota sumatrensis Kirschenhofer with P. eschscholtzii Parry.
description: Published as part of Ma, Yunlong, Shi, Hongliang & Liang, Hongbin, 2017, Revision of the Oriental Genus Physodera Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiini, Physoderina), with the descriptions of two new species, pp. 297-328 in Zootaxa 4243 (2) on pages 310-312, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4243.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/399097