Dichotomius (Cephagonus) spadiceus
Creators: name: Nunes, Rafael V.
name: Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Scarabaeidae
Dichotomius
Dichotomius spadiceus

description: 5.1. Dichotomius (Cephagonus) spadiceus (Luederwaldt 1928) (Figure 43 (a-g))
Pinotus spadiceus Luederwaldt 1928 ı p. 65 (description)
Pinotus (Cephagonus) spadiceus ı Luederwaldt 1929 ı p. 139 (redescription)
Pinotus acutircornus Luederwaldt 1930 ı p. 120 (description)ı new synonym
Pinotus (Cephagonus) acutircornus ı Luederwaldtı 1936ı p. 214
Pinotus acuticornus ı Blackwelder 1944 ı p. 207
Pinotus spadiceus ı Blackwelder 1944 ı p. 208
Dichotomius (selenocopris) acuticornus ı Vaz-de-Mello 2000 ı p. 193
Dichotomius (selenocopris) spadiceus ı Vaz-de-Mello 2000 ı p. 193.
Diagnosis. this species is differentiated in the group by the following combined characters: males pronotum disc having 2 – 4 rounded lobes at anterior portion (as D. ascanius or D. bicuspis); males pronotum widely emarginated at anterior portion (like D. socius, D. fissus, D. filgueirasi, D. quadraticeps and D. semicircularis); paramera lacking distinct longitudinal excavation (dorsally and laterally); larger males reaching 15 mm; distance of triangular projections on female sixth ventrite equal to 1/3 of the ventrite length (Figure 9 (b)).
● HOLOTYPE of Pinotus spadiceus: (male) (Figure 43 (a-b)): Santa Virgíniaı s. Minas Ger. Faz. Campos 1500 m. J Zikán {white with black marginı printed}/ Pinotus spadiceus Lüd. Det. 1927 {white with black marginsı printed}/Typus {red with black marginı printed}/25907 {whiteı printed} [MZSP].
● LECTOTYPE of Pinotus acutircornus (maleı here designated): Rio Negrinhos (St. Cath.). XI ex coll. J. Melzer {whiteı partially printed}/COTIPO {red with black marginı printed}/ Pinotus acutircornus Lueder. Lueder. Det. 29 {whiteı handwritten}/25908 {whiteı printed} [MZSP].
● PARALECTOTYPE OF Pinotus acutircornus (male): Virgíniaı s. Minas Ger. Faz. Campos 1500 m. J Zikan. 19. xii.1917 {whiteı printed}/COTIPO {red with black marginsı printed}/ Pinotus acutircornus Lueder. Lueder. Det. 29 {whiteı handwritten} [MZSP];
● PARALECTOTYPE OF Pinotus acutircornus (male): Virgíniaı s. Minas Ger. Faz. Campos 1500 m. J Zikan. 19. xii.1917 {whiteı printed}/COTIPO {red with black marginsı printed}/ Pinotus acutircornus Lueder. Lueder. Det. 29 {whiteı handwritten}/[CEMT];
● PARALECTOTYPE OF Pinotus acutircornus (male): Virgíniaı s. Minas Ger. Faz. Campos 1500 m. J Zikan. 19. xii.1917 {whiteı printed}/COTIPO {red with black marginsı printed}/ Pinotus acutircornus Lueder. Lueder. Det. 29 {whiteı handwritten} [FIOC].
Non-type material. BRASIL: Espírito Santo: Domingos Martins. PE Pedra Azul. 1500 m. I-2000. Lopes-Andradeı Gumier & Vaz-de-Mello [3 ♀♀ at CEMT]. Minas Gerais: Caxambú. Xii- 1964. A Bello [1 ♀ at CEMT]; Itabirito. 1400 m. xii-1998. FZ Vaz-de-Mello [1 ♀ at CEMT]; Itamonte. 22 ³21 ’ S; 44 ³48 ʹ W. 1737m. Floresta Atlântica. Fezes humanas. 12-x-2009. T Vidarre [1 Ƌı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; Prados. 21³04 ʹ 40 ʹ ’ Sı 44³08 ʹ 06 ʹ ’ Wı 1090 m. Floresta Semidecidua. Fezes humanas. 17-ii-2012. L Vieira [1 ♀ at CEMT]. Paraná: Araucária. Barigui. xi-1941. Lange [1 ♀ at DZUP]; same data but iv-1945 [1 Ƌ at DZUP]; Campina Grande do Sul. 25³17 ʹ 46 ʹ ’ Sı 44³02 ʹ 14 ʹ ’ W. FIT. 4-iii-2012. FWT Leivas [1 ♀ at CEMT]; Ortigueira. xi-1941. Ernesto [1 ♀ at DZUP]; Ponta Grossa. I-1944 [1 Ƌ at DZUP]. Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia. xi-1991. C Godinho [2 ƋƋı 6 ♀♀ at CEMT]; same data but I-1992 [2 ƋƋı 4 ♀♀ at CEMT]; same data but iv-1992 [1 Ƌı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; same data but xi-1992 [1 ♀ at CEMT]; same data but iii-1993 [2 ƋƋı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; same municipality but 14-i-1992. J Celso [1 ♀ at CEMT]. Rio Grande do Sul: Capão do Leão. Horto Botânico. Restinga. 25-xii-2011. L Garcia [4 ♀♀ at CEMT]; Mato Castelhano. Flona Passo Fundo. Mata Primária. Pitfall. 1-8-ii-2009. RM Moraes [1 ♀ at CEMT]; São Francisco de Paula. Flona SPF. Floresta Ombrófila Mista. Carion. 13-i-2008. L Audino [3 ƋƋı 8 f#f#]; same data but 10-13-xii -2009. P Grossi [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; Triunfo. Copesul. Pitfall. 26-ix-2001. [3 ƋƋı 3 ♀♀]. Santa Catarina: Anchieta. 26³29 ’ Sı 53³ 18W. Fezes humanas. 4-xii-2014. VM Alves [2 ƋƋı 3 ♀♀ at CEMT]; Antônio Carlos. 27³25 ’ Sı 48 ³51 ʹ W. Fezes humanas. JA Bogoni [1 Ƌı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; Bom Jardim da Serra. Mantiqueira. 28.xi-2011. C Arioli [8 ƋƋı 4 ♀♀]; Campos Novos. 27³23Sı 51 ³12 ʹ W. Fezes humanas. ii-2014. R Campos [2 ƋƋı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; Ipumirim. 27³02 ’ Sı 52 ³10 ʹ W. Pitfall. 25-vii-2012. JA Bogoni [1 Ƌ at CEMT]; São Bonifácio. 27³53 ’ Sı 48 ³51 ʹ W. Fezes humanas. 15-xii-2012. JA Bogoni [3 ƋƋı 2 ♀♀ at CEMT]; São Domingos. 26³26 ’ Sı 52 ³34 ʹ W. Fezes humanas. 20-xii-2011. JA Bogoni [1 Ƌ at CEMT]. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão. Carion. 8-i-1966. W Bokerman [3 ƋƋı 3 ♀♀ at CEMT]; same municipality but Horto Floresta C. Jordão. 20-xi-1998. GP Almeida-Net [1 Ƌı 1 ♀ at CEMT]; Jundiaí. Serra do Japi. 23³14 ’ Sı 48 ³56 ʹ W. 1050 m. Fezes Humanas. 1998. MIM Hernandez [4 ƋƋı 10 ♀♀ at CEMT].
Redescription. colour: blackı shiny. Head: fronto-clypeal surface smooth. Inter-ocular space with fine punctures. Gena borders curved inward. Cephalic horn rounded at apex. Pronotum: anterior portion having a wide central emargination with a central pair of weak knobs on pronotum disc anterior margin; pronotum disc smoothı shiny. Posterior margin with a single row of ocellate punctures. Posterior angle excavated and with groups of 5 ocellate punctures. Metasternum: sides and anterior portion of anterior lobe with ocellate setigerous puncturesı setae shortı with similar size to those on legs. Elytra: striae impressed with distinguishable punctures separated by twice their diameter. Puncture on basis expanded forming a small fovea. Interstriae (except the 1st) flatı lacking microsculpture. 1st interstriae (suture) convex. Abdomen: punctures of each ventrite anterior margin interrupted medially. Sides of ventrites 1 – 5 with groups of 3 – 5 setigerous punctures. Aedeagus (Figure 43 (c-e)): dorsallyı lacking basal and longitudinal excavations; sclerotised portion narrowing towards apex; apexes roundedı convergent. Laterallyı subtle declivity. Posterior margin with a wide emargination taking almost half of lateral paramera length. Ventrallyı basis with wide lateral excavations. Basis of subgenital plate acuteı advancing towards phalobasisı apically emarginated.
Morphological variation. males BL: 12 – 15 mmı PW: 6 – 9 mm. Genitalia comparison allowed us to conclude that smaller males do not have a central emargination delimiting pronotal disc and cephalic horn consists of a low tubercle. Female BL: 11 – 15 mmı PW: 5 – 9 mm. Distinguished from males as follows: Head: fronto-clypeal surface transversely wrinkledı interocular space with coarse punctures. Cephalic carina produced in a single low tubercle. Pronotum: simply convexı punctures weaker than on males but following same distribution pattern. Elytra: striae deeply impressedı punctures separated by twice their diameter. Abdomen: sixth ventrite bearing a pair of triangular projections reaching pygidium apical margin (Figure 9 (b)). Distance between triangular projections equal to 1/3 the ventrite length. Disc with very fine punctures medially (viewed under 20x magnification).
Distribution. Brazilian Atlantic Forest south to Rio Doce river (state of Espírito Santo) in the states of ESı MGı PRı RJı RSı SC and SP (Figure 44).
description: Published as part of Nunes, Rafael V. & Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., 2019, Taxonomic revision of Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt 1929 and the taxonomic status of remaining Dichotomius Hope 1838 subgenera (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Dichotomiini), pp. 2231-2351 in Journal of Natural History 53 (37) on pages 2331-2333, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1692088, http://zenodo.org/record/3665519