Ceriantheopsis zealandiaensis Stampar & Mills & Keable 2020, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Stampar, Sérgio N.
name: Mills, V. Sadie
name: Keable, Stephen J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Cnidaria
Anthozoa
Ceriantharia
Cerianthidae
Ceriantheopsis
Ceriantheopsis zealandiaensis

description: Ceriantheopsis zealandiaensis sp. nov.   
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BC26F829-165B-4AA4-B4CF-0AF6673C72E7  
Figs 11–13, Table 4  
 Holotype. NIWA Invertebrate Collection (NIC), NIWA 87139, Gaer Arm, Whale Rock, Fiordland, 45.2825°S 167.1211667°E (19/ii/2013), depth c. 15 m. Paratype. NIWA 145027, same details as holotype.   
 Diagnosis. Labial tentacles dark brown. Eight mesenteries attached to siphonoglyph, P2 with 3/4 of gastral cavity, labial tentacles in three rows.   
 Variation. Long (up to 150 mm long) and thin (10–20 mm width) cerianthid; 64–70 light brown marginal tentacles (20–22 mm in preserved specimens), at least one line over marginal tentacle length, arrangement 3412.3412.3412, with more than 6 pores per tentacle; 56–62 dark brown labial tentacles (up to 07 mm long in preserved specimens), arrangement (2)313.2123.2123, unpaired labial tentacle present; pleated stomodeum extending over 1/6 to 1/7 of total body length, hyposulcus 3 mm long, hemisulci distinct; siphonoglyph wide, connected to four pairs of mesenteries; free parts of sterile directive mesenteries shorter than siphonoglyph length, without mesenterial filaments. Second protomesenteries almost reaching aboral pole with 3/4 of gastral cavity, fertile, bearing ciliated tracts with bundles of craspedonemes at the very beginning, followed by very short cnido-glandulars tract and long (c. 90% of the mesentery) craspedion tracts. Third protomesenteries sterile, longer than B1 and much longer than directives, with craspedonemes. M and m-metamesenteries long, fertile; M1 reach 3/5 of total body length and M2 reaching almost the same, but shorter than M1, with bundles of craspedonemes; B and b-mesenteries, sterile, with B almost twice length of b; see Fig. 12 for schematic arrangement of mesenteries. The cnidome of the species (Fig. 13) is composed of spirocysts, holotrichs, microbasic b-mastigophores (three types) and ptychocysts distributed as shown in Table 4.   
 Holotype description (NIWA 87139). Rather elongated polyp, 7 cm long, 19 mm diameter just below marginal tentacles and 7 mm near aboral end. Marginal tentacles 64, arranged in four pseudocycles, 20–22 mm long and 0.8–1 mm in diameter near the base, light brown with longitudinal line. The space between cycles of marginal and labial tentacles dark brown coloured. Labial tentacles 56, about 07 mm long, brown, directive labial present, arrangement of marginal tentacles 3412.3412.3412… and labial tentacles (2)313.2123.2123.... Oral disk 16 mm wide, stomodeum 10 mm long, dark brown, siphonoglyph wide and rather short with 8 mesenteries attached, hyposulcus 3 mm long with short hemisulci 1 mm long. Free parts of directive mesenteries without mesenterial filament. Second protomesenteries almost reach aboral pole, fertile, bearing ciliated tract with bundle of craspedonemes. Third protomesenteries sterile, longer than B1, with craspedonemes. M and m-metamesenteries long, fertile; M1 and M2 reach 3/4 of total body length and M1 longer than M2, with bundle of craspedonemes; B and b-mesenteries, B twice longer than b.   
 Stampar et al.: Ceriantharia from Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica 93 Remarks. This species is only known from two specimens collected from a rock wall habitat in Fiordland at scuba diving depths. Environmental conditions in the fjords create unique conditions in the shallow sub-tidal zone, just below the low-salinity layer, making it similar to deep-sea habitats; hence many deep sea dwelling and ancient species can be found at a much shallower depth in Fiordland than anywhere else in the world (Wing, 2003). Ceriantharia have been recorded as dominant members of the soft sediment community on the sand slope areas of the rock wall zone in Fiordland (Grange et al., 1981), but their ability to escape from the tube they occupy into the sediment is a reason for loss in most sampling attempts (Stampar et al., 2016). Thus, while image-based records of Ceriantharia by divers and underwater camera systems are numerous, corresponding instances of specimens are rare. The range of this species is very close to that recorded for Pachycerianthus fiordlandensis sp. nov. and they are probably sympatric in some localities. Although the anatomy is quite distinct, based solely on external morphology it is quite difficult to discern between the two species. However, like all species of the genus Ceriantheopsis, C. zealandiaensis is quite thin and long compared to Pachycerianthus and this may give a gross guide in the field. Unlike Pachycerianthus antarcticus, Ceriantheopsis zealandiaensis does not appear to maintain already fertilized oocytes: although both specimens examined are already fully mature, there is no sign of these in the gastrovascular cavities.   
 Distribution. Fiordland, New Zealand.   
 Etymology. The specific name, zealandiaensis, is based on the name of the ancient submerged continent that contains New Zealand, the country where the specimens were collected.   
Order Penicillaria Hartog, 1977  
Family Arachnactidae McMurrich, 1910
description: Published as part of Stampar, Sérgio N., Mills, V. Sadie & Keable, Stephen J., 2020, Ceriantharia (Cnidaria) from Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica with Descriptions of Four New Species, pp. 81-100 in Records of the Australian Museum 72 (3) on pages 91-95, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.72.2020.1762, http://zenodo.org/record/4654407