Zelotes plumiger L. Koch 1882
Creators: name: Bosmans
name: Van Keer, 
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Gnaphosidae
Zelotes
Zelotes plumiger
Salticidae
Phlegra
Phlegra bresnieri

description: <i>Zelotes plumiger</i> (L. Koch, 1882) (Fig. 36) <i>Prosthesima plumigera</i> L. Koch, 1882: 630, pl. 20, figs 12, 13. <b>Type material</b> Holotype male of <i>Prosthesima</i> (= <i>Zelotes</i>) <i>plumigera</i> from Spain, Baleares, Mallorca, Ses Prat de San Jordi, end of April, Schaufuss leg.; not examined, unavailable in ZMB. <b>Comments</b> According to KOCH (1882), this species measures 5 mm and the prosoma is brownish black, the abdomen yellowish brown, the legs reddish brown with red femora and the spinnerets yellowish brown. The prosoma is shiny, and covered with long, plumose hairs, hence presumably the specific name ‘ <i>plumiger</i> ’. Koch’s figure (Fig. 36) shows a palp with the bulb tapering to the top, a terminal tooth (the embolus?) and a retrolateral, curved apophysis (terminal apophysis?). The affinities of the species are presently unknown, but most probably it does not belong in the genus <i>Zelotes</i>. <i>Gnaphosa artaensis</i> Wunderlich, 2011 from Mallorca has a very similar palp but there are not enough elements to consider it conspecific with <i>Zelotes plumiger</i>. Further investigation on the island could reveal the identity of Koch’s species. <b>Distribution</b> Only known from the type locality. Family Salticidae <i>Phlegra simoni</i> L. Koch, 1882: 667, pl. 21, fig. 37 (descr. female); <b>new synonymy.</b> <b>Type material</b> Holotype female of <i>Phlegra simoni</i> from Spain, Baleares, Minorca, Riera near Palma, 30 May 1872, Schaufuss leg. (ZMB 7932); examined. <b>Comparative material examined</b> GREECE. Attiki: Enoee ruins near Marathon (N 38°9’13’’ E 23°56’33’’), 180 m, 3 males, stones in maquis, 19. IV.2000, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB). Comments The holotype female could be examined. The dorsal stripes on the prosoma and abdomen have disappeared, but the clypeus is densely covered with white hairs. The long, threadlike embolus is clearly visible and its placement in the genus <i>Phlegra</i> is thus confirmed. According to KOCH (1882), <i>Phlegra simoni</i> differs from <i>P. bresnieri</i> in the male palpal tibia which bears black hairs. Examination of some specimens of <i>P. bresnieri</i> from our collection show that the femora and patellae have white hairs, but only black ones on the tibiae (cfr. SIMON, 1876: 121: “Patte-mâchoire, au moins la patella et le femur, garnie en dessus de poils blancs”). As the palps are otherwise identical (Figs 37, 38), the two species are here synonymised. <b>Distribution</b> Southern Europe to Azerbaijan, Ivory Coast, Tanzania. Conclusions Taxonomic studies by earlier arachnologists are of variable quality, but until there is proof to the contrary, they all have to be considered valuable. Some authors working on Mediterranean spiders in the past – for instance (but not exclusively) LUCAS (e.g. 1846), O. P.-CAMBRIDGE (e.g. 1872, 1876) and KULCZY&amp;Nacute;SKI (e g. 1908, 1911) – presented detailed descriptions accompanied by excellent figures of the general appearance and sexual organs, making identification very easily possible. In most cases, however, examination of the type material is necessary to come to a definitive conclusion. Other authors gave long, very detailed descriptions but presented no figures at all; like for instance PAVESI (e.g. 1880, 1884) and the numerous papers by THORELL (e.g. 1875) and STRAND (e.g. 1906, 1908). Here, recognition of the species is not possible without examining the original type material. However, even if these species are not instantly recognizable, their names remain valid until has been stated in a publication that the types are not available; like for instance many types of Strand destroyed in the last World War. In the case of the study by L. KOCH (1882) on the spiders of the Balearic Islands, the paper includes good drawings, in many cases making identification possible. Only ten of the 28 described species were redescribed previously, resulting in three valid names and seven synonyms. Type material of ten of the remaining 18 species could be examined by us. Five of these nine species names are valid: <i>Cheiracanthium occcidentale</i>, <i>Dysdera mordax</i>, <i>Liocranum inornatum</i> n. comb. and <i>Haplodrassus parvicorpis</i> n. comb. Four out of the nine species appeared to be synonyms of species described earlier. <i>Erigone marina</i>, <i>Lycosa perspicax</i>, <i>Lycosa subhirsuta</i> and <i>Phlegra simoni</i> are the junior synonyms of <i>Oedothorax fuscus</i>, <i>Arctosa fulvolineata</i>, <i>Arctosa lacustris</i> and <i>Phlegra fasciata</i> respectively. Finally, <i>Trochosula conspersa</i> is retransfered to its original genus, <i>Lycosa</i>, where it awaits further study. Of the eight species whose types could not be examined, the drawings of L. Koch were care- fully studied and three species could be recognized. <i>Ozyptila furcula</i> was recognized and redescribed. <i>Philodromus vegetus</i> and <i>Theridion elimatum</i> were recognized as junior synonyms of <i>Thanatus vulgaris</i> and <i>Enoplognatha diversa</i> respectively. <i>Lycosa fraissei</i>, <i>L. insulana</i>, <i>L. simplex</i> and <i>Pardosa tenuipes</i> could not be recognized and are left in their original genus. Finally <i>Lycosa misella</i> is declared a nomen nudum, since the description was based on a juvenile specimen. <i>Phlegra simoni</i> L. Koch, 1882: 667, pl. 21, fig. 37 (descr. female); <b>new synonymy.</b> <b>Type material</b> Holotype female of <i>Phlegra simoni</i> from Spain, Baleares, Minorca, Riera near Palma, 30 May 1872, Schaufuss leg. (ZMB 7932); examined. <b>Comparative material examined</b> GREECE. Attiki: Enoee ruins near Marathon (N 38°9’13’’ E 23°56’33’’), 180 m, 3 males, stones in maquis, 19. IV.2000, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB). Comments The holotype female could be examined. The dorsal stripes on the prosoma and abdomen have disappeared, but the clypeus is densely covered with white hairs. The long, threadlike embolus is clearly visible and its placement in the genus <i>Phlegra</i> is thus confirmed. According to KOCH (1882), <i>Phlegra simoni</i> differs from <i>P. bresnieri</i> in the male palpal tibia which bears black hairs. Examination of some specimens of <i>P. bresnieri</i> from our collection show that the femora and patellae have white hairs, but only black ones on the tibiae (cfr. SIMON, 1876: 121: “Patte-mâchoire, au moins la patella et le femur, garnie en dessus de poils blancs”). As the palps are otherwise identical (Figs 37, 38), the two species are here synonymised. <b>Distribution</b> Southern Europe to Azerbaijan, Ivory Coast, Tanzania. Conclusions Taxonomic studies by earlier arachnologists are of variable quality, but until there is proof to the contrary, they all have to be considered valuable. Some authors working on Mediterranean spiders in the past – for instance (but not exclusively) LUCAS (e.g. 1846), O. P.-CAMBRIDGE (e.g. 1872, 1876) and KULCZY&amp;Nacute;SKI (e g. 1908, 1911) – presented detailed descriptions accompanied by excellent figures of the general appearance and sexual organs, making identification very easily possible. In most cases, however, examination of the type material is necessary to come to a definitive conclusion. Other authors gave long, very detailed descriptions but presented no figures at all; like for instance PAVESI (e.g. 1880, 1884) and the numerous papers by THORELL (e.g. 1875) and STRAND (e.g. 1906, 1908). Here, recognition of the species is not possible without examining the original type material. However, even if these species are not instantly recognizable, their names remain valid until has been stated in a publication that the types are not available; like for instance many types of Strand destroyed in the last World War. In the case of the study by L. KOCH (1882) on the spiders of the Balearic Islands, the paper includes good drawings, in many cases making identification possible. Only ten of the 28 described species were redescribed previously, resulting in three valid names and seven synonyms. Type material of ten of the remaining 18 species could be examined by us. Five of these nine species names are valid: <i>Cheiracanthium occcidentale</i>, <i>Dysdera mordax</i>, <i>Liocranum inornatum</i> n. comb. and <i>Haplodrassus parvicorpis</i> n. comb. Four out of the nine species appeared to be synonyms of species described earlier. <i>Erigone marina</i>, <i>Lycosa perspicax</i>, <i>Lycosa subhirsuta</i> and <i>Phlegra simoni</i> are the junior synonyms of <i>Oedothorax fuscus</i>, <i>Arctosa fulvolineata</i>, <i>Arctosa lacustris</i> and <i>Phlegra fasciata</i> respectively. Finally, <i>Trochosula conspersa</i> is retransfered to its original genus, <i>Lycosa</i>, where it awaits further study. Of the eight species whose types could not be examined, the drawings of L. Koch were care- fully studied and three species could be recognized. <i>Ozyptila furcula</i> was recognized and redescribed. <i>Philodromus vegetus</i> and <i>Theridion elimatum</i> were recognized as junior synonyms of <i>Thanatus vulgaris</i> and <i>Enoplognatha diversa</i> respectively. <i>Lycosa fraissei</i>, <i>L. insulana</i>, <i>L. simplex</i> and <i>Pardosa tenuipes</i> could not be recognized and are left in their original genus. Finally <i>Lycosa misella</i> is declared a nomen nudum, since the description was based on a juvenile specimen. <i>Phlegra simoni</i> L. Koch, 1882: 667, pl. 21, fig. 37 (descr. female); <b>new synonymy.</b> <b>Type material</b> Holotype female of <i>Phlegra simoni</i> from Spain, Baleares, Minorca, Riera near Palma, 30 May 1872, Schaufuss leg. (ZMB 7932); examined. <b>Comparative material examined</b> GREECE. Attiki: Enoee ruins near Marathon (N 38°9’13’’ E 23°56’33’’), 180 m, 3 males, stones in maquis, 19. IV.2000, R. Bosmans leg. (CRB). Comments The holotype female could be examined. The dorsal stripes on the prosoma and abdomen have disappeared, but the clypeus is densely covered with white hairs. The long, threadlike embolus is clearly visible and its placement in the genus <i>Phlegra</i> is thus confirmed. According to KOCH (1882), <i>Phlegra simoni</i> differs from <i>P. bresnieri</i> in the male palpal tibia which bears black hairs. Examination of some specimens of <i>P. bresnieri</i> from our collection show that the femora and patellae have white hairs, but only black ones on the tibiae (cfr. SIMON, 1876: 121: “Patte-mâchoire, au moins la patella et le femur, garnie en dessus de poils blancs”). As the palps are otherwise identical (Figs 37, 38), the two species are here synonymised. <b>Distribution</b> Southern Europe to Azerbaijan, Ivory Coast, Tanzania. Conclusions Taxonomic studies by earlier arachnologists are of variable quality, but until there is proof to the contrary, they all have to be considered valuable. Some authors working on Mediterranean spiders in the past – for instance (but not exclusively) LUCAS (e.g. 1846), O. P.-CAMBRIDGE (e.g. 1872, 1876) and KULCZY&amp;Nacute;SKI (e g. 1908, 1911) – presented detailed descriptions accompanied by excellent figures of the general appearance and sexual organs, making identification very easily possible. In most cases, however, examination of the type material is necessary to come to a definitive conclusion. Other authors gave long, very detailed descriptions but presented no figures at all; like for instance PAVESI (e.g. 1880, 1884) and the numerous papers by THORELL (e.g. 1875) and STRAND (e.g. 1906, 1908). Here, recognition of the species is not possible without examining the original type material. However, even if these species are not instantly recognizable, their names remain valid until has been stated in a publication that the types are not available; like for instance many types of Strand destroyed in the last World War. In the case of the study by L. KOCH (1882) on the spiders of the Balearic Islands, the paper includes good drawings, in many cases making identification possible. Only ten of the 28 described species were redescribed previously, resulting in three valid names and seven synonyms. Type material of ten of the remaining 18 species could be examined by us. Five of these nine species names are valid: <i>Cheiracanthium occcidentale</i>, <i>Dysdera mordax</i>, <i>Liocranum inornatum</i> n. comb. and <i>Haplodrassus parvicorpis</i> n. comb. Four out of the nine species appeared to be synonyms of species described earlier. <i>Erigone marina</i>, <i>Lycosa perspicax</i>, <i>Lycosa subhirsuta</i> and <i>Phlegra simoni</i> are the junior synonyms of <i>Oedothorax fuscus</i>, <i>Arctosa fulvolineata</i>, <i>Arctosa lacustris</i> and <i>Phlegra fasciata</i> respectively. Finally, <i>Trochosula conspersa</i> is retransfered to its original genus, <i>Lycosa</i>, where it awaits further study. Of the eight species whose types could not be examined, the drawings of L. Koch were care- fully studied and three species could be recognized. <i>Ozyptila furcula</i> was recognized and redescribed. <i>Philodromus vegetus</i> and <i>Theridion elimatum</i> were recognized as junior synonyms of <i>Thanatus vulgaris</i> and <i>Enoplognatha diversa</i> respectively. <i>Lycosa fraissei</i>, <i>L. insulana</i>, <i>L. simplex</i> and <i>Pardosa tenuipes</i> could not be recognized and are left in their original genus. Finally <i>Lycosa misella</i> is declared a nomen nudum, since the description was based on a juvenile specimen.
description: Published as part of <i>Bosmans &amp; Van Keer, 2012, On the spider species described by L. Koch in 1882 from the Balearic Islands (Araneae), pp. 5-16 in Arachnologische Mitteilungen 43 (1)</i> on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.5431/aramit4306, http://zenodo.org/record/556090
description: {"references": ["Koch L. (1882): Zoologische Ergebnisse von excursionen auF den Balearen. II: Arachniden und MYriapoden. - Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen GesellschaFt in Wien 31: 625 - 678", "Kulczynski W. (1908): Fragmenta arachnologica. X. - Bulletin international de l'Academie des sciences de Cracovie 1908: 49 - 86", "Kulczynski W. (1911): Fragmenta Arachnologica. XVI, XVII. - Bulletin international de l'Academie des sciences de Cracovie 1911: 12 - 75", "stranD E. (1908): NordaFrikanische Spinnen, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelt (DictYnidae, Erisidae, Sicariidae, DYsderidae, Caponiidae, Palpimanidae, Zodariidae, Urocteidae, Pholcidae, Agelenidae, Pisauridae). - Archiv Fur Naturgeschichte 74 (1): 67 - 128, TaF. II"]}