Prionus (Prionus) heroicus Semenov 1908
Creators: name: Santos-Silva, Antonio
name: Nearns, Eugenio H.
name: Swift, Ian P.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Prionus
Prionus heroicus

description: Prionus (Prionus) heroicus Semenov, 1908
(Figs. 143–157, 172, 177, 178)
Prionus heros Fall, 1905: 274; Skinner, 1905: 291 (preoccupied).
Prionus heroicus Semenov, 1908: 259; Lameere, 1912a: 241; Casey, 1912: 244; Lameere, 1913: 77 (cat.); 1919: 138; Bradley, 1919: 419; Linsley et al., 1961: 7 (distr.); Chemsak et al., 1992: 20 (checklist); Linsley & Chemsak, 1997: 424 (host); Barbour et al., 2011: 590.
Prionus (Prionus) heroicus; Casey, 1924: 212; Linsley, 1957: 8 (syn.); Linsley, 1962: 45 (females); Skiles, 1978: 412 (biology); Monné & Giesbert, 1994: 15 (checklist); Monné, 1995: 52 (cat.); Chemsak, 1996: 109 (females); Heffern, 1998: 6 (distr.); Monné & Hovore, 2005: 20 (checklist); 2006: 19 (checklist); Özdikmen & Turgut, 2009: 411; Bezark & Monné, 2013: 27 (checklist).
Prionus (Prionus) vastus Casey, 1912: 236, 245; 1924: 213; Lameere, 1919: 138; Linsley, 1957: 8 (syn.); Lingafelter et al., 2014: 342 (type).
Prionus (Prionus) tristis Casey, 1912: 236, 244 (Part: only paralectotype female); 1924: 212; Lameere, 1919: 138; Linsley, 1957: 8 (syn.); Lingafelter et al., 2014: 336 (type).
Prionus (Prionus) tetricus Casey, 1912: 237; 1924: 212; Lameere, 1919: 138; Linsley, 1957: 9 (syn.); Lingafelter et al., 2014: 332 (type).
Prionus tetricus; Alexander, 1958: 49 (distr.).
Male (Figs. 143–148). Integument blackish; scape and pedicel reddish dark-brown; antennomeres lighter from III to XII; ventrites dark-brown, with apex of ventrites I–IV reddish; femora and tibiae more reddish; tarsi reddish. Head, excluding mandibles, about as long at central area as prothorax, notably elongate behind eyes (distance from posterior ocular edge to the prothorax 1.5 times as long as length of upper eye lobe). Longitudinal dorsal furrow distinct from clypeus to prothoracic edge. Area between antennal tubercles and middle of eyes deeply sulcate, coarsely, confluently punctate. Central area between posterior ocular edge and prothorax coarsely, abundantly punctate (punctures smaller than between eyes). Area behind upper eye lobes coarsely, confluently punctate (punctures smaller than between eyes). Area behind lower eye lobes with short, moderately abundant setae. Antennal tubercles coarsely, abundantly punctate on base, gradually sparsely punctate toward apex. Eyes proportionally large; distance between upper eye lobes 0.8 times length of scape; distance between lower eye lobes 1.2 times length of scape. Submentum trapezoid, punctate-vermiculate. Genae moderately finely, abundantly punctate. Antennae with 12 segments; attaining about distal one-third of elytra. Scape nearly attaining posterior ocular edge; moderately coarsely, abundantly punctate on base, gradually finer, sparser toward apex. Antennomere III 1.3 times longer than scape dorsally, distinctly enlarged toward apex (distal width equal to about 1.8 times basal width); on dorsal view, imbrication distinct, but not very projected; on ventral view, apex of imbrication somewhat emarginate; finely, sparsely punctate dorsally. Antennomere IV about as long as 0.7 times III; moderately finely punctate dorsally, more densely on base; imbrication dorsally as in III; in ventral view apical emargination deeper than in III. Antennomeres V–XI with imbrication as in IV. Antennomere XII slightly longer than XI; not appendiculate or partially divided.
Maximum prothoracic width 0.9 times elytral base; anterolateral angle slightly projected forward, rounded toward first lateral tooth; first lateral tooth small, rounded at apex, placed close to anterolateral angle; second lateral tooth large, acute at apex, slightly projected backwards, placed about middle of margin; margin between second tooth and posterolateral angle slightly concave; posterolateral angle obtuse, rounded at apex; basal margin sinuous; distal margin slightly sinuous centrally. Pronotum convex, distinctly explanate laterally; callosities distinct; disc moderately coarsely abundantly punctate centrally, coarsely, densely punctate laterally; glabrous. Prosternum moderately coarsely, abundantly punctate laterally, gradually sparser toward center; with moderately long, sparse setae. Prosternal process slightly narrowed centrally. Elytra moderately coarsely, abundantly punctate; each elytron with three distinct carinae, fused near apex; sutural spine absent. Metasternum about as long as ventrites I–II together; finely, abundantly punctate, less so centrally; with long, dense setae throughout (centrally sparser). Metepisterna with sculpture and setae as on sides of metasternum.
Ventrites I–IV finely sparsely punctate centrally; with distinct setae laterally; distal margin of ventrite V distinctly concave. Apex of meso- and metatibiae not spined, truncate (Fig. 148). Pro- and mesotarsomeres I–III wide; metatarsomere I moderately narrow, elongate.
Female (Figs. 150–155, 157). Dorsal side dark-brown; ventral side and legs mostly reddish-brown; antennae dark-brown, gradually reddish toward apex. Head, excluding mandibles, about as long at middle as prothorax. Sculpture on dorsal surface of head and area behind eyes similar to that in male, except for punctures between eyes smaller and sparser. Distance between upper eye lobes slightly shorter than length of scape; distance between lower eye lobes 1.2 times length of scape. Submentum as in male. Antennae with 12 segments, apex nearly reaching basal one-third of elytra. Scape more slender than in male, slightly surpassing posterior ocular edge. Antennomere III 1.2 times longer than scape; antennomeres III–XI without distinct imbrication, distinctly projected at outer distal side only after VII. Prothorax as in male. Metasternum only pubescent laterally. Metepisterna pubescent. Apex of meso- and metatibiae as in male.
Dimensions in mm (male/female). Total length (including mandibles), 42.0/48.8; prothoracic length at center, 6.5/7.5; greatest prothoracic width, 15.5/18.0; humeral width, 18.0/20.0; elytral length, 32.0/35.5.
Geographical distribution. USA [Arizona (Fall, 1905), New Mexico (Casey 1912), Colorado (Chemsak 1996].
Type, type locality. Of Prionus heros (Figs. 143–157): Description based on a couple specimens from USA (Arizona), deposited at MCZ.
To maintain the stability of the species, we designated as the lectotype the male specimen (Figs. 143–148) with the following labels (Fig. 149):
White (Printed): H. C. FALL COLLECTION
White (Handwritten): heros / TYPE
White (Handwritten): Arizona / (S. Sorby)
Red: M.C.Z. (Printed) / Type (Printed) / 24879 (Handwritten) Red and yellow (Printed; added by us): LECTOTYPE / Prionus heroicus (= P. h ero s)
Of Prionus (Prionus) vastus: Holotype female from USA (Arizona), deposited at USNM. Figured at Lingafelter et al. (2016).
Of Prionus (Prionus) tetricus (Figs. 172): Holotype female from USA (New Mexico), deposited at USNM. Figured at Lingafelter et al. (2016).
Of Prionus (Prionus) tristis (only female paralectotype (Figs. 177–178)). Syntypes from USA (New Mexico), deposited at USNM. Lingafelter et al. (2014) recorded: tristis Casey, 1912: 236 (Fig. 173 q, r), Holotype. However, according to Casey (1912): “Length (♂) 29.0, (♀) 46.0–47.0 mm.; width (♂) 11.8, (♀) 18.0– 18.2 mm.; length of prothorax (♀) 6.25 mm.; width of head (♀) 8.3–8.8 mm. Thus, there is no holotype because Casey (1912) did not designate one and he had at least three specimens (one male and two females). The female syntype figured at Lingafelter et al. (2016) as holotype of P. (P.) tristis belongs to P. (P.) californicus. As P. (P.) tristis encompasses two species, we are herein designating as Lectotype the specimen figured by Lingafelter et al. (2014), and figuring the ventral side of this specimen (Fig. 176). The specimen has the following labels:
White (Printed): N. M
White (Handwritten): tristis Casey
Red: TYPE USNM (Printed) / 36426 (Handwritten) Red and yellow (Printed; added by us): LECTOTYPE / Prionus tristis (= P. californicus)
Material examined. All types were examined.
Remarks. Lameere (1919), in doubt, indicated the following synonyms with P. heroicus: Prionus (Prionus) tumidus; P. (P.) vastus; P. (P.) tristis; P. (P.) alutaceus; and P. (P.) tetricus. Casey (1924) did not comment on Lameere’s doubts, and considered all them as distinct from P. heroicus. Linsley (1957) formalized the synonyms indicated by Lameere (1919), but excluded Prionus (Prionus) alutaceus (considered a synonym of P. californicus), and added Prionus (Prionus) fontinalis, a species not mentioned by Lameere (1919).
According to Linsley (1957): “Casey had no specimens in his collection identified as this species [P. heroicus].
His six examples, all females…” This statement encompasses two mistakes: P. (P.) fontinalis was described based on a single male; and Casey (1912, 1924) listed seven specimens: 1 female of P. (P.) tumidus; 1 female of P. (P.) vastus; 1 male and 2 females of P. (P.) tristis; 1 female of P. (P.) tetricus; 1 male of P. (P.) fontinalis.
According to Linsley (1962) and Chemsak (1996), in the key: “antennae with external processes well developed”—leading to P. californicus; and “antennae with external processes moderate”—leading to P. heroicus. However, in the male lectotype of P. he ro i c u s, the processes are very similar to many specimens of P. californicus, in which this feature is highly variable. The color, another feature used by those authors to differentiate these species, is also highly variable in P. californicus.
Males of Prionus heroicus differ from those of P. californicus by the apex of meso- and metatibiae not spined at dorsal margin. Females of the former differ from the latter by the metasternum with distinct pubescence only laterally (usually throughout in P. californicus), and by the apex of meso- and metatibiae as in male.
Prionus (Prionus) vastus and P. (P.) tetricus (Fig. 172) are kept in synonymy with P. (Prionus) heroicus, mainly by the shape of tibiae apex and by the metasternum centrally glabrous.
The redescription above was based on the male lectotype and female paralectotype of Prionus heroicus.
Apparently, the types of P. heroicus were not examined by Linsley (1962) and Chemsak (1996). Fall (1905) made clear a character that was not taken into account by those authors: the robust form of the body. The general appearance of the lectotype of P. heroi cus is much more similar to P. laticollis than to P. californicus.
Linsley (1957) synonymized P. (P.) tristis with P. (P.) heroicus. However, the lectotype female and paralectotype male (the latter could not be located) belong to P. (P.) californicus, because the apex of meso- and metatibiae are as in that species. Notwithstanding, we believe that the paralectotype female (Figs. 177–178) is a true P. (P.) heroicus, because the apex of meso- and metatibiae clearly agrees with the paralectotype of P. (P.) heroicus.
description: Published as part of Santos-Silva, Antonio, Nearns, Eugenio H. & Swift, Ian P., 2016, Revision of the American species of the genus Prionus Geoffroy, 1762 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Prioninae, Prionini), pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4134 (1) on pages 76-80, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4134.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/399754