The expression of protein kinases and the role of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 in oligodendrocytes
Creators: name: Heisel, Rochelle
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Oligodendrocytes (OL), the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, extend processes to contact axons and wrap them in an insulative layer of myelin. This series of studies was undertaken to examine the role of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2 in OL process extension. First, it was determined that stimulation of mature primary bovine OL with the phorbol ester PMA could induce both process extension and ERK1/2 activation. Furthermore, application of the MEK1 inhibitor PD 98059 was able to both block PMA-induced process extension and reduce ERK1/2 phosphotransferase activity. Thus it appears that a threshold of ERK1/2 phosphotransferase activity is required for primary OL process extension. To continue to elucidate the signalling cascades involved in OL process extension, the Central-Glial 4 (CG-4) cell line was assessed for suitability as an OL model. CG-4 are bipotential cells capable of differentiating into either astrocytic or oligodendrocytic (CG-4 OL) cells. A multi-kinase Western blot profile was conducted to compare the kinase expression patterns of primary rat OL to CG-4 OL. Overall, the expression of a wide variety of kinases, including conventional protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase A and protein kinase B were very similar between the two cell types. However, some differences in kinase expression were detected. Increased expression of focal adhesion kinase, PKC-ε and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 7 in CG-4 cells could be a function of the self-renewal capacity of this cell line. Increased expression of Pak-α, PKC-δ and CDK5 in primary OL could explain why these primary cells can achieve a greater degree of differentiation than CG-4 OL. After verifying the suitability of the CG-4 cell line as an OL model, further process extension studies were undertaken. It was found that transient ERK1/2 activation is required to prevent bipolar CG-4 cells from acquiring a multipolar phenotype. This transient ERK1/2 activation was provided by addition of medium containing B-104 mitogens. In B-104 mitogen-free medium, ERK1/2 was not activated and the CG-4 cells acquired a multipolar phenotype. Furthermore, PMA was able to activate ERK1/2 in lieu of B-104 mitogens, while at the same time inhibiting the formation of a multipolar phenotype. To verify a role for ERK1/2 activation in the inhibition of a multipolar phenotype, CG-4 cells were exposed to B-104 mitogens in the presence of the MEK1/2 inhibitors PD 998059 or UO-126. Surprisingly, even pretreatment of the cells with either MEK inhibitor could not induce the formation of multipolar processes. Western blots, however, indicated that neither inhibitor was able to completely abolish ERK1/2 activity. Therefore, it is possible that the MEK1/2 inhibitors were unable to reduce ERK1/2 activity below the level necessary to inhibit multipolar process formation. In summary, ERK1/2 activation can both induce process extensions from primary OL and inhibit the formation of a multipolar phenotype in CG-4 OL. This could indicate that the CG-4 cell line does not make a suitable model for OL signal transduction studies. Therefore, caution must be taken when applying the results of signal transduction experiments conducted on CG-4 cells to primary OL.