Measurement of the gross alpha activity of the fine fractions of road dust and near-roadway ambient particle matter
Creators: name: Lawrence, Joy
name: Martins, Marco
name: Liu, Man
name: Koutrakis, Petros
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Computational Biology
subject: Cardiology

description: Traffic-related air pollution, including direct exhaust emissions and road dust (RD), impacts individuals living near busy roads. We recently conducted a study to investigate the sources and composition of tailpipe and non-tailpipe traffic emissions, where we collected and analyzed samples of ambient air fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and fine RD (RD<sub>2.5</sub>) at different distances from major roadways. We analyzed a subset of the samples, including those collected at the roadside and local background, for their alpha activity level. Subsequently, we investigated whether there is a distance-related decay in the alpha activity in RD<sub>2.5</sub> or PM<sub>2.5</sub> similar to those observed for traffic-related species in PM<sub>2.5</sub> and RD<sub>2.5</sub>. We found that the alpha activity of ambient air PM<sub>2.5</sub> (Bq/mg) was more than an order of magnitude higher than the activity level of the corresponding RD<sub>2.5</sub> sample, suggesting that PM<sub>2.5</sub> may be more toxic than RD<sub>2.5</sub>. Using mixed-effects regression models, we found that ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> alpha activity was significantly higher during the cold months than during warm months, and that the background was higher than the roadside (though not significantly). In contrast, the RD<sub>2.5</sub> alpha activity was significantly higher at the background site compared to the roadside but was not significantly affected by season. In addition to sampling position, both Zn and elemental carbon (EC) were significant predictors of RD<sub>2.5</sub> alpha activity. In addition, the roadside RD<sub>2.5</sub> activity levels were found to be higher at highways as compared to secondary roads. While traffic-related emissions do not appear to be significant sources of either ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> or RD<sub>2.5</sub> alpha activity, the RD<sub>2.5</sub> results suggest that traffic-related particles may contribute to RD<sub>2.5</sub> alpha-activity. <i>Implications</i>: Many studies have reported the effects of traffic-related particulate matter (PM) on human health, and there is growing interest in the health effects of exposure to environmental PM alpha activity. This is the first study to report on the alpha activity of road dust (RD) or near-roadway ambient PM. We found that the alpha activity of ambient PM is twenty times higher than RD, suggesting that ambient PM may be more toxic. In PM and RD, the alpha activities were higher at background sites than at the roadside, indicating that traffic-related emissions are not a significant source of particulate radioactivity.