cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Accurate determination of the quality factor and tunneling distance of axisymmetric resonators for biosensing applications
Creators: name: Cheema, M. Imran
name: Kirk, Andrew G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Due to ultra high quality factor ($10^6-10^9$), axisymmetric optical microcavities are popular platforms for biosensing applications. It has been recently demonstrated that a microcavity biosensor can track a biodetection event as a function of its quality factor by using phase shift cavity ring down spectroscopy (PS-CRDS). However, to achieve maximum sensitivity, it is necessary to optimize the microcavity parameters for a given sensing application. Here, we introduce an improved finite element model which allows us to determine the optimized geometry for the PS-CRDS sensor. The improved model not only provides fast and accurate determination of quality factors but also determines the tunneling distance of axisymmetric resonators. The improved model is validated numerically, analytically, and experimentally.
description: Published in Optics Express, April 2, 2013
On deparochializing democracy : China, the West, and "democracy to come"
Creators: name: Li, Kun
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2022

description: With the spread of democratic struggles from Europe and America to other parts of the globe in the past several centuries, some scholars have set out to transcend the Western-centrism of political theory as a discipline and of democratic theory as a subfield. The term “deparochializing” is sometimes used to characterize this effort. Relevant and ongoing debates turn on two salient questions: What does the practice of deparochializing political theory entail? How do insights from comparative political theory inform our approach to democracy? I explore these questions in the context of contemporary democratic struggles in China and through scrutinizing cross-cultural interactions between “Western” and “Chinese” political traditions of thought and practice past and present. I argue that the practice of theorizing “democracy” must focus on understanding, criticizing and re-interpreting the idioms and practices in Chinese politics to prepare the way for democrats to come, as opposed to a focus on institutional arrangements as criteria of evaluation. Second, democratic theory must transcend its prevailing Western-centric and empiricist-scientific conception for it to be relevant and valuable to differently situated and practical democratic problems.
Languages of South-East Papua
Creators: name: Dutton, T. (Ed.)
Publisher: name: Pacific Linguistics
Year: 1971

description: LANGUAGES OF SOUTH-EAST PAPUA. 1 0.0. INTRODUCTION 6 0.1. Area 6 0.2. Aim 7 0.3. Methods and Materials 7 1.0. LANGUAGES 7 2.0. UNCLASSIFIED LANGUAGES 7 2.1. Maisin 8 2.2. Doga 8 3.0. AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES 9 4.0. NON-AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES 9 4.1. Binanderean Languages 9 4.2. Yareban Languages 12 4.3. Dagan Languages 15 4.4. Mailuan Languages 19 5.0 APPENDICES 26 5.1. Listing of Linguistic Materials Collected 26 5.2. Village Lists and Population Figures for Maisin (Unclassified) 29 5.3. Village Lists and Population Figures for Some Austronesian Languages of South-East Papua 30 5.4. Village Lists and Population Figures for Binanderean Languages in South-East Papua 33 5.5. Village Lists and Population Figures for the Yareban Language Family 36 5.6. Village Lists and Population Figures for the Dagan Language Family 37 5.7. Village Lists and Population Figures for the Mailuan Language Family 42CHART 1: Some Approximate Basic Vocabulary Cognate Percentages for Binanderean Languages 11CHART 2: Some Approximate Basic Vocabulary Cognate Percentages for Yareban Languages 14CHART 3: Some Approximate Basic Vocabulary Cognate Percentages for Dagan Languages 16CHART 4: Some Approximate Basic Vocabulary Cognate Percentages for Mailuan Languages 21MAP 1: Languages and Language Families of South-East Papua 2MAP 2: Languages of the Cape Nelson (Tufi) Area 3MAP 3: Languages of the Musa and Cloudy Bay Areas 4MAP 4: Languages Between Cape Vogel and Table Bay 5Bibliography 44
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title: Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ°
titleType: Subtitle
title: Multipurpose design support of ethnographic exhibition
Creators: name: Ð¨Ð»ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°, ÐÐºÐ°ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°
Publisher: name: Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑ ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
Year: 2019
Subjects: ÐÑÑÑÐ°Ð²ÐºÐ¸
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Ð¼Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾Ðµ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ

description: Ð Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐµ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¾ ÑÐ¾Ð²ÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ðµ ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ½Ð¸Ðµ ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»ÐµÐ¹ ÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ðº, Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐºÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ð¸, ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ´ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÐ¹ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ñ. ÐÐ¿ÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ°Ð»ÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ðº, Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÐ¿ÐµÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐµÐ°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ°Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð²ÑÑÑÐ°Ð²ÐºÐ¸ Ð¸ Ð¼Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ. Ð Ð°Ð·ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ°Ð½ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð»ÐµÐºÑÐ½ÑÐ¹ Ð´Ð¸Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ð½-Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð²ÑÑÑÐ°Ð²ÐºÐ¸ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÐ¾Ð²-ÑÐ°ÑÐ°Ð½ Ð² Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ðµ ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ñ, ÑÐ°Ð¹ÑÐ° Ð¸ Ð¼Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ.
description: This work analyzes the current state of corporate identity at ethnographic exhibitions, identifies the components of the exhibition that can be embedded in the corporate identity. The types of virtual ethnographic exhibitions are defined, the criteria for the successful implementation of a virtual exhibition and a mobile application are defined. A multipurposee design project for the ethnographic exhibition of Vlachs-Tsaran has been developed in the form of corporate identity, a website and a mobile application.
AGN disks and black holes on the weighting scales
Creators: name: Huré, Jean-Marc
name: Hersant, Franck
name: Surville, Clément
name: Nakai, Naomasa
name: Jacq, Thierry
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We exploit our formula for the gravitational potential of finite size, power-law disks to derive a general expression linking the mass of the black hole in active galactic nuclei (AGN), the mass of the surrounding disk, its surface density profile (through the power index s), and the differential rotation law. We find that the global rotation curve v(R) of the disk in centrifugal balance does not obey a power law of the cylindrical radius R (except in the confusing case s = -2 that mimics a Keplerian motion), and discuss the local velocity index. This formula can help to understand how, from position-velocity diagrams, mass is shared between the disk and the black hole. To this purpose, we have checked the idea by generating a sample of synthetic data with different levels of Gaussian noise, added in radius. It turns out that, when observations are spread over a large radial domain and exhibit low dispersion (standard deviation less than 10% typically), the disk properties (mass and s-parameter) and black hole mass can be deduced from a non linear fit of kinematic data plotted on a (R, Rv 2)-diagram. For a deviation higher than 10%, masses are estimated fairly well from a linear regression (corresponding to the zeroth-order treatment of the formula), but the power index s is no longer accessible. We have applied the model to 7 AGN disks whose rotation has already been probed through water maser emission. For NGC3393 and UGC3789, the masses seem well constrained through the linear approach. For IC1481, the power-law exponent s can even be deduced. Because the model is scale-free, it applies to any kind of star/disk system. Extension to disks around young stars showing deviation from Keplerian motion is thus straightforward.
description: accepted for publication in A&A
Justice-involved youth: the effect of orientation on self-esteem and relationship satisfaction
Creators: name: Cazé, Roberto
name: Callahan, Tiffany J.
name: Gonzales, Sean C.
name: Bryan, Angela D.
Publisher: name: F1000 Research Limited
Year: 2019

description: Research suggests that non-heterosexual youth have lower levels of self-esteem than their heterosexual peers. Due to this fact, relationships and community support among similarly oriented peers are crucial to non-heterosexual youth. We hypothesized that heterosexual individuals would have higher rates of self-esteem and relationship satisfaction than non-heterosexual youth. We also hypothesized that higher rates of self-esteem and relationship satisfaction would be associated with lower rates of substance use and deviant behavior.
PASSING OF RISK IN INTERNATIONAL SALE CONTRACTS: A COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION OF THE RULES ON RISK UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS (VIENNA 1980) AND INCOTERMS 2000
Creators: name: Valioti, Zoi
Publisher: name: Nordic Journal of Commercial Law
Year: 2004

description: The allocation of risk is an issue which preoccupies equally both the seller and the buyer in an international sale contract, since it can affect the course and outcome of their transaction to a great extent. The rules on passing of risk answer the question of whether the buyer is obliged to pay the price for the goods even if they have been “accidentally” lost or damaged or whether the seller is entitled to claim their price. Because of its harsh and sometimes unfair consequences, the passing of risk forms a subject, which the parties specifically refer to in their contract in an attempt to avoid confusion and possible litigation. Owing to its importance, it could not be left out from the scope of one of the most successful attempts at unification of international sales law, which is the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Analogous rules are included in the International Chamber of Commerce’s standard trade terms, INCOTERMS, which are widely used by commercial men and companies around the world. The present study will commence, in the first chapter, with some remarks on the history and scope of the Vienna Convention and some thoughts on trade terms and INCOTERMS. It will also examine the notion of risk and the theories on its transfer, which have been formulated in different legal systems. Next, the second chapter will focus on the rules on risk allocation under the Vienna Convention and INCOTERMS 2000. The third chapter will concentrate on a thorough comparison between the two voices and an analysis of some intrinsic issues related to the transfer of risk, while making proposals for their most efficient settlement. Finally, the present study will conclude with an overall evaluation of the rules pertaining to risk allocation and a wish that soon satisfactory solutions will be found for the problems that trouble this area of law.
description: Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, No. 2 (2004)
Controlling the transverse instability of dark solitons and nucleation of vortices by a potential barrier
Creators: name: Ma, Manjun
name: Carretero-Gonzalez, R.
name: Kevrekidis, P. G.
name: Frantzeskakis, D. J.
name: Malomed, B. A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas)
subject: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study possibilities to suppress the transverse modulational instability (MI) of dark-soliton stripes in two-dimensional (2D) Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) and self-defocusing bulk optical waveguides by means of quasi-1D structures. Adding an external repulsive barrier potential (which can be induced in BEC by a laser sheet, or by an embedded plate in optics), we demonstrate that it is possible to reduce the MI wavenumber band, and even render the dark-soliton stripe completely stable. Using this method, we demonstrate the control of the number of vortex pairs nucleated by each spatial period of the modulational perturbation. By means of the perturbation theory, we predict the number of the nucleated vortices per unit length. The analytical results are corroborated by the numerical computation of eigenmodes of small perturbations, as well as by direct simulations of the underlying Gross-Pitaevskii/nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
description: 10 pages, 7 figures. To appear on Phys. Rev. A, 2010
The Cosmogrid Simulation: Statistical Properties of Small Dark Matter Halos
Creators: name: Ishiyama, Tomoaki
name: Rieder, Steven
name: Makino, Junichiro
name: Zwart, Simon Portegies
name: Groen, Derek
name: Nitadori, Keigo
name: de Laat, Cees
name: McMillan, Stephen
name: Hiraki, Kei
name: Harfst, Stefan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the results of the "Cosmogrid" cosmological N-body simulation suites based on the concordance LCDM model. The Cosmogrid simulation was performed in a 30Mpc box with 2048^3 particles. The mass of each particle is 1.28x10^5 Msun, which is sufficient to resolve ultra-faint dwarfs. We found that the halo mass function shows good agreement with the Sheth & Tormen fitting function down to ~10^7 Msun. We have analyzed the spherically averaged density profiles of the three most massive halos which are of galaxy group size and contain at least 170 million particles. The slopes of these density profiles become shallower than -1 at the inner most radius. We also find a clear correlation of halo concentration with mass. The mass dependence of the concentration parameter cannot be expressed by a single power law, however a simple model based on the Press-Schechter theory proposed by Navarro et al. gives reasonable agreement with this dependence. The spin parameter does not show a correlation with the halo mass. The probability distribution functions for both concentration and spin are well fitted by the log-normal distribution for halos with the masses larger than ~10^8 Msun. The subhalo abundance depends on the halo mass. Galaxy-sized halos have 50% more subhalos than ~10^{11} Msun halos have.
description: 15 pages, 18 figures, accepted by ApJ
Which open data license?
Creators: name: Morrison, Robbie
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: data licensing
energy data
energy system analysis

description: This technical note provides some general guidance on the selection of open licenses for datasets arising in the domain of energy systems analysis. The note was originally posted to https://forum.openmod.org/t/2611 In the absence of other considerations, the Creative Commons CC‑BY‑4.0 license is recommended for primary data and the Creative Commons CC0‑1.0 public domain waiver is recommended for any accompanying metadata.
COLLECTIVE COUNTERMEASURES AND THE WTO DISPUTE SETTLEMENT: ‘SOLIDARITY MEASURES REVISITED’
Creators: name: H., Yenkong Ngangjoh
Publisher: name: Nordic Journal of Commercial Law
Year: 2004

description: In the ten years of the existence of the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system, eighty cases have led to the adoption of the Panel Reports and sixty-one to the adoption of the Appellate Body (AB) Reports. Among these cases, the enforcement mechanism of last resortcountermeasure has been resorted to eight times. The eight cases include, EC – Bananas (US), EC – Bananas (Ecuador),1 EC – Hormones (US, Canada),2 Brazil – Aircraft,3 FSC,4 Canada – Aircraft II,5 US – 1916 Act,6 and the ”Byrd Amendment”.7 This number is almost four times more than those under the forty-seven year life-span of the WTO’s predecessor-the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947. On the other hand, there are also cases where compliance with the dispute settlement reports has been contested.8 The relatively frequent recourse to countermeasures and the disagreement with the level of compliance presumably suggest that the present enforcement regime of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) reports seems to be arduous.9 We therefore contend in this writing that the weakness of countermeasures is not because countermeasures by nature cannot induce compliance, but because the WTO countermeasures are not coercive enough to induce compliance. The traditional international law counter-measures (which may be collective) were codified by the International Law Commission (ILC) on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Act in 2001 and are presumably applicable to all fields of international law where there arises a question of state responsibility, except there is a derogation provided for by a particular regime. Classical treaty law also considers a material breach of a multilateral treaty by one party as a sufficient ground for the suspension in part or in whole of the operation of the treaty by other parties to the treaty.10 Neither the panel nor the Appellate Body (AB) has really considered addressing these issues in its rulings and recommendations since the establishment of the WTO; though a number of academic writings and dispute settlement reports suggest that the WTO regime should not be conceived as an isolated field of international law. The following section of this paper examines from a more general perspective the use of collective remedies under international law. The third section of the paper presents the debate on collective countermeasures developed in the ILC’s draft Articles. This, we will call solidarity measures.11 By using past panels and AB jurisprudence, section four sets forth arguments in support of the view that acceding to the WTO engages the State so doing to a multilateral engagement, which may be invoked by any WTO Member at any time in case of a breach. Section five makes the case for solidarity measures in the WTO dispute settlement, while section six deals with the conclusions.
description: Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, No. 2 (2004)
Photoproduction of D* and Jets at H1
Creators: name: Staykova, Zlatka
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Photoproduction events containing a charmed meson $D^{*\pm}$ and two jets were investigated with the H1 detector using the HERA II data sample. The $D^*$ meson was reconstructed in the decay channel, $D^{*\pm}\rightarrow D^0π^\pm\rightarrow K^\mpπ^\pmπ^\pm$. Jets were reconstructed using the inclusive $k_t$ algorithm and were selected if they have transverse momenta $p_t(\textrm{jet})>3.5\gev$. One of the jets was associated with the $D^*$ meson itself, such that the jet originating from the parent charmed quark as the meson can be tagged. The phase space of the measurement is limited within central rapidity for the $D^*$ meson and the $D^*_\textrm{jet}$, $|η|<1.5$ while the second jet was measured within, $-1.5
description: on the behalf of the H1 Collaboration
Applications of titanium-catalyzed hydroamination towards the syntheses of electron rich materials
Creators: name: Thompson, August
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: This thesis details several topics of research related to the hydroamination reaction of terminal alkynes with amines. We used an established bis(amidate)bis(amido) titanium precatalyst to synthesize novel ferrocenyl enamines, including a diferrocene dienamine compound. These products were isolated in 84-94% yield, with the imine tautomer detectable by 1H NMR spectroscopy for only one of the products; all other products produced exclusively the enamine. Investigation of the oxidation properties of the dienamine diferrocene compound revealed communication between the two different iron centers with a distance of 15 Å between them. We developed a novel bis(amide)ferrocene ligand and investigated its properties and reactions with titanium. We also characterized a highly symmetric bis(amidate)imido tetramer titanium complex with the novel ferrocene-containing ligand in the solid-state and investigated the solution-state structure. Multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy experiments indicate that the solution-state structure is consistent with the solid-state structure. The high thermal stability of the tetramer compound is consistent with an off-cycle species and is consistent with the reduced catalytic activity of the ferrocene-containing bis(amidate) titanium species towards hydroamination when compared with an established bis(amidate)bis(amido) titanium precatalyst. To assist in our understanding of the characteristics of the products of hydroamination between aryl terminal alkynes and aryl amines, we used primarily computational tools to investigate the effects of nitrogen when incorporated into a conjugated system.
Зерновые элеваторы России: текущая ситуация и тенденции
Creators: name: Щеглов Е.В.
name: Никитенко С.В.
name: Рабенко И.А.
Publisher: name: АгроФорум
Year: 2023
Subjects: зерновые комплексы
элеваторы
грузооборот
ёмкость единовременного хранения
хранение
перевалка
grain complexes
elevators
cargo turnover
one-time storage capacity
storage
transshipment

description: В статье приведены результаты анализа текущего состояния и определены основные тенденции развития отрасли зерновых элеваторов в РФ, рассмотрены ключевые факторы / драйверы формирования стоимости зерновых комплексов.
description: The article presents the results of the analysis of the current state of the grain elevator industry in the Russian Federation and identifies the main development trends, considers the key factors / drivers of the formation of the value of grain complexes.
REMARKS ON THE MANNER IN WHICH THE UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES MAY BE USED TO INTERPRET OR SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE 76 OF THE CISG
Creators: name: Zeller, Bruno
Publisher: name: Nordic Journal of Commercial Law
Year: 2003

description: It is true to say that both the UNIDROIT Principles and the Convention are instruments which can be used to assist in the interpretation of contracts if they address the same issues. Indeed the Principles in the preamble state that they may be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments.1 The ICC Court of Arbitration in Paris took advantage of this possibility in a case where no express choice of law clause was included in the contract. They referred to both article 76 CISG and article 7.4.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles as being relevant to assist in their deliberations.2 Arguably the tribunal was guided by the Official Comments on the UNIDROIT Principles which included a direct reference to CISG article 76: “The purpose of this article, which corresponds in substance to Art. 76 CISG, is to facilitate proof of harm where no replacement transaction has been made …”3 However, it must also be remembered that the CISG is part of municipal law, that is, courts are obliged to use it when applicable. At best, the UNIDROIT Principles can be used by courts to assist where the provisions of the CISG are not clear. Furthermore, such assistance can only be considered if CISG articles 7 or 8 have not produced a solution. It can be argued that if there is a gap in the CISG then the UNIDROIT Principles should be consulted if possible to fill the gap before recourse to domestic law is taken.4 A set of rules and principles is placed in a fairly simple-looking formula.5 The drafters of the Convention purposefully used earthy words devoid of municipal meaning and it must also be understood that articles within the CISG cannot be read in isolation. CISG Articles 7 and 8 clearly demand that all interpretation and application of any principle contained in the Convention must be undertaken within the four corners of the CISG.6 All principles and therefore all articles are an interlocking construct regulating the interactions of international contracting parties with the aim to maintain business relations as long as possible and afford compensation to parties without unduly disadvantaging the breaching party.
description: Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, No. 1 (2003)
Global Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets from Scattered Light Curves
Creators: name: Kawahara, Hajime
name: Fujii, Yuka
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Scattered lights from terrestrial exoplanets provide valuable information about the planetary surface. Applying the surface reconstruction method proposed by Fujii et al. (2010) to both diurnal and annual variations of the scattered light, we develop a reconstruction method of land distribution with both longitudinal and latitudinal resolutions. We find that one can recover a global map of an idealized Earth-like planet on the following assumptions: 1) cloudless, 2) a face-on circular orbit, 3) known surface types and their reflectance spectra 4) no atmospheric absorption, 5) known rotation rate 6) static map, and 7) no moon. Using the dependence of light curves on the planetary obliquity, we also show that the obliquity can be measured by adopting the chi-square minimization or the extended information criterion. We demonstrate a feasibility of our methodology by applying it to a multi-band photometry of a cloudless model Earth with future space missions such as the occulting ozone observatory (O3). We conclude that future space missions can estimate both the surface distribution and the obliquity at least for cloudless Earth-like planets within 5 pc.
description: 20 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
Pair Production of Color-Octet Scalars at the LHC
Creators: name: Idilbi, Ahmad
name: Kim, Chul
name: Mehen, Thomas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Heavy colored scalar particles, which exist in many models of new physics, can be pair produced at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) via gluon-gluon fusion and possibly form quarkonium-like bound states. If the scalars are also charged under the electroweak gauge group, these bound states can then decay into electroweak bosons. This yields a resonant cross section for final states such as gamma gamma that can exceed Standard Model backgrounds. This paper studies this process in the Manohar-Wise model of color-octet scalars (COS). Important threshold logarithms and final state Coulomb-like QCD interactions are resummed using effective field theory. We compute the resummed cross section for gluon-gluon fusion to COS pairs at the LHC as well as the resonant cross section for octetonium decaying to gamma gamma. The latter cross section exceeds the Standard Model di-photon cross section when the COS mass is less than 500 (350) GeV for sqrt{s} = 14 (7) TeV. Nonobservation of resonances below these energies can significantly improve existing bounds on COS masses.
description: 19 pages, 5 figures, published version
Supplementary_material_Allelopathy_in_Gypsum_Habitats.pdf
Creators: name: GARCÍA ROBLES, HELENA
name: FERNÁNDEZ-ONDOÑO, EMILIA
name: Lorite, Juan
name: Cañadas, Eva Maria
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 50205 Environmental Management
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 50299 Environmental Science and Management not elsewhere classified
subject: Environmental Science

description: Supplementary materials of the peer-reviewed article "Trade-off between facilitation and interference of allelopathic compounds in vegetation recovery: the case of Rosmarinus officinalis in degraded gypsum habitats" Table S1: Effect of surface treatment on overall seedling emergence. Table S2: List of terpenes in the essential oil from soil and leaf samples. Table S3: Relative abundance of terpenes. Table S4: Mean values of the physicochemical characterisation of gypsum spoil.
Papers in Australian Linguistics No. 5
Creators: name: Kirton, J. (Ed.)
Publisher: name: Pacific Linguistics
Year: 1971

description: A-27
description: Contents iii{Jean F. Kirton} 1YANYULA NOUN MODIFIERS 0. Introduction 1 1. Noun Modifiers 1 1.1 Adjectives and Numerals 1 1.2 Demonstrative and Possessive Pronouns 4 1.2.1 Demonstrative Pronouns 5 1.2.2 Possessive Pronouns 6 1.3 Allotive Specifier 7 1.4 Prefix Allomorphs used by a Male Speaker 9 1.4.1 Adjectives and Numerals 9 1.4.2 Demonstrative and Possessive Pronouns 9 1.4.3 Allotive Specifier 10 2. Noun Modifier Occurrence in Noun Phrases 10 NOTES 14{Jean F. Kirton} 15COMPLEXITIES OF YANYULA NOUNS: Inter-Relationship of Linguistics and Anthropology 0. Introduction 18 1. Semantic Classification 18 1.1 Common Nouns 18 1.1.1 Personal Nouns 21 1.1.2 Nonpersonal Nouns 23 1.2 Body-Part Nouns (Class 8) 30 1.3 Kinship Nouns 30 1.3.1 Familiar Kinship Nouns (Class 9) 31 1.3.2 Formal Kinship Nouns 31 1.3.3 Group Kinship Nouns (Class 13) 35 1.4 Proper Nouns 35 2. Grammatical Conditioning 36 2.1 Tagmeme-Marking Suffixes 37 2.2 Tagmeme-Marking Prefix Sets 37 2.2.1 Type I Noun Prefix Sets 37 2.2.2 Type II Noun Prefix Sets 40 2.2.3 Types III, IV, Prefix Sets 41 3. Phonological Conditioning 41 3.1 Suffix Allomorphs 41 3.2 Prefix Allomorphs 48 4. Permissible Simplification of Nouns 50 5. Anthropological Conditioning 52 5.1 Prefix Allomorphs 52 5.2 Stem Allomorphs 54 5.3 Kinship Allostems and Alloclasses 55 5.3.1 Kinship Allostems 56 5.3.2 Kinship Alloclasses 56 5.4 Basis of Stem Classification 57 6. Additional Restricted Affixation 58 7. Stem Morphology 61 7.1 Derived Stems 61 7.2 Reduplicated Stems 64 8. Distribution into Clause-Level Tagmemes 65 8.1 Distribution of Classes 1-12 65 8.2 Distribution of Classes 13-15 66 NOTES 67 BIBLIOGRAPHY 70
title: That liberty shall not perish from the earth buy liberty bonds : fourth liberty loan
Creators: name: (:Unav)
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1918
Subjects: World War, 1914-1918--Finance--Posters.
World War, 1914-1918--Economic aspects--United States--Posters.
Liberty bonds--United States--Posters.
Statue of Liberty (New York, N.Y.) in art.
Posters, American.

description: The poster depicts an imaginary scene of airplanes flying above a partially destroyed Statue of Liberty and New York City in flames. Joseph Pennell del. is printed flush left under the dark red image and above the text, and Alco-Gravure, Inc., N.Y. is printed flush right under the image
Tunable Surface Conductivity in Bi2Se3 Revealed in Diffusive Electron Transport
Creators: name: Chen, J.
name: He, X. Y.
name: Wu, K. H.
name: Ji, Z. Q.
name: Lu, L.
name: Shi, J. R.
name: Smet, J. H.
name: Li, Y. Q.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We demonstrate that the weak antilocalization effect can serve as a convenient method for detecting decoupled surface transport in topological insulator thin films. In the regime where a bulk Fermi surface coexists with the surface states, the low field magnetoconductivity is described well by the Hikami-Larkin-Nagaoka equation for single component transport of non-interacting electrons. When the electron density is lowered, the magnetotransport behavior deviates from the single component description and strong evidence is found for independent conducting channels at the bottom and top surfaces. The magnetic-field-dependent part of corrections to conductivity due to the Zeeman energy is shown to be negligible despite non-negligible electron-electron interactions.
description: 5 pages, 3 figures. For comments and questions, please contact: yqli@iphy.ac.cn
Bidifferential Calculus Approach to AKNS Hierarchies and Their Solutions
Creators: name: Dimakis, Aristophanes
name: Mueller-Hoissen, Folkert
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 37J35, 37K10, 16E45

description: We express AKNS hierarchies, admitting reductions to matrix NLS and matrix mKdV hierarchies, in terms of a bidifferential graded algebra. Application of a universal result in this framework quickly generates an infinite family of exact solutions, including e.g. the matrix solitons in the focusing NLS case. Exploiting a general Miura transformation, we recover the generalized Heisenberg magnet hierarchy and establish a corresponding solution formula for it. Simply by exchanging the roles of the two derivations of the bidifferential graded algebra, we recover "negative flows", leading to an extension of the respective hierarchy. In this way we also meet a matrix and vector version of the short pulse equation and also the sine-Gordon equation. For these equations corresponding solution formulas are also derived. In all these cases the solutions are parametrized in terms of matrix data that have to satisfy a certain Sylvester equation.
THE ARBITRATION INSTITUTE OF THE STOCKHOLM CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
Creators: name: Franke, Ulf
Publisher: name: Nordic Journal of Commercial Law
Year: 2003

description: The Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC Institute) was established already in 1917 and has since then been active in both domestic and international arbitration. While at the outset the SCC Institute mainly administered domestic arbitrations, the international activities have increased significantly over the past twenty-five years. Out of the about 160 cases in 2004, roughly half the number is international. Although the international cases involve parties from virtually all parts of the world, east-west arbitration plays a predominant role. On the eastern side there are parties from the Russian Federation and other republics of the former Soviet Union, as well as from China, and on the western side US and western European corporations. The SCC Institute is an entity within the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce. It is, however, functionally independent and decisions of the Board of the Institute are final and not subject to review by the Chamber. The present Chairman of the Board is Dr. Leif Thorsson, Justice of the Supreme Court. The day-to-day activities of SCC are handled by its secretariat headed by a secretary general. The present secretary general is Mr Ulf Franke who has held this position since 1980. Apart from the secretary general there is an assistant secretary general and three other lawyers, as well as four assistants. The lawyers and assistants are organised in three divisions, each handling one third of the cases.
description: Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, No. 1 (2003)
Towards Field Theory Amplitudes From the Cohomology of Pure Spinor Superspace
Creators: name: Mafra, Carlos R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A simple BRST-closed expression for the color-ordered super-Yang-Mills 5-point amplitude at tree-level is proposed in pure spinor superspace and shown to be BRST-equivalent to the field theory limit of the open superstring 5-pt amplitude. It is manifestly cyclic invariant and each one of its five terms can be associated to the five Feynman diagrams which use only cubic vertices. Its form also suggests an empirical method to find superspace expressions in the cohomology of the pure spinor BRST operator for higher-point amplitudes based on their kinematic pole structure. Using this method, Ansaetze for the 6- and 7-point 10D super-Yang-Mills amplitudes which map to their 14 and 42 color-ordered diagrams are conjectured and their 6- and 7-gluon expansions are explicitly computed.
description: 14 pages, harvmac, v4: trivial edits in the text to comply with JHEP referee
REMARKS ON THE MANNER IN WHICH THE PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW MAY BE USED TO INTERPRET OR SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE 75 OF THE CISG
Creators: name: Borisova, Bojidara
Publisher: name: Nordic Journal of Commercial Law
Year: 2003

description: Article 75 of the Convention is part of the set of rules and principles that provide the law of damages in the CISG.1 CISG article 75 regulates the operation of a substitute transaction, which is adopted in most legal systems as well as in basic multilateral instruments such as the CISG and the PECL.2 Pursuant to CISG art. 75, as a result of a breach of contract the aggrieved party may carry out a substitute transaction in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after avoidance and may recover the difference between the contract price and the price of the substitute transaction. The same issue is regulated in substantively identical terms in PECL art. 9:506. However, the drafters of the PECL go further and in other provisions of the European Principles define terms that may help the interpretation and application of PECL art. 9:506 and its counterpart CISG provision. CISG article 75 provides a method for measuring damages when a party avoids a contract, usually due to a fundamental breach by the other party. This provision represents a specific application of CISG art. 74, which states the general rule for the measurement of damages.3 Both CISG art. 75 and PECL art. 9:506 stipulate the same basic premises that have to exist before the substitute transaction takes place. - Firstly, one of the contracting parties must breach the contract and in consequence the innocent party must undertake action for the termination of the contract. As far as it concerns this premise, a problem may arise in respect of the determination of the moment when the contract is declared avoided. - Secondly, there must be a substitute transaction effected by the aggrieved party. Here the issues that have to be discussed are in respect of the substitute transaction's characteristics and aspects. - Thirdly, the substitute transaction must be performed in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after avoidance. Specific attention must be drawn to the concept of “reasonableness”. - Fourthly, the amount of the damages claimed by the aggrieved party must be assessed. The method for measuring damages stipulated in CISG art.75 is seemingly clear but still needs elucidation. - Finally, CISG art. 75 CISG, like PECL art. 9:506, provides for the possibility of recovery of further damages.
description: Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, No. 1 (2003)
title: ÐÐ·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ðµ Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð¤ÐµÐ´ÐµÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð¸ ÐÐ¸ÑÐ°Ð¹ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ ÐÐ°ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸ Ð² ÑÑÐµÑÐµ Ð²ÑÑÑÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
title: Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ° Ð¿Ð¾ Ð½Ð°Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 41.04.01 - ÐÐ°ÑÑÐ±ÐµÐ¶Ð½Ð¾Ðµ ÑÐµÐ³Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ ; 41.04.01_03 - Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¹ÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¤ÐµÐ´ÐµÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ñ (Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´ÑÐ½Ð°ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°ÑÐµÐ»ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð³ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ð°)
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: ÐÐ° Ð¯Ð¾
Publisher: name: Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑ ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
Year: 2019
Subjects: ÐÐ¸ÑÐ°Ð¹
Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ñ
Ð²ÑÑÑÐµÐµ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ
Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½
China
Russia
higher education
exchange

description: Ð­ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÐµÐ·Ð¸Ñ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¼Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð²ÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð° Ð²ÑÑÑÐ¸Ð¼ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÐÐ¸ÑÐ°ÐµÐ¼ Ð¸ Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¹ Ð¿Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð½ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ Ð¸ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¼Ð°ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ð°. ÐÐ°ÑÐµÐ¼ Ð¸Ð·Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÑÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð¸ÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²ÐºÐ° Ð¸ ÑÐ¾Ð´ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð²Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ñ. ÐÑÐ¾Ð¼Ðµ ÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾, Ð² Ð½ÐµÐ¼ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÐ¶Ð´Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ð³Ð»ÑÐ±Ð¾ÐºÐ¸Ðµ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð²ÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð° Ð²ÑÑÑÐ¸Ð¼ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÐÐ¸ÑÐ°ÐµÐ¼ Ð¸ Ð Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¹ Ð½Ð° ÑÐ°Ð·Ð½ÑÑ ÑÑÐ°Ð¿Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´ÑÐ½Ð°ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÐºÐµ. ÐÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑ, Ð¾Ð½ ÑÑÐ¼Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑÐµÑ ÑÐ°ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐµÑÐ¸ÑÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾, ÐºÑÐ°ÑÐ¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¸ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð²Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ñ.
description: This thesis looks into the history of contemporary higher education exchange between China and Russia according to the principle of historical materialism. It then expounds its historical background and the course of development. Furthermore, it discusses profound changes of contemporary higher education exchange between China and Russia during different phases with the complex international situation. At last, it summaries the characteristics of frequent, colorful and diversified development.
Effect of computer simulations on female students' motivation for and engagement with physics learning : a case of secondary schools in Tanzania
Creators: name: Rutakomozibwa, Angela Mercy
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2022

description: The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of computer simulations on female students' motivation for and engagement with physics learning in Tanzanian secondary schools (Form 2, grade 10). The case study design was based on interpretive mixed methods (n=265, 154 male, 111 female). The students’ views before and after the computer simulations were elicited by completing an adapted Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence towards Motivation in Learning Science (SSSC-MLS) instrument. The six teachers whose students participated in the study were interviewed along with a sample of students (n=48) at pre-and post-simulation intervals. Both female students’ and teachers’ initial anticipations for the new approach affected engagement and heightened task value, hence motivation to learn. Quantitative Factor Analysis was employed to identify components that best explored pre- and post-simulation views/perceptions (n=265). Four key factors or themes were found: 1) Satisfaction and confidence in computer simulation as a technology for learning; 2) Fear of performing physics tasks due to traditional approaches to teaching/learning; 3) Individual perceptions and values in learning physics; and 4) Using active strategies in learning physics concepts. Qualitative Thematic analysis was employed to identify effects of the simulations. Four themes emerged: 1) Computer simulations enhance confidence in females’ learning; 2) Perceptions influence females’ learning; 3) Relevance improves understanding; and 4) Motivation and engagement improve learning. Findings from this study show that female students were satisfied with the simulations since they were able engage in various interactive ways including experimenting, problem solving, analyzing and interpreting results, and reporting findings to understand physics concepts. Findings also indicate that employing computer simulation does not guarantee canonical knowledge construction among students if the teachers’ understanding of how female students’ socio-cultural background might shape their learning experience is inadequate or limited. Recommendations include: 1) Focusing on all students’ (not only females’) learning outcomes following a simulation approach for all science subjects at the Form 2 level; and 2) Extend Eccles’ (2007, 2008) work and conduct further research on parents’ familial beliefs and influences on achievement and motivation for female learners in STEM disciplines in Tanzania and other Sub-Saharan countries.
Sparsity regret bounds for individual sequences in online linear regression
Creators: name: Gerchinovitz, Sébastien
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Statistics Theory (math.ST)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We consider the problem of online linear regression on arbitrary deterministic sequences when the ambient dimension d can be much larger than the number of time rounds T. We introduce the notion of sparsity regret bound, which is a deterministic online counterpart of recent risk bounds derived in the stochastic setting under a sparsity scenario. We prove such regret bounds for an online-learning algorithm called SeqSEW and based on exponential weighting and data-driven truncation. In a second part we apply a parameter-free version of this algorithm to the stochastic setting (regression model with random design). This yields risk bounds of the same flavor as in Dalalyan and Tsybakov (2011) but which solve two questions left open therein. In particular our risk bounds are adaptive (up to a logarithmic factor) to the unknown variance of the noise if the latter is Gaussian. We also address the regression model with fixed design.
description: Published in Journal of Machine Learning Research at http://www.jmlr.org/papers/volume14/gerchinovitz13a/gerchinovitz13a.pdf
Continuous spectrum of the 3D Euler equation is a solid annulus
Creators: name: Shvydkoy, Roman
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: Spectral Theory (math.SP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this note we give a description of the continuous spectrum of the linearized Euler equations in three dimensions. Namely, for all but countably many times $t\in \R$, the continuous spectrum of the evolution operator $G_t$ is given by a solid annulus with radii $e^{tμ}$ and $e^{t M}$, where $μ$ and $M$ are the smallest and largest, respectively, Lyapunov exponents of the corresponding bicharacteristic-amplitude system of ODEs.
HARMONISATION AND THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS
Creators: name: Keily, Troy
Publisher: name: Nordic Journal of Commercial Law
Year: 2003

description: After many years of negotiation, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (“CISG”) came into force in 1988. Today, 62 states have adopted the CISG. Together these countries account for over two-thirds of all world trade.2 On this basis alone, the CISG is an outstanding success in the legal harmonisation of the law governing the international sale of goods. However, the CISG has its critics and much comment has been made on the failure of the CISG to achieve its goal of promoting international trade through a body of uniform rules. The primary motivation driving the push for a harmonised law on the international sale of goods is economic: a harmonised law makes it easier and more efficient for the business person to sell and buy goods across state borders. However, the engine driving the push for harmonisation is political and cultural; and the task of creating the harmonised law belongs to the diplomat.3 A study of the CISG demonstrates that the political and cultural demands on the diplomat also act as shackles that restrain the achievement of a harmonised law. This paper will consider the CISG and discuss the constraints on treaty making as a mechanism for legal harmonisation. Part one discusses the constraints faced when creating a uniform text. Part two discusses the problems with the text of the CISG that result from the negotiation process. Finally, part three discusses the constraints faced in maintaining the uniformity of the CISG.
description: Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, No. 1 (2003)