Pilophorini Douglas & Scott 1865
Creators: name: Yasunaga, Tomohide
name: Duwal, Ram Keshari
name: Nakatani, Yukinobu
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Miridae

description: Key to genera and species of Pilophorini in Japan
1. Body ovoid, elongate-oval (rather conventional mirid shape) or rounded, sometimes disk-like or tortoise-shaped; silvery scalelike setae on hemelytron (if any) not clustered, sparsely or uniformly distributed, or forming broad band at middle (as in Pherolepis fasciatus and Pilophorus tagoi, cf. Fig. 6C, H)..................................................... 2
– Body elongate, more or less myrmecomorphic (or if body oblong-ovoid and not particularly antlike then hemelytron always with a continuous median band of silvery scale-like setae as in Fig. 6A); silvery scale-like setae on hemelytron linearly and/or roundly clustered; silvery setae on scutellum partly clustered or roundly bundled....................... Pilophorus – 11
2. Antennal segment II remarkably enlarged, terete or boxlike................................... Druthmalus miyamotoi
– Antennal segment II not strongly enlarged or almost linear, or slightly incrassate towards apex (apical part less than twice as thick as base)........................................................................................ 3
3. Pronotum darkened, shiny, only with sparsely distributed silvery setae........................................... 4
– Pronotum either less shining (sometimes matte) or more or less (sometimes densely) covered with silvery scale-like setae.. 7
4. Total body length <2.8 mm; antennal segment II somewhat clavate (apical part about twice as thick as base); hemelytron matte, brick-red or reddish brown; restricted to a Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica ....................... Pilophorus tagoi
– Total body length Ẑ 3.1 mm; antennal segment II almost linear; hemelytron shiny brown to fuscous; associated with deciduous broadleaf trees............................................................................ Pherolepis – 5
5. Head glabrous; antennal segment II longer than head width across eyes; scale-like setae on hemelytra forming a broad band at middle..................................................................................... Ph. fasciatus
– Head more or less setose; antennal segment II about as long as or shorter than head width across eyes; scale-like setae of hemelytra sparsely and uniformly distributed............................................................... 6
6. Pronotum with sparsely distributed, short, simple setae and anteriorly with silvery setae; all femora somber yellowish brown.......................................................................................... Ph. hizenicus
– Pronotum with uniformly distributed, long, simple setae, lacking silvery setae; all femora reddish brown.... Ph. kiritshenkoi
7. Body short-ovoid or tortoise-shaped; thoracic pleurites with anterior and posterior glands (cf. Yasunaga & Duwal, 2019); tibia with clear dark annulations, or rings.......................................................... Hypseloecus – 8
– Body ovoid or elongate oval; thoracic pleurites without such glandular structure; tibia lacking dark annulation........... 9
8. Base and apical 1/4 of antennal segment II darkened; known from cold temperate zone in mountain areas of Honshu................................................................................................ H. nakagawai
– Antennal segment II with pale basal half and darkened apical half; thermophilic species inhabiting Yaeyama Islands of Ryukyus.................................................................................. H. takahashii
9. Dorsal surface matte, weakly shining; antennal segment II obviously thicker than labial segments II–IV; pretarsus with setiform parempodia; arboreal species associated only with Ficus trees.................................. Lasiolabops cirratus
– Dorsal surface more or less shining; antennal segment II about as thick as labial segments II–IV; parempodia fleshy; inhabiting graminoid grasses or sedges................................................................ Sthenaridea – 10
10. Dorsum generally reddish brown; profemur uniformly creamy yellow.................................... S. rufescens
– Dorsum dark brown, sometimes partly yellow, not tinged with red; at least basal half of profemur reddish brown or dark brown.................................................................................... S. piceonigra
11. Pronotum and hemelytron with uniformly distributed, short setae, mixed with long, stiff, upright setae (easily confirmed in lateral view) (cf. Figs 5F, 17B, 18J)...................................................................... 12
– Pronotum and/or hemelytron almost glabrous, or only with uniformly or sparsely distributed, short, reclining or semierect setae, lacking distinct upright vestiture........................................................................ 13
12. Antennal segment II <1.4 mm, usually shorter than mesotibia; dark upright setae on hemelytra sparsely distributed........................................................................................... P. setulosellus n. sp.
– Antennal segment II> 1.5 mm, as long as or longer than mesotibia; dark upright setae on hemelytra almost uniformly distributed................................................................................... P. setulosus
13. Hemelytra with almost continuous and nearly straight median transverse stripe of silvery scale-like setae (across exocorium, corium and clavus as in Figs 1C, 2A, C, E, 6 A–B).......................................................... 14
– Hemelytral scale-like setae scattered, partly clustered; median stripe of scale-like setae (if present) partly notched, zigzag, arched, slipped or interrupted (e.g., Figs 1A, 5A, D)......................................................... 19
14. Antennal segment II clavate, with its apical part more than 1.7 times as thick as base; inhabiting conifers in temperate and/or cold temperate zones................................................................................. 15
– Antennal segment II almost linear or weakly incrassate towards apex (its apical part less than 1.5 times as thick as base); inhabiting broadleaf trees or sometimes herbs (assumed conifer inhabitant, P. nakatanii (Fig. 2E) known only from subtropical Ryukyu Islands)..................................................................................... 16
15. Apical part of antennal segment II 1.2–1.3 times as thick as metatibia; pronotum somewhat matte, less shining; each angle of scutellum with clustered scale-like setae (Fig. 6A).................................................. P. miyamotoi
– Antennal segment II remarkably clavate, with its apical part nearly twice as thick as metatibia; pronotum shining; scutellum with scattered silvery scale-like setae from lateral margin to apex (Fig. 6B)............................. P. validicornis
16. Body largest among Japanese congeners, more than 4.0 mm (♂)/ 4.6 mm (♀) in total length; hemelytra almost uniformly black or blackish brown; pronotal width Ẑ 1.34 mm; anterior inner part of cuneus with a circularly clustered scale-like setae (Fig. 1C)........................................................................................... P. niger
– Body less than 3.9 mm (♂)/ 4.4 mm (♀) in total length; hemelytra, at least anterior to median stripe of scale-like setae, brown or reddish brown; pronotal width <1.3 mm; cuneal scale-like setae scattered or forming an irregular band.............. 17
17. Antennal segment II almost uniformly darkened; pronotum polished, very shiny, with sparsely distributed, short setae (Fig. 2E); thermophilic, known only from Ryukyu Islands..................................................... P. nakatanii
– More than basal half of antennal segment II yellowish or reddish brown; pronotum somewhat matte, with uniformly distributed, short setae; inhabiting temperate or cold temperate climate zone, north of Kyushu (or N31° latitude).................. 18
18. Vertex in both sexes 0.47–0.49 times as wide as head including eyes; antennal segment II slightly clavate; metatibia somewhat curved (Fig. 2 A–B)............................................................................ P. erraticus
– Vertex narrower, 0.38–0.44 (male)/0.43–0.45 (female) times as wide as head including eyes; antennal segment II and metatibia almost linear (Fig. 2 C–D)................................................................. P. pseudoperplexus
19. Small-sized species, with total body length ± 3.0 mm........................................................ 20
– Body larger, more than 3.4 mm in total length.............................................................. 23
20. Dorsum (except for silvery setae) uniformly dark brown to fuscous............................................. 21
– At least hemelytra brown or reddish brown................................................................ 22
21. HCR larger (0.66–0.75 in male/ 0.66–0.74 in female); in male, antennal segment II usually greater than twice as long as III and left paramere smaller, weakly expanded left-laterally (Figs 9L, 15 N–O); in female, vertex narrower (± 0.39 mm; vertex/head width across eyes = 0.50) and interramal lobe with 2–3 rows of spines along margin (Fig. 16 K–L).............. P. typicus
– HCR smaller (0.62–0.67 in male/ 0.62–0.66 in female); in male, antennal segment II usually twice as long as III and left paramere more strongly expanded left-laterally, spatula-shaped (Figs 9I, 15G); in female, vertex wider (Ẑ 0.40 mm; vertex/head width = 0.53–0.57) and interramal lobe with 4–5 rows of spines along margin (Fig. 16 N–O)............... P. hyotan n. sp.
22. Head width across eyes about 1.2 times as long as its height, narrower than pronotal width; HCR> 0.81 (Fig. 1B); northern Honshu.................................................................................... P. maeharai
– Head width across eyes less than 1.1 times as long as its height, almost equal to pronotal width; HCR <0.77 (Fig. 1F); Ryukyus (Amami-Oshima Is.) and Taiwan .................................................................. P. pullulus
23. Pronotum weakly shining, with uniformly distributed, brown, short setae; usually associated with herbaceous vegetation (Artemisia spp.) or shrubs (Lespedeza spp.)................................................................ 24
– Pronotum polished, only with sparsely distributed, short setae or almost glabrous; arboreal species restricted to Fagaceae oaks .................................................................................................. 25
24. Antennal segment II usually longer than maximum width of hemelytra; median stripe of scale-like setae on corium almost continuous across M-vein (media) (Fig. 5 C–D)...................................................... P. okamotoi
– Antennal segment II about as long as or shorter than maximum width of hemelytra; median stripe of scale-like setae on corium shifted or interrupted at M-vein(Fig. 5 A–B)................................................ P. satoyamanus n. sp.
25. Antennal segment II as long as or slightly longer than basal width of pronotum; apex of scutellum with silvery scale-like setae; cuneus lacking scale-like setae (Fig. 2F)............................................................ P. lucidus
– Antennal segment II shorter than pronotal width; apex of scutellum without silvery scale-like setae; anterior inner corner of cuneus with scale-like setae (Fig. 1A)................................................................ P. choii
description: Published as part of Yasunaga, Tomohide, Duwal, Ram Keshari & Nakatani, Yukinobu, 2021, Reclassification of the plant bug genus Pilophorus in Japan and key to the genera and species of Japanese Pilophorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae Phylinae), pp. 1-40 in Zootaxa 4942 (1) on pages 4-6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4942.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4596025