cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
MICRO-MOBILITY BUSINESS MODEL FOR ALLEVIATING OVERTOURISM PROBLEMS IN EUROPEAN AND RUSSIAN URBAN AREAS
Creators: name: ILKEVICH SERGEY, V.
Publisher: name: Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма
Year: 2019
Subjects: ЭКОНОМИКА СОВМЕСТНОГО ПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ
ЦИФРОВАЯ ПЛАТФОРМА
ЦИФРОВАЯ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ
ШЕРИНГ
БИЗНЕС-МОДЕЛЬ
ЭЛЕКТРОСАМОКАТ
МИКРОМОБИЛЬНОСТЬ
СРЕДСТВО ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНОЙ МОБИЛЬНОСТИ
УБЕРИЗАЦИЯ
УСТОЙЧИВЫЙ ТУРИЗМ
ОТВЕТСТВЕННЫЙ ТУРИЗМ
СВЕРХТУРИЗМ
ОВЕРТУРИЗМ
ЭКСКУРСИОННЫЙ МАРШРУТ
ГОРОДСКАЯ МОБИЛЬНОСТЬ
SHARING ECONOMY
DIGITAL PLATFORM
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
SHARING
BUSINESS MODEL
ELECTRIC SCOOTER
MICRO-MOBILITY
MEANS OF INDIVIDUAL MOBILITY
UBERIZATION
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM
OVERTOURISM
SIGHTSEEING ROUTE
URBAN MOBILITY

description: At the current stage of the development of micro-mobility technologies and business models, especially scooter sharing that appeared in North America and Europe in the last two years, it is already possible to consider with a high degree of certainty at least some mobility transformation opportunities for the tourism sector. The widespread use of electric scooter sharing can be instrumental and very efficient in alleviating problems of overtourism, as new configurations are emerging in terms of the coverage (catchment) area and thematic combinatorics of tourist and excursionist visitations, and, quite apparently, better accessibility of secondary and tertiary attractions of cities. Micro-mobility, which includes different types of means of individual mobility, becomes not only an additional transportation factor of tourist visits, but also a fundamentally innovative and progressive “transformer of experiences”, which allows efficiently disperse tourist and excursionist flows across wider areas of tourist destinations. The article suggests central aspects of comparative analysis of quite different practices of European urban areas in the development and regulation of micro-mobility and the capabilities of Russian cities in the long-term deployment and scaling up of micro-mobility technologies and business models. The article proposes the consideration of three possible configurations for electric scooter sharing models in the context of scaling up operations within the tourism and excursion sector. The first model implies serving tourists and excursionists within mass sharing of electric scooters for local population. The second model suggests prospects of emergence of separate operators in mass tourism destinations with more adaptive interfaces, platforms and packaging modules aimed at tourists and sightseers. The third model is a mixed, hybrid form of organizing services by operators, with the more defined positioning of mobility devices and modules of platform programs for the needs of tourists and excursionists.
An Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Atlas of Local Starbursts and Star-Forming Galaxies: The Legacy of FOS and GHRS
Creators: name: Leitherer, Claus
name: Tremonti, Christy A.
name: Heckman, Timothy M.
name: Calzetti, Daniela
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present 46 rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) spectra of 28 local starburst and star-forming galaxies which were observed with the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) and the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) at a spectral resolution of a few 100 km/s. We compare the HST spectra with lower resolution International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) spectra of the same galaxies and find systematic differences: the bright star clusters targeted in HST's ~1 arcsec apertures provide about 15% of the starburst luminosity traced by IUE's 10 arcsec by 20 arcsec aperture; they are bluer and have stronger stellar-wind features suggesting that the HST apertures have preferentially been placed on the youngest areas of the burst. In contrast, lines arising from the interstellar medium (ISM) show similar equivalent widths in both the large and small aperture observations, suggesting similar ISM properties from larger to smaller scales. In order to quantify the UV spectral morphology of star-forming galaxies, we created a set of UV line indices similar to the standard optical Lick indices. We discuss the relation between the UV spectral morphology and the properties of the galaxy host. We present our atlas of FOS and GHRS spectra both in print and electronically. The data set is useful as a baseline for comparisons with observations of the rest-frame UV spectra of star-forming galaxies at high redshift.
description: Accepted by AJ
State Control over Interpretation of Investment Treaties
Creators: name: Johnson, Lise
name: Razbaeva, Merim
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Investments, Foreign--Government policy
subject: Treaties
subject: Investments, Foreign
subject: Sustainable development
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Sustainability
subject: International relations

description: Many critiques of investment treaties relate to concerns that tribunals’ interpretations of these agreements depart from states’ understandings of the texts, and do so in unpredictable ways leading to expensive litigation and unforeseen liability. States, however, can take steps to make their intentions regarding the texts clearer, and reduce the risk of uncertain outcomes.

This policy paper discusses these possible steps, and the legal rules supporting them, providing guidance to states, attorneys, and tribunals regarding the important role of states in clarifying vague standards in and managing liability under existing investment treaties. A second paper, published by the Global Economic Governance Programme at Oxford University, discusses opportunities for states to shape interpretation of certain particularly problematic and controversial issues in investment law: the meaning of the Fair and Equitable Treatment standard, the role of the Most-Favored Nation Obligation, and the ability of shareholders to bring claims for harm to the company.
Comparative genomics and transcriptomics of lineages I, II, and III strains of Listeria monocytogenes
Creators: name: Hain, Torsten
name: Ghai, Rohit
name: Billion, Andre
name: Kuenne, Carsten Tobias
name: Steinweg, Christiane
name: Izar, Benjamin
name: Mohamed, Walid
name: Mraheil, Mobarak
name: Domann, Eugen
name: Schaffrath, Silke
name: Kärst, Uwe
name: Goesmann, Alexander
name: Oehm, Sebastian
name: Pühler, Alfred
name: Merkl, Rainer
name: Vorwerk, Sonja
name: Glaser, Philippe
name: Garrido, Patricia
name: Rusniok, Christophe
name: Buchrieser, Carmen
name: Goebel, Werner
name: Chakraborty, Trinad
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: 570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie
subject: 004 Informatik

description: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that causes infections with a high-mortality rate and has served as an invaluable model for intracellular parasitism. Here, we report complete genome sequences for two L. monocytogenes strains belonging to serotype 4a (L99) and 4b (CLIP80459), and transcriptomes of representative strains from lineages I, II, and III, thereby permitting in-depth comparison of genome- and transcriptome -based data from three lineages of L. monocytogenes. Lineage III, represented by the 4a L99 genome is known to contain strains less virulent for humans. RESULTS: The genome analysis of the weakly pathogenic L99 serotype 4a provides extensive evidence of virulence gene decay, including loss of several important surface proteins. The 4b CLIP80459 genome, unlike the previously sequenced 4b F2365 genome harbours an intact inlB invasion gene. These lineage I strains are characterized by the lack of prophage genes, as they share only a single prophage locus with other L. monocytogenes genomes 1/2a EGD-e and 4a L99. Comparative transcriptome analysis during intracellular growth uncovered adaptive expression level differences in lineages I, II and III of Listeria, notable amongst which was a strong intracellular induction of flagellar genes in strain 4a L99 compared to the other lineages. Furthermore, extensive differences between strains are manifest at levels of metabolic flux control and phosphorylated sugar uptake. Intriguingly, prophage gene expression was found to be a hallmark of intracellular gene expression. Deletion mutants in the single shared prophage locus of lineage II strain EGD-e 1/2a, the lma operon, revealed severe attenuation of virulence in a murine infection model. CONCLUSION: Comparative genomics and transcriptome analysis of L. monocytogenes strains from three lineages implicate prophage genes in intracellular adaptation and indicate that gene loss and decay may have led to the emergence of attenuated lineages.
Place of birth effects on self-reported discrimination: Variations by type of discrimination
Creators: name: Brondolo, Elizabeth
name: Rahim, Reanne
name: Grimaldi, Stephanie
name: Ashraf, Amina
name: Bui, Nini
name: Schwartz, Joseph
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2015
Subjects: Birthplaces
Immigrants
Discrimination--Social aspects
Social psychology

description: Researchers have suggested that perceptions of discrimination may vary depending on place of birth and the length of time spent living in the U.S., variables related to acculturation. However, the existing literature provides a mixed picture, with data suggesting that the effects of acculturation on perceptions of discrimination vary by race and other sociodemographic factors. This study evaluated the role of place of birth (POB: defined as U.S.-born vs. foreign-born), age at immigration, and length of residence in the U.S. on self-reported discrimination in a sample of urban-dwelling Asian and Black adults (n = 1454). Analyses examined POB effects on different types of discrimination including race-related stigmatization, exclusion, threat, and workplace discrimination. Sociodemographic variables (including age, gender, employment status and education level) were tested as potential moderators of the relationship between POB and discrimination. The results revealed a significant main effect of POB on discrimination, with U.S.-born individuals reporting significantly more discrimination than foreign-born individuals, although the effect was reduced when sociodemographic variables were controlled. Across the sample, POB effects were seen only for race-related stigmatization and exclusion, not for threat and workplace discrimination. With the exception of limited effects for gender, sociodemographic variables did not moderate these effects. Younger age at immigration and greater years of residence in the U.S. were also positively associated with higher levels of perceived discrimination. These findings suggest increasing acculturation may shape the experience and perception of racial and ethnic discrimination.
Selective neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease
Creators: name: Wang, Juelu
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2017

description: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are featured by cholinergic and dopaminergic neuron loss, respectively. As a unique pathological hallmark of AD, neuritic plaques contain aggregated amyloid β protein (Aβ), generated from amyloid β precursor protein (APP). APP mutations cause familial AD; mutations in the alpha-synuclein (SNCA) and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) genes are associated with PD. Recent studies suggest that the level of LRRK2 affects its toxicity in neurons. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying LRRK2 expression would help to examine its pathogenic effects on PD. However, the features of the LRRK2 promoter remain elusive. In the first project, we cloned and characterized the LRRK2 promoter. There were two functional cis-acting specificity protein 1(Sp1)-responsive elements in its promoter. Our study demonstrates that LRRK2 transcription and translation were facilitated by Sp1 overexpression and blocked by an Sp1 inhibitor in vitro. The Lewy bodies primarily consist of α-synuclein protein, encoded by SNCA, and SNCAA₅₃T mutation promotes α-synuclein aggregation. The Swedish APP mutation (APPSWE) promotes Aβ generation and AD pathogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying selective neurodegeneration in AD and PD are still unknown. In the second project, we stably overexpressed wildtype and mutated APP and SNCA genes in cholinergic SN56 and dopaminergic MN9D cells. APPSWE and SNCAA₅₃T mutations enhanced Aβ generation and α-synuclein inclusion formation in SN56 and MN9D cells, respectively. Aβ₄₂ and mutant α-synuclein oligomers caused severe cell death in SN56-APPSWE and MN9D-SNCAA53T cells, respectively. Furthermore, syndecan 3 (SDC3) and fibroblast growth factor receptor like 1 (FGFRL1) genes were identified as two of the differentially expressed genes in APP- and SNCA- related stable cells by microarrays. SDC3 was increased in the cholinergic nucleus of APPSWE knock-in mouse brains, whereas FGFRL1 was elevated in dopaminergic neurons in SNCAA₅₃T transgenic mice. Finally, knockdown of SDC3 and FGFRL1 attenuated oxidative stress-induced cell death in SN56-APPSWE and MN9D-SNCAA₅₃T cells. Overall, these demonstrate that SDC3 and FGFRL1 mediated the specific effects of APPSWE and SNCAA₅₃T on cholinergic and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in AD and PD, respectively. Our study suggests that SDC3 and FGFRL1 could be potential targets to alleviate the selective neurodegeneration in AD and PD.
Rapporteur’s Report on the Roundtable on States and State-Controlled Entities as Claimants in International Investment Arbitration
Creators: name: Nolan, Michael D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Investments, Foreign--Government policy
subject: Government business enterprises
subject: Investments, Foreign
subject: Sustainable development
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Sustainability
subject: International relations

description: International investment by State-controlled entities (SCEs) is on the rise. State-owned enterprises (SOEs), especially from Europe, have long been active players in the world FDI market. They have been joined, in the past few years, by a wide range of SOEs and sovereign wealth funds from emerging markets, including from China, Russia, and Singapore. Parallel to the rise of international investment, investors have become more assertive in pursuing their rights under international investment agreements. The result has been a rise in treaty-based international investment disputes. It can be expected that the number of international arbitrations initiated by SCEs, while currently limited, will likely grow in coming years as well. This, in turn, leads to the question as to what specific issues may arise in international arbitrations if a claimant is a State or a State-controlled entity.

On March 19, 2010, CCSI hosted a Roundtable on States and State-Controlled Entities as Claimants in International Investment Arbitration. The Roundtable reviewed cases brought in the past by SCEs and the issues that were discussed in their context, and it looked at the experience gained in commercial arbitrations as regards SCEs. From there, the Roundtable moved on to a number of specific issues that appear to be most relevant in the context of SCEs as claimants, namely issues related to the initiation of claims, forum selection, parallel proceedings, counterclaims, and third-party financing.  Understanding the new environment in which SCEs may operate as parties to international arbitrations, as well as the principal issues relating to disputes involving them, becomes an increasingly important matter for anyone interested in international investment law and arbitration.
ОВЕРТУРИЗМ: СУЩНОСТЬ И ПУТИ РЕШЕНИЯ ПРОБЛЕМЫ
Creators: name: НАУМОВА ИРИНА ВАЛЕРЬЕВНА
name: САВЕЛЬЕВ ИГОРЬ ИГОРЕВИЧ
Publisher: name: Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма
Year: 2019
Subjects: OVERTOURISM
CRUISE TOURISM
RESPONSIBLE TOURISM
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
TURISMOPHOBIA
SMART TOURISM
TOURIST DESTINATION
ОВЕРТУРИЗМ
СВЕРХТУРИЗМ
КРУИЗНЫЙ ТУРИЗМ
ОТВЕТСТВЕННЫЙ ТУРИЗМ
УСТОЙЧИВЫЙ ТУРИЗМ
ТУРИЗМОФОБИЯ
ТУРИСТСКАЯ ДЕСТИНАЦИЯ

description: Овертуризм это феномен, с которым сталкиваются основные туристические направления по всему миру. С одной стороны, развитие новых технологий, транспортной инфраструктуры, рост численности населения, модные тренды и появление недорогих авиаперевозчиков повысили доступность путешествий и способствовали росту туриндустрии, в том числе, в странах с развивающейся экономикой. С другой стороны, неконтролируемый спрос наряду с концентрацией туристов в отдельных направлениях отрицательно сказывается как на территориях, так и на местных сообществах. Продолжающийся бесконтрольный рост числа туристов в некоторых туристических дестинациях и неравномерное распределение спроса на туристских потоках приводит к негативным последствиям и создаёт проблему чрезмерного туризма, которая приобретает все большее значение в глобальном масштабе. По данным, представленным Всемирным советом путешествий и туризма, из 1,4 миллиарда международных туристических поездок в 2018 году, более 36% были связаны с посещением одного из 300 самых популярных городов планеты, и эта тенденция будет продолжаться и далее. В статье рассматриваются различные подходы к пониманию сущности овертуризма, его последствия и будущие перспективы, а также направления решения обозначенной проблемы: необходимость управления туристическими потоками в интересах как гостей, так и жителей; разработка успешных стратегий устойчивого туризма и пр.
Submissions to UNCITRAL Working Group II on Arbitration and Conciliation: Proposal for Specific Text
Creators: name: (:Unav)
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Investments, Foreign--Government policy
subject: Treaties
subject: Investments, Foreign
subject: Sustainable development
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Sustainability
subject: International relations

description: Most investment treaties grant investors the procedural right to bring claims against governments through investor-state arbitration. Under the arbitration rules that commonly govern the proceedings, including the arbitration rules developed by a United Nations body, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), these disputes can remain hidden from public view from their commencement through conclusion. Recognizing the public interest in investor-state arbitration, UNCITRAL has been working since 2010 to develop a legal standard that would ensure transparency in investor-state arbitration.

Committed to the belief that transparency in investor-state arbitration is fundamental for accountability, good governance, and the rule of law, elements which are, in turn, crucial for sustainable development, CCSI has been participating in the UNCITRAL process and has drafted various notes and proposals in support of the effort to increase public access to information regarding these disputes. In October 2012, CCSI and partners submitted two documents to country delegations to UNCITRAL: a background note describing and analyzing the key issues involved in UNCITRAL’s work to increase transparency in investor-state arbitrations, and a proposal for specific text that UNCITRAL could adopt. Based on developments in October 2012, in February 2013, CCSI submitted additional comments on UNCITRAL’s efforts to ensure transparency of investor-state arbitration.

In July 2013, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) adopted its Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration. The Rules on Transparency offer a carefully negotiated and widely approved template for how to conduct investor-state arbitrations in a way that is consistent with the global recognition of the importance of transparency as a tool for promoting effective democratic participation, good governance, accountability, predictability and the rule of law. This fall, UNCITRAL will prepare a convention to facilitate wide application of the new rules to UNCITRAL and non-UNCITRAL arbitrations under existing and future treaties. CCSI, together with the Center for International Environmental Law and International Institute for Sustainable Development, has prepared a paper describing the new Rules on Transparency and UNCITRAL’s next steps.
Prospective single-arm, multi-center trial of a patient-specific interpositional knee implant: early clinical results.
Creators: name: Koeck, F. X.
name: Luring, C.
name: Handel, Martin
name: Tingart, Markus
name: Grifka, Joachim
name: Beckmann, Judy
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: 610 Medizin

description: Within narrow indication of patients with unicompartmental disease, the iForma device can provide improvement in knee function and reduction in pain, however, with a significant higher risk of early revision compared to traditional arthroplasty. Respecting this limitation it may be an alternative option for arthritic patients with unicompartmental disease who have contraindications to High Tibial Osteotomy or are too young for knee replacement; the iForma device further has the distinct advantage of time and cost saving compared to those procedures.
ОВЕРТУРИЗМ: ЛОКАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ РЕШЕНИЯ
Creators: name: НОВИЧКОВА АЛЕКСАНДРА ВЛАДИМИРОВНА
name: НОВИЧКОВ НИКОЛАЙ ВЛАДИМИРОВИЧ
Publisher: name: Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма
Year: 2019
Subjects: ОВЕРТУРИЗМ
ПУТЕШЕСТВЕННИК
ДЕСТИНАЦИЯ
ТУРИСТИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОДУКТ
УСТОЙЧИВЫЙ ТУРИЗМ
ЭКОСИСТЕМА
OVERTURISM
TRAVELER
DESTINATION
TOURISM PRODUCT
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
ECOSYSTEM

description: В статье рассмотрены основные причины и последствия появления и развития овертуризма в мире. Структура статьи представлена в соответствии с концепцией решения проблем овертуризма как для местного населения, так и для путешественника в популярных туристических местах. В статье выделены причины появления овертуризма, дано несколько его определений. Отмечено, что овертуризм это проблема не одного субъекта, а всех участников туристического бизнеса. В статье проанализировано около десяти примеров популярных туристических городов, в которых данная проблема стоит наиболее остро. Также авторами приведены кейсы решений различными городами проблемы овертуризма. Представлены как уже существующие проекты, так и проекты, находящиеся в разработке. Сформирована важность и необходимость сохранения туристической привлекательности в условиях негативного проявления овертуризма. В статье представлена авторская разработка концепции устойчивого развития туризма, включая направления и принципы, предложены возможные пути решения проблемы овертуризма с сохранением интересов всех участвующих субъектов. В заключении сделаны выводы о том, что проблема овертуризма за последние годы из локальной превратилась в глобальную. Для ее решения необходим комплекс мероприятий, учитывающий интересы населения и туристов, а также сохраняющий исторические, культурные и природные памятники.
PI3K-dependent GSK3ß(Ser9)-phosphorylation is implicated in the intestinal epithelial cell wound-healing response.
Creators: name: Karrasch, Thomas
name: Spaeth, Tanja
name: Allard, Brigitte
name: Jobin, Christian
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: 610 Medizin
subject: Animals
subject: Base Sequence
subject: Blotting, Western
subject: Cell Line
subject: DNA Primers
subject: Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism
subject: Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
subject: Mice
subject: Mice, Knockout
subject: Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
subject: Phosphorylation
subject: Protein Transport
subject: Rats
subject: Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
subject: Serine/metabolism
subject: Signal Transduction
subject: Wound Healing
subject: beta Catenin/metabolism

description: We conclude that PI3K-mediated GSK3ß phosphorylation is involved in the intestinal epithelial wound-healing response. Phosphorylation of GSK3ß may be important for intestinal restitution by promoting cell motility in response to wounding.
MPEC 2023-X141 : 2023 XU3
Creators: name: Minor Planet Center Staff
Publisher: name: The Minor Planet Center
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Small Solar System bodies
valueUri: http://astrothesaurus.org/uat/1469
subject: 2023 XU3

description: The Minor Planet Electronic Circulars contain information on unusual minor planets, routine data on comets and natural satellites, and occasional editorial announcements.  They are published on behalf of Division F of the International Astronomical Union by the Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.
Managing the Public Trust: How to Make Natural Resource Funds Work for Citizens
Creators: name: Bauer, Andrew
name: Toledano, Perrine
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Investments--Government policy
subject: Natural resources--Management--Economic aspects
subject: Natural resources--Management--Government policy
subject: Sustainable development
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Sustainability
subject: Natural resources—Management

description: Given their collective size – approximately $3.5 trillion in assets as of end-2013 and growing – and concerns about the motivations of their government owners, much has been written on natural resource funds (NRFs), their investments and global influence. However their impacts on governance and public financial accountability at home have received far less attention.

On the one hand, these funds can be used to serve the public interest, for example by covering budget deficits when resource revenues decline, saving for future generations, or helping to mitigate Dutch Disease through fiscal sterilization. On the other hand, they can undermine public financial management and be sources of patronage and nepotism.

The Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI) and the Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment (CCSI) have conducted a world-wide survey of NRFs looking at their management, investments, transparency, and accountability to the public, as well as the fiscal rules that govern them. This project seeks to foster cross-country experience-sharing on fund governance. Policy briefs, the NRF profiles and the webpage have been designed to provide government officials, policymakers, researchers and citizens with information to better understand NRF governance and in particular to equip policymakers with the necessary background to set up funds or reform existing ones.

The NRF profiles research methodology draws on a number of resources for its analytical framework, including Edwin Truman’s Sovereign Wealth Fund Scoreboard and NRGI’s Toolkit for Assessing Oil, Gas and Mineral Revenue Management. Each profile is the product of in-depth study of the laws, regulations and policies governing one or a set of funds in a given country, province or state. Primary sources were used when available and all profiles were peer-reviewed by sovereign wealth fund experts, based in-country where possible.

This research was directed by Andrew Bauer, economic analyst with NRGI, and Perrine Toledano, Economics and Policy Researcher; Head: Extractive Industries Focus with CCSI.
Stability analysis of single planet systems and their habitable zones
Creators: name: Kopparapu, Ravi kumar
name: Barnes, Rory
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the dynamical stability of planetary systems consisting of one hypothetical terrestrial mass planet ($1 $ or $10 \mearth$) and one massive planet ($10 \mearth - 10 \mjup$). We consider masses and orbits that cover the range of observed planetary system architectures (including non-zero initial eccentricities), determine the stability limit through N-body simulations, and compare it to the analytic Hill stability boundary. We show that for given masses and orbits of a two planet system, a single parameter, which can be calculated analytically, describes the Lagrange stability boundary (no ejections or exchanges) but which diverges significantly from the Hill stability boundary. However, we do find that the actual boundary is fractal, and therefore we also identify a second parameter which demarcates the transition from stable to unstable evolution. We show the portions of the habitable zones of $ρ$ CrB, HD 164922, GJ 674, and HD 7924 which can support a terrestrial planet. These analyses clarify the stability boundaries in exoplanetary systems and demonstrate that, for most exoplanetary systems, numerical simulations of the stability of potentially habitable planets are only necessary over a narrow region of parameter space. Finally we also identify and provide a catalog of known systems which can host terrestrial planets in their habitable zones.
description: 23 pages, 22 figures, ApJ accepted
Outcome Report of Roundtable on Human Rights Impact Assessments (HRIAs) of Large-scale Foreign Investments
Creators: name: (:Unav)
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Human rights
subject: Human rights--Government policy
subject: Investments, Foreign
subject: Investments, Foreign--Social aspects
subject: Sustainable development
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: International relations

description: CCSI, the Sciences Po Law School Clinic, and the Columbia Law School Human Rights Institute recently published an outcome document of a one-day roundtable focused on the opportunities and challenges presented by human rights impact assessments (HRIAs) of large-scale foreign investments. The roundtable, which was held in April 2014 at Columbia University, provided an opportunity for collaborative reflection on the development of HRIAs, as well as on ways to enhance HRIAs as a framework and tool for both human rights advocacy and human rights risk management in respect of foreign investments.

By sharing the outcomes of the roundtable, this document aims to support HRIA practitioners, company officials, civil society representatives, and other stakeholders focused on human rights and foreign investment in further reflection on the objectives and methods of HRIAs. The roundtable examined the various practices comprising HRIAs, and the discussion underscored that many of the challenges associated with carrying out an HRIA are common to multiple stakeholders, albeit borne out in different ways. This outcome document describes some of the primary ways in which HRIAs are undertaken and outlines the salient issues and key challenges that practitioners have identified.
ОВЕРТУРИЗМ В НАУЧНОМ И ПУБЛИЦИСТИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ: ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР
Creators: name: СТРЕЛЬНИКОВА МАРИНА АНАТОЛЬЕВНА
name: БАКУРОВА ЕЛЕНА НИКОЛАЕВНА
Publisher: name: Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма
Year: 2019
Subjects: TOURISM
MASS TOURISM
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
TOURIST DESTINATION
TOURIST FLOW
UNEVEN TOURIST FLOW
OVERTOURISM
MANAGEMENT OF THE TOURIST FLOW
ТУРИЗМ
МАССОВЫЙ ТУРИЗМ
УСТОЙЧИВЫЙ ТУРИЗМ
ТУРИСТСКАЯ ДЕСТИНАЦИЯ
ТУРИСТСКИЙ ПОТОК
НЕРАВНОМЕРНЫЙ ТУРИСТСКИЙ ПОТОК
ОВЕРТУРИЗМ
РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ТУРИЗМА

description: Рост туристского потока, превышающий разумные пределы и негативно влияющий на состояние дестинации, становится глобальной проблемой, получившей название овертуризма и ставшей предметом активного научного обсуждения в среде зарубежных ученых. Цель статьи представить различные аспекты научной дискуссии на тему овертуризма и обобщить существующие точки зрения для понимания его сути и масштабов. На настоящий момент не существует общепринятого определения этому феномену, в силу его неоднозначности и сложности. Обзор различных трактовок дает основание выделить ключевые моменты в понятийной сфере и концептуальные подходы, которые систематизированы в содержании работы по этапам и направлениям исследований. Важный аспект «территориально-географический» связан с анализом ситуаций в конкретных туристских дестинациях, где наиболее остро проявляются последствия овертуризма. В исследованиях ряда авторов дается характеристика современного состояния чрезмерного туризма в наиболее востребованных туристских центрах: Амстердам, Барселона, Дубровник, Исландия, Лондон, Майорка, Париж, Прага, Венеция, Санторини. «Экономический» подход в изучении проблемы позволяет раскрыть причины чрезмерности туристских потоков: остановки больших круизных лайнеров, наличие недорогих авиакомпаний и новых платформ для аренды жилья для туристов, особенно Airbnb. Обзор существующей литературы, предпринятый в данной статье, дает представление о сложности такого феномена, как овертуризм. Кроме того, сам термин овертуризм описывает не одно, а множество явлений, которые сходятся и перекрываются, выражая новую тенденцию, достойную анализа и многоаспектных исследований.
Natural Resource Contracts as a Tool for Managing the Mining Sector
Creators: name: (:Unav)
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Investments--Government policy
subject: Mineral industries--Government policy
subject: Natural resources--Management--Government policy
subject: Sustainable development
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Sustainability
subject: Natural resources—Management

description: In this report commissioned by the Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), CCSI examined the different types of legal regimes governing mining projects in 18 countries to gain a better understanding of mining deals granted and negotiated under different minerals regimes. CCSI compared the provisions of 30 mining contracts from 13 countries, analyzed a selection of mining-related legislative texts from 18 countries, and surveyed the experiences of mining contract negotiations through dozens of interviews with experts, government officials, company representatives, and members of civil society organizations.

The report sets out some of the reasons for which some countries have adopted a licensing regime whereas other countries have opted to use mining contracts, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each. For countries with a contractual mining regime, the report further examines the relationship between a country’s mining contracts and its legal regime, taking into account the trend towards more legislated terms that minerals regimes are taking. The report also analyzes the mining contract negotiation and implementation process and identifies potential opportunities for external experts to support resource rich, low income countries to better manage their mining investments from the planning and preparation for a contract negotiation or licensing round, to the implementation and monitoring of the mining investment.
Obesity is a negative predictor of success after surgery for complex anal fistula.
Creators: name: Schwandner, O.
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: 610 Medizin
subject: Adolescent
subject: Adult
subject: Aged
subject: Digestive System Surgical Procedures/methods
subject: Female
subject: Humans
subject: Male
subject: Middle Aged
subject: Multivariate Analysis
subject: Obesity/complications
subject: Prospective Studies
subject: Rectal Fistula/surgery
subject: Recurrence
subject: Reoperation
subject: Surgical Flaps
subject: Treatment Outcome
subject: Young Adult

description: Obese patients are at higher risk for failure after surgery for complex anal fistula.
Predictive Value of Positive Surgical Margins after Radical Prostatectomy for Lymph Node Metastasis in Locally Advanced Prostate Carcinoma.
Creators: name: Otto, Wolfgang
name: Gerber, Peter
name: Rößler, Wolfgang
name: Wieland, Wolf Ferdinand
name: Denzinger, Stefan
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: 610 Medizin

description: Introduction. Suspected locally advanced prostate carcinoma shows lymph node involvement in a high percentage of cases. For a long time, such patients were not radically prostatectomised. In recent years, however, this viewpoint has changed. Material and Methods. We analysed a single-centre series of 34 patients with suspected locally advanced prostate cancer to establish predictive parameters for lymph node metastasis. All patients underwent radical prostatectomy between 2007 and 2010. Results. Of the 34 patients, 26% showed pathological stage T3a, 59% pT3b, and 15% pT4. Median preoperative PSA level was 25 ng/mL, and five patients had had neoadjuvant antihormonal treatment. Positive margins were found in 76% of patients. Patients without neoadjuvant treatment showed it in 79%, and after preoperative antihormonal treatment the rate was 60%. Positive margins were associated with lymph node involvement in 85% of cases, complete resection was associated only in 50% of cases. Conclusions. Positive surgical margins play an important predictive role when estimating lymph node involvement in patients with locally advanced prostate carcinoma. Neoadjuvant antihormonal therapy is associated with a relevant reduction in the rate of positive margins but not with the rate of lymph node metastasis. As such, a combination of antihormonal and surgical treatment should be considered.
Report on Community Development Funds and Agreements in Guinea Under the New Mining Code
Creators: name: (:Unav)
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Gold mines and mining
subject: Gold mines and mining--Economic aspects
subject: Gold mines and mining--Finance
subject: Mineral investment
subject: Community development
subject: Sustainable development
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Sustainability
subject: Natural resources—Management

description: Guinea’s 2011 Mining Code introduced a large number of reforms directed to increasing transparency and the contribution of the mining sector to development, including requirements for the establishment of a local development fund and for community development agreements between mining companies and local communities. As part of the legal and fiscal analysis of the gold mining investments in Guinea, CCSI examined how these provisions could be implemented effectively. CCSI produced a report (en français) that makes recommendations as to how the Government, mining companies, civil society and communities can work together to maximize the benefits of local development funding in the Guinean context. The report analyzes the legal framework that has been in place in Guinea to date, focusing in particular on the experiences of the stakeholders around the Société AngloGold Ashanti de Guinée mine in Siguiri, assesses the improvements and remaining weaknesses in the draft regulations (as compared to the previous legal framework) and provides a comparative analysis of models and good practices of community development agreements and local development funds globally.
A rare location of metastasis from prostate cancer: hydronephrosis associated with ureteral metastasis.
Creators: name: Schneider, Sebastian
name: Popp, Dieter
name: Denzinger, Stefan
name: Otto, Wolfgang
Publisher: name: Universität Regensburg
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: 610 Medizin

description: Prostate carcinoma is a very rare origin of metastatic disease in the ureter. We report a case of a 74-year-old man who presented in November 2008 initially with flank pain and lower urinary tract symptoms. Diagnostic investigation revealed a skeletal metastasizing prostate carcinoma, and the cause for the flank pain was a hydronephrosis due to ureteral metastasis diagnosed by biopsy. Antihormonal treatment led to disappearance of the hydronephrosis; however, further progress finally ended in acute liver failure with patient's death in July 2010.
ПЛАНИРОВОЧНЫЕ СПОСОБЫ РЕШЕНИЯ И ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЯ ПРОБЛЕМ ОВЕРТУРИЗМА
Creators: name: ЯКОВЛЕВА СВЕТЛАНА ИВАНОВНА
Publisher: name: Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма
Year: 2019
Subjects: ОВЕРТУРИЗМ
РАЗРУШИТЕЛЬНАЯ РОЛЬ ТУРИЗМА
РАЗРУШИТЕЛЬ РАССТОЯНИЙ
МЕТОДЫ ПЛАНИРОВАНИЯ
OVERTOURISM
THE ROLE OF TOURISM-DESTROYER
DESTROYER OF DISTANCES
PLANNING METHODS

description: Новое оценочное понятие «овертуризм» (сверхтуризм, избыточный туризм) отражает два процесса (и явления) стремительный рост туристских потоков и повышенную концентрацию туристов в центрах и на объектах туризма. Это характерно не только для главных мировых дестинаций, а для всех популярных туристских местностей и экскурсионных объектов. Перегрузка туристских дестинаций, отдельных центров и объектов туристским потоком это риск и угроза их разрушения, для местных жителей это постоянная жизнь среди отдыхающих гостей, потеря своих мест отдыха и досуга, беспокойная и шумная обстановка условия ЧС «техногенного» характера. В трудные условия повышенной скученности попадают и сами туристы. Причины разрушительного действия овертуризма, вероятно, в исходных стратегических приоритетах: получение дохода от туризма (при значительном потоке туристов) и обеспечение доступности (в том числе транспортной доступности центров и объектов туризма). Оценка рисков туристско-рекреационного использования объектов и территорий должна ответственно решаться на стадии стратегического (социально-экономического и пространственного) планирования регионов и городов. Имеется масса публикаций о проблемах овертуризма (с 1960-х гг. до появления термина). Наиболее актуальными вопросами являются способы решения и предупреждения явления овертуризма. Опыт разных стран включает преимущественно меры ограничений и запретов (сезонные и/или экстренные). Важно искать решения не только оперативного характера, но и стратегического на уровне разработки стратегий развития стран, регионов и городов, в том числе стратегий развития туризма. Особый акцент на пространственное планирование с использованием 3-х основных взаимосвязанных подходов территориального проектирования туризма (планировочные подходы): 1) территориально-структурный (деконцентрация и перераспределение турпотока по нескольким направлениям, старым и новым центрам; функциональный для зонирования территорий с разным режимом и массовостью посещения), 2)инфраструктурный (дороги, сеть смотровых площадок и туристских троп и др.) и 3) расселенческий (гостиницы и места отдыха в городах и сельской местности вне сельских населенных пунктов и их ближайших окрестностей).
Meeting Summary of Colloquium on Policy, Law, Contracts, and Sustainable Development
Creators: name: (:Unav)
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Investments, Foreign--Government policy
subject: Mineral industries--Government policy
subject: Agriculture and state
subject: Sustainable development
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Sustainability
subject: International relations

description: In November 2014, CCSI and the Institute for Human Rights and Business co-convened a colloquium on policy, law, contracts, and sustainable development, with a particular focus on large-scale investments in the extractive industries and the agriculture sector. The colloquium provided an opportunity for practitioners to share information on their related work, as well as to reflect on current practices and remaining gaps regarding efforts to embed sustainability and human rights into large-scale deals. This outcome document provides a summary of the discussion, while its annex includes information on participants’ relevant programs, initiatives, and tools.
ПРОБЛЕМЫ ОВЕРТУРИЗМА В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРОВОМ И ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОМ ТУРИЗМЕ, ПУТИ ИХ РЕШЕНИЯ И НИВЕЛИРОВАНИЯ
Creators: name: ПРЕОБРАЖЕНСКИЙ АЛЕКСАНДР БОРИСОВИЧ
Publisher: name: Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма
Year: 2019
Subjects: OVERTOURISM
EXCESS TOURISM
THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM
WAYS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS OF OVERTOURISM
ОВЕРТУРИЗМ
СВЕРХТУРИЗМ
НЕГАТИВНОЕ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ ТУРИЗМА
ПУТИ РЕШЕНИЯ ПРОБЛЕМ ОВЕРТУРИЗМА

description: Современный туризм является одной из быстроразвивающихся сфер экономики, оказывая существенное влияние на природную, социальную, культурную и экономическую среду дестинаций. При этом стремительный рост туристического потока сопровождается его существенной неравномерностью, что приводит к избыточному количеству туристов в одних туристических местах, и недостаточному в других. Овертуризм, сверхтуризм, избыточный туризм это те термины, которые все чаще и чаще появляются как в научных публикациях, так и в масс-медиа. Поэтому целью статьи является изучение проблемы овертуризма и путей ее решения. Автор статьи анализирует причины, оказывающие влияние на рост туристического рынка, и определяет факторы, приводящие к избыточному туристическому потоку в отдельных дестинациях. Изучение современной научной литературы показало отсутствие в методологическом поле исследований социологических методов, которые позволяют понять и учесть интересы всех сторон, участвующих в конфликтах, вызываемых овертуризмом. Поэтому автор, путём опроса жителей туристических районов Европы, изучения различных источников и отчётов, выявляет причины и проявления овертуризма в отдельных дестинациях, а также приводит успешные практики, в которых удалось побороть это явление. Автор уделяет значительное внимание возможностям нивелирования последствий овертуризма, предлагает пути решения, посредством перехода от тактической модели планирования туристских потоков к стратегической, от экстенсивного (развитие в ширь), до интенсивного (развитие вглубь). Вопросы овертуризма особенно актуальны сегодня для России, где поток туристов направлен на две ключевые дестинации Санкт-Петербург и Москву, поэтому результаты проведенного исследования могут быть полезны в стратегическом планировании развития сферы туризма.
On generalized Frame-Stewart numbers
Creators: name: Chappelon, Jonathan
name: Matsuura, Akihiro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Number Theory (math.NT)
subject: Discrete Mathematics (cs.DM)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: For the multi-peg Tower of Hanoi problem with $k \geqslant 4$ pegs, so far the best solution is obtained by the Stewart's algorithm based on the the following recurrence relation: $\mathrm{S}\_k(n)=\min\_{1 \leqslant t \leqslant n} \left\{2 \cdot \mathrm{S}\_k(n-t) + \mathrm{S}\_{k-1}(t)\right\}$, $\mathrm{S}\_3(n) = 2^n -- 1$. In this paper, we generalize this recurrence relation to $\mathrm{G}\_k(n) = \min\_{1\leqslant t\leqslant n}\left\{ p\_k\cdot \mathrm{G}\_k(n-t) + q\_k\cdot \mathrm{G}\_{k-1}(t) \right\}$, $\mathrm{G}\_3(n) = p\_3\cdot \mathrm{G}\_3(n-1) + q\_3$, for two sequences of arbitrary positive integers $\left(p\_i\right)\_{i \geqslant 3}$ and $\left(q\_i\right)\_{i \geqslant 3}$ and we show that the sequence of differences $\left(\mathrm{G}\_k(n)- \mathrm{G}\_k(n-1)\right)\_{n \geqslant 1}$ consists of numbers of the form $\left(\prod\_{i=3}^{k}q\_i\right) \cdot \left(\prod\_{i=3}^{k}{p\_i}^{α\_i}\right)$, with $α\_i\geqslant 0$ for all $i$, arranged in nondecreasing order. We also apply this result to analyze recurrence relations for the Tower of Hanoi problems on several graphs.
description: 13 pages ; 3 figures