Petrocephalus magnoculis Kramer & Bills & Skelton & Wink 2012, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Kramer, Bernd
name: Bills, Roger
name: Skelton, Paul
name: Wink, Michael
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Osteoglossiformes
Mormyridae
Petrocephalus
Petrocephalus magnoculis

description: Petrocephalus magnoculis sp. nov.   
(Figure 2, no. 23; online Figure 8)  
 Type specimens. Holotype: SAIAB 78788 (specimen Ruac06) from Cunene River, just below Ruacana Falls. Paratypes: SAIAB 186053 (specimen Ruac09), SAIAB 79480 (specimen Ruac10), SAIAB 78790 (specimen Ruac17), ZSM 38659 (specimen Ruac07), ZSM 38660 (specimen Ruac13).   
 Type locality. Namibia: Cunene River: just below the Ruacana Falls, Hippo Pool Campsite, 17 ◦ 24 ′ 24 ′′ S, 14 ◦ 13 ′ 01 ′′ E, about 800 m altitude.   
 Diagnosis. Eye diameter defined by orbital rims, OD, mean 0.294 (range 0.259 –0.329) of HL, head length; number of scales in lateral line row, SLS, median 40 (range 38–42); length of snout to posterior orbital rim of eye, LSo, mean 0.485 (range 0.47–0.514) of HL, head length; length of snout to centre of eye, LSc, mean 0.37 (range 0.352 –0.391) of HL; head length, HL, mean 0.258 (range 0.25–0.277) of SL; preanal length, PAL, mean 0.611 (range 0.59–0.628) of SL; anal fin length, LA, mean 0.234 (range 0.215 –0.256) of SL; number of dorsal fin rays, nD, median 23 (range 20–24); body depth, BD, mean 0.312 (range (0.283–0.34) of SL; distance between the pair of nares of one side, Na, mean 27.9 (range 24.3–31.1) times in HL, head length.   
 Description. Body oval shape (Figure 2, no. 23). Head with rounded nose, small ventrally positioned subterminal mouth, situated ventral to the eye; head and body dorsolaterally compressed. Dorsal fin (a) origin situated about two-thirds of standard length from snout, (b) obliquely orientated, anteriorly higher and posteriorly lower, (c) distal margin crescentic with anterior two or three rays longer than posterior rays, and (d) number of rays 20 (n = 1), 21 (n = 0), 22 (n = 2), 23 (n = 2), 24 (n = 4). Anal fin (a) longer than dorsal fin, (b) opposite dorsal fin with slightly more anterior origin, (c) obliquely orientated, anteriorly lower and posteriorly higher, (d) anterior 10 or so rays longer than posterior ones, especially in males where they also appear stronger, (e) margin broadly rounded, (f) rays posterior to first 10 with distal margin straight, (g) number of rays 26 (n = 1), 27 (n = 0), 28 (n = 2), 29 (n = 2), 30 (n = 3), 31 (n = 1). Forked tail fin with rounded lobes. Scales cycloid with reticulate striae, scales extending anteriorly to operculum and pectoral fins (beyond pelvics). Scales in lateral series, 38 (n = 1), 39 (n = 1), 40 (n = 2), 42 (n = 1). Scales on caudal peduncle circumference, 11 (n = 1), 12 (n = 7), 13 (n = 1). Caudal peduncle slender, subcylindrical entire length, usually 19.9% (18.4–21.8%) of SL (Table 1). Electric organ discharge a triphasic pulse with strong head-positive phase P1 followed by head-negative main phase N, and head-positive P2 phase of 30% amplitude re: P1 phase (Figure 10). Pulse duration mean 443 (394–536) µs (n = 4); 25 ◦ C, 2% threshold criterion). Males with kink in anal fin base which is absent in juveniles and females where the anal fin base is straight.   
 Colour in preservation. Light beige, back darker and grey, but brown where mormyrid skin gone.   
 Colour in life. Grey-silver, underside lighter, paired fins light and transparent.   
 Ecology. The Cunene River is dammed for hydroelectric power generation just above Ruacana Falls in Angola. Even in the dry season when the Falls proper were completely dry the water level just below the Falls was regulated rather high, and the current rather strong. Dicotyledonous trees, extensive reed beds and semiaquatic bushes dominated the river banks. River banks were rocky or sandy, depending on whether they were on the inside or outside bank. Crocodiles were seen, and hippopotamus are reported for the area but were not seen. At 800 m sea level marked diurnal temperature differences with chilling nights. Online Figure 9.   
 Distribution. Presently known only from just below the Ruacana Falls; downstream limit perhaps at Epupa Falls. Nothing is known about whether P. magnoculis sp. nov. is also found upstream of Ruacana Falls.   
 Etymology. Species name derived from magnus, great, and oculus, eye.   
 Remarks. In P. magnoculis sp. nov., Eye diameter and SLS are in the top range compared with the other species, also LSo, LSc, HL and PAL, whereas LA is in the lower range.
description: Published as part of Kramer, Bernd, Bills, Roger, Skelton, Paul & Wink, Michael, 2012, A critical revision of the churchill snoutfish, genus Petrocephalus Marcusen, 1854 (Actinopterygii: Teleostei: Mormyridae), from southern and eastern Africa, with the recognition of Petrocephalus tanensis, and the description of five new species, pp. 2179-2258 in Journal of Natural History 46 (35 - 36) on pages 2241-2242, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.708452, http://zenodo.org/record/4590828