cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Reactive oxygen species generation by copper(II) oxide nanoparticles determined by DNA damage assays and EPR spectroscopy
Creators: name: Angelé-Martínez, Carlos
name: Nguyen, Khanh Van T.
name: Fathima S. Ameer
name: Anker, Jeffrey N.
name: Brumaghim, Julia L.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Pharmacology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: Copper(II) oxide nanoparticles (NPCuO) have many industrial applications, but are highly cytotoxic because they generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is unknown whether the damaging ROS are generated primarily from copper leached from the nanoparticles, or whether the nanoparticle surface plays a significant role. To address this question, we separated nanoparticles from the supernatant containing dissolved copper, and measured their ability to damage plasmid DNA with addition of hydrogen peroxide, ascorbate, or both. While DNA damage from the supernatant (measured using an electrophoresis assay) can be explained solely by dissolved copper ions, damage by the nanoparticles in the presence of ascorbate is an order of magnitude higher than can be explained by dissolved copper and must, therefore, depend primarily upon the nanoparticle surface. DNA damage is time-dependent, with shorter incubation times resulting in higher EC50 values. Hydroxyl radical (•OH) is the main ROS generated by NPCuO/hydrogen peroxide as determined by EPR measurements; NPCuO/hydrogen peroxide/ascorbate conditions generate ascorbyl, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals. Thus, NPCuO generate ROS through several mechanisms, likely including Fenton-like and Haber-Weiss reactions from the surface or dissolved copper ions. The same radical species were observed when NPCuO suspensions were replaced with the supernatant containing leached copper, washed NPCuO, or dissolved copper solutions. Overall, NPCuO generate significantly more ROS and DNA damage in the presence of ascorbate than can be explained simply from dissolved copper, and the NPCuO surface must play a large role.
Η συμβολή της δημιουργικής οικονομίας στην αστική αναγέννηση και βιώσιμη ανάπτυξη των πόλεων: Θεωρητική προσέγγιση
Creators: name: Γκατζής, Θεοφάνης Θ.
Publisher: name: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών
Year: 2020

description: Στη σύγχρονη εποχή, είναι κοινά παραδεκτό ότι ο ανταγωνισμός που αντιμετωπίζουν οι πόλεις είναι έντονος καθόσον η αλματώδης ανάπτυξη της τεχνολογίας εκμηδένισε χρονικές αποστάσεις. Έτσι γιγαντώθηκε η μετακίνηση ανθρώπινου και χρηματικού κεφαλαίου στο παγκόσμιο στερέωμα, καθώς και η ανάγκη του ανθρώπου να ταξιδεύει. Για να αντιμετωπίσουν, λοιπόν, τις σύγχρονες προκλήσεις, στο διεθνές και εγχώριο περιβάλλον, οι διαχειριστές των πόλεων επιβάλλεται να ακολουθήσουν πολιτικές που θα ικανοποιούν τις ανάγκες, τις επιθυμίες και τις απαιτήσεις των πολιτών του εσωτερικού (κάτοικοι, επιχειρήσεις) και του εξωτερικού περιβάλλοντος (νέοι κάτοικοι, επενδυτές, τουρίστες) αυτών, ενώ παράλληλα θα επιτυγχάνουν τους στόχους της ανάπτυξης, της ενίσχυσης ανταγωνιστικότητας και της αναγνωρισιμότητας των αστικών κέντρων. Μια τέτοια πολιτική είναι η ενθάρρυνση της ανάπτυξης της δημιουργικής οικονομίας, από τις δημοτικές αρχές διαφόρων περιοχών παγκοσμίως, που πρωτοεμφανίστηκε στις αποβιομηχανοποιημένες πόλεις της Δύσης (Μεγάλη Βρετανία και ΗΠΑ) και συνέβαλλε στη βιώσιμη ανάπτυξη και αστική αναγέννηση περιοχών αποτελώντας παράλληλα εργαλείο στρατηγικού πολεοδομικού σχεδιασμού. Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι να διερευνηθεί κατά πόσον η δημιουργική οικονομία συμβάλλει στη βιώσιμη ανάπτυξη και την αστική αναγέννηση πόλεων. Η ενθάρρυνση της δημιουργικής οικονομίας αποτελεί εργαλείο διακυβέρνησης και σχεδιασμού περιοχών από τις αστικές αρχές παγκοσμίως.
description: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών, Vol. 18 No. 72 (2020)
Toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles on soil nitrification at environmentally relevant concentrations: Lack of classical dose–response relationships
Creators: name: Simonin, Marie
name: Martins, Jean M.F.
name: Roux, Xavier Le
name: Uzu, Gaëlle
name: Calas, Aude
name: Richaume, Agnès
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Space Science
subject: Medicine
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: Titanium-dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are increasingly released in agricultural soils through, e.g. biosolids, irrigation or nanoagrochemicals. Soils are submitted to a wide range of concentrations of TiO2-NPs depending on the type of exposure. However, most studies have assessed the effects of unrealistically high concentrations, and the dose–response relationships are not well characterized for soil microbial communities. Here, using soil microcosms, we assessed the impact of TiO2-NPs at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 500 mg kg−1 dry-soil, on the activity and abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrobacter and Nitrospira). In addition, aggregation and oxidative potential of TiO2-NPs were measured in the spiking suspensions, as they can be important drivers of TiO2-NPs toxicity. After 90 days of exposure, non-classical dose–response relationships were observed for nitrifier abundance or activity, making threshold concentrations impossible to compute. Indeed, AOA abundance was reduced by 40% by TiO2-NPs whatever the concentration, while Nitrospira was never affected. Moreover, AOB and Nitrobacter abundances were decreased mainly at intermediate concentrations nitrification was reduced by 25% at the lowest (0.05 mg kg−1) and the highest (100 and 500 mg kg−1) TiO2-NPs concentrations. Path analyses indicated that TiO2-NPs affected nitrification through an effect on the specific activity of nitrifiers, in addition to indirect effects on nitrifier abundances. Altogether these results point out the need to include very low concentrations of NPs in soil toxicological studies, and the lack of relevance of classical dose–response tests and ecotoxicological dose metrics (EC50, IC50…) for TiO2-NPs impact on soil microorganisms.
title: Missing Our Own Audience: The Perceptions of Audience in the Composition Classroom
Creators: name: Swick, Chelsea R.
Publisher: name: Old Dominion University
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/04zjtrb98
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2010

description: Although considered a critical part of the writing process by scholars such as Lisa Ede and Andrea Lunsford, the concept of audience is elusive when actually looking for its presence in composition classrooms. Many instructors believe that they provide a framework for understanding and valuing audience awareness in writing but then do not understand when student writing does not show these connections. This raises the question of how audience is being taught in the classroom. The purpose of this study is to determine how audience is being addressed as a pedagogical framework in first year composition classrooms by instructors as well as how these instructors' students perceive and value audience in their academic and non-academic writing.

As it has been argued that writing creates history, documents such as syllabi, assignment sheets, and rubrics from first year composition classrooms are analyzed using grounded theory in order to understand how audience is being addressed in these classrooms. Although a theory cannot be constructed due to limited data, the documents provided a four points of analyses on how the concept of audience is being incorporated into some pedagogies. First, instructors are asking students to engage with an audience but are rarely asking the students to construct their own audience; rather, the instructors assign an audience that students should engage. Second, instructors and students are focusing on both audiences that are addressed, or real, and invoked, or imaginary as Ede and Lunsford define. Third, instructors and students are sharing the responsibility of agency. Fourth and finally, instructors are providing direct language rather than implying in their documents, which allows for students to understand without making inferences on meaning.

In addition, using a phenomenological study, student perceptions and values of audience are collected and then analyzed through surveying students currently enrolled in first year composition classrooms. Surveys indicated that students primarily focus on the instructor as the audience. As well, the audience is valued when students compose in the academic setting but not when composing in the non-academic setting. Lastly, analysis of the surveys indicated that the confidence level of the writer was proportional to the value placed on audience awareness.
DAM BREACH ANALYSIS AND FLOOD INUNDATION MAPPING THE CASE OF KOGA DAM, ABAY BASIN, ETHIOPIA
Creators: name: BEWKET DAGNE TEGEGNE
Publisher: name: National Academic Digital Repository of Ethiopia
Year: 2020
Subjects: Dam Breach Analysis, Flood Inundation Map, HEC- RAS, HEC Geo RAS, HEC-HMS, HEC Geo HMS, Koga Dam, PMF.

description: open Access on January 2021
Εγκαταλελειμμένα Κτίρια: ζητήματα διαχείρισης και αξιοποίησης με βάση το Πολεοδομικό Κέντρο Λαμίας ως μελέτη περίπτωσης
Creators: name: Παπαγεωργίου, Μαριλένα
name: Ζωή, Κακανά
name: Άσπα, Γοσποδίνη
Publisher: name: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών
Year: 2020

description: Η εγκατάλειψη κτιρίων αποτελεί ένα αρκετά διαδεδομένο πρόβλημα που αντιμετωπίζουν τα αστικά κέντρα. Η έρευνα πεδίου που πραγματοποιήθηκε στο πολεοδομικό κέντρο Λαμίας (μια τυπική ελληνική πόλη μεσαίου μεγέθους), έδειξε ότι ο αριθμός των εγκαταλελειμμένων κτιρίων ανέρχεται στα 60. Από αυτά, το 18,5% ήταν κηρυγμένα «διατηρητέα», 27,7% ήταν επικινδύνως ετοιμόρροπα, 21,7% κοινώς ετοιμόρροπα, 38,5% εμφάνιζαν σημαντικές φθορές, 15% ήταν ημιτελή (γιαπιά), ενώ 20% ήταν επικίνδυνα για τη δημόσια υγεία. Δεδομένων των αρνητικών επιπτώσεων από την παρουσία εγκαταλελειμμένων κτιρίων στο κέντρο της πόλης, στο άρθρο διατυπώνεται μια σειρά τομεακών (ανά κατηγορία εγκαταλελειμμένου) αλλά και χωρικά εστιασμένων προτάσεων (για περιοχή βόρεια της πλατείας Λαού), με στόχο την άρση της εγκατάλειψης, τη βελτίωση της ελκυστικότητας της πόλης και εν τέλει την επίτευξη αστικής αναζωογόνησης. Το άρθρο καταλήγει στη διατύπωση μιας απλής μεθοδολογίας, για αντίστοιχου μεγέθους με τη Λαμία πόλεις, που είναι αντιμέτωπες με το φαινόμενο της εγκατάλειψης κτιρίων.
description: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών, Vol. 18 No. 72 (2020)
Additional file 1: of Tracheal intubation in critically ill patients: a comprehensive systematic review of randomized trials
Creators: name: Cabrini, Luca
name: Landoni, Giovanni
name: Baiardo Radaelli, Martina
name: Saleh, Omar
name: Votta, Carmine
name: Fominskiy, Evgeny
name: Putzu, Alessandro
name: Snak de Souza, CĂŠzar
name: Antonelli, Massimo
name: Bellomo, Rinaldo
name: Pelosi, Paolo
name: Zangrillo, Alberto
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Search strategy, flow chart of the systematic review, supplemental figures (forest plots). (DOCX 146Â kb)
Βιβλιοκριτική: Λιότζης Ευάγγελος, Πορνογραφικοποίηση: Ιχνηλατώντας τη Σύγχρονη ΣεξουαλικότηταΠορνογραφικοποίηση: Ιχνηλατώντας τη Σύγχρονη Σεξουαλικότητα
Creators: name: Μωραΐτης, Γιώργος
Publisher: name: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών
Year: 2019

description: Βιβλιοκριτική
description: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών, Vol. 18 No. 71 (2019)
Understanding the nature of the teacher shortage in Mississippi
Creators: name: Anthony, Kenneth
name: Franz, Dana
name: Brenner, Devon
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: 140204 Economics of Education
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: Education
subject: 140214 Public Economics- Publically Provided Goods

description: Anthony, K., Franz, D. & Brenner, D. (2017). Understanding the nature of the teacher shortage in Mississippi. The Mississippi Economic Review, 1, pp. 24-31.

 
Η κοινωνική αντίδραση έναντι της σεξουαλικής ετερότητας
Creators: name: Μουζάκη, Μαρία
Publisher: name: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών
Year: 2019

description: Το ζήτημα της ταυτότητας του φύλου και της σεξουαλικότητας συνεχίζει να προσκρούει σε βιολογικές, κοινωνικές επιταγές, με οτιδήποτε παρεκκλίνει από την ετεροφυλία να αντιμετωπίζεται ως «ταμπού», «παρεκκλίνουσα συμπεριφορά», η οποία στιγματίζεται και περιθωριοποιείται. Η κοινωνική αντίδραση έναντι της σεξουαλικής διαφοροποίησης φαίνεται να απαντά σε χρόνια, εδραιωμένα, κοινωνικά κατασκευασμένα πρότυπα και συμπεριφορές, αναδεικνύοντας με αυτό τον τρόπο την «κοινωνική» κατασκευή του φύλου. Παρά το γεγονός αυτό, η ύπαρξη ενός τρίτου φύλου, ισάξιου με τα άλλα δύο συνιστά μία διαχρονική κοινωνική πραγματικότητα, η οποία συναντάται σε κάθε πολιτιστικό μόρφωμα. Το παρόν άρθρο επιχειρεί να προσεγγίσει τον τρόπο διαχείρισης της σεξουαλικής ετερότητας, μέσα στο σημερινό κοινωνικο-πολιτισμικό περιβάλλον, που χαρακτηρίζεται από την ραγδαία εξάπλωση της τεχνολογίας και της γνώσης. Αλήθεια, πόσο διασφαλίζονται πραγματικά τα κοινωνικά δικαιώματα αυτών των ατόμων;
description: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών, Vol. 18 No. 71 (2019)
Aντιλήψεις των προέδρων των ενιαίων Σχολικών Επιτροπών ΟΤΑ (του Ν.3852/2010) για τους κινδύνους διαφθοράς στη διαχείριση των κονδυλίων για τις σχολικές μονάδες
Creators: name: Αργυροπούλου, Ελευθερία
Publisher: name: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών
Year: 2019

description: Η διαφθορά αποτελεί ένα σύνθετο και πολυδιάστατο φαινόμενο και έχει συνδεθεί με τον εκφυλισμό των αρχών και αξιών που αποτελούν τη βάση ενός πολιτικού συστήματος. Στην εκπαίδευση διεθνώς η διαφθορά εμφανίζεται σε όλες τις βαθμίδες της. Στην Ελλάδα, οι προσπάθειες καταπολέμησης της διαφθοράς δείχνουν πρόοδο στην απάλειψη του φαινομένου. Η παρούσα έρευνα πραγματοποιήθηκε τον Σεπτέμβριο του 2015 σε Πρωτοβάθμιες Σχολικές Επιτροπές της Αττικής. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι ακόμη υπάρχουν κενά στη λειτουργία των Σχολικών Επιτροπών, τα οποία πρέπει να αντιμετωπιστούν άμεσα με στόχο την αποτελεσματική λειτουργία των συγκεκριμένων συλλογικών οργάνων και την πρόληψη των κινδύνων διαφθοράς στην εκπαίδευση.
description: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών, Vol. 18 No. 71 (2019)
Η Εκπαίδευση ως Μέσο Άσκησης Κοινωνικής Πολιτικής: Το Παράδειγμα της Μαθητείας στην Ελλάδα της Κρίσης
Creators: name: Λαλιώτη, Βαρβάρα
Publisher: name: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών
Year: 2019

description: Έχοντας ως αφετηρία την παραδοχή ότι η εκπαίδευση αποτελεί μέσο άσκησης κοινωνικής πολιτικής, στο επίκεντρο του παρόντος άρθρου βρίσκεται το παράδειγμα της Μαθητείας στην Ελλάδα της κρίσης, για την οποία, όπως και για τα προγράμματα Μαθητείας εν γένει, επικρατεί η αντίληψη ότι διευκολύνει την πρόσβαση στην αγορά εργασίας. Αξιοποιώντας στοιχεία από μία μεγάλης έκτασης, κατά κύριο λόγο ποιοτική έρευνα που αποσκοπούσε στην αξιολόγηση του ελληνικού συστήματος Μαθητείας, υποστηρίζεται ότι, παρά τα θετικά του στοιχεία, το εν λόγω σύστημα διακρίνεται από σοβαρές αδυναμίες, οι οποίες περιορίζουν τη δυνατότητα λειτουργίας του ως μέσου άσκησης κοινωνικής πολιτικής, και πιο συγκεκριμένα προώθησης της απασχόλησης.
description: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών, Vol. 18 No. 71 (2019)
‘Εμείς’/ οι ‘Άλλοι’ ─ ‘Εδώ’/ ‘Εκεί’: Μια Κριτική Ανάλυση του Λόγου Μεταναστών/τριών Μαθητών/τριών Αλβανικής Καταγωγής
Creators: name: Στάμου, Αναστασία
name: Γρίβα, Ελένη
name: Μπούρας, Σπύρος
name: Ντίνας, Κώστας
Publisher: name: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών
Year: 2019

description: Οι ταυτότητες που κατασκευάζουν οι μετανάστες/τριες μαθητές/τριες, με βάση τον τρόπο με τον οποίο τοποθετούν στον λόγο τους τον εαυτό τους και τους άλλους, είναι κρίσιμες, καθώς επηρεάζουν τη δυναμική των τάξεων και συμβάλλουν στην ομαλή κοινωνική και σχολική ένταξή τους. Στην παρούσα εργασία εξετάζουμε τις απόψεις μαθητών/τριών δημοτικού σχολείου και αλβανικής καταγωγής μέσα από ημι-δομημένες συνεντεύξεις. Από την κριτική ανάλυση του λόγου τους, φαίνεται πως οι μετανάστες/τριες μαθητές/τριες κατασκευάζουν την ταυτότητά τους συντασσόμενοι/ες με την ομάδα του ‘εμείς’ και αντιπαρατιθέμενοι/ες με την ομάδα του ‘οι άλλοι’ (που είναι ‘εδώ’). Όμως, τελικά, η ταυτότητά τους οικοδομείται με θετική αναφορά το ‘εδώ’ (που είναι το τώρα) και με αρνητική αναφορά το ‘εκεί’ (που είναι το πριν και σπάνια το μετά).
description: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών, Vol. 18 No. 71 (2019)
Morse numbers of complex polynomials
Creators: name: Maxim, Laurenţiu
name: Tibăr, Mihai
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: Complex Variables (math.CV)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 14N10, 14Q20, 32S20, 58K05

description: To a complex polynomial function $f$ with arbitrary singularities we associate the number of Morse points in a general linear Morsification $f_{t} := f - t\ell$. We produce computable algebraic formulas in terms of invariants of $f$ for the numbers of stratwise Morse trajectories which abut, as $t\to 0$, to some point of the space or at infinity.
description: minor corrections; added constant alpha in Thm 4.1
Η Μικροθεμελίωση της Μακροοικονομικής: Μια Κριτική Επισκόπηση
Creators: name: Στεφανής, Γεώργιος
Publisher: name: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών
Year: 2019

description: Η έννοια της μικροθεμελίωσης έχει μια μακρά ιστορία που ξεκινά αμέσως μετά τη διάκριση της Οικονομικής Επιστήμης σε Μακροοικονομική και Μικροοικονομική, στις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 1930. Τις επόμενες δύο δεκαετίες λαμβάνει περισσότερο συγκεκριμένη μορφή μέσα από τα έργα των οικονομολόγων της νεοκλασικής σύνθεσης, συνεχίζεται στις αρχές του 1970 και 1980 με τα μικροθεμελιακά υποδείγματα των νέων κλασικών οικονομολόγων και της προσέγγισης των πραγματικών επιχειρηματικών κύκλων αντίστοιχα, και φθάνει μέχρι τους νέους κεϋνσιανούς κατά τη δεκαετία του 1990. Σήμερα, η μέχρι πρότινος πανσπερμία διαφορετικών απόψεων στη Μακροοικονομικής φαίνεται να έχει φθάσει σε μία ευρεία συναίνεση κάτω από τη μεθοδολογική αναγκαιότητα της παροχής μικροθεμελιακών βάσεων για τη μακροοικονομική θεωρία. Στόχος του παρόντος άρθρου αποτελεί η επισκόπηση της μικροθεμελίωσης της νεοκλασικής σχολής και η ανάδειξη του τρόπου με τον οποίο κάθε προσέγγιση εξάγει μακροοικονομικά συμπεράσματα έχοντας ως βάση μικροοικονομικές έννοιες. Επίσης, θα παρουσιαστεί μέσα από τη συγκριτική ανάλυση της μικροθεμελίωσης της νεοκλασικής σύνθεσης και της νέας νεοκλασικής σύνθεσης, ο τρόπος με τον οποίο οδηγείται η Μακροοικονομική στην απαξίωση και ακολούθως στην υποβάθμιση, καθώς σε πολλές περιπτώσεις καταλήγει να είναι απλά μια εφαρμογή της Μικροοικονομικής.
description: Το Βήμα των Κοινωνικών Επιστημών, Vol. 18 No. 70 (2018)
Decorrelation using Optimal Transport
Creators: name: Algren, Malte
name: Raine, John Andrew
name: Golling, Tobias
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Being able to decorrelate a feature space from protected attributes is an area of active research and study in ethics, fairness, and also natural sciences. We introduce a novel decorrelation method using Convex Neural Optimal Transport Solvers (Cnots) that is able to decorrelate a continuous feature space against protected attributes with optimal transport. We demonstrate how well it performs in the context of jet classification in high energy physics, where classifier scores are desired to be decorrelated from the mass of a jet. The decorrelation achieved in binary classification approaches the levels achieved by the state-of-the-art using conditional normalising flows. When moving to multiclass outputs the optimal transport approach performs significantly better than the state-of-the-art, suggesting substantial gains at decorrelating multidimensional feature spaces.
Optimization of multi-objective mobile emergency material allocation for sudden disasters related data.docx
Creators: name: Fu, Haoxin
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 150309 Logistics and Supply Chain Management
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: This data is the data content of Section 4 Analysis of examples of Article Optimization of multi-objective mobile emergency material allocation for sudden disasters, in which the determination of background data refers to Google maps and the actual local logistics and transportation conditions. The experimental data comes from the actual calculation results of the model and algorithm.
Watershed Partnership Survey.pdf
Creators: name: Biddle, Jennifer
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: 50205 Environmental Management
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 50209 Natural Resource Management

description: This survey was created as part of my dissertation research. It was administered to participants in US EPA's National Nonpoint Source Monitoring Program (NNPSMP). Survey tested collaborative governance determinants and perceptions regarding factors influencing watershed partnership performance.
Testing Whether Gravity Acts as a Quantum Entity When Measured
Creators: name: Hanif, Farhan
name: Das, Debarshi
name: Halliwell, Jonathan
name: Home, Dipankar
name: Mazumdar, Anupam
name: Ulbricht, Hendrik
name: Bose, Sougato
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A defining signature of classical systems is "in principle measurability" without disturbance: a feature manifestly violated by quantum systems. We describe a multi-interferometer experimental setup that can, in principle, reveal the nonclassicality of a spatial superposition-sourced gravitational field if an irreducible disturbance is caused by a measurement of gravity. While one interferometer sources the field, the others are used to measure the gravitational field created by the superposition. This requires neither any specific form of nonclassical gravity, nor the generation of entanglement between any relevant degrees of freedom at any stage, thus distinguishing it from the experiments proposed so far. This test, when added to the recent entanglement-witness based proposals, enlarges the domain of quantum postulates being tested for gravity. Moreover, the proposed test yields a signature of quantum measurement induced disturbance for any finite rate of decoherence, and is device independent.
description: Close to Published Version
CSE Software Ecosystems: Critical Instruments of Scientific Discovery
Creators: name: McInnes, Lois Curfman
name: Heroux, Michael
name: J. David Moulton
name: Bernholdt, David
name: Xiaoye Li
name: Scheibe, Tim
name: Yang, Ulrike Meier
name: And All IDEAS Project Members
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Computer Software
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 80306 Open Software
subject: 80110 Simulation and Modelling
subject: 80205 Numerical Computation
subject: 80204 Mathematical Software

description: Software is an essential product of CSE research when complex models of reality are cast into algorithms; moreover, the development of efficient, robust, and sustainable software is at the core of CSE. While the community is beginning to embrace the fundamental role of open-source software ecosystems to support CSE collaboration and enable advances in scientific and engineering understanding, much work remains to overcome challenges in software sustainability and productivity. Difficulties arise from the confluence of disruptive changes in computing architectures, new opportunities for greatly improved simulation capabilities, and demand for greater scientific reproducibility. New architectures require fundamental algorithm and software refactoring, while at the same time enabling new multiscale and multiphysics modeling, simulation, and analysis.

This presentation will introduce activities under way throughout the community to address a variety of technical and social issues in scientific software. We will also highlight multipronged work in the IDEAS Scientific Software Productivity Project to distill and promote best practices in software engineering and productivity for CSE, develop the xSDK as a foundation of a community CSE software ecosystem, use these best practices and software to achieve science advances (e.g., in subsurface flow with hydrological and biogeochemical recycling), and engage the community in collaborative contributions.
Additional file 3: Figure S2. of A comprehensive study on cellular RNA editing activity in response to infections with different subtypes of influenza a viruses
Creators: name: Cao, Yingying
name: Cao, Ruiyuan
name: Huang, Yaowei
name: Zhou, Hongxia
name: Liu, Yuanhua
name: Li, Xuan
name: Zhong, Wu
name: Hao, Pei
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Mental Health
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology
subject: Computational Biology

description: The A-to-I and C-to-U RNA editing levels of common editing sites of HBE cells infected with H1N1. (DOCX 72Â kb)
Additional file 4: Figure S3. of A comprehensive study on cellular RNA editing activity in response to infections with different subtypes of influenza a viruses
Creators: name: Cao, Yingying
name: Cao, Ruiyuan
name: Huang, Yaowei
name: Zhou, Hongxia
name: Liu, Yuanhua
name: Li, Xuan
name: Zhong, Wu
name: Hao, Pei
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology
subject: Computational Biology

description: Expression profiles of ADAR and APOBEC enzymes in HBE cells infected with H1N1. Figure S4. Expression profiles of Pattern Recognition Receptors in HBE cells infected with H1N1. (DOCX 631Â kb)
Out-of-Distribution Optimality of Invariant Risk Minimization
Creators: name: Toyota, Shoji
name: Fukumizu, Kenji
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Deep Neural Networks often inherit spurious correlations embedded in training data and hence may fail to generalize to unseen domains, which have different distributions from the domain to provide training data. M. Arjovsky et al. (2019) introduced the concept out-of-distribution (o.o.d.) risk, which is the maximum risk among all domains, and formulated the issue caused by spurious correlations as a minimization problem of the o.o.d. risk. Invariant Risk Minimization (IRM) is considered to be a promising approach to minimize the o.o.d. risk: IRM estimates a minimum of the o.o.d. risk by solving a bi-level optimization problem. While IRM has attracted considerable attention with empirical success, it comes with few theoretical guarantees. Especially, a solid theoretical guarantee that the bi-level optimization problem gives the minimum of the o.o.d. risk has not yet been established. Aiming at providing a theoretical justification for IRM, this paper rigorously proves that a solution to the bi-level optimization problem minimizes the o.o.d. risk under certain conditions. The result also provides sufficient conditions on distributions providing training data and on a dimension of feature space for the bi-leveled optimization problem to minimize the o.o.d. risk.
Integrating Commercial Fisheries Registration, Education, and Social Science in the U.S. Virgin Islands
Creators: name: Crosson, Scott
name: Hibbert, Lia
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy

description: The collection of economic data on commercial fisheries without a formal dealer network often requires time and labor-intensive field research. Previous fisheries social and economic research in the Caribbean has embraced stratified or cluster sampling techniques as an efficient alternative to seeking large random samples. We explore an alternative approach wherein fisheries education and research are incorporated into a registration process structured around small group interactions in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI). We find that this approach can raise response rates and save considerable effort, but the surveys themselves must be very brief. Received February 11, 2016; accepted October 28, 2016 Published online March 1, 2017
Additional file 5: Table S2. of A comprehensive study on cellular RNA editing activity in response to infections with different subtypes of influenza a viruses
Creators: name: Cao, Yingying
name: Cao, Ruiyuan
name: Huang, Yaowei
name: Zhou, Hongxia
name: Liu, Yuanhua
name: Li, Xuan
name: Zhong, Wu
name: Hao, Pei
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Mental Health
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology
subject: Computational Biology

description: Expression profiles of ADAR and APOBEC enzymes in chicken infected with H5N1 and H5N2. Table S3. Expression profiles of ADAR and APOBEC enzymes in quail infected with H5N1 and H5N2. (DOCX 23Â kb)
Unraveling the early universe's equation of state and primordial black hole production with PTA, BBN, and CMB observations
Creators: name: Zhu, Qing-Hua
name: Zhao, Zhi-Chao
name: Wang, Sai
name: Zhang, Xin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Pulsar timing array (PTA) data releases showed strong evidence for a stochastic gravitational-wave background in the nanohertz band. When the signal is interpreted by a scenario of scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs), we encounter overproduction of primordial black holes (PBHs). We wonder if varying the equation of state (EoS) of the early Universe can resolve this issue and thereby lead to a consistent interpretation of the PTA data. Analyzing a data combination of PTA, big-bang nucleosynthesis, and cosmic microwave background, we find that an epoch with EoS $w\sim\mathcal{O}(10^{-2})$ between the end of inflation and the onset of radiation domination can significantly suppress the production of PBHs, leading to alleviation of the PBH-overproduction issue. With the inferred interval $w=0.44_{-0.40}^{+0.52}$ at 95\% confidence level, our scenario can interpret the PTA data just as well as the conventional scenario of SIGWs produced during the radiation domination.
description: 9 pages, 5 figures, 2 columns, minor revision. To be published in Chinese Physics C
IN03132 Anuradhapura 'Buddhist Railing' Fragmentary Slab Inscription of Mahinda IV
Creators: name: Paranavitana, S.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: IN03132
Epigraphia Zeylanica
Anuradhapura
Mahinda IV

description: IN03132 Anuradhapura 'Buddhist Railing' Fragmentary Slab Inscription of Mahinda IV - Transcript and Translation Source: Paranavitana, S. (1928-33). ‘No. 22. A Fragmentary Slab-Inscription Found at the Buddhist Railing near the Eastern Dāgäba, Anurādhapura (A. S. I. No. 119),’ Epigraphia Zeylanica 3, pp. 226–229.
title: Kinetics of Epoxidation of Cyclooctene with Ionic Liquids Containing Tungstate as Micellar Catalyst
Creators: name: Zehner, Bastian
name: Korth, Wolfgang
name: Schmidt, Fabian
name: Cokoja, Mirza
name: Jess, Andreas
Publisher: name: University of Bayreuth
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Cyclooctene
subject: Epoxidation
subject: Ionic liquids
subject: Kinetics
subject: Micellar catalysis
subject: 540
subject: 600
subject: 620
subject: 660

description: The kinetics of cyclooctene epoxidation with H2O2 by micellar catalysis was studied. As catalyst, an ionic liquid (IL) containing the catalytically active tungstate anion was used. The tungstate IL forms micelles in the aqueous H2O2 phase. It is simply formed by dissolving sodium tungstate and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate OMIMBF4 in aqueous H2O2. For the epoxidation of cyclooctene by micellar catalysis, a power law kinetic model was determined that takes the critical micelle concentration into account. The kinetics of the OMIMBF4/Na2WO4 catalyst is similar to pure OMIM2WO4, which indicates that the active species is formed in situ. Addition of phenylphosphonic acid improves the activity of the tungstate IL. The most effective catalyst was tested in a semi-continuous and continuous loop reactor.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Warsan Shire's Poem "The House"
Creators: name: Muhammad Haroon Jakhrani*
name: Muhammad Hassan Shaikh
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Critical Discourse Analysis, Three-dimensional Model, Fairclough, Warsan Shire, Poem, Linguistics.

description: Abstract: This research paper presents a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of Warsan Shire's poem "The House" through the lens of Fairclough's Three-dimensional Model of CDA. The study aims to examine the language, context, and power relations within the poem to unravel its sociopolitical implications, specifically focusing on themes of identity, displacement, and the refugee experience. By analyzing Warsan Shire's linguistic choices, rhetorical devices, and metaphors, this research delves into the meanings and broader cultural and societal issues embedded within the text. The findings contribute to the field of linguistics, discourse analysis, and literature by expanding the application of CDA to poetry analysis, highlighting the sociopolitical relevance of Shire's work, promoting empathy and awareness regarding the global refugee crisis, and deepening the appreciation for the power of language and literature in shaping our understanding of the world. While the research paper acknowledges limitations in terms of sample size, subjectivity, and specific cultural context, it offers valuable insights into the application of Fairclough's model to poetry analysis and provides a focused examination of the chosen poem, "The House," as a medium for cultural critique and social commentary.
Supplementary material from Characterizing risk of Ebola transmission based on frequency and type of case–contact exposures
Creators: name: Skrip, Laura A.
name: Mosoka P. Fallah
name: Gaffney, Stephen G.
name: Yaari, Rami
name: Yamin, Dan
name: Huppert, Amit
name: Bawo, Luke
name: Tolbert Nyenswah
name: Galvani, Alison P.
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: 60801 Animal Behaviour
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Supplementary Figure S1. Correlation between number of unique surnames and number of houses per zone; Supplementary Table S1. Temporal trends in types of contacts reported by cases; Supplementary Table S2. Temporal trends in characteristics of individuals who developed Ebola virus disease after contact with symptomatic cases
Relative growth and size at onset of sexual maturity of the brown crab, Cancer pagurus in the Isle of Man, Irish Sea
Creators: name: Öndes, Fikret
name: Kaiser, Michel J.
name: Murray, Lee G.
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Biotechnology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: In this study, the relative growth, size–weight relationships and size at onset of maturity of the brown crab Cancer pagurus were investigated in the Isle of Man. For the analyses of relative growth and size at onset of maturity, the samples were collected seasonally between autumn 2012 and spring 2013 using several methods: pot surveys, dredge and trawl surveys, market surveys and shore surveys. Results showed that allometric growth occurred in the chelipeds of males (n = 87) and in the abdomen of females (n = 222). Four different measures of maturity (behavioural, functional, morphometric and physiological) were examined. With respect to the behavioural maturity, the smallest female crab found with a sperm plug measured 110 mm CW, whereas in terms of functional maturity the smallest ovigerous female had a CW of 134 mm. Based on direct observations of gonad maturity, 50% of females were mature at 108 mm CW, whereas 50% of males were mature at 89 mm CW. The size at the onset of maturity measurements of female and male C. pagurus based on gonad development is smaller than the current minimum landing size (130 mm), and therefore this suggests that the current minimum landing size is an adequate management measure.
Case Investigation Form from Contact tracing performance during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Kenema district, Sierra Leone
Creators: name: Senga, Mikiko
name: Koi, Alpha
name: Moses, Lina
name: Wauquier, Nadia
name: Barboza, Philippe
name: Fernandez-Garcia, Maria Dolores
name: Etsub Engedashet
name: Fredson Kuti-George
name: Aychiluhim Damtew Mitiku
name: Vandi, Mohamed
name: Kargbo, David
name: Formenty, Pierre
name: Stephane Hugonnet
name: Bertherat, Eric
name: Lane, Christopher
Publisher: name: The Royal Society
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Health Care
subject: Diseases
subject: 111706 Epidemiology
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Contact tracing in an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak is the process of identifying individuals who may have been exposed to infected persons with the virus, followed by monitoring for 21 days (the maximum incubation period) from the date of the most recent exposure. The goal is to achieve early detection and isolation of any new cases in order to prevent further transmission. We performed a retrospective data analysis of 261 probable and confirmed EVD cases in the national EVD database and 2525 contacts in the contact line lists in Kenema district, Sierra Leone between 27 April and 4 September 2014 to assess the performance of contact tracing during the initial stage of the outbreak. The completion rate of the 21-day monitoring period was 89% among the 2525 contacts. However, only 44% of the EVD cases had contacts registered in the contact line list, and 6% of probable or confirmed cases had previously been identified as contacts. Touching the body fluids of the case and having direct physical contact with the body of the case conferred a 9- and 20-fold increased risk of EVD status, respectively. Our findings indicate that incompleteness of contact tracing led to considerable unmonitored transmission in the early months of the epidemic. To improve the performance of early outbreak contact tracing in resource poor settings, our results suggest the need for prioritized contact tracing after careful risk assessment and better alignment of contact line listing with case ascertainment and investigation.This article is part of the themed issue ‘The 2013–2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control’.
Bayesian quantum phase estimation with fixed photon states
Creators: name: Zhou, Boyu
name: Guha, Saikat
name: Gagatsos, Christos N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider a two-mode bosonic state with fixed photon number $n \in \mathbb{N}$, whose upper and lower modes pick up a phase $ϕ$ and $-ϕ$ respectively. We compute the optimal Fock coefficients of the input state, such that the mean square error (MSE) for estimating $ϕ$ is minimized while the minimum MSE is always attainable by a measurement. Our setting is Bayesian, i.e., we consider $ϕ$ to be a random variable that follows a prior probability distribution function (PDF). Initially, we consider the flat prior PDF and we discuss the well-known fact that the MSE is not an informative tool for estimating a phase when the variance of the prior PDF is large. Therefore, we move on to study truncated versions of the flat prior in both single-shot and adaptive approaches. For our adaptive technique we consider $n=1$ and truncated prior PDFs. Each subsequent step utilizes as prior PDF the posterior probability of the previous step and at the same time we update the optimal state and optimal measurement.
description: Substantial additions on truncated flat prior probability density functions. Corrected a few typos. Cleaner presentation of new and previous results. Comments are welcome
title: The Heparan Sulfate Sulfotransferases HS2ST1 and HS3ST2 Are Novel Regulators of Breast Cancer Stem-Cell Properties
Creators: name: Teixeira, Felipe C. O. B.
name: Kumar, Archana Vijaya
name: Katakam, Sampath Kumar
name: Cocola, Cinzia
name: Pelucchi, Paride
name: Graf, Monika
name: Kiesel, Ludwig
name: Reinbold, Rolland
name: Pavão, Mauro S. G.
name: Greve, Burkhard
name: Götte, Martin
Publisher: name: University of Muenster, Institutional Repository MIAMI
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 610 Medicine and health

description: Heparan sulfate (HS) is a glycosaminoglycan found mainly in its protein-conjugated form at the cell surface and the extracellular matrix. Its high sulfation degree mediates functional interactions with positively charged amino acids in proteins. 2-O sulfation of iduronic acid and 3-O sulfation of glucosamine in HS are mediated by the sulfotransferases HS2ST and HS3ST, respectively, which are dysregulated in several cancers. Both sulfotransferases regulate breast cancer cell viability and invasion, but their role in cancer stem cells (CSCs) is unknown. Breast CSCs express characteristic markers such as CD44+/CD24−/low, CD133 and ALDH1 and are involved in tumor initiation, formation, and recurrence. We studied the influence of HS2ST1 and HS3ST2 overexpression on the CSC phenotype in breast cancer cell lines representative of the triple-negative (MDA-MB-231) and hormone-receptor positive subtype (MCF-7). The CD44+/CD24−/low phenotype was significantly reduced in MDA-MB-231 cells after overexpression of both enzymes, remaining unaltered in MCF-7 cells. ALDH1 activity was increased after HS2ST1 and HS3ST2 overexpression in MDA-MB-231 cells and reduced after HS2ST1 overexpression in MCF-7 cells. Colony and spheroid formation were increased after HS2ST1 and HS3ST2 overexpression in MCF-7 cells. Moreover, MDA-MB-231 cells overexpressing HS2ST1 formed more colonies and could not generate spheres. The phenotypic changes were associated with complex changes in the expression of the stemness-associated notch and Wnt-signaling pathways constituents, syndecans, heparanase and Sulf1. The results improve our understanding of breast CSC function and mark a subtype-specific impact of HS modifications on the CSC phenotype of triple-negative and hormone receptor positive breast cancer model cell lines.
description: Finanziert durch den Open-Access-Publikationsfonds der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU Münster).
Constraints on holographic QCD phase transitions from PTA observations
Creators: name: He, Song
name: Li, Li
name: Wang, Sai
name: Wang, Shao-Jiang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The underlying physics of QCD phase transition in the early Universe remains largely unknown due to its strong-coupling nature during the quark-gluon plasma/hadron gas transition, yet a holographic model has been proposed to quantitatively fit the lattice QCD data while with its duration of the first-order phase transition (FoPT) left undetermined. At specific baryon chemical potential, the first-order QCD phase transition agrees with the observational constraint of baryon asymmetry. It, therefore, provides a scenario for phase transition gravitational waves (GWs) within the Standard Model of particle physics. If these background GWs could contribute dominantly to the recently claimed common-spectrum red noise from pulsar timing array (PTA) observations, the duration of this FoPT can be well constrained, and the associated primordial black holes are still allowed by current observations.
description: v1, 9 pages, 4 figures; v2, references added; v2, 10 pages, 4 figures, references updated, minor revision, accepted for publication in Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron
Additional file 6: Table S4. of A comprehensive study on cellular RNA editing activity in response to infections with different subtypes of influenza a viruses
Creators: name: Cao, Yingying
name: Cao, Ruiyuan
name: Huang, Yaowei
name: Zhou, Hongxia
name: Liu, Yuanhua
name: Li, Xuan
name: Zhong, Wu
name: Hao, Pei
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Mental Health
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology

description: Work flow of this study. (DOCX 76Â kb)
Enhanced Spin Hall Ratio in Two-Dimensional Semiconductors
Creators: name: Zhou, Jiaqi
name: Poncé, Samuel
name: Charlier, Jean-Christophe
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The conversion efficiency from charge current to spin current via spin Hall effect is evaluated by the spin Hall ratio (SHR). Through state-of-the-art $ab~initio$ calculations involving both charge conductivity and spin Hall conductivity, we report the SHRs of the III-V monolayer family, revealing an ultrahigh ratio of 0.58 in the hole-doped GaAs monolayer. In order to find more promising 2D materials, a descriptor for high SHR is proposed and applied to a high-throughput database, which provides the fully-relativistic band structures and Wannier Hamiltonians of 216 exfoliable monolayer semiconductors and has been released to the community. Among potential candidates for high SHR, the MXene monolayer Sc$_2$CCl$_2$ is identified with the proposed descriptor and confirmed by computation, demonstrating the descriptor validity for high SHR materials discovery.
description: 6 pages, 5 figures