cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: Value Management - Future Business Models: Options and Analysis
Creators: name: Frontier Economics
Publisher: name: ETI
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Smart Systems and Heat
subject: ENERGY EFFICIENCY (Residential and commercial)
subject: OTHER CROSS-CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES or RESEARCH (Energy Economics)
subject: OTHER CROSS-CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES or RESEARCH (Other Supporting Data)

description: This project studied how value can be delivered across a smart energy value chain - in the context of the UK. It built a clear understanding of how smart energy systems can deliver combined consumer value alongside commercial value for market participants - producers, suppliers, distributors.The analysis will help to make the commercial deployment of smart energy systems more likely. This £600,000 project was delivered by Frontier Economics, a leading economic consultancy

An important part of the SSH Programme is Value Management and Delivery which addresses the key issue of how value can be delivered across the entire smart systems value chain (in the context of the UK).The premise here is to understand how smart energy systems can deliver value to all market participants, with the customer at the heart, thereby making commercial deployment more likely.The report describes four initial business models (and two additional hybrids) representing a range of potential approaches to delivering value in the new low-carbon smart energy system and provides an initial, indicative evaluation of these business models.

Work Area 4 addresses how value can be delivered across the smart systems energy value chains.The outputs of this work will support and assist the ETI with the evolution and development of possible business models.Meeting carbon targets will require a radical change in heating technologies and energy supply.

We have produced four initial business models (and two additional hybrids) representing a range of potential approaches to delivering value in the new low-carbon smart energy system.

We have also developed a sophisticated business model evaluation tool (BMET) to help structure the ETI’s thinking around the assessment of these models. Our aim was to produce business models representing a broad range of possible opportunities for delivering value in a low-carbon economy.

This report describes and provides an initial,indicative evaluation of four business models and two hybrids:Energy Outcomes, and a hybrid including additional storage;Energy Mutual;Community Energy, and a hybrid including Energy Outcomes; andPower Buffer.This report was initially produced in October 2014.The detailed information and analyses documented within may be out of date with current thinking
Optimal transport via a Monge-Ampère optimization problem
Creators: name: Lindsey, Michael
name: Rubinstein, Yanir A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We rephrase Monge's optimal transportation (OT) problem with quadratic cost--via a Monge-Ampère equation--as an infinite-dimensional optimization problem, which is in fact a convex problem when the target is a log-concave measure with convex support. We define a natural finite-dimensional discretization to the problem and associate a piecewise affine convex function to the solution of this discrete problem. The discrete problems always admit a solution, which can be obtained by standard convex optimization algorithms whenever the target is a log-concave measure with convex support. We show that under suitable regularity conditions the convex functions retrieved from the discrete problems converge to the convex solution of the original OT problem furnished by Brenier's theorem. Also, we put forward an interpretation of our convergence result that suggests applicability to the convergence of a wider range of numerical methods for OT. Finally, we demonstrate the practicality of our convergence result by providing visualizations of OT maps as well as of the dynamic OT problem obtained by solving the discrete problem numerically.
description: v2: introduced modifications of the optimization problem for which we prove stronger convergence results
title: Einfluss der Thromboseprophylaxe auf humane mesenchymale Stammzellen während der Knochenheilung: Ein Vergleich von Rivaroxaban (Xarelto ® ) und Enoxaparin in vitro
Creators: name: Pilge, Hakan
name: Fröbel, Julia
name: Mrotzek, Silvia
name: Ruppert, Martin
name: Bittersohl, Bernd
name: Krauspe, Rüdiger
Publisher: name: German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Thromboseprophylaxe
subject: Rivaroxaban
subject: Enoxaparin
subject: Knochenheilung
subject: mesenchymale Stammzellen
subject: 610 Medical sciences; Medicine

description: Fragestellung: Nach größeren orthopädischen Eingriffen ist das Thrombembolierisiko massiv erhöht. Um diese Risiko zu senken, besteht aktuell die Möglichkeit zur Verwendung von herkömmlichen niedermolekularen Heparinen (NMH) oder neuen oralen Antithrombotika. Wie in zahlreichen[zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL]
description: Deutscher Kongress für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie (DKOU 2016)
Applying Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression (GWLR) to find spatially varying relationships between Active Transport to School (ATS) and ATS Factors. NZGRC 2022.
Creators: name: Chen, Long
name: Moore, Antoni
name: Ergler, Christina
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 90903 Geospatial Information Systems
subject: FOS: Environmental engineering

description: Active transport to school (ATS) is a convenient way for adolescents to reach their daily physical activity levels. Through a spatial approach that is novel for the ATS phenomenon, spatially varying relationships between ATS and factors that could affect ATS (gender, co-educational school attendance, home neighbourhood deprivation index, vehicle ownership in the household, and built environment factors in the home neighbourhood such as intersection density, residential density and mixed land use entropy) were visually identified from kernel density maps. In order to formalise these non-stationary relationships quantitatively, geographically weighted logistic regression (GWLR) modelling was applied, the topic of this paper. Through a "stepwise model calibration" to decide on the “best” GWLR model for a large urban area (Dunedin), two explanatory variables were found to be most significant, residential density and mixed land use entropy. The spatially-varying association of ATS and these two variables was described within the Dunedin area, with the overall conclusion that the relationships originally identified visually have been verified through GWLR.
Quantum phase transitions with dynamical flavors
Creators: name: Bea, Yago
name: Jokela, Niko
name: Ramallo, Alfonso V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the properties of a D6-brane probe in the ABJM background with smeared massless dynamical quarks in the Veneziano limit. Working at zero temperature and non-vanishing charge density, we show that the system undergoes a quantum phase transition in which the topology of the brane embedding changes from a black hole to a Minkowski embedding. In the unflavored background the phase transition is of second order and takes place when the charge density vanishes. We determine the corresponding critical exponents and show that the scaling behavior near the quantum critical point has multiplicative logarithmic corrections. In the background with dynamical quarks the phase transition is of first order and occurs at non-zero charge density. In this case we compute the discontinuity of several physical quantities as functions of the number $N_f$ of unquenched quarks of the background.
description: 39 pages, 13 figures; v2: two new figures, refs, and more discussion added; published version
Ab initio molecular dynamics with nuclear quantum effects at classical cost: ring polymer contraction for density functional theory
Creators: name: Marsalek, Ondrej
name: Markland, Thomas E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Path integral molecular dynamics simulations, combined with an ab initio evaluation of interactions using electronic structure theory, incorporate the quantum mechanical nature of both the electrons and nuclei, which are essential to accurately describe systems containing light nuclei. However, path integral simulations have traditionally required a computational cost around two orders of magnitude greater than treating the nuclei classically, making them prohibitively costly for most applications. Here we show that the cost of path integral simulations can be dramatically reduced by extending our ring polymer contraction approach to ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. By using density functional tight binding as a reference system, we show that our ab initio ring polymer contraction (AI-RPC) scheme gives rapid and systematic convergence to the full path integral density functional theory result. We demonstrate the efficiency of this approach in ab initio simulations of liquid water and the reactive protonated and deprotonated water dimer systems. We find that the vast majority of the nuclear quantum effects are accurately captured using contraction to just the ring polymer centroid, which requires the same number of density functional theory calculations as a classical simulation. Combined with a multiple time step scheme using the same reference system, which allows the time step to be increased, our implementation is as fast as a typical classical ab initio molecular dynamics simulation and 35$\times$ faster than a full path integral calculation, while still exactly including the quantum sampling of nuclei. This development thus offers a route to routinely include nuclear quantum effects in ab initio molecular dynamics simulations at negligible computational cost.
description: 13 pages, 10 figures
title: Value Management - Overcoming barriers to smarter heat solutions in UK homes - Annex 3c: Factors affecting intervention take-up order
Creators: name: Frontier Economics
Publisher: name: ETI
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Smart Systems and Heat
subject: ENERGY EFFICIENCY (Residential and commercial)
subject: OTHER CROSS-CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES or RESEARCH (Energy Economics)
subject: OTHER CROSS-CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES or RESEARCH (Other Supporting Data)

description: This project studied how value can be delivered across a smart energy value chain - in the context of the UK. It built a clear understanding of how smart energy systems can deliver combined consumer value alongside commercial value for market participants - producers, suppliers, distributors.The analysis will help to make the commercial deployment of smart energy systems more likely. This £600,000 project was delivered byFrontier Economics, a leading economic consultancy.

The final report has 11 annexes. This is Annex 3c: Factors affecting intervention take-up order.

This annexe looks at the order in which interventions are taken up. Whether consumers take up interventions sequentially (and if so in what order) or simultaneously can have important implications for the design of business models and policies. For example, if the majority of factors lead to consumers wishing to carry out simultaneous upgrades, business models and policies which help overcome credit constraints may be more relevant. This is due to the significant up-front costs that consumers would incur when installing multiple interventions at once.

In this annexe, we explore the factors that may affect intervention take-up order for three types of consumer-level intervention: heat pumps, insulation retrofits and HEMS.

This analysis points to intervention take-up order being a particular problem for consumer groups with uninsulated solid walls and electric resistive or oil-fired heating. Although such groups may find it optimal to take up all three interventions within a short period, credit constraints may mean they need to delay the installation of a heat pump. Given the relative infrequency of trigger points, this could lead to a delay in heat pump installation, with substantial missed financial savings for both consumers and society as a whole (due to higher carbon emissions). This is therefore a customer group that may benefit from tailored business models and policies.

This document was prepared at the time to contribute to ETI internal thinking and planning only.
Workshop on FAIR Computational Workflows - ECCB 2020
Creators: name: Eguinoa, Ignacio
name: Goble, Carole
name: Crusoe, Michael R
name: Soiland-Reyes, Stian
name: Capella-Gutierrez, Salvador
name: Cohen-Boulakia, Sarah
name: Grüning, Björn
name: Peltzer, Alexander
name: Leo, Simone
name: Coppens, Frederik
name: Kuzak, Mateusz
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: FAIR
Workflows
Galaxy
Nextflow
CWL

description: Slides used to present the Workshop on FAIR Computational Workflows during ECCB 2020 pre meetings (New Trends in Bioinformatics). https://eccb2020.info/ntbew01-workshop-on-fair-computational-workflows/
On the water delivery to terrestrial embryos by ice pebble accretion
Creators: name: Sato, Takao
name: Okuzumi, Satoshi
name: Ida, Shigeru
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Standard accretion disk models suggest that the snow line in the solar nebula migrated interior to the Earth's orbit in a late stage of nebula evolution. In this late stage, a significant amount of ice could have been delivered to 1 AU from outer regions in the form of mm to dm-sized pebbles. This raises the question why the present Earth is so depleted of water (with the ocean mass being as small as 0.023% of the Earth mass). Here we quantify the amount of icy pebbles accreted by terrestrial embryos after the migration of the snow line assuming that no mechanism halts the pebble flow in outer disk regions. We use a simplified version of the coagulation equation to calculate the formation and radial inward drift of icy pebbles in a protoplanetary disk. The pebble accretion cross section of an embryo is calculated using analytic expressions presented by recent studies. We find that the final mass and water content of terrestrial embryos strongly depends on the radial extent of the gas disk, the strength of disk turbulence, and the time at which the snow lines arrives at 1 AU. The disk's radial extent sets the lifetime of the pebble flow, while turbulence determines the density of pebbles at the midplane where the embryos reside. We find that the final water content of the embryos falls below 0.023 wt% only if the disk is compact (< 100 AU), turbulence is strong at 1 AU, and the snow line arrives at 1 AU later than 2-4 Myr after disk formation. If the solar nebula extended to 300 AU, initially rocky embryos would have evolved into icy planets of 1-10 Earth masses unless the snow-line migration was slow. If the proto-Earth contained water of ~ 1 wt% as might be suggested by the density deficit of the Earth's outer core, the formation of the proto-Earth was possible with weaker turbulence and with earlier (> 0.5-2 Myr) snow-line migration.
description: 19 pages, 15 figures, version after language editing, to appear in A&A
One-Bit Channel Estimation for IRS-aided Millimeter-Wave Massive MU-MISO System
Creators: name: Wang, Silei
name: Li, Qiang
name: Lin, Jingran
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Recently, intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted communication has gained considerable attention due to its advantage in extending the coverage and compensating the path loss with low-cost passive metasurface. This paper considers the uplink channel estimation for IRS-aided multiuser massive MISO communications with one-bit ADCs at the base station (BS). The use of one-bit ADC is impelled by the low-cost and power efficient implementation of massive antennas techniques. However, the passiveness of IRS and the lack of signal level information after one-bit quantization make the IRS channel estimation challenging. To tackle this problem, we exploit the structured sparsity of the user-IRS-BS cascaded channels and develop three channel estimators, each of which utilizes the structured sparsity at different levels. Specifically, the first estimator exploits the elementwise sparsity of the cascaded channel and employs the sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) to infer the channel responses via the type-II maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. However, due to the one-bit quantization, the type-II ML in general is intractable. As such, a variational expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is custom-derived to iteratively compute an ML solution. The second estimator utilizes the common row-structured sparsity induced by the IRS-to-BS channel shared among the users, and develops another type-II ML solution via the block SBL (BSBL) and the variational EM. To further improve the performance of BSBL, a third two-stage estimator is proposed, which can utilize both the common row-structured sparsity and the column-structured sparsity arising from the limited scattering around the users. Simulation results show that the more diverse structured sparsity is exploited, the better estimation performance is achieved, and that the proposed estimators are superior to state-of-the-art one-bit estimators.
description: Accepted by IEEE Trans. Signal Process
Ten simple rules to make training materials FAIR - ELIXIR webinar on 17 Sep 2020
Creators: name: Garcia, Leyla
name: Palagi, Patricia M.
name: Group, On Behalf Of The ELIXIR FAIR Training
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: FAIR principles
Training Materials
Trainers
Trainees
Training

description: Sharing, reusing and reproducing data, software and other digital objects are the basis for open science practices, and to ease this the scientific community has developed the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR) principles. The ELIXIR Training Platform has put together a Ten Simple Rules for Making Training Materials FAIR paper which apply the FAIR principles to training materials, a type of digital object. In this paper, the FAIR principles are broken down into very practical steps. This webinar introduced these ten rules and discussed the challenges and ideas to put them into practice.
Existence and uniqueness for reflected BSDE with multivariate point process and right upper-semi-continuous obstacle
Creators: name: Baadi, Brahim
name: Marzougue, Mohamed
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 60H20, 60H30, 65C30

description: In a noise driving by a multivariate point process $μ$ with predictable compensator $ν$, we prove existence and uniqueness of the reflected backward stochastic differential equation's solution with a lower obstacle $(ξ_{t})_{t\in[0,T]}$ which is assumed to be right upper-semicontinuous but not necessarily right-continuous process and a Lipschitz driver $f$. The result is established by using Mertens decomposition of optional strong (but not necessarily right continuous) super-martingales, an appropriate generalization of Itô's formula due to Gal'chouk and Lenglart and some tools from optimal stopping theory. A comparison theorem for this type of equations is given.
description: Received February 16, 2022; accepted April 15, 2023. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1812.07990
Legal Linguistics in Times of Language Models and Text Automation
Creators: name: Vogel, Friedemann
name: Hamann, Hanjo
Publisher: name: International Journal of Language & Law (JLL)
Year: 2023

description: Some say that automated text creation has the potential to disrupt traditional legal employment models, as software may be able to perform certain tasks currently carried out by human professionals. We interrogate this perception in this editorial, calling upon fellow researchers to submit abstracts on this topic and related issues, in order to be developed into full papers for inclusion in JLL’s 2023 publication schedule. As the use of artificial intelligence and language models in the legal system continues to grow, it is important for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers to carefully consider the implications of these technologies for the future of language and law. Or so they say. Cite as: Vogel & Hamann, JLL 12 (2023), 1‒7, DOI: 10.14762/jll.2023.001
description: International Journal of Language & Law (JLL), Vol. 12 (2023)
The Sem-Lex Benchmark: Modeling ASL Signs and Their Phonemes
Creators: name: Kezar, Lee
name: Pontecorvo, Elana
name: Daniels, Adele
name: Baer, Connor
name: Ferster, Ruth
name: Berger, Lauren
name: Thomason, Jesse
name: Sehyr, Zed Sevcikova
name: Caselli, Naomi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Sign language recognition and translation technologies have the potential to increase access and inclusion of deaf signing communities, but research progress is bottlenecked by a lack of representative data. We introduce a new resource for American Sign Language (ASL) modeling, the Sem-Lex Benchmark. The Benchmark is the current largest of its kind, consisting of over 84k videos of isolated sign productions from deaf ASL signers who gave informed consent and received compensation. Human experts aligned these videos with other sign language resources including ASL-LEX, SignBank, and ASL Citizen, enabling useful expansions for sign and phonological feature recognition. We present a suite of experiments which make use of the linguistic information in ASL-LEX, evaluating the practicality and fairness of the Sem-Lex Benchmark for isolated sign recognition (ISR). We use an SL-GCN model to show that the phonological features are recognizable with 85% accuracy, and that they are effective as an auxiliary target to ISR. Learning to recognize phonological features alongside gloss results in a 6% improvement for few-shot ISR accuracy and a 2% improvement for ISR accuracy overall. Instructions for downloading the data can be found at https://github.com/leekezar/SemLex.
description: In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Accessibility (ASSETS) 2023
Crossed responses of spin and orbital magnetism in topological insulators
Creators: name: Nakai, Ryota
name: Nomura, Kentaro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Crossed magnetic responses between spin and orbital angular momentum are studied in time-reversal symmetric topological insulators. Due to spin-orbit coupling in the quantum spin Hall systems and three-dimensional topological insulators, the magnetic susceptibility has crossed (intersectional) components between spin and orbital part of magnetism. In this study, the crossed susceptibility for the orbital magnetization is studied in two- and three-dimensional topological insulator models, in which an external magnetic field interacts with the electron spin by Zeeman coupling via distinct g-factors for conduction and valence energy bands. The crossed susceptibility in two-dimensional quantum spin Hall insulators shows a quantized signature of the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ topological phase in response to Zeeman coupling via an averaged g-factor, and the quantization persists even when $σ^z$-conservation of electrons is broken by a tilted magnetic field. The bulk orbital magnetization is interpreted by the persistent edge current attributed to the chiral anomaly at the (1+1)-dimensional boundary. In three-dimensional topological insulators, we found that the crossed susceptibility is proportional to the difference of g-factors of conduction and valence electrons, which is qualitatively different from the two-dimensional case. Steep changes of the crossed susceptibility in three dimensions at the phase transition points are explained by the surface Dirac fermion theory. Finally, dependence of the crossed susceptibility on g-factors in two- and three-dimensional cases is discussed from the viewpoint of time-reversal and particle-hole symmetries.
description: 8 pages, 4 figures
A Corpus-Based Approach to Examining Terminological Variation in EU Law
Creators: name: Clay, Edward
Publisher: name: International Journal of Language & Law (JLL)
Year: 2022

description: This paper presents an original methodology for examining terminological variation in EU legal texts using techniques from corpus linguistics and terminology studies. It describes an innovative approach which enables researchers to obtain robust, empirical data on the existence and extent of intra-lingual and inter-lingual terminological variation in EU law. It firstly examines the nature of terminological variation and then sets out a methodology which can be applied to study such variation in EU legal texts to produce quantitative results. It then presents a pilot study exploring migration terminology in English and Italian EU texts to illustrate how this methodology can be applied in practice before discussing the most significant results produced and their wider implications. The pilot study uses the diachronic corpus-based approach described in the methodology to identify variation in terminology both within and between the languages under investigation. This paper shows the effectiveness and application of this novel methodology, clearly demonstrating the degree of intra-lingual and inter-lingual terminological variation present in EU law. Cite as: Clay, JLL 11 (2022), 142–162, DOI: 10.14762/jll.2022.142
description: International Journal of Language & Law (JLL), Vol. 11 (2022): Empirical Approaches to Law and Language Studies
The Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Modelling Risk and Exposure of the Carcinogenic Fibrous Mineral Erionite. NZGRC 2022.
Creators: name: Zelman-Fahm, Dacey
name: Sila-Nowicka, Katarzyna
name: Salmond, Jennifer
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 90903 Geospatial Information Systems
subject: FOS: Environmental engineering

description: The risk of exposure to airborne fibres of erionite, a naturally occurring rock mineral, are currently poorly understood. Geographic Information Science (GIS) offer the possibility of a flexible, responsive, multi-layered modeling approach to improve our understanding of potential exposure pathways through space and time. Spatial characteristics of key determinants of exposure can be applied as visualisation tools and processed for assessment and model inputs. The aim of this paper is to discuss the spatial variables associated with erionite exposure to better understand their necessity in the exposure risk evaluation. The aim is ultimately to build a modeling tool suitable for risk assessment and mitigation of this, and other, newly emerging hazards which can be updated in real time as new information becomes available.
title: Value Management - Overcoming barriers to smarter heat solutions in UK homes - Annex 3d: Elements of business model offerings
Creators: name: Frontier Economics
Publisher: name: ETI
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Smart Systems and Heat
subject: ENERGY EFFICIENCY (Residential and commercial)
subject: OTHER CROSS-CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES or RESEARCH (Other Supporting Data)

description: This project studied how value can be delivered across a smart energy value chain - in the context of the UK. It built a clear understanding of how smart energy systems can deliver combined consumer value alongside commercial value for market participants - producers, suppliers, distributors.The analysis will help to make the commercial deployment of smart energy systems more likely. This £600,000 project was delivered byFrontier Economics, a leading economic consultancy.

The final report has 11 annexes. This is Annex 3d: Elements of business model offerings

In this work, we have considered how business models may be able to overcome barriers to the uptake of low-carbon heating interventions. Business model providers offering such interventions may be able to incorporate various additional elements (for example, contracts that reduce risks) to make the overall proposition more attractive for consumers.However, consumers may also be able to obtain these types of service alongside incumbent technologies such as gas boilers.

In this annexe, we explore the extent to which various business model elements can enable low-carbon interventions to be more competitive.

Overall, the analysis in this section suggests that many barriers to smart systems and heat intervention take-up can be mitigated through an “outcomes provider” business model, which combines elements such as risk reduction, access to finance, and access to information.These will tend to increase the attractiveness of low-carbon interventions relative to the alternative of keeping heating incumbent technologies and avoiding retrofits.Two business model elements in particular may improve the proposition provided by heat pumps compared to gas boilers.Providing fixed-bill contractsUsing heat pumps and HEMS to provide DSR servicesto entities such as suppliers, DNOs, and National Grid.However, it is far from certain how effective such business models would be.The costs and benefits of fixed-bill contracts are difficult to quantify (they depend on consumer behaviour in the presence of uncertainty, which as explained in annex 3a, does not lend itself to bottom-up modelling).The gains from DSR to a household might be less than £50 per year,which seems small in the context of the wider barriers to take-up. Finally, these contracts do not address the barriers to insulation take-up even though (as discussed in the main report), this is likely to be a significant problem for many households.

This document was prepared at the time to contribute to ETI internal thinking and planning only.
Finding Pragmatic Differences Between Disciplines
Creators: name: Kezar, Lee
name: Pujara, Jay
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Scholarly documents have a great degree of variation, both in terms of content (semantics) and structure (pragmatics). Prior work in scholarly document understanding emphasizes semantics through document summarization and corpus topic modeling but tends to omit pragmatics such as document organization and flow. Using a corpus of scholarly documents across 19 disciplines and state-of-the-art language modeling techniques, we learn a fixed set of domain-agnostic descriptors for document sections and "retrofit" the corpus to these descriptors (also referred to as "normalization"). Then, we analyze the position and ordering of these descriptors across documents to understand the relationship between discipline and structure. We report within-discipline structural archetypes, variability, and between-discipline comparisons, supporting the hypothesis that scholarly communities, despite their size, diversity, and breadth, share similar avenues for expressing their work. Our findings lay the foundation for future work in assessing research quality, domain style transfer, and further pragmatic analysis.
description: Published in Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Scholarly Document Processing (at NAACL 2021) https://aclanthology.org/2021.sdp-1.10/
When Lawyers Are More Logical Than Ordinary Speakers and When They Are Not
Creators: name: Domaneschi, Filippo
name: Poggi, Francesca
name: Marocchini, Eleonora
Publisher: name: International Journal of Language & Law (JLL)
Year: 2022

description: There is currently underway a wide debate on the nature of legal interpretation. At issue, in particular, is whether legal interpretation is a form of communication that can be assimilated to ordinary communication or whether it is marked by an irreducible specificity. One aspect of this debate concerns pragmatic meanings, i.e., meanings which are not expressed by the semantic content of legal provisions, but which can be grasped through pragmatic inferences. According to some authors, legal experts do not ordinarily rely on such meanings, or, better to say, they do not rely on them as routinely as ordinary speakers do. In order to test the hypothesis that legal experts are less prone to rely on pragmatic meanings, we have designed a pilot experiment comparing the way in which pragmatic meaning factors into the way people with legal training at university level (target group) and people with nonlegal training at university level (control group) interpret both nonlegal (ordinary) sentences and legal texts. Our findings show that a legal education does not make one any less inclined to attribute pragmatic meanings to legal texts. This suggests that legal experts conceive of legal interpretation as a form of communication, not significantly different from ordinary interpretation. What this also seems to suggest is that pragmatic theories of ordinary meaning can be useful in explaining and predicting the ways in which legal texts are interpreted. Cite as: Domaneschi, Poggi & Marocchini, JLL 11 (2022), 121–141, DOI: 10.14762/jll.2022.121
description: International Journal of Language & Law (JLL), Vol. 11 (2022): Empirical Approaches to Law and Language Studies
LSOR: Longitudinally-Consistent Self-Organized Representation Learning
Creators: name: Ouyang, Jiahong
name: Zhao, Qingyu
name: Adeli, Ehsan
name: Peng, Wei
name: Zaharchuk, Greg
name: Pohl, Kilian M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Interpretability is a key issue when applying deep learning models to longitudinal brain MRIs. One way to address this issue is by visualizing the high-dimensional latent spaces generated by deep learning via self-organizing maps (SOM). SOM separates the latent space into clusters and then maps the cluster centers to a discrete (typically 2D) grid preserving the high-dimensional relationship between clusters. However, learning SOM in a high-dimensional latent space tends to be unstable, especially in a self-supervision setting. Furthermore, the learned SOM grid does not necessarily capture clinically interesting information, such as brain age. To resolve these issues, we propose the first self-supervised SOM approach that derives a high-dimensional, interpretable representation stratified by brain age solely based on longitudinal brain MRIs (i.e., without demographic or cognitive information). Called Longitudinally-consistent Self-Organized Representation learning (LSOR), the method is stable during training as it relies on soft clustering (vs. the hard cluster assignments used by existing SOM). Furthermore, our approach generates a latent space stratified according to brain age by aligning trajectories inferred from longitudinal MRIs to the reference vector associated with the corresponding SOM cluster. When applied to longitudinal MRIs of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI, N=632), LSOR generates an interpretable latent space and achieves comparable or higher accuracy than the state-of-the-art representations with respect to the downstream tasks of classification (static vs. progressive mild cognitive impairment) and regression (determining ADAS-Cog score of all subjects). The code is available at https://github.com/ouyangjiahong/longitudinal-som-single-modality.
On the chemistry of hydrides of N atoms and O$^+$ ions
Creators: name: Awad, Zainab
name: Viti, Serena
name: Williams, David A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Previous work by various authors has suggested that the detection by Herschel/HIFI of nitrogen hydrides along the low density lines of sight towards G10.6-0.4 (W31C) cannot be accounted for by gas-phase chemical models. In this paper we investigate the role of surface reactions on dust grains in diffuse regions, and we find that formation of the hydrides by surface reactions on dust grains with efficiency comparable to that for H$_2$ formation reconciles models with observations of nitrogen hydrides. However, similar surface reactions do not contribute significantly to the hydrides of O$^+$ ions detected by Herschel/HIFI present along many sight lines in the Galaxy. The O$^+$ hydrides can be accounted for by conventional gas-phase chemistry either in diffuse clouds of very low density with normal cosmic ray fluxes or in somewhat denser diffuse clouds with high cosmic ray fluxes. Hydride chemistry in dense dark clouds appears to be dominated by gas-phase ion-molecule reactions.
description: 19 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables Accepted for publication in ApJ
Introduction
Creators: name: Smolka, Jennifer
name: Pirker, Benedikt
Publisher: name: International Journal of Language & Law (JLL)
Year: 2022

description: Based on a thematic area that examines empirical approaches in law and language studies, the present special section assembles three exemplary contributions outlining the possible dimensions of how empirical work can contribute to language and law. Some authors of these contributions explore cross-linguistic empirical work on communication between police and victims, witnesses and suspects, and the impact that linguistic and cultural differences can have; other authors utilise a corpus-based approach, which is combined with terminology studies to gain robust empirical data on terminological variation both within one language and inter-lingually; and yet other authors do experimental research, testing the claims of different theories on legal interpretation as to whether legal interpretation fundamentally differs from the ordinary understanding processes of language. These contributions thus illustrate the various ways in which all of these lines of research are able to complement existing research, open up new lines of inquiry and question or confirm existing assumptions. Cite as: Smolka & Pirker, JLL 11 (2022), 98–103, DOI: 10.14762/jll.2022.098
description: International Journal of Language & Law (JLL), Vol. 11 (2022): Empirical Approaches to Law and Language Studies
title: Value Management - Overcoming barriers to smarter heat solutions in UK homes - Annex 3e: Assumptions on current and future levels of insulation
Creators: name: Frontier Economics
Publisher: name: ETI
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Smart Systems and Heat
subject: ENERGY EFFICIENCY (Residential and commercial)
subject: OTHER CROSS-CUTTING TECHNOLOGIES or RESEARCH (Other Supporting Data)

description: This project studied how value can be delivered across a smart energy value chain - in the context of the UK. It built a clear understanding of how smart energy systems can deliver combined consumer value alongside commercial value for market participants - producers, suppliers, distributors.The analysis will help to make the commercial deployment of smart energy systems more likely. This £600,000 project was delivered byFrontier Economics, a leading economic consultancy.

The final report has 11 annexes. This is Annex 3e: Assumptions on current and future levels of insulation

The assumptions regarding the cost and effect of insulation in the previous version of BMET were such that it was never worthwhile for consumers to take it up. Given this, the ETI decided to carryout a quantitative and qualitative analysis to understand better both:the thermal efficiency of the existing housing stock; andthe potential for (and cost of) further improvements in thermal efficiency through insulation retrofits tailored to the BMET property archetypes.As a result of this analysis, the assumptions within BMET have been updated, and are used for the analysis in the rest of this report.

This annexe summarises the new insulation assumptions and how they have been derived

This document was prepared at the time to contribute to ETI internal thinking and planning only it should be read in the context of the final reports of the Building Retrofit Project
From the Crime Scene to the Language Lab and Back
Creators: name: Filipović, Luna
Publisher: name: International Journal of Language & Law (JLL)
Year: 2022

description: In this paper I present evidence for the importance of close collaboration between academic researchers and practitioners in law and language and illustrate its benefits for linguistics, legal studies as well as professional practice and public service. The interactive relationship between language and the law has been studied from many different angles in the past by linguists and legal experts. However, much of this research has been based on single case studies, or a handful of cases, which have not been sufficient for the purpose of establishing the strength or the extent of the observed effects of language on matters of legal importance. The purpose of the present paper, which has been written at the explicit request of the editors, is to pull together a number of research strands that my collaborators and I have pursued over the last two decades and to critically assess the findings from a number of studies, our own and those of others. The main conclusion drawn from these analyses is that legal communication in both monolingual and multilingual contexts needs to be addressed from an interdisciplinary perspective that brings together insights from both the language lab and the everyday experiences of practitioners. These insights and their supporting data can inspire each other’s endeavours for the ultimate benefit of those members of society who are most in need of support and of impeccable public service, such as victims, witnesses and suspects in a justice system. Cite as: Filipović, JLL 11 (2022), 104–120, DOI: 10.14762/jll.2022.104
description: International Journal of Language & Law (JLL), Vol. 11 (2022): Empirical Approaches to Law and Language Studies
A Comparison of Thawing and Freezing Dark Energy Parametrizations
Creators: name: Pantazis, G.
name: Nesseris, S.
name: Perivolaropoulos, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Dark energy equation of state $w(z)$ parametrizations with two parameters and given monotonicity are generically either convex or concave functions. This makes them suitable for fitting either freezing or thawing quintessence models but not both simultaneously. Fitting a dataset based on a freezing model with an unsuitable (concave when increasing) $w(z)$ parametrization (like CPL) can lead to significant misleading features like crossing of the phantom divide line, incorrect $w(z=0)$, incorrect slope \etc that are not present in the underlying cosmological model. To demonstrate this fact we generate scattered cosmological data both at the level of $w(z)$ and the luminosity distance $D_L(z)$ based on either thawing or freezing quintessence models and fit them using parametrizations of convex and of concave type. We then compare statistically significant features of the best fit $w(z)$ with actual features of the underlying model. We thus verify that the use of unsuitable parametrizations can lead to misleading conclusions. In order to avoid these problems it is important to either use both convex and concave parametrizations and select the one with the best $χ^2$ or use principal component analysis thus splitting the redshift range into independent bins. In the latter case however, significant information about the slope of $w(z)$ at high redshifts is lost. Finally, we propose a new family of parametrizations (nCPL) $w(z)=w_0+w_a (\frac{z}{1+z})^n$ which generalizes the CPL and interpolates between thawing and freezing parametrizations as the parameter $n$ increases to values larger than 1.
description: 17 pages, 19 Figures. The numerical analysis files may be downloaded from https://www.dropbox.com/s/0gyal92olbcwabt/parametrizations.zip?dl=0 . Minor modifications compared to previous version. References added. Accepted in Phys. Rev. D (to appear)
Quantum error-correcting codes from Algebraic Geometry codes of Castle type
Creators: name: Munuera, Carlos
name: Tenório, Wanderson
name: Torres, Fernando
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Information Theory (cs.IT)
subject: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We study Algebraic Geometry codes producing quantum error-correcting codes by the CSS construction. We pay particular attention to the family of Castle codes. We show that many of the examples known in the literature in fact belong to this family of codes. We systematize these constructions by showing the common theory that underlies all of them.
description: 18 pages. Final version
Solutal Marangoni instability in layered two-phase flows
Creators: name: Picardo, Jason R.
name: G., Radhakrishna T.
name: Pushpavanam, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 76T99, 76R50, 76D33

description: In this paper, the instability of layered two-phase flows caused by the presence of a soluble surfactant (or a surface active solute) is studied. The fluids have different viscosities, but are density matched to focus on Marangoni effects. The fluids flow between two flat plates, which are maintained at different solute concentrations. This establishes a constant flux of solute from one fluid to the other in the base state. A linear stability analysis is performed, using a combination of asymptotic and numerical methods. In the creeping flow regime, Marangoni stresses destabilize the flow, provided a concentration gradient is maintained across the fluids. One long wave and two short wave Marangoni instability modes arise, in different regions of parameter space. A well-defined condition for the long wave instability is determined in terms of the viscosity and thickness ratios of the fluids, and the direction of mass transfer. Energy budget calculations show that the Marangoni stresses that drive long and short wave instabilities have distinct origins. The former is caused by interface deformation while the latter is associated with convection by the disturbance flow. Consequently, even when the interface is non-deforming (in the large interfacial tension limit), the flow can become unstable to short wave disturbances. On increasing $Re$, the viscosity-induced interfacial instability comes into play. This mode is shown to either suppress or enhance the Marangoni instability, depending on the viscosity and thickness ratios. This analysis is relevant to applications such as solvent extraction in microchannels, in which a surface-active solute is transferred between fluids in parallel stratified flow. It is also applicable to the thermocapillary problem of layered flow between heated plates.
description: 36 pages, 20 figures