Simulium (Chirostilbia) riograndense Py-Daniel, Souza & Caldas
Creators: name: Hernández, Luis Miguel
name: Shelley, Anthony John
name: Dias, Antonio Paulino Andrade De Luna
name: Maia-Herzog, Marilza
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2008
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Simuliidae
Simulium
Simulium riograndense

description: Simulium (Chirostilbia) riograndense Py-Daniel, Souza & Caldas   
(Figs. 12, 27, 61, 62, 97–99, 117, 133, 148, 168, 169, 189, 202, 215, 228, 241, 255)  
 This is a zoophilic species occasionally found in southern Brazil that is possibly conspecific with S. distinctum.   
 Simulium riograndense Py-Daniel, Souza & Caldas, 1988: 37. HOLOTYPE ♀, BRAZIL: Rio Grande de Sul State, Feliz, Bairro Alta Feliz; 20.vi.1993, (A.L. Ruas Neto) (MCN) (INPA, no. 5996-7).   
 Female. General body colour dark orange brown. Body length (specimens pinned) 3.4–3.6 mm (n=3), wing length 3.2–3.4 mm (n=3), wing width 1.4–1.5 mm (n=3).   
 Head— dichoptic with dark red eyes and nudiocular area developed (Fig. 12). Frons, clypeus and occiput dark brown to black, with silvery grey pruinosity; clypeus and frons covered with dark erect setae. Mouthparts black. Antennae with scape and pedicel dark brown, remaining segments pale brown. Cibarium without teeth and well developed, sclerotised cornuae (Fig. 27).   
 Thorax— scutum orange brown covered by evenly arranged recumbent golden setae; posterior margin with long recumbent golden setae. Scutal pattern varying with illumination. With anterior illumination, thorax orange brown with greyish pruinosity and a median and 1+1 posteriorly diverging submedian dark brown thin vittae extending from anterior to posterior margins; humeri weakly pruinose; lateral and posterior margins dark brown (Fig. 61). With posterior illumination, colour pattern reverses; humeri silver pruinose; lateral and posterior margin dark brown (Fig. 62). Scutellum pale to dark brown with recumbent, golden setae interspersed with long, black bristles. Postnotum dark brown with silver pruinosity. Pleura dark brown to black with silver pruinosity. Costa of wing with sparse distribution of spines and setae. Subcosta with line of setae over entire length. Radius with line of setae intermixed with spines; basal section of Radius with hairs. Basal tuft of long, dark setae. Leg coloration and proportions as in Figs. 97–99. Fore leg with coxa, trochanter, femur and tibia yellowish brown, ventral margin of tibia silver pruinose; apical articulation of tibia and tarsal segments dark brown. Mid leg yellowish, except apical articulation of tibia, apical third of tarsal segments I and II, and tarsal segments III–IV brown; dorsal margin of tibia and base of tarsal segment I whitish. Hind leg yellowish with apical half of tibia, basitarsus and tarsal segments II, III and IV dark brown. Claws curved with small basal tooth. Halteres cream with brown bases.   
 Abdomen— tergite I yellowish laterally and dark brown or with black tinges centrally; tergite II yellowish to dark brown with some tinges of black on posterior margins; tergites III–IV pale to dark yellow centrally with anterolateral margins black; tergites V–IX black; tergite II with silver pruinosity on anterolateral margins. Tergal plates developed; sternal plates undeveloped. Sternites greyish black; genitalia black. Eighth sternite weakly sclerotised with irregularly distributed setae on posterior margin; gonapophyses nearly same length as eighth sternite at mid point, subtriangular, membranous with sclerotised inner margin and apical third of posterior margin and few setae basally (Fig. 117). Cerci hemispherical, covered with long brown setae; paraproct subtriangular, ventral extension subtriangular, twice length of cercus, narrow apically and sclerotised, with distinct basal prominence on posterior margin; paraproct covered with prominent brown setae centrally and highly setose apically (Fig. 133). Genital fork stout, sclerotised, termination of lateral arms with anterior and posterior processes developed (Fig. 148). Spermatheca globular, without external sculpturing and with internal spicules; area of insertion of spermathecal duct membranous.   
 Male. General body colour reddish brown. Body length (specimens pinned) 3.4 mm (n=1), wing length 3.3 mm (n=1), wing width 1.5 mm (n=1).   
 Head— holoptic with dark red eyes. Remainder of head coloration as in female.   
 Thorax— scutum dark reddish brown covered with recumbent, golden hairs. Scutal pattern varies slightly with light incidence: with anterior light source orange brown with 1+1 submedian silver pruinose areas on anterior one third of scutum (Fig. 168). With light source posterior to specimen thorax orange brown (Fig. 169). Humeri, lateral and posterior margins brown. Scutellum dark brown with recumbent, golden hairs. Postnotum brown with silvery grey pruinosity. Wing setation and leg coloration as in female.   
 Abdomen— tergites I brown mottled with silver pruinosity on anterior margin, tergites II–VIII black with silver pruinosity on anterolateral margin of tergites V–VI; basal fringe with long, brown hairs. Genitalia black; sternal plates undeveloped; tergal plates developed. Gonocoxite square; gonostyle trapezoidal with dorsally curved apex terminating in small spinule, half length of gonocoxite; gonocoxite and gonostyle covered with long setae (Fig. 189). Ventral plate subtriangular, rounded apically, sclerotised, covered by setae; basal arms poorly developed (Fig. 202). Median sclerite small, pear-shaped with distinct apical incision reaching to middle of sclerite (Fig. 215). Paramere with developed and sclerotised basal process and several apical teeth (Fig. 228).   
 Pupa. Cocoon length dorsally 4.3–6.0 mm (mean 4.9 mm, s.d=0.67, n=5), ventrally 5.3–5.9 mm (mean 5.6 mm, s.d.=0.34, n=6); pupa length 3.6–4.3 mm (mean 3.9 mm; s.d.=0.30, n=4); gill length 0.9–2.7 mm (mean 1.7 mm, s.d.=0.64, n=6).   
 Cocoon— shoe-shaped as in Fig. 241, dark brown composed of thick coalesced fibres posteriorly and distinct fenestrations anteriorly, with reinforced rim to anterior aperture, margin of aperture elevated.   
 Gill— dark brown with 10 forwardly-directed arranged in vertical plane. Gill configuration with main trunk short, giving rise to three sets of primary branches, the dorsal and median consisting of four secondary branches each and the ventral of two secondary branches, all bifurcating at different heights in basal third of gill (Fig. 255). nearly same width, weakly rounded distally, with small spicules on surface, edges crenate; all approximately same length.   
 Head— frontoclypeus with simple or bifid frontal and 1+1 simple or bifid facial trichomes; frontoclypeus with distinct group of platelets mesally, 1+1 dorso-laterally and 2–3 platelets in one group laterally in frontal region, respectively; mostly without tubercles, some visible in facial region where they are rounded.   
 Thorax— with approximately five small, bifid trichomes near dorsal cleft, one small bifid trichome on posterior region and three spiniform trichomes in alar region, near ventral margin of pupa; few pointed tubercles on posterior region.   
 Abdomen— tergite I with 3+3 small submedian simple trichomes and 1+1 bifid or simple trichomes on lateral margin; tergite II with 3+3 submedian spiniform setae in longitudinal row, and 3+3 spiniform setae anterior to outermost setae; tergite III and IV with 4+4 submedian simple hooks in longitudinal row, and 1+1 small simple trichomes anterior to most lateral hooks; tergite V with 3+3 submedian small trichomes in longitudinal row; tergite VI with 1+1 submedian small trichomes on posterior margin; tergite VII with 3+3 submedian small simple trichomes; tergite VIII with 2+2 submedian small simple setae; tergite IX sclerotised, with 1+1 small terminal spines. Spine combs on anterior margins of tergites VI–VIII. Abdominal sternite III without setae; sternite IV with 2+2 submedian, spiniform setae and 2+2 small setae anterior to outermost spiniform setae; sternite V with 2+2 close, bifid hooks along posterior margin and 2+2 small simple trichomes anterior to outer hooks; sternites VI–VII with 2+2 well separated hooks, external simple, internal bifid or trifid, and 1+1 small simple setae anterior to outer hooks; sternites VIII–IX apparently without setae. Spine combs on anterior margins of sternites III–VIII.   
 Larva. A description of the larva is given by Py-Daniel (1988), Coscarón (1991) and Coscarón-Arias (2007).
description: Published as part of Hernández, Luis Miguel, Shelley, Anthony John, Dias, Antonio Paulino Andrade De Luna & Maia-Herzog, Marilza, 2008, Carcinoma Folicular de Tiroides concomitante con Hiperparatiroidismo Primario. Caso Clínico, pp. 1-100 in Zootaxa 1834 on pages 39-41, DOI: 10.34631/sporl.419, http://zenodo.org/record/5127135