title: Dark septate endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Paris‐morphotype) affect the stable isotope composition of 'classically' non-mycorrhizal plants
Creators: name: Giesemann, Philipp
name: Eichenberg, David
name: Stöckel, Marcus
name: Seifert, Lukas F.
name: Gomes, Sofia I. F.
name: Merckx, Vincent S. F. T.
name: Gebauer, Gerhard
Publisher: name: University of Bayreuth
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Caryophyllaceae
subject: Cyperaceae
subject: Dark septate endophytes
subject: Equisetaceae
subject: Mycoheterotrophy
subject: Mycorrhiza
subject: Stable isotope natural abundance
subject: 580

description: 1. The vast majority of terrestrial plants exchange nutrients with fungal partners forming different mycorrhizal types. The minority of plants considered as non-mycorrhizal, however, are not necessarily free of any fungi, but are frequently colonized by elusive fungal endophytes, such as <i>dark septate endophytes (DSE)</i> or <i>fine root endophytes (FRE)</i>. While a functional role of <i>FRE</i> in improvement of nutrient gain was recently elucidated, the function of <i>DSE</i> is still in discussion and was here addressed for 36 plant species belonging to the families Equisetaceae, Cypereaceae and Caryophyllaceae. 2. Molecular and microscopic staining approaches were conducted to verify the presence of <i>DSE</i> in the investigated species. Stable isotope natural abundances of the elements carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen and total nitrogen concentrations were analyzed for the respective species of the target plant families and accompanying mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal (Brassicaceae) plant species. 3. Staining approaches confirmed the presence of DSE in all investigated species within the families Equisetaceae, Cyperaceae and Caryophyllaceae. A co-colonization with <i>Paris</i>-type arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) was occasionally found by staining and molecular approaches in species of the Equisetaceae. Species of the Equisetaceae, Cyperaceae and Caryophyllaceae were significantly <sup>15</sup>N-enriched in comparison to accompanying plants. In addition, a significant <sup>13</sup>C and <sup></sup>H enrichment and increased total nitrogen concentrations were found for representatives of the Equisetaceae. 4. The <sup>15</sup>N-enrichment found here for representatives of Equisetaceae, Cyperaceae and Caryophyllaceae provides evidence for a functional role of the ubiquitous <i>DSE</i> fungi. <i>DSE</i> fungi obviously provide access to <sup>15</sup>N-enriched soil organic compounds probably in exchange for organic carbon compounds from plant photosynthesis. As indicated by additional <sup>13</sup>C- and <sup>2</sup>H-enrichments, representatives of the Equisetaceae apparently gain simultaneously organic carbon compounds from their AM fungi of the <i>Paris</i>-morphotype. Thus, species of the Equisetaceae have to be considered as partially, or in case of the achlorophyllous fertile <i>Equisetum arvense</i>, as fully mycoheterotrophic at least in some stages of their life cycle. 5. So far mostly underappreciated fungi classified as <i>DSE</i> are suggested to occupy an ecologically relevant role similar to mycorrhizae and the occurrence of simultaneous functions of <i>DSE</i> and AM fungi in Equisetaceae is proposed.