Cosmology Intertwined: A Review of the Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Associated with the Cosmological Tensions and Anomalies
Creators: name: Abdalla, Elcio
name: Abellán, Guillermo Franco
name: Aboubrahim, Amin
name: Agnello, Adriano
name: Akarsu, Ozgur
name: Akrami, Yashar
name: Alestas, George
name: Aloni, Daniel
name: Amendola, Luca
name: Anchordoqui, Luis A.
name: Anderson, Richard I.
name: Arendse, Nikki
name: Asgari, Marika
name: Ballardini, Mario
name: Barger, Vernon
name: Basilakos, Spyros
name: Batista, Ronaldo C.
name: Battistelli, Elia S.
name: Battye, Richard
name: Benetti, Micol
name: Benisty, David
name: Berlin, Asher
name: de Bernardis, Paolo
name: Berti, Emanuele
name: Bidenko, Bohdan
name: Birrer, Simon
name: Blakeslee, John P.
name: Boddy, Kimberly K.
name: Bom, Clecio R.
name: Bonilla, Alexander
name: Borghi, Nicola
name: Bouchet, François R.
name: Braglia, Matteo
name: Buchert, Thomas
name: Buckley-Geer, Elizabeth
name: Calabrese, Erminia
name: Caldwell, Robert R.
name: Camarena, David
name: Capozziello, Salvatore
name: Casertano, Stefano
name: Chen, Angela
name: Chen, Geoff C. F.
name: Chen, Hsin-Yu
name: Chluba, Jens
name: Chudaykin, Anton
name: Cicoli, Michele
name: Copi, Craig J.
name: Courbin, Fred
name: Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan
name: Czerny, Bozena
name: Dainotti, Maria
name: D'Amico, Guido
name: Davis, Anne-Christine
name: Pérez, Javier de Cruz
name: de Haro, Jaume
name: Delabrouille, Jacques
name: Denton, Peter B.
name: Dhawan, Suhail
name: Dienes, Keith R.
name: Di Valentino, Eleonora
name: Du, Pu
name: Eckert, Dominique
name: Escamilla-Rivera, Celia
name: Ferté, Agnès
name: Finelli, Fabio
name: Fosalba, Pablo
name: Freedman, Wendy L.
name: Frusciante, Noemi
name: Gaztañaga, Enrique
name: Giarè, William
name: Giusarma, Elena
name: Gómez-Valent, Adrià
name: Handley, Will
name: Harrison, Ian
name: Hart, Luke
name: Hazra, Dhiraj Kumar
name: Heavens, Alan
name: Heinesen, Asta
name: Hildebrandt, Hendrik
name: Hill, J. Colin
name: Hogg, Natalie B.
name: Holz, Daniel E.
name: Hooper, Deanna C.
name: Hosseininejad, Nikoo
name: Huterer, Dragan
name: Ishak, Mustapha
name: Ivanov, Mikhail M.
name: Jaffe, Andrew H.
name: Jang, In Sung
name: Jedamzik, Karsten
name: Jimenez, Raul
name: Joseph, Melissa
name: Joudaki, Shahab
name: Kamionkowski, Mark
name: Karwal, Tanvi
name: Kazantzidis, Lavrentios
name: Keeley, Ryan E.
name: Klasen, Michael
name: Komatsu, Eiichiro
name: Koopmans, Léon V. E.
name: Kumar, Suresh
name: Lamagna, Luca
name: Lazkoz, Ruth
name: Lee, Chung-Chi
name: Lesgourgues, Julien
name: Said, Jackson Levi
name: Lewis, Tiffany R.
name: L'Huillier, Benjamin
name: Lucca, Matteo
name: Maartens, Roy
name: Macri, Lucas M.
name: Marfatia, Danny
name: Marra, Valerio
name: Martins, Carlos J. A. P.
name: Masi, Silvia
name: Matarrese, Sabino
name: Mazumdar, Arindam
name: Melchiorri, Alessandro
name: Mena, Olga
name: Mersini-Houghton, Laura
name: Mertens, James
name: Milakovic, Dinko
name: Minami, Yuto
name: Miranda, Vivian
name: Moreno-Pulido, Cristian
name: Moresco, Michele
name: Mota, David F.
name: Mottola, Emil
name: Mozzon, Simone
name: Muir, Jessica
name: Mukherjee, Ankan
name: Mukherjee, Suvodip
name: Naselsky, Pavel
name: Nath, Pran
name: Nesseris, Savvas
name: Niedermann, Florian
name: Notari, Alessio
name: Nunes, Rafael C.
name: Colgáin, Eoin Ó
name: Owens, Kayla A.
name: Ozulker, Emre
name: Pace, Francesco
name: Paliathanasis, Andronikos
name: Palmese, Antonella
name: Pan, Supriya
name: Paoletti, Daniela
name: Bergliaffa, Santiago E. Perez
name: Perivolaropoulos, Leadros
name: Pesce, Dominic W.
name: Pettorino, Valeria
name: Philcox, Oliver H. E.
name: Pogosian, Levon
name: Poulin, Vivian
name: Poulot, Gaspard
name: Raveri, Marco
name: Reid, Mark J.
name: Renzi, Fabrizio
name: Riess, Adam G.
name: Sabla, Vivian I.
name: Salucci, Paolo
name: Salzano, Vincenzo
name: Saridakis, Emmanuel N.
name: Sathyaprakash, Bangalore S.
name: Schmaltz, Martin
name: Schöneberg, Nils
name: Scolnic, Dan
name: Sen, Anjan A.
name: Sehgal, Neelima
name: Shafieloo, Arman
name: Sheikh-Jabbari, M. M.
name: Silk, Joseph
name: Silvestri, Alessandra
name: Skara, Foteini
name: Sloth, Martin S.
name: Soares-Santos, Marcelle
name: Peracaula, Joan Solà
name: Songsheng, Yu-Yang
name: Soriano, Jorge F.
name: Staicova, Denitsa
name: Starkman, Glenn D.
name: Szapudi, István
name: Teixeira, Elsa M.
name: Thomas, Brooks
name: Treu, Tommaso
name: Trott, Emery
name: van de Bruck, Carsten
name: Vazquez, J. Alberto
name: Verde, Licia
name: Visinelli, Luca
name: Wang, Deng
name: Wang, Jian-Min
name: Wang, Shao-Jiang
name: Watkins, Richard
name: Watson, Scott
name: Webb, John K.
name: Weiner, Neal
name: Weltman, Amanda
name: Witte, Samuel J.
name: Wojtak, Radosław
name: Yadav, Anil Kumar
name: Yang, Weiqiang
name: Zhao, Gong-Bo
name: Zumalacárregui, Miguel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper we will list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, also taking into account the current discordances between the different cosmological probes, such as the disagreement in the value of the Hubble constant $H_0$, the $σ_8$--$S_8$ tension, and other less statistically significant anomalies. While these discordances can still be in part the result of systematic errors, their persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the necessity for new physics or generalisations beyond the standard model. In this paper, we focus on the $5.0\,σ$ tension between the {\it Planck} CMB estimate of the Hubble constant $H_0$ and the SH0ES collaboration measurements. After showing the $H_0$ evaluations made from different teams using different methods and geometric calibrations, we list a few interesting new physics models that could alleviate this tension and discuss how the next decade's experiments will be crucial. Moreover, we focus on the tension of the {\it Planck} CMB data with weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, about the value of the matter energy density $Ω_m$, and the amplitude or rate of the growth of structure ($σ_8,fσ_8$). We list a few interesting models proposed for alleviating this tension, and we discuss the importance of trying to fit a full array of data with a single model and not just one parameter at a time. Additionally, we present a wide range of other less discussed anomalies at a statistical significance level lower than the $H_0$--$S_8$ tensions which may also constitute hints towards new physics, and we discuss possible generic theoretical approaches that can collectively explain the non-standard nature of these signals.[Abridged]
description: Contribution to Snowmass 2021. 224 pages, 27 figures. Accepted for publication in JHEAp