cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
LENDA, a Low Energy Neutron Detector Array for experiments with radioactive beams in inverse kinematics
Creators: name: Perdikakis, G.
name: Sasano, M.
name: Austin, Sam M.
name: Bazin, D.
name: Caesar, C.
name: Cannon, S.
name: Deaven, J. M.
name: Doster, H. J.
name: Guess, C. J.
name: Hitt, G. W.
name: Marks, J.
name: Meharchand, R.
name: Nguyen, D. T.
name: Peterman, D.
name: Prinke, A.
name: Scott, M.
name: Shimbara, Y.
name: Thorne, K.
name: Valdez, L.
name: Zegers, R. G. T.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Low Energy Neutron Detector Array (LENDA) is a neutron time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer developed at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Lab- oratory (NSCL) for use in inverse kinematics experiments with rare isotope beams. Its design has been motivated by the need to study the spin-isospin response of unstable nuclei using (p, n) charge-exchange reactions at intermediate energies (> 100 MeV/u). It can be used, however, for any reaction study that involves emission of low energy neutrons (150 keV - 10 MeV). The array consists of 24 plastic scintillator bars and is capable of registering the recoiling neutron energy and angle with high detection efficiency. The neutron energy is determined by the time-of-flight technique, while the position of interaction is deduced using the timing and energy information from the two photomultipliers of each bar. A simple test setup utilizing radioactive sources has been used to characterize the array. Results of test measurements are compared with simulations. A neutron energy threshold of < 150 keV, an intrinsic time (position) resolution of \sim 400 ps (\sim 6 cm) and an efficiency > 20 % for neutrons below 4 MeV have been obtained.
description: Version accepted for publication in Nucl. Instr. Methods A. Revised text, 2 new figures added (one in section 4 and one in section 7)
title: Ð Ð°Ð·ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÐ° ÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐµÑÑÐ° ÑÑÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÐ¸ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐ¾Ð²
title: Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ°
titleType: Subtitle
title: Development of a technological process for jet electrochemical processing of metallographic samples
Creators: name: Ð§Ð¶Ð¾Ñ ÐÐ°Ð¹
Publisher: name: Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑ ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
Year: 2024
Subjects: ÐÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð¸ Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð½
ÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð³Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐºÐ° Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐ¾Ð²
ÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÐ°
ÑÑÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÐ°
technical manufacturing
preparation of metallographic samples
electrochemical processing
blast processing

description: Ð Ð¿ÐµÑÐ²Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ ÑÐµÑÐ¸Ð» Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÐ¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐµÑÑÐ° Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð¸, Ð¾ÑÑÑÐµÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ð» Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑÐ¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¸ Ð¾ÑÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÑ ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸ ÑÐµÐ·ÐºÐ¸ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ ÑÑÐµÐ·Ð¾Ð², ÑÑÐ¿ÐµÑÐ½Ð¾ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð³Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¸Ð» Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÑ. ÐÐ¾ Ð²ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ð¹ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐµÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÐ¸ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐ¾Ð² Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¼ ÑÑÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÐ¸, Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾ÑÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ, ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÑ ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐµÑÑÐ° Ð¸ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸Ð·Ð°ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ°Ð¼ÐµÑÑÐ¾Ð². Ð ÑÑÐµÑÑÐµÐ¹ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°ÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ð½Ð° Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ Ð°ÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑÑ ÑÑÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÑÐ¾ÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÐ¸ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐ¾Ð², Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ¹ÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð², ÑÐ°Ð·ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÑ ÑÐ¿ÐµÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð·Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ ÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð² Ð¸ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸Ð·Ð°ÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð² ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾ÑÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ.
description: In the first part of the work, I solved the problem of developing a process for manufacturing a part, carried out the design and development of a technology for cutting metallographic sections, and successfully prepared metallographic samples. The second part of the work describes in detail the process of processing metallographic samples using electrochemical jet machining, including equipment selection, process development and parameter optimization. The third part of the work draws attention to innovative aspects of jet electrochemical processing of metallographic samples, including the use of new electrolytes, the development of specialized electrodes and optimization of equipment operating modes.
title: Diagnostic accuracy of TIRADS in evaluation of thyroid nodules
Creators: name: Mohandas, Minu
Publisher: name: European Congress of Radiology
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Head and neck
subject: Thyroid / Parathyroids
subject: Ultrasound
subject: Diagnostic procedure
subject: Calcifications / Calculi
subject: Cysts
subject: Neoplasia

description: Aims and objectives Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information References
description: Aims and objectives: The widespread use of ultrasonography has contributed to increased detection of thyroid nodules. Nodular thyroid disease was classified by different guidelines and it was difficult to determine which nodule was suspicious of malignancy. TIRADS...
Relaxation in finite and isolated classical systems: an extension of Onsager's regression hypothesis
Creators: name: Bonança, Marcus V. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In order to derive the reciprocity relations, Onsager formulated a relation between thermal equilibrium fluctuations and relaxation widely known as regression hypothesis. It is shown in the present work how such relation can be extended to finite and isolated classical systems. This extension is derived from the fluctuation-dissipation theorem for the microcanonical ensemble. The results are exemplified with a nonintegrable system in order to motivate possible applications to dynamical systems and statistical mechanics of finite systems.
description: 5 pages, 4 figures, final version
"A problem of slum dwellings and relatively ignorant parents": a history of victim blaming in the lead pigment industry
Creators: name: Rosner, David K.
name: Markowitz, Gerald E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2008
Subjects: Public health

description: In February 2006, in what the Rhode Island Supreme Court and others around the country called a "monumental lawsuit,"  a jury of six men and women held lead pigment manufacturers liable for creating what some have called the largest and longest on-going public health disaster for children in United States history. The State of Rhode Island's Attorney General's Office had initiated the suit nearly six years before charging that the historical record showed the industry had knowingly sold and profited from a product that they knew poisoned children. The attorneys representing the State argued that lead paint on the walls, woodwork, and windowsills of nearly 80 percent of the State's housing constituted a public nuisance that would lead to further cases of childhood lead poisoning in the coming years. The defense argued that the industry was not to blame. Instead, they placed responsibility for the epidemic on landlords for not maintaining their properties and on parents, most of whom were African-American and Latino, for not supervising their children more scrupulously. This article looks at the long, sad history of blaming children, parents, and even public health officials for the on-going tragedy of lead poisoning.
Back to the future? diabetes, HIV, and the boundaries of public health
Creators: name: Fairchild, Amy L.
name: Alkon, Ava Elyse
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2007
Subjects: Public health

description: The control of infectious diseases has traditionally fallen to public health and the clinical care of chronic diseases to private medicine. In New York City, however, the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) has recently sought to expand its responsibilities in the oversight and management of chronic-disease care. In December 2005, in an effort to control epidemic rates of diabetes, the DOHMH began implementing a bold new plan for increased disease surveillance through electronic, laboratory-based reporting of A1C test results (a robust measure of blood-sugar levels). The controversy A1C reporting produced was relatively contained, but when Dr. Thomas Frieden, New York City health commissioner, called for the state to begin tracking viral loads and drug resistance among patients with HIV, both the medical community and a wider public took notice and have started to grapple with the meaning of expanded surveillance. In the context of the past century of medical surveillance in America, we analyze the current debates, focusing first on diabetes and then HIV. We identify the points of contention that arise from the city's proposed blend of public health surveillance, disease management, and quality improvement and suggest an approach to balancing the measures' perils and promises.
Curvature perturbation in multi-field inflation with non-minimal coupling
Creators: name: White, Jonathan
name: Minamitsuji, Masato
name: Sasaki, Misao
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper we discuss a multi-field model of inflation in which generally all fields are non-minimally coupled to the Ricci scalar and have non-canonical kinetic terms. The background evolution and first-order perturbations for the model are evaluated in both the Jordan and Einstein frames, and the respective curvature perturbations compared. We confirm that they are indeed not the same - unlike in the single-field case - and also that the difference is a direct consequence of the isocurvature perturbations inherent to multi-field models. This result leads us to conclude that the notion of adiabaticity is not invariant under conformal transformations. Using a two-field example we show that even if in one frame the evolution is adiabatic, meaning that the curvature perturbation is conserved on super-horizon scales, in general in the other frame isocurvature perturbations continue to source the curvature perturbation. We also find that it is possible to realise a particular model in which curvature perturbations in both frames are conserved but with each being of different magnitude. These examples highlight that the curvature perturbation itself, despite being gauge-invariant, does not correspond directly to an observable. The non-equivalence of the two curvature perturbations would also be important when considering the addition of Standard Model matter into the system.
description: 21 pages, 2 figures, references added, typos corrected, version to appear in JCAP
Greene SCPrimer : a rapid comprehensive tool for designing degenerate primers from multiple sequence alignments
Creators: name: Jabado, Omar J.
name: Palacios, Gustavo F.
name: Kapoor, Vishal
name: Hui, Jeffrey
name: Renwick, Neil
name: Zhai, Junhui
name: Briese, Thomas
name: Lipkin, W. Ian
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2006
Subjects: Epidemiology
Virology

description: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is widely applied in clinical and environmental microbiology. Primer design is key to the development of successful assays and is often performed manually by using multiple nucleic acid alignments. Few public software tools exist that allow comprehensive design of degenerate primers for large groups of related targets based on complex multiple sequence alignments. Here we present a method for designing such primers based on tree building followed by application of a set covering algorithm, and demonstrate its utility in compiling Multiplex PCR primer panels for detection and differentiation of viral pathogens.
title: Moving towards a more conservative approach of desmoid tumours: role of MR in the assessment of their aggressiveness and in their management
Creators: name: Escudero Fernandez, Jose
Publisher: name: European Congress of Radiology
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Extremities
subject: Musculoskeletal soft tissue
subject: Oncology
subject: MR
subject: Diagnostic procedure
subject: Neoplasia

description: Aims and objectives Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information References
description: Aims and objectives: Desmoid tumours (DT) are rare mesenchymal tumours with an incidence of 5-6/1,000,000/year. They usually affect young women between 15 and 60 years-old, with a peak age of about 30-40 years-old. Most cases are sporadic although approximately 5-10 %...
Continuum removal in Hα extragalactic measurements
Creators: name: Spector, Oded
name: Finkelman, Ido
name: Brosch, Noah
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We point out an important source of error in measurements of extragalactic H-alpha emission and suggest ways to reduce it. The H-alpha line, used for estimating star formation rates, is commonly measured by imaging in a narrow band and a wide band, both which include the line. The image analysis relies on the accurate removal of the underlying continuum. We discuss in detail the derivation of the emission line's equivalent width and flux for extragalactic extended sources, and the required photometric calibrations. We describe commonly used continuum-subtraction procedures, and discuss the uncertainties that they introduce. Specifically, we analyse errors introduced by colour effects. We show that the errors in the measured H-alpha equivalent width induced by colour effects can lead to underestimates as large as 40% and overestimates as large as 10%, depending on the underlying galaxy's stellar population and the continuum-subtraction procedure used. We also show that these errors may lead to biases in results of surveys, and to the underestimation of the cosmic star formation rate at low redshifts (the low z points in the Madau plot). We suggest a method to significantly reduce these errors using a single colour measurement.
description: 8 pages, 3 figures, MNRAS in press
SUG'URTA VA SOHAGA OID TUSHUNCHALAR, ULARNING TERMINOLOGIK TAVSIFI
Creators: name: Raxmonqulov, O'ktam
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023

description: Ushbu maqolada sug'urta tushunchasi, uning qadimiy kelib chiqishi, rivojlanish bosqichlari hamda sug'urta sohasida ishlatiladigan sodda va murakkab komponentli terminlarning izohlari haqida ma'lumot berilgan.
Localizing Urban Design Traditions: Gated and Edge Cities in Curitiba
Creators: name: Irazabal Zurita, Clara E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2006
Subjects: City planning

description: Gated communities and edge cities are new forms of space production and consumption that promote changes in the character of public space and citizens' participation in public life. This study unveils the phenomena of their creation as a paradoxical attempt to return to community. Curitiba's examples of gated communities and edge cities show that, despite being internationally showcased as a model of good planning and urban design, this metropolis has not been immune to the global capital pressures and urban design tendencies occurring in many urban areas throughout the world, thus signalling both the currency and trans-nationality of these issues.
Leaf Area Index (LAI) at the Hartheim Forest Research Site (DE-Har) 2021-2024
Creators: name: Plapp, Thomas
name: Larsen, Autumn
name: Schindler, Dirk
name: Christen, Andreas
Publisher: name: University of Freiburg
Year: 2025
Subjects: Leaf area index
Plant area index
PAI
Forest
Hartheim
Hartheim am Rhein
DE-Har
Hartheim Forest Research Site
Forstmeteorologische Messstation Hartheim
ICOS
Pinus sylvestris
Scots pine
2021
2022
2023
2024
LAI-2000
Germany
Baden-Württemberg
HARTHM

description: Technical report that documents the measurement protocol and technical procedures used to estimate LAI at the Hartheim Forest Research Site and to report the estimated LAI values for annual measurements taken in the growing seasons between 2021 and 2024.

Abstract: Leaf area index (LAI) was estimated at the Hartheim Forest Research Site (ICOS Ecosystem Site “DE-Har”) yearly in the growing season between 2021 and 2024. Measurements were performed using the LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer by LICOR, with data collected from multiple measurement points inside and outside the fenced area of the station during twilight or under overcast cloud cover. The methodology involves simultaneous above- and below-canopy radiation measurements, followed by data processing and statistical analysis. Results show that average estimated LAI values over the four years 2021-2024 are relatively consistent with an average of 2.6 m2/m2 (2.2-2.8 m2/m2) and a median of 2.3m2/m2. As the upper canopy consists of a substantial number of standing dead pines, LAI could be overestimated using this method.

Site Metadata:

Station Name: Hartheim-DE-HARStation ID: DE-HarStation Address: Hartheim am Rhein, GermanyStation Longitude: 7.59814 deg EStation Latitude: 47.93391 deg NStation Elevation: 201 m
description: ATTRIBUTION NOTICE

The [creation and] curation of this work has been funded by Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg. Data are available as CC4.0-BY-Attribution.

DISCLAIMER NOTICE

The use of the work is at the user's own risk. The authors and/or the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg accept no liability for material or non-material damage arising from the use or non-use or from the use of incorrect or incomplete information in this work. The authors and/or the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg are not responsible for any use that may be made of the information in this work. The legal provisions remain unaffected.

MATERIAL NOTICE

The notices cover data, text and images contained in the work.
MOESM4 of Impact of rare and low-frequency sequence variants on reliability of genomic prediction in dairy cattle
Creators: name: Zhang, Qianqian
name: Sahana, Goutam
name: Su, Guosheng
name: Guldbrandtsen, Bernt
name: Lund, Mogens
name: Calus, Mario
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 4: Table S4. Bias of the GEBV measured by regression slope using various marker sets for the index trait affected by different rare QTN sets, averaged over 10 replicates.
title: Hydatid disease from Head to Toe - A pictorial review
Creators: name: Ilangovan, Gurubharath
Publisher: name: European Congress of Radiology
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Abdomen
subject: Head and neck
subject: CT
subject: MR
subject: Ultrasound
subject: Diagnostic procedure
subject: Infection

description: Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References
description: Learning objectives: To describe the imaging features of hydatid disease in various anatomic locations. Multimodality imaging techniques( USG, CT, and MRI) and familiarity with imaging findings provides an important advantages in making the diagnosisof hydatid...
How Low Can Approximate Degree and Quantum Query Complexity be for Total Boolean Functions?
Creators: name: Ambainis, Andris
name: de Wolf, Ronald
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It has long been known that any Boolean function that depends on n input variables has both degree and exact quantum query complexity of Omega(log n), and that this bound is achieved for some functions. In this paper we study the case of approximate degree and bounded-error quantum query complexity. We show that for these measures the correct lower bound is Omega(log n / loglog n), and we exhibit quantum algorithms for two functions where this bound is achieved.
description: 10 pages LaTeX. Version 2: added some clarification and an appendix with a proof of Lemma 2
Quantitative brain measurements in community-dwelling elderly persons with mild parkinsonian signs
Creators: name: Louis, Elan D.
name: Brickman, Adam M.
name: DeCarli, Charles
name: Small, Scott A.
name: Marder, Karen
name: Schupf, Nicole
name: Brown, Truman R.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Neurosciences
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine

description: Mild parkinsonian signs (MPS) are a marker of incident dementia. They have been linked with cerebrovascular disease, which can be evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Also, if MPS are a marker for developing Alzheimer-type changes, hippocampal volume on MRI might be diminished in individuals with MPS.
Comprehensive viral oligonucleotide probe design using conserved protein regions
Creators: name: Jabado, Omar J.
name: Liu, Yang
name: Conlan, Sean
name: Quan, Phuong-Lan
name: Hegyi, Hedi
name: Lussier, Yves
name: Briese, Thomas
name: Palacios, Gustavo F.
name: Lipkin, W. Ian
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2008
Subjects: Epidemiology
Virology

description: Oligonucleotide microarrays have been applied to microbial surveillance and discovery where highly multiplexed assays are required to address a wide range of genetic targets. Although printing density continues to increase, the design of comprehensive microbial probe sets remains a daunting challenge, particularly in virology where rapid sequence evolution and database expansion confound static solutions. Here, we present a strategy for probe design based on protein sequences that is responsive to the unique problems posed in virus detection and discovery. The method uses the Protein Families database (Pfam) and motif finding algorithms to identify oligonucleotide probes in conserved amino acid regions and untranslated sequences. In silico testing using an experimentally derived thermodynamic model indicated near complete coverage of the viral sequence database.
Development of a novel histone-based reagent to increase retroviral transduction based on an analysis of cell lysate effects
Creators: name: Beauchesne, Pascal
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2013

description: Recombinant retroviruses are widely used vectors for engineering cells as they facilitate the delivery and long-term integration of transgenes. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer is nonetheless challenged by low efficiency due to multiple extracellular rate-limiting steps including mass transport limitations due to the low diffusivity and rapid decay of retroviral vectors as well as limited binding due to electrostatic repulsion between the net negative-charge of both target cells and retroviral vectors. Whole cell lysate was determined to contribute to the variability observed in transduction protocols leading to an increase in the retroviral transduction of TF-1 (human) cells by gibbon ape leukemia virus-pseudotyped vectors and of BaF3 (mouse) cells by ecotropic retroviral vectors. Fractionation of the cell lysate revealed that the bulk of the activity was associated with debris aggregates. These aggregate structures enhanced transduction by increasing mass transport through sedimentation as well as by increasing adsorption of the retroviral vectors to the cells and the culture vessel surfaces. In the presence of this aggregate fraction, transductions of TF-1 and BaF3 cells were enhanced respectively by 59- and 213-fold relative to controls without additives. Further analysis revealed that the aggregate structures were derived from nuclear components sensitive to trypsin digestion, suggesting that nuclear proteins rich in arginines and/or lysines were responsible for the observed enhancement. A subsequent investigation of histone proteins revealed that the arginine-rich fraction, at a concentration of 160 μg/mL, yielded a 22-fold increase in the transduction of TF-1 cells. To mimic the aggregate structures observed in the lysate, histone self-aggregation was stimulated by heat treatment resulting in a 34-fold increase in TF-1 cell transduction while the concentration required was reduced to 10 μg/mL. With BaF3 cells, the transduction exceeded that achieved with lysate under similar conditions. This reagent was also successfully applied to the transduction of primary mouse hematopoietic progenitor cells with long-term reconstitution potential. Overall, a novel histone reagent able to enhance the transduction of primary cells and cell lines with negligible toxicity using both gammaretroviral and lentiviral vectors was designed by isolating the active compounds and analyzing the mechanism of action of lysates on retroviral transduction.
title: Lungs at Work- Insight into imaging of Occupational Lung Diseases
Creators: name: Ilangovan, Gurubharath
Publisher: name: European Congress of Radiology
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Lung
subject: Mediastinum
subject: Thorax
subject: Digital radiography
subject: CT-High Resolution
subject: Conventional radiography
subject: Computer Applications-Detection, diagnosis
subject: Statistics
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Diagnostic procedure
subject: Occupational / Environmental hazards
subject: Neoplasia
subject: Chronic obstructive airways disease

description: Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References
description: Learning objectives: This review aims at Enumerating and discussing common as well as uncommon and new occupational lung diseases. Illustrating and describing the imaging findings on...
Cosmological Perturbations in Conformal Gravity
Creators: name: Mannheim, Philip D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the first steps needed for an analysis of the perturbations that occur in the cosmology associated with the conformal gravity theory. We discuss the implications of conformal invariance for perturbative coordinate gauge choices, and show that in the conformal theory the trace of the metric fluctuation kinematically decouples from the first-order gravitational fluctuation equations. We determine the equations that describe first-order metric fluctuations around the illustrative conformally flat de Sitter background. Via a conformal transformation we show that such fluctuations can be constructed from fluctuations around a flat background, even though the fluctuations themselves are associated with a perturbative geometry that is not itself conformal to flat. We extend the analysis to fluctuations around other cosmologically relevant backgrounds, such as the conformally-flat Robertson-Walker background, and find tensor fluctuations that grow far more rapidly than those that occur in the analogous standard case. We comment on some recent work by 't Hooft and by Maldacena on deriving conformal gravity from Einstein gravity or vice versa. We show that while the standard gravity tensor fluctuations around a de Sitter background are also fluctuation solutions in the conformal theory, in the conformal case they do not carry energy.
description: 43 pages. Final version. To appear in Phys. Rev. D
title: A New Iterative Reconstruction CT Technique of Forward Projected Model-based IR Solution (FIRST): Evaluation of Image Quality at Head CT using a Cerebral Stroke Phantom Model
Creators: name: Hara, Hidetake
Publisher: name: European Congress of Radiology
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Head and neck
subject: Emergency
subject: Radiographers
subject: CT
subject: Diagnostic procedure
subject: Imaging sequences
subject: Ischaemia / Infarction

description: Aims and objectives Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information References
description: Aims and objectives: In Japan, cerebrovascular disease is the fourth cause of death and the first cause of bedridden patients 1) . Recently, cerebral stroke has been under serious consideration due to the westernization of the diets and an increase in geriatric...
Innovative Demodulation Scheme for Coherent Detectors in CMB Experiments
Creators: name: Ishidoshiro, K.
name: Chinone, Y.
name: Hasegawa, M.
name: Hazumi, M.
name: Nagai, M.
name: Tajima, O.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose an innovative demodulation scheme for coherent detectors used in cosmic microwave background polarization experiments. Removal of non-white noise, e.g., narrow-band noise, in detectors is one of the key requirements for the experiments. A combination of modulation and demodulation is used to extract polarization signals as well as to suppress such noise. Traditional demodulation, which is based on the two- point numerical differentiation, works as a first-order high pass filter for the noise. The proposed demodulation is based on the three-point numerical differentiation. It works as a second-order high pass filter. By using a real detector, we confirmed significant improvements of suppression power for the narrow-band noise. We also found improvement of the noise floor.
description: 3 pages, 4 figures
title: Paediatric Epilepsy Imaging - OUT --> IN approach
Creators: name: Das, Bharath
Publisher: name: European Congress of Radiology
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Education
subject: MR
subject: CT
subject: Paediatric
subject: Neuroradiology brain
subject: Seizure disorders

description: Learning objectives Background Findings and procedure details Conclusion Personal information References
description: Learning objectives: 1. To describe Out --> In approach in the evaluation of the child with seizures 2. To illustrate the spectrum of cases and to describe the usefulness of this approach in making a specific and complete diagnosis. 3. Case-based exhibit –...
Characterization of the major nuclear localization signal of the Borna disease virus phosphoprotein
Creators: name: Schwemmle, Martin
name: Jehle, Christian
name: Shoemaker, Trevor
name: Lipkin, W. Ian
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1999
Subjects: Epidemiology
Virology

description: Borna disease virus (BDV) replicates and transcribes its negative-sense RNA genome in the nucleus. The BDV phosphoprotein (P) is localized in the nucleus of infected cells and cells transfected with P expression constructs. To identify the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of P, COS- 7 cells were transfected with wild-type or mutant forms of P fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Whereas GFP alone was exclusively cytoplasmic, P or P-GFP were nuclear. Analysis of carboxy- and amino- terminal truncation mutants of P indicated that amino acids (aa) 20-37 are sufficient to promote efficient nuclear accumulation of the fusion protein. Residual nuclear import of GFP was observed with portions of P including aa 33-134 or aa 134-201, suggesting the presence of additional NLS motifs. The major NLS of P appears to be bipartite. It consists of two basic aa domains, R22RER25 and R30PRKIPR36, separated by four non-basic aa, S26GSP29.
Identification and characterization of two enhancers of the suppressor of npr1, constitutive 1 (snc1)
Creators: name: Woloshen, Virginia Ashley
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2016

description: Out of necessity, plants have evolved robust, multi-layered defence responses to combat pathogen attack. Resistance (R) protein-mediated defence is one such layer that provides resistance to pathogens that have successfully overcome plant cell surface defences. R proteins, such as SNC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1, CONSTITUTIVE 1), recognize pathogenic molecules within the plant cell and initiate down-stream defence responses. A gain-of-function mutation in SNC1, snc1, results in constitutive defence responses, dwarf stature and dark green, deformed leaves. Using the snc1 mutant, many MODIFIER OF SNC1 (MOS) genes were found through a snc1 suppressor screen, which identified mutants based on increased size and decreased resistance responses. The wild-type-like phenotype of mos snc1 mutants, allowed another screen to identify enhancers of snc1 termed MUTANT, SNC1 ENHANCING (MUSE) genes. Here I describe the discovery of snc1-4d, an allele of snc1, and muse8, a partial loss-of-function mutant of AtCDC48A. snc1-4d is a unique allele of snc1 in that it possesses a mutation in the Nucleotide-Binding (NB) region of this R-like protein. The enhanced snc1 phenotype observed in this mutant is thought to be due to an increase in SNC1 activity as western blot analysis revealed no increase in snc1 protein level. This novel allele of SNC1 provides a unique opportunity to investigate the nature of the NB region of R proteins and how it may contribute to R protein activation. The partial loss-of-function allele of AtCDC48A, muse8, is also distinctive, as unlike previously characterized alleles, it remains viable when homozygous. This novel allele will be instrumental in the study of AtCDC48A’s many functions and provides the first evidence of AtCDC48’s involvement in plant innate immunity.
Localization for quasiperiodic Schrodinger operators with multivariable Gevrey potential functions
Creators: name: Klein, Silvius
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Spectral Theory (math.SP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 81Q10, 47B39, 37D25, 82B44

description: We consider an integer lattice quasiperiodic Schrodinger operator. The underlying dynamics is either the skew-shift or the multi-frequency shift by a Diophantine frequency. We assume that the potential function belongs to a Gevrey class on the multi-dimensional torus. Moreover, we assume that the potential function satisfies a generic transversality condition, which we show to imply a Lojasiewicz type inequality for smooth functions of several variables. Under these assumptions and for large coupling constant, we prove that the associated Lyapunov exponent is positive for all energies, and continuous as a function of energy, with a certain modulus of continuity. Moreover, in the large coupling constant regime and for an asymptotically large frequency - phase set, we prove that the operator satisfies Anderson localization.
description: 42 pages, 3 figures
Essential tremor associated with pathologic changes in the cerebellum
Creators: name: Louis, Elan D.
name: Vonsattel, Jean Paul
name: Honig, Lawrence S.
name: Lawton, Arlene
name: Moskowitz, Carol Brown
name: Ford, Blair
name: Frucht, Steven
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Neurosciences
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine

description: Background: Although essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common neurologic disorders, there have been few postmortem studies. We recently reported postmortem changes (torpedoes and Bergmann gliosis) in the cerebellar cortex in a few ET cases. Objective: To describe more extensive postmortem changes in the cerebellum in another ET case. Design: Case report. Results: A 90-year-old woman had a 30-year history of ET. At postmortem examination, there was segmental loss of Purkinje cells, presence of torpedoes, and Bergmann gliosis in the cerebellar cortex. Moreover, there were extensive changes in the dentate nucleus, in the form of neuronal loss, neuronal atrophy, microglial clusters, and reduction in the number of efferent fibers (ie, pallor of the hilum). Conclusions: The brain in the current case exhibited more marked cerebellar pathologic features than noted in previously reported ET cases and thereby extends the described cerebellar findings in this common, yet pathologically poorly characterized, neurologic disorder.
Simulating typical entanglement with many-body Hamiltonian dynamics
Creators: name: Nakata, Yoshifumi
name: Murao, Mio
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the time evolution of the amount of entanglement generated by one dimensional spin-1/2 Ising-type Hamiltonians composed of many-body interactions. We investigate sets of states randomly selected during the time evolution generated by several types of time-independent Hamiltonians by analyzing the distributions of the amount of entanglement of the sets. We compare such entanglement distributions with that of typical entanglement, entanglement of a set of states randomly selected from a Hilbert space with respect to the unitarily invariant measure. We show that the entanglement distribution obtained by a time-independent Hamiltonian can simulate the average and standard deviation of the typical entanglement, if the Hamiltonian contains suitable many-body interactions. We also show that the time required to achieve such a distribution is polynomial in the system size for certain types of Hamiltonians.
description: Revised, 11 pages, 7 figures
Detection of tick-borne pathogens by MassTag polymerase chain reaction
Creators: name: Tokarz, Rafal
name: Kapoor, Vishal
name: Samuel, James E.
name: Bouyer, Donald H.
name: Briese, Thomas
name: Lipkin, W. Ian
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2009
Subjects: Epidemiology
Virology
Ticks as carriers of disease

description: MassTag polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a platform that enables microbe detection using primers labeled through a photocleavable link with tags that vary in molecular weight. After multiplex PCR, tags are released by ultraviolet irradiation and analyzed by mass spectroscopy. The identification of a microbe in a sample is determined by its cognate tags. Here we describe establishment and implementation of a MassTag PCR panel for surveillance of microbes implicated in tick-vectored infectious diseases.
Genomic analyses of the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of honey bees
Creators: name: Cornman, R. Scott
name: Chen, Yan Ping
name: Schatz, Michael C.
name: Street, Craig
name: Zhao, Yan
name: Desany, Brian
name: Egholm, Michael
name: Hutchison, Stephen
name: Pettis, Jeffery S.
name: Lipkin, W. Ian
name: Evans, Jay D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2009
Subjects: Epidemiology
Virology

description: Recent steep declines in honey bee health have severely impacted the beekeeping industry, presenting new risks for agricultural commodities that depend on insect pollination. Honey bee declines could reflect increased pressures from parasites and pathogens. The incidence of the microsporidian pathogen Nosema ceranae has increased significantly in the past decade. Here we present a draft assembly (7.86 MB) of the N. ceranae  genome derived from pyrosequence data, including initial gene models and genomic comparisons with other members of this highly derived fungal lineage. N. ceranae has a strongly AT-biased genome (74% A+T) and a diversity of repetitive elements, complicating the assembly. Of 2,614 predicted protein-coding sequences, we conservatively estimate that 1,366 have homologs in the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi, the most closely related published genome sequence. We identify genes conserved among microsporidia that lack clear homology outside this group, which are of special interest as potential virulence factors in this group of obligate parasites. A substantial fraction of the diminutive N. ceranae proteome consists of novel and transposable-element proteins. For a majority of well-supported gene models, a conserved sense-strand motif can be found within 15 bases upstream of the start codon; a previously uncharacterized version of this motif is also present in E. cuniculi. These comparisons provide insight into the architecture, regulation, and evolution of microsporidian genomes, and will drive investigations into honey beeâ€“Nosema interactions.
Schwinger mechanism enhanced by the Nielsen--Olesen instability
Creators: name: Tanji, Naoto
name: Itakura, Kazunori
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss gluon production by the Schwinger mechanism in collinear color-electric and magnetic fields which may be realized in pre-equilibrium stages of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Fluctuations of non-Abelian gauge fields around a purely color-magnetic field contain exponentially growing unstable modes in a longitudinally soft momentum region, which is known as the Nielsen--Olesen instability. With a color-electric field imposed parallelly to the color-magnetic field, we can formulate this instability as the Schwinger mechanism. This is because soft unstable modes are accelerated by the electric fields to escape from the instability condition. Effects of instability remain in the transverse spectrum of particle modes, leading to an anomalously intense Schwinger particle production.
description: 9 pages, 1 figure, v2: Sec.4 is added. To appear in Phys.Lett.B
Modulus and Poincaré inequalities on non-self-similar Sierpinski carpets
Creators: name: Mackay, John M.
name: Tyson, Jeremy T.
name: Wildrick, Kevin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Metric Geometry (math.MG)
subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 30L99, 31E05, 28A80

description: A carpet is a metric space homeomorphic to the Sierpinski carpet. We characterize, within a certain class of examples, non-self-similar carpets supporting curve families of nontrivial modulus and supporting Poincaré inequalities. Our results yield new examples of compact doubling metric measure spaces supporting Poincaré inequalities: these examples have no manifold points, yet embed isometrically as subsets of Euclidean space.
description: v1: 42 pages, 11 figures. v2: 42 pages, 10 figures. Improved exposition
Use of avian bornavirus isolates to induce proventricular dilatation disease in conures
Creators: name: Gray, Patricia
name: Hoppes, Sharman
name: Suchodolski, Paulette
name: Mirhosseini, Negin
name: Payne, Susan
name: Villanueva, Itamar
name: Shivaprasad, H. L.
name: Honkavuori, Kirsi S.
name: Briese, Thomas
name: Reddy, Sanjay M.
name: Tizard, Ian
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: Epidemiology
Virology

description: Avian bornavirus (ABV) is a newly discovered member of the family Bornaviridae that has been associated with the development of a lethal neurologic syndrome in birds, termed proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). We successfully isolated and characterized ABV from the brains of 8 birds with confirmed PDD. One isolate was passed 6 times in duck embryo fibroblasts, and the infected cells were then injected intramuscularly into 2 healthy Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonis). Clinical PDD developed in both birds by 66 days postinfection. PDD was confirmed by necropsy and histopathologic examination. Reverse transcriptionâ€“PCR showed that the inoculated ABV was in the brains of the 2 infected birds. A control bird that received uninfected tissue culture cells remained healthy until it was euthanized at 77 days. Necropsy and histopathologic examinations showed no abnormalities; PCR did not indicate ABV in its brain tissues.
Identification and characterization of a new bocavirus species in gorillas
Creators: name: Kapoor, Amit
name: Mehta, Natasha
name: Esper, Frank
name: Poljsak-Prijatelj, Mateja
name: Quan, Phuong-Lan
name: Qaisar, Natasha
name: Delwart, Eric
name: Lipkin, W. Ian
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: Epidemiology
Virology

description: A novel parvovirus, provisionally named Gorilla Bocavirus species 1 (GBoV1), was identified in four stool samples from Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) with acute enteritis. The complete genomic sequence of the new parvovirus revealed three open reading frames (ORFs) with an organization similar to that of known bocaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis using complete capsid and non structural (NS) gene sequence suggested that the new parvovirus is most closely related to human bocaviruses (HBoV). However, the NS ORF is more similar in length to the NS ORF found in canine minute virus and bovine parvovirus than in HBoV. Comparative genetic analysis using GBoV and HBoV genomes enabled characterization of unique splice donor and acceptor sites that appear to be highly conserved among all four HBoV species, and provided evidence for expression of two different NS proteins in all primate bocaviruses. GBoV is the first non-human primate bocavirus identified and provides new insights into the genetic diversity and evolution of this highly prevalent and recently discovered group of parvoviruses.
Highly tunable spin-dependent electron transport through carbon atomic chains connecting two zigzag graphene nanoribbons
Creators: name: Xu, Yuehua
name: Wang, Bao-Ji
name: Ke, San-Huang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Motivated by recent experiments of successfully carving out stable carbon atomic chains from graphene, we investigate a device structure of a carbon chain connecting two zigzag graphene nanoribbons with highly tunable spin-dependent transport properties. Our calculation based on the non-equilibrium Green's function approach combined with the density functional theory shows that the transport behavior is sensitive to the spin configuration of the leads and the bridge position in the gap. A bridge in the middle gives an overall good coupling except for around the Fermi energy where the leads with anti-parallel spins create a small transport gap while the leads with parallel spins give a finite density of states and induce an even-odd oscillation in conductance in terms of the number of atoms in the carbon chain. On the other hand, a bridge at the edge shows a transport behavior associated with the spin-polarized edge states, presenting sharp pure $α$-spin and $β$-spin peaks beside the Fermi energy in the transmission function. This makes it possible to realize on-chip interconnects or spintronic devices by tuning the spin state of the leads and the bridge position.
description: 7 pages, 9 figures
Does age of onset in essential tremor have a bimodal distribution? data from a tertiary referral setting and a population-based study
Creators: name: Louis, Elan D.
name: Dogu, Okan
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Neurosciences
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine

description: Background/Aims: The distribution of age of onset of essential tremor (ET) is unclear, with discrepancies in the literature. Some data suggest a bimodal distribution and other data 1 late-life peak. We studied age of ET onset in 2 distinct settings: a population-based study and a tertiary referral center. Methods: Age of onset data were collected. Results: In the population, there was only a small peak at the age of ≤30 years (14.1% of cases) but a clear peak in later life (85.9% of cases). In the tertiary referral center, a bimodal distribution was apparent with 1 large peak (42.2% of cases) at the age of ≤40 years and the second large peak (57.8% of cases) in later life. Familial cases accounted for only 52.6% of young-onset cases from the population, yet 82.7% from the tertiary center. Discussion: In the population-based study, a peak in later life was clearly present but a young-onset peak was barely discernable, comprising few cases. By contrast, in a tertiary referral center, age of onset was clearly bimodal. While age of ET onset is often said to be bimodal, this may be due to the preferential referral to tertiary centers of patients with young-onset, familial ET.