Papakula niveopunctata Strand 1911
Creators: name: Jäger, Peter
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Pisauridae
Papakula
Papakula niveopunctata

description: Papakula niveopunctata Strand 1911
Figures 1–14
Papakula niveopunctata Strand 1911: 167, pl. 5, fig. 59 (Description of male and female; 1 male, 1 female synytpes: Kobrooor, Papakuela, H. Merton leg. 30.IV.1908, SMF 4873, examined).
Hesydrimorpha gracilipes Strand 1911: 168 (Description of female; female holotype: Aroe, Papakuela, Kobrooor, H. Merton leg. 30.IV.1908, SMF 4862, examined) syn. nov.
Diagnosis. Small Pisauridae, 3.4–4.7 mm body length. Posterior eye row strongly recurved, PME widely spaced, AME much larger than ALE (Fig. 9). Males with distal apophysis and membranous conductor retrolaterad (Fig. 1). RTA with distinct bend distally (Fig. 1) and pointed tip ventrad (Fig. 2). Females with deep atrium, longitudinal median ridge and broad posterior lip, the latter with irregular anterior margin (Figs 3–4). Internal duct system with atrium wall with fine reticulation (not shown in Fig. 5). Head of spermathecae extending anteriorly distinctly beyond atrium (Figs 3–5, 7). More differential characters are discussed in the paragraph “Relationships”.
Description. Male (holotype): Prosoma length 1.8, width 1.5, anterior width 0.7; opisthosoma length 1.6, width 1.1. Chelicerae with 3 anterior and 3 and 4 posterior teeth respectively. Male palp with embolus arising in central cavity of tegulum and hidden behind conductor in ventral view (Figs 1–2), cavity open to retrolateral side. Judging from the visible part, embolus most likely without membrane (hidden embolus was not examined due to fragile condition of unique male syntype).
Female: Prosoma length 2.1, width 1.8–1.9, anterior width 0.9–1.0; opisthosoma length 2.3–2.6, width 1.8–1.9. Chelicerae with 3 anterior and 3 posterior teeth. Median field trapezoid, wider posteriorly (Figs 3–4). Neither slit sense sensilla nor an epigynal field could be recognised. The latter may be faded judging from the overall pale appearance of the 100-year-old specimens.
For a detailed description see Strand (1911).
Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Pulau Kobroor is one of the Aru Islands in the Maluku Province of Eastern Indonesia, not New Guinea as indicated in Platnick (2010).
Relationships. Strand (1911) compared Papakula with Dyrines Simon 1903 and Hesydrimorpha with Hesydrus Simon 1898 respectively. Both genera belong to the family Trechaleidae. Except for some superficial similarity of the eye arrangement, prosoma shape and some aspects of the female copulatory organ, there is no evidence that Papakula belongs to Trechaleidae (Carico 2005, Carico & Silva 2008, Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2006). Since Papakula has a distal tegular projection on the male palpus, which is a synapomorphy for Pisauridae (Santos 2007), it is very clear that it is not related to Trechaleidae (Cruz, in litt.).
Neither of the two genera were included in analyses performed by Sierwald (1989, 1990, 1997) or Santos (2007). There is a striking similarity with the general bauplan of the female copulatory organs of Eurychoera Thorell 1897: both genera possess an atrium, a longitudinal ridge (in E. quadrimaculata Thorell 1897 only in the anterior half; Jäger 2007), and copulatory openings situated anteriolaterally within the atrium (Fig. 4). The conformation of the male palp resembles that of Architis gracilis Santos 2008 (in Santos & Nogueira 2008) and Tolma toreuta Jocqué 1994 in having a similar shape and position of the distal tegular projection, but can be distinguished from both species by the embolus hidden behind the conductor and the distinct distal apophysis in Papakula.
The shape of the prosoma in lateral view appears to be characteristic and is similar to Hala Jocqué 1994 and Tolma Jocqué 1994 (see figs 13, 25 in Jocqué 1994). This is not considered to be evidence for a closer relationship, as this character has been recognised as dependent on size: the smaller the spider the more compact the prosoma (Jäger 2001: fig. 7 for Pseudopoda spp.; Jäger & Kunz 2005: fig. 9 for Pleorotus braueri).
Beyond all these similarities, no true phylogenetic relationships can be recognised. Therefore the systematic position of Papakula remains unclear.
description: Published as part of Jäger, Peter, 2010, Papakula and Hesydrimorpha: how two spider genera were described from the same species collected from the same locality (Araneae: Pisauridae), pp. 65-68 in Zootaxa 2551 on pages 65-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.196822