cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
DAIRY POLICY OPTIONS FOR THE 2007 FARM BILL: A PENNSYLVANIA PERSPECTIVE
Creators: name: Bailey, Kenneth W.
name: Bailey, Kenneth W.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: Agricultural and Food Policy

description: The objective of this paper is to explore broad policy options in both the 2007 Farm Bill and the current Doha Round of trade negotiations (WTO) that could be favorable to Pennsylvania. It will be argued that the most favorable outcomes will have two features: 1) improve and stabilize market demand for fluid milk, and 2) expand national demand for manufacturing milk. This policy recommendation recognizes that the U.S. will continue to expand milk production over time. It also assumes a continuation of federal milk marketing orders.
Some Low Dimensional Evidence for the Weak Gravity Conjecture
Creators: name: Li, Miao
name: Song, Wei
name: Wang, Tower
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss a few examples in 2+1 dimensions and 1+1 dimensions supporting a recent conjecture concerning the relation between the Planck scale and the coupling strength of a non-gravitional interaction, unlike those examples in 3+1 dimensions, we do not have to resort to exotic physics such as small black holes. However, the result concerning these low dimensional examples is a direct consequence of the 3+1 dimensional conjecture.
description: 7 pages, harvmac
Filthaut, Theodor: Aspekte der Glaubensunterweisung von morgen
Creators: name: Thelemann, Hans-Martin
Publisher: name: Ökumenische Rundschau
Year: 2025

description: Ökumenische Rundschau, Bd. 17 Nr. 4 (1968): Ökumenische Rundschau, Band 17, Heft 4
Normal state of Nd$_{1-x}$Sr$_x$NiO$_2$ from self-consistent $GW$+EDMFT
Creators: name: Petocchi, Francesco
name: Christiansson, Viktor
name: Nilsson, Fredrik
name: Aryasetiawan, Ferdi
name: Werner, Philipp
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The recent discovery of superconductivity in hole-doped NdNiO$_2$ thin films has captivated the condensed matter physics community. Such compounds with a formal Ni$^+$ valence have been theoretically proposed as possible analogues of the cuprates, and the exploration of their electronic structure and pairing mechanism may provide important insights into the phenomenon of unconventional superconductivity. At the modeling level, there are however fundamental issues that need to be resolved. While it is generally agreed that the low-energy properties of cuprates can to a large extent be captured by a single-band model, there has been a controversy in the recent literature about the importance of a multi-band description of the nickelates. The origin of this controversy is that studies based entirely on density functional theory (DFT) calculations miss important correlation and multi-orbital effects induced by Hund coupling, while model calculations or simulations based on the combination of DFT and (extended) dynamical mean field theory ((E)DMFT) involve ad-hoc parameters and double counting corrections that substantially affect the results. Here we use a multi-site extension of the recently developed $GW$+EDMFT method, which is free of adjustable parameters, to self-consistently compute the interaction parameters and electronic structure of hole-doped NdNiO$_2$. This full ab-initio simulation demonstrates the importance of a multi-orbital description, even for the undoped compound, and produces results for the resistivity and Hall conductance in qualitative agreement with experiment.
Importance of long-range channel Sr displacements for the narrow emission in Sr[Li$_2$Al$_2$O$_2$N$_2$]:Eu$^{2+}$ phosphor
Creators: name: Bouquiaux, Julien
name: Poncé, Samuel
name: Jia, Yongchao
name: Miglio, Anna
name: Mikami, Masayochi
name: Gonze, Xavier
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The recently discovered Sr[Li$_2$Al$_2$O$_2$N$_2$]:Eu$^{2+}$ red phosphor, candidate for the next generation of eco-efficient white light-emitting diodes, exhibits excellent emission spectral position and exceptionally small linewidth. It belongs to the UCr$_4$C$_4$-structure family of phosphors, containing many potential candidates commercial phosphors, whose small linewidth, tentatively ascribed to the high-symmetry cuboid environment of the doping site, has drawn the attention of researchers in the last five years. We use density functional theory, $Δ$SCF method and configuration coordinate models (CCM) to provide a complete characterization of this material. Using a multi-dimensional CCM, an accurate description of the coupling of the vibronic structure with the electronic 5d$\rightarrow$4f transition is obtained, including the partial Huang-Rhys factors and frequency of the dominant modes. We show that, in addition to the first-coordination shell cuboid deformation mode, low-frequency phonon modes involving chains of strontium atoms along the tetragonal axis shape the emission linewidth in Sr[Li$_2$Al$_2$O$_2$N$_2$]:Eu$^{2+}$. This finding sheds new light on the emission properties of UCr$_4$C$_4$-structure phosphors, possessing similar Ca/Sr/Ba channel. Our approach provides a robust theoretical framework to systematically study the emission spectra of such Eu-doped phosphors, and predict candidates with expected similar or even sharper linewidth.
description: Published version
Computational Model for Urban Growth Using Socioeconomic Latent Parameters
Creators: name: Yadav, Piyush
name: Ladha, Shamsuddin
name: Deshpande, Shailesh
name: Curry, Edward
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Applications (stat.AP)
subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Land use land cover changes (LULCC) are generally modeled using multi-scale spatio-temporal variables. Recently, Markov Chain (MC) has been used to model LULCC. However, the model is derived from the proportion of LULCC observed over a given period and it does not account for temporal factors such as macro-economic, socio-economic, etc. In this paper, we present a richer model based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM), grounded in the common knowledge that economic, social and LULCC processes are tightly coupled. We propose a HMM where LULCC classes represent hidden states and temporal fac-tors represent emissions that are conditioned on the hidden states. To our knowledge, HMM has not been used in LULCC models in the past. We further demonstrate its integration with other spatio-temporal models such as Logistic Regression. The integrated model is applied on the LULCC data of Pune district in the state of Maharashtra (India) to predict and visualize urban LULCC over the past 14 years. We observe that the HMM integrated model has improved prediction accuracy as compared to the corresponding MC integrated model
description: 12 pages
Survey of Canvas Awning Fabricators
Creators: name: Bureau Of Agricultural Economics
name: Bureau Of Agricultural Economics
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1952
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods

description: Excerpts from the report Introduction: In view of the interest of the Department of Agriculture in details of the textile economy, this study was suggested as an instrument for documenting a general impression of one segment of the textile field. It is hoped that the survey will provide some new guides in the sphere of marketing efficiency and will suggest specific areas that appear to require technological research. At the time the study was conducted in the summer of 1950, the abnormal industrial and military demand for cotton duck which existed during World War II and its immediate aftermath had decreased considerably. This decrease was beginning to be reflected to producers in a lessened demand for the product. One reason for studying this industry is the fact that among the non-military users of cotton duck, fabricators of awnings stand out as substantial consumers in terms of linear yards. This linear measure is of particular importance because most duck used by these fabricators is a relatively heavy fabric and, therefore, uses more cotton per linear measure than many other cotton fabrics.
Database on European Agricultural Tariffs DBTAR
Creators: name: Gallezot, Jacques
name: Gallezot, Jacques
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: International Relations/Trade

description: Customs duties applied by the European Union on agricultural products differ greatly compared to WTO bound duties. This difference is essentially due to the importance of preferential regimes in the EU's trade agreements. It is estimated that nearly half of EU agricultural imports benefit from a preferential tariff (Gallezot, 2003). For this reason, an analysis of the tariffs applied by the EU cannot be limited to the multilateral framework of duties that respect the Most Favoured Nation clause but must be broadened to include all preferential systems. The objective of this project is to undertake a detailed assessment of European tariffs by relying on official regulations. The aim here is to realize a database which enables an easier analysis of all EU tariffs. The great difficulty of this operation being the simplification, without a loss of information, of a complex legislation which sometimes applies to very short periods of time (a few days only in the case of cereals) or, even more generally, which concerns specific duties (tax in monetary unit per unit of measurement of products). This is why, in order to meet the requirements for comparing and aggregating duties, a transformation of specific duties into advalorem equivalents will be undertaken. We will first present the sources mobilized for this study, then the principal considerations on European agricultural protection. To this end, the hypotheses adopted for this project will be discussed. Finally, a description of the resulting database and the methods for using it will be evoked.
Transportation and Handling Costs of Selected Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in the San Francisco Bay Terminal Market Area
Creators: name: Institute, Stanford Research
name: Institute, Stanford Research
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1952
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: Production Economics
subject: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies

description: Excerpt from the report Foreword: This report was done under contract by the Stanford Research Institute. It relates to the factors responsible for costs of transporting and handling fruits and vegetables in terminal markets in Oakland and San Francisco. It makes available facts relating to the efficiency of marketing fresh fruits and vegetables and suggests methods of improving transporting and handling practices in these and other cities. The Oakland and San Francisco terminal markets were selected for the study because they offered a chance to observe and analyze costs of marketing fruits and vegetables under two substantially different methods of operation, and because they are the concentrating and distributing markets for one of the major fruit-and-vegetable-producing areas in the United States.
Irreducibly acting subgroups of $Gl(n,\rr)$
Creators: name: Di Scala, Antonio J.
name: Leistner, Thomas
name: Neukirchner, Thomas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: Representation Theory (math.RT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 53C29, 53C30, 22E15, 20G05

description: In this note we prove the following three algebraic facts which have applications in the theory of holonomy groups and homogeneous spaces: Any irreducibly acting connected subgroup $G \subset Gl(n,\rr)$ is closed. Moreover, if $G$ admits an invariant bilinear form of Lorentzian signature, $G$ is maximal, i.e. it is conjugated to $SO(1,n-1)_0$. Finally we calculate the vector space of $G$-invariant symmetric bilinear forms, show that it is at most 3-dimensional, and determine the maximal stabilizers for each dimension.
description: 21 pages
Quantum gravity on the black hole horizon
Creators: name: Gaddam, Nava
name: Groenenboom, Nico
name: Hooft, Gerard 't
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study scattering on the black hole horizon in a partial wave basis, with an impact parameter of the order of the Schwarzschild radius or less. This resembles the strong gravity regime where quantum gravitational effects appear. The scattering is governed by an infinite number of virtual gravitons exchanged on the horizon. Remarkably, they can all be summed non-perturbatively in $\hbar$ and $γ\sim M_{Pl}/M_{BH}$. These results generalise those obtained from studying gravitational backreaction. Unlike in the eikonal calculations in flat space, the relevant centre of mass energy of the collisions is not necessarily Planckian; instead it is easily satisfied, $s \gg γ^2 M^2_{Pl}$, for semi-classical black holes. The calculation lends further support to the scattering matrix approach to quantum black holes, and is a second-quantised generalisation of the same.
description: 9 pages. v2: Typos corrected. v3: Published version
Calculating the submillimeter emissivity of dust grains in spiral galaxies
Creators: name: Xilouris, E. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We use the radiation transfer simulation of Xilouris et al. (1999) to constrain the quantity of dust in three nearby spiral galaxies (NGC 4013, NGC 5907 and NGC 891). The predicted visual optical depth from the model is compared with the thermal continuum radiation detected from these galaxies at 850 microns. This comparison yields the emissivity of dust grains in the submillimeter waveband which is a factor 4 higher than the benchmark, semi-empirical model of Draine & Lee (1984). Our estimates are more closely aligned with recent measurements carried out in the laboratory on amorphous carbon and silicate particulates. A comparison between the distribution of 850 microns surface brightness and the intensity levels in the ^{12}CO(1-0) and 21 cm lines underlines the spatial association between dust detected in the submillimeter waveband and molecular gas clouds. We suggest that the relatively high emissivity values that we derive may be attributable to amorphous, fluffy grains situated in denser gas environments.
description: To appear in the proceedings of: "The Spectral Energy Distribution of Gas-Rich Galaxies: Confronting Models with Data", Heidelberg, 4-8 Oct. 2004, eds. C.C. Popescu and R.J. Tuffs, AIP Conf. Ser., in press
The 2005 episodes of the "banana war" serial. An empirical assessment of the introduction by the European Union of a tariff-only import regime for bananas.
Creators: name: Anania, Giovanni
name: Anania, Giovanni
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Q17
subject: Q18
subject: F13
subject: C21
subject: C6

description: The EU Common Market Organization for bananas has been generating international controversies since its introduction in 1992. Many thought the 'banana war' had come to an end when, at the 2001 WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, a Decision was taken for the EU to introduce, no later than 1 January 2006, a 'tariff-only regime' which ' would result in at least maintaining total market access for MFN banana suppliers'. However, proposals by the EU for a tariff-only regime have been rejected in a two-step WTO arbitration in 2005 because they were found not to satisfy this requirement. On 1 January 2006 the EU unilaterally introduced a tariff-only regime. The paper presents the main results of a modelling effort aimed at analyzing this policy issue. The results obtained suggest that: contrary to the decision by the arbitrators, the import regime proposed by the EU in the second step of the arbitration would have satisfied the requirement stated in the WTO November 2001 Decision; moreover, even the higher MFN tariff proposed by the EU in the first step of the arbitration, had it been coupled with a duty-free quota for ACP countries, would have done so. The regime introduced on 1 January 2006 is expected to yield in 2007 MFN banana exports to the EU 400,000 t above those which would have occurred under the previous regime. If a longer time frame is considered, under a tariff-only regime MFN countries will see their exports expand, while the contrary is forecasted under the previous EU import regime.
Do students benefit from drawing productive diagrams themselves while solving introductory physics problems? The case of two electrostatic problems
Creators: name: Maries, Alexandru
name: Singh, Chandralekha
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Physics Education (physics.ed-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: An appropriate diagram is a required element of a solution building process in physics problem solving and it can transform a given problem into a representation that is easier to exploit for solving the problem. A major focus while helping introductory physics students learn problem solving is to help them appreciate that drawing diagrams facilitates problem solving. We conducted an investigation in which two different interventions were implemented during recitation quizzes throughout the semester in a large enrollment, algebra-based introductory physics course. Students were either (1) asked to solve problems in which the diagrams were drawn for them or (2) explicitly told to draw a diagram. A comparison group was not given any instruction regarding diagrams. We developed a rubric to score the problem solving performance of students in different intervention groups. We investigated two problems involving electric field and electric force and found that students who drew productive diagrams were more successful problem solvers and that a higher level of relevant detail in a student's diagram corresponded to a better score. We also conducted think-aloud interviews with nine students who were at the time taking an equivalent introductory algebra-based physics course in order to gain insight into how drawing diagrams affects the problem solving process. These interviews supported some of the interpretations of the quantitative results. We end by discussing instructional implications of the findings.
description: 17 pages, 4 figures
Exotic Galilean Conformal Symmetry and its Dynamical Realisations
Creators: name: Lukierski, J.
name: Stichel, P. C.
name: Zakrzewski, W. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The six-dimensional exotic Galilean algebra in (2+1) dimensions with two central charges $m$ and $θ$, is extended when $m=0$, to a ten-dimensional Galilean conformal algebra with dilatation, expansion, two acceleration generators and the central charge $θ$. A realisation of such a symmetry is provided by a model with higher derivatives recently discussed in \cite{peterwojtek}. We consider also a realisation of the Galilean conformal symmetry for the motion with a Coulomb potential and a magnetic vortex interaction. Finally, we study the restriction, as well as the modification, of the Galilean conformal algebra obtained after the introduction of the minimally coupled constant electric and magnetic fields.
description: LaTeX 11 pages
On exact identity between thermodynamic and informatic entropies in a unitary model of friction
Creators: name: Diósi, Lajos
name: Feldmann, Tova
name: Kosloff, Ronnie
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: An elementary collision model of a molecular reservoir is considered upon which an external field is applied and the work is dissipated into heat. To realize macroscopic irreversibility at the microscopic level, we introduce a ``graceful'' irreversible map which randomly mixes the identities of the molecules. This map is expected to generate informatic entropy exactly equal to the independently calculable irreversible thermodynamic entropy.
description: 8pp, Contribution to the Int. J. of Quant. Info. issue dedicated to the memory of Asher Peres
Physical realizability of small-world networks
Creators: name: Petermann, Thomas
name: Rios, Paolo De Los
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Supplementing a lattice with long-range connections effectively models small-world networks characterized by a high local and global interconnectedness observed in systems ranging from society to the brain. If the links have a wiring cost associated to their length l, the corresponding distribution q(l) plays a crucial role. Uniform length distributions have received most attention despite indications that q(l) ~ l^{-α} exist, e.g. for integrated circuits, the Internet and cortical networks. While length distributions of this type were previously examined in the context of navigability, we here discuss for such systems the emergence and physical realizability of small-world topology. Our simple argument allows to understand under which condition and at what expense a small world results.
description: This paper is related to cond-mat/0501420, with a discussion on different possibilities to construct small-world networks with power-law decaying connection length distributions; to appear in Phys. Rev. E, 4 pages, 2 figures
EU Trade Policies: Benchmarking Protection in a General Equilibrium Framework
Creators: name: Antimiani, Alessandro
name: Salvatici, Luca
name: Antimiani, Alessandro
name: Salvatici, Luca
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Protection
subject: Commercial policy
subject: GTAP model
subject: International trade

description: This paper deals with the EU's trade policy with two objectives: on the one hand, we study the performance of EU's preferential agreements in granting their partners improved market access; on the other hand, we assess the extent to which domestic sectors are effectively protected. As far as the first objective is concerned, we construct bilateral indicators of protection based on the applied tariffs faced by each exporter. In order to do this, an index of trade policy restrictiveness is computed, using the Mercantilistic Trade Restrictiveness Index as the tariff aggregator. We also analyze the protection granted to each sector by the existing tariff structure. In this report, we compute effective rates of protection that overcome the well-known theoretical shortcomings of the traditional definition (Output Effective Rate of Protection). The analysis is based on a comparative static applied general equilibrium model (Global Trade Analysis Project) and on the most recent version (release 6) of the related database. Results are obtained with reference to the situation existing in 2001, but the assessment of protection is carried out for the enlarged EU. Overall, it appears that notwithstanding the rhetoric about preferential access, several developing countries are the ones facing the highest hurdles in getting into the EU markets. Both bilateral protection and effective protection rates are broadly consistent with the evolution of the WTO negotiations: the strongest demands from developing countries in terms of market access in the EU have less to do with the overall applied MFN tariffs on industrial products than the reduction of distortions affecting trade in agriculture.
Eating Places as Marketers of Food Products
Creators: name: Sartorius, Lester C.
name: Sartorius, Lester C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1952
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Excerpt from the report Foreword: The purpose of the study upon which this report is based was to investigate the role of eating places in the marketing of food products. The practice of eating away from home has increased markedly since the beginning of World War II. It is important to know more about this market for farm products: how big it is, what foods are bought, what It costs, and how it affects farm income. It is only through catering to consumer preferences as to types of food and services desired in the marketing of food products that producers and marketing agencies can adjust production and distribution properly.
MARKET CONDUCT IN THE U.S. READY-TO-EAT CEREAL INDUSTRY
Creators: name: Reimer, Jeffrey J.
name: Connor, John M.
name: Reimer, Jeffrey J.
name: Connor, John M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: The FTC's "shared monopoly" case was the focus of U.S. antitrust activity during the late 1970s, but prosecution of the cereal industry was terminated in 1981. We estimate the degree of market power in the industry, and find an increase in multilateral power after 1981.
TEACHING INTERMEDIATE MICROECONOMICS AS A WEB BASED COURSE: A CASE STUDY OF THE INTEGRATION OF AVAILABLE INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES
Creators: name: Jonk, Yvonne
name: Jonk, Yvonne
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession

description: The feasibility of teaching intermediate microeconomics as a web-based course to non-economics majors and the integration of several instructional technologies are presented. The lack of face to face interaction with the professor discourages undergraduate students from learning and appreciating economic theory, and may dissuade students from exploring the field.
Charmonium's K2 peak
Creators: name: Llanes-Estrada, Felipe J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The newly reported Y(4260) becomes the second most massive state in the charmonium family. We argue that it displaces the psi(4415) as the (largely) 4s vector charmonium state, recall s-d wave interference to explain the lack of a signal in e-e+ to hadrons and suggest some further study avenues that can exclude exotic meson assignments. The absence of a J/psi KK mode can be understood, beyond phase space suppression, to be a consequence of chiral symmetry. We also provide a model calculation in this sector showing that, although forcing the fit somewhat (which suggests a small sea quark wavefunction component), the state can be incorporated in a standard scheme.
description: 4 pages, 2 figures added
THE BUTCHER THE BAKER THE PHARMACEUTICAL MAKER: WHY THE AGRICULTURAL BIOTECH INDUSTRY MAY DIFFER FROM THE GENERAL BIOTECH INDUSTRY
Creators: name: Dierker, Daniel A.
name: Phillips, Peter W.B.
name: Dierker, Daniel A.
name: Phillips, Peter W.B.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies

description: This paper explores the apparent anomaly in the patenting strategies found in the agricultural biotechnology industry, when it is compared to the literature's view of the patenting strategies in the general biotechnology industry and in the pharmaceutical industry in particular. By extending an extensive game model of the agriculture biotechnology industry, we show that, like the rest of the biotechnology industry, the integration of the agriculture biotechnology industry into several large private research firms with accompanying government laboratories can be transactions-costs limiting and thus efficient, given the existing institutional structure. A review of the literature respecting the general biotechnology industry reveals an apparent anomaly between the general industry and our findings with respect to the Canadian agricultural biotechnology industry. The literature seems to suggest, as one might expect, that the choice of patenting strategy in the general industry is dependent upon a positive probability of litigation over opportunistic patenting strategies, with the probability of facing litigation being dependent on the type of patenting strategy adopted. In contrast, we found general opportunistic patenting strategies in the Canadian agricultural biotechnology industry, independent of potential litigation. A comparison of the income elasticities of demand for food compared to other biotechnological products, particularly pharmaceuticals, can account for the apparent differences. We briefly assess the policy implications of these observations, particularly examining why the manner in which publicly funded research programs compensate the inventors of the intellectual property that they control may limit the incentives for these programs to control the apparent opportunistic behavior we perceive in the agricultural biotechnology research sector.
On the necessity of the constant rank condition for $L^p$ estimates
Creators: name: Guerra, André
name: Raiţă, Bogdan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA)
subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We consider a generalization of the elliptic $L^p$-estimate suited for linear operators with non-trivial kernels. A classical result of Schulenberger and Wilcox (Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. (4) 88: 229-305, 1971) shows that if the operator has constant rank then the estimate holds. We prove necessity of the constant rank condition for such an estimate.
description: 5 pages; weaker versions of the results here had previously appeared in arXiv:1909.03923
Education, training, and non-metropolitan development
Creators: name: Courtney, Lyle George
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Many non-metropolitan areas in British Columbia experienced chronic instability in the resource extraction economy on which they traditionally relied. Beginning in the early 1980s, shifts in employment and the organization of work led to persistent socioeconomic turbulence. Despite the range of development, education, and training programmes available, efforts to return these regions to stability had only sporadic success. In the late 1980s, policy reviews led to the introduction of initiatives for greater local self-direction over development, complemented by partnering in programme delivery, and shifts in educational funding towards targeted groups. This study examines certain interactions between post-secondary education and development programmes in non-metropolitan British Columbia from 1980 to 1996. Using a living systems view, and drawing on studies in geography and adult education, a model of resources needed by outlying regions for successful development was constructed. The model was used to examine socioeconomic changes, policy changes designed to foster sustainable development, and shifts in emphasis in post-secondary education and training programmes, as they affected the study areas. The main conclusions were: (1) there were distinct socioeconomic differences among non-metropolitan regions; (2) in some, significant internal migration resulted in opportunities to create new work, and so achieve more self-directed development, and (3) the implementation of local sustainability and partnering did not reach levels expected, in part due to contradictory demands for innovation and cost cutting. Supporting evidence was derived from combining (a) an extensive review of census indicators over the province and in four selected case study regions, with (b) a series of some 100 semi-structured interviews with resident stakeholders who were involved in directing, managing, and delivering educational, training and community development services, and (c) a review of contemporary socioeconomic plans and profiles. The empirical data was analyzed using a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis, which featured the application of principles of grounded theory and the method of triangulation, widely used in social sciences. Case study communities were those that were successfully returning to stability by means of the benefits flowing from internal migration combined with opportunities to create new work. The methods of investigation developed here can be applied to other situations where communities are trying to change their prospects from within. The living systems view is appropriate for broadly-based research into local community development.
Radiation Transfer Models in Galaxies
Creators: name: Kylafis, N. D.
name: Xilouris, E. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The dust in galaxies makes radiation transport calculations in them absolutely necessary. It is not only common practice in Astrophysics, but also wisdom, to try to make as simple models as possible to simulate physical systems. For spiral galaxies, however, this turned out to be catastrophic. For years, the major question of the opacity of spiral galaxies kept the community divided, because the models were too simple. A spiral galaxy appears, to first order, to have exponential distributions of stars and dust, which cannot be approximated with uniform distributions. We will review the radiative transfer methods used in galaxies and we will comment on their pluses and minuses. We will also present some of the main results of the application of one of the methods to the observations.
description: To appear in the proceedings of: "The Spectral Energy Distribution of Gas-Rich Galaxies: Confronting Models with Data", Heidelberg, 4-8 Oct. 2004, eds. C.C. Popescu and R.J. Tuffs, AIP Conf. Ser., in press
Improved error estimates for Hybrid High-Order discretizations of Leray-Lions problems
Creators: name: Di Pietro, Daniele Antonio
name: Droniou, Jérôme
name: Harnist, André
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 65N08, 65N30, 65N12

description: We derive novel error estimates for Hybrid High-Order (HHO) discretizations of Leray-Lions problems set in W^(1,p) with p in (1,2]. Specifically, we prove that, depending on the degeneracy of the problem, the convergence rate may vary between (k+1)(p-1) and (k+1), with k denoting the degree of the HHO approximation. These regime-dependent error estimates are illustrated by a complete panel of numerical experiments.
description: 20 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables
RENEWABLE RESOURCE PRODUCTION SURFACES, BIOECONOMIC STEADY STATES, AND SPACE
Creators: name: Smith, Martin D.
name: Smith, Martin D.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy

description: This paper explores production surfaces for a spatially differentiated renewable resource. By analyzing steady state harvests for a fixed amount of total harvesting effort, the conceptual model evaluates management using protected areas and assesses the importance of assumptions about spatial behavior. A simulation of marine reserves with Beverton-Holt recruitment is presented.
Marketing Charges for Head Lettuce Sold in Pittsburgh, December 1949-June 1950
Creators: name: Badger, Henry T.
name: Badger, Henry T.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1952
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Excerpt from the report Introduction: This is a report of the charges made at each step in the marketing process for lettuce. The production of this commodity has almost doubled during the last 20 years, thereby making it one of the more important vegetables marketed in the United States. The report takes into consideration the services rendered by marketing agencies, and the channels through which lettuce moved from producing areas to consumers in Pittsburgh, Pa. For those interested in improving the marketing of farm products, exact information of the type given in this report is a necessary prerequisite to studies of marketing efficiency.
CryptoGRU: Low Latency Privacy-Preserving Text Analysis With GRU
Creators: name: Feng, Bo
name: Lou, Qian
name: Jiang, Lei
name: Fox, Geoffrey C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Billions of text analysis requests containing private emails, personal text messages, and sensitive online reviews, are processed by recurrent neural networks (RNNs) deployed on public clouds every day. Although prior secure networks combine homomorphic encryption (HE) and garbled circuit (GC) to preserve users' privacy, naively adopting the HE and GC hybrid technique to implement RNNs suffers from long inference latency due to slow activation functions. In this paper, we present a HE and GC hybrid gated recurrent unit (GRU) network, CryptoGRU, for low-latency secure inferences. CryptoGRU replaces computationally expensive GC-based $tanh$ with fast GC-based $ReLU$, and then quantizes $sigmoid$ and $ReLU$ with a smaller bit length to accelerate activations in a GRU. We evaluate CryptoGRU with multiple GRU models trained on 4 public datasets. Experimental results show CryptoGRU achieves top-notch accuracy and improves the secure inference latency by up to $138\times$ over one of state-of-the-art secure networks on the Penn Treebank dataset.
The basis of easy controllability in Boolean networks
Creators: name: Borriello, Enrico
name: Daniels, Bryan C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Molecular Networks (q-bio.MN)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Effective control of biological systems can often be achieved through the control of a surprisingly small number of distinct variables. We bring clarity to such results using the formalism of Boolean dynamical networks, analyzing the effectiveness of external control in selecting a desired final state when that state is among the original attractors of the dynamics. Analyzing 49 existing biological network models, we find strong numerical evidence that the average number of nodes that must be forced scales logarithmically with the number of original attractors. This suggests that biological networks may be typically easy to control even when the number of interacting components is large. We provide a theoretical explanation of the scaling by separating controlling nodes into three types: those that act as inputs, those that distinguish among attractors, and any remaining nodes. We further identify characteristics of dynamics that can invalidate this scaling, and speculate about how this relates more broadly to non-biological systems.
description: 44 pages, 17 figures, 2 table
EFFECTS OF PROPOSED TRADE BARRIERS FOR MILK PROTEIN CONCENTRATE AND CASEIN IMPORTS ON THE U.S. DAIRY INDUSTRY
Creators: name: Balagtas, Joseph Valdes
name: Rickard, Bradley J.
name: Sumner, Daniel A.
name: Balagtas, Joseph Valdes
name: Rickard, Bradley J.
name: Sumner, Daniel A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Livestock Production/Industries

description: Tight import barriers cover many milk products, but import quotas or prohibitive tariffs have not covered imports of a variety of high-protein specialty products. These products without tariff rate quotas include various casein and milk protein concentrate products. In recent years, imports of milk protein products into the United States have received increasing attention from U.S. dairy interests. A simulation model is used to study the effects of imports of milk protein products on U.S. prices and production of milk protein, on government purchases of dairy products, and on the production, prices and incomes of U.S. milk producers.
Understanding phishers' strategies of mimicking uniform resource locators to leverage phishing attacks: A machine learning approach
Creators: name: Tharani, J. Samantha
name: Arachchilage, Nalin Asanka Gamagedara
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Phishing is a type of social engineering attack with an intention to steal user data, including login credentials and credit card numbers, leading to financial losses for both organisations and individuals. It occurs when an attacker, pretending as a trusted entity, lure a victim into click on a link or attachment in an email, or in a text message. Phishing is often launched via email messages or text messages over social networks. Previous research has revealed that phishing attacks can be identified just by looking at URLs. Identifying the techniques which are used by phishers to mimic a phishing URL is rather a challenging issue. At present, we have limited knowledge and understanding of how cybercriminals attempt to mimic URLs with the same look and feel of the legitimate ones, to entice people into clicking links. Therefore, this paper investigates the feature selection of phishing URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), aiming to explore the strategies employed by phishers to mimic URLs that can obviously trick people into clicking links. We employed an Information Gain (IG) and Chi-Squared feature selection methods in Machine Learning (ML) on a phishing dataset. The dataset contains a total of 48 features extracted from 5000 phishing and another 5000 legitimate URL from web pages downloaded from January to May 2015 and from May to June 2017. Our results revealed that there were 10 techniques that phishers used to mimic URLs to manipulate humans into clicking links. Identifying these phishing URL manipulation techniques would certainly help to educate individuals and organisations and keep them safe from phishing attacks. In addition, the findings of this research will also help develop anti-phishing tools, framework or browser plugins for phishing prevention.
description: 15
Marketing Charges for Potatoes Sold in Pittsburgh, Pa., December 1949-June 1950
Creators: name: Garrott, William N.
name: Garrott, William N.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1952
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Excerpts from the report Introduction: This is a report of the charges made at each step in the marketing process for potatoes. It takes into consideration the services rendered by marketing agencies, and the channels through which potatoes moved from producing areas to consumers in Pittsburgh, Pa. This report provides specific information on marketing margins for potatoes according to area of production and type of potato. Pricing policies and margins are shown for retail stores according to their methods of buying produce. Data in sufficient detail to relate margins and services are not provided by the regular price-reporting agencies. For those interested in improving the marketing of farm products, exact information of the type given in this report is a necessary prerequisite to studies of marketing efficiency.
Skew-self-adjoint discrete and continuous Dirac type systems: inverse problems and Borg-Marchenko theorems
Creators: name: Sakhnovich, Alexander
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Spectral Theory (math.SP)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: 34B20; 34L40; 34L05; 47E05

description: New formulas on the inverse problem for the continuous skew-self-adjoint Dirac type system are obtained. For the discrete skew-self-adjoint Dirac type system the solution of a general type inverse spectral problem is also derived in terms of the Weyl functions. The description of the Weyl functions on the interval is given. Borg-Marchenko type uniqueness theorems are derived for both discrete and continuous non-self-adjoint systems too.
Marketing Charges for Head Lettuce Sold in Cleveland, Ohio, February-June, 1950
Creators: name: Badger, Henry T.
name: Badger, Henry T.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1952
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Excerpts from the report Introduction: This is a report of the charges made at each step in marketing lettuce. Production of lettuce has almost doubled during the last 20 years, and it is now one of the more important vegetables marketed in the United States. The report takes into consideration the services by marketing agencies, and the channels through which lettuce moves from producing areas to consumers in Cleveland. For those interested in improving the marketing of farm products, exact information of the type in this report is a necessary prerequisite to studies of marketing efficiency.
SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN RURAL LAND MARKETS WITH EMPHASIS ON A FLEXIBLE WEIGHTS MATRIX
Creators: name: Soto, Patricia
name: Vandeveer, Lonnie R.
name: Henning, Steven A.
name: Soto, Patricia
name: Vandeveer, Lonnie R.
name: Henning, Steven A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2002
Subjects: Land Economics/Use

description: Empirical research has shown that location and economic development are important factors in rural market. With more and more rural land being converted at the urban fringe, buyer, sellers, planners, appraisers, tax assessors, and others are expected to have an increasing need for information related to the effect of location on rural land values. In econometric land value estimation, misspecification of the variance-covariance matrix results in loss of efficiency, predictive accuracy, and biased inference. The form of the weight matrix is also important. Additional flexibility can be introduced by including a decay parameter, along with different number of neighbors to provide improved estimates. The general objective of this paper is to develop an empirical rural land value model. Specifically, this study emphasizes the use of a more flexible spatial weight matrix by including a decay parameter along with different number of neighbors. Data for this study are based on rural land market sales from the southeast area of Louisiana that were collected using mail survey techniques for the period January 1993 through June 1998. Hedonic models are estimated by SAR using two types of weight matrices: the Delaunay, a rigid form of a weight matrix, and a flexible nearest neighbor asymmetric matrix that includes a decay parameter that lies between 0.4 and 1, along with different number of neighbors m ranging from 6 to 30. Likelihood ratio tests are used to test for statistical fit between spatial and OLS models. Results also suggest that the SAR model based on the Delaunay matrix and nearest neighbor matrix performed better than the OLS model. We also found that this particular set of data, one cannot conclude that the flexible nearest neighbor matrix outperforms the use of a more rigid spatial weight matrix. Further research should continue to test for other forms of spatial weight matrices.
Thermally induced instability of a doubly quantized vortex in a Bose-Einstein condensate
Creators: name: Gawryluk, Krzysztof
name: Brewczyk, Mirosław
name: Rzcażewski, Kazimierz
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the instability of a doubly quantized vortex topologically imprinted on $^{23}$Na condensate, as reported in recent experiment [Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{93}, 160406 (2004)]. We have performed numerical simulations using three-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation with classical thermal noise. Splitting of a doubly quantized vortex turns out to be a process that is very sensitive to the presence of thermal atoms. We observe that even ve ry small thermal fluctuations, corresponding to 10 to 15% of thermal atoms, ca use the decay of doubly quantized vortex into two singly quantized vortices in tens of milliseconds. As in the experiment, the lifetime of doubly quantized vortex i s a monotonic function of the interaction strength.
description: 4 pages, 5 figures