Additional file 1 of Reconciling opposite trends in the observed and simulated equatorial Pacific zonal sea surface temperature gradient
Creators: name: Bai, Wenrong
name: Liu, Hailong
name: Lin, Pengfei
name: Li, Xichen
name: Wang, Fan
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Neuroscience
subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Evolutionary Biology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Marine Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences

description: Additional file 1: Table S1. Information for 32 CMIP6 models used in this paper. Table S2. Information for six large ensembles used in this paper. Fig. S1. Same as Fig. 1, but for the IPO index. Fig. S2. Same as Fig. 2, but are derived from MPI-ESM. Fig. S3. Same as Fig. 2, but are derived from FGOALS-g3. Fig. S4. Spatial distributions of Linear trends of wind effect on latent heat flux from atmospheric forcing during 1981–2010 in CMIP6 multi-model ensemble means (a), CMIP6 S model mean (b), CMIP6 W model mean (c). d–f, same as a–c, but for the MPI-ESM. g-i, same as a-c, but for the FGOALS-g3. j, same as a, but for ERA. Fig. S5 The climatological SST bias (shading, units:℃) and 850hPa wind bias (vector, units:m/s) from CMIP6 multi-model ensemble means (a), CMIP6 S model means (b), and CMIP6 W model means (c) and CMIP6 S-W composite differences (d) during 1981-2010. e-h, same as a-d, but for the MPI-ESM. i-l, same as a–d, but for the FGOALS-g3. Fig. S6. Scatter plot of the equatorial Pacific zonal SST gradient index trends (units: ℃/100yr) and IPO index trends (units: ℃/100yr) during 1981-2010 among 32 CMIP6 models (a) and 404 large ensemble simulations (b) composed by ACCESS-ESM1-5 (c), CanESM5 (d), EC-Earth3 (e), FGOALS-g3 (f), MIROC6 (g), MPI-ESM (h). Yellow dots denote observations. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of simulations. The correlation coefficient (cc) is shown at the top of the panel. Fig. S7. Scatter plot of the equatorial Pacific zonal SST gradient index trends (units: ℃/100yr) and AMO index trends (units: ℃/100yr) during 1981-2010 among 32 CMIP6 models (a) and 404 large ensemble simulations (b) composed by ACCESS-ESM1-5 (c), CanESM5 (d), EC-Earth3 (e), FGOALS-g3 (f), MIROC6 (g), MPI-ESM (h). Yellow dots denote observations. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of simulations. The correlation coefficient (cc) is shown at the top of the panel. Fig. S8. The 30-year sliding linear trends of SST gradient (units: ℃/100yr) simulated by six large ensembles from 1951 to 2015. Fig. S9. The 30-year sliding linear trends of SST gradient (units: ℃/100yr) simulated by six large ensembles from 1981 to 2100. Fig. S10. Scatter diagrams of the easterly trends bias in the central-eastern Pacific (160°W–80°W, 10°S–10°N, a, d, g), the subsurface cooling trend bias along the equator (5°S–5°N, 160°W–80°W,0-300m, b, e, h), and the excessive cold tongue bias in the core zone (2°S–2°N, 150°E–170°E, c, f, i) with SST gradient trend from CMIP6 (a–c), MPI-ESM (d–f), and FGOALS-g3 (g–i). Correlation coefficients are given on the top right corners of the panels. Fig. S11. The 30-year sliding linear trends of SST gradient (units: ℃/100yr) simulated by ACCESS-ESM1-5 (a, g), CanESM5 (b, h), EC-Earth3 (c, i), FGOALS-g3 (d, j), MIROC6 (e, k), MPI-ESM (f, l) from 1981 to 2100. The dots and dashed curves indicate SST gradient trends obtained from historical and SSP5-8.5 simulations by all models (black), S models (red), and W models (blue); the vertical error bars indicate the 66% error range, and the horizontal axis indicates the end year for the 30-year segment. The criterion of the S/W models in the first column (a–f) is based on the strengthening/weakening SST gradient trends. The criterion of S/W models in the second column (g–l) is based on the highest/lowest correlation between the model IPO trend and the observed IPO trend.