quantum Hall effect
Creators: name: huang, chunke
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: classificationCode: 519901
subject: Complex physical systems

description: All heat conduction and radiation are electromagnetic coupling effects, including the electromagnetic coupling within the lattice of an object. The electromagnetic coupling inside the object lattice is much more complicated than the electromagnetic coupling in the vacuum. Electric field, magnetic field in the material in the dielectric constant and permeability will produce complex changes. These changes lead to the interaction of electromagnetic fields with particles of matter is also complex and variable, this situation makes the object lattice and the thermal state of motion of electrons is almost unpredictable.The essence of thermal phenomena is the state of motion of particles, and all temperatures and their changes are the result of particle motion and particle behavior. The electric field of a charged particle causes force interactions between its charges, which can be described by Coulomb's law. Magnetic fields are produced by moving charges through coupling that fits the description of Ampere's law and Lorentz force. Magnetic fields can influence nearby moving charges, and this influence can be described by Lorentz's force law.So how small a microscopic scale can this coupling effect, where electromagnetism produces effects on each other, extend to? I believe that within describable microscopic scales, including the mechanism by which particles produce charge effects, will conform to the laws of electromagnetic coupling. Electromagnetic coupling can be described by Faraday's law.The analytical theory of thermal phenomena supports the role of heat conduction of electron flow, that is, the movement of electrons is highly involved in the electromagnetic coupling process in the heat conduction effect. Therefore, the rate of heat conduction in a conductor is much higher than in an insulator.Electron scattering in the conductor is the main factor causing the magnetic eddy current chaos in the conductive process, lattice scattering, impurity scattering, phonon scattering and mutual perturbation between the electrons, etc., are likely to produce magnetic eddy currents. However, the uniform distribution of magnetic eddy currents in the lattice can somewhat homogenize the overall magnetic field superimposed by the magnetic eddy currents, and reduce the disturbance of the magnetic field on the electron flow in the conduction band. Therefore, the flat and symmetrical lattice, and flat and symmetrical impurity structure, is the key to organize high-temperature superconducting materials.The antimagnetic structure and superconducting structure of the composite crystal are not uniform. The analysis of the theory of thermal phenomena shows that the antimagnetism is generated by the antimagnetic vortex. The conductivity within the vortex has superconducting properties, but its superconducting energy bands are not necessarily coherent, and thus the resistance of its overall structure is not necessarily zero. For a material with zero measured overall resistance, its superconducting energy bands must have a uniform two- or three-dimensional structure on the microscopic scale; a one-dimensional superconducting band is unable to form a circular antimagnetic vortex, and a non-circular protoantimagnetic vortex will not be able to produce an appreciable Meissner effect.<br><br><br>The resistance of the conductor material is formed by electromagnetic coupling on the electron flow conduction band. All electric and magnetic fields in the vicinity of the lattice conduction band have an effect on the electron flow on the conduction band. Their combined effect together constitute the ebb and flow of electron beams on the conduction band, and manifested as the phenomenon of resistance.In the lattice of the material, the electrons will flow freely along a line of equal field strength within the lattice, but this flow trajectory will not deviate from the outer electron orbitals of the atoms. The conductor lattice of the outer electrons of individual atoms has an exact overlap, and its resistance is formed by the uneven jittering of the magnetic field and electric potential in the conduction band.<br><br>