The population of merging compact binaries inferred using gravitational waves through GWTC-3
Creators: name: The LIGO Scientific Collaboration
name: The Virgo Collaboration
name: The KAGRA Collaboration
name: Abbott, R.
name: Abbott, T. D.
name: Acernese, F.
name: Ackley, K.
name: Adams, C.
name: Adhikari, N.
name: Adhikari, R. X.
name: Adya, V. B.
name: Affeldt, C.
name: Agarwal, D.
name: Agathos, M.
name: Agatsuma, K.
name: Aggarwal, N.
name: Aguiar, O. D.
name: Aiello, L.
name: Ain, A.
name: Ajith, P.
name: Akutsu, T.
name: Albanesi, S.
name: Allocca, A.
name: Altin, P. A.
name: Amato, A.
name: Anand, C.
name: Anand, S.
name: Ananyeva, A.
name: Anderson, S. B.
name: Anderson, W. G.
name: Ando, M.
name: Andrade, T.
name: Andres, N.
name: Andrić, T.
name: Angelova, S. V.
name: Ansoldi, S.
name: Antelis, J. M.
name: Antier, S.
name: Antonini, F.
name: Appert, S.
name: Arai, Koji
name: Arai, Koya
name: Arai, Y.
name: Araki, S.
name: Araya, A.
name: Araya, M. C.
name: Areeda, J. S.
name: Arène, M.
name: Aritomi, N.
name: Arnaud, N.
name: Aronson, S. M.
name: Arun, K. G.
name: Asada, H.
name: Asali, Y.
name: Ashton, G.
name: Aso, Y.
name: Assiduo, M.
name: Aston, S. M.
name: Astone, P.
name: Aubin, F.
name: Austin, C.
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name: Badaracco, F.
name: Bader, M. K. M.
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name: Bae, Y.
name: Baer, A. M.
name: Bagnasco, S.
name: Bai, Y.
name: Baiotti, L.
name: Baird, J.
name: Bajpai, R.
name: Ball, M.
name: Ballardin, G.
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name: Bankar, D.
name: Barayoga, J. C.
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name: Zhou, R.
name: Zhou, Z.
name: Zhu, X. J.
name: Zhu, Z. -H.
name: Zimmerman, A. B.
name: Zlochower, Y.
name: Zucker, M. E.
name: Zweizig, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report on the population properties of compact binary mergers inferred from gravitational-wave observations of these systems during the first three LIGO-Virgo observing runs. The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog 3 contains signals consistent with three classes of binary mergers: binary black hole, binary neutron star, and neutron star-black hole mergers. We infer the binary neutron star merger rate to be between 10 and 1700 Gpc$^{-3} yr$^{-1}$ and the neutron star-black hole merger rate to be between 7.8 and 140 Gpc$^{-3} yr$^{-1}$, assuming a constant rate density in the comoving frame and taking the union of 90% credible intervals for methods used in this work. We infer the binary black hole merger rate, allowing for evolution with redshift, to be between 17.9 and 44 Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ at a fiducial redshift (z=0.2). The rate of binary black hole mergers is observed to increase with redshift at a rate proportional to $(1+z)^κ$ with $κ=2.9^{+1.7}_{-1.8}$ for $z\lesssim1$. Using both binary neutron star and neutron star-black hole binaries, we obtain a broad, relatively flat neutron star mass distribution extending from $1.2^{+0.1}_{-0.2}$ to $2.0^{+0.3}_{-0.3}\,M_\odot$. We confidently determine that the merger rate as a function of mass sharply declines after the expected maximum neutron star mass, but cannot yet confirm or rule out the existence of a lower mass gap between neutron stars and black holes. We also find the binary black hole mass distribution has localized over- and underdensities relative to a power-law distribution, with peaks emerging at chirp masses of $8.3^{+0.3}_{-0.5}$ and $27.9^{+1.9}_{-1.8}\,M_\odot$. While we continue to find that the mass distribution of a binary's more massive component strongly decreases as a function of primary mass, we observe no evidence of a strongly suppressed merger rate above approximately $60\,M_\odot$ [abridged]
description: v2: minor edits, most to Table 1 and caption; v3: rerun with public data; Data release: https://zenodo.org/record/5655785; v4: update Fig 14; v5: updated to match published version