cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
The Official Word: What State Charities Webpages Tell The Public
Creators: name: Barber, Putnam
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: In reports, speeches and press interviews at the time, the early advocates for regulation of charitable solicitations made frequent reference to the need to protect donors from charlatans masquerading as supporters of charitable causes and from ostensibly charitable organizations that operated so inefficiently as to be unworthy of the public’s generosity.  This research project has examined the support given to the interests of donors by the websites of both the states that regulate charitable solicitations and those few that do not regulate but nonetheless provide some advice about donating. As will be seen, a few states provide comprehensive resources in support of public generosity.  Others are more limited, and a small number use the World-Wide Web solely in support of their requirements for registration and reporting on solicitation activities within their states.
The Minimum Spectral Radius of Graphs with the Independence Number
Creators: name: Jin, Ya-Lei
name: Zhang, Xiao-Dong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 05C50, 05C35

description: In this paper, we investigate some properties of the Perron vector of connected graphs. These results are used to characterize that all extremal connected graphs with having the minimum (maximum) spectra radius among all connected graphs of order $n=kα$ with the independence number $α$, respectively.
description: 28 pages, 3 figures
Respiratory Pathology
Creators: name: Glock, Robert D.
Publisher: name: American Association of Bovine Practitioners  Proceedings of the Annual Conference
Year: 1987

description: This discussion will focus on personal observations and impressions resulting from involvement in an extensive practice-laboratory group over the last few years. This group works primarily with large cattle feedyards and some cow-calf operations. The setting is in the southwestern United States. An effort will be made to avoid repetition of the information available in pathology texts.
description: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1987
Deaccessioning and Donor Intent – Lessons Learned from Fisk’s Stieglitz Collection
Creators: name: Cooper, Robert
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Arts

description: Tennessee Attorney General Bob Cooper discussed his state’s experience with Fisk University’s attempt to deaccession a portion of its art collection featuring the work of Georgia O’Keefe. Fisk sought to monetize a number of items in the collection despite O’Keefe’s stated intention in donating the art that it would never be sold. Cooper described his office’s actions in the Fisk case, art/museum industry standards with regard to deaccessioning, the guidepost of donor intent, and the responsibilities of attorneys general in protecting the public interest concerning restricted charitable gifts. He also highlighted some lessons to be learned from litigation around donor intent and deaccessioning, including the relevance of the passage of time, the form in which donor intent is expressed, the role of a donor’s heirs/successors in litigation, and the navigation of multiple federal and state laws that may apply in a case crossing state lines.
Global Meets Local: Effective Multi-Label Image Classification via Category-Aware Weak Supervision
Creators: name: Zhan, Jiawei
name: Liu, Jun
name: Tang, Wei
name: Jiang, Guannan
name: Wang, Xi
name: Gao, Bin-Bin
name: Zhang, Tianliang
name: Wu, Wenlong
name: Zhang, Wei
name: Wang, Chengjie
name: Xie, Yuan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Multi-label image classification, which can be categorized into label-dependency and region-based methods, is a challenging problem due to the complex underlying object layouts. Although region-based methods are less likely to encounter issues with model generalizability than label-dependency methods, they often generate hundreds of meaningless or noisy proposals with non-discriminative information, and the contextual dependency among the localized regions is often ignored or over-simplified. This paper builds a unified framework to perform effective noisy-proposal suppression and to interact between global and local features for robust feature learning. Specifically, we propose category-aware weak supervision to concentrate on non-existent categories so as to provide deterministic information for local feature learning, restricting the local branch to focus on more high-quality regions of interest. Moreover, we develop a cross-granularity attention module to explore the complementary information between global and local features, which can build the high-order feature correlation containing not only global-to-local, but also local-to-local relations. Both advantages guarantee a boost in the performance of the whole network. Extensive experiments on two large-scale datasets (MS-COCO and VOC 2007) demonstrate that our framework achieves superior performance over state-of-the-art methods.
description: 12 pages, 10 figures, published in ACMMM 2022
[NDAC/LO/099] Specification of input from RGO to the Lund double star analysis
Creators: name: Lindegren, Lennart
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1987
Subjects: Hipparcos

description: Technical note written as input to the early studies of the ESA space astrometry project Hipparcos.
description: See NDAC/LO/099.1 at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8219092 and NDAC/LO/099.2 at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8229260 for revised versions
A study on the turbulent transport of an advective nature in the fluid plasma
Creators: name: Min, Byung-Hoon
name: An, Chan-Yong
name: Kim, Chang-Bae
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Advective nature of the electrostatic turbulent flux of plasma energy is studied numerically in a nearly adiabatic state. Such a state is represented by the Hasegawa-Mima equation that is driven by a noise that may model the destabilization due to the phase mismatch of the plasma density and the electric potential. The noise is assumed to be Gaussian and not to be invariant under reflection along a direction $\hat s$. It is found that the flux density induced by such noise is anisotropic: While it is random along $\hat s$, it is not along the perpendicular direction ${\hat s}_\perp$ and the flux is not diffusive. The renormalized response may be approximated as advective with the velocity being proportional to $(kρ_s)^2$ in the Fourier space $\vec k$.
Sound people speak to Star people. A sound experts perspective on astronomy sonification projects
Creators: name: Misdariis, Nicolas
name: Özcan, Elif
name: Grassi, Massimo
name: Pauletto, Sandra
name: Barrass, Stephen
name: Bresin, Roberto
name: Susini, Patrick
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: Physics Education (physics.ed-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Audible Universe project aims at making dialogue between two scientific domains investigating two distinct research objects, briefly said, Stars and Sound. It has been instantiated within a collaborative workshop that started to mutually acculturate both communities, by sharing and transmitting respective knowledge, skills and practices. One main outcome of this exchange was a global view on the astronomical data sonification paradigm that allowed to observe either the diversity of tools, uses and users (including visually-impaired people), but also the current limitations and potential ways of improvement. From this perspective, the current paper presents basic elements gathered and contextualised by sound experts in their respective fields (sound perception / cognition, sound design, psychoacoustics, experimental psychology), in order to anchor sonification for astronomy in a more well-informed, methodological and creative process.
description: 14 pages, 1 Table
State Charities Regulation In A Dynamic Health Care Market
Creators: name: Beckman, Mary
name: Carriker, Eric
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Health services administration
subject: Medical care

description: Under the common law in most jurisdictions, the attorney general as charities regulator is mandated to oversee the due application of charitable funds and to ensure that directors, trustees and other fiduciaries of public charities fulfill their fiduciary duties. In the health care context, attorneys general have been called upon most prominently in recent years to apply charities law in proposed “conversions” of charitable health care entities to for-profit ownership and operation.   In addition, questions have been raised as to the consistency of certain compensation arrangements with the due application of charitable funds and with fulfillment of fiduciary duties.  For example, high executive or physician compensation packages have been questioned as potentially inconsistent with fiduciary duties owed by the executives and the board members approving such arrangements.  Compensation and other arrangements between and among charitable health care entities have also been questioned as to whether they violate fiduciary duties.  Business conduct of some health care charities has been questioned as to whether it is somehow inconsistent with charitable status or violates a duty to charitable mission.
Regulating Social Enterprise
Creators: name: Brakman Reiser, Dana
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Public administration

description: Many of today’s entrepreneurs want to commit themselves and their enterprises to something different than a simple bottom line of maximizing value for owners. Instead, they devote their endeavors to more complex missions of pursuing social good while also generating profits. This impulse goes by many names and encompasses entities with varying product lines, business plans, techniques and metrics.  For simplicity, this essay will refer to companies pursuing such dual missions as social enterprises. Social enterprises and their founders can make big claims. Some argue their businesses will be more sustainable than traditional for-profits because they consider not only profits, but people, and planet. Others suggest the efficiency and scalability social enterprises offer will help them solve more social problems than traditional nonprofit charities. A mounting number of state legislatures appear convinced by these arguments.  Since 2008, lawmakers across the country have enacted legislation enabling new and specialized forms of organization intended specifically to house social enterprises. The forms include “low-profit limited liability companies,” “benefit corporations,” “flexible purpose corporations,” or “social purpose corporations,” thus far, and others may be in the works. Although these organizational forms are still nascent, academics have begun to explore the unique challenges they pose for their fiduciaries, investors, and other constituencies.  One major problem this work has identified is enforcement. Yet, the opportunity for state attorneys general – tasked with enforcement  in adjacent areas on the state level –– has mostly gone unaddressed. This essay concentrates on these forms, and considers what role state attorneys general might play in their regulation.
Copper Deficiency in Ruminants
Creators: name: Gay, Clive C.
name: Pritchett, Lori C.
name: Madson, Wayne
Publisher: name: American Association of Bovine Practitioners  Proceedings of the Annual Conference
Year: 1987

description: The clinically overt disease syndromes associated with severe deficiencies of trace elements have been recognized for many years. The diagnosis of these conditions can be made primarily on clinical or pathological grounds with laboratory analysis to confirm the diagnosis. In recent years, however, it has been recognized that trace element deficiencies can be associated with syndromes that are not clinically distinct and that manifest primarily as suboptimal production or reproduction and increased disease susceptibility. In many instances the occurrence of these syndromes has been recognized as the result of controlled response trials conducted in deficient herds to determine the effect of the deficiency state.
description: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1987
Advocacy by Charitable Nonprofits: Flipping The Accountability Lens To Focus On Government Actions
Creators: name: Delaney, Tim
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Public administration
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: This paper is admittedly different for a “Charities Regulation Policy Conference.” Instead of focusing narrowly on the actions of nonprofits and foundations, this paper flips the accountability lens to look back more broadly at government actions. It invites conference attendees to take a giant step back to assess how government policymakers (specifically excluding regulators) are handling their responsibilities with respect to community assets known as charitable nonprofits. The traditional one-way lens misses the bigger picture: the public depends on the charitable sector to be healthy enough to provide a reliable social safety net and deliver a wide range of other services. Yet since the Great Recession began governments have been rapidly shifting massive amounts of their financial burdens onto charitable nonprofits, thereby straining and stretching that safety net to the point of imperiling the health of nonprofits and hurting the public. This purposefully provocative paper documents five hidden-in-plain-sight trends to highlight how individuals and local communities are endangered by an increasing number of governments: 1. Abusing nonprofits in the contracting context, hurting program recipients
and taxpayers in the process; 2. Directly taking money away from nonprofit mission; 3. Indirectly taking nonprofit resources by invading nonprofit boardrooms; 4. Abandoning commitments to the public as they eliminate programs and slash funds, expecting charitable nonprofits and foundations to fill the voids governments create; and 5. Draining the philanthropic pool of dollars. Charity regulators have not caused the five dangerous trends, but they can be an instrumental source of solutions. From front-line staff to front-office AGs (standing for “Accomplished Galvanizers” and “Always Glamorous,” as explained below), charity regulators can do their duties of protecting the public in a more holistic way that protects and advances the public interest. This paper concludes with a section identifying how this can be done.
MEAs in the WTO: Silence Speaks Volumes
Creators: name: Horn, Henrik
name: Mavroidis, Petros C.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Foreign trade regulation--Law and legislation
subject: International law
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Environmental law

description: This study contributes to the debate concerning the appropriate role of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) in WTO law, and in particular, in WTO dispute settlement. The distinguishing feature of the study is that it seeks to address the relationship between MEAs and WTO law in light of the reason why the parties have chosen to separate their obligations into two bodies of law without providing an explicit nexus between them. The basic conclusion is that legislators’ silence concerning this relationship should speak volumes to WTO adjudicating bodies: MEAs should not be automatically understood as imposing legally binding obligations on WTO Members. But MEAs could be used as sources of factual information, and their usefulness might extend even further, assuming certain conditions have been met.
Momentum-resolved electronic structure at a buried interface from soft x-ray standing-wave angle-resolved photoemission
Creators: name: Gray, A. X.
name: Minár, J.
name: Plucinski, L.
name: Huijben, M.
name: Bostwick, A.
name: Rotenberg, E.
name: Yang, S. -H.
name: Braun, J.
name: Winkelmann, A.
name: Conti, G.
name: Eiteneer, D.
name: Rattanachata, A.
name: Greer, A. A.
name: Ciston, J.
name: Ophus, C.
name: Rijnders, G.
name: Blank, D. H. A.
name: Doennig, D.
name: Pentcheva, R.
name: Schneider, C. M.
name: Ebert, H.
name: Fadley, C. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is a powerful technique for the study of electronic structure, but it lacks a direct ability to study buried interfaces between two materials. We address this limitation by combining ARPES with soft x-ray standing-wave (SW) excitation (SWARPES), in which the SW profile is scanned through the depth of the sample. We have studied the buried interface in a prototypical magnetic tunnel junction La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrTiO3. Depth- and momentum-resolved maps of Mn 3d eg and t2g states from the central, bulk-like and interface-like regions of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 exhibit distinctly different behavior consistent with a change in the Mn bonding at the interface. We compare the experimental results to state-of-the-art density-functional and one-step photoemission theory, with encouraging agreement that suggests wide future applications of this technique.
description: 18 pages, 4 figures and Supplementary Information
Efficient Computation of Polymer Conformation Energy
Creators: name: Stellman, Steven D.
name: Froimowitz, Mark
name: Gans, Paul J.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1971
Subjects: subject: Epidemiology
subject: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Calculation of intramolecular energy of a polymer due to interactions of non-bonded atoms can be speeded up using simple geometric inequalities. This "zippering" method reduces time dependence of computation from n^2 to n^1.25, where n is the chain length. This technique is especially useful in applications of the pivot algorithm.
Sub-mm/mm optical properties of real protoplanetary matter derived from Rosetta/MIRO observations of comet 67P
Creators: name: Bürger, Johanna
name: Glißmann, Thilo
name: Lethuillier, Anthony
name: Bischoff, Dorothea
name: Gundlach, Bastian
name: Mutschke, Harald
name: Höfer, Sonja
name: Wolf, Sebastian
name: Blum, Jürgen
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Optical properties are required for the correct understanding and modelling of protoplanetary and debris discs. By assuming that comets are the most pristine bodies in the solar system, our goal is to derive optical constants of real protoplanetary material. We determine the complex index of refraction of the near-surface material of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by fitting the sub-millimetre/millimetre observations of the thermal emission of the comet's sub-surface made by the Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO) with synthetic temperatures derived from a thermophysical model and radiative-transfer models. According to the two major formation scenarios of comets, we model the sub-surface layers to consist of pebbles as well as of homogeneously packed dust grains. In the case of a homogeneous dusty surface material, we find a solution for the length-absorption coefficient of $α\approx 0.22~\mathrm{cm^{-1}}$ for a wavelength of 1.594 mm and $α\geq 3.84~\mathrm{cm^{-1}}$ for a wavelength of 0.533 mm and a constant thermal conductivity of $0.006~\mathrm{Wm^{-1}K^{-1}}$. For the pebble scenario, we find for the pebbles and a wavelength of 1.594 mm a complex refractive index of $n = (1.074 - 1.256) + \mathrm{i} \, (2.580 - 7.431)\cdot 10^{-3}$ for pebble radii between 1 mm and 6 mm. Taking into account other constraints, our results point towards a pebble makeup of the cometary sub-surface with pebble radii between 3 mm and 6 mm. The derived real part of the refractive index is used to constrain the composition of the pebbles and their volume filling factor. The optical and physical properties are discussed in the context of protoplanetary and debris disc observations.
description: Accepted for publication in MNRAS
General Interactions of the Immune System in Relation to Bovine Respiratory Disease
Creators: name: Brown, L. N.
Publisher: name: American Association of Bovine Practitioners  Proceedings of the Annual Conference
Year: 1987

description: The bovine respiratory (BRD) complex resembles a gigantic and frustratingly difficult puzzle. Those of us who wrestle with potential solutions to this complex problem often become preoccupied with its individual pieces. Possibly this is because we have yet to visualize how all these pieces fit together. Possibly this is because there is no picture on the cover of the box. Veterinary scientists from all disciplines have contributed significantly to our joint understanding of many of the individual pieces of BRD, however, in recent years, the most exciting new findings are being reported from the field of immunology. While many other scientists have studied bits and pieces, immunologists are now beginning to suggest ways that these parts may interact and fit together.
description: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1987
Thermal Characteristics of the Cold-point Tropopause Region in CMIP5 Models
Creators: name: Kim, Joowan
name: Grise, Kevin Michael
name: Son, Seok-Woo
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Atmosphere
Meteorology
Climatic changes

description: The climatology, seasonality, and intraseasonal to interannual variability of the temperature field near the cold-point tropopause (CPT) are examined using the state-of-the-art climate models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Both historical simulations and future projections based on the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario are used to evaluate model performance and to identify potential changes at the CPT focusing on the 100 hPa and zero-lapse-rate (ZLR) temperatures. It is found that historical simulations successfully reproduce the large-scale spatial structure and seasonality of observed temperature and reasonably capture variability associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation and equatorial waves near the CPT. However, the models show nonnegligible biases in several aspects: (1) most models have a warm bias around the CPT, (2) large intermodel differences occur in the amplitude of the seasonal cycle in 100 hPa temperature, (3) several models overestimate lower stratospheric warming in response to volcanic aerosols, (4) temperature variability associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation and Madden-Julian oscillation is absent in most models, and (5) equatorial waves near the CPT exhibit a wide range of variations among the models. In the RCP 8.5 scenario, the models predict robust warming both at the 100 hPa and ZLR levels, but cooling at the 70 hPa level. A weakened seasonal cycle in the temperature is also predicted in most models at both the 100 and 70 hPa levels. These findings may have important implications for cross-tropopause water vapor transport and related global climate change and variability.
External Parasite
Creators: name: Clymer, Bill C.
Publisher: name: American Association of Bovine Practitioners  Proceedings of the Annual Conference
Year: 1987

description: The livestock industry is an interesting and very complex system. Oftentimes we lose sight of how complicated it really is. We have come a long way from our initial involvement in the cattle industry. Our ranchers many years ago ran cattle out on the open range, and spent most of their time on horseback. Now we use cellular phones and may round up cattle with a helicopter. Our industry has changed a lot. We've gone to more of a sohpisticated system. We now have beef factories, as we often call the feedlots. We have trucks that move these cattle around. This is one of the things that causes a great deal of concern in our parasite control program in the cattle industry. We seldom ever know the exact origin of the calf, where it came from nor how many places it has been before it becomes involved in our particular operation. We may have cattle come out of the southeast United States, come to the Texas panhandle on wheat, go to New Mexico or southern Oklahoma or the flint hills in Kansas for summer grass and end up in the feedlot from Texas to California.
description: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1987
Merger control procedures and institutions: A comparison of the EU and US practice
Creators: name: Kovacic, William E.
name: Mavroidis, Petros C.
name: Neven, Damien J.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Corporation law
subject: Consolidation and merger of corporations--Law and legislation
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: The objective of this paper is to discuss and compare the role that different constituencies play in US and EU procedures for merger control. We describe the main constituencies (both internal and external) involved in merger control in both jurisdictions and discuss how a typical merger case would be handled under these procedures. At each stage, we consider how the procedure unfolds, which parties are involved, and how they can affect the procedure. Our discussion reveals a very different ecology. EU and US procedures differ in terms of their basic design and in terms of the procedures that are naturally associated with these alternative designs. On the one hand, there is a single investigator and decision maker operating under a symmetric mandate in the EU and on the other hand, an investigation and settlement operating under the threat of a court decision in case of challenge only in the US. The EU has developed numerous procedures and has granted extensive rights to the parties in the context of these procedures in order to provide some guarantee that the Commission’s role as investigator and decision maker at first instance is not abused. By contrast, the US procedures appear to be rather informal, the balance in the investigation and evaluation of the merger being provided by the credible threat of a court decision. With a strong federal government that has extensive competences for regulation, merger control on competition grounds is subject to the additional public interest test of regulators in the US. Such additional control is weak in the EU, which has more limited competences for regulation. In addition, both the executive and the legislative powers are more fully developed at the federal level in the US. Both the executive power and the legislative seem to be in position to wield greater influence on enforcement in the US than is the case in the EU.
Enteric Pathology
Creators: name: Glock, Robert D.
Publisher: name: American Association of Bovine Practitioners  Proceedings of the Annual Conference
Year: 1987

description: This presentation was intended to be a series of photographs of enteric lesions. This objective was not fully achieved, partly because enteric pathology is quite variable and frequently unremarkable on gross observation. The following is an attempt to describe some opinions formed as a result of recent experience, primarily in feedyards in the southwestern United States. Enteric Pathology may result in a variety of effects on the victim. These are frequently, but not always, observed as diarrhea and its consequences.
description: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1987
Attosecond streaking of Cohen-Fano interferences in the photoionization of H$_2^+$
Creators: name: Ning, Qi-Cheng
name: Peng, Liang-You
name: Song, Shu-Na
name: Jiang, Wei-Chao
name: Nagele, Stefan
name: Pazourek, Renate
name: Burgdörfer, Joachim
name: Gong, Qihuang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: Atomic and Molecular Clusters (physics.atm-clus)
subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the first numerical simulation of the time delay in the photoionization of the simplest diatomic molecule H$_2^+$ as observed by attosecond streaking. We show that the strong variation of the Eisenbud-Wigner-Smith time delay as a function of energy and emission angle becomes observable in the streaking time shift provided laser field-induced components are accounted for. The strongly enhanced photoemission time shifts are traced to destructive Cohen-Fano (or two-center) interferences. Signatures of these interferences in the streaking trace are shown to be enhanced when the ionic fragments are detected in coincidence.
Dark Spots on Mercury: A Distinctive Low-Reflectance Material and Its Relation to Hollows
Creators: name: Xiao, Zhiyong
name: Strom, Robert G.
name: Blewett, David T.
name: Byrne, Paul K.
name: Solomon, Sean C.
name: Murchie, Scott L.
name: Sprague, Ann L.
name: Domingue, Deborah L.
name: Helbert, Jörn
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Planetology
subject: Remote sensing
subject: Geophysics
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences

description: Orbital images acquired by the Mercury, Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft reveal a distinctive low-reflectance material on the surface of Mercury. Such material occurs in small, isolated, and thin surficial units. We term these features “dark spots.” Dark spots have the lowest average reflectance yet documented on the planet. In every case observed at sufficiently high resolution, dark spots feature hollows at their centers. Not all hollows, however, are surrounded by a dark spot. Dark spots have been found on low-reflectance smooth plains, intercrater plains, heavily cratered terrain, and impact craters at almost all longitudes on Mercury, but they have not been documented on high-reflectance smooth plains material. Dark spots are one of the youngest endogenic features on Mercury, and some postdate craters with distinctive rays. Sulfides may be the phase responsible for the low albedo of dark spot material. We propose that dark spots form during the initial stages of hollow formation, perhaps in a manner similar to intense outgassing events that feature exit velocities in excess of 100 m/s. Such outgassing could contemporaneously produce a depression that constitutes an embryonic hollow. Under this scenario, dark spot material is subsequently removed or modified by regolith gardening or other surface processes on time scales shorter than the lifetime of the central hollow.
Data Augmentation Vision Transformer for Fine-grained Image Classification
Creators: name: Hu, Chao
name: Zhu, Liqiang
name: Qiu, Weibin
name: Wu, Weijie
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Recently, the vision transformer (ViT) has made breakthroughs in image recognition. Its self-attention mechanism (MSA) can extract discriminative labeling information of different pixel blocks to improve image classification accuracy. However, the classification marks in their deep layers tend to ignore local features between layers. In addition, the embedding layer will be fixed-size pixel blocks. Input network Inevitably introduces additional image noise. To this end, we study a data augmentation vision transformer (DAVT) based on data augmentation and proposes a data augmentation method for attention cropping, which uses attention weights as the guide to crop images and improve the ability of the network to learn critical features. Secondly, we also propose a hierarchical attention selection (HAS) method, which improves the ability of discriminative markers between levels of learning by filtering and fusing labels between levels. Experimental results show that the accuracy of this method on the two general datasets, CUB-200-2011, and Stanford Dogs, is better than the existing mainstream methods, and its accuracy is 1.4\% and 1.6\% higher than the original ViT, respectively
description: IEEE Signal Processing Letters
Avoidance of Passive Transfer Failure in Calves
Creators: name: Gay, Clive C.
name: Besser, Thomas E.
name: Pritchett, Lori C.
name: Hancock, Dale D.
name: Wikse, Steve
Publisher: name: American Association of Bovine Practitioners  Proceedings of the Annual Conference
Year: 1987

description: Partial or complete failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins is known to be a major determinant of liability to neonatal disease and mortality in calves. When considering the causes of failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins the transfer process can be divided into three stages. These are: 1. The formation of adequate volumes of high immunoglobulin concentration colostrum in the udder. 2. The ingestion of an adequate mass of immunoglobulin by the calf early in life. 3. The transfer of immunoglobulins across the gut into the circulation of the calf. Currently we have information on the causes of failure associated with deficiencies in the first two of these stages and there are management strategies that can be used to minimize failure associated with these stages. We have limited knowledge to allow successful intervention strategies associated with the third stage.
description: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1987
High resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy and extended x-ray-absorption fine structure study of the (533) silicide structure on Cu(001)
Creators: name: Lalmi, B.
name: Chorro, M.
name: Belkhou, R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using low energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques, we have studied the first steps of silicon adsorption onto Cu (001) single crystal substrate. For low coverage (~ 0.5 ML) and after annealing at 100°C, STM images and LEED patterns reveal the formation of an ordered quasi commensurate superstructure. From a quantitative analysis of XAS data, we extract the Si-Cu distance and detail the local atomic arrangement of the structure.
description: 14p; Journal of Applied physics 2013
Tracing the ICME plasma with a MHD simulation
Creators: name: Biondo, Ruggero
name: Pagano, Paolo
name: Reale, Fabio
name: Bemporad, Alessandro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The determination of the chemical composition of interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) plasma is an open issue. More specifically, it is not yet fully understood how remote sensing observations of the solar corona plasma during solar disturbances evolve into plasma properties measured in situ away from the Sun. The ambient conditions of the background interplanetary plasma are important for space weather because they influence the evolutions, arrival times, and geo-effectiveness of the disturbances. The Reverse In situ and MHD APproach (RIMAP) is a technique to reconstruct the heliosphere on the ecliptic plane (including the magnetic Parker spiral) directly from in situ measurements acquired at 1 AU. It combines analytical and numerical approaches, preserving the small-scale longitudinal variability of the wind flow lines. In this work, we use RIMAP to test the interaction of an ICME with the interplanetary medium. We model the propagation of a homogeneous non-magnetised (i.e. with no internal flux rope) cloud starting at 800 km s-1 at 0.1 AU out to 1.1 AU. Our 3D magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation made with the PLUTO MHD code shows the formation of a compression front ahead of the ICME, continuously driven by the cloud expansion. Using a passive tracer, we find that the initial ICME material does not fragment behind the front during its propagation, and we quantify the mixing of the propagating plasma cloud with the ambient solar wind plasma, which can be detected at 1 AU.
description: Movie available at https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/olm/2021/10/aa41892-21/aa41892-21.html
Protein, Fats and Fertility in Dairy Cows
Creators: name: Ferguson, James D.
name: Blanchard, T. L.
name: Chalupa, W.
Publisher: name: American Association of Bovine Practitioners  Proceedings of the Annual Conference
Year: 1987

description: Levels of dietary protein that optimize milk production may depress fertility in dairy cows. While fertility responses of dairy cows fed diets with increased levels of crude protein have not been consistent, trends towards increased services/conception and days open have been reported. New concepts in ruminant protein nutriture partition crude protein into rumen undegradable and degradable fractions. Few studies investigating protein effects on fertility have accounted for partitioning of dietary protein. Dairy cows in their fourth or greater lactation are more likely to become pregnant by 120 days postpartum when fed diets balanced for rumen degradable and undegradable protein. Superovulation studies suggest fertilization failure occurs in older cows fed diets with high levels of rumen degradable protein. Increases in milk yield has been reported in dairy cows receiving fat supplemented diets. Fats protected from rumen degradation have been advocated over vegetable oils and fat mixtures of grease and tallow. Dairy cows fed protected fats have a 2.052 risk odds ratio for pregnancy compared to cows not receiving fats. Conception rate in cows fed protected fats is 59.3% versus 41.5% in control cows. Fat included in dairy cattle rations may not only benefit production, but also reproduction.
description: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1987
State Attorney General Regulation Of Charitable Hybrid Forms: To Be Or Not To Be Charitable
Creators: name: Tyler, John
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Public administration

description: One of the most significant challenges for state officials responsible for regulating charities in their state is how to approach their duties with regard to the growing trend of hybrid enterprises and business forms. More specifically, there are questions about whether these new forms are more like charitable trusts and should be treated as such, if they are more like profit- oriented tax paying enterprises and should be so treated, or if they are something so new and different that they require some combination of the two or wholly original approaches.
Quantified HI Morphology VII: star-formation and tidal influence on local dwarf HI morphology
Creators: name: Holwerda, B. W.
name: Pirzkal, N.
name: de Blok, W. J. G.
name: Blyth, S-L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Scale-invariant morphology parameters applied to atomic hydrogen maps (HI) of galaxies can be used to quantify the effects of tidal interaction or star-formation on the ISM. Here we apply these parameters, Concentration, Asymmetry, Smoothness, Gini, M20, and the GM parameter, to two public surveys of nearby dwarf galaxies, the VLA-ANGST and LITTLE-THINGS survey, to explore whether tidal interaction or the ongoing or past star-formation is a dominant force shaping the HI disk of these dwarfs. Previously, HI morphological criteria were identified for ongoing spiral-spiral interactions. When we apply these to the Irregular dwarf population, they either select almost all or none of the population. We find that only the Asymmetry-based criteria can be used to identify very isolated dwarfs (i.e., these have a low tidal indication). Otherwise, there is little or no relation between the level of tidal interaction and the HI morphology. We compare the HI morphology to three star-formation rates based on either Halpha, FUV or the resolved stellar population, probing different star-formation time-scales. The HI morphology parameters that trace the inequality of the distribution, the Gini, GM, and M20 parameters, correlate weakly with all these star-formation rates. This is in line with the picture that local physics dominates the ISM appearance and not tidal effects. Finally, we compare the SDSS measures of star-formation and stellar mass to the HI morphological parameters for all four HI surveys. In the two lower-resolution HI surveys (12"), there is no relation between star-formation measures and HI morphology. The morphology of the two high-resolution HI surveys (6"), the Asymmetry, Smoothness, Gini, M20, and GM, do show a link to the total star-formation, but a weak one.
description: 26 figures, 4 tables, two appendices. Third appendix (HI maps of all galaxies) omitted. Accepted by MNRAS
Evidence for centrosymmetry breaking and multiferroic properties in the A-site ordered quadruple perovskite YMn$_3$Mn$_4$O$_{12}$
Creators: name: Verseils, M
name: Mezzadri, F
name: Delmonte, D
name: Cabassi, R
name: Baptiste, B
name: Klein, Y
name: Calestani, G
name: Bolzoni, F
name: Gilioli, E
name: Gauzzi, A
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: By means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction we have revealed the breaking of centrosymmetry when lowering the temperature under T$_s$ = 200 K concomitantly with the setting of a commensurate superstructure in the small A-site quadruple perovskite YMn$_3$Mn$_4$O$_{12}$. This results is in agreement with all data already reported for this compounds and solve the previous inconsistency about the Yttrium position. The superstructure is characterized by the appearing of satellite reflections in the single crystal pattern, consistent with an I-centered pseudo-orthorhombic commensurate supercell with $a \approx \sqrt{a_F} = 10.4352(7)$ Å, $b \approx 2b_F = 14.6049(9)$ Å, $c \approx \sqrt{c_F} = 10.6961(7)$ Åand $β= 90.110(3)^\circ$, where F stands for the "fundamental" high-temperature cell ($a_F \approx c_F \approx 7.45$ Å, $b_F \approx 7.34$ Å, and $β\approx 90^\circ$). The space-group was unequivocally found to be Ia, which is non polar, thus allowing for a non-zero polarization in the material. We then have investigated in detail the pyrocurrent, transport, dielectric and the DC and AC magnetic properties of polycrystalline sample of YMn$_3$Mn$_4$O$_{12}$ over a wide temperature range. These measurements clearly highlight several critical temperatures in the material and correlation between the different orders: i) the centrosymmetry is broken at high temperature (T$_S$ = 200K), ii) then the long-range magnetic order of B-sites occurs at T$_{N,B}$ = 108 K and at this same temperature the compound enters in an insulating dielectric state. iii) Finally, a remnant polarization is stabilized concomitantly with a magnetic anomaly at T* = 70 K. We propose that YMn$_3$Mn$_4$O$_{12}$ is a peculiar magnetic ferroelectric in which the polar state is driven by short-range magnetic order.
Diagnosis of Colostrum Deprivation in Calves
Creators: name: Hunt, Elaine
Publisher: name: American Association of Bovine Practitioners  Proceedings of the Annual Conference
Year: 1987

description: Colostrum is the primary source of passive natural protective antibody for the neonatal ruminant. Early ingestion of this immunoglobulin (lg) rich milk is critical for neonatal calf survival; colostrum deprivation results in neonatal failure of passive transfer of antibody (FPTA).1,2
description: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1987
The Changing Disease-Scape in the Third Epidemiological Transition
Creators: name: Harper, Kristin
name: Armelagos, George
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: Public health
Epidemiology

description: The epidemiological transition model describes the changing relationship between humans and their diseases. The first transition occurred with the shift to agriculture about 10,000 YBP, resulting in a pattern of infectious and nutritional diseases still evident today. In the last two centuries, some populations have undergone a second transition, characterized by a decline in infectious disease and rise in degenerative disease. We are now in the throes of a third epidemiological transition, in which a resurgence of familiar infections is accompanied by an array of novel diseases, all of which have the potential to spread rapidly due to globalization.
Culling Dairy Cows
Creators: name: Fetrow, John
Publisher: name: American Association of Bovine Practitioners  Proceedings of the Annual Conference
Year: 1987

description: Culling decisions present a serious challenge, both for the dairyman and for the veterinarian who provides service to the farm. Culled cows represent a substantial expense to the producer. The cost of rearing youngstock averages approximately 20 percent of the overall operating expenses of a dairy. Rearing excess heifers to replace cows unavoidably lost from production addes a significant burden to the financial load borne by the dairyman.
description: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1987
The gaps between the sizes of large clusters in 2D critical percolation
Creators: name: Berg, Jacob van den
name: Conijn, Rene
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 60K35

description: Consider critical bond percolation on a large 2n by 2n box on the square lattice. It is well-known that the size (i.e. number of vertices) of the largest open cluster is, with high probability, of order n^2 π(n), where π(n) denotes the probability that there is an open path from the center to the boundary of the box. The same result holds for the second-largest cluster, the third largest cluster etcetera. Jarai showed that the differences between the sizes of these clusters is, with high probability, at least of order \sqrt{n^2 π(n)}. Although this bound was enough for his applications (to incipient infinite clusters), he believed, but had no proof, that the differences are in fact of the same order as the cluster sizes themselves, i.e. n^2 π(n). Our main result is a proof that this is indeed the case.
description: 10 pages
Ethanol and Cognition: Indirect Effects, Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection: A Review
Creators: name: Brust, John C. M.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Neurosciences
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Medicine
subject: Pathology

description: Ethanol affects cognition in a number of ways. Indirect effects include intoxication, withdrawal, brain trauma, central nervous system infection, hypoglycemia, hepatic failure, and Marchiafava-Bignami disease. Nutritional deficiency can cause pellagra and Wernicke-Korsakoff disorder. Additionally, ethanol is a direct neurotoxin and in sufficient dosage can cause lasting dementia. However, ethanol also has neuroprotectant properties and in low-to-moderate dosage reduces the risk of dementia, including Alzheimer type. In fetuses ethanol is teratogenic, and whether there exists a safe dose during pregnancy is uncertain and controversial.