The Attitudinal function of intonation in Kurdish with Reference to English
Creators: name: Muhammad, Sarkawt
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 200302 English Language
subject: FOS: Languages and literature
subject: 200303 English as a Second Language
subject: 200408 Linguistic Structures (incl. Grammar, Phonology, Lexicon, Semantics)

description: M Abstract<br> The present phonological analytical study dwells on “The Attitudinal Function of Intonation in Kurdish with Reference to English”. It is an attempt to present and analyse the correlations which exist between tone patterns and particular attitudes in both Hawleri Kurdish and English by choosing four basic attitudes, viz. anger, happiness, surprise and sadness. The analysis is in respect of six bases: the tone used, the width of pitch range, the height of the pre-head and head, the key, and markedness. So, all the components of intonation reported work together to indicate each principal attitude. The study hypothesizes that one intonation pitch contour is used to convey one or more attitudes, and that one attitude can be expressed by means of one or more intonation pitch contours. Intonation patterns of contextual utterances are analyzed according to the attitude and the syntactic category of the utterance. This analysis, in addition, shows that intonation patterns are governed by attitudes. The study also endeavours to touch on the points of similarities and differences, if there are any, between Kurdish and English, in expressing the above attitudes. The researcher conducts the following steps and procedures in fulfilling the study: firstly, a lot of practice and listening activities have been done. Secondly, selected tone-groups from four Kurdish films as well as recorded speech from people interviewed in various situations have been chosen for thorough analysis. Thirdly, the attitude of each of these tone-groups is auditorily specified. Finally, the diagrammatic representation of each tone-group is drawn for deducing the results. The researcher sheds light on the definitions of such terms as intonation, tone-group, pre-head, head, tonic syllable, tail, pitch range, key, and functions of intonation, the attitudinal function in particular. All these have been expounded briefly as a basis for the coming chapters. The tones and their uses in both Kurdish and English, in general, have been described. The work also presents a review of the studies that dealt with the attitudinal function of intonation in both Kurdish and English. According to their view, whenever someone speaks, attitudes flow into the speech under the bridge of intonation. They state that there are also other permanent factors like prosodic and paralinguistic features which accompany intonation in the expression of attitudes. Additionally, the tone patterns used for the conveyance of attitudes in general and the attitudes in question have been covered in both Kurdish and English. The results of the study show that intonation has a salient role in defining the attitudinal meanings. Moreover, it is found that one intonation pattern is used to provide a number of attitudes and one attitude is conveyed through one or more intonation patterns. The structures of the tone patterns used for expressing each attitude mentioned above in Kurdish are derived from the analysed data. The study comes to a halt with the suggestion that comparative and contrastive studies need to be conducted. It is recommended that a lot of training is required before embarking on any study in the field of intonation and the best way to scrutinize intonation is to study it in context.