Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead 1974
Creators: name: Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De
name: Manfio, Daiara
name: Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Chrysomelidae
Ctenocolum

description: Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, 1974
Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead (1974a): 284, 285, 286 (original description); Whitehead & Kingsolver (1975b): 461 (taxonomy); Kingsolver & Whitehead (1976): 1 –2, 26–29, 33 (citation, taxonomy, host plant); Borowiec (1987): 77, 78 (distribution, host plant, redescription, taxonomy); Kingsolver (1988): 4 (taxonomy); Udayagiri & Wadhi (1989): 78 (catalog); Romero & Johnson (2002): 183 (citation); Sari et al. 2002: 484 (biology); Romero & Johnson (2003): 221 (citation); Romero & Johnson (2004): 614 (citation); Lorea-Barocio et al. 2006: 512 (citation); Ribeiro-Costa (2007): 51 (citation); Silva & Ribeiro-Costa (2008): 802 –825 (diagnosis, key, comparative morphology).
Type-species: Pachymerus tuberculatum Motschulsky, 1874 (original designation).
Diagnosis. Pronotum with median and lateral gibbosities, slightly to strongly elevated (Fig. 2). Elytra with striae 3 and 4 originating from basal gibbosity (Figs. 2, 3), both curved at base and each with tooth (Fig. 3); striae 7, 8 and 9 limited basally by humeral gibbosity (Fig. 2). Hind femur about 1.5 times the width of hind coxa, with toothed carina on external ventral margin, except C. acapulcensis (Figs. 4, 75); internal ventral margin with two or more denticles on pre-pecten; pecten with numerous teeth (Fig. 4), 6–18, in some specimens first basal tooth separated from third by a gap bearing one very small tooth. Hind tibia with mucro shorter than apical width of tibia (Fig. 4). Pygidium entirely covered by setae, without speculum. Abdomen entirely pubescent, without polished areas. Male genitalia not elongated; median lobe not strongly arcuate, not fractured before apex; ventral valve subtriangular; internal sac with hinge and other sclerites (Figs. 5, 6), with tufts of setae at apex laterally and group of spicules medially (Figs. 5–6, 79–90); tegmen with lateral lobes deeply emarginated (Figs. 7, 91–102).
Redescription. BL: 2.0– 4.8 mm; BW: 1.4–3.4 mm.
Integument. Dorsum variable, mostly black (Figs. 8–21). Antenna in general pale brown to dark brown (Figs. 8, 53, 55, 57–60); some species with first 3 antennomeres paler (Figs. 58, 61) and 8–10 darker (Figs. 63, 65). Pygidium in general reddish brown. Ventral region usually reddish brown and black. Front and middle femur and tibia mostly pale brown or brown; hind femur in general bicolor.
Pubescence. Dorsum usually variegated (Figs. 8–21). Pronotum brown to dark brown, white and black setae, sparse setae exposing the integument forming an area from anterior to posterior region usually divided by transversal and longitudinal strip of denser setae and on each lateral regions usually one small area (Figs. 9, 13, 14). Scutellum dense, usually white (Figs. 8, 12–16, 21). Elytra generally variegated with brown, black and white setae (Figs. 8, 13, 14, 18–21); interstria 3 at base and at submedian region usually with dense, short strip of white setae (Figs. 8, 11, 13, 14). Pygidium pubescent, usually white and dense, except on four small lateral areas with sparse setae and on median region with larger area with sparse setae (Figs. 35–39, 43–44, 51). Abdomen without polished areas. Ventral region usually with yellowish gray, brown and white setae (Figs. 53–65).
Head. Ocular sinus 0.2–0.3 mm; ocular index 4.2–11.6; length of eyes in frontal view behind sinus 0.01–0.34 mm. Head moderately elongated; strongly constricted behind eyes; postocular lobe short; frons prominent with frontal carina enlarged at base (Fig. 1); gena glabrous, between base of mandible and antennal fossa about as long as width of antennal fossa (Figs. 22–34). Antenna serrate usually from antennomeres 4–10 (Figs. 12, 20).
Prothorax. Pronotum campaniform, sides irregularly concave; median gibbosity usually slightly elevated, not divided by longitudinal and transversal sulcus; lateral gibbosities in general slightly to moderately elevated (Fig. 3); basal lobe with or without depression, usually slightly emarginated (Fig. 3); lateral carina reaching or not cervical sulcus; prosternal process acute at apex.
Mesothorax and metathorax. Scutellum subquadrate, apex bidentate (Figs. 3, 8–21). Elytra, striae usually with punctures moderately impressed; striae 3 and 4 originate from basal gibbosity, curved at base, and each with tooth (Figs. 3, 8–21); tooth of stria 4 usually closer to base of tooth of stria 3 than anterior margin of elytra (Fig. 3); stria 6 generally conspicuously impressed; striae 7, 8 and 9 limited basally by humeral gibbosity. Mesoventral process truncate at apex. Hind coxae densely punctured. Hind femur about 1.5 times width of hind coxa, with 6–18 teeth uniformly distributed in pecten (Fig. 4), in some species first basal tooth separated from third by gap bearing very small tooth on it; from second tooth gradually increasing in size until middle and decreasing towards apex (Figs. 66–74) or until apex regular in profile (Figs. 4, 75–78); external ventral margin with toothed carina (Fig. 4), except C. acapulcensis (Fig. 75) and usually without denticles above external ventral margin; internal ventral margin with two or more denticles on pre-pecten. Hind tibia arcuate, with ventral, lateroventral, lateral and dorsomesal carinae developed; ventral carina projected on apical third or half; with (Figs. 4, 75–78) or without row of denticles in outer surface; apex with (Figs. 4, 66–71) or without lateral coronal tooth and denticles, emarginated beside mucro (Figs. 4, 66–78); mucro shorter than apical width of tibia (Figs. 4, 66–78); 1-tarsomere with or without lateral carina.
Abdomen. Pygidium usually longer than wide, oval, at median basal region moderately punctate, truncate in male (Figs. 35–46), rounded in female apically (Figs. 47–52); last abdominal ventrite medially emarginated in male, not in female.
Male genitalia. Median lobe (Figs. 5, 6, 79–90), ventral valve subtriangular, usually as long as wide, truncate or acute apically, basal margin generally emarginated; without fracture before apex; not strongly arcuate. Internal sac, lateral apex usually with short tuft of setae and medially with group of spicules; hinge sclerite usually elongate (Fig. 6); squamous (Figs. 6, 79–86) or smooth sclerite present (Figs. 5, 87–90). Tegmen (Figs. 7, 91–102), lateral lobes separated by emargination about 0.5–0.9 times the length of lateral lobes; apex truncate or rounded, at internal margin with thick or thin setae, usually with expanded apex 2–5.5 times the smallest width of stem on median region; internal margin near end of emargination, curved or straight.
Sexual dimorphism. According to Kingsolver & Whitehead (1974a) the eyes can be larger in males than in females and the antenna of males extends to or beyond the elytral humerus, whereas the antenna of females extends to about elytral humerus.
Unfortunately, of the 13 species of Ctenocolum only C. aquilus Albuquerque & Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov., C. martiale, C. milelo Albuquerque & Ribeiro-Costa sp. nov., C. podagricus, C. acapulcensis, C. janzeni and C. tubercultaum were represented by both sexes in our study. In these species we did not observe the sexual dimorphism that Kingsolver & Whitehead (1974a) had described. However, we observed sexual dimorphism in some characters. Antenna is serrate from antennomere 4 in males and from 5 in females of C. tuberculatum and C. aquilus whereas antenna is serrate from antennomere 3 in males and from antennomere 4 in females of C. martiale and C. janzeni. Pygidium oval in male (Fig. 37) and triangular in females (Fig. 48) of C. martiale, C. milelo, C. podagricus, longer than wide in males (Fig. 37) and subequal in female (Fig. 48) of C.martiale; subequal in male (Fig. 46) and as long as wide in the female (Fig. 52) of C. tuberculatum; pygidium of males truncated at apex and rounded in females. Last ventrite medially emarginate in males and truncate in females. In some species the males and females have different pubescence pattern (Figs. 46, 52; 38, 49).
Distribution. Nearctic region: Mexico (Sonora, Tamaulipas).
Neotropical region: Puerto Rico, Mexico (Sinaloa, Nayarit, San Luis Potosi, Jalisco, Querétaro, Veracruz, Michoacán, Guerrero, Morelos, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Campeche, Yucután, Quintana Roo), Guatemala (Chimaltenango, Sacatepéquez, Escuintla), El Salvador (San Salvador, La Unión), Honduras (Colón, Copán, Olancho, El Paraíso), Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Heredia, Puntarenas, San Jose), Panama, Venezuela (Aragua, Distrito Capital), Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago, Trinidad), Guyana, Brazil (Mato Grosso, Paraná).
New records: American Virgins Islands, Jamaica (Saint James), French West Indies (Saint Bathelemy), Colombia, Ecuador (Guayas*), Peru (Junin), Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Brazil (São Paulo*).
Host plants (Tables I–II). Papilionoideae: Dalbergia retusa Hemsl., Lonchocarpus sp., L. costaricensis (Donn. Sm.) Pittier., L. constrictus Pittier, L. eriocarinalis Micheli., L. heptaphyllus (Poir.) DC., L. hondurensis Benth., L. longistylus Pittier, L. margaritensis Pittier, L. minimiflorus Donn. Sm., L. nitidus (Vogel) Benth., L. parviflorus Benth., L. purpureus Pittier, L. rugosus Benth., L. sericeus (Poir.) DC., L. velutinus Benth., Muellera sp. (= Bergeronia sp.), Piscidia sp., Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq., Piscidia grandifolia (Donn. Sm.) I. M. Johnst., Piscidia mollis Rose.
Caesalpinioideae: Peltophorum dasyrrhachis (Miq.) Kurz.
New records: Caesalpinioideae: Bauhinia glabra Jacq. Papilionoideae: Lonchocarpus emarginatus Pittier. L. guillemineanus (Tul.) Malme., L. muehlbergianus Hassl, Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg.
Note. According to Kingsolver & Whitehead (1974a), the record in Peltophorum dasyrrhachis is dubious.
Comparative notes. Kingsolver & Whitehead (1974a), Whitehead & Kingsolver (1975) and Borowiec (1987) remarked that Ctenocolum, Caryedes and Meibomeus are very close. They share a relatively elongated frons, elongated gena and antennal scrobe of gena equal to or larger than the diameter of antennal fossa, abdomen and pygidium lacking glabrous polished areas. Conversely, some characters in combination separate Ctenocolum from these genera, for instance striae 3 and 4 curved at base and each with a tooth; very enlarged femur about 1.5 times the width of hind coxa; larger number of teeth on pecten; mucro shorter; tegmen with lateral lobes deeply emarginated (Kingsolver & Whitehead 1974a); pecten with 6–18 teeth; mucro shorter than apical width of tibia; short median lobe without fractured before apex; internal sac with hinge and others sclerites.
description: Published as part of Albuquerque, Felícia Pereira De, Manfio, Daiara & Ribeiro-Costa, Cibele Stramare, 2014, A contribution to the knowledge of New World Bruchinae (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae): taxonomic revision of Ctenocolum Kingsolver & Whitehead, with description of five new species, pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 3838 (1) on pages 3-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3838.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/286727