cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Economic Impacts of Foreign Animal Disease
Creators: name: Paarlberg, Philip L.
name: Hillberg, Ann
name: Lee, John G.
name: Mathews, Kenneth H.
name: Paarlberg, Philip L.
name: Hillberg, Ann
name: Lee, John G.
name: Mathews, Kenneth H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: International Development
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Animal disease
subject: epidemiology
subject: foot and mouth disease (FMD)
subject: sector model
subject: trade

description: This report presents a modeling framework in which epidemiological model results are integrated with an economic model of the U.S. agricultural sector to enable estimation of the economic impacts of outbreaks of foreign-source livestock diseases. To demonstrate the model, the study assessed results of a hypothetical outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). The modeling framework includes effects of the FMD episode on all major agricultural products and assesses these effects on aggregate supply, demand, and trade over 16 quarters. Model results show a potential for large trade-related losses for beef, beef cattle, hogs, and pork, though relatively few animals are destroyed. The swine and pork sectors recover shortly after assumed export restrictions end, but effects on the beef and cattle sectors last longer due to the longer cattle production cycle. The best control strategies prove to be those that reduce the duration of the outbreak. While export embargoes lead to losses for many agricultural sectors, they also increase domestic supplies and lower prices, benefiting domestic consumers. Total losses to livestock related enterprises over 16 quarters range between $2,773 million and $4,062 million, depending on disease intensity level, duration of the outbreak, and the response scenario. After seven quarters, production of all commodities returns to pre-disease levels in our hypothesized scenario.
Boundary entropy spectra as finite subsums
Creators: name: Oppelmayer, Hanna
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Dynamical Systems (math.DS)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 37A50 (Primary) 05C81, 58J51 (Secondary)

description: In this paper we provide a concrete construction of Furstenberg entropy values of $τ$-boundaries of the group $\mathbb{Z}[\frac{1}{p_1},\ldots,\frac{1}{p_{l}}]\rtimes \{p_1^{n_1}\cdots p_{l}^{n_{l}} \, : \, n_i\in\mathbb{Z}\}$ by choosing an appropriate random walk $τ$. We show that the boundary entropy spectrum can be realized as the subsum-set for any given finite sequence of positive numbers.
Decay of a bound muon into a bound electron
Creators: name: Aslam, M. Jamil
name: Czarnecki, Andrzej
name: Zhang, Guangpeng
name: Morozova, Anna
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: When a muon bound in an atom decays, there is a small probability that the daughter electron remains bound. That probability is evaluated. Surprisingly, a significant part of the rate is contributed by the negative energy component of the wave function, neglected in a previous study. A simple integral representation of the rate is presented. In the limit of close muon and electron masses, an analytic formula is derived.
Effects of Marketing Loans on U.S. Dry Peas and Lentils: Supply Response and World Trade
Creators: name: Lin, William W.
name: Lucier, Gary
name: Lin, William W.
name: Lucier, Gary
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: International Development
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: dry peas
subject: lentils
subject: marketing loan
subject: supply response
subject: world trade

description: The 2002 Farm Act required USDA to implement marketing loans for the 2002-07 crops of dry peas, lentils, and small chickpeas. This provision led to expanded acreage for dry peas and lentils, crops analyzed in this study. The analysis found that marketing loans played a role in expansion for dry peas in 2003-05 and for lentils in 2003. For dry peas and lentils, marketing loans contributed to acreage expansion in North Dakota and Montana. Simulation model results suggest that marketing loans had negligible impacts on world prices for dry peas and lentils in 2003-05. Impacts on U.S. exports were minor, increasing by about 2 percent in 2003.
Implications of the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) regulations on the EU – U.S. Corn Trade Sector and the Case of the ‘Agenda 2000’ Reforms
Creators: name: Chintawar, Sachin
name: Westra, John V.
name: Chintawar, Sachin
name: Westra, John V.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures
subject: Technical Barriers to Trade
subject: Common Agricultural Policy
subject: Agenda 2000 Reforms
subject: Genetically Modified corn
subject: welfare effects

description: Corn trade between the European Union (EU) and the United States has undergone substantial changes over the past decade. EU Reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), beginning with the Mac Sharry Reforms of 1992 and continuing with the Agenda 2000 Reforms, were directed at bringing EU agricultural policy into compliance with World Trade Organization (WTO) provisions. These reforms have brought about considerable changes in the market structure in corn trade. However, while trade has been facilitated by decoupling payments and removing levies and tariffs on imported corn, EU’s Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures have negated some of the progress in trade between EU countries and the United States. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), in the form of SPS measures, have progressively replaced traditional tariff and non-tariff trade barriers while allowing the EU to remain in compliance with WTO regulations. The absence of recognizing equivalency in production procedures has created a further decline in corn trade accounting for over $300 million loss annually to U.S. corn exports since 1997 (Weyerbrock and Xia 2000). Using data obtained from the USDA and EUROSTAT, we develop a three stage simultaneous equation model to estimate the economic impact of TBTs on EU-U.S. bilateral corn trade for specific EU countries. Further, welfare effects for producers and consumers in EU countries are also estimated.
Evolution of the parton dihadron fragmentation functions
Creators: name: Majumder, A.
name: Wang, Xin-Nian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Quark and gluon parton dihadron fragmentation functions and their evolution are studied in the process of e+e- annihilation. We provide definitions of such dihadron fragmentation functions in terms of parton matrix elements and derive the momentum sum rules and their connection to single hadron fragmentation functions. We parameterize results from the Lund Monte Carlo model JETSET as the initial conditions for the parton dihadron fragmentation functions at the scale Q_0^2=2 GeV^2. The evolution equations for the quark and gluon fragmentation functions are solved numerically and the results at different higher scales Q^2 agree well with JETSET results. The importance of the input from the single fragmentation functions is pointed out.
description: 13 pages, 2 column revtex, 12 figures One table added
New acetylenic metabolites from the toxic mushroom Tricholoma pardinum
Creators: name: Clericuzio, Marco
name: Hussain, Faiq H. S.
name: Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin
name: Salis, Annalisa
name: Damonte, Gianluca
name: Pavela, Roman
name: Vidari, Giovanni
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Neuroscience
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Plant Biology

description: Four unprecedented acetylenic alcohols, (Z)-non-7-en-5-yn-1,2,4-triol (1), (Z)-non-7-en-5-yn-1,4-diol (2), (Z)-1,2-dihydroxynon-7-en-5-yn-4-one (3), and (Z)-1-hydroxynon-7-en-5-yn-4-one (4) were isolated from the poisonous mushroom Tricholoma pardinum (Agaricales, Basidiomycota), together with the known compounds 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (5) and 6-hydroxy-1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (6). Their structures were determined by NMR and IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The crude acetone extract of the mushroom showed potent anti-arthropod activity against Tetranychus urticae (Acarinae), a dangerous crop pest.
Macroeconomic Impacts of Water Use in Agriculture
Creators: name: Weinheimer, Justin
name: Wheeler-Cook, Erin
name: Ethridge, Don E.
name: Hudson, Darren
name: Weinheimer, Justin
name: Wheeler-Cook, Erin
name: Ethridge, Don E.
name: Hudson, Darren
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Demand and Price Analysis
subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Production Economics
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Ogallala Aquifer
subject: recession
subject: macroeconomic

description: The recent/current recession provides the opportunity to study the effects of the macroeconomic changes on the agricultural production systems in the Great Plains and trace some of its impacts through the system to changes in primary inputs such water resource use. Therefore, the objective of the study reported here was to determine the effects of the changes in macroeconomic conditions driven by the 2008 recession on irrigated crop production in a portion of the Southern Great Plains and its impacts on water use. The approach for the study was to: (1) use the 10-year baseline FAPRI projections, based on changes in macroeconomic conditions, of agricultural commodity prices and input costs between the beginning of 2008 and the beginning of 2009, and (2) apply these different conditions within the Southern High Plains Ogallala Model (OM) in three counties representing different water situations and cropping patterns in the region. Overall results indicate that the 2008 recession likely had a relatively small impact on water use in the Southern Great Plains. Water use within the region is responsive to economic forces only when increased pumping flexibility exists; when water withdrawals are already at or near capacity, macroeconomic changes and changes in pumping costs and commodity prices are not likely to change water use.
Two cytotoxic squalene-derived polyethers from the Japanese red alga Chondria armata
Creators: name: Hamada, Toshiyuki
name: Kobayashi, Kazushi
name: Naomichi Arima
name: Fumito Tani
name: Vairappan, Charles Santhanaraju
name: Satoaki Onitsuka
name: Okamura, Hiroaki
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Pharmacology
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified

description: The red alga Chondria armata is known to produce and contain a rich diversity of secondary metabolites, such as domoic acid-related alkaloids and triterpene polyethers. Our investigation on red alga C. armata from Kagoshima coast, Japan, resulted in the isolation of two new triterpene polyethers, bandokorols A (1) and B (2). The structures of these compounds were determined based on spectroscopic data such as infrared (FTIR), 1H-NMR, APT, 1H–1H-COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY and FAB mass spectrometry (HRFABMS). The anticancer potentials of these compounds were tested against adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL), S1T cells and their IC50 values are reported here.
Optimal Control of Aquatic Diseases: A Case Study of Yemen's Cholera Outbreak
Creators: name: Lemos-Paiao, Ana P.
name: Silva, Cristiana J.
name: Torres, Delfim F. M.
name: Venturino, Ezio
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 34C60, 49K15, 92D30

description: We propose a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, responsible for the cholera disease in humans. We prove that, when the basic reproduction number is equal to one, a transcritical bifurcation occurs for which the endemic equilibrium emanates from the disease-free point. A control function is introduced into the model, representing the distribution of chlorine water tablets for water purification. An optimal control problem is then proposed and analyzed, where the goal is to determine the fraction of susceptible individuals who should have access to chlorine water tablets in order to minimize the total number of new infections plus the total cost associated with the distribution of chlorine water tablets, over the considered period of time. Finally, we consider real data of the cholera outbreak in Yemen, from 27 April 2017 to 15 April 2018, choosing the values of the parameters of the uncontrolled model that fit the real data. Using our optimal control results, we show, numerically, that the distribution of chlorine water tablets could have stopped, in a fast way, the worst cholera outbreak that ever occurred in human history. Due to the critical situation of Yemen, we also simulate the case where only a small percentage of susceptible individuals has access to chlorine water tablets and obtain an optimal control solution that decreases, substantially, the maximum number of infective individuals attained at the outbreak.
description: This is a preprint of a paper whose final and definite form is with 'J. Optim. Theory Appl.' (JOTA). Submitted 6-Apr-2019; Revised 12-Oct-2019 and 21-Jan-2020; Accepted 15-Apr-2020
Error Analysis for Dual-Beam Optical Linear Polarimetry
Creators: name: Patat, Ferdinando
name: Romaniello, Martino
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper we present an error analysis for polarimetric data obtained with dual-beam instruments. After recalling the basic concepts, we introduce the analytical expressions for the uncertainties of polarization degree and angle. These are then compared with the results of Monte-Carlo simulations, which are also used to briefly discuss the statistical bias. Then we approach the problem of background subtraction and the errors introduced by a non-perfect Wollaston prism, flat-fielding and retarder plate defects. We finally investigate the effects of instrumental polarization and we propose a simple test to detect and characterize it. The application of this method to real VLT-FORS1 data has shown the presence of a spurious polarization, which is of the order of 1.5% at the edges of the field of view. The cause of this effect has been identified with the presence of rather curved lenses in the collimator, combined with the non complete removal of reflections by the coatings. This problem is probably common to all focal-reducer instruments equipped with a polarimetric mode. An additional spurious and asymmetric polarization field, whose cause is still unclear, is visible in the B band.
description: 13 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in PASP
A Two-Region Diffusion Model for Current-Induced Instabilities of Step Patterns on Vicinal Si(111) Surfaces
Creators: name: Zhao, T.
name: Weeks, J. D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study current-induced step bunching and wandering instabilities with subsequent pattern formations on vicinal surfaces. A novel two-region diffusion model is developed, where we assume that there are different diffusion rates on terraces and in a small region around a step, generally arising from local differences in surface reconstruction. We determine the steady state solutions for a uniform train of straight steps, from which step bunching and in-phase wandering instabilities are deduced. The physically suggestive parameters of the two-region model are then mapped to the effective parameters in the usual sharp step models. Interestingly, a negative kinetic coefficient results when the diffusion in the step region is faster than on terraces. A consistent physical picture of current-induced instabilities on Si(111) is suggested based on the results of linear stability analysis. In this picture the step wandering instability is driven by step edge diffusion and is not of the Mullins-Sekerka type. Step bunching and wandering patterns at longer times are determined numerically by solving a set of coupled equations relating the velocity of a step to local properties of the step and its neighbors. We use a geometric representation of the step to derive a nonlinear evolution equation describing step wandering, which can explain experimental results where the peaks of the wandering steps align with the direction of the driving field.
description: 11 pages, 10 figures
title: Investigación sobre el análisis para la formulación de una Política Pública de Desarme Ciudadano en Colombia, a partir de las experiencias realizadas en el país. Proyecto realizado bajo el marco de Jóvenes Investigadores de Colciencias
Creators: name: Amaya Beltrán, Andrea
Publisher: name: Universidad del Rosario
Year: 2024

description: La investigación busca analizar y ver la efectividad de las iniciativas y políticas de desarme ciudadano que se han realizado en países diversos, así como a nivel nacional, con las cuales se busca sensibilizar a la población civil para restringir el porte de estos objetos que son utilizados para cometer homicidios. En una primera parte se expondrán algunos conceptos a tener en cuenta para este documento, se realizará un contexto a nivel mundial sobre las cifras, datos relacionados con las armas de fuego, así como los argumentos que se encuentran a favor o en contra de las armas de fuego. En una segunda parte se analizará la legislación que en el ámbito internacional, regional y local existe y se aplica para las armas de fuego en relación con su comercialización, tenencia y porte. En una tercera parte se explicarán y analizarán los programas y políticas de desarme ciudadano que se han implementado en la Argentina y Ciudad de México. En una cuarta parte se analizarán las campañas de desarme ciudadano que se han realizado durante las últimas décadas en las principales ciudades de Colombia: Bogotá, Medellín y Cali, donde se analizará la efectividad y el impacto de estas medidas para la reducción de los homicidios en las ciudades. Lo anterior llevará al desarrollo de la quinta parte, en la que se analizarán los elementos que tiene una política pública y, para este caso, la formulación de una política pública de desarme ciudadano en Colombia. Por último, se expondrán las conclusiones de la investigación.
Contact polarizations and associated metrics in geometric thermodynamics
Creators: name: Lopez-Monsalvo, C. S
name: Nettel, F.
name: Pineda-Reyes, V.
name: Escamilla-Herrera, L. F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Symplectic Geometry (math.SG)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this work we show that a Legendre transformation is nothing but a mere change of contact polarization from the point of view of contact geometry. Then, we construct a set of Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian metrics on a contact manifold by introducing almost contact and para-contact structures and we analyze their isometries. We show that it is not possible to find a class of metric tensors which fulfills two properties: on the one hand, to be polarization independent i.e. the Legendre transformations are the corresponding isometries and, on the other, that it induces a Hessian metric into the corresponding Legendre submanifolds. This second property is motivated by the well known Riemannian structures of the geometric description of thermodynamics which are based on Hessian metrics on the space of equilibrium states and whose properties are related to the fluctuations of the system. We find that to define a Riemannian structure with such properties it is necessary to abandon the idea of an associated metric to an almost contact or para-contact structure. We find that even extending the contact metric structure of the thermodynamic phase space the thermodynamic desiderata cannot be fulfilled.
description: 25 pages, revised version, accepted in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical
Free Lunch! Retrospective Uplift Modeling for Dynamic Promotions Recommendation within ROI Constraints
Creators: name: Goldenberg, Dmitri
name: Albert, Javier
name: Bernardi, Lucas
name: Estevez, Pablo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Promotions and discounts have become key components of modern e-commerce platforms. For online travel platforms (OTPs), popular promotions include room upgrades, free meals and transportation services. By offering these promotions, customers can get more value for their money, while both the OTP and its travel partners may grow their loyal customer base. However, the promotions usually incur a cost that, if uncontrolled, can become unsustainable. Consequently, for a promotion to be viable, its associated costs must be balanced by incremental revenue within set financial constraints. Personalized treatment assignment can be used to satisfy such constraints. This paper introduces a novel uplift modeling technique, relying on the Knapsack Problem formulation, that dynamically optimizes the incremental treatment outcome subject to the required Return on Investment (ROI) constraints. The technique leverages Retrospective Estimation, a modeling approach that relies solely on data from positive outcome examples. The method also addresses training data bias, long term effects, and seasonality challenges via online-dynamic calibration. This approach was tested via offline experiments and online randomized controlled trials at Booking .com - a leading OTP with millions of customers worldwide, resulting in a significant increase in the target outcome while staying within the required financial constraints and outperforming other approaches.
description: Accepted to Fourteenth ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, Brazil, September, 2020
The EU Sugar Policy Regime and Implications of Reform
Creators: name: Elbehri, Aziz
name: Umstaetter, Johannes
name: Kelch, David R.
name: Elbehri, Aziz
name: Umstaetter, Johannes
name: Kelch, David R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: European Union
subject: EU
subject: sugar CMO
subject: Common Market Organization
subject: policy reform
subject: trade
subject: economic model

description: The European Union’s sugar policy, in place since 1968, underwent its first major reform in 2005 in response to mounting and unsustainable imbalances in supply and demand. The reform, however, targeted only a few policy instruments (intervention price cut, voluntary production quota buyout, and restrictions on nonquota sugar exports), while leaving other key policies unchanged (interstate quota trading, sugar-substitute competition, and import barriers). Consequently, the extent of the reform’s impact is limited, compared with more far-reaching alternatives, particularly when the oligopolistic nature of the industry and its noncompetitive pricing behavior are taken into account. A model-based analysis suggests that the reforms by themselves are unlikely to induce price adjustments sufficient to reduce overproduction unless quotas and/or high tariffs are reduced.
Continuous Time Quantum Monte Carlo method for fermions
Creators: name: Rubtsov, A. N.
name: Savkin, V. V.
name: Lichtenstein, A. I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present numerically exact continuous-time Quantum Monte Carlo algorithm for fermions with a general non-local in space-time interaction. The new determinantal grand-canonical scheme is based on a stochastic series expansion for the partition function in the interaction representation. The method is particularly applicable for multi-band time-dependent correlations since it does not invoke the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation. The test calculations for exactly solvable models as well results for the Green function and for the time-dependent susceptibility of the multi-band super-symmetric model with a spin-flip interaction are discussed.
description: 10 pages, 7 Figures
Configuration-mapping spaces and homology stability
Creators: name: Palmer, Martin
name: Tillmann, Ulrike
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Algebraic Topology (math.AT)
subject: Geometric Topology (math.GT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 55R80, 57N65, 55N25

description: For a given bundle $ξ\colon E \to M$ over a manifold, configuration-section spaces on $ξ$ parametrise finite subsets $z \subseteq M$ equipped with a section of $ξ$ defined on $M \smallsetminus z$, with prescribed "charge" in a neighbourhood of the points $z$. These spaces may be interpreted physically as spaces of fields that are permitted to be singular at finitely many points, with constrained behaviour near the singularities. As a special case, they include the Hurwitz spaces, which parametrise branched covering spaces of the $2$-disc with specified deck transformation group. We prove that configuration-section spaces are homologically stable (with integral coefficients) whenever the underlying manifold $M$ is connected and has non-empty boundary and the charge is "small" in a certain sense. This has a partial intersection with the work on Hurwitz spaces of Ellenberg, Venkatesh and Westerland.
description: 37 pages, 11 figures. Final accepted version, to appear in Res. Math. Sci. Section 10 has been removed and will be revised and appear separately. Section 9 has been merged into sections 7 and 8
Evolution in the Color-Magnitude Relation of Early-Type Galaxies in Clusters of Galaxies at z~=1
Creators: name: Holden, B. P.
name: Stanford, S. A.
name: Eisenhardt, P.
name: Dickinson, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a study of the color evolution of elliptical and S0 galaxies in six clusters of galaxies inside the redshift range 0.78 < z < 1.27. For each cluster, we used imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope to determine morphological types by both an automated technique and from visual inspection. We performed simulations to determine the accuracy of the automated classifications and found a success rate of ~75% at m(L*) or brighter magnitudes for most of our HST imaging data with the fraction of late--type galaxies identified as early--type galaxies to be ~10% at m(L*) to ~20% at m(L*)+2. From ground based optical and near-infrared imaging, we measured the zero-point and scatter in the color--magnitude relation of the early-type populations, which when combined with Stanford et al. (1998), yields a sample of cluster early--type galaxies that span a lookback time of 9 gigayears from the present. We see the colors of the early--type cluster members become bluer with increasing redshift. We fit a set of models to the change in the color as a function of redshift with the best fitting values ranging from a formation redshift of 3^+2_-1 to 5_-3. The large scatter in resulting formation epochs, which depends on the details of the models used, implies that we can conclude that the oldest stars in the elliptical galaxies appear to have formed at redshifts of z>3. We find possible evolution in the scatter of the colors, with some high redshift clusters showing scatter as small as the Coma cluster but others showing much larger scatter. Those clusters with a small scatter imply either a formation redshift of at least z ~ 3 or a smaller spread in the range of formation redshifts at lower redshifts, assuming a Gaussian distribution of star-formation around the mean epoch.
description: 33 pages in emulate ApJ format. 33 figures, of which 10 are large finding charts in jpeg format. Monolithic manuscript with figures at full resolution available upon request. Abstract shortened. Now with references.
Farm credit its sources and pattern of Utilisation - An empirical analysis
Creators: name: Singh, S.K.
name: Singh, S.K.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Farm Management

description: The present study is based on the Ninety borrower farmers who were selected randomly from five villages of Manihari block of Ghazipur district. The study aims to find out the socio-economic profile of the sample borrower farmers, pattern of utilization of credit, its sources, productive and unproductive uses of credit etc. The study revealed that on an average 15.54 and 84.46 percent credit was made available from cooperative and commercial bank respectively. The major finance was made available to purchase tractor, which is used to perform various farm operations. The term and cooperative loan was reported 81 and 19 percent respectively and least misutilisation of credit was found among sample borrower farmers.
A Bio-economic Model of a Shrimp Hatchery in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam
Creators: name: Sinh, L.X.
name: MacAulay, T. Gordon
name: Brennan, Donna C.
name: Sinh, L.X.
name: MacAulay, T. Gordon
name: Brennan, Donna C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Production Economics
subject: Shrimp hatchery
subject: larval stage
subject: system simulation modelling

description: Shrimp culture areas and production of the Mekong Delta cover about 60 percent of the total shrimp areas and production of Vietnam. Especially, the Delta contributes about 80 percent of the total shrimp production for export. Rapid development of the shrimp industry is raising a number of serious problems that need to be solved. Shrimp seed supply (post larvae production) plays an essential role in the shrimp industry and it is one of the most important constraints to the development of the shrimp industry in the Delta. The focus of this study is aimed at obtaining an improvement in both the profit per day and post larvae production of the shrimp hatchery in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was applied to develop a stochastic and dynamic bio-economic model of a shrimp hatchery in the Delta. Initial results and policy recommendations are based on the analysis of the hatchery system simulation using a forward recursion approach and by changing the most important assumptions.
Operational distance and fidelity for quantum channels
Creators: name: Belavkin, Viacheslav P.
name: D'Ariano, Giacomo Mauro
name: Raginsky, Maxim
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Operator Algebras (math.OA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We define and study a fidelity criterion for quantum channels, which we term the minimax fidelity, through a noncommutative generalization of maximal Hellinger distance between two positive kernels in classical probability theory. Like other known fidelities for quantum channels, the minimax fidelity is well-defined for channels between finite-dimensional algebras, but it also applies to a certain class of channels between infinite-dimensional algebras (explicitly, those channels that possess an operator-valued Radon--Nikodym density with respect to the trace in the sense of Belavkin--Staszewski) and induces a metric on the set of quantum channels which is topologically equivalent to the CB-norm distance between channels, precisely in the same way as the Bures metric on the density operators associated with statistical states of quantum-mechanical systems, derived from the well-known fidelity (`generalized transition probability') of Uhlmann, is topologically equivalent to the trace-norm distance.
description: 26 pages, amsart.cls; improved intro, fixed typos, added a reference; accepted by J. Math. Phys
Equity issues and their socio-economic impact in a tribal dominated irrigation project of India
Creators: name: Solanki, A.S.
name: Solanki, A.S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: Social unrest
subject: warabandi agricultural-migration
subject: gainful employment

description: Irrigation equity leads to overall socio economic development in an irrigation project. Uneven distribution of water among farmers caused social unsets as well as agriculture migration. The situation becomes more acute when no scientific water distribution policy adopted by the irrigation officials viz.warabandi (Roster system of water distribution as per the owned landholding). The same case was studied in tribal dominated Jakham irrigation project where more than 82.12 percent farmers were tribals. At tail end of RMC, parel miner was selected purposely where most of the farmers were suffered from scarcity of water. At the parel miner socio economic status further studied as head, middle and tailend farmers. The farmers located at head of the miner were getting more water comparatively to other but they were misutilised the water and not use water rationally. Whereas middle farmers were getting water mordantly and tail enders suffered high scarcity. The data revealed that the socio economic conditions in terms of cropping pattern, cropping intensity, farm income, farm and family assets were better in case of middle farmers followed by headrech and tailand farmers. The tail end farmers even left the agriculture practices in such of gainful employment.
Extreme Gravitational Lensing near Rotating Black Holes
Creators: name: Beckwith, Kris
name: Done, Chris
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe a new approach to calculating photon trajectories and gravitational lensing effects in the strong gravitational field of the Kerr black hole. These techniques are applied to explore both the imaging and spectral properties of photons that perform multiple orbits of the central mass before escaping to infinity. Viewed at large inclinations, these higher order photons contribute $\sim 20 %$ of the total luminosity of the system for a Schwarzschild hole, whilst for an extreme Kerr black hole this fraction rises to $\sim 60 %$. In more realistic models these photons will be re-absorbed by the disc at large distances from the hole, but this returning radiation could provide a physical mechanism to resolve the discrepancy between the predicted and observed optical/UV colours in AGN. Conversely, at low inclinations, higher order images re-intercept the disc plane close to the black hole, so need not be absorbed by the disc if this is within the plunging region. These photons form a bright ring carrying approximately 10% of the total disc luminosity for a Schwarzchild black hole. The spatial separation between the inner edge of the disc and the ring is similar to the size of the event horizon. This is resolvable for supermassive black holes with proposed X-ray interferometery missions such as MAXIM, so has the potential to provide an observational test of strong field gravity.
description: 13 pages, 11 figures, submitted to MNRAS, version with high resolution figures available from http://star-www.dur.ac.uk/~krcb/lense.pdf
Inter organization water conflicts and their resolution in Som Kadgar tribal dominated irrigation project of Rajasthan - India
Creators: name: Solanki, A.S.
name: Solanki, A.S.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Farm Management
subject: Resource /Energy Economics and Policy
subject: water management transfer
subject: host socio-economic problem
subject: Active farmers participation

description: Irrigation being a crucial factor for enhancing agricultural productivity, it must be treated carefully when the irrigation project suffered socio economic constraints. In Indian context, the irrigation officials are facing a several host socio-economic problems. The problems can be well managed by irrigation management transfer. A similar case study was undertaken in tribal dominated irrigation project where 77.14 per cent farmers were fall into the category of the tribals. The farmers of the project area were sub-divided as per their living situation i.e. non-tribal organization and tribal organization. Each organization was taken water from the same outlet no.14 B at Mohanpura miner. The data revealed that the non-tribal powerful farmers were not allowed to take water to the tribals hence; they were having poor socio-economy conditions. At letter stage the water distribution was handed over to water users association consisting tribals and non-tribals farmers .A significant changed was observed in socio-economic conditions of the tribal farmers after actively participated in WUA.
Research Evaluation to Increase Impact
Creators: name: Templeton, Deborah J.
name: Templeton, Deborah J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Research evaluation
subject: research-to-impact pathway

description: Research evaluation, undertaken throughout the life of the research activity, is an important tool for research managers. When correctly implemented, research evaluation can help to increase the success of existing and future research projects and programs, thereby increasing the social, economic and/or environmental impact of the research. The relationship between the life-cycle of the research project and the type of evaluation determines the appropriate type of evaluation to be undertaken. Given the value of research evaluation, and the recent development of user-friendly evaluation procedures and models, management of a R&D portfolio can benefit from increased evaluation effort at the project, program and organisational levels.
An Investigation into the Net Benefits of Revegetating Agricultural Land with Indigenous Species in the Dryland Section of the Goulburn-Broken Catchment Area
Creators: name: Trapnell, Lindsay N.
name: Trapnell, Lindsay N.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Land Economics/Use
subject: Biodiversity
subject: Economic and Financial Analyses
subject: Environmental Degradation
subject: Land Management
subject: Revegetation

description: Benefits ascribed to the revegetation of farming landscapes include enhancement of biodiversity, reduction in the advance of dryland salinity, sequestration of greenhouse gases, control of soil erosion, greater protection of agricultural activities from adverse weather conditions and an improved aesthetic value of rural lands. In this paper, economic analyses were performed to determine the net benefits to landholders of carrying out revegetation. Where the net benefits were insufficient to allow reasonable returns to be earned on the investment of marginal capital, an assessment was made of the amount and type of assistance that would be necessary to encourage landholders to adopt this improved system of land management.
Non-Abelian Localization For Chern-Simons Theory
Creators: name: Beasley, Chris
name: Witten, Edward
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We reconsider Chern-Simons gauge theory on a Seifert manifold M (the total space of a nontrivial circle bundle over a Riemann surface). When M is a Seifert manifold, Lawrence and Rozansky have shown from the exact solution of Chern-Simons theory that the partition function has a remarkably simple structure and can be rewritten entirely as a sum of local contributions from the flat connections on M. We explain how this empirical fact follows from the technique of non-abelian localization as applied to the Chern-Simons path integral. In the process, we show that the partition function of Chern-Simons theory on M admits a topological interpretation in terms of the equivariant cohomology of the moduli space of flat connections on M.
description: 131 pages, harvmac, v2: references added
Optimising Broadacre Crop Rotations using Dynamic Programming
Creators: name: Trengove, Graham
name: Manson, Andrew
name: Trengove, Graham
name: Manson, Andrew
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Crop Production/Industries

description: A Dynamic programming Model is used to select the most profitable crop rotation from seven crop alternatives including pasture. Crop yields within a rotation are estimated by specifying growing season rainfall, water use efficiency and weed and disease penalties caused by the three previous years crop history. A provision exists to include the effect on yield of other natural resource limitations. Regional variations can be accounted for by varying rainfall, management practices, yield penalties and input costs. A nitrogen-phosphorous calculator ensures sufficient fertiliser is applied for the crop to achieve its expected yield. This approach can be used to measure the productivity implications of advances in technology as well as the impact of rainfall, yield and price variations on optimal rotations.
Special moments
Creators: name: Kuperberg, Greg
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Probability (math.PR)
subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: In this article, we show that a linear combination $X$ of $n$ independent, unbiased Bernoulli random variables $\{X_k\}$ can match the first $2n$ moments of a random variable $Y$ which is uniform on an interval. More generally, for each $p \ge 2$, each $X_k$ can be uniform on an arithmetic progression of length $p$. All values of $X$ lie in the range of $Y$, and their ordering as real numbers coincides with dictionary order on the vector $(X_1,...,X_n)$. The construction involves the roots of truncated $q$-exponential series. It applies to a construction in numerical cubature using error-correcting codes [arXiv:math.NA/0402047]. For example, when $n=2$ and $p=2$, the values of $X$ are the 4-point Chebyshev quadrature formula.
description: 8 pages, 2 figures. Substantially revised and expanded with the aid of a careful referee. To appear in the David Robbins memorial issue of Advances in Applied Mathematics
An Overview of Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel
Creators: name: Al-Baghdadi, Maher
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 90201 Automotive Combustion and Fuel Engineering (incl. Alternative/Renewable Fuels)
subject: FOS: Environmental engineering
subject: 90607 Power and Energy Systems Engineering (excl. Renewable Power)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: 90608 Renewable Power and Energy Systems Engineering (excl. Solar Cells)

description: Hydrogen is a very important fuel of our secure and clean energy future. Hydrogen will be the fuel of the future and gradually it will replace all current fossil fuels. Hydrogen can be used as a fuel for vehicles, to heat homes and offices, to produce electricity, and to fuel ships and aircraft. The present work provides an overview of hydrogen as an alternative fuel, which can be used in internal combustion engines and in fuel cells.
Compactness and sharp lower bound for a 2D smectics model
Creators: name: Novack, Michael
name: Yan, Xiaodong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We consider a 2D smectics model \begin{equation*} E_{ε}\left( u\right) =\frac{1}{2}\int_Ω\frac{1}{\varepsilon }\left( u_{z}-\frac{1% }{2}u_{x}^{2}\right) ^{2}+\varepsilon \left( u_{xx}\right) ^{2}dx\,dz. \end{equation*} For $\varepsilon _{n}\rightarrow 0$ and a sequence $\left\{ u_{n}\right\} $ with bounded energies $E_{\varepsilon _{n}}\left(u_{n}\right) ,$ we prove compactness of $\{\partial_z u_{n}\}$ in $L^{2}$ and $\{\partial_x u_n\}$ in $L^q$ for any $1\leq q6$. We also prove a sharp lower bound on $E_{\varepsilon }$ when $\varepsilon\rightarrow 0.$ The sharp bound corresponds to the energy of a 1D ansatz in the transition region.
Eucalyptus biomass fuels: Price competitive or way off the money?
Creators: name: Van Bueren, Martin
name: Vincent, David P.
name: Van Bueren, Martin
name: Vincent, David P.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2003
Subjects: Crop Production/Industries
Environmental Economics and Policy

description: This paper examines the costs and benefits of producing biomass fuels from mallee eucalypts grown in low rainfall areas of Western Australia. The fuels examined are ethanol and renewable electricity. As a means of examining the competitiveness of these energy sources with conventional fossil fuels, we estimate the price gap between ethanol and petrol and the cost of producing a unit of electricity by conventional means versus biomass electricity. Both comparisons are made on an energy equivalent basis. The potential for future advances in processing technology is built into the analysis. We find that ethanol is not price competitive with petrol, even after considering environmental benefits associated with biomass fuels. This finding raises questions about the wisdom of pursuing a biofuels target, a recent policy of the Commonwealth government. The picture for biomass electricity is brighter. When carbon sequestration benefits are taken into account, the cost of biomass electricity is on a par with conventional power.
Gauge Unification in Highly Anisotropic String Compactifications
Creators: name: Hebecker, A.
name: Trapletti, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It is well-known that heterotic string compactifications have, in spite of their conceptual simplicity and aesthetic appeal, a serious problem with precision gauge coupling unification in the perturbative regime of string theory. Using both a duality-based and a field-theoretic definition of the boundary of the perturbative regime, we reevaluate the situation in a quantitative manner. We conclude that the simplest and most promising situations are those where some of the compactification radii are exceptionally large, corresponding to highly anisotropic orbifold models. Thus, one is led to consider constructions which are known to the effective field-theorist as higher-dimensional or orbifold grand unified theories (orbifold GUTs). In particular, if the discrete symmetry used to break the GUT group acts freely, a non-local breaking in the larger compact dimensions can be realized, leading to a precise gauge coupling unification as expected on the basis of the MSSM particle spectrum. Furthermore, a somewhat more model dependent but nevertheless very promising scenario arises if the GUT breaking is restricted to certain singular points within the manifold spanned by the larger compactification radii.
description: 34 pages, 4 figures, more references added