cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Financing Ethiopia`s development: confronting the gap between ambition and means
Creators: name: Bienen, Derk
name: Ciuroak, Dan
name: Tadelel Ferede
name: Bienen, Derk
name: Ciuroak, Dan
name: Tadelel Ferede
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2015
Subjects: subject: Financial Economics
subject: International Development
subject: development financing
subject: resource mobilization
subject: tax
subject: private sector development
subject: Ethiopia

description: Ethiopia set out – and in large measure achieved – a very ambitious program of economic and social development under its Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP-I).The scale of public sector involvement was very large: for the five-year Plan period, it called for budgetary government spending and public enterprise off-budget spending of 41% of GDP, more than half of which was to come from budgetary resources. As Ethiopia prepares for the second version of its GTP (GTP-II), it must confront a fiscal numbers problem: Ethiopia’s tax share of GDP under GTP-I reached only the12%-13%level, and revenue flows from official international assistance are shrinking. This paper dissects the financing challenge that Ethiopia must meet to achieve its goal of becoming a middle income country. It concludes that only export-led manufacturing in a context of a major expansion of the number of active formal enterprises coupled with best practice performance in all other areas related to revenue generation will square the circle of Ethiopia’s development financing challenge.
Dynamics of descending knots in a solar prominence and their possible contributions to the heating of the local corona
Creators: name: Bi, Yi
name: Yang, Bo
name: Li, Tng
name: Dong, Yan
name: Ji, Kaifan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The knots in solar prominences are often observed to fall with nearly constant velocity, but the associated physical mechanism is currently not well understood. In this letter, we presented a prominence observed by New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST) in H-alpha wavelength. Knots that rose within the prominence appear to have been preferentially located at higher altitude, whereas those that fell were found throughout the entire prominence structure. The descending speed of the knots near the solar surface was higher than that far away from the solar surface. We noted that the knots near the solar surface may run along a set of coronal loops observed from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly. Elsewhere, the majority of knots are interpreted to have descended across more horizontal magnetic field with a nearly constant speed. This lack of acceleration indicates that the liberated gravitational potential energy may not manifest as an increase in kinetic energy. Assuming instead that the descending knots were capable of exciting Alfven waves that could then dissipate within the local corona, the gravitational potential energy of the knots may have been converted into thermal energy. Assuming a perfectly elastic system, we therefore estimate that the gravitational energy loss rate of these observed knots amounts to 1/2000 of that required to heat the entire quiet-Sun, increasing to 1/320 when considering possibly further downward motions of the knots having disappeared in the H-alpha observations. This result suggests such a mechanism may contribute to the heating of the corona local to these prominences.
description: 13 pages, 6 figures
Дослідження садиби по Десятинному провулку 5 (за матеріалами розкопок 2008–2013 рр.)
Creators: name: Володимир Гнера
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 210102 Archaeological Science
subject: FOS: History and archaeology

description: Гнера, В. А. (2013). Дослідження садиби по Десятинному провулку 5 (за матеріалами розкопок 2008–2013 рр.). Opus Mixtum, №1, 74–80.
Historical research on the territory of the Tithe Lane and home the number 5, on the basis of archaeological excavations in six years. Results of the study allowed us to clarify some of the issues of planning the West Palace and the time of its existence. On the foundation of the palace for seven centuries, is not precisely known, are any buildings or sites of economic purpose. It is known that in the mid-XIX century. on the Tithe Lane was built manor number 5, where lived archpriest of St. Andrew’s Church Paul Podvysotsky. Currently the building is dismantled, it is possible to get sight of photos and cosmo pictures. The remains of the palace of the West conserved and prepared for future museifi cation.
Застосування нових методів дослідження в історико-меморіальній роботі на місцях боїв Великої Вітчизняної війни
Creators: name: Володимир Гнера
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: Archaeology

description: Гнера, В. А. (2014). Застосування нових методів дослідження в історико-меморіальній роботі на місцях боїв Великої Вітчизняної війни. Питання історії науки і техніки, №1, 54–60.
The article reviews the main issues of historical and memorial search work on the territory experienced significant anthropogenic impacts in conditions of lack of the objective information. On the example of historical memorial search works on the lines of the Kiev fortified area unsubstantiated promise of photogrammetric methods. Review the technique being used to decrypt the objects of search.
Front Matter
Creators: name: Hallam, Arne
name: Hallam, Arne
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1989
Subjects: Farm Management
Industrial Organization
Production Economics
Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession

description: DETERMINANTS OF FARM SIZE AND STRUCTURE Edited By Arne Hallam Department of Economics Iowa State University Proceedings of the program sponsored by the NC-181 Committee on Determinants of Farm Size and Structure in North Central Areas of the United States, held January 7, 8, 9, and 10, 1989, in Tucson, Arizona. December 1989
Hadronic transitions from the lattice
Creators: name: Michael, Chris
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: I discuss strategies to determine hadronic decay couplings from lattice studies. As a check of the methods, I explore the decay of a vector meson to two pseudoscalar mesons with $N_f=2$ flavours of sea quark. Although we are working with quark masses that do not allow a physical decay, I show how the transition rate can be evaluated from the amplitude for $ρ\to ππ$ and from the annihilation component of $ππ\to ππ$. I explore the decay amplitude for two different pion momenta and find consistent results. The coupling strength found is in agreement with experiment. I also find evidence for a shift in the $ρ$ mass caused by mixing with two pion states. I also present results for the decay of a hybrid meson, for the case of heavy valence quarks.
description: 10 pages, 7 ps figures, proc LHP03, Cairns
Strong Scatterings of Cold Jupiters and their Influence on Inner Low-mass Planet Systems: Theory and Simulations
Creators: name: Pu, Bonan
name: Lai, Dong
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent observations have indicated a strong connection between compact ($a \lesssim 0.5$ au) super-Earth and mini-Neptune systems and their outer ($a \gtrsim$ a few au) giant planet companions. We study the dynamical evolution of such inner systems subject to the gravitational effect of an unstable system of outer giant planets, focussing on systems whose end configurations feature only a single remaining outer giant. In contrast to similar studies which used on N-body simulations with specific (and limited) parameters or scenarios, we implement a novel hybrid algorithm which combines N-body simulations with secular dynamics with aims of obtaining analytical understanding and scaling relations. We find that the dynamical evolution of the inner planet system depends crucially on $N_{\mathrm{ej}}$, the number of mutual close encounters between the outer planets prior to eventual ejection/merger. When $N_{\mathrm{ej}}$ is small, the eventual evolution of the inner planets can be well described by secular dynamics. For larger values of $N_{\mathrm{ej}}$, the inner planets gain orbital inclination, inclination and eccentricity in a stochastic fashion analogous to Brownian motion. We develop a theoretical model, and compute scaling laws for the final orbital parameters of the inner system. We show that our model can account for the observed eccentric super-Earths/mini-Neptunes with inclined cold Jupiter companions, such as HAT-P-11, Gliese 777 and $π$ Men.
description: accepted for publication in MNRAS
Maternal care affects male and female offspring working memory and stress reactivity
Creators: name: Barha, Cindy
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: Variations in maternal care affect the development of individual differences in learning and memory and neuroendocrine responses to stress in adult male offspring, but it is not known how variations in maternal care affect adult female offspring. The present study investigated the performance of adult Sprague-Dawley male and female offspring exposed to either low or high levels of maternal licking/grooming on a spatial learning and memory task (Experiment 1) and the effects of acute stress on corticosterone levels and spatial memory performance (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1 rats were trained for 24 days on the spatial working/reference memory version of the radial arm maze (RAM). In experiment 2, rats were trained on the same R AM task, exposed to an acute stress, and the effect of stress on corticosterone levels and subsequent spatial memory was examined. In experiment 1, adult female offspring of low licking/grooming dams had enhanced working memory compared to all other groups. In experiment 2, all groups of male and female offspring had enhanced working memory 24h after exposure to acute 2h restraint stress while reference memory was enhanced after stress in male and female offspring of low licking/grooming dams. Furthermore, female offspring of low licking/grooming dams showed the largest corticosterone response to the acute restraint stress compared to all other groups. Male offspring of low licking/grooming dams showed a flattened corticosterone response to stress. Thus variations in maternal care differentially affect working memory and stress reactivity in male and female offspring.
Excited Platonic Sphalerons in the Presence of a Dilaton Field
Creators: name: Kleihaus, Burkhard
name: Kunz, Jutta
name: Myklevoll, Kari
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We construct sphaleron solutions with discrete symmetries in Yang-Mills-Higgs theory coupled to a dilaton. These platonic sphalerons are related to rational maps of degree N. We demonstrate that, in the presence of a dilaton, for a given rational map excited platonic sphalerons exist beside the fundamental platonic sphalerons. We focus on platonic sphaleron solutions with N=4, which possess cubic symmetry, and construct the two branches of their first excitations. The energy density of these excited platonic sphalerons exhibits a cube within a cube.
description: 12 pages, 3 figures
Large Intelligent Surfaces with Channel Estimation Overhead: Achievable Rate and Optimal Configuration
Creators: name: Kundu, Neel Kanth
name: McKay, Matthew R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Signal Processing (eess.SP)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Large intelligent surfaces (LIS) present a promising new technology for enhancing the performance of wireless communication systems. Realizing the gains of LIS requires accurate channel knowledge, and in practice the channel estimation overhead can be large due to the passive nature of LIS. Here, we study the achievable rate of a LIS-assisted single-input single-output communication system, accounting for the pilot overhead of a least-squares channel estimator. We demonstrate that there exists an optimal $K^{*}$, which maximizes achievable rate by balancing the power gains offered by LIS and the channel estimation overhead. We present analytical approximations for $K^{*}$, based on maximizing an analytical upper bound on average achievable rate that we derive, and study the dependencies of $K^*$ on statistical channel and system parameters.
description: Published in IEEE Wireless Communications Letters
Niphargus-Thiothrix associations may be widespread in sulphidic groundwater ecosystems: evidence from southeastern Romania.
Creators: name: Flot, Jean-François
name: Bauermeister, Jan
name: Brad, Traian
name: Hillebrand-Voiculescu, Alexandra
name: Sarbu, Serban M.
name: Dattagupta, Sharmishtha
Publisher: name: FID GEO
Year: 2014

description: Niphargus is a speciose amphipod genus found in groundwater habitats across Europe. Three Niphargus species living in the sulphidic Frasassi caves in Italy harbour sulphur-oxidizing Thiothrix bacterial ectosymbionts. These three species are distantly related, implying that the ability to form ectosymbioses with Thiothrix may be common among Niphargus. Therefore, Niphargus-Thiothrix associations may also be found in sulphidic aquifers other than Frasassi. In this study, we examined this possibility by analysing niphargids of the genera Niphargus and Pontoniphargus collected from the partly sulphidic aquifers of the Southern Dobrogea region of Romania, which are accessible through springs, wells and Movile Cave. Molecular and morphological analyses revealed seven niphargid species in this region. Five of these species occurred occasionally or exclusively in sulphidic locations, whereas the remaining two were restricted to nonsulphidic areas. Thiothrix were detected by PCR on all seven Dobrogean niphargid species and observed using microscopy to be predominantly attached to their hosts' appendages. 16S rRNA gene sequences of the Thiothrix epibionts fell into two main clades, one of which (herein named T4) occurred solely on niphargids collected in sulphidic locations. The other Thiothrix clade was present on niphargids from both sulphidic and nonsulphidic areas and indistinguishable from the T3 ectosymbiont clade previously identified on Frasassi-dwelling Niphargus. Although niphargids from Frasassi and Southern Dobrogea are not closely related, the patterns of their association with Thiothrix are remarkably alike. The finding of similar Niphargus-Thiothrix associations in aquifers located 1200 km apart suggests that they may be widespread in European groundwater ecosystems.
Cooling of hybrid neutron stars with microscopic equations of state
Creators: name: Wei, J. -B.
name: Burgio, G. F.
name: Schulze, H. -J.
name: Zappalà, and D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We model the cooling of hybrid neutron stars combining a microscopic nuclear equation of state in the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach with different quark models. We then analyze the neutron star cooling curves predicted by the different models and single out the preferred ones. We find that the possibility of neutron p-wave pairing can be excluded in our scenario.
description: 10 pages, 6 figures
Застосування аерофотограмметричних методів дистанційного зондування земної поверхні в археології
Creators: name: Володимир Гнера
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 210108 Historical Archaeology (incl. Industrial Archaeology)
subject: FOS: History and archaeology

description: Гнера, В. А. (2012). Застосування аерофотограмметричних методів дистанційного зондування земної поверхні в археології. Праці Центру пам’яткознавства. Збірник наукових праць., (Випуск 21), 76–91.
In work reviews the basic aspects of application photogrammetric methods in archaeology, presented a brief historiography, reviews the basic methods of interpretation the archaeological objects on aerial and satellite images. Proposed new method construct of search algorithm to improve to machine-visual, automated and automatic interpretation methods of searching archaeological sites in aerial and satellite images. Consider new opportunities for the protection of archaeology objects, with remote data methods.
Coherent Destruction of Photon Emission from a Single Molecule Source
Creators: name: Rozhkov, Igor
name: Barkai, E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The behavior of a single molecule driven simultaneously by a laser and by an electric radio frequency field is investigated using a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian approach. Employing the renormalization group method for differential equations we calculate the average waiting time for the first photon emission event to occur, and determine the conditions for the suppression and enhancement of photon emission. An abrupt transition from localization-like behavior to delocalization behavior is found.
description: 5 pages, 4 figures
Flavor non-singlet parton distribution functions from lattice QCD at physical quark masses via the pseudo-distribution approach
Creators: name: Bhat, Manjunath
name: Cichy, Krzysztof
name: Constantinou, Martha
name: Scapellato, Aurora
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: One of the great challenges of QCD is to determine the partonic structure of the nucleon from first principles. In this work, we provide such a determination of the flavor non-singlet ($u-d$) unpolarized parton distribution function (PDF), utilizing the non-perturbative formulation of QCD on the lattice. We apply Radyushkin's pseudo-distribution approach to lattice results obtained using simulations with the light quark mass fixed to its physical value; this is the first ever attempt for this approach directly at the physical point. The extracted coordinate-space matrix elements are used to find the relevant physical Ioffe time distributions from a matching procedure. The full Bjorken-$x$ dependence of PDFs is resolved using several reconstruction methods to tackle the ill-conditioned inverse problem encountered when using discrete lattice data. We consider both the valence distribution $q_v$ and the combination with antiquarks $q_v+2\bar{q}$, related to, respectively, the real and imaginary part of extracted matrix elements. Good agreement is found with PDFs from global fits already within statistical uncertainties and it is further improved by quantifying several systematic effects. The results presented here are the first ever \emph{ab initio} determinations of PDFs fully consistent with global fits in the whole $x$-range. Thus, they pave the way to investigating a wider class of partonic distributions, such as e.g.\ singlet PDFs and generalized parton distributions. Therefore, essential and yet missing first-principle insights can be achieved, complementing the rich experimental programs dedicated to the structure of the nucleon.
description: Matches journal version. Added an alternative interpolation procedure + analysis of PDF moments + comparison with NNPDF ITDs. Main results and conclusions unchanged. 24 pages, 17 figures
Cutoff effects in the O(N) sigma model at large N
Creators: name: Wolff, Ulli
name: Knechtli, Francesco
name: Leder, Bjoern
name: Balog, Janos
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The computation of the step scaling function for the finite size mass-gap in the O(N) sigma model at large N is reviewed. Practically exact nonperturbative results become available for both finite and vanishing lattice spacing. We use them as a testbed to investigate standard procedures of continuum extrapolation in lattice field theory.
description: 6 pages, 2 figures, contribution of U.W. to Lat05, Dublin
Full NLO QCD corrections to off-shell ttbb production
Creators: name: Denner, Ansgar
name: Lang, Jean-Nicolas
name: Pellen, Mathieu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this article, we report on the computation of the NLO QCD corrections to ${\rm p}{\rm p} \to μ^-\barν_μ{\rm e}^+ν_{\rm e}\bar{\rm b}{\rm b}\bar{\rm b}{\rm b}$ at the LHC, which is an irreducible background to ${\rm p}{\rm p}\to{\rm t}\bar{\rm t}{\rm H}\bigl(\to{\rm b}\bar{\rm b}\bigr)$. This is the first time that a full NLO computation for a $2\to8$ process with 6 external strongly-interacting partons is made public. No approximations are used, and all off-shell and interference effects are taken into account. Cross sections and differential distributions from the full computation are compared to results obtained by using a double-pole approximation for the top quarks. The difference between the full calculation and the one using the double-pole approximation is in general below 5\% but can reach 10\% in some regions of phase space.
description: 21 pages, 17 pdf figures. gb channels corrected. Matches the published version in PRD
Detection of the neutral MSSM Higgs bosons in the intense-coupling regime at the LHC
Creators: name: Boos, Edward
name: Djouadi, Abdelhak
name: Nikitenko, Alexander
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We analyse the prospects to detect at the LHC the neutral Higgs particles of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, when the masses of the two CP-even $h,H$ and of the CP-odd $A$ boson are close to one another, and the value of $\tb$ is large. In this "intense-coupling regime", the Higgs bosons have strongly enhanced couplings to isospin down-type fermions and large total decay widths, so that the $γγ, WW^*$ and $ZZ^*$ decay modes of the three Higgs bosons are strongly suppressed. We advocate the use of the decays into muon pairs, $h,H,A \to μ^+ μ^-$, to resolve the three Higgs boson peaks: although the branching ratios are small, ${\cal O}(10^{4})$, the resolution on muons is good enough to allow for their detection, if the mass splitting is large enough. Using an event generator analysis and a fast detector simulation, we show that only the process $pp \to b\bar{b} μ^+ μ^-$, when at least one of the $b$-quarks is detected, is viable.
description: 12 pages, latex, 6 figures
Diffusion of large-scale magnetic fields by reconnection in MHD turbulence
Creators: name: Santos-Lima, R.
name: Guerrero, G.
name: Pino, E. M. de Gouveia Dal
name: Lazarian, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The rate of magnetic field diffusion plays an essential role in several astrophysical plasma processes. It has been demonstrated that the omnipresent turbulence in astrophysical media induces fast magnetic reconnection, which consequently leads to large-scale magnetic flux diffusion at a rate independent of the plasma microphysics. This process is called ``reconnection diffusion'' (RD) and allows for the diffusion of fields which are dynamically important. The current theory describing RD is based on incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence. In this work, we have tested quantitatively the predictions of the RD theory when magnetic forces are dominant in the turbulence dynamics (Alfvénic Mach number $M_A < 1$). We employed the \textsc{Pencil Code} to perform numerical simulations of forced MHD turbulence, extracting the values of the diffusion coefficient $η_{RD}$ using the Test-Field method. Our results are consistent with the RD theory ($η_{RD} \sim M_A^{3}$ for $M_A < 1$) when turbulence approaches the incompressible limit (sonic Mach number $M_S \lesssim 0.02$), while for larger $M_S$ the diffusion is faster ($η_{RD} \sim M_A^{2}$). This work shows for the first time simulations of compressible MHD turbulence with the suppression of the cascade in the direction parallel to the mean magnetic field, which is consistent with incompressible weak turbulence theory. We also verified that in our simulations the energy cascading time does not follow the scaling with $M_A$ predicted for the weak regime, in contradiction with the RD theory assumption. Our results generally support and expand the RD theory predictions.
description: 22 pages, 13 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS
In flight calibration of the ISGRI camera
Creators: name: Terrier, Regis
name: Lebrun, F.
name: Bazzano, A.
name: Belanger, G.
name: Bird, A. J.
name: Blondel, C.
name: David, P.
name: Goldoni, P.
name: Goldwurm, A.
name: Gros, A.
name: Laurent, P.
name: Malaguti, G.
name: Sauvageon, A.
name: Segreto, A.
name: Ubertini, P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: ISGRI, the IBIS low energy camera (15 keV - 1 MeV) on board INTEGRAL, is the first large CdTe gamma-ray imager in orbit. We present here an overview of the ISGRI in-flight calibrations performed during the first months after launch. We discuss the stability of the camera as well as the CdTe pixels response under cosmic radiation. The energy calibra tions were done using lead and tungsten fluorescence lines and the $\mathrm{^{22}Na}$ calibration unit. Thermal effects and charge correction algorithm are discussed, and the resulting energy resolution is presented. The ISGRI background spatial and spectral non-uniformity is also described, and some image correction results are presented.
Target Capital Structure: Dynamics, Determinants and Speed of Adjustment
Creators: name: Tamirat, Aderajew
name: Trujillo-Barrera, Andres
name: Pennings, Joost M.E.
name: Tamirat, Aderajew
name: Trujillo-Barrera, Andres
name: Pennings, Joost M.E.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Agricultural Finance
subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: Farm business
subject: Dynamic partial adjustment model
subject: Target capital structure
subject: Adjustment speed

description: The corporate finance literature has focused on explaining the determinants of firms target capital structure and speed of adjustment using the well-established theories such as pecking order, signaling and trade-off theories. However, less attention has been paid to understanding the financing behavior of farm businesses using these theories. Unlike corporate firms with professional management, farm businesses are different in a way that family members participate in management, the owner is often the manager, the decision-making unit is small, and farms heavily depend on government subsidies to stabilize income. These distinctive setting in farm business may result in different patterns of capital structure decision-making. Hence, we evaluate the application of corporate finance theories in the context of understanding the relationship between target capital structure and profit in the farm business. We use a dynamic partial adjustment model to examine the determinants of capital structure and speed of adjustment, and detect capital structure theories with which the leverage ratio of farm business would comply. Our sample comprises a panel of 1500 Dutch farms over the years 2001 to 2015. We find strong evidence that farms prefer internal funds to external funds. Profit is negatively related to leverage, supporting the pecking order theory, which has often been rejected for large firms. Consistent with the signaling theory, we find that size is positively related to leverage. Farm asset structure, growth, investment, and earnings volatility significantly determine the target capital structure. An interesting finding is that farm leverage is highly persistent and that lagged leverage is the best predictor of subsequent leverage ratios. Also, farms appear to have target leverage ratio and are reported to adjust their leverage towards the optimal level. The speed of adjustment to the target capital ranges from 8.6% to 63%, and varies by farm size and farm. This evidence further confirms the existence of dynamics in the farm capital structure decision. This article provides insights to understanding the dynamic nature of farm capital structure and the applicability of capital structure theories in the farm business.
Do extreme events trigger turbulence decay? - a numerical study of turbulence decay time in pipe flows
Creators: name: Nemoto, Takahiro
name: Alexakis, Alexandros
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Turbulence locally created in laminar pipe flows shows sudden decay or splitting after a stochastic waiting time. In laboratory experiments, the mean waiting time was observed to increase double-exponentially as the Reynolds number (Re) approaches its critical value. To understand the origin of this double-exponential increase, we perform many pipe flow direct numerical simulations of the Navier-Stokes equations, and measure the cumulative histogram of the maximum axial vorticity field over the pipe (turbulence intensity). In the domain where the turbulence intensity is not small, we observe that the histogram is well-approximated by the Gumbel extreme-value distribution. The smallest turbulence intensity in this domain roughly corresponds to the transition value between the locally stable turbulence and a meta-stable (edge) state. Studying the Re dependence of the fitting parameters in this distribution, we derive that the time scale of the transition between these two states increases double-exponentially as Re approaches its critical value. On the contrary, in smaller turbulence intensities below this domain, we observe that the distribution is not sensible to the change of Re. This means that the decay time of the meta-stable state (to the laminar state) is stochastic but Re-independent in average. Our observation suggests that the conjecture made by Goldenfeld et al. to derive the double-exponential increase of turbulence decay time is approximately satisfied in the range of Re we studied. We also discuss using another extreme-value distribution, Fréchet distribution, instead of the Gumbel distribution to approximate the histogram of the turbulence intensify, which reveals interesting perspectives.
description: 18 pages, 10 figures
Biodiversity Productive Capacity in Mixed Farms of North-West of France: a Multi-output Primal System
Creators: name: Bareille, Francois
name: Dupraz, Pierre
name: Bareille, Francois
name: Dupraz, Pierre
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Farm Management
subject: ecosystem services
subject: agriculture
subject: permanent grassland
subject: crop diversity

description: Previous studies on the productive value of biodiversity emphasized that crop diversity increases crop yields. Here, we focus on the productivity of crop diversity and permanent grasslands for crops and milk. Using a GMM approach, we estimate detailed production functions using a sample of 3960 mixed farms from the FADN between 2002 and 2013. We highlight that permanent grasslands enhance crop production. We confirm that crop diversity increases crop and milk yields. Permanent grasslands and crop diversity are however substitute inputs. We also find that both of these biodiversity productive capacities influence variable input productivities. These results suggest the potential adaptations of farmers’ choices to environmental measures.
The lifetime of micron scale topological chiral magnetic states with atomic resolution
Creators: name: Lobanov, I. S.
name: Uzdin, V. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A new method for the numerical computation of the lifetimes of magnetic states within harmonic transition state theory (HTST) has been developed. In the simplest case, the system is described by a Heisenberg-like Hamiltonian with short-range interaction. Calculations are performed in Cartesian coordinates. Constraints on the values of magnetic moments are taken into account using Lagrange multipliers. The pre-exponential factor in the Arrhenius law in HTST is written in terms of the determinants of the Hessian of energy at the minima and saddle points on the multidimensional energy surface. An algorithm for calculating these determinants without searching for eigenvalues of the Hessian but using recursive relations is proposed. The method allows calculating determinants for systems containing millions of magnetic moments. This makes it possible to calculate the pre-exponential factor and estimate the lifetimes of micron-scale topological structures with atomic resolution, which until now has been impossible using standard approaches. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by calculating 2D and 3D skyrmionic structures.
Dislocation Dynamics in an Anisotropic Stripe Pattern
Creators: name: Kamaga, Carina
name: Ibrahim, Fatima
name: Dennin, Michael
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The dynamics of dislocations confined to grain boundaries in a striped system are studied using electroconvection in the nematic liquid crystal N4. In electroconvection, a striped pattern of convection rolls forms for sufficiently high driving voltages. We consider the case of a rapid change in the voltage that takes the system from a uniform state to a state consisting of striped domains with two different wavevectors. The domains are separated by domain walls along one axis and a grain boundary of dislocations in the perpendicular direction. The pattern evolves through dislocation motion parallel to the domain walls. We report on features of the dislocation dynamics. The kinetics of the domain motion are quantified using three measures: dislocation density, average domain wall length, and the total domain wall length per area. All three quantities exhibit behavior consistent with power law evolution in time, with the defect density decaying as $t^{-1/3}$, the average domain wall length growing as $t^{1/3}$, and the total domain wall length decaying as $t^{-1/5}$. The two different exponents are indicative of the anisotropic growth of domains in the system.
description: 8 figures: 7 jpeg and 1 pdf
Part-Time Farming in Italy: Does Farm Size Really Matter?
Creators: name: Tocco, Barbara
name: Davidova, Sophia
name: Bailey, Alastair
name: Tocco, Barbara
name: Davidova, Sophia
name: Bailey, Alastair
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Part-time farming
subject: Labour allocation
subject: Farm size
subject: Italy

description: This paper explores the phenomenon of part-time farming in Italy and investigates the drivers of farm holders’ labour supply based on the farm size. Since the definition of ‘small farm’ is arbitrary, the study explores different criteria taking into account the farm type and the utilised agricultural area. A random effects ordered probit is estimated using micro-data from the Italian Agricultural Business Survey for the period 2003-2009. The findings indicate significant differences in labour market responses between small and large farms, highlighting structural diversity in the farming systems and thus different incentives and business requirements. The conclusions support the policy claim that for smaller farmers rural development policies which encourage diversification activities and support commercialisation are much more important than farm subsidies.
The Scaling Behavior of Classical Wave Transport in Mesoscopic Media at the Localization Transition
Creators: name: Cheung, S. K.
name: Zhang, Z. Q.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The propagation of classical wave in disordered media at the Anderson localization transition is studied. Our results show that the classical waves may follow a different scaling behavior from that for electrons. For electrons, the effect of weak localization due to interference of recurrent scattering paths is limited within a spherical volume because of electron-electron or electron-phonon scattering, while for classical waves, it is the sample geometry that determine the amount of recurrent scattering paths that contribute. It is found that the weak localization effect is weaker in both cubic and slab geometry than in spherical geometry. As a result, the averaged static diffusion constant D(L) scales like ln(L)/L in cubic or slab geometry and the corresponding transmission follows ~ln L/L^2. This is in contrast to the behavior of D(L)~1/L and ~1/L^2 obtained previously for electrons or spherical samples. For wave dynamics, we solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation in a disordered slab with the recurrent scattering incorporated in a self-consistent manner. All of the static and dynamic transport quantities studied are found to follow the scaling behavior of D(L). We have also considered position-dependent weak localization effects by using a plausible form of position-dependent diffusion constant D(z). The same scaling behavior is found, i.e., ~ln L/L^2.
description: 11 pages, 12 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev. B on 3 May 2005
Postcollisional cooling history of the Eastern and Southern Alps and its linkage to Adria indentation
Creators: name: Heberer, Bianca
name: Reverman, Rebecca Lee
name: Fellin, Maria Giuditta
name: Neubauer, Franz
name: Dunkl, István
name: Zattin, Massimiliano
name: Seward, Diane
name: Genser, Johann
name: Brack, Peter
Publisher: name: FID GEO
Year: 2016

description: Indentation of rigid blocks into rheologically weak orogens is generally associated with spatiotemporally variable vertical and lateral block extrusion. The European Eastern and Southern Alps are a prime example of microplate indentation, where most of the deformation was accommodated north of the crustal indenter within the Tauern Window. However, outside of this window only the broad late-stage exhumation pattern of the indented units as well as of the indenter itself is known. In this study we refine the exhumational pattern with new (U–Th–Sm)/He and fission-track thermochronology data on apatite from the Karawanken Mountains adjacent to the eastern Periadriatic fault and from the central-eastern Southern Alps. Apatite (U–Th–Sm)/He ages from the Karawanken Mountains range between 12 and 5 Ma and indicate an episode of fault-related exhumation leading to the formation of a positive flower structure and an associated peripheral foreland basin. In the Southern Alps, apatite (U–Th–Sm)/He and fission-track data combined with previous data also indicate a pulse of mainly Late Miocene exhumation, which was maximized along thrust systems, with highly differential amounts of displacement along individual structures. Our data contribute to mounting evidence for widespread Late Miocene tectonic activity, which followed a phase of major exhumation during strain localization in the Tauern Window. We attribute this exhumational phase and more distributed deformation during Adriatic indentation to a major change in boundary conditions operating on the orogen, likely due to a shift from a decoupled to a coupled system, possibly enhanced by a shift in convergence direction.
title: Das Große Göldenitzer Moor bei Rostock - Nutzungs- und Vegetationswandel der letzten 200 Jahre
title: Teil I: Die vorindustrielle Phase extensiver Nutzung (1788 - 1950)
titleType: AlternativeTitle
title: The "Große Göldenitzer Moor" near Rostock (FRG) - Changes in use and vegetation in the last 200 years. Part I: The preindustrial period of extensive use (1788 - 1950)
Creators: name: Precker, Axel
Publisher: name: FID GEO
Year: 1992

description: Anhand des historischen Quellenmaterials werden die als Folge der Nutzung aufgetretenen Veränderungen in der Vegetation und der Hydrologie des ehemals größten Regenmoores Nordostdeutschlands rekonstruiert und in drei Zeitabschnitten dargestellt. Die Nutzung setzte im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert durch Torfstecherei ein. Im 19. Jahrhundert kamen land- und forstwirtschaftliche Nutzung hinzu. Insgesamt blieb die Nutzung jedoch bis 1950 extensiv. Die radikalsten Veränderungen traten bei den natürlichen Gewässern des Moores auf. Frühere Interpretationen zum Vegetationswandel werden korrigiert.
description: Based on study of historical sources, changes in the vegetation and hydrology due to the utilization of the in former times largest raised bog in northeastern Germany are reconstructed for three time periods. Utilization began by the end of the 18th century with peat cutting by hand followed by agricultural and forestry utilization within the 19th century. However, the bog was cultivated extensively until 1950. The most intensive changes have taken place with respect to the natural waters of the bog. Earlier interpretations of the vegetation changes are corrected.
description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
description: research
Bridging the Gap between Visual Analytics and Digital Humanities: Beyond the Data-Users-Tasks Design Triangle
Creators: name: Schetinger, Victor
name: Raminger, Kathrin
name: Filipov, Velitchko
name: Soursos, Nathalie
name: Zapke, Susana
name: Miksch, Silvia
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: Digital Humanities

description: This paper is an exercise in bridge building through re-thinking the common methodological foundations of Visual Analytics (VA) from a Digital Humanities (DH) perspective. We introduce the Data-Users-Tasks design triangle and re-purpose it to expose the complexities underlying interdisciplinary DH projects, tying it to undergoing discussion in the literature. We describe our experiences interacting with researchers from various disciplines, including musicology and (art) history, and conclude with the lessons that we learned along the way.
title: Die Sanierung des Schwäbischen Donaumooses
title: — Hintergründe, Massnahmen, Ziele —
titleType: AlternativeTitle
title: Restoration of the „Schwäbische Donaumoos“ — Hidden difficulties, preventive measurements, aims —
Creators: name: Mäck, Ulrich
Publisher: name: FID GEO
Year: 1998

description: Das Schwäbische Donaumoos liegt in Süddeutschland zwischen Ulm und Augsburg. Der Wasserhaushalt des Niedermoores wird vor allem durch die Donau und die ihr zufließenden Grund- und Oberflächenwässer aus der Schwäbischen Alb geprägt. Die Nutzung des Moores begann ca. im 6. Jahrhundert. Mit Beginn diesen Jahrhunderts wurde die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung in Zusammenhang mit der zunehmenden Austrocknung, verursacht vor allem durch die Donaukorrektur und die Trinkwasserentnahme aus dem Kies-Grundwasserleiter stark intensiviert. In den letzten Jahrzehnten sorgten Kiesabbau und weiterer Ausbau der Entwässerungsgräben für zusätzliche Wasserdefizite. Im Jahr 1990 wurde die „Arbeitsgemeinschaft Schwäbisches Donaumoos e.V.“ gegründet als funktionsfähiger Örtlicher Träger für die Bemühungen zur Sanierung des Wasserhaushaltes. Seit dieser Zeit sind umfangreiche Biotopoptimierungsmaßnahmen und hydrologische Projekte angelaufen. Die Anpassung der Landbewirtschaftung an das Leitbild für die künftige Landschaftsentwicklung ist ebenfalls im Gange, wird aber wohl wie andere großflächige Maßnahmen auch noch einige Jahre benötigen, bis ein Erfolg festgestellt werden kann.
description: In Southern Germany, between the cities of Ulm and Augsburg, a wetland called „Schwäbisches Donaumoos“ is situated. The water regime of this fen is mainly dominated by the river Donau in the south, and subsoil and surface waters coming from the „Schwäbische Alb“ in the north. Peatland cultivation started approximately in the 6th“ century. In the beginning of the 20th. century agriculture was strongly intensivated in close relation to the increasing drainage caused mainly by the correction of the river Donau, and the use of the underground waters as drinking water. During the last decades additional loss of water was caused by gravel-pits, and further building of drains. In the year 1990 the „Arbeitsgemeinschaft Schwäbisches Donaumoos e.V.“ was founded as a local representative for the effort to restore the water supply. Meanwhile extensive endeavours to optimate biotop structures and hydrological projects have been started. The adaption of the agriculture to the idea of a future landscape development with sustainable use is growing. But this process is supposed to take some years until an outstanding success will be recognisable.
description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
description: research
The Wheat Sector in Ethiopia: Current Status and Key Challenges for Future Value Chain Development
Creators: name: Gebreselassie, Samuel
name: Haile, Mekbib G.
name: Kalkuhl, Matthias
name: Gebreselassie, Samuel
name: Haile, Mekbib G.
name: Kalkuhl, Matthias
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Food Security and Poverty
subject: International Development
subject: Value chain
subject: wheat
subject: grain market
subject: food prices
subject: price transmission
subject: Ethiopia

description: This paper provides a general overview of the current status and key challenges of the Ethiopian wheat value chain. Wheat is an important staple food crop in Ethiopia. Improving wheat production and productivity is therefore a key part of the agenda in the Ethiopian government’s food security policy programs. Policy interventions that aim at improving wheat production or agricultural production for that matter, however, require interventions beyond the farm—at the whole wheat value chain. Both domestic production and import—the two key sources of wheat grain supply to the Ethiopian wheat value chain—have shown a substantial increase since the mid-1990s. Yet, a steady increase in domestic wheat consumption has resulted in rising wheat and wheat product prices over the past two decades. For instance, wheat grain, wheat flour as well as wheat bread prices have all more than doubled between 2000 and 2013. Using a qualitative survey of selected wheat value chain actors and a review of existing literature, this study provides an overview of the wheat value chain, institutional and marketing arrangements, and trader behaviour of wheat value chain actors in Ethiopia. The wheat value chain consists of multiple actors that include several smallholder farmers and the Ethiopian grain trade enterprise (EGTE) at the upstream and urban and rural consumers at the other end. The study stresses the need for formulation of market-enhancing policies, such as quality control and dispute settlement mechanisms as well as better access to market information, to improve wheat productivity as well as marketing efficiency.