Calpodes salianus Zhang & Cong & Grishin 2023, new species
Creators: name: Zhang, Jing
name: Cong, Qian
name: Grishin, Nick V.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae
Calpodes
Calpodes salianus

description: Calpodes salianus Grishin, new species   
https://zoobank.org/ 9916050C-DBCE-4EDA-A05C-6BB74C2BD7B3  
(Fig. 8 part, 195–196, 432–434)  
 Definition and diagnosis. Phylogenetic trees reveal that a specimen from Peru identified as Calpodes salius (Cramer, 1775) (type locality in Suriname) is not monophyletic with and shows prominent genetic differentiation from it (Fig. 8): e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 5.2% (34 bp), and therefore represents a new species. This new species keys to “ Saliana salius ” (O.14.17) in Evans (1955) but differs from it by longer costal shoulder of the discal cell spot that has an appearance of a separate spot shifted distad (at the base too) but joined with the lower spot (instead of a single spot with a flatter base and irregular outer margin), and the lack of ash-gray overscaling at the base of ventral hindwing (this area is maroon-colored instead with violet sheen) (Fig. 195–196), ampulla more protruding dorsad, and more convex costa near ampulla (Fig. 434). Due to the cryptic nature of this species, most reliable identification is achieved by DNA and a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: aly276558.9.2:A84G, aly276558.9.2:A150G, aly 2258.12.5:G486C, aly272.25.11:T84C, aly 1660.4.4:C157T, aly638.8.1:G327G (not A), aly638.8.1:A369A (not G), aly827.13.1:C42C (not G), aly827.13.1:C75C (not T), aly525.2.6:G186G (not A), and COI barcode: T19C, A44T, T121C, A175G, T596C.   
 Barcode sequence of the holotype. Sample NVG-18112H11, GenBank OR837712, 658 base pairs: AACTTTATATTTTATTTTCGGTATTTGAGCAGGAATATTAGGTTCTTCATTAAGTTTATTAATTCGTACAGAATTAGGTAATCCTGGTTCATTAATT GGAGATGACCAAATTTATAATACCATTGTTACAGCTCACGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTAATACCTATTATGATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATT GATTAGTACCATTAATATTAGGAGCCCCAGATATAGCTTTTCCTCGAATAAATAATATAAGATTTTGAATACTCCCCCCTTCATTAACTTTATTAAT TTCAAGAAGAATTGTAGAAAATGGTGCAGGAACAGGTTGAACAGTTTATCCCCCCCTTTCAGCTAATATCGCCCATCAAGGATCTTCAGTTGATCTA GCAATTTTTTCTTTACATTTAGCAGGAATTTCATCAATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACTACAATTATTAATATACGAATTAGAAATTTAATAT TTGACCAAATACCATTATTTGTTTGATCTGTAGGAATTACAGCATTATTATTACTATTATCATTACCAGTTTTAGCAGGAGCTATTACAATACTTCT TACTGACCGAAATCTAAATACATCTTTCTTTGACCCTGCAGGAGGAGGTGACCCTATTTTATACCAACATTTATTT   
 Type material. Holotype: ♂ currently deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA (USNM), illustrated in Fig. 195–196, bears the following four rectangular labels, three white: [PERU 300m | 30 Km S.W. | Pto. Maldonado | 26 Oct. ’83 | S. S. Nicolay], [DNA sample ID: | NVG-18112H11 | c/o Nick V. Grishin], [USNMENT | {QR Code} | 01531430], and one red [HOLOTYPE ♂ | Calpodes | salianus Grishin].   
 Type locality. Peru: Madre de Dios Region, 30 km SW of Puerto Maldonado, elevation 300 m.   
 Etymology. The name reflects its somewhat similar appearance to C. salius. Made longer, the name signifies it is a more southern relative. The name is treated as a noun in apposition.   
 Distribution. Currently known only from the holotype collected in the Amazonian region of Peru.
description: Published as part of Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian & Grishin, Nick V., 2023, Supplementary Materials and Appendix, pp. 1-115 in Insecta Mundi 2023 (26) on pages 79-80, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10396362