The Buru language of Eastern Indonesia
Creators: name: Grimes, Charles E.
Publisher: name: The Australian National University
Year: 1991

description: Buru is an Austronesian (Central Malayo-Polynesian) language spoken by around 45,000 people on the island of Buru in eastern Indonesia. Typologically, the language can be characterised as S V 0 (X), prepositional, with modifiers following the head noun in an NP and the genitive occurring before the noun. Analysis of Buru phonology [Chapter 5] shows the language to have seventeen consonants [C] and five vowels [V]. Canonical syllable types are (C)V(C). Monomorphemic roots are distinguished between lexical roots, which are overwhelmingly composed of two syllables (with a few trisyllables), and grammatical functors, which may be one or two syllables. Content words (such as nouns and verbs) are based on lexical roots and carry stress on the penultimate syllable of the word. Clitics behave as phonological satellites to stress-bearing roots and do not effect stress shift. Productive cliticisation is pervasive in Buru, dropping the final syllable and the word stress from a lexical root as it combines with a following lexical root. This process, along with several other morphophonemic processes involving verbal [Chapter 7] and nominal [Chapter 8] morphology yield a complex variety of derived syllable types. It becomes necessary to distinguish between the phonological word/ and the grammatical word, as there are many environments in Buru in which there is not a one-to-one correlation between the two [Chapter 6]. The pronominal systems are described [Chapter 9], noting that Buru is developing from a split-S system toward a switch-reference system. Spatial and temporal deictics [Chapter 10] are concerned with definiteness and reference-tracking in discourse and are used in a variety of constructions. In NPs [Chapters 8 &amp; 11], most nominal modifiers, including relative clauses, follow their head noun. Two constructions, the possessive and the genitive, are discussed in detail [Chapter 14]. Given the word order patterns found elsewhere in the language, Buru is typologically unusual in having the genitive and the possessive occurring before the head noun [Chapter 1'1]. The Buru clause is composed of a Subject and a Predicate. The Predicate may be nonverbal, semi-verbal, or verbal [Chapters 18 &amp; 19]. Verbs are divided into two types: in active verbs the syntactic subject is in the semantic macrorole of Actor; in non-active verbs the syntactic subject is in the semantic macrorole of Undergoer [Chapters 7 &amp; 12]. Active verbs further subdivide into active-transitive and active-intransitive, depending on their unmarked valence of core arguments. Active transitive clauses are prototypically S V 0 (X) in their order, with non-core arguments being marked as prepositional phrases [Chapter 13]. Buru has a rich variety of mechanisms for relating and integrating clauses [Chapter 20] through degrees of a variety of parameters which are more complex than a simple binary opposition of [±dependent], or (±embedded]. There is also a rich variety of mechanisms for putting elements of a clause into greater or lesser pragmatic prominence [Chapters 18, 21, 23]. A variety of different speech acts and styles are also described [Chapter 22]. The grammaricisario11 of several different subsystems is examined. Tense-aspect-mood proclitics [Chapter 12], post-verbal auxiliaries [Chapter 12], and some prepositions [Chapter 13], are all shown to have developed through verb serialisation. Introductory chapters describe the purposes and mechanics of the study [ Chapter 1], previous studies [Chapter 2], historical issues relevant to language use on the island [Chapter 3], and dialect geography and related sociolinguistic issues [Chapter 4]. Texts and additional supporting material are found in the appendices. The question of the linguistic classification of Buru is examined in the Epilogue, noting that there is very little published on the !50 or so languages of the Central Malayo-Polynesian subgroup, to which Buru is purported to belong.