Cisandina fida subsp. directa Nakahara & Willmott 2022, New Subspecies
Creators: name: Nakahara, Shinichi
name: Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender
name: Kleckner, Kaylin
name: Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia
name: Tejeira, Rafael
name: Espeland, Marianne
name: Casagrande, Mirna M.
name: Barbosa, Eduardo P.
name: See, Joseph
name: Gallice, Geoffrey
name: Lamas, Gerardo
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Nymphalidae
Cisandina
Cisandina fida
Cisandina fida directa nakahara &amp; willmott

description: Cisandina fida directa Nakahara & Willmott, New Subspecies   
(Figs. 1, 2m and n, 3p and q, 4h and i, 8)  
 Description and Diagnosis:   
 Male: Forewing length 23.5–24.5 mm (n = 2): Differs from the nominotypical subspecies in the following respect: VHW postdiscal band rather straight; this band traverses distally after passing Cu 2 and bends back half way between Cu   
2  
and 2A (Fig. 2m).  
 Female: Forewing length 24.5–25.0 mm (n = 2): Differs from the nominotypical subspecies by the same ventral forewing character provided for the male (Fig. 2n); differs from the male by having more broad and rounded wing shape; two small ocelli present in VFW cells M 2 and M 3 in one female (from Zamora, ridge to west, 13 Jan 2002), whereas the ocelli are absent in these cells in the other examined female (FLMNH-MGCL-145742).   
 Type material. Holotype male, with the following labels separated by double-forward slashes:// ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe Zamora, ridge to west, 1,400–1,450 m 4°4.50 ′ S, 78°58.12 ′ W 18.v.2000, K. Willmott //DNA voucher LEP-14657// Genitalic vial SN-20-42 S. Nakahara // (FLMNH, to be deposited in INABIO).   
 Paratypes (2 ♂, 2 ♀ ): Ecuador: Zamora-Chinchipe: km 10 Los Encuentros-El Panguí, ridge E San Roque, [3°42 ′ 11 ″ S, 78°35 ′ 36 ″ W], 1,050 m, (Willmott, K. R., Hall, J. P. W.), 4 Aug 2009, 1 ♀ [FLMNH-MGCL-145742] [dissection, SN-15-180], (FLMNH); km 14 Yacuambí-Saraguro rd., Juyapa, [3°34 ′ 48 ″ S, 78°57 ′ 2 ″ W], 1,740 m, (Willmott, K. R., J. I. R., J. C. R.), 21 Jun 2013, 1 ♂ [FLMNH-MGCL-157449], (FLMNH); Zamora, ridge to west, [4°4 ′ 30 ″ S, 78°58 ′ 7 ″ W], 1,400–1,450 m, (Willmott, K. R.), 13 Jan 2002, 1 ♀, (FLMNH), 20 May 2000, 1 ♂, (FLMNH).   
 Other records: Peru: Ucayali: Río Aguaytía, Previsto, [9°3 ′ S, 75°38 ′ W], 420–500 m, Oct 2006, 1 ♂ [FLMNH- MGCL-281611; MGCL Accession #2016-40 E. C. Knudson / Bordelon], (FLMNH) [this locality is doubtful, and the specimen probably originated further west, in Huánuco department].   
 Etymology. This species-group name is a feminine Latin adjective meaning ‘straight, not curved’, in reference to the smoother VHW postdiscal band compared with the nominate race.   
 Distribution and natural history. This subspecies is known from southern Ecuador (Zamora-Chinchipe) and central Peru (Fig. 8). In Ecuador, it occurs in cloud forest from 1,050 to 1,740 m, where it is rare and only known from ridge top localities. Males were attracted to rotting fish in canopy bait traps or to similar bait placed on leaves 1 m above the ground, and one female was found flying along the edge of a road through a secondary forest with abundant bamboo during the middle of the day.
description: Published as part of Nakahara, Shinichi, Rodríguez-Melgarejo, Maryzender, Kleckner, Kaylin, Corahua-Espinoza, Thalia, Tejeira, Rafael, Espeland, Marianne, Casagrande, Mirna M., Barbosa, Eduardo P., See, Joseph, Gallice, Geoffrey & Lamas, Gerardo, 2022, Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae), pp. 1-30 in Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.1093/isd/ixab028, http://zenodo.org/record/10116559