Rhinolophus pumilus K. Andersen 1905
Creators: name: Burgin, Connor
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus pumilus

description: 64. Okinawa Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> <i>Rhinolophus pumilus</i> <i>French</i>: Rhinolophe d'Okinawa / <b>German:</b> Okinawa-Hufeisennase <b> <i>I</i> Spanish:</b> Herradura de Okinawa <b>Other common names:</b> <i>Okinawa</i> Little Horseshoe Bat Taxonomy. <i>Rhinolophus comutus pumilus</i> K. Andersen, 1905, “ Loo-choo Islands,” Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. <i>Rhinolophus pumilus</i> is included in the <i>pusillus</i> species group and appears to be sister species to. comutus. Echolocation frequency of. <i>pumilus</i> is higher than in. <i>cornutus</i>, but this increase follows <b>the</b> generally increasing cline in the echolocation frequency within <i>R</i> comutus from north to south. Nevertheless, based on unpublished genetic data collected by K. Armstrong, <i> <i>A</i> pumilus</i> is <i>tentatively</i> treated as a species here, <b>but</b> an in-depth study is urgently needed; the probably extinct taxon <i>miyakonis</i> from Miyako Island, <i>occasionally</i> treated as subspecies of <i> <i>A</i> pumilus,</i> is here treated as a synonym. Monotypic. <b>Distribution.</b> S Japan, Okinawa Is, Iheyajima (one record in 1992), Tokashikijima (one record in 1978), Kumejima, Miyakojima (probably extinct after 1971), and Irabu Is. Descriptive <b>notes.</b> Head—body 36-43- 3 mm, ear 19- 1 mm (average), <b>hindfoot</b> 8- 6 mm (average), forearm 38-40- 5 mm. The Okinawa Horseshoe Bat is similar to the Little Japanese Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> (. <i>cornutus</i>). Pelage is woolly and glossy and the dorsal pelage is medium brown (bases of hair being lighter) whereas the ventral pelage is similar but paler (darker than the Littlejapanese Horseshoe <b>Bat</b>). Ears are moderate-sized. Noseleaf has a concave-sided lancet; connecting process is subtriangular and curved with a slightly concave or straight anterior margin; sella is pandurate, being constricted above the middle, and has a broadly rounded tip; horseshoe is not very broad but broader than in the Littlejapanese Horseshoe Bat (7- 2 mm), with no lateral leaflets, and short, narrow median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum averages 4- 2 mm long and has a very deep dorsal notch on basal cone <b>with</b> small ventral notch; shaft is nearly cylindrical and is bent on distal one-half. Skull is long (longer than in the Littlejapanese Horseshoe <b>Bat</b>) and narrow, and zygomatic width is subequal to mastoid width; anterior median swellings are small and subcircular; posterior compartments are moderate in size; rostral profile slopes gently posteriorly or is rarely almost straight; sagittal crest is weakly to moderately developed; frontal depression varies from moderate to fairly deep; supraorbital crests are conspicuous but not generally sharp. P2 is minute and completely external to tooth row (<i>occasionally</i> absent); P3 is medium-sized to small and is external to tooth row. Dental formula is the usual of 32 teeth for the genus or only 30 teeth <b>when</b> an upper premolar is missing. Chromosomal <i>complement</i> has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60. Habitat. Woodland habitats. <b>Food and Feeding.</b> The <b>Okinawa</b> Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> is insectivorous. <b>Breeding.</b> The species appears to exhibit restricted seasonal monoestry and has been observed breeding in November to January. Females <i>give</i> birth to a single young from May to June. Activity <b>patterns.</b> The Okinawa Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> forages during the night and roosts by day in natural caves, abandoned mines, and bomb shelters. Search call shape is FM/ CF/ <b>FM</b>. On northern Okinawajima, males had peak frequencies of 105-6—110-9 kHz (mean of 108-2 kHz) whereas females had 107-7—113 kHz (mean of 110-6 kHz). Peak frequencies on southern Okinawajima were even higher, with males at 112-8— 119-3 kHz (mean of 116 kHz) and females at 104-6—120-1 kHz (mean of 117-4 kHz). Females had significantly higher average frequencies than males on Okinawajima. <b>Movements, Home range and Social organization.</b> The <b>Okinawa</b> Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> roosts to colonies. <b>Status and Conservation.</b> Not assessed as a separate species on <i>The</i> IUCN <i>Red List,</i> where it is included under the Least Horseshoe Bat <i>(pusillus}</i> as <i>Least</i> Concern. Listed as endangered in theJapanese <b>Red List</b>. The Okinawa Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> probably became extinct on Miyako c.40 years ago and on Irabu <i>c</i>.15 years ago, although more intensive <i>surveys</i> are needed to confirm this. Population on Kumejima has experienced declines. The species appears to be threatened <b>by</b> habitat destruction and by disturbances related to tourism in the Ryukyu <b>Islands</b>. <b>Bibliography.</b> Ando et <i>al.</i> (1980c), Chen Shiangfan <i>etal.</i> (2006), Fukui <i>etal.</i> (2009), Hutson, Kingston &amp; Walston (2008), Li Gang etal. (2006), Ohdachi <i>et al.</i> (2015), WuYi, Motokawa et al. (2012),Yoshino etal. (2006), Yoshiyuki (1989), Zhang Lin et <i>al.</i> (2018).
description: Published as part of <i>Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, pp. 280-332 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on page 311, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525