Rhinolophus luctus Temminck 1834
Creators: name: Burgin, Connor
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Chiroptera
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus
Rhinolophus luctus

description: 102. Great Woolly Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> <i>Rhinolophus luctus</i> French: Rhinolophe <i>deuil</i> <b>/German:</b> <i>Grosse</i> Wollhaar-Hufeisennase/ <b>Spanish:</b> Herradura <i>lanoso</i> grande <b>Other common names:</b> Typical Woolly Horseshoe Bat, Woolly Horseshoe Bat <b>Taxonomy.</b> <i>Rhinolophus</i> <i>luctus</i> Temminck, 1834, Tapos, Java, Indonesia. <i>Rhinolophus luctus</i> is included in the <i>trifoliatus</i> species group. Taxonomic status of true <i>R. luctus</i> is currently uncertain. Based primarily on karyological and limited morphological data, three taxa previously included under <i>R. luctus</i> are now recognized as separate species: <i>R.perniger, R. mono,</i> and the <i>recently</i> described <i>R. luctoides,</i> all considered closely related species of the species complex. The exact distributional limits between these species are uncertain. <i>Tentatively</i>, <i>R.</i> luctus in a strict sense is restricted to the Sunda Islands, <i>R. morio</i> consists of lowland populations on the Malay Peninsula, <i>R. luctoides</i> consists of montane populations on the Malay Peninsula and possibly perhaps further north into the rest of South-east Asia, and <i>R.perniger</i> consists of the rest of the former distribution of this species from northern India to continental South-east Asia. Genetic data thus far has <i>not</i> been implemented across the distribution full of this species complex. However, specimens from China and Myanmar clustered with those of <i>R. luctoides,</i> whereas <i>R. morio</i> appeared as sister to this clade based on limited genetic data. <i>A</i> later study by M. Volleth and colleagues in 2017 involving further karyotypic data showed that specimens from China that <i>morphologically</i> resembled specimens from India had a distinct karyotype from <i>R. luctoides</i> and were recognized as a distinct species named herewith <i>R.perniger.</i> On the other hand, a specimen from Vietnam had a karyotype nearly identical to that of <i>R luctoides</i> and this specimen was dubbed <i>R.</i> cf. <i>luctoides</i> <i>.</i> The Vietnamese populations are tentatively included under <i>R.</i> pemiger here, but they may in fact be best included with <i>R. luctoides</i> with further study. Volleth and colleagues in 2015 discussed the possibility that there are multiple cryptic species within the <i>R.</i> <i>luctus</i> species complex living sympatrically throughout the distribution of the complex since there are a number of records through its distribution that do not match the typical description of <i>R. luctus.</i> This may be the case, but a very substantial review of the <i>current</i> material is needed before any more conclusions can be made. Relationships between various taxa within this clade need to be resolved more adequately and substantially using genetic, karyological, and morphological data. Two subspecies <i>currently</i> recognized. <b>Subspecies and</b> Distribution. <i>R.</i> l. <i>luctus</i> Temminck, 1834 — Sumatra, Java, and Bali I. <i>R. l. foetidus</i> K.Andersen, 1918 - Borneo. <b>Descriptive notes.</b> Head-body 89 mm, tail 38—52 mm, ear 28- 5—35 mm, hindfoot 19- 5 mm, forearm 63-4—68-5 71 - 4 mm; weight 27-37 g. Pelage is long and <i>woolly</i>; dorsal pelage is dark grayish brown to black with a frosted appearance due to the pale hair tips, while ventral pelage is similar but a more pronounced gray. Ears are moderately long and dull black to dark gray-brown. Noseleaf is dull black to dark gray-brown and has a well-developed and subacutely pointed lancet with a rounded tip; connecting process is broadly rounded and heavily reduced; sella is parallel-sided, and deflected downward and <i>forwards</i> at the tip, with large circular lappets at the base; intemarial <i>cup</i> has upturned edges; horseshoe is wide (12-2—18- 5 mm) and projects in front and on either side beyond the upper lip, and has a distinct and <i>very</i> deep median emargination that separates the horseshoe in two sides. Lower lip has one mental groove. Skull is <i>very</i> large and robust (zygomatic width is much larger than mastoid width); anterior median swellings are low or moderately developed and antero-posteriorly elongated, not reaching anteriorly to the upper border of the nasal orifice; posterior swellings are reduced and shifted laterally; frontal depression is <i>very</i> deep and elongated; sagittal crest is exceptionally high and suddenly elevated after the junction of the prominent and blade-like supraorbital crests. C1 is very strong, massive, and short; P2 is large to medium-sized and within the tooth row or slightly extruded from <i>it</i>; P3 is very variable in size and placement, and P2 and P4 can range from separated to touching, based on its position. <b>Habitat.</b> Recorded in tropical forest from lowlands up to 1600 <b>m</b>. <b>Food and</b> Feeding. No information. <b>Breeding.</b> No information. <b>Activity patterns.</b> The Great <i>Woolly</i> Horseshoe Bat roosts in rocky outcrops, rock crevices, niches in cliffs, shallow holes in earth banks, tree roots, and hollow trees. Its flight is low,just above the ground. <b>Movements, Home range and Social</b> organization. The <i>Great Woolly</i> Horseshoe <b>Bat</b> roosts solitarily or in pairs, rarely in small groups. <b>Status and Conservation.</b> Classified as Least Concern on <i>The</i> IUCN <i>ed List.</i> The taxonomy and distribution of the Great <i>Woolly</i> Horseshoe Bat are <i>highly</i> uncertain at present, and much further study is needed before a proper assessment of status and threats can be made. <b>Bibliography.</b> Huang, J. <i>C</i>. <i>C</i>. <i>eta</i> /. (2014), Khan <i>eta</i> /. (2007), Miller (1942), <i>Volleth</i>, Loidl <i>eta</i> /. (2015), <i>Volleth</i>, Nguyen Truong <i>Son</i> eta/. (2017), Walston eta/. (2008b).
description: Published as part of <i>Burgin, Connor, 2019, Rhinolophidae, pp. 280-332 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions</i> on page 330, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3748525