Siganus insomnis Woodland & Anderson 2014, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Woodland, David J.
name: Anderson, R. Charles
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Actinopterygii
Perciformes
Siganidae
Siganus
Siganus insomnis

description: Siganus insomnis sp. nov.
Bronze-lined rabbitfish. Local names: ori, (thammas at Addu Atoll), Maldives; oora (Tamil), leella (Sinhalese), Sri Lanka. These local names may also be used to refer to other species of Siganus.
Synonymy
Siganus javus (non Linnaeus 1766); Jones & Kumaran, 1980: 547 (fig. 466; Laccadive Arch., Minicoy). Siganus lineatus (non Valenciennes 1835); Woodland, 1984 (partim): Sigan 7 (colour pl. and fig. are of the Western Pacific S. lineatus, not S. insomnis); Burgess et al., 1988: pl. 512 (colour photo, Sri Lanka, Hikkaduwa); Woodland,1990 (partim): 90 (pl. XI, F, colour photo, Sri Lanka, Trincomalee; Central Fish market, Colombo; S. India); Randall & Anderson, 1993: 39 (Maldives); De Bruin et al., 1995 (partim): 334 (pl. XXXII, 220 and fig. are of the Western Pacific S. lineatus); M.R.S.
1997 (partim): 308 (fig. is of the Western Pacific S.lineatus); Allen et al., 2003: 56 (colour photo, Sri Lanka, Hikkaduwa). Siganus guttatus (non Bloch 1787); Allen & Steene, 1987: 215 (colour photo, pl. 126–4, Sri Lanka, Hikkaduwa). Siganus sp. "Sri Lankan Rabbitfish"; Kuiter, 1998: 230 (colour photo, Sri Lanka). Siganus c.f. lineatus "undescribed species"; Kuiter & Debelius, 2001: 164 (colour photo, Sri Lanka, Hikkaduwa). Siganus? lineatus; Anderson, 2005: 108 (colour photo, Maldives).
Holotype. BPBM 40390, 226 mm SL, Maldives, Addu Atoll, Feydhoo I., 1 m, R. C. Anderson, 2 August 2005.
Paratypes. BPBM 40389, 5: 228–276 mm SL, Maldives, Addu Atoll, R. C. Anderson, May 2000; AMS I. 22402-001, 2: 126.2–134.7 mm SL, Sri Lanka, Colombo, Central Fish Market, D.J. Woodland, 11 June 1977.
Diagnosis. A deep-bodied species of Siganus which differs from all other siganids in that the whole of the sides of the body with the possible exception of the belly and a narrow strip adjacent to the base of the spinous dorsal fin (where a row of bronze spots may occur) are decorated with horizontal, parallel bronze bands extending the full length of the sides from nape and opercular slit back to and below the large yellow spot below the base of the soft dorsal fin. The majority of these lines on the sides are complete (i.e., uninterrupted) along their length.
Comparisons with sibling species. Siganus insomnis differs from its sibling species S. lineatus (Valenciennes) in that the great majority of the bronze bands on the mid and upper sides continue without interruption as they travel the length of the sides (Figs 3, 5, 6, 7). In S. lineatus the golden bronze bands on the mid and upper sides are replaced by a mixture of bronze spots, commas, and meandering lines in an area anterior to a line running from the base of the middle of the dorsal fin down to the base of the pectoral fin (Fig. 2). The third sibling species, S. guttatus, has gold to orange spots over the whole of the sides (Fig. 1).
Description. (Based on 8 specimens, 126–276 mm SL; data for the holotype given first, followed where different by data for paratypes in parentheses). D XIII, 10; A VII, 9; V I, 3, I; P 16. Scale rows, counted almost vertically, between lateral line and the bases of the 2nd to 4th dorsal-fin spine 18 (16-26). Gill rakers on 1st arch: anterior side 4 + 20 (5 + 20), posterior side 22 (22) (gills missing from the 5 paratypes from Maldives). Greatest body depth 2.1 (2.0–2.1); head 4.0 (3.3–4.0); base 2nd dorsal spine to base 1st pelvic fin spine 2.4 (2.1–2.5); base last dorsal spine to base last anal spine 2.6 (2.2–2.7); base 6th dorsal ray to base 5th anal ray 4.6 (4.5–4.9); 1st pelvic fin spine 7.0 (6.6–8.0); longest pectoral ray 5.3 (4.1–5.7) (smaller values for smaller fish); mid caudal ray 6.3 (4.9–7.2) (smaller values for smaller fish)—all in SL. Orbit 3.0 (2.5–3.2); (smaller values for smaller fish); interorbital width 2.8 (3.0–3.3); snout 2.2 (2.1–2.8); preorbital 3.2 (3.2–4.5) (smaller values for smaller fish); cheek depth 2.8 (3.0–3.3), all in length of head.
Spines stout, pungent—very pungent in juveniles. Longest dorsal spine 6th (5th–7th, but these often subequal), 1.05 (1.04–1.09) times last dorsal spine. Longest dorsal ray 2nd, 3rd subequal (2nd or 3rd), 1.4 (1.2–1.5) times longest dorsal spine. Longest anal spine the last, 1.1 (1.1–1.3) times longest dorsal spine. Longest anal ray 1st (1st, rarely 2nd), 1.3 (1.2–1.4) times longest anal spine. Caudal fin emarginate in small juveniles but becoming more forked with increasing size; even in very large fish caudal not strongly forked, outer caudal ray 1.7 (1.5–1.8) times mid caudal ray (smaller values for smaller fish).
Preopercular angle 98º (91º–100º). Anterior nostril encircled by a very low rim, sometimes with a small peak posteriorly. Cheeks almost completely covered with strong, overlapping scales, 11 (12 or 13) vertical rows below midpoint of orbit to preopercle margin. Midline of thorax scaled, except for the two bony ridges extending forward from the bases of the outer pelvic fin spines.
Colour in life. Sides of body blue, belly silvery; bronze or golden bronze, horizontal, parallel bands along length of sides; bands on upper sides sometimes interrupted but mostly continuing unbroken up to the nape; bands on mid and lower sides usually uninterrupted along whole length of sides, extending from the large yellow spot below base of soft dorsal fin and caudal peduncle through to nape and opercular slit; bands on belly variously interrupted, wavy or straight, but sometimes replaced by one to three rows of bronze spots above base of anal fin which spots extend on to the caudal peduncle and across the caudal fin. Bronze bands on upper sides extending on to nape where they terminate abruptly to create a small maze. Sometimes one or two rows of spots on sides adjacent to base of dorsal fin. Head, including interorbital zone, bronze; a blue line from behind orbit, diagonally across cheek to premaxilla; another from below eye to corner of mouth; another tracking along the margin of operculum; another from orbit to posterior nostril and then on to anterior nostril; a few blue spots on snout. Spines of dorsal and anal fins bronze to golden; soft rays of dorsal and anal fins pale blue; membrane of soft dorsal fin dark blue, often with a bronze spot at base of each ray; membrane of anal fin bronze; pectoral fin rays bluish, membrane hyaline; pelvic fin spines silvery; trailing edges of dorsal, anal and especially caudal fin bronze. Bronze spots on distal half of caudal fin arranged in columns, appearing as four to five bars when fin not expanded.
Colour after preservation. (1) of the holotype (Fig. 4) and paratypes from the Maldives, large dark brown spot (yellow in life) below base soft dorsal fin; spots on the caudal fin and peduncle dark brown and prominent; elsewhere on sides of body, a series of parallel horizontal brown lines, 1–2 mm wide, separated by paler areas, 4–5 mm wide; on mid sides, these lines run from in advance of the caudal peduncle through to the opercular slit; on upper sides traces of similar parallel lines below base of fourth dorsal fin spine to last dorsal fin spine; in all, 11–13 unbroken lines on sides above the level of the base of the pectoral fin, in the smaller specimens, lines terminating on the nape without becoming convoluted, but in the two largest specimens these lines becoming convoluted in the area anterior to the base of the fifth dorsal fin spine through on to nape; a row of match-head size brown spots on base of all membranous cells of soft dorsal and soft anal fins, otherwise all fins except caudal unmarked; head light brown with prominent brown line from posterior margin of eye to premaxillary, other lines on head less prominent than in life; (2) of the smaller paratypes from Sri Lanka, eight and traces of a ninth horizontal brown band extending from caudal region to nape and opercular slit, a short tenth one below base of spinous dorsal fin; only a few dark spots visible on caudal fin and peduncle.
Biology. Siganus insomnis is a very common species around the coasts of Sri Lanka. Adults live in schools, frequenting coral and sandstone reefs and also seagrass beds; juveniles live in large estuaries such as Negombo Lagoon (5km x 3km) (De Bruin et al. 1995). In India, this species is reported (as S. lineatus) from Vembanad Kayal, a brackish lake, over 200 km long, that runs parallel to the coast of Kerala State (Kurup & Samuel, 1985). It is also recorded further south in India from the Gulf of Mannar, where there are extensive coral reef areas (Varghese et al. 2011). It would seem estuaries are an important habitat for juveniles and sub-adults, with older fish moving to coral reefs. Previously published comments on the distribution of this species in the Maldives need to be clarified: it is not only found in the northern atolls (Kuiter & Debelius 2001), nor is it only common in the south of the Maldives (M.R.S. 1997). S. insomnis is here recorded from several atolls; it is particularly common in Faadhippolhu (= Lhaviyana) in the northern part of the Maldives, and in the southern part of the Maldives from Kolhumadula (= Thaa) and Addu (= Seenu) Atolls.
Like most siganids, S. insomnis feeds by scraping algae from rock and coral substrates and browsing on seaweeds and sea grasses. However, like many siganids it will no doubt supplement its diet with small items of animal tissue. An analysis of gut contents from specimens ranging in size from 2–27 cm SL, collected by trap and seine, from lagoons and coastal areas of Sri Lanka showed that there they fed on diatoms, green, blue-green, red and brown algae and a seagrass (Chitravadivelu & Sivapalan, 1984). Comparing percentages of gut fullness between day and night catches, these authors also found that this species appeared to have a preference for feeding during the night. Because it was mostly seen to be inactive during the day, our second author also concluded that this species appeared to be nocturnal (Anderson, 2005). In the Maldives, the fish is caught either with gill nets or with a fine line and a small hook baited with bread dough. It can be caught both by day and night. Nocturnal activity is a curious behaviour for a browsing herbivore; but it is supported by observations on its two sibling species. According to a Philippine fisherman, of the dozen or so siganid species in the Cebu area (which does not include S. lineatus) only S. guttatus entered set nets or traps at night (Woodland 1990). Our second author concluded from underwater observations in Indonesia that S. guttatus should be active at night “because it spent much of the daytime loitering near coral outcrops or on sandy patches” (Anderson 2000). Previously, Drew (1971) had reported that at Palau S. lineatus was active at night. In a study specifically designed to investigate this phenomenon, Fox and Bellwood (2011) found that those S. lineatus that inhabited a boulder shoreline site at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, fed during the day and slept at night, while those living on the nearby coral reef zone foraged only at night and remained stationary beside favoured coral bommies during the day.
Etymology. We chose the specific epithet insomnis (Latin, sleep-less) to allude to the nocturnal activity of this fish. It is an adjective agreeing in gender with Siganus (masculine).
description: Published as part of Woodland, David J. & Anderson, R. Charles, 2014, Description of a new species of rabbitfish (Perciformes: Siganidae) from southern India, Sri Lanka and the Maldives, pp. 129-136 in Zootaxa 3811 (1) on pages 130-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3811.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/4918827