cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Spitzer view on the evolution of star-forming galaxies from z=0 to z~3
Creators: name: Perez-Gonzalez, Pablo G.
name: Rieke, George H.
name: Egami, Eiichi
name: Alonso-Herrero, Almudena
name: Dole, Herve
name: Papovich, Casey
name: Blaylock, Myra
name: Jones, Jessica
name: Rieke, Marcia
name: Rigby, Jane
name: Barmby, Pauline
name: Fazio, Giovanni G.
name: Huang, Jiasheng
name: Martin, Christopher
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We use a 24 micron selected sample containing more than 8,000 sources to study the evolution of star-forming galaxies in the redshift range from z=0 to z~3. We obtain photometric redshifts for most of the sources in our survey using a method based on empirically-built templates spanning from ultraviolet to mid-infrared wavelengths. The accuracy of these redshifts is better than 10% for 80% of the sample. The derived redshift distribution of the sources detected by our survey peaks at around z=0.6-1.0 (the location of the peak being affected by cosmic variance), and decays monotonically from z~1 to z~3. We have fitted infrared luminosity functions in several redshift bins in the range 01.e11 L_sun) to the total SFR density increases steadily from z~0 up to z~2.5, forming at least half of the newly-born stars by z~1.5. Ultraluminous infrared galaxies (L_TIR>1.e12 L_sun) play a rapidly increasing role for z>~1.3.
description: 28 pages, 17 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
Electron runaway in ASDEX Upgrade experiments of varying core temperature
Creators: name: Linder, O.
name: Papp, G.
name: Fable, E.
name: Jenko, F.
name: Pautasso, G.
name: Team, the ASDEX Upgrade
name: Team, the EUROfusion MST1
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The formation of a substantial post-disruption runaway electron current in ASDEX Upgrade material injection experiments is determined by avalanche multiplication of a small seed population of runaway electrons. For the investigation of these scenarios, the runaway electron description of the coupled 1.5D transport solvers ASTRA-STRAHL is amended by a fluid-model describing electron runaway caused by the hot-tail mechanism. Applied in simulations of combined background plasma evolution, material injection, and runaway electron generation in ASDEX Upgrade discharge #33108, both the Dreicer and hot-tail mechanism for electron runaway produce only $\sim$ 3$~$kA of runaway current. In colder plasmas with core electron temperatures $T_\mathrm{e,c}$ below 9$~$keV, the post-disruption runaway current is predicted to be insensitive to the initial temperature, in agreement with experimental observations. Yet in hotter plasmas with $T_\mathrm{e,c} > 10~\mathrm{keV}$, hot-tail runaway can be increased by up to an order of magnitude, contributing considerably to the total post-disruption runaway current. In ASDEX Upgrade high temperature runaway experiments, however, no runaway current is observed at the end of the disruption, despite favourable conditions for both primary and secondary runaway.
description: 26 pages, 11 figures; published in the Journal of Plasma Physics
Photon Neutrino Scattering in Non-Commutative Space
Creators: name: Haghighat, M.
name: Ettefaghi, M. M.
name: Zeinali, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We extend the non-commutative standard model based on the minimal $SU(3)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$ gauge group to include the interaction of photon with neutrino. We show that, in the gauge invariant manner, only the right handed neutrino can directly couple to the photon. Consequently, we obtain the Feynman rule for the $γν\barν$-vertex which does not exist in the minimal extension of non-commutative standard model (mNCSM). We calculate the amplitude for $γν\toγν$ in both the nonminimal non-commutative standard model (nmNCSM) and the extended version of mNCSM. The obtained cross section grows in the center of mass frame, respectively, as $(θ_{NC})^2{M}_Z^{-4}E^6$ and $(θ_{NC})^4E^6$ which can exceed the cross section for $γν\toγγν$ and $γν\toγν$ in the high energy limit in the commutative space.
description: 12 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. D
Natural Radioisotopes of Pb, Bi and Po in the Atmosphere of Coal Burning Area
Creators: name: Asnor Azrin Sabuti
name: Mohamed, Che Abd Rahim
Publisher: name: Thai Society of Higher Education Institutes on Environment
Year: 2011
Subjects: natural radionuclide,210Pb,210Bi and 210Po,coal-fired power plant,seasonal changes,monsoon,rainwater,solid fallout

description: 2, 4, EnvironmentAsia
The Quantum Cluster Variational Method and the Phase Diagram of the quantum ferromagnetic $J_1$-$J_2$ model
Creators: name: Dominguez, Eduardo
name: Mulet, Roberto
name: Lopetegui, Carlos
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We exploit the Quantum Cluster Variational Method (QCVM) to study the $J_1$-$J_2$ model for quantum Ising spins. We first describe the QCVM and discuss how it is related to other Mean Field approximations. The phase diagram of the model is studied at the level of the Kikuchi approximation in square lattices as a function of the ratio between $g = J_2/J_1$ , the temperature and the longitudinal and transverse external fields. Our results show that quantum fluctuations may change the order of the transition and induce a gap between the ferromagnetic and the stripe phases. Moreover, when both longitudinal and transverse fields are present, thermal fluctuations and quantum effects contribute to the appearance of a nematic phase.
description: Added references
"จากดั้งเดิม สู่แนวใหม่": การพัฒนาผลิตภัณฑ์ชุมชนอย่างยั่งยืน กรณี กลุ่มประมงดอนแก้ว จังหวัดอุดรธานี
Creators: name: Hemnil, Sunit
Publisher: name: Naresuan University Graduate School
Year: 2021
Subjects: การพัฒนาผลิตภัณฑ์ชุมชน
วิสาหกิจชุมชน
กลุ่มประมงดอนแก้ว
ปลาแดดเดียว
The Development of Community Product
Community Enterprise
Don Kaew Fishery Group
Sun Dried Fish

description: Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences), 14, 2, 106-130
The Start-up of Hybrid, Anaerobic up-Flow Sludge Blanket (HUASB) under a Range of Mesophiclic and Thermophilic Temperatures
Creators: name: S. A. Habeeb
name: Ab. Aziz Abdul Latiff
name: Zawawi Daud
name: Zulkifli Ahmad
Publisher: name: Thai Society of Higher Education Institutes on Environment
Year: 2011
Subjects: anaerobic treatment,HUASB reactor,temperature,sludge granules,maximum specific microbial growth rate

description: 2, 4, EnvironmentAsia
Scheme for adding electron-nucleus cusps to Gaussian orbitals
Creators: name: Ma, A.
name: Towler, M. D.
name: Drummond, N. D.
name: Needs, R. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A simple scheme is described for introducing the correct cusps at nuclei into orbitals obtained from Gaussian basis set electronic structure calculations. The scheme is tested with all-electron variational quantum Monte Carlo (VMC) and diffusion quantum Monte Carlo (DMC) methods for the Ne atom, the H2 molecule, and 55 molecules from a standard benchmark set. It greatly reduces the variance of the local energy in all cases and slightly improves the variational energy. This scheme yields a general improvement in the efficiency of all-electron VMC and DMC calculations using Gaussian basis sets.
Avoiding Help Avoidance: Using Interface Design Changes to Promote Unsolicited Hint Usage in an Intelligent Tutor
Creators: name: Maniktala, Mehak
name: Cody, Christa
name: Barnes, Tiffany
name: Chi, Min
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Within intelligent tutoring systems, considerable research has investigated hints, including how to generate data-driven hints, what hint content to present, and when to provide hints for optimal learning outcomes. However, less attention has been paid to how hints are presented. In this paper, we propose a new hint delivery mechanism called "Assertions" for providing unsolicited hints in a data-driven intelligent tutor. Assertions are partially-worked example steps designed to appear within a student workspace, and in the same format as student-derived steps, to show students a possible subgoal leading to the solution. We hypothesized that Assertions can help address the well-known hint avoidance problem. In systems that only provide hints upon request, hint avoidance results in students not receiving hints when they are needed. Our unsolicited Assertions do not seek to improve student help-seeking, but rather seek to ensure students receive the help they need. We contrast Assertions with Messages, text-based, unsolicited hints that appear after student inactivity. Our results show that Assertions significantly increase unsolicited hint usage compared to Messages. Further, they show a significant aptitude-treatment interaction between Assertions and prior proficiency, with Assertions leading students with low prior proficiency to generate shorter (more efficient) posttest solutions faster. We also present a clustering analysis that shows patterns of productive persistence among students with low prior knowledge when the tutor provides unsolicited help in the form of Assertions. Overall, this work provides encouraging evidence that hint presentation can significantly impact how students use them and using Assertions can be an effective way to address help avoidance.
A Stable Mixed FE Method for Nearly Incompressible Linear Elastostatics
Creators: name: Valseth, Eirik
name: Romkes, Albert
name: Kaul, Austin R.
name: Dawson, Clint
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science (cs.CE)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We present a new, stable, mixed finite element (FE) method for linear elastostatics of nearly incompressible solids. The method is the automatic variationally stable FE (AVS-FE) method of Calo, Romkes and Valseth, in which we consider a Petrov-Galerkin weak formulation where the stress and displacement variables are in the space H(div)xH1, respectively. This allows us to employ a fully conforming FE discretization for any elastic solid using classical FE subspaces of H(div) and H1. Hence, the resulting FE approximation yields both continuous stresses and displacements. To ensure stability of the method, we employ the philosophy of the discontinuous Petrov-Galerkin (DPG) method of Demkowicz and Gopalakrishnan and use optimal test spaces. Thus, the resulting FE discretization is stable even as the Poisson ratio approaches 0.5, and the system of linear algebraic equations is symmetric and positive definite. Our method also comes with a built-in a posteriori error estimator as well as well as indicators which are used to drive mesh adaptive refinements. We present several numerical verifications of our method including comparisons to existing FE technologies.
Can the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Bind Integrins Independent of the RGD Sequence?
Creators: name: Beaudoin, Christopher
name: Hamaia, Samir W
name: Huang, Christopher L-H
name: Blundell, Tom
name: Jackson, Antony
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2021
Subjects: Cellular and Infection Microbiology
SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
integrin
integrin-binding motif
RGD
bioinformatics

description: The RGD motif in the Severe Acute Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein has been predicted to bind RGD-recognizing integrins. Recent studies have shown that the spike protein does, indeed, interact with αVβ3 and α5β1 integrins, both of which bind to RGD-containing ligands. However, computational studies have suggested that binding between the spike RGD motif and integrins is not favourable, even when unfolding occurs after conformational changes induced by binding to the canonical host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, non-RGD-binding integrins, such as αx, have been suggested to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Other viral pathogens, such as rotaviruses, have been recorded to bind integrins in an RGD-independent manner to initiate host cell entry. Thus, in order to consider the potential for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to bind integrins independent of the RGD sequence, we investigate several factors related to the involvement of integrins in SARS-CoV-2 infection. First, we review changes in integrin expression during SARS-CoV-2 infection to identify which integrins might be of interest. Then, all known non-RGD integrin-binding motifs are collected and mapped to the spike protein receptor-binding domain and analyzed for their 3D availability. Several integrin-binding motifs are shown to exhibit high sequence similarity with solvent accessible regions of the spike receptor-binding domain. Comparisons of these motifs with other betacoronavirus spike proteins, such as SARS-CoV and RaTG13, reveal that some have recently evolved while others are more conserved throughout phylogenetically similar betacoronaviruses. Interestingly, all of the potential integrin-binding motifs, including the RGD sequence, are conserved in one of the known pangolin coronavirus strains. Of note, the most recently recorded mutations in the spike protein receptor-binding domain were found outside of the putative integrin-binding sequences, although several mutations formed inside and close to one motif, in particular, may potentially enhance binding. These data suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein may interact with integrins independent of the RGD sequence and may help further explain how SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses can evolve to bind to integrins.
description: Wellcome Trust, Antibiotic Research UK
Redox chemistry of iron-manganese and iron-chromium interactions in soda-lime-silica glass melts
Creators: name: Nölle, Günther
Publisher: name: Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: 660

description: Glass melts are mostly not in a chemical equilibrium with a coexisting gas phase, it does not adjust before maintaining the melt at a constant temperature and a constant gas phase for hours. But the one-phase equilibrium between several polyvalent Clements in a melt above the glass transition temperature always exists, it adjusts spontaneously. Below the transition temperature the redox State is invariably frozen-in. The calculation of redox states must be based on the matter and Charge balance (stoichiometric equations) and equilibrium relations (mass-action law). Such a calculation of Schreiber's experimental results was consistently possible. Accordingly cooled glasses are free from Cr⁶⁺, if the glass contains Fe²⁺. To achieve this one has to melt oxidized chromium-containing glasses with sufficient iron content.
MIRISim: A Simulator for the Mid-Infrared Instrument on JWST
Creators: name: Klaassen, P. D.
name: Geers, V. C.
name: Beard, S. M.
name: O'Brien, A. D.
name: Cossou, C.
name: Gastaud, R.
name: Coulais, A.
name: Schreiber, J.
name: Kavanagh, P. J.
name: Topinka, M.
name: Azzollini, R.
name: De Meester, W.
name: Bouwman, J.
name: Glasse, A. C. H.
name: Glauser, A. M.
name: Law, D. R.
name: Cracraft, M.
name: Murray, K.
name: Sargent, B.
name: Jones, O. C.
name: Wright, G. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), has imaging, four coronagraphs and both low and medium resolution spectroscopic modes . Being able to simulate MIRI observations will help commissioning of the instrument, as well as get users familiar with representative data. We designed the MIRI instrument simulator (MIRISim) to mimic the on-orbit performance of the MIRI imager and spectrometers using the Calibration Data Products (CDPs) developed by the MIRI instrument team. The software encorporates accurate representations of the detectors, slicers, distortions, and noise sources along the light path including the telescope's radiative background and cosmic rays. The software also includes a module which enables users to create astronomical scenes to simulate. MIRISim is a publicly available Python package that can be run at the command line, or from within Python. The outputs of MIRISim are detector images in the same uncalibrated data format that will be delivered to MIRI users. These contain the necessary metadata for ingestion by the JWST calibration pipeline.
description: 10 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication by MNRAS
Impact Evaluation of the Louisville-Shively-Jefferson County Traffic Alcohol Programs
Creators: name: Pigman, Jerry G.
name: Agent, Kenneth R.
name: Hardyman, Patricia L.
name: Johnson, Knowlton W.
name: McCleary, Richard
Publisher: name: Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky
Year: 1988
Subjects: subject: Transportation Engineering

description: This report is an evaluation of alcohol enforcement programs conducted by the Louisville, Jefferson County, and Shively police agencies in the Louisville metropolitan area. The following four types of data were collected in order to evaluate the traffic alcohol programs; accident data, arrest and adjudication data, cost-effectiveness, and public opinion data.  Results from the before-and-after comparisons and time-series analysis show alcohol-related accidents decreased significantly during the study period, There was a 34.4 percent reduction in alcohol-related accidents during hours of special enforcement and a 30.4 percent reduction during all hours of the day. Time-series analysis of accident data showed a 27.1 percent decrease during hours of increased enforcement and a 26.1 percent decrease during all hours.  Results from time-series analysis also indicated that the enforcement programs increased the DUI arrest rate by at least 50 percent in each of the jurisdictions studied. Inclusion of the "Slammer Law" as a control variable revealed the proportion of convictions among DUI arrests increased by nearly 449 percent.  Based on costs associated with the program (enforcement, jail costs, and court costs) and benefits (reduced accident costs and DUI fines); the benefit-cost ratio was 2.81 to 5.67 depending upon the basis for accident costs.  The public opinion survey showed strong support for the traffic alcohol programs and 87 percent of the respondents indicated that increased enforcement was an effective means of reducing drinking and driving. In addition, 82 percent of those responding indicated the programs had reduced their chances of an accident.
หลักแห่งการปกครองตนเองตามเจตนารมณ์ของประชาชนในท้องถิ่นในระบบกฎหมายของสภายุโรป
Creators: name: Uthen Thatsaringkharnsakun
Publisher: name: Naresuan University Graduate School
Year: 2021
Subjects: การปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น
การปกครองตนเองส่วนท้องถิ่น
เจตนารมณ์ของประชาชนในท้องถิ่น
สภายุโรป
Local Government
Local Self-Government
The Will of the People in the Locality
Council of Europe

description: Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences), 14, 2, 131-152
Electric melting of glass: Influence of cathodic currents on the formation of protective layers on molybdenum electrodes
Creators: name: Rüssel, Christian
name: Kämpfer, Andrea
Publisher: name: Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: 660

description: The influence of cathodic currents on the corrosion of molybdenum electrodes during electrical melting of glass was studied with the aid of laboratory experiments. It is shown that cathodic currents lead to the formation of molybdenum silicide layers on the electrode. Best results were obtained using a DC current density of 3.75 mA/cm² at a heating current density of 1 A/cm². Higher DC current densities resulted in molybdenum silicide layers, which dissolve in the melt as silicide particles. Simultaneous to the molybdenum silicide layers, at the counter electrodes MoO₂ layers are formed, which also dissolve as particles in the melt.
Dissipate locally, couple globally: a sharp transition from decoupling to infinite range coupling in Josephson arrays with on-site dissipation
Creators: name: Tewari, Sumanta
name: Toner, John
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the T=0 normal to superconducting transition of Josephson arrays with {\it on-site} dissipation. A perturbative renormalization group solution is given. Like the previously studied case of {\it bond} dissipation (BD), this is a "floating" to coupled (FC) phase transition. {\it Unlike} the BD transition, at which {\it only} nearest-neighbor couplings become relevant, here {\it all} inter-grain couplings, out to {\it infinitely} large distances, do so simultaneously. We predict, for the first time in an FC transition, a diverging spatial correlation length. Our results show the robustness of floating phases in dissipative quantum systems.
description: 7+ pages, 3 eps figures, Europhysics Letters preprint format, as published
Planning Skip-Stop Transit Service under Heterogeneous Demands
Creators: name: Mei, Yu
name: Gu, Weihua
name: Cassidy, Michael
name: Fan, Wenbo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Transit vehicles operating under skip-stop service visit only a subset of the stops residing along a corridor. It is a strategy commonly used to increase vehicle speeds and reduce patron travel times. The present paper develops a continuous approximation model to optimally design a select form of skip-stop service, termed AB-type service. The model accounts for spatially-heterogeneous demand patterns. An efficient heuristic is developed to obtain solutions. These are shown to be near-optimal for a variety of numerical examples. Results also indicate that optimal AB-type designs outperform optimized all-stop service in a variety of cases. The AB-type service is found to be especially competitive when travel demands are high, trip origins are unevenly distributed along a corridor, and patrons have relatively high values of time. In these cases, AB-type service is found to reduce system costs by as much as 8%.
description: 24 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables
Mean-field phase diagram of disordered bosons in a lattice at non-zero temperature
Creators: name: Krutitsky, K. V.
name: Pelster, A.
name: Graham, R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Bosons in a periodic lattice with on-site disorder at low but non-zero temperature are considered within a mean-field theory. The criteria used for the definition of the superfluid, Mott insulator and Bose glass are analysed. Since the compressibility does never vanish at non-zero temperature, it can not be used as a general criterium. We show that the phases are unambiguously distinguished by the superfluid density and the density of states of the low-energy exitations. The phase diagram of the system is calculated. It is shown that even a tiny temperature leads to a significant shift of the boundary between the Bose glass and superfluid.
Origin of sulphated grey crusts on glass in polluted urban atmosphere: stained glass Windows of Tours Cathedral (France)
Creators: name: Lefèvre, Roger-Alexander
name: Grégoire, Mélanie
name: Derbez, Mickaël
name: Ausset, Patrick
Publisher: name: Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: 660

description: The grey crusts covering some places of the weathered stained glass Windows of Tours Cathedral were studied by Analytical Scanning Electron Microscopy These crusts are constituted by a gypsum cement embedding many particles: microspherules (fly ash generated by combustion processes, rounded particles of leached glass, hypersiliceous spherules from tuffeau stone); angular fragments of leached glass; organic objects; siliceous and sulphated aggregates. The particles contained in the sulphated black crusts covering the stone, in the air and in the rain in Tours were studied simultaneously and compared with those of the stained glass Windows' grey crusts. In all cases, similar kinds of fly ash are present demonstrating the action of atmospheric microparticulate pollution both on the stained glass Windows and on the stone. Furthermore, the presence of hypersiliceous particles in crusts on glass and in the rain suggests transfers from stone to glass by rainwater run-off and possibly directly from the atmosphere. The presence of leached glass in the sulphated crusts on glass leads also to conclude on the modifying of the glass surface by the action of the rainwater run-off. Moreover, calcium and sulphur needed to form superficial gypsum crusts come both from the nearby calcareous stone, from the atmospheric gases and particles, and probably partially from calcium contained in unweathered glass.
Asphalt Surface Treatments for Local Roads and Streets
Creators: name: Williams, Ellis G.
Publisher: name: Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky
Year: 1988
Subjects: subject: Transportation Engineering

description: Surface Treatments are thin applications of asphalt, with or without aggregate, to an existing pavement surface. There are many types to choose from when selecting a treatment for a specific purpose.  Because of the broad range of materials and methods available, surface treatments satisfy many needs in effective operation of road and street systems. They are major tools for preventive maintenance and also satisfy many corrective maintenance needs. They are widely and effectively used as the initial surfacing over granular bases. They are increasingly used over cracked, existing surfaces to reduce reflection cracking in asphalt overlays.  It is apparent that consideration of surface treatments is an important part of any pavement management program. Their effectiveness is dependent upon selecting the proper treatment, selecting the proper materials for that treatment, good design to provide the proper quantities of asphalt and aggregate, and careful construction to produce the desired result.  Selection of the proper surface treatment to use in a given location depends upon the problem to be corrected. First, can a surface treatment correct the problem? Second, if it can, what type will do the most effective job? Third, are the materials, equipment, and personnel available? Fourth, is the selected surface treatment the most cost effective way to correct the problem? These questions can only be answered with reasonable accuracy by having a rather thorough knowledge and understanding of each type surface treatment, its purpose, and how it is constructed. It is the intent of this manual to provide that knowledge and understanding.
RSNA-MICCAI Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) Challenge 2021
Creators: name: Bakas, Spyridon
name: Carr, Christopher
name: Flanders, Adam
name: Kalpathy-Cramer, Jayashree
name: Mongan, John
name: Bjoern Menze
name: Prevedello, Luciano M
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: brain tumor
glioblastoma
glioma
radiogenomics
MGMT
classification
segmentation

description: The Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) 2021 challenge is the 10th anniversary of BraTS and this year is jointly
 organized by RSNA and MICCAI. Compared to the previous BraTS instances, the RSNA MICCAI BraTS challenge
 utilizes multi-institutional multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) scans from both pre-operative
 and post-operative timepoints, i.e., including surgically imposed cavities (instead of only pre-operative scans), and
 focuses only on glioblastoma (instead of all glioma). Glioblastoma, and diffuse astrocytic glioma with molecular features of glioblastoma (WHO Grade 4 astrocytoma),
 are the most common and aggressive malignant primary tumor of the central nervous system in adults, with
 extreme intrinsic heterogeneity in appearance, shape, and histology. Glioblastoma patients have very poor
 prognosis, and the current standard of care comprises surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and
 chemotherapy. MGMT (O[6]-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) is a DNA repair enzyme that the methylation
 of its promoter in newly diagnosed glioblastoma has been identified as a favorable prognostic factor and a
 predictor of chemotherapy response. Thus determination of MGMT promoter methylation status in newly
 diagnosed glioblastoma can influence treatment decision making. In consistency with the previous BraTS instances, BraTS'21 focuses on (Task 1) the evaluation of state-of-the-art
 methods for the segmentation of intrinsically heterogeneous brain glioblastoma sub-regions in mpMRI scans.
 Furthemore, to pinpoint the clinical relevance of this segmentation task, BraTS’21 also focuses on (Task 2) the
 evaluation of methods to predict the MGMT promoter methylation status at the pre-operative scans, via
 integrative analyses of quantitative imaging phenomic features and machine learning algorithms.
 Ground truth annotations of the tumor sub-regions are created and approved by expert neuroradiologists for
 every subject included in the training, validation, and testing datasets to quantitatively evaluate the predicted
 tumor segmentations of Task 1, whereas the quantitative evaluation of Task 2 is performed according to clinical
 data. Participants are free to choose whether they want to focus only on one or both tasks.
Physics-Informed Neural Network Super Resolution for Advection-Diffusion Models
Creators: name: Wang, Chulin
name: Bentivegna, Eloisa
name: Zhou, Wang
name: Klein, Levente
name: Elmegreen, Bruce
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Geophysics (physics.geo-ph)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Physics-informed neural networks (NN) are an emerging technique to improve spatial resolution and enforce physical consistency of data from physics models or satellite observations. A super-resolution (SR) technique is explored to reconstruct high-resolution images ($4\times$) from lower resolution images in an advection-diffusion model of atmospheric pollution plumes. SR performance is generally increased when the advection-diffusion equation constrains the NN in addition to conventional pixel-based constraints. The ability of SR techniques to also reconstruct missing data is investigated by randomly removing image pixels from the simulations and allowing the system to learn the content of missing data. Improvements in S/N of $11\%$ are demonstrated when physics equations are included in SR with $40\%$ pixel loss. Physics-informed NNs accurately reconstruct corrupted images and generate better results compared to the standard SR approaches.
A coupled cluster framework for electrons and phonons
Creators: name: White, Alec F.
name: Gao, Yang
name: Minnich, Austin J.
name: Chan, Garnet Kin-Lic
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe a coupled cluster framework for coupled systems of electrons and phonons. Neutral and charged excitations are accessed via the equation-of-motion version of the theory. Benchmarks on the Hubbard-Holstein model allow us to assess the strengths and weaknesses of different coupled cluster approximations which generally perform well for weak to moderate coupling. Finally, we report progress towards an implementation for {\it ab initio} calculations on solids, and present some preliminary results on finite-size models of diamond. We also report the implementation of electron-phonon coupling matrix elements from crystalline Gaussian type orbitals (cGTO) within the PySCF program package.
Allocation of Highway Costs and Revenues
Creators: name: Pigman, Jerry G.
name: Deacon, John A.
Publisher: name: Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky
Year: 1988
Subjects: subject: Transportation Engineering

description: A continuing task related to highway financing is determination of the appropriate level of taxation for each class of highway user. Cost allocation in various forms has traditionally been the tool used to achieve an equitable assignment of user responsibility. Following is a summary of results from such a cost-allocation study undertaken by the University of Kentucky's Transportation Research Program. The objective of this study is to determine highway cost responsibility of various user classes and to assess revenues relative to costs under existing levels of taxation and under various alternatives considered in the 1988 legislative session.
Evaluation of bubble removing Performance in a TV glass furnace : Part 1. Mathematical formulation
Creators: name: Kawachi, Shinji
name: Kawase, Yoshinori
Publisher: name: Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: 660

description: The bubble evolution and dissolution process in a glass furnace is an extremely complicated physico-chemical phenomenon. Most of the huge number of bubbles, generated in molten glass during the decomposition of the glass batch, are removed during the trajectory from the charging end to the forming section, but some remain in fmal products. On the basis of the two mechanisms, flotation and absorption, in the bubble removing process, a numerical Simulator was developed to evaluate the influence of first, glass and batch composition, including refining agents, second, geometrical tank design and third, furnace operating conditions upon the bubble quality in products. In particular, the Simulator enabled the estimation of the effect of refining gases which are caused by decomposition of the refining agents. Furthermore, an index was devised to synthetically assess the numbers of bubbles in final products. In part 1, the principles of the model which composes the Simulator are described in mathematical formulation. The basic equations with boundary conditions and calculation procedures for thermal flow of molten glass, gas concentration in glass melt and gas evolvement from the refining agents are presented. The calculation strategy of the bubble removing process is also described.
Current-driven magnetic rearrangements in spin-polarized point contacts
Creators: name: Stamenova, Maria
name: Sanvito, Stefano
name: Todorov, Tchavdar N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A new method for investigating the dynamics of atomic magnetic moments in current-carrying magnetic point contacts under bias is presented. This combines the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) method for evaluating the current and the charge density with a description of the dynamics of the magnetization in terms of quasistatic thermally-activated transitions between stationary configurations. This method is then implemented in a tight-binding (TB) model with parameters chosen to simulate the main features of the electronic structures of magnetic transition metals. We investigate the domain wall (DW) migration in magnetic monoatomic chains sandwiched between magnetic leads, and for realistic parameters find that collinear arrangement of the magnetic moments of the chain is always favorable. Several stationary magnetic configurations are identified, corresponding to a different number of Bloch walls in the chain and to a different current. The relative stability of these configurations depends on the geometrical details of the junction and on the bias, however we predict transitions between different configurations with activation barriers of the order of a few tens of meV. Since different magnetic configurations are associated to different resistances, this suggests an intrinsic random telegraph noise at microwave frequencies in the I-V characteristics of magnetic atomic point contacts at room temperature. Finally, we investigate whether or not current induced torques are conservative.
Analyticity, renormalization, and evolution of the soft-quark function
Creators: name: Bodwin, Geoffrey T.
name: Ee, June-Haak
name: Lee, Jungil
name: Wang, Xiang-Peng
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We compute the renormalization and evolution of the soft-quark function that appears in the factorization theorem for Higgs-boson decays to two photons through a $b$-quark loop. Our computation confirms a conjecture by Liu, Mecaj, Neubert, Wang, and Fleming for the form of the renormalization and evolution of the soft-quark function in order $α_s$. We also work out the analyticity structure of the soft-quark function by making use of light-cone perturbation theory.
description: 40 pages, 12 figures, as usual plus additional diagrams calculated, typos corrected, text improved, references added
Depth profiling analysis of lithium and barium disilicate coatings on silica glass
Creators: name: Schmitz, Regine
name: Frischat, Günther Heinz
Publisher: name: Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: 660

description: The electron gas secondary neutral mass spectrometry, operated in the high-frequency mode, is especially suitable for the analysis of electrically insulating materials. This is demonstrated for the sol-gel coating Systems Li₂O · 2 SiO₂ and BaO · 2 SiO₂ on silica glass Substrates as examples. The Li₂O · 2 SiO₂ coating is crystalline and displays fluctuations in composition and/or phases. This heterogeneity is confirmed on atomic force microscope Images. Depending on heat treatment the BaO · 2 SiO₂ coatings are glassy and crystalline, respectively. They do not show any fluctuations; however, the depth profiles display some AI₂O₃ having diffused from the silica Substrates into the films during sol-gel consolidadon. Atomic force microscope Images reveal grooves in the Substrate surfaces in which AI₂O₃ remnants of the grinding process have been captured. The depth of the AI₂O₃ profile from the SNMS measurement corresponds to the depth of Channels found using the atomic force microscope. It is assumed that AI₂O₃ originates from remnants of the grinding material used to produce the silica Substrates.
structural investigations of SiO₂-containing phosphate glasses
Creators: name: Vogel, Jürgen
name: Jana, Carsten
name: Hartmann, Peter
Publisher: name: Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: 660

description: The incorporation of SiO₂ into phosphate glasses is interesting in view of the development of phosphatic biomaterials. The present investigation is concerned with the incorporation of SiO₂ into phosphate base glasses possessing different phosphate structures. Due to their structural characteristics, they can be classified into three groups: glasses with long phosphate chains or rings formed by Q² phosphate structural groups, glasses with shorter phosphate chains formed by Q² and Q¹ groups and glasses with phosphate invert glass structure, possessing ortho(Q°)- and pyrophosphate groups (two Q¹ groups) exclusively. The structures of these glasses in dependence on the incorporated silica were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and by ³¹P MAS NMR. The principles of incorporation are discussed.
Prospects for population synthesis in the H band: NeMo grids of stellar atmospheres compared to observations
Creators: name: Fremaux, J.
name: Kupka, F.
name: Boisson, C.
name: Joly, M.
name: Tsymbal, V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: For applications in population synthesis, libraries of theoretical stellar spectra are often considered an alternative to template libraries of observed spectra, because they allow a complete sampling of stellar parameters. Most attention in published theoretical spectral libraries has been devoted to the visual wavelength range. We present a detailed comparison of theoretical spectra in the range 1.57-1.67$μ$m, for spectral types from A to early M and for giants and dwarf stars, with observed stellar spectra at resolutions around 3000, which would be sufficient to disentangle the different groups of late type stars. We have selected the NeMo grids of stellar atmospheres to perform such a comparison. We first demonstrate that after combining atomic and molecular line lists, it is possible to match observed spectral flux distributions with theoretical ones very well for almost the entire parameter range covered by the NeMo grids at moderate resolution in the visual range. In the infrared range, although the overall shape of the observed flux distributions is still matched reasonably well, the individual spectral features are reproduced by the theoretical spectra only for stars earlier than mid F type. For later spectral types the differences increase and theoretical spectra of K type stars have systematically weaker line features than those found in observations. These discrepancies are traced back to stem primarily from incomplete data on neutral atomic lines, although some of them are also related to molecules. Improving atomic data in the near infrared is a key element in making the construction of reliable libraries of stellar spectra in the infrared feasible.
description: 17 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in A&A
Four-nucleon system with $Δ$-isobar excitation
Creators: name: Deltuva, A.
name: Fonseca, A. C.
name: Sauer, P. U.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The four-nucleon bound state and scattering below three-body breakup threshold are described based on the realistic coupled-channel potential CD Bonn + $Δ$ which allows the excitation of a single nucleon to a $Δ$ isobar. The Coulomb repulsion between protons is included. In the four-nucleon system the two-baryon coupled-channel potential yields effective two-, three- and four-nucleon forces, mediated by the $Δ$ isobar and consistent with each other and with the underlying two-nucleon force. The effect of the four-nucleon force on the studied observables is much smaller than the effect of the three-nucleon force. The inclusion of the $Δ$ isobar is unable to resolve the existing discrepancies with the experimental data.
description: 11 figures, to be published in Phys. Lett. B
Cathodic electrochemical protection of molybdenum electrodes in an all-electric melter
Creators: name: Fleischmann, Bernhard
name: Mergler, Kurt Wilhelm
Publisher: name: Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: 660

description: During several research programmes the cathodic protection of molybdenum heating electrodes was tested step by step on an allelectric glass melting furnace over eight years. Starting with one pair at least, all 12 heating electrodes were superimposed with a negative direct voltage to reduce the corrosion of molybdenum. The molybdenum release of the electrodes could nearly be halved at the used furnace and with the glass melted. The molybdenum content of the glass was determined to compare the unprotected and the protected State, respectively, and to confirm the success of the cathodic protection.
Stellar Populations in the Local Group of Galaxies
Creators: name: Grebel, Eva K.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The characteristics and properties of the stellar populations and evolutionary histories of Local Group galaxies are summarized and compared to predictions of cosmological models. No clear signature of the re-ionization epoch is observed; in particular, there is no cessation of star formation activity in low-mass dwarf galaxies at the end of re-ionization. Arguments against the morphological transformation of dwarf irregular into dwarf spheroidal galaxies are derived from their pronounced evolutionary differences at early epochs as evidenced by the offset in the metallicity-luminosity relation between gas-rich and gas-poor dwarfs. While there is increasing evidence for past and ongoing accretion events the overall importance of dwarf galaxies as building blocks remains unclear considering their differences in modes of star formation and detailed chemistry.
description: Invited talk at the first international workshop on "Stellar Astrophysics with the World's Largest Telescopes", Torun, Poland, 7-10 September 2004, 14 pages, 2 figures
GLSM's for gerbes (and other toric stacks)
Creators: name: Pantev, T.
name: Sharpe, E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper we will discuss gauged linear sigma model descriptions of toric stacks. Toric stacks have a simple description in terms of (symplectic, GIT) ${\bf C}^{\times}$ quotients of homogeneous coordinates, in exactly the same form as toric varieties. We describe the physics of the gauged linear sigma models that formally coincide with the mathematical description of toric stacks, and check that physical predictions of those gauged linear sigma models exactly match the corresponding stacks. We also check in examples that when a given toric stack has multiple presentations in a form accessible as a gauged linear sigma model, that the IR physics of those different presentations matches, so that the IR physics is presentation-independent, making it reasonable to associate CFT's to stacks, not just presentations of stacks. We discuss mirror symmetry for stacks, using Morrison-Plesser-Hori-Vafa techniques to compute mirrors explicitly, and also find a natural generalization of Batyrev's mirror conjecture. In the process of studying mirror symmetry, we find some new abstract CFT's, involving fields valued in roots of unity.
description: 43 pages, LaTeX, 3 figures; v2: typos fixed
Evaluation of bubble removing Performance in a TV glass furnace : Part 2. Verification using real furnace data
Creators: name: Kawachi, Shinji
name: Kawase, Yoshinori
Publisher: name: Offenbach : Verlag der Deutschen Glastechnischen Gesellschaft
Year: 1998
Subjects: subject: 660

description: In part 2, a furnace for melting TV panel glass is studied to examine the effectiveness of the Simulator developed by the authors. Because panel glass is used as a part of a cathodic ray tube where the TV image is projected and its defect is easily recognizable, bubble-free glass quality is defmitely required. If the bubble quality becomes worse, a heap of rejected products is piled up, which leads to tremendous economical loss. In order to avoid such trouble designing and operating a TV glass furnace and inspecting glass quality are conducted with great care, and therefore, lots of field data have been accumulated so far. Accordingly, it is meaningful to utilize a TV glass furnace to verify the effectiveness of such simulating technology. The values and phenomena predicted by the Simulator and the data having been observed in real furnaces were found to be in reasonable agreement. Therefore, it may be concluded that the proposed Simulator is useful as a method of scale-up and trouble-shooting for glass furnaces.