Vexillifera
Creators: name: Van Wichelen, Jeroen
name: D'Hondt, Sofie
name: Claeys, Myriam
name: Vyverman, Wim
name: Berney, Cédric
name: Bass, David
name: Vanormelingen, Pieter
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Protozoa
Amoebozoa
Discosea
Dactylopodida
Vexilliferidae
Vexillifera

description: Vexillifera   
 The acanthopodial strain A18 WVB was placed in the monophyletic genus Vexillifera with V. multispinosa its closest relative (Fig. 6A), however the p -distance between these two strains was rather large (15.9%, 264 differing positions).   
Locomotive amoebae of strain A18 WVB were highly variable. Their shape was either triangular, spherical, slightly elongated or irregular and pseudopodia were often dactylopodial-like (e.g. Figs 6B 3, 7). Length without subpseudopodia was 13–43 µm (mean 22) and width 5–24 µm (11). About 9–22 (15) round-tipped subpseudopodia of maximally 11 µm long were present predominantly at the broader anterior side. A temporal, uroid-like, hyaline, bulbous or fasciculate structure (3–5 µm long) was sometimes seen posteriorly during locomotion (arrow in Fig. 6B 5). Usually one, rarely 2–3, small contractile vacuole(s) were visible posteriorly. The globular to elliptical vesicular nucleus was 2–5 µm in diameter and contained one slightly eccentrically located globular nucleolus of 1–2 µm. The cytoplasm always contained 10–40 small (1–2 µm), refractive spheroid granules. Floating amoebae (Figs 6B 8 –11) were slightly elongated, about 15 µm long and 10 µm wide, displaying 5–17 sharply pointed pseudopodia that reached maximally 24 µm in length. No cyst stage was observed.  
 Vexillifera currently contains 24 species of which two were most probably misclassified (V. expectata belongs to Hartmannella / Copromyxa and V. armata is probably Pseudoparamoeba pagei, see Dyková et al. 2011). Six of the remaining species were isolated from marine habitats, 1 from brackish waters and 4 from freshwater fish tissues (amphizoic species). The other species are all free-living amoebae from freshwater habitats, however none of these are represented in GenBank since it only contains the free-living marine species V. minutissima (Bovee 1985) and the amphizoic Vexillifera species on fish (Dyková et al. 2011). Our Microcystis -associated strain showed some morphological similarities with V. telma and V. displacata, described from eutrophied stagnant freshwaters respectively muddy bottoms of slow-running streams in the US (Bovee 1985), however it differed in having an irregular floating form with long radiating pseudopodia (in contrast to the globular one of V. telma with only very small radiating pseudopodia), in being much larger (in contrast to V. displacata that is 7–12 µm long and 6–8 µm wide) and in its specific ecology (planktonic Microcystis colonies where it feeds on Microcystis cells and associated biota). These differences warranted its description as a new species, Vexillifera westveldii.
description: Published as part of Van Wichelen, Jeroen, D'Hondt, Sofie, Claeys, Myriam, Vyverman, Wim, Berney, Cédric, Bass, David & Vanormelingen, Pieter, 2016, A Hotspot of Amoebae Diversity: 8 New Naked Amoebae Associated with the Planktonic Bloom-forming Cyanobacterium Microcystis, pp. 61-87 in Acta Protozoologica 55 (2) on page 74, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.16.007.4942, http://zenodo.org/record/12538714