Enaphalodes senex
Creators: name: Lingafelter, Steven W.
name: Santos-Silva, Antonio
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Cerambycidae
Enaphalodes
Enaphalodes senex

description: Enaphalodessenex (Bates, 1884), revalidated
(Figs. 33-47)
Hypermallus senex Bates, 1884: 248; Schaeffer, 1908: 327, 333; Aurivillius, 1912: 84 (syn.); Blackwelder, 1946: 465.
Redescription: Male: Integument mostly dark brown; mouthparts dark reddish‑brown; parts of epipleura reddish‑brown; apex of abdominal ventrites I‑IV light reddish‑brown.Pubescenceof elytraandheadprimarily white.
Head: Frons centrally tumid close to clypeus, with deep fovea on each side close to clypeus; with white pubescence obscuring integument except nearly glabrous tumid area.Vertex with white pubescenceobscuring integument between antennal tubercles and upper eye lobes (except nearly glabrous, irregular small area on each side between antennal tubercles and upper eye lobes), then forming two wide rounded lobes close to eyes reaching to about middle of area behind upper eye lobes; remaining surface of vertex and area behind upper eye lobes moderately finely, densely, confluently punctate; with short, sparse, decumbent golden setae; with long, erect, sparse golden setae near eyes. Area behind lower eye lobes smooth and glabrous close to eye, somewhat striate‑punctate, nearly glabrous toward prothoracic margin, but with narrow transverse band with yellow setae starting at about distal third close to smooth region, becoming wider, denser and close to eye toward ventral side of lobe. Antennal tubercles flat; with pale yellow pubescenceobscuringintegumentonbasal area,sparseron wide dorsal area,glabrousclose to apex; areawith sparse pubescence finely, abundantly punctate. Genae coarsely, smoothly punctate on central area, nearly smooth close to eyes and smooth toward apex; with decumbent, sparse, yellow setae, denser close to eyes and sparser closeto apex,interspersedwith long,erect,sparse,yellow setae. Postclypeus carina‑shaped on each side of central area (starting at level of fovea of frons); with short and long, erect, sparse yellow setae except glabrous sides. Labrum coplanar with anteclypeus on basalhalf, inclined on distal half (centrally depressed on distal half); with fine, sparse punctureson basal half closeto inclined area; glabrous on center of basal half, with long, erect, sparse yellowish‑brown setae on remaining surface (denser on inclined area,especially laterally).Gula smooth, glabrous. Submentum coarsely, shallowly, confluently punctate; with short yellowish‑brown pubescence not obscuring integument, interspersedwith long, erect, moderately sparse yellowish‑brown setae. Distance between upper eye lobes 0.5 times length of scape; in frontal view, distance between lower eye lobes 0.9 times length of scape. Antennae 1.75 times elytral length, reaching elytral apex nearapexof antennomere IX.Scapewide atbaseandnot widened toward apex, flattened at basal third, irregularly depressed dorsallyon basalthird, somewhat vermiculate dorsally on basal ⅔; moderately finely, densely punctate; with short, decumbent yellow setae not obscuring integument, interspersed with long, erect, sparse yellow setae (more abundant ventrally). Antennomeres dorsoventrally flattened (less so at apex of III‑VI); inner apex of antennomere III with acute spine, slightly shorter than distal width of antennomere; inner apex of antennomere IV with acute spine, with about half of distal width of antennomere; antennomeres V‑X with short spine at inner and outer apices, shorter at outer apex of V‑VII; antennomeres with yellow pubescence, gradually shorter and denser toward distal antennomeres; antennomeres III‑VI with long, erect yellowish setae ventrally, gradually sparser toward VI; antennomeres III‑X with, long, erect, sparse yellow setae dorsally closeto apex. Antennal formula (ratio) based on length of antennomere III (excluding spine): scape = 1.03; pedicel = 0.24; IV = 0.91;V = 1.07; VI = 1.12;VII = 1.15;VIII = 1.10;IX = 1.05;X = 0.95;XI = 1.22.
Thorax: Prothorax wider than long, with distinct constriction near apex; sides slightly rounded (sometimes with slightly indicated tubercle on distal half close to middle). Pronotum with seven gibbosities: one elongate, slightly oblique, placed on each side of basal half (from near base to middle); one subcircular, placed on each side of distal half; one longitudinal, placedmedially from basal quarter to apex (distinctly narrowed between anterolateral gibbosities); one oblique, placed near lateral curvature,from basalquarterto anterolateral gibbosities. Pronotal surface coarsely, shallowly, confluently punctate except on smooth central gibbosity,and central area between central gibbosity and basolateral gibbosities with fine punctures; with short, decumbent yellow setae not obscuring integument,denser,moreyellowish‑white laterally closeto gibbosities, and forming small, irregular spots laterally on distal half and at base of central callus; with long erect, yellow, sparse setae laterally. Sides of prothorax coarsely rugose‑punctate; with short, sparse yellow setae (denser close to procoxal cavity and close to prosternum) interspersed with long, erect, sparse yellow setae. Prosternum transversely, widely sulcate centrally; coarsely, moderately densely punctateon basal ⅔, transversely striate‑punctate on distal third; with short, decumbent, sparse yellow setae interspersed with long, erect yellow setae. Mesosternum with short yellowish pubescence, slightly distinct depending on angle of light, slightly denser laterally. Mesepisternum and mesepimeron with yellow pubescence partially obscuring integument. Mesosternal process strongly inclined toward mesosternum,with onesmall tubercle on eachside close to inclined area. Metepisternum with yellowish‑white pubescence obscuring integument, slightly yellower basally. Mesosternal process inclined toward mesosternum, with one small tubercle on each side of curvature. Metasternumcoarsely,moderately abundantly punctate, gradually sparser toward central sulcus; sides with yellowish‑white pubescence obscuring integument (whiter than on metepisternum), not reaching mesocoxal cavity, and distally on each side of central sulcus (yellower than laterally); remaining surface with long, moderately sparse, suberect yellow setae. Scutellum with yellowish‑white pubescence obscuring integument.
Elytra: Densely punctate throughout, punctures coars‑ er on basal half, gradually finer toward apex; with two groups of importantmaculae of densewhitepubescence with irregular margins (Figs. 33, 43): one elongate, from humerus to middle, nearly continuous, with two projections toward epipleura (one at about its middle, another at its apex); another fragmented, on sides of distal half, nearly absent closeto middle of elytra; with long, erect, sparse yellow setae throughout (more abundant toward apex); apex truncate, bispinose (outer spine broader than sutural one).
Legs: Femora coarsely, moderately densely punctate, striate‑punctate on basal half of profemora; with yellowish‑white pubescence partially obscuring integument, interspersed with long, erect yellow setae ventrally; apices with rounded lobes.
Abdomen: Ventrites with short, sparse yellow‑ochraceous pubescence, sparser centrally, and distinctly dens‑ er yellowish‑white pubescence on distal area of sides of ventrites I‑IV (gradually narrower toward IV); apex of ventrite V truncate, slightly emarginate centrally.
Female: Antennae 1.35 times elytral length, reaching elytral apex at distal quarter of antennomere XI; scape narrower than in male. Apex of abdominal ventrite V rounded.
Variation: Spots of pubescence on pronotum ranging from paleyellow to ochre;pubescence on sidesof pronotum moderate to dense, partially obscuring integument, forming spots or not, except on tubercle‑shaped sides; outer spine of elytral apexof varying length: shorter than or subequal to sutural spine.
Dimensions in mm (male/female): Total length, 23.05‑25.70/29.25; prothorax: central length, 4.40‑4.70/4.80; distal width, 3.65‑4.00/4.10; basal width, 4.65‑4.95/5.35; widest width, 5.15‑5.80/5.85; humeral width, 6.40‑6.95/7.60; elytral length, 16.15‑18.00/19.40.
Material examined: GUATEMALA (new country record), Zacapa: 1 mi S San Lorenzo (reared from bark of Quercus sp.), 2 males, I.1995, E. Giesbert col. (FSCA); vic. San Lorenzo (5,000’), 1 female, 10‑15. VI.1991, E. Giesbert col. (FSCA). NICARAGUA (new country record), Madriz: Tepesomoto‑Pataste Natural Reserve (1,350 m), 1 male, 20.IV.2006, E. van den Berghe col. (DJHC).
Remarks: Bates (1884) described Hypermallus senex from a single specimen originating from Mexico, which he speculatedwas from the northern part of the country. Schaeffer (1908) reported: “The description of this species agrees so closely with the male of Romaleum taeniatum Lec. that Isuspect the identity of the two.” This suggestion was wrongly interpreted as a formal synonym by Aurivillius (1912), and was not questioned by any author who wrote subsequently on E. taeniatus. The only exception was found in Blackwelder (1946) who listed E. senex as a valid species, but did not list E. taeniatus. Thus, his intentions were unclear.
Enaphalodes senex differs from E. taeniatus as follows: the elytral punctation is sparser (Figs. 33, 38, 43, 47), the antennal tubercles are not elevated (Figs. 36, 55), and the elytral maculae are formed from white pubescence covering larger areas (Figs. 33, 38, 43, 47). In E. taeniatus, the elytral punctation is denser (Fig. 32), the antennal tubercles are elevated (Fig. 56), and the elytral maculae are comprised of white pubescence covering smaller areas (Fig. 51). It differs from E. niveitectus by having the antennal tubercles flat and rounded at the apex (Figs. 36, 55), the pubescence on the metepisternum and sides of metasternum distinctly denser (Figs. 40, 44, 46), and the ventrites having dense bands of white pubescence. In E. niveitectus, the antennal tubercles are elevated and acute at the apex (Fig. 54), the pubescence on the metepisternum and sides of the metasternum is distinctly sparser (Fig. 49), and the ventrites lack bands with white pubescence (Fig. 49). Enaphalodes senex differs most notably from E.bingkirki and E. monzoni in having antennae at least as long as the body in females. In females of E. bingkirki (Figs. 9, 11) and E. monzoni (Figs. 17, 19), the antennae are much short‑ er than the elytra.
Enaphalodessenex was originally described from Mexico.Additionalspecimensexaminedfrom Guatemala and Nicaraguaexpand theknowndistribution andrepresent new country records. Our concept of this species as distinct from Enaphalodes taeniatus removes the United States from the known distribution.
description: Published as part of Lingafelter, Steven W. & Santos-Silva, Antonio, 2018, New Central American and Mexican Enaphalodes Haldeman, 1847 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with taxonomic notes and a key to species, pp. 1-17 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58 on pages 11-16, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.11, http://zenodo.org/record/3677451