cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Techni-dilaton signatures at LHC
Creators: name: Matsuzaki, Shinya
name: Yamawaki, Koichi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We explore discovery signatures of techni-dilaton (TD) at LHC. The TD was predicted long ago as a composite pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB) associated with the spontaneous breaking of the approximate scale symmetry in the walking technicolor (WTC). Being pNGB, whose mass arises from the explicit scale-symmetry breaking due to the dynamical mass generation, the TD should have a mass MTD lighter than other techni-hadrons, say MTD \simeq 600GeV for the typical WTC model, which is well in the discovery range of the ongoing LHC experiment. We develop a spurion method of nonlinear realization to calculate the TD couplings to the standard model (SM) particles and explicitly evaluate the TD LHC production cross sections at sqrt{s}=7TeV times the branching ratios in terms of MTD as an input parameter for 200GeVWW/ZZ signature with the recent ATLAS and CMS bounds and find that in the case of 1DM the signature is consistent over the whole mass range due to the large suppression of TD couplings, and by the same token the signal is too tiny for the TD to be visible through this channel at LHC. As for the 1FM, on the other hand, a severe constraint is given on MTD to exclude the TD with MTD<600GeV, which, however, would imply an emergence of somewhat dramatic excess as the TD signature at MTD>600GeV in the near future. We further find a characteristic signature coming from the gamma gamma mode in the 1FM. In sharp contrast to the SM Higgs case, it provides highly enhanced cross section~0.10--1.0fb at around MTD \simeq 600GeV, which is large enough to be discovered during the first few year's run at LHC.
description: latex, 14 pages, 5 eps figure files; version to appear in PTP
Probing the Neutrino Mass Hierarchy with Super-Kamiokande
Creators: name: Agarwalla, Sanjib Kumar
name: Hernandez, Pilar
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show that for recently discovered large values of theta(13), a superbeam with an average neutrino energy of ~ 5 GeV, such as those being proposed at CERN, if pointing to Super-Kamiokande (L = 8770 km), could reveal the neutrino mass hierarchy at 5 sigma in less than two years irrespective of the true hierarchy and CP phase. The measurement relies on the near resonant matter effect in the numu to nue oscillation channel, and can be done counting the total number of appearance events with just a neutrino beam.
description: 16 pages, 7 pdf figures, 2 tables. Format changed and text extended. Four new pdf figures added. Dependency of the result on 1-3 mixing angle discussed. Conclusions unchanged. Accepted in JHEP
Revealing the extended radio emission from the gamma-ray binary HESS J0632+057
Creators: name: Moldón, J.
name: Ribó, M.
name: Paredes, J. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Context. After the detection of a 321-days periodicity in X-rays, HESS J0632+057 can be robustly considered a new member of the selected group of gamma-ray binaries. These sources are known to show extended radio structure at scales of milliarcseconds (mas). Aims. We present the expected extended radio emission on mas scales from HESS J0632+057. Methods. We observed HESS J0632+057 with the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 1.6 GHz in two epochs: during the January/February 2011 X-ray outburst and 30 days later. Results. The VLBI image obtained during the outburst shows a compact ~0.4 mJy radio source, whereas 30 days later the source has faded and appears extended, with a projected size of ~75 AU. The peak of the emission is displaced between runs 21+/-5 AU, which is bigger than the orbit size. The position of the radio source is compatible with the Be star MWC 148, which sets the proper motion of the binary system below 3 mas yr^-1 in each coordinate. The brightness temperature of the source is above 2 \times 10^6 K. We compare the multiwavelength properties of HESS J0632+057 with those of the previously known gamma-ray binaries. Conclusions. HESS J0632+057 displays extended and variable non-thermal radio emission. Its morphology, size, and displacement at AU scales are similar to those found in the other gamma-ray binaries, PSR B1259-63, LS 5039 and LS I +61 303, supporting a similar nature for HESS J0632+057.
description: 5 pages, 2 figures. Updated to match the version published in A&A Letters
Taming Finance by Empowering Regulators: A Survey of Policies, Politics and Possibilities
Creators: name: Griffith-Jones, Stephany
name: Thiemann, Matthias
name: Seabrooke, Leonard
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: Finance
Economics

description: This paper examines important and desirable reforms of the international financial regulatory and taxation architecture, both from the perspective of their technical desirability and their political feasibility. The paper provides insights into how to increase the chances that desirable changes in the financial and taxation architecture will actually happen. In providing a map on the prospects of financial reform, the paper identifies the main political and technical hazards to be navigated. To do so, and pinpoint the key dangers, the paper employs Albert Hirschmann's framework for understanding negative reactions to reform agendas. We conclude by stressing that the need for reform is vital given the threat financial crises pose to development and poverty reduction.
title: War Finance (Germany)
title: War Finance (Germany)
Creators: name: Gross, Stephen
Publisher: name: BSB - Bavarian State Library
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Deutschland
subject: Kriegsfinanzierung
subject: World War, 1914-1918
subject: Germany
subject: War finance

description: German finance policy during the First World War has been described as ineffective and responsible for the postwar hyperinflation. Yet in certain ways it was successful; the German public widely bought war loans through 1918. Like all belligerents, Germany relied more on debt and less on taxation to fund expenditures. However, Germany had less-developed money markets than the Entente and employed risky financial institutions. This created the potential for inflation, which became a reality after 1918 as a result of high reparations and Weimar leaders’ policies. The greater legacy of German war finance was to speed the transition from a gold to a fiat currency.
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
Improvisational interfaces for visualization construction and scalar function sketching
Creators: name: Chao, William O.
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2012

description: Presentations are an important aspect of daily communication in most organizations. As sketch, and gesture-capable interfaces such as tablets and smart boards become increasingly common, they open up new possibilities for interacting with presentations. This thesis explores two new interface prototypes to improve upon otherwise tedious presentation needs such as demonstrating models based on scalar functions, and visualization of data. We combine a spreadsheet style interface with sketching of scalar mathematical functions to develop and demonstrate intuitive mathematical models without the need of coding or complex equations. We also explore sketch and gesture based creation of data visualizations.
Recent Developments in Regulation in the Light of the Global Financial Crisis: Implications for Developing Countries
Creators: name: Griffith-Jones, Stephany
name: Spiegel, Shari
name: Thiemann, Matthias
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2011
Subjects: Economics
Finance

description: This paper describes and evaluates the main regulatory changes that have been carried out in response to the financial crisis via Basel 3, the US Dodd-Frank Bill and other initiatives, with the goal of drawing policy implications for emerging market and middle income developing country financial regulators and policy-makers.
Critical properties of 2D Z(N) vector models for N>4
Creators: name: Borisenko, Oleg
name: Cortese, Gennaro
name: Fiore, Roberto
name: Gravina, Mario
name: Papa, Alessandro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the critical properties of two-dimensional Z(N) vector models for N larger than 4. In particular, critical points of the two phase transitions are located and some critical indices are determined. We study also the behavior of the helicity modulus and the dependence of the critical points on N.
description: 7 pages, 5 figures, poster contribution to the XXIX International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, LATTICE 2011
Die Biosynthese von acetylierten Monoterpenen in Thymian (Thymus vulgaris)
Creators: name: Wiese, Natalie
Publisher: name: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 571

description: Thymus vulgaris besitzt eine hohe Vielfalt an Monoterpenen, die seinem ätherischen Öl eine antibakterielle und spasmolytische Wirkung verleihen und gilt damit als wichtiger Bestandteil der aktuellen Phytomedizin. Während die Aufklärung der Monoterpen-Biosynthesewege schon lange Gegenstand der Forschung ist, sind die acetylierten Monoterpene in Thymian kaum untersucht. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Identifizierung und Charakterisierung der Enzyme, welche den Schritt zu den Monoterpenacetaten katalysieren. Sieben potentielle BAHD-Acyltransferasengene konnten identifiziert werden (tvaat1-7). Vier der sieben Enzyme sind, heterolog in E. coli exprimiert, imstande die Acetylierung von Geraniol umzusetzen. Allein TvAAT3 akzeptiert zusätzliche Substrate, wie z.B. Thymol, Carvacrol und Borneol. Weiterhin wurden Nektar und Pollen des Thymians hinsichtlich der Konzentration an Monoterpenen und ihrer Acetate sowie deren antibiotische Wirkung auf die Erreger der Europäischen Faulbrut untersucht.
description: The essential oil of Thymus vulgaris is an important component of current phytomedicine due to its antibacterial and spasmolytical monoterpenes. Whereas the clarification of the biosynthetic pathway of these monoterpenes has been an important research subject for a long time, little is known about the modified terpenes, especially the acetylated ones. The aim of this work was the identification and characterization of the enzymes which catalyze the step to the monoterpene acetates. Seven putative BAHD acyl transferases (tvaat1-7) were identified. After heterologous expression in E. coli, four of the seven enzymes were able to catalyze the acetylation of geraniol. Only TvAAT3 accepted additional substrates, e.g. thymol, carvacrol and borneol. Furthermore, nectar and pollen from thyme were analyzed for their concentration of the dominant monoterpenes and their acetates. The same compounds were used to determine their antibiotic activity against European foulbrood associated pathogens.
title: Warfare 1917-1918 (USA)
title: Warfare 1917-1918 (USA)
Creators: name: Grotelueschen, Mark E.
Publisher: name: BSB - Bavarian State Library
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: USA
subject: Weltkrieg [1914-1918]
subject: Kriegführung
subject: World War, 1914-1918--United States
subject: Warfare

description: In 1917 and 1918, the United States raised the largest combat force in its history to date and deployed it to Europe. By November 1918, the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) contained two million soldiers, organized into twenty-nine massive combat divisions. AEF units trained with the Allied armies throughout 1917 and 1918, and began active combat operations in late May 1918. They helped stop the German offensives of 1918, played a significant role in the Aisne-Marne counteroffensive of July-August 1918, ejected the Germans from the St. Mihiel salient in September 1918, and waged the bloody but successful Meuse-Argonne Offensive from late September until 11 November 1918.
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
Built-in Stabilizers and Risk Literacy: Protecting the Sustainability of the Insurance Industry
Creators: name: Goto, Shigeyuki
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2012
Subjects: Commerce

description: Just as any chain is only as strong as its weakest link, any sophisticated, cutting edge assessment is only as good as the robustness of the underlying assumptions. This is increasingly true for tail-risks, where even the most advanced predictions and modelled outputs are not immune from judgement errors and/or statistical uncertainty. On the part of insurers, this warrants better pooling of risks by way of creation a better diversified portfolio and the building up of capital buffers for unforeseen/unpredicted events. In this paper, I wish to touch on two approaches to achieve the above; the first is to have built-in stabilizers in place in the form of special systems and/or schemes; the second is to raise awareness of and have in place processes that address psychological biases behind the various assumptions and analysis we use in our day to day operations.
Taxes and Development: Experience of India vs. China, and Lessons for Other Developing Countries
Creators: name: Gordon, Roger H.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2009
Subjects: Finance
Economics

description: The rapid and sustained growth in India and China, the two most populous countries in the world, during the last fifteen to twenty-five years is probably the most momentous change in the world economy in our lifetimes. Both countries were among the poorest in the world before the start of their economic reforms. The rapid changes since the beginning of these reforms have been breathtaking. What policy changes in fact were responsible for initiating the sharp improvement in economic performance? What further policy changes have been needed to sustain it? To what degree are there common lessons from the reforms in these two countries that other countries can use as models for their own economic policies? In this paper, the focus will be on the reforms in the tax structure. To what degree did tax reforms help in generating the observed economic growth? To what degree did the growth force changes in the tax structure? How similar are the experiences in these two countries?
title: War Finance (France)
title: War Finance (France)
Creators: name: Baubeau, Patrice
Publisher: name: BSB - Bavarian State Library
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Frankreich
subject: Weltkrieg [1914-1918]
subject: Kriegsfinanzierung
subject: World War, 1914-1918--France
subject: War finance

description: Though it entered war with an already important public debt, France managed its growth in ways comparable to that of other main warring powers, mixing monetary financing, internal and external debt. Monetary financing was made possible by the 5 August 1914 convertibility suspension, while strong British and, later on, American support avoided a decline of the exchange rate before the end of the war. State debt purchases were transformed into a patriotic act through intense marketing, but it did not prevent a slow increase in interest rates, albeit a rudimentary circuit policy, leading to a growing share of short-term debt.
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
The Financial Stability Board: An Effective Fourth Pillar of Global Economic Governance?
Creators: name: (:Unav)
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: Finance
Economics

description: At their April 2009 summit in London, the G20 leaders announced their first major international governance innovation: the creation of the Financial Stability Board (FSB). The FSB replaced the Financial Stability Forum (FSF), which had been created almost exactly ten years earlier in the wake of the 1997-1998 East Asian financial crisis. The G20 leaders gave the FSB a stronger mandate to promote global financial stability, a wider membership and a more sophisticated internal organizational structure than its predecessor. Our hope is that this compilation of short memos, produced a year or so after the FSB’s creation, will promote further debate over the mandate, legitimacy, governance and effectiveness of the institution.
title: Sexuality, Sexual Relations, Homosexuality
title: Sexuality, Sexual Relations, Homosexuality
Creators: name: Crouthamel, Jason
Publisher: name: BSB - Bavarian State Library
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Weltkrieg [1914-1918]
subject: Sexualität
subject: World War, 1914-1918
subject: Sex and history

description: This article provides an international overview of the history of sexuality in the Great War, including (1) the venereal disease epidemic, prostitution, and expanding state surveillance of sexuality; (2) the war’s effects on perceptions of intimacy and sexuality; and (3) the war’s effects on sexual reform movements, particular the homosexual emancipation movement in Germany. While military authorities in both democratic and authoritarian societies tried to enforce hegemonic gender and sexual norms, the war fragmented and complicated soldiers’ and civilians’ perceptions of “normal” sexuality, which were transformed in response to the traumatic effects of total war.
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
Examining coupled-channel effects in radiative charmonium transitions
Creators: name: Guo, Feng-Kun
name: Meißner, Ulf-G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Coupled-channel effects due to coupling of charmonia to the charmed and anticharmed mesons are of current interest in heavy quarkonium physics. However, the effects have not been unambiguously established. In this paper, a clean method is proposed in order to examine the coupled-channel effects in charmonium transitions. We show that the hindered M1 radiative transitions from the 2P to 1P charmonia are suitable for this purpose. We suggest to measure one or more of the ratios Gamma(h_c'-->chi_{cJ} gamma)/Gamma(chi_{cJ}'-->chi_{cJ} pi^0) and Gamma(chi_{cJ}'-->h_c gamma)/Gamma(chi_{cJ}'-->chi_{cJ} pi^0), for which highly nontrivial and parameter-free predictions are given. The picture can also be tested using both unquenched and quenched lattice calculations.
description: 5 pages, 2 figures. Numerical results corrected. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Lett
Automated Image Recognition for Wildlife Camera Traps: Making it Work for You
Creators: name: Greenberg, Saul
Publisher: name: Science
Year: 2020
Subjects: Camera traps
wildlife
image recognition
workflow

description: You have likely heard about or read articles that apply automated image recognition to wildlife camera trap images. The basic idea is that the image recognition system will automatically analyze your images to locate and classify the wildlife species within them. But before you jump on the bandwagon, here are a few things you should know about.
Millicharged Atomic Dark Matter
Creators: name: Cline, James M.
name: Liu, Zuowei
name: Xue, Wei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a simplified version of the atomic dark matter scenario, in which charged dark constituents are bound into atoms analogous to hydrogen by a massless hidden sector U(1) gauge interaction. Previous studies have assumed that interactions between the dark sector and the standard model are mediated by a second, massive Z' gauge boson, but here we consider the case where only a massless gamma' kinetically mixes with the standard model hypercharge and thereby mediates direct detection. This is therefore the simplest atomic dark matter model that has direct interactions with the standard model, arising from the small electric charge for the dark constituents induced by the kinetic mixing. We map out the parameter space that is consistent with cosmological constraints and direct searches, assuming that some unspecified mechanism creates the asymmetry that gives the right abundance, since the dark matter cannot be a thermal relic in this scenario. In the special case where the dark "electron" and "proton" are degenerate in mass, inelastic hyperfine transitions can explain the CoGeNT excess events. In the more general case, elastic transitions dominate, and can be close to current direct detection limits over a wide range of masses.
description: 5 pages, 2 figures; v2: added references, and formula for dark ionization fraction; published version
Low-mass pre--main-sequence stars in the Magellanic Clouds
Creators: name: Gouliermis, Dimitrios
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: [Abridged] The stellar Initial Mass Function (IMF) suggests that sub-solar stars form in very large numbers. Most attractive places for catching low-mass star formation in the act are young stellar clusters and associations, still (half-)embedded in star-forming regions. The low-mass stars in such regions are still in their pre--main-sequence (PMS) evolutionary phase. The peculiar nature of these objects and the contamination of their samples by the evolved populations of the Galactic disk impose demanding observational techniques for the detection of complete numbers of PMS stars in the Milky Way. The Magellanic Clouds, the companion galaxies to our own, demonstrate an exceptional star formation activity. The low extinction and stellar field contamination in star-forming regions of these galaxies imply a more efficient detection of low-mass PMS stars than in the Milky Way, but their distance from us make the application of special detection techniques unfeasible. Nonetheless, imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope yield the discovery of solar and sub-solar PMS stars in the Magellanic Clouds from photometry alone. Unprecedented numbers of such objects are identified as the low-mass stellar content of their star-forming regions, changing completely our picture of young stellar systems outside the Milky Way, and extending the extragalactic stellar IMF below the persisting threshold of a few solar masses. This review presents the recent developments in the investigation of PMS stars in the Magellanic Clouds, with special focus on the limitations by single-epoch photometry that can only be circumvented by the detailed study of the observable behavior of these stars in the color-magnitude diagram. The achieved characterization of the low-mass PMS stars in the Magellanic Clouds allowed thus a more comprehensive understanding of the star formation process in our neighboring galaxies.
description: Review paper, 26 pages (in LaTeX style for Springer journals), 4 figures. Accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews
Untersuchung von langfristigen Haftungs- und Wechselwirkungsmechanismen Polyurethan-basierter Beschichtungen auf thermoplastischen Substraten unter Einfluss alkoholischer und wässriger Umgebungsmedien
Creators: name: Wittchen, Sergei
Publisher: name: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 620

description: In dieser Arbeit wurden 2-Komponenten Polyurethan-Lacke, wo die 1. Komponente eine Mischung aus Polyole und 2. Komponente eine Mischung aus Di- bzw. Triisocyanate (so genannte Härter) sind, optimiert und mit etablierten Methoden der Polymercharakterisierung wie DMA, FTIR, Quellversuch u.a. untersucht. Da die genaue Rezeptur der untersuchten Lacke eine Blackbox darstellte (die Rezeptur wurde von Projektpartner geheim gehalten und dürfte nicht untersucht werden), wurden die Anteile an Härter-Komponente an zwei festgelegten und etablierten Rezepturen R1702 und R1703 variiert, sodass die Änderung der Vernetzungsdichte und somit die Änderung der Barriere-Eigenschaften der Beschichtungen erreicht werden könnte. Es wurde vor allem der Einfluss der Vernetzungsdichte auf die Barriereeigenschaften der PU-Beschichtungen untersucht. Ein wichtiger Teil der Arbeit ist die Entwicklung einer neuen Methode zur Bestimmung der Barriereeigenschaften der PU-Beschichtungen bei Quellung dieser im Ethanol durch Bestimmung der Diffusionskoeffizienten (Materialabhängiges Parameter) der Beschichtungen mithilfe von Dielektrischen Analyse.
description: In this work, 2-component polyurethane paints, where the 1st component is a mixture of polyols and the 2nd component is a mixture of di- or triisocyanates (so-called hardeners), were optimized and with established methods of polymer characterization such as DMA, FTIR, swelling test, etc. examined. Since the exact recipe of the paints examined was a black box (the recipe was kept secret by the project partner and should not be investigated), the proportions of hardener components of two established recipes R1702 and R1703 were varied, so that the change in crosslinking density and thus the change in the barrier properties of these coatings could be investigated. Above all, the influence of the crosslinking density on the barrier properties of the PU coatings was investigated. An important part of the work is the development of a new method for determining the barrier properties of PU coatings when they swell in ethanol by determining the diffusion coefficient (material-dependent parameter) of the coatings with the aid of dielectric analysis.
title: Women's Mobilization for War (France)
title: Women's Mobilization for War (France)
Creators: name: Bette, Peggy
Publisher: name: BSB - Bavarian State Library
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Frankreich
subject: Weltkrieg [1914-1918]
subject: Frau
subject: World War, 1914-1918--France
subject: Women and war

description: In France, the mobilisation of women followed two parallel movements. One of them was volunteer-based and was widely approved, since it called upon qualities of the feminine ideal. The other mobilisation was remunerated and much more suspect, since it entailed an upheaval in traditional sexual roles. Starting in 1916-1917, female mobilisation, subject to suspicion and fatigue, ran out of steam but it never disappeared. However, this almost unfailing engagement by French women did not procure them legal recognition or the anticipated cultural and social changes. In the end the war did more to fix sexual identities than to improve equality between the sexes.
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
title: France
title: France
Creators: name: Beaupré, Nicolas
Publisher: name: BSB - Bavarian State Library
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Frankreich
subject: Weltkrieg [1914-1918]
subject: World War, 1914-1918--France

description: To study France during the “Great War” – as it was called as early as 1914 – involves focusing on a major Western state that was confronted with a growing demand for resources to fuel the war machine and enable the country to hold out until victory and the deliverance that would come with it. This “totalization process” engulfed both the government and society as a whole, and demanded of the latter an effort that inevitably created tension. France was obviously not the only state to experiment with the consequences of an increasingly total war. But if we compare the French context with that of the other two largest Western states at war, Great Britain and Germany, France was indeed unique since it was both one of the most important battlefields of the war and also partially occupied by the enemy.
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
Shifting Europe from Austerity to Growth: A Proposed Investment Programme for 2012-2015
Creators: name: Griffith-Jones, Stephany
name: Kollatz-Ahnen, Matthias
name: Andersen, Lars
name: Hansen, Signe
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2012
Subjects: Economics
Finance

description: This paper is focused on finding a policy approach that quickly facilitates and stimulates future growth, and thus goes well beyond austerity. Increasingly, as economic performance has deteriorated in most European countries, EU public opinion and leaders have begun to stress with increased urgency the need for far greater emphasis on growth. Meaningful actions on a sufficient scale have however not yet been taken. In this paper we aim to make specific proposals on how one key and successful EU institution, the European Investment Bank, (EIB) can expand its lending significantly, in ways that will make a meaningful contribution to growth, particularly in the countries, whose economies and citizens have suffered most from the sovereign debt crisis; we will also examine the role which EU Structural Funds can both on their own, and especially as a complement to EIB lending, further contribute to EU growth. After outlining in some detail the type of measures that can be taken, as well as their scale, we model the likely impact on GDP and employment, which would be significant. One important advantage of our approach is that with fairly limited public resources, it can achieve a very large impact, due to the benefits of leverage.
A framework for the simulation of regional decadal variability for agricultural and other applications
Creators: name: Goddard, Lisa M.
name: Greene, Arthur M.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2012
Subjects: Climatic changes
Environmental sciences

description: Climate prediction on decadal time scales is currently an active area of research. Although there are indications that predictions from dynamical models may have skill in some regions, assessment of this skill is still underway, and reliable model-based predictions of regional "near-term" climate change, particularly for terrestrial regions, have not yet been demonstrated. Given the absence of such forecasts, synthetic data sequences that capture the statistical properties of observed near-term climate variability have potential value. Incorporation of a climate change component in such sequences can aid in estimating likelihoods for a range of climatic stresses, perhaps lying outside the range of past experience. Such simulations can be used to drive agricultural, hydrological or other application models, enabling resilience testing of adaptation or decision systems. The use of statistically-based methods enables the efficient generation of a large ensemble of synthetic sequences as well as the creation of well-defined probabilistic risk estimates. In this report we discuss procedures for the generation of synthetic climate sequences that incorporate both the statistics of observed variability and expectations regarding future regional climate change. Model fitting and simulation are conditioned by requirements particular to the decadal climate problem. A method for downscaling annualized simulations to the daily time step while preserving both spatial and temporal subannual statistical properties is presented and other possible methods discussed. A "case-study" realization of the proposed framework is described.
Temperature-dependent quantum electron transport in 2D point contact
Creators: name: Krishtop, Tatiana
name: Nagaev, Kirill
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We consider a transmission of electrons through a two-dimensional ballistic point contact in the low-conductance regime below the 0.7-anomaly. The scattering of electrons by Friedel oscillations of charge density results in a contribution to the conductance proportional to the temperature. The sign of this linear term depends on the range of the electron-electron interaction and appears to be negative for the relevant experimental parameters.
description: 10 pages, 5 figures
Overview of Tax Policy in Developing Countries
Creators: name: Gordon, Roger H.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2009
Subjects: Finance
Economics

description: This volume provides a detailed assessment of the current tax structure in six developing countries: Argentina, Brazil, India, Kenya, Korea, and Russia. Each of the six case studies lays out the current statutory provisions, how they have evolved over time, the resulting changes in tax revenue, and the key fiscal pressures faced currently looking forward. The volume includes in addition two overview papers that reassess the conventional wisdom about the appropriate design of tax policy in developing countries.
title: U.S. Race Riots
title: U.S. Race Riots
Creators: name: Brown, Charlene Fletcher
Publisher: name: BSB - Bavarian State Library
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: USA
subject: Rassenunruhen
subject: United States--History--1913-1921
subject: United States--Race relations

description: A race riot is a mob-related domestic disturbance in which specific racial groups are targeted for violence. The United States experienced a significant increase in race riots during and after World War I; much of the violence resulted from a variety of factors including African-American migration, labor shortages and postwar demobilization.
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
Tropidophora nyasana
Creators: name: Muratov, Igor V.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2010
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Littorinimorpha
Pomatiidae
Tropidophora
Tropidophora nyasana

description: Tropidophora nyasana (Smith, 1899)
 Fig. 5 Pomatias nyasanus: Smith 1899: 591, pl. 35, fig. 5 (Mount Chiradzulu, Nyika Range, Zomba Plateau; 20× 21 mm). Recorded from two stations on Cabo Delgado; has a general distribution in Malawi (type localities), Mozambique and Zimbabwe. Differs from the other three species of Tropidophora in the region by the presence of numerous regularly spaced spiral cords over the entire shell surface.
description: Published as part of Muratov, Igor V., 2010, Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique, pp. 255 in African Invertebrates 51 (2) on page 263, DOI: 10.5733/afin.051.0203, http://zenodo.org/record/10268367
title: Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue
title: Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue
Creators: name: Küpper, René
Publisher: name: BSB - Bavarian State Library
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue
subject: Masaryk, T. G. (Tomáš Garrigue), 1850-1937

description: Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk was a Czech politician who started the Czechoslovak independence movement abroad. As head of the Czechoslovak National Council from 1916 to 1918, he provided an ideological basis for Czechoslovak propaganda, helped create the Czechoslovak Legions and was instrumental in securing the Entente’s recognition of Czechoslovakia as an allied state. In 1918 he became its first president.
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
A Modest Proposal for International Monetary Reform
Creators: name: Greenwald, Bruce C.
name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2009
Subjects: Finance
International relations

description: An ideal system of international payments should be characterized by stability and balance: stability in exchange rates and the absence of sudden crises, and balance in the sense that individual national economies should suffer neither from the deflationary effects of chronic external deficits nor the distorting consequences of chronic external surpluses. Both requirements are essential to the efficient international movement of capital. Yet neither requirement appears to have been met by the current dollar-based reserve currency system. Recurrent crises in Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe, and chronic and growing U.S. payments deficits (with their associated deflationary impact) are long-standing characteristics of the current system. This chapter argues that the problems just described are fundamental aspects of the present system and that, without reform, they will continue to plague the global economy. However, a simple set of institutional reforms would go a long way toward alleviating these difficulties. In order to understand the need for and nature of these reforms, we begin by analyzing the dynamics of the current system using a simple global macroeconomics framework. Within this context, we examine a number of proposed explanations for current imbalances and ultimately focus on a small number of potentially responsible factors. They bear a striking similarity to those which Keynes cited in connection with the failure of the pre-Bretton Woods system. The chapter then lays out reforms designed to alleviate these problems. Finally, it ends with a broader analysis of the costs and benefits of such a reformed system.
Interventions to Mitigate the Reduced Ability and Willingness to Work of Health Care Workers During a Pandemic Influenza Public Health Emergency
Creators: name: Garrett, Andrew L.
name: Gill, Kimberly
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2007
Subjects: Disaster medicine
Epidemics
Emergency management
Emergency medical personnel

description: Several widely publicized articles were released in the past two years which suggest that health care and public health employees may be unable or unwilling to report to work during a public health emergency involving contagion or contamination such as pandemic influenza, SARS, smallpox, or a terrorist attack using disease or radiation: A 2006 study of public health department workers, only 54% of those surveyed indicated that they would "likely report to work" during a pandemic influenza outbreak. In 2005 a national survey of pre-hospital care workers indicated that only 65% of EMTs were willing to report for duty during a smallpox outbreak. Also in 2005, only 48% of health care workers in the greater New York City area reported that they were "willing to work" during a widespread outbreak of SARS-like illness. Although a recurrence of pandemic influenza is inevitable, it was not until recently that there has been a very public acknowledgement of the impact it will potentially place upon society in terms of the delivery of medical care.
title: Brás, Venceslau
title: Brás, Venceslau
Creators: name: Araujo, Rafael Pinheiro De
Publisher: name: BSB - Bavarian State Library
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Brás, Venceslau
subject: Brás Pereira Gomes, Venceslau, 1868-1966

description: Venceslau Brás was president of Brazil between 1914 and 1918. On 26 October 1917, he signed the Brazilian declaration of war against Germany.
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
Do Fermi-LAT observations imply very large Lorentz factors in GRB outflows ?
Creators: name: Hascoët, R.
name: Daigne, F.
name: Mochkovitch, R.
name: Vennin, V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Recent detections of GeV photons in a few GRBs by Fermi-LAT imply huge bulk Lorentz factors to avoid a large gamma gamma optical depth at high energy. Estimates can be as high as Gamma ~ 1000 in the most extreme cases. This puts severe constraints on models of the central engine and the jet acceleration in GRBs. These estimates are however obtained from a simplified single zone model. We present here a more realistic calculation which takes into account the time, space and direction dependent photon field existing in an outflow with several relativistically moving emitting zones. The formalism is general and can be applied to many models of the prompt GRB emission. We present results obtained for a numerical implementation in the framework of the internal shock model. We show that (i) the minimum Lorentz factor Gamma_min in bright LAT GRBs is reduced by a factor ~ 2-3 compared to previous estimates if the GeV and MeV emission are produced in the same region, and by an additional factor ~ 2-8 if the GeV emission is produced at larger radii. We provide an improved approximate formula for Gamma_min which is in good agreement with our numerical results and can be directly applied to LAT GRB data; (ii) a delayed GeV onset can be due to the time evolution of the opacity. As an illustration of these two first results, we present a synthetic GRB that reproduces most features of GRB 080916C with a mean Lorentz factor of ~ 340, an optically thin regime for gamma gamma opacity at 3GeV in bin 'b', a variability timescale of 0.5s in the MeV lightcurve and a delayed onset of ~ 5s of the GeV emission; (iii) the gamma gamma opacity can smooth the short timescale variability in the GeV lightcurve. This last result implies that the observed variability at high energy is not necessarily a good test to distinguish between an internal and an external origin for the GeV emission in GRBs. [abridged]
description: 23 pages, 11 figures
Nuclear Weapons and Grand Strategy
Creators: name: (:Unav)
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: International relations
Nuclear weapons
Weapons of mass destruction

description: Dr. John Lewis Gaddis is the Robert A. Lovett Professor of History at Yale University. His most recent books include Surprise, Security, and the American Experience and The Cold War: A New History. The Hertog Global Strategy Initiative is a research program that employs historical analysis to confront present and future problems in world politics. Each summer, invited experts and select students gather at Columbia University for twelve weeks of intensive study, independent research, and collaborative writing on a critical issue in international affairs. The 2010 program focuses on nuclear proliferation and the future of world power.
ALMAGAL First Results: Robust temperatures and luminosities of cores in a thousand high-mass cluster-forming regions
Creators: name: Jones, Beth
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: astrophysics
star formation
high-mass star formation
ALMA
spectral lines
ALMAGAL

description: The ALMA Large Program ALMAGAL has observed over 1000 high-mass star forming clumps and unveiled the many ~1000 au protostellar cores embedded within. For the first time, interferometric spectral line data is now available toward a significant fraction of the total Galactic population of high-mass star formation sites and we present the first catalogue of temperatures and luminosities for all detected cores. With a coherent data set and homogeneous analysis, we then draw statistically significant global conclusions about their physical properties. With such a rich sample, we also explore - and quantify - the scope and limitations of several molecular temperature tracers. Degeneracies in the underlying parameter spaces that reproduce spectra are explored through massive MCMC realisations; and the effect of assumptions commonly made in spectral analysis is investigated through machine learning techniques trained with spectra of structured sources. With key parameters such as luminosity critically dependent on the temperature, we find that using only best fit temperatures may cause highly misleading conclusions. Determining the credibility range of parameters is vital to draw robust conclusions and truly understand the physical conditions leading to the formation of high-mass stars in our Galaxy.
title: Radoslavov, Vasil
title: Radoslavov, Vasil
Creators: name: Paraskevov, Vasil
Publisher: name: BSB - Bavarian State Library
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Radoslavov, Vasil C.
subject: Radoslavov, Vasil, 1854-1929

description: Dr. Vasil Radoslavov was a Bulgarian politician and Prime Minister from 1913 to 1918. As Prime Minister he played a decisive role in Bulgaria’s decision to enter the First World War on the side of the Central Powers.
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
Political Perestroika and Implosion in Eurasia and Its Academic Impact in America
Creators: name: Frye, Timothy M.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2011
Subjects: International relations

description: For three weeks in June, 2011, Columbia University hosted "America Engages Eurasia: Studies, Teaching, and Resources," a National Endowment for the Humanities Summer Institute.  This Institute examined the evolution of "academic" engagement with Eurasia: the historic personalities, institutions, organizations, and research resources that collectively constituted the foundation of Eurasian studies in America.  These components were considered within the broad framework of the geopolitical relations of America and Eurasia over more than 150 years, with the goal of establishing a more broadly applicable paradigm of area studies development in the United States (for Middle Eastern, East Asian, African, Latin American studies, etc.), suggesting avenues of comparative research. This presentation was delivered on June 17, 2011, by Timothy M. Frye, Marshall Shulman Professor and Director, The Harriman Institute, Columbia.
title: Adler, Victor
title: Adler, Victor
Creators: name: Beneš, Jakub
Publisher: name: BSB - Bavarian State Library
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Adler, Victor
subject: Adler, Victor, 1852-1918

description: Until his death in 1918, Victor Adler was the most prominent Austrian socialist leader and among the leading personalities of the Second Socialist International. During the war, he aimed to preserve Austrian Social Democracy’s impressive prewar gains through compliance with the regime, which he nonetheless continued to criticize.
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War
description: 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War