title: ÐÐ°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð»ÑÐ½ÑÐ¹ ÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ð° ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÐ° XIX - Ð½Ð°ÑÐ°Ð»Ð° Ð¥Ð¥ Ð²ÐµÐºÐ° Ð² Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³Ðµ
title: Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ°
titleType: Subtitle
title: Overhaul of a residential building of the late XIX â early XX century in St. Petersburg
Creators: name: ÐÐ¾ÑÐ°Ð»Ð¾Ð², ÐÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐµÐ¹
Publisher: name: Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑ ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
Year: 2022
Subjects: ÐÐ°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð»ÑÐ½ÑÐ¹ ÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ð½Ñ
Ð°ÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ðµ Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ
ÑÐµÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÑÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°
active building
reflex glasses

description: ÐÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð° ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÐ½ÐµÑÐ³Ð¾ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ Ð¸ ÐµÐµ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐºÑÐ¿Ð»ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐµÐ¼ÑÑ Ð¸ Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑ Ð² ÑÐºÑÐ¿Ð»ÑÐ°ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹, Ð° ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¶Ðµ Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹, Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÐµÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑÐºÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð¸ ÐºÐ°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ð½ÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑÐ´Ð°ÑÑÑÐ² â ÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¾Ð² ÐÐ¡ [17]. Ð¡ ÑÑÐ²ÐµÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð´Ð¸ÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¾ Ð²ÑÐµÑ ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐÐ¡ Ð±ÑÐ»Ð° Ð²Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð° Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ½ÐµÑÐ³ÐµÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹. ÐÐ°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐµÑÐºÐ½ÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾ ÑÐ¾Ð³Ð»Ð°ÑÐ½Ð¾ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ Ð´Ð¸ÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ðµ Ð¿ÑÐ¸ ÑÐ°ÑÑÐµÑÐµ ÑÐ½ÐµÑÐ³Ð¾ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾ Ð±ÑÐ»Ð¾ ÑÑÐ¸ÑÑÐ²Ð°ÑÑ Ð²ÑÐµ ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¾ÑÑ, ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐµ Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑÐ²Ð°ÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð½Ð° Ð¸Ñ ÑÐ½ÐµÑÐ³Ð¾ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ: ÑÐµÐ¿Ð»Ð¾ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ ÑÐ°ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐµÑÐ¸ÑÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑÐºÑÐ¸Ð¹, Ð¸Ð½Ð¶ÐµÐ½ÐµÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾ÑÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ, Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¸ Ð¾ÑÐ¸ÐµÐ½ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ Ñ. Ð´ÐÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ðµ Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÐµÂ» Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐµÑ ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð¾Ð¹ Â Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»ÑÐ½ÑÐ¼ ÑÐ½ÐµÑÐ³Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð½ÑÐ¾Ð¼, ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ðµ ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÐ¾ÑÑÐµÐ»ÑÐ½Ð¾ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ ÑÐ½ÐµÑÐ³Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð±ÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ Ð½ÑÐ¶Ð´ Ð¸ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐµÑ ÑÑÐ¸ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð½ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ð° ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÐµÐ¿ÑÐ¸Ð¸ "Active House": ÑÐ½ÐµÑÐ³Ð¾ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ, Ð·Ð´Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²ÑÐ¹ Ð¼Ð¸ÐºÑÐ¾ÐºÐ»Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¸ Ð±ÐµÑÐµÐ¶Ð½Ð¾Ðµ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ðº Ð¾ÐºÑÑÐ¶Ð°ÑÑÐµÐ¹ ÑÑÐµÐ´Ðµ. Ð¢Ð°ÐºÐ¶Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ ÑÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾ Â«Ð¿Ð»ÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Â» Ð²ÑÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐºÐ¸ ÑÐ½ÐµÑÐ³Ð¸Ð¸ Â«Ð°ÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ðµ Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÐµÂ» Ð¾Ð±ÑÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÐµÑ Ð² ÑÐµÐ±Ðµ ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¸, Ð¸ Ð¸Ð½Ð¶ÐµÐ½ÐµÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ, ÑÐ½ÐµÑÐ³Ð¾ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½ÑÐµ Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ðµ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑÐºÑÐ¸Ð¸, Ð¾Ð±ÑÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾-Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ðµ Ð¸ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ðµ ÑÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ, Ð¸ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·ÑÐµÐ¼ÑÐµ Ð² Â«Ð¿Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½ÑÑ Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑÑÂ» Ð¸ Ð°Ð²ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ, ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐµ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾ Ð¸ ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾ Ð¾ÑÑÑÐµÑÑÐ²Ð»ÑÑÑ Â«ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÂ», Ð° ÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°ÑÐµÐ»ÑÐ½Ð¾, Ð¸ Ð¸ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑÐ½ÐµÑÐ³Ð¸Ñ. ÐÐ° ÑÐ¸Ñ. 1.2.2.3 Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Â«Ð°ÐºÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑÂ», ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¾ÑÐ¾Ðµ ÑÐ°ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¾ Ð² Ð³. ÐÐ°Ð²ÑÐ¸Ðº (ÐÐ¾ÑÐ²ÐµÐ³Ð¸Ñ).ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÐ²ÑÐ°ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð³ÑÐµÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð¾Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¸Ð·Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ð½Ð°ÑÑÐ¾ÑÑÐµÐµ Ð²ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² ÑÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÐµÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÑÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð° Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÐ¶Ð½ÑÐ¼ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑÑÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¼. Ð ÐµÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÑÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð° Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÐ¸ ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ð°: Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸Ðµ ÑÐµÐ¿Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ðµ Ð¸Ð·Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ; Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑÐ°Ð¶Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ðµ ÑÐµÐ¿Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ðµ Ð¸Ð·Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ; ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ â Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÑ Ð¸ Ð¾ÑÑÐ°Ð¶Ð°ÑÑ ÑÐµÐ¿Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ðµ Ð¸Ð·Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ. Â Â Â Â Â Â  ÐÑÐ¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´ÑÑÐ²Ðµ ÑÑÐµÐºÐ¾Ð», Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ, Ð½Ð° Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ½Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÑÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð° Ð¿ÑÐ¸ ÑÐµÐ¼Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÑÑÐµ 650Â°Ð¡ Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÐºÐµÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹, Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑÐ½ÑÐ¹ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ Ð¾ÐºÐ¸ÑÐ½Ð¾-Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ¾ÑÑÐ°Ð². ÐÑÐ¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´ÑÑÐ²Ðµ Ð¾ÑÑÐ°Ð¶Ð°ÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑÐµÐºÐ¾Ð» ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¶Ðµ Ð¿ÑÐ¸ ÑÐµÐ¼Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÑÑÐµ Ð´Ð¾ 650Â°Ð¡ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð¾ Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¾ÐºÑÐ¸Ð´Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ð¾Ð² Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑÐ¿ÐµÑÐ¸Ð°Ð»ÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÐºÑÐ¸ÑÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ñ. ÐÐ°Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð° ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑÐºÐ°ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ 75% Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð½ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑÑÐ° Ð¸ Ð·Ð°Ð´ÐµÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ 65% Ð¸Ð½ÑÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ°ÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ¹. ÐÐ´Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾ Ð² Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐµÑÑÐµ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ²ÐµÑÐ° Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÐ°ÑÐ¾ÑÐ½Ð¾ ÑÐ¸Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾ Ð½Ð°Ð³ÑÐµÐ²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑÐ¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´ÑÑÐ²Ðµ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ ÑÑÐµÐºÐ¾Ð» ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¶Ðµ Ð¿ÑÐ¸ ÑÐµÐ¼Ð¿ÐµÑÐ°ÑÑÑÐµ 650Â°Ð¡ Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð»ÑÐºÐ¾ ÑÐ»Ð¾ÐµÐ² Ð¾ÐºÑÐ¸Ð´Ð¾Ð² Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ð»Ð¾Ð² Ñ ÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¸ÑÐ½ÑÐ¼ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑÑÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¼ ÑÐµÑÐµÐ±ÑÐ¾Ð¼ [56].Â Ð¡Ð»ÐµÐ´ÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÐ¼ÐµÑÐ¸ÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÐµ ÑÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð° ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±ÑÑÐ²ÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑÐºÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐ²ÐµÑÐ° Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑÐ¸ Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ ÑÐ¸Ð»ÑÐ½Ð¾ Ð½Ð°Ð³ÑÐµÐ²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑÐ²Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ ÑÐ¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ¹. Ð ÐµÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÑÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð° Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑÑ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÑÐ²ÐµÑÐ¾Ð²ÑÐµ ÑÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ, ÑÑÐ¾ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°ÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ½ÑÑ Ð°ÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÐºÑÑÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹.Â  ÐÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾ ÑÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾, Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ Ð·Ð°ÑÐ¸ÑÐ°ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑÐµÐ´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐµÐ»Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐºÐ° ÑÐ»ÑÑÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¸Ð·Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ [57]. ÐÐ° ÑÐ¸Ñ. 2.2.2 Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑÐµÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ¾ÑÐ½ÑÐµ ÑÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð° ÑÐ°Ð·Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÐ²ÐµÑÐ¾Ð².Â 
description: Â This directive establishes requirements for energy efficiency and its improvement for buildings in operation and being put into operation, as well as buildings subject to reconstruction and major repairs for EU Member States [17]. With the approval of this directive, voluntary energy certification of buildings was introduced in all EU countries. It is important to emphasize that according to this directive, when calculating the energy efficiency of buildings, it was necessary to take into account all factors that affect their energy efficiency: thermal characteristics of enclosing structures, engineering systems and equipment, the position and orientation of the building, etcÂ Active Building" is a building with a positive energy balance, which independently produces energy for its own needs and combines the three main principles of the "Active House" concept: energy efficiency, healthy microclimate and respect for the environment. It can also be said that in addition to the "plus" energy generation, the "active building" combines technologies and engineering systems, energy-efficient enclosing structures, space-planning and structural solutions used in "passive buildings" and automated control systems that allow for more efficient and rational "management", and therefore, and use energy. Figure 1.2.2.3 shows an example of an "active building", which is located in Lavrik (Norway).Â To prevent heating of the premises from solar radiation, reflex glasses with an external coating are currently used in double-glazed windows. Reflex glasses are divided into three types: fully absorbing thermal radiation; fully reflecting thermal radiation; combined â can absorb and reflect thermal radiation. In the production of radiation-absorbing glasses, a ceramic, polymer or metal oxide composition is applied to the glass surface at a temperature of 650 Â° C. In the production of reflective glasses, metal oxides or special crystals are also applied to the glass at temperatures up to 650 Â° C. These glasses are capable of transmitting up to 75% of the visible spectrum waves and delay up to 65% of infrared rays. However, in the process of separation and absorption of sunlight, they can get quite hot. In the production of combined glasses, several layers of metal oxides with a silver finish coating are also applied at a temperature of 650 Â° C [56]. It should be noted,