Terebra Bruguiere 1789
Creators: name: Fedosov, Alexander E
name: Malcolm, Gavin
name: Terryn, Yves
name: Gorson, Juliette
name: Modica, Maria Vittoria
name: Holford, Mandë
name: Puillandre, Nicolas
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Mollusca
Gastropoda
Neogastropoda
Terebridae
Terebra

description: Genus <i>Terebra</i> Bruguière, 1789 (Figs 4, 5) <i>Type species:</i> <i>Buccinum subulatum</i> Linnaeus, 1767; SD (Lamarck, 1799: 71). <i>Synonyms</i>: <i>Triplostephanus</i> Dall, 1908 (type species <i>Terebra triseriata</i> Gray, 1834; OD); <i>Cinguloterebra</i> Oyama, 1961 (type species <i>Terebra hedleyana</i> Pilsbry, 1905 = <i>Terebra adamsii</i> E.A. Smith, 1873; OD); <i>Dimidacus</i> Iredale, 1929 (new name for <i>Terebrina</i> Bartsch, 1923, non Rafinesque, 1815; type species <i>Terebra cingulifera</i> Lamarck, 1822, by typification of replacement name); <i>Myurellina</i> Bartsch, 1923 (type species <i>Terebra ornata</i> Gray, 1834; OD); <i>Subula</i> Schumacher, 1817 (unnecessary replacement name for <i>Terebra</i>; type species <i>Buccinum subulatum</i>, by typification of replacement name); <i>Terebrina</i> Bartsch, 1923 (invalid: junior homonym of <i>Terebrina</i> Rafinesque, 1815; type species <i>Terebra cingulifera</i> Lamarck, 1822, OD); <i>Terebrum</i> Montfort, 1810 (unnecessary emendation of <i>Terebra</i> Bruguière, 1789; type species <i>Buccinum subulatum</i> Linnaeus, 1767, by typification of replaced name); <i>Paraterebra</i> Woodring, 1928 (type species <i>Terebra texana</i> Dall, 1898; OD); <i>Panaterebra</i> Olsson, 1967 (type species <i>Terebra robusta</i> Hinds, 1844; OD). <i>Definition:</i> Primarily defined based on phylogenetic analysis of Modica <i>etal.</i> (2019); includes all species in clade Cof Modica <i>etal.</i> (2019), and species showing resemblance in shell morphology, anatomy and distribution to <i>Terebra subulata</i> or any genetically proven member of this clade. <i>Diagnosis</i>: Diagnostic nucleotide combinations (provided separately for the seven clades of the genus inferred by Modica <i>et al.</i> (2019) in Table 3. <i>Shell</i>: Elongate, medium-sized to large, reaching 192 mm; truncated base abruptly constricted to siphonal canal, sometimes with distinct angulation. Sculpture from very weak, limited to often obsolete subsutural groove, to very strong. Subsutural band simple, or consisting of two closely set cords, often gemmate. Lower whorl portion smooth or with varying sculpture, with spiral elements being as strong or stronger than axials. Shell base separated from siphonal canal by concave waist. Aperture elongate to quadrangular. <i>Anatomy</i>: Rhynchodeal introvert, proboscis, venom gland, salivary glands and radula well developed. Radula of hypodermic marginal teeth, with only bases attached to strongly reduced membrane. Accessory proboscis structure present or absent. <i>Distribution</i>: Indo-Pacific, West Africa, tropical East Pacific, Caribbean and Western Atlantic. <i>Remarks</i>: The genus <i>Terebra</i> is here established with boundaries consistent with clade Cof Modica <i>etal.</i> (2019). This clade is subdivided into eight lineages, referred to as C1–C7 (Fig. 4), their relationships being unresolved. Clades C1, C2, C3-2, C4 and C7 are well supported; clade C5 comprises one species only— <i>T. argus</i>. Because of the extreme heterogeneity of clade C, our attempts to provide a molecular diagnosis failed and, therefore, we compiled separate diagnoses for the inferred lineages within clade C (Table 3). Although lineages C3-1 and C3-2 do not constitute a supported clade, this arrangement is not rejected by the phylogenetic analysis and we have grouped them together based on biogeographic considerations. The genus <i>Terebra</i> is also very heterogeneous in regard to shell morphology (Fig. 5); some common morphotypes can be distinguished, but their correspondence with inferred phylogenetic groupings is far from perfect. Below we provide a brief overview of these morphotypes. Typical <i>Terebra</i> are characterized by a weakly sculptured or smooth, medium-sized shell, with gently convex or subcylindrical whorls, often bearing a pattern of large spots. Species referable to this morphotype are included in clades C1 (<i>T</i>. <i>subulata</i> and <i>T</i>. <i>guttata</i>), C4 (<i>T. ornata</i>) and C6 (<i>T</i>. <i>argus</i>). This morphotype is closest in appearance to <i>Oxymeris</i> and differentiation can be difficult. In most cases <i>Terebra</i> species can be recognized by the narrower anterior notch; however, for definite allocation, examination of the foregut is advised to determine whether proboscis and radula are present. The <i>fenestrata</i> morphotype comprises the most heavily sculptured species, with a strong, often elevated, gemmate subsutural band that is closely followed by a second spiral band of similar morphology, but usually weaker and/or narrower. The lower portion of the whorl is sculptured with spiral cords, or has a cancellate pattern. Species exhibiting this morphotype include clade C2, and some strikingly similar species in clades C7 (<i>T</i>. aff. <i>adamsii</i>, <i>T. fenestrata</i> MNHN IM-2013-14908, <i>T. anilis</i>) and C8 (<i>T. cumingi</i> species complex). Strong, often elevated, gemmate or beaded spiral elements readily differentiate this morphotype from most terebrid genera. However, a similar pattern is present in <i>Granuliterebra</i>, the species of which are differentiated by their single subsutural band and usually by predominantly axial sculpture on the lower portion of the whorl. The <i>Triplostephanus</i> morphotype unifies species with a very high spire and very small, quadrate aperture. Whorls are flattened or slightly concave due to a raised subsutural band and the lower part of the whorl is sculptured by regular cords, while axial sculpture is not developed. Most species in clade C5 exhibit this morphotype; however, species with subcylindrical whorls and stepped spire outline (e.g. <i>T. laevigata</i> and <i>T. funiculata</i>) are found in C5 as well. The combination of a very high spire and flattened whorl outline makes this morphotype very distinctive among Terebridae. While the three described morphotypes represent extremes of the conchological diversity of <i>Terebra</i>, there is a plethora of intermediate forms. For example, <i>T. taurina</i> and <i>T. fujitai</i> of clade C3 have a divided ribbed subsutural band, similar to the <i>fenestrata</i> morphotype, although notably lower. Similarly, a divided, nodulose subsutural band is present in <i>T. corrugata</i>, a species close to <i>T. subulata</i> in clade C1. The apparent lack of phylogenetic congruence in the distribution of these morphotypes across clade C precludes assignment of any taxonomic status to them. Moreover, the general lack of homogeneity in shell characteristics within the subclades of <i>Terebra</i> makes their establishment as supraspecific taxonomic units pointless as well. Taking into consideration the great conchological variation within <i>Terebra</i>, it is difficult to suggest general diagnostic criteria for this genus. However, it should be noted that the predominantly spiral sculpture below the subsutural band allows differentiation of <i>Terebra</i> from most other terebrid genera. Similarly, a divided subsutural band has not been recorded in any species outside <i>Terebra</i>. These characters, in combination with the presence of a complete complex of foregut organs and radular teeth of hypodermic type, allow for reliable differentiation of <i>Terebra</i> species. <i>Included species:</i> <i>Terebra achates</i> Weaver, 19602; <i>T. adamsii</i> (E. A. Smith, 1873) 2; <i>T. albocancellata</i> Bratcher, 19883; <i>T. albomarginata</i> Deshayes, 18591 ∗; <i>T. amanda</i> Hinds, 18441; <i>T. anilis</i> (Röding, 1798) 1; <i>T. archimedis</i> Deshayes, 18591 ∗; <i>T. argosyia</i> Olsson, 19712; <i>T. argus</i> Hinds, 18441; <i>T. babylonia</i> Lamarck, 18221; <i>T. balabacensis</i> Aubry &amp; Picardal, 20113; <i>T. bellanodosa</i> Grabau &amp; King, 19283; <i>T. binii</i> (Aubry, 2014) 2; <i>T. boucheti</i> (Bratcher, 1981) 2; <i>T. bratcherae</i> Cernohorsky, 19873; <i>T. caddeyi</i> (Bratcher &amp; Cernohorsky, 1982) 2; <i>T. caelata</i> Adams &amp; Reeve, 18501 ∗; <i>T. castaneostriata</i> Kosuge, 19793; <i>T. cingulifera</i> Lamarck, 18221; <i>T. circinata</i> Deshayes, 18572 ∗; <i>T. cognata</i> E. A. Smith, 18773; <i>T. commaculata</i> (Gmelin, 1791) 2; <i>T. connelli</i> (Bratcher &amp; Cernohorsky, 1985) 2; <i>T. consobrina</i> Deshayes, 18571; <i>T. corrugata</i> Lamarck, 18221; <i>T. cossignanii</i> Aubry, 20082; <i>T. cumingii</i> (Deshayes, 1857) 1; <i>T. deshayesii</i> Reeve, 18602; <i>T. donpisori</i> Terryn, 20173; <i>T. elliscrossi</i> (Bratcher, 1979) 1; <i>T. erythraeensis</i> Terryn &amp; Dekker, 20173; <i>T. eximia</i> (Deshayes, 1859) 2; <i>T. fenestrata</i> (Hinds, 1844) 1; <i>T. fernandae</i> Aubry, 19953; <i>T. fernandesi</i> Bouchet, 19833; <i>T. fijiensis</i> (E. A. Smith, 1873) 3; <i>T. floridana</i> (Dall, 1889) 3; <i>T. formosa</i> Deshayes, 18571; <i>T. fujitai</i> (Kuroda &amp; Habe, 1952) 1; <i>T. funiculata</i> Hinds, 18441; <i>T. gabriellae</i> Aubry, 20083; <i>T. gaiae</i> Aubry, 20083; <i>T. giorgioi</i> Aubry, 19993; <i>T. grayi</i> E. A. Smith, 18773; <i>T. guineensis</i> Bouchet, 19833; <i>T. guttata</i> (Röding, 1798) 1; <i>T. helichrysum</i> Melvill &amp; Standen, 19033; <i>T. histrio</i> Deshayes, 18573; <i>T. hoaraui</i> (Drivas &amp; Jay, 1988) 1; <i>T. insalli</i> (Bratcher &amp; Burch, 1976) 2; <i>T. irregularis</i> Thiele, 19253; <i>T. jacksoniana</i> (Garrard, 1976) 3; <i>T. jenningsi</i> (Burch, 1965) 1; <i>T. knudseni</i> Bratcher, 19832; <i>T. laevigata</i> Gray, 18341; <i>T. lauretanae</i> Tenison-Woods, 18783; <i>T. levantina</i> Aubry, 19993; <i>T. ligata</i> Hinds, 18442; <i>T. lillianae</i> Withney, 19762 ∗; <i>T. lima</i> (Deshayes, 1857) 2; <i>T. lindae</i> Petuch, 19872; <i>T. mamillata</i> (Watson, 1886) 2; <i>T. mariesi</i> (E. A. Smith, 1880) 2; <i>T. marrowae</i> (Bratcher &amp; Cernohorsky, 1982) 2; <i>T. montgomeryi</i> Burch, 19652; <i>T. neglecta</i> (Poppe, Tagaro &amp; Terryn, 2009) 2; <i>T. nodularis</i> Deshayes, 18593; <i>T. noumeaensis</i> Aubry, 19993; <i>T. ornata</i> Gray, 18341; <i>T. pellyi</i> E. A. Smith, 18773; <i>T. picta</i> Hinds, 18443; <i>T. polygonia</i> Reeve, 18603; <i>T. praelonga</i> Deshayes, 18592; <i>T. pretiosa</i> Reeve, 18422; <i>T. pseudopicta</i> Aubry, 20083; <i>T. pseudoturbonilla</i> Talavera, 19753; <i>T. punctatostriata</i> Gray, 18342; <i>T. punctum</i> (Poppe, Tagaro &amp; Terryn, 2009) 2; <i>T. quoygaimardi</i> Cernohorsky &amp; Bratcher, 19761; <i>T. raybaudii</i> Aubry, 19932; <i>T. reticularis</i> (Pecchioli in Sacco, 1891) 3; <i>T. robusta</i> Hinds, 18441; <i>T. rosae</i> Aubry, 20153; <i>T. russetae</i> (Garrard, 1976) 3; <i>T. salisburyi</i> Drivas &amp; Jay, 19982; <i>T. stearnsii</i> Pilsbry, 18911; <i>T. straminea</i> Gray, 18341 ∗; <i>T. subangulata</i> Deshayes, 18593; <i>T. subulata</i> (Linnaeus, 1767) 1; <i>T. succinea</i> Hinds, 18443; <i>T. swobodai</i> Bratcher, 19813; <i>T. tagaroae</i> Terryn, 20172; <i>T. taiwanensis</i> Aubry, 19993; <i>T. taurina</i> (Lightfoot, 1786) 1; <i>T. tessellata</i> Gray, 18342; <i>T. tricolor</i> G. B. Sowerby I, 18251; <i>T. triseriata</i> (Gray, 1834) 1; <i>T. twilae</i> Bouchet, 19833; <i>T. unicolor</i> Preston, 19081 ∗; <i>T. vanuatuensis</i> Aubry, 19993; <i>T. vappereaui</i> Tröndlé, Boutet &amp; Terryn, 20132; <i>T. venilia</i> Tenison-Woods, 18793; <i>T. vicdani</i> (Kosuge, 1981) 2; <i>T. virgo</i> Schepman, 19133; <i>T. waikikiensis</i> (Pilsbry, 1921) 2.
description: Published as part of <i>Fedosov, Alexander E, Malcolm, Gavin, Terryn, Yves, Gorson, Juliette, Modica, Maria Vittoria, Holford, Mandë &amp; Puillandre, Nicolas, 2019, Phylogenetic classification of the family Terebridae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea), pp. 359-388 in Journal of Molluscan Studies The Malacological Society of London 85 (4)</i> on pages 9-12, DOI: 10.1093/mollus/eyz004, http://zenodo.org/record/4469844
description: {"references": ["LAMARCK, J. B. de 1799. Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des coquilles. Memoires de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, 1: 63 - 91.", "DALL, W. H. 1908. Subdivisions of the Terebridae. Nautilus, 21: 124 - 125.", "OYAMA, K. 1961. On some new facts of the taxonomy of Terebridae. Venus, 21: 176 - 189.", "MODICA, M. V., GORSON, J., FEDOSOV, A. E., MALCOLM, G., TERRYN, Y., PUILLANDRE, N. &amp; HOLFORD, M. 2019. Macroevolutionary analyses suggest environmental factors, not venom apparatus, play key role in Terebridae marine snail diversification. Systematic Biology. DOI: https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syz 059."]}