Paragyrtodes candens Szymczakowski 1966
Creators: name: Kilian, Aleksandra
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2007
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Leiodidae
Paragyrtodes
Paragyrtodes candens

description: Paragyrtodes candens Szymczakowski, 1966
Material examined. AUSTRALIA: Victoria: vial 1 containing 77 larvae, and labeled Mt. Donna Buang, 7.V.1978, S. Peck, fungus X, [Paragyrtodes? candens Szym., det. A. Newton, 1978]; vial 2 containing 43 larvae, and labeled Mt. Donna Buang, 7.V.1978, S. Peck, fungus X, [Paragyrtodes? candens Szym., det. A. Newton, 1978].
Diagnosis. Head, stemmata, prothorax, second, third and fourth abdominal segments are most heavily pigmented dorsally, brown, (meso- and metanotum slightly pigmented, with spots of pigment laterally), forming constant pattern (Fig. 1). Head with 4 campaniform sensilla in instar I and 5 in instar III and with lateral campaniform sensilla absent in all instars; setae Dd1’ present in final instar larvae. Asperities on head absent in all instars, except small area of granulation in instar I (Fig. 2). Digitiform solenidium (Sa) of antennomere II nearly as long as antennomere III and longer (0.13 mm) than Sa in P. modestus (0.05 mm) in instar III. Sensilla IIIs4 on antennomere III digitiform/peg-like (instar III) (Fig. 74), longer than in P. modestus. Median portion of labrum slightly protruding, with 3 pairs of basiconic sensilla (subprimary the same size as primary ones). Mandible with multidentate apex bent low toward mola (instar I) and molar teeth on dorsal and ventral side (all instars); prostheca of mandible serrated. Pretergal glands symmetrically near anterior margins of meso- (11–12 pairs), metanotum and abdominal tergites I–VIII (ca. 7–9 pairs) (Fig. 69) in instar III. Abdominal tergite IX with 2 pairs of glands (G T) posterolaterally. All tergites with a pair of tergal glands (G T?) (Fig. 70) in all instars. Seta Db2 on pronotum absent in all instars. Subprimary minute setae Da2’, Db2’, Dc2’ on abdominal terga I–VIII absent. Abdominal tergite VIII with smaller, reduced seta P4?, without P seta/ae between P4? / P 5 in instar III. Asperities in mature larvae and subrpimary seta Vp3’ on sternite of IX abdominal segment absent. Sternites of abdominal segment I–VIII with sparse asperities in instar III. Anal membrane with small (secondary or subprimary) setae above D1 / D2 / D3 and pairs of subprimary, small lateral setae on ventral side. Urogomphi two-segmented; urogomphal segment II without asperities in instar I; urogomphal segment II in instar III 2 x longer than segment I. Tergal setae of posterior row strongly sclerotized, brown and undulating, longer than in P. modestus (lenght of P2 = 0.25–0.29 mm).
Description. Body (Fig. 1). Cylindrical, narrowed posteriorly. Color (alcohol preserved specimens): Head, prothorax, and second, third and fourth abdominal segments most pigmented, brown forming constant pattern of pigmentation. Tergal primary setae of posterior row strongly sclerotized, brown and undulating, pointed or expanded, lenghten toward end of body, ribbed parallelly (Fig. 92). Mandibular apices and tarsunguli also strongly sclerotized, brown. Antennae, tibiae, mesothorax, metathorax and rest of abdominal segments yellowish-light brown. Front and back of all tergites and sternites membraneous, creamy yellow. Carina present on mesonotum, metanotum, abdominal tergites I–VIII. Midlongitudinal ecdysial line on pronotum, mesonotum, metanotum and abdominal tergite I. Pretergal glands (G P) present symmetrically on anterior margins of meso- (11–12), metanotum and abdominal tergites (7–9 pairs). Single pair of glands (G P) on each tergite. Spiracles annular. Normal type of respiratory system (peripneustic) with 9 pairs of spiracles on laterotergites, between prothorax and mesothorax and 8 pairs of abdominal dorsolateral spiracles on abdominal segments I–VIII. Total body length of instar I: 2.46–2.75 mm. Total body length of instar II: 2.85 mm. Average total body length of instar III: 5.29 mm.
Head (Figs. 2, 4, 6, 8, 72, 73). Prognathous. Cranium wider than long. Stemmata: dark brown, 5 on each side of head, dorsolaterally and lateroventrally, standing in gently arched line (Zwick 1979). Instar I: Microsculpture: asperities absent; only near base of frontal suture (below of seta Dc4) small area with granulations.
HW/HL = 1.1; head width: 0.40 mm. Dorsal ecdysial lines form very short stem and V-shaped anterior arms. Chaetotaxy of dorsal side: row Da with setae Da1 and Da2; row Db with 3 setae (Db1, Db2, Db3); row Dc with 4 setae (Dc1–Dc4); row Dd with 3 setae (Dd2–Dd4); row De with 1 seta De 2; 4 posterior setae (P1–P4); campaniform sensilla include 4 pairs; ventral side of head with 3 ventrolateral setae (Vl1, Vl2, Vl3), 2 lateral setae (L1, L2) and 1 ventral campaniform sensillum. Instar II: HW/HL = 1.4; head width: 0.52 mm. Instar III: Anterioir arms of ecdysial arms branched slightly. Microsculpture: symmetrical depressions with honey-comb pattern present; granulated area below Dc4 absent; HW/HL = 1.6; head width: 0.73 mm; subprimary setae Dd1 ’, Dd2a’, De *a’ and 1 campaniform sensillum near De *a; 3 subprimary lateral setae (1 of them minute, near group of posterior setae).
Antenna (Figs. 10, 11, 13, 74): Instar I: Length of antennomeres I+II+III = 0.25 mm. Antennal formula (length ratio of antennal segments I/II/III/digitiform solenidium of segment II) = 1.7/4.7/1.8/1; length ratio of antennomere II/digitiform solenidium = 4.7; length ratio of antennomeres II/III = 2.5. Antennomere I with 2 setae and 5 campaniform sensilla. Antennomere II with 4 setae in the mid part; on ventral side with one large, undivided digitiform solenidium (Sa— sensory appendage) on lateral edge and 2 smaller solenidia (IIs1, IIs2) at base of digitiform solenidium. Antennomere III with 3 subapical setae, 1 apical pointed process (IIIs1), 1 peg-like apical sensillum/solenidium (IIIs2) and 1 subapical setiform sensillum (IIIs4). Asperities absent. Instar II: Length of antennomere I+II+III = 0.31 mm; Antennal formula = 2.2/4.25/1.25/1; length of antennomere II/ digitiform solenidium = 4.3; length of antennomeres II/III = 3.4. Instar III: Length of antennomeres I+II+III = 0.55 mm. Antennal formula = 2.1/3.9/1/1; length of antennomere II/ digitiform solenidium = 3.8; length of antennomeres II/III = 3.9. Antennomere I with 1 additional seta. Antennomere II with 12 setae and 1 campaniform sensillum dorsally. Antennomere III with subprimary, subapical, very small, digitiform/peg-like sensillum (IIIs3). Asperities absent.
FIGURES 15–22. Details of Paragyrtodes candens (15, 17, 19, 21) and P. m o d e s t u s (16, 18, 20, 22). 15—labrum, dorsal and ventral view of instar III; 16—labrum, dorsal and ventral view of instar III; 17—labrum, dorsal and ventral view of instar I; 18—labrum, dorsal and ventral view of instar I; 19—ventral view of mandible, instar I; 20, ventral view of mandible, instar I; 21—ventral view of mandible, instar III; 22—ventral view of mandible, instar III. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. Pr, prostheca.
Labrum (Figs. 15, 17, 75): Instar I: Subquadrate, with apical triangularly projecting median portion (Zwick 1979) and slight emargination, emarginated laterally, rounded marginally, average labrum width = 0.16 mm; average length = 0.08 mm; epipharynx with median, transverse row of ca. 11 campaniform sensilla, preceded by 2 pairs of campaniform sensilla above; dorsal surface of labrum with pair of large setae (Ld1) in mid part, 1 pair of campaniform sensilla medially; 5 pairs of setae on the margin of labrum (Lm1–Lm5), a pair of sensilla in depressions (tubercules?) on dorsomedial margin and 2 pairs of sensilla basiconica apicomedially. Instar II: average labrum width = 0.18 mm; average length = 0.10 mm. Instar III: Similar to instar I, with pair of subprimary setae (Ld2’) and pair of sensilla basiconica laterally to primary sensilla basiconica. Epipharynx with 17 campaniform sensilla in transverse row, lobes with microtrichiae and microtrichiae below row. Average labrum width = 0.23 mm; average length = 0.15 mm.
FIGURES 32–39. Details of Paragyrtodes candens (32, 34, 36, 38) and P. m o d e s t u s (33, 35, 37, 39). Instar I. 32 — pronotum; 33—pronotum; 34—mesonotum; 35—mesonotum; 36—metanotum; 37—metanotum; 38—abdominal tergite; 39—abdominal tergite. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
Mandible (Figs. 19, 21): Instar I: almost as long as wide, mandible width = 0.18 mm; length = 0.20 mm; apex bent low toward mola, multidentate (10 teeth); prostheca also with teeth; mola distinct with ca. 120 sclerotized teeth on ventral side and minute asperities arranged into rows. Dorsal surface with 2 campaniform sensilla (c.s.1, c.s.2) and 2 setae (M1, M2) and molar teeth. Instar II: mandible width = 0.19 mm; length = 0.25 FIGURES 48–55. Details of Paragyrtodes candens (48, 49, 50, 52, 54) and P. modestus (48, 51, 53, 55). 48—abdominal tergite VIII, instar I; 49—abdominal tergite VIII, instar III; 50—abdominal sternite, instar III; 51—abdominal sternite, instar III; 52—abdominal sternite IX, instar III; 53—abdominal sternite IX, instar III; 54— anal membrane, ventral side, instar III; 55—anal membrane ventral side, instar III. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 69–76. Paragyrtodes candens. Larvae of third instar. 69—spots of secretion (arrows) of pretergal glands symmetrically on dorsal side of abdominal segments; 70—a spot of secretion with pretergal glands signed with arrows; 71—pretergal glands G P (“domed pores”) with secretion and other kind of gland opening? (tergal gland G T) on abdominal tergite (above); 72—head with dorsal “depressions” signed with arrows; 73—microsculpture of dorsal side of head (honey-comb figures visible); 74—antennomere III and part of antennomere II with sensilla basiconica signed (IIs1, IIs2, Sa, IIIs1, IIIs2, IIIs3, IIIs4); 75, dorsoapical margin of labrum with 4 sensilla basiconica, “depressions” (sensilla?) pointed with arrows and pairs of setae?; 76, ligula with microtrichiae, granulation, pair of campaniform sensilla (arrows in the midlle), sensillum (arrow) and apex of labial palp with various sensilla.
FIGURES 77–84. Details of Paragyrtodes candens (77, 78) and P. modestus (79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84). Larvae of third instar. 77—sensilla of ligula (hypopharynx) in magnification; 78—microsculpture of segment I of urogomphus; 79— pretergal glands (G P), tergal gland (G T) and campaniform sensillum (ds1) on dorsal side of abdominal segment; 80—pretergal glands (G P) in magnification; 81—tergal seta and campaniform sensillum (arrow); 82—5 stemmata (ST); 83— antennomere I with antennal membrane and campaniform sensilla (c.s.); 84—antennomere III with sensilla basiconica signed (IIIs1, IIIs2, IIIs3, IIIs4).
FIGURES 92–97. Details of Paragyrtodes candens (92, 93, 94) and P. modestus (92, 93) Larvae of third instar. 92— microsculpture of posterior tergal seta; 93—campaniform sensillum on abdominal tergite; 94—tergal (G T) and pretergal (G P) glands with carina marked (C); 95—probable mechanism of everting of ‘dome-pores’—pretergal glands: a) open; b) closed; 96— Zearagytodes sp., pretergal and tergal glands on abdominal segments. Single pair of tergal glands (G T) with reservoirs (R) visible. C, carina; 97— Paragyrtodes modestus, anal lobe with hooks.
Maxilla (Figs. 23, 24): Instar I: Maxillary articulating area present, well-developed. Cardo transverse, triangular. Stipes broad, not distinctly separated from mala, with 3 setae. Mala with apex divided into galea and lacinia, with 2 setae and 1 campaniform sensillum dorsally; ventral surface with numerous, cuticular spines. Lanceolate lacinia with 6 mesal spines; galea with fimbriate, bibranched apex, 2 setae between branches; maxillary palp 3-segmented. Segment I with 2 apical campaniform sensilla. Segment II with 2 setae and 2 campaniform sensilla apically. Segment III with digitiform sensillum (SD) and numerous, various sensilla subapically and apically; maxillary formula (length ratio of maxillary palp segments I/II/III) = 1.25/1/2; length ratio of maxillary palp segments I/II =1.3; length ratio of maxillary palp segments II/III = 0.5 Instar II: maxillary formula = 1.3/1/1.8; length ratio of maxillary palp segments I/II = 1.3; length ratio of maxillary palp segments II/III = 0.55. Instar III: Additional small seta at base of palpi segment I; Maxillary formula = 1.1/1/ 1.7; length ratio of maxillary palp segments I/II = 1.1; length ratio of maxillary palp segments II/III = 0.6.
Labium (Figs. 28, 76, 77): Instar I: Labial palp: length ratio of labial palp segments I/II = 3; segment II with numerous and various subapical and apical sensilla. Ligula with pair of serrate lobes and pair of sensilla medially. Instar III: Labial palp: LBI/LBII = 1.7; segment I with 1 small seta near base and campaniform sensillum subapically; segment II with 1 subapical campaniform sensillum, minute seta and various subapical and apical sensilla. Praementum quite large, slightly triangular, with pair of campaniform sensilla, pair of large setae and pair of minute setae. Mentum with 4 pairs of setae and pair of campaniform sensilla. Submentum with a pair of large setae. Ligula long, with microtrichiae apically and pairs of sensilla basiconica laterally. Hypopharynx granulated with pair of sensilla, lobes with microtrichiae basally and sclerotized bridge.
Leg (66, 67): Instar III: 5-segmented, without asperities. Instar III: Coxa: With 17 setae and 2 campaniform sensilla. Trochanter: Triangular; anterior side with 2 anterolateral setae (Al1, Al2), 1 anteroventral (Av1), 1 anterodorsal seta (Ad1) and 5 campaniform sensilla, 2 ventral setae (V1, V2); posterior side with 2 posterolateral setae (Pl1, Pl2), 2 posterior campaniform sensilla. Femur: Instar III: With single ventral seta (V), 3 anteroventral setae (Av1, Av2, Av3), 5 anterolateral setae (Al1–Al5), 2 posterolateral setae (Pl1, Pl2) and additional and not always present 6 posterolateral setae (Pl), 6 dorsal seta (D) and 1 anterodorsal campaniform sensillum (ads). Asperities absent. Tibia: As long as femur, with ca. 24 setae and 2 campaniform sensilla. Tarsungulus: Long, pointed, with single pair of setae.
Prothorax: Instar I: Pronotum transverse (Fig. 32). N1L/N1W = 0.55; average pronotal width = 0.40 mm; chaetotaxy as follows: Row Da with 2 setae (Da1, Da2); row Db with 1 seta Db1; row Dc with 2 setae (Dc1, Dc2); row Dd with single seta Dd1; row De with single seta De 1; row L with 2 setae (L, Lb); posterior transverse row with 4 setae (P1, P2, P4, P5); campaniform sensilla include: ds1, ds2, ds3, ds4, ps1, ps2, ls1; asperities absent; all setae pointed. Instar II: N1L/N1W = 0.55; average pronotal width = 0.54 mm. Instar III. (Fig. 41): N1L/N1W = 0.64; average pronotal width = 1.02 mm; chaetotaxy as follows: between P1 / P2 1 subprimary seta (P’), between P2 / P3 1 subprimary seta (P ’); between P4 / P5 1 subprimary seta (P’); 1 subprimary seta (La’) between P4 / L; above Da1 subprimary seta Da1’; between Db1 / Dc1 subprimary seta Db1 ’; pair of tergal glands (G T) above setae Da2; asperities absent; all setae pointed, primary setae undulating, ribbed parelelly (Fig. 95). Anterior sternal part (prosternum) with 2 pairs of setae medially. Pleurites: 4–5? setae on episternum and 1 seta on epimeron.
Mesothorax: Instar I: Mesonotum (Fig. 34) transverse; N2L/N2W = 0.48; average mesonotal width = 0.42 mm; chaetotaxy as follows: Row Da with setae Da1 and Da2; row Db with setae Db1, Db2; row Dc with setae Dc1 (?), Dc2; row Dd with 1 seta Dd1 (?); laterally: De 1, L, Lb; posterior row with, setae: P1, P2, P4, P5; campaniform sensilla include: ds1, ps1, ps2, ls1; asperities absent; setae pointed, except P4, P5. Instar II: N2L/N2W = 0.42; average mesonotal width = 0.60 mm. Instar III: (Fig. 42); N2L/N2W = 0.48; average mesonotal width = 1.11 mm; chaetotaxy: setae pointed but P1, P2, P4 expanded; primary undulating, ribbed paralelly; subprimary minute setae D1 ’, D2 ’ and bigger seta Dd2’?; between P1 / P2 1 subprimary seta (P’), between P2 / P4 1 subprimary seta (P’); between P4 / P5 1 subprimary seta (P’); 1 subprimary seta (La ’) between P5 / L; 11–12 pretergal glands symmetrically (G P); pair of tergal glands (G T) near anterior margin of tergite; asperities absent. Sternal part with pair of setae medially between legs. Pleurites: 2–3 setae on episternum, 1 seta and granulation on epimeron.
Metathorax: Instar I: Metanotum (Fig. 36) transverse; N3L/N3W = 0.45; average metanotal width = 0.38 mm; chaetotaxy: Row Da with Da1, Da2; row Db with setae Db1, Db2; row Dc with setae Dc1, Dc2; row Dd with 1 seta (Dd1); laterally: De 1, L, Lb; posterior row with setae: P1, P2, P4, P5; campaniform sensilla include: ds1, ps1, ps2, ls1; asperities absent; setae pointed except P1, P4, P5. Instar II: N3L/N3W = 0.43; average metanotal width = 0.58 mm. Instar III: (Fig. 44); N3L/N3W = 0.45; average metanotal width = 1.15 mm; primary setae undulating, ribbed parelelly; between P1 / P2 1 subprimary seta (P ’), between P2 / P4 1 subprimary seta (P’); between P4 / P5 1 subprimary seta (P ’); 1 subprimary seta (La’) between P5 / L; subprimary small setae D1’, D2’ and bigger Dd2’?; 7–9 pretergal glands symmetrically; pair of tergal glands (G T) near anterior margin of tergite; asperities absent. Sternal part with pair of setae medially between legs. Pleurites: ca. 5 setae on episternum, 1 seta and granulation on epimeron.
Abdominal Terga I–VIII (Figs. 38, 46, 48, 49, 69, 70, 71): Instar I: Transverse. Chaetotaxy: 2 small, pretergal setae (Da1, Dd1); posterior transverse row with pointed setae P1–P5 (P3 expanded); laterally: De 1, L, La; campaniform sensilla include: ds1, ps1, ps2, ls1. Asperities absent or sparse. Abdominal tergite VIII with seta Dd2?. Instar III: A1l/A1W = 0.34; average abdominal width = 1.03 mm. Chaetotaxy of terga I–VII: 4 pretergal setae and 6–9 pretergal glands (G P); 7 setae in posterior row (P1–P5 and 2 subprimary setae between P4 / P5); 1 subprimary lateral seta Dd2’? and minute subprimary seta D2 ’; 4 campaniform sensilla (ds1, ps1, ps2? / ps3?, ls1); pair of tergal glands (G T); asperities absent or very sparse. Abdominal tergite VIII differs from tergites I–VII: ca. 3 pretergal glands (G P); P4? reduced, smaller; lack of 2 setae (P’) between P4 / P5; asperities very sparse.
Abdominal Tergum IX (Fig. 61): Instar I: Tergum with 1 pair of small, dorsal setae (D1), 2 pairs of dorsolateral setae (Dl1, Dl3) and 1 pair of campaniform sensilla (dc); Instar III: Tergum with asperities arranged into transverse rows; 2 additional setae near Dl3 (Dl2 ’, Dl4 ’); 2 pairs tergal glands/sensilla (G T).
Abdominal Sterna I–VIII (Fig. 50): Abdominal sternite I differs from II–VIII: 1 seta (V1) above 5 setae Vp1–Vp5. Instar I: with 5 setae in posterior row (Vp1–Vp6, Vp3 absent), 2 setae medially (V1, V2); asperities absent. Instar III: 2 subprimary setae in posterior row (Vp3, V6 ’) and 3 subprimary setae above (V3 ’– V5 ’); asperities sparse, arranged in short rows.
Abdominal Sternum IX (Figs. 58, 52): Instar I: With 4 setae in posterior row (Vp1, Vp2, Vp4, Vp5), 2 setae medially (V1, V2); asperities absent. Instar III: The same as in instar I.
Spiracles: Annular; normal type of respiratory system (peripneustic) with 9 pairs of spiracles on laterotergites, between prothorax and mesothorax and 8 pairs of abdominal dorsolateral spiracles on abdominal segments I–VIII.
Anal Membrane (Figs. 54, 61): Instar III: on dorsal side with large setae D1, D2, D3 and 3 pairs of smaller setae; a pair of campaniform sensilla and pair of setae laterally; two ventrolateral lobes with numerous small hooks on either side; ventral side with 5 pairs of setae mediolaterally and 4 setae medially on the margin; pair of campaniform sensilla laterally and 4 pairs on margin; asperities arrangd into short transverse rows.
Urogomphus (Figs. 59, 61, 63, 64, 78): Instar I: Formula URI:URII:URS (length ratio of urogomphal segment I/II/apical seta) = 2.5: 5.5: 1; length URI/URII = 0.45; length URII/URS = 5.5; average total length of URI+URII = 0.36 mm; urogomphus segment I with 8 setae and 2 campaniform sensilla; urogomphus segment II crenulate (wrinkled) with 1 apical seta; asperities absent; Instar II: Formula URI:URII:URS = 3.3/7.6/1; length URI/URII = 0.44; length URII/URS = 7.6; total length of URI+URII = 0.54 mm. Instar III: Formula URI:URII:URS = 2.1: 5: 1; length URI/URII = 0.41; length URII/URS = 5; average total length of URI+URII = 0.57 mm; urogomphus segment I with 8 setae and 5 dorsal campaniform sensilla (2 at base of segment II, 3 in the mid part of segment); asperities absent.
description: Published as part of Kilian, Aleksandra, 2007, Comparative morphology of larval Camiarinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) Part I. Genus Paragyrtodes Szymczakowski 1966, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 1640 on pages 7-26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.179650