cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Designing technology for and with special populations : and exploration of participatory design with people with aphasia
Creators: name: Moffatt, Karyn
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: Computer technology has become ubiquitous in today's society and many daily activities depend on the ability to use and interact with computer systems. Most computer technology, however, is currently designed for the "average" user, and thus ignores substantial segments of the population excluding them from many common activities. The goal of our research is to address, in part, the problem of designing inclusive technology, focusing on the design of technology for users with aphasia. Aphasia is a cognitive disorder that impairs language abilities, including some or all of speaking, listening, reading, and writing. It results from damage to the brain and most commonly occurs after a stroke, brain tumor, or head trauma. From interviews with aphasic individuals, their caregivers, and speech-language pathologists, several needs were identified that could be met with new application software. Among those needs was a daily planner application that would allow aphasic users to independently manage their appointments using a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). This research was conducted in two phases: (1) a participatory design phase in which ESI Planner (the Enhanced with Sound and Images Planner) was iteratively developed with input from aphasic participants, and (2) an evaluation phase where a lab study was performed to assess the effectiveness of the resulting tri-modal design, which incorporates triplets of images, sound, and text to represent appointment data. This methodology was used to achieve both usable and adoptable technology. An additional goal in performing this research was to identify where traditional user-centered design methodology and experimental evaluation are inadequate for our target population. Several guidelines have emerged from our work, which are likely to be relevant to others engaging in research with special populations.
Molecular hydrogen in damped Ly-alpha systems: clues to interstellar physics at high-redshift
Creators: name: Hirashita, H.
name: Ferrara, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In order to interpret H2 (molecular hydrogen) quasar absorption line observations of damped Ly-alpha systems (DLAs) and sub-DLAs, we model their H2 abundance as a function of dust-to-gas ratio, including H2 self-shielding and dust extinction against dissociating photons. Then, we constrain the physical state of gas by using H2 data. Using H2 excitation data for DLA with H2 detections, we derive a gas density 1.5 < log n [cm^-3] < 2.5, temperature 1.5 < log T [K] < 3, and internal UV radiation field (in units of the Galactic value) 0.5 < log χ< 1.5. We then find that the observed relation between molecular fraction and dust-to-gas ratio of the sample is naturally explained by the above conditions. However, it is still possible that H2 deficient DLAs and sub-DLAs with H2 fractions less than ~ 10^-6 are in a more diffuse and warmer state. The efficient photodissociation by the internal UV radiation field explains the extremely small H2 fraction (< 10^-6) observed for κ< 1/30 (κis the dust-to-gas ratio in units of the Galactic value); H2 self-shielding causes a rapid increase and the large variations of H2 abundance for κ> 1/30. We finally propose an independent method to estimate the star formation rates of DLAs from H2 abundances; such rates are then critically compared with those derived from other proposed methods. The implications for the contribution of DLAs to the cosmic star formation history are briefly discussed.
description: 15 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
EFFEKTE EINER EU-AGRARMARKTLIBERALISIERUNG AUF BETRIEBSEBENE: SIMULATIONEN ANHAND EINES EUROPÄISCHEN AGRARSEKTORMODELLS UND EINES ANGEBOTSMODELLS FÜR DEN DEUTSCHEN AGRARSEKTOR
Creators: name: Deppermann, Andre
name: Grethe, Harald
name: Offermann, Frank
name: Deppermann, Andre
name: Grethe, Harald
name: Offermann, Frank
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agricultural Finance
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Verlinkung von Modellen
subject: Politikfolgenabschätzung
subject: Einkommenswirkung

description: Analysen der Politikfolgeabschätzung stoßen häufig auf großes politisches und öffentliches Interesse und sind zugleich eine wissenschaftliche Herausforderung. Der Einsatz einzelner Modelle zur Politikfolgenabschätzung stößt oft dann an seine Grenzen, wenn wechselseitige Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Aggregationsebenen Gegenstand der Betrachtung sind. In diesem Beitrag entwickeln wir eine konsistente Schnittstelle zwischen dem europäischen Agrarsektormodell ESIM (European Simulation Model) und dem Angebotsmodell für den deutschen Agrarsektor FARMIS (Farm Modelling Information System). Die Kopplung wird durch einen Iterationsprozess vorgenommen, der konsistente Ergebnisse der beiden Modelle sicherstellt. Vorausgehend wird eine detaillierte Analyse der unabhängig voneinander erzeugten Modellergebnisse durchgeführt. Ziel dabei ist es, einen möglichst hohen Grad an Analogie in den Modellreaktionen zu erreichen, gleichzeitig Unterschiede zu reflektieren und diese, wenn möglich, anzugleichen. Im Vergleich zu einem gemeinsamen Referenzszenario werden verschiedene Liberalisierungsszenarien insbesondere bezüglich der Auswirkungen auf die Einkommensverteilung deutscher Landwirte ausgewertet. In Bezug auf die Ergebnisse der gemeinsamen Szenarien kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass der Iterationsprozess nicht für alle Produkte von gleicher Bedeutung ist. Rückkopplungen ergeben sich in der Hauptsache für nicht handelbare Produkte und solche Produkte, für die der analysierte Mitgliedstaat ein großes Land ist und Mengenänderungen folglich Preisänderungen nach sich ziehen.
description: C3_1
Following nuclei through nucleosynthesis: a novel tracing technique
Creators: name: Sprouse, T. M.
name: Mumpower, M. R.
name: Surman, R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Astrophysical nucleosynthesis is a family of diverse processes by which atomic nuclei undergo nuclear reactions and decays to form new nuclei. The complex nature of nucleosynthesis, which can involve as many as tens of thousands of interactions between thousands of nuclei, makes it difficult to study any one of these interactions in isolation using standard approaches. In this work, we present a new technique, nucleosynthesis tracing, that we use to quantify the specific role of individual nuclear reaction, decay, and fission processes in relationship to nucleosynthesis as a whole. We apply this technique to study fission and $β^{-}$-decay as they occur in the rapid neutron capture ($r$) process of nucleosynthesis.
description: 18 pages, 10 figures
EU-WIDE FARM TYPES SUPPLY IN CAPRI - HOW TO CONSISTENTLY DISAGGREGATE SECTOR MODELS INTO FARM TYPE MODEL
Creators: name: Gocht, Alexander
name: Britz, Wolfgang
name: Gocht, Alexander
name: Britz, Wolfgang
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: EU-wide farm supply analysis
subject: highest posterior density estimator
subject: CAPRI

description: The aim of the paper is to motivate the introduction and characterisation of an EU-wide farm type model in the CAPRI (Common Agricultural Policy Regional Impact) model, partly based on a comparison with other farm model approaches and to present the estimation approach necessary to achieve the disaggregation. The approach is based on an estimation which smoothly integrates the information from the EU-wide Farm Structure Survey (FSS) into the CAPRI model database. Example results from Denmark show that this approach outperforms simple scaling by uniform factors by endogenously taking information about the type of farming and economic size into account during the estimation.
description: C3_3
The liquid Argon TPC: a powerful detector for future neutrino experiments and proton decay searches
Creators: name: Ereditato, A.
name: Rubbia, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the possibility of new generation neutrino and astroparticle physics experiments exploiting the liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr TPC) technique, following a graded strategy that envisions applications with increasing detector masses (from 100 ton to 100 kton). The ICARUS R&D program has already demonstrated that the technology is mature with the test of the T600 detector at surface. Since 2003 we have been working with the conceptual design of a very large LAr TPC with a mass of 50-100 kton to be built by employing a monolithic technology based on the use of industrial, large volume, cryogenic tankers developed by the petro-chemical industry. Such a detector, if realized, would be an ideal match for a Super Beam, Beta Beam or Neutrino Factory, covering a broad physics program that includes the detection of atmospheric, solar and supernova neutrinos, and searches for proton decay, in addition to the rich accelerator neutrino physics program. A "test module" with a mass of the order of 10 kton operated underground or at shallow depth would represent a necessary milestone towards the realization of the 100 kton detector, with an interesting physics program on its own. In parallel, physics is calling for a shorter scale application of the LAr TPC technique at the level of 100 ton mass, for low energy neutrino physics and for use as a near station setup in future long baseline neutrino facilities. We outline here the main physics objectives and the design of such a detector for operation in the upcoming T2K neutrino beam. We finally present the result of a series of R&D studies conducted with the aim of validating the design of the proposed detectors.
description: 16 pages, 18 figures, Invited talk at High Intensity Physics HIF05, La Biodola, Isola d'Elba (Italy), June 2005
title: Die Wahl von Bürgermeister_innen in Deutschland – Ursachen der Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen
Creators: name: Holtkamp, Lars
name: Garske, Benjamin
name: Wiechmann, Elke
Publisher: name: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Bürgermeister_innenwahl
subject: Frauenrepräsentanz
subject: Politik
subject: Politische Parteien
subject: Relativer Wahlerfolg
subject: Repräsentation
subject: Wähler_innenverhalten
subject: ddc:303

description: Das Bürgermeister_innenamt ist die höchste kommunalpolitische Position in Deutschland. Hier herrscht eine extreme Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen. Für die ca. 80 Großstädte (über 100.000 Einwohner_innen) liegt der Frauenanteil 2017 bei 8 %. Der Beitrag geht unter Einbezug von deskriptiven und bivariaten Analysen der Frage nach, welche Einflussfaktoren für dieses Ergebnis verantwortlich sind. Der Analyse liegt eine Vollerhebung aller Kandidaturen (N = 2.113) und Parteien von Kommunen über 20.000 Einwohner_innen (N = 665) zum Stichtag 31.10.2018 zugrunde. Der relative Wahlerfolg von Frauen und Männern hat sowohl mit dem Nominierungsverfahren der Parteien als auch mit weiteren in der Analyse berücksichtigten Faktoren zu tun. Die Annahmen und Ergebnisse werden im Spiegel aktueller Forschungsergebnisse diskutiert.
Additional file 3 of Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) test for diagnosis of uncomplicated malaria in endemic areas: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy
Creators: name: Denesh Selvarajah
name: Naing, Cho
name: Htet, Norah Htet
name: Mak, Joon Wah
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 3. Characteristics of included studies.
Bayesian formulations of multiple instance learning with applications to general object recognition
Creators: name: Kück, Hendrik
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: We attack the problem of general object recognition by learning probabilistic, nonlinear object classifiers for a large number of object classes. The individual classifiers allow for detection and localization of objects belonging to a certain class in an image by classifying image regions into those that likely show such an object and those that do not. Instead of relying on expensive supervised training data, we propose an approach for learning such classifiers from annotated images. One major problem to overcome in this scenario is the ambiguity due to the unknown associations between annotation words and image regions. We propose a fully Bayesian learning technique for learning probabilistic classifiers, which deals with the ambiguity issue in a principled way by integrating out the uncertainty in both the unknown associations and the parameters of our probabilistic model. Our approach uses an extremely flexible kernel classifier trained with an efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique. A further problem in this setting is that of class imbalance, which we address in two different ways. Firstly, we propose a new problem formulation, in which we provide our training algorithm with additional information, namely estimates of the number of image regions showing the object class in the given training images. Additionally, we experiment with altering the distribution of the training data itself. Using only an automatic and appropriately chosen subset of the available training images without the object class of interest leads to a more balanced class distribution as well as a remarkable speedup in training and testing. The value of the new techniques is demonstrated in synthetic and real image datasets.
ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО  ПИТАНИЯ
Creators: name: Каландарова, Матлюба
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Питание представляет собой процесс усвоения организмом веществ, необходимых для построения и обновления тканей и компенсации энергозатрат. Потребляемые органические вещества (белки, липиды, углеводы и др.) обеспечивают энергозатраты организма. Их метаболизм имеет ряд общих путей, поэтому как энергоносители, данные вещества могут быть в некоторой степени взаимозаменяемыми. Для поддержания гомеостаза организма поступающие вещества пищи должны быть способны компенсировать энергозатраты.
title: Vaterschaft in Männerbranchen: zwischen neuen Arbeitszeitkulturen und traditionellem Erwerbsideal
Creators: name: Sardadvar, Karin
name: Bergmann, Nadja
name: Sorger, Claudia
Publisher: name: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Care
subject: Elternteilzeit
subject: Elternzeit
subject: Männlichkeit
subject: Organisationskultur
subject: Väterkarenz
subject: Vaterschaft
subject: ddc:300

description: Organisationen in männerdominierten Branchen sind auf eine Vereinbarkeit von Erwerbs- und Betreuungsarbeit wenig ausgerichtet. Männer zeigen aber zum Teil neue Erwerbs- und Familienorientierungen. Welche Zugänge zur Umsetzung involvierter Vaterschaft lassen sich in männerdominierten Organisationen gegenwärtig feststellen? Basierend auf einem interpretativen Zugang zu Organisationen stellt der Beitrag dazu Ergebnisse einer qualitativen empirischen Studie aus Österreich vor. Die Ergebnisse machen deutlich, wie kurze Abwesenheiten als Normalfall männlicher Elternzeit konstruiert und Arbeitszeitadaptionen vor allem innerhalb des Formats der Vollzeitbeschäftigung zugelassen werden. Dies trifft auch auf Schichtarbeit zu, die als besonders inkompatibel mit Vereinbarkeitsthemen gilt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen außerdem, wie eine Vaterschaft zur Legitimierung eines Wunsches nach Distanzierung von der Erwerbsarbeit beitragen kann. Insgesamt wird erkennbar, dass ein punktueller Wandel der Arbeitszeit- und Organisationskulturen in männerdominierten Branchen stattfindet, aber von Organisationen und Beschäftigten in einem engen Rahmen gehalten wird, um die Orientierung am männlichen Erwerbsideal nicht zu erschüttern.
Additional file 8 of Identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes in Caenorhabditis elegans in response to pathogenic and nonpathogenic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Creators: name: Radeke, Leah J.
name: Herman, Michael A.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 8 Expression construct quantification at 12 and 24 h. Expression levels of several CPSR (T24B8.5, F19B2.5, K08D8.4) and VSR (sodh-1, acdh-1, dhs-3) genes using transcriptional or translational fluorescent protein fusions upon exposure to S. maltophilia or E. coli OP50. L4 worms containing expression constructs were moved to S. maltophilia K279a, JCMS, JV3, or E. coli OP50. After 12 and 24 h, images were taken of 10–18 worms for each treatment and expression construct, and average intensity was measured for each worm. Plots show mean average intensity and standard error for each time, treatment, and expression construct. Letters indicate significant differences across treatments for each time point (Tukey’s HSD).
NACHBARSCHAFTS- UND KONJUNKTUREFFEKTE: ZUR AUFGABEWAHRSCHEINLICHKEIT LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHER BETRIEBE
Creators: name: Margarian, Anne
name: Margarian, Anne
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Farm Management
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Structural change
subject: farm-exits
subject: propensity
subject: proximity effect

description: Zur Planung und Bewertung weitreichender agrarpolitischer Interventionen ist es notwendig, neben den einzelbetrieblichen Reaktionen in der Anpassung der Produktionsprogramme auch die mögliche Wirkung auf Betriebsaufgaben zu berücksichtigen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht in der Schätzung der Neigung unterschiedlicher Betriebstypen zur Betriebsaufgabe unter sich wandelnden Rahmenbedingungen. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Neigung sich aufgrund von Nachbarschaftseffekten regional unterscheiden kann. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zudem betrieblich und regional differenzierte Reaktionen auf konjunkturelle Veränderungen, die durch eine gezielte Agrarstrukturpolitik und ihre Bewertung nachvollzogen werden müssten.
description: D2_1
Generalized King linearity and new physics searches with isotope shifts
Creators: name: Berengut, Julian C.
name: Delaunay, Cédric
name: Geddes, Amy
name: Soreq, Yotam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Atomic spectral lines for different isotopes are shifted, revealing a change in the properties of the nucleus. For spinless nuclei such isotope shifts for two distinct transitions are expected to be linearly related, at least at leading order in a change of the nuclear mass and charge distribution. Looking for a breaking of linearity in so-called King plots was proposed as a novel method to search for physics beyond the standard model. In the light of the recent experimental progress in isotope shift spectroscopy, the sensitivity of these searches will become limited by the determination of the isotope masses and/or by nuclear effects which may induce nonlinearities at an observable level. In this work, we propose two possible generalizations of the traditional King plot that overcome these limitations by including additional isotope shift measurements, thus significantly extending the new physics reach of King plots in a purely spectroscopy-driven approach.
Discovering and Categorising Language Biases in Reddit
Creators: name: Ferrer, Xavier
name: van Nuenen, Tom
name: Such, Jose M.
name: Criado, Natalia
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Computers and Society (cs.CY)
subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Social and Information Networks (cs.SI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: 68T50, 68T09, 91D30

description: We present a data-driven approach using word embeddings to discover and categorise language biases on the discussion platform Reddit. As spaces for isolated user communities, platforms such as Reddit are increasingly connected to issues of racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination. Hence, there is a need to monitor the language of these groups. One of the most promising AI approaches to trace linguistic biases in large textual datasets involves word embeddings, which transform text into high-dimensional dense vectors and capture semantic relations between words. Yet, previous studies require predefined sets of potential biases to study, e.g., whether gender is more or less associated with particular types of jobs. This makes these approaches unfit to deal with smaller and community-centric datasets such as those on Reddit, which contain smaller vocabularies and slang, as well as biases that may be particular to that community. This paper proposes a data-driven approach to automatically discover language biases encoded in the vocabulary of online discourse communities on Reddit. In our approach, protected attributes are connected to evaluative words found in the data, which are then categorised through a semantic analysis system. We verify the effectiveness of our method by comparing the biases we discover in the Google News dataset with those found in previous literature. We then successfully discover gender bias, religion bias, and ethnic bias in different Reddit communities. We conclude by discussing potential application scenarios and limitations of this data-driven bias discovery method.
description: Author's copy of the paper accepted at the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2021)
Placing Grid-Forming Converters to Enhance Small Signal Stability of PLL-Integrated Power Systems
Creators: name: Yang, Chaoran
name: Huang, Linbin
name: Xin, Huanhai
name: Ju, Ping
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: The modern power grid features the high penetration of power converters, which widely employ a phase-locked loop (PLL) for grid synchronization. However, it has been pointed out that PLL can give rise to small-signal instabilities under weak grid conditions. This problem can be potentially resolved by operating the converters in grid-forming mode, namely, without using a PLL. Nonetheless, it has not been theoretically revealed how the placement of grid-forming converters enhances the small-signal stability of power systems integrated with large-scale PLL-based converters. This paper aims at filling this gap. Based on matrix perturbation theory, we explicitly demonstrate that the placement of grid-forming converters is equivalent to increasing the power grid strength and thus improving the small-signal stability of PLL-based converters. Furthermore, we investigate the optimal locations to place grid-forming converters by increasing the smallest eigenvalue of the weighted and Kron-reduced Laplacian matrix of the power network. The analysis in this paper is validated through high-fidelity simulation studies on a modified two-area test system and a modified 39-bus test system. This paper potentially lays the foundation for understanding the interaction between PLL-based (i.e., grid-following) converters and grid-forming converters, and coordinating their placements in future converter-dominated power systems.
CAP IMPACTS ON LABOUR USE IN EAST GERMAN AGRICULTURE
Creators: name: Petrick, Martin
name: Zier, Patrick
name: Petrick, Martin
name: Zier, Patrick
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Community/Rural/Urban Development
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Agricultural employment
subject: Dynamic panel data models
subject: Common Agricultural Policy
subject: East Germany

description: Our aim is to investigate whether the direct payments and rural development measures of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) do make jobs in agriculture safer. We work with a dynamic labour demand equation that is augmented by the full set of policy instruments of the CAP. It is estimated on a unique regional panel dataset of three East German states for the period 1999-2006. We present results for three consistent estimators which differ in how they eliminate the fixed effects and how they instrument the lagged dependent variable, including estimators due to Arellano and Bond, Blundell and Bond, and a corrected least-squares dummy variable estimator due to Kiviet and Bruno. Our results suggest that there were few desirable effects on job maintenance or job creation in agriculture. While there is some indication that investment subsidies have halted labour shedding on farms, the introduction of the fully decoupled Single Farm Payment has likely contributed to significant job losses.
description: D2_2
Modeling motional energy spectra and lattice light shifts in optical lattice clocks
Creators: name: Beloy, K.
name: McGrew, W. F.
name: Zhang, X.
name: Nicolodi, D.
name: Fasano, R. J.
name: Hassan, Y. S.
name: Brown, R. C.
name: Ludlow, A. D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We develop a model to describe the motional (i.e., external degree of freedom) energy spectra of atoms trapped in a one-dimensional optical lattice, taking into account both axial and radial confinement relative to the lattice axis. Our model respects the coupling between axial and radial degrees of freedom, as well as other anharmonicities inherent in the confining potential. We further demonstrate how our model can be used to characterize lattice light shifts in optical lattice clocks, including shifts due to higher multipolar (magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole) and higher order (hyperpolarizability) coupling to the lattice field. We compare results for our model with results from other lattice light shift models in the literature under similar conditions.
description: 19 pages; accepted to PRA
TECHNOLOGIES AND LOCALIZED TECHNICAL CHANGE
Creators: name: Morrison Paul, Catherine J.
name: Sauer, Johannes
name: Morrison Paul, Catherine J.
name: Sauer, Johannes
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Production Economics
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Heterogenous Technologies
subject: Transformation Function
subject: Localized Technical Change

description: This contribution is based on the notion that different technologies are present in an industry. These different technologies result in differential “drivers” of economic performance depending on the kind of technology used by the individual firm. In a first step different technologies are empirically distinguished. Subsequently, the associated production patterns are approximated and the respective change over time is estimated. A latent class modelling approach is used to distinguish different technologies for a representative sample of E.U. dairy producers as an industry exhibiting significant structural changes and differences in production systems in the past decades. The production technology is modelled and evaluated by using the flexible functional form of a transformation function and measures of first- and second-order elasticities. We find that overall (average) measures do not well reflect individual firms’ production patterns if the technology of an industry is heterogeneous. If there is more than one type of production frontier embodied in the data, it should be recognized that different firms may exhibit very different output or input intensities and changes associated with different production systems. In particular, in the context of localized technical change, firms with different technologies can be expected to show different technical change patterns, both in terms of overall magnitudes and associated relative output and input mix changes. Assuming a homogenous technology would result in inefficient policy recommendations leading to suboptimal industry outcomes.
description: D2_3
Large-Amplitude, Pair-Creating Oscillations in Pulsar and Black Hole Magnetospheres
Creators: name: Levinson, Amir
name: Melrose, Don
name: Judge, Alex
name: Luo, Qinghuan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A time-dependent model for pair creation in a pulsar magnetosphere is developed. It is argued that the parallel electric field that develops in a charge-starved region (a gap) of a pulsar magnetosphere oscillates with large amplitude. Electrons and positrons are accelerated periodically and the amplitude of the oscillations is assumed large enough to cause creation of upgoing and downgoing pairs at different phases of the oscillation. With a charge-starved initial condition, we find that the oscillations result in bursts of pair creation in which the pair density rises exponentially with time. The pair density saturates at $N_\pm\simeq E_{0}^2/(8πm_ec^2Γ_{\rm thr})$, where $E_0$ is the parallel electric field in the charge-starved initial state, and $Γ_{\rm thr}$ is the Lorentz factor for effec tive pair creation. The frequency of oscillations following the pair creation burst is given roughly by $ω_{\rm osc}=eE_0/(8m_ecΓ_{\rm thr})$. A positive feedback keeps the system stable, such that the average pair creation rate balances the loss rate due to pairs escaping the magnetosphere.
description: 21 pages, 6 figures, ApJ submitted
Additional file 2 of Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) test for diagnosis of uncomplicated malaria in endemic areas: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy
Creators: name: Denesh Selvarajah
name: Naing, Cho
name: Htet, Norah Htet
name: Mak, Joon Wah
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: 59999 Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 2. Summary of excluded studies.
Neutron spin resonance in a quasi-two-dimensional iron-based superconductor
Creators: name: Hong, Wenshan
name: Song, Linxing
name: Liu, Bo
name: Li, Zezong
name: Zeng, Zhenyuan
name: Li, Yang
name: Wu, Dingsong
name: Sui, Qiangtao
name: Xie, Tao
name: Danilkin, Sergey
name: Ghosh, Haranath
name: Ghosh, Abyay
name: Hu, Jiangping
name: Zhao, Lin
name: Zhou, Xingjiang
name: Qiu, Xianggang
name: Li, Shiliang
name: Luo, Huiqian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Magnetically mediated Cooper pairing is generally regarded as a key to establish the unified mechanism of unconventional superconductivity. One crucial evidence is the neutron spin resonance arising in the superconducting state, which is commonly interpreted as a spin-exciton from collective particle-hole excitations confined below the superconducting pair-breaking gap ($2Δ$). Here, on the basis of inelastic neutron scattering measurements on a quasi-two-dimensional iron-based superconductor KCa$_2$Fe$_4$As$_4$F$_2$, we have discovered a two-dimensional spin resonant mode with downward dispersions, a behavior closely resembling the low branch of the hour-glass-type spin resonance in cuprates. The resonant intensity is predominant by two broad incommensurate peaks near $Q=$(0.5, 0.5) with a sharp energy peak at $E_R=16$ meV. The overall energy dispersion of the mode exceeds the measured maximum total gap $Δ_{\rm tot}=|Δ_k|+|Δ_{k+Q}|$. These experimental results deeply challenge the conventional understanding of the resonance modes as magnetic excitons regardless of underlining pairing symmetry schemes, and it also points out that when the iron-based superconductivity becomes very quasi-two-dimensional, the electronic behaviors are similar to those in cuprates.
description: 16 pages, 14 figures, including supplementary materials
Additional file 7 of Identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes in Caenorhabditis elegans in response to pathogenic and nonpathogenic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Creators: name: Radeke, Leah J.
name: Herman, Michael A.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 7 Mutations in JSR genes result in a variety of survival patterns upon S. maltophilia exposure. Survivorship of wild-type nematodes and JSR mutants on S. maltophilia JCMS, K279a, JV3, and E. coli OP50. Survival estimates were determined using Kaplan-Meier estimates generated in R. For these experiments, 10–12 worms were synchronized, picked onto each treatment bacterial lawn (3 plates per treatment/nematode combination) and the number of living worms was recorded daily. 2–3 replicates were completed for all bacterial and C. elegans strain combinations. Sample sizes, hazard ratios and p-values generated form Cox proportional hazards tests are shown in Table 3.
Electronic structures and optical properties of layered perovskites Sr_2MO_4 (M=Ti, V, Cr, and Mn): An ab initio study
Creators: name: Weng, Hongming
name: Kawazoe, Y.
name: Wan, Xiangang
name: Dong, Jinming
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A series of layered perovskites Sr$_2$$M$O$_4$ ($M$=Ti, V, Cr, and Mn) is studied by $ab $ $initio$ calculations within generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and GGA+$U$ schemes. The total energies in different magnetic configurations, including the nonmagnetic, ferromagnetic, the layered antiferromagnetic with alternating ferromagnetic plane and the staggered in-plane antiferromagnetic (AFM-II) order, are calculated. It is found that Sr$_2$TiO$_4$ is always a nonmagnetic band insulator. For Sr$_2$MnO$_4$, both GGA and GGA+$U$ calculations show that the insulating AFM-II state has the lowest total energy among all the considered configurations. For $M$=V and Cr, the GGA is not enough to give out the insulating AFM-II states and including the on-site electron-electron correlation effect $U$ is necessary and efficient. The AFM-II state will have the lowest total energy in both cases when $U$ is larger than a critical value. Further, the optical conductivity spectra are calculated and compared with the experimental measurements to show how well the ground state is described within the GGA or GGA+$U$. The results indicate that $U$ is overestimated in Sr$_2$VO$_4$ and Sr$_2$CrO$_4$. To make up such a deficiency of GGA+$U$, the contributions from proper changes in the ligand field, acting cooperatively with $U$, are discussed and shown to be efficient in Sr$_2$CrO$_4$.
description: Final version published on Phys. Rev. B, 19 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables
Heavy elements form short and long gamma-ray bursts
Creators: name: Siegel, Daniel M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The gravitational-wave detectors LIGO and Virgo together with their electromagnetic partner facilities have transformed the modus operandi in which we seek information about the Universe. The first ever-observed neutron-star merger---GW170817---confirmed the association of short gamma-ray bursts with neutron-star mergers and the production of heavy (r-process) elements. Based on recent theoretical and observational developments, I briefly present and discuss a conjecture, namely that compact accretion disks in both short and long gamma-ray bursts synthesize most of the heavy r-process elements in the Universe. The upcoming era of multi-messenger astronomy may allow us to verify or falsify this conjecture.
description: 6 pages. Invited contribution to the Yamada Conference LXXI: Gamma-ray Bursts in the Gravitational Wave Era 2019, Yokohama, Japan. Matches published version
Extremal Properties of Three Dimensional Sensor Networks with Applications
Creators: name: Ravelomanana, Vlady
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Data Structures and Algorithms (cs.DS)
subject: Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing (cs.DC)
subject: Discrete Mathematics (cs.DM)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: ACM classification: C.2.1 Network architecture and design; F.2.2 Nonnumerical algorithms and problems; G.3 Probability and statistics

description: In this paper, we analyze various critical transmitting/sensing ranges for connectivity and coverage in three-dimensional sensor networks. As in other large-scale complex systems, many global parameters of sensor networks undergo phase transitions: For a given property of the network, there is a critical threshold, corresponding to the minimum amount of the communication effort or power expenditure by individual nodes, above (resp. below) which the property exists with high (resp. a low) probability. For sensor networks, properties of interest include simple and multiple degrees of connectivity/coverage. First, we investigate the network topology according to the region of deployment, the number of deployed sensors and their transmitting/sensing ranges. More specifically, we consider the following problems: Assume that $n$ nodes, each capable of sensing events within a radius of $r$, are randomly and uniformly distributed in a 3-dimensional region $\mathcal{R}$ of volume $V$, how large must the sensing range be to ensure a given degree of coverage of the region to monitor? For a given transmission range, what is the minimum (resp. maximum) degree of the network? What is then the typical hop-diameter of the underlying network? Next, we show how these results affect algorithmic aspects of the network by designing specific distributed protocols for sensor networks.
Generating statistical distributions without maximizing the entropy
Creators: name: Plastino, A.
name: Curado, E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show here how to use pieces of thermodynamics' first law to generate probability distributions for generalized ensembles when only level-population changes are involved. Such microstate occupation modifications, if properly constrained via first law ingredients, can be associated not exclusively to heat and acquire a more general meaning.
description: 6 pages, no figures, Conference
Random Ising model in three dimensions: theory, experiment and simulation - a difficult coexistence
Creators: name: Berche, Bertrand
name: Berche, Pierre-Emmanuel
name: Chatelain, Christophe
name: Janke, Wolfhard
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss different approaches for studying the influence of disorder in the three-dimensional Ising model. From the theoretical point of view, renormalisation group calculations provide quite accurate results. Experiments carried out on crystalline mixtures of compounds lead to measurements as accurate as three digits on the values of critical exponents. Numerically, extensive Monte Carlo simulations then pretend to be of comparable accuracy. Life becomes complicated when details are compared between the three approaches.
description: Latex file, 4 figures
Quantum magnetic monopole condensate
Creators: name: Diamantini, M. C.
name: Trugenberger, C. A.
name: Vinokur, V. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Despite decades-long efforts, magnetic monopoles were never found as elementary particles. Monopoles and associated currents were directly measured in experiments and identified as topological quasiparticle excitations in emergent condensed matter systems. These monopoles and the related electric-magnetic symmetry were restricted to classical electrodynamics, with monopoles behaving as classical particles. Here we show that the electric-magnetic symmetry is most fundamental and extends to full quantum behavior. We demonstrate that at low temperatures magnetic monopoles can form a quantum Bose condensate dual to the charge Cooper pair condensate in superconductors. The monopole Bose condensate manifests as a superinsulating state with infinite resistance, dual to superconductivity. Monopole supercurrents result in the electric analog of the Meissner effect and lead to linear confinement of Cooper pairs by Polyakov electric strings in analogy to quarks in hadrons.
description: 6 pages, 2 figures
Fast methods for inference in graphical models and beat tracking the graphical model way
Creators: name: Lang, Dustin
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: This thesis presents two related bodies of work. The first is about methods for speeding up inference in graphical models, and the second is an application of the graphical model framework to the beat tracking problem in sampled music. Graphical models have become ubiquitous modelling tools; they are commonly used in computer vision, bioinformatics, coding theory, speech recognition, and are central to many machine learning techniques. Graphical models allow statistical independence relationships between random variables to be expressed in a flexible, powerful, and intuitive manner. Given observations, there are standard algorithms to compute probability distributions over unknown states (marginals) or to find the most likely configuration (maximum a posteriori, MAP, state). However, if each node in the graphical model has TV states, then these computations cost O (N²). This is a particular concern when dealing with continuous (or large discrete) state spaces. In such state spaces, Monte Carlo methods are of great use, but typically produce better answers as N increases. There is therefore a need for algorithms to speed up these computations. We review the graphical model framework and explain the algorithms that we consider: Belief Propagation, Maximum-Belief Propagation, and Particle Filtering and Smoothing. We review existing fast methods for speeding up these computations, and present a new fast method, some analysis, corrections, and improvements to existing methods, and an empirical evaluation of the fast methods with respect to a variety of parameters. Finally, we point out other applications to which this fast machinery can be applied. The second body of work is an application of the graphical model framework to a common problem in music analysis: beat tracking. The goal of beat tracking is to determine the tempo track of a piece of sampled music, and to determine the points in time at which beats occur. While fairly simple, our graphical model performs remarkably well on a difficult and varied set of songs.
D0-branes in Black Hole Attractors
Creators: name: Gaiotto, Davide
name: Simons, Aaron
name: Strominger, Andrew
name: Yin, Xi
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2004
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Configurations of N probe D0-branes in a Calabi-Yau black hole are studied. A large degeneracy of near-horizon bound states are found which can be described as lowest Landau levels tiling the horizon of the black hole. These states preserve some of the enhanced supersymmetry of the near-horizon AdS_2xS^2xCY attractor geometry, but not of the full asymptotically flat solution. Supersymmetric non-abelian configurations are constructed which, via the Myers effect, develop charges associated with higher-dimensional branes wrapping CY cycles. An SU(1,1|2) superconformal quantum mechanics describing D0-branes in the attractor geometry is explicitly constructed.
description: 27 pages
HONORIEREN VERBRAUCHER PRODUKTE MIT EINEM ZUSATZNUTZEN FÜR DIE GESUNDHEIT? EMPIRISCHE EVIDENZ MIT SCANNERDATEN
Creators: name: Moser, Anke
name: Anders, Sven M.
name: Moser, Anke
name: Anders, Sven M.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: Scannerdaten
subject: AIDS-Modell
subject: multinominales Logit-Modell
subject: Fleischnachfrage
subject: Gesundheit

description: Die Zunahme ernährungsbedingter Krankheiten in Industrieländern lenkt die Aufmerksamkeit von Verbrauchern, Ernährungsindustrie und Lebensmitteleinzelhandel (LEH) zunehmend auf Lebensmittel mit Zusatznutzen für die Gesundheit. Empfehlungen der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) zur Vorbeugung ernährungsbedingter Krankheiten zielen auf einen verminderten Konsum fettreicher Fleischarten wie Schweinefleisch und Fleisch von Lamm und Ziege bei gleichzeitigem Anstieg des Verzehrs von Rindfleisch ab. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden mit kanadischen Scannerdaten auf Lebensmitteleinzelhandels- wie auch Haushaltsebene detaillierte Analysen des Nachfrageverhaltens nach verschiedenen Hackfleischsorten mit unterschiedlichen Fettgehaltsstufen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse weisen am Point of Sale nach, dass einerseits preiselastische Nachfragereaktionen nach Hackfleischprodukten überwiegen, andererseits lediglich geringe Substitutionsbeziehungen zwischen normalem Hackfleisch und Hackfleisch mit einem Zusatznutzen für die Gesundheit durch reduziertem Fettgehalt bestehen. Allerdings ist die Nachfrage nach fettreduziertem Hackfleisch stark durch traditionelle Konsummuster geprägt. Ein Einfluss von Ernährungsgewohnheiten auf die Hackfleischnachfrage bestätigt sich auch auf individueller Haushaltsebene in der Analyse kanadischer Haushaltsscannerdaten. Unter Anwendung eines mulitnominalen Logit-Modells können die kulturelle Herkunft (englisch oder französisch sprechende Haushalte) und der Wohnort (ländliche Region oder Stadt) als wichtige Determinanten für die Kaufentscheidung einer bestimmten Hackfleischsorte ermittelt werden. Aus den Ergebnissen werden abschließend Empfehlungen für die Ernährungsindustrie abgeleitet.
“JETZT MUSS ICH NUR NOCH ALT WERDEN“ – RISIKOMANAGEMENT ZUR ALTERSSICHERUNG VON LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHEN BETRIEBSLEITERN
Creators: name: Nolten, Ralf
name: Nolten, Ralf
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2008
Subjects: Political Economy
Risk and Uncertainty

description: Der auf einer empirischen Erhebung basierende Beitrag behandelt die Alterssicherung deutscher Landwirte unter den Rahmenbedingungen des landwirtschaftlichen Strukturwandels. Vorsorgebedarf, -fähigkeit und -bereitschaft führen in Abhängigkeit von betrieblichen Merkmalen zu unterschiedlichen Sicherungsstrategien. Diese werden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Landwirtschaftlichen Altershilfe auf ihre Auswirkungen auf die soziale Lage hin untersucht und mit den Sicherungsstrategien von Altenteilern verglichen. Die Ergebnisse geben keinen Hinweis auf vorhandene oder zukünftig zu erwartende Altersarmut. Verschiedene Vorsorgeinstrumente ergänzen die Landwirtschaftliche Altershilfe als Teilsicherungssystem, das insgesamt positiv bewertet wird.