cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
The Calibration of Mid-Infrared Star Formation Rate Indicators
Creators: name: Calzetti, D.
name: Kennicutt, R. C.
name: Engelbracht, C. W.
name: Leitherer, C.
name: Draine, B. T.
name: Kewley, L.
name: Moustakas, J.
name: Sosey, M.
name: Dale, D. A.
name: Gordon, K. D.
name: Helou, G. X.
name: Hollenbach, D. J.
name: Armus, L.
name: Bendo, G.
name: Bot, C.
name: Buckalew, B.
name: Jarrett, T.
name: Li, A.
name: Meyer, M.
name: Murphy, E. J.
name: Prescott, M.
name: Regan, M. W.
name: Rieke, G. H.
name: Roussel, H.
name: Sheth, K.
name: Smith, J. D. T.
name: Thornley, M. D.
name: Walter, F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: With the goal of investigating the degree to which the mid-infrared emission traces the star formation rate (SFR), we analyze Spitzer 8 um and 24 um data of star-forming regions in a sample of 33 nearby galaxies with available HST/NICMOS images in the Paschen-alpha (1.8756 um) emission line. The galaxies are drawn from the Spitzer Infrared Nearby Galaxies Survey (SINGS) sample, and cover a range of morphologies and a factor ~10 in oxygen abundance. Published data on local low-metallicity starburst galaxies and Luminous Infrared Galaxies are also included in the analysis. Both the stellar-continuum-subtracted 8 um emission and the 24 um emission correlate with the extinction-corrected Pa-alpha line emission, although neither relationship is linear. Simple models of stellar populations and dust extinction and emission are able to reproduce the observed non-linear trend of the 24 um emission versus number of ionizing photons, including the modest deficiency of 24 um emission in the low metallicity regions, which results from a combination of decreasing dust opacity and dust temperature at low luminosities. Conversely, the trend of the 8 um emission as a function of the number of ionizing photons is not well reproduced by the same models. The 8 um emission is contributed, in larger measure than the 24 um emission, by dust heated by non-ionizing stellar populations, in agreement with previous findings. Two SFR calibrations, one using the 24 um emission and the other using a combination of the 24 um and H-alpha luminosities (Kennicutt et al. 2007), are presented. No calibration is presented for the 8 um emission, because of its significant dependence on both metallicity and environment. The calibrations presented here should be directly applicable to systems dominated by on-going star formation.
description: 67 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication on the Astrophysical Journal; replacement contains: correction to equation 8; important tweaks to equation 9; various typos corrected
Brightness Fluctuation Spectra of Sun-Like Stars. I. The Mid-Frequency Continuum
Creators: name: Brown, Timothy M.
name: Garcia, Rafael A.
name: Mathur, Savita
name: Metcalfe, Travis S.
name: Santos, Angela R. G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We analyze space-based time series photometry of Sun-like stars, mostly in the Pleiades, but also field stars and the Sun itself. We focus on timescales between roughly 1 hour and 1 day. In the corresponding frequency band these stars display brightness fluctuations with a decreasing power-law continuous spectrum. K2 and Kepler observations show that the RMS flicker due to this Mid-Frequency Continuum (MFC) can reach almost 1%, approaching the modulation amplitude from active regions. The MFC amplitude varies by a factor up to 40 among Pleiades members with similar Teff, depending mainly on the stellar Rossby number Ro. For Ro<0.04, the mean amplitude is roughly constant at about 0.4%; at larger Ro the amplitude decreases rapidly, shrinking by about two orders of magnitude for Ro~1. Among stars, the MFC amplitude correlates poorly with that of modulation from rotating active regions. Among field stars observed for 3 years by Kepler, the quarterly average modulation amplitudes from active regions are much more time-variable than the quarterly MFC amplitudes. We argue that the process causing the MFC is largely magnetic in nature, and that its power-law spectrum comes from magnetic processes distinct from the star's global dynamo, with shorter timescales. By analogy with solar phenomena, we hypothesize that the MFC arises from a (sometimes energetic) variant of the solar magnetic network, perhaps combined with rotation-related changes in the morphology of supergranules.
description: Main text is 17 pages with 6 figures (+4 page appendix with figure and table), ApJ accepted
High-Efficiency Lead-Free Silver Pastes for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Creators: name: VerNooy, P.D.
name: Torardi, C.C.
name: Li, Z.
name: Lewittes, M.E.
name: Getty, R.
name: Mikeska, K.R.
name: Ionkin, A.S.
name: Cheng, L.K.
name: Wu, A.
name: Laughlin, B.J.
name: Laudisio, G.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Improvements

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1728-1729
description: The photovoltaics industry almost exclusively uses front-side silver pastes which rely on leadcontaining
frits to achieve effective SiNx anti-reflective coating (ARC) etching and low contact resistance. The
primary reason for this continued reliance is that lead-free pastes have historically lagged behind their leadcontaining
counterparts in efficiency performance. Another reason is that the use of lead is currently excluded from
the scope of RoHS under the large-scale stationary industrial tool (LSIT) exclusion [1] in the European Union.
However, this exemption will be reviewed every few years [2]. Even without a formal ban, we believe the market
would welcome a sustainable replacement for lead, and thus we have been continuously improving our lead-free
offerings. We have developed lead-free n-type-emitter-contacting pastes with superior line conductivity and contact
resistance compared to an industry-standard Pb-containing paste. Thus, these pastes demonstrate improved efficiency
and fill factor. This paper will summarize our results.
Co2 Reduction Benefits and Costs Induced by PV Systems
Creators: name: Breyer, C.
name: Blechinger, P.
name: Hlusiak, M.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: PV - a Major Electricity Source
Sustainability Aspects

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4362-4373
description: In a climate change constraint world, it is of utmost relevance that energy technologies offer a low level of
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at a comparatively low cost level. We give an overview which clearly documents
that the common view on PV systems clearly deprives the PV technology that status. However, only less research is
available and most of it outdated. A simple methodology is introduced for estimating the climate change mitigation
relevance of PV by calculating the avoided GHG emissions for specific representative PV applications in respective
regions and combined that with the related economics based on discounted cash flow calculus. PV applications
ranging from small PV applications in rural off-grid regions up to large scale PV power plants show financial benefits
for avoided GHG emissions. Even in Germany, PV power plants avoid GHG emissions for 33 €/tCO2eq being
significantly lower than the 70 €/tCO2eq threshold for the cost of climate change impacts. Summing up, PV systems
are a highly attractive climate change mitigation option.
Diverse supraglacial drainage patterns on the Devon ice Cap, Arctic Canada
Creators: name: Lu, Yao
name: Yang, Kang
name: Lu, Xin
name: Smith, Laurence C.
name: Sole, Andrew J.
name: Livingstone, Stephen J.
name: Fettweis, Xavier
name: Li, Manchun
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences

description: The Devon Ice Cap (DIC) is one of the largest ice masses in the Canadian Arctic. Each summer, extensive supraglacial river networks develop on the DIC surface and route large volumes of meltwater from ice caps to the ocean. Mapping their extent and understanding their temporal evolution are important for validating runoff routing and melt volumes predicted by regional climate models (RCMs). We use 10 m Sentinel-2 images captured on 28 July and 10/11 August 2016 to map supraglacial rivers across the entire DIC (12,100 km2). Both dendritic and parallel supraglacial drainage patterns are found, with a total length of 44,941 km and a mean drainage density (Dd
 ) of 3.71 km−1. As the melt season progresses, Dd
  increases and supraglacial rivers form at progressively higher elevations. There is a positive correlation between RCM-derived surface runoff and satellite-mapped Dd
 , suggesting that supraglacial drainage density is primarily controlled by surface runoff.
Doppler Boosting, Superluminal Motion, and the Kinematics of AGN Jets
Creators: name: Kellermann, K. I.
name: Kovalev, Y. Y.
name: Lister, M. L.
name: Homan, D. C.
name: Kadler, M.
name: Cohen, M. H.
name: Ros, E.
name: Zensus, J. A.
name: Vermeulen, R. C.
name: Aller, M. F.
name: Aller, H. D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss results from a decade long program to study the fine-scale structure and the kinematics of relativistic AGN jets with the aim of better understanding the acceleration and collimation of the relativistic plasma forming AGN jets. From the observed distribution of brightness temperature, apparent velocity, flux density, time variability, and apparent luminosity, the intrinsic properties of the jets including Lorentz factor, luminosity, orientation, and brightness temperature are discussed. Special attention is given to the jet in M87, which has been studied over a wide range of wavelengths and which, due to its proximity, is observed with excellent spatial resolution. Most radio jets appear quite linear, but we also observe curved non-linear jets and non-radial motions. Sometimes, different features in a given jet appear to follow the same curved path but there is evidence for ballistic trajectories as well. The data are best fit with a distribution of Lorentz factors extending up to gamma ~30 and intrinsic luminosity up to ~10^26 W/Hz. In general, gamma-ray quasars may have somewhat larger Lorentz factors than non gamma-ray quasars. Initially the observed brightness temperature near the base of the jet extend up to ~5x10^13 K which is well in excess of the inverse Compton limit and corresponds to a large excess of particle energy over magnetic energy. However, more typically, the observed brightness temperatures are ~2x10^11 K, i.e., closer to equipartition.
description: 10 pages, 12 color figures; proceedings of the 5th Stromlo Symposium: Disks, Winds, and Jets - from Planets to Quasars; accepted in Astrophysics & Space Science
The grammar of symbolic elementary algebra
Creators: name: Kirshner, David
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2010

description: In the practise of algebra education it is generally assumed that the rules for manipulating symbols are explicitly presented by text and teacher, and that acquisition of skill depends upon successful apprehension and application of these rules. Research into the psychology of algebra generally starts from the assumption that algebraic rules are consciously accessible and rationally employed. The view adopted here is that algebraic symbol skill is based upon procedural rules which are acquired informally (and often unconsciously) through interaction with algebraic symbols and which may be only peripherally related to the rules presented in instruction. The principle purpose of the present research is to describe the procedural knowledge which underlies algebraic symbol skill. Knowledge of algebra is viewed as of-a-kind with the highly structured yet unconscious systems of rules which underlie natural-language competence. Formal methods of generative transformational linguistics are adapted for analysis of algebra. The model of algebraic symbol skill is captured in a 'grammar' which details the various components of skill. In several instances alternative formulations are offered which equally well fulfill the formal requirements of the grammar. For some of these, techniques of psycholinguistics are used to guide selection on the basis of psychological considerations. Many questions remain in need of further elaboration and resolution.
A Distributed Electrical Network to Model the Local Shunting in Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Creators: name: Giaffreda, D.
name: Magnone, P.
name: De Rose, R.
name: Barbato, M.
name: Meneghini, M.
name: Giliberto, V.
name: Meneghesso, G.
name: Sangiorgi, E.
name: Fiegna, C.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Characterization and Modelling

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1453-1456
description: In this paper we propose a three-dimensional (3-D) distributed electrical network for the modelling of
solar cells. The developed tool is based on a network of repetitive elementary cells, each modeled by a two-diode
electrical circuit and allows to account for the transport through the emitter, the fingers and the busbars. Moreover,
the tool is able to account for the non-uniformity in the solar cell. In order to validate our tool, we calibrate the
electrical parameters according to experimental measurements on multicrystalline-silicon (mc-Si) solar cells. By
using the thermographic analysis, we detect hot spot regions inside the mc-Si devices and we model them by means
of local shunting in our tool. The presence of local shunting, due to localized crystal defects, results in a degradation
of the open-circuit voltage, of the fill factor and then of the overall power conversion efficiency.
Launching Adversarial Attacks against Network Intrusion Detection Systems for IoT
Creators: name: Papadopoulos, Pavlos
name: von Essen, Oliver Thornewill
name: Pitropakis, Nikolaos
name: Chrysoulas, Christos
name: Mylonas, Alexios
name: Buchanan, William J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: Networking and Internet Architecture (cs.NI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: As the internet continues to be populated with new devices and emerging technologies, the attack surface grows exponentially. Technology is shifting towards a profit-driven Internet of Things market where security is an afterthought. Traditional defending approaches are no longer sufficient to detect both known and unknown attacks to high accuracy. Machine learning intrusion detection systems have proven their success in identifying unknown attacks with high precision. Nevertheless, machine learning models are also vulnerable to attacks. Adversarial examples can be used to evaluate the robustness of a designed model before it is deployed. Further, using adversarial examples is critical to creating a robust model designed for an adversarial environment. Our work evaluates both traditional machine learning and deep learning models' robustness using the Bot-IoT dataset. Our methodology included two main approaches. First, label poisoning, used to cause incorrect classification by the model. Second, the fast gradient sign method, used to evade detection measures. The experiments demonstrated that an attacker could manipulate or circumvent detection with significant probability.
description: MDPI Mach. Learn. Knowl. Extr. 2021, 3(2), 333-356; https://www.mdpi.com/2624-800X/1/2/14
The influence of halo assembly on galaxies and galaxy groups
Creators: name: Zapata, Tatiana
name: Perez, Josefa
name: Padilla, Nelson
name: Tissera, Patricia
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this paper, we study the variations of group galaxy properties according to the assembly history in SDSS-DR6 selected groups. Using mock SDSS group catalogues, we find two suitable indicators of group formation time: i) the isolation of the group, defined as the distance to the nearest neighbor in terms of its virial radius, and ii) the concentration, measured as the group inner density calculated using the fifth nearest bright galaxy to the group centre. Groups within narrow ranges of mass in the mock catalogue show increasing group age with isolation and concentration. However, in the observational data the stellar age, as indicated by the spectral type, only shows a correlation with concentration. We study groups of similar mass and different assembly history, finding important differences in their galaxy population. Particularly, in high mass SDSS groups, the number of members, mass-to-light ratios, red galaxy fractions and the magnitude difference between the brightest and second brightest group galaxies, show different trends as a function of isolation and concentration, even when it is expected that the latter two quantities correlate with group age. Conversely, low mass SDSS groups appear to be less sensitive to their assembly history. The correlations detected in the SDSS are not consistent with the trends measured in the mock catalogues. However, discrepancies can be explained in terms of the disagreement found in the age-isolation trends, suggesting that the model might be overestimating the effects of environment.We discuss how the modeling of the cold gas in satellite galaxies could be responsible for this problem. These results can be used to improve our understanding of the evolution of galaxies in high-density environments.
description: 11 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS. Send comments to taz@astro.iag.usp.br
Study of Passivation Mechanisms Induced by Negative Charge Al2O3 Films
Creators: name: Kotipalli, R.
name: Delamare, R.
name: Tang, X.
name: Francis, L.A.
name: Flandre, D.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Improvements

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1781-1783
description: In the recent years, it was reported that surface passivation of crystalline solar cell with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) seems to be a good candidate for surface passivation of c-Si Solar cells for both n-type and p-type Si due to its very high negative fixed charge density (Qf ~1012-1013 cm -2) in combination with a low level of interface state density (Dit). This paper assesses the study of passivation quality of Al2O3 deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition with two different technics: plasma-enhanced-atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) and Thermal-atomic layer deposition (T-ALD). MOS-capacitors has been fabricated and characterized to extract the interface trap charge densities (Dit) at the silicon/Al2O3 interface and effective charge (Qf) in the dielectric. Lifetime measurements were performed with quasi-steady-state photo-conductance decay and transient methods to extract surface recombination velocity (SRV).
Coalescence Models For Hadron Formation From Quark Gluon Plasma
Creators: name: Fries, Rainer J.
name: Greco, Vincenzo
name: Sorensen, Paul
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We review hadron formation from a deconfined quark gluon plasma (QGP) via coalescence or recombination of quarks and gluons. We discuss the abundant experimental evidence for coalescence from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and compare the various coalescence models advocated in the literature. We comment on the underlying assumptions and remaining challenges as well as the merits of the models. We conclude with a discussion of some recent developments in the field.
description: Review to appear in Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 58; 58 pages, 13 figures, 1 table
Consequences of Controlling Radiative Loss in Quantum Well Solar Cells
Creators: name: Ekins-Daukes, N.J.
name: Chan, A.
name: Hirst, L.
name: Lee, K.-H.
name: Barnham, K.W.J.
name: Führer, M.
name: Stavrinou, P.
name: Adams, J.
name: Browne, B.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Material Studies, New Concepts and Ultra-High Efficiency
Fundamental Material Studies

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 512-515
description: The use of quantum wells in photovoltaic devices are often discussed in terms of providing additional
current to improve the efficiency of multi-junction photovoltaic devices. However, quantum wells also provide some
freedom to manipulate the radiative recombination in the quantum well solar cell. Under concentrated sunlight, the
quantum well solar cell becomes radiatively limited, so the voltage of the quantum well solar cell becomes dependent
upon the radiative loss from the device, which in turn can be controlled by careful design of the solar cell.
Anisotropic radiative recombination from a quantum well solar cell leads to a small voltage improvement in the solar
cell since the recombination current is suppressed in directions where sunlight is not absorbed. Further, we show that
strong radiative coupling between sub-cells takes place, resulting in a multi-junction solar cell that is tolerant to daily
and seasonal changes to the solar spectrum.
Teaching as a second career choice : a study of industrial education students
Creators: name: Gowdy, Eileen Frances
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2010

description: The study explored the career change made by a population of 37 tradesmen enrolled in a teacher education program. A semi-structured interview schedule was constructed and face-to-face interviews were tape-recorded. The four areas of investigation included positive propositions put forward in the social learning principles of career decision making, facilitators and barriers to career change, the career histories and expectations of participants and their socio-demographic backgrounds. Responses tended to support propositions dealing with former instructional experiences and interactions with people, but gave little indication, that exposure to print or visual media had influenced the career change decision. The importance of having sufficient finances and personal support of participants' wives was stressed. Potential barriers most readily identified were lack of support or finances. There was little evidence of frequent career change in the work histories of participants. The most common pattern was a series of short term jobs followed by several years in one career path. Future career plans indicated an intent to remain in the teaching field. All the men were employed prior to entering the program. Socio-demographic information indicated that just over half of the participants were around 30 years of age and over two-thirds were married. Wives tended to be not only more highly educated (64%) but in higher status occupations (76%) than their husbands. Over 80% of the men had entered tertiary education prior to current involvement and five men had completed bachelor's degrees. By entering a trade, 57% of participants were in lower status jobs than their fathers. Their entry into teaching resulted in a rebound movement rather than direct upward inter-generational mobility.
On particle acceleration and transport in plasmas in the Galaxy: theory and observations
Creators: name: Amato, Elena
name: Casanova, Sabrina
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Accelerated particles are ubiquitous in the Cosmos and play a fundamental role in many processes governing the evolution of the Universe at all scales, from the sub-AU ones relevant for the formation and evolution of stars and planets to the Mpc ones involved in Galaxy assembly. We reveal the presence of energetic particles in many classes of astrophysical sources thanks to their production of non-thermal radiation, and we detect them directly at Earth as Cosmic Rays. In the last two decades both direct and indirect observations have provided us a wealth of new, high quality data about Cosmic Rays and their interactions both in sources and during propagation, in the Galaxy and in the solar system. Some of the new data have confirmed existing theories about particle acceleration and propagation and their interplay with the environment in which they occur. Some others have brought about interesting surprises, whose interpretation is not straightforward within the standard framework and may require a change of paradigm in terms of our ideas about the origin of cosmic rays of different species or in different energy ranges. In this article, we will focus on Cosmic Rays of galactic origin, namely with energies below a few PeV, where a steepening is observed in the spectrum of energetic particles detected at the Earth. We review the recent observational findings and the current status of the theory about the origin and propagation of Galactic Cosmic Rays.
Optimizing Geographic Allotment of Photovoltaic Capacity in a Distributed Generation Setting
Creators: name: Urquhart, B.
name: Sengupta, M.
name: Keller, J.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: PV - a Major Electricity Source
PV in the Electricity Mix

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4406-4413
description: A multi-objective optimization was performed to allocate 2 MW of photovoltaic (PV) among four
candidate sites on the island of Lanai, Hawaii, such that energy was maximized and variability in the form of ramp
rates was minimized. This resulted in an optimal solution set that provides a range of geographic allotment
alternatives for the fixed PV capacity. Within the optimal set, a trade-off between energy produced and variability
experienced was found, whereby a decrease in variability always necessitates a simultaneous decrease in energy. A
design point within the optimal set was selected for study that decreased extreme ramp rates by more than 50% while
decreasing annual energy generation by only 3% more than the maximum generation allocation. To quantify the
allotment mix selected, a metric was developed—called the “ramp ratio”—that compares ramping magnitude when
all capacity is allotted to a single location to the aggregate ramping magnitude in a distributed scenario. The ramp
ratio quantifies simultaneously how much smoothing a distributed scenario would experience over single site
allotment and how much a single site is being underutilized for its ability to reduce aggregate variability. This paper
creates a framework for use by cities and municipal utilities to reduce variability impacts while planning for high
penetration of PV on the distribution grid.
Bell's Theorem refuted with a Kolmogorovian counterexample
Creators: name: Geurdes, J. F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: General Physics (physics.gen-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The statistics behind Bell's inequality is demonstrated to allow a Kolmogorovian (i.e. classical) model of probabilities that recovers the quantum covariance.
description: 12 pages 0 figures
Sequential and parallel algorithms for sequence analysis problems in bioinformatics
Creators: name: Liu, Xuan
Publisher: name: Loughborough University
Year: 2022
Subjects: classificationCode: 469999
subject: Other information and computing sciences not elsewhere classified

description: The study of biological and genetic information, mostly DNA data, is an extremely important subject which can provide critical information in many areas, such as understanding human diseases or discovering new drugs. A huge number of computing algorithms are developed and available now to help with the study of these, and in order to solve these problems more efficiently and accurately, much attention has been paid in recent decades to developing new and better algorithms. [continues]
Minority Carrier Diffusion Length Influences from Oxygen-Induced Defects in Czochralski-Grown Silicon Substrates
Creators: name: Seipel, B.
name: Grupp Mueller, G.
name: Weber, T.
name: Good, E.A.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Wafer-Based Silicon Solar Cells and Materials Technology
Silicon Solar Cell Characterization and Modelling

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1457-1461
description: Known as the major contaminant in Czochralski grown silicon (Cz-Si), the effects of oxygen, its aggregates
and clusters on solar cell device performance are still not fully understood. This is due in part to the various thermal budgets
employed for subsequent device processing. All oxygen-induced complexes in silicon disturb the lattice and inject defect
states into the bandgap of silicon. Electrically active as thermal donors, oxygen also behaves as an n-type dopant in silicon.
Certain swirl-like patterns, primarily at the top of Cz-Si crystals, can be related to high concentrations of recombination
active oxygen defects. At temperatures above 700 °C, dissolved oxygen in the lattice begins to form larger complexes.
Further, high crystal growth rates tend to lead to vacancy rich regions, and consequently oxygen precipitation. Vacancydriven
precipitates act as shallow minority carrier traps and increase the apparent minority carrier lifetime. Unfortunately
this apparent gain in lifetime is deceptive since these same patterns appear dark in photoluminescence (PL) images. Since
PL only quantifies band-to-band radiation, thereby suggests that the defects are trapping through shallow donors only. Here
we present a study on the effects of an oxidation step on the minority carrier diffusion length in Cz-Si substrates with high
interstitial oxygen concentrations around 1018 atoms cm-3 by comparing photoluminescence and minority carrier lifetime
measurements.
An FFT framework for simulating non-local ductile failure in heterogeneous materials
Creators: name: Magri, M.
name: Lucarini, S.
name: Lemoine, G.
name: Adam, L.
name: Segurado, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science (cs.CE)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: The simulation of fracture using continuum ductile damage models attains a pathological discretization dependence caused by strain localization, after loss of ellipticity of the problem, in regions whose size is connected to the spatial discretization. Implicit gradient techniques suppress this problem introducing some inelastic non-local fields and solving an enriched formulation where the classical balance of linear momentum is fully coupled with a Helmholtz-type equation for each of the non-local variable. Such Helmholtz-type equations determine the distribution of the non-local fields in bands whose width is controlled by a characteristic length, independently on the spatial discretization. The numerical resolution of this coupled problem using the Finite Element method is computationally very expensive and its use to simulate the damage process in 3D multi-phase microstructures becomes prohibitive. In this work, we propose a novel FFT-based iterative algorithm for simulating gradient ductile damage in computational homogenization problems. In particular, the Helmholtz-type equation of the implicit gradient approach is properly generalized to model the regularization of damage in multi-phase media, where multiple damage variables and different characteristic lengths may come into play. In the proposed iterative algorithm, two distinct problems are solved in a staggered fashion: (i) a conventional mechanical problem via a FFT-Galerkin solver with mixed macroscopic loading control and (ii) the generalized Helmholtz-type equation using a Krylov-based algorithm combined with an efficient pre-conditioner. The numerical implementation is firstly validated. Finally, the robustness and efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated in the simulation of failure of complex 3D particle reinforced composites characterized by millions of degrees of freedom.
description: Accepted for publication, last version
James S. Satterthwaite House
Creators: name: (:Unas)
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 0
Subjects: Photographs
Photos
Historic buildings
East Hampton
Structures
Dwellings

description: This image shows a exterior view of the James S. Satterthwaite House. This image is courtesy of The East Hampton Star and this reproduction was collected sometime from 1970 to 1982 as part of the East Hampton’s Heritage Photo Collection.
description: Images within East Hampton Heritage Photo Collection seem to have been taken or collected in relation to the East Hampton Heritage project, but not all of them were included in the final publication. Several photographer are included in this collection.
Slow and stored light and optical depth
Creators: name: Klein, M.
name: Xiao, Y.
name: Gorshkov, A. V.
name: Hohensee, M.
name: Leung, C. D.
name: Browning, M. R.
name: Phillips, D. F.
name: Novikova, I.
name: Walsworth, R. L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a preliminary experimental study of the dependence on optical depth of slow and stored light pulses in Rb vapor. In particular, we characterize the efficiency of slow and stored light as a function of Rb density; pulse duration, delay and storage time; and control field intensity. Experimental results are in good qualitative agreement with theoretical calculations based on a simplified three-level model at moderate densities.
description: 9 pages, 6 figures; small modifications (including title) from published version
Generation of musical patterns through operads
Creators: name: Giraudo, Samuele
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Sound (cs.SD)
subject: Audio and Speech Processing (eess.AS)
subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: We introduce the notion of multi-pattern, a combinatorial abstraction of polyphonic musical phrases. The interest of this approach lies in the fact that this offers a way to compose two multi-patterns in order to produce a longer one. This dives musical phrases into an algebraic context since the set of multi-patterns has the structure of an operad; operads being structures offering a formalization of the notion of operators and their compositions. Seeing musical phrases as operators allows us to perform computations on phrases and admits applications in generative music: given a set of short patterns, we propose various algorithms to randomly generate a new and longer phrase inspired by the inputted patterns.
description: 10 pages
Single-Photon Vibrometry
Creators: name: Rehain, Patrick
name: Ramanathan, Jeevanandha
name: Sua, Yong Meng
name: Zhu, Shenyu
name: Tafone, Daniel
name: Huang, Yu-Ping
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose and demonstrate a single-photon sensitive technique for optical vibrometry. It uses high speed photon counting to sample the modulated backscattering from a vibrating target. Designed for remote vibration sensing with ultralow photon flux, we show that this technique can detect small displacements down to 110 nm and resolve vibration frequencies from DC up to several kilohertz, with less than 0.01 detected photons per pulse. This single-photon sensitive optical vibrometry may find important applications in acousto-optic sensing and imaging, especially in photon-starved environments.
Ray-tracing and physical-optics analysis of the aperture efficiency in a radio telescope
Creators: name: Olmi, Luca
name: Bolli, Pietro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The performance of telescope systems working at microwave or visible/IR wavelengths is typically described in terms of different parameters according to the wavelength range. Most commercial ray tracing packages have been specifically designed for use with visible/IR systems and thus, though very flexible and sophisticated, do not provide the appropriate parameters to fully describe microwave antennas, and thus to compare with specifications. In this work we demonstrate that the Strehl ratio is equal to the phase efficiency when the apodization factor is taken into account. The phase efficiency is the most critical contribution to the aperture efficiency of an antenna, and the most difficult parameter to optimize during the telescope design. The equivalence between the Strehl ratio and the phase efficiency gives the designer/user of the telescope the opportunity to use the faster commercial ray-tracing software to optimize the design. We also discuss the results of several tests performed to check the validity of this relationship that we carried out using a ray-tracing software, ZEMAX and a full Physical Optics software, GRASP9.3, applied to three different telescope designs that span a factor of $\simeq 10 in terms of D/lambda. The maximum measured discrepancy between phase efficiency and Strehl ratio varies between $\simeq 0.4 and 1.9 up to an offset angle of >40 beams, depending on the optical configuration, but it is always less than 0.5 where the Strehl ratio is >0.95.
description: 34 pages, 7 figures
Axios/Ipsos Coronavirus Index Wave 10
Creators: name: Axios
Publisher: name: Roper Center for Public Opinion Research
Year: 2020

description: Changes in health in last week (4); activities in last week (11); video calls with friends and family (6); changes in work and household over last few weeks (4); personal work or shopping experiences in past few weeks (7); risk of different activities (12); safety procedures when leaving the house (6); purchases in last week (11); concern about coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak (9); trust in organizations to have your best interests (5); contact tracing systems (4); how long can you maintain your current quarantine or social distancing (1); know what to do if you feel ill and think you might have coronavirus (1); coronavirus testing (7); main news source (1); registered to vote (1).
Long-Timescale Magnetization Ordering Induced by an Adsorbed Chiral Monolayer on Ferromagnets
Creators: name: Meirzada, Idan
name: Sukenik, Nir
name: Haim, Galya
name: Yochelis, Shira
name: Paltiel, Yossi
name: Bar-Gill, Nir
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: When an electron passes through a chiral molecule there is a high probability for a correlation between the momentum and spin of the charge, thus leading to spin polarized current. This phenomenon is known as the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. One of the most surprising experimental results recently demonstrated is that magnetization reversal in a ferromagnet (FM) with perpendicular anisotropy can be realized solely by chemisorbing a chiral molecular monolayer without applying any current or external magnetic field. This result raises the currently open question of whether this effect is due to the bonding event, held by the ferromagnet, or a long timescale effect stabilized by exchange interactions. In this work we have performed vectorial magnetic field measurements of the magnetization reorientation of a ferromagnetic layer exhibiting perpendicular anisotropy due to CISS using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, and followed the time dynamics of this effect. In parallel, we have measured the molecular monolayer tilt angle in order to find a correlation between the time dependence of the magnetization re-orientation and the change of the tilt angle of the molecular monolayer. We have identified that changes in the magnetization direction correspond to changes of the molecular monolayer tilt angle, providing evidence for a long-timescale characteristic of the induced magnetization reorientation. This suggests that the CISS effect has an effect over long-timescales which we attribute to exchange interactions. These results offer significant insights into the fundamental processes underlying the CISS effect, contributing to the implementation of CISS in state-of-the-art applications such as spintronic and magnetic memory devices.
description: I. Meirzada, N. Sukenik and G. Haim contributed equally to this work
Surface Radiation from Goes: A Physical Approach
Creators: name: Habte, A.
name: Sengupta, M.
name: Wilcox, S.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
Standardisation

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 3052-3059
description: Models to compute global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and direct normal irradiance (DNI) have been in
development during the last three decades. These models can be classified as empirical or physical, based on the
approach. Empirical models relate ground-based observations with satellite measurements and use these relations to
compute surface radiation. Physical models consider the radiation received from the Earth at the satellite and create
retrievals to estimate surface radiation. Although empirical methods have been used traditionally for computing surface
radiation for the solar energy industry, the advent of faster computing has made operational physical models viable. The
Global Solar Insolation Project (GSIP) is an operational physical model from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Admnistration (NOAA) that computes GHI using the visible and infrared channel measurements from Geostationary
Operational Envrionment Satellites (GOES). GSIP uses a two-stage scheme that first retrieves cloud properties, then uses
those properties in a radiative transfer model to calculate surface radiation. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL), University of Wisconsin, and NOAA recently collaborated to adapt GSIP to create a 4-km GHI and DNI
product every 30 minutes. This paper presents an outline of the methodology and a comprehensive validation using highquality
ground-based solar data from NOAA’s Surface Radiation (SURFRAD)
(www.srrb.noaa.gov/surfrad/sitepage.html) and Integrated Surface Insolation Study (ISIS)
www.srrb.noaa.gov/isis/isissites.html), the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory atNREL, and Sun Spot One (SS1).
Uncertainty of Solar Simulator Spectral Irradiance Data and Problems with Spectral Match Classification
Creators: name: Herrmann, W.
name: Rimmelspacher, L.
Publisher: name: WIP
Year: 2012
Subjects: Components for PV Systems
PV Modules

description: 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 3015-3021
description: Reliable information on the spectral irradiance data from a solar simulator used for the output power
characterisation of PV modules is especially important for accurate spectral mismatch corrections in accordance with
the standard IEC 60904-7. The quality of the spectral performance of artificial light sources is commonly
characterised by the so-called spectral match as defined in the standard IEC 60904-9. This parameter describes the
deviation from the AM1.5 reference spectral distribution in the wavelength range of 400 nm to 1100 nm. Depending
on the experimental value for spectral match, performance classes A, B or C are attributed. This paper presents the
results of an experimental study on the variation of spectral irradiance of xenon lamp solar simulators used in PV
module production plants and in PV test laboratories. We demonstrate that the spectral distribution cannot be
assumed to be a constant but rather depends on the operating conditions and the test environment. Periodic
measurement of spectral irradiance distribution is therefore required in order to ensure accurate spectral mismatch
corrections and to avoid systematic measurement errors in PV power measurement. Given our findings, we analyse
the robustness of spectral class A solar simulators regarding spectral mismatch effects for various PV technologies
and offer recommendations for improving the spectral match classification scheme in IEC 60904-9.
Transient and Highly Polarized Double-Peaked H-alpha Emission in the Seyfert 2 Nucleus of NGC 2110
Creators: name: Moran, Edward C.
name: Barth, Aaron J.
name: Eracleous, Michael
name: Kay, Laura E.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have discovered an extremely broad, double-peaked H-alpha emission line in the polarized flux spectrum of NGC 2110, establishing that this well-studied Seyfert 2 galaxy contains a disk-like hidden broad-line region (BLR). Several properties of NGC 2110 suggest that it is an obscured twin of Arp 102B, the prototypical double-peaked emission-line active galactic nucleus (AGN). A comparison between our data and previous spectra of NGC 2110 indicates that the double-peaked H-alpha feature is transient. The presence of a disk-like BLR in NGC 2110 has important implications for AGNs: it expands the range of properties exhibited by Seyfert 2 galaxies, and the fact that the BLR is obscured by a torus-like structure provides the first evidence that double-peaked emitters and classical Seyfert nuclei may have the same basic parsec-scale geometry.
description: 5 pages, including 3 postscript figures. Uses emulateapj. Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters
Mott Relation for Anomalous Hall and Nernst effects in Ga1-xMnxAs Ferromagnetic Semiconductors
Creators: name: Pu, Yong
name: Chiba, Daichi
name: Matsukura, Fumihiro
name: Ohno, Hideo
name: Shi, Jing
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The Mott relation between the electrical and thermoelectric transport coefficients normally holds for phenomena involving scattering. However, the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in ferromagnets may arise from intrinsic spin-orbit interaction. In this work, we have simultaneously measured AHE and the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) in Ga1-xMnxAs ferromagnetic semiconductor films, and observed an exceptionally large ANE at zero magnetic field. We further show that AHE and ANE share a common origin and demonstrate the validity of the Mott relation for the anomalous transport phenomena.