Allohelea Kieffer
Creators: name: Borkent, Art
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Ceratopogonidae
Allohelea

description: Allohelea Kieffer
(Figs. 15E, 20H, 25E, 30B, 36E, 44O, 49E, 61A, 74I)
DIAGNOSIS: Only pupa of Ceratopogonidae with the thorax and abdomen with moderately developed rounded tubercles (Figs. 30B, 61A, as in 33A) and the respiratory organ with a separate pore at midlength, in addition to those at its apex and, in one other species, at its base (Fig. 44O).
DESCRIPTION: Total length = 3.25 mm. Without larval exuviae retained on abdomen. Exuviae with flagellum appressed against lateral margin of face, midleg, wing (Fig. 15E, as in Fig. 33B). Ecdysial tear extending into eye sheath (Figs. 15E, 79F). Head: Dorsal apotome (Fig. 20H), without ventral line of weakness, without dorsomedial tubercle, without central dome; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite (as in Fig. 13H) fused to scutum, each side separated medially by dorsal apotome in whole pupa; mouthparts (Fig. 25E) with mandible well-developed, lacinia absent; palpus extending posterior to posterolateral margin of labium; labium separated medially by labrum, hypopharynx; apex of antenna (Fig. 36E) anterior to posterior extent of midlength portion of midleg (portion lateral to mesosternum), narrowed posteriorly; sensilla: dorsal apotomals (Fig. 20H)—1 short seta, 1 campaniform sensillum; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite sensilla—1 seta, no campaniform sensillum; clypeal-labrals (Fig. 25E)—2 minute setae; oculars (Fig. 25E)—2 setae, 2 campaniform sensilla. Thorax: Prothoracic extension (Fig. 25E) wide, well-developed, extending from palpus to antenna; mesonotum with well-developed moderately sized tubercles, not extending posteromedially, with slight protuberance, not dividing metathorax medially (Fig. 49E); respiratory organ (Fig. 44O) length/width = 3.42, moderately elongate, somewhat flattened apically, with pores closely abutting at apex of respiratory organ, arranged in single row, with 3 additional more basal pores, outer surface smooth, with moderately elongate, wide pedicel, base with very slender posteromedial apodeme, membranous base of respiratory organ short, tracheal tube straight to slightly curved along length, with spirals restricted to base, distally with plate; wing (Fig. 36E) with slight angle lateral to apex of hind leg, separated medially by fore-, midlegs; halter apex and hind leg (as in Fig. 33A) broadly abutting; halter apex abutting anterolateral knob-like extension of tergite 2; legs (Fig. 36E) with lateral margin of foreleg near midlength of wing evenly curved; hind leg visible at lateral margin of wing (as in Fig. 32L); with apex of foreleg ventral to apex of midleg; apex of hind leg abutting apex of midleg laterally; sensilla: anteromedials—2 setae, 1 thicker than other; anterolaterals—1 very short seta (or perhaps a campaniform sensillum but with shagreen making identification uncertain); dorsal setae (Fig. 30B)—D-1-T, D-2-T, D-4-T, D-5-T very short setae, D-3-T campaniform sensillum; D-1-T, D-2-T, D-4-T on well-developed tubercle, D-5-T on separate well-developed tubercle, D-3-T posterior to D-4-T; supraalar 2—campaniform sensillum; metathoracics (Fig. 49E)—2 campaniform sensilla; M-3-T near anterior margin of metathorax (difficult to discern among shagreen). Abdomen: without pigmentation pattern, segment 2 as wide or slightly wider than segment 3, segments with undivided, peg-like or thin to thick setae, with rounded, short to moderately elongate tubercles, tergites or sternites entire, each without membranous disc; segment 9 (Fig. 74I) not strongly modified, terminal processes closely approximated basally, each projecting posterodorsolaterally, tapering to pointed apex; sensilla: tergite 1 (Fig. 49E) with 5 setae, 1 campaniform sensillum (difficult to discern in shagreen), including 2 lateral sensilla, 1 seta?, D-7-I absent (or not discernible in shagreen); segment 4 (Fig. 61A)—D-2-IV peg-like seta on elongate tubercle, D-3-IV short seta on low tubercle; D-5-IV peg-like seta, D-8-IV, D-9-IV short setae, D-7-IV absent or not visible among shagreen; D-5-IV and D-4-IV on elongate tubercle, D-8-IV and D-9-IV on elongate tubercle, posterior dorsal sensilla on two tubercles in transverse row, arranged medially to laterally: D-5-IV, D-4-IV, D-8-IV, D-9-IV; L-1-IV short peg on elongate tubercle, well anterior of posterior lateral setae; L-2-IV, L-3-IV short setae on separate elongate tubercles, L-4-IV short seta without tubercle, V-5-IV, V-6-IV, V-7-IV short setae, on rounded tubercles, V-6-IV, V-7-IV on single tubercle; segment 8 without D-3-VIII, without L-1-VIII; segment 9 (Fig. 74I)—with D-5-IX campaniform sensillum, D-6-IX possibly absent (dense shagreen present).
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: The genus Allohelea is known from 57 species from every Region worldwide (Borkent 2014). The two species known as immatures have been collected among grass on a stream margin or from damp soil in a swampy area (Glukhova 1979a, de Meillon 1939).
TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION: There are only two species of Allohelea known as pupae (Tables 2–3). In A. japonica, the spirals are restricted to the base of the tracheal tube and the remaining portion is composed of distinctive (and unique) plates. Because de Meillon (1939) does not show any modifications to the tracheal tube of A. mimas the modifications in A. japonica should considered an autapomorphy of that species for the present.
De Meillon (1939) suggested there were no sensilla on the abdomen of A. mimas but likely the pronounced tubercles and heavy shagreen made these difficult to see (as is the case for A. japonica).
MATERIAL EXAMINED: A. japonica: 1 pupal exuviae, Komarovskii Nature Reserve, Primorskii Territory, Russia (ZIN).
description: Published as part of Borkent, Art, 2014, The Pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), With a Generic Key and Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationships Between Genera, pp. 1-327 in Zootaxa 3879 (1) on pages 68-69, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3879.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4949051