Phaeaphodius rectus Motschulsky 1866
Creators: name: Dellacasa, Marco
name: Dellacasa, Giovanni
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Aphodiidae
Phaeaphodius
Phaeaphodius rectus

description: Phaeaphodius rectus (Motschulsky, 1866)
(Figs. 44–57)
Calamosternus rectus Motschulsky, 1866: 169; Lewis 1895: 379 (as synonym of Aphodius solskyi).
Chilothorax vitta Motschulsky, 1866: 170; Lewis 1895: 379 (as synonym of Aphodius solskyi).
Aphodius solskyi Harold, 1871: 251; Schmidt 1907: 67 (as synonym of Aphodius rectus).
Aphodius diversus Waterhouse, 1875: 82; Harold 1876: 174 (as synonym of Aphodius solskyi).
Aphodius lividipennis Waterhouse, 1875: 81; Harold 1875: 186 (as synonym of Aphodius solskyi).
Aphodius castaneipennis Waterhouse, 1875: 83; Lewis 1895: 379 (as synonym of Aphodius solskyi).
Aphodius (Phaeaphodius) rectus var. biformis Reitter, 1892: 205; Tesa 1934: 175 (as aberration of Aphodius rectus).
Aphodius (Phaeaphodius) rectus var. semicolor Reitter, 1892: 205; Tesa 1934: 175 (as aberration of Aphodius rectus).
Aphodius (Phaeaphodius) solskyi: Reitter 1892: 205; Schmidt 1922: 209 (as synonym of Aphodius rectus).
Aphodius (Phaeaphodius) zichyi Csiki, 1901: 107; Schmidt 1913: 153 (as synonym of Aphodius rectus); Schmidt 1922: 209 (as synonym of Aphodius rectus var. biformis).
Aphodius (Phaeaphodius) rectus: Schmidt 1913: 153; Schmidt 1922: 209; Balthasar 1964: 283; Dellacasa & Dellacasa 2006: 133.
Aphodius (Phaeaphodius) semicolor: Schmidt 1913: 153.
Phaeaphodius rectus: Paulian 1942: 85; Dellacasa et al. 2001: 239; Gordon & Skelley 2007: 267.
Aphodius (Phaeaphodius) edai Balthasar, 1956: 68; Nakane 1960: 5 (as synonym of Aphodius rectus) (unverified synonym).
Aphodius tshuensis Protsenko, 1979: 15; Nikolajev 1987: 118 (as synonym of Aphodius rectus; ex typis).
Type locality. “Japon” (conventional).
Type repository. Aphodius rectus: Zoologicheskij Muzej, Moskovskij Gosudarstvennyj Univeristet imeni M. V. Lomonosova, Moscow, Russia (type specimens not examined); Chilothorax vitta: Zoologicheskij Muzej, Moskovskij Gosudarstvennyj Univeristet imeni M. V. Lomonosova, Moscow, Russia; Aphodius solskyi: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France; Aphodius diversus: Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; Aphodius lividipennis: Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; Aphodius castaneipennis: Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; Aphodius rectus biformis: unknown to authors; Aphodius rectus semicolor: unknown to authors; Aphodius zichyi: Magyar Természettudomàny Muzéum, Budapest, Hungary; Aphodius edai: Narodni Muzeum Prirodovedecke Muzeum, Prague, Czech Republic; Aphodius tshuensis: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Redescription. Length 5.0–6.0 mm; oblong, convex, shiny, glabrous. Dorsal surface entirely black; legs dark brown, tarsi paler (Fig. 48); sometimes elytra red apically (Fig. 49), juxtasutural interstria red (Fig. 50), juxtasutural interstria and apex more or less widely red (Fig. 51), elytra dirty yellow with black longitudinal strip on disc (Fig. 55), elytra dirty yellow with black longitudinal spot widened posteriorly to suture (Fig. 54), elytra black with discal and preapical spots dirty yellow (Fig. 52), elytra dirty yellow with suture and black longitudinal spot widened from shoulder to apical third (Fig. 53), elytra entirely dirty yellow (Fig. 56), or elytra entirely pale chestnut brown (Fig. 57). Head with epistome feebly convex, transversely subcarinate anteriorly, coarsely punctate on disc, subrugose distally; clypeus feebly sinuate at middle, round on sides, thickly bordered, edge feebly upturned, glabrous; genae obtusely round, protruding from the eyes; frontal suture tuberculate. Pronotum strongly convex, transverse, shiny, dually punctate; large punctures seven to eight times larger than small punctures, denser laterally; smaller superficial punctures evenly but rather sparsely scattered; sides feebly arcuate, thinly bordered, edge sparsely setose; hind angles obtusely truncate; basal border rather thin, laterally interrupted before hind angles. Scutellum pentagonal, subparallel sided toward base, flat, with few rather large and sparse punctures on basal half. Elytra strongly convex, feebly widened apically; striae almost superficial, distinctly punctate, crenulate; interstriae flat, with a longitudinal row of microscopic punctures near lateral margins only, apically somewhat more distinctly punctate. Metatibiae superior spur as long as first metatarsomere; latter longer than following 2 metatarsomeres combined. Male: median tubercle of frontal suture distinct; pronotum not narrowed apically, without large punctures on disc; protibiae spur downward bent, feebly hooked apically; inferior spur of mesotibiae distinctly hooked apically; aedeagus Figs. 45–46. Female: median tubercle of frontal suture very weak; pronotum feebly narrowed apically, with large punctures on disc also; protibiae spur straight and apically acuminate; inferior spur of mesotibiae outward curved and acuminate apically.
Distribution. The species is widely distributed in Holarctic region. It is cited by authors from Greece and Asia Minor but we have never examined specimens from these countries.
Material examined. CHINA: Beijing: Pechino, 1879, K. Kraatz leg. (3 specimens, DCG); Pekin (1 specimen, DCG); Gansu: Win Shan range, 70 km NW Wudu, 1.VI.1997, A. Gorodinski leg. (3 specimens, DCG); Labrang, 2900–3500 m, 28–30.VI.1991, A. Helia leg. (1 specimen, DCG); Langmusi environs, 3200 m, 30.VI– 3.VII.1998, V. Beneš leg. (127 specimens, DCG); Tewo County, Tewo environs, 27.VI–5.VII.1998, V. Beneš leg. (3 specimens, DCG); Xiahe (Labrang), 3300–3700 m, 1–15.VI.1998, V. Major leg. (18 specimens, DCG); Heilongjiang, Bin Xien, Jiulong Shan, 12.IX.1980, P. M. Hammond leg., cow dung (5 specimens, DCG); Harbin, 20.V.1966, P. M. Hammond leg. (1 specimen, DCG); Erlungshan, 29.V.1966, P. M. Hammond leg. (2 specimens, DCG); Harbin, 24.V.1966, P. M. Hammond leg. (1 specimen, DCG); Hubei: Chang Yang near Ichang, 4000–6000 ft. (6 specimens, DCG) Shaanxi: Suide environs, China bor., 373'N, 1107'E, 13–14.V.1996, J. Halada leg. (2 specimens, DCG); Taibashan Mountains, N Hoazhenzi, 2460 m, 3.VIII.1998, S. Murzin leg. (1 specimen, DCG); Sichuan: 60 km S of Hongyuan, 4200 m, 27–29.VI.1991, J. Kalab leg. (1 specimen, DCG); 60 km S of Hongyuan, 4200 m, 29.VI.1991, J. Kalab leg. (3 specimens, DCG); Jluzhalgou, Songran County, 3000 m, 4–7.VII.1994, V. Beneš leg. (300 specimens, DCG); Kuanshien, 2000–3000 ft., 1930, D. C. Graham leg. (1 specimen, DCG); Longribe, 3600 m, 10–11.VI.1997, V. Beneš leg. (176 specimens, DCG); Zhangla, 14–17.VI.1996, V. Beneš & Stepar leg. (29 specimens, DCG); Zhongxian, 15.VII.1994, V. Beneš leg. (38 specimens, DCG); Zoig, 13.VI.1996, V. Beneš & Stepar leg. (77 specimens, DCG); 26 km N Zoighe, 3700 m, 18.VII.1996, P. Moretto leg. (10 specimens, DCG); 53 km N Zoighe, 3700 m, 18.VII.1996, P. Moretto leg. (48 specimens, DCG); Xizang: Poshö, 12,000 ft., VI.1936, R. J. H. Kaulback leg. (1 specimen, DCG); Shopando, Kham, 12000 ft., 4.V.1936, R. J. H. Kaulback leg. (1 specimen, DCG); JAPAN: Sapporo, Yezo (1 specimen, DCG); Tsushima (1 specimen., DCG); Tochigi Prefecture, Shiobara-mashi, 17.VI.1988, K. Akiyama leg. (2 specimens, DCG); KAZAKHSTAN: Charyn River, Chundzha village, VI.1995 (3 specimens, DCG); Narynsk (2 specimens, DCG); Semipalatinsk, 25.V.1992, S. Khvylya leg. (2 specimens, DCG); Tekesthal (1 specimen, DCG); KYRGYZSTAN: Musart (1 specimen, DCG); RUSSIA: East Siberia: Buryatia, East Sayan Mountains, Arshan, 26.VI.1996, G. & E. Dellacasa leg. (148 specimens, DCG); Buryatia, East Sayan Mountains, Biryulka, 29.VI.1996, G. & E. Dellacasa leg. (5 specimens, DCG); Buryatia, East Sayan Mountains, Mondy, 24.VI.1996, G. & E. Dellacasa leg. (3 specimens, DCG); Buryatia, East Sayan Mountains, Tunka, 23.VI.1996, G. & E. Dellacasa leg. (17 specimens, DCG); Buryatia, Tunkinsky, Zun-Marin, 24.VI.1993, O. Berlov leg. (1 specimen, DCG); Irkutsk, 25.V.1976, E. Berlov leg. (31 specimens, DCG); Irkutsk, 30.V.1980, E. Berlov leg. (15 specimens, DCG); Irkutsk, 23.VIII.1974, E. Berlov leg. (10 specimens, DCG); Irkutsk environs, 2.VI.1990, O. Berlov leg. (3 specimens, DCG); Irkutsk environs, 8.VII.1993, E. Berlov leg. (1 specimen, DCG); Irkutsk environs, 3.IX.1989, E. Berlov leg. (2 specimens, DCG); Irkutsk environs, Kharat, 31.V.1984, E. Berlov leg. (4 specimens, DCG); Irkutsk environs, Kharat, 1.VI.1993, E. Berlov leg. (15 specimens, DCG); Irkutsk environs, Malta, 1.V.1993, O. Berlov leg. (11 specimens, DCG); Irkutsk environs, Udovino, 28.VIII.1973, E. Berlov leg. (13 specimens, DCG); Irkutsk district, Kharat, 19.VI.1996, G. & E. Dellacasa leg. (107 specimens, DCG); Irkutsk district, Kultuk, 22.VI.1996, G. & E. Dellacasa leg. (32 specimens, DCG); Irkutsk district, Oyek, 20.VI.1996, G. & E. Dellacasa leg. (138 specimens, DCG); Irkutsk district, Tibelti, 22.VI.1996, G. & E. Dellacasa leg. (125 specimens, DCG); Lake Baikal, Bolshiye Koty, 18.IX.1987, O. Berlov leg. (1 specimen, DCG); Lake Baikal, Kochergat, Goloustnaya River, VII.1992, O. Berlov leg. (3 specimens, DCG); 100 km W Irkutsk, Malta, 18.VI.1994, O. Berlov leg. (8 specimens, DCG); Severobaikalsk, Baikal Lake, VI.1996, A. Gorodinski leg. (7 specimens, DCG); Far East: Primor'e Nadezhdunskoe, 11.IX.1976, Nikolaev leg. (3 specimens, DCG); Sachalin, Mys Kuznekova, 3.VI.1985, Danilevskij leg., sea shore (1 specimen, DCG); Sakhalin Island, Kamenka River, Pozharskoye, 4.VI.1988, E. Berlov leg., cow dung (5 specimens, DCG); Sakhalin Island, Susaya River, Novoaleksandrovsk, 21.VI.1988, E. Berlov leg., cow dung (17 specimens, DCG); Suputinskij, Zapov. Primorsk., IX.1979, Krivoschenko leg. (3 specimens, DCG); Ussuri, Chanka (3 specimens, DCG); Ussuri, Chanka, 1912, I. Kornikov leg. (1 specimen, DCG); Ussurisk (5 specimens, DCG); okr. Vladivostok, 8.V.1977, Lelej leg. (7 specimens, DCG); Vladivostok (1 specimen, DCG); South European Territory: Caucasus, [North-Caucasian Federal District], Karachaevo- Cherkesia, VII.1993 (3 specimens, DCG); West Siberia: Altai Mountains, 756 km of Chuyski, 11.VI.1985, Prasolov leg. (2 specimens, DCG); Altai Mountains, Katun River, Chemal, 19.VI.1985, Prasolov leg. (10 specimens, DCG); Altai Mountains, Kolyvan, VI.1984, E. Berlov leg. (5 specimens, DCG); Ural, Tscheljabynsk, 17.IX.1976, E. Berlov leg. (11 specimens, DCG); TURKMENISTAN: Amudarja River, Kirki village, 9.V.1994, Danilevskyi leg. (1 specimen, DCG); Amudarja River, Kirki village, V.1996 (6 specimens, DCG); UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: Oregon: McMinnville, 27.X.1944, K. M. & D. M. Fender leg. (2 specimens, DCG); UZBEKISTAN: Kuraminski-rng., Kamchik pass, VI.1996, A. Gorodinski leg. (1 specimen, DCG).
Bionomics. Occurs almost year round, coprophagous species. Found in any kind of dung in open areas where it may occur in large populations.
Remarks. A female of Aphodius solskyi Harold, 1871 (junior synonym of A. rectus), lectotype hereby designated, in Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France, bears the following labels: 1) white, handwritten: Japonia; 2) white, handwritten: Solsky!; 3) white, handwritten: Solskyi Harold; 4) white, printed: Ex Musaeo Harold; 5) red, printed: Aphodius solskyi Harold, 1863, Lectotypus, M. & G. Dellacasa des., 2001.
description: Published as part of Dellacasa, Marco & Dellacasa, Giovanni, 2016, Systematic revision of the genus Phaeaphodius Reitter, 1892 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae), pp. 143-163 in Zootaxa 4162 (1) on pages 156-158, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4162.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/254692