title: Antimicrobial Use/Consumption Surveillance in Zimbabwe: Desk Review Report
Creators: name: Swiswa, Samuel
name: Pinto, Chris J
name: Chandler, Clare IR
Publisher: name: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Year: 2022

description: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) now poses a significant global threat to animal and human health, and over the years, inappropriate antimicrobial use (AMU), both in animals and humans, has been identified as the most significant driver of AMR. Recognizing the urgent need to tackle AMR, in 2015, the WHO, WOAH and FAO endorsed a Global Action Plan (GAP) on AMR, which includes five strategic objectives targeted at curbing AMR development. Amongst these objectives is the need to “strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research”. Zimbabwe, one of many African countries experiencing challenges arising from AMR in both the animal and human health sectors, needs to map a way forward to address this critical challenge. The objectives of this report were firstly to determine the current status of antimicrobial use or consumption (AMU/C) surveillance in Zimbabwe in the animal sector and identify gaps in knowledge. Secondly, to explore AMU/C surveillance strategies in food-producing animals in other countries, including data collection methods, data entry platforms, data analysis and reporting. Finally, to provide a situational analysis of existing systems, plans, software platforms and human and physical resources in relevant institutions in Zimbabwe to identify potential strategies for implementing AMU/C surveillance in the country. Methods The objectives were addressed through various methods, including key informant interviews of personnel in key government institutions such as the Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) and the Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ), among others. Information was also derived from relevant publications searched from scientific databases, including PubMed and PLOS. Key findings The first part of the report describes the situation analysis of Zimbabwe, which details the country’s animal production sector and the Department of Veterinary Services (DVS), and AMR &amp; AMU/C surveillance initiatives in the country, including the reporting of AMU/C data to the WOAH. The second part of the report reviews global standards and methods for AMU/C in animals, including the WOAH standards for AMC data collection. Also included in this section are the AMU/C surveillance strategies in food-producing animals in Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs). The report also includes a brief on the different types of antimicrobial use metrics and indicators used in AMU/C surveillance in food-producing animals, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The last section of the report includes proposals for implementing AMU/C surveillance in Zimbabwe and a feasibility assessment for each proposal. Conclusion and recommendations Zimbabwe generally has adequate human resource capacity to implement AMU/C surveillance in food-producing animals. The key personnel to perform these activities will need to be identified and adequately capacitated through training and provision of other key resources. To coordinate the AMU/C surveillance activities, the relevant institutions, the DVS and MCAZ, will need to collaborate closely to conduct the process activities efficiently. Of paramount importance is that the two government institutions will also need to establish funding mechanisms for AMU/C surveillance in food-producing animals in order to make it sustainable.