cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Wild-Type Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Isolated from the Oropharynx of Immune-Competent Individuals Has Tropism for Cultured Oral Epithelial Cells
Creators: name: Duus, K. M.
name: Grose, C.
name: Webster-Cyriaque, J.
name: Lentchitsky, V.
name: Wagenaar, T.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2004

description: Based on the observation that wild-type Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) DNA can be detected in the oral cavity of healthy, immunocompetent individuals, we hypothesized that epithelial cells could be infected in vitro by wild-type (WT) KSHV isolated from immunocompetent individuals. Primary oral epithelial (P-EPI) cells and telomerase-immortalized oral epithelial cells were generated from human gingival tissue and were then infected in vitro with WT KSHV isolated from throat wash samples. Markers of lytic and latent KSHV infection were detected in cultures by 24 h postinfection by immunofluorescence confocal microscopic assays. The infectivity of the WT and BCBL virus was blocked by neutralizing antibodies against KSHV gB. The presence of KSHV DNA in these cells was confirmed by real-time PCR amplification of different regions of the viral genome. The significant in vitro viral replication that had occurred was inhibited by ganciclovir and by neutralizing antibodies against gB. When infected cultures were examined by scanning electron microscopy, thousands of KSHV particles were clearly visible across the surfaces of P-EPI cells. The detection of enveloped particles indicated that the infectious cycle had proceeded through assembly and egress. We thus demonstrated that oral WT KSHV isolated from immunocompetent individuals was able to infect and replicate in vitro in a relevant primary cell type. Furthermore, our results provide compelling evidence for KSHV transmission within infected oral epithelial cells derived from healthy, immunocompetent populations.
Outside-in quenching of star-forming galaxies within the core region of a forming cluster at z=2.51
Creators: name: Shiying LU
name: DADDI, Emanuele
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: high-z, cluster, sub-mm

description: Clusters of galaxies are the cradle of the galaxy growth, and studying their member galaxies is fundamental to understand the galaxy formation and cosmology. Particularly for CLJ1001 at z=2.51 that we are studying, its compact core region (<80kpc) could capture more specific physical properties of about high-z galaxies in dense environments. In this work, we mainly focus on five star-forming ALMA-detected galaxies (SFGs) in the CLJ1001 core. Combining with ancillary HST H-band images, we find that the five SFGs have lopsided compact stellar structures respect to their cores as traced by submm emission. The cores contain most of the star formation, while the stellar disk components present a variety of situations, including some that are quiescent. Overall, counting also purely quiescent galaxies, ~30% of the massive galaxies are going through the outside-in quenching, and 70% of them have already quenched. The environment and galaxy interactions seem to play an important role during this phase of galaxy evolution, towards the assembly of massive elliptical galaxies.
Anderson Localization and Quantum Hall Effect: Numerical Observation of Two Parameter Scaling
Creators: name: Werner, Miklós Antal
name: Brataas, Arne
name: von Oppen, Felix
name: Zaránd, Gergely
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A two dimensional disordered system of non-interacting fermions in a homogeneous magnetic field is investigated numerically. By introducing a new magnetic gauge, we explore the renormalization group (RG) flow of the longitudinal and Hall conductances with higher precision than previously studied, and find that the flow is consistent with the predictions of Pruisken and Khmelnitskii. The extracted critical exponents agree with the results obtained by using transfer matrix methods. The necessity of a second parameter is also reflected in the level curvature distribution. Near the critical point the distribution slightly differs from the prediciton of random matrix theory, in agreement with previous works. Close to the quantum Hall fixed points the distribution is lognormal since here states are strongly localized.
description: 6 pages, 7 figures
Demixing cascades in cluster crystals
Creators: name: Wilding, Nigel B.
name: Sollich, Peter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In a cluster crystal, each lattice site is occupied by multiple soft-core particles. As the number density is increased at zero temperature, a `cascade' of isostructural phase transitions can occur between states whose site occupancy differs by unity. For low but finite temperature, each of these transitions terminates in a critical point. Using tailored Monte Carlo simulation techniques we have studied such demixing cascades in systems of soft particles interacting via potentials of the generalized exponential form $u(r)=ε\exp[-(r/σ)^n]$. We have estimated the critical parameters of the first few transitions in the cascade as a function of the softness parameter $n$. The critical temperature and pressure exhibit non-monotonic behaviour as $n$ is varied, although the critical chemical potential remains monotonic. The trends for the pressure and chemical potential are confirmed by cell model calculations at zero temperature. As $n\to 2^+$, all the transitions that we have observed are preempted by melting although we cannot rule out that clustering transitions survive at high density.
description: 8 pages
BZLF1 Activation of the Methylated Form of the BRLF1 Immediate-Early Promoter Is Regulated by BZLF1 Residue 186
Creators: name: Kenney, S. C.
name: Seaman, W. T.
name: Bhende, P. M.
name: Delecluse, H.-J.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome is highly methylated in latently infected cells. We recently reported that the EBV immediate-early (IE) protein BZLF1 (Z) preferentially binds to and activates transcription from the methylated form of the BRLF1 IE gene promoter (Rp). We now report that serine residue 186 in the Z DNA-binding domain plays an important role in the ability of Z to bind to and activate methylated Rp. A Z mutant containing an alanine residue at position 186 [Z(S186A)] was significantly defective in binding to methylated, as well as unmethylated, ZREs (Z-responsive elements) in Rp and was unable to activate lytic EBV gene transcription from the methylated or demethylated form of the viral genome. A Z mutant containing threonine at residue 186 [Z(S186T)] bound only to the methylated form of the ZRE-2 site in Rp and induced lytic EBV gene transcription from the methylated, but not demethylated, form of the viral genome. The defect in both of these mutants was primarily due to an inability to activate the Rp in the context of the viral genome. Finally, a Z mutant containing an aspartic acid at position 186 [Z(S186D)] did not bind to either the consensus AP-1 site or to the methylated or unmethylated Rp ZRE-2 site and did not induce lytic gene transcription. These results indicate that replacement of serine with threonine at residue 186 in the Z DNA-binding domain differentially affects its ability to reactivate the unmethylated, versus methylated, viral genome.
Cellular and Humoral Immunity following Snow Mountain Virus Challenge
Creators: name: Frelinger, J. A.
name: Treanor, J.
name: Moe, C.
name: Lindesmith, L.
name: LePendu, J.
name: Baric, R. S.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: Little is known about the immune response to noroviruses. To elucidate the immunobiology of norovirus infection in humans, 15 volunteers were challenged with Snow Mountain virus (SMV), a genogroup 2 norovirus. We assessed the cellular and humoral immune response and infection by analyzing stool, serum, saliva, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses pre- and postchallenge. In contrast to Norwalk virus (NV), SMV infection was not dependent upon blood group secretor status. Nine of 15 volunteers were infected and showed a ≥4-fold increase over the prechallenge anti-SMV serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer, mostly subclass IgG1. Although serum IgG elicited by SMV infection was cross-reactive with Hawaii virus (HV), another genogroup 2 norovirus, salivary IgA was less cross-reactive. Neither SMV-elicited serum IgG nor salivary IgA cross-reacted with NV, a genogroup 1 norovirus. Significant increases in serum gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and IL-2, but not IL-6 or IL-10, were noted on day 2 postchallenge. For the majority of volunteers, both infected and uninfected, PBMCs stimulated with norovirus virus-like particles secreted IFN-γ and other Th1 cytokines, suggesting previous norovirus exposure in most volunteers. Like the IgG antibodies, the SMV-activated T cells were cross-reactive with HV but not NV. IFN-γ production was dependent upon CD4+ cells, consistent with a predominant, but not exclusive, Th1 response. To our knowledge, this is the first report characterizing T-cell and cytokine responses following live norovirus challenge.
Compartmentalized Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Present in Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Produced by Short-Lived Cells
Creators: name: Haas, D. W.
name: Ritola, K.
name: Swanstrom, R.
name: Harrington, P. R.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) invades the central nervous system (CNS) during primary infection and persists in this compartment by unknown mechanisms over the course of infection. In this study, we examined viral population dynamics in four asymptomatic subjects commencing antiretroviral therapy to characterize cellular sources of HIV-1 in the CNS. The inability to monitor viruses directly in the brain poses a major challenge in studying HIV-1 dynamics in the CNS. Studies of HIV-1 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) provide a useful surrogate for the sampling of virus in the CNS, but they are complicated by the fact that infected cells in local CNS tissues and in the periphery contribute to the population pool of HIV-1 in CSF. We utilized heteroduplex tracking assays to differentiate CSF HIV-1 variants that were shared with peripheral blood plasma from those that were compartmentalized in CSF and therefore presumably derived from local CNS tissues. We then tracked the relative decline of individual viral variants during the initial days of antiretroviral therapy. We found that HIV-1 variants compartmentalized in CSF declined rapidly during therapy, with maximum half-lives of approximately 1 to 3 days. These kinetics emulate the decline in HIV-1 produced from short-lived CD4+ T cells in the periphery, suggesting that a similarly short-lived, HIV-infected cell population exists within the CNS. We propose that short-lived CD4+ T cells trafficking between the CNS and the periphery play an important role in amplifying and maintaining HIV-1 populations in the CNS during the asymptomatic phase of infection.
Intrinsic detection efficiency of superconducting single photon detector in the modified hot spot model
Creators: name: Zotova, A. N.
name: Vodolazov, D. Yu.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We theoretically study the dependence of the intrinsic detection efficiency (IDE) of superconducting single photon detector on the applied current $I$ and magnetic field $H$. We find that the current, at which the resistive state appears in the superconducting film, depends on the position of the hot spot (region with suppressed superconductivity around the place where the photon has been absorbed) with respect to the edges of the film. It provides inevitable smooth dependence IDE(I) when IDE $\sim 0.05-1$ even for homogenous straight superconducting film and in the absence of fluctuations. When IDE $\lesssim 0.05$ much sharper current dependence comes from the fluctuation assisted vortex entry to the hot spot located near the edge of the film. We find that weak magnetic field strongly affects IDE when the photon detection is connected with fluctuation assisted vortex entry (IDE$\ll 1$) and it weakly affects IDE when the photon detection is connected with the current induced vortex entry to the hot spot or nucleation of the vortex-antivortex pair inside the hot spot (IDE$\sim 0.05-1$).
description: 10 pages, 12 figures
Effect of a Protease Inhibitor-Induced Genetic Bottleneck on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env Gene Populations
Creators: name: Resch, W.
name: Nelson, J. A. E.
name: Kitrinos, K. M.
name: Swanstrom, R.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: The initiation of drug therapy or the addition of a new drug to preexisting therapy can have a significant impact on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) populations within a person. Drug therapy directed at reverse transcriptase and protease can result in dramatic decreases in virus load, causing a contraction in the virus population that represents a potential genetic bottleneck as a subset of virus with genomes carrying resistance mutations repopulate the host. While this bottleneck exerts an effect directly on the region that is being targeted by the drugs, it also affects other regions of the viral genome. We have applied heteroduplex tracking assays (HTA) specific to variable regions 1 and 2 (V1/V2) and variable region 3 (V3) of the HIV-1 env gene to analyze the effect of a genetic bottleneck created by the selection of resistance to ritonavir, a protease inhibitor. Subjects were classified into groups on the basis of the extent of the initial drop in virus load and the duration of virus load reduction. Subjects with a strong initial drop in virus load exhibited a loss of heterogeneity in the env region at virus load rebound; in contrast, subjects with a weak initial drop in virus load exhibited little to no loss of heterogeneity at virus load rebound in either region of env examined. The duration of virus load reduction also affected env populations. Subjects that had prolonged reductions exhibited slower population diversification and the appearance of new V1/V2 species after rebound. The longer reduction of virus load in these subjects may have allowed for improved immune system function, which in turn could have selected for new escape mutants. Subjects with rapid rebound quickly reequilibrated the entry env variants back into the resistant population. When the pro gene developed further resistance mutations subsequent to virus load rebound, no changes were observed in V1/V2 or V3 populations, suggesting that the high virus loads allowed the env populations to reequilibrate rapidly. The rapid equilibration of env variants during pro gene sequence transitions at high virus load suggests that recombination is active in defining the HIV-1 sequence population. Conversely, part of the success of suppressive antiviral therapy may be to limit the potential for evolution through recombination, which requires dually infected cells.
Nitrogen-Enriched Carbon Nanobubbles and Nanospheres for Applications in Energy Harvesting, Storage, and CO2 Sequestration
Creators: name: Laishram, Devika
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: 30199 Analytical Chemistry not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 30401 Biologically Active Molecules
subject: 30402 Biomolecular Modelling and Design
subject: 30601 Catalysis and Mechanisms of Reactions

description: Multifunctional carbon nanomaterials have attracted remarkable consideration for use in various energy conversion and storage devices because of their ultrahigh specific surface area, unique morphology, and excellent electrochemical properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of highly uniform and ordered nitrogen-enriched carbon nanospheres (CS) and nanobubbles (CNB) by a modified Stöber reaction using resorcinol and formaldehyde in the presence of ethylenediamine as a nitrogen source. A comparative study of the prepared CS and CNB nanomaterials is presented here with potential use in a wide variety of applications involving large surface area and electrical conductivity. As counter electrode materials in solar cells, CNB and CS showed enhanced photoelectrochemical activity for catalytically reducing I3– to I– and improved capacitive behavior with a low charge transfer resistance and remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.40% with improved Jsc (20.20 mA/cm2) and Voc (0.73 V). The enhanced performance of the fabricated photoelectrochemical cell is due to the excellent point contact and good conductivity that offered better charge transportation of electrons with minimum recombination. The enhanced adsorption upon increasing the pressure without an apparent saturation level signified the large CO2 adsorption with 2 mmol/g for the CS. Additionally, the rectangular-shaped CV curve indicated the double-layer capacitive behavior, good electrochemical reversibility, and high-power characteristics, prerequisites for supercapacitor application. This study probes the practical possibility of nitrogen-enriched carbon nanostructures as a multifunctional material for prospective applications.
Rez. Krapinger, G. (Übers./Hrsg.): Platon: Menon. Griechisch/Deutsch. Neuübersetzung (RUB 14197). Ditzingen: Reclam 2022
Creators: name: Seitz, Emanuel
Publisher: name: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Year: 2022

description: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bd. 3 Nr. 2 (2022): Texterschließung
Partially-Distributed Resource Allocation in Small-Cell Networks
Creators: name: Sadr, Sanam
name: Adve, Raviraj S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Networking and Internet Architecture (cs.NI)
subject: Information Theory (cs.IT)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: We propose a four-stage hierarchical resource allocation scheme for the downlink of a large-scale small-cell network in the context of orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA). Since interference limits the capabilities of such networks, resource allocation and interference management are crucial. However, obtaining the globally optimum resource allocation is exponentially complex and mathematically intractable. Here, we develop a partially decentralized algorithm to obtain an effective solution. The three major advantages of our work are: 1) as opposed to a fixed resource allocation, we consider load demand at each access point (AP) when allocating spectrum; 2) to prevent overloaded APs, our scheme is dynamic in the sense that as the users move from one AP to the other, so do the allocated resources, if necessary, and such considerations generally result in huge computational complexity, which brings us to the third advantage: 3) we tackle complexity by introducing a hierarchical scheme comprising four phases: user association, load estimation, interference management via graph coloring, and scheduling. We provide mathematical analysis for the first three steps modeling the user and AP locations as Poisson point processes. Finally, we provide results of numerical simulations to illustrate the efficacy of our scheme.
description: Accepted on May 15, 2014 for publication in the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Effect of Mutations in the Mouse Hepatitis Virus 3'(+)42 Protein Binding Element on RNA Replication
Creators: name: Yount, B.
name: Liu, P.
name: Millership, J. J.
name: Feng, M.
name: Baric, R. S.
name: Johnson, R. F.
name: Leibowitz, J. L.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: The mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) genome's 3′ untranslated region contains cis-acting sequences necessary for replication. Studies of MHV and other coronaviruses have indicated a role for RNA secondary and tertiary elements in replication. Previous work in our laboratory has identified four proteins which form ribonucleoprotein complexes with the 3′-terminal 42 nucleotides [3′(+)42] of the MHV genome. Defective interfering (DI) RNA replication assays have demonstrated a role for the 3′(+)42 host protein binding element in the MHV life cycle. Using gel mobility shift RNase T1 protection assays and secondary structure modeling, we have characterized a possible role for RNA secondary structure in host protein binding to the 3′-terminal 42-nucleotide element. Additionally we have identified a role for the 3′-terminal 42-nucleotide host protein binding element in RNA replication and transcription using DI RNA replication assays and targeted recombination and by directly constructing mutants in this protein binding element using a recently described MHV reverse genetic system. DI RNA replication assays demonstrated that mutations in the 3′(+)42 host protein binding element had a deleterious effect on the accumulation of DI RNA. When the identical mutations were directly inserted into the MHV genome, most mutant genomes were viable but formed smaller plaques than the wild-type parent virus. One mutant was not viable. This mutant directed the synthesis of genome-sized negative-sense RNA approximately as efficiently as the wild type did but had a defect in subgenomic mRNA synthesis. These results point to a potential role for sequences at the extreme 3′ end of the MHV genome in subgenomic RNA synthesis.
Effects of Adeno-Associated Virus DNA Hairpin Structure on Recombination
Creators: name: Choi, V. W.
name: McCarty, D. M.
name: Samulski, R. J.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: Hairpin DNA ends are evolutionarily conserved intermediates in DNA recombination. The hairpin structures present on the ends of the adeno-associated virus (AAV) genome are substrates for recombination that give rise to persistent circular and concatemeric DNA episomes through intramolecular and intermolecular recombination, respectively. We have developed circularization-dependent and orientation-specific self-complementary AAV (scAAV) vectors as a reporter system to examine recombination events involving distinct hairpin structures, i.e., closed versus open hairpins. The results suggest that intramolecular recombination (circularization) is far more efficient than intermolecular recombination (concatemerization). Among all possible combinations of terminal repeats (TRs) involved in intermolecular recombination, the closed-closed TR structures are twice as efficient as the open-open TR substrates for recombination. In addition, both intramolecular recombination and intermolecular recombination exhibit the common dependency on specific DNA polymerases and topoisomerases. The circularization-dependent and orientation-specific scAAV vectors can serve as an efficient and controlled system for the delivery of DNA structures that mimic mammalian recombination intermediates and should be useful in assaying recombination in different experimental settings as well as elucidating the molecular mechanism of recombinant AAV genome persistence.
Weak Localization, Spin Relaxation, and Spin-Diffusion: The Crossover Between Weak and Strong Rashba Coupling Limits
Creators: name: Araki, Yasufumi
name: Khalsa, Guru
name: MacDonald, Allan H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Disorder scattering and spin-orbit coupling are together responsible for the diffusion and relaxation of spin-density in time-reversal invariant systems. We study spin-relaxation and diffusion in a two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit coupling and spin-independent disorder, focusing on the role of Rashba spin-orbit coupling in transport. Spin-orbit coupling contributes to spin relaxation, transforming the quantum interference contribution to conductivity from a negative weak localization (WL) correction to a positive weak anti-localization (WAL) correction. The importance of spin channel mixing in transport is largest in the regime where the Bloch state energy uncertainty $\hbar/τ$ and the Rashba spin-orbit splitting $Δ_\mathrm{SO}$ are comparable. We find that as a consequence of this spin channel mixing, the WL-WAL crossover is non-monotonic in this intermediate regime, and use our results to address recent experimental studies of transport at two-dimensional oxide interfaces.
description: 12 pages, 9 figures
Rez. Weeber, K.-W.: Das Römerlexikon, Bamberg: C. C. Buchner 2022
Creators: name: Schulz-Koppe, Heinz-Jürgen
Publisher: name: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Year: 2022

description: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bd. 3 Nr. 2 (2022): Texterschließung
Enhanced Cytotoxicity without Internuclear Spread of Adenovirus upon Cell Fusion by Measles Virus Glycoproteins
Creators: name: Vongpunsawad, S.
name: Dittmer, D. P.
name: Fritz, B.
name: Cattaneo, R.
name: Horn, G. P.
name: Kornmann, E.
name: Dobbelstein, M.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: The efficiency of viruses in cancer therapy is enhanced by proteins that mediate the fusion of infected cells with their neighbors. It was reported that replication-competent adenovirus particles can spread between nuclei within fusion-generated syncytia. To assess this conjecture, we generated fusogenic adenoviruses that express a balanced ratio of the F and H glycoproteins of measles virus. The viruses displayed enhanced cytotoxicity but largely unchanged replication efficiencies compared to a nonfusogenic virus. Most notably, the virus genomes did not spread through fusion-generated multinuclear cells. Hence, adenovirus replication in syncytia remains largely restricted to initially transduced nuclei.
Rez. Weeber, K.-W.: Couchsurfing im Alten Rom. Zu Besuch bei Wagenlenkern, Philosophen, Tänzerinnen u. v. a. Darmstadt: wbg / Theiss 2022
Creators: name: Schulz-Koppe, Heinz-Jürgen
Publisher: name: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Year: 2022

description: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bd. 3 Nr. 2 (2022): Texterschließung
Rez. Cataldo, M. (Bearb.): Cicero. Laelius De amicitia (tango - Antike zum Anfassen). Göttingen: V&R 2021
Creators: name: Nießen, Johannes
Publisher: name: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Year: 2022

description: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bd. 3 Nr. 2 (2022): Texterschließung
Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Infection Contributes to Lymphoproliferative Disease in a SCID Mouse Model
Creators: name: Hong, G. K.
name: Feng, W.-H.
name: Gulley, M. L.
name: Holley-Guthrie, E.
name: Delecluse, H.-J.
name: Kenney, S. C.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: Most Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive tumor cells contain one of the latent forms of viral infection. The role of lytic viral gene expression in EBV-associated malignancies is unknown. Here we show that EBV mutants that cannot undergo lytic viral replication are defective in promoting EBV-mediated lymphoproliferative disease (LPD). Early-passage lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from EBV mutants with a deletion of either viral immediate-early gene grew similarly to wild-type (WT) virus LCLs in vitro but were deficient in producing LPD when inoculated into SCID mice. Restoration of lytic EBV gene expression enhanced growth in SCID mice. Acyclovir, which prevents lytic viral replication but not expression of early lytic viral genes, did not inhibit the growth of WT LCLs in SCID mice. Early-passage LCLs derived from the lytic-defective viruses had substantially decreased expression of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), and restoration of lytic gene expression reversed this defect. Expression of cellular IL-10 and viral IL-10 was also diminished in lytic-defective LCLs. These results suggest that lytic EBV gene expression contributes to EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease, potentially through induction of paracrine B-cell growth factors.
Rez. Klugs, J. (Bearb.): Gellius, Noctes atticae (tango – Antike zum Anfassen), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2021
Creators: name: Doepner, Thomas
Publisher: name: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Year: 2022

description: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bd. 3 Nr. 2 (2022): Texterschließung
Drei Schulausgaben im Vergleich – zugleich Rez. Hengelbrock, M. (Bearb.): Cicero, Philippische Reden (classica Bd. 9), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2. Auflage 2020
Creators: name: Doepner, Thomas
Publisher: name: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Year: 2022

description: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bd. 3 Nr. 2 (2022): Texterschließung
title: Reference data project 2014 – 2015 for the assessment of control data
Creators: name: Janke, Martina
name: Lüken, Dorothee J.
name: Von Der Ohe, Werner
Publisher: name: Julius Kühn-Institut
Year: 2018

description: Julius-Kühn-Archiv, Nr. 462 (2018): Hazards of pesticides to bees 13th International Symposium of the ICP-PR Bee Protection Group 18. - 20. October 2017, València (Spain) - Proceedings -
Charging and heat collection by a positively charged dust grain in a plasma
Creators: name: Delzanno, Gian Luca
name: Tang, Xian-Zhu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Dust particulates immersed in a quasineutral plasma can emit electrons in several important applications. Once electron emission becomes strong enough, the dust enters the positively charged regime where the conventional Orbital-Motion-Limited (OML) theory can break down due to potential well effects on trapped electrons. A minimal modification of the trapped-passing boundary approximation in the so-called OML$^+$ approach is shown to accurately predict the dust charge and heat collection flux for a wide range of dust size and temperature.
description: 5 pages, 4 figures. http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.035002. "Copyright (2014) by the American Physical Society."
Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Infection Is Required for Efficient Production of the Angiogenesis Factor Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Creators: name: Wang, L.
name: Delecluse, H.-J.
name: Damania, B.
name: Polverini, P. J.
name: Kenney, S. C.
name: Gulley, M. L.
name: Kumar, P.
name: Hong, G. K.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies are primarily composed of cells with one of the latent forms of EBV infection, a small subset of tumor cells containing the lytic form of infection is often observed. Whether the rare lytically infected tumor cells contribute to the growth of the latently infected tumor cells is unclear. Here we have investigated whether the lytically infected subset of early-passage lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) could potentially contribute to tumor growth through the production of angiogenesis factors. We demonstrate that supernatants from early-passage LCLs infected with BZLF1-deleted virus (Z-KO LCLs) are highly impaired in promoting endothelial cell tube formation in vitro compared to wild-type (WT) LCL supernatants. Furthermore, expression of the BZLF1 gene product in trans in Z-KO LCLs restored angiogenic capacity. The supernatants of Z-KO LCLs, as well as supernatants from LCLs derived with a BRLF1-deleted virus (R-KO LCLs), contained much less vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in comparison to WT LCLs. BZLF1 gene expression in Z-KO LCLs restored the VEGF level in the supernatant. However, the cellular level of VEGF mRNA was similar in Z-KO, R-KO, and WT LCLs, suggesting that lytic infection may enhance VEGF translation or secretion. Interestingly, a portion of the vasculature in LCL tumors in SCID mice was derived from the human LCLs. These results suggest that lytically infected cells may contribute to the growth of EBV-associated malignancies by enhancing angiogenesis. In addition, as VEGF is a pleiotropic factor with effects other than angiogenesis, lytically induced VEGF secretion may potentially contribute to viral pathogenesis.
Shock Formation in Lovelock Theories
Creators: name: Reall, Harvey S.
name: Tanahashi, Norihiro
name: Way, Benson
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We argue that Lovelock theories of gravity suffer from shock formation, unlike General Relativity. We consider the propagation of (i) a discontinuity in curvature, and (ii) weak, high frequency, gravitational waves. Such disturbances propagate along characteristic hypersurfaces of a "background" spacetime and their amplitude is governed by a transport equation. In GR the transport equation is linear. In Lovelock theories, it is nonlinear and its solutions can blow up, corresponding to the formation of a shock. We show that this effect is absent in some simple cases e.g. a flat background spacetime, and demonstrate its presence for a plane wave background. We comment on weak cosmic censorship, the evolution of shocks, and the nonlinear stability of Minkowski spacetime, in Lovelock theories.
description: 43 pages, 5 figures
A positive fixed point theorem with applications to systems of Hammerstein integral equations
Creators: name: Cabada, Alberto
name: Cid, José Ángel
name: Infante, Gennaro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Primary 47H10, secondary 34B10, 34B18, 45G15, 47H30

description: We present new criteria on the existence of fixed points that combine some monotonicity assumptions with the classical fixed point index theory. As an illustrative application, we use our theoretical results to prove the existence of positive solutions for systems of nonlinear Hammerstein integral equations. An example is also presented to show the applicability of our results.
description: 11 pages
Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Genotypes and Phenotypes In Vivo under Selective Pressure of the Protease Inhibitor Ritonavir
Creators: name: Parkin, N.
name: Harris, J.
name: Swanstrom, R.
name: Watkins, T.
name: Resch, W.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: We examined the population dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pro variants during the evolution of resistance to the protease inhibitor ritonavir (RTV) in vivo. pro variants were followed in subjects who had added RTV to their previously failed reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy using a heteroduplex tracking assay designed to detect common resistance-associated mutations. In most cases the initial variant appeared rapidly within 2 to 3 months followed by one or more subsequent population turnovers. Some of the subsequent transitions between variants were rapid, and some were prolonged with the coexistence of multiple variants. In several cases variants without resistance mutations persisted despite the emergence of new variants with an increasing number of resistance-associated mutations. Based on the rate of turnover of pro variants in the RTV-treated subjects we estimated that the mean fitness of newly emerging variants was increased 1.2-fold (range, 1.02 to 1.8) relative to their predecessors. A subset of pro genes was introduced into infectious molecular clones. The corresponding viruses displayed impaired replication capacity and reduced susceptibility to RTV. A subset of these clones also showed increased susceptibility to two nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and the protease inhibitor saquinavir. Finally, a significant correlation between the reduced replication capacity and reduced processing at the gag NC-p1 processing site was noted. Our results reveal a complexity of patterns in the evolution of resistance to a protease inhibitor. In addition, these results suggest that selection for resistance to one protease inhibitor can have pleiotropic effects that can affect fitness and susceptibility to other drugs.
Rez. Cataldo, M. (Bearb.): Cicero, Laelius de amicitia (tango – Antike zum Anfassen), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2022
Creators: name: Doepner, Thomas
Publisher: name: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Year: 2022

description: Latein und Griechisch in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bd. 3 Nr. 2 (2022): Texterschließung
Herpes Simplex Virus ICP27 Activation of Stress Kinases JNK and p38
Creators: name: Bachenheimer, S. L.
name: McLean, T.
name: Hargett, D.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: We previously reported that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can activate the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) p38 and JNK. In the present study, we undertook a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the requirements for viral protein synthesis in the activation of JNK and p38. Infection with the UL36 mutant tsB7 or with UV-irradiated virus indicated that both JNK and p38 activation required viral gene expression. Cycloheximide reversal or phosphonoacetic acid treatment of wild-type virus-infected cells as well as infection with the ICP4 mutant vi13 indicated that only the immediate-early class of viral proteins were required for SAPK activation. Infection with ICP4, ICP27, or ICP0 mutant viruses indicated that only ICP27 was necessary. Additionally, we determined that in the context of virus infection ICP27 was sufficient for SAPK activation and activation of the p38 targets Mnk1 and MK2 by infecting with mutants deleted for various combinations of immediate-early proteins. Specifically, the d100 (0−/4−) and d103 (4−/22−/47−) mutants activated p38 and JNK, while the d106 (4−/22−/27−/47−) and d107 (4−/27−) mutants did not. Finally, infections with a series of ICP27 mutants demonstrated that the functional domain of ICP27 required for activation was located in the region encompassing amino acids 20 to 65 near the N terminus of the protein and that the C-terminal transactivation activity of ICP27 was not necessary.
Hydrostatic pressure: A very effective approach to significantly enhance critical current density in granular Sr4V2O6Fe2As2 superconductor
Creators: name: Shabbir, Babar
name: Wang, Xiaolin
name: Ghorbani, S. R.
name: Dou, Shixue
name: Shekhar, Chandra
name: Srivastava, O. N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Pressure is well known to significantly raise the superconducting transition temperature, Tc, in both iron pnictides and cuprate based superconductors. Little work has been done, however, on how pressure can affect the flux pinning and critical current density in the Fe-based superconductors. Here, we propose to use hydrostatic pressure to significantly enhance flux pinning and Tc in polycrystalline pnictide bulks. We have chosen Sr4V2O6Fe2As2 polycrystalline samples as a case study. We demonstrate that the hydrostatic pressure up to 1.2 GPa can not only significantly increase Tc from 15 K (underdoped) to 22 K, but also significantly enhance the irreversibility field, Hirr, by a factor of 4 at 7 K, as well as the critical current density, Jc, by up to 30 times at both low and high fields. It was found that pressure can induce more point defects, which are mainly responsible for the Jc enhancement. In addition, we found that the transformation from surface pinning to point pinning induced by pressure was accompanied by a reduction of anisotropy at high temperatures. Our findings provide an effective method to significantly enhance Tc, Jc, Hirr, and the upper critical field, Hc2, for other families of Fe-based superconductors in the forms of wires/tapes, films, and single crystal and polycrystalline bulks.
Meteoroid impacts onto asteroids: a competitor for Yarkovsky and YORP
Creators: name: Wiegert, Paul A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The impact of a meteoroid onto an asteroid transfers linear and angular momentum to the larger body, which may affect its orbit and its rotational state. Here we show that the meteoroid environment of our Solar System can have an effect on small asteroids that is comparable to the Yarkovsky and Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack (YORP) effects under certain conditions. The momentum content of the meteoroids themselves is expected to generate an effect much smaller than that of the Yarkovsky effect. However, momentum transport by ejecta may increase the net effective force by two orders of magnitude for impacts into bare rock surfaces. This result is sensitive to the extrapolation of laboratory microcratering experiment results to real meteoroid-asteroid collisions and needs further study. If this extrapolation holds, then meteoroid impacts are more important to the dynamics of small asteroids than had previously been considered.
description: submitted to Icarus
Wise men beyond borders. The transplantation of the French conseil de prud'hommes throughout Europe
Creators: name: Van de Woestijne, Jasper
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023

description: Many European countries have established specialised labour courts to settle individual labour disputes. In scholarship, hardly any attention has been paid to the fact that most of these systems have the same roots: the French conseil de prud’hommes. This institution was established by Napoleon in 1806 and has been transplanted throughout Europe. This wide transplantation has never been mapped, let alone analysed. However, this would be of great value. In the first place, a better insight in the development of specialised labour courts can contribute to the recurring debate about their reform or abolition. Secondly, the transplantation of the conseil de prud’hommes offers a unique opportunity to gain a better understanding of the concept of legal transplants. For half a century, there has been a lively discussion among scholars which factors drive or impede the movement of a legal rule or institution across borders. As no satisfactory answer has been given, an empirical study of the case of the conseil de prud’hommes can bring solace. The conseil is a perfect fit for this purpose, as scholars have been especially sceptical about the potential success of a legal transplant in labour law matters. The envisaged research aims to achieve these objectives by mapping the transplantation of the conseil de prud’hommes across Europe and comparing the introduction and evolution in a selection of countries (France, Belgium, Germany & the Netherlands) in detail.
Role of ZnO in ZnO Nanoflake/Ti3C2 MXene Composites in Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Creators: name: Laishram, Devika
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: 30201 Bioinorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 30199 Analytical Chemistry not elsewhere classified
subject: 30101 Analytical Spectrometry
subject: 30402 Biomolecular Modelling and Design
subject: 30601 Catalysis and Mechanisms of Reactions
subject: 30403 Characterisation of Biological Macromolecules

description: Herein, we report a simple hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO-Ti3C2 MXene nanocomposites with a varying wt % of ZnO to exploit the synergistic effect of 2D layer structured Ti3C2 and semiconductor ZnO for photocatalysis and electrocatalysis applications. A systematic study on the efficiency of ZnO-Ti3C2 nanocomposites toward the degradation of organic pollutants (dyes and pharmaceuticals) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is demonstrated. Among the developed nanohybrid catalysts, the ZnO-Ti3C2 composite with 10 wt % ZnO (MXZnO-10) showed the highest photodegradation efficiency of 76.4% within 10 min of the reaction and 99.2% in 60 min for methylene blue (MB) dye. The synergistic interactions between 2D layered Ti3C2 and ZnO improved the lifetime of electrons and holes by reducing the recombination rate. The uncombined electrons and holes facilitated the effective degradation of the MB dye. The ZnO-Ti3C2 nanocomposite with 5 wt % ZnO (MXZnO-5) showed excellent HER performance and exhibited an overpotential of 495 mV at 10 mA/cm2 with a Tafel slope of 108 mV/dec. This work widens the application range of transition metal oxide–MXene composites, providing potential substitute materials for photocatalysis and electrocatalysis applications.
Hyperfine structure of the hydroxyl free radical (OH) in electric and magnetic fields
Creators: name: Maeda, Kenji
name: Wall, Michael L
name: Carr, Lincoln D
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas)
subject: Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate single-particle energy spectra of the hydroxyl free radical (OH) in the lowest electronic and rovibrational level under combined static electric and magnetic fields, as an example of heteronuclear polar diatomic molecules. In addition to the fine-structure interactions, the hyperfine interactions and centrifugal distortion effects are taken into account to yield the zero-field spectrum of the lowest ${}^2Π_{3/2}$ manifold to an accuracy of less than 2 kHz. We also examine level crossings and repulsions in the hyperfine structure induced by applied electric and magnetic fields. Compared to previous work, we found more than 10 percent reduction of the magnetic fields at level repulsions in the Zeeman spectrum subjected to a perpendicular electric field. It is important to take into account hyperfine structure when we investigate physics of OH molecules at micro-Kelvin temperatures and below.
description: 34 pages, 12 figures
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Stimulates the Expression and Production of Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI) in Oral Epithelial Cells: a Role for SLPI in Innate Mucosal Immunity
Creators: name: Gray, L. R.
name: Shugars, D. C.
name: Jana, N. K.
Publisher: name: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Year: 2005

description: The innate immune response is a key barrier against pathogenic microorganisms such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Because HIV-1 is rarely transmitted orally, we hypothesized that oral epithelial cells participate in the innate immune defense against this virus. We further hypothesized that secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a 12-kDa mucosal antiviral protein, is a component of the host immune response to this virus. Here we demonstrated constitutive expression and production of SLPI in immortalized human oral keratinocytes. Brief exposure of cells to HIV-1 BaL and HXB2 significantly increased SLPI mRNA and protein production compared to that in mock-exposed cells (P < 0.01), as evaluated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HIV-1-mediated stimulation of SLPI occurred at the transcriptional level, was dose and time dependent, was elicited by heat-inactivated and infectious viruses, and did not depend on cellular infection. Experiments with purified retroviral proteins showed that the stimulatory effect was induced specifically by external envelope glycoproteins from HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. SLPI responsiveness to HIV-1 was also observed in an unrelated oral epithelial cell line and in normal (nonimmortalized) human oral epithelial cells isolated from healthy uninfected gingival tissues. In this first report of SLPI regulation by HIV-1, we show that the expression and production of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory protein can be stimulated in oral epithelial cells by the virus through interactions with gp120 in the absence of direct infection. These findings indicate that SLPI is a component of the oral mucosal response to HIV-1.