Holopothrips
Creators: name: Lindner, Mariana F.
name: Ferrari, Augusto
name: Mound, Laurence A.
name: Cavalleri, Adriano
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Thysanoptera
Phlaeothripidae
Holopothrips

description: Key to Holopothrips species
(Excluding H. seini (Watson)).
1. Abdomen sharply bicoloured, with at least segment II clear yellow and at least tube brown (Figs 51, 95, 222)............. 2
- Abdomen uniformly coloured, yellowish, light or dark brown; sometimes anterior segments slightly lighter, but not sharply different from subsequent segments (Figs 39, 107, 211)...................................................... 13
2. Head and thorax brown; at least abdominal segment II yellow but segments VI–X always brown (Fig. 222).............. 3
- Head brown or bicoloured, thorax and abdominal segments I–VII yellow (Figs 32, 210).............................. 6
3. Abdominal segments I–V yellow; hind femora yellow.................................................... hilaris
- Abdominal segments IV–V brown; hind femora usually brown................................................. 4
4. Postocular setae with acute to blunt apex, shorter than 45 µm; hind femora sometimes yellow (Figs 222–225)...... signatus
- Postocular setae with capitate apex, longer than 50 µm; hind femora always brown.................................. 5
5. Postocellar setae length subequal or slightly longer than the diameter of an ocellus; metanotal sculpture with equiangular reticulation between the median major setae; abdominal segments I–II clear yellow and III–VII darker............... balteatus
- Postocellar setae shorter than the diameter of an ocellus; metanotum sculptured with longitudinally elongate reticles between the median major setae; abdominal segments I–III clear yellow (Figs 218–220)................................ pictus
6. Abdominal segment VIII mostly yellow, in some females the posterior margin might be light brown (Figs 78, 95)......... 7
- Abdominal segment VIII mostly brown, sometimes lighter near anteromedian margin (Figs 32, 210, 221)................ 9
7. Abdominal segment IX clear yellow; head mostly brown, yellow only near posterior margin; antennal segments III–IV with two sense cones each; fore wings without duplicated cilia (Figs 51–52).................................... carolinae
- Abdominal segment IX brown; head brown anteriorly and medially, and yellow laterally and near posterior margin; antennal segments III–IV usually with three sense cones each; fore wings with duplicated cilia............................... 8
8. Head length and width subequal with curved cheeks; postocular setae reduced or absent; fore wing clavus shaded light brown; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male with pore plates only on sternite VIII (Figs 78–82)................... fulvus
- Head clearly longer than wide with straight cheeks; postocular setae well-developed; fore wing clavus yellowish; female spermatheca not enlarged; male with pore plates on sternites VII–VIII (Figs 95–98).......................... graziae sp. n.
9. Head sharply bicoloured, brown anteriorly and medially, yellow elsewhere; fore wing with a brown longitudinal strip on basal half, clavus shaded brown; epimera with two pairs of major setae (Figs 120–121)............................ inquilinus
- Head uniformly brown, sometimes slightly lighter on posterior margin, but never strongly bicoloured; fore wing and clavus pale; epimera with one pair of major setae................................................................. 10
10. Postocular setae short, about as long as the diameter of an ocellus or smaller; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male with pore plates on sternites VI–VIII (Figs 32–38)..................................................... bicolor sp. n.
- Postocular setae well-developed, usually longer than the diameter of an ocellus; female spermatheca S-shaped, thin or thickened but never enlarged medially; male never with pore plates on sternite VI..................................... 11
11. Head light brown; antennal segment III clear yellow; metanotal sculpture with longitudinally elongated reticles, almost forming a striate pattern anteriorly (Figs 262–265)......................................................... tabebuia
- Head dark brown, slightly lighter near posterior margin; antennal segment III dark brown on basal half, yellow on apical half; metanotal sculpture reticulate, equiangular to slightly elongate, but never looking striate............................ 12
12. Abdominal segment VIII fully brown; postocular setae with capitate apex; pronotal aa setae capitate; male with pore plates on sternites VII–VIII, on VIII with two anteroangular plates and also one transverse band, which extends toward tergite VIII (Fig. 210)............................................................................................ paulus
- Abdominal segment VIII light yellow on anterior half and brown on posterior half; postocular setae with acute apex; pronotal aa setae acute to blunt; male with only a transverse pore plate on sternite VIII, which does not extend toward tergite VIII (Fig. 221)......................................................................................... porrosati
13. Pronotum with two pairs of long setae on epimeral region..................................................... 14
- Pronotum with one pair of long setae on epimeral region; sometimes with a second pair of much shorter setae, of which one may be absent....................................................................................... 25
14. Maxillary stylets not retracted to postocular setae level, V-shaped (Figs 169, 192).................................. 15
- Maxillary stylets retracted at least to postocular setae level, sinuous or parallel-sided (Figs 17, 61, 199)................ 19
15. Antennal segments III–IV with two sense cones each, IV sometimes with a third, smaller sense cone (about half to less than two thirds of the length of the other sense cones); male sternites without pore plates................................ 16
- Antennal segments III–IV with three sense cones each, IV sometimes with a fourth, smaller sense cone (about half to less than two thirds of the length of the other sense cones); male with pore plate at least on sternite VIII....................... 17
16. Major pronotal setae very short except for epimerals, not reaching 30 µm long; po setae very short, about as long as the diameter of an ocellus; sculpture on metanotum reaching close to the posterior margin of metanotal craspedum; fore tarsal hamus not enlarged (Figs 188–190).......................................................................... molzi
- Major pronotal setae (except am in few specimens) elongate, 50 µm or longer; po setae longer than the dorsal length of the eye; sculpture on metanotum waning before the posterior margin of metanotal craspedum; fore tarsal hamus thickened, almost reaching beyond the lateral margin of tarsus (Figs 159–167)........................................ longisetus sp. n.
17. Body brown to light brown, fore tibiae yellow, sometimes shaded light brown basally; postocular setae shorter than the dorsal length of an eye, at most 70 µm long; male with a single pore plate on sternite VIII, a thin transverse band posterior to discal setae (Figs 168–175)......................................................................... magnus sp. n.
- Body dark brown, fore tibia usually also brown; postocular setae about as long as the dorsal length of an eye, more than 80 µm long; male with three pore plates on sternite VIII, two anteroangular bands and a transverse band posterior to discal setae....................................................................................................... 18
18. Pronotal am and coxal setae well-developed, more than 18 µm long, comparable to aa or longer; lateral margins of pelta not irregular and without lateral wings; male pore plates only on sternite VIII, with regular margins (Figs 26–31)...................................................................................................... atlanticus sp. n.
- Pronotal am and coxal setae thin and short, less than 15 µm long, shorter than aa in size; pelta with very irregular lateral margins and lateral wings; male pore plates with irregular margins on sternites VII–VIII (Figs 191–197)........ nigrisetis sp. n.
19. Fore wings with basal area darker than the rest of the wing, sometimes only around the bases of the three sub-basal setae (Figs 45, 54)............................................................................................. 20
- Basal area of fore wings not clearly darker than the rest of the fore wing (Fig. 16).................................. 23
20. Head and metanotal sculpture weak to absent medially; mouth cone not reaching posterior margin of fore coxae; third pair of WR absent at least on tergites V–VI; female spermatheca long, extending all the way to abdominal segment VII; male without pore plates (Figs 270–271)...................................................................... tillandsiae
- Head and metanotum with well-defined sculpture; mouth cone reaching posterior margin of fore coxae; third pair of WR present on tergites II–VII; female spermatheca shorter, not extending to segment VII; male with pore plates at least on sternite VIII................................................................................................... 21
21. Body light brown, head and posterior segments of abdomen darkest; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male sternite VIII with two small anteroangular pore plates and one transverse plate posterior to discal setae; epimeral suture usually complete (Figs 53–54).................................................................................... chaconi
- Body uniformly brown to dark brown; female spermatheca not enlarged; male sternite VIII with a single pore plate posterior to discal setae; epimeral suture usually incomplete............................................................ 22
22. Metanotal sculpture longitudinally striate; pelta with anterior margin acute, sculpture bearing internal markings; male with a single pore plate on sternite VIII only (Figs 198–203)............................................... nigrum sp. n.
- Metanotal sculpture formed by weak and slightly elongate reticles; pelta with anterior margin straight to slightly curved, sculpture without internal markings; male with pore plates on sternites VII–VIII (Figs 45–50).................. cardosoi sp. n.
23. Head with clearly reticulate sculpture on dorsal surface; metanotal sculpture formed by clearly defined equiangular reticles medially; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male sternites VII–VIII with pore plates, on VIII with two small anteroangular plates and one transverse pore plate posterior to discal setae (Figs 22–25)................................. ananasi
- Head with transverse lines of sculpture on head, sometimes enclosing elongate irregular reticles; metanotal sculpture formed by weak slightly elongate reticles medially; female spermatheca not enlarged medially; male with only one small median pore plate posterior to discal setae on sternite VIII.............................................................. 24 24. Median reticles on pelta longitudinally elongate and with weak internal markings; tergite II with irregular transversely elongated reticles; fore wing shaded light brown; basantra absent; inducing galls in Myrcia splendens (Figs 61–65)... conducans
- Median reticles on pelta small and closely equiangular, without internal markings; tergite II with sculpture transversely striate; fore wing pale to yellowish; basantra faintly indicated; inducing galls in Myrcia selloi (Figs 16–21)......... acrioris sp. n.
25. Head exceptionally long, more than 2.0 times longer than wide; pronotal am setae well-developed, aa and ml setae reduced to the size of discals............................................................................... elongatus
- Head less than 1.9 times longer than wide; pronotal am and aa setae variable, but ml setae always well-developed........ 26
26. Fore tarsal hamus elongate, projecting beyond the lateral margin of tarsus (Fig. 153)............................... 27
- Fore tarsal hamus not projecting beyond the lateral margin of tarsus............................................. 28
27. Pronotal aa setae less than 25 µm long; pelta without lateral wings and with two or less campaniform sensilla; male with welldefined pore plates on sternites IV–VIII (Figs 39–44)......................................... brevicapitatum sp. n.
- Pronotal aa setae more than 40 µm long; pelta with small lateral wings and 4 or 5 campaniform sensilla; male with faintly indicated pore plates on sternites VII–VIII (Figs 151–158).......................................... longihamus sp. n.
28. At least abdominal tergites II and III without a third pair of well-developed and sigmoid WR setae (Fig. 124)............ 29
- Third pair of WR setae usually present on tergites II–VII (Fig. 60); sometimes absent on II, but always present on III–VII.. 33
29. Maxillary stylets V-shaped, more than half of head width apart, not reaching the base of postocular setae............... 30
- Maxillary stylets parallel, one third or less of head width apart, retracted at least to base of postocular setae............. 31
30. Sculpture on mesonotum, metanotum and pelta weak to absent medially; head about as long as width behind eyes (Figs 107– 111)................................................................................. inconspicuus sp. n.
- Sculpture on mesonotum and metanotum well-defined; head about 1.2 times longer than width behind eyes (Figs 122–124)............................................................................................. jaboticabae
31. Maxillary stylets about one third of head width apart; female spermatheca not enlarged medially; metanotal sculpture formed by weakly defined equiangular reticles (Figs 112–119)............................................. infestans sp. n.
- Maxillary stylets a fourth of head width apart or less; female spermatheca enlarged medially; metanotal sculpture formed by elongate or irregular reticles............................................................................ 32
32. Pronotal am setae reduced (less than 7 µm long) with acute apex; head clearly constricted posteriorly (Fig. 88); male with a single and reduced pore plate on sternite VIII (Figs 88–94).......................................... flavisetis sp. n.
- Pronotal am setae developed (10 µm or longer), with capitate apex; head not constricted posteriorly (Fig. 277); male with pore plates on sternites V–VIII, sternite VIII with two anteroangular and one posterior plates (Figs 276–283)..... varicolor sp. n.
33. Fore tibiae uniformly brown, concolourous with fore femora; head about 1.4 times as long as head width behind eyes; with Vshaped maxillary stylets, retracted halfway to po setae (Figs 69–74)................................... curiosus sp. n.
- Not this combination of characters; if fore tibiae brown then head proportion is different, or maxillary stylets are curved or parallel-shaped, never V-shaped............................................................................ 34
34. Head about or more than 1.5 times as long as head width behind eyes; maxillary stylets usually parallel, sometimes distanced from each other but never V-shaped...................................................................... 35
- Head less than 1.4 times as long as head width behind eyes; maxillary stylets may be parallel, curved or V-shaped........ 43
35. All tibiae and tarsi fully yellow (Figs 55–60)....................................................... claritibialis
- Fore tibiae variable, mid and hind tibiae brown or bicoloured.................................................. 36
36. Metanotal sculpture formed by equiangular reticles anteriorly, without internal markings (Figs 99–101)......... hambletoni
- Metanotal sculpture either striate or formed by elongate reticles with internal markings............................. 37
37. Metanotal sculpture finely striate throughout, not forming any reticles posteriorly (Figs 208, 260)..................... 38
- Metanotal sculpture with elongate reticles or striate only on anterior half; if striate anteriorly, then with reticulate sculpture on posterior half (Figs 128, 269)........................................................................... 39
38. Body longer than 3200 µm when distended; mesonotal sculpture with internal markings; female spermatheca enlarged medially (Figs 204–208)................................................................................ orites
- Body length less than 2800 µm when distended; mesonotal sculpture without internal markings; female spermatheca not enlarged medially (Figs 257–261).................................................................... striatus
39. Maxillary stylets about 1/3 of head width apart; pronotal am setae long, aa setae reduced or absent (Figs 266–269).... tenuis
- Maxillary stylets closer to each other, sometimes almost touching medially; pronotal am setae reduced, about the size of discal setae, aa usually well-developed........................................................................ 40
40. Body length above 3500 µm when distended; antennal segments IV–V shaded with light brown or bicoloured (Figs 212–217)............................................................................................ permagnus
- Body length below 3000 µm when distended; antennal segments IV–V yellow.................................... 41
41. Pronotal am setae conspicuous, longer than discal setae (around 15 µm long); pelta with anterior margin acute at tip, with sculpture weak or absent laterally and anteriorly, bearing elongate reticles medially, with internal markings (Figs 125–130)................................................................................................ inversus
- Pronotal am setae either absent or not longer than discal setae; pelta with anterior margin rounded or with a straight tip, fully reticulated, with equiangular reticles medially, without internal markings........................................ 42
42. Head about 1.5 times as long as head width behind eyes (Figs 75–77)........................................ ferrisi
- Head about 1.8 times as long as head width behind eyes............................................... oaxacensis
43. Metanotal sculpture with equiangular reticulation throughout, without internal markings; spermatheca always enlarged medially................................................................................................ 44
- Metanotal sculpture either striate or with elongate reticles, usually bearing internal markings; spermatheca variable in shape..................................................................................................... 45
44. All femora and tibiae uniformly yellow; dorsolateral sculpture of head without minute tubercles (Fig. 211)......... pennatus
- All femora brown, mid and hind tibiae largely brown, fore tibiae yellow; dorsolateral sculpture of head with minute tubercles (Figs 226–233)........................................................................... punctatus sp. n.
45. Postocular setae small, less than 20 µm long; head sculpture reticulate dorsally.................................... 46
- Postocular setae longer, more than 30 µm; head with transverse lines of sculpture dorsally.......................... 47
46. Head with transversely elongate reticulation; postocular setae small but slightly longer and stouter than other head setae; sculpture covering the whole pronotum; male with pore plates on sternites VI–VIII (Figs 234–240)............ reticulatus sp. n.
- Head with broad reticulation, almost equiangular medially; postocular setae absent or not distinct from other head setae; sculpture on pronotum weaker to almost absent medially; male with pore plates on sternites V–VIII (Figs 241–247).................................................................................................... singularis sp. n.
47. Maxillary stylets V-shaped, about half of head width apart and not retracted to base of po setae (Figs 132, 184).......... 48
- Maxillary stylets usually parallel, about a third or less of head width apart and retracted at least to base of po setae (Figs 66, 177, 273); if looking slightly V-shaped and not reaching po setae, then head with two pairs of po setae (Fig. 139)......... 52
48. Metanotal sculpture closely striate (Fig. 147)............................................................... 49
- Metanotal sculpture formed by elongate or irregular reticulation, never looking closely striate (Figs 134, 185)........... 51
49. Pelta bell-shaped, with broad basal wings; male without pore plates (Figs 145–150)..................... kaminskii sp. n.
- Pelta triangular; male with pore plates.................................................................... 50
50. Male with pore plates on sternites VI–VIII............................................................. affinis
- Male with pore plates only on sternite VIII (Fig. 209)................................................ omercooperi
51. Mesonotal sculpture without internal markings; metanotal sculpture always bearing well-defined internal markings; anterior margin of pelta straight; abdominal sternite VIII with the discal setae irregularly placed, sometimes forming two rows; male sternite VIII without or with faint indications of an irregular transverse pore plate, posterior to discal setae (Figs 131–137).......................................................................................... irregularis sp. n.
- Mesonotal sculpture with faint internal markings on median reticles; metanotal sculpture with faint internal markings; anterior margin of pelta rounded; abdominal sternite VIII with the discal setae in a single regular row; male sternites VI–VIII with pore plates, sternite VIII with two anterolateral plates and one transverse band posterior to discal setae (Figs 183–187).... mariae
52. Major pronotal setae with acute to blunt apexes............................................................. 53
- Major pronotal setae with capitate apexes................................................................. 54
53. Antennal segment III with two sense cones; pronotal am setae minute; metanotal sculpture almost striate anteriorly, but forming reticles posteriorly (Figs 83–87)................................................................. graminis
- Antennal segment III with three sense cones; pronotal am setae well-developed, about half of ml length; metanotal sculpture looking almost striate throughout (Figs 254–256)..................................................... stannardi
54. Mesonotal sculpture with internal markings (Fig. 140)....................................................... 55
- Mesonotal sculpture without internal markings............................................................. 56
55. Fore wings light brown and fore tibiae yellow; metapleural sutures absent; female spermatheca enlarged medially; male with pore plates on sternites VI–VIII (Figs 138–144)................................................. johanseni sp. n.
- Fore wings pale and fore tibiae brown; metapleural sutures present; female spermatheca not enlarged; male with pore plates only on sternite VIII (Figs 272–275)..................................................................... tupi
56. Antennal segments III–IV with two sense cones each; males without pore plates.............................. urinator
- Antennal segments III–IV with three sense cones each; males (when known) with pore plates........................ 57
57. Fore wings and clavus pale; pelta sharply triangular, with lateral margins straight and anterior margin acute (Fig. 179); third pair of WR absent on abdominal tergite II [male with pore plates on sternites VII–VIII] (Figs 176–182)........ maiae sp. n.
- Fore wings and clavus shaded; pelta not so sharply triangular; third pair of WR present on tergite II................... 58
58. Female spermatheca enlarged medially; metanotal sculpture with narrow elongate reticles with internal markings (Fig. 251); pelta with lateral wings (Figs 248–253)..................................................... spermathecus sp. n.
- Female spermatheca not enlarged medially; metanotal sculpture striate (Fig. 67); pelta not forming lateral wings (Figs 66–68)............................................................................................... erianthi
description: Published as part of Lindner, Mariana F., Ferrari, Augusto, Mound, Laurence A. & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2018, Holopothrips diversity-a Neotropical genus of gall-inducing insects (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae), pp. 1-99 in Zootaxa 4494 (1) on pages 14-17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4494.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1445182