Psammodesmus bryophorus Hoffman, Martinez & D, 2011, new species
Creators: name: Hoffman, Richard L.
name: Martinez, Daniela
name: D, Eduardo Florez
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2011
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Diplopoda
Polydesmida
Platyrhacidae
Psammodesmus
Psammodesmus bryophorus

description: Psammodesmus bryophorus, new species
Figures 1 –6, 11, 12, 14, 15.
Material. Male holotype (ICN-MD 316) from COLOMBIA, Departamento Nariňo, Municipio Barbacoas, Corregimiento Altaquer, Reserva Natural Río Ñambí on Rt. 10, ca 50 km. (airline) south of Barbacoas, 165 km west of Pasto (Fig. 16), 13001450 m [1° 18’ N & 78° 05’ W, 16 April 2010, E. Flórez and students in Animal Taxonomy course of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Female paratype (ICN-MD 317) with same data except 16 October 2009 and male paratype (ICN-MD 318) with same data except 10 October 2009 are deposited in the Virginia Museum of Natural History. 14 male and 1 female paratypes are preserved in the Arachnological Collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. (ICN - MD 319 - 336).
Name: Greek bryon (moss) + phoreus (bearer), with reference to the singular symbiotic relationship noted for this species.
Diagnosis. A member of the P. fasciolatus group: apical lamina of the gonotelopodite suboval, not triangularly produced ventrad; paranota narrow, directed posteriad, widely separated, elevated above level of middorsum; metaterga smooth, with paramedian oblique white lines continued parallel on prozona; anterior margin of paranota reflexed dorsad, the edge modified, appearing as a tightly twisted cord.
Holotype. Adult male, ca. 59 mm long, widths of segments across paranota: collum, 5.3 mm, 2nd–4th, 8.8 mm, 6th, 9.1 mm, 8th–14th, 9.0 mm, 16th, 8.6 mm, 18th, 6.2 mm. Body appearing slender, with large elevated and widely separated paranota, W/L ratio ca. 15% (Fig. 1).
Entire dorsum piceous to dull black, ventral surfaces including legs reddish-brown. Posteror edge of collum, all margins of paranota, mandibles and epiproct ivory white. Metaterga with two oblique ivory lines, continuous or not across stricture, closer together and parallel on prozona. Anterior margin of collum with 4–5 prominent paramedian ovoid tubercles, and ca. 6-6 smaller subapical tubercles, both series white, paramedian stripes of collum small and broken up.
Head 4.1 mm across genal apices. Labrum glabrous, deeply offset from level of clypeus, with 7-7 compound setae, facial setae: 4-4 labral, 2-2 clypeal, 1-1 subantennal, 1-1 epicranial. Genae with basal depression, distal convexity granular. Median triangular frontal field smooth, supra-antennal epicranial surface coarsely granular, posteriormost surface smooth and polished. Median epicranial sulcus deep and prominent. Interantennal space 0.60 mm. Antennae robust, ca 9 mm long, antennomeres set with sparse long setae. 5th and 6th without defined sensory pit on outer distal margin, but that area with a field of small possibly sensory setae; 7th without sensory modification; four apical sensory cones.
Collum 5.2 mm wide, medially strongly arched with two paramedian smooth convexities, paranota abruptly narrowed laterad, subtriangular.
Prozona ornamented with a network of very fine, short, transversely arranged ridges, imparting a somewhat aspirate texture. Stricture deep around segments but without defining edges. Metaterga essentially smooth, without transverse series of tubercles except collum and segments 2 and 3 with a row of indistinct tubercles along caudal margin; limbus broad, edge not laciniate.
All paranota posterior to collum elevated above level of middorsum (Fig. 6), most prominently on anterior and posteriormost segments, those of segments 2 and 3 secondarily decurved horizontally distally. Paranota widely separated, except on segments 2–4 increasingly deflected posteriad, the anterior corners diminished into part of a continuous arc, caudal edges convex. Anterior edges abruptly reflexed nearly vertically, set off by a depression from paranotal surface, the actual white edge thickened and coarsely convoluted (Fig. 2), resembling a tightly twisted cord; posterior edges less strongly reflexed but notably thickened and provided with 4–6 acute dentations (Fig. 3). Ozopores removed from lateral edge by about 2 or 3 times diameter of the peritreme (Fig. 2).
FIGURES 2–6. Psammodesmus bryophorus, n. sp. 2. Left paranotum of 13th segment, with part of the anterior margin enlarged at upper left. 3. Left paranotum of 14th segment. 4. Left paranotum of 18th segment. 5. Epiproct. 6. Left side of midbody segment, posterior view, showing elevated paranotum. Figs.7–10. Psammodesmus fasciolatus Silvestri. 7. Left paranotum of 13th segment. 8. Left paranotuk of 14th segment. 9. Left paranotum of 18th segment. 10. Left side of midbody segment, posterior view.
Epiproct (Fig. 5). Paraprocts generally flat, ornamented with about six vertical small ridges each bearing a single row of tiny tubercles; basal third of surface abruptly angled outward to lie in a plane with the hypoproct; latter subtriangular, with two prominent digitiform paramedian processes. Legs attached to strongly elevated, densely setose podosterna, condyles not produced as subcoxal spines. Sides of metazona nearly smooth, at most with sparse indistinct tubercles. Legs uniformly invested with sparse, long, erect setae.
Gonopod aperture (Fig. 11) transversely oval, not intruding onto stricture, lateral ends and posterior edge elevated. Gonopods stout, contiguous in situ (Fig. 11), extended forward to sternum of segment 6, coxa black on anterior surface, white on ventral, with a single long, simple seta on the dorsal surface; telopodite nearly black except for clear testaceous apical lamina. Shape of apical lamina (Fig. 12) similar to that of P. fasciolatus (Fig. 13), but slightly smaller as seen in mesal aspect..
Female paratype: Length ca. 64 mm, maximum width (near segment 14), 9.2 mm, but body almost parallelsided over most of length, W/L ratio ca. 15%. Agreeing very closely with male in color and peripheral structure, but differing in that the paranota are less elevated, and metazona with a series of evident small tubercles along posterior margin. Cyphopods (Figs. 14, 15) reduced in size and sclerotization, largely concealed in intersegmental membrane and visible only with dissection. Receptacle prolonged and narrowed mesad, the surface strio-annulate, merging into thin clear membrane proximad, subglobosely enlarged laterad, with smooth surface, valves much reduced in size and indistinct, apparently contained within receptacle; operculum large, flattened, entire cyphopod without setae.
FIGURES 14–15. Psammodesmus bryophorus, n. sp. 14. Left side of sternum of 2nd pair of legs of female paratype, posterior aspect, showing cyphopod in situ. 15. Left cyphopod dissected free from membrane, posterolateral aspect. M: retractor muscle from tracheal apodeme to receptacle. O: operculum; OV: oviduct; R: receptacle; V: valves.
Comments. The type locality, Altaquer, is shown on large scale maps (e.g., Colombia 1950), also on Google Earth satellite imagery. The reserve is located in southwestern Colombia, in a transitional Andean-Pacific forest between 1100m and 1500 m, with annual rainfall of 8500 mm and average temperature 19° C. It is in the Choco phytogeographic region (Rangel, 2004), the most outstanding characteristic of which, according Gentry (1982), is the extremely high average annual precipitation, reaching 11770 mm at Tutunendo in central Choco department. Choco is the only place in the neotropics in which pluvial forest (Tropical rain forest) occurs, a region with high endemicity and the most biodiverse ecosystems on earth (Lourenço, 1994). This reserve is also characterized by the forest sharing, according to Franco-Roselli et al. (1997), many of its features, such as floristic composition and stratification, with the rain forest (<1000m) and montane forest (> 1800). It also shares many species with sub- Andean and Pacific forests, so the Ñambí Reserve is considered an ecotone between these two regions.
Field notes specify collections made by hand; the millipeds being active both diurnally and nocturnally, on the surface and ascending trees.Most individuals were active at night, on mossy trunks about 1 meter height, some on the petioles of living leaves, others in litter on the ground.
Eleven of the 18 individuals carried more than 400 individuals of bryophytes, chiefly on the dorsal side of the paranota. Families of bryophytes found include Lejeuneaceae and Pilotrichaceae, which principally grow on leaves of shrubs and trees, and Fissidentaceae species associated with soil.
Psammodesmus fasciolatus Silvestri Figs. 7–10, 13.
Psammodesmus fasciolatus Silvestri, 1898: 4, fig. 6. Male holotype (MCSNG) from “Foreste del Rio Peripa” [see “Comments” below].
Platyrrhacus fasciolatus: Brolemann, 1919: 254, fig, figs. 11, 21. [Santo Domingo de los Colorado, Ecuador]. Platyrhacus (Tirodesmus) fasciolatus: Attems, 1938: 238, fig. 263.
Holotype: Male, fragmented, length ca. 55 mm. Segment 2, 8.5 mm, segment 6, 9.2 mm, segments 10 – 14, 9.4 mm, segment 16, 9.0 mm, segment 18, 6.6 mm. W/L ratio ca. 17%.
After a century in alcohol, the color pattern is still evident although obviously bleached: dorsum light brown with light paramedian stripes, oblique and widely spaced on metaterga, closer and parallel on prozona.
Epicranial furrow deep and prominent, antennal sockets with high, polished edges medially and dorsally; dorsal half of genae coarsely granular, forming a cristate edge subtending antennal socket; labroclypeal median area smooth. Antennae ca. 7 mm, interantennal space 0.5 mm.
Collum appearing strongly elevated medially owing to abrupt depression of its paranota, middorsal area flat to slightly concave, the entire surface invested in flattened oval tubercles, anterior margin with a row of 6-6 enlarged oval polished tubercles set off by a transverse depression. Subsequent metaterga more or less uniformly ornamented with irregular flattened tubercles, smallest near stricture, becoming much larger posteriad. A series of 12 to 14 small tubercles across posterior margin of metaterga, another series of much smaller tubercles across midlength, both series most distinct on posteriormost segments.
Paranota of segments 2–4 directed anteriad, laterally distinctly decurved, paranota of segments 4 to about 14 transverse, nearly horizontal and set high on sides, the middorsum only slightly convex (Fig. 10). Outlines of representative paranota shown in Figs. 7–9. Anterior edges not notably elevated and modified as in P. bryophorus. Epiproct similar to that of bryophorus. Paraprocts finely granular, the discal and marginal setiferous tubercles notably large and polished. Paramedian tubercles of hypoproct prominent, about twice as long as basal width.
Sterna elevated, granular, spiniform at coxal condyles on a few midbody segments only. Sides of metazona uniformly and evenly granular. Anterior stigma located on anterior face of procoxal condyle, extending down into stricture; posterior stigma located somewhat anteriad to metacoxal condyle, nearly straight. Legs stout, sparsely setose.
Gonopod aperture small, oval, similar to that of bryophorus. Gonopods straight, massive, setose on ventral side up to level of solenomere, apical lamina appearing somewhat narrower than in that species (cf. Figs. 12 and 13) owing to a different positional orientation (see comments below).
Comments. “Rio Peripa” is taken to be the stream forming the boundary between Manabi and Guaymas provinces, ca. 30 km northwest of Quevedo, at coordinates 79.71667 W – 0.88333S. Festa collected there during December of 1897; his localities may now be inundated. by an impoundment.. Information on the Internet associating the river with Pichincha do not refer to the Ecuadorian province by that name, but to a small settlement on Rt. 40 about 37 km south of Rio Peripa.
A specimen in the British Museum (1903.7.2.50) labeled “Rio Durango, Ecuador ” was examined in 1960 and identified as P. fasciolatus on the basis of Silvestri’s description. Although the gonopod structure closely matches that of the type specimen, no notes were made about peripheral structure, so this specimen must be re-examined to establish its possible identity with P. bryophorus, especially since the locality presumably is the Rio Durango near San Lorenzo in Esmeraldas Province, only about 100 km west and south of the Reserva Natural Río Ńembí.
Brolemann’s 1919 detailed description of his material from Santo Domingo de los Colorados is entirely consistent with the holotype of fasciolatus, confirming his identification.
Observations of the gonopods of the two species under discussion demonstrated that the least difference in position of the appendage resulted in substantial alteration in the appearance of the apical laminla in particular. In P. fasciolatus (Fig. 13) this blade is so positioned that in mesal aspect more of the thin edge is visible than in P. b r y - ophorus and therefore seems smaller and more slender. Perhaps a precaution to be considered in future studies would be to illustrate the gonopod (in addition to the standard mesal aspect) in a position that shows the maximum surface/shape of the lamina whatever its actual position might be.
description: Published as part of Hoffman, Richard L., Martinez, Daniela & D, Eduardo Florez, 2011, A new Colombian species in the milliped genus Psammodesmus, symbiotic host for bryophytes (Polydesmida: Platyrhacidae), pp. 52-60 in Zootaxa 3015 on pages 53-59, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.206004