cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Microcosmus helleri Herdman 1881
Creators: name: Lambert, Gretchen
name: Lee, Serina Siew-Chen
name: Teo, Serena Lay-Ming
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Ascidiacea
Pleurogona
Pyuridae
Microcosmus
Microcosmus helleri

description: Microcosmus helleri Herdman, 1881
Figure 11C, D
Tunic lumpy, tough, tan to light brown in color, usually heavily fouled. Siphons widely separated and directed away from each other; no siphonal spines. Four large oral flaps at base of branchial siphon, six tall branchial folds per side. Liver composed of parallel lamellae with surface papillae.
#1172, attached to Cnemidocarpa irene (specimen #1192). Small; 15 mm tall x 15 mm in width. Gonad in two sections on both sides, crosses gut on left side.
#4654, small, 2 cm in width; body out of tunic 16 mm wide. Small mytilid bivalve embedded in anterior tunic between the siphon bases.
Distribution: Australia, Guam, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, E. Africa, Caribbean, Puerto Rico, Martinique, Brazil.
Detailed references with illustrations: Van Name (1945), Kott (1985), Monniot F. (2018c).Additional references: Monniot C. & Monniot F. (1994), Lambert (2003), Rocha et al. (2012), Lee et al. (2016).
description: Published as part of Lambert, Gretchen, Lee, Serina Siew-Chen & Teo, Serena Lay-Ming, 2021, Ascidians collected during the 2013 Singapore Strait International Marine Biodiversity Workshop, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4933 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4547842
Microcosmus Heller 1877
Creators: name: Lambert, Gretchen
name: Lee, Serina Siew-Chen
name: Teo, Serena Lay-Ming
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Ascidiacea
Pleurogona
Pyuridae
Microcosmus

description: Microcosmus sp.
#4651, tiny; reddish tunic. Size fully relaxed 1.2 cm in length, 0.8 cm wide at base of red-striped siphons. Gonad not well developed.
description: Published as part of Lambert, Gretchen, Lee, Serina Siew-Chen & Teo, Serena Lay-Ming, 2021, Ascidians collected during the 2013 Singapore Strait International Marine Biodiversity Workshop, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4933 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4547842
Ponera geometrica
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera geometrica

description: 14. Ponera geometrica.
Worker. Length 5 lines.-Black, with more or less of a bronze tint: head, thorax and base of the abdomen striated, the striae on the head longitudinal; the clypeus angulated in front; the mandibles ferruginous. Thorax rounded anteriorly, the disk with a number of transverse striae in front, which are enclosed by circular striae, beyond, the striation runs in an elongate-oval direction; the sides of the thorax obliquely striated; the legs obscurely ferruginous. Abdomen: the first segment with a beautiful even-curved striation; the node of the peduncle incrassate, rounded in front, truncate behind, the margin of the truncation deeply emarginate above, the lateral angles of the emargination produced into long stout acute spines; the node with a curved striation, the curve being forwards; the apical segments smooth and shining, covered with silky cinereous pubescence.
Hab. Singapore. (Coll. W. W. Saunders, Esq.)
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 86
Ponera transversa
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera transversa

description: 15. Ponera transversa. B.M.
Worker. Length 4 lines.-Black: the head deeply striated, the striae on the vertex diverging from the centre; the antennae scarcely as long as the thorax, inserted at the side of two ridges, forwards on the face at the base of the clypeus; the elevations, extreme base of the scape and the mandibles obscurely ferruginous. Thorax elongate, the sides straight, slightly narrowed from the front towards the abdomen; the margin of the thorax rounded in front, the lateral angles furnished with a short obtuse spine, there are also two very short obtuse spines on the verge of the oblique truncation of the metathorax; the legs ferruginous. Abdomen obscurely rufo-piceous, covered with fine cinereous pile, and sprinkled with long pale hairs; the scale, viewed sideways, is wedge-shaped, the upper edge deeply notched, behind transversely striated.
Hab. Singapore.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on pages 86-87
Ponera pallipes
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera pallipes

description: 16. Ponera pallipes. B.M.
Male. Length 4 lines.-Rufo-testaceous; the legs, antennae, mandibles and palpi pale testaceous, tips of the joints pale ferruginous. Thorax roughly punctured, the metathorax and node of the abdomen rugose; the first segment of the abdomen subpetiolate, with a minute tubercle on each side. The wings hyaline, the nervures pale testaceous, the stigma brown. The abdomen smooth and shining.
Hab. Java,
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 87
Pyura curvigona Tokioka 1950
Creators: name: Lambert, Gretchen
name: Lee, Serina Siew-Chen
name: Teo, Serena Lay-Ming
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Ascidiacea
Pleurogona
Pyuridae
Pyura
Pyura curvigona

description: Pyura curvigona Tokioka, 1950
Figures 11E, F
#2655B, small specimen embedded in Polyandrocarpa rollandi colony (#2655A); body in tunic 2 cm tall, 2.2 cm wide. Long iridescent siphonal spines up to about 211 µm. Rectum swollen, anus with many rounded lobes. Liver greenish, dark. Amphipod in branchial sac.
Widely distributed in tropical western Pacific: China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore, Vietnam, Australia, Palau, Truk, Majuro, Japan, Okinawa, Guam.
Detailed references with illustrations: Tokioka (1950, 1967), Millar (1975), Kott & Goodbody (1982), Kott (1985), Cole & Vorontsova (1998), Monniot F. (2009b), Lee et al. (2013). Other references: Tokioka & Nishikawa (1975), Nishikawa (1984), Kott (1992), Zheng (1995), Lambert (2003), Lee et al. (2016).
description: Published as part of Lambert, Gretchen, Lee, Serina Siew-Chen & Teo, Serena Lay-Ming, 2021, Ascidians collected during the 2013 Singapore Strait International Marine Biodiversity Workshop, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4933 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4547842
Ponera versicolor
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera versicolor

description: 17. Ponera versicolor. B.M.
Worker. Length 4 1/2 lines.-Black, with purple, violet and green tints in different lights: the head deeply striated longitudinally, the striae terminating at the base of the clypeus, the anterior margin of which is subangular; the mandibles obscurely ferruginous, their inner edge toothed, the teeth being alternately one large and one small, the mandibles finely striated; the eyes ovate, of moderate size, placed laterally about the middle of the head. Thorax in front with deep circular striae, behind which are a few longitudinal ones on the disk; the posterior portion obliquely striated, the apex transversely so; the apical joints of the tarsi and the calcaria ferruginous. The node of the abdomen incrassate, rounded in front and above, and truncated behind, with two short sharp spines on the verge of the truncation, pointing backwards; the first segment with transverse curved striae.
Hab. Philippine Islands; Sarawak.
In the ' Catalogue of Ants found in Southern India,' by Mr. T. C. Jerdon, a species, Ponera sculpta, is described as having the whole body curiously sculptured, being channelled and grooved in different directions; there are, however, three or four very distinct species, curiously sculptured, and the description of P. sculpta is too general to decide which, if any, of those in the Museum Collection are identical with that species.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 87
Pyuridae Hartmeyer 1908
Creators: name: Lambert, Gretchen
name: Lee, Serina Siew-Chen
name: Teo, Serena Lay-Ming
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Ascidiacea
Pleurogona
Pyuridae

description: Unidentified Pyuridae
#3858A, small individual, 1 cm across out of tunic. Tunic covered with very long slender tunic spines/tubercles. Siphons striped red and white.
description: Published as part of Lambert, Gretchen, Lee, Serina Siew-Chen & Teo, Serena Lay-Ming, 2021, Ascidians collected during the 2013 Singapore Strait International Marine Biodiversity Workshop, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4933 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4547842
Molgula ficus
Creators: name: Lambert, Gretchen
name: Lee, Serina Siew-Chen
name: Teo, Serena Lay-Ming
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Ascidiacea
Pleurogona
Molgulidae
Molgula
Molgula ficus

description: Molgula ficus (Macdonald, 1859)
#0154F, on floating pontoon. One small but with well developed gonads. Seven branchial folds per side, straight stigmata, eight longitudinal vessels per fold; oral velum large; short tentacular processes around siphonal openings. Kidney dark brown.
Distribution: China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Australia, S. China Sea, Chile, California.
Detailed references with illustrations: Millar (1975 as M. martensii Traustedt, 1885), Kott & Goodbody (1982 as M. martensii), Kott (1985), Clarke & Castilla (2000), Lambert (2007), Monniot F. & Monniot C. (2008), Other references: Zheng (1995 as M. martensii), Castilla et al. (2005), Lee et al. (2013, 2016).
description: Published as part of Lambert, Gretchen, Lee, Serina Siew-Chen & Teo, Serena Lay-Ming, 2021, Ascidians collected during the 2013 Singapore Strait International Marine Biodiversity Workshop, pp. 1-38 in Zootaxa 4933 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4933.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4547842
ASTRAL: Automated Safety Testing of Large Language Models
Creators: name: Ugarte, Miriam
name: Valle, Pablo
name: Parejo, José Antonio
name: Segura, Sergio
name: Arrieta, Aitor
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Software Engineering (cs.SE)
subject: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently gained attention due to their ability to understand and generate sophisticated human-like content. However, ensuring their safety is paramount as they might provide harmful and unsafe responses. Existing LLM testing frameworks address various safety-related concerns (e.g., drugs, terrorism, animal abuse) but often face challenges due to unbalanced and obsolete datasets. In this paper, we present ASTRAL, a tool that automates the generation and execution of test cases (i.e., prompts) for testing the safety of LLMs. First, we introduce a novel black-box coverage criterion to generate balanced and diverse unsafe test inputs across a diverse set of safety categories as well as linguistic writing characteristics (i.e., different style and persuasive writing techniques). Second, we propose an LLM-based approach that leverages Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), few-shot prompting strategies and web browsing to generate up-to-date test inputs. Lastly, similar to current LLM test automation techniques, we leverage LLMs as test oracles to distinguish between safe and unsafe test outputs, allowing a fully automated testing approach. We conduct an extensive evaluation on well-known LLMs, revealing the following key findings: i) GPT3.5 outperforms other LLMs when acting as the test oracle, accurately detecting unsafe responses, and even surpassing more recent LLMs (e.g., GPT-4), as well as LLMs that are specifically tailored to detect unsafe LLM outputs (e.g., LlamaGuard); ii) the results confirm that our approach can uncover nearly twice as many unsafe LLM behaviors with the same number of test inputs compared to currently used static datasets; and iii) our black-box coverage criterion combined with web browsing can effectively guide the LLM on generating up-to-date unsafe test inputs, significantly increasing the number of unsafe LLM behaviors.
Supplementary material for article: An Overview of Improving Logistics Processes in Health Facilities:  Issues, Solutions, and Challenges
Creators: name: Smutny, Zdenek
name: Svandova, Katerina
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2024

description: Supplementary material for the article: An Overview of Improving Logistics Processes in Health Facilities: Issues, Solutions, and Challenges 

Abstract:Internal logistics processes in health facilities are complex and important to ensure health services and high-quality patient care. Therefore, the review is focused on issues, solutions and challenges related to logistic processes in health facilities. This review follows the PRISMA guidelines. Relevant studies were searched in the citation databases Web of Science and Scopus. The search was limited to articles published in English between 2000 and 2023. Based on the search and selection process, a total of 26 articles were included in the review. A qualitative content analysis was carried out. In this period analytical research dominates over design research. In terms of research strategies, a qualitative approach is preferred. The problem contexts addressed in the articles have been divided into five thematic areas. Most articles can be classified in the area dealing with sociotechnical interaction in internal logistics. The solutions presented in found articles can be divided according to the type of artefact into (1) formal approaches focused on models and algorithms, and (2) sociotechnical approaches focused on design of implementation frameworks. Challenges include the comparison of proposed solutions or their configurations in different problem contexts and regions. Further research should focus on organisational issues in internal logistics. Although the improvement of internal logistics in health facilities is a topic that has seen an increase in researcher interest over the last decade, there is a need to build a theoretical base on the findings of this research, which has been done only to a very limited extent. In terms of the use of new technologies, high persistence in the use of older IT-based solutions and rigidity can be observed in the implementation of new solutions.

Smutny, Z., & Svandova, K. (2024). An Overview of Improving Logistics Processes in Health Facilities: Issues, Solutions, and Challenges. Journal of Engineering and Technology for Industrial Applications, 10(6), 191-196. https://doi.org/10.5935/jetia.v10i50.1315

 

Supplementary material contains an Excel file in which the following data obtained from individual papers are listed:ID, Authors, Year, Title, Country (1st author), Research type, Research methodology, Identified issues/Aim, Technological solution of the problem context, Results, Challenges for future work.
Ponera apicalis
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera apicalis

description: 18. Ponera apicalis.
Female. Length 3 1/2 lines.-Black: the antennae, mandibles, legs, and apex of the abdomen ferruginous; the head finely shagreened. Thorax oblong-ovate, finely longitudinally rugulose; the sides of the metathorax coarsely rugose, the truncation transversely striated; the node of the peduncle incrassate, rounded above, and transversely striated in front and behind; the abdomen shining, and with a fine thin grey pubescence.
Hab. Borneo (Sarawak). (Coll. W. W. Saunders, Esq.)
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 88
Ponera iridescens
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera iridescens

description: 19. Ponera iridescens.
Worker. Length 2 1/2 lines.-Rufo-fuscous, smooth and shining, with iridescent tints of blue; antennae and legs, the apex of the metathorax, and the apical margins of the segments of the abdomen, ferruginous; the head with an abbreviated impressed line above the insertion of the antennas; the mandibles with their inner margin serrated, and three larger teeth at their apex; the scale of the abdomen compressed, elevated and rounded above. Abdomen oblong, the apical margin of the first segment slightly constricted.
Hab. Borneo (Sarawak), (Coll. W. W. Saunders, Esq.)
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 88
Arteminae Simon 1893
Creators: name: Huber, Bernhard A.
name: Carvalho, Leonardo S.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Mollusca
Bivalvia
Venerida
Veneridae

description: Subfamily Arteminae Simon, 1893
Artemeae Simon, 1893: 463; type genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837, by monotypy.
Arteminae—Huber 2011b: 212. Huber et al. 2018: 56.
description: Published as part of Huber, Bernhard A. & Carvalho, Leonardo S., 2019, Filling the gaps: descriptions of unnamed species included in the latest molecular phylogeny of Pholcidae (Araneae), pp. 1-96 in Zootaxa 4546 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2619020
Ponera rugosa
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera rugosa

description: 20. Ponera rugosa. B.M.
Female. Length 3 1/4 lines.-Ferruginous; the head coarsely and deeply punctured, the punctures semi-confluent; the antennae short and thick; the flagellum clavate and pubescent; the mandibles longitudinally grooved. Thorax oblong, widest in front, the anterior margin rounded, the lateral angles acute; the metathorax truncate; the prothorax with large deep confluent punctures; the mesothorax longitudinally grooved; the scutellum and metathorax ruggedly punctured. The abdomen longitudinally grooved, the grooves on the basal segment punctured; the node of the peduncle rugged and globose: beneath, furnished with a remarkable semitransparent flattened appendage.
Hab. Borneo (Sarawak).
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 88
Ponera intricata
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera intricata

description: 21. Ponera intricata. B.M.
Worker. Length 5 lines.-Black and shining: the mandibles, legs, and apex of the abdomen ferruginous; the flagellum obscurely ferruginous; the head evenly and deeply grooved, longitudinally so on the face, and transversely so on the vertex; the antennae as long as the insect. Thorax: the dilated portion with transverse grooves on the disk, enclosed by curved ones; the thorax beyond much compressed, with a central longitudinal groove above, the sides obliquely striated; the truncation of the apex oblique and transversely striated. The node of the abdomen compressed, rounded in front and above, and obliquely grooved; the margin of the truncation with two acute spines above, directed backwards. The basal segment of the abdomen with curved striae, slightly impressed and obliterated at the sides; the apical margins of the segments rufo-piceous.
Hab. Borneo (Sarawak).
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on pages 88-89
Artema Walckenaer 1837
Creators: name: Huber, Bernhard A.
name: Carvalho, Leonardo S.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Pholcidae
Artema

description: Artema Walckenaer, 1837
Artema Walckenaer, 1837: 656; type species: A. atlanta Walckenaer, 1837 (by subsequent monotypy).
Artema — Simon 1893: 463. Chrysanthus 1967: 92. Brignoli 1981: 91. Aharon et al. 2017: 3.
Pholciella Roewer, 1960: 42; type species: P. ziaretana Roewer, 1960; synonymized in Huber 2009.
Coroia González-Sponga, 2005: 102; type species: C. magna González-Sponga, 2005; synonymized in Huber et al. 2014.
Notes. This genus has been revised recently (Aharon et al. 2017), and the general diagnosis and description of the genus are still largely valid with the new species described below. Two of the new species have slightly more slender legs than previously described species, so male tibia 1 L/d ranges from 34–57; some specimens of A. bahla are relatively small, so carapace width ranges from 2.4–4.3; the position of the retrolateral trichobothrium on the male leg tibia 1 ranges from 6–10%; the pair of usually distinct light brown projections in front of the anterior epigynal plate is barely visible in the new species A. ghubrat.
The new species A. ghubrat seems to be the only (slightly) troglomorphic representative of Arteminae (Huber 2018b). It is paler than known congeners, never with dark marks on the abdomen, and has the most slender legs (tibia 1 L/d: 57; versus 34–42 in most other species; 51 in A. dhofar which is also largely restricted to caves).
description: Published as part of Huber, Bernhard A. & Carvalho, Leonardo S., 2019, Filling the gaps: descriptions of unnamed species included in the latest molecular phylogeny of Pholcidae (Araneae), pp. 1-96 in Zootaxa 4546 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2619020
Ponera vidua
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera vidua

description: 22. Ponera vidua.
Male. Length 4 lines.-Red-brown: antennae elongate, fuscoferruginous, the base and apex of the joints pale testaceous; eyes large and prominent, the ocelli large and of glassy brightness. Thorax elongate-ovate; the metathorax truncate, with the sides rugose; the wings hyaline, the nervures pale yellow, the stigma brown; legs pale testaceous. Abdomen smooth and shining, with a thin scattered pale pubescence, most dense towards the apex; a deep strangulation between the first and second segments; the node of the peduncle incrassate, coarsely rugose, rounded in front and truncate behind: beneath, furnished with two short teeth.
Hab. Borneo (Sarawak). (Coll. W. W. Saunders, Esq.)
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 89
Ponera diminuta
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera diminuta

description: 23. Ponera diminuta. B.M.
Worker. Length 3 lines.-Black: the mandibles and extreme base of the scape ferruginous, the flagellum fusco-ferruginous; the head elongate, narrowed behind; delicately striated, the striae curved transversely on the vertex. Thorax elongate, produced anteriorly into a neck, behind which it is swollen: in the middle it is compressed, and from thence widened to the apex; the apex obliquely truncate, the truncation with a few deep transverse striae; the thorax above has a number of short irregular striae or scratches; the legs rufo-piceous, the tarsi palest. Abdomen: the scale or node, viewed laterally, is quadrate; above, it is slightly widest behind and truncated in front and behind; the first segment rounded in front, its apical margin constricted, the second segment is also constricted at the base; the abdomen is smooth and shining, with the apical margins of the segments and the apex rufo-piceous.
Hab. Borneo (Sarawak).
This species, on a smaller scale, is almost an exact representative of the P. tarsata.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 89
Ponera pompiloides
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera pompiloides

description: 24. PONERA POMPILOIDES. B.M.
Male. Length 3 lines.-Black: antennae elongate and finely pubescent. Thorax elongate-ovate, obscurely ferruginous in front and behind; wings subhyaline, the nervures pale testaceous, the stigma brown; the apex of the coxae and the base of the femora rufo-piceous; the apical joints of the tarsi pale ferruginous. Abdomen elongate, with a scattered pale downy pubescence; the apical margin of the first segment slightly constricted; the node of the peduncle conical and rufo-piceous.
Hab. Borneo (Sarawak).
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 90
Ponera laeviceps
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera laeviceps

description: 25. Ponera laeviceps.
Worker. Length 3 lines.-Black, smooth and shining: the head elongate, with a few striae on each side of the clypeus; the latter triangular, with a central longitudinal raised carina; above the clypeus a central impressed line runs half way towards the posterior margin of the vertex. Thorax narrowed into a short neck in front, behind which it is swollen, thence it is compressed and narrowed to the apex, which is oblique and transversely rugose; the tarsi pale rufo-testaceous. Abdomen: a deep strangulation between the first and second segments; the node of the peduncle rounded and elevated.
Hab. Borneo (Sarawak). (Coll. W. W. Saunders, Esq.)
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 90
Ponera gagates
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera gagates

description: 26. Ponera gagates.
Ponera gagates, Guer. Icon. Reg. Anim. Ins. iii. 423 [[worker]].
Hab. Senegal.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 90
Ponera abyssinica
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera abyssinica

description: 27. Ponera Abyssinica.
Ponera Abyssinica, Guer. Voy. en Abyss, vi. 352. t. 7. f. 6.
Hab. Abyssinia.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 90
Ponera attenuata
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera attenuata

description: 29. Ponera attenuata.
Worker. Length 3 lines. - Shining-black: narrow, elongate, smooth and impunctate. The antennae fusco-ferruginous, palest towards their apex; the mandibles and face anteriorly rufo-testaceous. The tarsi and articulations of the legs rufotestaceous; the thorax strangulated in the middle, compressed posteriorly. Abdomen strangulated between the first and second segments; the posterior margins of the segments rufo-testaceous.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope. (Coll. W. W. Saunders, Esq.)
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 91
Ponera denticulata
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera denticulata

description: 28. Ponera denticulata. Pl. VI. figs. 13, 14.
Female. Length 4 1/2 lines.-Black: the head wider than the thorax, oblong-quadrate; the antenna?, mandibles, and margins of the carina between the antennae, obscurely ferruginous; the anterior margin of the clypeus regularly denticulate; the mandibles with five long acute teeth; the head strongly longitudinally striated. Thorax above, deeply and transversely striated, the scutellum longitudinally, and the sides obliquely so; the anterior tarsi clothed beneath with golden-yellow pubescence; the tibiae and tarsi obscurely fusco-ferruginous; wings fusco-hyaline, the nervures testaceous. Abdomen ovate; the node of the peduncle compressed above, its superior margin rounded and deeply notched in the middle.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope. (Coll. Frederick Smith.)
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on pages 90-91
Ponera aethiopica
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera aethiopica

description: 30. Ponera Aethiopica. Pl. VI. figs. 19, 20. B.M.
Worker. Length 8 lines.-Black: the head and thorax opake, the abdomen shining; the mandibles ferruginous, with the base black, their apex acute, the inner margin not toothed. Thorax rounded and swollen in front, compressed behind; the anterior tarsi clothed with ferruginous pubescence beneath; the extreme apex of the femora and the tibiae and tarsi obscurely rufopiceous. Abdomen ovate, slightly constricted at the apex of the first segment; the node of the peduncle compressed, much elevated, rounded in front and truncate behind; the truncation slightly curved, the apex acute above; the extreme apex of the abdomen and the apical margins of two or three of the basal segments narrowly rufo-piceous.
Hab. South Africa.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 91
Ponera caffraria
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera caffraria

description: 31. Ponera Caffraria. B.M.
Female. Length 4 lines.-Black: head rather wider than the thorax, oblong, with the eyes placed forwards on the sides, opposite to the insertion of the antennae, behind emarginate, the posterior angles rounded; the mandibles and apex of the antennae ferruginous. Thorax oblong-ovate, about the same length as the head, measuring to the tip of the mandibles; the wings fusco-hyaline, the nervures testaceous; the legs fuscoferruginous, sometimes clear ferruginous. Abdomen ovate, about the same width as the head, the apex pale rufo-testaceous; the node of the peduncle compressed, the superior margin rounded; very similar to the scale of a Formica, being flattened, but broadest at the base.
Hab. Port Natal.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 91
Ponera ruginoda
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera ruginoda

description: 37. Ponera ruginoda. B.M.
Male. Length 4 1/2 lines.-Black: thinly covered with a loose silky cinereous pile; head and thorax roughly punctured; the mandibles ferruginous, more or less black at their base. Thorax: the metathorax rugose, the tibiae and tarsi ferruginous; the wings hyaline, the nervures testaceous, the stigma fuscous. Abdomen: the node of the peduncle subovate and coarsely rugose; the first segment deeply strangulated, much narrower than the second; the apical margins of the third and following segments obscurely rufo-piceous.
Hab. Australia.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 93
Ponera nitida
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera nitida

description: 32. Ponera nitida. B.M.
Worker. Length 2 lines.-Black, smooth and shining: the extreme base and apex of the scape, and the flagellum, ferruginous. Thorax slightly swollen anteriorly, compressed in the middle, and slightly widened to the apex of the metathorax, which is obliquely truncated; the scale incrassate, rounded in front and truncate behind. Abdomen oblong, rounded at the base and pointed at the apex, slightly constricted between the first and second segments.
Hab. Port Natal.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 92
Ponera pestilentia
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera pestilentia

description: 33. Ponera pestilentia. B.M.
Worker. Length 5 1/2 -6 1/2 lines.-Black: the head longitudinally and finely striated; the mandibles large, shining, somewhat elongate, their inner edge serrated irregularly with minute and larger teeth, delicately striated, and with a few scattered punctures; the extreme apex of the antenna rufo-piceous. Thorax: the pro- and mesothorax longitudinally striated, the striation on the former curved anteriorly; the metathorax transversely striated; the legs more or less obscurely ferruginous, nearly black, with the apical joints of the tarsi usually dark rufo-piceous, the calcaria pale rufo-testaceous, the anterior tarsi clothed with ferruginous pubescence beneath. Abdomen oblong; the first segment truncated at the base, narrower than the second segment and slightly strangulated at the apex; the first segment is pinched at the base beneath into a sharp carina and furnished with a short spine; the peduncle elevated, subcylindrical, and rounded or blunt at its apex above.
Hab. Sierra Leone. (Coll. Rev. D. F. Morgan.)
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 92
Developing a spectroscopic technique for assessing liver health
Creators: name: Ember, Katherine
Publisher: name: The University of Edinburgh
Year: 2020
Subjects: Raman spectroscopy
spectroscopy
liver
transplantation
NMR
biomedical imaging
DCD
ischemia

description: As our largest internal organ, the liver is responsible for the breakdown of toxic compounds, synthesis of multiple hormones and also plays a vital role in metabolism. However, liver disease is the only major cause of death in the UK that is increasing annually, and it remains a worldwide problem. It is clear that novel methods of diagnosis are required; symptoms are fairly generic, whilst blood tests may show liver function to be normal even after significant damage has occurred. The bile duct cancer cholangiocarcinoma has a dismal survival rate – only 5% of individuals survive 5 years post-diagnosis. This partly due to the lack of spatial resolution and chemical specificity in conventional imaging techniques leading to a late stage of diagnosis. Moreover, in 2013, approximately 25,000 liver transplants were carried out worldwide and yet surgeons lack a quantitative means of determining whether a liver is suitable for transplantation or not. Here, I present my work towards a non-invasive, label-free method for assessing liver health with molecular specificity. To establish whether spectroscopy can be used to detect liver damage, I investigated a porcine model of donation after circulatory death. After the heart ceases contracting, the liver is subject to a period of warm ischemia, when there is no circulation and oxygen delivery to the organs. The liver can be reperfused at body temperature using a machine through normothermic regional perfusion (NRP). In this thesis, I obtained in vivo spectral data using a 785 nm handheld Raman spectrometer prior to death, after 45 mins of warm ischemia and after 2 hours of NRP. I observed significant spectral changes over the time course. Furthermore, I took liver and bile duct biopsies before and after ischemia for analysis using Raman microspectroscopy, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and immunostaining. By applying these techniques to serial tissue sections, I have been able to detect morphological and biomolecular variations in samples. These results strongly suggest that removing 10% of the circulating volume of blood reduces liver congestion. Moreover, my experimental findings using a multiphoton microscope suggest that there are differences in the optical properties of non-tumour and tumour tissue in biopsies obtained from patients with the bile duct cancer cholangiocarcinoma. In summary, the results in this thesis could inform the development of a device incorporating autofluorescence and Raman spectroscopy for assessment of liver health. Such a technique could be used to detect liver damage including congestion and cholangiocarcinoma.
Ponera maxillosa
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera maxillosa

description: 35. Ponera maxillosa. B.M.
Worker. Length 3 lines.-Black: antennae, mandibles and legs ferruginous; sometimes the head and thorax fusco-ferruginous, others with the coxae and scape of the antennae fuscous; opake and subpunctate. Head subquadrate, wider than the thorax or abdomen; eyes ovate, placed before the middle on the sides of the head; mandibles elongate, curved, of nearly equal thickness throughout, not toothed. Thorax narrowed behind, the metathorax obliquely truncate and slightly concave. Abdomen strangulated between the first and second segments; the apical margins of the segments rufo-piceous; the terminal segment rufo-testaceous; the node of the peduncle incrassate, rounded above, elevated to the height of the first segment.
Male. Length 2 3/4 lines.-Black and slightly shining, finely punctured: eyes and ocelli very large, the latter glassy bright and very prominent; the legs and antennae fusco-ferruginous; the antennae towards their apex, the articulations of the legs, the tarsi, and tip of the abdomen, ferruginous; wings fuscohyaline; abdomen and node of the peduncle as in the female.
Hab. Mauritius. (Coll. Dr. Beke.)
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 93
Ponera spiniventris
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera spiniventris

description: 34. Ponera spiniventris, B.M.
Male. Length 6 1/2 lines.-Black: with flavo-hyaline wings, the nervures rufo-piceous. Head much narrower than the thorax; the antennae setaceous, longer than the thorax; head and thorax both covered with a thin downy pubescence; the calcaria and claw-joint of the tarsi testaceous. Abdomen elongate, longer than the head and thorax, the apical margins of the segments constricted; the basal segment with a short blunt tooth or spine at the base beneath; the node of the peduncle incrassate, obtuse above, and, as well as the abdomen, covered with a short downy pubescence.
Hab. Sierra Leone. (Coll. Rev. D. F. Morgan.)
In all probability this is the male of P. pestilentia.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 92
Ponera australis
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera australis

description: 36. Ponera Australis. B.M.
Formica Australis, Fabr. Syst. Ent. 393. 16; Ent. Syst. ii. 359. 41; Syst. Piez. 410. 59.
Oliv. Encycl. Meth. vi. 497- 33. Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 128.
Hab. Australia.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 93
Ponera oculata
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera oculata

description: 38. Ponera oculata. B.M.
Male. Length 5 lines.-Reddish-yellow: head black, with the clypeus, mouth, and antennae, reddish-yellow; the ocelli very large and projecting. Thorax oblong-ovate, with a loose, downy pubescence; wings hyaline, the nervures pale testaceous, the stigma fuscous. The scale incrassate, rounded in front and truncate behind. Abdomen oblong, with a strangulation between the first and second segments.
Hab. Australia (Macintyre River).
In the Museum Collection are two specimens of this insect; one has a short nervure emanating from the middle of the second transverso-medial nervure towards the apex of the wing; in other respects they exhibit no material difference.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on pages 93-94
Ponera metallica
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera metallica

description: 39. Ponera metallica. Pl. VI. figs. 17,18. B.M.
Female. Length 3 1/2 lines.-Head, thorax and abdomen of various metallic colours; the head usually green behind the eyes, in front ferruginous, with a purple tint more or less obvious between those colours; the antennae ferruginous; eyes ovate and prominent; the head deeply emarginate posteriorly; the head, thorax, and node of the abdomen rugose, being covered with large, deep, confluent punctures; the basal segment of the abdomen with transverse curved striae. Thorax: the colour usually greenish; wings subhyaline, the nervures testaceous; the legs ferruginous. Abdomen purple, the apex ferruginous.
Worker. This sex only differs in having the thorax more compressed and elongate, and in having the abdomen frequently of a green tint.
Hab. Australia (Adelaide).
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 94
Ponera tarsata
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera tarsata

description: 40. Ponera tarsata. Pl. VI. figs. 15, 16.
Formica tarsata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Supp. 280. 38 [[worker]]; Syst. Piez. 408. 53.
Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 200. pl. vii. f. 44. A. [[worker]], B [[queen]].
Halid. Trans, Linn. Soc. xvii. (1837).
Ponera tarsata, St. Farg. Hym. i. 194. 7.
Hab. South America; Demerara; Brazil; Para.
Fabricius appears to be in error in giving the habitat Senegal to this species in the Supplement to the ' Entomologia Systematica,' and it is repeated in the ' Systerna Piezatorum.' I think there can be no doubt that the figure in Latreille's ' Fourmis ' represents the South American species; and Fabricius quotes the figure as representing his F. tarsata. Be this as it may, the more minute description of Latreille is certainly that of the South American species.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 94
Ponera grandis
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera grandis

description: 41. Ponera grandis. B.M.
Length 10 lines.-Black with a blue tinge: head subquadrate, eyes small; mandibles large, strongly dentate; thorax globose in front, compressed laterally in the middle; the node of the abdomen thick, compressed at the sides, rounded in front, and truncate posteriorly; the legs elongate, the anterior tarsi with rufescent pile beneath.
Ponera grandis, Guer. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. 206 [[queen]],
Hab. Brazil.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 95
Ponera foetida
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera foetida

description: 42. Ponera foetida.
Formica foetida, Oliv. Encycl. Meth. vi. 502.
Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 206.
De Geer, Hist, des Ins. iii. 602. pl. 31. f. 6 [[queen]].
Hab. South America.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 95
Ponera pilosula
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera pilosula

description: 44. Ponera pilosula.
Worker. Length 2 1/2 lines.-Obscure dark-red-brown, with the antennal, mandibles, legs, margins of the segments of the abdomen and its apex, more or less ferruginous; the insect entirely covered with a fine silky pile, or bloom; the head, thorax, node and basal segment of the abdomen with scattered punctures; the thorax and node at their apex concavely truncate, the truncation smooth, the node oblong, rounded anteriorly.
Hab. Brazil. (Coll. F. Smith.)
A variety of this species is found, entirely pale ferruginous.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 95
Ponera flavicornis
Creators: name: Smith, F.
Publisher: name: British Museum
Year: 1858
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Ponera
Ponera flavicornis

description: 43. Ponera flavicornis.
Formica flavicornis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Supp. 280.38; Syst. Piez. 408. 52.
Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 202. pl. vii. f. 43 [[worker]], f. 42. B [[queen]]? St. Farg-. Hym. i. 190. 2.
Hab. Cayenne.
description: Published as part of Smith, F., 1858, Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., London :British Museum on page 95