cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Technologies of Power – From Area Studies to Data Sciences
Creators: name: Ahmed Asif, Manan
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2019
Subjects: Higher education and state
Area studies
Electronic data processing--Research
Philology
Power (Social sciences)
History

description: This essay is an attempt to bring together two seemingly divergent trends in the American university of the recent past: first is the disciplinary presence of ‘area studies’ in the US academy since 1958, and the second is the rise of ‘data science institutes’ on US campuses since 2008.
Large polarons in lead halide perovskites
Creators: name: Miyata, Kiyoshi
name: Trinh, M. Tuan
name: Joshi, Prakriti Pradhan
name: Mosconi, Edoardo
name: Jones, Skyler C.
name: De Angelis, Filippo
name: Zhu, Xiaoyang
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Materials science
Polarons
Perovskite
Metal halides
Chemistry

description: Lead halide perovskites show marked defect tolerance responsible for their excellent optoelectronic properties. These properties might be explained by the formation of large polarons, but how they are formed and whether organic cations are essential remain open questions. We provide a direct time domain view of large polaron formation in single-crystal lead bromide perovskites CH3NH3PbBr3 and CsPbBr3. We found that large polaron forms predominantly from the deformation of the PbBr3− frameworks, irrespective of the cation type. The difference lies in the polaron formation time, which, in CH3NH3PbBr3 (0.3 ps), is less than half of that in CsPbBr3 (0.7 ps). First-principles calculations confirm large polaron formation, identify the Pb-Br-Pb deformation modes as responsible, and explain quantitatively the rate difference between CH3NH3PbBr3 and CsPbBr3. The findings reveal the general advantage of the soft [PbX3]− sublattice in charge carrier protection and suggest that there is likely no mechanistic limitations in using all-inorganic or mixed-cation lead halide perovskites to overcome instability problems and to tune the balance between charge carrier protection and mobility.
Automated Intrusion Detection Methods Using NFR
Creators: name: Lee, Wenke
name: Park, Christopher T.
name: Stolfo, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1999
Subjects: Computer science

description: There is often the need to update an installed Intrusion Detection System (IDS) due to new attack methods or upgraded computing environments. Since many current IDSs are constructed by manual encoding of expert security knowledge, changes to IDSs are expensive and require a large amount of programming and debugging. We describe a data mining framework for adaptively building Intrusion Detection (ID) models specifically for use with Network Flight Recorder (NFR). The central idea is to utilize auditing programs to extract an extensive set of features that describe each network connection or host session, and apply data mining programs to learn rules that accurately capture the behavior of intrusions and normal activities. These rules can be used for misuse detection and anomaly detection. Detection models are then incorporated into NFR through a machine translator, which produces a working detection model in the form of N-Code, NFR's powerful filtering language.
Combining Accelerator and Reactor Measurements of theta_13; The First Result
Creators: name: Machado, P. A. N.
name: Minakata, H.
name: Nunokawa, H.
name: Funchal, R. Zukanovich
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The lepton mixing angle theta_13, the only unknown angle in the standard three-flavor neutrino mixing scheme, is finally measured by the recent reactor and accelerator neutrino experiments. We perform a combined analysis of the data coming from T2K, MINOS, Double Chooz, Daya Bay and RENO experiments and find sin^2 2theta_13 = 0.096 \pm 0.013 (\pm 0.040) at 1 sigma (3 sigma) CL and that the hypothesis theta_13 = 0 is now rejected at a significance level of 7.7 sigma. We also discuss the near future expectation on the precision of the theta_13 determination by using expected data from these ongoing experiments.
description: Final version to be published in JHEP, RENO included, theta13 = 0 is now rejected at 7.7 sigma CL, 12 pages, 4 figures
title: Computational Complexity of Path Planning Algorithms Based on Safe Triangles and Quadtree as Work Space Representations: A Comparison
Creators: name: Mao, Xiaozhao
Publisher: name: IFAC - International Federation of Automatic Control
Year: 2023

description: Computational complexity of two path planning approaches for a two-dimensional (2D) work space is considered: The approach using safe triangles and the approach based on quadtree. The average cost of establishing work space representation, i.e. of building the safe triangles and the quadtree respectively, are estimated. Both approaches are simulated to plan paths for numerous work spaces with obstacles which are generated at random. The results of the simulation are summarized to show the expected behavior of each approach. Comparison based on analyses and simulation is presented.
Pecari tajacu
Creators: name: Torres-Porras, Jeronimo
name: Cobos, Marlon E
name: Seoane, José Manuel
name: Aguirre, Nikolay
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Artiodactyla
Tayassuidae
Pecari
Pecari tajacu

description: Pecari tajacu (Linnaeus, 1758): Figure 7 Sus tajacu Linnaeus 1758. Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus 1758. Pecari tajacu — Tirira 2007, Gongora et al. 2011. Pecari maximus M. van Roosmalen et al. 2007. Material examined: Table 1. Back color blackish gray uniform, usually with numerous hairs with white tips, which give it a fleshy appearance; presents a strip of cream-colored hair that is pale to white, like a necklace, which starts on the lower part of the cheeks extending back through the neck, and ends at the top of the shoulders (Tirira 2007).
description: Published as part of Torres-Porras, Jeronimo, Cobos, Marlon E, Seoane, José Manuel & Aguirre, Nikolay, 2017, Large and medium-sized mammals of Buenaventura Reserve, southwestern Ecuador, pp. 35-45 in Check List 13 (4) on page 41, DOI: 10.15560/13.4.35
description: {"references": ["Linnaeus C (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp.", "Tirira DS (2007) Guia de Campo de los Mamiferos del Ecuador. Publicacion especial sobre los mamiferos del Ecuador 6. Ediciones Murcielago Blanco, Quito, 576 pp.", "Gongora J, Reyna-Hurtado R, Beck H, Taber A, Altrichter M, Keuroghlian A (2011) Pecari tajacu. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e. T 41777 A 10562361. https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / iucn. uk. 2011 - 2. rlts. t 41777 a 10562361. en"]}
Dimensional Reduction without Extra Continuous Dimensions
Creators: name: Chamseddine, Ali
name: Froehlich, Juerg
name: Schubnel, Baptiste
name: Wyler, Daniel
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe a novel approach to dimensional reduction in classical field theory. Inspired by ideas from noncommutative geometry, we introduce extended algebras of differential forms over space-time, generalized exterior derivatives and generalized connections associated with the "geometry" of space-times with discrete extra dimensions. We apply our formalism to theories of gauge- and gravitational fields and find natural geometrical origins for an axion- and a dilaton field, as well as a Higgs field.
description: 23 pages
Quantum correction to tiny vacuum expectation value in two Higgs doublet model for Dirac neutrino mass
Creators: name: Morozumi, Takuya
name: Takata, Hiroyuki
name: Tamai, Kotaro
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study a Dirac neutrino mass model of Davidson and Logan. In the model, the smallness of the neutrino mass is originated from the small vacuum expectation value of the second Higgs of two Higgs doublets. We study the one loop effective potential of the Higgs sector and examine how the small vacuum expectation is stable under the radiative correction. By deriving formulae of the radiative correction, we numerically study how large the one loop correction is and show how it depends on the quadratic mass terms and quartic couplings of the Higgs potential. The correction changes depending on the various scenarios for extra Higgs mass spectrum.
description: 27 pages,5 figures. The version corresponds to the revised one accepted in PRD. In version 4, we have corrected errors of Fig.5 which reflects the errata of PRD version
The Crowdfund Act’s Impact on Women-Owned Businesses’ Access to Capital
Creators: name: Brandt, Elizabeth N.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Crowd funding
subject: Women-owned business enterprises
subject: Businesswomen
subject: Capitalists and financiers

description: Women-owned businesses make up a significant portion of businesses in the United States and provide one of the most important growth opportunities for the United States’ economy today. However, female entrepreneurs face on-going challenges in gaining access to capital through traditional capital-raising mechanisms such as venture capital or bank loans. The Obama administration heralded the CROWDFUND Act as a boon for women-owned businesses. Many believed that regulation crowdfunding, enabled through the Act, would democratize potential investors in small businesses, thereby increasing the number of investors willing to provide capital to female entrepreneurs and their businesses. This Note provides the first quantified examination of the results of the first nearly eight months of regulation crowdfunding with respect to women-owned businesses. This Note additionally explores the results of regulation crowdfunding as reported by others. Ultimately, this Note determines that, at least in the first months of regulation crowdfunding, women-owned businesses did not take advantage of regulation crowdfunding in any meaningfully increased way compared to traditional capital-raising mechanisms. This Note proposes several ways in which the government could further support women-owned businesses, such as implementing a simple reporting mechanism to better track the capital-raising efforts of women-owned businesses and developing a pilot program of financial advisors available to founders and management of women-owned businesses seeking capital.
Anomalous $tqZ$ coupling effects in rare B- and K-meson decays
Creators: name: Li, Xin-Qiang
name: Yang, Ya-Dong
name: Yuan, Xing-Bo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: As a top-factory, the LHC is performing a direct study of top-quark anomalous FCNC couplings, which are, however, correlated closely with the rare B- and K-meson decays. In this paper, we study the effects of anomalous $tqZ$ (with $q=u,c$) couplings in the rare decays $B_{s,d}\to μ^+μ^-$, $B\to X_s ν\barν$, $B\to K^{(*)}ν\barν$, $K^+\to π^+ ν\barν$, and $K_L\to π^0 ν\barν$. With the up-to-date experimental bounds on the branching ratios of these channels, constraints on the left-handed anomalous couplings $X_{ct}^L$ and $X_{ut}^L$ are derived, respectively. With these low-energy constraints taken into account, we find that, for real couplings $X_{ct}^L$ and $X_{ut}^L$, the indirect upper bounds on $\mathcal B(t\to qZ)$ are much lower than that from the D0 collaboration, but are still compatible with the $5σ$ discovery potential of ATLAS with an integrated luminosity of $10 {\rm fb}^{-1}$. With refined measurements to be available at the LHCb, the future super-B factories, the NA62 at CERN, and the KOTO at J-PARC, closer correlations between the $t\to qZ$ and the rare B- and K-meson decays are expected in the near future, which will be helpful for the searches of the top-quark FCNC decays at the LHC.
description: 25 pages, 18 figures, 4 tables; More references added, version published in JHEP
Adaptive Model Generation for Intrusion Detection Systems
Creators: name: Eskin, Eleazar
name: Miller, Matthew
name: Zhong, Zhi-Da
name: Yi, George
name: Lee, Wei-Ang
name: Stolfo, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2000
Subjects: Computer science

description: In this paper, we present adaptive model generation, a method for automatically building detection models for data-mining based intrusion detection systems. Using the same data collected by intrusion detection sensors, adaptive model generation builds detection models on the fly. This significantly reduces the deployment cost of an intrusion detection system because it does not require building a training set. We present a real time system architecture and efficient implementation of automatic model generation. The system uses a model building algorithm that builds anomaly detection models over noisy data. We evaluate the system using the DARPA Intrusion Detection Evaluation data and show an increase in detection performance as more data is collected by the sensors.
The Komisenian Dialect of Aftar
Creators: name: Borjian, Habib
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Iranian languages--Dialects
subject: Linguistics
subject: FOS: Languages and literature
subject: Endangered languages
subject: Language and languages

description: A Northwest Iranian dialect, Aftari, is grouped both diachronically and typologically together with the other dialects spoken around the town of Semnān, east of Tehran. For this group the designation “Komisenian”, after the old name of the province, is proposed in the article. As is the case with the neighboring Caspian dialects to the north, Aftari is the language of postpositions, and it has a relatively elaborate system of personal and demonstrative pronouns. Aftari shares with Tabari the element -enn- in the present indicative, a remnant of the Old Iranian present participle *-ant-. In terms of ergativity, Aftari holds a position somewhere between Tabari, which has none, and the Central Plateau Dialects which have preserved the system. Remnants of the Middle Iranian ergativity remain in Aftari as a distinct set of personal endings for the past transitive; in the past, these acted as agents of transitive verbs. Thus, transitivity still plays a role in the past conjugation, but there are indications that the difference is fading away, most notably in 3rd person singular forms. The intransitive past tenses are marked by -št- preceding the personal endings, except for the 3rd person singular, which has neither. The perfect tense has various constructions, often merging with the preterit, and thus may not be authentic to Aftari.
Progressive Era Conceptions of the Corporation and the Failure of the Federal Chartering Movement
Creators: name: Hutchison, Camden
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Corporate governance--Law and legislation--U.S. states
subject: Corporations
subject: Historical jurisprudence
subject: Charters and articles of incorporation

description: Despite the economic integration of the several states and the broad regulatory authority of the federal government, the internal affairs of business corporations remain primarily governed by state law. The origins of this system are closely tied to the decentralized history of the United States, but the reasons for its continued persistence—in the face of significant federalization pressures—are not obvious. Indeed, federalization of corporate law was a major political goal during the Progressive Era, a period which witnessed significant expansion of federal involvement in the national economy. By examining the historical record of Progressive Era policy debates, this Article bridges the analytical gap between historical and corporate legal scholarship, bringing to light the specific reasons why a federal corporation law was never enacted. Drawing on primary source evidence, the conclusions of this Article are as follows. First, proponents of federal chartering were deeply divided in their attitudes toward corporations, some viewing them as a dangerous threat, others viewing them as central to economic progress. These divisions led to conflicting views on the very purpose of corporate regulation, making agreement on the content of a federal corporation act unlikely. Second, notwithstanding these divisions, many reformers viewed corporations as directly accountable to the public interest. Legislative proposals were therefore framed in terms of benefiting the public, and only secondarily addressed the shareholder interests that dominate corporate law today. Finally, it was the conflicted nature of the political support for federal chartering legislation—not any specific policy preference for maintaining corporate law federalism—that led to the persistence of state-based corporate law. Ultimately, the absence of federal corporate law was a product of historical circumstance, rather than any conscious determination of legal or economic policy.
On the Nature of Small Planets around the Coolest Kepler Stars
Creators: name: Gaidos, Eric
name: Fischer, Debra A.
name: Mann, Andrew W.
name: Lepine, Sebastien
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We constrain the densities of Earth- to Neptune-size planets around very cool (Te =3660-4660K) Kepler stars by comparing 1202 Keck/HIRES radial velocity measurements of 150 nearby stars to a model based on Kepler candidate planet radii and a power-law mass-radius relation. Our analysis is based on the presumption that the planet populations around the two sets of stars are the same. The model can reproduce the observed distribution of radial velocity variation over a range of parameter values, but, for the expected level of Doppler systematic error, the highest Kolmogorov-Smirnov probabilities occur for a power-law index alpha ~ 4, indicating that rocky-metal planets dominate the planet population in this size range. A single population of gas-rich, low-density planets with alpha = 2 is ruled out unless our Doppler errors are >= 5m/s, i.e., much larger than expected based on observations and stellar chromospheric emission. If small planets are a mix of gamma rocky planets (alpha = 3.85) and 1-gamma gas-rich planets (alpha = 2), then gamma > 0.5 unless Doppler errors are >=4 m/s. Our comparison also suggests that Kepler's detection efficiency relative to ideal calculations is less than unity. One possible source of incompleteness is target stars that are misclassified subgiants or giants, for which the transits of small planets would be impossible to detect. Our results are robust to systematic effects, and plausible errors in the estimated radii of Kepler stars have only moderate impact.
description: Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal
Dasypodidae Gray 1821
Creators: name: Torres-Porras, Jeronimo
name: Cobos, Marlon E
name: Seoane, José Manuel
name: Aguirre, Nikolay
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Cingulata
Dasypodidae

description: Family Dasypodidae Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758: Figure 12 Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus 1758 — Tirira 2007, Loughry et al. 2014. Material examined: Table 1. Back covered by a bone armor, generally with nine (possibly 8 to 11) moving bands or rows of osseous plaques in the middle part of the body; the plates are small and of rounded shape, except in the movable bands, where they have the shape of narrow triangles; the head has a shield armored in the forehead, formed by polygonal plates; snout long, narrow and slightly raised at the tip; narrow ears almost touching the base; tail covered with plates, slightly shorter than the head and body combined, with 12 to 15 differentiated rings; forelegs with four toes and hind legs with five (Tirira 2007).
description: Published as part of Torres-Porras, Jeronimo, Cobos, Marlon E, Seoane, José Manuel & Aguirre, Nikolay, 2017, Large and medium-sized mammals of Buenaventura Reserve, southwestern Ecuador, pp. 35-45 in Check List 13 (4) on page 41, DOI: 10.15560/13.4.35
description: {"references": ["Linnaeus C (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp.", "Tirira DS (2007) Guia de Campo de los Mamiferos del Ecuador. Publicacion especial sobre los mamiferos del Ecuador 6. Ediciones Murcielago Blanco, Quito, 576 pp.", "Loughry J, McDonough C, Abba AM (2014) Dasypus novemcinctus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e. T 6290 A 47440785. https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / Iucn. uk. 2014 - 1. rlts. t 6290 a 47440785. en"]}
Data Mining Methods for Detection of New Malicious Executables
Creators: name: Schultz, Matthew G.
name: Eskin, Eleazar
name: Zadok, Erez
name: Stolfo, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2001
Subjects: Computer science

description: A serious security threat today is malicious executables, especially new, unseen malicious executables often arriving as email attachments. These new malicious executables are created at the rate of thousands every year and pose a serious security threat. Current anti-virus systems attempt to detect these new malicious programs with heuristics generated by hand. This approach is costly and oftentimes ineffective. We present a data mining framework that detects new, previously unseen malicious executables accurately and automatically. The data mining framework automatically found patterns in our data set and used these patterns to detect a set of new malicious binaries. Comparing our detection methods with a traditional signature-based method, our method more than doubles the current detection rates for new malicious executables.
On the rank function of a differential poset
Creators: name: Stanley, Richard P.
name: Zanello, Fabrizio
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: Commutative Algebra (math.AC)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: Primary: 06A07, Secondary: 06A11, 51E15, 05C05

description: We study $r$-differential posets, a class of combinatorial objects introduced in 1988 by the first author, which gathers together a number of remarkable combinatorial and algebraic properties, and generalizes important examples of ranked posets, including the Young lattice. We first provide a simple bijection relating differential posets to a certain class of hypergraphs, including all finite projective planes, which are shown to be naturally embedded in the initial ranks of some differential poset. As a byproduct, we prove the existence, if and only if $r\geq 6$, of $r$-differential posets nonisomorphic in any two consecutive ranks but having the same rank function. We also show that the Interval Property, conjectured by the second author and collaborators for several sequences of interest in combinatorics and combinatorial algebra, in general fails for differential posets. In the second part, we prove that the rank function $p_n$ of any arbitrary $r$-differential poset has nonpolynomial growth; namely, $p_n\gg n^ae^{2\sqrt{rn}},$ a bound very close to the Hardy-Ramanujan asymptotic formula that holds in the special case of Young's lattice. We conclude by posing several open questions.
description: A few minor revisions/updates. Published in the Electron. J. Combin. (vol. 19, issue 2, 2012)
Distinct properties of the triplet pair state from singlet fission
Creators: name: Trinh, M. Tuan
name: Pinkard, Andrew
name: Pun, Andrew Brian
name: Sanders, Samuel Nathan
name: Kumarasamy, Elango
name: Sfeir, Matthew Y.
name: Campos, Luis M.
name: Roy, Xavier
name: Zhu, Xiaoyang
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Chemistry
Triplet state
Energy conversion
Energy transfer
Solar thermal energy
Spectrum analysis

description: Singlet fission, the conversion of a singlet exciton (S1) to two triplets (2 × T1), may increase the solar energy conversion efficiency beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit. This process is believed to involve the correlated triplet pair state 1(TT). Despite extensive research, the nature of the 1(TT) state and its spectroscopic signature remain actively debated. We use an end-connected pentacene dimer (BP0) as a model system and show evidence for a tightly bound 1(TT) state. It is characterized in the near-infrared (IR) region (~1.0 eV) by a distinct excited-state absorption (ESA) spectral feature, which closely resembles that of the S1 state; both show vibronic progressions of the aromatic ring breathing mode. We assign these near-IR spectra to 1(TT)→Sn and S1→Sn′ transitions; Sn and Sn′ likely come from the antisymmetric and symmetric linear combinations, respectively, of the S2 state localized on each pentacene unit in the dimer molecule. The 1(TT)→Sn transition is an indicator of the intertriplet electronic coupling strength, because inserting a phenylene spacer or twisting the dihedral angle between the two pentacene chromophores decreases the intertriplet electronic coupling and diminishes this ESA peak. In addition to spectroscopic signature, the tightly bound 1(TT) state also shows chemical reactivity that is distinctively different from that of an individual T1 state. Using an electron-accepting iron oxide molecular cluster [Fe8O4] linked to the pentacene or pentacene dimer (BP0), we show that electron transfer to the cluster occurs efficiently from an individual T1 in pentacene but not from the tightly bound 1(TT) state. Thus, reducing intertriplet electronic coupling in 1(TT) via molecular design might be necessary for the efficient harvesting of triplets from intramolecular singlet fission.
Brother, Can You Spare a Dollar? Designing an Effective Framework for Foreign Currency Liquidity Assistance
Creators: name: Awrey, Dan
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Financial crises--Government policy
subject: Banks and banking, Central
subject: Foreign exchange
subject: International liquidity

description: The core principles of financial crisis management call upon central banks to lend freely, against good quality collateral, and at a penalty rate of interest, to solvent but illiquid banks and other financial institutions during periods of widespread panic and instability. While often taken for granted, these principles were designed for a world in which central banks have the capacity to create money denominated in the same currency as the one in which domestic banks and other financial institutions issue deposits and other short-term liabilities. Unfortunately, this is not the world in which we live. The application of these principles is far from straightforward in a world where financial institutions rely on short-term foreign currency liabilities as a source of financing. This is the world of the Eurodollar market. The global financial crisis vividly illustrated the potential systemic risks arising from the existence of a large Eurodollar market. Faced with a systemic foreign currency liquidity crisis, central banks struggled to secure access to the foreign currency reserves needed to provide emergency liquidity assistance to their domestic banking systems. In response, the U.S. Federal Reserve and other major central banks established a network of swap lines designed to provide foreign currency liquidity assistance to the international financial system. The central bank swap lines have been hailed as one of the most important and effective policy responses to the financial crisis. However, while it may be tempting to view them as an effective prophylactic against future foreign currency liquidity crises, the current structure of the swap lines fails to establish truly credible international commitments or constrain the moral hazard problems stemming from this ambitious state sponsored liquidity insurance. This Article examines the unique policy challenges posed by foreign currency liquidity problems, along with how to build a more effective framework for the provision of foreign currency liquidity assistance.
Induction of synthetic lethality in IDH1-mutated gliomas through inhibition of Bcl-xL
Creators: name: Karpel-Massler, Georg
name: Ishida, Chiaki
name: Bianchetti, Elena
name: Zhang, Yiru
name: Shu, Chang
name: Tsujiuchi, Takashi
name: Banu, Matei Alexandru
name: Garcia, Franklin
name: Roth, Kevin A.
name: Bruce, Jeffrey N.
name: Canoll, Peter D.
name: Siegelin, Markus D.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Gliomas
Central nervous system--Cancer
Cancer

description: Certain gliomas often harbor a mutation in the activity center of IDH1 (R132H), which leads to the production of the oncometabolite 2-R-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). In six model systems, including patient-derived stem cell-like glioblastoma cultures, inhibition of Bcl-xL induces significantly more apoptosis in IDH1-mutated cells than in wild-type IDH1 cells. Anaplastic astrocytoma samples with mutated IDH1 display lower levels of Mcl-1 than IDH1 wild-type tumors and specific knockdown of Mcl-1 broadly sensitizes glioblastoma cells to Bcl-xL inhibition-mediated apoptosis. Addition of 2-HG to glioblastoma cultures recapitulates the effects of the IDH mutation on intrinsic apoptosis, shuts down oxidative phosphorylation and reduces ATP levels in glioblastoma cells. 2-HG-mediated energy depletion activates AMPK (Threonine 172), blunting protein synthesis and mTOR signaling, culminating in a decline of Mcl-1. In an orthotopic glioblastoma xenograft model expressing mutated IDH1, Bcl-xL inhibition leads to long-term survival. These results demonstrate that IDH1-mutated gliomas are particularly vulnerable to Bcl-xL inhibition.
Additional file 1 of Implication of perineural invasion in patients with stage II gastric cancer
Creators: name: Luo, Dandong
name: Wen, Yue-e
name: Chen, Huaxian
name: Deng, Zijian
name: Zheng, Jiabo
name: Chen, Shi
name: Peng, Junsheng
name: Lian, Lei
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Science Policy

description: Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. Survival curve analysis showed whether patients with or without PNI received adjuvant chemotherapy (A) or without adjuvant chemotherapy (B). Supplementary Table1. Recurrence pattern of Stage II GC patients with PNI. Supplementary Table2. T stage and Lymph node metastasis of Stage II GC patients with or without PNI
Generalized Wannier functions: a comparison of molecular electric dipole polarizabilities
Creators: name: O'Regan, David D.
name: Payne, Mike C.
name: Mostofi, Arash A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Localized Wannier functions provide an efficient and intuitive means by which to compute dielectric properties from first principles. They are most commonly constructed in a post-processing step, following total-energy minimization. Nonorthogonal generalized Wannier functions (NGWFs) [Skylaris et al., Phys. Rev. B 66, 035119 11 (2002); Skylaris et al., J. Chem. Phys. 122, 084119 (2005)] may also be optimized in situ, in the process of solving for the ground-state density. We explore the relationship between NGWFs and orthonormal, maximally localized Wannier functions (MLWFs) [Marzari and Vanderbilt, Phys. Rev. B 56, 12847 (1997); Souza, Marzari, and Vanderbilt, ibid. 65, 035109 (2001)], demonstrating that NGWFs may be used to compute electric dipole polarizabilities efficiently, with no necessity for post-processing optimization, and with an accuracy comparable to MLWFs.
description: 5 pages, 1 figure. This version matches that accepted for Physical Review B on 4th May 2012
Modeling System Calls for Intrusion Detection with Dynamic Window Sizes
Creators: name: Eskin, Eleazar
name: Lee, Wenke
name: Stolfo, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2001
Subjects: Computer science

description: We extend prior research on system call anomaly detection modeling methods for intrusion detection by incorporating dynamic window sizes. The window size is the length of the subsequence of a system call trace which is used as the basic unit for modeling program or process behavior. In this work we incorporate dynamic window sizes and show marked improvements in anomaly detection. We present two methods for estimating the optimal window size based on the available training data. The first method is an entropy modeling method which determines the optimal single window size for the data. The second method is a probability modeling method that takes into account context dependent window sizes. A context dependent window size model is motivated by the way that system calls are generated by processes. Sparse Markov transducers (SMTs) are used to compute the context dependent window size model. We show over actual system call traces that the entropy modeling methods lead to the optimal single window size. We also show that context dependent window sizes outperform traditional system call modeling methods.
Cosmology of Axions and Moduli: A Dynamical Systems Approach
Creators: name: Marsh, David J. E.
name: Tarrant, Ewan R. M.
name: Copeland, Edmund J.
name: Ferreira, Pedro G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This paper is concerned with string cosmology and the dynamics of multiple scalar fields in potentials that can become negative, and their features as (Early) Dark Energy models. Our point of departure is the "String Axiverse", a scenario that motivates the existence of cosmologically light axion fields as a generic consequence of string theory. We couple such an axion to its corresponding modulus. We give a detailed presentation of the rich cosmology of such a model, ranging from the setting of initial conditions on the fields during inflation, to the asymptotic future. We present some simplifying assumptions based on the fixing of the axion decay constant $f_a$, and on the effective field theory when the modulus trajectory is adiabatic, and find the conditions under which these assumptions break down. As a by-product of our analysis, we find that relaxing the assumption of fixed $f_a$ leads to the appearance of a new meta-stable de-Sitter region for the modulus without the need for uplifting by an additional constant. A dynamical systems analysis reveals the existence of many fixed point attractors, repellers and saddle points, which we analyse in detail. We also provide geometric interpretations of the phase space. The fixed points can be used to bound the couplings in the model. A systematic scan of certain regions of parameter space reveals that the future evolution of the universe in this model can be rich, containing multiple epochs of accelerated expansion.
description: 27 pages, 12 figures, comments welcome, v2 minor corrections
The Sharing Economy Meets The Sherman Act: Is Uber a Firm? a Cartel? or Something in Between?
Creators: name: Anderson, Mark
name: Huffman, Max
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law
subject: Cooperation
subject: Antitrust law

description: The sharing economy is a new industrial structure that is made possible by instantaneous internet communication and changes in the life, work, and purchasing habits of individual entrepreneurs and consumers. Antitrust law is an economic regulatory scheme dating back to 1890 in the United States that is designed to address centrally controlled concentrations of economic power and the threats that those concentrations pose to consumer interests and economic efficiency. In order to accommodate a modern enterprise structure in which thousands or millions of independent contractors join forces to provide a service by agreement among themselves, antitrust law requires re-envisioning and careful application. The success of Uber, Airbnb, and other sharing economy firms, and the consumer benefits that those firms promise, show both how difficult and how important that re-envisioning can be.
Tamandua mexicana Saussure 1860
Creators: name: Torres-Porras, Jeronimo
name: Cobos, Marlon E
name: Seoane, José Manuel
name: Aguirre, Nikolay
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Pilosa
Myrmecophagidae
Tamandua
Tamandua mexicana

description: Tamandua mexicana Saussure, 1860 Myrmecophaga tamandua Saussure 1860. Tamandua mexicana — Tirira 2007, Ortega Reyes et al. 2014. Material examined: Table 1. The pelage is dense, short and uniform, has a large black stain, like a waistcoat, which starts on the shoulders and extends from the back and the belly towards the base of the tail; the rest of body, including the head, the upper third of the back and the extremities is of a golden yellow color, intense or pale, depending on the individuals; the ventral region is black, similar to the flanks; medium ears, well separated and protruding; tail thick, long, prehensile, with furry base and bare tip (Tirira 2007).
description: Published as part of Torres-Porras, Jeronimo, Cobos, Marlon E, Seoane, José Manuel & Aguirre, Nikolay, 2017, Large and medium-sized mammals of Buenaventura Reserve, southwestern Ecuador, pp. 35-45 in Check List 13 (4) on page 41, DOI: 10.15560/13.4.35
description: {"references": ["de Saussure H (1860) Note sur quelques mammiferes du Mexique. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (serie 2), 12: 3 - 11.", "Tirira DS (2007) Guia de Campo de los Mamiferos del Ecuador. Publicacion especial sobre los mamiferos del Ecuador 6. Ediciones Murcielago Blanco, Quito, 576 pp.", "Ortega Reyes J, Tirira DG, Arteaga M, Miranda F (2014) Tamandua mexicana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e. T 21349 A 47442649. https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / iucn. uk. 2014 - 1. rlts. t 21349 a 47442649. en"]}
The Balochi dialect of the Korosh
Creators: name: Borjian, Habib
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: Iranian languages--Dialects
Baluchi language
Historical linguistics
Iranian languages--Phonology, Comparative
Dialectology

description: Koroshi is the Balochi dialect spoken by the Korosh (Koroš), a group associated with the Qashqa’i tribes of Fārs in southwestern Iran. Entirely isolated from the main body of the Baloch habitat, Koroshi distinguishes itself in grammar and lexicon among Balochi varieties. The phonology of Koroshi demonstrates a solid Balochi pedigree but not without major mutations. Likewise, the nominal case-number system of Koroshi shows significant deviation from most other Balochi dialects. In verb morphosyntax a salient peculiarity is the coexistence of two parallel systems of the imperfective, which appear to be stabilising in an evolutionary process of the Koroshi aspect system. Borrowing from the neighbouring languages is salient in the lexical domain, where Persian, the Fārs dialects, and Qashqa’i Turkish each play a part as the source language. Given all these peculiarities the degree of mutual intelligibility between Koroshi and other Balochi dialects is yet to be established.
Additional file 1 of Roles of hypoxic environment and M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles on the progression of non-small cell lung cancer
Creators: name: Chu, Xiao
name: Wang, Zetian
name: Wang, Weiqing
name: Liu, Wenjing
name: Cao, Yunyun
name: Feng, Liang
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Cell Biology
subject: Genetics
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Physiology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Cancer
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Supplementary Material 1
Pump-induced Exceptional Points in Lasers
Creators: name: Liertzer, M.
name: Ge, Li
name: Cerjan, A.
name: Stone, A. D.
name: Türeci, H. E.
name: Rotter, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We demonstrate that the above-threshold behavior of a laser can be strongly affected by exceptional points which are induced by pumping the laser nonuniformly. At these singularities, the eigenstates of the non-Hermitian operator which describes the lasing modes coalesce. In their vicinity, the laser may turn off even when the overall pump power deposited in the system is increased. Such signatures of a pump- induced exceptional point can be experimentally probed with coupled ridge or microdisk lasers.
description: 4.5 pages, 4 figures, final version including additional FDTD data
MEF: Malicious Email Filter: A UNIX Mail Filter that Detects Malicious Windows Executables
Creators: name: Schultz, Matthew G.
name: Eskin, Eleazar
name: Zadok, Erez
name: Bhattacharyya, Manasi
name: Stolfo, Salvatore
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2001
Subjects: Computer science

description: We present Malicious Email Filter, MEF, a freely distributed malicious binary filter incorporated into Procmail that can detect malicious Windows attachments by integrating with a UNIX mail server. The system has three capabilities: detection of known and unknown malicious attachments, tracking the propagation of malicious attachments and efficient model update algorithms. The system filters multiple malicious attachments in an email by using detection models obtained from data mining over known malicious attachments. It leverages preliminary research in data mining applied to malicious executables which allows the detection of previously unseen, malicious attachments. In addition, the system provides a method for monitoring and measurement of the spread of malicious attachments. Finally, the system also allows for the efficient propagation of detection models from a central server. These updated models can be downloaded by a system administrator and easily incorporated into the current model. The system will be released under GPL in June 2001.
Contaminant exposure in marine foraging river otters from Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Creators: name: Nelson, Caitlin Jean
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2012

description: Past industrial activities on Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada have resulted in localized polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination in the near shore marine environment. The ecological impacts of new and residual contaminants on wildlife species in this area are unknown. North American river otters (Lontra canadensis) are ideal biological indicators for aquatic ecosystem health and can be useful monitors for environmental and anthropogenic stressors on wildlife. Non-invasive scat sampling is an effective tool for studying aspects of river otter ecology without disrupting their natural behavior. Interpretation of river otter data derived from scat however can be limited without validation with live animal data. By combining scat sampling with live animal sampling I was able to compare the two sources of data to assess the effectiveness of non-invasive techniques. I investigated (i) home range analysis and spatial patterns through radio-telemetry to inform (ii) an assessment of environmental contaminant exposure and potential adverse health effects. Fixed kernel home range estimates revealed limited ranges, localized exposure and potential small scale population structuring. This indicates that only the river otters inhabiting the contaminated sites are being exposed to high levels of PCBs. Mean PCB concentrations in river otter blood and feces were significantly higher in harbour sites relative to the rest of the study area. Contaminant patterns between the two sample types were comparable and support the use of non-invasive sampling for investigating environmental contamination. Non-invasive hormone measures were used as indicators for contaminant related effects. Although there were differences between harbour and non-harbour sites, it is not clear the patterns were associated with contaminants.
The Last Stages of Terrestrial Planet Formation: Dynamical Friction and the Late Veneer
Creators: name: Schlichting, Hilke E.
name: Warren, Paul H.
name: Yin, Qing-Zhu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The final stage of terrestrial planet formation consists of the cleanup of residual planetesimals after the giant impact phase. Dynamically, a residual planetesimal population is needed to damp the high eccentricities of the terrestrial planets after the giant impact stage. Geochemically, highly siderophile element (HSE) abundance patterns inferred for the terrestrial planets and the Moon suggest that a total of about 0.01 M_Earth of chondritic material was delivered as `late veneer' by planetesimals to the terrestrial planets after the end of giant impacts. Here we combine these two independent lines of evidence for a leftover population of planetesimals and show that: 1) A residual planetesimal population containing 0.01 M_Earth is able to damp the eccentricities of the terrestrial planets after giant impacts to their observed values. 2) At the same time, this planetesimal population can account for the observed relative amounts of late veneer added to the Earth, Moon and Mars provided that the majority of the late veneer was delivered by small planetesimals with radii <10m. These small planetesimal sizes are required to ensure efficient damping of the planetesimal's velocity dispersion by mutual collisions, which in turn ensures that the planets' accretion cross sections are significantly enhanced by gravitational focusing above their geometric values. Specifically we find, in the limit that the relative velocity between the terrestrial planets and the planetesimals is significantly less than the terrestrial planets' escape velocities, that gravitational focusing yields an accretion ratio Earth/Mars~17, which agrees well with the accretion ratio inferred from HSEs of 12-23. For the Earth-Moon system, we find an accretion ratio of ~200, which is consistent with estimates of 150-700 derived from HSE abundances that include the lunar crust as well as mantle component. (Abridged)
description: accepted for publication in ApJ, 9 pages, 4 figures; minor corrections, additional references added
Behavior Profiling of Email
Creators: name: Stolfo, Salvatore
name: Hershkop, Shlomo
name: Wang, Ke
name: Nimeskern, Olivier
name: Hu, Chia-Wei
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2003
Subjects: Computer science

description: This paper describes the forensic and intelligence analysis capabilities of the Email Mining Toolkit (EMT) under development at the Columbia Intrusion Detection (IDS) Lab. EMT provides the means of loading, parsing and analyzing email logs, including content, in a wide range of formats. Many tools and techniques have been available from the fields of Information Retrieval (IR) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) for analyzing documents of various sorts, including emails. EMT, however, extends these kinds of analyses with an entirely new set of analyses that model "user behavior." EMT thus models the behavior of individual user email accounts, or groups of accounts, including the "social cliques" revealed by a user's email behavior.