Can exercise training reduce central systolic blood pressure among patients with resistant hypertension?
Creators: name: Lopes, Susana
name: Mesquita-Bastos, José
name: Leitão, Cátia
name: Ribau, Veronica
name: Garcia, Catarina
name: Oliveira, José
name: Polónia, Jorge
name: Alves, Alberto
name: Ribeiro, Fernando
Publisher: name: Journal of Statistics on Health Decision
Year: 2022

description: Introduction: Resistant hypertension is a problematic phenotype marked by the limited efficacy of available blood pressure-lowering treatments [1], such as antihypertensive medicines and kidney denervation [2-4]. Given its economic and health-related impact, it is a major medical and societal concern. Patients with resistant hypertension have a higher risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, chronic renal disease, and death, in addition to the cost of multiple drugs [5,6]. Cardiovascular disease risk is associated to central blood pressure. Central blood pressure has been evocated as being more closely related with target organ damage and long-term cardiovascular outcomes than traditional brachial blood pressure [7,8]. Increased aortic stiffness, assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, is also an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk [9]. However, there are few studies on exercise interventions to improve these markers in people with resistant hypertension. The EnRicH (The Exercise Training in the Treatment of Resistant Hypertension) was a prospective, single-blinded randomized clinical trial. The current analysis details the effect of aerobic exercise training intervention or usual care on central blood pressure and carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity. Methods: Patients with resistant hypertension were randomized 1:1 to a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program (added to usual care) or usual care. Exercise training sessions were supervised and took place three times per week. Each session included a 10-min warm-up and cool-down period, and 40 minutes of aerobic exercise. Walking and cycling were the main chosen exercises and intensity was 50-70% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max). Secondary outcome measures included central blood pressure and carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity. The Complior Analyse (Alam Medical, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France) and the SphygmoCor (AtCor Medical, Sydney, NSW, Australia) were used to measure central blood pressure and carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity. The two devices offer highly correlated measurements and similar outcomes. The carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity measurements were taken in accordance with Van Bortel et al. (2012) expert's consensus document. SPSS version 28.0 was used for all statistical analyses (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Student's independent t-test was used to compare between-group differences at baseline, following the exercise program, and between changes in continuous variables from baseline to the end of the study. Student’s paired t-tests were performed for within-group comparisons from baseline to the end of the study. The level of significance was set as P ≤ 0.05. Results: Fifty-three patients (exercise n = 26, mean age 59.3 ± 8.2; control n = 27, mean age 60.8 ± 9.2) completed the study. No differences were found between groups at baseline. The change in central systolic blood pressure was significantly different between groups by -12.22 (95% CI, -1.88 to -22.57, P = 0.022), with a mean change of -11.3 ± 19.2 mm Hg in the exercise arm vs 0.9 ± 11.8 mm Hg in the control arm. There were no differences in carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity between groups (P = 0.197). Discussion: This study demonstrated that a12-week exercise training program reduces central blood pressure among patients with resistant hypertension. Our study agrees with previous evidence in patients with prehypertension and hypertension [10,11]. A limitation of this study is that exercise training program consisted of moderate-intensity aerobic exercises. Therefore, other exercise intensities and types of exercise need investigation. This trial demonstrated a benefit of 12-week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training on reducing central blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension. The central blood pressure reduction is clinically promising as theis indicator is associated with target organ damage, cardiovascular risk, and mortality. Ethics committee and informed consent: All patients provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga Clinical study registration number: NCT03090529 Acknowledgements: This work was funded by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund Operational Competitiveness Factors Program (COMPETE) and by the Portuguese government through the Foundation for Science and Technology (grants P2020-PTDC/DTP-DES/1725/2014 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016710). Susana Lopes was awarded with a Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology PhD grant (grant SFRH/ BD/129454/2017). Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED; reference No. UID/BIM/04501/2020), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL; reference No. UID/DTP/00617/ 2020), and Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD; reference No. UID/DTP/ 04045/2020) are research units supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. Cátia Leitão is grateful to FCT for the research contract CEECIND/00154/2020 and the projects UIDB/50025/2020, UIDP/50025/2020 and LA/P/0037/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC. References: 1. Carey RM, Calhoun DA, Bakris GL, Brook RD, Daugherty SL, Dennison-Himmelfarb CR, et al. Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2018;72(5):e53-e90. Epub 2018/10/26. doi: 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000084. PubMed PMID: 30354828; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6530990. 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description: Journal of Statistics on Health Decision, vol. 4 n.º 1 (2022): Special Issue - Statistics on Health Decision Making: Real World Data