cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Dinotrema costulatum
Creators: name: Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier
name: Belokobylskij, Sergey A.
name: Vilhelmsen, Lars
name: Munk, Thorkild
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Braconidae
Dinotrema
Dinotrema costulatum

description: Dinotrema costulatum (Thomson, 1895)
Published material
“Sondbg [=Søndeborg in South Jutland]” (Fischer 1972).
Material examined
DENMARK: 1 ♀, E Jutland, NG36, Børkop Skov, 1 Jul. 1982, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, E Jutland, Tirsbaek, E of Vejle, 20 Jul. 1983, Munk leg.; 2 ♀♀, E Jutland, Horsted, Sof Vejle, 27–28 Aug. 1976, Munk leg.; 1 ♂, E Jutland, Assens at Mariager Fjord, 20 Aug. 1986, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, E Jutland, Elsegårde Skov, 56°10ʹ N, 10°43ʹ E, 4 Jul. 1994, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, Funen, Helnaes, 55º08ʹ N, 10º02ʹ E, 17 Jul. 1984, Munk leg.; 3 ♀♀, 1 ♂, E Jutland, Klattrup, 7 km Sof Vejle, 4 and 24–25 Aug. 1982 and 3 Jul. 1983, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, E Jutland, Højen Baek, 1 Jul. 1982 and 4 Aug.–7 Sep. 1986, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, E Jutland, Rohden, 12 km Eof Vejle, 2 Jul. 2000, swept in wet deciduous wood, Munk leg.; 2 ♀♀, E Jutland, Nim Skov, 26 Apr. and 26 Aug. 1984, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, E Jutland, Skanderborg, Modervejen, 21 Sep. 1984, Munk leg.
Distribution
Western Palaearctic (Peris-Felipo et al. 2014a).
Remarks
One specimen was collected in wet deciduous wood.
description: Published as part of Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier, Belokobylskij, Sergey A., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Munk, Thorkild, 2016, Catalogue of Danish Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with the description of two new species of Aspilota Foerster, 1863, pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 250 on page 19, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.250, http://zenodo.org/record/3850586
Additional file 5 of A longitudinal blended learning curriculum for bedside ultrasound education in pulmonary and critical care fellowship
Creators: name: Kuperstein, Harry
name: Gada, Kunal
name: Alam, Werda
name: Ahmad, Sahar
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy
subject: Virology

description: Additional file 5: OSCE
title: Major metabolites produced by the Papua New Guinean Porifera Monanchora sp. and South African kelp Ecklonia sp.
Creators: name: Buyukdag, Mehmet
Publisher: name: University of Galway
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Natural Product
subject: Marine Biodiscovery
subject: Polycyclic Guanidine Alkaloids
subject: Cyclic Guanidine Alkaloids
subject: Batzelladines
subject: Crambescins
subject: Crambescidins
subject: Porifera
subject: Kelp
subject: Sponge
subject: Seaweeed
subject: Papua New Guinea
subject: PNG
subject: South Africa
subject: Phlorotannin
subject: Sulfated Phlorotannins
subject: Method Development
subject: Monanchora
subject: Ecklonia
subject: Science
subject: Biological and Chemical Sciences
subject: Chemistry

description: Chapter 1: Sponges from the genus Monanchora are renowned sources of bioactive cyclic guanidine alkaloids. Monanchora from Papua New Guinea are understudied and may represent a new species. The aim of this chapter was to explore the chemical diversity within a Monanchora sample collected from Papua New Guinea. Using computational analysis of the positive mode High Resolution-Electron Spray Ionisation-Tandem Mass Spectrum ((+)-HR-ESI-MS-MS) of the methanolic extract, 4 known pentacyclic guanidines, crambescidin acid, crambescidic acid, crambescidin 359 and 16βhydroxycrambescidin 359 were identified, along with 3 known primary metabolites, phosphatidylethanolamine (16:1/15:0 or 15:1/16:0), lyso-C18-PAF and 1-16: O-lyso-PC, were identified. Through RP-HPLC purification, UPLC-MS analysis and 1D/2D NMR structure elucidation, 2 new cyclic guanidine alkaloids, P2RP1-227 and P2RP2-227 and a known biyclic guanidine, dehydrocrambine A was isolated. The discovery of new molecules within this Papua New Guinean Monanchora sample shows promise for further chemical investigation of this species. Chapter 2 : Kelps belonging to the genus Ecklonia from South Africa are an understudied population presenting opportunities for the discovery of new metabolites. Although many phlorotannins were isolated from this genus, sulfated phlorotannins are rare in academic literature, owing to their labile nature, with the sulfate functionality often degraded during the isolation process. The aim of this project was to develop a new method for the extraction, fractionation and purification of sulfated phlorotannins. A simple method, utilising a H2O/MeOH (1:1) mixture for extraction, an EtOAc/H2O (1:1) for fractionation and a CH3COONa/AcOH pH 4 buffer for purification was developed. Applying this method, a new sulfated phlorotannin, 1054-A, and known phlorotannins eckol and 8,8’-bieckol were isolated. This new method shows potential for the isolation of new sulfated phlorotannins from the genus Ecklonia.
Ochoterenella vellardi Esslinger 1986
Creators: name: Campião, Karla Magalhães
name: Morais, Drausio Honorio
name: Dias, Olívia Tavares
name: Aguiar, Aline
name: Toledo, Gislayne De Melo
name: Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland
name: Silva, Reinaldo José Da
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Nematoda
Chromadorea
Spirurida
Onchocercidae
Ochoterenella
Ochoterenella vellardi

description: Ochoterenella vellardi (Travassos, 1929) Esslinger, 1986
Host and locality record: Hypsiboas fasciatus (= Hyla fasciata) (CU), Osteocephalus taurinus (CU), Rhinella icterica (= Bufo marinus) (RJ), Rhinella margaritifera (= Bufo typhonius) (CU) and Osteochephalus taurinus (CU)
Distribution: Brazil and Peru
Site of infection: body cavity
Stage: not reported
Reference: Travassos (1929), Esslinger (1986), Vicente et al. (1991) and Bursey et al. (2001)
description: Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492
Emotion regulation and reactivity are associated with cortical thickness in early to mid-childhood
Creators: name: Ewell, Arcadia
name: Allard, Tamara
name: Botdorf, Morgan
name: Ji, Angela
name: Riggins, Tracy
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 2023

description: This study explored the neural correlates of emotion regulation and emotional reactivity in early to mid-childhood. A sample of 96 children (70% White, mid-to-high socioeconomic status) aged 3–8 years provided structural neuroimaging data and caregivers reported on emotion regulation and emotional reactivity. The amygdala, insula, inferior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, and medial orbitofrontal cortex were explored as a priori regions of interest (ROIs). ROI analyses revealed that emotion regulation was positively associated with cortical thickness in the insula, whereas emotional reactivity was negatively associated with cortical thickness in the inferior frontal gyrus. Exploratory whole-brain analyses suggested positive associations between emotion regulation and both left superior temporal thickness and right inferior temporal thickness, as well as negative associations between emotional reactivity and left superior temporal thickness. There were no significant associations between emotional regulation or reactivity and amygdala volume or cortical surface area. These findings support the notion that surface area and cortical thickness are distinct measures of brain maturation. In sum, these findings suggest that children may rely on a wider set of neural regions for emotion regulation and reactivity than adults, which is consistent with theories of interactive specialization across the life span.
Avoiding decoherence with giant atoms in a two-dimensional structured environment
Creators: name: Ingelsten, Emil Raaholt
name: Kockum, Anton Frisk
name: Soro, Ariadna
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Giant atoms are quantum emitters that can couple to light at multiple discrete points. Such atoms have been shown to interact without decohering via a one-dimensional waveguide. Here, we study how giant atoms behave when coupled to a two-dimensional square lattice of coupled cavities, an environment characterized by a finite energy band and band gaps. In particular, we describe the role that bound states in the continuum (BICs) play in how giant atoms avoid decoherence. By developing numerical methods, we are able to investigate the dynamics of the system and show the appearance of interfering BICs within a single giant atom, as well as oscillating BICs between many giant atoms. In this way, we find the geometric arrangements of atomic coupling points that yield protection from decoherence in the two-dimensional lattice. These results on engineering the interaction between light and matter may find applications in quantum simulation and quantum information processing.
description: 20 pages, 13 figures
Dinotrema cratocera
Creators: name: Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier
name: Belokobylskij, Sergey A.
name: Vilhelmsen, Lars
name: Munk, Thorkild
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Braconidae
Dinotrema
Dinotrema cratocera

description: * Dinotrema cratocera (Thomson, 1895)
Material examined
DENMARK: 1 ♀, N Jutland, Åstrup Skov, 19 Jun. 1984, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, N Jutland, Måstrup Mose, 15 km NW of Frederikshavn, 21 Jun. 1982, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, E Jutland, Ammitsbøl Skov, 55°38ʹ N, 9°26ʹ E, 16 Jul. 1982, Munk leg.; 2 ♀♀, E Jutland, Bjørnholm Skov, 56°20ʹ N, 10°43ʹ E, 7 Jul. 1989, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, E Jutland, Elsegårde Skov, 56°10ʹ N, 10°43ʹ E, 22 Jul. 1989, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, E Jutland, Ferup Skov, 55°33ʹ N, 9°22ʹ E, 5 Jul. 1983, Munk leg.; 1 ♂, E Jutland, Grejsdal, Nof Vejle, 21 Aug. 1984, Munk leg.; 2 ♀♀, E Jutland, Hessel, Sof Grenå, 56°23ʹ N, 10°52ʹ E, 9 and 13 Aug. 1989, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, E Jutland, Hjelm, 56°08ʹ N, 10°48ʹ E, 3–5 Aug. 1992, Munk leg.; 7 ♀♀, 1 ♂, E Jutland, Højen Baek, Sof Vejle, Sep.1981, 17 Jul. 1982, 1 Jun., 5, 20 and 30 Jul. 1984, 16 Jun. 1986, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, E Jutland, Hørret Skov, 56°05ʹ N, 10°12ʹ E, 13 Aug. 1987, Munk leg.; 8 ♀♀, E Jutland, Ibaek, 5 km SE of Vejle, 15 Jun. 1989, Munk leg.; 3 ♀♀, 1 ♂, E Jutland, Klattrup, 7 km Sof Vejle, 15 Jul. 1982, 28 Jun. and 13 Jul. 1983, Munk leg.; 3 ♀♀, E Jutland, Pedersholms Allé, Vejle, 1 Jul. 1982, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, E Jutland, Rosenvold, 28 Jul. 1984, Munk leg.; 2 ♀♀, E Jutland, Rugård Sønderskov, 56°16ʹ N, 10°49ʹ E, 20 Jul. 1986, Munk leg.; 3 ♀♀, E Jutland, Yding Skov, 56°00ʹ N, 9°48ʹ E, 4 Jul. and 24 Jun. 1985, Munk leg.; 2 ♂, N Jutland, Bøgsted Plantage, 57°28ʹ N, 10°07ʹ E, 18 Jun. 1984, Munk leg.; 2 ♀♀, N Jutland, Frederikshavn, Vandvaerksskoven, 2 Aug. 1987, Munk leg.; 2 ♀♀, N Jutland, Tornby Plantage, 57°32ʹ N, 9°55ʹ E, 11 Aug. 1984, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, NW Jutland, Barnsø, Nors Sø, 57°03ʹ N, 8°37ʹ E, 18 Aug. 1989, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, NW Jutland, Mønsted Skov, 17 Jun. 1984, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, N Jutland, St. Vildmose, 6 Aug. 1984, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, N Jutland, St. Vildmose, 6 Aug. 1984, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, E Jutland, Viuf Skov, 21 Jun. 1986, Munk leg.
Distribution
Palaearctic Region (Peris-Felipo et al. 2014a). Denmark (first record).
description: Published as part of Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier, Belokobylskij, Sergey A., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Munk, Thorkild, 2016, Catalogue of Danish Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with the description of two new species of Aspilota Foerster, 1863, pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 250 on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.250, http://zenodo.org/record/3850586
Additional file 8 of A longitudinal blended learning curriculum for bedside ultrasound education in pulmonary and critical care fellowship
Creators: name: Kuperstein, Harry
name: Gada, Kunal
name: Alam, Werda
name: Ahmad, Sahar
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy
subject: Virology

description: Additional file 8: Knowledge Assessment
Mitrapsylla minuticonis Brown & Hodkinson
Creators: name: Burckhardt, Daniel
name: Queiroz, Dalva L.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hemiptera
Psyllidae
Mitrapsylla
Mitrapsylla minuticonis

description: Mitrapsylla minuticonis Brown & Hodkinson
Mitrapsylla minuticonis Brown & Hodkinson, 1988: 75.
Description of adult by Brown and Hodkinson (1988). Immature unknown.
Distribution. Panama (Darién, Panamá) (Brown & Hodkinson 1988).
Host plant, biology and habitat. Unknown, probably Copaifera (Fabaceae). Two species occur in Panama, viz. Copaifera aromatica Dwyer and C. panamensis (Britton) Standl., respectively.
description: Published as part of Burckhardt, Daniel & Queiroz, Dalva L., 2020, Neotropical jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) associated with plants of the tribe Detarieae (Leguminosae, Detarioideae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4733 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4733.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3669649
The Fate of Nitrogen During Agricultural Intensification in East Africa: Nitrogen Budgets in Contrasting Agroecosystems
Creators: name: Tully, K. L.
name: Hickman, J. E.
name: Russo, T. A.
name: Neill, C.
name: Matata, P.
name: Nyadzi, G.
name: Mutuo, P.
name: Palm, C. A.
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 2023

description: The intensification of agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is necessary to reduce poverty and improve food security, but increased nutrient applications in smallholder systems could have negative consequences for water quality, greenhouse gas emissions, and air quality. We tracked nitrogen (N) inputs and measured maize (Zea mays) biomass, grain yields, N leaching, and nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide fluxes from a clayey soil in Yala, Kenya and a sandy soil in Tumbi, Tanzania, with application rates of 0, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 over two cropping seasons. Maize yields were 4.5 times higher in Yala than Tumbi, but yields plateaued at both sites with fertilizer applications at or above 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Partial N budgets in Yala were typically negative, meaning more N was exported in maize biomass plus grain or lost from the system than was added in fertilizer. In Tumbi, N budgets were negative at lower fertilizer levels but positive at higher fertilizer levels. At both sites most (96%) of the N was lost through maize biomass/grain removal and N leaching. Fertilizer additions at or less than 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1 on these two contrasting sites resulted in minor gaseous N losses, and fertilizer additions less than 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 caused relatively little change to N leaching losses. This indicates that the modest increases in fertilizer use required to improve maize yields will not greatly increase cropland N losses.
Remelana jangala subsp. ravata
Creators: name: Irungbam, Jatishwor Singh
name: Meitei, Laishram Ricky
name: Huidrom, Harmenn
name: Soibam, Baleshwor Singh
name: Ngangom, Aomao
name: Ngangom, Bendang
name: Meitei, Ronald
name: Fric, Zdenek Faltynek
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Lycaenidae
Remelana
Remelana jangala
Remelana jangala ravata (moore, [1865])

description: 228. Remelana jangala ravata (Moore, [1865]) *
Published records: Tytler, 1915b:142; Varshney & Smetacek, 2015:118.
Sighting locality: 30, 71.
description: Published as part of Irungbam, Jatishwor Singh, Meitei, Laishram Ricky, Huidrom, Harmenn, Soibam, Baleshwor Singh, Ngangom, Aomao, Ngangom, Bendang, Meitei, Ronald & Fric, Zdenek Faltynek, 2020, An Inventory Of The Butterflies Of Manipur, India (Insecta: Lepidoptera), pp. 1-91 in Zootaxa 4882 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4882.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4296011
Ochoterenella undetermined
Creators: name: Campião, Karla Magalhães
name: Morais, Drausio Honorio
name: Dias, Olívia Tavares
name: Aguiar, Aline
name: Toledo, Gislayne De Melo
name: Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland
name: Silva, Reinaldo José Da
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Nematoda
Chromadorea
Spirurida
Onchocercidae
Ochoterenella
Ochoterenella undetermined

description: Ochoterenella sp.
Host and locality record: Hypsiboas boans (RD), Rhinella marina (= Bufo marinus) (locality not reported)
Distribution: Colombia and Guyana
Site of infection: blood and body cavity
Stage: not reported
Reference: Speare (1990) and McAllister et al. (2010d)
description: Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492
title: Sukkari ancient settlements plan
Creators: name: Klemm, R.
Publisher: name: NAKALA - https://nakala.fr (Huma-Num - CNRS)
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/04ces3204
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2019

description: Archaeological sketch map of the ancient settlement area at Sukkari. New Kingdom and Ptolemaic occupation areas are partly superseded by Roman/Byzantine layers.
Arterial stiffness and blood pressure are similar in naturally menstruating and oral contraceptive pill-using women during the higher hormone phases
Creators: name: Eagan, Lauren E.
name: Chesney, Catalina A.
name: Mascone, Sara E.
name: Ranadive, Sushant M.
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 2022

description: New Findings What is the central question of this study? Are there differences in blood pressure, arterial stiffness and indices of pressure waveforms between young oral contraceptive pill-using and naturally menstruating women during lower and higher hormone phases of their cycles? What is the main finding and its importance? Blood pressure, arterial stiffness and indices of pressure waveforms are influenced similarly by exogenous and endogenous hormones. However, lower levels of exogenous hormones moderately increase blood pressure among oral contraceptive pill-using women. Elevations in blood pressure (BP) are understood as having a bidirectional relationship with stiffening of central and peripheral arteries. Arterial stiffness is mitigated by oestrogen, which aides in arterial vasorelaxation. To evaluate whether BP, stiffness, and pressure waveforms were different between young healthy naturally menstruating (non-OCP) and oral contraceptive pill (OCP)-using women, we measured brachial and aortic BPs, carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity, carotid β-stiffness, elastic modulus, central augmentation index and augmentation index normalized to a heart rate of 75 bpm, and forward and backward pressure waveforms in 22 women (22 (1) years, OCP: n = 12). To assess phasic differences, women were studied during the early follicular (≤5 days of menstruation onset) and early luteal (4 (2) days post-ovulation) phases of non-OCP and compared to the placebo pill (≤5 days of onset) and active pill (≤5 days of highest-dose active pill) phases of OCP. During the lower hormone phases, OCP users had significantly higher brachial systolic blood pressure (SBP) (119.3 (8.3) vs. 110.2 (8.3) mmHg, P = 0.02) and aortic SBP (104.10 (7.44) vs. 96.80 (6.39) mmHg, P = 0.03) as compared to non-OCP users; however, during the higher hormone phases, there were no differences in measures of brachial or aortic BP, arterial stiffness, or indices of BP waveforms between OCP and non-OCP users (P ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, exogenous and endogenous hormones have similar influences on BP and arterial stiffness; however, lower levels of exogenous hormones augment both central and peripheral BPs.
Additional file 7 of A longitudinal blended learning curriculum for bedside ultrasound education in pulmonary and critical care fellowship
Creators: name: Kuperstein, Harry
name: Gada, Kunal
name: Alam, Werda
name: Ahmad, Sahar
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy
subject: Virology

description: Additional file 7: OSCE Key
Test method for evaluating the photocytotoxic potential of fluorescence imaging products
Creators: name: Vig, Shruti
name: Gaitan, Brandon
name: Frankle, Lucas
name: Chen, Yu
name: Elespuru, Rosalie
name: Pfefer, T. Joshua
name: Huang, Huang-Chiao
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 2023

description: Various fluorescence imaging agents are currently under clinical studies. Despite significant benefits, phototoxicity is a barrier to the clinical translation of fluorophores. Current regulatory guidelines on medication-based phototoxicity focus on skin effects during sun exposure. However, with systemic and local administration of fluorophores and targeted illumination, there is now possibility of photochemical damage to deeper tissues during intraoperative imaging procedures. Hence, independent knowledge regarding phototoxicity is required to facilitate the development of fluorescence imaging products. Previously, we studied a cell-free assay for initial screening of reactive molecular species generation from fluorophores. The current work addresses a safety test method based on cell viability as an adjunct and a comparator with the cell-free assay. Our goal is to modify and implement an approach based on the in vitro 3T3 neutral red uptake assay of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development Test Guideline 432 (OECD TG432) to evaluate the photocytotoxicity of clinically relevant fluorophores. These included indocyanine green (ICG), proflavine, methylene blue (MB), and IRDye800, as well as control photosensitizers, benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) and rose bengal (RB). We performed measurements at agent concentrations and illumination parameters used for clinic imaging. Our results aligned with prior studies, indicating photocytotoxicity in RB and BPD and an absence of reactivity for ICG and IRDye800. DNA interactive agents, proflavine and MB, exhibited drug/light dose–response curves like photosensitizers. This study provides evidence and insights into practices useful for testing the photochemical safety of fluorescence imaging products.
Dinotrema cruciatum
Creators: name: Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier
name: Belokobylskij, Sergey A.
name: Vilhelmsen, Lars
name: Munk, Thorkild
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Braconidae
Dinotrema
Dinotrema cruciatum

description: * Dinotrema cruciatum (Fischer, 1973)
Material examined
DENMARK: 1 ♀, E Jutland, Højen Baek, 10 Jul. 1984, Munk leg.
Distribution
Palaearctic Region (Peris-Felipo et al. 2014a). Denmark (first record).
description: Published as part of Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier, Belokobylskij, Sergey A., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Munk, Thorkild, 2016, Catalogue of Danish Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with the description of two new species of Aspilota Foerster, 1863, pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 250 on page 20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.250, http://zenodo.org/record/3850586
Strongyloides carinii Pereira 1935
Creators: name: Campião, Karla Magalhães
name: Morais, Drausio Honorio
name: Dias, Olívia Tavares
name: Aguiar, Aline
name: Toledo, Gislayne De Melo
name: Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland
name: Silva, Reinaldo José Da
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Nematoda
Secernentea
Rhabditida
Strongyloididae
Strongyloides
Strongyloides carinii

description: Strongyloides carinii Pereira, 1935
Hosts and locality records: Leptodactylus gracilis (Duméril and Bibron) (or probaby Leptodactylus furnarius ou L. jolyi) (locality not reported), Rhinella fernandezae (RS)
Distribution: Brazil
Site of infection: small intestine
Stage: adult
Reference: Pereira (1935), Vicente et al. (1991) and Santos and Amato (2010a).
description: Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492
Additional file 1 of Exploring the bidirectional causality between neuroticism and frailty: a Mendelian randomization analysis
Creators: name: Xing, Yuhang
name: Pu, Rui
name: Fu, Mengdie
name: Wang, Zhikang
name: Wang, Zhen
name: Shang, Xiaopeng
name: Yang, Guoli
name: Jiang, Zhiwei
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: Supplementary Material 1
Hypolycaena erylus subsp. himavantus Fruhstorfer 1912
Creators: name: Irungbam, Jatishwor Singh
name: Meitei, Laishram Ricky
name: Huidrom, Harmenn
name: Soibam, Baleshwor Singh
name: Ngangom, Aomao
name: Ngangom, Bendang
name: Meitei, Ronald
name: Fric, Zdenek Faltynek
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Lycaenidae
Hypolycaena
Hypolycaena erylus
Hypolycaena erylus himavantus fruhstorfer, 1912

description: 229. Hypolycaena erylus himavantus Fruhstorfer, 1912 *
Published records: Singh et al., 2011; Varshney & Smetacek, 2015: 119.
Sighting locality: 2, 4, 32, 60, 77, 78.
description: Published as part of Irungbam, Jatishwor Singh, Meitei, Laishram Ricky, Huidrom, Harmenn, Soibam, Baleshwor Singh, Ngangom, Aomao, Ngangom, Bendang, Meitei, Ronald & Fric, Zdenek Faltynek, 2020, An Inventory Of The Butterflies Of Manipur, India (Insecta: Lepidoptera), pp. 1-91 in Zootaxa 4882 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4882.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4296011
Genetic tools for the study of the mangrove killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus, an emerging vertebrate model for phenotypic plasticity
Creators: name: Li, Cheng-Yu
name: Boldt, Helena
name: Parent, Emily
name: Ficklin, Jax
name: James, Althea
name: Anlage, Troy J.
name: Boyer, Lena M.
name: Pierce, Brianna R.
name: Siegfried, Kellee R.
name: Harris, Matthew P.
name: Haag, Eric S.
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 2023

description: Kryptolebias marmoratus (Kmar), a teleost fish of the order Cyprinodontiformes, has a suite of unique phenotypes and behaviors not observed in other fishes. Many of these phenotypes are discrete and highly plastic—varying over time within an individual, and in some cases reversible. Kmar and its interfertile sister species, K. hermaphroditus, are the only known self-fertile vertebrates. This unusual sexual mode has the potential to provide unique insights into the regulation of vertebrate sexual development, and also lends itself to genetics. Kmar is easily adapted to the lab and requires little maintenance. However, its internal fertilization and small clutch size limits its experimental use. To support Kmar as a genetic model, we compared alternative husbandry techniques to maximize recovery of early cleavage-stage embryos. We find that frequent egg collection enhances yield, and that protease treatment promotes the greatest hatching success. We completed a forward mutagenesis screen and recovered several mutant lines that serve as important tools for genetics in this model. Several will serve as useful viable recessive markers for marking crosses. Importantly, the mutant kissylips lays embryos at twice the rate of wild-type. Combining frequent egg collection with the kissylips mutant background allows for a substantial enhancement of early embryo yield. These improvements were sufficient to allow experimental analysis of early development and the successful mono- and bi-allelic targeted knockout of an endogenous tyrosinase gene with CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases. Collectively, these tools will facilitate modern developmental genetics in this fascinating fish, leading to future insights into the regulation of plasticity.
Additional file 2 of Exploring the bidirectional causality between neuroticism and frailty: a Mendelian randomization analysis
Creators: name: Xing, Yuhang
name: Pu, Rui
name: Fu, Mengdie
name: Wang, Zhikang
name: Wang, Zhen
name: Shang, Xiaopeng
name: Yang, Guoli
name: Jiang, Zhiwei
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy

description: Supplementary Material 2
Strongyloides pererai Travassos 1932
Creators: name: Campião, Karla Magalhães
name: Morais, Drausio Honorio
name: Dias, Olívia Tavares
name: Aguiar, Aline
name: Toledo, Gislayne De Melo
name: Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland
name: Silva, Reinaldo José Da
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Nematoda
Secernentea
Rhabditida
Strongyloididae
Strongyloides
Strongyloides pererai

description: Strongyloides pererai Travassos, 1932
Host and locality record: Hylodes spp. (= Elosia rustica) (RJ)
Distribution: Brazil
Site of infection: small intestine
Stage: adult
Reference: Travassos (1932) and Vicente et al. (1991)
description: Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492
Beyond statistical significance: Five principles for the new era of data analysis and reporting
Creators: name: Wedel, Michel
name: Gal, David
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 2023

description: A crisis of confidence in research findings in consumer psychology and other academic disciplines has led to various proposals to abandon, replace, strengthen, or supplement the null hypothesis significance testing paradigm. The proliferation of such proposals, and their often-conflicting recommendations, can increase confusion among researchers. We aim to bring some clarity by proposing five simple principles for the new era of data analysis and reporting of research in consumer psychology. We avoid adding to researchers' confusion and proposing more onerous or rigid standards. Our goal is to offer straightforward practical principles that are easy for researchers to keep in mind while analyzing their data and reporting their findings. These principles involve (1) interpreting p-values as continuous measures of the strength of evidence, (2) being aware of assumptions that determine whether one can rely on p-values, (3) using theory to establish the applicability of findings to new settings, (4) employing multiple measures of evidence and various processes to obtain them, but assigning special privilege to none, and (5) reporting procedures and findings transparently and completely. We hope that these principles provide researchers with some guidance and help to strengthen the reliability of the conclusions derived from their data, analyses, and findings.
Eusparassus vestigator Moradmand 2013
Creators: name: Moradmand, Majid
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Araneae
Sparassidae
Eusparassus
Eusparassus vestigator

description: vestigator species group
Diagnosis. Chelicerae without intermarginal denticles, one to four retromarginal bristles at distal end of cheliceral basal segment (Figs 25e, 28d); ventral opisthosoma with a distinct dark marking (Figs 52b, f, 53c); male with unique prominent and elongated vRTA (at least one third of dRTA length) (Figs 25a, 27a); epigyne with AMLL fused together and entirely encircling MS, epigyne with MS noticeably enlarged and fully sclerotized (Figs 26a, d; 28a).
Species composition. Three species: E. vestigator (Simon, 1897) comb. nov.; E. reverentia spec. nov.; E. pearsoni (Pocock, 1901) (for latter species description, see Moradmand & Jäger 2012a).
Distribution. Central to Eastern Africa and an isolated area in South Asia (India) (Fig. 71a).
description: Published as part of Moradmand, Majid, 2013, The stone huntsman spider genus Eusparassus (Araneae: Sparassidae): systematics and zoogeography with revision of the African and Arabian species, pp. 1-108 in Zootaxa 3675 (1) on page 44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3675.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6422593
Stabilizing Effect of High Pore Fluid Pressure on Fault Growth During Drained Deformation
Creators: name: Zega, Zachary
name: Zhu, Wenlu
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 2023

description: Dilatant hardening is an accepted model for the stabilizing effect of high pore fluid pressure on fault slip and operates when deformation is undrained. To test whether high pore fluid pressure impedes fault propagation under drained conditions, we deformed highly permeable Darley Dale sandstone using strain rates of 10−4 s−1, 10−5 s−1, and 10−6 s−1, respectively. For each strain rate, we compared the inelastic behaviors and faulting styles among rocks deformed under different pore fluid pressures (Pf) (2–180 MPa). The confining pressure (Pc) was attuned to the pore fluid pressure throughout deformation to maintain a constant differential pressure (Pc − Pf) of 10 MPa. In samples deformed at 10−4 s−1 and 10−5 s−1, faulting behaviors were similar regardless of the magnitude of pore fluid pressure. However, when the strain rate was lowered to 10−6 s−1, we observed prolonged stress drops and slower slip velocities in samples deformed under high pore fluid pressures. In samples deformed at 10−6 s−1, we demonstrate that chemically assisted subcritical crack growth played an important role during faulting. A quantitative microstructural analysis revealed that slow faulting at slow strain rates was accompanied by pervasive microcracking and diffuse shear bands, which suggests pervasive subcritical cracking enabled slow faulting under drained conditions at the sample length scale. High pore fluid pressure may have facilitated slow faulting chemically by increasing the rate of subcritical cracking, mechanically via localized dilatant hardening, or both. Our results provide insight into the mechanics of faulting in natural settings where subcritical cracking is prevalent.
Mountain railway alignment optimization based on landform recognition and presetting of dominating structures
Creators: name: Wan, Xinjie
name: Pu, Hao
name: Schonfeld, Paul
name: Song, Taoran
name: Li, Wei
name: Peng, Lihui
name: Hu, Jianping
name: Zhang, Ming
Publisher: name: Wiley
Year: 2023

description: Mountain railway alignment optimization has always been a challenge for designers and researchers in this field. It is extremely difficult for existing methods that optimize alignments before major structures to generate a better alignment than the best one provided by human designers when the terrain is drastically undulating between the start and endpoints. To fill this gap, a “structures before alignments” design process is proposed in this paper. Primarily, a landform recognition method is devised for recognizing dominating landforms. Then, a bi-level alignment optimization model is proposed, with the upper level dedicated to characterizing dominating structures and the lower level focusing on optimizing the entire alignments. To solve this bi-level model, a three-stage optimization method is designed. At the first stage, a scanning process and screening operators are devised for generating all the possible locations of dominating structures. At the second stage, a hierarchical multi-criteria decision-making procedure is applied for selecting the optimized dominating structure layouts. At the third stage, alignments are optimized based on the determined structure layouts using a bi-objective optimization method, which minimizes construction cost and geo-hazard risk simultaneously. The proposed model and solution method are applied to two real-world cases whose results verify their capabilities in producing alignment alternatives with better combinations of construction cost and geo-hazard risk than manually designed alternatives.
Dinotrema curtisetum Munk & Peris-Felipo 2013
Creators: name: Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier
name: Belokobylskij, Sergey A.
name: Vilhelmsen, Lars
name: Munk, Thorkild
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Braconidae
Dinotrema
Dinotrema curtisetum

description: Dinotrema curtisetum Munk & Peris-Felipo, 2013
Published material
DENMARK: 1 ♀ (holotype), 1 ♀ (paratype), E Jutland, Hessel, Sof Grenå, 56º23ʹ N, 10º52ʹ E, 9 Aug. and 13 Aug. 1989, Munk leg. (ENV, NMA); 1 ♀ (paratype), S Jutland, Klelund Plantage, 23 Aug. 1986, Munk leg. (NMA) (Peris-Felipo et al. 2014a).
Distribution
Western Palaearctic (Munk et al. 2013b; Peris-Felipo et al. 2014a). Only known from Denmark.
description: Published as part of Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier, Belokobylskij, Sergey A., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Munk, Thorkild, 2016, Catalogue of Danish Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with the description of two new species of Aspilota Foerster, 1863, pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 250 on page 20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.250, http://zenodo.org/record/3850586
Strongyloides undetermined
Creators: name: Campião, Karla Magalhães
name: Morais, Drausio Honorio
name: Dias, Olívia Tavares
name: Aguiar, Aline
name: Toledo, Gislayne De Melo
name: Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland
name: Silva, Reinaldo José Da
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Nematoda
Secernentea
Rhabditida
Strongyloididae
Strongyloides
Strongyloides undetermined

description: Strongyloides sp.
Host and locality records: Rhinella icterica (= Bufo ictericus and Chaunus ictericus) (RJ, SC) and Physalaemus albonotatus (CO)
Distribution: Argentina and Brazil
Site of infection: small intestine and large intestine
Stage: adult
Reference: Luque et al. (2005), Lux Hoppe et al. (2008), and González and Hamann (2012a)
description: Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492
Chliaria kina subsp. kina kina (Hewitson 1869
Creators: name: Irungbam, Jatishwor Singh
name: Meitei, Laishram Ricky
name: Huidrom, Harmenn
name: Soibam, Baleshwor Singh
name: Ngangom, Aomao
name: Ngangom, Bendang
name: Meitei, Ronald
name: Fric, Zdenek Faltynek
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Lycaenidae
Chliaria
Chliaria kina
Chliaria kina kina (hewitson, 1869)

description: 230. Chliaria kina kina (Hewitson, 1869) *
Published records: Varshney & Smetacek, 2015: 119.
Sighting locality: 9, 21 32, 72, 63.
description: Published as part of Irungbam, Jatishwor Singh, Meitei, Laishram Ricky, Huidrom, Harmenn, Soibam, Baleshwor Singh, Ngangom, Aomao, Ngangom, Bendang, Meitei, Ronald & Fric, Zdenek Faltynek, 2020, An Inventory Of The Butterflies Of Manipur, India (Insecta: Lepidoptera), pp. 1-91 in Zootaxa 4882 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4882.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4296011
Spiroxys undetermined
Creators: name: Campião, Karla Magalhães
name: Morais, Drausio Honorio
name: Dias, Olívia Tavares
name: Aguiar, Aline
name: Toledo, Gislayne De Melo
name: Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland
name: Silva, Reinaldo José Da
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2014
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Nematoda
Chromadorea
Spirurida
Gnathostomatidae
Spiroxys
Spiroxys undetermined

description: Spiroxys sp.
Host and locality records: Pseudis paradoxa (CO) and Physalaemus albonotatus (CO)
Distribution: Argentina
Site of infection: stomach
Stage: not reported
Reference: González and Hamann (2010b; 2012a).
description: Published as part of Campião, Karla Magalhães, Morais, Drausio Honorio, Dias, Olívia Tavares, Aguiar, Aline, Toledo, Gislayne De Melo, Tavares, Luiz Eduardo Roland & Silva, Reinaldo José Da, 2014, Checklist of Helminth parasites of Amphibians from South America, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 3843 (1) on page 31, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3843.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4928492
Additional file 1 of Assessment of flavivirus RNA stability and infectivity in various water environments
Creators: name: Sano, Yuka
name: Al-Alawi, Hawraa
name: Himeno, Misao
name: Majima, Ryuichi
name: Haga, Kazumi
name: Kyaw, Myo Thura
name: Taniguchi, Satoshi
name: Moi, Meng Ling
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Cancer
subject: Mental Health
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology
subject: Computational Biology

description: Additional file 1.
Bulk and boundary entanglement transitions in the projective gauge-Higgs model
Creators: name: Sukeno, Hiroki
name: Ikeda, Kazuki
name: Wei, Tzu-Chieh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In quantum many-body spin systems, the interplay between the entangling effect of multi-qubit Pauli measurements and the disentangling effect of single-qubit Pauli measurements may give rise to two competing effects. By introducing a randomized measurement pattern with such bases, a phase transition can be induced by altering the ratio between them. In this work, we numerically investigate a measurement-based model associated with the $(2+1)$d $\mathbb{Z}_2$ Fradkin-Shenker Hamiltonian model, encompassing the deconfining, confining, and Higgs phases. We determine the phase diagram in our measurement-only model by employing entanglement measures. For the bulk topological order, we use the topological entanglement entropy. We also use the mutual information between separated boundary regions to diagnose the boundary phase transition associated with the Higgs or the bulk SPT phase. We observe the structural similarity between our phase diagram and the one in the standard quantum Hamiltonian formulation of the Fradkin-Shenker model with the open rough boundary. First, a deconfining phase is detected by nonzero and constant topological entanglement entropy. Second, we find a (boundary) phase transition curve separating the Higgs=SPT phase from the rest. In certain limits, the topological phase transitions reside at the critical point of the formation of giant homological cycles in the bulk 3d spacetime lattice, as well as the bond percolation threshold of the boundary 2d spacetime lattice when it is effectively decoupled from the bulk. Additionally, there are analogous mixed-phase properties at a certain region of the phase diagram, emerging from how we terminate the measurement-based procedure. Our findings pave an alternative pathway to study the physics of Higgs=SPT phases on quantum devices in the near future.
description: 24 pages, 22 figures, published version
Dinotrema denticulatum
Creators: name: Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier
name: Belokobylskij, Sergey A.
name: Vilhelmsen, Lars
name: Munk, Thorkild
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2016
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Braconidae
Dinotrema
Dinotrema denticulatum

description: * Dinotrema denticulatum (Stelfox & Graham, 1951)
Material examined
DENMARK: 1 ♀, E Jutland, Klattrup Skov, Sof Vejle, 10 Sep. 1982, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, E Jutland, Yding Skov, SW of Skanderborg, 6 Sep. 1986, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, E Jutland, Højkol Skov, 56°05ʹ N, 9°38ʹ E, 14 Sep. 1987, Munk leg.; 1 ♀, E Jutland, Mols, Strandkaer, 56°14ʹ N, 10°25ʹ E, 2 Sep. 1991, Munk leg.
Distribution
Western Palaearctic (Peris-Felipo et al. 2014a). Denmark (first record).
description: Published as part of Peris-Felipo, Francisco Javier, Belokobylskij, Sergey A., Vilhelmsen, Lars & Munk, Thorkild, 2016, Catalogue of Danish Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with the description of two new species of Aspilota Foerster, 1863, pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 250 on page 21, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2016.250, http://zenodo.org/record/3850586
Chliaria othona subsp. othona othona (Hewitson 1865
Creators: name: Irungbam, Jatishwor Singh
name: Meitei, Laishram Ricky
name: Huidrom, Harmenn
name: Soibam, Baleshwor Singh
name: Ngangom, Aomao
name: Ngangom, Bendang
name: Meitei, Ronald
name: Fric, Zdenek Faltynek
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Lycaenidae
Chliaria
Chliaria othona
Chliaria othona othona (hewitson, 1865)

description: 231. Chliaria othona othona (Hewitson, 1865) *
Published records: Varshney & Smetacek, 2015: 119.
Sighting locality: 4, 68.
description: Published as part of Irungbam, Jatishwor Singh, Meitei, Laishram Ricky, Huidrom, Harmenn, Soibam, Baleshwor Singh, Ngangom, Aomao, Ngangom, Bendang, Meitei, Ronald & Fric, Zdenek Faltynek, 2020, An Inventory Of The Butterflies Of Manipur, India (Insecta: Lepidoptera), pp. 1-91 in Zootaxa 4882 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4882.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4296011
The Edge-of-Reach Problem in Offline Model-Based Reinforcement Learning
Creators: name: Sims, Anya
name: Lu, Cong
name: Foerster, Jakob
name: Teh, Yee Whye
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Offline reinforcement learning aims to train agents from pre-collected datasets. However, this comes with the added challenge of estimating the value of behaviors not covered in the dataset. Model-based methods offer a potential solution by training an approximate dynamics model, which then allows collection of additional synthetic data via rollouts in this model. The prevailing theory treats this approach as online RL in an approximate dynamics model, and any remaining performance gap is therefore understood as being due to dynamics model errors. In this paper, we analyze this assumption and investigate how popular algorithms perform as the learned dynamics model is improved. In contrast to both intuition and theory, if the learned dynamics model is replaced by the true error-free dynamics, existing model-based methods completely fail. This reveals a key oversight: The theoretical foundations assume sampling of full horizon rollouts in the learned dynamics model; however, in practice, the number of model-rollout steps is aggressively reduced to prevent accumulating errors. We show that this truncation of rollouts results in a set of edge-of-reach states at which we are effectively ``bootstrapping from the void.'' This triggers pathological value overestimation and complete performance collapse. We term this the edge-of-reach problem. Based on this new insight, we fill important gaps in existing theory, and reveal how prior model-based methods are primarily addressing the edge-of-reach problem, rather than model-inaccuracy as claimed. Finally, we propose Reach-Aware Value Learning (RAVL), a simple and robust method that directly addresses the edge-of-reach problem and hence - unlike existing methods - does not fail as the dynamics model is improved. Code open-sourced at: github.com/anyasims/edge-of-reach.
description: Code open-sourced at: https://github.com/anyasims/edge-of-reach