cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
title: Informatics Inside : experience(IT) : Informatik-Konferenz an der Hochschule Reutlingen, 8. Mai 2019
Creators: name: Tullius, Gabriela
Publisher: name: Hochschule Reutlingen
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: 004 Informatik

description: Bereits zum elften Mal findet nun die Studierendenkonferenz Informatics Inside statt. Als Teil des Masterstudiengangs Human-Centered Computing organisieren Masterstudierende selbständig eine vollumfängliche wissenschaftliche Konferenz. Die Informatik ist nach wie vor ständigem Wandel unterworfen. Unsere Studierenden tragen diesem Wandel bei, indem sie in ihrer wissenschaftllichen Vertiefung aktuelle Problemstellungen durch innovative Konzepte lösen. Inzwischen ist die Informatik aber auch nicht immer sofort sichtbar. Das merken wir immer dann, wenn etwas nicht wie vorgesehen funktioniert. Das diesjährige Motto der Informatics Inside ist experience (IT), verdeckt als Funktionsaufruf:).
description: Informatics Inside, 19
Global Environmental Risks
Creators: name: Chichilnisky, Graciela
name: Heal, Geoffrey M.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1993
Subjects: Economics
Climatic changes

description: We study the risks associated with the prospect of global climate change, and review the mechanisms available for their efficient allocation in market economies. Risks in this field are typically unknown and often unknowable ex ante; their probabilities are endogenous and determined by economic actions; they have both collective and individual components, and they are about processes that may be irreversible. The theory of how to allocate such risks is still being developed, but a certain amount is known about insurance with unknown risks and about uncertainty and irreversibility. We indicate what is known and set out its policy implications, and provide a challenging but realistic research agenda. We show that existing theories provide a framework for evaluating policies for mitigating global climate change. How much a society should pay to mitigate global change depends on a society's discount rate, degree of risk aversion, and assessment of the relevant probabilities. As these may differ from society to society, what societies are willing to pay will vary. These differences may provide a basis for international trade in global climate risks. We argue that there is a real value to international institutional arrangements and financial markets that encourage countries to back words by deeds by making them liable to buy and sell risks associated with global climate change at the prices that their economic policies implicitly put on these risks.
The Demands to Reduce Domestic Diversity among Trading Nations
Creators: name: Bhagwati, Jagdish N.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1993
Subjects: Economics

description: This paper is part of the research undertaken by Bhagwati for the Bhagwati-Hudec Ford Foundation-financed project on the analytical problems raised by the growing demands to remove domestic differences prior to freeing trade among nations. It will eventually reabsorbed into a substantially larger essay by Bhagwati and Hudec on the issues and findings of the project, circa 1994.
Critical wayfinding: or, a psycho-spatial model for critical design
Creators: name: Millen, Banjamin James
Publisher: name: Environmental Design
Year: 2009

description: Bibliography: p. 191-197
description: Critical Design has emerged as a small subset of Industrial Design, with a focus on exploration, experimentation and cultural criticism through the design of objects and design polemics. While effective as points of discussion within the industry, these projects may fall short of their potential to reach a broader audience. Current methods rely heavily on radical, confrontational techniques through presenting singular objects with little discussion. As such, these critical objects are at risk of being ignored or themselves normalized and adopted by the capitalist system they aspire to criticise. This project examines the possibility of using Way-finding methodology as a means of articulating and encouraging criticism among a wider audience. The development of well connected cognitive maps of the issues surrounding products in our every-day lives may encourage a greater critical engagement with them. Three concepts from the design of spatial navigation systems are identified that may help achieve this. Heterotopia or frames of reference are used to define late nt conceptual spaces surrounding the products, such as the space of production, waste, or business models. MacGuffins, or the Lacanian 'Object Petit a' are employed to provide encouragement for the exploration of these spaces. Finally, techniques for encouraging the development of cognitive maps are employed to encourage an understanding of the connections within these spaces, and "with the consumer object itself. Approaching critical design from a more sustained and participative position may offer opportunities to involve a broader audience in the discusion. There polemical objects themselves may have fallen short of effectively articulating criticism, objects and systems designed from this revised approach may be more useful at encouraging engagement among a larger audience, promoting awareness and discussion around important issues, so that they might be addressed.
The Great Dimming of Betelgeuse: surface temperatures seen through the sub-mm continuum
Creators: name: Dharmawardena, Thavisha E.
name: Mairs, Steve
name: Scicluna, Peter
name: Bell, Graham
name: McDonald, Iain
name: Menten, Karl
name: Weiss, Axel
name: Zijlstra, Albert
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Stars: individual: Betelgeuse
Stars: mass-loss
Stars: evolution
supergiants

description: Betelgeuse, the nearest red supergiant star to Earth, underwent an unusually deep minimum at optical wavelengths during its 2019-2020 pulsation cycle. This kicked off a media frenzy, capturing public as well as professional interest. A number of observing campaigns began covering a large part of the EM spectrum. The (sub)millimetre window, while highly sensitive to cold dust, is also perfectly placed to peer through the circumstellar and interstellar dust to provide an unextinguished view of the star. We present the results of an ongoing (sub)millimetre monitoring campaign including observations taken by the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, Atacama Pathfinder Experiment, Submillimeter Array and Northern Extended Millimetre Array over a time span of 14 years. We find that Betelgeuse dimmed by ∼20% at these longer wavelengths during the 2020 optical minimum. Using radiative-transfer models, we show that this is likely due to changes in the photosphere (luminosity), possibly a result of convection-driven temperature inhomogeneities; cool spots covering >50% of the star can reproduce the observed behaviour. Temperature changes required to produce the sub-mm dimming also change the optical magnitude by the same amount seen in the V-band and optical spectroscopy (e.g. Levesque & Massey 2020), consistent with TiO photometry and infrared spectroscopy (Harper et al., 2020 a,b).
description: {"references": ["Refereed publication : Dharmawardena et al. 2020, https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab9ca6"]}
Photon and neutrino redshift in the field of braneworld compact stars
Creators: name: Hladik, Jan
name: Stuchlik, Zdenek
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study gravitational redshift of photons and neutrinos radiated by the braneworld neutron or quark stars that are considered in the framework of the simple model of the internal spacetime with uniform distribution of energy density, and the external spacetime described by the Reissner-Nordström geometry characterized by the braneworld "tidal" charge $b$. For negative tidal charges, the external spacetime is of the black-hole type, while for positive tidal charges, the external spacetime can be of both black-hole and naked-singularity type. We consider also extremely compact stars allowing existence of trapped null geodesics in their interior. We assume radiation of photons from the surface at radius $R$, neutrinos from the whole compact star interior, and their motion along radial null geodesics of the spacetime. In dependency on the compact stars parameters $b$ and $R$, the photon surface redshift is related to the range of the neutrino internal redshift and the signatures of the tidal charge and possible existence of extremely compact stars are discussed. When both surface (photon) and internal (neutrino) redshift are given by observations, both compact star parameters $R$ and $b$ can be determined in the framework of our simple model.
Incomplete current fluctuation theorems for a four-terminal model
Creators: name: Krause, Thilo
name: Schaller, Gernot
name: Brandes, Tobias
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We demonstrate the validity of the current fluctuation theorem for a double quantum dot surrounded by four terminals within the Born-, Markov- and secular approximations beyond the Coulomb-blockade regime. The electronic tunneling to two fermionic contacts conserves the total number of electrons, and the internal tunneling is phonon-assisted by two bosonic baths. Adapted choice of thermodynamic parameters between the baths may drive a current against an existing electric or thermal gradient. We study the apparent violation of the fluctuation theorem when only some of the energy and matter currents are monitored.
description: 7 pages, 3 figures, added references, to appear in PRB
Sustainable Transport in Glasgow: Is Glasgow Moving Towards an 'Active Transport' and 'Safer' City?
Creators: name: Hyesop Shin
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2023
Subjects: active travel
visualisation
accident

description: This presentation is part of the GISRUK2023's Data Challenge event. We used Glasgow's CCTV footage for traffic monitoring and linked it with accident data from the UK government to understand current traffic and accident observations through visualisation and summary statistics.
Feasibility of polyaniline electrodes for lithium titanate based energy storage devices
Creators: name: Krishna Prasad, Rahul
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: A long lasting energy storage device with energy density rivalling batteries would be very useful in many applications, especially ones where device replacement is difficult or expensive. Devices based on lithium titanate electrodes are considered promising in this regard, as lithium titanate electrodes have very long cycle lives. In this thesis, the feasibility of using the conducting polymer polyaniline in conjunction with a lithium titanate electrode to build a battery-supercapacitor combination energy storage device is considered, since polyaniline is also expected to have a high cycle life, due to its supercapacitor-like charge storage mechanism. Various methods for fabricating a polyaniline electrode are considered, and the deposition of polyaniline onto a stainless steel substrate from an aqueous solution was used. The polyaniline electrode, upon being tested in a non-aqueous solution containing lithium ions, was found to have a specific capacitance and a specific capacity of roughly 220 F/g and 85 F/g respectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance tests were used to find that the lithium ions do not dope the polyaniline and drive its oxidation state changes; therefore, the electrolyte in the proposed device must accommodate all the lithium ions emitted from the lithium titanate electrode. A simulation is presented, based on experimental data from each electrode tested separately, which estimates the energy density of the complete device to be 22.8 Wh/kg and the cost to be $560/kWh. This energy density is more than two-thirds that of a lead-acid battery and the cost is competitive with lithium-ion batteries, so the device is considered viable in applications where long-lasting devices are of utmost importance.
Price Continuity Rules and Insider Trading
Creators: name: Dutta, Prajit Kumar
name: Madhavan, Ananth
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1993
Subjects: Economics

description: This paper analyzes the impact on price dynamics of price continuity-depth requirements that restrict transaction-to-transaction price changes when some traders possess private information about asset values. Price continuity rules enable insiders to slowly exploit their information over time. Paradoxically, more stringent price continuity requirements may actually improve market efficiency indirectly by increasing insider profits and inducing more traders to become informed at cost. We also demonstrate that the autocorrelation in returns induced by price-continuity rules provides a rationale for the use of technical trading rules by outsiders who effectively 'free-ride' off the private information of insiders. We show that price continuity requirements can make both insiders and outsiders better off by reducing the rents to market makers.
Nanostructured exchange coupled hard / soft composites: from the local magnetization profile to an extended 3D simple model
Creators: name: Russier, V.
name: Younsi, K.
name: Bessais, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In nanocomposite magnetic materials the exchange coupling between phases plays a central role in the determination of the extrinsic magnetic properties of the material: coercive field, remanence magnetization. Exchange coupling is therefore of crucial importance in composite systems made of magnetically hard and soft grains or in partially crystallized media including nanosized crystallites in a soft matrix. It has been shown also to be a key point in the control of stratified hard / soft media coercive field in the research for optimized recording media. A signature of the exchange coupling due to the nanostructure is generally obtained on the magnetization curve $M(H)$ with a plateau characteristic of the domain wall compression at the hard/soft interface ending at the depinning of the wall inside the hard phase. This compression / depinning behavior is clearly evidenced through one dimensional description of the interface, which is rigorously possible only in stratified media. Starting from a local description of the hard/soft interface in a model for nanocomposite system we show that one can extend this kind of behavior for system of hard crystallites embedded in a soft matrix.
description: 18 pages, 8 figures. To be published in the Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. (To be found at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03048853)
A Characterization of Cointegration
Creators: name: Dhrymes, Phoebus J.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1995
Subjects: Economics

description: In this paper we provide a succinct characterization of cointegration and a criterion that leads to a novel, and very simple test for cointegration which is related to the one proposed in Engle and Granger (1987) (EG).
Impact evaluation of scripted lesson plans for HIV-related content in a life orientation curriculum: results from two provinces in South Africa
Creators: name: Durno, Darryn
name: Hattori, Aiko
name: Makina, Ndinda
name: Xiong, Khou
name: Mandal, Mahua
name: Speizer, Ilene S.
Publisher: name: Springer Nature
Year: 2020

description:
Background Young people under age 25 years are a key population at risk of unintended pregnancies, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. School-based programming, focusing on youth under 17 years is strategic given that many in this age group are in school or are required to be in school and spend a considerable amount of their time at school. Prior evaluations of school-based HIV prevention programs for young people often employed weak study designs or lacked biomarkers (e.g., HIV or STI testing) to inform outcomes. Methods This study used longitudinal data collected in 2016 from a cohort of grade-8 girls from Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces in South Africa. We followed them for 2 years to examine the impact of the South African Department of Basic Education’s revised scripted lesson plans for the HIV and sexual content of a “life orientation” curriculum on knowledge, attitudes, condom use behaviors, pregnancy incidence, and genital herpes incidence. Schools were randomized to intervention and control arms. Multivariable analyses were undertaken using hazard modeling for incidence-based outcomes (genital herpes and pregnancy) and generalized linear latent and mixed modeling for outcomes measured at each time period (knowledge, attitudes, and condom use). Results At end line, 105 schools were included from the two provinces (44 from Mpumalanga and 61 from KwaZulu-Natal). Fifty-five were intervention and fifty were control schools. A total of 2802 girls were surveyed at both time periods (1477 intervention and 1325 control). At baseline, participating girls were about 13.6 years; by end line, they were about 2 years older. Longitudinal data demonstrated few differences between intervention and control groups on knowledge, attitudes, condom use, genital herpes, and pregnancy experience. Monitoring data demonstrated that the program was not implemented as intended. Our results demonstrated 7% incidence of genital herpes in the two-year follow-up period indicating sexual risk-taking among our cohort. Conclusions We did not find significant effects of the revised life orientation curriculum on key outcomes; however, this may reflect poor implementation. Future HIV prevention programs for young people need to be implemented with fidelity to ensure they meet the crucial needs of the next generation.Trial Registration: This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The trial registration number is: NCT04205721. The trial was retrospectively registered on December 18, 2019.
Sources of Real Exchange Rate Fluctuations: How Important Are Nominal Shocks?
Creators: name: Clarida, Richard H.
name: Gali, Jordi
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1994
Subjects: Economics

description: This paper investigates empirically and attempts to identify the sources of real exchange rate fluctuations since the collapse of Bretton Woods. The paper's first two sections survey and extend earlier, non-structural empirical work on this subject by Campbell and Clarida (1987), Meese and Rogoff (1988), and Cumby and Huizinga (1990). The paper's main contribution is to build and estimate a three equation open macro model in the spirit of Dornbusch (1976) and Obstfeld (1985) and to identify the model's structural shocks to demand, supply, and money - using the approach pioneered by Blanchard and Quah (1989). For two of the four countries we study, Germany and Japan, our structural estimates imply that monetary shocks, to money supply as well as to the demand for real money balances, explain a substantial amount of the variance of real exchange rates relative to the dollar. We find that demand shocks, to national saving and investment, explain the majority of the variance in real exchange rate fluctuations, while supply shocks explain very little. The model's estimated short run dynamics are strikingly consistent with the predictions of the simple textbook Mundell-Fleming model.
Nuclear correlations and the r-process
Creators: name: Arcones, A.
name: Bertsch, G. F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show that long-range correlations for nuclear masses have a significant effect on the synthesis of heavy elements by the r-process. As calculated by Delaroche et al. [1], these correlations suppress magic number effects associated with minor shells. This impacts the calculated abundances before the third r-process peak (at mass number A~195), where the abundances are low and form a trough. This trough and the position of the third abundance peak are strongly affected by the masses of nuclei in the transition region between deformed and spherical. Based on different astrophysical environments, our results demonstrate that a microscopic theory of nuclear masses including correlations naturally smoothens the separation energies, thus reducing the trough and improving the agreement with observed solar system abundances.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures, submitted to PRL
Betelgeuse in radial velocity and photometry
Creators: name: Granzer, T.
name: Weber, M.
name: Strassmeier, K.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Stars: individual: Betelgeuse
Stars: mass-loss
Stars: evolution
supergiants

description: Since more than a decade, we are monitoring Betelgeuse with our robotic spectroscopic facility STELLA/SES in Teide observatory, Tenerife along with its automated photoelectric telescope T7 in Fairborn observatory, Az. Additionally, we were awarded with exclusive two-band photometric data on Betelgeuse from the BRITE satellite consortium, covering the last seven seasons. In this talk I want to show that the recent dimming event falls together with a re-strengthening of two main excitation periods around 420d and 320d, visible in both, rv data as well as photometric data. These two periods are not prominently visible in the entire data set, but appeared 4-5 years ago, then almost fade for an entire year and reappear in even greater strength 2 years ago.
Rapidity gap cross sections measured with the ATLAS detector in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV
Creators: name: ATLAS Collaboration
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Pseudorapidity gap distributions in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV are studied using a minimum bias data sample with an integrated luminosity of 7.1 inverse microbarns. Cross sections are measured differentially in terms of Delta eta F, the larger of the pseudorapidity regions extending to the limits of the ATLAS sensitivity, at eta = +/- 4.9, in which no final state particles are produced above a transverse momentum threshold p_T Cut. The measurements span the region 0 < Delta eta F < 8 for 200 < p_T Cut < 800 MeV. At small Delta eta F, the data test the reliability of hadronisation models in describing rapidity and transverse momentum fluctuations in final state particle production. The measurements at larger gap sizes are dominated by contributions from the single diffractive dissociation process (pp -> Xp), enhanced by double dissociation (pp -> XY) where the invariant mass of the lighter of the two dissociation systems satisfies M_Y ~ 3. The large rapidity gap data are used to constrain the value of the pomeron intercept appropriate to triple Regge models of soft diffraction. The cross section integrated over all gap sizes is compared with other LHC inelastic cross section measurements.
description: 21 pages plus author list (32 pages total), 10 figures, 2 tables, matches published version in EPJC
The delay-time distribution of type-Ia supernovae from Sloan II
Creators: name: Maoz, Dan
name: Mannucci, Filippo
name: Brandt, Timothy D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We derive the delay-time distribution (DTD) of type-Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) using a sample of 132 SNe Ia, discovered by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II (SDSS2) among 66,000 galaxies with spectral-based star-formation histories (SFHs). To recover the best-fit DTD, the SFH of every individual galaxy is compared, using Poisson statistics, to the number of SNe that it hosted (zero or one), based on the method introduced in Maoz et al. (2011). This SN sample differs from the SDSS2 SN Ia sample analyzed by Brandt et al. (2010), using a related, but different, DTD recovery method. Furthermore, we use a simulation-based SN detection-efficiency function, and we apply a number of important corrections to the galaxy SFHs and SN Ia visibility times. The DTD that we find has 4-sigma detections in all three of its time bins: prompt (t < 420 Myr), intermediate (0.4 < t < 2.4 Gyr), and delayed (t > 2.4 Gyr), indicating a continuous DTD, and it is among the most accurate and precise among recent DTD reconstructions. The best-fit power-law form to the recovered DTD is t^(-1.12+/-0.08), consistent with generic ~t^-1 predictions of SN Ia progenitor models based on the gravitational-wave induced mergers of binary white dwarfs. The time integrated number of SNe Ia per formed stellar mass is N_SN/M = 0.00130 +/- 0.00015 Msun^-1, or about 4% of the stars formed with initial masses in the 3-8 Msun range. This is lower than, but largely consistent with, several recent DTD estimates based on SN rates in galaxy clusters and in local-volume galaxies, and is higher than, but consistent with N_SN/M estimated by comparing volumetric SN Ia rates to cosmic SFH.
description: MNRAS, in press
Limited Arbitrage, Gains from Trade and Arrow's Theorem
Creators: name: Chichilnisky, Graciela
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1993
Subjects: Economics

description: "The expression 'limited arbitragers' used to describe economies where only bounded, or limited, opportunities for gains are available to the traders from their initial endowments. This concept was rigorously defined in [4], [5] and shown to be central to the problem of resource allocation; it is also linked to the social diversity of the economy [7]. It turns out that a simple geometric interpretation can be given to limited arbitrage: here I show that it is equivalent to bounding the gains from trade, namely the sum of utilities increases which the traders can achieve from their initial endowments (Proposition 2, Section 1). From this geometry a somewhat unexpected new link emerges: a close connection with Arrow's impossibility theorem [1]. I establish that markets have limited arbitrage if and only in they have no Condorcet triples beyond certain utility levels (Proposition 3, Section 3). This means that on choices of great importance, irrational or intransitive behavior does not arise. Since Condorcet triples are the building blocks of Arrow's theorem, limited arbitrage appears to be at the core of social choice theory. The connection between limited arbitrage and the concept of no-arbitrage used in financial markets is discussed in Section 2."
Red supergiant variability, Observations and theory
Creators: name: van Loon, Jacco
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Stars: individual: Betelgeuse
Stars: mass-loss
Stars: evolution
supergiants

description: Betelgeuse's recent dimming event is just one of many intriguing phenomena displayed by this exquisite exemplar of red supergiants. In this invited review I will discuss what is known and thought about variability of red supergiants. This will focus on variations on dynamical and thermal timescales, such as convection, pulsation, and possible eruptions shortly before core collapse or mantle depletion; as well as hydrodynamic, electro-magnetic, and chemo-thermal instabilities from the photosphere out through the wind. The aim is to arrive at a holistic picture of how and why red supergiants vary and shed mass, making their own contribution to the entropy increase of the Universe
Nature as a second language: towards the inclusion of new Canadians in Alberta's provincial parks
Creators: name: Stapleton, Erin E.
Publisher: name: Environmental Design
Year: 2009

description: Bibliography: p. 97-103
description: It is well established in the literature that ethnic minority groups are under­ represented in wilderness-oriented recreation. This trend in apparent in Alberta's provincial parks where new Canadians have been identified as one of several groups under-represented in the parks participant population. Recognizing that the population of Alberta is becoming increasingly diverse and that changes must be made to keep parks relevant to society, Alberta Parks is striving to make provincial parks inclusive of all Albertans. This Master's Degree Project (MOP) aims fo assist Alberta Parks iri its inclusion strategy for New Canadians. To better understand how Alberta Parks can meet the needs of New Canadians, this work explores new Canadian perceptions of Alberta wilderness and nature; their understanding, knowledge and expectations of provincial parks; their experiences in wilderness recreation programs; and their continued interest in opportunities in provincial parks. Guided by dialogical planning theory, data was collected through focus group discussions with new Canadians. Key informants were interviewed to add expert insight to the work. Results indicate that new Canadians perceive wilderness and nature in a variety of ways; have varying degrees of awareness, knowledge and expectations of provincial parks; have had largely positive experiences in wilderness recreation programs; have suggestions for how parks can meet their needs; and have the desire to pursue recreational, volunteer and employment opportunities within provincial parks. Based upon these findings, this MOP makes recommendations to enable Alberta Parks to make provincial parks more inclusive of new Canadians.
Income Distribution, Political Instability and Investment
Creators: name: Alesina, Alberto
name: Perotti, Roberto
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1992
Subjects: Economics

description: This paper successfully tests on a sample of 72 countries for the periods 1960-85 and 1970-85 the following hypotheses. Income inequality, by fueling social discontent, increases socio-political instability. The latter, by creating uncertainty in the politico-economic environment, reduces investment and therefore economic growth. As a consequence, income inequality and economic growth are inversely related. We measure socio-political instability with a composite index which captures the occurrence of more or less violent phenomena of political unrest. Our hypotheses are tested by estimating a two equation model in which the endogenous variables are investment and our variable of socio-political instability. Our results are robust to sensitivity analysis on the specification of the model and are essentially unchanged when the model is estimated using robust regression techniques.
Photometric redshift requirements for lens galaxies in galaxy-galaxy lensing analyses
Creators: name: Nakajima, R.
name: Mandelbaum, R.
name: Seljak, U.
name: Cohn, J. D.
name: Reyes, R.
name: Cool, R.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Weak gravitational lensing is a valuable probe of galaxy formation and cosmology. Here we quantify the effects of using photometric redshifts (photo-z) in galaxy-galaxy lensing, for both sources and lenses, both for the immediate goal of using galaxies with photo-z as lenses in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and as a demonstration of methodology for large, upcoming weak lensing surveys that will by necessity be dominated by lens samples with photo-z. We calculate the bias in the lensing mass calibration as well as consequences for absolute magnitude (i.e., k-corrections) and stellar mass estimates, for a large sample of SDSS Data Release 8 (DR8) galaxies. The redshifts are obtained with the template based photo-z code ZEBRA on the SDSS DR8 ugriz photometry. We assemble and characterise the calibration samples (~9k spectroscopic redshifts from four surveys) to obtain photometric redshift errors and lensing biases corresponding to our full SDSS DR8 lens and source catalogues. Our tests of the calibration sample also highlight the impact of observing conditions in the imaging survey when the spectroscopic calibration covers a small fraction of its footprint; atypical imaging conditions in calibration fields can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the photo-z of the full survey. For the SDSS DR8 catalogue, we find sigma_z/(1+z)=0.096 and 0.113 for the lens and source catalogues, with flux limits of r=21 and r=21.8, respectively. We also explore the systematic uncertainty in the lensing signal calibration when using source photo-z, and both lens and source photo-z; given the size of existing training samples, we can constrain the lensing signal calibration (and therefore the normalization of the surface mass density) to within 2 and 4 per cent, respectively. [ABRIDGED]
description: 26 pages, 28 figures, minor changes, accepted for publication in MNRAS
Growth, Income Distribution and Democracy: What the Data Say
Creators: name: Perotti, Roberto
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1995
Subjects: Economics

description: This paper investigates the relationship between income distribution, democratic institutions, and growth. It does so by addressing three main issue. First, the properties and reliability of the income distribution data; second, the robustness of the reduced form relationships between income distribution and growth estimated so far; third, the specific channels through which income distribution affects growth.
The WTO's Agenda: Environment and Labour Standards, Competition Policy and the Question of Regionalism
Creators: name: Bhagwati, Jagdish N.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1995
Subjects: Economics
International relations

description: "The WTO must now confront the phenomenon of a proliferation of preferential trading arrangements, regional and non-regional Free Trade Areas, that characterize the world trading scene. It must seek a new equilibrium between the WTO and these arrangements, the former embodying nondiscrimination among trading nations while the latter are inherently preferential and discriminatory. This is not an issue that member nations are eager to put before the WTO any time. Yet it speaks to the very core of a free, open, multilateral trading system, as envisaged at the end of the Second World War and as, in fact, sought by many of us today; and the new leadership of the WTO must address it on its own initiative."
Magnetic and electric properties in the distorted tetrahedral spin chain system Cu3Mo2O9
Creators: name: Hosaka, T.
name: Hachiuma, S.
name: Kuroe, H.
name: Sekine, T.
name: Hase, M.
name: Oka, K.
name: Ito, T.
name: Eisaki, H.
name: Fujisawa, M.
name: Okubo, S.
name: Ohta, H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the multiferroic properties in the distorted tetrahedral quasi-one dimensional spin system Cu$_3$Mo$_2$O$_9$, in which the effects of the low dimensionality and the magnetic frustration are expected to appear simultaneously. We clarify that the antiferromagnetic order is formed together with ferroelectric properties at $T_{\rm N}=7.9$ K under zero magnetic field and obtain the magnetic-field-temperature phase diagram by measuring dielectric constant and spontaneous electric polarization. It is found that the antiferromagnetic phase possesses a spontaneous electric polarization parallel to the c axis when the magnetic field $H$ is applied parallel to the a axis. On the other hand, there are three different ferroelectric phases in the antiferromagnetic phase for $H$ parallel to the c axis.
description: 4 pages, 3 figures, LT26 proceedings, accepted for publication in J. Phys.: Conf. Ser
Imaging molecular and dusty layers of the red supergiant AH Sco with the new VLTI-MATISSE instrument
Creators: name: Wittkowski, M.
name: Arroryo-Torres, B.
name: Climent, J.
name: Baron, F.
name: Chiavassa, A.
name: Paladini, C.
name: Rau, G.
name: Freytag, B.
name: Höfner, S.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: Stars: individual: Betelgeuse
Stars: individual: AH Sco
Stars: mass-loss
Stars: evolution
supergiants

description: It is currently an open question in stellar astrophysics which physical processes initiate the mass loss of red supergiants (RSGs). Observations of Betelgeuse during its recent great dimming event in 2019/2020 suggested a discrete highly localised mass ejection event near the stellar surface, a process that may also explain the mass-loss history of RSGs in general. Resolved images of stellar surfaces and close dust formation zones are needed to further investigate such connections between localized photospheric events and the mass loss process. While AO-assisted instrumets enable us to obtain such images for the very few apparently largest stars such as Betelgeuse, long-baseline interferometric imaging is needed to investigate a larger sample of cool evolved stars with smaller apparent radii. Here, we present recent images of the stellar surface of the RSG V602 Car obtained with the PIONIER instrument at the VLTI, and comparisons to latest 3D radiative hydrodynamical (RHD) simulations. They show that 3D RHD simulations reproduce observed features in term of morphology and contrast, but do not explain the observed atmospheric extension. We also present PIONIER and first thermal-infrared VLTI-MATISSE images of the red supergaint AH Scorpii. The MATISSE observations provide images in the L band with a spectral resolution of 506, focusing on the SiO (2-0) bandhead, as well as in the N band focusing on the silicate dust. This allows us to trace the mass-loss process from the stellar surface to the molecular layers, and to the depletion of gas into dust. We also provide an outlook on comparing the levitation of the atmospheres and the dust consendation sequence between RSG and AGB stars.
Measuring the Incentive to be Homeless
Creators: name: Cragg, Michael
name: O'Flaherty, Brendan Andrew
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1994
Subjects: Economics
Homelessness
Shelters for the homeless
Homelessness--Government policy

description: We study the incentives to enter and to leave homeless shelters. After 2 years of decline, the number of homeless families in New York City's shelters system began rising again in spring 1990 and continued to rise until it hit an all time record high in summer 1993. The conventional wisdom about why this happened is that a flood of new families were attracted into shelters by the Dinkins administration's aggressive policy of placement into subsidized housing. We test the conventional wisdom and reject it. Better prospects of subsidized housing increase flows into the shelter system, but this incentive effect is not nearly large enough to offset the first order accounting effect taking families out of the shelters reduces the number of families in them. Why then did the shelter system population grow after spring 1990? A major part of the reason is that the city responded to conventional wisdom and slowed placement in to subsidized housing. Other major factors were higher unemployment (which slowed self initiated exits), greater use of more attractive Tier II shelter instead of hotels, and possibly increasing cocaine use.
Large mass splittings for fourth generation fermions allowed by LHC Higgs exclusion
Creators: name: Dighe, Amol
name: Ghosh, Diptimoy
name: Godbole, Rohini M.
name: Prasath, Arun
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In the context of the Standard model with a fourth generation, we explore the allowed mass spectra in the fourth generation quark and lepton sectors as functions of the Higgs mass. Using the constraints from unitarity and oblique parameters, we show that a heavy Higgs allows large mass splittings in these sectors, opening up new decay channels involving W emission. A Higgs heavier than $ \sim 800 GeV $ would in fact necessitate either a heavy quark decay channel t'-> b'W/b'-> t' W or a heavy lepton decay channel τ' -> ν' W as long as the mixing between the third and fourth generations is small. This mixing tends to suppress the mass splittings and hence the W-emission channels. The possibility of the W-emission channel could substantially change the search strategies of fourth generation fermions at the LHC and impact the currently reported mass limits.
description: 12 pages, 14 pdf figures, typos corrected, matches published version
Demand for Environmental Goods: Evidence from Voting Patterns on California Initiatives
Creators: name: Kahn, Matthew E.
name: Matsusaka, John G.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1995
Subjects: subject: Ecology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Political science
subject: FOS: Political science
subject: Economics

description: This paper studies voting behavior on 16 environmental ballot propositions in California in order to characterize the demand for environmental goods. The environment is found to be a normal good for people with mean incomes, but some environmental goods are inferior for people with high incomes, at least when supplied collectively. An important "price" of environmental goods is reduced income in the construction, farming, forestry, and manufacturing industries. In most cases, income and price can explain most of the variation in voting; it is not essential to introduce non-economic concepts such as ideology and politics.
Electrochemical evaluation of API-X100 pipeline steel in simulated carbon dioxide corrosion environments
Creators: name: Eliyan, Faysal Fayez
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: Corrosion evaluation of API-X100 pipeline steel was performed in simulated carbon dioxide corrosion conditions from selected electrochemical perspectives. Preliminary studies were devoted for studying the effect of the content of bicarbonate species; in aerated and in argon-purged deoxygenated conditions. On a separate scheme, the investigations were then pursued in 1-bar-CO₂-saturated media. The effect of temperature, salinity, acetic acid, and oil content were considered at specific ranges to reveal fairly the environmental effects on corrosion kinetics, passivation, and interfacial mechanisms. Chronological Open Circuit Potential (OCP) variations, polarization potentiodynamics, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were utilized for the electrochemical studies. The corrosion rates increased with the bicarbonate content, higher temperature, upon aeration, upon anodically sensitive chloride addition, and with increased acetic acid content. In bicarbonate solutions, effective passivation was established with broad potential ranges, more facilitated with lower temperature, and in chloride free deoxygenated conditions. Low crude oil amounts were introduced, suppressing corrosion rates, acting dependently on temperature as an anodic and cathodic inhibitor, and influencing passivity with a better efficiency at lower temperatures and with less chloride content. A proposed model for electrochemically driven passivity in oil containing deoxygenated bicarbonate is discussed and selected thermodynamic characteristics for oil adsorption in CO₂-saturated media are presented. At the end of this study, weight loss measurements in autoclave-based 50-psi-CO₂-saturated media at 100°C simulating stratified flows are discussed in brief.
Superconductivity of Bi Confined in an Opal Host
Creators: name: Johnson, R. C.
name: Nieskoski, M. D.
name: Disseler, S. M.
name: Huber, T. E.
name: Graf, M. J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Superconductivity is observed in a composite of rhombohedral crystalline bismuth nanoparticles imbedded in an insulating porous opal host via electrical transport and AC magnetic susceptibility. The onset of superconductivity in this system occurs in two steps, with upper critical temperature Tc,U = 4.1 K and lower transition temperature of Tc,L = 0.7 K, which we attribute to the granular nature of the composite. The transition at Tc,U is observed to split into two transitions with the application of a magnetic field, and has upper critical field extrapolated to T = 0 K of Hc2,1(0) = 0.7 T and Hc2,2(0) = 1.0 T, corresponding to coherence lengths of xi1(0) = 21 nm and xi2(0) = 18 nm, respectively. We suggest that because of the lack of bulk-like states in the Bi nanoparticles due to confinement effects, superconductivity originates from surface states arising from Rashba spin-orbit scattering at the interface. This prospect suggests that nanostructured Bi may be an interesting system to search for Majorana fermions.
description: 21 pages, 4 figures
Constraints from the decay B_s -> mu mu and LHC limits on Supersymmetry
Creators: name: Beskidt, C.
name: de Boer, W.
name: Kazakov, D. I.
name: Ratnikov, F.
name: Ziebarth, E.
name: Zhukov, V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The pure leptonic decay B_s -> mu mu is strongly suppressed in the Standard Model (SM), but can have large enhancements in Supersymmetry, especially at large values of tanbe. New limits on this decay channel from recent LHC data have been used to claim that these limits restrict the SUSY parameter space even more than the direct searches. However, direct searches are hardly dependent on tanbe, while BR(B_s -> mu mu) is proportional to tanbe^6. The relic density constraint requires large tanbe in a large region of the parameter space, which can lead to large values of B_s -> mu mu. Nevertheless, the experimental upper limit on BR(B_s -> mu mu) is not constraining the parameter space of the CMSSM more than the direct searches and the present Higgs limits, if combined with the relic density. We also observe SUSY parameter regions with negative interferences, where the B_s -> mu mu value is up to a factor three below the SM expectation, even at large values of tanbe.
description: 10 pages, 8 figures, Refs. updated and Fig. 8a now improved colour coding, Published version in Phys. Lett. B with updated references and minor corrections
Endocortical bone loss in osteoporosis: The role of bone surface availability
Creators: name: Buenzli, Pascal R.
name: Thomas, C. David L.
name: Clement, John G.
name: Pivonka, Peter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Tissues and Organs (q-bio.TO)
subject: Medical Physics (physics.med-ph)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Age-related bone loss and postmenopausal osteoporosis are disorders of bone remodelling, in which less bone is reformed than resorbed. Yet, this dysregulation of bone remodelling does not occur equally in all bone regions. Loss of bone is more pronounced near and at the endocortex, leading to cortical wall thinning and medullary cavity expansion, a process sometimes referred to as "trabecularisation" or "cancellisation". Cortical wall thinning is of primary concern in osteoporosis due to the strong deterioration of bone mechanical properties that it is associated with. In this paper, we examine the possibility that the non-uniformity of microscopic bone surface availability could explain the non-uniformity of bone loss in osteoporosis. We use a computational model of bone remodelling in which microscopic bone surface availability influences bone turnover rate and simulate the evolution of the bone volume fraction profile across the midshaft of a long bone. We find that bone loss is accelerated near the endocortical wall where the specific surface is highest. Over time, this leads to a substantial reduction of cortical wall thickness from the endosteum. The associated expansion of the medullary cavity can be made to match experimentally observed cross-sectional data from the Melbourne Femur Collection. Finally, we calculate the redistribution of the mechanical stresses in this evolving bone structure and show that mechanical load becomes critically transferred to the periosteal cortical bone.
description: 13 pages, 3 figures. V2: minor stylistic improvements in text/figures; more accurately referenced subsection "Internal mechanical stress distribution"; some improved remarks in the Discussion section