Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905
Creators: name: Bruce M. Rothschild
name: Darren Tanke
name: Ken Carpenter
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 1997
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Reptilia
Dinosauria
Tyrannosauridae
Tyrannosaurus
Tyrannosaurus rex

description: Gout is a metabolic disorder in which urate crystals accumulate as space­occupying masses, producing monarticular spheroidal erosions in bone, often associated with new bone growth at their borders1- 3 We now report the first identification of such lesions in dinosaurs. Caricatures of the agony and ill-temper of those afflicted with go ut are magnified by its recognition in Tyrannosaurus rex.   
 In a cast of the right forearm of the T. rex from Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, popularly known as 'Sue'4 (specimen DMNH 30665; held at Denver Museum of Natural History), we observed that metacarpal I had a lesion of 11.5 x 9 mm with a slight rim (Fig. 1a). In addition, metacarpal II has a dorsal lesion of 7.1 x 5 mm, surrounded by an overhanging rim ofbone (Fig. lb), and a second medial surface erosion, 3 mm deep. This serendipitous observation led us to study other tyrannosaurids for erosive diseases.   
Of 83 tyrannosaurid phalanges at the Royal Tyrrell Museum, only one specimen (TMP 92.36.328) has erosive lesions. The specimen is a partial tyrannosaurid pedal proximal phalanx (1-1) from Bonebed 149 (Upper Cretaceous), Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. It has a defect (Fig. 1e) at the distal articular junction of subchondral and marginal bone. Slightly built-up bone forms an overhanging edge, overlying a smoothly excavated area of 4 x 9 mm, formed by the coalescence of two adjacent masses, as confirmed by radiological evaluation (Fig. 1d). There are no internal fronts or zones of bone resorption (Fig. 1) and there is no loss of perilesional bone density. Minimal filigree periosteal reaction is also present. Epi-illumination microscopy of the intact specimen, using polarizing optics, failed to reveal birefringent urate crystal preservation.  
Gout is recognized clinically by documentation of urate crystal accumulation or by the recognition of characteristic radiological findings1- 3, 5. Identification of the alkali-soluble crystals is usually not possible in archaeological, let alone palaeontological, specimens1-3, and was not possible in this case. Thus, macroscopic and radiological appearance must form the basis for recognition of gout in prehistory. The uniformly excavated nature of the erosions in these specimens is characteristic of gout. Spheroid lesions with overhanging edges, common in gout, are only rarely reported in other diseases, such as multicentric reticulohistiocytosis, amyloidosis and type IIA hyperlipoproteinaemia1-3.  
 The Tyrannosaurus erosions are quite distinct from the 'bite-like' erosions characterized by the fronts of resorption seen in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathy2·6; the ill-defined lesions of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease7; osteoarthritis (which does not produce bone erosions)1-3; the draining sinuses and disorganized underlying osseous structure of infectious arthritis and osteomyelitis i-3; and from osteosarcoma (which does not afflict joints)1- 3 A concurrent superficial bone infection in TMP 92.36.328 probably resulted from perforation of overlying skin by the gouty accumulation.   
The apparent localization of erosion to the metacarpals and phalanges in tyrannosaurids may be the result ofspecies variation. Only 15 per cent of human gout afflicts such joints, whereas first metatarsal phalangeal joints are more commonly affected (45 per cent of cases) 1- 3,5_  
 Urate deposition in extant reptiles has been reported in both visceral and articular forms8• The latter has been reported in the monitor lizard (Varanus), turtles (Testudo and Kinixys), crocodilians (Alligator and Crocodilus ) and in teguexin lizards (Tupinambis). These two occurrences in tyrannosaurids indicate that go ut may have had a frequency similar to that observed in birds9.   
 Although dehydration (reported in reptiles)8 and renal failure (reported in birds)9 10 could be contributing factors in Tyrannosaurus rex, a factor in humans is diet, by the ingestion of foods with a high purine content. One such dietary component is red meat, no stranger to this denizen from the Cretaceous. This tyrant king seems to have shared with subsequent tyrants the susceptibility to gout.
description: Published as part of Bruce M. Rothschild, Darren Tanke & Ken Carpenter, 1997, Tyrannosaurs suffered from gout, pp. 357 in Nature 387 on page 357, DOI: 10.1038/387357a0, http://zenodo.org/record/3943065