Symmachia belti Godman & Salvin 1886, stat. rev.
Creators: name: Dias, Fernando Maia Silva
name: Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo
name: Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik
name: Casagrande, Mirna Martins
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2020
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Lepidoptera
Lycaenidae
Symmachia
Symmachia belti

description: Symmachia belti Godman & Salvin, 1886 stat. rev.
(Figs 5–8, 40, 49, 58, 68, 77, 87–88, 105–106, 124, 134, 139, 147–151)
Symmachia belti Godman & Salvin, 1886. Biol. Centr. Amer. 1, p. 417—Staudinger, 1888, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1(20), p. 254—Mengel, 1905. Cat. Erycin., p. 84—Stichel, 1924. Deutsch. ent. Zschr., p. 416-417— D’Abrera, 1994. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. IV, Riod., p. 1044— Gallard, 2008, in Lacomme & Manil. Lep. Guyane. Tome 3 Rhopal. 2, p. 29.
Symmachia probetor belti; Stichel, 1910. Gen. Ins. 112A, p. 234, 404— Seitz, 1917. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 682—Stichel, 1924. Deutsch. ent. Zschr., p. 417— Stichel, 1930. Lep. Cat. 40, p. 507— DeVries, 1997. Butt. Costa Rica 2, p. 190, 265—Maes et al. 1999, in Maes. Cat. insect. Artrop. terr. Nicar. 3, p. 1319—Salazar & Constantino, 2000. SHILAP Revta. lepid. 28(112), p. 376, fig. 8 (male dorsal)—Vargas & Salazar, 2014. Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. nat. U. de Caldas18(1), p. 275.
Symmachia probetor [misidentification]; DeVries, 1997. Butt. Costa Rica. 2, pl. 14, fig. 7 (male dorsal), fig. 8 (female dor-
sal)—Garwood et al., 2007. Butt. south. Amaz. 1, p. 72, fig. [2] (male dorsal)—Garwood et al., 2009. Butt. south. Amaz. 2, p. 89, fig. [6] (male dorsal).
Symmachia probetor probetor [misidentification]; Garwood & Lehman, 2012. Butt. Cent. Amer. 2, p. 168, figs [5-6] (male dorsal) [7] (male dorsal)—Miller et al., 2012. Insecta Mundi 205, p. 51—Palo Jr., 2017. Borb. Bras. 1, p. 592, fig. [2] (male dorsal).
Diagnosis. Symmachia belti does not occur sympatrically with any other species of the “Probetoriformes” species group, although it may be partly sympatric with S. championi (Fig. 151). Males are most similar to S. probetor, S. championi, S. estellina, and S. atlantica (Figs 5–6); females are quite similar to most species of the “Probetoriformes” species group (Figs 7–8). Male with head and thorax as in S. probetor; FW (average size: 1.23 cm; 1.2–1.3 cm; n=3) only slightly bulged; bulged area about 45% of the FW length; end of bulge aligned to the origin of M 1 (Figs 5, 40); FWD black, with a dark green sheen covering most of the wing, without any spots along the costal margin; dark green sheen absent roughly on the submedial area from the inner margin to the discal cell, on the postdiscal area in M 2 –M 3, and M 3 –CuA 1, and along the outer margin (Figs 5, 40); HWD black, red along the costal margin and a dark green sheen patch near the tornus (Fig. 5); abdomen color pattern as in S. probetor; CAS of the tergites 4 and 5 as long as 1/6 of the tergites’ length and as wide as half the tergites’ width, projected anteriorly, CAS scales pale beige (Figs 105–106); valva larger than of S. probetor; aedeagus thin and rather short; vesica with two bands of cornuti (Figs 124, 134). Females thorax as in S. probetor; FW (average size: 1.18 cm; 1.15–1.2 cm; n=3) slightly bulged (Figs 7, 68); FWD and FWV submarginal reddish orange bands along the costal margin not extending beyond M 2 –M 3 (Figs 7–8, 68); FWD and HWD mostly dark brown, speckled with very faint whitish and reddish orange spots (Figs 7, 68); HWD submarginal band very faint (Fig. 7); FWV and HWV spots weakly developed; HWV submarginal band faint and wavy; HWV marginal band faint, not outlining ocelli (Figs 8, 77); sterigma trapezoidal with a triangular median bulge at the ostium; ductus bursae bulged but fully membranous; bursa copulatrix rather stretched; signum pointed (Fig. 139).
Distribution. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and trans-Andean Colombia and Ecuador (northern ‘Pacific dominion’ sensu Morrone 2014) (Fig. 151), on the Atlantic and Pacific slopes from 400 m to 1200 m of elevation in association with habitats ranging from rain forests to semi-deciduous forests (DeVries 1997). It is not known whether this species occurs in sympatry with S. championi further to the north.
Comments. Symmachia belti was described based on an unknown, but apparently substantial, number of males and females, mostly from the department of Chontales, Nicaragua, collected by Belt. The original description also mentioned an unknown number of specimens from “ Colombia ” (Godman & Salvin 1886). DeVries (1997) reports that specimens of S. belti are rare in collections, even though the species is common in some well-sampled areas of Panama.
DeVries (1997) reports that, similar to other species of the genus, S. belti can be encountered in light gaps between 9:30 h and 12:00 h and its flight is fast and erratic, frequently perching on the underside of leaves; males interact with other males in an ascending swooping flight, although both sexes typically fly low to the ground.
Symmachia belti was reared a number of times by Janzen & Hallwachs (2018); the last two instars are mostly translucent orange in color, strongly flattened dorso-ventrally and bristly, bearing long lateral setae (Figs 147–150). Janzen & Hallwachs (2018) recorded that the last two instars feed scraping the upper side of Inga (Fabaceae) leaves. A number of species of Inga are listed by as host plants of S. belti: I. oerstediana, I. sapindoides, I. micheliana, I. umbellifera, I. densiflora, I. leiocalycina. Both DeVries (1997) and Beccaloni et al. (2008) do not report any other species of Symmachia using other species of Fabaceae as host plants, although Janzen & Hallwachs (2018) report the use of species of Inga by S. leena and S. rubina Bates, 1866. Similar to other known immature stages species of Symmachia, S. belti probably do not form association with ants.
Type material. Male lectotype of Symmachia belti Godman & Salvin, 1886, here designated to reduce present and future taxonomic uncertainty, with the following labels: / Type H[olo]. T [ype]. / T [ype]. /B[iologia].C[entrali]. A[mericana]. Lep[idoptera]. Rhop[alocera]. Symmachia belti, G[odman]. & S[alvin]. Godman-Salvin Coll[ection]. 1914.-5. /[Female sex symbol] / Chontales, Nicaragua. T. Belt [leg.]./ (NHMUK). The following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPUS / LECTOTYPUS Symmachia belti Godman & Salvin, 1886 Dias, Dolibaina, Mielke & Casagrande det. 2019 /.
Examined material. COSTA RICA: Alajuela — Cariblanco (1 mi. S), 800 m, 1♀, 21. VI.1972, P. Opler leg. (USNM *). Atonal (6.8 Km W), 1♀, 27.XII.1984, G. T. Austin leg. (MGCL *). Cartago — Moravia, 1♂, 28.VII.1965, J. P. Miles & J. C. Downey leg. (MGCL); 1♂, 1.VIII.1965, G. B. Small leg. (USNM). Turrialba, 700 m, 1♂, 13.VII.1971, T. Taylor leg. (MGCL *). San José — Santiago de Puriscal (Ruta 7, 10.3 Km E), 1♂, 26.IX.1987, G. T. Austin leg. (MGCL *). PANAMA: Canal Zone —No locality, 1♀, 1.IV.1971, H. L. King leg. (MGCL). Gaillard Cut, 1♀, 2.XII.1978, R. A. Anderson leg. (MGCL). Gamboa, 1♂, 20.IX.1978, R. K. Robbins leg. (USNM); 2♂, 28.X.1978, G. B. Small leg. (USNM *); 4♂, 3.XII.1978, R. A. Anderson leg. (MGCL); 2♂, 1♀, 6.XII.1978, R. A. Anderson leg. (MGCL *); 2♂, I.1979, G. B. Small leg. (USNM); 1♀, 9.I.1979, G. B. Small leg. (USNM); 2♂, 4.I.1986, R. A. Anderson leg. (MGCL *); 1♂, 19.I.1986, R. A. Anderson leg. (USNM); 1♂, 26.I.1986, R. A. Ander- son leg. (USNM); 1♂, 23.II.1986, R. A. Anderson leg. (USNM). Gatun, 1♂, 11. VI.1970, G. B. Small leg. (USNM); 1♂, VI.1971, G. B. Small leg. (USNM *); 1♂, 2.II.1974, G. B. Small leg. (USNM); 1♂, VI.1974, G. B. Small leg. (USNM). Madden, 1♂, 8.VIII.1969, (USNM). Madden Forest, 1♀, 8.II.1968, S. S. Nicolay leg. (USNM). Chiriqui — Potreillos, 1200 m, 1♂, 18.II.1966, 1♂, 13. V.1966, 1♂, 10.II.1970, 1♂, 11.II.1970, 1♂, 12.II.1970, 1♂, 14.II.1970, 1♂, 15.II.1970, 1♂, 18.II.1970, all G. B. Small leg. (USNM); 1♂, 1♀, 9.III.1970, 1♂, 4.I.1973, H. L. King leg. (MGCL *). Cocle — El Valle de Antón, 2♂, 22.VII.1963, (USNM). Colon — Piña, 1♀, 14. V.1965, 1♂, III.1970, 1♂, VI.1971, G. B. Small leg. (USNM *); 200 m, 1♂, 6.I.1970, 1♀, 20.I.1973, 1♂, 10.III.1973, 1♂, 1♀, 14.III.1973, 1♀, 15.III.1973, H. L. King leg. (MGCL *). Darien — Santa Cruz de Cana, 400 m, 1♀, 12.VII.1981, 1♀, 16.VII.1981, 1♂, 19.VII.1981, G. B. Small leg. (USNM). 330 m, 1♀, 26.XII.1977, G. B. Small leg. (USNM); 430 m, 1♀, 28.XII.1974, G. B. Small leg. (USNM). Panama — El Llano (3 mi. N), 1♂, 27.XII.1974, G. B. Small leg. (USNM); (6 mi. N), 1♀, 24.XII.1974, G. B. Small leg. (USNM); 1♂, 31.XII.1974, G. B. Small leg. (USNM *); Santa Fé —El Valle, 900 m, 1♂, 24.VIII.1967, G. B. Small leg. (USNM). Veraguas — Santa Fé, 750–800 m, 1♂, 14.IX.1975, G. B. Small leg. (USNM); 1000 m, 1♂, 13.XI.1981, G. B. Small leg. (USNM). No locality — 1♂, 6. VI.1970, H. L. King leg. (MGCL). ECUADOR: Cañar — Cochacay, 1♀, V.1977, R. de Lafebre leg. (USNM *). Esmeraldas— Rio Chuchuvi (8 Km Lita-Alto Tambo Rd), 800 m, 1♂, IV.2000, 6♂, III.2001, 1♂, IV.2001, 1♂, VI.2001, I. Aldas leg. (USNM *); (12 Km Lita-San Lorenzo Rd.), 800 m, 1♂, IX.2005, I. Aldas & D. Ahrenholz leg. (USNM). San Francisco, 1♂, XI.2005, M. Simon leg. (MGCL *); (25 Km San Lorenzo-Lita Rd.), 200 m, 1♂, X.2005, 1♂, III.2006, 1♂, I.2007, I. Aldas & D. H. Ahrenholz leg. (USNM); (27 Km San Lorenzo-Lita Rd.), 125 m, 1♂, 14. V.2004, R. Busby & D. H. Ahrenholz leg. (USNM); 150 m, 1♂, 15. V.2004, D. H. Ahrenholz leg. (USNM). San Lorenzo, 180 m, 1♂, XI.2005, M. Simon leg. (MGCL *); (La Punta, Km 44 road Lita), 1♂, 300 m, 21–22. VI.1994, J. P. W. Hall & K. R. Willmott leg. (MGCL). Los Rios — Rio Palenque, 1♂, 1974, T. Dodson leg. (MGCL *). Pichincha — Palmitopamba ridge (5 Km Nanegal-Garcia Moreno Rd.), 1350–1700 m, 1♂, 3.IX.2008, I. Aldas & D. H. Ahrenholz leg. (USNM). Nanegalito, 1♂, 19.X.1991, (USNM). Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas — San José de Alluriquin, 700 m, 2♂, 28.VIII.1977, S. S. Nicolay leg. (USNM *).
S ymmachia championi Godman & Salvin, 1886 stat. rest.
(Figs 9–12, 41, 50, 59, 69, 78, 89–90, 107–108, 125, 135, 140, 151)
Symmachia championi Godman & Salvin, 1886. Biol. Centr. Amer. 1, p. 417—Staudinger, 1888, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1(20), p. 254— Godman, 1901. Biol. Centr. Amer., Lep. Rhop. 2, p. 702—Mengel, 1905. Cat. Erycin., p. 84— Stichel, 1910, in Wystman. Gen. Ins. 112A, p. 230, 234, 406— Seitz, 1917. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 682—Smart, 1975. Illust. encyc. butt. world., p. 178, fig. 40 (male dorsal)—de la Maza, 1987. Marip. Mex., p. 133, pl. 59, figs. 33 (female dorsal), 38 (male dorsal), — R. de la Maza & J. de la Maza, 1993. Marip. Chiap. p. 192— Gallard, 2008, in Lacomme & Manil. Lep. Guyane. Tome 3, Rhopal. 2, p. 29.
Symmachia probetor championi; Stichel, 1924. Deutsch. ent. Ztschr. 1924, p. 417— Stichel, 1930. Lep. Cat. 40, p. 508—Maes et al. 1999, in Maes. Cat. insect. Artrop. terr. Nicar. 3, p. 1319— Callaghan & Lamas, 2004, in Lamas (ed.), Checklist: Part 4A, in Heppner. Atlas Neotrop. Lepid. 5A, p. 157—Salinas-Gutiérrez et al., 2004. J. Lep. Soc. 58(3), p. 139—Salinas et al., 2009. Caldasia 31(2), p. 434—Hernández-Baz et al., 2010. Mar. Veracruz. Guia ilustr., p. 141, pl. 35, fig. [1] (male ventral)—Luis et al., 2011, in Cruz. La biodiv. Verac. Estudio estado 2, p. 20—Garwood & Lehman, 2012. Butt. Centr. Amer. 2, p. 168, figs [1-2] (male dorsal and ventral), [3-4] (female dorsal and ventral).
Symmachia probetor [misidentification]; Meerman, 1999. Trop. Lep. Res. 10(Suppl. 1), p. 17, 32, 50—Glassberg, 2007. Swift Guid. Butt. Mex. Centr. Amer., p. 63, figs [14] (male dorsal), [15] (female dorsal).
Diagnosis: Symmachia championi is the species of the group with the northernmost distribution, where it can be only potentially sympatric with S. belti in the “Probetoriformes” species group (Fig. 151). Males are most similar to S. probetor, S. belti, S. estellina, and S. atlantica (Figs 9–10) and females are quite similar to most species of the “Probetoriformes” species group (Figs 11–12). Male with head and thorax as in S. probetor; FW (average size: 1.15 cm; 1.1–1.2 cm; n=3) only slightly bulged; bulged area as 45% of the FW length; end of bulge aligned to the origin of M 1 (Figs 9, 59); FWD black, with a dark green sheen covering most of the wing, and a small round whitish or creamy spot in the postdiscal area at the costal margin in R 2 –R 3 (Figs 9, 59); dark green sheen absent along the costal margin and on patches forming the “checkered” pattern on the basal area; HWD black, red along the costal margin and mostly covered by a dark green sheen (Fig. 9); abdomen color pattern as in S. probetor; CAS of the tergites 4 and 5 as long as 1/7 of the tergites’ length and as wide as half the tergites’ width, projected anteriorly, CAS scales pale beige (Figs 107–108); aedeagus thin and rather short; vesica with two bands of cornuti (Figs 125, 135). Females with thorax as in S. probetor; FW (size: 1.1 cm; n=1) slightly bulged (Figs 11, 69); FWD and FWV submarginal reddish orange bands along the costal margin not extending beyond M 2 –M 3 (Figs 11–12, 69); FWD and HWD mostly dark brown, speckled with very faint yellowish or reddish orange spots; HWD submarginal band very faint (Fig. 11); FWV and HWV spots faintly developed (Figs 12, 78); HWV submarginal band faint and wavy; HWV marginal band faint, not outlining ocelli (Figs 12, 78); sterigma trapezoidal with posterior indentations and a triangular median bulge at the ostium; ductus bursae with a sclerotized ring near the ostium; bursa copulatrix rounded; and signum very small, rounded (Fig. 140).
Distribution. Mexico, Belize (Meerman 1999), Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and northwestern Nicaragua (‘Mesoamerican dominion’ sensu Morrone 2014), in both Atlantic and Pacific slopes (Fig. 151). It is not known whether this species occurs in sympatry with S. belti further to the south and beyond the Darién gap.
Comments: Symmachia championi was described based on an unknown number of males and females, including one pair caught in copula by Mr. Champion (Godman & Salvin 1886). All specimens of the type series were caught in humid areas of second growth forests in San Jerónimo (as “San Gerónimo” in the original description), Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, at about 900 m (Godman & Salvin 1886). Also an unknown number of specimens are reported by Godman (1901), from Xalapa-Enríquez (as “ Jalapa ”), Veracruz, Mexico in Schaus’ collection.
Type material. Male lectotype of Symmachia championi Godman & Salvin, 1886, here designated to reduce present and future taxonomic uncertainty, with the following labels: /Type H[olo]. T [ype]. [sic] /B[iologia]. C[entrali]. A[mericana]. Lep[idoptera]. Rhop[alocera]. Symmachia championi, G[odman]. & S[alvin]. Godman- Salvin Coll[ection]. 1914.-5. /[female sex symbol] / S[an]. Geronimo [San Jerónimo, Baja Verapaz], Guatemala,
Champion [leg]. / (NHMUK). The following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPUS / LECTOTYPUS Symmachia championi Godman & Salvin, 1886 Dias, Dolibaina, Mielke & Casagrande det. 2019 /
Examined material. MEXICO: San Luis Potosi — Tamazunchale (La Mera Ceiba), 1♀, 8.I.1987, J. Kem- ner leg. (MGCL); 1♀, 17.I.1987, J. Kemner leg. (MGCL). Veracruz — Catemaco, 1♂, IV.1957, T. Escalante leg. (MGCL). Fortín, 1♂, 17.II.1969, A. Díaz Francés leg. (MGCL). Jalapa, 1♀, 11. V.1979, (MGCL). Misantla, 1♂, 1♀, VII.1971, R. Müller leg. (USNM). Presídio, 1♀, V.1944, 1♀, X.1951, 1♂, VII, 1954, 2♂, IX.1954, 1♂, IX.1956, 1♀, V.1957, T. Escalante leg. (MGCL). EL SALVADOR: San Salvador— San Salvador (Los Churros), 1♀, 22.I.1971, T. Taylor leg. (MGCL *). La Libertad — Santa Tecla, 2♂, 5.VII.1959, Serrano leg., DZ 21.794*, DZ 23.224 (DZUP); 3♀, 7. VI.1969, 3♂, 8. VI.1969, 1♂, 1♀, 24. VI.1969, 1♂, 19.VIII.1971, 21.VIII.1971, 1♀, 9.X.1971, M. Serrano leg. (MGCL); 1♂, 22.I.1972, S. R. & L. M. Steinhauser leg. (MGCL *); 3♂, 27. VI.1972, 1♂, 8. VI.1987, M. Serrano leg. (MGCL); 900m, 1♀ 26.I.1969, 1♀, 1.II.1969, 1♂, 9.II.1969, 1♀, 2.XII.1969, 1♀, 21.VIII.1970, 1♀, 4.IX.1970, 1♂, 25.IX.1971, 1♂, 8.X.1971, S. R. & L. M. Steinhauser leg. (MGCL *); 1200 m, 1♂, 25.IX.1971, S. R. & L. M. Steinhauser leg. (MGCL *). San Salvador, 1♀, 7.VII.1971, Serrano leg. (MGCL); 700 m, 1♀, 5–13.VII.1952, H. & C. J. Epstein leg. (USNM). Sonsonate — San Isidro (Cerro Verde), 1000 m, 1♂, 8.II.1969, S. R. & L. M. Steinhauser leg. (MGCL). GUATEMALA: Izabal — Cayuga, 1♂, VIII, (USNM). Retalhuleu — San Felipe, 1♂, 14.X.1965, N. L. H. Krauss leg. (USNM); (Volcan Santa Maria), 700 m, 2♀, XI.1913, J. D. Norton leg. (MGCL). San Sebastian, 4♂, 2♀, L. Thiel leg. (USNM *). Zacapa — La Union, 850 m, 1♂, 26.VII.1980, Welling leg., OM 44.566 (OM). NICARAGUA: Matagalpa — Matagalpa (10 Km N), 1♂, 30.VIII.1975, R. A. Anderson leg. (MGCL); (11 Km N), 1♂, 11.X.1976, R. A. Anderson leg. (MGCL *).
description: Published as part of Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik & Casagrande, Mirna Martins, 2020, Taxonomic review of the " Probetoriformes " species group of Symmachia Hübner [1819] (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), with the description of two new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, pp. 471-507 in Zootaxa 4780 (3) on pages 478-485, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4780.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3855256