Bolitoglossa madeira Brcko, Hoogmoed & Neckel-Oliveira, 2013, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Brcko, Isabela Carvalho
name: Hoogmoed, Marinus Steven
name: Neckel-Oliveira, Selvino
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Chordata
Amphibia
Caudata
Plethodontidae
Bolitoglossa
Bolitoglossa madeira

description: Bolitoglossa madeira sp. nov.
(Figures 5 E, 6)
Bolitoglossa altamazonica — Wake et al. 1982: 14 (in part); Raffaëlli, 2007: 258 (in part).
Bolitoglossa paraensis — Neckel-Oliveira & Hoogmoed 2010 (in part); Peloso 2010: 669 (in part); Segalla et al. 2010 (in part).
Bolitoglossa (Eladinea) paraensis — Parra-Olea et al. 2004: 335 (in part).
Bolitoglossa sp.— Avila-Pires et al. 2007: 15 (in part); Marçal et al. 2011.
Holotype. MPEG 18344, adult Ƥ, left bank of Madeira river, near Jaci-Paraná river, 09° 10’ 52,21” S, 64° 24’ 03,62” W, Municipality of Porto Velho, state of Rondônia, Brazil, 78 m elevation, 2-VII-2004, leg. A.P. Lima.
Paratypes. Three individuals: Brazil, Rondônia state, Municipality of Porto Velho: left bank of Madeira river, near Jirau Hydroelectric Project, 09° 15’ 42,63 S, 64° 40’ 6,57 W, 155 m elevation: INPA 14767, Ƥ, 9-III- 2004, leg. A.P. Lima, INPA 14915, MPEG 18343, 2 juveniles, 1-VII-2004, same locality data and collector as holotype.
Referred specimens. Two individuals: Brazil, Rondônia state, Municipality of Porto Velho: left bank of Madeira river, near Jirau Hydroelectric Project, 09° 10’ 52,21” S, 64° 24’ 03,62” W, 155 m elevation: MZUSP-A 146805, juvenile, 28-V-2011, leg. Lobo et al., MZUSP-A 148389, juvenile, 20-VII-2011, leg. Lobo et al.
Comparisons with other species. Distinguished from all other genera of Neotropical salamanders by extensive digital webbing, 13 costal grooves between the limbs and the absence of a sublingual fold. A large and robust species of Bolitoglossa, with digits completely webbed, morphologically similar to other species of Brazilian Amazonia. It can be distinguished from other Brazilian Amazonian species of Bolitoglossa (caldwellae, paraensis, tapajonica) mainly by its larger size (condition for B. madeira sp. nov. in parentheses) (total length about 30% more than in other species, maximum length 86.0–114.0 mm) (Figure 7A), greater number of vomerine (20–33) (Figure 7 C) and dentary teeth (53–78) (Figure 7 D). It can be distinguished from B. altamazonica and B. peruviana by the following characteristics (condition for B. madeira sp. nov. in parentheses): Bolitoglossa altamazonica: SL/HL in adult females 5.7–7.6 times (6.7–7.0 times); DBE/HL in adult females 30–50%, mean 40% (60% in adult females); Bolitoglossa peruviana: SL 30.1–42.4 mm in adult females (49.8–58.9 mm); MT/SL in adult females 0.3–1.4 teeth per mm (0.4–0.5). For comparison of selected morphometric and dentition characters for B. altamazonica, B. paraensis, B. peruviana, B. tapajonica sp. nov., B. caldwellae sp. nov. and B. madeira sp. nov. see Table 3.
Measurements (in mm) and counts of holotype (MPEG 18344). Total length 114.0; SL 58.9; SVL 53.3; HL 8.4; HW 6.9; HD 3.7; SGF 11.7; EYW 1.6; EYL 2.3; SNL 2.9; SP 1.0; SWS 4.8; LWS 4.2; EN 2.5; OD 2.1; DBE 4.8; IDE 2.6; NGGF 3.8; SA 16.6; AG 32.9; PECW 5.8; interval between adpressed fore- and hind limbs 4.5 costal folds; 13 costal grooves; FL 11.3; HLL 14.1; HDW 3.7; FW 5.1; LIIIF 3.4; LIIIT 4.1; LVT 3.3; TL 55.1; TW 4.5; TD 4.5; VL 5.6; number of teeth: PT 4, MT 7–16, VT 18–15, DT 53–78.
Coloration of the holotype in life. Color in life is based on slides by W. Höld and A. Lima. Dorsal surface yellowish brown. Top of head with dark brown triangular mark originating between eyes, with apex extending posteriorly, following mid-dorsal line. Dark brown dorso-lateral band. Dark brown fore and hind limbs, hands and feet dark brown. Iris orange.
Color of the holotype in preservative (Figure 6). Color as in life, but dorsal surface yellowish, cream spots on the light brown ventral surface, snout with cream specks above the nasolabial protuberance, hands and feet same color as back.
Description. A large, robust species. Maximum total length 114.0 mm. SL in two adult females 49.8–58.9 mm (mean 54.4 mm). Species with slender head, SL/HW 7.3–8.5 times (mean 7.9 times) in females; head flattened, about 1.1–1.2 times longer than wide, head as wide as neck. Eyes slightly prominent, horizontal orbit diameter varies from 70–80% of the snout length. Eyes protrude slightly beyond lateral margins of head. Nasolabial protuberances evident and weakly developed in adult females. Snout short, SNL/HL 30%, moderately broad, SWS/ HL 50% in females. Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views. Canthus rostralis not distinct. Nostrils small, located near tip of snout. Body cylindrical and slightly flattened, with 13 distinct and deep costal grooves. Limbs rather robust and short, costal interspaces between adpressed fore and hind limbs 4.5. Hands and feet broad, extensively and complete webbed with distal phalanges of all digits free. Fingers in order of decreasing length 3–2– 4–1, toes 3–2–4–5–1. Original tail round in cross-section, gradually tapering to its tip; moderately short, never exceeding the standard length, TL/SL 73–94% in females. Number of teeth in adult females: PT 3–4, MT 23–25, VT 20–33, DT 53–78.
Coloration of paratypes in preservative. Back cream, yellowish or dark brown in some specimens with light brown or reddish brown. Top of head with dark brown triangular mark originating between eyes, with apex extending posteriorly, following mid-dorsal line. Dark brown dorso-lateral band. Cream spots on light brown ventral surface. Snout with cream specks above nasolabial protuberances (snout almost completely cream in one specimen). Fore and hind limbs dark brown, hands and feet cream.
Remarks. Avila-Pires et al. (2007) already called attention to the existence of this taxon, noting that the municipality of Porto Velho had another species [of Bolitoglossa] larger than the species around Belém, Pará, which they considered as B. paraensis.
Habitat and range. Known only from the northwestern part of Rondônia state, on left bank of the Madeira river, near Hydroelectric Projects of Santo Antônio and Jirau, both in the Municipality of Porto Velho. Individuals were found at elevations of 70 to 100 m above sea level (Figure 10) and between 0.7 and 1.5 m above the ground on leaves of vegetation. The species occurs in wetlands, near creeks and streams inside the forest (Marçal et al. 2011). It should be noted that as far as is known now, the entire range of this new species is limited to the area along the Madeira river where large scale hydroelectric projects (Jirau and Santo Antonio) destroy large tracts of suitable habitat. This development should be followed and monitored with utmost care as it may lead to the complete destruction of this species habitat.
Etymology. The specific epithet is taken from Madeira river, which borders the type locality and is one of the most important affluents of the Amazon river.
description: Published as part of Brcko, Isabela Carvalho, Hoogmoed, Marinus Steven & Neckel-Oliveira, Selvino, 2013, Taxonomy and distribution of the salamander genus Bolitoglossa Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854 (Amphibia, Caudata, Plethodontidae) in Brazilian Amazonia, pp. 401-431 in Zootaxa 3686 (4) on pages 422-423, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3686.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/218255