Arthropoda Kirschbaum 1868
Creators: name: Zahniser, James N.
name: Dietrich, Chris H.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda

description: Penthimiini Kirschbaum, 1868
Fig. 45
Type genus: Penthimia Germar, 1821.
= Thaumatoscopini Baker, 1923.
Diagnosis
Penthimiini are medium sized to large, squat, robust, often black or brown leafhoppers; often with ventral part of face and/or entire ventral side flattened and dorsal side convex. They can be identified by the ocelli on the crown and often distant from the eyes, strong antennal ledge, dorsally flattened and carinate protibia, and forewing with appendix large and extending around the wing apex.
Description
HEAD. Head subequal to, wider than, or distinctly narrower pronotum. Discal portion of crown glabrous with radial or longitudinal striae. Anterior margin of head with numerous transverse striations or carinae, or foliaceous. Head and pronotum usually sloping anteriorly. Face short, broad. Frontoclypeus tumid or not; texture striate or glabrous. Clypellus widening apically; apex following or slightly surpassing normal curve of gena. Lorum subequal to or wider than clypellus near base. Antennal bases near upper or anterodorsal corners of eyes. Antennae short, less than 1.5 x width of head. Gena obtusely incised laterally; with fine erect seta beside laterofrontal suture. Antennal ledges strongly developed (with a distinct ledge); sometimes forming lateral part of anterior margin of head. Ocelli present; distant from eyes; on crown.
THORAX. Pronotum lateral margin carinate; lateral margin shorter or longer than basal width of eye.
WINGS. Forewing macropterous or submacropterous; sometimes coriaceous, setose, punctate, or tuberculate; appendix large and extending around wing apex or rarely restricted to anal margin; with 3 anteapical cells; veins not raised; without reflexed costal veins; A1-A2 crossvein absent or present; apical venation not highly reticulate.
LEGS. Profemur with AM1 seta only or with AM1 and with one or more additional proximal setae; intercalary row with one row of five or more fine setae; row AV usually with thin, hair-like setae or without setae, more rarely with short, stout setae or with relatively long macrosetae. Protibia dorsal surface flat, AD and PD margins sharply carinate or at ~90º (not rounded). Metafemur apex macrosetae 2+2+1. Metatarsomere I not expanded apically, plantar setae simple, tapered.
MALE GENITALIA. Valve articulated with pygofer; lateral margin short, articulating with pygofer at a point. Pygofer basolateral membranous cleft present; macrosetae well differentiated into several rows. Subgenital plates free from each other; articulated with valve; without macrosetae or macrosetae scattered, irregularly arranged. Style linear, median anterior lobe not pronounced or broadly bilobed basally, median anterior lobe pronounced. Basal processes of the aedeagus/connective absent or reduced or present, connected or articulated to connective or near base of aedeagus. Aedeagus with single shaft and gonopore. Connective anterior arms somewhat divergent, Y - or U -shaped; articulated with aedeagus.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Pygofer with numerous macrosetae. Ovipositor not protruding or rarely protruding (e.g., Penthimidia) far beyond pygofer apex. First valvula convex; dorsal sculpturing pattern strigate, concatenate, or reticulate; sculpturing reaching dorsal margin; without distinctly delimited ventroapical sculpturing. Second valvula abruptly broadened medially or subapically or broad, gradually tapered; with or without dorsal median tooth; teeth on apical 1/3 or more; teeth large, regularly shaped or small, regularly or irregularly shaped.
Geography and ecology
Distribution: cosmopolitan, poorly represented in North America. Penthimiini are collected on trees, shrubs, and herbaceous vegetation.
Remarks
Penthimiini contains46 genera and 203species.It is a relatively early diverging lineage of Deltocephalinae but has the typical derived deltocephaline characters of the male genitalia (pygofer with basolateral membranous cleft, Y -shaped connective, and style broadly bilobed basally). The phylogenetic analyses included 4 exemplars of the tribe as circumscribed here (Penthimia, Penthimidia, Penthimiola, and Jafar included in analyses; Citorus Stål, 1866 is removed from the tribe based on these analyses). Parsimony analyses resolved the former 3 exemplars as monophyletic and sister to Magnentius Singh-Pruthi, 1930, while ML and Bayesian analyses resolved Penthimidia and Penthimiola together and Penthimia in an uncertain position elsewhere in the tree. It is unclear why Penthimia does not always group with other penthimiines in phylogenetic analyses, but based on the morphological evidence supporting Penthimiini as a taxon, we suspect that the phylogenetic placement of Penthimia in the ML and Bayesian analyses is artifactual. Jafar was also included for the first time and grouped with one or two undescribed African genera, somewhat distant from other Penthimiini but with no branch support. Because its phylogenetic position is uncertain, and because it possesses several characters diagnostic for the tribe (large and robust body, ocelli on crown, inflated frontoclypeus, strong antennal ledges, and dorsally flattened and bicarinate protibiae), it is retained in the tribe pending further study.
Citorus, which was previously included in Penthimiini based on its body shape and large forewing appendix, was found with strong branch support to be more closely related to Selenocephalini (Dwightla and Selenocephalus). Based on the phylogenetic results and on some morphological characters that differ from Penthimiini (anterior margin of the head with distinct sharp carinae, ocelli on anterior margin of head and close to eyes, antennal ledge not very strong or ledge-like) it is transferred to Selenocephalina here. The squat, robust body form and large appendix are similar to Penthimiini but these are apparently convergent characters in this case.
Selected references
Evans (1966, 1972), Linnavuori (1977).
Included genera
Alopenthimia Evans, 1972
Amberbakia Distant, 1912
Chanohirata Hayashi & Machida, 1996
Chinaella Evans, 1935
Ectopiocephalus Kirkaldy, 1906
Eovulturnops Evans, 1947
Eupenthimia Evans, 1972
Eusallya Evans, 1972
Foroa Linnavuori, 1977
Gressittella Evans, 1972
Haranga Distant, 1908
Irenaella Linnavuori, 1977
Jafar Kirkaldy, 1903
Kronos Distant, 1917
Ledroides Dammerman, 1910
Macutella Evans, 1972
Malichus Distant, 1918
Megalopenthimia Evans, 1954
Musosa Linnavuori, 1977
Neodartellus Evans, 1955
Neodartus Melichar, 1903
Neopenthimia Evans, 1972
Neovulturnus Evans, 1937
Nielsoniella Linnavuori, 1977
Nortoides Evans, 1972
Nubelella Evans, 1972
Nubelloides Evans, 1972
Osella Evans, 1972
Penthimia Germar, 1821
Penthimidia Haglund, 1899
Penthimiella Evans, 1972
Penthimiola Linnavuori, 1959
Penthimiopsis Evans, 1972
Pentria Evans, 1972
Piorella Evans, 1972
Platyscopus Evans, 1941
Reticuluma Cheng & Li, 2005
Sidelloides Evans, 1972
Tambila Distant, 1908
Thaumatopoides Evans, 1947
Thaumatoscopus Kirkaldy, 1906
Tolasella Evans, 1972
Tomaloides Evans, 1972
Uzelina Melichar, 1903
Vertigella Evans, 1972
Vulturnus Kirkaldy, 1906
description: Published as part of Zahniser, James N. & Dietrich, Chris H., 2013, A review of the tribes of Deltocephalinae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), pp. 1-211 in European Journal of Taxonomy 45 on pages 142-145, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2013.45, http://zenodo.org/record/3822710