cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
De Facto Merger, Federal Common Law, and Erie: Constitutional Issues in Successor Liability
Creators: name: Davis, Wendy B.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2008

description: For many decades, the Supreme Court has directed that federal courts limit the creation of federal common law, and instead use state common law to fill in the gaps in federal statutes. Contrary to this directive, federal courts have developed rules of corporate successor liability for obligations pursuant to CERCLA and other federal statutes. Although other commentators have explored this inconsistency, none have taken the position that the creation of federal common law preempts state corporate de facto merger analysis. This Article discusses the Erie doctrine and federal common law with a focus on the preemption of the state de facto merger doctrine and the resulting impact on mergers and acquisitions. The creation of a federal common law of successor liability implicates the Constitutional requirements of separation of powers, due process, and the direct mandate of the Supreme Court.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2008 No. 2
COVID-19 Bibliometrics 16th – 22nd November 2020
Creators: name: Www.Covid19bibliometrics.Org
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: COVID-19
Medicine and Health
Science and Engineering
Social Science, Humanities and Public Policy
novel Coronavirus
SARS-CoV-2

description: This is a compilation of COVID-19 research insights published from 16th – 22nd November 2020 in these fields: Medicine and Health Science and Engineering Social Science, Humanities and Public Policy About www.covid19bibliometrics.org
 Introduction: The number of confirmed cases during the current Covid-19 pandemic is escalating exponentially. At the same time, the public are constantly being inundated with a formidable quantity of information, from innumerable sources, and containing both genuine as well as fake news. The Covid-19 “infodemic” is here. Health professionals including medical doctors and nurses are busy fighting the virus on the front line in our communities and hospitals and struggling to treat the ever-growing number of cases. Scientists and technicians at their bench-tops and computers in their research laboratories, are racing to find solutions, create new protective equipment, and ideally develop a vaccine. They all need accurate, timely and reliable information upon which they can make their decisions, find solutions, and help defeat this pandemic. This initiative aims to provide reliable and timely (initially at least twice a week) web updates on the relevant published literature. “Reliable” and “timely” means that it can be trusted and it is up to date; “relevant” and “published” means that it is focused on what health professionals and scientists need when facing both the pandemic and the infodemic, and it can be trusted as sound science. We plan to make the material succinct and accessible, and to provide key bibliometric indices such as source and citation.
 Objectives: 1. To update the global scientific community on current Covid-19 related published papers in an accessible, timely and trusted format
 2. To analyse the published papers for trends and to provide insights
 3. To identify gaps in research
 4. To promote international research collaboration with a view to overcoming Covid-19 and promoting recovery Methodology: Covid-19 related publications to be searched using the Scopus database using as a minimum the following keywords: 2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, novel Coronavirus. Papers then to be categorized according to topic, research fields, institutions, countries, etc. Abstracts and papers to be reviewed for findings, trends, key insights, etc. To read previous COVID-19 research insights, please go to:
 https://zenodo.org/communities/covid19bibliometrics/
description: More information, please go to https://www.covid19bibliometrics.org/
The Cost and Other Advantages of an Early Offers Reform for Personal Injury Claims Against Business, Including for Product Liability
Creators: name: O'Connell, Jeffrey
name: Born, Patricia
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2008

description: Many observers have concluded that the personal injury liability litigation system (including for product liability) needs improvement. Such cases are extremely complicated, requiring proof of the defendant’s faulty conduct or product cause injury, and determination of not only economic but noneconomic damages. Some claimants who are injured through another’s fault receive significant awards or settlements, but almost always after long delay. In addition, the current system entails formidable transaction costs, so that substantial shares of the liability insurance premium dollars go to litigation expenses on both sides. Although some states have enacted product liability reforms, such as statutes of repose, the “early offers” reform reported on here should have a much more fundamental effect on liability litigation than such reforms. The analysis presented indicates that the early offers system is likely to generate significant savings, including a reduction in attorneys’ fees for both sides. These savings should allow a substantial reduction of premiums for such personal injury liability insurance. Ultimately, injured parties, providers of goods and services, consumers, employers and the public generally should benefit from the reform.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2008 No. 2
Additional file 1 of Impact of age on mortality and transfer to long-term care in patients in an intensive care unit
Creators: name: Chung, Eunki
name: Chung, Kyung Soo
name: Leem, Ah Young
name: Woo, Ala
name: Park, Moo Suk
name: Kim, Young Sam
name: Lee, Su Hwan
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: Medicine
Biotechnology
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Science Policy

description: Supplementary Material 1
A cognitive framework of nudge and sludge
Creators: name: Luo, Yu
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: Public and private institutions have made significant progress in developing interventions that can influence people's behavior in predictable ways without restricting their freedom of choice or drastically altering the incentive structure. A nudge is designed to facilitate actions by minimizing friction, while a sludge is an intervention that inhibits actions by increasing friction, but the underlying cognitive mechanisms behind these interventions remain largely unknown. This research proposes a new cognitive framework in Chapter 1 that categorizes these interventions based on six cognitive processes: attention, perception, memory, effort, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation. In Chapter 2, a meta-analysis is conducted on field experiments that contain real behavioral measures (n=184 papers, k=184 observations, N=2,156,137 participants) from 2008 to 2021 to examine the effect size of these interventions targeting each cognitive process. Interventions changing effort are more effective than interventions changing intrinsic motivation. Chapter 3 examines whether drawing attention to motivational consistent climate information by highlighting strong climate evidence (attention nudge) influences subsequent hypothetical climate actions. Liberals were more likely to sign the petition or donate to an environmental organization when the motivationally consistent evidence was highlighted. Chapter 4 aims to reduce waste contamination in student residences by providing immediate feedback in a sorting game (perception nudge). In the feedback building, the weight of compost materials increased while the contamination rate decreased. Chapter 5 tests three behavioral interventions to reduce plastic waste in a high-rise office building: simplified recycling signage (attention nudge), signage with a marine animal trapped in plastic debris (perception sludge), and signage with a plastic reduction pledge (intrinsic motivation nudge). The most effective intervention, perception sludge, reduced plastic waste by 17%. Chapter 6 develops 12 behavioral interventions based on the six cognitive processes and tests their effectiveness in reducing single-use plastic produce bags in a simulated online shopping task. Each intervention reduced produce bag use by 9.2% to 48.7% against the control condition. Overall, this framework provides cognitive principles for organizing nudge and sludge and helps inform the development of future interventions based on cognitive insights gained from the meta-analysis, online experiments, and field experiments.
Within Reach: A New Strategy for Regulating American Corporations that Commit Human Rights Abuses Abroad
Creators: name: Reeve, Alexandra
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2008

description: In recent years a more conscious public and better organized activists have shone a spotlight on the overseas practices of powerful, multinational corporations (“MNCs”). MNCs that profit from sweatshop conditions in developing countries, or that make use of unscrupulous armed forces to protect their mining sites and pipelines, are being called to account: frequently, on American soil, where their assets and brand reputations can best be reached. This primary vehicle for such suits against MNCs in the United States has been the Alien Tort Statute (“ATS”), a 1789 statute which grants U.S. district courts original jurisdiction over civil actions “by an alien for a tort…committed in violation of the law of nations.” Recently plaintiffs have also begun supplementing their actions with U.S. state common law claims, alleging torts such as assault and battery, wrongful death, false imprisonment, forced labor, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. This Note examines the bases for and ramifications of applying U.S. state common law to overseas harms, focusing particularly on cases which have arisen in the human rights context, alleging physical or environmental harms carried out by U.S. corporate actors. Distinguishing such fundamental tort law claims (such as claims involving battery, false imprisonment, or conversion) from more nuances policy-based claims which do warrant deference to the host nation, this Note argues that for a substantial sphere of harms, state common law claims are an appropriate and valuable tool for plaintiffs seeking redress from U.S. corporate actors engaging in harmful conduct overseas.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2008 No. 1
Entanglement dynamics during decoherence
Creators: name: Paz, Juan Pablo
name: Roncaglia, Augusto J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The evolution of the entanglement between oscillators that interact with the same environment displays highly non-trivial behavior in the long time regime. When the oscillators only interact through the environment, three dynamical phases were identified and a simple phase diagram characterizing them was presented. Here we generalize those results to the cases where the oscillators are directly coupled and we show how a degree of mixidness can affect the final entanglement. In both cases, entanglement dynamics is fully characterized by three phases (SD: sudden death, NSD: no-sudden death and SDR: sudden death and revivals) which cover a phase diagram that is a simple variant of the previously introduced one. We present results when the oscillators are coupled to the environment through their position and also for the case where the coupling is symmetric in position and momentum (as obtained in the RWA). As a bonus, in the last case we present a very simple derivation of an exact master equation valid for arbitrary temperatures of the environment.
description: to appear in QIP special issue on Quantum Decoherence and Entanglement
A Multidatabase System as 4-Tiered Client-Server Distributed Heterogeneous Database System
Creators: name: Ali, Mohammad Ghulam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Databases (cs.DB)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In this paper, we describe a multidatabase system as 4tiered Client-Server DBMS architectures. We discuss their functional components and provide an overview of their performance characteristics. The first component of this proposed system is a web based interface or Graphical User Interface, which resides on top of the Client Application Program, the second component of the system is a client Application program running in an application server, which resides on top of the Global Database Management System, the third component of the system is a Global Database Management System and global schema of the multidatabase system server, which resides on top of the distributed heterogeneous local component database system servers, and the fourth component is remote heterogeneous local component database system servers. Transaction submitted from client interface to a multidatabase system server through an application server will be decomposed into a set of sub queries and will be executed at various remote heterogeneous local component database servers and also in case of information retrieval all sub queries will be composed and will get back results to the end users.
description: 5 pages IEEE format, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS November 2009, ISSN 1947 5500, http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
Evaluating different methods for kidney recellularization
Creators: name: Luque Badillo, Ana Cecilia
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a condition where the kidneys fail to effectively filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. In Canada, the number of ESRD patients has increased by 24% over the past decade. While dialysis is a treatment option, kidney transplantation remains the gold standard due to higher survival rates. Unfortunately, there is a shortage of available organs for transplantation. Tissue engineering has emerged as a potential solution to address this shortage. The extracellular matrix (ECM) obtained from decellularized organs retains the organ's intricate microarchitecture and bioactive molecules crucial for successful recellularization. In order to regenerate a kidney, it must be reseeded with new cells after the decellularization process. However, achieving complete organ repopulation remains a challenge. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate different methods for kidney recellularization that can potentially be functional for transplantation. Pig kidneys were decellularized using a meticulous protocol involving detergent perfusion through the renal artery and vein. The resulting ECM was analyzed histologically and characterized using proteomic analysis, ensuring the preservation of growth factors and structural proteins. Primary porcine renal cells, labeled as whole kidney pig cells (WKPC), were isolated, cultured, and extensively characterized using RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. Recellularization of a whole pig kidney was performed using an in vitro bioreactor and negative pressure over a 12-day period, with WKPC perfusion and co-perfusion of human erythrocytes to enhance oxygenation. Successful decellularization of a pig kidney was achieved within 45 hours, preserving the ECM's integrity and important biomolecules. The isolated WKPC population exhibited the presence of native cell markers, confirming their suitability for kidney recellularization. Histological evaluation revealed a high density of cells distributed throughout the ECM matrix, extending to the organ's periphery. Analysis of the culture media and immunohistochemistry showed cells proliferating and no signs of cell death. Moreover, the presence of cell colonies expressing kidney cell markers in different kidney sections confirmed improvement in the recellularization process. This research serves as a proof-of-concept, laying the foundation for the potential translation of this technology to recellularize human kidneys, ultimately addressing the organ shortage and improving outcomes for ESRD patients.
Spectropolarimetric Variability and Co-Rotating Structure in HD 92207
Creators: name: Ignace, R
name: Hubrig, S
name: Scholler, M
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report on low resolution (R~3000) spectropolarimetry of the A0 supergiant star HD 92207. This star is well-known for significant spectral variability. The source was observed on seven different nights spanning approximately 3 months in time. With a rotation period of approximately 1 year, our data covers approximately a quarter of the star's rotational phase. Variability in the continuum polarization level is observed over this period of time. The polarization across the Halpha line on any given night is typically different from the degree and position angle of the polarization in the continuum. Interestingly, Hbeta is not in emission and does not show polarimetric variability. We associate the changes at Halpha as arising in the wind, which is in accord with the observed changes in the profile shape and equivalent width of Halpha along with the polarimetric variability. For the continuum polarization, we explore a spiral shaped wind density enhancement in the equatorial plane of the star, in keeping with the suggestion of Kaufer etal (1997). Variable polarization signatures across Halpha are too complex to be explained by this simple model and will require a more intensive polarimetric follow-up study to interpret properly.
description: to appear in AJ
title: Safety Assurance for Challenging Geotechnical Civil Engineering Constructions in Urban Areas
Creators: name: Katzenbach, Rolf
name: Bergmann, Christiane
name: Leppla, Steffen
Publisher: name: Scientific Research Publishing
Year: 2022

description: Safety is the most important aspect during design, construction and service time of any structure, especially for challenging projects like high-rise buildings and tunnels in urban areas. A high level design considering the soil-structure- interaction, based on a qualified soil investigation is required for a safe and optimised design. Due to the complexity of geotechnical constructions the safety assurance guaranteed by the 4-eye-principle is essential. The 4-eye-principle consists of an independent peer review by publicly certified experts combined with the observational method. The paper presents the fundamental aspects of safety assurance by the 4-eye-principle. The application is explained on several examples, as deep excavations, complex foundation systems for high-rise buildings and tunnel constructions in urban areas. The experiences made in the planning, design and construction phases are explained and for new inner urban projects recommendations are given.
AdS/QCD models describing a finite number of excited mesons with Regge spectrum
Creators: name: Afonin, S. S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The typical AdS/QCD models deal with the large-N_c limit of QCD, as a consequence the meson spectrum consists of the infinite number of states that is far from the real situation. Basing on introduction of anharmonic corrections to the holographic potential, the corrections whose existence has been recently advocated, we construct a class of bottom-up holographic models describing arbitrary finite number of states in the sector of light mesons. Within the proposed approach, the spectrum of masses square has the following properties: It is linear, $m_n^2\sim n$, at not very large n, nonlinear at larger n, with the nonlinear corrections being subleading in 1/N_c, has a limiting mass, and the number of states is proportional to N_c. The considered holographic models reflect thereby the merging of resonances into continuum and the breaking of gluon string at sufficiently large quark-antiquark separation that causes the linear Regge trajectories to bend down. We show that these models provide a correct description for the spectrum of excited rho-mesons.
description: 13 pages, 1 figure
Justice Jackson in the Boardroom: A Proposal for Judicial Treatment of Shareholder-Approved Poison Pills
Creators: name: Liebermann, Neil
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2008

description: Unisuper Ltd. v. News Corp. held that Delaware law did not bar shareholders and their directors from contracting to limit directors’ power to adopt a poison pill. The Unisuper decision marked the latest development in a decade-long debate over whether Delaware law allows shareholders to limit a board’s discretion to set takeover defense strategy. Shareholder rights proponents claim that the decision supports their view that shareholder proposed bylaws can place limitations on board powers. Alternately, the corporate defense bar argues for a narrower reading of Unisuper in light of Delaware Supreme Court precedent. Whether Delaware will adopt broad formulations outside of a breach of contract setting remains to be seen, but the case, and the circumstances surrounding it, present interesting legal and practical implications for the ongoing debate. Legally, shareholders and directors may contract with each other to allocate corporate power, and as a practical matter, large institutional investors are increasingly gaining the power to force directors to the negotiating table. This paper proposes that when boards and shareholders act in concert to formulate corporate takeover defense policy, the board’s power is at its maximum. Using the framework provided by existing corporate takeover jurisprudence, Delaware courts should give broad deference to corporations adopting and using shareholder-approved poison pills. In doing so, Delaware courts can give meaning to the shareholder vote, encourage dialogue between shareholders and directors over takeover policy, and retain the predictability and thoroughness of the takeover common law as it has developed over the past twenty-five years.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2008 No. 1
The Oligopolistic Pricing Problem: A Suggested Price Freeze Remedy
Creators: name: Sagi, Guy
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2008

description: The problem of oligopoly pricing has long challenged both economic and antitrust theory. While economic theory attempts to explain how firms set their prices in oligopoly markets, antitrust theory seeks to construct an effective remedy for what is believed to be a predominant problem of monopolistic pricing. So far these attempts have been only partially successful. Although economic scholarship has made significant advances in recent years, especially in development models based on modern game theory learning, we still do not hold conclusive or definite answers on oligopoly pricing. Antitrust theory, for its part, is still struggling in its quest for effective remedies. [This] Article set[s] forth an antitrust remedy for the oligopolistic pricing problem, build[ing] on previous work concerning price and quantity freezes, mainly in the context of monopolization by predation. This work, primarily by Williamson and more recently by Edlin, basically suggests that new entry to a monopolistic market would freeze the pre-entry price output production level or the pre-entry price of the incumbent monopolist. This would, arguably, encourage new entries by firms as well as more pre-entry output or lower pre-entry prices. [This Article] propose[s] the implementation of a price freeze scheme in oligopoly markets by which an oligopolist that significantly lowers its price would freeze its rivals’ prices at their previously higher oligopoly level for a defined period of time. This price scheme would drive prices downward and create an incentive for oligopolists, in most cases, to set ex ante lower prices without an actual activation of the price freeze.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2008 No. 1
Additional file 1 of Trend and disparities in authorship of healthcare-related publications on the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war
Creators: name: Alagbo, Habib Olatunji
name: Mitra, Saloni
name: Madueke, Karen
name: Azuwike, Uchechi Blessing
name: Dos Santos Rocha Ferreira, Samantha
name: Ademuyiwa, Alimat Temitope
name: Adeleke, Oluwaseun
name: Ejinkeonye, Chigozirim
name: Onyebuchi, David Izuchukwu
name: Atowoju, Inioluwa
name: Odelola, Faith Inioluwa
name: Kumari, Jyoti
name: Sowunmi, Marvellous
name: Al-Inaya, Yana
name: Abdul-Rahman, Toufik
name: Shlobin, Nathan A.
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: Medicine
Science Policy

description: Supplementary Material 1
TRACE: Intra-visit Clinical Event Nowcasting via Effective Patient Trajectory Encoding
Creators: name: Liang, Yuyang
name: Chen, Yankai
name: Fang, Yixiang
name: Lakshmanan, Laks V. S.
name: Ma, Chenhao
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Electronic Health Records (EHR) have become a valuable resource for a wide range of predictive tasks in healthcare. However, existing approaches have largely focused on inter-visit event predictions, overlooking the importance of intra-visit nowcasting, which provides prompt clinical insights during an ongoing patient visit. To address this gap, we introduce the task of laboratory measurement prediction within a hospital visit. We study the laboratory data that, however, remained underexplored in previous work. We propose TRACE, a Transformer-based model designed for clinical event nowcasting by encoding patient trajectories. TRACE effectively handles long sequences and captures temporal dependencies through a novel timestamp embedding that integrates decay properties and periodic patterns of data. Additionally, we introduce a smoothed mask for denoising, improving the robustness of the model. Experiments on two large-scale electronic health record datasets demonstrate that the proposed model significantly outperforms previous methods, highlighting its potential for improving patient care through more accurate laboratory measurement nowcasting. The code is available at https://github.com/Amehi/TRACE.
description: Accepted by WWW'25 short paper track
Black Market Capital
Creators: name: Davidoff, Steven M.
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2008

description: Hedge funds and private equity offer unique investing opportunities, including the possibility for diversified and excess returns. Yet, current federal securities regulation effectively prohibits the public offer and purchase in the United States of these hedge fund and private equity investments. Public investors, foreclosed from purchasing hedge funds and private equity, instead seek to replicate their benefits. This demand drives public investors to substitute less-suitable, publicly available investments which attempt to mimic the characteristics of hedge funds or private equity. This effect, which this Article terms black market capital, is an economic spur for a number of recent capital markets phenomena, including fund advisor IPOs, special purpose acquisition companies, hedged mutual funds and specialized exchange traded funds, all of which largely attempt to replicate private equity or hedge fund returns and have been marketed to public investors on this basis. Black market capital has not only altered the structure of the U.S. capital market but has shifted capital flows to non-U.S. markets and engendered the creation of U.S. private markets. This Article identifies and examines the ramifications of black market capital. It finds this effect to be an irrational by-product of current hedge fund and private equity regulation, one likely harmful to U.S. capital markets. There are external costs inherent in the current regulatory scheme which the SEC has not recognized. The SEC should consequently undertake a thorough cost-benefit analysis of its hedge fund and private equity regulation. Based on this available evidence, such an analysis is likely to conclude that the benefits of a regulatory scheme permitting the public offer of hedge funds and private equity funds as a component investment of a diversified portfolio not only exceed its costs but is superior to current regulation.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2008 No. 1
Legal Liability of Directors and Company Officials Part 2: Court Procedures, Indemnification and Insurance, and Administrative and Criminal Liability (Report to the Russian Securities Agency)
Creators: name: Black, Barnard
name: Cheffins, Brian
name: Gelter, Martin
name: Kim, Hwa-Jin
name: Nolan, Richard
name: Siems, Mathias
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2008

description: This Article is Part 2 of a two-part article, which contains selected Chapters of a World Bank sponsored Report on reforms of Russian company law, delivered in December 2006 to the Russian securities agency, known as the Federal Service for Financial Markets (FSFM), and the Russian Center for Capital Market Development, under the title Comparative Analysis on Legal Regulation of the Liability of Members of the Board of Directors and Management Organs of Companies. The Report provides a detailed comparative analysis of Russia’s current law and the laws of several common law countries (Canada, United Kingdon, Unites States) and civil law countries (Austria, Italy, Japan, and Latvia). It then offers detailed recommendations for reform of Russia’s company law. This Article proposes measures to define the concepts of good faith and conflict of interest; establish duties of disclosure and confidentiality, extend duties under company law to controlling shareholders and de facto directors for conflict of interest transactions; and protect directors against liability for business decisions adopted without a conflict of interest. A related article includes chapters 1 and 3 of the Report, and an introduction to the overall project by Prof. Black. These chapters address the substantive bases for liability of directors and company officials for breach of suty. See Legal Liability of Directors and Company Officiant Part 1: Substantive Grounds for Liability (Report to the Russian Securities Agency), 2007 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 614 (2007), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1010306.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2008 No. 1
Empty Voting: Private Solutions to a Private Problem
Creators: name: Lee, Michael
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2007

description: “Empty voting” describes the process through which a shareholder separates and sells off the economic interest in a share, retaining only the voting rights. Empty voting can currently be accomplished through a variety of techniques. These techniques include using accompanying short sales to offset the long position, using options to hedge away some or all of the economic exposure, entering into swap agreements that trade the economic fluctuations of the shares for other cash flows, or through “record date capture,” in which the empty voter temporarily borrows shares in order to vote them. In all of these instances, the empty voter retains little or no economic stake in the corporation, which distorts the empty voter’s incentives to vote in the corporation’s best interests. In extreme cases, such as when the empty voter is economically short, the empty voter may stand to personally gain from the corporation’s loss. By separating decision-making power from the economic investment in a corporation, empty voting may undermine the assumption that shareholder votes will accurately reflect the economic interests of the corporation–an assumption that has largely justified the law’s deferential stance towards shareholder voting outcomes. This apparent disconnect between the effects of empty voting and judicial perceptions of corporate democracy has prompted many commentators to suggest that existing legal doctrine is poorly equipped to respond to the issues raised by empty voting. This Note attempts to re-examine the concerns raised by empty voting. Ultimately, this Note takes the position that while empty voting poses real concerns, it may not be as problematic as some commentators have suggested. Although some issues do remain, many of the more extreme dangers may be adequately addressed under existing law. While acknowledging that some public sector regulation would be beneficial, this Note argues that many of the unaddressed problems posed by empty voting are ones that private institutions have both the ability and the incentive to solve. Based on these assessments, this Note suggests some possible private sector solutions.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2007 No. 3
A New Efficient Key Management Protocol for Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks
Creators: name: Lee, Yunho
name: Lee, Soojin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Research on sensor networks has become much more active and is currently being applied to many different fields. However since sensor networks are limited to only collecting and reporting information regarding a certain event, and requires human intervention with that given information, it is often difficult to react to an event or situation immediately and proactively. To overcome this kind of limitation, Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs) with immediate-response actor nodes have been proposed which adds greater mobility and activity to the existing sensor networks. Although WSANs share many common grounds with sensor networks, it is difficult to apply existing security technologies due to the fact that WSANs contain actor nodes that are resource-independent and mobile. Therefore, this research seeks to demonstrate ways to provide security, integrity, and authentication services for WSANs secure operation, by separating networks into hierarchical structure by each node's abilities and provides different encryption key based secure protocols for each level of hierarchy, Pairwise key, node key, and region key for sensor levels, and public key for actor
description: 8 pages IEEE format, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, IJCSIS November 2009, ISSN 1947 5500, http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
PolarDB-IMCI: A Cloud-Native HTAP Database System at Alibaba
Creators: name: Wang, Jianying
name: Li, Tongliang
name: Song, Haoze
name: Yang, Xinjun
name: Zhou, Wenchao
name: Li, Feifei
name: Yan, Baoyue
name: Wu, Qianqian
name: Liang, Yukun
name: Ying, Chengjun
name: Wang, Yujie
name: Chen, Baokai
name: Cai, Chang
name: Ruan, Yubin
name: Weng, Xiaoyi
name: Chen, Shibin
name: Yin, Liang
name: Yang, Chengzhong
name: Cai, Xin
name: Xing, Hongyan
name: Yu, Nanlong
name: Chen, Xiaofei
name: Huang, Dapeng
name: Sun, Jianling
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Databases (cs.DB)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Cloud-native databases have become the de-facto choice for mission-critical applications on the cloud due to the need for high availability, resource elasticity, and cost efficiency. Meanwhile, driven by the increasing connectivity between data generation and analysis, users prefer a single database to efficiently process both OLTP and OLAP workloads, which enhances data freshness and reduces the complexity of data synchronization and the overall business cost. In this paper, we summarize five crucial design goals for a cloud-native HTAP database based on our experience and customers' feedback, i.e., transparency, competitive OLAP performance, minimal perturbation on OLTP workloads, high data freshness, and excellent resource elasticity. As our solution to realize these goals, we present PolarDB-IMCI, a cloud-native HTAP database system designed and deployed at Alibaba Cloud. Our evaluation results show that PolarDB-IMCI is able to handle HTAP efficiently on both experimental and production workloads; notably, it speeds up analytical queries up to $\times149$ on TPC-H (100 $GB$). PolarDB-IMCI introduces low visibility delay and little performance perturbation on OLTP workloads (< 5%), and resource elasticity can be achieved by scaling out in tens of seconds.
description: 14 pages, 16 figures, to be published in ACM SIGMOD 2023
Majority Voting in Director Elections: A Simple, Direct, and Swift Solution?
Creators: name: Falcone, Vincent
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2007

description: The shareholder franchise has often been described as a fundamental element of the corporate structure. Although shareholders are the “owners” of the corporation, their ability to control corporate affairs is indirect. Shareholders have long lacked a meaningful voice in director elections. Legal and practical impediments have combined to ensure that shareholders are presented with only a single choice in the vast majority of elections: the candidate selected by the board. Shareholders may vote for the board’s nominee or withhold their votes in a symbolic show of discontent; in either case, however, the incumbent is assured reelection regardless of how many shareholders stand opposed to him or her. Beginning in 2004, the majority voting movement set out to change this dynamic by empowering shareholders to oust directors that receive more votes “against” than “for” their election. Majority voting is a seemingly simple reform, and the corporate community has been unable to raise plausible objections to it—at least as a matter of principle. For this reason, activist shareholders have been able to persuade a substantial number of corporations to adopt majority voting, often on a voluntary basis. The unanticipated consequences of interjecting majority voting into director elections, however, have required the enactment of compromise provisions that bring majority voting’s simplicity and viability into question. This Note argues that difficulties inherent in formulating a workable majority voting standard have produced reform that is largely hollow and may prove counterproductive. The Note concludes by suggesting that reform directed at the underlying proxy system would serve shareholders more effectively than the interjection of majority voting into director elections.
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2007 No. 3
Additional file 1 of The increasing burden of asthma acute care in Singapore: an update on 15-year population-level evidence
Creators: name: Lim, Laura Huey Mien
name: Chen, Wenjia
name: Amegadzie, Joseph Emil
name: Lim, Hui Fang
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Science Policy
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences

description: Additional file 1: Figure 1.1. Observed Rates of Asthma-related Hospitalisations, ED Attendances and Mortality Per 100,000 Resident Population (in separate panels). Note: Panels a), b) and c) describes the pattern of rate (per 100,000 resident population) observed in the past twenty-five years for asthma related admissions, ED attendances and mortality respectively.
Fragmentation cross sections of Fe^{26+}, Si^{14+} and C^{6+} ions of 0.3-10 A GeV on CR39, polyethylene and aluminum targets
Creators: name: Giorgini, Miriam
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2008
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: New measurements of the total and partial fragmentation cross sections in the energy range 0.3-10 A GeV of Fe^{26+}, Si^{14+} and C^{6+} beams on polyethylene, CR39 and aluminum targets are presented. The exposures were made at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), USA, and Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba (HIMAC), Japan. The CR39 nuclear track detectors were used to identify the incident and survived beams and their fragments. The total fragmentation cross sections for all targets are almost energy independent while they depend on the target mass. The measured partial fragmentation cross sections are also discussed.
description: 4 pages, 5 eps figures. Talk given at the 24th International Conference on Nuclear Tracks in Solids, Bologna, Italy, 1-5 September 2008
Multi-label learning for image analysis with limited annotation
Creators: name: Yu, Tianze
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2023

description: Deep learning, especially through Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), has revolutionized image analysis. Image classification, which involves assigning labels to images based on content, has seen significant advancements due to CNNs' ability to autonomously extract image features. Real-world images, spanning natural scenes, social media, medical imaging, and aerial views, often contain multiple objects, necessitating multiple annotations for precise deep learning-based classification. However, comprehensive image annotation is challenging. The sheer volume of images makes exhaustive labeling impractical. Specialized fields like medical imaging or remote sensing demand expert knowledge for accurate annotation, making the process lengthy and expensive. Given these constraints, there's a pressing need for learning with limited annotations, where only a few labels are available per image. To tackle this, researchers are gravitating towards semi-supervised and weakly supervised methods. These techniques utilize available labels to predict missing ones, ensuring minimal performance degradation due to absent labels. This thesis delves into multi-label learning for image analysis under limited annotation, offering insights into this crucial research area. Firstly, we explore multi-label image classification with partial annotations. We introduce an innovative method where annotators label only the most prominent features they're confident about in multi-label images. This reduces potential annotation errors and speeds up the process. Our research suggests that using partial labels can be beneficial, especially in areas where full annotation is challenging or costly. Next, we tackle the challenge of learning from incomplete annotations by examining scenarios where only one positive label is annotated per image. We assess the effects of various label selection strategies and offer practical annotation guidelines. Furthermore, considering that aerial images often cover vast areas with multiple labels, but available datasets are single-labeled, we introduce a self-correction integrated domain adaptation technique. This method leverages abundant single-label images for weakly supervised learning. Lastly, we extend partial annotation learning to hand pose estimation, highlighting that more annotations don't always equate to better results. Annotation quality and the balance between image count and annotation number are pivotal factors.
Legal Liability of Directors and Company Officials Part 1: Substantive Grounds for Liability (Report to the Russian Securities Agency)
Creators: name: Black, Bernard
name: Cheffins, Brian
name: Gelter, Martin
name: Kim, Hwa-Jin
name: Nolan, Richard
name: Siems, Mathias
Publisher: name: Columbia Business Law Review
Year: 2007

description: This Article contains chapters 1 and 3 of a World Bank sponsored Report, prepared in December 2006, to the Russian Federal Service for the Financial Market (FSFM). It discusses the liability under company law of directors, senior company officials, and controlling shareholders of public companies in Canada, France, Germany, Korea, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (with a more limited look at Austria, the European Union, Italy, Japan, and Latvia), and recommend amendments to Russian Company Law. It proposes measures to define the concepts of good faith and conflict of interest; establish duties of disclosure and confidentiality extend duties under company law to controlling shareholders and de facto directors for conflict of interest transactions; and protect directors against liability for business decisions adopted without a conflict of interest. The Article includes an Introduction for Prof. Black which provides an overview of Russia’s progress in creating a modern company law. A related Article includes chapters 8-9 and 11-13 of the Report, and addresses procedural rules for shareholder lawsuits and administrative and criminal liability of directors and company officials. See Legal Liability of Directors and company Officials Part 2: Court Procedures, Indemnification and Insurance, and Administrative and Criminal Liability (Report to the Russian Securities Agency), 2008 Colum. Bus. L. Rev., available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1010307. The full Report is available at htpp://ssrn.com/abstract=1001990 (English version) and http://ssrn.com/abstract=1001991 (Russian version).
description: Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2007 No. 3
Di-jet production at the LHC through unparticles
Creators: name: Agarwal, Neelima
name: Kumar, M. C.
name: Mathews, Prakash
name: Ravindran, V.
name: Tripathi, Anurag
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2009
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report the phenomenological impact of unparticles in the production of di-jet at the LHC. We compute the scalar, spin-1 and spin-2 unparticle contributions to the dijet cross sections and present our results in different kinematical distributions. We find that the scalar unparticle contribution is dominant over that of the spin-1 and spin-2 unparticles for the same coupling values.
description: 17 pages, 10 eps figures, 4 tables. Spin-1 unparticles also included. This version to appear in PRD
Additional file 1 of Post-traumatic stress disorder among heart disease patients: a clinical follow-up of individuals with myocardial infarction in the Tromsø Study
Creators: name: Lorem, Geir Fagerjord
name: Næss, Eva T.
name: Løchen, Maja-Lisa
name: Lillevoll, Kjersti
name: Molund, Else-Marie
name: Rösner, Assami
name: Lindkvist, Sigmund
name: Schirmer, Henrik
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2023
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Cancer
subject: Mental Health
subject: Hematology

description: Additional file 1.