cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Export-promoting Protection: Endogenous Monopoly and Price Disparity
Creators: name: Bhagwati, Jagdish N.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1988
Subjects: Economics

description: This note shows that protection-induced export promotion can arise even in the absence of economies of scale, which have been long analysed as factors sliding an import-substituting industry up the scale of comparative advantage and turning it into an exporter eventually. Even with an upward-sloping marginal-cost curve, a domestic monopolist can be protected and could then charge discriminatory prices in domestic and export markets, thus becoming an exporter whereas free trade would have destroyed the monopoly and led to imports instead.
Multiwavelength Observations of Supersonic Plasma Blob Triggered by Reconnection Generated Velocity Pulse in AR10808
Creators: name: Srivastava, A. K.
name: Erdelyi, R.
name: Murawski, K.
name: Kumar, Pankaj
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using multi-wavelength observations of Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO)/Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI), Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) 171 Å, and H$α$ from Culgoora Solar Observatory at Narrabri, Australia, we present a unique observational signature of a propagating supersonic plasma blob before an M6.2 class solar flare in AR10808 on 9th September 2005. The blob was observed between 05:27 UT to 05:32 UT with almost a constant shape for the first 2-3 minutes, and thereafter it quickly vanished in the corona. The observed lower bound speed of the blob is estimated as $\sim$215 km s$^{-1}$ in its dynamical phase. The evidence of the blob with almost similar shape and velocity concurrent in H$α$ and TRACE 171 Å supports its formation by multi-temperature plasma. The energy release by a recurrent 3-D reconnection process via the separator dome below the magnetic null point, between the emerging flux and pre-existing field lines in the lower solar atmosphere, is found to be the driver of a radial velocity pulse outwards that accelerates this plasma blob in the solar atmosphere. In support of identification of the possible driver of the observed eruption, we solve the two-dimensional ideal magnetohydrodynamic equations numerically to simulate the observed supersonic plasma blob. The numerical modelling closely match the observed velocity, evolution of multi-temperature plasma, and quick vanishing of the blob found in the observations. Under typical coronal conditions, such blobs may also carry an energy flux of 7.0$\times10^{6}$ ergs cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ to re-balance the coronal losses above active regions.
description: Solar Physics; 22 Pages; 8 Figures
Observations of Far-Ultraviolet Diffuse Emission from the Small Magellanic Cloud
Creators: name: Pradhan, Ananta C.
name: Murthy, Jayant
name: Pathak, Amit
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report the first observations of far-ultraviolet (FUV: 1000 -- 1150 Å) diffuse radiation from the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) using observations from the {\em Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE)}. The strength of FUV diffuse surface brightness in the SMC ranges from the detection limit of 2000 photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ sr$^{-1}$ Å$^{-1}$ to a maximum of $3 \times 10^{5}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ sr$^{-1}$ Å$^{-1}$ at 1004 Å. The contribution of diffuse emission to the total radiation field was found to be 34% at 1004 Åto 44% at 1117 Åwith a maximum observed uncertainty of 30%. There is a striking difference between the FUV diffuse fraction from the SMC and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) with the SMC fraction being higher probable because the higher dust albedo. The FUV diffuse emission correlates with H$α$ emission in the H {\small II} regions of the SMC.
description: Accepted for publication in ApJ
Ideology and North-South Relations
Creators: name: Bhagwati, Jagdish N.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1986
Subjects: Economics

description: North-South relations have been characterized by three ideological phases. The first started with a long period of ideological harmony, lasting into the early 1970s. It was interrupted by OPEC and the period of radical Southern ferment, to be followed by another, opposed divide when the United States shifted into conservative ideological posturing and actions with the first Reagan Administration. The second Reagan Administration's shift to the Baker Plan represents the third phase but can also be regarded as consistent with that ideological position.
The Origin of Graben and Ridges in Rachmaninoff, Raditladi, and Mozart Basins, Mercury
Creators: name: Blair, David M.
name: Freed, Andrew M.
name: Byrne, Paul K.
name: Klimczak, Christian
name: Prockter, Louise M.
name: Ernst, Carolyn M.
name: Solomon, Sean C.
name: Melosh, H. Jay
name: Zuber, Maria T.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Planetology
Plate tectonics

description: The Rachmaninoff, Raditladi, and Mozart peak-ring impact basins on Mercury display a distinctive pattern of tectonic features consisting of a central zone that is either devoid of tectonic landforms or contains small ridges, a medial annulus of prominent and predominantly circumferentially oriented graben, and a distal zone displaying graben that occur in a mix of orientations and that are less evident toward the peak ring. Here we use finite element models to explore three candidate scenarios for the formation of these tectonic features: (1) thermal contraction of the interior smooth plains, (2) isostatic uplift of the basin floor, and (3) subsidence following volcanic loading. Our results suggest that only thermal contraction can account for the observed pattern of graben, whereas some combination of subsidence and global contraction is the most likely explanation for the central ridges in Rachmaninoff and Mozart. Thermal contraction models, however, predict the formation of graben in the centermost region of each basin, where no graben are observed. We hypothesize that graben in this region were buried by a thin, late-stage flow of plains material, and images of partially filled graben provide evidence of such late-stage plains emplacement. These results suggest that the smooth plains units in these three basins are volcanic in origin. The thermal contraction models also imply a cooling unit ~1 km thick near the basin center, further supporting the view that plains-forming lavas on Mercury were often of sufficiently high volume and low viscosity to pool to substantial thicknesses within basins and craters.
(Re)visioning whole-person care : an interpretation of the health care experiences of culturally diverse persons living with a life-limiting illness
Creators: name: Bosma, Harvey R
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: Trends in Canadian demographics reflect a growing multicultural population with diverse perspectives on health and illness. This phenomenon brings unique challenges and opportunities to health care professionals to provide excellence in Hospice Palliative Care (HPC). Cross-cultural care can be complex and cultural differences may result in poor health outcomes for minority persons at end-of-life. The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experience of health care for culturally diverse persons who had been diagnosed with a life-limiting illness. Guided by the principles of hermeneutic phenomenology, it aimed to identify what culturally diverse persons considered important to their health care and to understand how mainstream and minority cultural approaches to care were enacted in their experiences. Data were generated through in-depth interviews with ten participants with various palliative diagnoses. Data analysis included the contextual development of four paradigm cases to uncover primary themes related to the participants’ experience of health care. These cases were categorically compared and contrasted with the other cases to further develop the themes. A conceptual picture of whole-person care that included the key dimensions of holistic care, integration of multiple care knowledges, and prioritization of collaborative care emerged through this process. The findings revealed that the participants addressed gaps in whole-person care by drawing on both mainstream and minority cultural beliefs and practices to meet their physical, mental, emotional and spiritual needs. This study points to the need for social workers and other health care professionals to re-conceptualize biomedicine as one cultural approach to health and illness alongside others of HPC and culturally diverse persons.
title: Breast cancers detected by surveillance MRI in women at high risk: a comparison with cancers detected by conventional imaging at a triple assessment clinic for symptomatic patients.
Creators: name: Buckley, Anne
Publisher: name: European Congress of Radiology
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Breast
subject: Breast
subject: Mammography
subject: MR
subject: Ultrasound
subject: Screening
subject: Cancer
subject: Retrospective
subject: Observational
subject: Performed at one institution

description: Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References
description: Purpose: The purpose of this project was to compare breast cancers detected by screening MRI in high-risk women with those detected by conventional imaging in symptomatic TAC attendees. In Ireland, women with a lifetime risk of over 30% of developing breast...
Capital Market Liberalization, Economic Growth, and Instability
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2000
Subjects: Economics

description: This paper reviews briefly the arguments for capital market liberalization, and identifies their theoretical and empirical weaknesses. This provides the foundations for the argument for intervention in short-term capital flows. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the various ways in which such interventions may be implemented.
Additional file 3 of Selected nasogastric lavage in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Creators: name: Gong, Eun Jeong
name: Hsing, Li-chang
name: Seo, Hyun Il
name: Seo, Myeongsook
name: Jun, Baek Gyu
name: Park, Jong Kyu
name: Lee, Sang Jin
name: Han, Koon Hee
name: Kim, Young Don
name: Jeong, Woo Jin
name: Cheon, Gab Jin
name: Kim, Min-Ju
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: Medicine
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Cancer

description: Additional file 3: Table 1. Patient characteristics acording to the presence of a bleeding ocus on endoscopy. Table 2. Factors associated with the presence of a bleeding focus on endoscopy. Table 3. Baseline characteristics of the patietns visiting the emergency department with complaints suspected of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Two Principles for the Next Round or, How to Bring Developing Countries in from the Cold
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2000
Subjects: Economics

description: Stresses the need to encourage third world countries to participate in the trade liberalization debate of the World Trade Organization. Inability of poor countries to afford the costs of inefficient resource allocation and the reduction of outside flows; Benefits of trade liberalization to countries; Need for fairness and comprehensiveness in the debate about trade liberalization.
LibSignal: An Open Library for Traffic Signal Control
Creators: name: Mei, Hao
name: Lei, Xiaoliang
name: Da, Longchao
name: Shi, Bin
name: Wei, Hua
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: This paper introduces a library for cross-simulator comparison of reinforcement learning models in traffic signal control tasks. This library is developed to implement recent state-of-the-art reinforcement learning models with extensible interfaces and unified cross-simulator evaluation metrics. It supports commonly-used simulators in traffic signal control tasks, including Simulation of Urban MObility(SUMO) and CityFlow, and multiple benchmark datasets for fair comparisons. We conducted experiments to validate our implementation of the models and to calibrate the simulators so that the experiments from one simulator could be referential to the other. Based on the validated models and calibrated environments, this paper compares and reports the performance of current state-of-the-art RL algorithms across different datasets and simulators. This is the first time that these methods have been compared fairly under the same datasets with different simulators.
description: 11 pages + 6 pages appendix. Accepted by Machine Learning Journal (2023). A short version is accepted by NeurIPS 2022 Workshop: Reinforcement Learning for Real Life. Website: https://darl-libsignal.github.io/
Absolute neutrino masses
Creators: name: Schechter, Joseph
name: Shahid, M. Naeem
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the possibility of using experiments timing the propagation of neutrino beams over large distances to help determine the absolute masses of the three neutrinos.
description: 3 pages, 2 figures
title: The east St. Louis Creek debris basin: serving a variety of research questions
title: Hydrology days 2005
titleType: AlternativeTitle
title: AGU hydrology days 2005
titleType: AlternativeTitle
Creators: name: Bunte, Kristin
name: Abt, Steven R.
name: Colorado State University, Publisher
Publisher: name: Mountain Scholar
Year: 2005

description: 2005 annual AGU hydrology days was held at Colorado State University on March 7 - March 9, 2005.
description: Includes bibliographical references.
description: Working at the Fraser Experimental Forest for more than 20 years, Chuck Troendle used the data of continuous streamflow and annual sediment load collected at the weir ponds/debris basins to analyze the effect of logging on runoff and sediment yield. He also predicted the annual sediment loads accumulated in the basins from hydrological data. Chuck then turned to using weir ponds/debris basins as a calibration tool to evaluate the sampling efficiency of bedload sampling devices. With this, he initiated several successor studies. Some evaluated if different placement of Helley-Smith samplers affected their catch and if different types of Helley-Smith samplers collected different amounts. Another study accessed if transport rates, collected in hanging baskets match those predicted from a transport equation, while two others analyzed the sampling efficiency of bedload traps. These tow studies indicated that substantial refinements in the estimates of the debris basin gravel mass and the computation of annual load from the bedload traps was needed before their sampling efficiency could be assessed which then ranged from 01.8 to 1.2. Improvements in the remaining uncertainty require that bedload be sampled or monitored continuously over the entire highflow season. The East St. Louis Creek debris basin has not only answered many of Chuck's research questions, it has also been very useful to the research of others and has the potential to become a nationally recognized research site.
Asteroseismology
Creators: name: Handler, Gerald
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Asteroseismology is the determination of the interior structures of stars by using their oscillations as seismic waves. Simple explanations of the astrophysical background and some basic theoretical considerations needed in this rapidly evolving field are followed by introductions to the most important concepts and methods on the basis of example. Previous and potential applications of asteroseismology are reviewed and future trends are attempted to be foreseen.
description: 38 pages, 13 figures, to appear in: "Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems", eds. T. D. Oswalt et al., Springer Verlag
title: Major pancreatic resection: early MRI findings
Creators: name: costa, lorenzo
Publisher: name: European Congress of Radiology
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Abdominal Viscera
subject: Abdomen
subject: Pancreas
subject: MR-Cholangiography
subject: Colonography MR
subject: Complications
subject: Surgery
subject: Fistula
subject: Oedema
subject: Prospective
subject: Observational
subject: Performed at one institution

description: Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References
description: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the early postoperative findings at MRI after pancreaticoduodenectomy, in order to identify patients at risk of developing complications including pancreatic and biliary...
Laboratory Measurements of Iron L-Shell Emission: 3→2 Transitions of Fe XXI-XXIV between 10.5 and 12.5 Å
Creators: name: Savin, Daniel Wolf
name: Gu, M. F.
name: Kahn, S. M.
name: Behar, E.
name: Beiersdorfer, P.
name: Brown, G. V.
name: Liedahl, D. A.
name: Reed, K. J.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2001
Subjects: Astrophysics
Microphysics

description: Using the electron beam ion trap EBIT-II facility at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we have measured the iron L-shell spectrum between 10.5 and 12.5 Å for Fe XXI-XXIV with a spectral resolution of ~30 mÅ. The relative line intensities of strong 3 → 2 transitions for each charge state are measured as functions of electron energy and compared to distorted wave (DW) calculations. The contributions of resonant processes, namely, resonant excitation (RE) and spectroscopically unresolved dielectronic recombination (DR) satellites, are investigated. The RE contributions are shown to be less than the experimental and theoretical uncertainties for plasma in collisional ionization equilibrium. The unresolved DR satellites, however, enhance the emissivities of almost all lines, some by as large as 15%, consistent with our earlier measurements for Fe XXIV. The DW results agree with our measurements to better than 20% under the condition of collisional ionization equilibrium. The line emissivities in the widely used spectral synthesis model, MEKAL, are also compared to our measurements and are found to be discrepant at a greater than 20% level for some lines.
Not Poles Apart: "Whither Reform?" and "Whence Reform?"
Creators: name: Stiglitz, Joseph E.
name: Ellerman, David
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2001
Subjects: Economics

description: Responds to the criticisms on the author's key hypotheses on the economic transitions and policies in China and Russia. Author's clarification on major disagreements with his critics; Defense of the appropriateness of the China-Russia comparison.
Additional file 1 of Antibacterial and anti-virulence effects of furazolidone on Trueperella pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Creators: name: Chen, Qin
name: Zhao, Kelei
name: Li, Heyue
name: Liu, Kanghua
name: Li, Jing
name: Chu, Yiwen
name: Prithiviraj, Balakrishnan
name: Yue, Bisong
name: Zhang, Xiuyue
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Microbiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Ecology
subject: Immunology
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Virology

description: Additional file 1.
Quality-diversity in dissimilarity spaces
Creators: name: Huntsman, Steve
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE)
subject: Optimization and Control (math.OC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: G.1.6
subject: 90-08

description: The theory of magnitude provides a mathematical framework for quantifying and maximizing diversity. We apply this framework to formulate quality-diversity algorithms in generic dissimilarity spaces. In particular, we instantiate and demonstrate a very general version of Go-Explore with promising performance.
description: Added Section 7 (for journal submission to supersede GECCO 2023 at DOI 10.1145/3583131.3590409) which discusses "extremal" diversity at scale zero; some other inconsequential changes
The effect of female kinship and relatedness on infant handling in ursine colobus
Creators: name: Badescu, Iulia
Publisher: name: University of Calgary
Year: 2011

description: Bibliography: p. 121-137.
description: Includes copy of Certification of Animal Protocol Approval form. Original with original copy of Partial Copyright Licence.
description: A few pages are in colour.
description: I examined the effect of female kinship and relatedness on natal attraction and infant handling in wild Colobus vellerosus, an egalitarian, female philopatric species. Female kin categories were determined using known pedigree information and pairwise r values (nDNA genotyping by E. Wikberg). I observed twelve infants from June to November 2010 using ten-minute focal animal sampling, and compared female matrilineal kin versus non-kin behaviors towards the infants. Female kin exhibited more natal attraction than non-kin. Mothers resisted interactions from non-kin subadult females, yet subadult kin handled infants for longer durations. Kin and non-kin subadults handled at similar frequencies. Adult female non-kin infant handled more than kin. Results emphasize the gentle nature of infant handling and the easy-going temperaments of C. vellerosus mothers. Infant handling may be a mechanism of female bonding - exchanged between unrelated females of different matrilines in a group, to establish, maintain, and strengthen their social relationships.
Decomposition, Trivially-Acting Symmetries, and Topological Operators
Creators: name: Robbins, Daniel
name: Sharpe, Eric
name: Vandermeulen, Thomas
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Trivially-acting symmetries in two-dimensional conformal field theory include twist fields of dimension zero which are local topological operators. We investigate the consequences of regarding these operators as part of the global symmetry of the theory. That is, we regard such a symmetry as a mix of topological defect lines (TDLs) and topological point operators (TPOs). TDLs related by a trivially-acting symmetry can join at a TPO to form non-trivial two-way junctions. Upon gauging, the local operators at those junctions can become vacua in a disjoint union of theories. Examining the behavior of the TPOs under gauging therefore allows us to refine decomposition by tracking the trivially-acting symmetries of each universe. Mixed anomalies between the TDLs and TPOs provide discrete torsion-like phases for the partition functions of these orbifolds, modifying the resulting decomposition. This framework also readily allows for the consideration of trivially-acting non-invertible symmetries.
description: 34 pages, 2 appendices, 16 figures; v2: some statements in section 4.5 corrected
Dense gas without star formation: The kpc-sized molecular disk in 3C326 N
Creators: name: Nesvadba, Nicole
name: Boulanger, Francois
name: Lehnert, Matt
name: Guillard, Pierre
name: Salome, Philippe
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report the discovery of a 3 kpc disk of few 10^9 Ms of dense, warm H_2 in the nearby radio galaxy 3C326 N, which shows no signs of on-going or recent star formation and falls a factor 60 below the Schmidt-Kennicutt law. VLT/SINFONI imaging spectroscopy shows broad (FWHM \sim 500 km/s) ro-vibrational H_2 lines across all of the disk, with irregular profiles and line ratios consistent with shocks. The ratio of turbulent and gravitational energy suggests that the gas is highly turbulent and not gravitationally bound. In absence of the driving by the jet, short turbulent dissipation times suggest the gas should collapse rapidly and form stars, at odds with the recent star-formation history. Motivated by hydrodynamic models of rapid H_2 formation boosted by turbulent compression, we propose that the molecules formed from diffuse atomic gas in the turbulent jet cocoon. Since the gas is not self-gravitating, it cannot form molecular clouds or stars while the jet is active, and is likely to disperse and become atomic again after the nuclear activity ceases. We speculate that very low star-formation rates are to be expected under such conditions, provided that the large-scale turbulence sets the gas dynamics in molecular clouds. Our results illustrate that jets may create large molecular reservoirs as expected in 'positive feedback' scenarios of AGN-triggered star formation, but that this alone is not sufficient to trigger star formation.
description: A&A accepted
United States Trade Policy at the Crossroads
Creators: name: Bhagwati, Jagdish N.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1989
Subjects: Economics

description: First considers actual and potential new directions for US trade policy, regarding the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement and the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act, both of 1988, as particularly significant. The article then discusses general factors prompting policy shifts, arguments used to justify unilateral reductions of trade barriers, the appropriateness of methods used to extract concessions, and provides a conclusion on the questions of managed trade and regionalism.
Internal kinematics of groups of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data release 7
Creators: name: Li, Cheng
name: Jing, Y. P.
name: Mao, Shude
name: Han, Jiaxin
name: Peng, Qiuying
name: Yang, Xiaohu
name: Mo, H. J.
name: Bosch, Frank van den
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present measurements of the velocity dispersion profile (VDP) for galaxy groups in the final data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). For groups of given mass we estimate the redshift-space cross-correlation function (CCF) with respect to a reference galaxy sample, xi(r_p, pi), the projected CCF, w_p(r_p), and the real-space CCF, xi(r). The VDP is then extracted from the redshift distortion in xi(r_p, pi), by comparing xi(r_p, pi) with xi(r). We find that the velocity dispersion (VD) within virial radius (R_200) shows a roughly flat profile, with a slight increase at radii below ~0.3 R_200 for high mass systems. The average VD within the virial radius, sigma_v, is a strongly increasing function of central galaxy mass. We apply the same methodology to N-body simulations with the concordance Lambda cold dark matter cosmology but different values of the density fluctuation parameter sigma_8, and we compare the results to the SDSS results. We show that the sigma_v-M_* relation from the data provides stringent constraints on both sigma_8 and sigma_ms, the dispersion in log M_* of central galaxies at fixed halo mass. Our best-fitting model suggests sigma_8 = 0.86 +/- 0.03 and sigma_ms = 0.16 +/- 0.03. The slightly higher value of sigma_8 compared to the WMAP7 result might be due to a smaller matter density parameter assumed in our simulations. Our VD measurements also provide a direct measure of the dark matter halo mass for central galaxies of different luminosities and masses, in good agreement with the results obtained by Mandelbaum et al. (2006) from stacking the gravitational lensing signals of the SDSS galaxies.
description: 17 pages, 10 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in ApJ, text slightly changed, abstract substantially shortened, two new panels added to Figs. 2 and 3 showing w_p and VDP as functions of r_p/R_200 instead of r_p
title: The impact of injection protocol in liver CT studies: a comparative analysis between two health facilities
Creators: name: Pereira, Rui
Publisher: name: European Congress of Radiology
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Multicentre study
subject: Observational
subject: Prospective
subject: Haemodynamics / Flow dynamics
subject: Drugs / Reactions
subject: Diagnostic procedure
subject: Contrast agent-intravenous
subject: CT
subject: Radiographers
subject: Liver
subject: Contrast agents
subject: CT

description: Purpose Methods and materials Results Conclusion Personal information and conflict of interest References
description: Purpose: The iodinated contrast media (ICM) use in hepatic CT studies is affected by multiple factors like those related to the clinical situation to be clarified [1], the patient's characteristics such as weight [2], age [3], and comorbidities [4] but also...
Krein C*-categories
Creators: name: Bertozzini, Paolo
name: Rutamorn, Kasemsun
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Operator Algebras (math.OA)
subject: Category Theory (math.CT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: C*-categories are essentially norm-closed *-categories of bounded linear operators between Hilbert spaces. The purpose of this work is to identify suitable axioms defining Krein C*-categories, i.e. those categories that play the role of C*-categories whenever Hilbert spaces are replaced by more general indefinite inner product Krein spaces, and provide some basic examples. Finally we provide a Gel'fand-Naimark representation theorem for Krein C*-algebras and Krein C*-categories.
description: 10 pages, AMS-LaTeX2e
Quantum theories with local information flow
Creators: name: Cruz, Eduarda Fonseca da Nova
name: Möckli, David
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Bell non-locality is a term that applies to specific modifications and interpretations of quantum mechanics. Yet, Bell's original 1964 theorem is often used to assert that unmodified quantum mechanics itself is non-local and that local realist interpretations are untenable. Motivated by Bell's original inequality, we identify four viable categories of quantum theories: local quantum mechanics, superdeterminism, non-local collapse quantum mechanics, and non-local hidden variable theories. These categories, however, are not restricted by Bell's definition of locality. In light of currently available no-go theorems, local and deterministic descriptions seem to have been overlooked, and one possible reason for that could be the conflation between Bell-locality and a broader principle of locality. We present examples of theories where a local flow of quantum information is possible, and assess whether current experimental proposals and an improved philosophy of science can contrast interpretations and distinguish between them.
description: 18 pages, 3 figures
Mercury's Hollows: Constraints on Formation and Composition from Analysis of Geological Setting and Spectral Reflectance
Creators: name: Blewett, David T.
name: Vaughan, William M.
name: Xiao, Zhiyong
name: Chabot, Nancy L.
name: Denevi, Brett W.
name: Ernst, Carolyn M.
name: Helbert, Jörn
name: D'Amore, Mario
name: Maturilli, Alessandro
name: Head, James W.
name: Solomon, Sean C.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Geology
subject: FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences
subject: Planetology

description: Landforms unique to Mercury, hollows are shallow, flat-floored irregular depressions notable for their relatively high reflectance and characteristic color. Here we document the range of geological settings in which hollows occur. Most are associated with impact structures (simple bowl-shaped craters to multiring basins, and ranging from Kuiperian to Calorian in age). Hollows are found in the low-reflectance material global color unit and in low-reflectance blue plains, but they appear to be absent from high-reflectance red plains. Hollows may occur preferentially on equator- or hot-pole-facing slopes, implying that their formation is linked to solar heating. Evidence suggests that hollows form because of loss of volatile material. We describe hypotheses for the origin of the volatiles and for how such loss proceeds. Intense space weathering and solar heating are likely contributors to the loss of volatiles; contact heating by melts could promote the formation of hollows in some locations. Lunar Ina-type depressions differ from hollows on Mercury in a number of characteristics, so it is unclear if they represent a good analog. We also use MESSENGER multispectral images to characterize a variety of surfaces on Mercury, including hollows, within a framework defined by laboratory spectra for analog minerals and lunar samples. Data from MESSENGER's X-Ray Spectrometer indicate that the planet’s surface contains up to 4% sulfur. We conclude that nanophase or microphase sulfide minerals could contribute to the low reflectance of the low-reflectance material relative to average surface material. Hollows may owe their relatively high reflectance to destruction of the darkening agent (sulfides), the presence of alteration minerals, and/or physical differences in particle size, texture, or scattering behavior.
Effect of Interface Induced Exchange Fields on Cuprate-Manganite Spin Switches
Creators: name: Liu, Yaohua
name: Visani, C.
name: Nemes, N. M.
name: Fitzsimmons, M. R.
name: Zhu, L. Y.
name: Tornos, J.
name: Zhernenkov, M.
name: Hoffmann, A.
name: Leon, C.
name: Santamaria, J.
name: Velthuis, S. G. E. te
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We examine the anomalous inverse spin switch behavior in La$_{0.7}$Ca$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ (LCMO)/YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-δ}$ (YBCO)/LCMO trilayers by combined transport studies and polarized neutron reflectometry. Measuring magnetization profiles and magnetoresistance in an in-plane rotating magnetic field, we prove that, contrary to many accepted theoretical scenarios, the relative orientation between the two LCMO's magnetizations is not sufficient to determine the magnetoresistance. Rather the field dependence of magnetoresistance is explained by the interplay between the applied magnetic field and the (exponential tail of the) induced exchange field in YBCO, the latter originating from the electronic reconstruction at the LCMO/YBCO interfaces.
description: Total 7 pages,with Supplemental Material. Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters
Phosphorus-bridged 2,2'-bithiophenes, phenylpyridines and 4,4'-bipyridines: versatile materials for organic electronics
Creators: name: Durben, Stefan
Publisher: name: University of Calgary
Year: 2011

description: Bibliography: p. 157-172.
description: Includes a copy of copyright permissions. Originals with original copy of Partial Copyright Licence.
description: Some pages are in colour.
Holographic representation of bulk fields with spin in AdS/CFT
Creators: name: Kabat, Daniel
name: Lifschytz, Gilad
name: Roy, Shubho
name: Sarkar, Debajyoti
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We develop the representation of bulk fields with spin one and spin two in anti-de Sitter space, as non-local observables in the dual CFT. Working in holographic gauge in the bulk, at leading order in 1/N bulk gauge fields are obtained by smearing boundary currents over a sphere on the complexified boundary, while linearized metric fluctuations are obtained by smearing the boundary stress tensor over a ball. This representation respects AdS covariance up to a compensating gauge transformation. We also consider massive vector fields, where the bulk field is obtained by smearing a non-conserved current. We compute bulk two-point functions and show that bulk locality is respected. We show how to include interactions of massive vectors using 1/N perturbation theory, and we comment on the issue of general backgrounds.
description: 45 pages, LaTeX, 1 figure. v2: corrected typo in equation (75)
Spin effects in quantum point contacts
Creators: name: Ren, Yuan
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2011

description: Quantum point contacts (QPCs) are narrow constrictions between large reservoirs of two-dimensional electron gas, with conductance quantized in units of G=2e²/h at zero magnetic field. Despite decades of investigation, some conductance features of QPCs remain mysterious, such as an extra conductance plateau at 0.7(2e²/h) (0.7 structure) and a zero-bias peak (ZBP) in nonlinear conductance. In this thesis, we present experimental studies of transport anomalies in QPCs, aiming at shedding more light on these features. Conductance measurements are performed for ZBPs in a much wider range than in most previous work, focused especially on the low- and high-conductance regimes. The Kondo model and a model of subband motion are compared with experimental results, but both of them fall short of explaining the data. The subband-motion model is not spin-dependent, so it conflicts with the spin-related nature of ZBPs as confirmed by measurements of nuclear spin polarization in QPCs in an in-plane magnetic field. However, the motion of subbands and the spin dependence of these motions are clearly shown by thermopower spectroscopy. These results may help understand the origin of ZBPs and 0.7 structure.
A simple construction for a cylindrical cloak via inverse homogenization
Creators: name: Anderson, Tom H.
name: Mackay, Tom G.
name: Lakhtakia, Akhlesh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: An effective cylindrical cloak may be conceptualized as an assembly of adjacent local neighbourhoods, each of which is made from a homogenized composite material (HCM). The HCM is required to be a certain uniaxial dielectric-magnetic material, characterized by positive-definite constitutive dyadics. It can arise from the homogenization of remarkably simple component materials, such as two isotropic dielectric-magnetic materials, randomly distributed as oriented spheroidal particles. By carefully controlling the spheroidal shape of the component particles, a high degree of HCM anisotropy may be achieved, which is necessary for the cloaking effect to be realized. The inverse Bruggeman formalism can provide estimates of the shape and constitutive parameters for the component materials, as well as their volume fractions.
Fabrication, characterization, and application of nanostructures on ta surfaces
Creators: name: El-Sayed, Hany A.
Publisher: name: University of Calgary
Year: 2011

description: Bibliography: p. 144-167.
description: Many pages are in colour.
description: The primary focus of this research has been to develop a simple and versatile method for the fabrication of nanopariicle arrays using a dimpled Ta (OT) template, and to explore the various applications of these nanoparticle arrays. The OT template, fabricated by Ta anodization in H2S04 + HF solutions, is composed of nanoscale, monodisperse shallow pores (dimples) having a diameter that is dependent on the anodization voltage. By the careful investigation of the Ta anodization process, it was found that Ta2O5 nanotubes form on the Ta surface during the first moments of anodization. These tubes later detach , exposing the substrate, which is then seen to be decorated with dimple-like structures. The detachment of the nanotubes was attributed to the gradual build-up of TaF 5 at the Ta/Ta2O5 interface . By optimizing the electrochemical conditions, stable Ta2O 5 nanotubes and free-standing membranes were produced. By sputter-coating the OT surface w ith a thin film of Au, and using the solid-state thin-film dewetting technique, the nanoscale dimples were filled with Au, forming a Au nanoparticle array. This technique of nanoparticle array formation is very sensitive to metal film thickness, with the optimum thickness being 3-4 nm. Binary alloy nanoparticle arrays were also fabricated by the thermal annealing of sequentially sputter-deposited metallic layers on the OT substrate. The electrochemistry of OT-supported Au films and nanoparticle arrays was investigated in 0.5 M H2SO4 so lution by cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the presence of a semiconducting Ta oxide film on top of the OT substrate does not affect the electrochemical response of the Au deposited on the OT surface, indicating the negligible resistance of the Ta oxide interlayer. The cyclic voltammetry investigations reproducibly showed that there is a decrease in the Au surface area after thermal annealing, as expected, due to the formation of the nanoparticle array. In a solution containing the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple, the OT-supported Au nano particle array behaved like a nanoelectrode array at very high scan rates. This indicates that thin-film dewetting resulted in nanoparticles that are physically separated from each other. The array was also tested for its amperometric response to glucose oxidation, using a coating of the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx), giving a three times larger response (current density) compared to what is obtained with a conventional Au film supported on OT.
Time Evolving Photo Ionisation Device (TEPID): a novel code for out-of-equilibrium gas ionisation
Creators: name: Luminari, Alfredo
name: Nicastro, Fabrizio
name: Krongold, Yair
name: Piro, Luigi
name: Thakur, Aishwarya Linesh
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Photoionisation is one of the main mechanisms at work in the gaseous environment of bright astrophysical sources. Many information on the gas physics, chemistry and kinematics, as well as on the ionising source itself, can be gathered through optical to X-ray spectroscopy. While several public time equilibrium photoionisation codes are readily available and can be used to infer average gas properties at equilibrium, time-evolving photoionisation models have only very recently started to become available. They are needed when the ionising source varies faster than the typical gas equilibration timescale. Indeed, using equilibrium models to analyse spectra of non-equilibrium gas may lead to inaccurate results and prevents a solid assessment of the gas density, physics and geometry. We present our novel Time-Evolving PhotoIonisation Device (TEPID), which self-consistently solves time evolving photoionisation equations (thermal and ionisation balance) and follows the response of the gas to changes of the ionising source. The code can be applied to a variety of astrophysical scenarios and produces time-resolved gas absorption spectra to fit the data. To describe the main features of TEPID, we apply it to two dramatically different astrophysical scenarios: a typical ionised absorber observed in the X-ray spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei (e.g. Warm Absorbers and UFOs) and the circumburst environment of a Gamma-Ray Burst. In both cases, the gas energy and ionisation balances vary as a function of time, gas density and distance from the ionising source. Time evolving ionisation leads to unique ionisation patterns which cannot be reproduced by stationary codes when the gas is out of equilibrium. This demonstrates the need for codes such as TEPID in view of the up-coming high-resolution X-ray spectrometers onboard missions like XRISM or Athena.
description: Accepted for publication on Astronomy & Astrophysics. 23 pages, 25 figures
Depth resolved detection of lipid using spectroscopic optical coherence tomography
Creators: name: Fleming, Christine P.
name: Eckert, Jocelyn
name: Halpern, Elkan F.
name: Gardecki, Joseph A.
name: Tearney, Guillermo J.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2013
Subjects: Biomedical engineering
Optics

description: Optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI) can identify key components related to plaque vulnerability but can suffer from artifacts that could prevent accurate identification of lipid rich regions. In this paper, we present a model of depth resolved spectral analysis of OFDI data for improved detection of lipid. A quadratic Discriminant analysis model was developed based on phantom compositions known chemical mixtures and applied to a tissue phantom of a lipid-rich plaque. We demonstrate that a combined spectral and attenuation model can be used to predict the presence of lipid in OFDI images.
Reexamination of phenomenological two-photon exchange corrections to the proton form factors and e+-p scattering
Creators: name: Qattan, I. A.
name: Alsaad, A.
name: Arrington, J.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We extract the two-photon exchange (TPE) contributions to electron--proton elastic scattering using two parametrizations and compare the results to different phenomenological extractions and direct calculations of the TPE effects. We find that many of the extractions give similar results, and highlight the common assumptions and the impact of not including such assumptions. We provide a simple parametrization of the TPE contribution to the unpolarized cross section, along with an estimate of the fit uncertainties and the uncertainties associated with the assumptions made in the extraction. We look at the contributions as extracted from various e--p elastic scattering observables, and make predictions for ratio $R^{e^{+} e^{-}}$ of positron-proton to electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections.
description: 11 pages, 7 figures
The International Trading System
Creators: name: Bhagwati, Jagdish N.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1990
Subjects: Economics

description: This article provides a brief overview of the achievements of UNCTAD over the last 25 years. It then examines in some detail the evolution of the world trading system, the role of multinational corporations within that system, and the trade related issues facing developing countries and the (former) centrally planned economies. The case for a multilateral trading system within an evolving GATT framework, rather than emergent new trading blocs with unilaterally and regionally based trading arrangements, is strongly advocated.
Efficient classical algorithms for simulating symmetric quantum systems
Creators: name: Anschuetz, Eric R.
name: Bauer, Andreas
name: Kiani, Bobak T.
name: Lloyd, Seth
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In light of recently proposed quantum algorithms that incorporate symmetries in the hope of quantum advantage, we show that with symmetries that are restrictive enough, classical algorithms can efficiently emulate their quantum counterparts given certain classical descriptions of the input. Specifically, we give classical algorithms that calculate ground states and time-evolved expectation values for permutation-invariant Hamiltonians specified in the symmetrized Pauli basis with runtimes polynomial in the system size. We use tensor-network methods to transform symmetry-equivariant operators to the block-diagonal Schur basis that is of polynomial size, and then perform exact matrix multiplication or diagonalization in this basis. These methods are adaptable to a wide range of input and output states including those prescribed in the Schur basis, as matrix product states, or as arbitrary quantum states when given the power to apply low depth circuits and single qubit measurements.
description: 12 pages, 3 figures