Supplementary tables and figures for "Milk metabolites and fatty acids as noninvasive biomarkers of metabolic status and energy balance in early lactation cows" published in the Journal of Dairy Science
Creators: name: Pires, JAA
name: Larsen, T.
name: Leroux, C.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2021
Subjects: dairy cow, energy balance, milk metabolites, milk fatty acids

description: SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES AND FIGURES FOR THE FOLLOWING PAPER PUBLISHED IN THE JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCENCE <strong>Milk metabolites and fatty acids as noninvasive biomarkers of metabolic status and energy balance in early lactation cows.</strong> The objective was to study the effects of wk of lactation (WOL) and experimental nutrient restriction on concentrations of selected milk metabolites and fatty acids (FA), and assess their potential as biomarkers of energy status in early lactation cows. To study WOL effects, 17 multiparous Holstein cows were phenotyped from calving until 7 WOL while allowed ad libitum intake of a lactation diet. Further, to study the effects of nutrient restriction, 8 of these cows received a diet containing 48% of straw (High-straw) for 4 days starting at 24 ± 3 DIM, and 8 cows maintained on the lactation diet were sampled to serve as controls. Blood and milk samples were collected weekly for the WOL dataset, and daily from day -1 to 3 of nutrient restriction (or control) for the nutritional challenge dataset. Milk β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), isocitrate, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate (glucose-6P), galactose, glutamate, creatinine, uric acid, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity (NAGase) were analyzed in p.m. and a.m. samples, and milk FA were analyzed in pooled p.m. and a.m. samples. Average energy balance (EB) per d ranged from -27 MJ/d to neutral when cows received the lactation TMR, and from -109 to -87 ± 7 MJ/d for High-straw (LSM ± SEM). Plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration was 1.67 ± 0.13 mM and BHB was 2.96 ± 0.39 mM on the d 3 of High-straw (LSM ± SEM). Milk concentrations of BHB, glucose, glucose-6P, glutamate and uric acid differed significantly between p.m. and a.m. milkings. Milk isocitrate, glucose-6P, creatinine and NAGase decreased, whereas milk glucose and galactose increased with WOL. Changes in milk BHB, isocitrate, glucose glucose-6P and creatinine were concordant during early lactation and in response to nutrient restriction. Milk galactose and NAGase were modulated by WOL only, whereas glutamate and uric acid concentrations responded to nutrient restriction only. The High-straw increased milk concentrations of FA potentially mobilized from adipose tissue (e.g., C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1 and sum odd and branched chain FA with carbon chain greater than 16; ∑ OBCFA&gt; C16), and decreased concentrations of FA synthesized de novo by the mammary gland (e.g., sum of FA with 6 to 15 carbons; ∑ C6:0 to C15:0). Similar observations were made during early lactation. Plasma NEFA concentrations had the best single linear regression with EB (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.62). Milk isocitrate, Σ C6:0 to C15:0 and <em>cis-</em>9 C18:1 had the best single linear regressions with EB (R<sup>2</sup> ≥ 0.44). Milk BHB, isocitrate, galactose, glutamate and creatinine explained up to 64 % of the EB variation observed in the current study using multiple linear regression. Milk concentrations of ∑ C6:0 to C15:0, C18:0, cis-9 C18:1 and ∑ OBCFA&gt; C16 presented some of the best correlations and regressions with other indicators of metabolic status, lipomobilization and EB, and their responses were concordant during early lactation and experimental nutrient restriction. Metabolites and FA secreted in milk may serve as noninvasive indicators of metabolic status and EB of early lactation cows.