Dysoniini Rehn 1950
Creators: name: Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.
name: Braun, Holger
name: García, Alexander García
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2022
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Orthoptera
Tettigoniidae

description: Tribe Dysoniini Rehn, 1950
Diagnosis. Small to medium-sized (25–65 mm). Eyes globose, distance of the antennal sockets not greater than the width of the scapus. Vertex elevated in diverse shapes, from a slightly raised tubercle or crest to long spines. Fastigium with a developed ventral tooth, ocellar tubercle present and only slightly or well developed. Pronotal disc also with various modifications (like spines, expansions, denticulations). Tegmina narrow or moderately widened, Rs vein originating at the middle of R, MA vein prolonged to the middle of the tegmina and then turning into the anal margin. Anterior coxae dorsally armed with a fronto-basal spine; tympana exposed on both sides of the fore tibiae; leg spines lamellate, developed as spinule or long, pointed spines. Genicular lobes of fore and middle femora are usually armed with a spine (in Quiva armed with two small spines). Meso- and metasternum never longer than wide, meso- and metafurcal furrow narrow and usually rounded. Tenth tergite unmodified; male cerci forked, usually divided in the horizontal plane (except Apolinaria, where the both branches are directed dorsally); male subgenital plate unmodified (except for Lichenomorphus, where it is elongated and very flexible), and styli developed to different degrees. Ovipositor of females varying in shape, from as long as the pronotum, curved and broadened, to long and slender, surpassing the length of the pronotum.
Type genus. Dysonia White, 1862.
Distribution. Neotropical, from northeastern Mexico to northern Argentina (Maps 1–19).
Comments: Recently, Gorochov (2014, 2016) considered Trachyzulpha Dohrn, 1892, a genus from Southeast Asia, to be a member of Dysoniini, placing it in its own subtribe Trachyzulphina. The supposed justification being the shared lichen mimicry. However, this type of mimicry has arisen several times in the subfamily Phaneropterinae, and also in other katydids like Lichenagraecia Rentz, Su & Ueshima, 2012 from Australia (Conocephalinae: Armadillagraeciini) as well as several groups of the family Pseudophyllinae, and even in Caelifera such as pygmy grasshoppers of the genera Amorphopus Serville, 1838 and Eomorphopus Hancock, 1907 from the Amazon (Cadena-Castañeda et al. 2019a, 2019b). An adaptation to a particular type of environment or microhabitat is not necessarily associated with a particular taxonomic group. Therefore, the Trachyzulphini n. stat. are here elevated to a separate tribe of the Phaneropterinae, based on the original diagnosis (Gorochov 2014).
Moreover, Gorochov (2016) proposed to reduce Pycnopalpini to a subtribe of Dysoniini, arguing that the posteromedial denticle or spine on the upper rostral tubercle is also present in some representatives of that group. However, Pycnopalpini + Dysoniini do not belong to a monophyletic group according to the most comprehensive phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Mugleston et al. 2018). The Pycnopalpini are considered a tribe with two subtribes, Pycopalpina and Theiina (Cadena-Castañeda 2014a, Cigliano et al. 2022).
Figures 11–14 present a pictorial key for the identification of genera.
description: Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Braun, Holger & García, Alexander García, 2022, The tribe Dysoniini part VI: Phylogeny, biogeography and evolutionary trends of the lichen katydid genera (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). Eleventh contribution to the suprageneric organization of Neotropical phaneropterines, pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 5166 (1) on pages 20-22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5166.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6876209