ИЗГУБЉЕНО И "НАЂЕНО": СЛУЧАЈ ГРОБ(ОВ)А АЛЕКСАНДРА МАКЕДОНСКОГ
Creators: name: Simić, Aleksandar
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2019
Subjects: Alexander the Great
tomb
Alexandria
archaeology
excavations

description: Alexander the Great had had the magnetic attraction from Antiquity to the modern day, and that is clear in the case of his tomb. Immediately after his death, his diadochoi started quarrelling about his final resting place. Even though the royal tomb in Aegae was chosen, Ptolemy I snatched his body and buried it in Memphis. That caused war with the empire’s regent Perdiccas and the subsequent downfall of the latter. The body of Alexander was later transported to, naturally, Alexandria, and soon enough a cult was organized around his earthly remains. Through both Ptolemaic and Roman rule over Alexandra this cult flourished and it’s safe to say that pilgrimages were taken to visit the body. Not even Roman emperors could resist the allure of Alexander’s mausoleum. Many of them, from Julius Caesar to Septimius Severus visited the Alexandrian tomb. But, in Late Antiquity, a series of disasters hit Alexandria and the tomb and the body were at some point lost. Still the myth persevered and many a traveller, whether an Arab<br> wayfarer from 9-10th century or an English adventurist from 16–17th century, visited Alexandria and left a description of a supposed tomb of Alexander. They all have in common that they describe a certain house or a mosque, much revered by the Muslims, under which Alexander’s body lay. Since the first French and English expeditions in Alexandria from the time of Napoleon, archaeologists were trying to discover the location of the famous tomb. Egyptian Supreme Council for Antiquities (now Ministry of the State for Antiquities) registered about 150 attempts to find the tomb. Apart from scientific reasons, money, emotions, politics and especially fame were the prime motivators for this search. There is little doubt that whoever eventually discovers the tomb will become famous and labelled by the media as “the new Schliemann”. Media coverage of the discoveries of the alleged tombs of Alexander (whether in Alexandria or elsewhere) gives credence to this claim. To put it simply: whenever someone claimed that they had found the grave of Alexander or someone connected to him, they experienced their fifteen minutes of fame. As of this day, the tomb remains hidden, but the intensive excavations are ongoing in hope to find the body of the famous king. That is a clear testimony of Alexander’s relevance today.
description: {"references": ["Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Clitophon,Translated by S. Gaselee, Cambridge MA \u2013 London (Loeb Classical Library) 1969.", "Aelian, Historical Miscellany, Translated by Nigel G. Wilson, Cambridge MA \u2013 London (Loeb Classical Library) 1997.", "\u0410\u043c\u0438\u0458\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d, \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0458\u0430\u0448\u045a\u0435\u045a\u0430 \u041c. \u041c\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d, \u0411\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 1998.", "Quintus Curtius, with an English translation by J. C. Rolfe, in Two Volumes, Cambridge MA \u2013 London (Loeb Classical Library) 1971.", "Dio Cassius, Roman History, Volumes VI, VII, IX, Translated by E. Cary, H. B. Foster, Cambridge MA \u2013 London (Loeb Classical Library) 1917\u20131927.", "\u0414\u0438\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0430 \u0421\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0458\u0435, \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u045a\u0438\u0433\u0435 17\u201322, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0447\u043a\u043e\u0433 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440 M. \u0420\u0438\u0446\u043b, \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0434, 1998.", "Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, Volume I: Books 1-5, Translated by K. Lake, Cambridge MA \u2013 London (Loeb Classical Library) 1926.", "F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, I\u2013III, 18 vols, N o 156 (Arrianus), Berlin 1923\u20131926, Leiden 1940\u20131958.", "Herodian, History of the Empire, Volume I: Books 1-4, Translated by C. R. Whittaker, Cambridge MA \u2013 London (Loeb Classical Library)1969.", "Marcus Junianus Justinus, Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, translated, with notes, by the Rev. J. Selby Watson, H. G. Bohn, London 1853.", "The Homilies of S. John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, on the Second Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians, translated with notes and indices by J. Ashworth, Oxford 1848.", "J. P. Migne, Patrologia Graeca, vol. 83, Paris 1864, 1029\u20131030 (Theodoret, Graecarum Affectionum Curatio).", "Lucan, Pharsalia, translated by A. S. Kline 2014", "Lucian, Dialogues of the Dead, Translated by M. D. MacLeod, Cambridge MA \u2013 London (Loeb Classical Library) 1961.", "Andrea. Rotstein, Literary History in the Parian Marble, Washington DC 2016.", "Palladius, Lausiac History, translated by W. K. Lowther Clarke, London \u2013 New York 1918.", "\u041f\u0430\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430, \u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441 \u0425\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435 I-II, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0409. \u0412\u0443\u043b\u0438\u045b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u045b, \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0434 1994.", "The Ecclesiastical History of Sozomenus, Comprising a History of the Church from A.D. 323 to A.D. 425, Translated from the Greek, revised by C. D. Hartranft, in: P. Schaff (ed.), Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II Volume 2, Edinburgh \u2013 Grand Falls, MI 1885.", "Strabo, Geography, Volume VIII: Book 17. General Index, translated by H. L. Jones, Cambridge MA \u2013 London (Loeb Classical Library) 1932.", "Svetonije, Dvanaest rimskih careva, prevod N. \u0160op, Beograd 2014.", "\u041a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0422\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0442, \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0409. \u0426\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0458\u0430\u0446, \u0411\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 1970.", "Zenobius, Proverbs, translated and edited by A. Smith 2016", "J. Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 and 1773 in Five Volumes, Volume I, Edinburgh \u2013 London 1790.", "Leo Africanus, The History and Description of Africa, volume III, translated by J. Pory, edited, with an introduction and notes by R. Brown, London 1896.", "G. Sandys, A Relation of a Journey begun in An. Dom. 1610, London 1617.", "\u041c. \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b, \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0420\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0435: \u041e\u0434 \u0420\u043e\u043c\u0443\u043b\u0430 753. \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435 \u0425\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430, 337. \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0411\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 2014.", "\u0413. \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0412\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0458\u0435, \u0411\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 2017.", "A. Aufderheide, The scientific study of mummies, Cambridge 2003.", "\u0424. \u041f\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0443, \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u0425\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430, \u0411\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 2010.", "R. S. Bianchi, The Elusive Tomb of Alexander, Archaeology online features, 11. 11. 2004. (https://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/alexander/tomb. html, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 4. 7. 2019.).", "A. \u0412. Bosworth, Legacy of Alexander: Politics, Warfare and Propaganda under the Successors. Oxford 2002.", "D. Braund, After Alexander: the Emergence of the Hellenistic World, 323\u2013281, in: A. Erskine (ed.), A Companion to the Hellenistic world, Oxford 2005, 19\u201334.", "F. Chamoux, Hellenistic Civilization, Oxford 2002.", "A. Chugg, Did the Amphipolis Tomb Commemorate Hephaistion?, 10. 10. 2015. (\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430: https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewChugg 4. 7. \t\t 2019.).", "A. Chugg, Famous Alexandrian Mummies: The Adventures in Death of Alexander the Great and Saint Mark the Evangelist, in: Proceedings of the Eroi, Eroismi, Eroizzazioni della Grecia antica a Padova e Venezia Conference, University of Padua, September 2006, Padua 2007.", "A. Chugg, Lingering Mysteries of the AmphipolisTomb, 4.12. 2014. (\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430: https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewChugg 4. 7. 2019.).", "A. Chugg, Proof that the Amphipolis Tomb was not Built for Hephaistion, 21.2. 2016. (\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430: https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewChugg 4. 7. 2019.).", "A. Chugg, The Quest for the Tomb of Alexander the Great, Self-Published 2007 1 , 2012 2 .", "A. Chugg, The Sarcophagus of Alexander the Great, Greece and Rome 49 (2002), 8\u201326.", "A. Chugg, The Tomb of Alexander the Great in Alexandria, American Journal of Ancient History 1/2 (2003), 75\u2013108.", "A. Chugg, The Truth about the Hephaistion Inscriptions from Amphipolis, 6. 2. 2016. (\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430: https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewChugg 4. 7. 2019.).", "\u0410. Chugg, An Identity Crisis for the Amphipolis Tomb 25. 1. 2015. (\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430: https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewChugg 4. 7. 2019.).", "\u0410. Chugg, The Lost Tomb of Alexander the Great, Richmond 2004.", "E. D. Clarke, The Tomb of Alexander: A Dissertation on the Sarcophagus brought from Alexandria and now in the British Museum, Cambridge 1805.", "W. Clarysse, G. van der Keven, The Eponymous Priests of Ptolemaic Egypt, Leiden 1983.", "T. S. Constantinou, This is how Alexander The Great is Trolling: The Chronicle of the Amphipolis Tomb, Self-Published 2015.", "L. O'Connor, The Remains of Alexander the Great: The God, The King, The Symbol, Constructing the Past 10 (2009, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol10/iss1/8 12. 7. 2019), 35\u201346.", "P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria II, Oxford 1972.", "S. R. K. Glanville, T. C. Skeat, Eponymous Priesthoods of Alexandria from 211 B.C, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 40 (1954), 46\u201358.", "W. Heckel, Mazaeus, Callisthenes and the Alexander Sarcophagus, Historia 55 (2006), 385\u2013396.", "N. J. Saunders, Alexander's Tomb: The Two Thousand Year Obsession to Find the Lost Conqueror, New York 2007.", "L. R. Taylor, The cult of Alexander in Alexandria, Classical Philology 22 (1927), 162\u2013169.", "R. Waterfield, Dividing the Spoils: The War for The Alexander the Great's Empire, Oxford 2011.", "\u00c9. Will, Histoire politique du monde hell\u00e9nistique (323-30 avant J.-C.), Paris 2003.", "\u00c9. Will, The formation of the Hellenistic kingdoms, in: F. W. Walbank, A. E. Astin, M. W. Frederiksen, R. M. Ogilvie (eds.),The Cambridge Ancient History, volume 7, part 1, Cambridge 1984 2 , 23\u201361.", "\u03a4. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b6\u03ce\u03b7\u03c2, \u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a6\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf \u0392' \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1 \u0391\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2;, \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7 1993.", "\u03a4. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b6\u03ce\u03b7\u03c2, \u039f \u0399\u0399 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1 \u0391\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf; \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7 2001.", "\u03a4. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b6\u03ce\u03b7\u03c2, \u039f \u039c\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2; \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1 2017.", "Archaeologist claims opulent grave in Greece honored Alexander the Great's best friend, US News-Civic, 30.9. 2015 (https://www.usnews.com/news/world/ articles/2015/09/30/excavator-ancient-grave-in-greece-honored-alexanders- pal, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 14.7. 2019).", "J. Black, Tomb of Alexander the Great already found, archaeologist claims, but findings have been blocked by 'diplomatic intervention', Ancient Origins 13.9. 2014. (https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/tomb- alexander-great-already-found-archaeologist-claims-1020180?page=0%2C 1&amp;fbclid=IwAR0fGrB4xRwDQRVfVzf4O-H7q6DoaOrr86QQJXCoyUD- l1721pp91N7Ubz8, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 23.7. 2019).", "E. Blakemore, New clues to the lost tomb of Alexander the Great discovered in Egypt, National Geographic 28.2. 2019 (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ culture/2019/02/lost-tomb-alexander-great/ \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 25.7. 2019).", "S. Cascone, Archaeologists Thought They'd Find the Tomb of Alexander the Great. Instead They Found a Medical Marvel, Artnet News 22.8. 2018. (https://news.artnet.com/art-world/archaeologists-tomb-alexander-great-brain- surgery-1336640 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 14.7. 2019).", "S. Cascone, Have They Found Alexander the Great's Tomb? Speculation Runs Rampant Over a Newly Discovered Sarcophagus in Egypt, Artnet News 13.7. 2018. (https://news.artnet.com/art-world/sarcophagus-egypt-mystery- tomb-1318196, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 14.7. 2019.).", "G. Christides, Greeks captivated by Alexander-era tomb at Amphipolis, BBC News, 22.9. 2014. (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29239529, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 14.7. 2019).", "J. Daley, Scientists Begin Unveiling the Secrets of the Mummies in the Alexandria 'Dark Sarcophagus', Smithsonian.com 21.8. 2018 (https://www. smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/were-learning-more-about-inhabitants- dark-sarcophagus-180970085/ \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 14.7. 2019).", "Greek's licence to dig revoked by Egypt, The Irish Times, 25.1. 1997 (https://www. irishtimes.com/news/greek-s-licence-to-dig-revoked-by-egypt-1.25544, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 23.7. 2019).", "B. Newsome, Mystery Files: Alexander the Great, The Sydney Morning Herald, 29.6. 2011. (https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/mystery-files- alexander-the-great-wednesday-june-29-20110624-1gicv.html, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 4.7. 2019).", "No evidence seen of Alexander's tomb, Greeks say, The Baltimore Sun, 6.2. 1995. (https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1995-02-06-1995037011- story.html, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 14.7.2019).", "A. Papapostolou, Hephaestion's Monogram Found at Amphipolis Tomb, Greek Reporter 30.9. 2015, (https://greece.greekreporter.com/2015/09/30/ hephaestions-monogram-found-at-amphipolis-tomb/, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 14.7. 2019.).", "L. Souvaltzi, The despairing cry of the tomb of Alexander the Great from the desert at Siwa Oasis, Ancient Origins 18.12. 2014. (https://www.ancient-origins. net/history/despairing-cry-tomb-alexander-great-desert-siwa-oasis-002464, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0459\u0435\u043d\u043e 23. 7. 2019)."]}