Echiniscus bigranulatus Richters 1908
Creators: name: Michalczyk, Łukasz
name: Kaczmarek, Łukasz
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2006
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Tardigrada
Heterotardigrada
Echiniscoidea
Echiniscidae
Echiniscus
Echiniscus bigranulatus

description: Echiniscus bigranulatus Richters, 1908 (Figs. 1–20, 72)
Material examined
Neotype – 1 adult female from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, South America (from the Binda & Pilato Collection, University of Catania, Italy, slide no. 4414); 14 adults (7 mounted in Hoyer’s medium and 7 prepared for SEM) from Costa Rica, Central America (near the road from Pacayas to Turrialba, 27.5 km before Turrialba; moss from soil); 1 adult from Pichinchia, Ecuador, South America (from the Binda & Pilato Collection, University of Catania, Italy, slide no. 4779); 1 adult from Cistre, Argentina, South America (from the Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen Collection, University of Copenhagen, Denmark).
Redescription
Adult female (measurements of the neotype): Body length 202.4 (Figs. 1–4). Body red. Red eyes visible in living specimens only. Internal cirrus 13.8 long, external cirrus 18.1 long; internal/external cirrus ratio = 0.76. Cephalic papilla 7.6 long. Apart from head cirri and cirrus A no other appendices present. Cirrus A 47.5 long, ending in a point. Cirrus A/body ratio = 0.23. Clava 6.7 long.
Dorsal (plate) cuticle with true pores and without granulation (Figs. 5–12). Cuticle appearance in SEM: surface smooth without granules, strongly porous. Pores large (1.0 in diameter) (Figs. 7–8), smaller on the anterior portion of median plate II (0.5 in diameter).
‘Sponge layer’ absent, large pillars present (Figs. 11–12, 72). Undeveloped pillars in shape of blunt projections visible under pores. Cuticle visible in PCM: pores visible as bright fields, cuticular pillars appear as dark dots. Pores on the same focus level as pillars (Figs. 5–6). Both pores and cuticular pillars very well focusable. Ventral cuticle with very fine, dense and regular granulation.
All plates well developed with the same sculpture, but anterior part of median plate II with smaller pores (ca. 0.5 in diameter) (Figs. 13–14). Head and scapular plates not faceted. In LM lateral portions of scapular plate seem to be detached from the dorsal plate and form small shoulder plates (one on each side of the body) divided from the scapular plate by a thin bright stripe. This false division is caused by a bend of plate where cuticle is thinner; in SEM this division is not visible. Third median plate present and well developed (Figs. 15–16). Terminal plate faceted. Notches 19.0 long.
Spine on legs I in shape of narrow triangle, 2.9 long. Papilla on legs IV finger­like, 4.8 long (Figs. 17–19). Dentate collar with fine granulation in LM (small, shallow depressions in SEM), and with 12 sharp, triangular teeth (Figs. 17–19).
Claws of legs IV 11.0 long. External claws of all legs without spurs, internal claws of all legs with spur, directed downwards, growing out of claw at ca. 35o (Figs. 18–20). Spur on claws of legs IV relatively large (2.7 long; spur/claw ratio = 0.25). Claws of legs I–III slightly shorter.
Remarks
Results of simple statistical analysis of measurements of selected morphological structures for 7 specimens from Costa Rica are given in Table 1. No males, juveniles, larvae and eggs were found.
All of the specimens found across South and Central America are very similar, therefore we have assumed that the intraspecific variability in E. bigranulatus is low.
According to the original description claws are devoid of the spurs, while all specimens that we have examined had spurs on internal claws of all legs. We think that spurs could have been overlooked, due to a relatively low angle in which they grow out of the claw. Sometimes, when claws are very closely arranged to each other, spurs are difficult to identify.
Geographic distribution
Known from South and Central America. Records of this species in Africa need to be reconfirmed, however it seems to be very likely that the South African specimens belong to a different species.
Type depositories
Neotype and 3 specimens from Costa Rica are preserved at the Natural Sciences Collection, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61–614 Poznań, Poland; 3 specimens from Costa Rica are preserved in the collection of Ł. Michalczyk.
Etymology
The name ‘ bigranulatus ’ was given by Ferdinand Richters as he probably thought that dorsal plates are covered with ‘double granulation’.
Differential diagnosis
For comparisons with other species of the bigranulatus group see Tables 7–8.
description: Published as part of Michalczyk, Łukasz & Kaczmarek, Łukasz, 2006, Revision of the Echiniscus bigranulatus group with a description of a new species Echiniscus madonnae (Tardigrada: Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from South America, pp. 1-26 in Zootaxa 1154 on pages 2-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.172226