cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Hyperons in the Bound State Approach to the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio Chiral Soliton
Creators: name: Weigel, H.
name: Alkofer, R.
name: Reinhardt, H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1993
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: For the Nambu--Jona--Lasinio (NJL) model in the proper time regularization scheme the chiral soliton is investigated for the case of three flavors within the framework of the bound state approach to strangeness. For this purpose meson fluctuations off the non--strange soliton are considered. For the kaon P--wave channel the emerging Bethe--Salpeter equation is solved yielding the bound state energy and wave--function. This kaon bound state also induces a strange valence quark wave--function. Collective coordinates are introduced for the SU(2) isorotations and the coupling of the bound state to these rotations is determined. The total spin is decomposed into parts carried by the soliton and the bound state. The absolute value of the former is identical to the total isospin while the latter is demonstrated to be identical to the expectation value of the grand spin, the sum of spin and isospin. The functional trace involves quark states with various grand spins which get polarized by the kaon bound state. This polarization results in a normalization of the coupling between the collective rotation and the bound state different from the Skyrme model. Nevertheless after quantization the expression for the baryon masses can be cast into the form found by Callan and Klebanov for the Skyrme model. Numerical results for the baryon spectrum are compared to those obtained in the same model using the collective approach of Yabu and Ando. It is found that for $\frac{1}{2}^+$ baryons the bound state treatment reproduces the experimental data better than the collective approach while there are only small differences between the two approaches for the $\frac{3}{2}^+$ baryons. Both treatments underestimate the mass splittings for baryons with different strangeness. This short-coming is conjectured to be inherited from the meson sector of the NJL model where too small a ratio of the kaon and pion decay constants is predicted.
description: 40 pages, 5 figuers (not included, avaible upon request) UNITU-THEP-14/1993
nuMSM and its experimental tests
Creators: name: Bezrukov, F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: $ν$MSM is a minimal renormalizable extension of the Standard Model by right handed neutrinos. This model explains the neutrino oscillations and provides a candidate for the Dark Matter and a mechanism of baryon number generation in the Early Universe. We discuss here existing constraints on the model and possible consequences for astrophysical and laboratory experiments.
description: 4 pages. To appear in the proceedings of International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics (EPS-HEP2007), Manchester, England, 19-25 Jul 2007
РАЗВИТИЕ ЭКОНОМИКИ ЮЖНОЙ ОСЕТИИ: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ, ПРОБЛЕМЫ, РЕШЕНИЯ
Creators: name: СЕМИН АЛЕКСАНДР НИКОЛАЕВИЧ
name: ТРЕТЬЯКОВ АНАТОЛИЙ ПЕТРОВИЧ
Publisher: name: ЭТАП: экономическая теория, анализ, практика
Year: 2020
Subjects: РЕСПУБЛИКА ЮЖНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ
РЕСПУБЛИКА СЕВЕРНАЯ ОСЕТИЯ
ЭКОНОМИКА
КАРЛИКОВОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВО
ТЕРРИТОРИЯ
ЧИСЛЕННОСТЬ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ
ВВП
ОТРАСЛИ ЭКОНОМИКИ
БЮДЖЕТ
СТРАТЕГИЯ
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH OSSETIA
REPUBLIC OF NORTH OSSETIA
ECONOMY
DWARF STATE
TERRITORY
POPULATION
GDP
ECONOMIC SECTORS
BUDGET
STRATEGY

description: Статья посвящена особенностям развития молодого государства на постсоветском пространстве на примере Республики Южная Осетия. Раскрываются отдельные аспекты частично признанного государства, находящегося в сложной экономико-политической ситуации. В исследовании приводится сравнительный анализ Южной Осетии и других маленьких по территории, численности населения и ВВП на душу населения стран. Сравниваются экономические показатели Южной и Северной Осетии. Выявляются тенденции и проблемы в экономике Республики Южная Осетия, предлагаются пути дальнейшего развития экономики этого молодого независимого государства.
Gravitational Lensing Statistics by Galaxy Clusters with Smoothness Parameter Depending on z
Creators: name: Valencia, Monica
name: Castaneda, Leonardo
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using the Eikonal approximation we study the effect of the smoothness parameter in the Dyer-Roeder equation. We calculate the optical depth for dark halos with NFW profile, for the abundance the Press-Schechter formalism is used. We focus our analysis on the cross section for multiple images (three). Different cosmologies are compared.
description: Latex, 4 pages, 3 figures. To appear in the Proceedings of 30th Spanish Relativity Meeting (ERE 2007): Relativistic Astrophysics and Cosmology, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, Sep 10-14 2007
ОЦЕНОЧНЫЕ КРИТЕРИИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ РЕГИОНОВ
Creators: name: БАРАНОВА СВЕТЛАНА ВИКТОРОВНА
name: ЛИДИНФА ЕЛЕНА ПЕТРОВНА
name: ПАНИН АЛЕКСАНДР ВЛАДИМИРОВИЧ
name: ФУЧЖУН ХУАН
Publisher: name: ЭТАП: экономическая теория, анализ, практика
Year: 2020
Subjects: СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКИ РЕГИОНОВ
ОЦЕНКА УРОВНЯ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ
ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ
SOCIO-ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE REGIONS
ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS RELATED TO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS

description: В статье обобщены основные подходы к оценке эффективности региональной социально-экономической политики, систематизированы показатели, связанные с экономическими и социальными аспектами, рекомендуемые для оценки уровня социально-экономического развития региона в современных экономических реалиях. Показаны возможные способы использования комплексного подхода в системе оценки развития регионов и представлены результаты рейтингования территориальных образований ЦФО, использование которых способствует выстраиванию системы стратегического планирования на основе достигнутых экономических критериев регионов-«флагманов» и адаптации механизма их управления в индивидуальную практику.
title: Supernova Remnant Crossing a Density Jump: A Thin-Shell Model
Creators: name: Chen, Y
name: Zhang, F
name: Williams, RM
name: Wang, QD
Publisher: name: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Year: 2003
Subjects: subject: ISM: bubbles; ISM: individual (N132D); ISM: kinematics and dynamics; shock waves; supernova remnants
subject: Astrophysics and Astronomy

description: This is the pre-published version harvested from ArXiv. The published version is located at http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/595/1/227/
description: The environments of supernova explosions are often inhomogeneous, and there may be jumps in their density structure. We have developed a semianalytic model under the thin-shell approximation for supernova remnants that evolve crossing a density jump in the ambient medium. The generic evolutionary relations are presented for the blast wave after impacting on a cavity wall, which may be produced by the energetic stellar wind from the supernova progenitor. The relations can also be extended to the case in which the blast waves break out from a dense cloud if a different density contrast is used. This model is applied to N132D, a well-known cavity-born supernova remnant whose evolution has not yet been quantitatively estimated in a cavity scenario because of the lack of model formulae, and self-consistent physical parameters are obtained.
A Note on the MIR Closure
Creators: name: Bonami, Pierre
name: Cornuejols, Gerard
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 1999
Subjects: subject: 150399 Business and Management not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: In 1988, Nemhauser and Wolsey introduced the concept of MIR inequality for mixed integer linear programs. In 1998, Wolsey defined MIR inequalities differently. In some sense these definitions are equivalent. However, this note points out that the natural concepts of MIR closures derived from these two definitions are distinct. Dash, Günlük and Lodi made the same observation independently.
Effects of Possible $ΔB =- ΔQ$ Transitions in Neutral $B$ Meson Decays}
Creators: name: Dass, G. V.
name: Sarma, K. V. L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1993
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We explore the possibility that the existing data on like-sign dileptons at the $Υ(4S)$ resonance consist of events arising from $B_{d}^0 -\bar B_{d}^0$ mixing and also from $ΔB = - ΔQ$ transitions. The consequences of these nonstandard transitions for certain time-asymmetries which are likely to be measured at the $B$ factories are studied.
description: {\LARGE \bf 10 pages, no figures, process using latex, TIFR/TH/93-50
Enhancement of the $K_L$ -- $K_S$ Mass Difference by Short Distance QCD Corrections Beyond Leading Logarithms
Creators: name: Herrlich, S.
name: Nierste, U.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1993
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We calculate the next-to-leading order short distance QCD corrections to the coefficient $η_1$ of the effective $ΔS = 2$ hamiltonian in the standard model. This part dominates the short distance contribution $(Δm_K)^{\rm SD}$ to the $K_L$ -- $K_S$ mass difference. The next-to-leading order result enhances $η_1$ and $(Δm_K)^{\rm SD}$ by 20\% compared to the leading order estimate. Taking $0.200 \gev \le \laMSb \le 0.350 \gev$ and $1.35 \gev \le m_c(m_c) \le 1.45 \gev$ we obtain $0.922 \le η_1^{\rm NLO} \le 1.419$ compared to $0.834 \le η_1^{\rm LO} \le 1.138$. For $B_K = 0.7$ this corresponds to 48 -- 75 \% of the experimentally observed mass difference. The inclusion of next-to- leading order corrections to $η_1$ reduces considerably the theoretical uncertainty related to the choice of renormalization scales.
description: 30 pages and 9 figures (available as uuencoded tarred postscript files), LaTeX, TUM-T31-40/93
A semi-supervised fuzzy GrowCut algorithm to segment and classify regions of interest of mammographic images
Creators: name: Cordeiro, Filipe Rolim
name: Santos, Wellington Pinheiro dos
name: Filho, Abel Guilhermino da Silva
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI)
subject: Information Retrieval (cs.IR)
subject: Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE)
subject: Image and Video Processing (eess.IV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: According to the World Health Organization, breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women. It is the second leading cause of death among women round the world, becoming the most fatal form of cancer. Mammographic image segmentation is a fundamental task to support image analysis and diagnosis, taking into account shape analysis of mammary lesions and their borders. However, mammogram segmentation is a very hard process, once it is highly dependent on the types of mammary tissues. In this work we present a new semi-supervised segmentation algorithm based on the modification of the GrowCut algorithm to perform automatic mammographic image segmentation once a region of interest is selected by a specialist. In our proposal, we used fuzzy Gaussian membership functions to modify the evolution rule of the original GrowCut algorithm, in order to estimate the uncertainty of a pixel being object or background. The main impact of the proposed method is the significant reduction of expert effort in the initialization of seed points of GrowCut to perform accurate segmentation, once it removes the need of selection of background seeds. We also constructed an automatic point selection process based on the simulated annealing optimization method, avoiding the need of human intervention. The proposed approach was qualitatively compared with other state-of-the-art segmentation techniques, considering the shape of segmented regions. In order to validate our proposal, we built an image classifier using a classical multilayer perceptron. We used Zernike moments to extract segmented image features. This analysis employed 685 mammograms from IRMA breast cancer database, using fat and fibroid tissues. Results show that the proposed technique could achieve a classification rate of 91.28\% for fat tissues, evidencing the feasibility of our approach.
НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ КОММЕРЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ ИННОВАЦИЙ В РОССИИ
Creators: name: БАРИНОВА НАТАЛЬЯ ВЛАДИМИРОВНА
Publisher: name: ЭТАП: экономическая теория, анализ, практика
Year: 2020
Subjects: ИННОВАЦИЯ
КОММЕРЦИАЛИЗАЦИЯ ИННОВАЦИЙ
ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ИННОВАЦИОННЫЙ МЕНЕДЖЕР
INNOVATION
COMMERCIALIZATION OF INNOVATIONS
INTEGRATION
UNIVERSITY
INNOVATION MANAGER

description: В последние годы инновации играют значительную роль в развитии российской и зарубежной экономики. Процессы цифровизации и глобализации способствуют созданию большого количества инноваций во всех сферах человеческой деятельности, в том числе и в образовании. С целью получения экономического эффекта инновации необходимо коммерциализировать. В данной статье проанализированы основные подходы к проблеме коммерциализации, представленные в научной литературе различными исследователями. В статье сформулированы основные проблемы, препятствующие развитию инноваций, определены направления развития, сделан вывод о подготовке инновационных менеджеров для России, представлен зарубежный опыт поддержки перспективных идей. Автор приводит практические примеры поддержки инновационного предпринимательства в российских вузах. Сделан вывод об инновационном развитии государства путем интеграции науки, образования и производства и дальнейших перспективах управления процессом коммерциализации разработок и положительном влиянии на экономическое развитие государства.
Constraining Walking and Custodial Technicolor
Creators: name: Foadi, Roshan
name: Frandsen, Mads T.
name: Sannino, Francesco
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show how to constrain the physical spectrum of walking technicolor models via precision measurements and modified Weinberg sum rules. We also study models possessing a custodial symmetry for the S parameter at the effective Lagrangian level - custodial technicolor - and argue that these models cannot emerge from walking type dynamics. We suggest that it is possible to have a very light spin-one axial vector boson. However, in the walking dynamics the associated vector boson is heavy while it is degenerate with the axial in custodial technicolor.
description: Two columns, RevTex, 4 pages, 5 eps files
РАЗВИТИЕ СИСТЕМЫ МОТИВАЦИИ СОТРУДНИКОВ, ОБЕСПЕЧИВАЮЩИХ ИННОВАЦИОННУЮ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ
Creators: name: БРАЖНИКОВА НАТАЛЬЯ БОРИСОВНА
name: КАПЛУН ЕКАТЕРИНА СЕРГЕЕВНА
Publisher: name: ЭТАП: экономическая теория, анализ, практика
Year: 2020
Subjects: ОЦЕНКА И МОТИВАЦИЯ СОТРУДНИКОВ
GOOGLE
ЯНДЕКС
РАЗВИТИЕ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЙ
ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ
ASSESSMENT AND MOTIVATION OF EMPLOYEES
YANDEX
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETENCIES
ENSURING INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES OF THE ORGANIZATION

description: Опираясь на опыт компаний Google и «Яндекс» и их подходы к оценке и мотивации сотрудников, авторы отмечают основные положительные стороны принятых в рассмотренных компаниях систем управления сотрудниками. Выделяется перечень ключевых моментов при стимулировании персонала, обеспечивающих инновационную деятельность, в том числе установление доверительных отношений с руководством и коллегами, возможность непрерывного обучения и повышения квалификации. На основании опыта компаний Google и «Яндекс» разработан вариант системы оценки и мотивации сотрудников, обеспечивающих инновационную деятельность организации.
The Enriched Grothendieck Construction
Creators: name: Beardsley, Jonathan
name: Wong, Liang Ze
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Category Theory (math.CT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 18D30 (Primary) 18D20 (Secondary) 55U40

description: We define and study opfibrations of $V$-enriched categories when $V$ is an extensive monoidal category whose unit is terminal and connected. This includes sets, simplicial sets, categories, or any locally cartesian closed category with disjoint coproducts and connected unit. We show that for an ordinary category $B$, there is an equivalence of 2-categories between $V$-enriched opfibrations over the free $V$-category on $B$, and pseudofunctors from $B$ to the 2-category of $V$-categories. This generalizes the classical ($Set$-enriched) Grothendieck correspondence.
description: Final version to appear in Advances in Mathematics, minor changes after further refereeing, 30 pages
Data Cubes in Hand: A Design Space of Tangible Cubes for Visualizing 3D Spatio-Temporal Data in Mixed Reality
Creators: name: He, Shuqi
name: Yao, Haonan
name: Jiang, Luyan
name: Li, Kaiwen
name: Xiang, Nan
name: Li, Yue
name: Liang, Hai-Ning
name: Yu, Lingyun
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Human-Computer Interaction (cs.HC)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Tangible interfaces in mixed reality (MR) environments allow for intuitive data interactions. Tangible cubes, with their rich interaction affordances, high maneuverability, and stable structure, are particularly well-suited for exploring multi-dimensional data types. However, the design potential of these cubes is underexplored. This study introduces a design space for tangible cubes in MR, focusing on interaction space, visualization space, sizes, and multiplicity. Using spatio-temporal data, we explored the interaction affordances of these cubes in a workshop (N=24). We identified unique interactions like rotating, tapping, and stacking, which are linked to augmented reality (AR) visualization commands. Integrating user-identified interactions, we created a design space for tangible-cube interactions and visualization. A prototype visualizing global health spending with small cubes was developed and evaluated, supporting both individual and combined cube manipulation. This research enhances our grasp of tangible interaction in MR, offering insights for future design and application in diverse data contexts.
РАЗВИТИЕ ЭКОНОМИКИ И ПОВЫШЕНИЕ КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ ЧЕРЕЗ ВНЕДРЕНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ СОТРУДНИКОВ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ
Creators: name: АРНАУТ МАРИНА НИКОЛАЕВНА
name: БОГДАНОВА АНТОНИНА ВЯЧЕСЛАВОВНА
Publisher: name: ЭТАП: экономическая теория, анализ, практика
Year: 2020
Subjects: ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПЕРСОНАЛА
СИСТЕМА ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ
МЕТОДИКА ВНЕДРЕНИЯ
РЕГИОНАЛЬНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА
КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТЬ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ
УРОВЕНЬ ЖИЗНИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ
PERSONNEL TRAINING
DISTANCE LEARNING SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATION METHODOLOGY
REGIONAL ECONOMY
COMPETITIVENESS OF TERRITORIES
LIVING STANDARDS OF THE POPULATION

description: Проблема сокращения конкурентоспособных трудовых ресурсов в регионах приобретает все более серьезный характер. Отток кадров связан с низким уровнем жизни, снижением заработных плат, сложностями трудоустройства. Решение проблемы требует комплексного подхода. С одной стороны, есть региональные хозяйствующие субъекты, которые нуждаются в качественных трудовых ресурсах, а с другой, население заинтересовано в работе на перспективных и развивающихся предприятиях, с высокой заработной платой и социальными гарантиями. Работодатель при принятии кадровых решений прежде всего оценивает уровень компетентности и образования кандидата, ведь от подготовки кадрового состава зависит эффективность хозяйствующего субъекта в целом. Это во многом обусловливает важность непрерывного внутриорганизационного обучения, необходимого для развития компании. Современные социально-экономические условия требуют постоянно совершенствовать и менять формы обучения персонала, например, развивать дистанционное обучение сотрудников, которое может повысить уровень компетентности сотрудников, поднять конкурентоспособность региональных предприятий и регионов соответственно.
О СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ИНТЕРАКТИВНЫХ МЕТОДАХ ПОДГОТОВКИ ИТ-СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ
Creators: name: РЕБУС НАТАЛЬЯ АНАТОЛЬЕВНА
name: ПОКОЛОДИНА ЕЛЕНА ВЛАДИСЛАВОВНА
Publisher: name: ЭТАП: экономическая теория, анализ, практика
Year: 2020
Subjects: ПОДГОТОВКА ИТ-СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ
ОНЛАЙН-КУРСЫ
ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЕ НАВЫКИ ПРОГРАММИСТА
ВОСТРЕБОВАННЫЕ ЯЗЫКИ ПРОГРАММИРОВАНИЯ
ПОСЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ПОДГОТОВКИ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ
TRAINING OF IT SPECIALISTS
ONLINE COURSES
PROFESSIONAL SKILLS OF A PROGRAMMER
POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
SEQUENCE OF TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS

description: В статье представлен обзор современных средств обучения ИТ-специалистов. Особое внимание уделяется онлайн-курсам и иным дистанционным формам обучения. Проанализированы наиболее востребованные компетенции ИТ-специалистов на современном рынке труда и особенности их формирования. Ведь для подготовки хорошего программиста важны «мягкие навыки», в том числе коммуникативные, при командной разработке, когда аналитики изучают потребности пользователя и формируют техническое задание, программисты разрабатывают функции, а тестировщики проверяют качество работы. В статье изложены соображения авторов в части последовательности подготовки специалистов информационной сферы, предложен сценарий интерактивного занятия, который может быть рекомендован для подготовки будущих специалистов в области разработки и тестирования программного обеспечения.
On the mass formula and Wigner and curvature energy terms
Creators: name: Royer, G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The efficiency of different mass formulas derived from the liquid drop model including or not the curvature energy, the Wigner term and different powers of the relative neutron excess $I$ has been determined by a least square fitting procedure to the experimental atomic masses assuming a constant R$_{0,charge}$/A$^{1/3}$ ratio. The Wigner term and the curvature energy can be used independently to improve the accuracy of the mass formula. The different fits lead to a surface energy coefficient of around 17-18 MeV, a relative sharp charge radius r$_0$ of 1.22-1.23 fm and a proton form-factor correction to the Coulomb energy of around 0.9 MeV.
A Note on Dijoins
Creators: name: Cornuejols, Gerard
name: Guenin, Bertrand
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 1977
Subjects: subject: 150399 Business and Management not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: For every nonnegative integer arc weight function w, the minimum weight of a dicut is at least as large as the maximum number of dijoins such that no arc a is contained in more than w(a) of these dijoins. We give two examples of digraphs with strict inequality for some weight w and discuss the possibility that, together with an example due to Schrijver, these are the only “minimal” such examples.
Synthetic Landau levels and spinor vortex matter on Haldane spherical surface with magnetic monopole
Creators: name: Zhou, Xiang-Fa
name: Wu, Congjun
name: Guo, Guang-Can
name: Wang, Ruquan
name: Pu, Han
name: Zhou, Zheng-Wei
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a flexible scheme to realize exact flat Landau levels on curved spherical geometry in a system of spinful cold atoms. This is achieved by Floquet engineering of a magnetic quadrupole field. We show that a synthetic monopole field in real space can be created. We prove that the system can be exactly mapped to the electron-monopole system on sphere, thus realizing Haldane's spherical geometry for fractional quantum Hall physics. The scheme works for either bosons or fermions. We investigate the ground state vortex pattern for an $s$-wave interacting atomic condensate by mapping this system to the classical Thompson's problem. We further study the distortion and stability of the vortex pattern when dipolar interaction is present. Our scheme is compatible with current experimental setup, and may serve as a promising route of investigating quantum Hall physics and exotic spinor vortex matter on curved space.
description: 11 pages, 4 figures
A New Bound for the 2-Edge Connected Subgraph Problem
Creators: name: Carr, Robert
name: Ramamoorthi Ravi
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 1983
Subjects: subject: 150399 Business and Management not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Given a complete undirected graph with non-negative costs on the edges, the 2-Edge Connected Subgraph Problem consists in finding the minimum cost spanning 2-edge connected subgraph (where multi- edges are allowed in the solution). A lower bound for the minimum cost 2-edge connected subgraph is obtained by solving the linear programming relaxation for this problem, which coincides with the subtour relaxation of the traveling salesman problem when the costs satisfy the triangle inequality. The simplest fractional solutions to the subtour relaxation are the 1/2 z -integral solutions in which every edge variable has a value which is a multiple of 1/2 . We show that the minimum cost of a 2-edge connected subgraph is at most four-thirds the cost of the minimum cost 1/2-integral solution of the subtour relaxation. This supports the long-standing 4/3 Conjecture for the TSP, which states that there is a Hamilton cycle which is within 4/3 times the cost of the optimal subtour relaxation solution when the costs satisfy the triangle inequality.
ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ НЕПРОФИЛЬНЫХ АКТИВОВ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ОБЩЕСТВ С ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫМ УЧАСТИЕМ
Creators: name: БАРАНОВА ИННА ВЛАДИМИРОВНА
name: РАХВАЛОВА ДАРЬЯ ОЛЕГОВНА
name: ВЛАСЕНКО МАРИЯ АЛЕКСАНДРОВНА
Publisher: name: ЭТАП: экономическая теория, анализ, практика
Year: 2020
Subjects: ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ
НЕПРОФИЛЬНЫЕ АКТИВЫ
РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ
СУДЕБНЫЕ СПОРЫ
ОБЪЕКТЫ ГРАЖДАНСКИХ ПРАВ
ИМУЩЕСТВО
ПРАВО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ
ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЕ ОБЩЕСТВА
LEGAL REGULATION
NON-CORE ASSETS
REALIZATION
LITIGATION
OBJECTS OF CIVIL RIGHTS
PROPERTY
STATE PROPERTY RIGHT
ECONOMIC SOCIETIES

description: В условиях лаконичности легальной дефиниции понятия «непрофильные активы» и критериев непрофильности ряд хозяйственных обществ с государственным участием дают ему собственную трактовку, что усложняет управление непрофильными активами, их идентификацию и отчуждение. Контент-анализ нормативно-правовых актов показал, что принципиальными вопросами управления непрофильными активами и их отчуждения являются определение критериев непрофильности активов, соблюдение принципов и способов их реализации. Обзор материалов судебной практики позволил типологизировать споры, возникающие в связи с отчуждением непрофильных активов.
Multi-focus Image Fusion using dictionary learning and Low-Rank Representation
Creators: name: Li, Hui
name: Wu, Xiao-Jun
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Among the representation learning, the low-rank representation (LRR) is one of the hot research topics in many fields, especially in image processing and pattern recognition. Although LRR can capture the global structure, the ability of local structure preservation is limited because LRR lacks dictionary learning. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-focus image fusion method based on dictionary learning and LRR to get a better performance in both global and local structure. Firstly, the source images are divided into several patches by sliding window technique. Then, the patches are classified according to the Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) features. And the sub-dictionaries of each class are learned by K-singular value decomposition (K-SVD) algorithm. Secondly, a global dictionary is constructed by combining these sub-dictionaries. Then, we use the global dictionary in LRR to obtain the LRR coefficients vector for each patch. Finally, the l_1-norm and choose-max fuse strategy for each coefficients vector is adopted to reconstruct fused image from the fused LRR coefficients and the global dictionary. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can obtain state-of-the-art performance in both qualitative and quantitative evaluations compared with serval classical methods and novel methods.The Code of our fusion method is available at https://github.com/hli1221/imagefusion_dllrr
description: 12 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables. The 9th International Conference on Image and Graphics (ICIG 2017, Oral)
Weak dipole moment of $τ$ in $e^+e^-$ collisions with longitudinally polarized electrons
Creators: name: Ananthanarayan, B.
name: Rindani, Saurabh D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1993
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: It is pointed out that certain CP-odd momentum correlations in the production and subsequent decay of tau pairs in $e^+e^-$ collisions get enhanced when the $e^-$ is longitudinally polarized. Analytic expressions for these correlations are obtained for the single-pion decay mode of $τ$ when $τ^+τ^-$ have a ``weak" dipole form factor (WDFF) coupling to $Z$ . For $e^+e^-$ collisions at the $Z$ peak, a sensitivity of about 1-5$\times 10^{-17}$\mbox{$e$ cm} for the $τ$ WDFF can be reached using a {\em single} $τ^+τ^-$ decay channel, with $10^6\, Z$'s likely to be available at the SLC at Stanford with $e^-$ polarization of 62\%-75\%.
description: 9 pages, Latex, PRL-TH-93/17 (Revised)
title: The first three hymns of the Ahunauuaitī Gāϑā: The Avestan text of Yasna 28–30 and its tradition
Creators: name: Peschl, Benedikt Thomas
Publisher: name: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Year: 2020

description: The liturgical use of texts composed in the Avestan language (2nd–1st millennium BCE) represents a central element of continuity around which the Zoroastrian tradition has evolved from its prehistoric roots up until the modern era. Based on an edition and examination of three Old Avestan chapters of the Yasna liturgy (Yasna 28–30), this thesis explores aspects of their employment in the ritual and of their exegetical reception. This way, it aims to convey a sense of the interconnectedness of the texts with the ritual as well as of the multi-layered yet diachronically interlinked character of the Zoroastrian textual tradition.
Electronic band structure and exchange coupling constants in ACr2X4 spinels
Creators: name: Yaresko, A. N.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the results of band structure calculations for ACr2X4 (A=Zn, Cd, Hg and X=O, S, Se) spinels. Effective exchange coupling constants between Cr spins are determined by fitting the energy of spin spirals to a classical Heisenberg model. The calculations reproduce the change of the sign of the dominant nearest-neighbor exchange interaction J1 from antiferromagnetic in oxides to ferromagnetic in sulfides and selenides. It is verified that the ferromagnetic contribution to J1 is due to indirect hopping between Cr t2g and eg states via X p states. Antiferromagnetic coupling between 3-rd Cr neighbors is found to be important in all the ACr2X4 spinels studied, whereas other interactions are much weaker. The results are compared to predictions based on the Goodenough-Kanamori rules of superexchange.
description: 15 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables
ANIMAL WELFARE: ENDS AND MEANS
Creators: name: Cryan, Roger
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1997
Subjects: Livestock Production/Industries

description: The social side of the animal welfare debate has been inadequately informed by economic science. This work examines the philosophical debate over animal welfare and proposes an alternative approach. It examines the prospects of the animal welfare/rights movement in the context of public choice theory. An economic theory of animal welfare is developed. Finally, a case study is used to demonstrate one methodology for estimating the direct human costs of animal welfare restrictions.
title: ADCO, Deuxième cartulaire ou Grand cartulaire de l'abbaye de Molesme, Cart. 143 (7 H 7), 153 fol, f. 0090r
Creators: name: de la Côte d'Or, Archives départementales
name: Petot, Frédéric
name: Archives Départementales De La Côte-D'Or
name: Petot, Frédérique
name: Projet CBMA
name: CG21/F.PETOT/2009
Publisher: name: NAKALA - https://nakala.fr (Huma-Num - CNRS)
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/04ces3204
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: cartulaire
subject: LaMOP
subject: Laboratoire de Médiévistique Occidentale de Paris
subject: Corpus Burgundiae Medii Aevi
subject: Chartes de la Bourgogne du Moyen Âge

description: Deuxième cartulaire ou Grand cartulaire de l'abbaye de Molesme, Archives départementales de la Côte-d'Or, Cart. 143 (7 H 7), 153 fol, f. 0090r, Numérisation en mode image.
description: Relation: http://www.cbma-project.eu/
description: Bibliographic citation: Deuxième cartulaire ou Grand cartulaire de l'abbaye de Molesme, Archives départementales de la Côte-d'Or, Cart. 143 (7 H 7), 153 fol, f. 0090r, in Projet CBMA - Corpus Burgundiae Medii Aevi [Ressource en ligne], https:// manuscrits.cbma-project.eu/
description: Provenance: https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137389344
description: Provenance: abbaye de Molesme
description: Provenance: http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q334044
Experimental study of quantum random number generator based on two independent lasers
Creators: name: Sun, Shi-Hai
name: Xu, Feihu
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2017
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Quantum random number generator (QRNG) can produce true randomness by utilizing the inherent probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics. Recently, the spontaneous-emission quantum phase noise of the laser has been widely deployed for QRNG, due to its high rate, low cost and the feasibility of chip-scale integration. Here, we perform a comprehensive experimental study of phase-noise based QRNG with two independent lasers, each of which operates in either continuous-wave (CW) or pulsed mode. We implement QRNGs by operating the two lasers in three configurations, namely CW+CW, CW+pulsed and pulsed+pulsed, and demonstrate their tradeoffs, strengths and weaknesses.
description: 7pages,6figures.It has been accepted by PRA
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВАНИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ ОБЛАСТИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ В СФЕРЕ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ
Creators: name: ХОМЕНКО ЕЛЕНА ВЛАДИМИРОВНА
Publisher: name: ЭТАП: экономическая теория, анализ, практика
Year: 2020
Subjects: ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНАЯ СОБСТВЕННОСТЬ
РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ
ТЕОРИЯ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОГО ПРАВА
ПРОПРИЕТАРНАЯ ТЕОРИЯ
ТЕОРИЯ ИСКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРАВ
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ ПРАВ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ
АГЕНТСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ
ТЕОРИЯ КОНТРАКТОВ
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RESULTS OF INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY
NATURAL RIGHT THEORY
PROPRIETARY THEORY
EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS THEORY
ECONOMIC THEORY OF PROPERTY RIGHTS
AGENCY THEORY
CONTRACT THEORY

description: Повышение эффективности использования объектов интеллектуальной собственности в деятельности хозяйствующих субъектов требует проведения содержательного анализа процессов их создания и использования для принятия обоснованных управленческих решений. Определение теоретических оснований и проблемных областей таких исследований являлось целью данной работы. Для достижения цели с помощью методов сравнительного, исторического и логического анализа проведено изучение положений правовых теорий интеллектуальной собственности во взаимосвязи с положениями экономической теории, что составляет новизну авторского подхода. Выделены и конкретизированы в отношении нематериальных благ положения теории прав собственности, в частности, содержание правомочий собственности, образующих Перечень Оноре, а также агентской теории и теории контрактов. Выявлены свойства интеллектуальной собственности как общественного блага, а также охарактеризовано влияние личного, монопольного и конкурентного стимулов на создание и использование интеллектуальной собственности. Анализ положений правовых и экономических теорий в зонах их логического пересечения, проведенный посредством построения матрицы теоретических оснований, позволил конкретизировать соотношение правовых и экономических характеристик интеллектуальной собственности, а также выявить наиболее проблемные области исследований в сфере интеллектуальной собственности, которые охватывают вопросы идентификации объектов интеллектуальной собственности в составе имущества организации, их последующей коммерциализации, а также урегулирования взаимоотношений с авторами результатов интеллектуальной деятельности. Показано, что постановка и решение конкретных управленческих задач в рамках выделенных проблемных областей осуществляются как на макроуровне, при создании государственных политик и программ в сфере интеллектуальной собственности, так и на микроуровне, при разработке патентной, учетной, конкурентной, договорной политик и других внутренних регламентов хозяйствующих субъектов.
Special Relativistic Simulations of Magnetically-dominated Jets in Collapsing Massive Stars
Creators: name: Takiwaki, Tomoya
name: Kotake, Kei
name: Sato, Katsuhiko
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We perform a series of two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic core-collapse simulations of rapidly rotating and strongly magnetized massive stars. To study the properties of magnetic explosions for a longer time stretch of postbounce evolution, we develop a new code under the framework of special relativity including a realistic equation of state with a multiflavor neutrino leakage scheme. Our results show the generation of the magnetically-dominated jets in the two ways. One is launched just after the core-bounce in a prompt way and another is launched at $ \sim 100 $ ms after the stall of the prompt shock. We find that the shock-revival occurs when the magnetic pressure becomes strong, due to the field wrapping, enough to overwhelm the ram pressure of the accreting matter. The critical toroidal magnetic fields for the magnetic shock-revival are found to be universal of $\sim 10^{15}\mathrm{G}$ behind the jets. We point out that the time difference before the shock-revival has a strong correlation with the explosions energies. Our results suggest that the magnetically dominated jets are accompanied by the formation of the magnetars. Since the jets are mildly relativistic, we speculate that they might be the origin of some observed X-ray flashes.
description: 50 pages, 14 figures, Accepted to ApJ, A paper with high-resolution figures available at http://www-utap.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~takiwaki/res/index-j.html
Infrared and Visible Image Fusion using a Deep Learning Framework
Creators: name: Li, Hui
name: Wu, Xiao-Jun
name: Kittler, Josef
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (cs.CV)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: In recent years, deep learning has become a very active research tool which is used in many image processing fields. In this paper, we propose an effective image fusion method using a deep learning framework to generate a single image which contains all the features from infrared and visible images. First, the source images are decomposed into base parts and detail content. Then the base parts are fused by weighted-averaging. For the detail content, we use a deep learning network to extract multi-layer features. Using these features, we use l_1-norm and weighted-average strategy to generate several candidates of the fused detail content. Once we get these candidates, the max selection strategy is used to get final fused detail content. Finally, the fused image will be reconstructed by combining the fused base part and detail content. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance in both objective assessment and visual quality. The Code of our fusion method is available at https://github.com/hli1221/imagefusion_deeplearning
description: 6 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables, ICPR 2018(accepted)
A New Approach to Estimating the Production Function for Housing
Creators: name: Epple, Dennis
name: Gordon, Brett
name: Sieg, Holger
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: 150399 Business and Management not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Dating to the classic works of Alonso, Mills, and Muth, the production function for housing has played a central role in urban economics and local public finance. This paper provides a new flexible approach for estimating the housing production function which treats housing quantities and prices as latent variables. The empirical analysis is based on a comprehensive database of recently built properties in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. We find that the new method proposed in this paper works well in the application and provides reasonable estimates for the underlying production function.
Principal Value Resummation
Creators: name: Contopanagos, Harry
name: Sterman, George
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 1993
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a new resummation formula for the Drell-Yan cross section. The formal resummation of threshold corrections in Drell-Yan hard-scattering functions produces an exponent with singularities from the infrared pole of the QCD running coupling. Our reformulation treats such `infrared renormalons' by a principal value prescription, analogous to a modified Borel transform. The resulting expression includes all large threshold corrections to the hard scattering function as an asymptotic series in $α_s$, but is a finite function of $Q^2$. We find that the ambiguities of the resummed perturbation theory imply the presence of higher twist corrections to quark-antiquark hard-scattering functions that begin at $Λ_{QCD}/Q$. This suggests an important role for higher twist in the phenomonolgy of hadron-hadron inclusive cross sections. We also discuss the numerical evaluation of the exponent and its asymptotic perturbation series for representative values of $Q^2$.
description: 28 pages, ITP-SB-93-61
[Halle (Saale), Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, Morbio 4 (210)]
Creators: name: Symonius
Publisher: name: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt
Year: 1346
Subjects: subject: Sonstige geistliche Aussteller
subject: Notarsurkunde
subject: Urkunde
subject: 090

description: Symoninus de Sancto Syllo, Praepositus der Kirche und des Klosters St. Cataldi in Cremona, verpachtet im Namen des Klosters an Zaninus Ferrarius, Sohn des verstorbenen Zambolinus Ferrarius, aus der Nachbarschaft von St. Crucis in Cremona ein Stück bebautes Land samt Ofen, gelegen ebendort, für den Zeitraum von neun Jahren.
title: ADCO, Neuvième cartulaire de Saint-Étienne de Dijon (1661 - 1684), Cart. 32 (G 136), 745 folios, f. 1261
Creators: name: de la Côte d'Or, Archives départementales
name: Petot, Frédéric
name: Archives Départementales De La Côte-D'Or
name: Petot, Frédérique
name: Projet CBMA
name: CG21/F.PETOT/2012
Publisher: name: NAKALA - https://nakala.fr (Huma-Num - CNRS)
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/04ces3204
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: cartulaire
subject: LaMOP
subject: Laboratoire de Médiévistique Occidentale de Paris
subject: Corpus Burgundiae Medii Aevi
subject: Chartes de la Bourgogne du Moyen Âge

description: Neuvième cartulaire de Saint-Étienne de Dijon (1661 - 1684), Archives départementales de la Côte-d'Or, Cart. 32 (G 136), 745 folios, f. 1261, Numérisation en mode image.
description: Relation: http://www.cbma-project.eu/
description: Bibliographic citation: Neuvième cartulaire de Saint-Étienne de Dijon (1661 - 1684), Archives départementales de la Côte-d'Or, Cart. 32 (G 136), 745 folios, f. 1261, in Projet CBMA - Corpus Burgundiae Medii Aevi [Ressource en ligne], https:// manuscrits.cbma-project.eu/
description: Provenance: abbaye Saint-Étienne de Dijon
description: Provenance: http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q15945019
Generic Trace Semantics via Coinduction
Creators: name: Hasuo, Ichiro
name: Jacobs, Bart
name: Sokolova, Ana
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2007
Subjects: subject: Logic in Computer Science (cs.LO)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: F.3.1; F.3.2; G.3

description: Trace semantics has been defined for various kinds of state-based systems, notably with different forms of branching such as non-determinism vs. probability. In this paper we claim to identify one underlying mathematical structure behind these "trace semantics," namely coinduction in a Kleisli category. This claim is based on our technical result that, under a suitably order-enriched setting, a final coalgebra in a Kleisli category is given by an initial algebra in the category Sets. Formerly the theory of coalgebras has been employed mostly in Sets where coinduction yields a finer process semantics of bisimilarity. Therefore this paper extends the application field of coalgebras, providing a new instance of the principle "process semantics via coinduction."
description: To appear in Logical Methods in Computer Science. 36 pages
A National Renewable Portfolio Standard? Not Practical
Creators: name: Apt, Jay
name: Lave, Lester B
name: Sompop  Pattanariyankool
Publisher: name: Carnegie Mellon University
Year: 1969
Subjects: subject: 150399 Business and Management not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Legislation that mandates specified electricity production from renewable sources paves a path to costly mistakes because it excludes other sources that can meet the country’s goals.
Investigation of Supercurrent in the Quantum Hall Regime in Graphene Josephson Junctions
Creators: name: Draelos, Anne W.
name: Wei, Ming Tso
name: Seredinski, Andrew
name: Ke, Chung Ting
name: Mehta, Yash
name: Chamberlain, Russell
name: Watanabe, Kenji
name: Taniguchi, Takashi
name: Yamamoto, Michihisa
name: Tarucha, Seigo
name: Borzenets, Ivan V.
name: Amet, Francois
name: Finkelstein, Gleb
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: In this study, we examine multiple encapsulated graphene Josephson junctions to determine which mechanisms may be responsible for the supercurrent observed in the quantum Hall (QH) regime. Rectangular junctions with various widths and lengths were studied to identify which parameters affect the occurrence of QH supercurrent. We also studied additional samples where the graphene region is extended beyond the contacts on one side, making that edge of the mesa significantly longer than the opposite edge. This is done in order to distinguish two potential mechanisms: a) supercurrents independently flowing along both non-contacted edges of graphene mesa, and b) opposite sides of the mesa being coupled by hybrid electron-hole modes flowing along the superconductor/graphene boundary. The supercurrent appears suppressed in extended junctions, suggesting the latter mechanism.
The Effect of Taxation on Economic Development
Creators: name: Aisha, Isak Ali
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2025
Subjects: Effect of Taxation
Economic Development

description: Abstract

The main driver of modern economic growth is taxation. Its importance stems from both the fact that it is by far the most significant of all revenues and the seriousness of the issues the current system's high tax burden has brought about. Taxation is imposed by a central or local government as a levy on a person or corporation to pay for its expenditures and carry out its fiscal policy. Thus, the state can use taxation to redirect money from private consumption to public investment (Greene, 2011).