cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Kinetic Physics into a Two-Fluid Solar-Wind Model with Temperature Anisotropy and Low-Frequency Alfven-Wave Turbulence
Creators: name: Chandran, Benjamin D. G.
name: Dennis, Timothy J.
name: Quataert, Eliot
name: Bale, Stuart D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: Space Physics (physics.space-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We develop a 1D solar-wind model that includes separate energy equations for the electrons and protons, proton temperature anisotropy, collisional and collisionless heat flux, and an analytical treatment of low-frequency, reflection-driven, Alfven-wave turbulence. To partition the turbulent heating between electron heating, parallel proton heating, and perpendicular proton heating, we employ results from the theories of linear wave damping and nonlinear stochastic heating. We account for mirror and oblique firehose instabilities by increasing the proton pitch-angle scattering rate when the proton temperature anisotropy exceeds the threshold for either instability. We numerically integrate the equations of the model forward in time until a steady state is reached, focusing on two fast-solar-wind-like solutions. These solutions are consistent with a number of observations, supporting the idea that Alfven-wave turbulence plays an important role in the origin of the solar wind.
description: 17 pages, 20 figures, accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal
"Such a site for play, this edge:" Surfing, Tourism, and Modernist Fantasy in Papua New Guinea
Creators: name: West, Paige
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Tourism--Social aspects
subject: Surfing
subject: Surfing--Social aspects
subject: Anthropology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Tourism
subject: FOS: Economics and business
subject: Ethnology

description: Both sport and tourism are deeply modernist forms that rely on the circulation of people, media, and capital for their endurance. In this article, I analyze both forms through the ethnographic examination of surf-related tourism in Papua New Guinea. For many Papua New Guineans, surf tourism is an avenue for gaining positions in wage labor. For some the development of the industry is an attempt to foster “sustainable” economic development in the country. These forms of participation rely on international tourists who see the sport and the industry in Papua New Guinea as a site for recreation and play. This article deals with these people, surf tourists who visit Papua New Guinea and for whom surfing is a major part of their social identity. Surfing as an embedded, affective practice and a set of deeply socio-ecological propositions about people-in-nature is historically tractable to indigenous Pacific Island societies. It was deterritorialized, or removed from the context of its origin, by Australian and American youth who took up the practice as a sport in the early part of the twentieth century. Today surfing has been reassembled as a form of development in the very places from which it emerged. Through the analysis of the movements of media, people, and capital involved in the surf tourism industry in Papua New Guinea, this article demonstrates the new social assemblages that emerge when labor, development, and play intertwine.
Minimal violation of flavour and custodial symmetries in a vectophobic Two-Higgs-Doublet-Model
Creators: name: Cerveró, Elvira
name: Gérard, Jean-Marc
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Tree-level accidental symmetries are known to play a fundamental role in the phenomenology of the Standard Model (SM) for electroweak interactions. So far, no significant deviations from the theory have been observed in precision, flavour and collider physics. Consequently, these global symmetries are expected to remain quite efficient in any attempt beyond the SM. Yet, they do not forbid rather unorthodox phenomena within the reach of current LHC experiments. This is illustrated with a vectophobic Two-Higgs-Doublet-Model (2HDM) where effects of a light, flavour-violating and custodian (pseudo)scalar might be observed in the $B_s\toμ^+μ^-$ decay rate and in the diphoton invariant mass spectrum at around 125 GeV.
description: 13 pages, 3 figures, v2: constraints from B_s -> mu+mu- updated, references added, to appear in Phys.Lett. B
Making the Market: Specialty Coffee, Generational Pitches, and Papua New Guinea
Creators: name: West, Paige
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2010
Subjects: subject: Coffee
subject: Anti-globalization movement
subject: Coffee industry--Social aspects
subject: Anthropology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: Neoliberalism
subject: Ethnology

description: Today the commodity circuit for specialty coffee seems to be made up of socially conscious consumers, well-meaning and politically engaged roasters and small companies, and poor yet ecologically noble producers who want to take part in the flows of global capital, while at the same time living in close harmony with the natural world. This paper examines how these actors are produced by changes in the global economy that are sometimes referred to as neoliberalism. It also shows how images of these actors are produced and what the material effects of those images are. It begins with a description of how generations are understood and made by marketers. Next it shows how coffee production in Papua New Guinea, especially Fair Trade and organic coffee production, is turned into marketing narratives meant to appeal to particular consumers. Finally, it assesses the success of the generational-based marketing of ￼Papua New Guinea-origin, Fair Trade and organic coffees, three specialty coffee types that are marketed heavily to the “Millennial generation”, people born between 1983 and 2000.
title: Christian Ulrich Grupen
title: An entry in the LCA Online Dictionary of Leibniz’s Correspondents and Acquaintances
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Tba)
Publisher: name: LCA Project
Year: 2018

description: Christian Ulrich Grupen as a personal relation of Leibniz’s: The resource presents biographical information on a correspondent of Leibniz's
Precision on leptonic mixing parameters at future neutrino oscillation experiments
Creators: name: Coloma, Pilar
name: Donini, Andrea
name: Fernandez-Martinez, Enrique
name: Hernandez, Pilar
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We perform a comparison of the different future neutrino oscillation experiments based on the achievable precision in the determination of the fundamental parameters theta_{13} and the CP phase, delta, assuming that theta_{13} is in the range indicated by the recent Daya Bay measurement. We study the non-trivial dependence of the error on delta on its true value. When matter effects are small, the largest error is found at the points where CP violation is maximal, and the smallest at the CP conserving points. The situation is different when matter effects are sizable. As a result of this effect, the comparison of the physics reach of different experiments on the basis of the CP discovery potential, as usually done, can be misleading. We have compared various proposed super-beam, beta-beam and neutrino factory setups on the basis of the relative precision of theta_{13} and the error on delta. Neutrino factories, both high-energy or low-energy, outperform alternative beam technologies. An ultimate precision on theta_{13} below 3% and an error on delta of < 7^{\circ} at 1 sigma (1 d.o.f.) can be obtained at a neutrino factory.
description: Minor changes, matches version accepted in JHEP. 30 pages, 9 figures
Dehn twists and free subgroups of symplectic mapping class groups
Creators: name: Keating, Ailsa
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Symplectic Geometry (math.SG)
subject: Geometric Topology (math.GT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Given two Lagrangian spheres in an exact symplectic manifold, we find conditions under which the Dehn twists about them generate a free non-abelian subgroup of the symplectic mapping class group. This extends a result of Ishida for Riemann surfaces. The proof generalises the categorical version of Seidel's long exact sequence to arbitrary powers of a fixed Dehn twist. We also show that the Milnor fibre of any isolated degenerate hypersurface singularity contains such pairs of spheres.
description: 37 pages, 9 figures; v2: corrected proof of Prop. 4.7, and other minor changes following referee report; v3: minor changes only; accepted, Journal of Topology
title: Johann Christoph Gudenus
title: An entry in the LCA Online Dictionary of Leibniz’s Correspondents and Acquaintances
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Tba)
Publisher: name: LCA Project
Year: 2018

description: Johann Christoph Gudenus as a personal relation of Leibniz’s: The resource presents biographical information on a correspondent of Leibniz's
Risky Business: Critiquing Pennsylvania’s Actuarial Risk Assessment in Sentencing
Creators: name: Corey, Jessica
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Criminal law
subject: Judicial process
subject: Sentences (Criminal procedure)
subject: Risk assessment
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: The use of statistical risk assessment tools is growing in many different areas of the criminal justice field.  This Note critiques this growing trend towards using risk assessment tools during the sentencing phase.  Part II of this Note will survey the differing types of risk assessment tools used across the United States to track the development of risk under the assessment protocol standards of the criminal justice systems.  Part III will review the current criticisms on actuarial risk assessment.  Part IV will outline the proposed risk assessment tool Pennsylvania is currently developing.  Finally, Part V will weigh Pennsylvania’s model against the criticisms of actuarial risk assessment discussed in Part II.
Case report: Severe central nervous system manifestations associated with aberrant efavirenz metabolism in children: the role of CYP2B6 genetic variation
Creators: name: Pinillos, Francoise
name: Dandara, Collet
name: Swart, Marelize
name: Strehlau, Renate
name: Kuhn, Louise
name: Patel, Faeezah
name: Coovadia, Ashraf
name: Abrams, Elaine J.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: HIV infections
Cerebellum
Pediatrics
Biochemistry

description: Background
Efavirenz, widely used as part of antiretroviral drug regimens in the treatment of paediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection, has central nervous system side effects. We describe four children presenting with serious, persistent central nervous system adverse events who were found to have elevated plasma efavirenz concentrations as a result of carrying CYP2B6 single nucleotide polymorphisms, known to play a role in the metabolism of EFV. None of the children had a CYP2B6 wildtype haplotype. We believe this is the first case of cerebellar dysfunction associated with efavirenz use to be described in children.

Case presentation
Four black African children, between the ages of 4 and 8 years presenting between 1 and 20 months post-efavirenz initiation, are described. Cerebellar dysfunction, generalised seizures and absence seizures were the range of presenting abnormalities. Plasma efavirenz levels ranged from 20-60 mg/L, 5–15 times the upper limit of the suggested reference range. All abnormal central nervous system manifestations abated after efavirenz discontinuation.

Conclusion
Efavirenz toxicity should always be considered in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children with unexplained central nervous system abnormalities. Our findings further our understanding of the impact of genetic variants on antiretroviral pharmacokinetics in children across various ethnic groups. Screening for potential EFV-toxicity based on the CYP2B6 c.516 SNP alone, may not be adequate.
title: Johann Moritz Gudenus
title: An entry in the LCA Online Dictionary of Leibniz’s Correspondents and Acquaintances
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Tba)
Publisher: name: LCA Project
Year: 2018

description: Johann Moritz Gudenus as a personal relation of Leibniz’s: The resource presents biographical information on a correspondent of Leibniz's
Unitarity and Monojet Bounds on Models for DAMA, CoGeNT, and CRESST-II
Creators: name: Shoemaker, Ian M.
name: Vecchi, Luca
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: If dark matter interacts with quarks or gluons, the mediator of these interactions is either directly accessible at the LHC or is so heavy that its effects are encoded in contact operators. We find that the self-consistency of a contact operator description at the LHC implies bounds on the mediator scale stronger than those found from missing energy searches. This translates into spin-independent elastic scattering cross-sections at a level < 10^-41 cm^2, with direct implications for the DAMA, CoGeNT, and CRESST-II anomalies. We then carefully explore the potential of monojet searches in the light mediator limit, focusing on a Z' model with arbitrary couplings to quarks and dark matter. We find that the Tevatron data currently provides the most stringent bounds for dark matter and Z' masses below 100 GeV, and that these searches can constrain models for the DAMA, CoGeNT, and CRESST-II anomalies only if the mediator can decay to a pair of dark matter particles.
description: 7 pages, 5 figures; updated references, typo in Eq. 2 corrected (v2); clarified discussion of the interpretation of the unitarity constraint; one new figure; conclusions unchanged
title: Domenico Guglielmini
title: An entry in the LCA Online Dictionary of Leibniz’s Correspondents and Acquaintances
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: Silvestri, Federico
Publisher: name: LCA Project
Year: 2018

description: Domenico Guglielmini as a personal relation of Leibniz’s: The resource presents biographical information on a correspondent of Leibniz's
MPEC 2025-F208 : 2025 FR12
Creators: name: Minor Planet Center Staff
Publisher: name: The Minor Planet Center
Year: 2025
Subjects: subject: Small Solar System bodies
valueUri: http://astrothesaurus.org/uat/1469
subject: 2025 FR12

description: The Minor Planet Electronic Circulars contain information on unusual minor planets, routine data on comets and natural satellites, and occasional editorial announcements.  They are published on behalf of Division F of the International Astronomical Union by the Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.
Voices of healthcare workers : experience of being on an interdisciplinary team in hospice palliative care
Creators: name: Gill, Megumi
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2012

description: Having a model of interdisciplinary teamwork is an important part of clinical practice in hospice palliative care. It plays an integral role in providing patient care by multi-disciplines of healthcare professionals who are required to address the intricate needs of patients at the end of life. Yet, the nature of participating in an interdisciplinary patient care team has not been fully understood in theory or clinical work. The purpose of this research was to generate an understanding of the experience of being on an interdisciplinary team in hospice palliative care through healthcare workers’ own voices, using a content analysis method in a qualitative research paradigm. A total of 11 healthcare professionals across medical and psychosocial disciplines participated in this study. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with these participants and were analyzed for thematic contents. The following six themes regarding the nature and quality of working as a member of an interdisciplinary team emerged; (a) collaborative work, (b) quality of relationships, (c) communication, (d) team building activities, (e) personal qualities, and (f) institutional influence. A conceptual framework is proposed as an “integrative and multidimensional” model of an interdisciplinary team approach to hospice palliative care. The proposed model offers a holistic view of an interdisciplinary team approach. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed. Further, suggestions are offered in order to enrich the understanding of interdisciplinary teamwork, to enhance the quality of patient care, to support and advocate the well-being of healthcare workers, and to develop accountability for hospice palliative care programs.
Puerto Rico Before the Supreme Court of the United States: Constitutional Colonialism in Action
Creators: name: González Berdecía, Andrés
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Constitutional law
subject: Colonies
subject: World politics
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: The United States Supreme Court’s October 2015 Term will go down in history as the most significant one for Puerto Rico-United States relations in more than a century.  By opting to address the issues presented in Puerto Rico v. Sánchez Valle, a constitutional case arising from the Commonwealth courts, and Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax-Free Trust, a statutory case arising from the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico, the answer to which directly related to one’s understanding of the nature of the political status between Puerto Rico and the United States, the United States Supreme Court set in motion a series of unprecedented actions by the Commonwealth government, the President, Congress, Commonwealth and federal judges, and civil society in general—both in San Juan and Washington, D.C.—that illustrate, now more clearly than ever, why Puerto Rico legally remains a 21st century colony of the United States.
Part II of this Article will discuss Puerto Rico v. Sánchez Valle, setting forth the underlying facts of the case, the legal issues presented, what Puerto Rico courts held, and what the United States Supreme Court ultimately decided.  Part III will focus on Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax Free Trust, following the same basic structure.  Part IV will illustrate how both cases reveal unequivocally that the United States’ legal treatment of Puerto Rico amounts to pure colonialism.  Finally, Part V will conclude by analyzing whether the Supreme Court of the United States can, or should, take action to fix this reality.
Non-existence of periodic solutions in fractional-order dynamical systems and a remarkable difference between integer and fractional-order derivatives of periodic functions
Creators: name: Kaslik, Eva
name: Sivasundaram, Seenith
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Dynamical Systems (math.DS)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: Using the Mellin transform approach, it is shown that, in contrast with integer-order derivatives, the fractional-order derivative of a periodic function cannot be a function with the same period. The three most widely used definitions of fractional-order derivatives are taken into account, namely, the Caputo, Riemann-Liouville and Grunwald-Letnikov definitions. As a consequence, the non-existence of exact periodic solutions in a wide class of fractional-order dynamical systems is obtained. As an application, it is emphasized that the limit cycle observed in numerical simulations of a simple fractional-order neural network cannot be an exact periodic solution of the system.
description: 15 pages, 2 figure, submitted for publication: April 27th 2011; accepted: November 24, 2011
Low-temperature magnetotransport of narrow-gap semiconductor FeSb2
Creators: name: Takahashi, H.
name: Okazaki, R.
name: Yasui, Y.
name: Terasaki, I.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2011
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a study of the magnetoresistance and Hall effect in the narrow-gap semiconductor FeSb2 at low temperatures. Both the electrical and Hall resistivities show unusual magnetic field dependence in the low-temperature range where a large Seebeck coefficient was observed. By applying a two-carrier model, we find that the carrier concentration decreases from 1 down to 10^-4 ppm/unit cell and the mobility increases from 2000 to 28000 cm2/Vs with decreasing temperature from 30 down to 4 K. At lower temperatures, the magnetoresistive behavior drastically changes and a negative magnetoresistance is observed at 3 K. These low-temperature behaviors are reminiscent of the low-temperature magnetotransport observed in doped semiconductors such as As-doped Ge, which is well described by a weak-localization picture. We argue a detailed electronic structure in FeSb2 inferred from our observations.
description: 5 pages, 5 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev. B
Race, Class, and Religion: Creaming and Cropping in Religious, Ethnic, and Cultural Charter Schools
Creators: name: Harel Ben Shahar, Tammy
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Constitutional law
subject: Segregation in education
subject: Public schools
subject: Law and economics
subject: Economics--Sociological aspects
subject: Religion
subject: Cultural policy
subject: Charter schools
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: This Article is devoted to one of the most fascinating contemporary developments in American public education—the phenomenal rise of religious, ethnic, and cultural charter schools.  Religious, ethnic, and cultural charter schools are established by a religious or ethnic community with the aim of providing an education saturated with the respective values and culture of that community.  Despite their growing prevalence and the significant legal challenges they pose, they have, thus far, not been given sufficient attention by legal scholars.  What little discussion there is focuses solely on religious charter schools’ incompatibility with the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause.
While the Establishment Clause challenge constitutes one central challenge to religious charter schools, another crucial aspect of their operation should be highlighted: their negative impact on the educational opportunities of children from racial minorities and lower socioeconomic classes.  The Article argues that because of their unique characteristics, religious, ethnic, and cultural charter schools are especially likely to have negative effects on educational equality, and makes the case for legislative intervention in order to prevent this outcome.  First, the Article exposes and explores the central detrimental effects of religious, ethnic, and cultural charter schools: racial and socioeconomic segregation, and the twin-processes of “creaming” and “cropping.”  Then, based on a comprehensive critical survey of all charter legislation in the United States aimed at preventing segregation in the different states, the Article argues that charters’ antidiscrimination rules have the surprising effect of worsening inequality instead of alleviating it, and that the legislative measures aimed at ensuring integration cannot fully promote equality.  Therefore, the Article supports a different strategy, adopted recently in Delaware, according to which religious and ethnic charter schools should be authorized only if they do not compromise the education of students in traditional public schools.
title: Christian Maximilian Spener
title: An entry in the LCA Online Dictionary of Leibniz’s Correspondents and Acquaintances
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Tba)
Publisher: name: LCA Project
Year: 2018

description: Christian Maximilian Spener as a personal relation of Leibniz’s: The resource presents biographical information on a correspondent of Leibniz's
Mammary ductoscopy: past, present, future
Creators: name: Feldman, SM
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2009
Subjects: Intervention
Milk ducts
Breast--Diseases
Medicine

description: Mammary ductoscopy is a powerful modality with enormous potential to help improve patient care through enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of patients with breast disease. The ability to see ductal pathology and monitor response to therapy real time has enormous potential to expand our understanding of disease processes. Technological improvements involving optics, scope design, ductal access and interventional ductoscopy becoming feasible will help move this field forward. Historical developments, current applications, personal experience, and future directions will be discussed.
The Resurgence in Child Language Research, 1965-1975: Language Development Review
Creators: name: Bloom, Lois
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 1975
Subjects: Cognition in children
Language acquisition
Developmental psychology

description: Until the 1950s, there were two major thrusts in research in language acquisition: diary studies of individual children and the so-called normative studies of large numbers of children across age and social class. In the late 1950s, an increased interest in child language acquisition was inspired by innovations in linguistic theory and cognitive science coming largely from MIT and Harvard Universities. By 1965, three landmark longitudinal studies of very young children’s earliest sentences had been published by Martin Braine in Washington, Wick Miller and Sue Ervin-Tripp at Berkeley, and Roger Brown and his students at Harvard. A remarkable thing about these studies was the convergence of their results and, together, they precipitated an unprecedented sharing of ideas and data through conferences, the circulation of pre-publication manuscripts, and new professional journals. This chapter provides a review of the decade that followed, between 1965 and 1975. It was an exciting time.
The Complex Energy Method Applied to the Nd Scattering with a Model Three-Body Force
Creators: name: Phyu, Aye Mya
name: Kamada, Hiroyuki
name: Golak, Jacek
name: Oo, Htun Htun
name: Witala, Henryk
name: Gloeckle, Walter
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Using the complex energy method, the problem of nucleon-deuteron scattering is solved with a simple three-body force having a separable form. Our results are compared with the results of modern direct two-variable calculations and a good agreement is found. This forms a firm base for other applications of the complex energy method.
description: 6pages, 3figures
Characterizing the expression of the human olfactory receptor gene family using a novel DNA microarray
Creators: name: Zhang, Xiaohong
name: De La Cruz, Omar
name: Pinto, Jayant M.
name: Nicolae, Dan
name: Firestein, Stuart
name: Gilad, Yoav
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2007
Subjects: DNA microarrays
Epithelial cells
Olfactory receptors
Genomics

description: Background
Olfactory receptor (OR) genes were discovered more than a decade ago, when Buck and Axel observed that, in rats, certain G-protein coupled receptors are expressed exclusively in the olfactory epithelium. Subsequently, protein sequence similarity was used to identify entire OR gene repertoires of a number of mammalian species, but only in mouse were these predictions followed up by expression studies in olfactory epithelium. To rectify this, we have developed a DNA microarray that contains probes for most predicted human OR loci and used that array to examine OR gene expression profiles in olfactory epithelium tissues from three individuals.

Results
We detected expression of 437 (76%) human OR genes in these olfactory epithelia. Interestingly, we detected widespread expression of OR pseudogenes, an observation that may shed light on the mechanism of OR gene choice in the olfactory sensory neurons. To address the hypothesis that OR genes may carry out additional functions, we also characterized the expression of OR genes in a number of non-olfactory tissues.

Conclusion
While our results corroborate the functional annotation of the majority of predicted human odorant receptors, we find that a large number of putative human OR genes are expressed in non-olfactory tissues, sometimes exclusively so. Our evolutionary analysis of ectopically expressed human OR genes does not lend support to the hypothesis that these genes have alternative functions.
The intolerance to functional genetic variation of protein domains predicts the localization of pathogenic mutations within genes
Creators: name: Gussow, Ayal B.
name: Petrovski, Slave
name: Wang, Quanli
name: Allen, Andrew S.
name: Goldstein, David B.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: Genetic regulation
Mutation (Biology)
Toleration
Genomics

description: Ranking human genes based on their tolerance to functional genetic variation can greatly facilitate patient genome interpretation. It is well established, however, that different parts of proteins can have different functions, suggesting that it will ultimately be more informative to focus attention on functionally distinct portions of genes. Here we evaluate the intolerance of genic sub-regions using two biological sub-region classifications. We show that the intolerance scores of these sub-regions significantly correlate with reported pathogenic mutations. This observation extends the utility of intolerance scores to indicating where pathogenic mutations are mostly likely to fall within genes.
Seeking and sharing: why the pulmonaryn fibrosis community engages the web 2.0 environment
Creators: name: Albright, Karen
name: Walker, Tarik
name: Baird, Susan
name: Farnsworth, Tana
name: Eres, Linda
name: Fier, Kaitlin
name: Kervitsky, Dolly
name: Lederer, David J.
name: Korn, Marjorie
name: McCormick, Mark
name: Steiner, John F.
name: Vierzba, Thomas
name: Wamboldt, Frederick S.
name: Swidgris, Jeffrey J.
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: Internet
Electronic discussion groups
Pulmonary fibrosis
Health services administration
Medical care

description: Background
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a rare, progressive disease that affects patients and their loved ones on many levels. We sought to better understand the needs and interests of PF patients and their loved ones (collectively “reader-participants”) by systematically analyzing their engagement with the World Wide Web (the current version referred to as Web 2.0).

Methods
Data were collected from three PF-focused, interactive websites hosted by physician-investigators with expertise in PF. All data generated by reader-participants for approximately 10 months were downloaded and then analyzed using qualitative content analysis methods.

Results
PF experts posted 38 blog entries and reader-participants posted 40 forum entries. Blogs received 363 responses, and forum entries received 108 responses from reader-participants. Reader-participants primarily used the three websites to seek information from or offer a contribution to the PF community. Information was sought about PF symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis, treatments, research, pathophysiology, and disease origin; reader-participants also made requests for new posts and pleas for research and sought clarification on existing content. Contributions included personal narratives about experiences with PF, descriptions of activities or behaviors found to be helpful with PF symptoms, resources or information about PF, and supportive comments to other PF sufferers.

Conclusions
PF patients and their loved ones engage the Web 2.0 environment at these PF-focused sites to satisfy their needs to better understand PF and its impacts and to support others facing similar challenges. Clinicians may find it beneficial to encourage PF patients’ involvement in internet forums that foster dynamic, bi-directional information sharing.
title: Philipp Jakob Spener
title: An entry in the LCA Online Dictionary of Leibniz’s Correspondents and Acquaintances
titleType: Subtitle
Creators: name: (:Tba)
Publisher: name: LCA Project
Year: 2018

description: Philipp Jakob Spener as a personal relation of Leibniz’s: The resource presents biographical information on a correspondent of Leibniz's
Cytochrome P450 2C19 gene polymorphisms (CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3) in chronic myeloid leukemia patients: in vitro and in silico studies
Creators: name: Joshi, Kaishiv
name: Kaur, Satbir
name: Kumar, Rakesh
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: Cancer
subject: Hematology
subject: Infectious Diseases
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: Computational Biology

description: Polymorphisms in the CYP2C19 have a huge impact on drug processing, out of which CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 are the most common variants associated with reduced metabolism of drugs. Mechanism by which two variants contribute in poor metabolization of drugs and cancer is not well understood. Here, we hypothesized that the mutations in CYP2C19 gene might affect the risk of chronic myeloid leukemia patients (CML). Present study has two main objectives: first to investigate the allele frequencies of CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3 associated gene polymorphisms in CML patients and to elucidate the structural stability, conformation and functions of protein encoded by such variants. Genotyping of CYP2C19 was performed in 103 CML patients and 103 matched healthy controls. Heterozygous genotype of CYP2C19*2 was higher in CML patients (13.59%) than the controls (4.85%). Whereas, CYP2C19*3 allele frequency was not observed in cases as well as in controls. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was applied to monitor the structural and conformational effect of above mutants. MD simulation results demonstrated that these mutants formed unstable proteins with distorted conformations, altered residues network and affected drug binding site which led to malfunction of mutant proteins. Hence, the study provides the role of CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to CML population and explored the molecular basis of malignancies caused which may aid in the development of precise medicine or adjusting the drug dosages so as to reduce the chemotherapeutic side effects. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
“Woman” in the European Human Rights System: How is the Reproductive Rights Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights Constructing Narratives of Women’s Citizenship?
Creators: name: Oja, Liiri
name: Ely Yamin, Alicia
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: subject: Courts
subject: Reproductive rights
subject: Citizenship
subject: Jurisprudence
subject: Women
subject: Sex role
subject: Human rights
subject: Law
subject: FOS: Law

description: Reproductive rights are constructed through a gender-conscious reading of already recognized human rights. We argue that despite the increasingly strong recognition of reproductive rights in international human rights law by the treaty-monitoring bodies and international tribunals, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (“ECtHR” or “the Court”) reflects a limited understanding of women’s experiences, does not adequately challenge gender stereotypes, and often ignores reproductive rights dimensions in the standards it is setting, as well as the narratives it is creating. Our analysis of the Court’s jurisprudence on abortion, home birth, non-consensual gynecological examinations, forced sterilizations, and assisted reproduction reveals that a woman’s reproductive capacity continues to be her defining feature. Motherhood is seen as a woman’s default life plan, her decisions regarding her body, health, and ultimately life, are perpetually under scrutiny and the contours of her agency subject to medical professionals’ views, the legislators and the general public.
How and Why Do Adjunct Instructors Affect Students’ Academic Outcomes? Evidence From Two-Year and Four-Year Colleges
Creators: name: Ran, Xiaotao
name: Xu, Di
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2017
Subjects: Education, Higher
Academic achievement
College teachers, Part-time
Community college students
College students
Community college students--Education
Community colleges

description: Based on a dataset on two- and four-year college students and instructors from an anonymous state that includes detailed instructor employment information, this paper classifies faculty into four types—tenured instructors, tenure-track instructors, long-term adjuncts, and short-term adjuncts—to examine whether adjunct faculty have different impacts on student academic outcomes than tenure-track and tenured faculty. The authors use two empirical strategies—a two-way fixed effects model and an instrumental variable approach—to examine how initial exposure to a field of study with different types of instructors influences both contemporaneous and subsequent course performance in both two- and four-year colleges, as well as the extent to which the estimated differences on student outcomes may be explainable by observable instructor academic and employment characteristics. The authors' results suggest that adjuncts have positive impacts on introductory course grades but negative impacts on subsequent course enrollment and performance. Such negative impacts are stronger among supplemental adjuncts hired temporarily than among adjuncts with long-term employment contracts with the college. The estimated differences among instructors can be largely explained by key instructor demographic and employment characteristics, including highest degree attained, whether employed full-time in the college, and whether had previous work experience in non-teaching positions.
Polyadenine-based fluorescent probe for high-selective determination of copper ion in freshwater
Creators: name: Chen, Jia
name: Shen, Baochai
name: Xiang, Juan
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Biotechnology
subject: Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: Inorganic Chemistry
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences

description: In this work, a polyadenine-based fluorescent probe (pAFP) was designed for highly selective determination of Cu2+ in various freshwater sources. The pAFP contained a fluorescent group carboxyfluorescein (FAM) and a guanine-cytosine-guanine-cytosine (GCGC) sequence which was linked to the ends of a polyadenine strand. The complexation between polyadenine strand and Cu2+ induced the transition of polyadenine strand from a loose random coil to a compact structure, resulting in the proximity of the GCGC to the FAM and subsequent fluorescent quench of the FAM. Our work identified the polyadenine strand as a novel recognization element for Cu2+, which displayed high selectivity and appropriate affinity (104 ~ 105 M−1) to Cu2+, with a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. Based on it, the pAFP provided a dynamic range from 80 nM to 20 µM for the determination of Cu2+and a detection limit of 62 nM, meeting the requirements of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The analysis of Cu2+-spiked real samples from lentic (Yudai Lake) and a lotic freshwater system (Xiangjiang River) revealed the high accuracy of the method, evidencing the application of this proposed sensor towards wide-field freshwater detection. Compared to other reported fluorescent probes, our pAFP displays a much simpler composition and structure. Meanwhile, in the actual procedure, our method only requires a simple pretreatment of the water sample by a 0.22 μm syringe filter, and the whole test procedure can be completed within 10 min. Such a convenient, low-cost and time-saving method for the determination of Cu2+will greatly facilitates the on-site and real-time monitoring of Cu2+ in different freshwater sources and subsequent water quality control.
Creating opportunities through mentorship, parental involvement, and safe spaces (COMPASS) program: multi-country study protocol to protect girls from violence in humanitarian settings
Creators: name: Falb, Kathryn L.
name: Tanner, Sophie
name: Ward, Leora
name: Erksine, Dorcas
name: Noble, Eva
name: Assazenew, Asham
name: Bakomere, Theresita
name: Graybill, Elizabeth
name: Lowry, Carmen
name: Mallinga, Pamela
name: Neiman, Amy
name: Poulton, Catherine
name: Robinette, Katie
name: Sommer, Marni
name: Stark, Lindsay
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: Medicine, Preventive
Public health
Sexual abuse victims

description: Background
Violence against adolescent girls in humanitarian settings is of urgent concern given their additional vulnerabilities to violence and unique health and well-being needs that have largely been overlooked by the humanitarian community. In order to understand what works to prevent violence against adolescent girls, a multi-component curriculum-based safe spaces program (Creating Opportunities through Mentorship, Parental involvement and Safe Spaces – COMPASS) will be implemented and evaluated. The objectives of this multi-country study are to understand the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of COMPASS programming to prevent violence against adolescent girls in diverse humanitarian settings.

Methods/design
Two wait-listed cluster-randomized controlled trials are being implemented in conflict-affected communities in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (N = 886 girls aged 10–14 years) and in refugee camps in western Ethiopia (N = 919 girls aged 13–19 years). The intervention consists of structured facilitated sessions delivered in safe spaces by young female mentors, caregiver discussion groups, capacity-building activities with service providers, and community engagement. In Ethiopia, the research centers on the overall impact of COMPASS compared to a wait-list group. In DRC, the research objective is to understand the incremental effectiveness of the caregiver component in addition to the other COMPASS activities as compared to a wait-list group. The primary outcome is change in sexual violence. Secondary outcomes include decreased physical and emotional abuse, reduced early marriage, improved gender norms, and positive interpersonal relationships, among others. Qualitative methodologies seek to understand girls’ perceptions of safety within their communities, key challenges they face, and to identify potential pathways of change.

Discussion
These trials will add much needed evidence for the humanitarian community to meet the unique needs of adolescent girls and to promote their safety and well-being, as well as contributing to how multi-component empowerment programming for adolescent girls could be adapted across humanitarian settings.

Trial registration
Clinical Trials NCT02384642 (Registered: 2/24/15) and NCT02506543 (Registered: 7/19/15).
Parmigianinos Selbstporträt im Konvexspiegel
Creators: name: Albers, Laura
Publisher: name: Medien- und Informationszentrum, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg
Year: 2019
Subjects: classificationCode: 700
subject: 700 Künste; Bildende und angewandte Kunst

description: Das Thema dieser Arbeit ist Parmigianinos Selbstporträt im Konvexspiegel, sein Entstehungskontext und seine Wirkung. Es lässt sich auf das Jahr 1524 datieren, in dem der junge parmaische Maler Francesco Mazzola, genannt Parmigianino, entschließt nach Rom zu gehen. Dort stellt er sich dem Papst vor, um diesen mit auserwählten Werken für eine Anstellung am klerikalen Hof zu überzeugen. Drei Werke bringt er mit sich: Die Heilige Familie, die Beschneidung und das Selbstporträt im Konvexspiegel. Während die ersten beiden aufgrund ihrer Themenwahl dem sakralen Ambiente angemessen gewählt sind, fällt das letzte diesbezüglich aus dem Rahmen. Dieses zeigt den jungenhaften Maler in einem unwirklichen Raum, wie er dem Betrachter eine enorm verzerrte, große Hand entgegenhält und ihn dabei gleichmütig anschaut. Doch nicht nur das gewählte Bildsujet, ein Selbstporträt in deformierter Gestalt, ist speziell. Auch der Malträger mit seiner konvexen Wölbung hebt sich durch seine materielle Beschaffenheit von bisherigen Gemälden ab. Die größte Motivation für Künstler ist es, Aufsehen zu erregen und dem immerwährenden intrinsischen Bestreben nach Ruhm nachzueifern. Doch die treibende Kraft für die Schaffung eines Kunstwerks resultiert nicht allein aus dem einem Künstler innewohnenden Ausdruckswillen. Vielmehr ist dieser ebenso gesellschaftlichen und zeitgeistlichen Bedingungen unterworfen, unter denen er Kunst schafft und die er in dieser verarbeitet. Für die Auseinandersetzung mit einem Kunstwerk muss der kausale und zeitabhängige Zusammenhang zwischen Künstler und Gesellschaft berücksichtigt werden. nichtsdestotrotz muss das Wesen eines Kunstwerks in seinem in sich geschlossenen Kosmos gesehen werden. Der Sinn seiner Existenz besteht im ästhetischen Empfinden, den das Werk in der Lage ist auszulösen. Es bleibt konstant in seiner Wirkung, solange es als Ganzes existiert. Vorsicht ist dann geboten, wenn ihm der Forschungseifer sein autonomes Wesen abspricht und es anstatt dessen „nur“ noch als Dokument (s)einer Zeit sieht.
Machine learning and data mining in complex genomic data a review on the lessons learned in Genetic Analysis Workshop Nineteen
Creators: name: Konig, Inke R.
name: Auerbach, Jonathan Lyle
name: Gola, Damian
name: Held, Elizabeth
name: Holzinger, Emily R.
name: Legault, Marc Andre
name: Sun, Rui
name: Tintle, Nathan
name: Yang, Hsin Chou
Publisher: name: Columbia University
Year: 2016
Subjects: Machine learning
Data mining
Genomics

description: In the analysis of current genomic data, application of machine learning and data mining techniques has become more attractive given the rising complexity of the projects. As part of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 19, approaches from this domain were explored, mostly motivated from two starting points. First, assuming an underlying structure in the genomic data, data mining might identify this and thus improve downstream association analyses. Second, computational methods for machine learning need to be developed further to efficiently deal with the current wealth of data.

In the course of discussing results and experiences from the machine learning and data mining approaches, six common messages were extracted. These depict the current state of these approaches in the application to complex genomic data. Although some challenges remain for future studies, important forward steps were taken in the integration of different data types and the evaluation of the evidence. Mining the data for underlying genetic or phenotypic structure and using this information in subsequent analyses proved to be extremely helpful and is likely to become of even greater use with more complex data sets.
Cosmic Topology of Prism Double-Action Manifolds
Creators: name: Aurich, Ralf
name: Lustig, Sven
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2012
Subjects: subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies in spherical 3-spaces with a non-trivial topology are studied. This paper discusses the special class of the so-called double-action manifolds, which are for the first time analysed with respect to their CMB anisotropies. The CMB anisotropies are computed for all prism double-action manifolds generated by a binary dihedral and a cyclic group with a group order of up to 180 leading to 33 different topologies. Several spaces are found which show a suppression of the CMB anisotropies on large angular distances as it is found on the real CMB sky. It turns out that two of these spaces possess Dirichlet domains which are not very far from highly symmetric polyhedra like Platonic or Archimedean ones.