cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
Transferring Robustness for Graph Neural Network Against Poisoning Attacks
Creators: name: Tang, Xianfeng
name: Li, Yandong
name: Sun, Yiwei
name: Yao, Huaxiu
name: Mitra, Prasenjit
name: Wang, Suhang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR)
subject: Social and Information Networks (cs.SI)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Graph neural networks (GNNs) are widely used in many applications. However, their robustness against adversarial attacks is criticized. Prior studies show that using unnoticeable modifications on graph topology or nodal features can significantly reduce the performances of GNNs. It is very challenging to design robust graph neural networks against poisoning attack and several efforts have been taken. Existing work aims at reducing the negative impact from adversarial edges only with the poisoned graph, which is sub-optimal since they fail to discriminate adversarial edges from normal ones. On the other hand, clean graphs from similar domains as the target poisoned graph are usually available in the real world. By perturbing these clean graphs, we create supervised knowledge to train the ability to detect adversarial edges so that the robustness of GNNs is elevated. However, such potential for clean graphs is neglected by existing work. To this end, we investigate a novel problem of improving the robustness of GNNs against poisoning attacks by exploring clean graphs. Specifically, we propose PA-GNN, which relies on a penalized aggregation mechanism that directly restrict the negative impact of adversarial edges by assigning them lower attention coefficients. To optimize PA-GNN for a poisoned graph, we design a meta-optimization algorithm that trains PA-GNN to penalize perturbations using clean graphs and their adversarial counterparts, and transfers such ability to improve the robustness of PA-GNN on the poisoned graph. Experimental results on four real-world datasets demonstrate the robustness of PA-GNN against poisoning attacks on graphs. Code and data are available here: https://github.com/tangxianfeng/PA-GNN.
description: Accepted by WSDM 2020. Code and data: https://github.com/tangxianfeng/PA-GNN
Muscle-liver substrate fluxes in exercising humans and potential effects on hepatic metabolism; Supplemental figure.pptx
Creators: name: Chunxiu Hu
name: Hoene, Miriam
name: Plomgaard, Peter
name: Hansen, Jakob S
name: Xinjie Zhao
name: Li, Jia
name: Xiaolin Wang
name: Clemmesen, Jens O
name: Secher, Niels H
name: Häring, Hans U
name: Lehmann, Rainer
name: Guowang Xu
name: Weigert, Cora
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: 110602 Exercise Physiology
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 110107 Metabolic Medicine
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 110199 Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics not elsewhere classified

description: Supplemental figure
`Circular type' quantum key distribution
Creators: name: Nishioka, Tsuyoshi
name: Ishizuka, Hirokazu
name: Hasegawa, Toshio
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: `Circular type' interferometric system for quantum key distribution is proposed. The system has naturally self-alignment and compensation of birefringence and also has enough efficiency against polarisation dependence. Moreover it is easily applicable to multi-party. Key creation with 0.1 photon per pulse at a rate of 1.2KHz with a 5.4% QBER over a 200m fiber was realized.
description: 4pages, 2figures, LaTeX
The Human Rights Act 1998 in Constitutional Context: The Common Law, The Rule of Law, and Human Rights
Creators: name: Fairclough, Thomas
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2019
Subjects: Administrative Law
Judicial Review
Human Rights Act 1998
Constitutional Law
Common Law Rights

description: The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) is seen as a landmark piece of constitutional legislation that brought about many legal and political changes in the United Kingdom’s human rights architecture. Yet the HRA is vulnerable to repeal; successive governments have promised to repeal or otherwise alter the HRA. In this climate, the Supreme Court has instructed counsel to argue common law rights first, with the HRA there to supplement and fill the gap on the occasions where the common law does not go as far as the HRA. The logical conclusion of this is that the Supreme Court, or at least some Justices, think that the common law adequately protects rights to a level near, if not the same as, the HRA does; the results of arguing the common law will often be the same as those resulting from reliance on the HRA. The academic commentary regarding these judicial statements has been far from enthusiastic. The consensus is that common law rights do not go as far as the HRA in terms of their width, that the enforcement mechanisms lack rigour compared to s 3 HRA and the proportionality principle, and that they are vulnerable to legislative override. Therefore, a loss of the HRA would be a loss for the legal protection of rights. This thesis disputes the conclusion stated in the foregoing paragraph. It argues that one has to view the vectors against which one can measure the potency of common law rights through the lens of the rule of law. This principle, the controlling factor in the constitution, promises protection against arbitrary behaviour by state actors because it embodies the value of equality of concern. Once this is appreciated, an entirely new dimension of common law rights becomes apparent; the reach of rights, their rigour of protection, and their constitutional resilience are revealed to be much stronger than orthodoxy suggests.
description: AHRC
Structure based designing of benzimidazole/benzoxazole derivatives as anti-leishmanial agents
Creators: name: S. Kapil
name: P.K. Singh
name: A. Kashyap
name: O. Silakari
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Biophysics
subject: Biochemistry
subject: 29999 Physical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: Medicine
subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Pharmacology
subject: Biotechnology
subject: 39999 Chemical Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Chemical sciences
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: Cancer

description: Folates are essential biomolecules required to carry out many crucial processes in leishmania parasite. Dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) and pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) involved in folate biosynthesis in leishmania have been established as suitable targets for development of chemotherapy against leishmaniasis. In the present study, various computational tools such as homology modelling, pharmacophore modelling, docking, molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics have been employed to design dual DHFR-TS and PTR1 inhibitors. Two designed molecules, i.e. 2-(4-((4-nitrobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole and 2-(4-((2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)-1H-benzo[d]oxazolemolecules were synthesized. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay was performed to evaluate in vitro activity of molecules against promastigote form of Leishmania donovani using Miltefosine as standard. 2-(4-((4-nitrobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole and 2-(4-((2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)-1H-benzo[d]oxazolemolecules were found to be moderately active with showed IC50 = 68 ± 2.8 µM and 57 ± 4.2 µM, respectively.
title: Candidature projet PALOMED- L’appartenance locale en Méditerranée. Relations sociales, droits, revendications-2015
Creators: name: IREMAM (UMR 7310)
Publisher: name: NAKALA - https://nakala.fr (Huma-Num - CNRS)
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/04ces3204
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2019

description: Projet PALOMED- L’appartenance locale en Méditerranée. Relations sociales, droits, revendications-, porté par Isabelle Grangaud (IREMAM), en 2015.
Multistate ring polymer instantons and nonadiabatic reaction rates
Creators: name: Ranya, Srinath
name: Ananth, Nandini
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present two multistate ring polymer instanton (RPI) formulations, both obtained from an exact path integral representation of the quantum canonical partition function for multistate systems. The two RPIs differ in their treatment of the electronic degrees of freedom; whereas the Mean-Field (MF)-RPI averages over the electronic state contributions, the Mapping Variable (MV)-RPI employs explicit continuous Cartesian variables to represent the electronic states. We compute both RPIs for a series of model two-state systems coupled to a single nuclear mode with electronic coupling values chosen to describe dynamics in both adiabatic and nonadiabatic regimes. We show that the MF-RPI for symmetric systems are in good agreement with previous literature, and we show that our numerical techniques are robust for systems with non-zero driving force. The nuclear MF-RPI and the nuclear MV-RPI are similar, but the MV-RPI uniquely reports on the changes in the electronic state populations along the instanton path. In both cases, we analytically demonstrate the existence of a zero-mode and we numerically and that these solutions are true instantons with a single unstable mode as expected for a first order saddle point. Finally, we use the MF-RPI to accurately calculate rate constants for adiabatic and nonadiabatic model systems with the coupling strength varying over three orders of magnitude.
Muscle-liver substrate fluxes in exercising humans and potential effects on hepatic metabolism; Supplemental figure
Creators: name: Chunxiu Hu
name: Hoene, Miriam
name: Plomgaard, Peter
name: Hansen, Jakob S
name: Xinjie Zhao
name: Li, Jia
name: Xiaolin Wang
name: Clemmesen, Jens O
name: Secher, Niels H
name: Häring, Hans U
name: Lehmann, Rainer
name: Guowang Xu
name: Weigert, Cora
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: 110602 Exercise Physiology
subject: FOS: Health sciences
subject: 110107 Metabolic Medicine
subject: FOS: Clinical medicine
subject: 110199 Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics not elsewhere classified

description: Supplemental figure
title: Natural Selection, Technological Progress, and the Origin of Human Longevity
title: MAGKS - Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics
Creators: name: Grall, Lothar
name: Meckl, Jürgen
Publisher: name: Philipps-Universität Marburg
Year: 2016
Subjects: Economics
Wirtschaft
Human Longevity
Nat- ural Selection
Technological Progress.
Behavioral Revolution
Somatic Investment
Economic Growth

description: This paper suggests that feedback effects between technological progress and human longevity lie at the heart of their common emergence in human history. It connects two major research questions. First, the long life span
after menopause is a unique but puzzling feature of humans among primates.
Second, the shift in human behavior at least 50,000 years ago, which led to
an unprecedented pace of technological progress, is still not well understood.
The paper develops an evolutionary growth theory that builds on the trade-off
between the quantity and the quality of offspring. It suggests that early tech-
nological advances gradually increased the importance of intergenerational
transfers of knowledge. Eventually, the fertility advantage shifted towards
individuals that were characterized by higher parental investment in offspring
and a significant post{reproductive life span. Subsequently, the rise in human
longevity reinforced the process of development and laid the foundations for
sustained technological progress. As a key feature, the theory resolves the debate about a \revolution" in human behavior in an entirely new way. It shows
that a gradual emergence of modern behavior is sufficient to trigger a demo-
graphic shift that appears as a \behavioral revolution" in the archeological
record.
title: Geography, Parental Investment, and Comparative Economic Development
title: MAGKS - Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics
Creators: name: Grall, Lothar
Publisher: name: Philipps-Universität Marburg
Year: 2016
Subjects: Comparative Economic Development
Geographical Conditions
Parental Investment
Human Evolution, Industrial Revolution
Reversal of Fortune.
Economics
Wirtschaft

description: This paper suggests differential parental investment as a theoretical link between geographical conditions and comparative economic development, possibly accounting for the reversal of fortune in the process of development with respect to land productivity. The paper develops an evolutionary growth theory that builds on the trade-off between the quantity and quality of offspring. It advances the hypothesis that individuals living in a society characterized by adverse geographical conditions alter the evolutionary optimal allocation of resources from offspring quantity to offspring quality. Higher parental investment in offspring leads to a lower population density but a higher rate of technological progress in the (initially latent) manufacturing sector. Thus, adverse geographical conditions have a negative impact on economic development in the Malthusian epoch but a positive impact on the timing of the Industrial Revolution. The pattern of parental investment captures the very essence of human capital formation in preindustrial times. It is a slow-changing biological or cultural trait and can therefore be seen as a good candidate for a long-term transmission channel of initial geographical conditions on comparative economic development.
Multi-valued vortex solutions to the Schrödinger equation and radiation
Creators: name: Davidson, Mark
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: This paper addresses the single-valued requirement for quantum wave functions when they are analytically continued in the spatial coordinates. This is particularly relevant for de Broglie-Bohm, hydrodynamic, or stochastic models of quantum mechanics where the physical basis for single-valuedness has been questioned. It first constructs a large class of multi-valued wave functions based on knotted vortex filaments familiar in fluid mechanics, and then it argues that for free particles, these systems will likely radiate electromagnetic radiation if they are charged or have multipolar moments, and only if they are single-valued will they definitely be radiationless. Thus, it is proposed that electromagnetic radiation is possibly the mechanism that causes quantum wave functions to relax to states of single-valuedness, and that multi-valued states might possibly exist in nature for transient periods of time. If true, this would be a modification to the standard quantum mechanical formalism. A prediction is made that electrons in vector Aharonov-Bohm experiments should radiate energy at a rate dependent on the solenoid's magnetic flux.
Renewable Energy, Subsidies, and the WTO: Where Has the ‘Green’ Gone?
Creators: name: Bougette, Patrice
name: Charlier, Christophe
name: Bougette, Patrice
name: Charlier, Christophe
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Environmental Economics and Policy
subject: Feed-in Tariffs
subject: Subsidies
subject: Local Content Requirement
subject: Industrial Policy
subject: Canada – Renewable Energy Dispute
subject: Trade Policy

description: Faced with the energy transition imperative, governments have to decide about public policy to promote renewable electrical energy production and to protect domestic power generation equipment industries. For example, the Canada – Renewable energy dispute is over Feed-in tariff (FIT) programs in Ontario that have a local content requirement (LCR). The EU and Japan claimed that FIT programs constitutesubsidies that go against the SCM Agreement, and that the LCR is incompatible with the non-discrimination principle of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This paper investigates this issue using an international quality differentiated duopoly model in which power generation equipment producers compete on price. FIT programs including those with a LCR are compared for their impacts on trade, profits, amount of renewable electricity produced, and welfare. When ‘quantities’ are taken into account, the results confirm discrimination. However, introducing a difference in the quality of the power generation equipment produced on both sides of the border provides more mitigated results. Finally, the results enable discussion of the question of whether environmental protection can be put forward as a reason for subsidizing renewable energy producers in light of the SCM Agreement.
Complexity of quantum motion and quantum-classical correspondence: A phase-space approach
Creators: name: Wang, Jiaozi
name: Benenti, Giuliano
name: Casati, Giulio
name: Wang, Wenge
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the connection between the out-of-time-ordered correlator and the number of harmonics of the phase-space Wigner distribution function. In particular, we show that both quantities grow exponentially for chaotic dynamics, with a rate determined by the largest Lyapunov exponent of the underlying classical dynamics, and algebraically -- linearly or quadratically -- for integrable dynamics. It is then possible to use such quantities to detect in the time domain the integrability to chaos crossover in many-body quantum systems.
description: 6 pages, 3 figures
INTERDEPENDENZEN ZWISCHEN RISIKOEINSTELLUNGEN UND ENTSCHEIDUNGEN IN DER PLANUNG SOWIE IM BETRIEB VON BIOGASANLAGEN
Creators: name: Steinhorst, Martin Philipp
name: Empl, Johannes-Baptist
name: Bahrs, Enno
name: Steinhorst, Martin Philipp
name: Empl, Johannes-Baptist
name: Bahrs, Enno
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2014
Subjects: subject: Risk and Uncertainty
subject: Biogasanlage
subject: Risikoeinstellung
subject: Investitionsverhalten
subject: ordinale logistische Regression.

description: Die Biogasproduktion hat sich in Deutschland mittlerweile zu einer landwirtschaftsnahen Branche mit Milliardenumsätzen entwickelt. Vor diesem Hintergrund sind auch die Zusam-menhänge zwischen der Einstellung von Betreibern einer Biogasanlage gegenüber finanziel-len Risiken und wichtigen technischen sowie organisatorischen Eigenschaften der zugehöri-gen Biogasanlagen von Bedeutung. Grundlage dieser Untersuchung ist eine Erfassung der Risikoeinstellung von Betreibern von Biogasanlagen über experimentelle Lotterieentschei-dungen, wie sie vielfach auch in der agrarökonomischen Forschung Anwendung finden. Die dabei quantifizierten Risikoeinstellungen werden wichtigen Anlagenparametern gegenüberge-stellt, die ebenfalls in derselben breitangelegten Umfrage unter Biogasanlagenbetreibern in Deutschland gewonnen wurden. Dabei stellen sich durch Anwendung einer ordinalen logis-tischen Regression Zusammenhänge zwischen Risikoeinstellung und Anlagenparametern dar, die einerseits bereits in der Anlagenprojektierung festzulegen sind (ex ante Parameter) oder im späteren Betrieb noch gestaltbar erscheinen (ex post Parameter). Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass vor der Investition (ex ante) die Risikoeinstellung der Anlagenbetreiber einen vergleichs-weise engen Zusammenhang mit der Finanzierungsstruktur und der technischen Komplexität des Anlagenaufbaus aufweisen. Nach der Investition (ex post) weist die Risikoeinstellung der Anlagenbetreiber einen vergleichsweise engen Zusammenhang mit der Dauer von technischen Kontrollen, der Substratzusammensetzung, dem Vorhalten von Leistungsreserven und Ent-scheidungen zur Direktvermarktung des erzeugten elektrischen Stroms auf. Die im Beitrag herausgearbeiteten Zusammenhänge zwischen Anlagenparametern und Risikoeinstellungen der Biogasanlagenbetreiber können insbesondere im Finanzierungs-, Beratungs- und Sachver-ständigenwesen wertvolle Informationen darstellen, um z. B. bereits vor der Investitionsent-scheidung die individuellen Risikoprofile optimal auf die technische und finanzielle Struktur der Anlage abzustimmen.
Spectroscopy of exotic charm mesons from lattice QCD
Creators: name: Cheung, Gavin
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2019
Subjects: Lattice QCD
Exotic mesons
Hadron Spectroscopy

description: Exotic mesons are mesons that cannot be described as a quark-antiquark pair. The number of exotic mesons has been growing every year in the charm sector and the theoretical understanding of them is often conflicted amongst the community. Some possible explanations include hybrid mesons where the quark-antiquark pair is coupled to a gluonic excitation, compact tetraquarks where four quarks are bound into a localised state and molecules which consist of pairs of extended mesons. To study exotic mesons from first principles, lattice QCD provides the framework to perform spectroscopy calculations numerically. I will give a review and describe the relevant techniques used in this thesis. After doing so, I will calculate masses of charmonium with angular momentum up to four. The results show QCD permits states with exotic quantum numbers that are not accessible by a quark-antiquark pair. I will identify states that are consistent with the quark-antiquark picture and then show that the remaining states in the extracted spectra can be interpreted to be the lightest and first excited hybrid meson supermultiplet. Whilst the mass is one quantity that can be computed, hadron spectroscopy is also concerned with the calculation of the unstable properties of resonances which can decay into meson-meson states. These meson-meson states have four quarks and could also mix with tetraquarks. I will describe how to correctly extract the energies of four quark states within lattice QCD by reviewing operators resembling meson-mesons and then constructing a general class of operators resembling tetraquarks. I will then calculate a variety of spectra in the isospin-1 hidden charm sector and the doubly charmed sector. No evidence of a bound state or narrow resonance is found in these channels. Having described how to include multi-meson states in lattice QCD, I will describe how to relate the lattice QCD spectrum to the scattering amplitudes and perform a calculation of elastic $DK$ scattering amplitudes which is relevant for the exotic $D_{s0}(2317)$. By analytically continuing the scattering amplitudes into the complex plane, I find a bound state pole near threshold which is in good agreement with what is found experimentally.
description: St John's College, Cambridge European Trust, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [grant number ST/P000681/1]
Efficiency of meat processing enterprises in terms of supply chain organization
Creators: name: Jarzębowski, Sebastian
name: Jarzębowski, Sebastian
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Livestock Production/Industries
subject: Productivity Analysis
subject: supply chain
subject: meat products
subject: efficiency

description: Within the framework of the paper, the supply chain participants of meat products were identified and analyzed in terms of the structure. The assessment of the efficiency of meat processing enterprises, which play the role of the chain’s integrator, was carried out using the SFA method (Stochastic Frontier Approach). The supply chain integration degree, showing the strength of relationships of individual enterprises with business partners, was identified. The results obtained show high correlation between the integration degree and the efficiency level.
title: Local council members’ view on inter-municipal cooperation: Does office-related self interest matter?
title: MAGKS - Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics
Creators: name: Bergholz, Christian
name: Bischoff, Ivo
Publisher: name: Philipps-Universität Marburg
Year: 2016
Subjects: politicians
Economics
Wirtschaft
public choice
survey
Germany
inter-municipal cooperation

description: We analyze data from a survey among local council members in 59 German municipali-ties. We ask council members whether their home municipality should cooperate with neigh-boring municipalities in the provision of public services like childcare or road maintenance. Their answers are clearly driven by office-related self-interest. Council members who have more political power and thus have more power to lose if their home municipality cooperates are more likely oppose inter-municipal cooperation. This interpretation receives further backing by the fact that delegates’ support for inter-municipal cooperation increases in the population size of their home municipality but decreases in the size of its neighbors.
title: Empirical Estimation of Intraday Yield Curves on the Italian Interbank Credit Market e-MID
title: MAGKS - Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics
Creators: name: Demertzidis, Anastasios
name: Jeleskovic, Vahidin
Publisher: name: Philipps-Universität Marburg
Year: 2016
Subjects: financial crisis
Economics
Wirtschaft
Nelson-Siegel model
e-MID
intraday yield curve estimation
Interbank credit market

description: This paper introduces a major novelty: the empirical estimation of spot intraday yield curves based on tick-by-tick data on the Italian electronic interbank credit market (e-MID). To analyze the consequences of the recent financial crisis, we split the data into four periods, which include events before, during, and after the recent financial crisis starting in 2007. Our first result is that, from a practical point of view, the intraday yield curve can be modeled by standard models for yield curves providing advantages for intraday trading on intraday interbank credit markets. Moreover, the estimates show that the systematic dynamics in the intraday yield curves during the turmoil were highly noticeable, resulting in a significantly better goodness-of-fit. Based on this fact, we infer that investors in the interbank credit market base their investment decisions on the effects of the intraday dynamics of intraday interest rates more intensively during a financial crisis. Therefore, the systematic impact on the e-MID appears to be stronger and econometric modeling of the intraday interest rate curve becomes even more attractive during a turmoil.
Additional file 5 of Transcriptome analysis of sweet potato responses to potassium deficiency
Creators: name: Wang, Fang
name: Tan, Wen-Fang
name: Song, Wei
name: Yang, Song-Tao
name: Qiao, Shuai
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2022
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Plant Biology

description: Additional file 5. The sequence of all unigenes.
Notes on observational and radar coordinates for localized observers
Creators: name: Lin, Shih-Yuin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The worldline of a uniformly accelerated localized observer in Minkowski space is restricted in the Rindler wedge, where the observer can in principle arrange experiments repeatedly, and the Cauchy problem for quantum fields in that Rindler wedge can be well defined. However, the observer can still receive the signals sourced by the events behind the past horizon, and coordinatize those events in terms of some kind of observational coordinates. We construct such observational coordinates in some simple cases with the localized observers in Minkowski, de Sitter, and Schwarzschild-like spacetimes, and compare them with radar coordinates for the same observers.
description: 17 pages, 8 figures, typos corrected, plots updated
The influence of international trade with Germany, the agro-food trade in particular, on the Polish GDP size
Creators: name: Kacperska, Elżbieta
name: Kacperska, Elżbieta
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: International Development
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: agro-food products
subject: Polish international trade
subject: multiplier effect
subject: Germany

description: The influence of international trade on the growth of GDP has undergone some changes over time. The paper presents national trade between Poland and Germany with special emphasis on the agro food trade. The paper includes the estimation of the effects of Polish income obtained through trade with Germany, including the agro-food trade.
title: Explaining Gender Differences in Confidence and Overconfidence in Math
title: MAGKS - Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics
Creators: name: Cho, Seo-Young
Publisher: name: Philipps-Universität Marburg
Year: 2017
Subjects: gender differences in confidence
gender-asymmetric effects of abilities
gender gaps in math
gender equality
gender socialization
Economics
Wirtschaft

description: This paper investigates empirically how and why men and women are different in their confidence levels. In the analysis, confidence is disentangled into two dimensions: confidence in correct math knowledge and overconfidence in false knowledge. Using the data of the PISA test in math, the findings highlight that math abilities have different effects on boys and girls. Overall, math abilities increase confidence and decrease overconfidence. However, the positive effect on confidence is smaller for girls, and the negative effect on overconfidence is larger for them. This gender-asymmetric effect implies that well-performing girls are more constrained from gaining confident attitudes through their abilities, compared to well-performing boys. The empirical evidence further indicates that the gender-asymmetric effect of abilities can be explained by gender socialization that undermines women’s achievements and limit their opportunities.
Momentum/Complexity Duality and the Black Hole Interior
Creators: name: Barbón, José L. F.
name: Martín-García, Javier
name: Sasieta, Martin
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We establish a version of the Momentum/Complexity (PC) duality between the rate of operator complexity growth and a radial component of bulk momentum for a test system falling into a black hole. In systems of finite entropy, our map remains valid for arbitrarily late times after scrambling. The asymptotic regime of linear complexity growth is associated to a frozen momentum in the interior of the black hole, measured with respect to a time foliation by extremal codimension-one surfaces which saturate without reaching the singularity. The detailed analysis in this paper uses the Volume-Complexity (VC) prescription and an infalling system consisting of a thin shell of dust, but the final PC duality formula should have a much wider degree of generality.
description: 27 pages, 6 figures
title: Optimal Incentives for Patent Challenges in the Pharmaceutical Industry
title: MAGKS - Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics
Creators: name: Böhme, Enrico
name: Frank, Jonas Severin
name: Kerber, Wolfgang
Publisher: name: Philipps-Universität Marburg
Year: 2017
Subjects: collusion
patent settlements
Economics
Wirtschaft
patent challenges

description: Since the patent system relies on private litigation for challenging weak patents, and patent settlements might influence the incentives for challenging patents, the question arises whether the antitrust assessment of patent settlements should also consider their impact on the incentives to challenge potentially invalid patents. Patent settlements in the pharmaceutical industry between originator and generic firms have been scrutinized critically by competition authorities for delaying the market entry of generics and therefore harming consumers. In this paper we present a model that analyzes the tradeoff between limiting the delay of generic entry through patent settlements and giving generic firms more incentives for challenging weak patents of the originator firms. We show that allowing patent settlements with a later market entry of generics than the expected market entry under patent litigation can increase consumer welfare under certain conditions. We introduce a policy parameter for determining the optimal additional period for collusion that would maximize consumer welfare and show that the size of this policy parameter depends on the size of the challenging costs, the intensity of competition, and the duration between the generics’ market entry decisions.
Etched distributed Bragg reflectors as three-dimensional photonic crystals: photonic bands and density of states
Creators: name: Pavarini, E.
name: Andreani, L. C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Optics (physics.optics)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The photonic band dispersion and density of states (DOS) are calculated for the three-dimensional (3D) hexagonal structure corresponding to a distributed Bragg reflector patterned with a 2D triangular lattice of circular holes. Results for the Si/SiO$_2$ and GaAs/AlGaAs systems determine the optimal parameters for which a gap in the 2D plane occurs and overlaps the 1D gap of the multilayer. The DOS is considerably reduced in correspondence with the overlap of 2D and 1D gaps. Also, the local density of states (i.e., the DOS weighted with the squared electric field at a given point) has strong variations depending on the position. Both results imply substantial changes of spontaneous emission rates and patterns for a local emitter embedded in the structure and make this system attractive for the fabrication of a 3D photonic crystal with controlled radiative properties.
description: 8 pages, 5 figures; to appear in Phys. Rev. E
title: On Standard-Error-Decreasing Complementarity: Why Collinearity is Not the Whole Story
title: MAGKS - Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics
Creators: name: Hayo, Bernd
Publisher: name: Philipps-Universität Marburg
Year: 2017
Subjects: Standard-error-decreasing complementarity
Economics
Wirtschaft
collinearity
multicollinearity
standard error
econometric methodology
multivariate regression model

description: There is a widespread belief among economists that adding additional variables to a regression model causes higher standard errors. This note shows that, in general, this belief is unfounded and that the impact of adding variables on coefficients’ standard errors is unclear. The concept of standard-error-decreasing complementarity is introduced, which works against the collinearityinduced increase in standard errors. How standard-error-decreasing complementarity works is illustrated with the help of a nontechnical heuristic, and, using an example based on artificial data, it is shown that the outcome of popular econometric approaches can be potentially misleading.
A genome wide approach to stress response and chronological ageing in yeast
Creators: name: Cao, Lu
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2018
Subjects: stress response
chronological lifespan
mitochondrial function
metabolic reprogramming

description: Caloric restriction (CR) extends lifespan from yeast to mammals. In budding yeast, inhibition of the conserved TOR and/or PKA pathways has been shown to mediate lifespan extension by CR partly through the activation of stress response. However, how the stress response is regulated at the systems level is poorly understood. In this study, by using fluorescent reporters whose expression is dependent on the transcription factors Msn2/4 and Gis1, two separate screenings were conducted to reveal novel regulators of the stress response induced by starvation. A ‘focused’ screening on the 272 ‘signalling’ mutants revealed that, apart from the previously identified Rim15, Yak1 and Mck1 kinases, the SNF1/AMPK complex, the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway and a number of cell cycle regulators are necessary to elicit appropriate stress response. The chronological lifespan (CLS) of these signalling mutants correlates well with the amount of accumulated storage carbohydrates but poorly with transition-phase cell cycle status. Subsequent analyses reveal that the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species are controlled by Rim15, Yak1 and Mck1. Furthermore, CLS extension enabled by tor1 deletion is dependent on the above three kinases. These data suggest that the signalling pathways (SNF1 and CWI) and the kinases downstream of TOR/PKA (Rim15, Yak1 and Mck1) coordinate the metabolic reprogramming (to accumulate storage carbohydrates) and the activation of anti-oxidant defence systems (to control ROS levels) to extend chronological lifespan. A ‘genome-wide’ screening of a haploid deletion library indicates that less than 10% of the non-essential genes are implicated in the regulation of starvation-induced stress response. Gene ontology analysis suggests that they can be grouped into major clusters including mitochondrial function, r-RNA processing, DNA damage and repair, transcription from RNA polymerase and cell cycle regulation. Further phenotypic assays confirm the previous observation that CLS extension is mostly correlated with the accumulation of storage carbohydrates. Compromised expression of stress response reporters is confirmed by FACS in a variety of mitochondrial mutants, suggesting that mitochondrial respiration also plays a key role in the activation of stress response. Put together, the above findings indicate that stress response and metabolic reprogramming induced by glucose starvation are coordinated by multiple signalling pathways and the activation of mitochondrial respiration is essential to both cellular processes and to CLS extension.
description: National University of Defense Technology
Autoethnography to artography: An exhibition of cognition in artist teacher practice
Creators: name: Heaton, Rebecca
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2018
Subjects: Art education
Artist teacher
Artography
Cognition
Autoethnography
arts-based research
visual research
teacher education
primary education
exhibition
research portfolio
technology
voice
lenses
art practice
education

description: With art education being marginalised a need exists for its cognitive value to be reinstated. This thesis responds by exemplifying cognition in artist teacher practice. The focus on artist teacher practice enables cognition to be addressed across educational sectors. It provides intervention at a point where perceptions can be heard and changes implemented in a space where researcher and researched co-exist. This thesis takes the form of an exhibition. It contains visual, digital and narrative content and is designed to interrupt conventional thesis structures, whilst showcasing cognitive construction in artist teacher practices: professional, pedagogic and academic. As an exhibition, the thesis communicates cognitive transformation in a methodological space between autoethnography and artography. In doing so an artist teacher’s doctoral journey is captured relationally alongside a culture of similar others. Documentation of living artist teacher practice captures how cognitive curation, through connectionism, is possible whilst modelling how an understanding of cognition is useful to reinstate value in art education. The thesis as exhibition presents visual, reflexive and textual stories that are communicated through theoretical, personal and cultural lenses to open the space between autoethnography, artography and artist teacher cognition. These vantage points disrupt and facilitate the narrative, enabling cognition to be unpicked, challenged, presented and re-represented in artist teacher practice and art education. Cognitive forms in art education are conceptualised, factors that influence cognition are suggested and uses for cognition in art education are shared, some of which are relevant and transferable across educational disciplines. Through narrative analysis of the exhibition, this thesis can contribute emergent means for understanding cognition in artist teacher practice and art education. The manifestation of cognition in interdisciplinary and intercultural spaces between art, education, selves and others is revealed alongside emergent ways of conducting arts-based empirical research that connects and disrupts theory, pedagogy and practice. The contributions and disseminations made in this thesis concerning cognition in artist teacher practice and art education begin to expose and raise the profile of cognition in the contentious discipline of education.
description: Doctorate part funded by the University of Northampton
title: Citizens‘ preferences for a tax exemption for caregivers in inheritance taxation – an empirical analysis using German survey data
title: MAGKS - Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics
Creators: name: Bischoff, Ivo
name: Kusa, Nataliya
Publisher: name: Philipps-Universität Marburg
Year: 2017
Subjects: inheritance taxation
citizens’ preferences
long-term care
intergenerational transfers
Economics
Wirtschaft

description: We analyze survey data on the proposal to introduce a tax exemption for caregiving heirs to the German inheritance tax. Some 80 percent of the participants support this exemption. We explain interpersonal differences in the support for this tax exemption using a wide range of personal characteristics, beliefs and attitudes. We find self-interest to be relevant: Subjects with alive parents are more likely to support the tax exemption. The same holds for subjects who have personal experience in long- term care provision. While women are at the heart of intergenerational exchange relations, their support for the tax exemption is not found to be higher than for men. Subjects are more likely to support the tax exemption if they adhere to the social norm of ndirect reciprocity or overestimate the tax burden of the German inheritance tax.
Spin-orbital glass transition in a model of a frustrated pyrochlore magnet without quenched disorder
Creators: name: Mitsumoto, Kota
name: Hotta, Chisa
name: Yoshino, Hajime
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We show theoretically that spin and orbital degrees of freedom in the pyrochlore oxide Y2Mo2O7, which is free of quenched disorder, can exhibit a simultaneous glass transition, working as dynamical randomness to each other. The interplay of spins and orbitals is mediated by the Jahn-Teller lattice distortion that selects the choice of orbitals, which then generates variant spin exchange interactions ranging from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic ones. Our Monte Carlo simulations detect the power-law divergence of the relaxation times and the negative divergence of both the magnetic and dielectric non-linear susceptibilities, resolving the long-standing puzzle on the origin of the disorder-free spin glass.
description: 6 pages, 4 figures
A unifying model for chemical and colloidal gels
Creators: name: Del Gado, E.
name: Fierro, A.
name: de Arcangelis, L.
name: Coniglio, A.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We investigate the slow dynamics in gelling systems by means of MonteCarlo simulations on the cubic lattice of a minimal statistical mechanics model. By opportunely varying some model parameter we are able to describe a crossover from the chemical gelation behaviour to dynamics more typical of colloidal systems. The results suggest a novel connection linking classical gelation, as originally described by Flory, to more recent results on colloidal systems.
description: 7 pages, 4 figures
Modelling joint distribution of crop plant yields and prices with use of a copula function
Creators: name: Kobus, Paweł
name: Kobus, Paweł
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2013
Subjects: subject: Agribusiness
subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Productivity Analysis
subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: joint distribution
subject: yields and prices
subject: income risk
subject: copula function

description: The paper constitutes an attempt at modelling the joint distribution of crop plant yields and prices in Poland. The main objective of the paper was to examine the usefulness of the copula function for the task and the selection of suitable marginal distributions. The fit of a joint distribution based copula function was compared with multivariate normal distribution. It was revealed that the multivariate normal distribution is outperformed by a Gaussian copula with the following marginal distribution: yields of both crop plants – normal distribution, price of wheat – Burr distribution (type XII) and price of rapeseeds – lognormal distribution. The main advantages of the copula function were: the possibility to use different marginal distributions and ability to model non-elliptical two-dimensional distributions. The practical implications of choosing the right joint distribution is demonstrated by comparing empirical quantiles of income for a given crop structure with theoretical quantiles based on the proposed joint distributions.
Measuring velocity of sound with nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering
Creators: name: Hu, Michael Y.
name: Sturhahn, Wolfgang
name: Toellner, Thomas S.
name: Mannheim, Philip D.
name: Brown, Dennis E.
name: Zhao, Jiyong
name: Alp, E. Ercan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Condensed Matter (cond-mat)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering is used to measure the projected partial phonon density of states of materials. A relationship is derived between the low-energy part of this frequency distribution function and the sound velocity of materials. Our derivation is valid for harmonic solids with Debye-like low-frequency dynamics. This method of sound velocity determination is applied to elemental, composite, and impurity samples which are representative of a wide variety of both crystalline and noncrystalline materials. Advantages and limitations of this method are elucidated.
The power of political commentators in the age of social media
Creators: name: Raabe, Tellef Solbakk
Publisher: name: Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Year: 2018
Subjects: Political commentary
Journalism
Democracy
Bourdieu
Social media
Norway

description: This dissertation analyses the power and democratic function of political commentators writing for legacy newspapers in contemporary Norway. Although such commentators are highly visible in the public debate, this study finds that their overall readership has decreased significantly in the last decade. Commentators increasingly form and inform an elite group of writers and readers. Whilst the limited scholarly literature is predominantly critical of commentators, this study argues that the increasing fragmentation of the public sphere calls for reappraisal. Commentators, benefiting from a privileged access to elite political sources, are in a position where they may inform the electorate by interpreting, analysing, and explaining complex political processes. To fulfil this remit and thus live up to their democratic function, legacy newspapers must strive to meet new demands of accessibility and representation. By employing a mixed methods research design, this dissertation analyses Norway’s fraught media landscape through the frameworks provided by Bourdieu, Habermas, Anderson and Sunstein, with the aim to analyse commentators in a new context – the age of social media.
description: The Aker Scholarship, Cambridge Trust, Michael Width Endresens scholarship,