Chiloscyphus alpicola J. J. Engel 2015, sp. nov.
Creators: name: Engel, John J.
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Plantae
Marchantiophyta
Jungermanniopsida
Jungermanniales
Lophocoleaceae
Chiloscyphus
Chiloscyphus alpicola

description: Chiloscyphus alpicola J.J.Engel, sp. nov.   
 Chiloscypho aperticauli similis, sed lineis insertionis foliaris area angusta exfoliata usque ad 2–4-cellulas lata praeditis, superficie foliari, praesertim supra perimetrum luminis, velamine ceraceo obtecta, margine ventrali foliari saepe 1–5-ciliato, amphigastriis 4-lobis, tenacibus, non fragilibus, infragantibus, undique per caulem intactis, 2.1–2.6- plo latitudinem caulis aequantibus; habitu amphigastriorum in axem eodem plus minusquam regulariter ad caulem appressa vel leniter patente, contigua vel laxe imbricata differt.   
 Holotype:— New Zealand, South Island, Nelson Prov., Nelson Lakes Natl. Park, E slope of Robert Ridge in vicinity of Mt. Robert Skifield, W end of Lake Rotoiti, SSW of St. Arnaud, 1400–1480 m, Engel 22832 (F!); isotype: (CHR!).   
 Plants soft and flexuous, sometimes becoming long and stringy, brittle, loosely creeping, translucent, pale green to pale yellowish green, the shoots medium, to 3.5 mm wide. Branching rather common, the branches mostly of Frullania - type; lateral-intercalary type occasional. Stems with cortex moderately differentiated, in 1–2 layers of smaller cells which are thin-walled except for the weakly thickened exposed wall; medullary cells thin walled. Rhizoids short for plant size, in loose fascicles from stem at immediate base of underleaves. Leaves alternate, horizontal, widely spreading, loosely imbricate, free dorsally, the orientation and insertion strongly succubous, almost longitudinal, forming a straight line for nearly its entire length, and then abruptly recurved and comma-shaped at ventral end, the lines of insertion not extending to stem midline dorsally and delimiting a leaf-free strip of (1)2–4 cells wide; leaves convex, asymmetrically broadly ovate-subtrapezoid to oblate-subtrapezoid; apex undivided and broadly rounded to truncate, entire; dorsal margin broadly and gently arched to straight, plane to somewhat deflexed, entire, short to long decurrent; ventral margin broadly and rather strongly arched, the ventral margin plane or (often) reflexed in basal 0.35–0.5 and then the dorsal surface of leaf visible in ventral view, the ventral margin entire or with 1–5 cilia or, exceptionally, a broad-based dentiform to armed laciniiform process. Leaf cells with walls thin, trigones lacking or minute to small and concave-sided, the median leaf cells 36–48 μm wide × 42–60 μm long, hardly larger than the subapical; median basal cells a little larger, the ventral-basal cells sometimes longer and narrower in an ill-defined local area 1–2 cells wide; surface surffy, with an irregular wax-like covering occupying to various degrees the perimeter of the cell lumen, the edge that fringes the “opening” over the cell lumen appearing ragged and irregular. Underleaves firm, not fragile, often appearing highly dissected, remaining intact ± throughout shoot, 2.1–2.6× stem width, free or connate by 1 cell to the dorsal surface of leaf base (not by the extremity of the ventral margin), the insertion shallowly inverted U-shaped, the apex of insertion ± aligned with the ventral extremity of the most closely associated leaf (or not as far); underleaf appressed to stem to weakly spreading, contiguous to loosely imbricate and with distal sector of lobes overlapping the lamina of underleaf above, the underleaves narrowly to broadly ovate to subrectangular, ± similar in form and lobe symmetry, 4-lobed to (0.7)0.75–0.85 (median sinus); lobes parallel (often distinctly and closely so) to slightly diverging, the lateral lobes ± subequal to or somewhat smaller than the median pair, all sinuses of ± similar depth or with the median sinus a little shallower, the lobes long caudate, the distal sector often filiform, the lobes terminating in a uniseriate row of 4–8 moderately elongated cells subtended by up to 7 biseriate tiers, the lobe margins with 2 opposed teeth + 1–2 smaller accessory teeth, the marginal teeth often ciliiform; lamina margins plane (the disc then flat or weakly convex in ventral view) or slightly reflexed (the disc then slightly concave), each side with a ciliiform to laciniiform process (which may have a small tooth toward base), the margins otherwise entire or with a small tooth toward the base, the margins long decurrent. Asexual reproduction absent.   
 Plants dioicous; ♂ plants smaller. Androecia on main shoot or elongate, indeterminate lateral-intercalary or Frullania - type branches, the androecia initially terminal but eventually becoming intercalary in position, the androecia also on short lateral-intercalary branches that proliferate vegetatively distally (the androecium then basal on a branch), the androecia spicate to subspicate; bracts in 4–5 pairs, suberect to strongly erect, dorsally assurgent, loosely to tightly appressed to bract immediately above, the saccate portion fused to opposing bract; bracts with an inflated dorsal pocket, the distal portion concave and then the entire bract ventricose-saccate, or the distal portion somewhat reflexed, the apices broadly to narrowly rounded, at times retuse, entire, the ventral margin entire; lobule margin inflexed, the distal sector with 1–2 teeth at the apex, with several few-celled teeth below; antheridia 1 per bract, the stalk long, uniseriate; bracteoles free or very narrowly connate on 1 side, 2–4-lobed, narrowly elliptic-subrectangular to subrectangular, without antheridia. Gynoecia mostly terminal on main shoot and long Frullania - type branches, occasionally on short to long lateral-intercalary branches or rather short subfloral innovations; bracts and bracteoles in 3 series, those of innermost series erect and ± appressed to perianth, the bracts of innermost series dorsally free from one another, plane or more often with 1 or both margins reflexed at least distally and then often lending the distal sector canaliculate, the bracts narrowly obovate from a narrow base, bifid to 0.1–0.15, the lobes blunt or acute, entire or with small teeth, the lamina margins entire or with a 1–2 small teeth; bracteoles free on both sides or narrowly connate on 1 side and free on the other side, similar to bracts in size, narrowly obtrapezoidal, 4-lobed to 0.35 (median sinus), the median lobes larger, the lobe margins entire, the lamina margins with 2–3 small ciliiform processes, the lamina base at times with a long filiform-attenuate process. Perianth distinctly exserted beyond bracts, sharply trigonous throughout, narrowly elliptic-subclavate, not or slightly expanding toward the wide, deeply 3-lobed mouth, the lobes divided to ca. 0.4; lobes distinctly bifid, the segments acuminate to caudate, terminating in a uniseriate row of to 11 cells and capped by a slime papilla, the lobe margins with several dentiform to ciliiform processes, the lobes dentate to ciliate below level of segments; keels sharp, with keelar wings occasional, of a few cells high.   
Sporophyte not seen.  
 Distribution and Ecology:— New Zealand: South Island (1220–1480 m). A penalpine-alpine species known from a few sites on South Island. Several collections were associated with tussock. For example, in the vicinity of Mt. Robert Skifield on the east slope of Robert Ridge (above W end of Lake Rotoiti, Nelson Lakes Natl. Park, Nelson Prov., 1400–1480 m), plants occurred in a very wet niche between tussock and covered by old, dead tussock blades at the edge of a tarn in an area of tarns in low alpine vegetation. The type was found under old, rotted, prostrate blades of tussocks in a mosaic of tussock grass and alpine vegetation along with tarns, rills, rocky outcrops, and boulderfields. Several collections made by John Child on Mt. Shrimpton (Mt. Aspiring Natl. Park, Otago Prov.) are also associated with tussock: two under snow tussock at 1220–1370 m (Child 4168, 4215, F), another associated with a small watercourse in a tussock herbfield, 1220 m (Child 4219, F). Also occurring deep under protection of Dracophyllum in a penalpine scrub consisting mainly of Chionochloa, Dracophyllum, and Hebe (below and W of Mt. Shrimpton, Mt. Aspiring Natl. Park, 1370–1470 m). A collection from Roys Peak, Wanaka, Otago Prov., 1460 m, (C. D. Meurk, CHR 577648) was on grass litter in Chionochloa macra tussockland, and was associated with Brachythecium salebrosum.   
 Comments: —This interesting species has much the same general appearance, especially in the field, as Chiloscyphus semiteres (Lehmann, 1829: 363) Lehm. & Lindenb. in Gottsche et al. (1844–47: 190) and C. aperticaulis J.J. Engel (2010: 229) as well as Heteroscyphus planiusculus (Hooker & Taylor, 1844: 382) J.J. Engel (1990: 315). This similarity easily may cause confusion when sterile plants are at hand since all four species are of similar general size and have undivided, convex, widely spreading leaves. Moreover, Chiloscyphus semiteres may have four-lobed, deeply divided underleaves, and in this respect is similar to C. alpicola, which further adds to potential confusion. The four species may be distinguished by the following key:
description: Published as part of Engel, John J., 2015, Studies on Lophocoleaceae. XXIV. Chiloscyphus alpicola J. J. Engel, an interesting new liverwort species from New Zealand together with nomenclatural changes in Tetracymbaliella Grolle, pp. 181-186 in Phytotaxa 207 (2) on pages 181-184, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.207.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/13637974