cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
AUTOREGRESSIVE CONDITIONAL HETEROSKEDASTICY UNDER ERROR-TERM NON-NORMALITY
Creators: name: Ramirez, Octavio A.
name: Ramirez, Octavio A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
subject: Error- term non-normality
subject: skewness
subject: autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity

description: This paper explores the impact of error-term non-normality on the performance of the normal-error Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (GARCH) model under small and moderate sample sizes. A non-normal-, asymmetric-error GARCH model is proposed, and its finite-sample performance is evaluated in comparison to the normal-error GARCH under various underlying error-term distributions. The results suggest that one must be skeptical of using the normal-error GARCH when there is evidence of conditional error-term non-normality. The conditional distribution of the error-term in a previous mainstream application of the normal GARCH is found to be non-normal and asymmetric. The same application is used to illustrate the advantages of the proposed non-normal-error GARCH model.
Improved Hough search for gravitational wave pulsars
Creators: name: Sintes, Alicia M.
name: Krishnan, Badri
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We describe an improved version of the Hough transform search for continuous gravitational waves from isolated neutron stars assuming the input to be short segments of Fourier transformed data. The method presented here takes into account possible non-stationarities of the detector noise and the amplitude modulation due to the motion of the detector. These two effects are taken into account for the first stage only, i.e. the peak selection, to create the time-frequency map of our data, while the Hough transform itself is performed in the standard way.
description: 6 pages, Accepted in Journal of Physics: Conference Series
Minimal string-scale unification of gauge couplings
Creators: name: Emmanuel-Costa, D.
name: Felipe, R. Gonzalez
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We look for the minimal particle content which is necessary to add to the standard model in order to have a complete unification of gauge couplings and gravity at the weakly coupled heterotic string scale. Using the current precision electroweak data, we find that the presence of a vector-like fermion at an intermediate scale and a non-standard hypercharge normalization are in general sufficient to achieve this goal at two-loop level. If one requires the extra matter scale to be below the TeV scale, then it is found that the addition of three vector-like fermion doublets with a mass around 700 GeV yields a perfect string-scale unification, provided that the affine levels are kY=13/3, k2=1 and k3=2, as in the SU(5) X SU(5) string-GUT. Furthermore, if supersymmetry is broken at the unification scale, the Higgs mass is predicted in the range 125 GeV - 170 GeV, depending on the precise values of the top quark mass and tan(beta) parameter.
description: 12 pages, 2 figures, references updated and comments added, final version to appear in Phys. Lett. B
A Structure Model for Black Holes: Atomic-like Structure, Quantization and the Minimum Schwarzschild Radius
Creators: name: Nagatani, Yukinori
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A structure model for black holes is proposed by mean field approximation of gravity. The model, which consists of a charged singularity at the center and quantum fluctuation of fields around the singularity, is similar to the atomic structure. The model naturally quantizes the black hole. Especially we find the minimum black hole, whose structure is similar to the hydrogen atom and whose Schwarzschild radius becomes about 1.1287 of the Planck length.
description: 18 pages, 3 figures
Standard Cosmology on the Anti-de Sitter boundary
Creators: name: Henke, Christian
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The well-known brane world model of cosmology is an alternative to the standard model of cosmology, called ΛCDM (Lambda Cold Dark Matter) model. However, the quadratical energy density of the brane universe requires an undesirable fine tuning. The paper develops a new Anti-de Sitter (AdS) brane world model without the quadratical energy density by using a second Einstein equation, which arises canonically during a holographic renormalisation. On the AdS boundary it is demonstrated that this brane model equals an effective de Sitter ΛCDM model, whereas the brane model near the AdS boundary agrees to the ΛCDM model except the earliest times. Finally, it is shown that the coincidence problem is avoided and the cosmological constant problem, if not solved, is greatly reduced.
Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) spectral library II: New indices in Y, J, H, and L atmospheric windows
Creators: name: Morelli, L.
name: Ivanov, V. D.
name: Pizzella, A.
name: Gasparri, D.
name: Coccato, L.
name: Corsini, E. M.
name: Bontà, E. Dalla
name: François, P.
name: Cesetti, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Stellar population studies in the infrared (IR) wavelength range have two main advantages with respect to the optical regime: they probe different populations, because most of the light in the IR comes from redder and generally older stars, and they allow us to see through dust because IR light is less affected by extinction. Unfortunately, IR modeling work was halted by the lack of adequate stellar libraries, but this has changed in the recent years. Our project investigates the sensitivity of various spectral features in the 1--5\,$μ$m wavelength range to the physical properties of stars ($T_{eff}$, [Fe/H], log g and aims to objectively define spectral indices that can characterize the age and metallicity of unresolved stellar populations. We implemented a method that uses derivatives of the indices as functions of $T_{eff}$, [Fe/H] or log g across the entire available wavelength range to reveal the most sensitive indices to these parameters and the ranges in which these indices work. Here, we complement the previous work in the I and K bands, reporting a new system of 14, 12, 22, and 12 indices for Y, J, H, and L atmospheric windows, respectively, and describe their behavior. Our analysis indicates that features sensitive to the effective temperature are present and measurable in all the investigated atmospheric windows at the spectral resolution and in the metallicity range of the IRTF library for a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 20-30. The surface gravity is more challenging and only indices in the H and J windows are best suited for this. The metallicity range of the stars with available spectra is too narrow to search for suitable diagnostics. For the spectra of unresolved galaxies, the defined indices are valuable tools in tracing the properties of the stars in the IR-dominant stellar populations.
description: A&A in press. 69 pages, 47 figures, 8 Table
Representations of the Quantum Algebra su_q(1,1) and Discrete q-Ultraspherical Polynomials
Creators: name: Groza, Valentyna
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Algebra (math.QA)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Representation Theory (math.RT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We derive orthogonality relations for discrete q-ultraspherical polynomials and their duals by means of operators of representations of the quantum algebra su_q(1,1). Spectra and eigenfunctions of these operators are found explicitly. These eigenfunctions, when normalized, form an orthonormal basis in the representation space.
description: Published in SIGMA (Symmetry, Integrability and Geometry: Methods and Applications) at http://www.emis.de/journals/SIGMA/
Rouquette, Robert: La Fin d´une Chrétienté
Creators: name: Schweigart, Hans Günther
Publisher: name: Ökumenische Rundschau
Year: 2025

description: Ökumenische Rundschau, Bd. 17 Nr. 4 (1968): Ökumenische Rundschau, Band 17, Heft 4
FLEXIBILITY AND COMPETITION IN U.S. FOOD MANUFACTURING FIRMS: ARE FIRMS TOO INFLEXIBLE?
Creators: name: Weiss, Christoph R.
name: Weiss, Christoph R.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: Agribusiness

description: We analyse the flexibility decision of firms in a two-stage duopoly game of complete information and test the models implications using panel data of U.S. food industries. We find a positive relationship between flexibility and market power. Flexibility in food manufacturing industries is significantly higher than in all other industries.
Peanuts and Their Uses for Food
Creators: name: Banna, Antoine
name: Armore, Sidney J.
name: Foote, Richard J.
name: Banna, Antoine
name: Armore, Sidney J.
name: Foote, Richard J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1952
Subjects: subject: Agricultural and Food Policy
subject: Crop Production/Industries
subject: Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety
subject: International Relations/Trade
subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Excerpt from the report Preface: This publication brings together the statistical and economic information that is available concerning the food uses of peanuts, other than crushing for oil. It discusses the major factors that affect consumption in the several alternative outlets. Background material is Included on trends in production, foreign trade, and domestic crushing, and on Government programs that have directly affected the peanut industry. The edible trade has been directly affected in some years by changes in production, in occasional years by changes in the demand for peanuts in alternative outlets, and in most years since 1933 by the level of price support and by other details of the Government support program. An appendix includes detailed tables of supply and disposition of peanuts annually from 1909 to date and of monthly prices of peanuts at various locations for several stages of processing, mainly from 1920 to date.
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INCENTIVES PROGRAM: WHY ARE SO MANY CONTRACTS BEING CANCELLED?
Creators: name: Cattaneo, Andrea
name: Cattaneo, Andrea
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2001
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy

description: This paper analyzes why USDA's Environmental Quality Incentives Program has a high rate of contract withdrawals. Using a logit model we examine whether withdrawals are linked to: (i)farmers bidding for payments that are too low, (ii)a learning phase about the program, (iii)the types of conservation practices included in a contract.
The C-flash and the ignition conditions of type Ia supernovae
Creators: name: Lesaffre, P.
name: Han, Z.
name: Tout, C. A.
name: Podsiadlowski, Ph.
name: Martin, R. G.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Thanks to a stellar evolution code able to compute through the C-flash we link the binary population synthesis of single degenerate progenitors of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) to their physical condition at the time of ignition. We show that there is a large range of possible ignition densities and we detail how their probability distribution depends on the accretion properties. The low density peak of this distribution qualitatively reminds of the clustering of the luminosities of Branch-normal SNe Ia. We tighten the possible range of initial physical conditions for explosion models: they form a one-parameter family, independent of the metallicity. We discuss how these results may be modified if we were to relax our hypothesis of a permanent Hachisu wind or if we were to include electron captures.
description: 10 pages, 14 figures, MNRAS accepted
Perfect density models cannot guarantee anomaly detection
Creators: name: Lan, Charline Le
name: Dinh, Laurent
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
subject: Machine Learning (stat.ML)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Thanks to the tractability of their likelihood, several deep generative models show promise for seemingly straightforward but important applications like anomaly detection, uncertainty estimation, and active learning. However, the likelihood values empirically attributed to anomalies conflict with the expectations these proposed applications suggest. In this paper, we take a closer look at the behavior of distribution densities through the lens of reparametrization and show that these quantities carry less meaningful information than previously thought, beyond estimation issues or the curse of dimensionality. We conclude that the use of these likelihoods for anomaly detection relies on strong and implicit hypotheses, and highlight the necessity of explicitly formulating these assumptions for reliable anomaly detection.
description: Accepted to the Special Issue "Probabilistic Methods for Deep Learning" of the Journal Entropy. 14 pages and 10 figures in main content, 4 pages of bibliography, and 2 pages in Appendix
Swimming upstream : citizen involvement in the Fraser River Estuary Management Program (FREMP)
Creators: name: McNaney, Kevin Colin
Publisher: name: University of British Columbia
Year: 2009

description: From the inception of the Fraser River Estuary Management Program (FREMP) in 1985, FREMP has continually espoused a shared-decision making approach to managing this fertile and rapidly developing estuary. While FREMP has been arguably quite successful in facilitating collaboration and shared-decision making among the various levels of government in the region, the nongovernmental community (including environmental and community groups, academia, industry and the general public) has only had occasional and unsatisfactory involvement in these decision making processes despite continued promises of greater community involvement (CI). The "product" of this CI effort is marked by conflict with a community that is increasingly critical of the credibility of FREMP, hostile to the decisions made by the program, and questioning of the basic foundations of the estuary management plan (EMP). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the "process" of community involvement in FREMP from 1985 to 1998 (from estuary planning to implementation) through a series of interviews with individuals who actively participated in FREMP, and through a review of the various reports produced throughout the process. This research is approached within a framework developed for an evaluation of citizen involvement in the land and resource management planning (LRMP) process in British Columbia (Duffy et al., 1998). The project concludes by recommending various policy options for FREMP's ongoing CI efforts that accentuate clarity of process, involvement beyond "tokenism", communication and feedback, and the provision of adequate resources. The recommendations include a spectrum of possible future approaches to CI that range from a complete retreat from CI in FREMP's decision making processes, to building on the lessons from the past in an effort to explore new, progressive means of involving citizens in the management of the Fraser River estuary.
A new non linear mechanism able to generate avalanches based on soil mechanics
Creators: name: Evesque, P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We propose a general mechanism based on soil mechanics concepts, such as dilatancy and friction, to explain the fact that avalanches stop at an angle smaller than they start: the mechanism involved is linked to the fact that the stress field near the free surface of a pile built with inclined strata obeys always the plasticity criteria, even when the slope is smaller than the friction angle. It results from this that the larger the slope angle the smaller the mean stress and the smaller the maximum principal stress. So when the pile rotates to generate the next instability the granular material is submitted to a decrease of the mean stress, resulting in an increase of its yielding angle, which becomes larger than the friction angle. The slope starts then flowing at an angle larger than the friction angle.
description: 7 pages + 1 page, 1 figure
Causal Factors and Costs of Home Plumbing Corrosion: An Investigation of Sample Selection Bias
Creators: name: Kleczyk, Ewa J.
name: Bosch, Darrell J.
name: Kleczyk, Ewa J.
name: Bosch, Darrell J.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: Public Economics

description: High incidences of pinhole leaks, which occur in home plumbing due to pitting corrosion of water pipes, have been observed in parts of the U.S. such as the Maryland suburbs of Washington D.C. This research evaluates factors associated with pinhole leak occurrences and assesses the costs incurred by consumers from corrosion. Statistical analysis of Maryland survey responses suggests that the probability of pinhole leak occurrences is associated with the type of pipes installed and the distance of the dwelling from a water treatment plant. The number of leaks and location of pinhole leaks in the dwelling drive the financial costs of pinhole leak damage. Correcting for sample selection bias influences the estimated coefficients and statistical significance of the model. Research findings will inform policymakers, program managers, and water utilities on the importance of reducing corrosion in home drinking water infrastructure.
Farmers' Produce Markets in the United States: Part 1, History and Description
Creators: name: Wann, John L.
name: Cake, Edwin W.
name: Elliott, William H.
name: Burdette, Roger F.
name: Wann, John L.
name: Cake, Edwin W.
name: Elliott, William H.
name: Burdette, Roger F.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1948
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Excerpts from the report Foreword: This report is the result of numerous requests for information about the total number of farmers' markets in the United States. It covers part of the findings of a study which was started in 1941 by the Cooperative Research and Service Division, Farm Credit Administration. Activities pertaining to World War II disrupted the field work begun at that time. In 1946, the field studies were completed and brought up to date. For the purpose of this publication, a "farmers' produce market" is a market place where farmers do their own selling of produce from their farms. Before an adequate analysis of the operation of farmers' produce markets can be made, it is important to know how many such markets there are in the United States, their geographical distribution, and type of ownership and management. This report covers these subjects from a purely descriptive viewpoint.
Impacts of Land Ownership and Debt Levels on Farm Survival and Financial Growth
Creators: name: Cole, John D.
name: Pattanaik, Nalini
name: Janssen, Larry
name: Cole, John D.
name: Pattanaik, Nalini
name: Janssen, Larry
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: Land Economics/Use

description: This paper examines the impact of alternative land ownership and debt levels on profitability, growth, and survival of representative cash grain and beef farm, using South Dakota conditions as case examples. Baseline characteristics of three representative farms / ranches in South Dakota are discussed.
Website Usage Information for Rural-Based E-Commerce Start-Ups
Creators: name: Rea, Kenneth
name: Nwoha, Ogbonnaya John
name: Kennedy, Gary A.
name: Watson, Susan
name: Rea, Kenneth
name: Nwoha, Ogbonnaya John
name: Kennedy, Gary A.
name: Watson, Susan
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies

description: Usage patterns for start-up agricultural and non-agricultural websites, as well as product and service oriented websites, were studied to determine differences in the number of unique visitors, usage based on the day and time of the week, total time spent on the website, and how the visitor found the website.
Has the Performance of the Hog Options Market Changed?
Creators: name: Urcola, Hernan A.
name: Irwin, Scott H.
name: Urcola, Hernan A.
name: Irwin, Scott H.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: The hog option contract has served as a risk management tool for the pork industry for more than 20 years. However, very limited information exists about how this market behaves and how it was affected by the contract redesign of 1996. This paper evaluates the efficiency of hog options markets comparing its pricing function during the live hog contract period to the lean hog contract period. Trading returns are computed and adjusted for risk using the Sharpe ratio and the Capital Asset Pricing Model. When the whole sample period is analyzed, results indicate that no profits can be made by taking either side of the hog options markets. However, analyzing the live and the lean hog contracts separately, some evidence suggest that opportunities for speculative profits existed during the live hog contract period. These conclusions are not driven by the extreme price movements in the futures price occurred during late 1998. Further research should investigate whether general futures price movements are responsible for these large returns.
Neural methods for entity-centric knowledge extraction and reasoning in natural language
Creators: name: Bhowmik, Rajarshi
Publisher: name: No Publisher Supplied
Year: 2021

description: Entities are the cornerstone for the dissemination of factual knowledge in natural language. Human verbal and written communication invariably refer to entities, their properties, and their relationships. Moreover, human reasoning often relies on a proper understanding of relationships among various entities. It is perceived that representing entity-centric knowledge in a structured form is most suitable for machines to consume and reason about it. Over the past few decades, numerous methodological advances have been made in extracting entity-centric knowledge from unstructured and semi-structured sources, representing entity-centric knowledge as graph-structured data known as Knowledge Graphs, and using these knowledge graphs in various knowledge-intensive natural language processing tasks. Despite these advances, machines are yet to achieve human-level ability to extract and reason with factual knowledge and use it for various knowledge-intensive tasks. This dissertation proposes novel neural methods to narrow this gap. In particular, for factual knowledge extraction, it proposes efficient and effective methods for the tasks of Entity Linking and Relation Extraction. For knowledge-based logical reasoning, an explainable link prediction method for emerging entities in knowledge graphs is proposed. Furthermore, as a representative of knowledge-intensive natural language processing tasks, this dissertation studies the problem of entity summarization to retrieve relevant facts and generate fact-allegiant textual descriptions of entities.
Off-farm income and farm capital accumulation: a farm-level data analysis
Creators: name: Lagerkvist, Carl Johan
name: Larsen, Karin
name: Olson, Kent D.
name: Lagerkvist, Carl Johan
name: Larsen, Karin
name: Olson, Kent D.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: Farm Management

description: This paper test farm households' joint decisions to work off-farm, and their investments in farm capital respectively, using a farm level data set involving 252 sole proprietorships in Southwestern Minnesota. Time series are collected from the period 1993 through 2002 and estimation is done using a recursive two-step simultaneous censored equations model. Strong support is found for endogeneity of farm capital in an off-farm reliance model as well as for of off-farm income reliance in a farm capital model. In addition, evidence of true state dependence in off-farm income reliance is supported by the data.
description: Replaced with revised version of paper 06/30/06.
Breathtaking or Stagnating? - Productivity, Technical Change and Structural Dynamics in Danish Organic Farming
Creators: name: Sauer, Johannes
name: Graversen, Jesper T.
name: Park, Timothy A.
name: Sauer, Johannes
name: Graversen, Jesper T.
name: Park, Timothy A.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: Land Economics/Use

description: This paper attempts to quantitatively measure the change in the productivity of Danish organic farming in recent years by using panel data on 56 organic farms mainly engaged in milk production for the period 2002 to 2004. Based on a translog production frontier framework the technical and scale efficiency on farm level is analyzed by considering also curvature consistency. The total change in productivity for the reference period is measured by using the Malmquist total factor productivity index approach based on a time trends as well as a general index model specification. Input specific bias in technical change as well as a general index model specification. Input specific bias in technical change as well elasticities of input substitution are analyzed. Factors for the development of technical change and the change in efficiency over time are investigated by applying a bootstrapped ITSUR techniques. Finally we try to conclude on the significance of subsidies for promoting long term growth in organic production by estimating a bootstrapped bivariate probit model with respect to factors influencing the probability of organic market exit. The results revealed significant difference in the organic farms' technical efficiency, no significant total factor productivity growth and even a slightly negative rate of technical change in the period investigated. We found evidence for a positive relationship between subsidy payments and an increase in farm efficiency, technology improvements and a decreasing probability of organic market exit which was also confirmed for off farm income. Finally the general index mode specification was found to deliver a more accurate mapping of total factor productivity growth.
Continuous-variable assisted thermal quantum simulation
Creators: name: Zhang, Dan-Bo
name: Zhang, Guo-Qing
name: Xue, Zheng-Yuan
name: Zhu, Shi-Liang
name: Wang, Z. D.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Simulation of a quantum many-body system at finite temperatures is crucially important but quite challenging. Here we present an experimentally feasible quantum algorithm assisted with continuous-variable for simulating quantum systems at finite temperatures. Our algorithm has a time complexity scaling polynomially with the inverse temperature and the desired accuracy. We demonstrate the quantum algorithm by simulating finite temperature phase diagram of the Kitaev model. It is found that the important crossover phase diagram of the Kitaev ring can be accurately simulated by a quantum computer with only a few qubits and thus the algorithm may be readily implemented on current quantum processors. We further propose a protocol implementable with superconducting or trapped ion quantum computers.
description: 5 pages with supplementary material, comments are welcome
Covariant Linear Perturbations in a Concordance Model
Creators: name: Czinner, Viktor
name: Vasúth, Mátyás
name: Lukács, Árpád
name: Perjés, Zoltán
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the complete solution of the first order metric and density perturbation equations in a spatially flat (K=0), Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe filled with pressureless ideal fluid, in the presence of cosmological constant. We use covariant linear perturbation formalism and the comoving gauge condition to obtain the field and conservation equations. The solution contains all modes of the perturbations, i.e. scalar, vector and tensor modes, and we show that our results are in agreement with the Sachs & Wolfe metric perturbation formalism.
description: 8 pages
Magnetic field symmetry and phase rigidity of the nonlinear conductance in a ring
Creators: name: Leturcq, R.
name: Sanchez, D.
name: Gotz, G.
name: Ihn, T.
name: Ensslin, K.
name: Driscoll, D. C.
name: Gossard, A. C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We have performed nonlinear transport measurements as a function of a perpendicular magnetic field in a semiconductor Aharonov-Bohm ring connected to two leads. While the voltage-symmetric part of the conductance is symmetric in magnetic field, the voltage-antisymmetric part of the conductance is not symmetric. These symmetry relations are compatible with the scattering theory for nonlinear mesoscopic transport. The observed asymmetry can be tuned continuously by changing the gate voltages near the arms of the ring, showing that the phase of the nonlinear conductance in a two-terminal interferometer is not rigid, in contrast to the case for the linear conductance.
description: 5 pages, 4 figures
Environmental Regulations and Livestock Production Levels: What is the Direction of Causality?
Creators: name: Herath, Deepananda P.B.
name: Weersink, Alfons
name: Thrikawala, Sunil
name: Herath, Deepananda P.B.
name: Weersink, Alfons
name: Thrikawala, Sunil
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: Environmental Economics and Policy

description: Fundamental to the assertion that environmental regulatory standards are strategically set by decentralized authorities and consequently firms respond to spatial differences in regulatory standards is the underline causal relationship. Establishing the cause-effect association between regulatory standard setting and industry response is essential to justify the existence of the pollution haven and the potential for a race to the bottom. In this paper using 25 years data of the livestock production intensities for hog, dairy and fed cattle sectors and environmental regulatory stringency measure from 1975 to 2000 for 48 contiguous states we explore whether the direction of causality as suggested by race to the bottom hypothesis is in fact supported by the empirical evidence and hence the potential for existence of pollution haven is real in the U.S. livestock production sector. The results in general support the existence of pollution havens and potential for a race to the bottom at the regional level. There were no convincing evidences supporting the reserve causality that the "industry driving policy" hypothesis. Across the different livestock types, dairy sector provided conclusive evidence that in the regions with substantial growth of dairy inventories, there are strong evidences for a race to the bottom.
Analyzing the Effects of Conflicts on Food Security in Developing Countries: An Instrumental Variable Panel Data Approach
Creators: name: Hitzhusen, Frederick J.
name: Jeanty, Pierre Wilner
name: Hitzhusen, Frederick J.
name: Jeanty, Pierre Wilner
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Food Security and Poverty
subject: Unbalanced Panel data
subject: Instrumental variable
subject: civil war
subject: food security

description: This study applies instrumental variable panel data techniques to estimate the effects of civil wars and conflicts on food security in developing countries. From a statistical standpoint, the results glaringly pinpoint the danger of using conventional panel data estimators when endogeneity is of conventional type, i.e. with respect to the idiosyncratic error term. However, from a policy perspective, we find that, in general, civil wars and conflicts are detrimental to food security, but the negative effects are more severe for countries unable to make available for their citizens the minimum dietary energy requirement under which a country is qualified for food aid.
description: Replaced with revised version of paper 08/31/06.
Storability on Modeling Commodity Futures Prices
Creators: name: Lin, Chuanyi
name: Roberts, Matthew C.
name: Lin, Chuanyi
name: Roberts, Matthew C.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 2006
Subjects: subject: Marketing
subject: FOS: Economics and business

description: Econometric models of commodity prices have been estimated for more than 80 years, but both structural and time series models require ad hoc assumptions to capture all the features of commodity price series. Commodities can be broadly divided into two categories: storable and non-storable. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of storability on commodity futures pricing, especially whether meats can be reasonably approximated by storable commodity term structure models. From the empirical analysis of seven commodity futures prices, the two-factor Schwartz model is found to perform well for less storable commodities.
Additional file 1 of Statistical and bioinformatic analysis of hemimethylation patterns in non-small cell lung cancer
Creators: name: Sun, Shuying
name: Zane, Austin
name: Fulton, Carolyn
name: Philipoom, Jasmine
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: Genetics
subject: FOS: Biological sciences

description: Additional file 1. This file includes two sections. Section 1: Tumor and normal cluster comparison results by chromosome (Supplemental Table 1). Section 2: Comparative analysis of three methods of multiple testing corrections (Supplemental Tables 2–4)
The composition and size distribution of the dust in the coma of comet Hale-Bopp
Creators: name: Min, M.
name: Hovenier, J. W.
name: de Koter, A.
name: Waters, L. B. F. M.
name: Dominik, C.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We discuss the composition and size distribution of the dust in the coma of comet Hale-Bopp. We do this by fitting simultaneously the infrared emission spectrum measured by the infrared space observatory (ISO) and the measured degree of linear polarization of scattered light at various phase angles and 12 different wavelengths. The effects of particle shape on the modeled optical properties of the dust grains are taken into account. We constrain our fit by forcing the abundances of the major rock forming chemical elements to be solar. The infrared spectrum at long wavelengths reveals that large grains are needed in order to fit the spectral slope. The size and shape distribution we employ allows us to estimate the sizes of the crystalline silicates. The ratios of the strength of various forsterite features show that the crystalline silicate grains in Hale-Bopp must be submicron sized. We exclude the presence of large crystalline silicate grains in the coma. Because of this lack of large crystalline grains combined with the fact that we do need large amorphous grains to fit the emission spectrum at long wavelengths, we need only approximately 4% of crystalline silicates by mass. After correcting for possible hidden crystalline material included in large amorphous grains, our best estimate of the total mass fraction of crystalline material is approximately 7.5%, significantly lower than deduced in previous studies in which the typical derived crystallinity is 20-30%. The implications of this on the possible origin and evolution of the comet are discussed. The crystallinity we observe in Hale-Bopp is consistent with the production of crystalline silicates in the inner solar system by thermal annealing and subsequent radial mixing to the comet forming region.
description: Accepted for publication in Icarus
Recycling augmented Lagrangian preconditioner in an incompressible fluid solver
Creators: name: Olshanskii, Maxim
name: Zhiliakov, Alexander
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics

description: The paper discusses a reuse of matrix factorization as a building block in the Augmented Lagrangian (AL) and modified AL preconditioners for non-symmetric saddle point linear algebraic systems. The strategy is applied to solve two-dimensional incompressible fluid problems with efficiency rates independent of the Reynolds number. The solver is then tested to simulate motion of a surface fluid, an example of a 2D flow motivated by an interest in lateral fluidity of inextensible viscous membranes. Numerical examples include the Kelvin--Helmholtz instability problem posed on the sphere and on the torus. Some new eigenvalue estimates for the AL preconditioner are derived.
description: 15 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables
Quantum Entanglement and fixed point Hopf bifurcation
Creators: name: Nemes, M. C.
name: Furuya, K.
name: Pellegrino, G. Q.
name: Oliveira, A. C.
name: Reis, Mauricio
name: Sanz, L.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the qualitative differences in the phase transitions of the mono-mode Dicke model in its integrable and chaotic versions. We show that a first order phase transition occurs in the integrable case whereas a second order in the chaotic one. This difference is also reflected in the classical limit: for the integrable case the stable fixed point in phase space suffers a bifurcation of Hopf type whereas for the second one a pitchfork type bifurcation has been reported.
EVALUATION OF FIVE EMERGING BIOTECHNOLOGIES FOR MAIZE
Creators: name: Menz, Kenneth M.
name: Neumeyer, Catherine F.
name: Menz, Kenneth M.
name: Neumeyer, Catherine F.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1981
Subjects: Crop Production/Industries
Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies

description: Scientists were surveyed as part of as assessment of five emerging biotechnologies which are potentially applicable to commercial U.S. maize production by the year 2000. The largest gains expected by scientists were from plant growth regulators, followed by photosynthetic enhancement, cell or tissue culture and biological nitrogen fixation.
Designing optimal networks for multi-commodity transport problem
Creators: name: Lonardi, Alessandro
name: Facca, Enrico
name: Putti, Mario
name: De Bacco, Caterina
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph)
subject: Social and Information Networks (cs.SI)
subject: Systems and Control (eess.SY)
subject: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering

description: Designing and optimizing different flows in networks is a relevant problem in many contexts. While a number of methods have been proposed in the physics and optimal transport literature for the one-commodity case, we lack similar results for the multi-commodity scenario. In this paper we present a model based on optimal transport theory for finding optimal multi-commodity flow configurations on networks. This model introduces a dynamics that regulates the edge conductivities to achieve, at infinite times, a minimum of a Lyapunov functional given by the sum of a convex transport cost and a concave infrastructure cost. We show that the long time asymptotics of this dynamics are the solutions of a standard constrained optimization problem that generalizes the one-commodity framework. Our results provide new insights into the nature and properties of optimal network topologies. In particular, they show that loops can arise as a consequence of distinguishing different flow types, complementing previous results where loops, in the one-commodity case, were obtained as a consequence of imposing dynamical rules to the sources and sinks or when enforcing robustness to damage. Finally, we provide an efficient implementation of our model which convergences faster than standard optimization methods based on gradient descent.
description: 13 pages, 7 figures
MEASURED EFFECTS OF FEEDLOTS ON RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY VALUES IN MINNESOTA: A REPORT TO THE LEGISLATURE
Creators: name: Taff, Steven J.
name: Tiffany, Douglas G.
name: Weisberg, Sanford
name: Taff, Steven J.
name: Tiffany, Douglas G.
name: Weisberg, Sanford
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1996
Subjects: Land Economics/Use
Livestock Production/Industries

description: We were asked by the Legislature to conduct "research into the effects feedlots have on the value of nearby property." To do so, we carried out a statistical examination of the interrelationships among residential property sales prices and nearby feedlots in a southwestern Minnesota study area. Structure and location data for 292 residential property sales in Redwood and Renville Counties, excluding the cities of Olivia and Redwood Falls, were linked to the location and physical characteristics of every larger feedlot within three miles of each sale. The basic approach was to ask, "Does the addition of information about feedlot proximity help us explain observed house prices beyond the explanatory power of statistical models that use only the house's structure and other location characteristics?" We examined this overall question with respect to a series of constructed proximity indicators that capture the effects of feedlot size, direction, distance, and types of animals, among others. We found statistically significant evidence of a link between feedlot location and house prices in the study area. That relationship was positive in sign, not negative as initially expected. Houses closer to feedlots appear to have sold for more than expected from knowledge of the characteristics of the houses alone. The effect was most pronounced for houses that are older, relatively lower in price, or located in small towns.
Bimodal spectral variability of Cygnus X-1 in an intermediate state
Creators: name: Malzac, J.
name: Petrucci, P. O.
name: Jourdain, E.
name: Cadolle, M.
name: Sizun, P.
name: Pooley, G.
name: Cabanac, C.
name: Chaty, S.
name: Belloni, T.
name: Rodriguez, J.
name: Roques, J. P.
name: Durouchoux, P.
name: Goldwurm, A.
name: Laurent, P.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2005
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We report the results of an observation of Cygnus X-1 with INTEGRAL, that we combine with simultaneous radio observations with the Ryle telescope. Both spectral and variability properties of the source indicate that Cygnus X-1 was in an Intermediate State. The INTEGRAL spectrum shows a high-energy cut-off or break around 100 keV. The shape of this cut-off differs from pure thermal Comptonisation, suggesting the presence of a non-thermal component at higher energies.The average broad band spectrum is well represented by hybrid thermal/non-thermal Comptonisation models. During the 4 day long observation the source showed an important spectral and flux variability. A principal component analysis demonstrates that most of this variability occurs through 2 independent modes. The first mode consists in changes in the overall luminosity on time scale of hours with almost constant spectra that are strikingly uncorrelated with the variable radio flux. We interpret this variability mode as variations of the dissipation rate in the corona. The second variability mode consists in a pivoting of the spectrum around 10 keV. It acts on a longer time-scale: initially soft, the spectrum hardens in the first part of the observation and then softens again. This pivoting pattern is strongly correlated with the radio (15 GHz) emission: radio fluxes are stronger when the INTEGRAL spectrum is harder. We propose that the pivoting mode represents a 'mini' state transition from a nearly High Soft State to a nearly Low Hard State, and back. This mini-transition would be caused by changes in the soft cooling photons flux in the hot Comptonising plasma associated with an increase of the temperature of the accretion disc. The jet power then appears to be anti-correlated with the disc luminosity and unrelated to the coronal power.
description: 14 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics
The 2MASS redshift survey galaxy group catalogue derived from a graph-theory based friends-of-friends algorithm
Creators: name: Lambert, T. S.
name: Kraan-Korteweg, R. C.
name: Jarrett, T. H.
name: Macri, L. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present the galaxy group catalogue for the recently-completed 2MASS Redshift Survey (2MRS, Macri2019) which consists of 44572 redshifts, including 1041 new measurements for galaxies mostly located within the Zone of Avoidance. The galaxy group catalogue is generated by using a novel, graph-theory based, modified version of the Friends-of-Friends algorithm. Several graph-theory examples are presented throughout this paper, including a new method for identifying substructures within groups. The results and graph-theory methods have been thoroughly interrogated against previous 2MRS group catalogues and a Theoretical Astrophysical Observatory (TAO) mock by making use of cutting-edge visualization techniques including immersive facilities, a digital planetarium, and virtual reality. This has resulted in a stable and robust catalogue with on-sky positions and line-of-sight distances within 0.5 Mpc and 2 Mpc, respectively, and has recovered all major groups and clusters. The final catalogue consists of 3022 groups, resulting in the most complete "whole-sky" galaxy group catalogue to date. We determine the 3D positions of these groups, as well as their luminosity and comoving distances, observed and corrected number of members, richness metric, velocity dispersion, and estimates of $R_{200}$ and $M_{200}$. We present three additional data products, i.e. the 2MRS galaxies found in groups, a catalogue of subgroups, and a catalogue of 687 new group candidates with no counterparts in previous 2MRS-based analyses.
description: 22 pages, 15 figures; accepted for publication in MNRAS; high quality PDF and python code available at https://github.com/BrutishGuy/pyfriends
DOES MONEY STILL MATTER?
Creators: name: Peterson, Willis L.
name: Peterson, Willis L.
Publisher: name: Unknown
Year: 1997
Subjects: Financial Economics

description: Money is broadly defined to include M2 plus large denomination time deposits and deposits in savings institutions. Splitting M2+ into two components, M1 and the remainder, MD, each was found to bear a stable relationship to GDP over the 1929-94 period. An economic test of the causality question reveals that it runs from money to economic activity. Lastly, the evidence attests to the short-run non-neutrality of money on unemployment, and to the stabilizing influence of the private sector on the economy.
The well-posedness, blow-up and travelling waves for a two-component Fornberg-Whitham system
Creators: name: Xu, Fei
name: Zhang, Yong
name: Li, Fengquan
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2020
Subjects: subject: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 35Q35, 35J25, 35J60

description: In this paper, the two-component Fornberg-Whitham system is studied. We firstly investigate the well-posedness in classical Sobolev Space and show a blow-up scenario by local-in-time a priori estimates, then we present some sufficient conditions on the initial data to lead to wave breaking. Furthermore, we establish analytically the existence of periodic travelling waves.