A parallel investigation of trauma exposure, maladaptive appraisals and posttraumatic stress reactions in two groups of trauma-exposed adolescents
Creators: name: Undset, Andrea
name: Jensen, Tine K.
name: Dyb, Grete
name: Wentzel-Larsen, Tore
name: Ormhaug, Silje M.
name: Stensland, Synne
name: Blix, Ines
Publisher: name: Taylor & Francis
Year: 2024
Subjects: Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Cancer
Science Policy

description: <b>Background:</b> Maladaptive appraisals, such as thoughts about experiencing a permanent and disturbing change and about being a fragile person in a scary world, are associated with posttraumatic stress reactions (PTSR) for trauma-exposed children and adolescents. Less is known about what puts young people at risk for developing such appraisals, and the differential relationship between the types of appraisals and PTSR<b>.</b> <b>Objective:</b> The primary aim was to examine the role of age, gender and exposure to potentially traumatizing events (PTEs) for the levels of maladaptive appraisals. The secondary aim was to investigate the association between the levels of maladaptive appraisals (appraisals of a permanent change and appraisals about a scary world) and PTSR. <b>Methods:</b> We investigated these aims in two samples: survivors after the terror attack at Utøya island in Norway in 2011 (<i>N</i> = 165, mean age 17.65, <i>SD</i> = 1.19) and adolescents referred to treatment after mainly interpersonal trauma (<i>N</i> = 152, mean age 15.08, <i>SD</i> = 2.18). The aims were investigated using linear regression and partial correlation. <b>Results:</b> In the terror-exposed sample, female gender was significantly associated with higher levels of scary-world appraisals, witnessing or learning that someone close were exposed to physical violence was significantly associated with more permanent-change appraisals, and a higher number of PTEs was significantly associated with higher levels of both types of appraisals. For the clinical sample, we found no significant associations between exposure to PTEs, gender, age, and the level of maladaptive appraisals. Both types of maladaptive appraisals were highly associated with PTSR in both samples, and there was no significant difference in the strength of the associations between the types of appraisals and PTSR. <b>Conclusions:</b> The results have implications for identifying adolescents at risk for developing harmful maladaptive appraisals. Both scary-world appraisals and permanent-change appraisals were strongly associated with PTSR in both groups of trauma-exposed adolescents. Factors associated with elevated levels of maladaptive appraisals, and associations between maladaptive appraisals and posttraumatic stress reactions were investigated in two samples of trauma-exposed adolescents.Both appraisals about experiencing a permanent and disturbing change and appraisals about being a fragile person in a scary world were significantly associated with posttraumatic stress reactions.Exposure to a higher number of potentially traumatizing events (PTEs), being female, and witnessing or learning that someone close was exposed to physical violence were significantly associated with a higher level of maladaptive appraisals among terror-exposed adolescents. Factors associated with elevated levels of maladaptive appraisals, and associations between maladaptive appraisals and posttraumatic stress reactions were investigated in two samples of trauma-exposed adolescents. Both appraisals about experiencing a permanent and disturbing change and appraisals about being a fragile person in a scary world were significantly associated with posttraumatic stress reactions. Exposure to a higher number of potentially traumatizing events (PTEs), being female, and witnessing or learning that someone close was exposed to physical violence were significantly associated with a higher level of maladaptive appraisals among terror-exposed adolescents.