cometadata/datacite-rtg-text-other-reclassification-records huggingface dataset:
On Supercapacitors Time-Domain Spectroscopy. C/R Characteristic Slope
Creators: name: Agafonov, Dmitry Valentinovich
name: Kuznetsova, Arina Romanovna
name: Kompan, Mikhail Evgenievich
name: Malyshkin, Vladislav Gennadievich
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph)
subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: A novel time-domain technique for supercapacitor characterization is developed, modeled numerically, and experimentally tested on a number of commercial supercapacitors. The method involves momentarily shorting a supercapacitor for a brief duration, denoted as $τ$, and measuring first $\int Idt$ and second $\int I^2dt$ moments of current along with the potential before and after shorting. The effective $C(τ)$ and $R(τ)$ are then obtained from charge preservation and energy dissipation invariants. A linear behavior in $[R(τ),C(τ)]$ parametric plot is observed by several orders of $τ$. This gives a $C/R$ characteristic slope: how much $ΔC$ we can ``gain'' if we are ready to ``lose'' $ΔR$ in internal resistance. The $C/R$ characteristic slope characterizes possible energy and power properties of the device in terms of materials and technology used, this is a measure of supercapacitor perfection. The technique has been proven with experimental measurements and then validated through computer modeling, analytic analysis, and impedance spectroscopy on a number of circuit types: transmission line, binary tree, etc., a new n-tree element (nTE) is introduced. The approach offers an alternative to low-frequency impedance spectroscopy and methods outlined in the IEC 62391 standard. It provides valuable insights into the performance and characteristics of supercapacitors.
description: The technique from arXiv:1908.02559 was extended to obtain R({\tau}). A generalization from [Re Z({\omega}),Im Z({\omega})] to [R({\tau}),C({\tau})] is the main concept of Time Domain Spectroscopy
Artist Interview: Meredith Stern
Creators: name: Stern, Meredith
name: Pace, Jessica
name: Jenks, Josephine
Publisher: name: New York University
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: conservation science (cultural heritage discipline)
subject: preservation (function)
subject: artists books (books)
subject: Reproductive Rights/legislation & jurisprudence

description: The deposit includes the transcript of an interview and email correspondence between Preventive Conservator Jessica Pace, Graduate Conservation Assistant Josephine Jenks, and artist Meredith Stern. The interview focuses on the creative process, manufacture, and care of Stern's artwork Roe, which is held in the Special Collections at NYU Libraries. Information gathered from the interview informed the preservation of the work and aids in future conservation research, since the object is also owned by other institutions.
Gymnopleurus (Paragymnopleurus) martinezi Balthasar 1955
Creators: name: Bezděk, Aleš
name: Hájek, Jiří
name: Ascr, Biology Centre
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Scarabaeidae
Gymnopleurus
Gymnopleurus martinezi

description: Gymnopleurus (Paragymnopleurus) martinezi Balthasar, 1955
 Gymnopleurus (Paragymnopleurus) martinezi Balthasar, 1955: 393.
 Current status. Paragymnopleurus martinezi (Balthasar, 1955), cf. JANSSENS (1940) and KABAKOV (2006).
 Remark. This species was described according to the holotype only from the collection of V. Balthasar (BALTHASAR 1955). However, there is no mention of this species in the Balthasar’s collection, and we were not able to trace the type specimen in the NMPC.
description: Published as part of Bezděk, Aleš, Hájek, Jiří & Ascr, Biology Centre, 2012, Catalogue of type specimens of beetles (Coleoptera) deposited in the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 297-334 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 52 (1) on page 329, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5330401
title: 1∶250 000马鬃山幅区域地质调查报告
title: 区域地质调查报告2018-10014
titleType: Other
Creators: name: 龚;梁;刘;李;魏, 全胜;明宏;明强;海林;学平
Publisher: name: 全国地质资料馆
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: 裂谷型火山岩；蛇绿岩；TTG；敦煌岩群；北山造山带

description: 本报告充分运用地学新理论、新技术和新方法，采用“3 S”技术，全面调研测区地层、岩石和构造，进行高精度的地质填图，客观地反映各类地质实体和大地构造相，重点研究区内混杂岩带、构造-岩浆岩带、非史密斯地层及遥感技术在造山带地区的运用。通过非史密斯地层学理论和工作方法分别填绘出混杂岩带中的岩片和岩块，并按照混杂前相应地层单位名称后缀岩片或块体的方式命名。利用生物地层学和年代地层学等方法确定所有岩片和块体原来形成时代及层位，进行区域对比。运用大地构造相理论和方法进行了构造单元划分，共划分出13个构造相，归属8个Ⅲ级构造单元。初步识别出了马鬃山混杂岩带及其相关的岩浆弧带、被动陆缘前陆盆地带和红柳园裂谷带等。依据图幅侵入岩地质特征及其演化规律，尝试性地进行了同源岩浆型、异源混合型、变质无序型和构造混杂型四种填图方法的实践。查明了区内蛇绿岩地质特征，分析了其产出的地质背景。在全面完成试点图幅填图任务基础上，成功总结出一套适合北山地区造山带新一轮填图的新的工作方法及工作程序，并对该区造山带及非史密斯地层及其工作方法提出了不少富有创意的见解和认识，成绩显著。
title: 1∶200 000谢通门幅、南木林幅区域地质调查报告
title: 区域地质调查报告2018-00001
titleType: Other
Creators: name: 蒋;周;李;苟;柴;谢;陈, 光武;清山;维均;金;升科;尧武;国荣
Publisher: name: 全国地质资料馆
Year: 2018
Subjects: subject: 冈底斯岩浆弧；花岗岩；火山岩；次级构造带；构造演化

description: 调查区位于冈底斯岩浆弧的中段，是重要的贵金属、多金属成矿带。本报告运用新理论、新观点、新办法对调查区的重要地质问题进行反复调研，获得了丰富的地质资料。运用多重地层划分和非史密斯地层学理论，进行了多重地层划分，建立了测区地层系统；采用单元-超单元填图新方法，建立了测区花岗岩类岩石谱系单位，并据岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学、就位机制、成因类型等基本特征的分析，测区侵入岩总体属冈底斯火山岩浆弧的中段；测区火山岩采用双重填图方法填图，划分了火山岩相、火山韵律和旋回；运用现代变质地质学新理论、新方法，对测区的变质岩及变质作用进行了综合归纳和论述；根据沉积建造、岩浆建造、变质建造等不同，从北向南划分为三个次级构造单元，即腩阿-念青唐古拉构造带、南木切-邬郁构造带和谢通门-泽南乡构造带；根据构造-建造特征、变形变质特征和构造期次，将测区构造演化历程划分为四个阶段：（1）陆壳结晶基底形成阶段；（2）古特提斯边缘海发展阶段；（3）新特提斯陆缘发展阶段；（4）陆内造山阶段。
Gymnopleurus (Paragymnopleurus) stipes subsp. japonicus Balthasar 1955
Creators: name: Bezděk, Aleš
name: Hájek, Jiří
name: Ascr, Biology Centre
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2012
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Scarabaeidae
Gymnopleurus
Gymnopleurus stipes
Gymnopleurus (paragymnopleurus) stipes japonicus balthasar, 1955

description: Gymnopleurus (Paragymnopleurus) stipes japonicus Balthasar, 1955
 Gymnopleurus (Paragymnopleurus) stipes ssp. japonicus Balthasar, 1955: 395.
 Current status. Nomen dubium.
 Remark. This subspecies was described according to the holotype only from the collection of V. Balthasar (BALTHASAR 1955). However, there is no mention of this taxon in the Balthasar’s collection, and we were not able to trace the type specimen in the NMPC. Because the depository of the type is not known and no gymnopleurine species is known from Japan (e.g. FUJIOKA 2001), the name G. (P.) stipes japonicus was regarded a nomen dubium by BEZDĚK (2006).
description: Published as part of Bezděk, Aleš, Hájek, Jiří & Ascr, Biology Centre, 2012, Catalogue of type specimens of beetles (Coleoptera) deposited in the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 297-334 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 52 (1) on page 330, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5330401
Group connectivity in COSMOS: a tracer of mass assembly history
Creators: name: Darragh-Ford, E.
name: Laigle, C.
name: Gozaliasl, G.
name: Pichon, C.
name: Devriendt, J.
name: Slyz, A.
name: Arnouts, S.
name: Dubois, Y.
name: Finoguenov, A.
name: Griffiths, R.
name: Kraljic, K.
name: Pan, H.
name: Peirani, S.
name: Sarron, F.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
subject: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Cosmic filaments are the channel through which galaxy groups assemble their mass. Cosmic connectivity, namely the number of filaments connected to a given group, is therefore expected to be an important ingredient in shaping group properties. The local connectivity is measured in COSMOS around X-Ray detected groups between redshift 0.5 and 1.2. To this end, large-scale filaments are extracted using the accurate photometric redshifts of the COSMOS2015 catalogue in two-dimensional slices of thickness 120 comoving Mpc centred on the group's redshift. The link between connectivity, group mass and the properties of the brightest group galaxy (BGG) is investigated. The same measurement is carried out on mocks extracted from the lightcone of the hydrodynamical simulation Horizon-AGN in order to control systematics. More massive groups are on average more connected. At fixed group mass in low-mass groups, BGG mass is slightly enhanced at high connectivity, while in high mass groups BGG mass is lower at higher connectivity. Groups with a star-forming BGG have on average a lower connectivity at given mass. From the analysis of the Horizon-AGN simulation, we postulate that different connectivities trace different paths of group mass assembly: at high group mass, groups with higher connectivity are more likely to have grown through a recent major merger, which might be in turn the reason for the quenching of the BGG. Future large-field photometric surveys, such as Euclid and LSST, will be able to confirm and extend these results by probing a wider mass range and a larger variety of environment.
description: 14 pages, 10 figures, 1 table; submitted to MNRAS; Comments are welcome!
Dianous sucinigutta Puthz 2000
Creators: name: Macháčková, Lenka
name: Mikátová, Šárka
name: Hájek, Jiří
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Staphylinidae
Dianous
Dianous sucinigutta

description: Dianous sucinigutta Puthz, 2000
 Dianous sucinigutta Puthz, 2000: 492, Figs 175, 210, 211, 218, 233, 234.
Six paratypes are deposited in NMPC (ex coll. L. Hromádka):
PARATYPE (♂): ‘ TAIWAN Nantou Hsien / Yushan N.P. Mun-Li / Cliff 2700m 18.V.91 / A.Smetana [T86] [p] // coll. / Hromádka [p] // Dianous / sucinigutta sp.n. / det. V.Puthz 1994 [p] // ♂ [hw] - Paratypus [p] / [on reverse:] PUTHZ, 1994 [hw, yellow label]’.
PARATYPES (2 ♂♂): ‘ TAIWAN Nantou / Hsien, Nenkaoshan / trail, Yuenhai Hut / 2350m, 4.V.1992 / A.Smetana [T112] [p] // coll. / Hromádka [p] // Dianous / sucinigutta sp.n. / det. V.Puthz 1994 [p] // ♂ [hw] - Paratypus [p] / [on reverse:] PUTHZ, 1994 [hw, yellow label]’.
PARATYPES (2 ♂♂): ‘ TAIWAN, Nantou / Hsien,Nenkaoshan / Tenchi Hut, 2900m / 5.V.1992 / A.Smetana [T114] [p] // coll. / Hromádka [p] // Dianous / sucinigutta sp.n. / det.V.Puthz 1994 [p] // ♂ [hw] - Paratypus [p] / [on reverse:] PUTHZ, 1994 [hw, yellow label]’.
PARATYPE (♂): ‘ TAIWAN Kaohsiung / Hsien, Kuanshan, / Kuhanoshing Hut / 2950 m 18.IV.1992 / A.Smetana [T93] [p] // coll. / Hromádka [p] // Dianous / sucinigutta sp.n. / det. V.Puthz 1994 [p] // ♂ [hw] - Paratypus [p] / [on reverse:] PUTHZ, 1994 [hw, yellow label]’.
 Current status. Valid species, see SCHÜLKE & SMETANA (2015).
description: Published as part of Macháčková, Lenka, Mikátová, Šárka & Hájek, Jiří, 2017, Catalogue of type specimens of beetles (Coleoptera) deposited in the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 791-834 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 800, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0101, http://zenodo.org/record/5318735
Exetastes adpressorius var. syriacus SCHMIEDEKNECHT 1910
Creators: name: Riedel, Matthias
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae
Exetastes
Exetastes adpressorius
Exetastes adpressorius var. syriacus schmiedeknecht, 1910

description: Exetastes adpressorius var. syriacus SCHMIEDEKNECHT, 1910
 T a x o n o m i s c h e B e m e r k u n g Diese Varität syriacus unterscheidet sich von der Stammart nur durch die Färbung der Beine. Morphologische Unterschiede, die beide Arten trennen würden, sind in meinem Material nicht vorhanden. Die von TOWNES & TOWNES (1978) genannten Unterschiede liegen innerhalb der Variationsbreite der Art. In Kirgisien kommen beide Formen auch gemeinsam vor.
M a t e r i a l: Kasachstan: 6 km südöstlich Lepsi, 2 18. VI.1992, leg. M. Halada; Kirgisien: Osch, Bezirk Nookat, 1870-1950 m, 1 20.21. VI.2010, leg. E. & J. Hüttinger; Kirgisien: Batken, Bezirk Leilik, 1 km östlich Dinau, Turkestan Berge, 1750-1950 m, 2 16-17. VI.2010, leg. E. & J. Hüttinger; Syrien: Basra, 1 3. V.1995, leg. K. Denes; Syrien: Maalula, 1 17. V.1995, leg. K. Denes; Syrien: Apamen, 1 29.IV.1995, leg. K. Denes; Usbekistan: Umgebung Samarkand, 2
2 19-21.V.1994, leg. M. Halada; Türkei: Umgebung Halfeti, 1 3-5. V. 1994, leg. M. Halada; Turkmenistan: Kopet-Dag, 15 km südlich Geok-Tepe, 1 2. V.1993, leg. K. Denes; Turkmenistan: Nebil-Dag, 25 km nordwestlich Jebel, 1 28.IV.1993, leg. K. Denes; Turkmenistan: Tzemenibil, 1 12. V.1993, leg. K. Denes.
V e r b r e i t u n g Holarktis, neu für Armenien, Kirgisien, Turkmenien, Usbekistan und Syrien.
description: Published as part of Riedel, Matthias, 2015, Die paläarktischen Arten der Gattung Exetastes GRAVENHORST, 1829 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae) des Biologiezentrums Linz, Austria, pp. 1467-1500 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 47 (2) on pages 1468-1469, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5282467
Field-induced phase transitions and quantum criticality in a honeycomb antiferromagnet Na3Co2SbO6
Creators: name: Hu, Ze
name: Chen, Yue
name: Cui, Yi
name: Li, Shuo
name: Li, Cong
name: Xu, Xiaoyu
name: Chen, Ying
name: Li, Xintong
name: Gu, Yuchen
name: Yu, Rong
name: Zhou, Rui
name: Li, Yuan
name: Yu, Weiqiang
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We performed 23Na NMR measurements on a single-domain crystal of the Kitaev material Na3Co2SbO6, with magnetic field applied along the crystalline a axis. A positive Curie-Weiss constant is obtained from the NMR Knight shift, which suggests the existence of ferromagnetic exchange couplings. The antiferromagnetic ordering is found to be suppressed at a field of 1.9 T. Inside the ordered phase, our data reveal two additional phase transitions. At 1.9 T, the spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/23T1 establishes a quantum critical behavior at high temperatures. However, at low temperatures, a gapped behavior is observed at the critical field, which suggests a weakly first-order transition instead and a possible field-induced quantum spin liquid. Our results reveal complex microscopic interactions in the system, which may help to search for possible quantum spin liquids.
description: 9 pages, 9 figures
Failure of a Stability Conjecture in General Relativity
Creators: name: Gurtug, O.
name: Halilsoy, M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: By employing an exact back-reaction geometry, Helliwell-Konkowski stability conjecture is shown to fail. This happens when a test null dust is inserted to the interaction region of cross-polarized Bell-Szekeres spacetime.
description: 8 Pages. Accepted for publication in Nuovo Cimento B
Tuning environmental timescales to evolve and maintain generalists
Creators: name: Sachdeva, Vedant
name: Husain, Kabir
name: Sheng, Jiming
name: Wang, Shenshen
name: Murugan, Arvind
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)
subject: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech)
subject: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph)
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Natural environments can present diverse challenges, but some genotypes remain fit across many environments. Such `generalists' can be hard to evolve, out-competed by specialists fitter in any particular environment. Here, inspired by the search for broadly-neutralising antibodies during B-cell affinity maturation, we demonstrate that environmental changes on an intermediate timescale can reliably evolve generalists, even when faster or slower environmental changes are unable to do so. We find that changing environments on timescales comparable to evolutionary transients in a population enhances the rate of evolving generalists from specialists, without enhancing the reverse process. The yield of generalists is further increased in more complex dynamic environments, such as a `chirp' of increasing frequency. Our work offers design principles for how non-equilibrium fitness `seascapes' can dynamically funnel populations to genotypes unobtainable in static environments.
Beyond the Cox Hazard Ratio: A Targeted Learning Approach to Survival Analysis in a Cardiovascular Outcome Trial Application
Creators: name: Marso S.P
name: Pratley R.E
name: Lange T
name: Rasmussen S
name: Rytgaard H.C
name: van der Laan M.J
name: Chen D
name: Grøn R
name: Buse J
name: Kvist K
name: Petersen M.L
Publisher: name: Taylor and Francis Ltd.
Year: 2023

description: The Hazard Ratio (HR) is a well-established treatment effect measure in randomized trials involving right-censored time-to-events, and the Cardiovascular Outcome Trials (CVOTs) conducted since the FDA’s 2008 guidance have indeed largely evaluated excess risk by estimating a Cox HR. On the other hand, the limitations of the Cox model and of the HR as a causal estimand are well known, and the FDA’s updated 2020 CVOT guidance invites us to reassess this default approach to survival analyses. We highlight the shortcomings of Cox HR-based analyses and present an alternative following the causal roadmap—moving in a principled way from a counterfactual causal question to identifying a statistical estimand, and finally to targeted estimation in a large statistical model. We show in simulations the robustness of Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (TMLE) to informative censoring and model misspecification and demonstrate a targeted learning analogue of the original Cox HR-based analysis of the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results (LEADER) trial. We discuss the potential reliability, interpretability, and efficiency gains to be had by updating our survival methods to incorporate the recent decades of advancements in formal causal frameworks and efficient nonparametricestimation.
Optomechanical enhancements for applications in metrology
Creators: name: Guccione, Giovanni
Publisher: name: The Australian National University
Year: 2017
Subjects: optomechanics
sensitivity
nanowire
laser cooling
levitation
optical spring
optical trapping

description: The reciprocal interaction between light and matter has been attracting increasing interest in recent years thanks to the developments in the field of optomechanics. A typical optomechanical system can be exposed to the radiation pressure force thanks to the amplifying action of an optical cavity, which can increase the level of the interaction by several orders of magnitude. The extraordinary interplay between the light and the mechanical components of the cavity grants access to remarkably delicate applications, which include the cooling of an oscillator to its motional ground state, the generation of non-classical optical states, and refined quantum optical measurements. A particular indicator of the capabilities of an optomechanical system is its mechanical quality factor, which gives a measure of the coherence time of the oscillator. High-quality oscillators are less susceptible to the interaction with the environment, thanks to the lower dissipation and reduced coupling of external noise. Thus, an optomechanical system with a very high quality factor enables more advanced operations. Levitated objects are particularly suitable for this, since their motional degrees of freedom are completely decoupled from any external reservoir. The levitation scheme introduced in this thesis takes the concept to extremes by considering fully coherent optical levitation of a cavity mirror. Such system would allow exceptionally pure tracking of the oscillator's position, which can be converted for example into accurate measurements of relative changes in the gravitational field. Other approaches focusing on the improvement of the sensitivity in existing systems are also considered. Taking advantage of the incredible diversity of optomechanical structures, we show how enhanced signals can be extracted in systems as small as a nanowire or as big as an interferometer stretching over several kilometres. Each strategy is presented in relation to a specific application, while keeping the opportunity of generalizing to systems operating under very different conditions open. Overall, the experimental and theoretical investigations presented in this thesis show that optomechanics is a valuable resource for the attainment of high-precision measurements of displacements, forces, accelerations, and other relevant physical quantities.
A parallel-in-time approach for wave-type PDEs
Creators: name: Ellison, Abe C.
name: Fornberg, Bengt
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Numerical Analysis (math.NA)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 65L06, 65L05, 65M20, 65Y05

description: Numerical solutions to wave-type PDEs utilizing method-of-lines require the ODE solver's stability domain to include a large stretch of the imaginary axis surrounding the origin. We show here that extrapolation based solvers of Gragg-Bulirsch-Stoer (GBS) type can meet this requirement. Extrapolation methods utilize several independent time stepping sequences, making them highly suited for parallel execution. Traditional extrapolation schemes use all time stepping sequences to maximize the method's order of accuracy. The present method instead maintains a desired order of accuracy while employing additional time stepping sequences to shape the resulting stability domain. We optimize the extrapolation coefficients to maximize the stability domain's imaginary axis coverage. This yields a family of explicit schemes that approaches maximal time step size for wave propagation problems. On a computer with several cores we achieve both high order and fast time to solution compared with traditional ODE integrators.
Generalized Kneser coloring theorems with combinatorial proofs
Creators: name: Ziegler, Günter M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: Combinatorics (math.CO)
subject: Algebraic Topology (math.AT)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 05C15; 05C65, 05A05, 05E25

description: The Kneser conjecture (1955) was proved by Lovász (1978) using the Borsuk-Ulam theorem; all subsequent proofs, extensions and generalizations also relied on Algebraic Topology results, namely the Borsuk-Ulam theorem and its extensions. Only in 2000, Matoušek provided the first combinatorial proof of the Kneser conjecture. Here we provide a hypergraph coloring theorem, with a combinatorial proof, which has as special cases the Kneser conjecture as well as its extensions and generalization by (hyper)graph coloring theorems of Dol'nikov, Alon-Frankl-Lovász, Sarkaria, and Kriz. We also give a combinatorial proof of Schrijver's theorem.
description: 19 pages, 4 figures
Stenus (Hypostenus) akojagai Hromadka 1982
Creators: name: Macháčková, Lenka
name: Mikátová, Šárka
name: Hájek, Jiří
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Staphylinidae
Stenus
Stenus akojagai

description: Stenus (Hypostenus) akojagai Hromádka, 1982
 Stenus (Hypostenus) akojagai Hromádka, 1982b: 132, Figs 7–9.
One paratype is deposited in NMPC (ex coll. L. Hromádka):
PARATYPE (♀): ‘Mt.Daisen / Pref. Tottori / 5. VI. 1955 [sic!] / [on reverse:] K.Sawada [hw] // coll. / Hromádka [p] //
 PARATYPUS / STENUS (Hypostenus) / akojagai sp. n. ♀ / Hromádka, det. 1980. [p, pink label]’.
 Current status. Valid species, see SCHÜLKE & SMETANA (2015).
 Comments. According to the original description, the paratype should be a male; however, it is a female.
description: Published as part of Macháčková, Lenka, Mikátová, Šárka & Hájek, Jiří, 2017, Catalogue of type specimens of beetles (Coleoptera) deposited in the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 791-834 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 800, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0101, http://zenodo.org/record/5318735
Additional file 3: of Revision of hospital work organization using nurse and healthcare assistant workload indicators as decision aid tools
Creators: name: Briatte, Isabelle
name: Allix-Béguec, Caroline
name: Garnier, Gérard
name: Mercédès Michel
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: 80699 Information Systems not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences
subject: Developmental Biology
subject: Science Policy

description: Patient satisfaction surveys. (DOCX 300 kb)
title: Inventaire des titres de propriété et des actes concernant les droits de l'abbaye de Morimond, Manuscrit n° 1, Bibliothèque municipale de Bourbonne-les-Bains, f.026
Creators: name: Rouzeau, Benoît
name: Rouzeau, Benoît
Publisher: name: NAKALA - https://nakala.fr (Huma-Num - CNRS)
publisherIdentifier: https://ror.org/04ces3204
publisherIdentifierScheme: ROR
Year: 2021
Subjects: subject: LaMOP
subject: Laboratoire de Médiévistique Occidentale de Paris
subject: cistercien
subject: cartulaire

description: Inventaire des titres de propriété et des actes concernant les droits de l'abbaye de Morimond, Manuscrit n° 1, Bibliothèque municipale de Bourbonne-les-Bains. Numérisation en mode image
description: Relation: https://cisterciensetressources.lamop.fr/
description: Bibliographic citation: Inventaire des titres de propriété et des actes concernant les droits de l'abbaye de Morimond, Manuscrit n° 1, Bibliothèque municipale de Bourbonne-les-Bains, f.026, in Projet Cisterciens et Ressources [Ressource en ligne], https://cisterciensetressources.lamop.fr
description: Inventaire des titres de propriété et des actes concernant les droits de l'abbaye de Morimond, Manuscrit n° 1, Bibliothèque municipale de Bourbonne-les-Bains, f. 026
Exetastes albiger KRIECHBAUMER 1886
Creators: name: Riedel, Matthias
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae
Exetastes
Exetastes albiger

description: Exetastes albiger KRIECHBAUMER, 1886
M a t e r i a l: Kasachstan: Alma-Ata, Medeo, 1 27. VI.1995, leg. M. Mucka; Kirgisien: Kirghizsky Berge., Ala-Archa Fluss, Kashasi, 1 VI.1999, leg. V. Gurko; Kirgisien: Issyk-Kul See, östlich Teplokljutchenka, 1800 m, 1 VIII.2001, leg. V Gurko; Kirgisien: Kirghizsky Berge, Ala-Archa Fluss, Malinovka, 1600 m, 1 VII.2000, leg. V. Gurko; Mongolei: 70 km nordnordwestlich Tsetserleg, 1 25.VII.2005, leg. Kadlecova; Mongolei: 90 km nordöstlich Tsetserleg, 4503´N 10225´E, 1400 m, 11 27.VII.2005, leg. J. Halada; Mongolei: Mongol Els nature reserve, Dünen, 4724´N 10339´E, 1320 m, 1 31.VII.2005, leg. J. Halada:
V e r b r e i t u n g:Paläarktis,neufürKirgisien.
description: Published as part of Riedel, Matthias, 2015, Die paläarktischen Arten der Gattung Exetastes GRAVENHORST, 1829 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae) des Biologiezentrums Linz, Austria, pp. 1467-1500 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 47 (2) on page 1469, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5282467
Broadband transverse susceptibility in multiferroic Y-type hexaferrite Ba0.5Sr1.5Zn2Fe12O22
Creators: name: Hernández-Gómez, P.
name: Martín-González, D.
name: Torres, C.
name: Muñoz, J. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2024
Subjects: subject: Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
subject: Applied Physics (physics.app-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Noncollinear spin systems with magnetically induced ferroelectricity from changes in spiral magnetic ordering have attracted significant interest in recent research due to their remarkable magnetoelectric effects with promising applications. Single phase multiferroics are of great interest for these new multifunctional devices, being Y-type hexaferrites good candidates, and among them the ZnY compounds due to their ordered magnetic behaviour over room temperature. Polycrystalline Y type hexaferrites with composition Ba0.5Sr1.5Zn2Fe2O22 (BSZFO) were sintered in 1050 C-1250 C temperature range. Transverse susceptibility measurements carried out on these BSZFO samples in the temperature range 80-350 K with DC fields up to +-0.5 T reveal different behaviour depending on the sintering temperature. Sample sintered at 1250 C is qualitatively different, suggesting a mixed Y and Z phase like CoY hexaferrites. Sintering at lower temperatures produce single phase Y-type, but the transverse susceptibility behaviour of the sample sintered at 1150 C is shifted at temperatures 15 K higher. Regarding the DC field sweeps the observed behaviour is a peak that shifts to lower values with increasing temperature, and the samples corresponding to single Y phase exhibit several maxima and minima in the 250 K to 330 K range at low DC applied field as a result of the magnetic field induced spin transitions in this compound
Additional file 1: of Overall gestational weight gain mediates the relationship between maternal and child obesity
Creators: name: Josey, Michele
name: McCullough, Lauren
name: Hoyo, Cathrine
name: ClarLynda Williams-DeVane
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Physiology
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Developmental Biology

description: Table S1. Decomposition of effect. (DOCX 58 kb)
Exetastes atlanticus REY DEL CASTILLO 1990
Creators: name: Riedel, Matthias
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae
Exetastes
Exetastes atlanticus

description: Exetastes atlanticus REY DEL CASTILLO, 1990
T a x o n o m i s c h e B e m e r k u n g Das vorliegende Exemplar unterscheidet sich von der Originalbeschreibung nur durch die etwas schlankeren Femora III (7,1x so lang wie breit), ausserdem hat die Fühlergeissel 53 Glieder. Ansonsten ist das vorliegende ganz typisch.
M a t e r i a l:GranCanaria: Camaretas, W San Mateo, 900 m, 1 1-9.X.2010, leg. Hentscholek.
V e r b r e i t u n g:Kanaren.
description: Published as part of Riedel, Matthias, 2015, Die paläarktischen Arten der Gattung Exetastes GRAVENHORST, 1829 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae) des Biologiezentrums Linz, Austria, pp. 1467-1500 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 47 (2) on page 1469, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5282467
Additional file 4: of Revision of hospital work organization using nurse and healthcare assistant workload indicators as decision aid tools
Creators: name: Briatte, Isabelle
name: Allix-Béguec, Caroline
name: Garnier, Gérard
name: Mercédès Michel
Publisher: name: figshare
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Biochemistry
subject: Medicine
subject: Molecular Biology
subject: Sociology
subject: FOS: Sociology
subject: 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
subject: FOS: Biological sciences
subject: Developmental Biology

description: Healthcare worker satisfaction surveys. (DOCX 298 kb)
Deparametrization and quantization of the Taub universe
Creators: name: Giribet, Gaston
name: Simeone, Claudio
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: Previous analysis about the deparametrization and path integral quantization of cosmological models are extended to models which do not admit an intrinsic time. The formal expression for the transition amplitude is written down for the Taub anisotropic universe with a clear notion of time. The relation existing between the deparametrization associated to gauge fixation required in the path integral approach and the procedure of reduction of the Wheeler-De Witt equation is also studied.
description: 17 pages. Typos corrected
Stenus (Hypostenus) amida Naomi 1989
Creators: name: Macháčková, Lenka
name: Mikátová, Šárka
name: Hájek, Jiří
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2017
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Coleoptera
Staphylinidae
Stenus
Stenus amida

description: Stenus (Hypostenus) amida Naomi, 1989
 Stenus amida Naomi, 1989: 164, Fig. 1b.
One paratype is deposited in NMPC (ex coll. L. Hromádka):
PARATYPE (unsexed specimen): ‘Mt. Tsurugi / Tokushima Pref / 15-17 x 1980 / S. Naomi leg [p] // COLLECTION /
L. Hromádka / PRAHA [p, pink label] // Paratype [p] / Stenus / amida [hw] / Naomi [p, blue label]’.
 Current status. Valid species, see SCHÜLKE & SMETANA (2015).
description: Published as part of Macháčková, Lenka, Mikátová, Šárka & Hájek, Jiří, 2017, Catalogue of type specimens of beetles (Coleoptera) deposited in the National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 791-834 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) (Acta. Ent. Mus. Natl. Pragae) 57 (2) on page 801, DOI: 10.1515/aemnp-2017-0101, http://zenodo.org/record/5318735
Chaos and Brane-worlds
Creators: name: Hervik, Sigbjorn
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: Astrophysics (astro-ph)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The early time behaviour of brane-world models is analysed in the presence of anisotropic stresses. It is shown that that the initial singularity cannot be isotropic, unless there is also an isotropic fluid stiffer than radiation present. Also, a magnetic Bianchi type I brane-world is analysed in detail. It is known that the Einstein equations for the magnetic Bianchi type I models are in general oscillatory and are believed to be chaotic, but in the brane-world model this chaotic behaviour does not seem to be possible.
description: 6 pages, 2 ps figures; Talk held at JENAM-VFC 2002, Porto, September 2002. To be published in the Conference Proceedings
Anti-Latinx Computational Propaganda in the United States
Creators: name: Flores-Saviaga, Claudia
name: Savage, Saiph
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Social and Information Networks (cs.SI)
subject: FOS: Computer and information sciences

description: Given that the Latino community is the second largest ethnic group in the US, an understanding of how Latinos are discussed and targeted on social media during US elections is crucial. This paper explores these questions through a data analysis on Reddit, one of the most prominent and popular social media platforms for political discussion. We collected Reddit posts mentioning Latinos and the US midterm elections from September 24, 2017 to September 24, 2018. We analyzed people's posting patterns over time, and the digital traces of the individuals posting the majority of content and the most popular content. Our research highlights data voids that existed in online discussions surrounding Latinos prior to the US midterm elections. We observe a lack of neutral actors engaging Latinos in political topics. It appears that it is the more extremist voices (i.e. individuals operating within subreddits who identify themselves as political trolls) who are creating the most political content about Latinos. We conclude our report with a discussion of the possible dangers of data voids (especially with regard to their ties to mis- and disinformation) and recommendations to increase the involvement of the Latino community in future US elections.
D1.2 - Legal requirements
Creators: name: Dewitte, Pierre
name: Kuczerawy, Aleksandra
name: Chelioudakis, Eleftherios
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2018

description: Deliverable D1.2 is the second legal deliverable in CUTLER. Its main objective is to (1) link data sources used by the CUTLER city pilots with one or more elements of the legal taxonomy and (2) provide legal requirements for them. Firstly, the methodology used for this deliverable is explained (Section 2). Further on, D1.2 builds on data sources identified by the city pilots in WP3 and links them with one or more elements of the taxonomy developed in D1.1 (Section 3). This is done by analysing each regulatory framework’s scope of application and pairing the data sources identified for each city pilot with the relevant legal qualification(s). The outcome of that categorisation is summarised into tables pairing each of the 341 datasets used by city pilots to one or more elements developed in D1.1. Specific tables for each city pilot are provided in Annexes to this deliverable. Each table, moreover, includes specific comments for the pilot partners and technical partners in CUTLER.

 Next, D1.2 substantiates the otherwise abstract principles developed in D1.1 by translating them into concrete, well-defined legal requirements (Section 4). In doing so, D1.2 builds on the same structure as D1.1 and distinguishes between different legal frameworks. Section 4 starts with providing overview of the legal requirements and information how to read them, it also provides information on the legal requirements of the city pilot Antalya, based in Turkey (Section 4.1) Next, the deliverable continues to enumerate the legal requirements for the CUTLER project in general (Section 4.2). Next, this section provides the legal requirements for privacy and data protection law (Section 4.3 – personal data, non-personal data and electronic communications), intellectual property and trade secrets (Section 4.4 – copyrighted data, data protected by the sui generis right on databases, data protected by trade secrets), and open access regimes (Section 4.5 – publicly held documents, environmental information, spatial data ). Section 4.6 provides an update on contractual regimes. Specifically, it addresses recent changes to Twitter API terms and conditions and informs the project partners about new policy initiatives regarding business users of online intermediation services (Section 4.6). The requirements provided in this document will help city pilots to have a clear view on what measures they must implement to ensure compliance of their activities with all the relevant regulatory frameworks. The deliverable ends by drawing some general conclusions (Section 5).

 Compliance with legal requirements is an on-going process. Continuous collaboration between KU Leuven, city pilots and technical partners will prove useful at the time of identifying and implementing the appropriate compliance measures. For that reason, the guidance contained in D1.2 will be complemented by continuous, on-demand assistance from KU Leuven to the city pilots.
Quantum Energies of Interfaces
Creators: name: Graham, N.
name: Jaffe, R. L.
name: Quandt, M.
name: Weigel, H.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)
subject: Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
subject: Nuclear Theory (nucl-th)
subject: Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We present a method for computing the one-loop, renormalized quantum energies of symmetrical interfaces of arbitrary dimension and codimension using elementary scattering data. Internal consistency requires finite-energy sum rules relating phase shifts to bound state energies.
description: 8 pages, 1 figure, minor changes, Phys. Rev. Lett., in print
Clinicians' attitudes towards Clinical Practice Guidelines in oncology in Australia: a mixed methods study
Creators: name: Bierbaum, Mia Roxana
Publisher: name: Macquarie University
Year: 2024
Subjects: classificationCode: 420312
subject: Implementation science and evaluation

description: Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) are a synthesis of the best available evidence, designed primarily to guide treatment decision making. Despite associations between cancer treatment CPG adherent care and enhanced patient outcomes, adherence rates vary widely in Australia. Barriers and facilitators to CPG adherence are well-established; however, little is known specifically about cancer treatment CPG adherence. Greater understanding of context-specific determinants in Australia is warranted to inform local implementation strategies. This thesis presents a mixed methods study that aimed to characterise clinicians’ attitudes towards, perceived barriers to, and facilitators of, cancer treatment CPG adherence in Australia. Two systematic reviews were conducted: the first characterised key barriers and facilitators to cancer treatment CPG adherence, internationally; and the second investigated adherence rates to cancer treatment CPGs in Australia and factors associated with adherence rates. The findings from these systematic reviews supported two empirical studies. The first qualitative phase involved open-ended interviews conducted with oncology specialists in New South Wales, Australia (n=33). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the interview data, which identified five key themes: Theme 1 CPG content; Theme 2 Individual clinician and patient factors; Theme 3 Access to, awareness of, and availability of, CPGs; Theme 4 Organisational and cultural factors; and Theme 5 Development and implementation factors. The findings from these interviews were then used to develop survey questions for the second quantitative phase of the study. Surveys were completed by oncology specialists across Australia (n=48). This phase quantified key barriers and facilitators to adherence and determined whether findings were generalisable among a broader population of oncologists. Findings were integrated, compared and contrasted in a thematic conceptual matrix, highlighting barriers and facilitators that were corroborated by the surveys, and those requiring further investigation to determine generalisability. Key determinants specific to the Australian cancer treatment CPG context were identified, across five themes. These findings informed the development of four key recommendations and associated strategies to guide the development, dissemination and implementation of future cancer treatment CPGs in Australia.
Problems in colloid and surface science
Creators: name: De Lacey, Emma Heaton Bates
Publisher: name: The Australian National University
Year: 1983
Subjects: subject: Colloids
subject: Micelles
subject: Surface chemistry
subject: Electrokinetics

description: pt.1: Electrokinetic properties of dilute colloidal suspensions; pt.2: The packing of amphiphile chains in micelles and bilayers
Exetastes atrator
Creators: name: Riedel, Matthias
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae
Exetastes
Exetastes atrator

description: Exetastes atrator (FORSTER, 1771)
M a t e r i a l: Kirgisien: Ferghansky Berge, Kok-Jangak, 1 VI.2000, leg. V. Gurko; Kirgisien: 10 km südlich Sari-Tselek, 3 5.VI.1995, leg. J. Halada; Kirgisien: Arslanbad, 4 4 12- 13.VI.1995, leg. J. Halada.
V e r b r e i t u n g: Paläarktis und Orientalis, neu für Kirgisien.
description: Published as part of Riedel, Matthias, 2015, Die paläarktischen Arten der Gattung Exetastes GRAVENHORST, 1829 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae) des Biologiezentrums Linz, Austria, pp. 1467-1500 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 47 (2) on page 1469, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5282467
Higher dimensional radiation collapse and cosmic censorship
Creators: name: Ghosh, S. G.
name: Saraykar, R. V.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2001
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: We study the occurrence of naked singularities in the spherically symmetric collapse of radiation shells in a higher dimensional spacetime. The necessary conditions for the formation of a naked singularity or a black hole are obtained. The naked singularities are found to be strong in the Tipler's sense and thus violating cosmic censorship conjecture.
description: 4 pages, ReVTeX, Phys Rev D Vol 62 107502 (2000)
Exetastes calobatus GRAVENHORST 1829
Creators: name: Riedel, Matthias
Publisher: name: Zenodo
Year: 2015
Subjects: Biodiversity
Taxonomy
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae
Exetastes
Exetastes calobatus

description: Exetastes calobatus GRAVENHORST, 1829
M a t e r i a l: Türkei: Mugla, Universitätscampus, 710 m, 2 XI.2012 - III.2013.
V e r b r e i t u n g:WestlichePaläarktis,neufürdieTürkei.
description: Published as part of Riedel, Matthias, 2015, Die paläarktischen Arten der Gattung Exetastes GRAVENHORST, 1829 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae) des Biologiezentrums Linz, Austria, pp. 1467-1500 in Linzer biologische Beiträge 47 (2) on page 1469, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5282467
Obliquity-Driven Sculpting of Exoplanetary Systems
Creators: name: Millholland, Sarah
name: Laughlin, Gregory
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2019
Subjects: subject: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: NASA's Kepler mission revealed that $\sim 30\%$ of Solar-type stars harbor planets with sizes between that of Earth and Neptune on nearly circular and co-planar orbits with periods less than 100 days. Such short-period compact systems are rarely found with planet pairs in mean-motion resonances (MMRs) -- configurations in which the planetary orbital periods exhibit a simple integer ratio -- but there is a significant overabundance of planet pairs lying just wide of the first-order resonances. Previous work suggests that tides raised on the planets by the host star may be responsible for forcing systems into these configurations by draining orbital energy to heat. Such tides, however, are insufficient unless there exists a substantial and as-yet unidentified source of extra dissipation. Here we show that this cryptic heat source may be linked to "obliquity tides" generated when a large axial tilt (obliquity) is maintained by secular resonance-driven spin-orbit coupling. We present evidence that typical compact, nearly-coplanar systems frequently experience this mechanism, and we highlight additional features in the planetary orbital period and radius distributions that may be its signatures. Extrasolar planets that maintain large obliquities will exhibit infrared light curve features that are detectable with forthcoming space missions. The observed period ratio distribution can be explained if typical tidal quality factors for super-Earths and sub-Neptunes are similar to those of Uranus and Neptune.
description: Published in Nature Astronomy on March 4, 2019. 38 pages and 14 figures including the methods and supplementary information
Eta invariants of homogeneous spaces
Creators: name: Goette, S.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: Differential Geometry (math.DG)
subject: Spectral Theory (math.SP)
subject: FOS: Mathematics
subject: 58J28; 53C30

description: We derive a formula for the eta invariants of equivariant Dirac operators on quotients of compact Lie groups, and for their infinitesimally equivariant extension. As an example, we give some computations for spheres.
description: amstex with pstricks, 21 pages; v2: minor corrections and additions
Constructing Time Machines
Creators: name: Shore, G. M.
Publisher: name: arXiv
Year: 2002
Subjects: subject: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)
subject: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th)
subject: FOS: Physical sciences

description: The existence of time machines, understood as spacetime constructions exhibiting physically realised closed timelike curves (CTCs), would raise fundamental problems with causality and challenge our current understanding of classical and quantum theories of gravity. In this paper, we investigate three proposals for time machines which share some common features: cosmic strings in relative motion, where the conical spacetime appears to allow CTCs; colliding gravitational shock waves, which in Aichelburg-Sexl coordinates imply discontinuous geodesics; and the superluminal propagation of light in gravitational radiation metrics in a modified electrodynamics featuring violations of the strong equivalence principle. While we show that ultimately none of these constructions creates a working time machine, their study illustrates the subtle levels at which causal self-consistency imposes itself, and we consider what intuition can be drawn from these examples for future theories.
description: 36 pages, 14 figures, TeX with harvmac; Review article prepared for Int. J. Mod. Phys. A