title: Sensitivity assessment of optical time-domain reflectometer distributed acoustic sensors under different environmental conditions
title: Ð²ÑÐ¿ÑÑÐºÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾ÑÐ° Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð¸ÑÑÑÐ°
titleType: Subtitle
title: ÐÑÐµÐ½ÐºÐ° ÑÑÐ²ÑÑÐ²Ð¸ÑÐµÐ»ÑÐ½Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸ ÑÐ°ÑÐ¿ÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ Ð°ÐºÑÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¾Ð² Ð½Ð° Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ðµ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð²ÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÐµÑÐ»ÐµÐºÑÐ¾Ð¼ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¸ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ½ÑÑ ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¾ÐºÑÑÐ¶Ð°ÑÑÐµÐ¹ ÑÑÐµÐ´Ñ
Creators: name: Ð§Ñ Ð¥Ð°Ð¹ÑÐ°Ð¾
Publisher: name: Ð¡Ð°Ð½ÐºÑ-ÐÐµÑÐµÑÐ±ÑÑÐ³ÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐ½Ð¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑ ÐÐµÑÑÐ° ÐÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
Year: 2024
Subjects: ÐÐ°ÑÑÐ¸ÐºÐ¸ Ð°ÐºÑÑÑÐ¸ÑÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ðµ
optical time-domain reflectometer
sensitivity analysis
data analysis in Matlab

description: Over the long term, earthquakes, landslides, and ground subsidence have consistently posed significant geological hazards, threatening both human lives and property. Among these hazards, earthquakes have a wide impact range and high destructiveness. We typically use seismic intensity to express the degree of damage caused by earthquakes. Seismic intensity depends on various factors, including seismic source parameters (such as earthquake magnitude, source depth, and focal mechanism solutions), epicentral distance, and geological terrain conditions. Generally, areas near the seismic source experience more severe damage. Since earthquakes are closely related to fault tectonics, seismic intensity zoning and potential seismic disaster assessments often focus on major faults at tectonic boundaries or exposed surface faults. However, many moderate to strong earthquakes also occur on concealed or newly formed faults, resulting in significant disasters1. Additionally, for a given earthquake, seismic intensity usually decreases gradually with increasing epicentral distance. However, local intensity anomalies may occur due to site-specific conditions. For instance, the 1985 Mexico City earthquake had its epicenter hundreds of kilometers away on the Pacific coast, yet the intensity exhibited an initial decrease followed by an increase as it reached Mexico City. This phenomenon was mainly attributed to the soft soil layers beneath Mexico City, which significantly differed in seismic wave velocity from the bedrock. The seismic waves passing through this medium underwent multiple reflections, amplifying their amplitude and prolonging the duration of shaking, ultimately causing severe damage. Shallow subsurface velocity structures play a crucial role in identifying concealed faults and reliable seismic ground motion simulations, providing scientific guidance for earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation. In recent years, urban road subsidence incidents have become more frequent, characterized by small-scale, hidden collapses that have significant societal impacts. These incidents often result from inadequate geological investigations during initial urban construction, leading to uncertainties related to underground features such as hidden rivers and caves. Additionally, water leakage from pipes can cause material loss in roadbeds, resulting in subsurface voids and subsequent road collapses. High-resolution shallow subsurface imaging is essential for detecting structural anomalies beneath cities and supporting the operation of urban infrastructure. Furthermore, as cities expand, utilizing underground spaces relies on accurate shallow subsurface structural images for planning and design. Seismic tomography techniques analyze seismic wave signals generated by natural earthquakes or artificial explosions to reconstruct subsurface physical properties. Depending on the seismic wave information used, these techniques include direct body wave imaging, reflection wave imaging, refraction wave imaging, horizontal-vertical spectral ratio method, surface wave imaging, and full waveform imaging. Although fixed seismic station networks have achieved shallow subsurface imaging, achieving high-resolution structural imaging still requires dense observation networks. Advancements in seismic observation instruments have introduced new possibilities for high-resolution imaging. Dense arrays composed of short-period seismometers, such as the MESO-net in the Kanto Basin, Japan, have successfully extracted fundamental and higher-order surface wave signals for shallow structural imaging. Researchers have also deployed 5200 short-period seismometers within a 7 km Ã 10 km area in Long Beach, California, obtaining detailed underground structures and concealed fault distributions. Despite these advances, further improving imaging resolution requires even denser observations. Small-scale studies using meter-scale spacing between seismic sensors can achieve high-resolution structural imaging, but their coverage is limited. To address this, distributed fiber-optic sensing technology based on OTDR (optical time-domain reflectometry) has been introduced to seismic research. This technology transforms optical fibers into ultra-dense seismic detectors, enabling cost-effective, large-scale, and high-density long-term observations. In summary, shallow subsurface structural imaging is crucial for preventing geological hazards and planning urban underground spaces. Continued efforts are needed to enhance imaging resolution and expand observation coverage, leveraging emerging technologies like distributed fiber-optic sensing.
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