Philosophical ideas and principles in historical cognition
Creators: name: Sinyakov Sergey Vasilievich
Publisher: name: Петербургский исторический журнал
Year: 2020
Subjects: philosophy
historical science
methodology
concept
positivism
social history
historical perception
ideology
value
conception
paradigm

description: The mechanisms of interrelation between ideological values and methodological means of historical perception are revealed in the article. The role of philosophy as a theoretical centre of the ideology is underlined in the article. The participation of philosophical ideas in the formation of historical conceptions and categorical mechanisms of historical science, in the evolution of historical concepts, in the development of the methods of the perception of the past and the subject field of the research is discussed in the article. The categorical apparatus of historical science is an instrument for the production of new knowledge, an instrument of the theoretical consciousness of а historian. Therefore, the development and change of historical knowledge systems causes a consequence of changes in categorical structures, each of which associates its semantic field of historical explanations with its composition and method of questioning. The categorical system of thinking in historical science is a synthesis of philosophical, sociological, psychological, culturological and historical concepts. Historical concepts, as the result of the development of both historical and socio-humanitarian knowledge, at the same time serve as the main tool of cognition of the past. The nature of historical concepts is determined, on the one hand, by the peculiarities of the subject area of historical cognition, on the other hand, by the system of categories of philosophy and other social sciences. The source of the content of historical concepts is the past itself as an object of knowledge, and the whole set of theoretical means of modern social cognition. Permeating all historical cognition, the concepts of philosophy and culture act as deep programs of research, which provide a connection of historical facts, their explanation with philosophical and ideological concepts of the modern era. The methodology of historical cognition is always summarized in a certain set of concepts on the basis of philosophical premises. The history of historical science shows that no one new philosophical methodology has been left without the attention of historians. The role of philosophical ideas and principles, their impact on the methodology of history can be seen in the best way during changes of ideological foundations of historical knowledge. The article considers the revision of methods of historical research in Russian historiography at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, in the works of N. I. Kareev, M. M. Kovalevsky, R. Yu. Wipper, A. S. LappoDanilevsky, the transition from positivist philosophical principles and cognitive means to neo-Kantian methods in specific historical research, attempts of psychological interpretation of historical events. The philosophical significance of philosophy is revealed in the discussion on such problems of historical epistemology as the problem of reliability of historical knowledge, the issue of historical truth, the nature and content of historical concepts. Philosophy is an important means of stating and solving ontological problems of history: the place of the man in the historical process, his freedom, the meaning and purpose of history, the sources and driving forces of historical development. The authors underline the specific features of historical perception, the importance of micro-ideas which show the unique nature of social phenomena of the past for it. The change in the system of concepts of historical science in connection with the change of philosophical conceptions as well as historical approaches (social history, “Annals” school, new social history) is shown in the article.